UNITED STATES OF AMERICA WASHINGTON, D. C, 6PO 16—67244-1 .X" j & LP U ELEMENTS PHRENOLOGY. BV GEORGE COMBE. MOM THE FIFTH EDINBURGH IMPROVED AND ENLARQED EDITIOS WITH ILLUSTRATIONS. NEW YORK. WILLIAM H. COLYER. No. 5 Hague Street BOSTON. LEWIS & SAMPSON. 1845. « r f L A~ THE PHRENOLOGICAL BUST. FOB THE NAMES OF THE ORGANS, IEE THE TABLE OF CONTENT!. PREFACE. Man* persons desire to know something about Phrenology, who, nevertheless, are not prepared to bestow much either of time or money in the pursuit of it. There are others who, fully con- vinced of its truth and importance, wish to pos- sess a manual to facilitate their practice of its doctrines. The present work is intended to serve both classes, by conveying a brief, but comprehensive, view of the science at a moderate expense. CONTENTS. History of the discovery of Phrenology, . Page 25 Of the connexion between the Brain and the Mind, 32 Is the Brain a single Organ, or a Congeries of Organs ? 34 Obstacles to the discovery of the Functions of the Brain, 35 The Frontal Sinus, . . . . .37 Siae of an Organ, caeteris paribus, a measure of power, 40 The Brains of the lower animals considered in relation to Phrenology, ..... »i. Distinction between power and activity, . . 45 Circumstances which modify the effects of Size, viz.: Temperament, Health, Exercise, and Excitement, 47 The Temperaments described, ... 48 Definition of a Faculty, . ... 53 How to estimate the size of an Organ, . . 55 Or the Skull and the Brain, . . .64 Of the Skull, ....... Of the Brain, . . . . .74 Descriptions of the Plates, ... 83 Obder I.—FEELINGS. Genus I.—Propensities. 1. Amativeness, . . . .86 2. Philoprogenitiveness, ... 89 3. Concentrativeness ? . , .91 3 a. In'habitiveness ? ... 95 4. Adhesiveness, . . . : ih. 5. Combativeness, .... 96 6. Destructiveness, . . . .98 6 a. Alimentiveness, or Organ of the Appetite for Food, . . . . . 101 Organ of the Love of Life, . . . 102 7. Secretiveness, .... 103 8. Acquisitiveness, .... 106 9. Constructiveness, . . . 108 Genus II.—Sentiments. 1. Sentiments common to Man and the Lower Animals. 10. Self-Esteem, . . . .111 11. Love of Approbation, . . . 114 12. Cautiousness, • . . . 117 vi CONTENTS. 2. Superior Sentiments. 13. Benevolence, . • • 14. Veneration, . • • 15. Firmness, . . • • 16. Conscientiousness, • • 17. Hope, .... 18. Wonder, ...» 19. Ideality, . . . • 19 a. Unascertained, . • 20. Wit or Mirthfulness, . • 21. Imitation, ...» Order II.-INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES. Genus I.—External Senses. Feeling or Touch, . Taste, Smell, Hearing, . . Sight, Genus II.—Perceptive Faculties. 22. Individuality, , . . . 147 23. Form, . , , . 149 24. Size, . B . ■ . 150 25. Weight or Resistance, < . . 151 26. Colouring, . . • • . 155 27. Locality, . . ■ • . 156 28. Number, . . , . 157 29. Order, . , , , 158 30. Eventuality, . . . . . 160 31. Time, . . . 163 32. Tune, . , , . ib. 33. Language, . , . 165 Functions of Individuality distinct from those of the other Knowing Faculties, . 168 Genus III.—Reflective Faculties. 34. Comparison, . . . . .170 35. Causality, .... 172 Adaptation of the External World to the Intellectual Fa- cilities of Man, ..... 174 Modes of Action of the Faculties, . . 176 Of the Propensities and Sentiments, . . 177 Of the intellectual Faculties, . . . 180 Perception, . . . . . ib. Conception, ..... 181 Imagination, ... ib. Page 119 122 . 124 126 . 130 131 . 134 137 . ib. 138 . 144 145 . ib. ib. . 146 CONTENTS. vfi Memory, . . 182 Judgment, . • . . ib. Consciousness, . . 183 Attention, . • . . 184 Association, . . 185 Passion, . . . , . 191 Pleasure and Pain, . . ib. Patience and Impatience, • . 192 Joy and grief, . « . ib. Sympathy, . . • . 193 Habit, . 196 Taste, . . 197 Practical Application of the Principles of Phre- nology, ...... 198 Points to be attended to in examining Heads, . ib. Terms used to denote the size of Organs, . 199 Power of discrimination increased by practice, . 200 Table of Measurements of Heads, . . # 202 Objection that clever men are sometimes found with small heads, . . • • 205 Brains of the lower animals, ... 206 Causes of activity of the Faculties, . . 207 Power and Activity, .... 209 Combinations in Size, or Effects of the Organs when combined in different relative Proportions,. . 214 Combinations in Activity, .... 221 On Materialism, . . . . . . 226 Objections to Phrenology considered, . _ • 235 On different Classifications and Numerations of the Organs, ...... 252 Names and Order of the Faculties adopted by Dr. Gall, 253 Names and Order of the Faculties according to the Classification in the early editions of this work, 255 Description of the Callipers, .... 256 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 60, 62, Marked Bust, .... Frontal sinus, . . Temperaments,—Plates I. and II. Hare,...... Melancthon, . Gottfried, . ... Eustache, .... Cingalese, ..... Skull sawn open, . . • Plate III—The Skull, . Plate IV.—Base of the Brain,..... Plate V.—The Brain seen from one side, and placed as it is in the Skull,...... Plate VI.—The Brain seen at its Base, and dissected so as to show the direction of its Fibres, Rev. Mr. M.,........ Linn, .... Girl, .... Peruvian, .... Scotch Skull, North American Indian, . General Wurmser, It 37 43 58 59 62 60 98 60 85 85 85 85 86 . 87 89, 117,123 . 90 91 . 91 96 Cingalese Boy.........86,117 Tardy...........98 Secretiveness large, ....... 103 Old Miser..........106 Ancient Greek, ....•••. 108 New Hollander, ........108 Francois Cordonnier, ....... 112 Illustration of large Self-Esteem,. . . . .112 Robert Burns,........120 Griffiths.........120, 122 Mrs. H...........126 David Haggart,........126 Boy addicted to falsehood, ...... 127 Tasso........... 132 Locke, ..;••••;.. 135 Chaucer, ........; 136 Clara Fisher..........140 Jacob Jervis, ........ 140 Michael Angelo, ........ 148 Pitt,......... 160 Moore, .. i ..... . 160 Sheridan, ......... 160 Handel, .....;,... 164 Anne Ormerod, ........ 164 Idiot aged 20..........199 Maxwell, ......... 220 Callipers,.........256 ELEMENTS OF PHRENOLOGY. INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. Phrenology (derived from (pprjv,phren, mind. and Aoyoc, logos, discourse) treats of the faculties of the Human Mind, and of the organs by means of which they manifest themselves ; but it does not enable us to predict actions. Dr. Gall, a physician of Vienna, afterward resident in Paris, was the founder of the system. He was born at Tiefenbrunn, in Suabia, on the 9th March, 1757, and died at Paris on the 22d August, 1828. From an early age he was given to observation, and was struck with the fact, that each of his brothers and sisters, companions in play, and school-fellows, was distinguished from other individuals by some peculiarity of talent or disposition. Some of his schoolmates were remarkable for the beauty of their penmanship, some for their success in arithmetic, and others for their talent for acquiring a knowledge of natu- ral history or languages. The compositions of one were elegant, the style of another was stiff and dry, while a third connected his reasonings in the closest manner and clothed his arguments in the most forcible language. Their disposi- tions were equally different; and this diversity appeared also to determine the direction of their partialities and aversions. Not a few of them manifested a capacity for employments which they were not taught: they cut figures in wood, 26 INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. or delineated them on paper ; some devoted their leisure hours to painting, or the culture of a gar- den, while their comrades abandoned themselves to noisy games, or traversed the woods to gather flowers, seek for birds' nests, or catch butterflies. In this manner, each presented a character pecu- liar to himself, and Dr. Gall observed that the individual who in one year had displayed selfish or knavish dispositions, never became in the next a good and faithful friend. The scholars with whom Dr. Gall had the greatest difficulty in competing, were those who learned by heart with great facility ; and such individuals frequently gained from him, by their repetitions, the places which he had won by the merit of his original compositions. Some years afterward, having changed his place of residence, he still met individuals en- dowed with an equally great talent of learning to repeat. He then observed that his school-fel- lows, so gifted, possessed prominent eyes, and recollected that his rivals in the first school had been distinguished by the same peculiarity. When he entered the university he directed his attention, from the first, to the students whose eyes were of this description, and found that they excelled in getting rapidly by heart and giving correct recitations, although many of them were by no means distinguished in point of general talent. This fact was recognised also by the other students in the classes ; and, although the connexion between the talent and the external sign was not at this time established upon such complete evidence as is requisite for a philoso- phical conclusion, Dr. Gall could not believe that INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. 27 the coincidence of the two circumstances was entirely accidental. From that period, therefore, he suspected that they stood in an important re- lation to each other. After much reflection, he conceived that, if memory for words was indi- cated by an external sign, the same might be the case with other intellectual powers ; and after- ward all individuals distinguished by any remar- kable faculty became the objects of his attention. By degrees he conceived himself to have found external signs which indicated a decided disposi- tion for painting, music, and the mechanical arts. He also became acquainted with some individu- als remarkable for the decision of their character, and in whose heads he observed a particular part to be very largely developed. This fact first suggested to him the idea of looking to the head for signs of the moral sentiments. But in making these observations, he never conceived for a mo- ment that the skull was the cause of the different talents, as has been erroneously represented ; for, from the first, he referred the influence, whatever it was, to the brain. In following out, by observation, the principle which accident had thus suggested, Dr. Gall for some time encountered difficulties of the greatest magnitude. Hitherto he had been altogether ignorant of the opinions of physiologists touching the brain, and of metaphysicians respecting the mental faculties. He had simply observed na- ture. When, however, he began to enlarge his knowledge of books, he found the most extraor- dinary conflict of opinions everywhere prevailing, which for the moment made him liesitate about «he correctness of his own observations. He 28 INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. found that the moral sentiments had, by an almost general consent, been consigned to the thoracic and abdominal viscera; and that while Pythago- ras, Plato, Galen, Haller, and other physiologists, placed the sentient soul or intellectual faculties in the brain, Aristotle placed it in the heart, Van Helmont in the stomach, Descartes and his fol- lowers in the pineal gland, and Drelincourt and others in the cerebellum. He observed also that a great number of philosophers and physiologists asserted that all men are born with equal mental faculties, and that the differences observable among them are owing either to education or to the accidental circumstances in which they are placed. If all difference were accidental, he in- ferred there could be no natural signs of predo- minating faculties, and, consequently, the project of learning by observation to distinguish the func- tions of the different portions of the brain must be hopeless. This difficulty he combated by the reflection, that his brothers, sisters, and school- fellows had all received very nearly the same education, but that still each of them unfolded a distinct character, over which circumstances appeared to exert only a limited control. He observed, moreover, that not unfrequently those whose education had been conducted with the greatest care, and on whom the labours of teach- ers had been most freely lavished, remained far behind their companions in attainments. " Of- ten," says he, " were we accused of want of will or deficiency in zeal; but many of us could not, even with the most ardent desire, followed up by the most obstinate efforts, attain in some pursuits even to mediocrity ; while in certain other points INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. 29 some of us surpassed our school-fellows without an effort, and almost, it might be said, without perceiving it ourselves. But, in point of fact, our masters did not appear to attach much faith to the system which taught the equality of men- tal faculties ; for they thought themselves entitled to exact more from one scholar and less from ano- ther. They spoke frequently of natural gifts, or of the gifts of God, and consoled their pupils in the words of the Gospel, by assuring them that each would be required to render an account only in proportion to the gifts which he had received."* Being convinced by these facts that there is a natural and constitutional diversity of talents and dispositions, he encountered in books still another obstacle to his success in determining the exter- nal signs of the mental powers. He found that, instead of faculties for languages, drawing, dis- tinguishing places, music, and mechanical arts, corresponding to the different talents which he had observed in his school-fellows, the metaphy- sicians spoke only of general powers, such as perception, conception, memory, imagination, and judgment; and when he endeavoured to discover external signs in the head corresponding to these general faculties, or to determine the correctness of the physiological doctrines taught by the authors already mentioned regarding the seat of the mind, he found perplexities without end and difficulties insurmountable. Abandoning, therefore, every theory and pre- conceived opinion, Dr. Gall gave himself up en- *• Gall Sur les Fonctions du Cervcau, Preface ; and tome v., p. 12. From this publication I have derived many other facts and principles stated in the present work. 30 INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. tirely to the observation of nature. Being a friend of Dr. Nord, physician to a lunatic asylum in Vienna, he had opportunities, of which he availed himself, of making observations on the insane. He visited prisons and resorted to schools ; he was introduced to the courts of princes, to col- leges, and the seats of justice ; and wherever he heard of an individual distinguished in any par- ticular way, by either remarkable endowment or deficiency, he observed and studied the develope- ment of his head. In this manner, by an almost imperceptible induction, he conceived himself warranted in believingthat particular mental pow- ers are indicated by particular configurations of the head. Hitherto he had resorted only to physiogno- mical indications as a means of discovering the functions of the brain. On reflection, however, he was convinced that physiology is imperfect when separated from anatomy. Having observed a woman of fifty-four years of age, who had been afflicted with hydrocephalus from her youth, and who, with a body somewhat shrunk, possessed a mind as active and intelligent as that of other in- dividuals of her class, Dr. Gall declared his con- viction that the structure of the brain must be different from what was generally conceived—a remark which Tulpius also had made, on obser- ving a hydrocephalic patient who manifested the mental faculties. He therefore felt the necessity of making anatomical researches into the struc- ture of the brain. In every instance when an individual whose head he had observed while alive happened to die, he endeavoure ] to obtain permission to ex- INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. 31 amine the brain, and frequently did so ; and he found, as a general fact, that, on removal of the skull, the brain, covered by the dura mater, pre- sented a form corresponding to that which the skull had exhibited in life. The successive steps by which Dr. Gall pro- ceeded in his discoveries are particularly de- serving of attention. He did not, as many have imagined, first dissect the brain, and pretend by that means to discover the seats of the mental powers; neither did he,as others have conceived, first map out the head into various compartments, and assign a faculty to each, according as his imagination led him to conceive the place appro- priate to the power. On the contrary, he first observed a concomitance between particular ta- lents and dispositions, and particular forms of the head ; he next ascertained, by removal of the skull, that the figure and size of the brain were indicated by these external forms ; and it was only after these facts were determined, that the brain was minutely dissected and light thrown upon its structure. At Vienna, in 1796, Dr. Gall, for the first time, delivered lectures on his system. In 1800 Dr. J. G. Spurzheim* began the study of Phrenology under him, having in that year assisted, for the first time, at one of his lectures. In 1801 he was associated with him in his la- bours ; and after that period he not only added many valuable discoveries to those of Dr. Gall in the anatomy and physiology of the brain, but "■ Dr. Spurzheim was born at Longuich, near Treves, on the Moselle, 31st December, 1776, and died at Boston, United States, on the 10th November, 1832. 32 INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. contributed much to form the truths, brought to light by their joint observations, into a beautiful and interesting system of mental philosophy, and to develope its moral applications. In Britain we are indebted chiefly to his personal exertions and printed works for a knowledge of the science. An elementary view of the result of their la- bours will be found in the following work. A mental organ is a material instrument, by means of which the mind, in this life, enters into particular states, active and passive. The mind is regarded as simple, and its sub- stance or essence is unknown. It is furnished by nature with highly interesting susceptibilities and a vast apparatus of mental organs, for ena- bling it to manifest its energies and enter into different states. Thus, when aided by optic and auditory nerves, the mind sees and hears ; when assisted by an organ of Cautiousness, it feels fear —by an organ of Causality, it reasons. Its pow- er of seeing depends on the perfection of the optic nerves ; and, in like manner, its power of experiencing the emotion of fear is in proportion to the perfection of the organ of Cautiousness. The optic nerve, when stimulated by light, in- duces in the mind the state called seeing ; and the organ of Benevolence, excited by an object in distress, produces the mental state called com- passion. States of mind are either simple or complex. A simple state results from the action of a single organ of the mind ; fear is a simple state arismo from the activity of the organ of Cautiousness" Complex states are produced when the mind is acted upon by several organs at the same time INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. 33 Thus, suppose that an insult is offered to an indi- vidual in an august assembly—Self-Esteem will produce the feeling of offended dignity, and De- structiveness will give the desire of revenge ; Veneration, however, may call up the emotion of respect or awe for the personages present, while Cautiousness and Love of Approbation may give rise to the fear of offending them ; all which con- tending emotions may coexist. Hence, the mind, simple in itself, may, by means of a plurality of organs, exist in a state of complex relation to other objects.* The mind and body are intimately connected ; and it is impossible for the mind to remain unaf- fected in certain states of the corporeal system. But the brain, and not the whole body, is the im- mediate organ of the mind. Observation, and the fact that most of the older writers, Shakspeare, for instance, used the terms Mind and Brain almost synonymously, authorize this conclusion. Physiologists universally treat of the brain as the material instrument on which the manifestations of the intellect depend. Consciousness localizes the mind in the head. The nerves which con- vey sensations to the mind are all intimately con- nected with the head. And if the brain is not the organ of the mind, it remains a strange ano- maly of curious and exquisite structure, carefully and admirably protected by the Creator, yet al- together without any ascertained use. Nearly every other part of the body has a function already known. * This doctrine was first clearly elucidated by the Rev. Dr. David Welsh, in his excellent Life of the late Dr. Thomas Brown, Note N., p. 519. 34 INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. The brain, then, being the organ of the mind, the next inquiry is, Whether is it a single part, manifesting the whole mind equally, or an aggre- gate of parts, each subserving a particular mental power ? All the phenomena are at variance with the former, and in harmony with the latter, or phrenological, view. The brain must be a com- bination of parts performing distinct functions : 1st, Because all the powers of the mind are not equally developed at the same time, but appear in succession at different periods of life ; just as in some animals the sense of sight appears sooner than the sense of hearing, each depending on the state of its own organ. Different parts of the brain are observed to be developed in succession, those most early developed subserving those mental powers which appear first. 2d, Because genius is generally partial. Madame Catalani, for example, is not equally gifted with a natural talent for mathematics or metaphysics, as for music. A man is often an excellent painter, although no musician ; or a clever and acute ob- server, without being a profound reasoner. This is parallel to a person seeing who cannot hear, a fact explained by the organs of vision and hear- ing being distinct. If the same part of the brain manifested the faculty of colour, of music, and of reasoning, these powers would, of necessity, be equally strong or weak; which is contrary to daily experience. 3d, Because in dreaming one or more faculties are awake while others are asleep; and if all acted through the instrumentality of one and the same organ, they could not be in op- posite states at the same time. 4th, Because in partial idiocy and partial insanity some faculties INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. 35 are greatly deficient or deranged, while others are powerful and healthy in their operations ; which could not be if all depended on one organ. 5th, Because partial injuries of the brain do not equally affect all the mental powers ; which they would do if the organ of the mind were sin- gle. Often parts of the brain are wounded with- out impeding the intellect, while the temper and dispositions are evidently disturbed. This can arise only from different parts subserving diffe- rent mental powers. These considerations lead so irresistibly to the inference of a plurality of mental organs in the hrain, that, to use the strong expressions of Fo- dere, " they had been adverted to by almost all anatomists from the days of Galen downward, and even by the great Haller, who felt the neces- sity (qui eprouvait le besoin) of assigning distinct functions to different parts of the brain." Pinel also broadly states the impossibility of recon- ciling such facts with the notion of a single organ of the mind. Dolce and other writers, acting under this conviction, attempted very early to assign functions to particular regions of the brain, which they fancied to be fit for the reception of particular faculties ; and a drawing of a head so divided in 1560, will be found in Dolce's work, and in the second volume of the Phrenological Journal. They failed in their attempt, in conse- quence of taking their own conceptions of fitness, and not actual observation, for their guide. Dr. Gall's two fundamental propositions, of the brain being the material instrument of the mind, and of each of its parts being the instrument of a distinct and independent mental faculty, so far 36 INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. from being mere fictions of his own fancy, aro thus not new, but, on the contrary, have long been entertained by the soundest medical philosophers. Their truth is borne out by universal analogy, which shows that every distinct function is con- nected with a distinct organ. Thus, there are distinct nerves for seeing, hearing, tasting, and smelling ; and latterly it has been demonstrated by Bell and Magendie that even the nerves of feeling and motion are separate and independent, although undistinguishably blended in one com- mon sheath in their course to the parts on which they are ramified. Dr. Gall's method of investigation is free from certain insuperable difficulties, which have im- peded the progress of other philosophers in esta- blishing a true theory of mind. 1st, Dissection alone does not reveal the vital functions of any organ. No person, by dissect- ing the optic nerve, could predicate that its office is to minister to vision ; or, by dissecting the tongue, could discover that it is the organ of taste. Anatomists, therefore, could not, by the mere practice of their art, discover the functions of the brain. 2dly, The mind is not conscious of acting by means of organs ; and hence metaphysical philo- sophers, who, in studying the mental phenomena, confined themselves to reflection on conscious- ness, could not discover the material instruments by means of which the mind performs its opera- tions in this life, and communicates with the external world. Dr. Gall succeeded by comparing the size of cerebral parts with the energy of mental mani- INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. 37 testations. This method was competent to lead to discovery of the functions of different parts of the brain. Common observation warrants us in believing that human dispositions and talents may be distinguished. One man is remarkable for pride, another for vanity, a third for avarice, a fourth for generosity, a fifth for musical talent, and a sixth for skill in painting. These disposi- tions and talents, therefore, may be compared with the developement of brain. Again, no one, however anxious, could, by feigning, write poetry, compose music, or excel in reasoning or mathe- matics, if he did not naturally possess the requi- site talents. Therefore different talents may be discriminated. The relative size of different parts of the brain may also be distinguished. All authors agree that the brain gives the form to the skull. Cuvier, Monro, Blumenbach, Law- rence, and many other anatomists, state this. The outer surface of the skull corresponds to the inner surface, and represents its form witn sufficient accuracy ; under the following excep- tions : The frontal sinus is an opening between the inner and outer surfaces of the frontal bone, oc- curring at the top of the nose. It does not, in general, appear over any phrenological organ before the age of twelve ; but after that, it often extends along the spaces numbered 22, 23, 24, 25 on the marked bust, and throws a degree of uncertainty over the developement of the or- gans indicated by these numbers. When the 38 INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. Binus exists, there may be an outward rising of the skull at these places, without a corresponding developement of brain below, and, consequently, the manifestations of the faculties will not be so powerful as the external elevation indicates. The sinus, however, does not appear, in general, be- fore the age of twelve, while some of the organs near it are most energetic before that age, (Indi- viduality, for instance ;)and up to that time, there- fore, there is no difficulty. After that age, til] middle life, the sinus is common, but seldom so large as to mislead; even then, however, there are cases which present a flatness or depression at the outer surface, indicating deficiency of brain behind, and a corresponding weakness of the concomitant mental power. If a sinus is present in such a case, it muft extend inward, and make the organ actually smaller than phrenologists infer it to be, so that this would correspond still more strongly with the deficiency of mental power. The force of this negative evidence is in general altogether overlooked; but it is really great. The sinus places a difficulty in the way of applying Phrenology in cases of enlargement, but it does not establish the impossibility of discovering the lunction even of the organs affected by it. After the middle period of life a general decay of the body begins to take place, in which the brain participates. It diminishes in size, and sometimes the inner surface of the skull follows the shrinking faster than the outer surface, causing either an increase of the spongy texture between them, or a general thickening of the skull. In disease the same thing often happens. In other cases the skull becomes thinner in old age. For INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. 39 these reasons, phrenologists look for demonstra- tive evidence in healthy individuals, not beyond the middle period of life. In such persons the divergence from parallelism does not, in general, exceed one-eighth part of an inch ; whereas the differences of size in particular parts of equally large heads extend occasionally to one inch and a quarter, as may be seen by contrasting the busts of Mr. Joseph Hume and Dr. Chalmers, in the region of Ideality. These positions being granted, the possibility of Dr. Gail's discoveries becomes evident, and the question resolves itself into one merely of evidence. As human beings everywhere exist and manifest their faculties, the means of proving or disproving the truth of what Dr. Gall has re- ported are within the reach of every person who chooses to qualify himself by study for making observations and drawing conclusions. Phreno- logists, therefore, do not rely exclusively on re- corded cases as evidence. They adduce these as illustrations and examples, and refer every student to nature, stating that philosophical con- viction can he founded only ok actual observation. The brain differs in different individuals, not in size merely, but in quality or constitution; and this fact must always be attended to. If in any one person we compare the manifestations of the organs which are small with those of the organs which are large, the power of manifesta- tion will., as a general rule, be found greatest in the latter, and that in proportion to their size ; be- cause, in general, the whole of a man's brain is of the same quality or constitution, and fair scope is given to the influence of size. But if we com- 40 INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. pare the manifestations of any particular organ in John and in James, although the size be the same, yet James may manifest the faculty with the greater vigour. This may arise from the quality or constitution of James's brain being su- perior, or from his having exercised the organ in question, whereas John had left it in dormancy. If wc compare James's organs with each other, and John's organs with each other, we shall find that the power of manifestation will, in genera], correspond to their respective dimensions ; or if we compare James's brain with that of another individual who has the same constitution, and has received similar training, we shall find the effects of size appearing invariably the same. The cor- rect proposition, therefore, is, that, oilier condi- tions being equal, (or cceteris paribus,) size is a measure of power ; and this principle also is ad- mitted by physiologists in general. In tracing the influence of this law in animated beings, however, we cannot consistently com pare one species with another ; because in such comparisons other conditions besides size are not the same. Man, the beaver, and the bee, for ex- ample, all construct, yet the bee's organ of Con- structiveness must be very minute; and if we compare the imperceptible organ in it with the relative organ in man or the beaver, it may plau- sibly be argued, that man and the beaver do not excel the bee in art, in proportion to the excess of size in their organs of Constructiveness. But this is an incorrect method of reasoning. The structure of every species of animals is modified to suit its own condition of life. The ox has four stomachs, and the horse only one; yet both digest INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. 41 the same kind of food. The proper mode of pro- ceeding is to compare, in different individuals of the same species, size of particular organs with strength of particular functions, (health, age, ex- ercise, and constitution being alike,) and then size will be found correctly to indicate power.* The more nearly any two species resemble each other, the fitter they become for being profitably compared in their structure and functions ; and hence a reflected light of analogy maybe obtained in regard to the laws of the human economy, by studying that of the more perfect of the lower ani- mals. Still, however, we derive only presump- tive evidence from this source, and positive proof can be obtained only by direct observations on man himself. This best evidence alone is ad- mitted by phrenologists as sufficient, and on it exclusively their science rests. In the following observations on the influence of size in the organs upon the power of function, I intend, where different species of animals are compared, merely to illustrate the doctrine in a popular manner, and not to prove it by rigid evi- dence : for that evidence I confine myself to observations on individuals of the same species. Bones, all other conditions being the same, are strong in proportion to their size. So it is with muscles. Muscular action or motion requires a nerve to give the impulse, and a muscle to act or obey. Now, a strong impulse and a moderate muscle, or a weaker impulse and greater muscle, may produce equal results. A moderately mus- cular man, under the powerful influence of rage * See Phrenological Journal, vol. ix., p. 515, vol. x.,p. 27 : etad vol. xiv„ ». 172. 4* 42 INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. or delirium, may show as great power of musculai action as a far more muscular man could do when not so excited. But here the condition of ceteris paribus does not hold ; if we excite the latter in- dividual equally highly, he will excel the former in proportion to his greater size of muscle. Fishes live in a medium of a specific gravity almost the same as that of their bodies. They swim naturally from their own lightness. Here, then, increased bulk does not add to their rela- tive weight, so as to impede or injure them, and in them accordingly great muscular power is con- nected with very large muscles and small nerves. Birds like the eagle, on the other hand, rise high in a medium much lighter than their own bodies; and increase of muscular size would add greatly to their weight, and prevent them rising in the air : accordingly great power of motion is con- ferred on them by means of very large nerves and moderate muscles ; still showing the proportion of power to size to be a law of nature. In conformity with the same principle, Dea- moulins states, that the nerves of sensation going to the arm and hand, (the chief instruments of touch,) are in man five times greater in volume and surface than those going to the muscles ; whereas, in the horse and other animals with im- perfect touch and great muscular strength, the proportions are so completely reversed, that the mass of the muscular nerves exceeds that of the sensitive nerves by one-third. Again, in the case of the other external senses, the size of the nerves is always proportioned, ceteris paribus, to the intensity of the function. Monro, Blumenbach, Cuvier, and Magendie state this fact. In fishes INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. 43 Desmoulins found the auditory nerve twenty times larger in proportion to the size of the ani- mal than in mammalia and birds—water being less fit than air for the transmission of sound. Those animals which enjoy an acute sense of smell are remarkable for the great size of their olfactory nerves. For instance, the bear, the sheep, the dog, and the cow have an immense surface covered with nervous fibrils. In like manner, large nerves of taste uniformly attend superiority in that function. And in vision the same proportion between size of organ and inten- sity of function is most remarkably displayed. In eagles, whose sight is very keen, the ganglions whence the optic nerves arise are equal in size to one-third of the whole brain ; whereas in the owl, which sees imperfectly, they are not equal to more than one-twentieth. In birds of prey the nervous expansion of the retina in the eye is said by Desmoulins to be curiously folded and doubled upon itself, for the purpose of affording room for a large surface in a small space, these folds disappearing when the birds are confined for a length of time to near vision, as in a cage ; but the correctness of this observation has been denied. The brain forms no exception to the law which we are considering ; and most physiologists ad- mit that the mental manifestations are vigorous in proportion to its size, all other things being equal. Cuvier and Magendie are no mean authorities. In speaking of the cerebral lobes being the place " where all the sensations take a distinct form, and leave durable impressions," Cuvier adds, that " comparative anatomy offers another confirma- 44 INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. tion of the constant proportion between the size oj these lobes and the degree of intelligence of ani- mals ;" thus admitting the influence of size of the cerebral organs as distinctly as Dr. Gall himself. And it may farther be remarked, that, in this in- stance, Cuvier speaks the sentiments of Portal, Berthollet, Pinel, and Dumeril, who, along with himself, formed a commission, in 1822, to ex- amine and report upon the experiments of Flou- rens. In fact, all former attempts to discover the uses of the brain assume this principle as self- evident. Camper's facial angle was invented to show that the nearer the angle approaches to a right angle, or, in other words, the larger and more prominent the forehead, the greater will be the intellectual powers. The method founded on comparing the absolute size of the brain in dif- ferent animals as an index of their capacities, rests on the same assumption. Those inquirers also, who estimated the size of the brain relatively to the mass of the nerves, relatively to the size of the spinal marrow, and relatively to the size of the cerebellum, all proceeded on the principle that the energy of function was dependent mainly on the size of organ. The principle of size being a measure of power, which is thus almost universally admitted in re- gard to the whole brain, is equally accurate when applied to its component parts ; at least the truth of it is a fair and reasonable subject of philoso- phical inquiry ; and on the information obtained by observation the phrenologists rest their whole system. The phrenologist, therefore,compares cerebral developement with the manifestations of mental INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. 45 power, for the purpose of discovering the func- tions of the brain and the organs of the mental faculties ; and this method of investigation is con- formable to the principles of the inductive philo- sophy, and free from the objections attending the anatomical and metaphysical modes of research. As conviction can be obtained only by personal observation, every one who desires to become a phrenologist should learn to observe. A healthy brain, at a vigorous period of life, is the proper subject for observation ; and as the fundamental principle of the science is, that the power ox forte of mental manifestation bears a uniform relation, cceterisparibus, to the size of the organs, we must be careful not to confound this quality of mind with that of mere activity in the faculties, for size in the organ is an indication more certainly of the former than of the latter. The word power here signifies mere capacity, whether much or lit- tle, and in this sense is nearly synonymous with faculty. It means also much power or energy, the difference of which from quickness or activity I proceed to illustrate. In muscular action the qualities of energy and activity are easily recognised as distinct. The greyhound bounds over hill and dale with ani- mated agility ; but a slight obstacle would coun- terbalance his momentum and arrest his progress. The elephant, on the other hand, rolls slowly and heavily along ; but the impetus of his motion would sweep away an impediment sufficient to resist fifty greyhounds at the summit of their speed. In mental manifestations (considered apart from organization) the distinction between power 46 INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. and activity is equally palpable. On the stage Mrs. Siddons and Mr. John Kemble were re- markable for the solemn deliberation of their manner, both in declamation and action, and yet they were splendidly gifted with power. They carried captive at once the sympathies and un- derstandings of the audience ; they made every man feel his faculties expanding, and his whole mind becoming greater, under the influence of their energies. This was a display of power. Other performers, again, are remarkable for viva- city of action and elocution, who, nevertheless, are felt to be feeble and inefficient in rousing an audience to emotion. Activity is their distin- guishing attribute, with an absence of power. At the bar, in the pulpit, and in the senate the same distinction prevails. Many members of the learned professions display great facility of illus- tration and fluency of elocution, surprising us with the quickness of their parts, who, neverthe- less, are felt to be neither impressive nor profound. They possess acuteness without power, and in- genuity without comprehensiveness and depth of understanding. This also proceeds from ac- tivity with little vigour. There are other public' speakers, again, who open heavily a debate, their faculties acting slowly, but deeply, like the first heave of a mountain-wave. Their words fall like minute-guns upon the ear, and to the superficial listener they appear about to terminate ere they have begun their efforts. But even their first accent is one of power ; it rouses and arrests at- tention ; their very pauses are expressive, and indicate gathering energy to be imbodied in the sentence that is to come. When fairly animated, INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. 47 they are impetuous as the torrent, brilliant as the lightning's beam, and overwhelm and take pos- session of feebler minds, impressing them irre- sistibly with a feeling of gigantic power. The student should always bear in mind that the phrenologist does not compare general size and general power: a man may have a small head, taken in the aggregate, and yet a powerful intellect; but it will be found that in him the an- terior lobe or seat of the intellect is large, and that the deficiency lies in the organs of the pro- pensities or sentiments, or of both. In such cases there will be intellectual vigour without force of character. The circumstances which modify the effects of size are, constitution, health, exercise, excite- ment from without, and in some cases the mutual influence of the organs. 1st, Constitution or quality of brain has a great influence on the effects of size : of two brains of equal size, one may be distinguished by the finest texture and most vigorous constitution, while the other may be inferior in quality, and naturally inert. The consequence will be, that only the better constituted brain will manifest the mind with vigour fully proportioned to its size. That size is, nevertheless, the measure of power, may be proved by contrasting the manifestations of a smaller brain, equally well constituted, with the larger one ; the power or energy will be found greatest in the latter. The question naturally presents itself, Do we possess any index to the constitution or quality of the brain ? There are some constitutional qualities* which * See an able Essay " On Quality of Brain as influencing 48 INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. can be judged of only by knowing the qualities of the stock, or race, from which the individual under examination is descended. I have ob- served a certain feebleness in the brain, indica- ting itself by weakness of mind, without derange- ment, in some individuals born in India, of an English father and Hindoo mother. The tinge of colour and the form of the features indicate this descent. I have noticed feebleness and sometimes irregularity of action in the brains of individuals, not insane, but who belonged to a family in which insanity abounded. I do not know any external physical indication of this condition. The temperaments indicate, to a cer- tain extent, important constitutional qualities. There are four temperaments, accompanied by different degrees of activity in the brain. The first, or lymphatic temperament, is distin- guishable by a round form of the body, softness of the muscular system, repletion of the cellular tissue, fair hair, a pale clear skin, and a hazy sleepy eye. It is accompanied by languid vital actions, and weakness and slowness in the cir- culation. The brain, as a part of the system, is also slow, languid, and feeble in its action, and the mental manifestations are proportionally slug gish and weak. The second, or sanguine constitution, is indi cated by well-defined forms, moderate plumpness of person, tolerable firmness of flesh, light hair, inclining to chestnut, blue eyes, a fair complexion' with ruddiness of countenance. It is attended by great activity in the bloodvessels, and fond- functional Manifestation," by Mr. Daniel Noble ; Phrcn. Journ., vol. xii., p. 121. ' ■fl«t.L| | Fut.tr INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. 49 ness for exercise. The brain partakes of the general vigour and vivacity of the system. The fibrous (generally, but improperly, termed the bilious) temperament is distinguished by black hair, dark skin, moderate fulness and much firmness of flesh, with harshly expressed outline of the person. The functions partake of great energy of action, which extends to the brain; and the countenance, in consequence, shows strong, marked, and decided features. The nervous temperament is recognised by fine thin hair, thin skin, small thin muscles, quickness in muscular motion, paleness of countenance, and often delicate health. The whole nervous sys- tem, including the brain, is predominantly active and energetic, and the mental manifestations are proportionally vivacious and powerful.* The temperaments are supposed to depend upon the constitution of particular systems of the body : the brain and nerves, being predominantly active from constitutional causes, produce the nervous temperament; the lungs, heart, and bloodvessels, being constitutionally active, give rise to the sanguine ; the muscular and fibrous systems to the bilious ; and the glands and assi- milating organs to the lymphatic. Dr. Thomas, of Paris, considers that all the systems of the body act with a degree of energy proportionate to their size, and that the different temperaments owe their origin to the predomi- nance in size of particular systems. For exam- ple, the function of the abdominal viscera is to digest food and nourish the body. If these be large, indicated by a full belly, and if the lungs * Outlines of Phrenology, by Dr. Spurzheim, p. 3. 5 50 INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. and brain be relatively small, then the abdominal functions will preponderate, and the individual will resemble the ox in his dispositions ; he will eat, digest, and fatten, but be greatly averse to muscular and mental activity. This Dr. Thomas considers as the origin of the lymphatic tempera- ment. The office of the Jungs and heart, which fill the cavity of the thorax, is to invigorate and cir- culate the blood. When the thorax is large and the brain and abdomen are relatively small, the whole system, is pervaded by well oxygenated blood, vigorously propelled ; and hence life and activity are copiously communicated. The ab- domen being small, there is no tendency to fat; and the brain being inferior in relative size, there is no strong disposition to thinking. Hence the dispositions will be toward muscular exertion, and pleasure will be felt in mere existence and motion. Among animals, the lion, tiger, and greyhound represent this temperament. The constitution is viewed as the cause of the san- guine temperament. The function of the brain is to manifest the mind ; when it is large, with the thorax and ab- domen small, there will be great mental vivacity, with limited capacity of digestion, and little ten- dency to muscular action. Individuals so con- stituted will delight in mental emotion and intel- lectual pursuits. This is viewed as the origin of the nervous temperament. The bilious is sup- posed to arise from predominance of the fibrous structures of the body. The different temperaments are rarely found pure. The common mixtures are the sanguine- INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. 51 lymphatic, the nervous-lymphatic, and the ner- vous-bilious. Modifications of temperament, according to Dr. Thomas's theory, are also frequent. In some persons the brain and thorax are large and the abdomen small; and then, says he, great mental and muscular activity are combined. This was Napoleon's temperament in youth. In other in- dividuals the thorax and abdomen are large and the brain small ; and the consequences are fine bodily health and great capacity for muscular labour, but aversion to mental exertion. Or the brain, thorax, and abdomen may all be large in the same individual, and then he will be fond of eating and drinking, tolerably active in his mus- cular functions, and also inclined to vary his oc- cupations by mental exercises. In comparing different brains, we should al- ways attend to the temperaments ; because two brains may be of the same size, but if the one be of the lymphatic and the other of the nervous tem- perament, there will be great difference in the powers of manifesting the faculties. The brain must possess also a healthy consti- tution. Like other parts of the body, it may be affected with diseases which do not diminish or increase its magnitude, and yet greatly impair its functions ; and in such cases great size may be present, but very imperfect manifestations appear. Or it may be attacked with other diseases, such as inflammation, or any of those particular affections whose nature is unknown, but to which the name of Mania is given in nosology, and which greatly exalt its action ; and then very forcible manifes tations may proceed from a brain comparatively 52 INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. small: but it is no less true, that, when a larger brain is excited to the same degree by the same causes, the manifestations will become increased in energy in proportion to the increase of size. These cases, therefore, form no valid objection to Phrenology. The phrenologist ascertains, by previous inquiry, that the brain is in a state of health. If it is not, he makes the necessary limitations in drawing his conclusions.* Education or exercise increases the activity of the brain, and should also be taken into account in comparing different brains. If two individuals at first possessed brains of the same size, form, and temperament, but if the one has laboured in a coal-pit, and the other has made speeches in Westminster Hall and Parliament, until they have respectively attained fifty years of age, the power of manifesting the faculties will be much greater in the latter. Or, if in two individuals the size of the organs of the propensities was the same, but if in the one the moral organs were large, so that they had controlled, during life, the action of the propensities, and if in the other the moral organs were small— at fifty years of age the pro- pensities of the former would have lost much power by constant restraint, whereas those of the latter would continue to act with greater energy, from having been habitually indulged. The ef- fects of education, however, are limited by the size of the organs. When these are very defec- tive, education is impossible. The proper way to test the effects of size is, to compare brains agreeing in temperament and * See this subject discussed at greater length in the Phre- nological Journal, vol. i., p. 300. INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. 53 exercise, but differing in size, and then the power will be found to bear a uniform proportion to the size of the organ. Several organs acting in combination assist each other in producing a general result ; thus, in playing on a musical instrument, the organ of Time co-operates with the organ of Tune ; and the music will be good or bad, in proportion to the perfection of both organs in constitution, size, and exercise. If Time were small and Tune large, the music would be greatly inferior to what it would be if both organs were full; that is, neither of them large, but neither of them small. An individual having Benevolence, Veneration, and Conscientiousness all full, will manifest the Christian virtues more perfectly and consistently than one who has Benevolence and Veneration large and Conscientiousness small ; because these virtues are a compound result of all these organs. In such combined actions each organ contributes a share corresponding to its consti- tution, size, and exercise, toward producing the general effect; and if one be very deficient, the quality which it manifests will be weakly exhi- bited, its feebleness not being compensated for by the strength of the others. The term Faculty is used to express a particu- lar power, which the mind (which in itself is sim- ple) exercises by means of particular organs. It is applied to the feelings as well as to the intel- lect. Thus, the faculty of Causality means the power of tracing the relation of cause and effect, which the mind manifests by means of the organ of Causality ; the faculty of Benevolence means the power of feeling kindly and compassionately, 54 INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. which the mind manifests by means of the organ of Benevolence. A faculty is admitted to be primitive, 1. Which exists in one kind of animals, and not in another; 2. Which varies in the two sexes of the same species; 3. Which is not proportionate to the other fa culties of the same individual ; 4. Which does not manifest itself simultane- ously with the other faculties ; that is: which appears and disappears earlier oi later in life than other faculties ; 5. Which may act or rest singly ; 6. Which is propagated in a distinct mannei from parents to children ; and, 7. Which may singly preserve its proper state of health or disease. It is advantageous, although not necessary, to become acquainted with the anatomy of the brain in studying Phrenology. The brain consists of two hemispheres, separated by a strong mem brane called the falciform process of the dura mater. Each hemisphere is an aggregate of parts, and each part serves to manifest a parti- cular mental faculty. The two hemispheres, in general, correspond in form and functions ; and hence there are two organs for each faculty, one situated in each hemisphere. The cerebellum in man is situated below the brain. A thick mem brane, named the Tentorium, separates the two ; but they are both connected with the medulla oblongata, or top of the spinal marrow, and through it with each other. Each organ is supposed to extend from the INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. 55 medulla oblongata, or top of the spinal marrow, corresponding nearly to the hole of the ear, to the surface of the brain or cerebellum ; and every individual possesses all the organs in a greatei or less degree. When the two organs of a faculty lie in parts of the hemispheres which touch each other, they are both included in one delineation, (Benevolence and Veneration are examples ;) but there arc two organs of these and all other facul- ties, except the propensity of Amativeness. To save circumlocution, the expression " organ " of a faculty will be frequently used, but both organs are meant. The size of an organ is estimated by its length and breadth. Its breadth is indicated by its expansion at the surface. The student should observe the size, and not the mere prominence, of the organs. Some late authors consider the expansion of the cerebral convolutions at the surface as the most important requisite to power- ful action of the mind. There are several convolutions between the hemispheres and at the base of the brain, the functions of which are not ascertained. It has been objected that the mental manifestations which we ascribe to particular organs may pro- ceed from them "and the unknown organs acting in combination, and that, therefore, the functions in no part can be ascertained until we know the functions of the whole brain. The answer to this is, that each organ uniformly performs its own functions, even when acting along with others. The organ of Tune, combined with Veneration, may lead to the singing of solemn hymns, and with Alimentiveness bacchanalian songs ; but in 56 INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. either case it produces only music. The direc- tion may be modified, but the essential function is never changed. The organs are not separated by divisions on the brain, corresponding to the lines delineated on the bust; but each of them, when predomi- nantly large, gives to the skull an appearance like that represented on the bust, so that the forms are essentially representations qf nature, and not arbitrary.* The brain is soft, and, when the skull is opened, its own pliability, or the pres- sure of plaster or other substances applied to it, removes the forms which the organs presented in life. The convolutions, however, differ in their size, appearance, and the direction in which they lie ; so that no good observer, acquainted with the anatomy and functions of the brain, could have any difficulty in distinguishing an organ of a propensity or sentiment from an organ of intel- lect, although presented separately. As size, cat cris paribus, is a measure of power, the first object ought to be to distinguish the size of the brain generally, so as to judge whether it be large enough to admit of manifestations of ordinary vigour ; for, as we have already said, if it be too small, idiocy is the invariable conse- quence. The second object should be to ascer- tain the relative proportions of the different parts, so as to determine the direction in which the power is greatest. It is proper to begin with observation of the * It is not to be understood, however, that the angles of the compartments are ever seen on the head. In Dr. Gall's plates the organs are, in many instances, represented apart from each other, and all of them bounded entirely by curved lines, with out angles. See his Atlas, plates 98, 99, and 100. INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. 57 more palpable differences in size, and particularly to attend to the relative proportions of the diffe- rent lobes. The size of the anterior lobe is the measure of intellect. It lies on the super-orbitar plates, and a line drawn along their posterior mar- gin across the head will be found to terminate ex- ternally at that point (A in fig. 1) where the parietal, frontal, ethmoidal, and temporal bones approach nearest to each other. If the skull be placed with the axis of the eyes parallel with the horizon, and a perpendicular be raised from the most promi- nent part of the zygomatic arch, it will be found to intersect the point before described. In the living head the most prominent part of the zygo- matic arch may be felt by the hand. The an- terior lobe lies before the point first described, and before and below Benevolence. Sometimes the lower part of the frontal lobe, connected with the perceptive faculties, is the largest, and this is indicated by the space before the point extend- ing farthest forward at the base ; sometimes the upper part, connected with the reflecting powers, is the more amply developed, in which case the projection is greater in the upper region ; and sometimes both are equally developed. The stu- dent is particularly requested to resort invariably to this mode of estimating the size of the anterior lobe, as the best for avoiding mistakes. In some individuals the forehead is tolerably perpendicu- lar, so that, seen in front, and judged of without attending to longitudinal extent, it appears to be largely developed ; whereas, when viewed in the way now pointed out, it is seen to be extremely shallow. In other words, the mass is not large ; and the intellectual manifestations will be pro- portionately feeble. 58 INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. Besides the projection of the forehead, its ver- tical and lateral dimensions require to be attended to ; a remark which applies to all the organs in- dividually—each, of course, having, like other objects, the three dimensions of length, breadth, and thickness. The posterior lobe is devoted chiefly to the animal propensities. Tn the brain its size is easily distinguished; and in the living head a perpendicular line may be drawn through the mastoid process, and all behind will belong to the posterior lobe. Wherever this and the basilar region are large, the animal feelings will be strong ; and vice versa. The coronal region of the brain is the seat of the moral sentiments ; and its size may be esti- mated by the extent of elevation and expansion of the head above the organs of Causality in the forehead and of Cautiousness in the middle of the parietal bones.— When the whole region of the brain rising above these organs is shallow and nar- row, the moral feelings will be weakly manifes- ted; when high and expanded, they will be vigorously dis- played. Fig. 1 repre- sents the head of William Hare, Fig. 1. Hare. INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. 59 the brutal associate of Burke in the murder of sixteen individuals in Edinburgh, for the purpose of selling their bodies for dissection.* Fig. 2 represents that of Melancthon, the highly intellectual, moral, religious, and accom- plished associate of Luther in effecting the Refor- mation in Germany.! All that lies before the Fig. 2. Melancthon. * Phrenological Journal, v. 549. t Spurzh aim's Phrenology in Connexion with the Study of Physiocnonv. D. 160. 60 INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. Fig. 3. Gottfried. Fist. 4. Eustachr. A backward, below BC, indicates the region of the propensities. Fig. 3 repre- sents the head of Gesche Mar- garethe Gott- fried, a cruel and treacher- ous woman, who was exe- cuted at Bre- men in 1828, for poisoning, in cold blood, during a suc- cession of years, both her pa- rents,her three children, her first and sec- ond husbands, and about six other individu- als.* The line A B commences at the organ of Causality B, and passes through the middle of Cautiousness 12. These points are in general sufficiently distinguishable on the skull, and the line can easily be traced. The convolutions lying above the line AB must have been shallow and small, compared with * This woman's history will be found in The Phrenologies* Journal, vol. vii., p. 560. INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. 6i (hose below, which are devoted to the animal propensities. Fig. 4 is a sketch of the head of a negro named Eustache,* who was as much distinguish- ed for high morality and practical benevolence as Gottfried was for deficiency of these qualities. During the massacre of the whites by the ne- groes in St. Domingo, Eustache, while in the capacity of a slave, saved, by his address, cou- rage, and devotion, the lives of his master and upward of 400 other whites, at the daily risk of his own safety. The line AB is drawn from Causality B, through Cautiousness 12 ; and the great size of the convolutions of the moral sen- timents may be estimated from the space lying between that line and the top of the head C. Both of the sketches are taken from casts, and the convolutions are drawn suppositively for the sake of illustration. The depth of the convolu- tions, in both cuts, is greater than in nature, that the contrast may be rendered the more percep- tible. It will be kept in mind that I am here merely teaching rules for observing heads, and not proving particular facts. The spaces, how- ever, between the line AB and the top of the head are accurately drawn to a scale. Dr. Abram Cox has suggested, that the size of the convolutions which constitute the organs of Self-Esleem, Love of Approbation, Concentrativeness, Adhesive- ness, and Philoprogenitiveness, may be estimated by their projection beyond a base formed by a plane passing through the centres of the two or- gans of Cautiousness and the spinous process of the occipital bone. He was led to this conclu- * The Phrenological Journal, vol. ix., p. 134. 6 S2 INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. sion by a minute examination of a great numbei of the skulls in the collection of the Phrenologi cal Society. A section of this plane is repre- sented by the lines CD, in figs. 2 and 3. To determine the size of the convolutions lying in the lateral regions of the head, Dr. Cox proposes to imagine two vertical planes passing through the organs of Causality in each hemi- sphere, and directly backward, till each meets the outer border of the point of insertion of the trapezius muscle at the back of the neck. The more the lateral convolutions project beyond these planes, the larger do the organs in the sides of the head appear to be—namely, Combative- ness, Destructiveness, Secretiveness, Cautious- ness, Acquisitiveness, and Constructiveness; also to some extent Tune, Ideality, Wit, and Number. Fig. 5. Cingalese Fig. 6. Gottfried Fig. 5 represents a horizontal section of the skull of a Cingalese, the lines BT being sections of the planes above described. Fig. 6 represents the same section of the skull of Gottfried, the INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. 63 female poisoner already referred to. The lateral expansion of the head beyond the lines BT in fig. 6 forms a striking contrast with the size of the same regions in fig. 5. The Cingalese are a tribe in Ceylon, and in disposition are remarka- bly mild and pacific* Dr. Cox suggests farther, that the size of the convolutions lying at the base of the brain may be estimated by their projection below a plane passing through the superciliary ridges and the occipital spine, (DE, fig. 3, and f), fig. 4,) and by observing the distance at which the opening of the ear, the mastoid process, and other points of the base of the skull lie below that plane. The history of the discovery of each faculty and its organ is stated in Dr. Gall's work before referred to, and some of the evidence on which each is admitted is also there brought forward. Dr. Spurzheim's works, entitled " Phrenology," and " Phrenology in Connexion with the Study of Physiognomy," also contain many facts ; and additional cases will be found in the Transac- tions of the Phrenological Society, Dr. Vimont's Treatise on Human and Comparative Phrenolo- gy, the Phrenological Journal, and my System of Phrenology. It is impossible to repeat these in so limited a work as the present. The reader is, therefore, respectfully informed, that I do not here detail the evidence on which Phrenology is founded ; I beg to refer him to the sources of information now alluded to, and to Nature, which is always within his reach. * See description of their character in The Phrenological Journal, vii., 634 OF THE SKULL AND THE BRAIN I avail myself, with much pleasure, of a brief, but lucid, description of the skull and brain, which Dr. Fossati has added to his French translation of the present work.* The whole of this sec- tion is translated from his Appendix ; and Plates III., IV., V., and VI. are copied from his work. As the skull and the brain, says he, are constantly spoken of in this work, it will be advantageous to the reader to present a short description of these parts, accompanied by some physiological observations. I shall not enter into minute anatomical details, but confine my- self simply to those points with which it is most important for the student to become acquainted, in order to form correct ideas of the cerebral organs, and of the place which each occupies in the cranium, and, in consequence, to know how to recognise them externally. Plates are added to render the descriptions more clear ; but plates alone are not sufficient for the complete study of organology. The student should observe nature, and make a collection of skulls and casts. Of the Skull. The skull, or cranium, is the bony covering * Nonvcau Manual de Phrenologie, par George Combe, > Males be-tween 25 and 50. '5 a a ^ 'gw o ° « — w 0 a> Q „ « J 2 S S a-~ S a S^ e e a c 0 e,s 2'S." °'S O '£ 2 5 0 « s O S 3 5 3 i-. n. Ent»-o hlfl fc-S fe£ fe-S « £ G'S is 1. if 4| 4J s? 51 5i~ 5iT 2. CJ 3i 4J 54 sa 54 44 3. H 4J 4 6» 6i 6 5g 4. 7* 4 5 51 6 5J 5i 5. 8 41 54 64 63 6 5i 6. 8 44 44 51 5J 54 52 7. n 44 44 54 C| 51 5^ 8. 7* H 4| 5« 51 5J 51 9. n 4i 43 6 5j 54 5* 10. 84 5 5| 52 c4 5J 5i 11. n 4| 5 51 5i 54 44 12. n 4f 5 6 5| 51 44 13. n 4* 44 54 51 •r>4 5$ 14. n 31 4* 51 64 54 5 15. n 41 4$ 6i 6 6 5 16. n 4I 4 6 64 52 53 17. n 4* 5J 6* 6ir H 54 18. n 4* 5 51 54 5i 41 19. 8 4± 5* 6J 6 6 41 20. Total di- 7 4J 4f 51 5i 54 113? 44 151| 86| 99J 118 $ H9f 103 J vided by 20 gives 4J 419 Kl 8 °5o ^1 6 °20 «i4 (c 3 °50 average, These measurements are taken above the mus- cular integuments, and show the size of the dif- ferent heads in the directions specified; but I repeat that they are not given as indicative of the dimensions of any particular organs. The calli- APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLES. 203 pers are not suited for giving this latter infor- mation, for they do not measure length from the medulla oblongata, or projection beyond the planes mentioned on p. 62 ; neither do they indicate breadth : all of which dimensions must be attend- ed to in estimating the size of individual organs. The average of these twenty heads is probably higher than that of the natives of Britain general- ly, because there are several large heads among them, and none small. It ought to be kept constantly in view, in the practical application of Phrenology, that it is the size of each organ in proportion to the others in the head of the individual observed, and not their absolute size, or their size in reference to any standard head, that determines the predominance in him of particular talents or dispositions.* Thus, in the head of Bellingham Destructiveness is very large, and the organs of the moral senti- ments and intellect are small in proportion ; and, according to the rule, that, cater is paribus, size is the measure of power, Bellingham's most power- ful tendencies are inferred to have been toward cruelty and rage. In several Hindoo skulls in the Phrenological Society's collection, the organ of Destructiveness is small in proportion to the others, and we conclude that the tendency of such individuals would be weakest toward the fore- going passions. But in the head of Gordon, the murderer of a pedler boy, the absolute size of Destructiveness is less than in the head of Dr. Spurzheim ; yet Dr. S. was an amiable philoso- pher, and Gordon an atrocious murderer. This illustrates the rule, that we ought not to judge bv * See Phrenological Journal, vol. viii., p. 642. 204 APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLES. absolute size. In Gordon the organs of the moral sentiments and intellectual faculties are small in proportion to Destructiveness. which is the largest in the brain ; while in Spurzheim the moral and intellectual organs are more fully developed than Destructiveness. On the foregoing principles, the most powerful manifestations of Spurzheim's mind ought to have been in the department of sentiment and intellect, and those of Gordon's mind in Destructiveness and other animal pas- sions ; and their actual dispositions corresponded. Still the dispositions of Spurzheim were affected by the large size of this organ. It communicated a warmth and vehemence of temper, which are found only when it is large, although the higher powers restrained it from abuse. Dr. Spurzheim said to me : " I am too angry to answer that at- tack just now ; I shall wait six months ;" and he did so, and then wrote calmly like a philosopher. It is one object to prove Phrenology to be true, and another to teach a beginner how to observe organs. For the first purpose, we do not in gene- ral compare an organ in one head with the same organ in another ; because it is the predominance of particular organs in the same head that gives the ascendency to particular faculties in the indi- viduals ; and, therefore, in proving Phrenology, we usually compare the different organs of the same head. But, in learning to observe, it is use- ful to contrast the same organ in different heads, in order to become familiar with its appearance in different sizes and combinations. With this view, it is proper to begin with the larger organs ; and two persons, of opposite dis- positions in the particular points to be compared, APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLES. 205 ought to be placed in juxta-position, and their heads observed. Thus, if we take the organ of Cautiousness, we should examine its develope- ment in those whom we know to be remarkable for timidity, doubt, and hesitation ; and we should contrast its appearance with that which it pre- sents in individuals remarkable for precipitancy, and into whose minds doubt or fear rarely enters.' Or a person who is passionately fond of children may be compared, in regard to the organ of Phi- loprogenitiveness, with another who regards them as an intolerable annoyance. No error is more to be avoided than beginning with the observation of the smaller organs, and examining these with- out a contrast. An objection is frequently stated, that persons having large heads have "little wit," while others with small heads are " very clever." The phre- nologist never compares intellectual ability with the size of the brain in general ; for a fundamen- tal principle of the science is, that different parts of the brain have different functions, and that hence the same absolute quantity of brain, if con- sisting of intellectual organs, may be connected with the highest genius ; and, if consisting of the animal organs lying in the basilar and occipital regions of the head, may indicate the most fearful energy of the lower propensities. The brains of the Caribs seem to be equal in absolute size to those of average Europeans ; but the chief deve- lopement of the former is in the animal organs, while the latter are far superior in the organs of moral sentiment and intellect: and no phrenolo- gist would expect the one people to be equal in intelligence and morality to the other, merely 206 APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLES. because their brains are equal in absolute magni tude. The proper test is, to take two heads in sound health, and similar in temperament, age, and exercise, in each of which the several organs are similar in their proportions, but the one of which is large and the other small; and then, if the preponderance of power of manifestation be not in favour of the first, Phrenology must be aban- doned as destitute of foundation. In comparing the brains of the lower animals with the human brain, the phrenologist looks solely for the reflected light of analogy to guide him in his researches, and never founds a direct argument in favour of the functions of the different parts of the human brain upon any facts observed in regard to the lower animals ; and the reason is, that such different species of animals are too dissimilar in constitution and external circum- stances to authorize him to draw positive results from comparing them. Many philosophers, being convinced that the brain is the organ of the mind, and having observed that the human brain is larger than that of the majority of tame animals, as the horse, dog, and ox, have attributed the men- tal superiority of man to the superiority in abso- lute size of his brain ; but the phrenologist does not acknowledge this conclusion as in accordance with the principles of his science. The brain in one of the lower creatures may be very large, and, nevertheless, if it be composed of parts ap- propriated to the exercise of muscular energy or the manifestation of animal propensities, its pos- sessor may be far inferior in understanding or sagacity to another animal having a smaller brain, but composed chiefly of parts destined to manifest APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLES. 207 intellectual power.* Whales and elephants have brains larger than that of man, and yet their sagacity is not equal to his; but nobody has shown that the parts destined to manifest intellect are proportionably larger in these animals than in man ; and hence the superior intelligence of the human species is no departure from the general analogy of nature. I repeat, however, that it is improper to expect accurate results of any kind from a comparison of the brains of different spe- cies of animals. In like manner, the brains of the monkey and the dog are smaller than those of the ox, hog, and ass, and yet the former approach nearer to man in regard to their intellectual faculties. To apply the principles of Phrenology to them, it would be necessary to ascertain, first, that the brain, in structure, constitution, and temperament, is pre- cisely similar in the different species compared, (which it is not ;)f then to discover what parts manifest intellect, and what propensity, in each species ; and, lastly, to compare the power of manifesting each faculty with the size of its ap- propriate organ. If size were found not to be a measure of power, then the rule under discussion would fail in that species : but even this would not authorize us to conclude that it did not hold good in regard to man ; for human Phrenology is founded, not on analogy, but on positive observa- lions. Some persons are pleased to affirm, that the brains of the lower animals consist of the same * Spurzheim's Phrenology, sect, iii., ch. 2, p. 24. t This subject is fully and ably discussed in The Annals of Phrenology, vol. ii., pp. 38-49 ; and by Dr. Caldwell in The Phrenological Journal, vol. x., p. 27. 208 APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLES. parts as the human brain, only on a smaller scale ; but this is highly erroneous. If the student will procure brains of the sheep, dog, fox, calf, horse, or hog, and compare them with the human brain, or with the casts of it sold in the shops, he will find a variety of parts wanting in these animals, especially the convolutions which form the organs of the moral sentiments.* Nature admits of no exceptions ; and a single instance of decidedly vigorous manifestations, with a small organ, disease being absent, would overturn all previous observations in favour of that organ. But men are liable to err ; and although an individual phrenologist may have called an organ small, the manifestations of which are powerful, or vice versa, this is not to be precipi- tately charged against nature as an exception. Chemists occasionally fail in experiments, ma- thematicians err in demonstration, arithmeticians are wrong in calculations ; and, in like manner, phrenologists may commit mistakes in observing cerebral developement. The test in such cases is, to compare the organ in regard to which an ap- parent discrepancy has occurred, with the same organ in the head of a person whose general temperament, size of brain, and mental cultivation are similar, but whose powers of manifestation, in respect of this particular faculty, are known to be diametrically opposite. If the organs be not per- ceived by an ordinary eye to differ, then the excep- tion is proved. I have seen conviction carried home to an opponent by such an appeal to nature, when he imagined himself sure of a triumph on the score of an error committed by an observer. * See Phrenological Journal, vol. ix., p. 514. APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLES. 209 If, in each of two individuals, the organs of the propensities, sentiments, and intellect be equally balanced, the general conduct by one may be vicious, and that of another moral and religious. But the question here is not one of natural disposition, but one of direction and excite- ment merely. In cases where an equal develope- ment of all the organs exists, direction depends on external influences, and then no phrenologist, by merely observing the size of the organs, pre- tends to tell what faculties have been most culti- vated. I have already (p. 46) pointed out the distinction between power and activity in the faculties, and observed that an active tempera- ment is the first cause of activity ; I proceed to remark, that The second cause of activity is particular com- binations of organs. The largest organs in each head have the greatest, and the smallest the least, tendency to natural activity. This law of our constitution is of great practi- cal importance. If an individual have an active temperament and large organs, they generate strong desires, sentiments, or intellectual concep- tions involuntarily. If provided with suitable objects on which they may exert their energies, they conduce to the highest enjoyment, and lay the foundation of the greatest usefulness. If not so provided, they give rise to the most painful emotions. If Love of Approbation be large, it excites an ardent desire of applause ; should no merit be possessed to command esteem, it cannot obtain gratification, and painful dissatisfaction is the consequence. Self-Esteem very large prompts to the assumption of airs of conse- 18» 210 APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLES. quence, and to exaggerated opinions of self; and, when uncontrolled, exposes the possessor to end- less mortifications. Combativeness and Destruc- tiveness very large and undirected, prompt the mind to watch for occasions of offence, and im- bitter every hour by furious ebullitions. A long train of diseases, in common language styled nervous affections, results from the mental facul- ties and organs being unprovided with proper objects on which their activity may be exerted. Unless the brain be very small or constitutionally inactive, occupation must be obtained, otherwise the organs unexercised generate the most painful feelings. Education and literature, as means of directing and occupying the faculties, are of vast importance : when these are not possessed, ani- mal pleasures, or the follies of fashionable life, are resorted to for the sake of excitement. A certain combination in size, namely, large Combativeness, Destructiveness, Hope, Firm- ness, Acquisitiveness, and Love of Approbation, is commonly attended with activity ; and another combination, namely, small or moderate Com- bativeness, Destructiveness, Firmness, and Ac- quisitiveness, with large Hoye, Veneration, and Benevolence, is frequently accompanied with less activity in the mental character. The third cause of activity is exercise. Sup- pose that two individuals possess organs and temperaments exactly similar, but that one is highly educated, and the other left entirely to the impulses of nature ; the former will manifest his intellect with higher activity as well as power than the latter ; and hence it is argued, that size is not in all cases a measure of power. APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLES. 211 Here, however, the requisite of caterisparibus does not hold. An important condition is altered, and the phrenologist uniformly allows for the effects of education before drawing positive con- clusions.* The objector may perhaps push his argument farther, and maintain that, if exercise thus increases power, it is impossible to draw the line of distinction between power derived from this cause and that which proceeds from size in the organs, and that hence the real effects of size can never be determined. In reply it may be observed, that education may cause the faculties to manifest themselves with the highest degree of power which tine size of the organ will vermit, but that size fixes a limit which education cannot go beyond. Dennis, we may presume, received some improvement from education ; but it did not render him equal to Pope, much less to Shakspeare or Milton: therefore, if we take two individuals whose brains are equal in tem- perament and health, but whose organs differ in size, and educate them alike, the advantages in power and attainments will be greatest in the direct ratio of the size. Thus the objection ends in this—that if we compare brains in opposite conditions, we may be led into error—which is granted ; but this is not in opposition to the doctrine, that, cateris paribus, size determines power. Finally, extreme deficiency in size pro- duces incapacity for education, as in idiots; while extreme developement, if healthy, com- bined with an active temperament, as in Shak- speare, Burns, and Mozart, anticipates its effects in so far that the individuals educate themselves. * Phrenological Transactions, p. 303. 212 APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLE*. In saying, then, that, cateris paribus, size is a measure of power, phrenologists demand no con- cessions which are not made to physiologists in general, among whom they rank themselves. This doctrine is not to be held as implying that power is the only, or even the most, valuable quality which a mind, in all circumstances, can possess. To drag artillery over a mountain, or a ponderous car through the streets of London, we would prefer an elephant, or a horse of great size and muscular power ; while, for graceful motion, agility, and nimbleness, we would select an Ara- bian palfrey. In like manner, to lead men in gigantic and difficult enterprises ; to command by native greatness in perilous times, when law id trampled under foot; to call forth the energies of a people, and direct them against a tyrant at home, or an alliance of tyrants abroad ; to stamp the impress of a single mind upon a nation ; to infuse strength into thoughts, and depth into feel- ings, which shall command the homage of enlight- ened men in every age ; in short, to be a Bruce, Bonaparte, Luther, Knox, Demosthenes, Shak- speare, or Milton, a large brain is indispensably requisite: but, to display skill, enterprise, and fidelity in the various professions of civil life ; to cultivate, with success, the less arduous branches of philosophy ; to excel in acuteness, taste, and felicity of expression ; to acquire ex- tensive erudition and refined manners, a brain of a moderate size is perhaps more suitable than one that is very large ; for, wherever the energy is intense, it is rare that delicacy, refinement^ and taste are present in an equal degree. Indivi- duals possessing brains of a moderate size easily APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLES. 213 find their proper sphere, and enjoy scope for all their energy. In ordinary circumstances they distinguish themselves, but sink when difficulties accumulate around them. Persons with large brains, on the other hand, do not readily attain their appropriate place ; common occurrences do not rouse or call them forth, and, while unknown, they are not trusted with great undertakings. Often, therefore, such men pine and die in ob- scurity. When, however, they attain their pro- per element, they are conscious of greatness, and glory in the expansion of their powers; their mental energies rise in proportion to the obsta- cles to be surmounted, and blaze forth in all the magnificence of genius, when feebler minds would 6ink in despair. Men in general willingly obey a person in au- thority, whose head is large and favourably pro- portioned ; because they feel natural greatness coinciding with adventitious power. If, on the other hand, the head is small, or large only in the organs of the propensities, the individual is felt to be inferior in spite of his artificial elevation, and is opposed, despised, or hated. Bonaparte, Washington, Sir Edward Parry, and many others, present a favourable specimen of the former ; while, among living men in au- thority, numerous examples of the latter are also to be met with. Great general size and great activity com- bined, constitute the natural elements of the highest genius. A few practical observations shall now be given in farther illustration of the principles here expounded. 214 COMBINATIONS IN SIZE, OR EFFECTS OF THE ORGANS WHEN COMBINED IN DIFFERENT RE- LATIVE PROPORTIONS. The primitive function of each organ was dis- covered by observing cases in which it decidedly predominated over, or fell short of, other organs in point of size ; and by similar observations each must still be verified. After the discovery is esta- blished, its practical application deserves attention. Every individual possesses all the organs, but they are combined in different degrees of relative size in different persons ; and the manifestations of each are modified, in some degree, by the influence of those with which it is combined. Dr. Gall, in considering the combinations of the organs, divides men into six classes ;* but I here confine myself to three rules which may be laid down for estimating the effects of differences in relative size occurring in the organs of the same brain. Rule first.—Every faculty desires gratifica- tion with a degree of energy proportioned to the size of its organ ;t and those faculties will be habitually indulged, the organs of which are largest in the individual. Examples.—If all the organs of the propensities be large, and all the organs of the moral senti- ments small, the individual will be naturally prone to animal indulgence in the highest degree, and disposed to seek gratification in the directest way, and in the lowest pursuits. * Sur les Fonctions du Cerveau, torn, i., p. 310, 8vo. t The condition cateris paribus is always understood, and, therefore,need not be repeated in treating of the effects oi size. combinations in size. 215 Bellingham, Hare, p. 58, Linn, p. 87, and Mary Macinnes are illustrations of this combi- nation, and their manifestations corresponded. If, on the other hand, the organs of the moral sentiments and intellect greatly predominate, the individual will be naturally prone to moral and intellectual pursuits ; such persons are " a law unto themselves." The heads of Melancthon, p. 59, and the Reverend Mr. M., p. 86, are exam- ples of this combination, and may be contrasted with those last mentioned. Rule second.—As there are three kinds of faculties, animal, moral, and intellectual, which are not homogeneous in their nature, it may happen that several large animal organs are com- bined in the same individual with several moral and intellectual organs highly developed. The rule, then, will be, that the lower propensities will take their direction from the higher powers ; and such a course of action will be habitually follow- ed as will be calculated to gratify the whole faculties whose organs are large. Examples.—If the organs of Acquisitiveness and Conscientiousness be both large, stealing might gratify Acquisitiveness, but it would offend Conscientiousness. According to the rule now stated, the individual would endeavour to gratify both, by acquiring property by lawful industry. If Combativeness and Destructiveness be large, and Benevolence and Conscientiousness as fully developed, wanton outrage and indiscriminate attack might gratify the first two faculties, but they would outrage the last two ; and hence the individual would seek for situations calculated to gratify all four, and these may be found in the 216 COMBINATIONS IN SIZE. ranks of an army imbodied for the defence of his country, or in moral and intellectual warfare waged against the patrons of corruption and abuse in Church and State. Luther, Knox, and many other benefactors of mankind, were probable ac- tuated by such a combination of faculties. If the cerebellum be very large, and Philopro- genitiveness, Adhesiveness, and Conscientious- ness deficient, the individual will be prone to the directest gratifications of the animal appetite ; if the latter organs be large, he will perceive that wedlock affords the only means of pleasing this whole group of faculties. If Benevolence, Self-Esteem, and Acquisitive- ness be all large, giving charity may gratify the first; but, unless the individual be very rich, the act of parting with property may be disagreeable to the last two faculties : he would, therefore, prefer to gratify Benevolence by doing acts of personal kindness ; he would sacrifice time, trouble, influence, and advice, to the welfare of others, but not property. If Benevolence were small, with the same combination, he would not give either money or personal service. If Love of Approbation large be combined with large Ideality and moderate reflecting facul- ties, the individual will be ambitious to excel in the splendour of his equipage, style of living, dress, and rank. If to the same combination be added a powerful intellect and large Conscien- tiousness, moral and intellectual excellence will be preferred as the means of obtaining the respect of the world. < If Self-Esteem large be combined with defi- cient Benevolence, Love of Approbation, and Con- COMBINATIONS IN SIZE. 217 Bcientiousness, the individual will be prone to gratify his selfish feelings, with little regard to the good opinion or the just claims of society. If Self-Esteem large be combined with large Love of Approbation and Conscientiousness, the former will produce only that degree of self-respect which is essential to dignity of character, and that degree of independence of sentiment without which even virtue ca mot be maintained. If large Cautiousness be combined with defi- cient Combativeness, the individual will be ex- tremely timid. If Combativeness be large and Cautiousness small, reckless intrepidity will be the result. If Combativeness be equally large with Cautiousness, the individual will display courage regulated by prudence. If Cautiousness, Conscientiousness, Self-Esteem, Secretiveness, and Love of Approbation be all large, and Com- bativeness moderate, bashfulness or mauvaise honte will be the consequence. This feeling is the result of the fear of not acquitting one's self to advantage, and thereby compromising one's personal dignity. If Veneration and Hope be large, and Con- scientiousness and Benevolence small, the indi- vidual will be naturally fond of the act of religi- ous worship, but averse to the practice of charity and justice. If the proportions be reversed, the result will be a natural disposition to charity and justice, with no great tendency to the exercise of devotion. If all the four organs be large, the individual will be naturally inclined to render homage to God, and discharge his duties to men. If Veneration large be combined with large Ac- quisitiveness and Love of Approbation, the former 19 218 COMBINATIONS IN SIZE. sentiment may be directed to superiors in rank and power, as the means of gratifying the desires for wealth and influence depending on the latter faculties. If Veneration small be combined with Self-Esteem and Firmness large, the individual will not naturally look up to superiors in rank. The intellectual faculties will naturally tend to such employments as are calculated to gratify the predominant propensities and sentiments. If the organs which constitute a genius for painting be combined with large Acquisitiveness, the in- dividual will paint to become rich ; if combined with Acquisitiveness small and Love of Appro- bation large, he would probably labour for fame, and starve while attaining it. Talents for different intellectual pursuits de- pend upon the combinations of the knowing and reflecting organs in certain proportions. Form, Size, Colouring, Individuality, Ideality, Imitation, and Secretiveness large, with Locality small, will constitute a portrait, but not a landscape, painter. Diminish Form and Imitation, and increase Locality, and the result will be a talent for land- scape, but not for portrait, painting. If to Indi- viduality, Comparison, and Causality, all large, an equally well developed organ of Language be added the result will be a talent for authorship or public debate ; if Language be small, the other faculties will be more prone to seek gratification, in the business of life, or in abstract philosophy. The principle of this rule solves cases which often appear inexplicable to superficial observers. In Quaker Geddes, as drawn by Sir Walter Scott in Redgauntlet, (and many such individuals exis» in nature,) Combativeness and Destructivcnea COMBINATIONS IN SIZE. 219 are kept in check by the moral sentiments and reflection, so as in no instance to be permitted to repel violence by violence. The question is frequently asked, What, in such cases, becomes of the organs 1 The answer is, that they are present, and perform their usual functions. The individual in question is represented as full of moral intrepidity and energy of character ; and this is the result of Combativeness and Destruc- tiveness, directed by the superior faculties. If these organs were small, those of the higher powers being large, the consequence would be a deficiency of active and energetic qualities of mind in situations attended with violence and conten- tion. In no instance, therefore, is it a matter of indifference to the dispositions and character of the individual whether any particular organ be large or small. To estimate the effect produced on the character by a large organ, the manifesta- tions of which appear to be suppressed, we should consider what the result would be if that organ were small, while all the others retained their original proportions. In like manner, an organ greatly deficient in size cannot be compensated by other organs, how- ever large. If Conscientiousness be deficient, although Benevolence and Veneration be large, there maybe kindness without justice, and piety without integrity. Some men are too generous to be just, and others, though devout, are prone to dishonesty. These characters result from this combination. Rule third.—Where all the organs appeal in nearly equal proportions to each other, the in- dividual^ if left to himself, will exhibit opposite 220 COMBINATIONS IN SIZE. phases of character, according as the animal pro- pensities or moral sentiments predominate for the time. He will pass his life in alternate sinning and repenting. If external influence be brought to operate upon him, his conduct will be greatly modified by it: if he be placed, for instance, undei severe discipline and moral restraint, these will cast the balance, for the time, in favour of the higher sentiments ; if exposed to the solicitation of profligate associates, the animal propensities will probably obtain triumphant sway. Maxwell, who was executed for housebreaking and theft, is an example of this combination. In him the three orders of organs are amply developed: while subjected to the discipline of the army he preserved a fair reputation ; but when he fell into the company of thieves he adopted their practices and was hanged. COMBINATIONS IN ACTIVITY. 221 The principles now laid down remove an ob- jection that has frequently been stated, viz., that, as different combinations modify the manner in which the faculties are manifested, and as the functions of the parts at the base of the brain are still undiscovered, no certainty can be obtained regarding the functions even of the higher parts ; because, say the objectors, all the manifestations actually perceived may be the result of the joint action of the known and unknown parts, and hence it is impossible to determine the specific functions of each. The answer to this objection is, that the function of each organ remains inva- riable, whatever direction the manifestations may take, in consequence of its acting in combination with other organs. Hence, if we suppose the parts at the base of the brain to be the organs of Hunger and Thirst, as several facts have been thought to indicate, then Tune, combined with these parts large, would produce bacchanalian songs ; if combined with these small, and Ve- neration large, hymns would be the form of its manifestation ; but in either case Tune would perform only its primitive function of producing melody. COMBINATIONS IN ACTIVITY. Where several organs are large in the same individual, they have a natural tendency to com- bine in activity, and to prompt him to a line of conduct calculated to gratify them all. Where, however, all, or the greater part, of the organs are possessed in nearly equal proportions, important practical effects may be produced, by establishing 222 COMBINATIONS IN ACTIVITY. combinations in activity among particular organs or groups of organs. For example, if Individuali- ty, Eventuality, Ideality, Causality, Comparison, and Language be all large, they will naturally tend to act together, and the result of their com- bined activity will be a natural talent for public speaking or literary composition. If Language be small, it will be extremely difficult to establish such a combination in activity, and these natural talents will be deficient; but if we take two indi- viduals, in both of whom this group of organs is of an average size, and if we train one of them to a mechanical employment, and the other to the bar—in the latter the reflecting organs and that of Language will be trained to act together, and the result will be an acquired facility in writing and debate ; whereas, in the former, in conse- quence of the organ of Language never having been accustomed to act in combination with those of intellect, this facility would be wanting. On the same principle, if a person, having an excel- lent endowment of the organs of the propensities, sentiments, and intellect, were introduced for the first time into higher society than that in which he had been accustomed to move, it might happen that he would lose for a moment the command of his faculties, and exhibit an unhappy specimen of awkwardness and embarrassment. This would arise from irregular and unharmonious action in the different faculties and organs : Veneration, powerfully excited, would prompt him to manifest profound respect; Love of Approbation would inspire him with a strong desire to exhibit a pleasing and becoming appearance; Cautiousness would produce alarm lest he should fail in any COMBINATIONS IN ACTIVITY. 223 essential of good breeding; Self-Esteem would feel compromised by embarrassment stealing on the mind ; and the intellect, distracted by these conflicting emotions, would be unable to regulate the conduct according to the rules of propriety. When familiarized with the situation, the senti- ments would subside into a state of more har- monious action ; the intellect would assume the supremacy; and then the individual might be- come the idol and ornament of the circle in which he had made so awkward a debut. It is in virtue of this principle that education produces its most important effects. If, for in- stance, we take two individuals, in each of whom all the organs are developed in an average degree, and if one of them have been educated among persons of sordid and mercenary dispositions, Acquisitiveness and Self-Esteem being cultivated in him into a high degree of activity, self-interest and personal aggrandizement will be viewed as the great objects of life. If Love of Approbation were trained into combined activity with these faculties, it would desire distinction in wealth or power ; if Veneration were trained to act in con- cert with them, it would take the direction of admiring the rich and great; and Conscientious- ness, not being predominantly vigorous, would only intimate that such pursuits were unworthy, without possessing the power, by itself, of over- coming or controlling the whole combination against it. If the other individual, possessing the same developement, were trained amid moral and religious society, i.i whose habitual conduct the practice of benevolence and justice toward men, and veneration toward God, was the leading object, 224 COMBINATIONS IN ACTIVITY. then Love of Approbation, acting with this com bination. would desire esteem for honourable and virtuous actions ; and Acquisitiveness would be viewed as the means of procuring gratification to these higher powers, but not as itself an object of paramount importance. The practical conduct of the two individuals might be very different in consequence of this difference of training. The principle now under discussion is not in- consistent with the influence of size ; because it is only in individuals in whom the several organs are nearly on an equality in point of size that so great effects can be produced by combinations in activity. In such cases the phrenologist, in es- timating the effects of size, always inquires into the education bestowed. The doctrine of combinations in activity ex- plains several other mental phenomena of an interesting nature. In viewing the heads of the higher and lower classes of society, we do not perceive the animal organs preponderating in point of size in the latter, and the moral senti- ments in the former, in any very palpable degree. The high polish, therefore, which characterizes the upper ranks, is the result of sustained harmony in the action of the different faculties, and espe- cially in that of the moral sentiments, induced by long cultivation ; while the rudeness observable in some of the lower orders results from a pre- dominating combination in activity among the lower propensities. The awkwardness that fre- quently characterizes them arises from the pro- pensities, sentiments, and intellect not being habituated to act together. If, however, an indi- vidual is very deficient in the higher organs, he COMBINATIONS IN ACTIVITY. 225 will, although bom and educated in the best society, remain vulgar in consequence of this defect, in spite of every effort to communicate refinement by training ; while, on the other hand, if a very favourable developement of the organs of the higher sentiments and intellect be possess- ed, the individual, in whatever rank he moves, will have the stamp of Nature's nobility. Several moral phenomena also, which were complete enigmas to the older metaphysicians, are explained by this principle. Dr. Adam Smith, in his Theory, chapter ii., " On the influence of fortune upon the sentiments of mankind, with regard to the merit and demerit of actions," states the following case : A person throws a large stone over a wall into the public street, without giving warning to those who are passing, and without regarding where it may fall. If it light upon a person's head, and knock out his brains, we would punish the offender pretty severely ; but if it fall upon the ground, and hurt nobody, we would be offended with the same measure of punishment, which, in the former event, we would reckon just; and yet the demerit in both cases is the same. Dr. Smith gives no theory to ac- count for these differences of moral determination. Phrenology explains them. If the stone fall upon an unhappy passenger, Benevolence in the spec- tator is outraged; if the sufferer had a wife and family, Philoprogenitiveness and Adhesiveness are offended. Cautiousness also is excited, by the idea that we might have shared the same fate. All these rouse Destructiveness ; and the whole together loudly demand a smart infliction on the transgressor to appease them. In the other event, 226 MATERIALISM. when the stone falls to the ground, and hurts nobodv,the only faculties excited are the intellect, Conscientiousness, and probably Cautiousness ; and these calmly look at the motive of the offend- er, which probably was mere thoughtless levity, and enact a slight punishment against him. The proper sentence in such a case is that which would be pronounced by the intellect and moral sentiments acting in combination, uninfluenced by the lower propensities. In like manner, when a person becomes judge in his own cause, Self-Esteem, Acquisitiveness, and probably Combativeness and Destructiveness, roused by the conduct of the opposite party, min- gle their influence with that of Conscientiousness, and the result is frequently a determination the very opposite of justice. When a neutral person is appointed as judge, Conscientiousness and the intellect alone are called into activity, and abso- lute justice is the result of a powerful sentiment of Conscientiousness, thoroughly enlightened by an acute and well-informed understanding. In party politics Adhesiveness, Love of Approbation, and Benevolence, not to mention Combativeness and Destructiveness, are extremely apt to enter into vivid activity in surveying the conduct of an individual who has distinguished himself by zealous efforts on our own side; and our judgment of his conduct will, in consequence, be the deter- mination of the intellect and Conscientiousness, disturbed and led astray by these inferior feelings ON MATERIALISM. The objection, that Phrenology leads to ma- terialism, has been frequently urged against the MATERIALISM. 227 science; but it appears singularly unphilosophical, even upon the most superficial consideration. There are two questions, very different in them- selves, which are often confounded. The one is, On what is the mind dependent for existence ? The other, On what is it dependent for its power Of manifesting itself in this life ? Phrenologists declare themselves unable to decide upon the former point; but they maintain that facts de- monstrate the power of manifestation to depend on the condition of the brain. When a phrenolo- gist says that "the mental qualities and capacities are dependent upon the bodily constitution," the sentence should be completed, " not for existence, but for the power of acting in this material world."* Phrenology, therefore, viewed as the assertion of certain physical facts, cannot, if unfounded, lead logically to any result, except the disgrace and mortification of its supporters. On such a sup- position, it cannot overturn religion, or any other truth; because, by the constitution of the human intellect, error constantly tends to resolve itself into nothing, and to sink into oblivion ; while truth, having a real existence, remains permanent and impregnable. In this view, then, the objec- tion, that Phrenology leads to materialism, is absurd. If, on the other hand, the science be held to be a true interpretation of nature, and if it be urged that, nevertheless, it leads fairly and logically to materialism, then the folly of the objection is equally glaring ; for it resolves itself into this—that materialism is the constitution of nature, and that Phrenology is dangerous,because it makes that constitution known. •See Phrcn. Journ., vol. ii., p. 148. 228 MATERIALISM. The charge assumes a still more awkward appearance in one shape in which it is frequently brought forward. The objector admits that the mind uses the body as an instrument of com- munication with external nature, and maintains that this fact does not necessarily lead to mate- rialism. t In this I agree with him ; but I cannot perceive how it should lead nearer to this result, to hold that each faculty manifests itself by a peculiar organ. In short, in whatever point of view the system is regarded, whether as true or false, the objection of materialism is futile and unphilosophical; and one must regret that it should have been brought forward in the name of Religion, because every imbecile and unfounded attack against Philosophy, made in this sacred name, tends to diminish the respect with which it ought always to be invested. The question of materialism itself, however, as a point of abstract discussion, has of late excited considerable attention ; and I shall offer a few remarks upon its general merits. In entering on the subject, it is proper to take a view of the nature and extent of the point in dispute, and of the real effect of our decision upon it. The question, then, is, Whether the substance of which the thinking principle is composed be matter or spirit ? And the effect of our decision, let it be observed, is not to alter the nature of that sub- stance, whatever it is, but merely to adopt an opinion consonant with, or adverse to, a fact in nature over which we have no control. Mind, with all its faculties and functions, has existed since the creation, and will exist until the human race becomes extinct; and no opinion of man MATERIALISM. 229 concerning the cause of its phenomena can have the least influence over that cause itself. The mind is invested by nature with all its properties ; and these it will possess, and manifest, and main- tain, let men think, and speak, and write what they will concerning its substance. If the Author of Nature has invested the mind with the quality of endless existence, it will, to a certainty, flourish in immortal youth, in spite of every ap- pearance of premature decay. If, on the other hand, He has limited its existence to this passing scene, and decreed that it shall perish for ever when the animating principle passes from the body, then all our conjectures, arguments, discus- sions, and assertions respecting its immortality will not add one day to its existence. The opinions of man, therefore, concerning the sub- stance of the mind, can have no influence what- ever in changing or modifying that substance itself; and if so, as little can these opinions un- dermine the constitution of the mind, or its rela- tions to time and eternity, on which, as their foundations, morality and religion must and do rest as on an immutable basis. According to Phrenology, morality and natural religion originate in, and emanate from, the primitive constitution of the mental powers themselves. Innumerable observations have proved that faculties and organs of Benevolence, Hope, Veneration, Justice, and Reflection exist. Now, our believing that the mind will die with the body will not pluck these sentiments and powers from the soul ; nor will our believing the mind to be immortal implant a single faculty more in our constitution. They would all remain the same in function and con 20 230 MATERIALISM. stitution, and render virtue amiable, and vice odious, although we should believe the mind to be made of dust, just as they would do were wc to believe it to be a more immediate emanation from the Deity himself. In short, this question of materialism is one of the most vain, trivial, and uninteresting that ever engaged the human intellect; and nothing can be more unphilosophical, and more truly detri- mental to the interests of morality and religion, than the unfounded clamour (or cant shall I call it ?) which has been poured forth from the pe- riodical journals about the dangers attending it. A manly intellect, instead of bowing before pre- judice, would dissipate it, by showing that the question is altogether an illusion, and that, adopt what opinion we will concerning the substance of the mind, every attribute belonging to it must remain unaltered and unimpaired. But, not to stop in our investigation till we have reached the goal, we may inquire whether it be possible to discover the substance of which the mind is composed, and to determine whether it be material or immaterial. The first step in this investigation is, to ascertain what means we pos- sess of arriving at a knowledge of the essence of the mind. All our knowledge must be derived either from consciousness or from observation. Now, by reflecting on what we feel, we discover nothing concerning the substance or essence of the thinking being. We do not feel a spiritual essence stirring within us, and elaborating senti- ment and thought; and neither do we feel a material substance producing these effects. We are conscious of feelings and emotions, of friend- MATERIALISM. 231 ships and attachments, of high conceptions and glorious thoughts : but whether these originate from matter or spirit; whether the first embryo substance of reflection dwelt lowly in the dust, or soared a pure ethereal essence amid the regions of boundless space, before it was constituted a part of us ; whether God, in creating man, was pleased to invest his material organs with the property of thought, or to infuse into him a portion of immaterial fire;—on all these points conscious- ness gives us no information. A great deal of popular delusion, indeed, has been kept alive on this point, by the fact being overlooked, that we are not conscious of the operations of the brain. Men in general, because they are sensible only of thought and feeling, and not of the movements of any material organ performing these acts of the mind, imagine that it is necessarily an immaterial essence which is thinking and feeling within them ; but they are equally unconscious of the contraction and relaxation of the muscles, and they might as well imagine that the legs and arms are moved, not by material organs, but by the direct impulse of spirit, as entertain the supposi- tion in question. In short, the truly philosophical conclusion is, that, by means of consciousness, we are unable to discover of what substance the thinking principle is composed. Does observation, then, throw a stronger and steadier light upon this long-agitated question ? The mental organs, while in health, and in the natural state in which their functions are most perfectly performed, are completely hid from inspection. No eye can penetrate the integu ments of the head, and the tables of the skull, and 232 MATERIALISM. the dura mater, to obtain a view of the operations performed in the brain while the thoughts run high and the sentiments swell with emotion ; and when external injury or disease removes these coverings, the mind does not then disport itself in all the vigour of its healthy action. Besides, even when all these external obstacles to inspec- tion are removed, it is only the surface of the convolutions which is perceived ; and the soul may be enthroned in the long fibres which extend from the surface to the medulla oblongata, and thought may be elaborated there, and still evade detection. These are mere conjectures ; but it is certain that no trace of thought or feeling has ever been detected in the brain during life ; thought is a process altogether beyond the cog- nizance of any of our senses. It may be said, however, that death will solve the question, and allow the whole secrets of the soul to be dis- closed ; but, alas ! when the pulse has ceased to beat and the lungs to play, the brain presents nothing to our contemplation but an inert mass, of a soft and fibrous texture, in which no thought can be discerned, no sentiment perceived, and no im- material spirit traced ; so that, from inspecting it, even imagination receives no food for conjecture, as to the presence or absence of an immaterial guest while life and health animated its folds. Observation, therefore, reveals as little as does consciousness in regard to the substance of the human mind ; and as no other modes of arriving at certain knowledge are open to man, the solu- tion of the question appears to be placed com- pletely beyond his reach. In short, to use an observation of Dr. Spurzheim, Nature has given MATERIALISM. 233 man faculties fitted to observe phenomena as they at present exist, and the relations subsisting among them ; but has denied to him powers fitted '-o discover, as a matter of direct perception, either xhe beginning, or the end, or the essence, of any- thing under the sun : we may amuse our imagina- tions with conjectures, but shall never arrive at truth when we stray into these interdicted regions. The solution of the question, therefore, is not only unimportant, but impossible ; and this leads me to observe, that no idea can be more erroneous than that which supposes the dignity and future destiny of man, as an immortal being, to depend of necessity on the substance of which he is made. Let us allow to the materialists, for the sake of argument, that the brain is the mind, and that medullary matter thinks—what then ? If, in fact, it do so, it must be the best possible substance for thinking, just because the Creator selected it for the purpose, and endowed it with this property. In this argument the religious constantly forget that the same Omnipotent hand made the brain that created the mind and the universe itself, and that, in the dedication of every cerebral convolu- tion to its objects, be they thinking or any other process, the Divine Wisdom is as certainly ex- ercised as in impressing motion on the planets, or infusing light and heat into the sun. If, there- fore, God has, in fact, made the brain to think, we may rest assured that it is exquisitely and perfectly adapted for this purpose, and that His objects in creating man will not be defeated on account of His having chosen a wrong substance out of which to constitute the thinking principle. Put what are his objects in creating man ? This 20» 234 MATERIALISM. brings us to the jet of the question at once. Some authors make materialism the foundation of athe- ism, and wish us to believe that the best evidence of the Divine intention in creating the human soul is to be found in discovering the substance of which it is made ; and they insinuate, that if it be constituted of a very refined and dignified material, it must be intended for magnificent des- tinies ; while, if it be composed of a rude and vulgar stuff, it must be intended to live only in this lower world. Here, however, sense and logic equally fail them ; for no principle in phi- losophy is more certain than that, from a know- ledge of the mere substance of anything, we cannot infer for what ends it is fitted. Exhibit to a human being every variety of imaginable essence, and if you allow him to know no more of its properties than he can discover by exami- ning its elements, he will be utterly incapable of telling whether it is calculated to endure only for a day, or to last to eternity. The materialist, therefore, is not entitled, even from the supposed admission that medullary matter thinks, to con- clude that the human being cannot be immortal and responsible. The true way of discovering for what end man has been created is, to look to the faculties with which he has been endowed, trusting that the substance of which he is com- posed is perfectly suited to the objects of his creation. Now, when we inquire into the facul- ties, we find the thinking principle in him to differ, not only in degree, but in kind, from that of the lower animals. The latter have no faculty of Justice, to indicate to them that the unrestrained manifestation of Destructiveness or Acquisitive- OBJECTIONS TO PHRENOLOGY CONSIDERED. 235 ness is wrong; they have no sentiment of Ve- neration, prompting them to seek a God whom they may adore ; they have no faculty of Hope, pointing out futurity as an object of ceaseless interest and contemplation, and leading them to expect a life beyond the grave ; and their under- standing is so limited as to be satisfied with little knowledge, and to be insensible to the compre- hensive design and glories of creation. Man, then, being endowed with qualities which are denied to the lower creatures, we are entitled, by a legitimate exercise of reflection, the subject being beyond the region of the external senses, to conclude that, whatever be the essenceof his mind, he is designed for another and a higher destiny than is to be allotted to them. OBJECTIONS TO PHRENOLOGY CONSIDERED. Objection.—The idea of ascribing different faculties to different parts of the brain is not new. Many authors did so before Dr. Gall; but their systems have fallen into disrepute, which proves that the doctrine is false. Answer.—Dr. Gall himself has called the atten- tion of philosophers to the fact, that the idea alluded to is very old : he has given a history of previous opinions concerning the functions of the brain; and shown that different functions have been attributed to different parts of it for centuries past, while he has assigned reasons for these ideas falling into oblivion. Dr. Spurzheim, in his works, does the same ; and in the Phrenolo- gical Journal, vol. ii., p. 378, is given " An His- torical Notice of early Opinions concerning the Brain," accompanied with a plate of the head, 236 OBJECTIONS TO PHRENOLOGY CONSIDERED. showing it marked out into different organs in 1562. The difference, however, between the mode of proceeding of prior authors and that of Dr. Gall is so great, that different results are accounted for. Former speculators assigned to certain mental faculties local situations in the brain, on account of the supposed aptitude of the place for the faculty. Common sense, for example, was placed in the forehead, because it was neat the eyes and nose ; while memory was lodged in the cerebellum, because it lay, like a store- house, behind, fitted to receive and accommodate all kinds of knowledge till required to be brought forth for use. This was not philosophy ; it was the human imagination constructing man, instead of the understanding observing how the Creator had constituted him. Dr. Gall acted on different principles. He did not assume the existence of any mental faculties, nor did he assign them habitations in the brain according to his fancy. On the contrary, he observed, first, the manifes- tation of mental talents and dispositions ; and, secondly, the form of brain which accompanied each of these when strong and weak. He simply reported what Nature had done. There is the same difference between his method of proceed- ing and that of prior authors, as between the methods of Descartes and Newton ; and hence it is equally intelligible why he should be suc- cessful in discovering truth, while they invented only ingenious errors. Objection.—It is ridiculous to suppose that the mind has thirty-five faculties ; why not fifty-five ? or a hundred and five ? Besides, the phrenolo- gists have been continually altering the number. OBJECTIONS TO PHRENOLOGY CONSIDERED. 237 Answer.—As well may it be said to be absurd, that we should possess exactly five senses : why not ten or fifteen ? The phrenologists deny all responsibility for the number of the faculties. They admit neither fewer nor a greater number than they find manifested in nature. Besides, some authors on mental philosophy admit nearly as many, and others more, faculties than the phrenologists. Lord Kames, for example, admits twenty of the phrenological faculties ; while Mr. Dugald Stewart, in his system, ascribes more faculties to the mind than are enumerated in the phrenological works. The increase of the num- ber of the phrenological faculties is easily ac- counted for. It has invariably been stated that the functions of certain portions of the brain re- main to be discovered ; and, in proportion as this discovery proceeds, the list of mental powers will necessarily be augmented. Objection.—" On opening the skull, and exa- mining the brain toward the surface, where the organs are said to be situated, it seems to require no small share of creative fancy to see anything more than a number of almost similar convolutions, all composed of cineritious and medullary sub- stance, very nearly in the same proportions, and all exhibiting as little difference in their form and structure as the convolutions of the intestines." "No phrenologist has ever yet observed the supposed lines of distinction between them ; and no phrenologist, therefore, has ventured, in the course of his dissections, to divide a hemisphere of the brain accurately into any such number of well majrked and specific organs." This objec- tion was urged by the late Dr. John Barclay, and 238 OBJECTIONS TO PHRENOLOGY CONSIDERED is answered at full length by Dr. A. Combe, in the Transactions of the Phrenological Society. A. summary only of his observations can be in- troduced here : First, Although the objection were literally true, it is not relevant; because it is an admitted principle of physiology, that the form and struc- ture of an organ are not sufficient to reveal its vital functions : no man who saw an eye, an ear, or a nostril, for the first time, (supposing it were possible for a man to be so situated,) could, merely by looking at it, infer its uses. The most expert anatomists had looked frequently and long upon a bundle of nervous fibres, enclosed in a common sheath, without discovering that one set of them was the organ of voluntary motion, and another that of feeling ; on the contrary, from their simi- larity of appearance, these nerves had, for ages, been regarded as possessing similar functions. Nevertheless, Sir C. Bell and Magendie have demonstrated, by experiment, that they possess the distinct functions of feeling and motion. Sir C. Bell has, more recently, proved that another nerve, the use of which nobody had conjectured from its structure, serves to convey to the brain intimation of the state of the muscles ; so that there is now evidence of the muscular system being supplied with three distinct sets of nerves, having separate functions—which was never con- jectured from appearances. It may, therefore, competently be proved, by observation, that dif- ferent parts of the brain have different functions, although it were true that no difference of struc- ture could be perceived. But, 2dly, it is not the fact that difference of OBJECTIONS TO PHRENOLOGY CONSIDERED. 239 appearance is not discoverable. It is easy to distinguish the anterior, the middle, and posterior lobes of the human brain from each other ; and, were they shown separately to a skilful phreno- logical anatomist, he would never take one for the other. The mental manifestations are so dif- ferent, according as one or other of these lobes predominates in size, that there is even in this case ample room for establishing the fundamental proposition, that different faculties are connected with different parts of the brain. Farther, many of the organs differ so decidedly in appearance, that they could be pointed out by it alone. Dr. Spurzheim says that he " could never confound the organ of Amativeness with that of Philopro- genitiveness ; or Philoprogenitiveness with that of Secretiveness ; or the organ of the desire to acquire with that of Benevolence or Veneration ;" and, after having seen Dr. Spurzheim's dissec- tions of the brain, I bear my humble testimony to the truth of this assertion. Even an ordinary observer, who takes a few good casts of the brain in his hand, may satisfy himself that the anterior lobe, for example, uniformly presents convolutions different in appearance, direction, and size, from those of the middle lobe ; while the latter, toward the coronal surface, uniformly presents convolu- tions differing in appearance and direction from those of the posterior lobe ; and, above all, the cerebellum, or organ of Amativeness, is not only widely different in structure, but is separated by ft strong membrane from all the other organs, and can never be mistaken for any of them. Dif- ference of appearance, therefore, being absolutely demonstrable, there is better reason on the side 240 OBJECTIONS TO PHRENOLOGY CONSIDERED. of the phrenologists for presuming difference of function, than on that of the opponents for main- taining unity of function. 3dly, It is admitted that the organs are not per- ceived to be separated in the brain by lines of demarcation ; but those persons who either have seen Dr. Spurzheim dissect the brain, or have attended minutely to its impressions on the skull, will support me in testifying, that the forms of the organs are distinguishable, and that the map- ping out is founded in nature. To bring this to the test, the student has only to observe the ap- pearance of particular organs in a state of large developement, the surrounding organs being small; ihe form will then be distinctly visible. Objection.—All parts of the brain have been injured or destroyed without the mental faculties being affected. Answer.—The assertion is denied: there is no philosophical evidence for it. The subject is discussed at length by Dr. A. Combe, in the Phre- nological Transactions, in my system of Phre- nology, and in the Phrenological Journal, vol. viii., p. 636. The objection is now generally abandoned by persons who have considered the cases, with the answers to them. Objection—" The most extravagant departure from all the legitimate modes of reasoning, although still under the colour of anatomical in- vestigation, is the system of Dr. Gall. It is sufficient to say, that, without comprehending the grand divisions of the nervous system, without a notion of the distinct properties of the individual nerves, or having made any distinction of the columns of the spinal marrow, without even havin° OBJECTIONS TO PHRENOLOGY CONSIDERED. 241 ascertained the difference of cerebrum and cere- bellum, Gall proceeded to describe the brain as composed of many particular and independent organs, and to assign to each the residence of some special faculty." These are the words of Sir Charles Bell, in his treatise " On the Nervous Circle which connects the voluntary muscles with the brain," in the Philosophical Transactions. Answer.—First, This objection itself is " an extravagant departure from all legitimate modes of reasoning ;" because the most intimate ac- quaintance with the structure of the brain does not serve to unfold its functions.* The soundness of this principle admits of a demonstration the force of which Sir Charles Bell will not easily evade. He himself, of course, is intimately ac- quainted with all the anatomical knowledge of which he affirms that Dr. Gall was ignorant; yet he does not pretend, even at this day, to have discovered the functions of the different parts of the brain !—Secondly, although Dr. Gall did not accomplish what was impossible, namely, the discovery of the functions of the different parts of the brain by means of dissection, yet it is a gross misrepresentation to say that he continued in ignorance of the anatomy of the nervous system. It is known to every physiologist of reputation in Europe, Sir Charles Bell excepted, that both Drs. Gall and Spurzheim were intimately acquainted with the anatomy of the brain and nervous sys- tem.! The brain never was dissected in a * See p. 36. t Dr. Spurzheim answered this attack of Sir C. Bell in his Appendix to the Anatomy of the Brain. (Treuttel, Wurtz, and Richter, London, 1830.) He there says : " In our Memoir presented to the French Institute in 1808, and 21 212 OBJECTIONS TO PHRENOLOGY CONSIDERED. rational manner, or the representation of its struc- ture brought into harmony with its functions, until this was accomplished by them. Their printed volumes and plates render such an assertion as that now combated injurious only to him who states it. Dr.Bailly, of Blois, in reply to what he calls " an inconceivable accusation " made by M. Leuret, that Dr. Gall neglected the anatomy of the convolutions, refers to Gall's large work, and " to some thousands of physicians of different countries, who, for upward of twenty years, learned from the lectures of the founder of Phrenology the most accurate and rational ana- tomy of the cerebral convolutions yet known." " I affirm," says he, " without fear of contradic- tion, that no anatomist before Gall had the slightest idea of the structure of the convolutions. This has been acknowledged by Cuvier himself, whom no one will accuse of too much partiality toward the works of Gall."* in our large work above-mentioned, we make four principal divisions of the nervous system, and treat of them in four separate sections. In my work, ' The Physiognomical System of Drs. Gall and Spurzheim,' there is a chapter on the Anatomy of the nervous system. In the second edition, 1815, p. 13, I say : ' We are of opinion that the nervous system must be divided and subdivided, and that each part of these divisions and subdivisions has its peculiar origin.' I speak of the common division of the nervous system into four portions.—P. 23 : ' I admit a difference between the nerves of motion and those of feeling.' I treat of anatomi- cal, physiological, and pathological proofs in favour of my opinion. I positively state that' the same nervous fibres do not go to the muscles and to the skin ;' and conclude (p. 25) that' the spinal marrow consists of nerves of motion and oJ feeling, and that the greater number of the pretended cere- bral nerves belong to the nerves of motion and of feeling.' * * Journal de la Societe Phrenologique de Paris, April, 1835. OBJECTIONS TO PHRENOLOGY CONSIDERED. 243 Objection.—Sir Charles Bell proceeds :—• " When the popularity of these doctrines is con- sidered, it may easily be conceived how difficult it has been, during their successive importations, to keep my pupils to the examples of our own countrymen. Surely it is time that the schools of this kingdom, should be distinguished from those of other countries. Let us continue to build that structure which has been commenced in the labours of the Monros and Hunters, and which the undeserved popularity of the continental sys- tem has interrupted." Answer.—First, I allow that it must indeed have been difficult for Sir Charles " to keep his pupils to the examples of his own great country- men " on this subject, in the face of these suc- cessive continental " importations ;" for the sim- plest of all reasons—because he was endeavouring to extinguish the noon-tide blaze of truth by the lustre of mere human authority. If the principles laid down in the introduction to this work are sound, neither the Monros nor the Hunters, any more than Sir Charles himself, could possibly discover the functions of different parts of the brain by the methods of investigation which they and he pursued. Secondly, it is not " time that the schools " (of anatomy and physiology) " of this kingdom should be distinguished from those of other countries :" for the structure and func- tions of the human body are the same in all countries; and in proportion as inquirers ap- proximate to truth, the harmony of their doctrines must increase. The sentence, when analyzed, resolves itself simply into an appeal to national vanity to reject truth, because it has been dis- 244 OBJECTIONS TO PHRENOLOGY CONSIDERED covered by foreigners. Thirdly, the structure which was commenced in the labours of the Monros and the Hunters, in so far as it has a basis in nature, has stood firm, and continues to be respected in every country of Europe ; in so far as it was founded in error, it has fallen, and cannot again be reared up ; and in so far as it was utterly defective, without even the outline of the foundations having been traced, (as was the case in regard to the functions of the different parts of the brain,) it will be completed by men who have the genius and industry necessary to accomplish the work, without reference to the country in which they chance to have been born. Sir Charles has showed no authority for the notion implied in this appeal—that the exclusive privilege of discovering the physiology of the brain has been conferred by Providence on the natives of the British Islands. For the benefit of my younger readers, I conclude in Sir Charles's own words, used by him in reference to the late Mr. Abernelhy : " You may learn from this that it is even dangerous to give a new idea to an old gentleman—even to one who, in his earlier life, was foremost in the pursuit of novelty—and that it is better to keep to old theories when you go to the College of SurgeonsP* Objection.—The world has gone on well enough with the philosophy of mind it already possesses, which, besides, is consecrated by great and venerable names, while Phrenology has neither symmetry of structure, beauty of arrangement, nor the suffrages of the learned to recommend it Its votaries are all third-rate men—persons with- * On the Paralysis of the Portio Dura, No. xxv. OBJECTIONS TO PHRENOLOGY CONSIDERED. 249 out scientific or philosophical reputations. Thev are not entitled, therefore, to challenge the regard of those who have higher studies to occupy their attention. They complain that only ridicule and abuse are directed against them, and that no one ventures to challenge their principles or refute their facts ; but they do not yet stand high enough in public esteem to give them a right to expect any other treatment. Answer.—The world has not gone on well enough without Phrenology. A fierce and uni versal conflict of opinions is maintained on many important subjects connected with the mind, which cannot be satisfactorily settled till the true philoso- phy of man shall be discovered and understood. Education and social institutions also rest in many respects on imperfect foundations, and, at the present moment, mankind need nothing more urgently than a sound, practical, and rational system of mental philosophy. Moreover, Phre- nology being a new science, it follows that men who possess reputation in physiology or mental philosophy, would appear to lose rather than gain renown, were they to confess their ignorance of the functions of the brain and the philosophy of the mind, which is a necessary prelude to their adoption of Phrenology; and the subject does not lie directly in the department of other scientific men. In this manner it happens, oddly enough, that those who are most directly called upon by their situation to examine the science, are precise- ly those to whom its triumph would prove most humiliating. Locke humorously observes on a similar occasion, " Would it not be an insufferable thing for a learned professor, and that which his 21* 246 OBJECTIONS TO PHRENOLOGY CONSIDERED. scarlet would blush at, to have his authority of forty years' standing, wrought out of hard rock, Greek and Latin, with no small expense of time and candle, and confirmed by general tradition and a reverend beard, in an instant overturned by an upstart novelist ? Can any one expect that he should be made to confess, that what he taught his scholars thirty years ago was all error and mistake, and that he sold them hard words and ignorance at a very dear rate ? What probabili- ties, I say, are sufficient to prevail in such a case? And who ever, by the most cogent arguments, will be prevailed with to disrobe himself at once of all his old opinions and pretences to knowledge and learning, which with hard study he hath all his time been labouring for, and turn himself out stark-naked in quest anew of fresh notions ? All the arguments that can be used will be as little able to prevail as the wind did with the traveller to part with his cloak, which he held only the faster."* Human nature is the same now as it was in the days of Locke. There is, however, another answer to the present objection. Some individuals are born princes, dukes, or even field-marshals ; but I am not aware that it has yet been announced that any lady was delivered of a child of genius, or of an infant of established reputation. These titles must be gained by the display of qualities which merit them ; but if an individual quit the beaten track pursued by the philosophers of the day, and introduce any discovery, although equally stupen- dous and new, his reputation is necessarily in- volved in its merits. Harvey was not an eminenl * Book iv., c. 20, sect. 11. OBJECTIONS TO PHRENOLOGY CONSIDERED. 247 man before he discovered the circulation of the blood, but became such in consequence of having done so. What was Shakspeare before the mag- nificence of his genius was justly appreciated ? The author of Kenilworth represents him attend- ing as an humble and comparatively obscure suitor at the court of Queen Elizabeth, and receiving a mark of favour in an "Ah! Will Shakspeare, are you there V And he most ap- propriately remarks, that here the immortal paid homage to the mortal. Who would now exchange the greatness of Shakspeare for the splendour of the proudest lord that bowed before the Maiden Queen ? Or let us imagine Galileo, such as he was in reality, a feeble old man, humble in rank, destitute of political influence, unprotected by the countenance or alliance of the great ; poor, in short, in everything except the splendid gifts of a profound, original, and comprehensive genius— and conceive him placed at the bar of the Roman pontiff and the seven cardinals ; men terrible in power, invested with authority to torture and kill in this world, and, as was then believed, to damn through eternity; men magnificent in wealth," and arrogant in the imaginary possession of all the wisdom of their age—and let us say who was then great in reputation—Galileo or his judges 1 But who is now the idol of posterity—the old man or his persecutors ? The case will be the same with Gall. If his discoveries of the functions of the brain and of the philosophy of the mind shall stand the test of examination, and prove to be a correct interpretation of nature, they will surpass, in substantial importance to mankind, the dis- coveries even of Harvey, Newton, and Galileo ; 248 OBJECTIONS TO PHRENOLOGY CONSIDERED. and this age will, in consequence, be rendered more illustrious by the introduction of Phrenology than by the victories of Bonaparte or of Welling- ton. Finally, the assertion, that no men of note have embraced Phrenology, is not supported by fact. The lists of the members of the Phreno- logical Societies of Paris, London, Edinburgh, and various towns in the United States, furnish a refutation of the charge. Objection.—All the disciples of Phrenology are persons ignorant of anatomy and physiology. They delude lawyers, divines, and merchants, who know nothing about the brain ; but all medi- cal men, and especially teachers of anatomy, are so well aware of the fallacy of their doctrines, that no impression is made on them. They laugh at the discoveries as dreams. Answer.—This objection, like many others, is remarkable more for boldness than truth. For my own part, before adopting Phrenology, I saw Dr. Barclay, and other anatomical professors, dissect the brain repeatedly, and heard them declare its functions to be an enigma, and ac- knowledge that their whole information concern- ing it consisted of "names without meaning." It is acknowledged, in No. 94 of the Edinburgh Review, p. 447, that the functions of different parts of the brain are unknown to anatomists, and that their mode of dissecting it is absurd. This circumstance, therefore, puts the whole faculty, who have not studied phrenologically, completely out of the field as authorities. The fact, however, is the very reverse of what is here stated. Drs. Gall and Spurzheim are now pretty generally admitted to have been admirable anatomists of the OBJECTIONS TO PHRENOLOGY CONSIDERED. 249 brain, even by those who disavow their physiolo- gy ; Dr. Vimont, of Paris, is a first-rate compara- tive anatomist; and in the lists of the Phrenologi- cal Societies there are doctors in medicine and surgeons in a proportion considerably larger tha"n that of the medical profession to society in general.* Several leading medical journals also have adopted Phrenology as true. Objection.—" It is inconceivable that, after the discovery was made, there should be anybody who could pretend to doubt of its reality. The means of verifying it, one would think, must have been such as not to leave a pretext for the slightest hesitation; and the fact that, after twenty years' preaching in its favour, it is far more ge- nerally rejected than believed, might seem to afford pretty conclusive evidence against the possibility of its truth." Answer.—Mr. Playfair, in his Dissertation, prefixed to the Encyclopaedia Britannica, ob- serves : " It must not be supposed that so great a revolution in science as that which was made in the new analysis (by Newton) could be brought about entirely without opposition ; as in every society there are some who think themselves interested to maintain things in the condition wherein they have found them. The considera- tions are indeed sufficiently obvious which, in the moral and political world, tend to produce this effect, and to give a stability to human institutions often so little proportionate to their real value or to their general utility. Even in matters purely intellectual, and in which the abstract truths of * See Statistics of Phrenology, by He wett C. Watson. 1836 London, Longman & Co., 12mo,pp. 212 250 OBJECTIONS TO PHRENOLOGY CONSIDERED. arithmetic and geometry seem alone concerned, the prejudices, the selfishness, or the vanity of those who pursue them, not unfrequently combine to resist improvement, and often engage no incon- siderable degreo of talent in drawing back, instead of pushing forward, the machine of science. The introduction of methods entirely new must often change the relative place of the men engaged in scientific pursuits, and must oblige many, after descending from the stations they formerly oc- cupied, to take a lower position in the scale of intellectual improvement. The enmity of such men, if they be not animated by a spirit, of real candour and the love of truth, is likely to be directed against methods by which their vanity is mortified and their importance lessened."* Mr. Play fair, again, speaking of the discoveries of Newton in regard to the composition of light, says : " But all were not equally candid with the Dutch philosopher, (Huygens:) and though the discovery now communicated had everything to recommend it which can arise from what is great, new, and singular ; though it was not a theory or system of opinions, but the generalization of facts made known by experiments ; and though it was brought forward ina most simple and unpretending form ; a host of enemies appeared, each eao-er to obtain the unfortunate pre-eminence of being the first to attack conclusions which the unanimous voice of posterity was to confirm. Among them, one of the first was Father Pardies, who wrote against the experiments, and what he was pleased to call the hypothesis, of Newton. A satisfactory and calm reply convinced him of his mistake * Encyc. Brit., 7th edit., vol. i.,p. 533. OBJECTIONS TO PHRENOLOGY CONSIDERED. 251 which he had the candour very readily to ac- knowledge. A countryman of his, Mariotte, was more difficult to be reconciled, and, though very conversant with experiments, appears never to have succeeded in repeating the experiments of Newton."—P. 551. These observations are completely applicable to the case of Phrenology. The discovery is new, important, and widely at variance with the prevailing opinions of the present generation; and its reception and progress have been precisely such as any sensible person, acquainted with the history of science, would have anticipated. " The • discoverer of the circulation of the blood," says a writer in the Edinburgh Review*—" a discovery which, if measured by its consequences on phy- siology and medicine, was the greatest ever made since physic was cultivated—suffers no diminution of his reputation in our day from the incredulity with which his doctrine was received by some, the effrontery with which it was claimed by others, or the knavery with which it was attributed to former physiologists by those who could not deny, and would not praise it. The very names of these envious and dishonest enemies of Harvey vce scarcely remembered ; and the honour of this great discovery now rests, beyond all dispute, with the great philosopher who made it." Pos- terity will pass a similar judgment on Dr. Gall and his opponents. * No. xciv., p. 76. The article quoted in the text is " On the Nervous System ;" and the names of Drs. Gall and Spurzheim are not mentioned in it from beginning to end. The author, therefore, exemplifies the injustice he so eloquently condemns. 252 ON DIFFERENT CLASSIFICATIONS AND NUMERA- TIONS OF THE ORGANS. The organs are arranged and numbered in this work according to the order adopted in Dr. Spurzheim's Outlines of Phrenology, published in 1827. In that arrangement the organs com- mon to man and the lower animals come first ; the organs of the moral sentiments are next treated of; and, lastly, the organs of intellect. The abrupt transition from the organ of Cautious- ness to that of Benevolence arises from the latter being found in the brains of the lower animals, and belonging to the class common to them and man ; whereas the convolutions which constitute the whole intermediate organs, or those of the sentiments proper to man, viz., Veneration, Hope, Ideality, and Conscientiousness, are not observed in the brutes. This arrangement is founded on the anatomy of the brain. The organs classed together are evidently connected in structure. It was the demonstration of this fact by Dr. Spurzheim, in his visit to Edinburgh in 1828, that induced me to adopt his alterations ; for, in the early editions of this work, I followed his clas- sification of 1815. The arrangement is not ye' represented as perfect, but only as improved. Dr. Gall, in the Preface to the third volume of the quarto edition of his work, says : " In regarc to the order of succession in which I treat of the fundamental qualities and faculties, I adhere aa much as possible to the order which the Authoi of Nature appears to have himself fixed in the gradual improvement of animals." It is proper that Dr. Gall's arrangement should be known, and CLASSIFICATION. 253 it is here given. For the accommodation of per- sons who possess busts marked according to the previous classification in this work, it is also subjoined. Names and Order of the Faculties adopted by Dr. Gall. English names No French. German. given by Dr. Spurzheim. 1. Instinct de la g6neration. Zeugung-strieb. Amativeness. 2. Amour de la progeniture. Jungenliebe, Philoprogeni- Kinderliebe. tiveness. 3. Attachement, amiti6. Adhesiveness 4. Instinct de la defense de Muth, Rauf- Combative- soimeme et de sa pro-pri6te. Instinct carnassier. sinn. ness. 5. Wurgsinn. Destructive- ness. 6. Ruse, finesse, savoir-faire. List, Schlau-heit, Klug-heit. Secretiveness 7. Sentiment, de la propriete. Eigenthum- Acquisitive- sinn. ness. 8. Orgueil, fiertd, hauteur. Stolz, Hoch-muth, Hersch- Self-Esteem. sucht. 9. Vanite, ambition, amour de Eitelkeit, Love of Ap- la gloire. Ruhmsucht, Ehrgeitz. probation. 10. Circonspection, prevoy- Behutsam- Cautiousness ance. keit, Vor-sicht, Vor-sichtigkeit. 11. Rfemoire des choses, me Sachgedoecht- Eventuality moire des faits, sens des niss, Erzie- and Indivi- choses, educabilite, per- hungs-Foe- duality. fectibilite. higkeit. 12. Sens des localites, sens Ortsinn, Locality. des rapports de l'espace. Raumsinn. 13. Memoire des personnes, Personen- Form. sens des personnes. sinn. 14. Sens des mots, sens des Wort-Ge- Language. J noms, memoire des mots, doechtniss. j memoire verbale. 22 254 No. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. Sens du langage de pa-Sprach-For- role, talent de la philolo- schungs-sinn gie, &c. French. Sens des rapports des cou- leurs, talent de la pein ture. Sens des rapports des tons: talent de la musique. Sens des rapports des nom bres. Sens de mechanique, sens de construction, talent de l'architecture. Sagacite comparative. Esprit metaphysique, pro- fondeur d'esprit. Esprit caustique, esprit de saillie. Talent poetique. Bonte, bienveillance, dou- ceur, compassion, &c. Faculte d'imiter, mimique Sentiment religieux. Fermete, Constance, pers6 v6rance. Farben-sinn. Ton-sinn. Kunst-sinn, Bau-sinn. Vergleichen- der scharf- sinn. Metaphysis- cher Tief- sinn. Witz. Dichter-Geist Gutmoethig- keit, Mitlei' den, &c. English names given by Dr, Spurzheim. Held by Dr. Spurzheim to be eluded in the last or gan. Colouring. Tune. Number. Constructive- ness. Comparison. Causality. Wit. Ideality. Benevolence. Imitation. Veneration. Firmness. Dr. Gall marks as unascertained several organs admitted Dy other phrenologists. 255 Names and Order of the Organs according to the Clas- sification in the early editions of this work. Obder I.—FEELINGS. Genus I.—Propensities. 1. Amativeness. 6. Destructiveness. 2. Philoprogenitiveness. Alimentiveness. 3. Concentrativeness. 7. Constructiveness. 4. Adhesiveness. 8. Acquisitiveness. 5. Combativeness. 9. Secretiveness. Genus II.—Sentiments. 1. Sentiments common to Man and the Lower Animals. 10. Self-Esteem. 12. Cautiousness. 11. Love of Approbation. 13. Benevolence. 2. Sentiments proper to Man. 14. Veneration. Wonder. 15. Hope. 17. Conscientiousness. 16. Ideality. 18. Firmness. Oedek II.—INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES. Genus I.—External Senses. Feeling or Touch. Hearing. Taste. Sight. Smell. Genus II.—Knowing Faculties. 19. Individuality. 26. Time. 20. Form. 27. Number. 21. Size. 28. Tune. 22. Weight or Resistance. 29. Language. 23. Colouring. Eventuality, not then 24. Locality. ascertained. 25. Order. Genus III.—Reflecting Faculties. 30. Comparison. 32. Wit. 31. Causality. 33. Imitation. 256 Description of the Callipers. The figure represents a pair of Callipers. The numerals on the scale represent the width in inches from point to point, when they are open. They are useful for as- certaining the general size of the head, as mentioned on page 202. The legs are sometimes made to unscrew at A A, and fitted with hinges at B B, and the instrument can then be put into a small case and carried in the pocket. The ball C is for inserting into the orifice of the ear, in taking measurements from it to different points of the head. In some editions of this work I gave a descrip- tion of a Craniometer ; but, as that instrument has not been found to be practically useful, the description of it is now omitted. THE END 7PPP^'P-'n;p te+i''"\p-:p'?£Pth -•-: p- ':~p~tft&