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                       A


              DICTIONARY


                       OF



    MEDICAL   SCIENCE;


                     CONTAINING

A CONCISE EXPLANATION OF TnE VARIOUS SUBJECTS AND TERMS OF PHYSIOLOGY, PATHOLOGY,
  HYGIENE, THERAPEUTICS, PHARMACOLOGY, OBSTETRICS, MEDICAL JURISPRUDENCE, &c,
     WITH THE FRENCH AND OTHER SYNONYMES; NOTICES OF CLIMATE, AND OF
       CELEBRATED MINERAL WATERS; FORMULA FOR VARIOUS OFFICINAL,
            EMPIRICAL, AND DIETETIC PREPARATIONS, ETC.
                   BY

     ROBLEY DUNGLISON,  M.D.,
               11 -
PROFESSOR OF THE INSTITUTES OF MEDICINE, ETC., IN JEFFERSON MEDICAL COLLEGE, PHILADELPHIA.
      EIGHTH EDITION.

REVISED AND GREATLY ENLARGED.
      PHILADELPHIA:

BLANC HARD  AND LEA.

             1851. 
J)  *?/ 6 X
         Entered, according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1851, by
                     BLANCHARD  AND  LEA,
in the Office of the Clerk of the  District Court of the United  States, in and for the
                       Eastern  District of Pennsylvania.
C. SHERMAN, PRINTER.
2 
TO
ROBERT M.  PATTERSON,  M.D.
PRESIDENT OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY, ETC. ETC.
ONCE HIS COLLEAGUE IN THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA,
ALWAYS HIS FRIEND,
(Ellis 'l-tfnrk  is  Dj&inthi,
WITH UNCHANGED AND UNCHANGEABLE SENTIMENTS, BY
THE AUTHOR.
PhihaldpMa, October, 1851. 
it
<•#
\
,;x**&
fc 
PREFACE  TO THE  EIGHTH  EDITION.
   In issuing a new edition of his Dictionary the Author has, again, the pleasure
to express his acknowledgments for the reception it has met with from the  profes-
sion.   The last two editions comprised about  nine thousand subjects  and terms not
contained in the edition immediately preceding, many of which had been introduced
into medical terminology in consequence of the progress of the science, and others
had escaped  him in the previous revisions.
   That the  author has not suffered his exertions to diminish, in the preparation of
the present  edition, is sufficiently manifested by the fact, that he has added about
four  thousand  terms, which  are not to be found in  the last.   These  additions
have  necessarily required a great amount  of  labour, which has been  cheerfully be-
stowed, however, in order that the work might be rendered still more worthy of the
vast favour which  it has experienced.   It has been the anxious desire of the author
to make it a satisfactory and desirable—if not indispensable—lexicon, in which the
student may search without disappointment for every term that has been legitimated
in the nomenclature of the science;  and the  present very carefully revised, greatly
enlarged, and accurately printed edition cannot fail to  be more extensively  useful,
and to offer  stronger claims to the attention of the practitioner and student,  than
any of its predecessors.
                                                ROBLEY DUNGLISON.

  Philadelphia, 18 Girard Street. ">
            October, 1851.          J
5 
 
               EXTRACT  FROM  THE

PREFACE   TO  THE  SECOND  EDITION.
   The present undertaking was suggested by the frequent complaints, made by the
 author's pupils, that they were unable to meet with information on numerous topics
 of professional inquiry,—especially of recent introduction,—in the medical diction-
 aries accessible  to  them.  It may, indeed, be  correctly affirmed, that we have no
 dictionary of medical subjects and terms which can be looked upon as adapted to the
 state of the science.  In proof of this, the author need but remark, that he has found
 occasion to add several thousand medical terms, which are not to be met with in the
 only medical lexicon at this time in circulation in  the country.
   The author's object  has not been to make a mere lexicon or dictionary of terms,
 but to afford, under each, a condensed view of its various medical relations, and thus
 to render the work an epitome of the existing  condition of medical science.   In its
 preparation, he has freely availed  himself of  the English,  French,  and German
 works of the same  nature, and has endeavoured to add every subject  and term of
 recent introduction, which has fallen under his notice;  yet, with all his care, it will
 doubtless be found that subjects have been omitted.  The numerous  additions, how-
 ever, which he has made, and his strong desire to be useful, " by removing rubbish
 and  clearing  obstructions from  the  paths through which learning and  genius press
 forward to conquest and glory," will, he trusts, extenuate these and other objections
 that  might be urged against  the work;  especially when the toil, which every com-
 piler of a dictionary must endure, is taken into consideration;  a toil which has been
so forcibly depicted by the great English Lexicographer, as well  as by the distin-
guished SCALIGER:
                "Si quelqu'un a conimis quelque crime odieux,
                 S'il a tug son p&re, ou blaspheme les Dieux,
                 Qu'il fasse un Lexicon: s'il est supplice au monde
                 Qui le punisse mieux, je veux  que  Ton me tonde."
7 
EXPLANATION.
  If the simple synonymy of any term be needed, a mere reference to the term
may be sufficient; but if farther information be desired, it may be obtained under
the term referred to.  For example, the French word Tronc is said to be synony-
mous with  Trunk.  This may be sufficient for  the inquirer: should it not, the
requisite information may be found by turning to Trunk.
ABBREVIATIONS ARBITRARILY  EMPLOYED.
Arabic.	Nat. Ord.	Natural Order.	
Chaussier.	P.	Portuguese.	
Dutch.	Ph.D.	Pharmacopoeia of Dublin.	
Danish.	Ph. E.	u	Edinburgh.
English.	Ph. L.	u	London.
French.	Ph. P.	n	Paris.
Fahrenheit.	Ph. U. S.	a	of the Uni-
Family.			ted States
G-erman.			of America.
Hebrew.	R.	Reaumur.	
Italian.	S.	Spanish.	
Irish.	S.g.	Specific Gravity.	
Latin.	Sax.	\nglo-Saxon.	
Linnaeus.	Sex. Syst.	Sexual System.	
	Sw.	Swedish.	
Arab.
Ch.
D.
Da.
E.
F.
F. or Fah.
Fam.
G.
Heb.
I.
Ir.
L.
Linn.
8
■ 
NEW    DICTIONARY
MEDICAL     SCIENCE.
A.
ABBREVIATION
  A, before a consonant; An before a vowel, a, av,
have, in the compound medical terms, a privative
or debasing signification, like that of the particles
in, im,  un, ir, in English.  Thus: Stheni'a means
Strength;—Asthenia, want of strength;—Anae-
mia, want of blood, &c.   Occasionally, in com-
pound words, they have an intensive meaning.
  AACHEN, Aix-la-Chapelle.
  A, or IX.  See Abbreviation.
  AARZHIL, MINERAL WATERS OF.   A.
is in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.  The
chiof  spring  contains chlorides of calcium and
Bodiura, sulphates of lime and soda, oxyd of iron,
and sulphohydric acid gas.
  AASMUS, Anhelatio.
  ABACII, MINERAL WATERS OF. A hydro-
sulphuretted saline spring, not far from Ratisbon
or Regentsberg in Bavaria.
   ABAISSEMENT, Depression:  see Cataract—
a. de la Mutrirc, Prolapsus uteri.
   ABAISSEUR DE L'AILE DU NEZ,  De-
pressor alae nasi—a. de  I'angle des levres,  De-
pressor anguli oris — a.  de la leore infirieure,
Depressor labii inferioris—a. de la machoire in-
firirure, Digastricus—a. de Poeil, Rectus inferior
oculi.
   ABALIENATIO MENTIS, Insanity.
   ABALIENA'TUS. Con-up'tus, Corrupted; from
06, and alienus, 'different.' Membra abaliena'ta.
Limbs dead  or benumbed. — Celsus, Scribonius
 Largus.
   ABANGA.  Name given by the inhabitants of
 St, Thomas  to the fruit of a palm tree, the seeds
 of which they consider very useful in diseases of
 the chest, in the dose of three  or four, two or
 three times  a day.
   ABAPTIST'A. AbaptistonorAbaptis'tum, from
 a, privative, and (3aitTi£eiv, 'to plunge.'  A term
 applied to the old trepan, the conical shape of
 which prevented it from plunging suddenly into
 the cavity of the cranium.
   ABAPTISTON, Abaptista.
   ABAPTISTUM, Abaptista.
   ABAREMO-TEMO.  A Brazilian tree, which
 grows in the mountains, and  appears to be a
 mimosa.  Piso relates that the  decoction of its
 bark, which is bitter and  astringent, was applied
 in that country, to ulcers of a bad character.
   ABARNAHAS, Magnesia.
   ABARTICULATIO,  Diarthrosis and Synar-
 throsis.
   ABATARDISSEMENT, Degeneration.
   ABA TTEMEXT, Prostration.
   ABATTIS, Giblets.
         3
  ABBECOURT, MINERAL WATERS OF. A
chalybeate spring, six  leagues from Paris, and
one from Poissy.  It was once much frequented,
but is now abandoned.
  ABBEVILLE, MINERAL WATERS OF. An
acidulous chalybeate at Abbeville, in the departs
ment of Somme, France.
  ABBREVIATION, Abbrevia'tio, Bracbyn'sis,
Brachydmos,  Abbreviatu'ra.  (F.)  Abreviation,
from Irevis,  'short.' Abbreviations are chiefly
used in medicinal  formulae.  They are by no
means as frequently employed now as of old, when
every article had its appropriate symbol.   The
chief abbreviations now adopted are the following:
   R. Recipe, Take.
   A. Ia, ana, (ava) utriusque, of each.
   Abdom. Abdomen.
   Abs. Febr. Abscntcfebre, In the absence of fever.
   Ad.  or Add. Adde or addatur.
   Ad Lib. Ad libitum,  At pleasure.
   Admov. Admoveatur, Let it be applied.
   Altern. Hor. Alternis horis, Every other hour.
   Alv. Adstrict. Alvo adstrictd, The bowels be-
 ing confined.
   Aq.  Aqua, Water.
   Aq.  Comm. Aqua, communis, Common water.
   Aq.  Font. Aquafontis, Spring water.
   Aq.  Bull. Aqua bulliens, Boiling water.
   Aq.  Ferv. Aquafervens, Hot water.
   Aq.  Marin. Aqua marina, Sea water.
   B. A. Balneum arena;, A  sand-bath.
   Bals.  Balsamum, Balsam.
   BR- BBDS. Barbadensis, Barbadoes.
   Bib. Bibe, Drink.
   Bis  ind. Bis indies,  Twice daily.
   B. M. Balneum marice, A salt water bath.
   Bol. Bolus.
   B ill. Bulliat, Let it boil.
   But. Bitty rum, Butter.
   B. V. Balneum raporis, A vapour-bath.
   C^erul. Cceruleus, Blue.
   Cap. Capiat, Let him take.
   C. C. Oornu cervi, Hartshorn.
   C. C. U. Comu cervi ustum, Burnt hartshorn.
   C. M.  Cras mane, To-morrow morning.
   C. N. Cras nocte, To-morrow night.
   C. V. Oras vespere, To-morrow evening.
   COCHL. Cochleare, A spoonful.
   Cochl. Ampl.  Cochleare  arnplum, A  large
 spoonful.
   Cochl. Inf. Cochleare  infantum,  A child's
 spoonful.
   Cochl. Mod. or Med. Cochleare modicum  or
 medium,  A dessert-spoonful.
                                (33) 
ABBREVIATION
34
ABBREVIATION
  COCHL. Parv. Cochleareparvum, A tea-spoonful.
  Col. Cola, and Golaturce,  Strain,  and to the
strained.
  Comp. Compositus, Compound.
  Conf. Confectio, Confection.
  Cons. Gonserva, Conserve.
  Cont. Continuetur, Let it be continued.
  Coq. Coque, Boil.
  Cort. Cortex, Bark.
  Crast.  Crastinus, For to-morrow.
  Cuj. Cnjus,  Of which.
  Cujusl. Cujuslibet, Of any.
  Cyath. Cijaihus, A glassful.
  Cyath. The^e, A cup of tea.
  D. Dosis, A dose.
  D. et S. Detur et signetur,  (placed at the end
 of a prescription.)
  D. D. Detur ad, Let  it be given in or to.
  D. D. Vitr. Detur ad vitrum, Let it be given
 in a glass.
  Deaur. Pil. Deaurentur pilulce, Let the  pills
 be gilded.
  Deb. Spiss. Debita spissitudo, A  due consist-
 ence.
  Dec. Decanta, Pour  off.
  Decub. Decubitus, Lying down, going to bed.
  De D.  in D. De die in diem, From day to day.
  Dej. Alv. Dejectiones alvi, Alvine evacuations.
  Dep. Depuratus, Purified.
   Det. Detur, Let it be given.
   Dieb. Altern. Diebus alternis, Every other day.
   Dieb. Tert. Diebus  tertiis, Every third day.
   Dig. Digeratur, Let  it be digested.
   Dil. Dilutus,  Dilute.
   Dim. Dimidius, One-half.
   Dist. Distilla, Distil.
   Div. Divide, Divide.
   Donec Alv. Solut.  Fueb. Donee alms aoluta
 fuerit, Until the bowels are opened.
   Drach. Drachma, A drachm.
   Ejcsd. Ejusdem, Of the same.
   Enem.  Enema, A clyster.
   Exhib. Exhibeatur,  Let it be exhibited.
   Ext. super Alut. Extende super alutam, Spread
 upon leather.
   F. Fiat, Let it be made.
   F. Pil. Fiat pihda,  Make into a pill.
   F. Ven.es. or F. VS.  Fiat vencesectio, Let bleed-
 ing be performed.
   Feb. Dur. Febre durante, The fever continuing.
   Fem. Intern. Femoribus internis, To the inside
 of the thighs.
   Fist. Armat. Fistula armata, A bag and pipe,
 a clyster pipe and bladder fitted for use.
   Fl. Fluidus, and Flores, Fluid, and Flowers.
   Frust. Frustillatim, In small pieces.
   Gel.  Quavis, Gelatind qudvis,  In  any#kind
 of jelly.
   G. G. G. Gummi guttee Gambia, Gamboge.
   Gr. Granum, A grain.
   Gtt. Gutta, A drop.
   Gtt. or Gutt. Quibusd. Guttis quibusdam, With
 some drops.
   Gum. Gummi, Gum.
   Guttat. Guttatim, By drops.
   Hor. Decub. Hord  decubit&s, At bed-time.
   Hor. Interm. Horis intermediis, At interme-
 diate hours.
   H. S. Hord somni, At bed-time.
   Inf. Infunde, Infuse.
   Ind. Indies, Daily.
   Inj. Enem. Injiciatur enema, Let a clyster be
 given.
   In Pulm. In pulmento, In  gruel.
   Jul. Julepus, A julep.
   Lat. Dol.  Lateri dolenti, To the pained side.
   Lb. and Lib. Libra, A pound weight.
    Lib. Llb, Libra, Pounds.
  LlQ. Liquor.
  M. Misce, Mix.
  Mac. Macera, Macerate.
  Man. Jlitmfiiltts, A handful.
  Man. Prim. Mane primo, Early in the morning.
  MiC. Pan. Mica panis, Crumb of bread.
  Min. Minimum, The 60th part of a drachm by
measure.
  Mitt. Mitte, Send.
  Mitt. Sang. Mittatur sanguis,  Let blood be
drawn.
  Mod. Prescript.  Modo prcescripto,  In the
manner directed.
  Mor. Sol. More solito, In the usual manner.
  Muc. Mucilago, Mucilage.
  N. M. JSlux moschata, Nutmeg.
  0. Octarius, A pint.
  Ol. Oleum, Oil.
  Ol. Lini, S. I. Oleum lint sine igne, Cold-drawn
linseed oil.
  Omn. Bid. Omni biduo, Every two days.
  Omn. Bih. Omni bihorio, Every two hours.
  Omn. Hor. Omni hord, Every hour.
  Omn. Man. Omni mane,  Every morning.
  Omn. Nocte, Every night.
  Omn.  Quadr.  Hor.  Omni  quadrante horcB,
Every quarter of an hour.
  0. 0. 0. Oleum olivee optimum, Best olive oil.
  Ov. Ovum, An egg.
  Ox. Oxymel.
  Oz. Uncia, An ounce.
  P. Pondere, By weight.
  P. and Pug. Pugillus, A pugil.
  P. M. Partes azquales, Equal parts.
  Part. Vic Partitis vicibus, In divided doses.
 "PerACT. Op. Emet. Peratd operatione emctici,
The operation of the emetic being over.
  Pil. Pihda, A pill.
  Post  Sing. Sed.  Liq.  Post  singulas  sedes
liquidas, After every liquid evacuation.
  Pot. Potio, A potion.
  P. P. Puhiis patrum, Jesuits' bark.
  P. Rat. JEtat. Pro ratione mtatis, According
to the age.
  P. R. N. Pro re natd, As occasion may be.
  Pulv. Pulvis, A powder.
  Q. P. Quantum placeat, As much as may please.
  Q. S. Quantum sufficiat, As much as is sufficient.
  Quor. Quorum, Of which.
  Q. V. Quantum volueris, As much as you wish.
  Rad. Radix, Root.
   Ras. Rasurce, Shavings.
  Rect. Rectificatus, Rectified.
  Red. or Redig. in Pulv. Eedactus  in pulve-
 rem, or Redigatur in Pulverem, Powdered, or Let
 it be powdered.
   Reg. Umbil. Regio umbilici, The umbilical re-
 gion.
   Repet. Repetatur, Let it be repeated.
   S. A. Secundum artem, According to  art.
   Sem. Semen, Seed.
   Semi-dr. Semi-drachma, Half a  drachm.
   Semi-h. Semi-hora, Half an hour.
   Serv. Serva, Keep, preserve.
   Sesquih. Sesquihora, An hour and a half.
   Sesunc Sesuncia, An ounce and a half.
   Si Non Val. Si non valeat, If it does not answer.
   Si Op.  Sit. Si opus sit, If there be need.
   Si Vir. Perm. Si virespermittant, If the strength
 will permit.
   Solv. Solve, Dissolve.
   Sp. and Spir. Spiritus, Spirit.
   Ss. Semi, One half.
   St. Stet, Let it stand.
   Sub Fin. Coct. Sub finem coctionis, Towards
 the end of the boiling.
   Sum. Sumat, Let him take; also, Summitates,
 The tops. 
ABCJES                   35                ABDUCTOR
  S. V. Spiritua vini, Spirit of wine.
  S. V. It. Spiritua vini reetificatua, Rectified
spirit of wine.
  S. V. T. Spiritua vini  tenuior,  Proof spirit  of
wine.
  Syr. Syrupua, Syrup.
  Temp. Dext. Tempori dextro, To the right
temple.
  T. 0. Tinctura opii, Tincture of opium.
  Tr., Tua. and Tinct.  Tinctura, Tincture.
  Trit. Tritura, Triturate.
  V.  0. S. or Vit. Ov. Sol.  Vitello ovi eolutue,
Dissolved in the yolk of an  egg.
  VS.  Venaisectio, Venesection.
  Z. Z. Anciently myrrh: now zinziber or ginger.
  It), Libra, A pound.
  3, I'nria, An ounce.
  J5,  Drachma, A  drachm.
  Q, Scrupulum, A scruple.
  n%, Minimum, A minim.
  ss, Semissis, or  half; iss,  one and a half.
   j, one; ij, two;  iij, three; iv, four, &o.
  The same system is not always followed in  ab-
 breviating.  The  subjoined will exhibit the usual
 mode:

     In fits.  Oolomb.               f 3iss
      find. Gent. c.               f §i
      Syr. Cort. Aurant.            f *5ss
      Tinct. caps.                   gtt.  xl.  M.
 Capt. coch. ij. p. r. n.
   This, written at length, is as follows:
 Recipe
      Infusi Oolombee sesqui-fluidunciam.
      Tinctura Gentianm Gompositce fluidrachmam.
      Syrupi Oorticis Aurantiorum seini-fluidrach-
            mam.
      Tinctunc Capsici guttas quadraginta.
        Misce.
         vCapiat cochlearia  duo pro re nata.
   ABGES,  Abscess—a. Aigu,  see  Abscess—a.
 Ghaud, see Abscess—a. Ohronique, see Abscess—
 a.  Par congestion,  see Abscess—a. Diathesique,
 see Abscess—a. Froid, see Abscess—a. Metasta-
 tique, see Abscess—a. Scrofuleux, see Abscess—
 a.  Soudain, see Abscess.
   ABDO'MEN,  from  abdere,  ' to conceal;'—
 Etron, Hypogas'trion, Jlypocce'lium, Epis'chion,
 Lap'ara,  Hypochoi'tion,  Gaster,  Hypou'trion,
 Nedys, Abdu'men, Venter,  Venter  imits,  Venter
 in'Jimus, Alvus, U'terus, The  belly,  (F.) Ventre,
 V.  in/Srieur, Bas  ventre.   The largest of  the
 three splanchnic cavities, bounded,  above, by the
 diaphragm; below, by the pelvis;  behind, by the
 lumbar vertebras; and at the sides and fore part,
 by muscular expansions. It is distinguished into
 three anterior regions, from above to below;  viz.
 the epigastric, umbilical, and hypogastric, each
 of which is itself divided  into three  others,  one
 middle, and  two  lateral: thus, the epigastric re-
 gion  comprises the epigastrium and  hypochon-
 dria; the umbilical, the umbilicus and flanks or
 lumbar regions ;  and the hypogastric, the hypo-
 gastrium and iliac  regions.  None of these re-
 gions has its limits well defined.   The chief  vis-
 cera contained in the  cavity of  the abdomen,
 Cce'lict, Cttritm Abdom'inis, are the stomach, in-
 testines, liver, spleen, pancreas,  kidneys, &c.   It
 is lined by the peritoneum.
   Abdomen, Pendulous, Physconia.
   ABDOM'INAL, Abdomina'lis, Ventra'lis, Ven-
 tral.  That  which belongs  to the  Abdomen, as
 abdominal, muscles, abdominal viscera, Ac.
   ABDOMINIS  EXPLORATIO,  Abdominos-
 copia.
  .ABDOMIXISCOP'IA, Gaatroscop'ia.   A  hy-
 brid  word, from Abdomen,  'the lower belly,' and
 okoitcui, 'I viewj'  Laparoscop'ia, Abdom'inis Ex-
plora'tio.  Examination of the lower belly as  a
means of diagnosis.   See Auscultation.
  ABDUCENS  LABIORUM,  Levator  anguli
oris.
  ABDUCENTES, Motor oculi externus.
  ABDUCTEUR DE L'CEIL, Rectus externus
oculi—a. de I'oreille,  Abductor auris—a. du gros
orteil, Abductor pollicis pedis—a. du petit orteil,
Abductor minimi digiti pedis—a. court du pouce,
Abductor pollicis brevis—a. long du pouce, Ab-
ductor longus pollicis.
   ABDUCTION, Abduc'tio, from  abducere, to
separate, (ab and ducere, 'to lead.')  The move-
ment which separates a limb or other part from
the axis of the body.
   The word has also  been  used synonymously
with Abrup'tio, Apag'ma, Apoclas'ma, a fracture
near the articular extremity of a bone, with sepa-
 ration of the fragments.
   ABDUCTOR, same etymon.  (F.) Abducteur.
 A muscle which moves  certain parts by separat-
 ing them from the axis of the body.
   Abductor Auricularis, Abductor  auris—a.
 Indicis pedis, Prior indicis pedis, Posterior indicis
 pedis—a.  Medii digiti pedis, Prior medii digiti
 pedis—a.  Minimi digiti, Flexor  parvus minimi
 digiti—a.  Minimi digiti, Prior minimi digiti—a.
 Oculi, Rectus  externus oculi—a. Pollicis manus,
 and a. Brevis alter, Abductor pollicis brevis.
   Abductor Auris,  Abductor auricula'ris. (F.)
 Abducteur de I'oreille.  A portion of the posterior
 auris,  whose existence is  not constant, which
 passes from the mastoid process to the  concha.
   Abductor In'dicis, Semi-in'eros'seus in'dicis.
 A muscle which arises from the os trapezium and
 metacarpal bone of  the thumb, and is inserted
 into the first bone of the forefinger.  Its use is to
 bring the  forefinger towards the thumb.
   Abductor Min'imi Dig"iti, Carpo-phalan'geut
 min'imi digiti, Carpo-phalangien du petit doigt,
 Exten'sor ter'tii interno'dii minimi digiti—(Dou-
 glas.)   Hypoth'enar minor  metacarpeus.  See
 Flexor parvus.  It originates fleshy from the  os
 pisiforme,  and from the annular ligament near
 it; and is inserted, tendinous, into the  inner side
 of the base of the first bone of the little finger.
  Use, to draw the little finger from the rest.
    Abductor  Minimi  Digiti  Pedis,  Calco-sub-
 phalangeus minimi  digiti,  Calcaneo-phalangien
 du petit  orteil, Parath'enar  major—(By Wins-
 low, the muscle  is  divided  into two portions,—
 Parathenar major and metatarseus.)   Oale.aneo-
 sous-phalangien du petit orteil—(Ch.)   (F.) Ab-
 ducteur du petit orteil.  This muscle  forms the
 outer margin of the  sole of  the foot, and is im-
 mediately beneath the plantar aponeurosis.   It
 arises, tendinous and  fleshy, from the  outer side
 of the protuberance of the os calcis,  and from
 the root of the  metatarsal bone of  the little toe,
 and is inserted into the  outer  part of the root
 of the first bone of the little  toe.  Use, to draw
 the little toe outwards.
    Abductor Pol'licis Brevis, Abductor Polli-
 cis Manus, Scapho-carpo-super-phalangeus Pol-
 licis, Sus-phalangien du pouce, A. pollicis manus
 and A. brevis alter—(Albinus.)  (F.)  Abducteur
 court du pouce, Carpo-sus-phalangien du pouce—
 (Ch.) A short, flat, triangular muscle, which arises
 from the anterior surface of the os scaphoides and
 the annular ligament of the  carpus, and termi-
 nates at the outside  of the upper  extremity  of
 the first phalanx of the thumb.   A  particular
 portion, on the inner side of  this muscle,  is
 called, by Albinus, Abductor brevis alter.
   Abductor Longus  Pollicis, A. I. P. Mantis,
 Extensor ossis metacarpi pollicia manils, Extensor
 primi  internndii — (Douglas,) Extensor primua
 Pollicia, Cttbito-radi-aus-mitacarpitn  du pouce, 
ABDUMEN
36
ABORTION
Cubito-aus-mitacarpien du pouce, — (Ch.)   (F.)
Abducteur long du pouce.  A long, thin  muscle, •
arising from  the posterior surface of the ulna,
radius, and interosseous ligament, and inserted
at the outer side of the upper extremity of the
first metacarpal bone.
  Abductor Pollicis Pedis, Oalco-sub-phalan-
geus Pol'licis.  (F.) Abducteur  du gros orteil.
This muscle arises, fleshy, from the anterior and
inner part  of the  protuberance of  the os calcis,
and tendinous from the same bone where it joins
with the os naviculare.   It is inserted, tendinous,
into the internal os sesamoideum and root of the
first bone of the great toe. Use, to pull the great
toe from the rest.
   The name Abductor has been given also to all
those interosseous muscles of the hand and foot,
which perform the  motion of abduction on the
fingers or toes, and to muscles which execute the
same function on other parts of the body.
   ABDUMEN, Abdomen.
   ABEB^E'OS, from a, neg. and (jiflaios, 'firm/
Infir'mus, Deb'ilis.  Weak, infirm, unsteady.
   ABEILLE, Bee.
   ABELMELUCH. One of the names of the Rici-
nus, according to some authors.—Prosper Alpinus
says that a tree, which grows about Mecca, is so
called.   Its seeds, which are black and oblong,
are said  to be a most violent cathartic.
   ABELMOSCHUS,  Hibiscus  abelmoschus—a.
Moschatus, Hibiscus abelmoschus.
   ABELMUSK, Hibiscus abelmoschus.
   ABENSBERG, MINERAL WATERS OF. A.
is a city of Bavaria, where  there is  a cold, sul-
phureous spring.
   ABERRATIO, Aberration—a. Lactis, Galac-
toplania—a. Mensium, Menstruation, vicarious—
a. Menstruorum, Menstruation, vicarious.
   ABERRA'TION,  Aberra'tio, from  aberrare,
(ab and errare,)  'to stray,' 'to wander  from.'
This word has several meanings.
   1. The passage of  a fluid of  the  living body
into an order of vessels not destined for it.  In
this sense it is synonymous with the Error Loci
of Boerhaave.
   2. The flow of a fluid towards an organ different
from that to which it is ordinarily directed; as in
cases of vicarious hemorrhage.  Aberrations of
sense or judgment are certain errors in the percep-
tions, or certain derangements of the intellectual
faculties.
   The word is used in optics to designate the dis-
persion of the rays of light  in passing through a
lens.
   Aberration, Chromatic, Aberration of Re-
frangibility.
   Aberration of Refrangibil'ity,  Ohromat'ic
 aberra'tion, exists, when, as in  a  common lens,
the rays that pass near the  circumference of the
lens are decomposed, so that a coloured image is
 observed.   This  aberration in the human eye is
 corrected by the iris, which does not permit the
 rays  to  fall  near the circumference of the lens,
 and also by the crystalline lens itself, which,
 owing to its structure, serves the purposes of an
 achromatic glass.
    Aberration, Spherical, Aberration of sphe-
 ricity.
    Aberration of Spheric"ity or spher'ical ab-
 erra'tion takes place, when  the rays, as in a com-
 mon lens, which pass through the centre of the
 lens, and those which  pass near  the circumfer-
 ence, are unequally refracted, so that they do not
 meet at a common focus.
    This aberration of sphericity in the human eye
 is corrected by the iris.
    ABE SSI, Realgar.
    ABEYACUA'TIO, Apoceno'eia, from ab, and
evacuare, 'to empty.'  An evacuation.  A partial
or imperfect evacuation.  By some it is applied
to an immoderate evacuation.—Kraus.
  ABHAL.  A fruit well known in India,  and
obtained from  a species of cypress.  It passes for
an emmenagogue.
  ABIES, Pinus picea—a. Balsamea, Pinus  bal-
samea.
  Abies Balsamifera, Pinus balsamea—a. Ca-
nadensis, Pinus Canadensis—a. Excelsa, see Pinus
abies—a. Gallica, Pinus  picea—a. Larix,  Pinus
larix—a. Pectinata, Pinus picea,—a. Picea, Pinus
picea—a. Rubra, Pinus rubra.
  ABIGA, Teucrium  Chamaepitys.
  ABIOSIS, Death.
  ABIOTOS,  Conium maculatum.
  ABIRRITA'TION.A6wr<aV'o,from a b, priva-
tive, and irritatio,  'irritation.' This word strictly
means absence or defect of irritation.  The disci-
ples of Broussais used it to indicate a pathological
condition, opposite to that of irritation.  It may
be  considered as  synonymous  with debility,
asthenia, &c.
   ABLACTATIO, Weaning.
   ABLASTES, Sterile.
   ABLATIO,  Extirpation.
   ABLEPH'ARUS,  from a, privative, and  jSAc-
tjiapov,  ' eyelid.'  One  who has no eyelids.
   ABLEPSIA, Ca?citas.
   ABLUENTIA, Detergents.
   ABLU'TION, AUu'tio, Aponip'sis, Cataclys'-
mus, from abluere, (ab and luere,) 'to wash.'  A
name  given to  legal ceremonies  in which the
body is subjected to particular affusions. Ablution
(especially of  the extremities) with cold or tepid
water  is  employed,  therapeutically, to  reduce
febrile heat.  Also, the washing by which medi-
cines are separated from the extraneous matters
mixed with them.
   ABNORMAL, Abnormous.
   ABNORMITY,  Anomalia.
   ABNOR'MOUS, Abnor'mal,   (F.)  Anormal,
from ab, ' from,' and norma, ' rule.'   Not  con-
formable to rule; irregular.
   ABOLP'TION, AboW'tio, destruction  or  sup-
pression, from ab and  luere (?)  ' to wash.'  A
word,  often employed, especially by the French,
to express the complete suspension of any symp-
tom or function.  Abolition of the sight, e.  g. is
the  complete loss of sight.
   ABOMA'SUS, Aboma'sum, Enys'tron, Rennet.
The lowermost or fourth stomach of ruminating
animals.
   ABOMINATIO, Disgust.
   ABONDANCE, Plethora.
   ABORSIO, Abortion.
   ABORSUS, Abortion.
   ABORTICIDIUM, Foeticide.
   ABORT IF, Abortive.
   ABORTIFACIENS, Abortive.
   ABORTION, Abor'tus, Abor'sus, Abor'sio,Dys-
 to'cia aborti'va, Omoto'eia, Paracye'sis abortus,
 Amblo'sia, Amblo'ma, Amblos'mus, Ec'bole, Em-
 bryotoc'ia,  Diaph'thora, Ectro'sis, Examblo'ma,
 Examblo'sis, Ectros'mos, Apopalle'sis, Apopal'sis,
 Apoph'thora,  Phthora,  Convul'sio u'teri, Deper-
 di'tio. (F.) Avortement,Blessure, Miscarriage,from
 ab and oriri,  ' to rise,' applied to that which has
 arisen out of  season.  The expulsion of the foetus
 before the  seventh month of utero-gestation, or
 before it is viable.   The causes  of this accident
 are referrible either  to the mother, and  particu-
 larly  to the uterus;   or to the  foetus and its de-
 pendencies.  The causes, in the mother, may be:
 —extreme  nervous  susceptibility, great debility,
 plethora; faulty conformation, <fcc.; and it is fre-
 quently induced immediately by intense mental
 emotion, violent exercise, &c.  The causes seated 
ABORTIVE
37
ABSINTHITES
in the foetus are its death, rupture  of the mem-
branes, &c.  It most frequently occurs between
the 8th and 12th weeks of gestation. The symp-
toms of abortion are :—uterine hemorrhage with
or without flakes  of  decidua, with intermitting
pain.  When abortion has once taken place, it is
extremely apt to recur in subsequent pregnancies
about the same period. Some writers have called
abortion,  when it  occurs  prior to three months,
Effluxion. The treatment must vary according to
the constitution of the  patient and the causes giv-
ing rise to it.  In all cases, the horizontal posture
and perfect quietude are indispensable.
   Abortion  is likewise applied to the product of
an untimely birth,—Abor'tus, Abor'sus, Apoble'-
mn, Apob'ole, Ecblo'ma, Amblothrid' ion, Ectro'ma,
Fruc'ttts  immatu'rus, Abortment.  (F.) Avorton,
Avortin.
   TO ABORT, Abort'H. To miscarry. (F.)Avorter.
   ABOR'TIVE, Aborti'vus,  Ecbol'ius, Amblo'ti-
cns, Amblothrid'ium, Ambul'icus, Phthor'ius, Apo-
phthor'iitH,   Ectrot'icus,   Abortifa'ciens,  Acyte'-
rius, E.rpel'lens,  Phthiroc'tonus, Phthoroc'tonus,
 Erl/ol'ictts, Gontruc'tor u'teri, Accelerator Partus,
Parturient, Parturifa'cient, Ecbolic.  (F.) Abor-
tif.   A medicine to which is attributed the  pro-
perty of  causing  abortion.  There is probably
no direct apjent of the kind.
   ABORTMENT, Abortion.
   ABORTUS, Abortion.
   ABOUGHEMENT, Anastomosis.
   ABOULAZA, a  tree of Madagascar, used, ac-
cording to Flacourt, in the practice  of  the coun-
try, in diseases of the heart.
   ABOUTISSEMENT,  Suppuration.
   ABRABAX,  Abrasax,  Abraxas.  A mystic
term, expressing the number .365,  to which  the
Cabalists attributed miraculous properties.
   ABRACADA'BRA: the  name  of  a Syrian
Idol,  according to  Selden.   This  word, when
pronounced  and repeated in a certain  form and
a certain  number of times, was supposed to have
the power of curing fevers and preventing many
diseases.   It was  figured on amulets  and worn
suspended around the neck.

          X  31 n H  X "11 X
           3 1 X 3 X 1 X ]  1 X
             1X3X1X31X
              X 3 X  3 X 3 1  X
               3X1X31  X
                X  1 X 3 1 X
                 1X31X
                   X 3 1 X
                    3 1  X
                     T X
                      X
  ABRACALAN, A cabalistic term to which the
Jews attributed the same virtue as  to  the word
Abracadabra.
  ABRASAX,  Abrabax.
  ABRA'SION, Abra'sio, Aposyr'ma,  Apoxys'-
mus,  from abradere, (ab and radere,)  'to rasp.'
A superficial  excoriation,  with loss of substance,
under the form of small  shreds,  in the mucous
membrane of the intestines,—(F.) Raclures des
Boyctux.   Also, an ulceration of the skin, pos-
sessing similar characters.  According to Vicq
d'A/.yr, the word has been used for the absorp-
tion  of the  molecules composing  the various
organs.
  ABRATHAN, Artemisia abrotanum.
  ABRAXAS, Abrabax.
  ABREVIATION, Abbreviation.
  ABRIGOT, Prunus Armeniaca.
  ABROSIA, Abstinence.
  ABROTANUM,   Artemisia  abrotanum — a.
 Cathsum,  Artemisia  abrotanum—a. Mas, Arte-
 misia abrotanum.
   ABROTONI'TES,  (otvo;, 'wine,' understood.)
 Wine impregnated with Artemisia Abrotanum or
 Southernwood.
   ABROTONUM, Artemisia Abrotanum.
   ABRUPTIO, Abduction.
   ABRUS PRECATO'RIUS,  Liq'uorice Bush,
 Red Bean, Love pea.  A small ornamental shrub,
 found from Florida to Brazil, as well as in Egypt
 and the West Indies;  Nat. Ord. Leguminosae.
 Sex. Syst. Monadelphia enneandria; having beau-
 tiful scarlet seeds with a black spot.   The roots
 and  leaves are  sweet mucilaginous demulcents.
 The seeds of the American kind are  considered
 to be purgative  and poisonous.
   ABSCESS, from abscedo, (abs, and cedere,) 'I
 depart,' or ' separate  from.'  Absces'sus, Absces'-
 sio, Aphiste'sis,  Aposte'ma, Ecpye'ma, Ecpye'sis,
 Reees'sus, Impos'thume.  (F.) A bees, Depot.  A col-
 lection of pus in a cavity, the result of a morbid
 process.   See Pyogenia, and Suppuration.
   The French have various distinctive terms for
 Abscesses.
   ABCES GHAUD, AIGU, SOUDA1N, is one
 which follows violent inflammation.
   ABCES FROID,  GHRONIQUE, SOROFU-
 LEUX, one which is the result of  chronic or
 scrofulous inflammation.
   ABCES PAR  CONGESTION, A.  diatU-
 sique, a symptomatic abscess;  one which occurs
 in a part at a distance from the inflammation by
 which  it is occasioned: e. g. a lumbar abscess;
 in which the inflammation  may be in the lumbar
 vertebrae,  whilst the  pus  exhibits  itself at the
 groin.
   Abscess, Metastat'ic,  Absces'sus metastat'-
 icus, (F.)  Abcis mStastatique ;  A. consecutif, an
 abscess, which  forms suddenly, and  sometimes
 without any precursory signs of inflammation, in
 a part of  the body remote from one in  a state
 of suppuration, and  without presenting a  suffi-
 cient reason  for its  development in the place
 which it occupies.  It is a consequence of phle-
 bitis.
   Abscess,  Perforating  of the  Lung,  see
 Lung, perforating abscess of the—a. Psoas, Lum-
 bar abscess—a. Retropharyngeal, see  Retropha-
 ryngeal.
   Abscessus Capitis  Sanguineus Neonatorum,
 Cephalaematoma—a. Cerebri, Encephalopyosis—
 a.  Gangraenescens, Anthrax—a. Gangrasnosus,
 Anthrax—a. Lacteus, Mastodynia apostematosa
 —a.  Lumborum, Lumbar abscess—a. Mammae,
 Mastodynia apostematosa—a. Metastaticus, Ab-
 scess, metastatic—a. Nucleates, Furunculus—a.
 Oculi,  Hypopyon — a. Pectoris, Empyema—a.
 Pulmonum,  Pneumapostema—a. Renalis,  Ne-
 phrapostasis—a. Spirituosus, Aneurism—a. Tho-
 racis, Empyema—a. Urinosus, Urapostema.
   ABSCISSIO PRiEPUTII, Circumcision.
   ABSCIS'SION, Abscis'io, Abscis'sio, from ab-
 scidere or abscindere,  'to cut off,'  Apoc'ope,
 Apothrau'sis, Diac'ope.  Excision or extirpation
 of a part,  especially  of a  soft  part.—Fabricius
 Hildanus.
   Fracture or injury of soft parts, with loss  of
 substance.—Hippocrates.
   Diminution, or loss  of voice.—Celsus.
   Sudden and premature termination of a dis-
 ease.—Galen.
  ABSCONSIO, Sinus.
  ABSENCE DU BRUIT RESPIRATOIRE,
 see Murmur, respiratory.
  ABSINTHI'TES, axptv&irr,;, Apainthi'ie«, Wine
impregnated with Absinthium or Wormwood.—
Dioscorides. 
ABSINTHIUM
 _ ABSINTHIUM,  (Ph. U. S.,)  Artemisia  ab
sinthium—a.  Marinum, Artemisia maritima—a.
Maritimum, Artemisia maritima—a.  Ponticum,
Artemisia pontica—a. Romanum, Artemisia pon-
tica—a.  Santonicum,  Artemisia  santonica—a.
Vulgare, Artemisia absinthium.
  ABSORB ANT, Absorbent.
  ABSOR'BENT, Absor'bens, from absorbere, (ab
and sorbere,) 'to drink, to suck up.'  (F.) Ab-
8orbant.   That which absorbs.
  Absorbent System is the collection of vessels,
 Vasa absorben'tia seu resorben'tia, and glands,
which concur in  the exercise of absorption.
  A  medicine used for absorbing acidity  in the
stomach and bowels, as magnesia, chalk, &c. In-
vertens, Resor'bens, Sat'urans.
  Also, any substance, such as cobweb, sponge,
&c, which, when applied to a bleeding surface,
retains the blood, and forms with it  a  solid and
adhesive  compound, which arrests  the hemor-
rhage.
  ABSORPTIO,  Absorption — a.  Sanguinis,
Haemorrhophesis.
  ABSORP'TION,  Resorp'tio, Inhala'tio, Im-
bibi'tio, Absorp'tio, Anar'rhophe, Anarrophe'sis,
 Catapino'sis,  Rhoebde'sis,  Catarrhophe'sis,  Ga-
tar'rhophe ; same etymon.   The function  of ab-
sorbent vessels, by virtue of which they take  up
substances from without or within the body. Two
great divisions have been made of this function.
1. External absorption, or the absorption of com-
position, which  obtains from without the organs
the materials intended  for  their composition;
and, 2. Internal absorption, or the absorption of
decomposition, which takes up from the organs
the materials that have to be replaced by the
exhalants.
  By external absorption is meant not only that
which  takes place  at  the external surface  of the
body, but also that of the mucous membranes of
the digestive and respiratory passages. Hence,
 again,  the division of external absorption into cu-
 taneous—resorp'tio cuta'nea seu cutis,  inhala'tio
 cutis,—intestinal or digestive, and pulmonary or
respiratory.
  Internal absorption  is also  subdivided into,
 1. Molecular  or  interstitial, nutritive, organic, or
 decomposing, which takes up from each organ the
materials that constitute it, so that the decompo-
 sition is always in  equilibrio with the deposition.
 2. The absorption of recrementitial secreted fluids,
 such as the fluid of serous membranes, synovia,
 &c.  As these are constantly exhaled on surfaces
 which  have no  external outlet, they would aug-
 ment indefinitely, if absorption did  not remove
them in the same proportion as that in which they
 are deposited. 3. The absorption of a part of the
 excrementitial fluids, as they pass over the excre-
 tory passages.
  Absorption does not effect the decomposition of
 the body immediately.  It merely prepares the
 fluid which has  to be eliminated by the secretory
 organs.
  The great agents of external absorption are the
veins and chyliferous vessels; of internal absorp-
 tion, probably the lymphatics.  In  the chylife-
 rous vessels  and lymphatics the  fluid is always
 found  to possess the  same  general  properties.
 In  them, therefore,  an action of elaboration or
 selection must have taken place.   The veins, on
 the other hand,  seem to exert no selection. Any
 fluid,  possessing the  necessary tenuity,  passes
 through the coats of the vessel readily by imbibi-
 tion, and proceeds along with the torrent  of the
 circulation.  Watery fluids in this manner enter
 the blood when  they are taken into the stomach.
 Substances that require digestion, on the other
 38
-t-
AOAJOU
hand, must pass through  the chyliferous vessels
and thoracic duct.
  Absorption of Composition, see Absorption—
a. Cutaneous,  see Absorption—a. of  Decomposi-
tion, see Absorption—a. Digestive, see Absorp-
tion—a.  External, see Absorption—a. of Excre-
mentitial  Secreted Fluids,  see  Absorption — a.
Internal, see Absorption—a. Intestinal, see Ab-
sorption—a. Interstitial, see Absorption—a. Mole-
cular, see Absorption—a. Nutritive, see Absorption
—a.  Organic, see Absorption—a. Pulmonary, see
Absorption—a. of Recrementitial Secreted Fluids,
see Absorption—a. Respiratory, see Absorption.
  ABSTEME, Abstemious.
  ABSTE'MIOUS, Abste'miua, Aoi'nos, from ctbs,
'without,' and temetum, 'wine.'   (F.) Absthne.
Used by the ancient writers, as well as by  the
French, in the sense only of its roots;  one who
abstains  from wine or fermented liquors in  ge-

  ABSTERGENTIA, Detergents.
  ABSTERSIVA, Detergents.
  ABSTERSORIA, Detergents.
  AB'STINENCE, Abstinen'tia, froma&s, 'from,'
and  tenere, 'to  hold,' Abros'ia, Asit'ia, Liman'-
chia, Limocton'ia,  Fasting.  Privation, usually
voluntary, as when we  speak of abstinence from
pleasure, abstinence from  drink, <fec.  It is more
particularly used to signify voluntary privation of
certain articles of food.   Fasting is a useful re-
medial agent in certain diseases, particularly in
those of an inflammatory character.
  ABSUS, a kind of  cassia,—G. Absus—which
grows in Egypt and in India, the seeds of which,
pulverized and mixed with powdered sugar have
been employed, in form of a dry collyrium, in  the
endemic  ophthalmia of Egypt.
  ABU'LIA; from a, 'privative/ and/?ouX»7, 'will.'
Loss of the will, or of volition.
  ABU'LICUS; same etymon.  One who has lost
the power of will or of volition.
  ABUS DE SOI-31EME, Masturbation.
  ABUTA, Pareira brava.
  ABU'TILON CORDA'TUM,  Sida  abutilon,
 Yellow mallow.  An indigenous plant, common
from Canada to Mexico,  which resembles common
mallow in its medical virtues, being mucilaginous
and  demulcent.
  ABVACUA'TIO, an  excessive or colliquative
evacuation of any kind.
  ACACIA, (Ph.U.S.)  Acaciae gummi—a.  Cate-
chu, Catechu—a. False, Robinia pseudo-acacia—
a. Germanica, see Prunus spinosa—a. Giraffas, see
Accaciae  gummi—a. Horrida, see Acacias gummi
—a.  Indica, Tamarindus—a. Nilotica, see Acaciae
gummi—a. Nostras, see  Prunus spinosa—a. Sene-
gal, see Acaciae gummi—a. Vera, see Acaciae gum-
mi—a. Zeylonica, Haematoxylon Campechianum.
  ACACLE  GUMMI,  Aca'cia, from  aicv,   'a
point/ so called in consequence of its spines, G.
Aca'cia Arab'ica,  G. Arab'ieum, G. Acanth'innm,
 G. Leucum,  G. Theba'icum, G. Serapio'nis, G.
Lamac, G. Senega, or Seneca, (see Senegal, gum,)
 Gum Ar'abic.  (F.) Gomme Arabique.  The gum
of the Aca'cia seu Mirno'sa Nilot'ica, Aca'cia vera,
Spina JEgyptiaca, of  Upper Egypt, Nat. Ord.
Mimoseae. Sex. Syst.  Polygamia Moncecia.   It
is in irregular pieces, colourless or of a pale yel-
low  colour, hard,  brittle, of a  shining  fracture,
transparent,  soluble in water,  and  insoluble in
alcohol, s. g. D4317.
  It is mucilaginous;  but is rarely used, except
in pharmacy. Sometimes it is administered alone
as a demulcent.
  Acacia Horrida and A. Giraffa, of South Afri-
ca, yield a good gum.
  AOAJOU, Anacardium occidentale. 
ACAMATUS
39
ACCIDENTAL
  Acajuba  Officinalis,  Anacardium occiden-
tale.
  AcAL'YPHA VlRGIN'lCA,  Tlirce-Hcci/cd mer'cury.
Order, Euphorbiaceaa, indigenous, flowering in
August, is said to have expectorant and diuretic
properties.
  ACAM'ATUS, from a, priv., and Kauvw, 'I la-
bour.'  This word has been sometimes used for
a good constitution of the body.  According to
Galen, it means that position in which a limb is
intermediate  between  flexion and extension;  a
position which may be long  maintained without
fatigue.
  ACAMPSIA, Contracture
  ACANOS, Onopordium acanthium.
  Acanos Spina, Onopordium acanthium.
  ACANTHA, Vertebral  column.  Also, Spinous
process of a vertebra.
  ACANTHAB'OLUS, Acan'thulus,  Volsel'la,
from axavSa,  'a spine,' and |3aXAa>, 'I cast  out.'
A kind of forceps for removing extraneous  sub-
stances from wounds.—Paulus of jEgina, Fabri-
cius ab Aquapendente, Scultetus, &c.
  ACANTIIALZUCA, Echinops.
  AG AN THE  FAUSSE,  Heracleum spondy-
lium.
  ACANTHIUM, Onopordium acanthium.
  ACANTIIULUS, Acanthabolos.
  ACANTHUS MOLLIS, same etymon as Aca-
cia, Milamphijl'luiii,  Branca ursi'ua seu vera,
Brankur'sinc, Bear's Breech.  (F.) Pied d'ours.
This plant is mucilaginous like Althaea,  and is
used as a demulcent.
  ACAPATLI, Piper longum.
  ACAR'DIA, from  a,  priv., and  icapSia,  'the
heart.'  The state of a foetus without a heart.
  ACARDIOTROPHIA,  Heart, atrophy of the.
  ACARICIDE,  from acarus, and cadere, 'to
kill.'  A destroyer of acari, — as of the acarus
scabies.
  ACARICOBA.  The Brazilian  name  for Hy-
drocot'yle umbella'tum, used by  the Indians as
an  aromatic, alexipharmic, and emetic.
  ACARON, Myrica gale.
  ACARP'vE, from  a, 'privative/  and xapiros,
'fruit.'  A division of the  family of cutaneous
diseases by Fuchs, in which there is no  "fruit,"
(Germ. Frttcht,) or production from the cutane-
ous surface — tubercles,  vesicles  or pustules.
Lentigo, Chloasma, Argyria,  and Pityriasis be-
long to it.
  ACARUS, from a, privative,  and icapns, 'di-
visible.'   A minute insect, one species of which
has been noticed by several observers,  in the
itch.  The Acarus Scabiei, see Psora.
  Acarus Ciro,  see Psora — a. Comedonum,
Acarus Follieulorum.
  Ac'arus  Cros'sei. An  insect supposed by
Mr. Crosse, of England, to have been developed
in a solution of silicate of potassa when submitted
to slow galvanic action, for the purpose of obtain-
ing crystals of silex.  It did not,  however, prove
to be a new formation.
  Acarus Folliculo'rum, Entozo'on, Folliculo'-
rum,  A.  Oomedo'num, De'modex folliculo'rum,
Simu'nea folliculo'rum, Steatozo'on folliculo'rum,
Mttcrogas'tei- plat'ypus.   An articulated animal-
cule, discovered in the sebaceous substance of the
cutaneous follicles. According to Professor Owen,
it belongs to the Arachnida.
  Acarus Scabiei, Acarus, see Psora.
  ACATALEP'SlA,  from a, privative, and xara-
Xau^avu), 'I  comprehend.'  Uncertainty in  dia-
gnosis.  Its opposite is Catalepsia.—Galen.
  ACATAP'OSIS, from  a privative, and Kara-
noots,  'deglutition.'   Incapacity  of  swallowing.
Vogel has given this  name to difficulty of deglu-
tition.
  ACATASTAT'IC, Acatastat'icus, from a, priv.,
and KaSitrrnpi, 'to determine.'  An epithet given
to fevers, <fcc, when irregular in their periods or
symptoms.—Hippocrates.
  ACATIIAR'SIA, from a, priv., and KaSatpifa,
'I purge;' Sordes, Impurities.  Omission of a pur-
gative.—Foesius.
  ACATSJAVAL'LI, a Malabar plant, which is
astringent and aromatic.  A bath  of it is used in
that country in cases of hemicrania.  It is sup-
posed to be the Cassytha fliformis of Linnaeus.
  ACAWERIA, Ophioxylum  serpentinum.
  ACCABLEMENT, Torpor.
  AGOELERATEUR, Accelerator urinae.
  ACCELERATOR  PARTUS, Abortive.
  Accelerator Uri'n^e, Bulbo-caverno'sus, Bul-
bo-uretral — (Ch.)  Ejacula'tor Scmi'nis, Bulbo-
syndesmo-caverneux.   (F.) Accelerateur, from ad
and celer, 'quick.'  A muscle of the penis, which
arises, fleshy, from the sphincter  ani and mem-
branous part of the urethra, and tendinous  from
the crus and beginning of the corpus cavernosum
penis.   In its course it forms  a thin, fleshy layer,
the inferior fibres of which run more transversely
than the superior, which descend in an oblique
direction; the muscles of both  sides completely
enclosing the bulb of the urethra.  It is inserted
into its fellow by a tendinous  line running longi-
tudinally on  the middle of the bulb. Its use is to
propel the urine or semen forwards.
  ACCENT, Sonus  vocis, from ad and canere,
cant urn, to sing.  Inflection or modification of the
voice, which consists in raising  or dropping it on
certain syllables.
  The  accent exhibits various alterations in dis-
ease.   v
  AGGES, Paroxysm.
  ACCES'SION. Acces'sio, from accedo, (ad and
ccdere,) 'I approach.'  The invasion, approach,
or commencement of a disease.
  ACOESSOIRE, Accessory—a. du long Flechis-
seur commun des orteils:  see Flexor longus digi-
torum pedis  profundus perforans  (accessorius)—
a. de I'Obturatcur interne, Ischio-trochanterianus
—a. du pied d'Hippocampe:  see Cornu ammonis
—a. du Sacro-lombaire: see Sacro-lumbalis.
  ACCESSORIUS FLEXOR LONGUS DIGI-
TORUM PEDIS; see Flexor longus digitorum
pedis profundus perforans (accessorius)—a. Pedis
hippocampi;—see Cornu ammonis.
  ACCESSORY, Accesso'n'us, (F.) Accessoire,
Annexe, same  etymon.  A consequence or de-
pendence on any thing; as  accessory ligament,
muscle, nerve, &o.
  Accessory of the Parot'id is a name given
by Haller to a small gland, which accompanies
the  parotid duct,  and is commonly a mere pro-
longation of  the parotid itself.  See Parotid.
  Accessory Sciences  to Medicine are those
which do not relate directly to  the science of
man in a state of health or disease; as physics,
chemistry,  &c.
  Accessory of the Par Vagum, Spinal nerve.
  The  term  accessory is also  given  to  several
muscles.
  ACCESSUS. Coition.
  AOCTDENS, Symptoma—a.  Oonsecutifs, Con-
secutive phenomena.
  ACCIDENT, Ac'cidens, fromaccidere, (adand
cadere,) 'to happen.'  A casualty;  an unforeseen
event.   The  French  use the  term in nearly the
same sense as symptom.  It means also an unex-
pected symptom.
  ACCIDEN'TAL, Adventitious.  That which
happens unexpectedly.
  The French give the name Tissus accidentels,
to those adventitious textures, that are the result
of a morbid process. 
ACCIPITER
40
ACETAS
  ACCIP'ITER, Hi'erax, 'upa%, 'the hawk/ from
accipere (ad and capio,) 'to take.'  Menec'ratis
Accip'iter.  (F.) Eperiicr.  A bandage  applied
over the nose, so called from its likeness to the
claw of a hawk.
  ACCLI'MATED, Clima'ti assue'tus, (from ad
and clima.)   A word of recent introduction from
the French,  which means  'accustomed to a cli-
mate.'
  A CGL IMA TEMENT, Acclimation.
  ACCLIMATION, Scas'oning. (F.) Acclimate-
ment. The act of becoming acclimated, or accus-
tomed to a climate.
  The constitution of a  person, who goes to live
in another and a very different climate, usually
experiences  changes, which are frequently of an
unfavourable character,  and the study of which
is of considerable importance in medicine.
  ACCOM'PANIMENT, Adjun'ction. (F.) Ac-
compagnement, (compagnon, 'an associate.') That
which is joined to any thing.
  Accompaniment to the cataract  is  a  whitish,
viscid substance, which sometimes  surrounds the
opake crystalline, and remains after the operation
for  cataract,  causing a secondary cataract.
  ACCOUCHEE,  Puerpera.
  ACCOUCHEMENT,  Parturition—a. Labori-
ous, Dystocia—a. Gontre  nature, see Presentation,
preternatural—a. Laborieux, Laborious labour.
  ACCOUCHEUR, (F.) Adju'tor Partus,  Ob-
stet'ricans, Obstetri"cius,  Maieu'ter, Maieu'tes.
He  who practises the art of midwifery. A physi-
cian-Accoucheur, a Surgeon-Accoucheur, a Alan-
midwife, &c.
  ACCOUCHEUSE, Midwife.
  AGCOUPLEMENT, Coition.
  AOOOUTUMANCE, Habit.
  ACCRE'TION,  Accre'tio,  from  ad, 'to/ and
crescere, 'to  increase."  Augmentation; also, in-
crease by juxtaposition.
  ACCROISSEMENT,  Increase.
  ACCUSATIO, Indication.
  ACE'DIA, Incu'ria, from a, privative, and
Kndo;,  'care.'  Want of care, neglect.  Also, fa-
tigue.—Hippocrates.
  ACELLA, Axilla.
  ACENINOSUS,  Curative.
  ACEOGNOSIA,  Pharmacognosia.
  ACEOLOGIA, Materia Medica.
  ACEPHALIA, see Acephalous.
  ACEPHALOBRACHUS,  from  a, privative,
Kttpa\n,  'head,' and  /fya^iwv, 'arm.'  A foetus
without head or arms.
  ACEPHALOCHI'RUS,  from a,  privative, ks-
tpaXri,  'head,' and xu9> 'band.'  A  foetus without
head or hands.
  ACEPH'ALOCYST, Acephalocys'tis, from a,
privative, icapaXv,  'head/ and  kvotis, 'bladder.'
A hydatiform vesicle, without head or visible
organs,  ranked amongst the Entozoa, although
possessed of few animated characteristics.  In no
organ of the body are acephalocysts so frequently
found as in the liver.  Generally it is the 'mul-
tiple acephalocyst,' A. socia'lis seu prolif'era,
which is met with.  At times, however, it is the
'solitary acephalocyst/ A. eremi'ta seu ster'ilis.
  The acephalocystis endog"ena  has a firm coat,
and is composed of different layers, which have
numbers of  smaller hydatids within  them, and
are  thrown  off from the interior  of the  parent
cyst.  This species  has  hence been  termed en-
dogena,  to distinguish it from  the A. exog"ena
of ruminant animals, in which the young vesicles
are  developed from the  exterior of  the  parent
vesicle.—See Hydatid.
  ACEPHALOGAS'TER,    Athoracoceph'alus,
from a privative, Kctpa\rj, ' head,' and yaarnp, ' the
belly.'  A name given to monsters devoid of head,
 chest, and abdomen;  or to those which have an
 abdomen, but no chest or head.
   ACEPHALOS'TOMA, from o privative, xctpaXij,
 ' head,' and trropa, ' mouth.'  An acephalous I'utus,
 at the upper part of  which there is an opening
 resembling a mouth.
   ACEPHALOTHO'RUS,   from  a  privative,
 KcipaXn, 'head,' andSwpat;, 'chest,' Apectoceph'alus.
 A monster devoid of head or chest.
   ACEPH'ALOUS, from a privative, and  KetpaXn,
 'head.'  A monster born devoid of head.  The
 condition is called Acepha'lia.
   ACER, Acrid.
   Acer  Palmifolium, A. Saceharinum.
   Acer Sacciiari'num, A. palmifo'lium.  Maple,
 Sugar Maple.   (F.) Erable.   This  tree contains
 a large amount of sweet sap, whence a consider-
 able quantity of sugar may be extracted.   AVhen
 purified,  this sugar can scarcely be  distinguished
 from that obtained from the cane.—See Saccha-
 rum.
  Acera'tes  Longifo'liA,  Long-leaved green
 Milkweed; Order, Asclepiadaceae; indigenous,
 flowering in June and July;  has the properties
 of the order.   See Asclepias.
  ACERATO'SIS, from a privative, and «pof,
 ' horn.'  Defective development of  the corneous
 tissue.
  ACERB', Acer'bus, Stryphnos,   from   acer,
 'sharp.'  A savour, or taste, compounded  of the
 acid, bitter, and astringent; such as is met with
 in unripe fruits, &c.
  ACER'CUS, from a privative, and  «/)/cos,  'a
 tail.'  A  monster devoid of tail.—Gurlt.
  ACE'RIDES, Acero'des, from a privative, and
 icnpos, ' wax.'   Plasters devoid of wax.—Galen.
  ACERODES, Acerides.
  ACERO'SUS,  Achyro'des,  Pithyri'nus,  from
a%vpov, ' chaff.'  Furfura'ceous.  An epithet used
by Hippocrates, for the coarsest bread, made of
flour not  separated from the chaff.—Foesius.
  ACERVULUS CEREBRI.  See Pineal  Gland
—a.  Glandulus Pinealis, see Pineal  Gland.
  ACES'CENCY, Acescen'tia, from acescere, 'to
grow sour/ (okij, 'apoint/ acer,  'sharp.')  A dis-
position to acidity.  The humourists  believed that
the animal humours are susceptible of this change.
  ACESIA, Cure.
  ACESIS, Curation, Cure, Medicament.
  ACESMA, Medicament.
  ACESMIUS, Curable.
  ACESMUS,  Cure.
  ACESODYNES, Anodyne.
  ACESOPHORUS, Curative.
  ACESTER, Physician.
  ACESTIS, Medicament.
  ACESTOR, Physician.
  ACESTORIA, Medicine.
  ACESTORIS, Midwife.
  ACESTOS, Curable.
  ACESTRA,  Needle.
  ACESTRIA, Midwife.
  ACESTRIS, Midwife.
  ACESTRUM, Medicament.
  ACETA  MEDICATA, Acetica.
  ACETABULA UTERINA, C6tyledons.
  ACETAB'ULUM, from acetum, 'vinegar/ be-
cause it  resembles the old vinegar vessel, oxy-
baph'ion.  A measure  capable of containing the
eighth part of a modern pint. Athenaeus.  Galen.
See Cotyloid.  According to Castelli, the lobes or
cotyledons of the placentas of ruminating animals
have been so called.
  Acetabulum, Cotyle, Cotyloid—a. Humeri, see
Glenoid—a. Marinum,  Umbilicus marinus.
  ACETA'RIA,  same etymon.   A  salad  or
pickle.
  ACETAS, Acetate. 
ACETATE                  41
  ACETATE, Ace'tas.  A salt  formed by  the
union of the acetic acid with an alkaline, earthy,
or metallic base.  The acetates  chiefly  used in
medicine  are the acetates of  ammonia, lead,
potash, and zinc.
  ACE'TICA, Ace'ta Medica'ta.  (F.) Vinaigres
Mi'i/irinaux.    Pharmaceutical  preparations  of
vinegar.
  ACE'TICUM AC'IDUM, Acidum Ace'ticum
for'tins, A. A. forte, A. Ace'ticumpurum, Ace'tum
railica'le,  Oxos,  Ace'tic Acid,  Strong Ace'tous
At-id, Acidum Aceto'sum forte, Rail'ical Vin'egar,
Spir'itiiH  \ cn'eris [when made from verdigris,)
Spirit of Verdigris.   Concentrated acetic acid,
prepared by decomposing an acetate and receiv-
ing  the acetic  acid  by distillation, has a very
pungent and grateful odour,  and  an acid  and
acrid taste.  Its s. g. is  about 1.046, and it is
very volatile.
  It is stimulant, rubefacient, and escharotic, and
is applied  to the  nostrils  in syncope, asphyxia,
headache, &c.   It destroys warts.
  An Aromatic Spirit of Vint gar, Ac"idum Ace'-
ticum Gaiitp/iora'tum, A. aceto'sum camphora'tum,
is formed of this strong acid, 3vj, Camphor, ^ss,
 Ol. Caryoph. gtt.  XV.
  A strong Acetic Acid was ordered by the Lon-
don pharmacopoeia prepared from wood.  It was
called Vinegar of wood, Improved distilled Vine-
gar, Pyrolig'neous Acid, Ace'tum Ligno'rum, and
its  strength was such, that 87 gr. of crystallized
subcarbonate of soda  should saturate 100 grains
of the acid.
   Ac"idum Ace'ticum Dilu'tum, A. A. ten'uc, Ace'-
tum dcstilla'turn, Acidum ace'ticum, Acidum aceto'-
sum destilla'tum, Acidum ace'ticum dcbil'ius, Dis-
tilled vin'egar, (F.) Acide Acetique faible,  17-
naigre distille, is  prepared by distilling vinegar,
until seven-eighths have passed over.   An Aci-
dum  aceticum dilutum,  Diluted  acetic  acid, is
made by mixing half a pint of the  strong acetic
acid with five pints of distilled water.—Ph. U. S.
Its properties are like those of vinegar.
   Aceticum Martiale, Fcrri Acetas.
   ACETONE, from acetum, 'vinegar.'  Spir'itus
pyro-ace'ticus ligno'stts, Pyro-acc'tic spirit, Pyro-
ttcc'tic, Ether,  Mesit'ic  Al'cohol, Bihydrate  of
Mcsit'ylcne;  erroneously called Naphtha  and
 Wood  Naphtha.   A  limpid,  colourless liquid,
having a peculiarly penetrating and slightly em-
pyrcumatic odour. Its density in the liquid state,
is almost the same as  that of alcohol, 0.7921.  Its
taste is disagreeable,  and analogous to  that  of
peppermint.   It is  miscible  in all proportions
with water, alcohol, and ether.  It  may be pre-
pared  by distilling a mixture of two  parts  of
crystallized acetate of lead and one part of quick-
lime in a salt-glaze jar (gray-beard,) the lower
part of the jar being  coated with fire-clay;  and
a bent glass tube, half  an  inch  in diameter,
adapted to the mouth by  a cork, so as to form a
distillatory apparatus.  The jar  is  supported on
the mouth of a small furnace, by which the lower
part only is heated to redness, and the vapours
are  conducted into  a Liebig's  condenser.   The
product is repeatedly redistilled  from quicklime,
until its boiling point  is constant at 132°.
  It has  been brought  forward as a remedy in
phthisis pulmonalis;  but evidently with  un-
founded pretensions.   It is an excitant, and may
be serviceable in  chronic bronchitis.  The dose
is ten to forty drops  three times a day, diluted
with water.
  ACETOSA  ALPINA,  Rumex  alpinus —a.
Nostras, Rumex acetosa — a. Pratensis, Rumex
acetosa — a.  Romana, Rumex seutatus — a. Ro-
tundifolia, Rumex scutatus — a. Scutata,  Rumex
ecutatus—a. Vulgaris, Rumex acetosa.
                  ACHEIR

  ACETOSELLA, Oxalis acetosella.
  ACE'TUM,  o^vi, Oxys, Ace'tum  Vini, A. Bri-
tan'nicum,  Common Vinegar, Acidum aceto'sum,
A'legar, Ace'tum Gerevis'ia, (F.) Vinaigre ; from
axis, ' a point/ acer, ' sharp.'  A liquor obtained
by the acetous fermentation.  Vinegar has a pun-
gent odour, and a pleasant  acid taste.  One fluid
ounce of the Acetum of the United States Phar-
macopoeia is saturated by  about  35 grains of
crystallized bicarbonate of soda.  It is refrigerant
in fevers; antiseptic, and anti-narcotic; and ex-
ternally is stimulant and discutient.
   Vinegar Whey is made   by  stirring  a small
wineglassful of vinegar, sweetened  with a dessert
spoonful of sugar, in a pint of milk; boiling for
fifteen minutes, and  straining.  Like tamarind
whey it is an agreeable drink in febrile affections.
  Ace'tum Aromat'icum, Acidum Ace'ticum Aro-
mat'icum, Ace'tum Theriaca'le, A. quatuorfurum,
Thieves'  Vinegar, Vinegar  of the  four Thieves,
Marseilles  Vinegar, (F.) Vinaigre Aromatiqiie,
V.  des quatre voleurs, (Rorismarin. cacum. sice,
Fol. Salvia sing. §j. Lavand. ftor. sice. ^iv. Ca-
ryoph. cunt. 3"ss. Acid. Acet. Oij. Macerate 7 days,
and filter.—Ph. E.)  Odour, pungent and aroma-
tic.   Used as a perfume.
  Acetum Britannicum, Acetum.
  Ace'tum  Canthar'idis,  Vinegar of Cantha-
rides, (Oantharid. in pulv.  ^iij. Acid. acet. f^v.,
Acid, pyrolign. f^xv: Euphorb.  in pulv. crass.
3ss.  Mix the acids; add the powders; macerate
for seven days;  strain; express  strongly, and
filter the liquor.—Ph. E.  The  London  College
macerates  cantharid. ^ij in acid. acet.  Oj. for
eight days; expresses and strains.)  It is  used
as a prompt vesicant.
  Ace'tum Col'chici, Vinegar of meadow saffron.
(Golchic. rad. contus. ^ij ;  Acid, acetic, dilttt. seu
Acet. destillat.  Oij ; Ph. U. S. 1851.  It may also
be made by displacement.)  It is  used as a diu-
retic, and also  in gout.  Dose f ,*5ss. to """"iss.
   Acetum Destillatum ;  see Aceticum  acidum
—a. Lignorum :  see Aceticum acidum—a. Mul-
sum dulce, Oxyglycus—a.  Opii, Guttae Nigrae—■
a. Quatuor furum, Acetum  Aromaticum—a, Ra-
dicale, Aceticum  Acidum—a. Rosatum Oxyrrho-
dinon.
   Acetum Scill.*:, Acidum Ace'ticum  Scillit'-
icum.   Vinegar of Squills, (F.) Vinaigre seilli-
tiquc,  (Scilla contus.  ^iv;  Acet.  destillat.  Oij;
Ph. U. S.   It  may also be made by displace-
ment.) Diuretic, expectorant, and emetic.  Dose
f gss to sjij as a diuretic and expectorant.
  Acetum Tiieriacale, Acetum aromaticum.
   ACEYTE DE  SAL.  A remedy for broncho-
cele used in S. America. Roulin found it to con-
tain a portion of  iodine.
   ACHACANA.  A species of cactus, in the pro-
vince of Potosi in Peru.  Its root is thick and
fleshy, and of a conical shape.   It is a good edi-
ble, and  is sold in the markets of the country.
   ACHANACA.   A plant  of the kingdom of
Mely in  Africa.  It is used by the  natives as an
antisyphilitic.
  ACflAOVAN,  a species  of Egyptian  chamo-
mile.—Prosper Alpinus.
  ACHAOVAN-ABIAT.  The  Egyptian name
of Cineraria maritima, used in female diseases.
  ACHAR, Atchar.
  ACHE, Apium graveolens—a. dee Montagues,
Ligustieum levisticum.
  ACHEI'LIA, Achi'lia, from a, priv., and xaAoj,
' lip.' A  malformation, consisting in a deficiency
of a lip or lips.
  ACHEI'LUS, Achi'lus,  same  etymon.   One
who is without lips.
  ACHEIR, Achir, De'manus, from a, privative,
and %etp, 'hand.'   One devoid of hands.—Galen. 
ACHEIRIA
42
ACID
  ACIIEI'RIA,  Achi'ria:  same  etymon.  The
state of being devoid of hands.
  ACHEROIS, Populus.
  ACHIA, Achiar.   A name given in India to
the pickled shoots of the bamboo.
  Achia, Atchar.
  ACHIAR, Achia.
  ACHIC'OLUM,  Achifolus, Hidrote'rion,  Sh-
da'rium,  Fornix,  Tholtts,  Sudato'rium.   The
sweating-room in the ancient bagnios.
  ACHILLA., Acheilia.
  ACHILLE'A  AGE'RATUM, A. Visco'sa, Bal-
sami'ta fcemin'ea, Eupato'rium mes'ues, Age'ra-
tum, Cos'tus horto'rum minor, Maudlin, Maudlin
Tansey f  (F.)  Achillee   Visqueuse;  Nat. Ord.
Compositae ;  Sub.  Ord. Anthemideae ; Sex. Syst.
Syngenesia Polygamia superflua,—has the same
properties as tansey, bitter  and aromatic, and is
used in like affections.
  Achille'a Atra'ta, Herba Gen'ipi  veri, (F.)
Ach illee Noire, has similar  virtues.
  Achille'a  Millefo'lium,  Achille'a Myrio-
phyl'lon, Ghrysoc'oma, Millefo'lium, GhiliophyV-
Ion, Lumbus  Ven'eris, Common Yarrow or Mil-
foil.   (F.) Millefeuille.   The leaves  and flowers
have an  aromatic  smell, and a rough, bitterish,
somewhat  pungent taste.   They have been used
in dyspepsia, flatulence, <fec.  An  extract of the
plant, made  with  proof  spirit, has been called
AchilleVnum ; and is used  by the  Italians in in-
termittent fever.
  Achille'a   Ptar'micA,  Pseudo-py' reihrum,
Py'rethrum- sylves'tre, Draco sylves'tris, Tarehon
sylrestris, Sternutamento'ria,  Dracun'cuius Pra-
ten'sis, Sneeze-wort, Bastard Pel' titory, Ptar'mica.
(F.) Herbe d Sternuer.   The roots and flowers
have a hot, biting taste, approaching that of  py-
rethrum.  Their principal use is as a masticatory
and sialogogue.
  Achillea Viscosa, A. Ageratum.
  ACHILLEE  NOIRE,  Achillea  atrata— a.
Visqueuse, Achillea ageratum.
  ACHILLEINUM, see Achillea  Millefolium.
  ACHILLE'IS.  A beautiful species of barley,
mentioned by Theophrastus  and  Galen, called
after  Achilles,  a labourer.  The  decoction  was
used in fevers and jaundice.—Hippocrates.
  ACHIL'LIS  TENDO,  Funis  Hippoc'ratis,
Corda seu  Chorda Hippoc'ratis,  Corda magna,
Nervus latus, (F.)  Tendon d'Achille.  The strong
tendon of the  gastrocnemii  muscles above  the
heel: so  called,  because it was the only vulnera-
ble part of Achilles, or because of its strength.
See Tendon.
  ACHILUS, Aeheilus.
  ACHIMBASSI.  An archiater or chief of phy-
sicians.  A name  given, at  Grand  Cairo,  to a
magistrate who licenses physicians.
  ACHIR, Acheir.
  ACHIRIA, Acheiria.
  ACHITOLUS, Achicolum.
  ACHLYS, Caligo.
  ACITMELLA, Spilanthus acmella.
  ACHNE.  Lint.   See  Linteum.  Also, small
mucous flocculi seen in  front of  the  cornea.—
Hippocrates.
  ACHOL'IA, from a, privative, and x»^i, 'bile.'
Deficiency or want of bile.
  ACH'OLUS:  same etymon.  One deficient in
bile.
  ACHOR, Porrigo larvalis.
  ACHO'RES.  A term often employed by the
ancients  to designate both  crusta lac'tea,  and
small superficial ulcerations  on the  skin of the
face and head.  See Porrigo Larvalis.
  Achores Capitis, Porrigo scutulata.
   ACHORION  SCHONLEINI.  See Porrigo fa-
vosa.
  ACHORIS'TUS,  from a, priv., and xu>pi">, 'I
separate.'   Any sign which necessarily accompa-
nies a state of health or disease.
  ACIIOUROU.  The Caraib name for a species
of myrtle used in dropsy.
  ACHRAS AUSTRALIS, Sapota—a.  Sapota,
Sapota—a. Zapota, Sapota.
  ACHROI, Achromatis'ti,Achro'mati,Achro'mi,
from a, privative, and ^pajta, ' colour.'  Pale indi-
viduals.—Hippocrates.  It is nearly synonymous
with \tttpaiuoi, leipha'mia, persons without colour;
bloodless.
  ACHROMASIA,  Decoloration.
  ACHROMATI, Achroi.
  ACHROMAT'IC, Achromat'icus; same etymon.
A lens, so constructed as to correct the aberration
of refrangibility of common lenses, is so termed.
The Cri/sta/line is an achromatic lens.
  ACHROMATISM, Achroi.
  A C H R 0 M A TOPSIA,  Chromatopseudop'sia,
Ohromatometablep'sia, Dyschromatop'sia, Para-
chro'ma, Parora'sis, Visits de'color, Colour blind-
ness, Idiop'tcy, Dal'tonism, from a, privative, xpu)-
/xa, 'colour,' and oirropai, 'I see.'  Incapability of
distinguishing colours; a defect situate in the ce-
rebral part of the visual  organ.  Persons so cir-
cumstanced have been termed by Mr. Who well,
Idiopts.  See Acyanoblepsia and Anerythropsia.
  ACHROMI, Achroi.
  ACHYLO'SIS,  from a, privative, and %v\os,
'juice, chyle.'  Defective chylosis or formation
of chyle.
  ACHYMO'SIS, from  a, privative, and j^oy,
'juice, chyme.'  Defective chymification.
  ACHYRODES, Acerosus.
  ACHYRON, Furfur.
  A'CIA,  from aicis, a point.  A word  used by
Celsus, which has puzzled commentators,—some
believing it to have meant a needle; others the
thread; and others, again, the  kind of suture.
" Acta mollis, non nimis torta."—Celsus, Galen.
(Chifflet thinks it meant the thread.—Antwerp,
1638.)
  ACID, Ac"idus, Oxys. (F.) Acide, Aigre, from
ams, 'a point;' sharp; sour; especially as ap-
plied to odorous or sapid substances.  The French
also  use the term aigre, when  referring to the
voice, in the sense of sharp and shrill:—as une
voix aigre, vox aspera.
  Acid, Acetic, Aceticum  acidum — a. Acetic,
dilute, see Aceticum acidum.
  Acid,  Acetous,   Strong, Aceticum  acidum
— a.  Aerial,  Carbonic  acid — a.  Antimonious,
Antimonium diaphoreticum—a. Arsenious,  Arse-
nicum album—a. Auric, see  Gold—a. Azotic, Ni-
tric acid—a. Benzoic, Benjamin, flowers of—a.
Boric, Boracic acid—a. Calcareous, Carbonic acid
—a. Carbonaceous,  Carbonic acid—a. Carbonous,
Oxalic  acid—a. Chromic, see Chromic  acid—a.
Citric, Citric acid—a. Cyanhydric,  Hydrocyanic
acid—a.  Cyanohydric,  Hydrocyanic acid—a.
Gastric, Gastric juice.
  Acid, Gallic, AcJ'idum Gall'icum.  (F.) Acide
Gallique.  This acid is found in most of the astrin-
gent plants that contain tannic  acid of  the kind
obtained from galls.  It is in delicate silky nee-
dles, usually somewhat yellowish, inodorous, and
of a harsh, somewhat astringent taste.  It dis-
solves in  one hundred parts of cold and  three
parts of boiling water.   It is very soluble in alco-
hol, and but slightly so in ether.
  It has been highly extolled in internal hemor-
rhage, especially from the  urinary organs and
uterus.   Dose from ten to twenty grains.
  The last Pharmacopoeia of the  United States
(1851) directs it to be made by  exposing a thin
paste of powdered  galls and distilled water for  a
month, adding the water from time to time to pre- 
ACIDE AGETIQUE FAIBLE       43            ACIDUM ACETICUM
Berve the consistence; expressing the paste; boil-
ing the residue in distilled water; filtering through
animal charcoal, and crystallizing.
  Acin, Hippu'ric, Ac"iilnm Hippu'ricum, Uro-
ben'zoic acid.  An acid found in the urine of gra-
minivorous animals.   It is contained in human
urine, especially after benzoic acid has been taken.
See Hippuria.
  Acid,  Hydriod'ic,  Ac"idum  Ihjdriod'icum.
This acid is made by mixing solutions of iodide
of potassium and tartaric acid; filtering the liquor
to  separate the bitartratc of potassa, and adding
water to make the resulting hydriodic acid of de-
finite strength.
   It, has been  used in the  same cases as the pre-
parations of iodine in general, but is rarely em-
ployed.
   Acid, Hydrocitloronitric, Nitro-muriatic acid
—a, Hydrocyanic, Hydrocyanic acid—a. Hydro-
 cyanic, dilute, see Hydrocyanic acid—a. Hydro-
 sulphuric, Hydrogen, sulphuretted—a. Hydrothi-
 onic, Hydrogen, sulphuretted — a. Igasuric : see
 Jatropha curcas.
   Acid,  Iodic, Ac"idum  lod'icum,  (F.)  Acide
 lodiijuc.    This is  obtained by boiling iodine
 with nitric acid; or by  decomposing iodate of
 baryta by dilute sulphuric acid.  It is a white,
 transparent solid, slightly deliquescent, and very
 soluble in water.  It has been given with sulphate
 of quinia in hoarseness, scrofula, incipient phthisis,
 chronic inflammation, syphilis, <fec.  Dose three to
 six grains, or more.
    Acid of Lrmons,  Citric acid—a. Lithic, Uric
 acid — a.  Dephlogisticated  marine,  Chlorine —
 a. Mephitic, Carbonic acid — a. of  Milk, Lactic
 acid — a. Muriatic,  see Muriaticum  acidum — a.
 Muriatic,  dilute,  Muriaticum  acidum — a.  Ni-
 tric, see  Nitric acid—a. Nitric, dilute, see Nitric
 Acid—a.  Nitro-hydroehloric, Nitro-muriatic  acid
 —a. Nitro-Muriatic, see Nitro-Muriatic Acid—a.
 Nitrous, dephlogisticated, Nitric acid—a. Oxysep-
 tonic, Nitric acid—a. Polygalic: see Polygala se-
 nega—a. Prussic, Hydrocyanic acid—a. Pyrolig-
 neous:  see Aceticum acidum—a. Pyrolignic, Py-
 roligneous acid—a,  of Sorrel,  Oxalic acid—a. of
 Sugar, Oxalic acid—a. Sulphuric, see  Sulphuric
 acid—a.  Tannic. Tannin—a. Uric, Uric acid—a.
 Urobenzoic, A. Uippuric—a. Urous, Uric oxide—
 a. Urylic, Uric acid—a. (lirmnique, Chromic acid.
    ACIDE AGETIQUE FAIBLE, see Aceticum
 acidum — a.  Boraciqitc,  Boracic acid—a. Chro-
 mique,  Chromic  acid — a. Ga/tit/uc, Acid, gallic
 — a.  Hydrocyanii/iie.  Hydrocyanic  acid — a.
 Hi/drositffitriqitc, Hydrogen,  sulphuretted — a.
 Iodiqnc, Acid, iodic — a.  Laetique, Lactic acid—
 a.  Nitrique, Nitric acid—a. Phosphorique, Phos-
 phoric acid—a. Prussique, Hydrocyanic acid—a.
 Sulfureu.r, Sulphurous acid—a. Sulfurique, Sul-
 phuric acid—a. Sulfurique  del aye,  Slllphuricum
 acidum dilutum—a. Tannique,  Tannin.
    ACIDITATIO, Acidities.
    ACID'ITIES, Aco'res, Acidita'tio,  Ac"idum
 morbo'snm, Ac"idnm prima'rum via'rum, Oxytes,
 Snrdes ac"ida. (F.) Aigreurs.  Sourness of the
 stomach, the  result of indigestion,  indicated by
 acid eructations, &c.  The affection is very com-
 mon in children, and must be obviated by absorb-
 ents, as  magnesia, chalk, &c,  and  by regulated
 diet.
    ACIDOLOG"IA. from axis,  'apoint,  a sharp
 instrument/  and  \oyos,  'a  description.'  A  de-
 scription of surgical instruments.
    ACrDOM'ETER, (F.) Acidometrc, Pese-acide,
 from  acid, and uerpov, measure.  A hydrometer
 for determining the density of acids.
    ACIDS, Ac"ida, Aco'res, are liquid, solid, or
 gaseous  bodies, possessed of a sour, more or less
 caustic teste, and the principal  character of which
is the capability of saturating, wholly or in part,
the alkaline properties of bases.
  Acids, in general, are refrigerent and antisep-
tic.  Their particular uses are pointed out under
the individual articles.
  To ACID'ULATE.   (F.)  Aiguiser, Aciduler.
To  render acidulous, or slightly acid.
  ACID'ULOUS, Acid'uhts,  Oxo'des,  OxoVdes.
(F.) Acidule, Aigrelet.   Substances are so called
which possess a sourish taste, as tamarinds, cream
of tartar, <fec.
  Acidulous Fruits.  Oranges, gooseberries, <fcc.
  Acidulous Waters, Aquce Acidula.  Mineral
waters containing carbonic acid gas sufficient to
render them sourish.   See Waters, mineral.
   Acidulous Water, Simple, Aqua Ac"idi Car-
 bon'ici, (Ph. U. S.) Aqua a'erisfixi, Aqua acid'-
 ula simplex, Liquor seu Aqua Soda  efferves'cens,
 Aqua Carbona'tis Soda acid'ula, Soda water, Mi-
 neral water, (F.) Eau Acidule simple, is water
 impregnated with fixed air.
   Water, so impregnated, is  cooling, and slightly
 stimulating.  It is used beneficially in dyspepsia,
 and in  cases of vomiting, &c.
   ACIDUM ACETICUM, Aceticum acidum—a.
 Aceticum  aromaticum,  Acetum aromaticum—a.
 Aceticum camphoratum : see Aceticum acidum—
 a.  Aceticum dilutum : see  Aceticum Acidum—a.
 Aceticum empyreumaticum, Pyroligneous acid—
 a.  Aceticum Scilliticum, Acetum  scillae—a. Ace-
 tosellse, Oxalic  acid—a. Acetosum, Acetum—a.
 Allantoicum, Allantoic  acid—a.  Amnicum, Am-
 niotic acid—a. Arsenicosum, Arsenious acid—a.
 Arseniosum, (Ph. U. S.) Arsenious acid—a. Azo-
 ticum,  Nitric Acid—a. Benzoicum,  Benjamin,
 Flowers of—a. Boracicum, Boracic acid—a. Bo-
 russicum,  Hydrocyanic  acid — a.  Carbonicum,
 Carbonic acid—a. Citricum, Citric acid—a. Gal-
 licum,  Acid, gallic—a. Hydriodicum, Acid hydri-
 odic—a. Hydrocarbonicum, Oxalic acid—a. Hy-
 drochloricum, Muriaticum  acidum—a. Hydrocy-
 anicum,  Hydrocyanic acid—a.  Hydrocyanicum
 dilutum, see Hydrocyanic Acid—a.  Hydrothioni-
 cum liquidum, see  Hydrosulphuretted water—a.
 Iodicum, Acid, iodic—a. Jatrophicum, see Jatro-
 pha curcas—a, Lacticum, Lactic  acid—a. Ligne-
 um, Pyroligneous acid—a.  Ligni pyro-oleosum,
 Pyroligneous  acid — a.  Lithicum, Uric acid—a.
 Marinum concentratum, Muriaticum acidum—a.
 Morbosum, Acidities—a, Muriaticum, Muriaticum
 acidum—a. Muriaticum dilutum, Muriatic acid—a.
 Muriaticum nitroso-oxygenatum, Nitro-muriatic
 acid—a. Nitri,  Nitric acid—a. Nitricum, Nitric
 acid—a. Nitricum dilutum, Nitric acid—a. Nitro-
 Muriaticum, Nitro-muriatic acid—a.  Oxalinum,
 Oxalic  acid—a. Phosphoricum, Phosphoric acid
 —a. Primarum viarum, Acidities—a.  Prussieum,
 Hydrocyanic  acid—a. Pyro-aceticum, Pyroligne-
 ous acid—a. Pyrolignosum, Pyroligneous acid—
 a.  Pyroxylicum, Pyroligneous acid—a. Querci-
 tannicum,  Tannin—a.  Sacchari,  Oxalic acid—a.
 Saccharinum, Oxalic acid—a.  Salis, Muriaticum
 acidum—a. Salis culinaris, Muriaticum acidum—
 a. Salis marini, Muriaticum acidum—a. Septicum,
 Nitric acid—a. Succinicum, Succinic acid—a. Sul-
 phuricum,  Sulphuric acid—a. Sulphuricum alcoo-
 lisatum, Elixir  acidum Halleri—a. Sulphuricum
 aromaticum,  Sulphuric acid, aromatic — a. Sul-
 phuricum  dilutum,  Sulphuric acid, diluted—a.
 Sulphuris  volatile, Sulphurous acid—a. Sulphu-
 rosicum, Sulphurous  acid—a. Tannicum, Tannin
 —a. Tartari essentiale,  Tartario acid—a. Tartari-
 cuin, Tartaric acid—a. Tartarosum, Tartaric acid
 —a. Uricum,  Uric  acid—a. Urolithicum, Uric
 acid—a. Vitriolicum, Sulphuric acid—a, Yitrioli-
 cum aromaticum, Sulphuricum acidum  aromati-
 cum—a, Vitriolicum alcohole aromaticum, Sul-
 phuricum  acidum  aromaticum—a.  Vitriolicum 
ACIDURGIA                44                  ACOPIS
vinosum, Elixir acidum  Halleri—a. Zooticum,
Hydrocyanic acid—a. Zootinicum, Hydrocyanic
acid.
  ACIDURGIA, Surgery (operative.)
  AGIER, Chalybs.
  ACIES, Chalybs—a. Digitorum manus, Pha-
langes of the fingers—a. Diurna, Hemeralopia.
  ACINE'SIA, Acine'sis, Akine'siu, Immobil't-
tas, Quies, Requies, Requie'tio, Esych'ia, Erem'ia,
from a, privative, and Kivntsts, motion/  Kivm,  ' I
move.'   Rest.  Immobility.  Also,  the interval
between the  systole and diastole of the heart—
Parasys' tole.
  Under the term Acineses, Remberg includes
the paralytic neuroses, or those  that are charac-
terized by defect of motive power.
  ACINI OF MALPIGHI, Corpora Malpighiana.
  ACINIFORMIS (TUNICA)  Choroid, Uvea.
  ACINUS, Ac"inusglandulo'sus, from ac"inus,
' a grape-stone.'  A glandiform corpuscle or gra-
nulation, in which secretion was supposed to take
place, and the excretory radicle to arise.  Acini
are the glob'uli arteria'rum ter'mini of Nichols.
The term ac"ini glandulo'si has also been given
to glands, which, like the pancreas,  are arranged
as it were in clusters.  See Lobule.
  ACIPENSER, see Ichthyocolla.
  ACIURGIA, Surgery, (operative.)
  ACLEITROCARDIA, Cyanopathy.
  ACMAS'TICUS, from ampin, 'the top/ and araoi,
 'I  remain.'  A fever which preserves an equal
 degree of intensity throughout  its course.  It is
 also called Homot'onos.   The Greeks gave it the
 name of Epacmas'ticos, and Syn'ochos, when it
 went on increasing,—and Paracmas'ticos, when
 it decreased.—Galen.
   ACME, Vigor,  Cor'yphe, Culmina'tio, Status,
 Fastig"ium.  The period of a disease at which
 the symptoms  are most violent. Arche, Ap^>?, is
 'the commencement;' anab'asis, avafiams, 'the
 period of increase ;'  and acme, aKpn, 'the height.'
   ACMELLA, Spilanthus  acmella—a. Mauriti-
 ana, Spilanthus acmella.
   ACMON, Incus.
   ACNE, Acna, Ion'thus varus, Varus, Psydra'cia
 Acne, Stone Pock, Whelk,  Bubucle, (F.) Dartre
 pustuleuse disse'mine'e.  A small pimple or tuber-
 cle on the face.—Gorraeus.  Foe'sius thinks  the
 word ought to be Acme; and,  according to Cas-
  sius, it is, at all  events, derived from aKun, ' vi-
  gour ;' the disease affecting those  in  the vigour
  of life, especially.
   Willan and  Bateman have adopted the term in
  their Nosology of cutaneous diseases, and placed
  it in the Order, Tubercula. Acne, with them, is
  an eruption of distinct, hard, inflamed tubercles,
  sometimes continuing  for a considerable length
  of time, and sometimes suppurating slowly  and
  partially.  They usually appear on the forehead,
  temples and chin, and are common to both sexes;
  but the most severe forms are seen in young men.
  They require but little  management, and consist
  of  four varieties;  Acne indura'ta, A.  simplex,
  (Haplodcne,)  A. puncta'ta (lon'thus varus punc-
  ta'tus, Puncta muco'sa, Comedo'nes  or Maggot
  Pimple,) and  A.  rosa'cea.—See Gutta Rosea.
    Acne Rosacea, Gutta rosea—a. of the Throat,
  Pharyngitis, follicular.
    ACNES'TIS, from a, privative, and nvaetv, 'to
  scratch.'   The part of the spine which extends,
  in quadrupeds, from between the shoulders to the
  loins.  According to Pollux,  the  middle  of the
  loins.  The vertebral column.
    ACNESTOS, Cneorum tricoccum.
    ACOE, Audition, Ear.
    ACOS'LIOS, from a, privative, and Kot\ta, 'belly.'
  Devoid of belly.  One who is so emaciated as to
  appear to have no belly.—Galen.
  ACOEMETER, Acoumeter.
  ACOEMETRUM, Acoumeter.
  ACOENOSI, AconusL
  ACOESIS, Audition.
  ACOGNOSIA, Pharmacognosia.
  ACOLASIA, Intemperance.
  ACOLOGY, Materia Medica.
  ACONE, Mortar.
  AC ON IT A GRANDS FLEURS,  Aconitum
cammarum—a. Salutaire, Aconitum anthora.
  ACONITA, see Aconitum napellus.
  ACONITE, Aconitum—a. Folia, see Aconitum
—a. Radix, see Aconitum.
  ACONITI FOLIA, see  Aconitum—a. Radix,
see Aconitum.
  ACONITIA, see Aconitum napellus.
  ACONITIN, see Aconitum napellus.
  ACONITINE, see Aconitum napellus.
  ACONITIUM,  see Aconitum napellus.
  ACONI'TUM,  from  Ac'one, a place in  Bithy-
nia, where it is common.   Cynoc'tonon, J'nn/a-
lian'ches,  Pardaliau'clium, Canicida,  Ac'onite,
 Wolfsbane,  Monkshood.  Nut. Ord. Ranuncula-
cese.  Sex. Syst.  Polyandria Trigynia.
  Aconitum, Aconite,  in  the Pharmacopoeia of
the United States, 1842, is the  leaves of  Aconi-
tum napellus, and A. paniculatum.  In the  last
edition, 1851, Aconiti folia is the officinal name
for the leaves ; Aconiti radix for that of the root.
  Aconi'tum An'thora, Aconitum Salutif'erum,
seu nemoro'sum seu Candol'lei seu Jacquini  seu
eul'ophum seu anthoro'ideum, An'thora vulga'rts,
An'thora,   Antith'ora,  Sal'utary  Monkshood,
 Wholesome  Wolfsbane,  Yellow helmet  flower.
(F.) Aconit  salutaire.  The root of this variety,
as of all the rest, is poisonous.  It is used as a
cathartic and anthelmintic.  Dose Qss to Qj.
  Aconitum Anthoroideum, A. anthora.
  Aconi'tum Cam'marum, A. paniculdturn, A.
macran'thum,  A.  Kusnezo'vii,   (F.) Aconit  d
grands  fleurs, resembles Aconitum Napellus in
properties.
   Aconitum Candollei,  A.  anthora—a. Eulo-
 phum,  A. anthora—a. Jacquini, A. anthora—a.
 Kusnezovii, A. cammarum—a. Macranthum, A.
 cammarum.
   Aconi'tum Napel'lus, Napel'lus verus, Aco-
 ni'tum, Common Monkshead or Wolfsbane, A. Ne-
 omonta'num. (F.) Chaperon de Moine.  The leaves
 are narcotic, sudorific, and deobstruent (?) They
 have been used in chronic rheumatism, scrofula,
 scirrhus,  paralysis, amaurosis,  &c.  The active
 principle is called Aconit'ia, Aconiti'na, Aconi'ta,
 Aconit'ium or Aconitine.   A form for its prepara-
 tion is contained in the Ph. U. S. (1851.)  It is
 made by  treating an alcoholic extract of  the root
 with dilute sulphuric acid; precipitating  by solu-
 tion of ammonia; dissolving  the precipitate in
 dilute sulphuric acid; treating with animal char-
 coal; again precipitating with  solution of ammo-
 nia;  washing with water,  and drying.  It re-
 quires  150 parts  of cold and 50 of boiling water
 to dissolve it, but is readily dissolved by alcohol
 and ether.  It neutralizes the acids, and forms
 with them uncrystallizable  salts.  It has  been
 used  internally,  and especially  applied exter-
 nally,  in neuralgic  cases, iatraleptically and en-
 dermically. Dose of Aconitum, gr. j. to gr. iij.
    Aconitum  Nemorosum, A.  anthora—a.  Neo-
 montanum, A. napellus—a. Paniculatum, A.  cam-
 marum—a. Racemosum, Actaea spicata—a. Salu-
 tiferum, A. anthora.
    ACONU'SI,  Aco'en'osi, Acoon'osi, from  axoi],
 'audition,' and vovaos, 'disease.'   Morbi au'rium
 et audi'tits.  Diseases of the ears and audition.
    ACOONOSI, Aconusi.
    ACOPIS.  Same etymon as the next. Pliny 
ACOPON
45
ACRISIS
gives this name to a precious stone, which was i
boiled in oil and used against weariness.
  ACOPON, from a, privative, and koitos, 'weari-
ness.' A remedy against weariness—Foesius, Gor-
raeus, Ac. Ac'opum,—Celsus, Pliny. SeeAnagyris.
  ACOPRIA, Constipation.
  ACOPROSES, Constipation.
  ACOR  BENZOIN US,  Benjamin—a. Boraci-
cub, Boracic  acid—a. Succineus, Succinic acid—
a. Sulphuris, Sulphuric acid—a.  Tartaricus, Tar-
taric acid.
  ACORE   BATARD,  Iris pseudacorus — a.
Faux,  Iris   pseudacorus—a. Odorant,  Acorus
calamus.
  ACORES, Acids, and Acidities.
  ACOR'IA, from a, privative, and Kopeta, 'I sa-
tiate.'  An  inordinate or canine appetite.—Hip-
pocrates.
   ACORI'TES.  A wine made of Acorus.—Dios-
corides.
   ACOR'MUS, from  a,  privative,  and  xopuos,
'trunk.'  A monster devoid of a trunk.—Gurlt.
   ACORN,  JUPITER'S, Fagus castanea —a.
Oily, Guilandina moringa—a. Sardinian, Fagus
castanea.
   ACORNS.   See Quercus alba.
   ACORUS ADULTERINUS, Iris pseudacorus.
   Ac'ORUS Cal'amijs.  A. Verus, Cal'amus Aro-
mat'icus, G. Odora'tus, Cal'amus vulga'ris, Typha
Aromat'ica,  Acorns Brazilien'sis, Glava Rugo'sa,
Su-eetftag or Ac'orus, Flagroot, Sweet cane, Myrtle
Flag, Sweet  grass, Sweet  root, Sweet rush.   (F.)
Jonc roseau ou Cuiinc aromatique, Acore odorant.
Nat. Ord. Aroideae ; Acoraceae.  (Lindley.)   Sex.
Syst. Hexandria Monogynia,  The rhizoma—Cal'-
amus (Ph. V. S.)—is stomachic and carminative,
but is rarely used.   It is  regarded as a good ad-
juvant  to bark in quinia and intermittents.
   Ac'orus Palustris, Iris pseudacorus—a. Vul-
garis, Iris pseudacorus.
   A COS, Medicament.
   ACOS'MIA, from a, privative, andKotrpo;, 'or-
der,  ornament,'   Disorder,  irregularity in  the
critical days, according to Galen, who  uses the
word Koapoq for regularity in those days.  Others,
and particularly Pollux, call bald persons axotrpioi,
because they are  deprived of one of their most
beautiful ornaments.
   ACOUM'ETER, Acoubm'eter, Acoem'eter, Aco-
em'ctrum, Acu'meter, Acusim'eter, (F.) Acoumitre,
from aicovtii, ' I hear/ and  ptrpov, ' measure.'  An
instrument  designed by M. Itard for measuring
the degree of hearing.
   ACOUMETRE, Acoumeter.
   ACOUOPHO'NIA,  Copho'nia;  from  axovta,
'I  hear,' and tjnavv, 'voice/ "Auscultatory Per-
cus'sion."  A mode of auscultation, in which the
observer places his ear on the chest, and analyzes
the sound produced by percussion.—Donng.
   ACOUS'MA, an imaginary noise.  Depraved
sense of hearing.
  ACOUS'TIC, Acus'ticus.   That which belongs
to the ear; as Acoustic nerve, Acoustic trumpet.
  Acoustic Medicine is one used in diseased au-
dition.
  Acous'tics,  Acus'tica.  (F.) Acoustique.   The
part  of physics which treats of the theory of
sounds.  It is also called Phonics.
  AOOUSTIQUE, Acoustics.
  ACQUA BINELLI, Aqua Binellii—a. Broc-
chieri,  Aqua  Brocchierii—a. IMonterossi, Aqua
Binellii — a.  di Napoli,  Liquor arsenicalis— a.
della Toffana, Liquor arsenicalis.
  ACQUETTA, Liquor Arsenicalis.
  ACQUI, MINERAL WATERS  OF.   These
thermal  sulphureous  springs are in  Piemont.
Their temperature is 167° Fahr., and they con-
tain sulphohydric acid and chloride of sodium.
  ACQUIRED DISEASES,  Morbi acquisi'ti,
M. adventi'tii, M. epicte'ti. Adventitious diseases.
(F.)  Maladies acquiaes.   Diseases which  occur
after birth, and which are not dependent upon
hereditary predisposition.
  ACRAI'PALA, from a, privative, and Kpanza\ri,
' drunkenness.' Remedies against the  effects of
a debauch.—Gorraeus.
  ACRA'LEA, from  aicpos, 'extremity.'   The
extreme  parts of  the  body, as the head, hands,
feet, nose,  ears, &c. — Hippocrates and Galen.
See Acrea.
  ACRA'NIA, from a, privative, and xpavtov, 'the
cranium.'  Want of cranium, wholly or in part.
  ACRA'SIA, from a, privative, or 'bad/ and
icpatrts, 'mixture.'   Intemperance. Excess of any
kind.—Hippocrates.
  It has been employed to denote debility, syno-
nymously with Acratia;  but this may have been
a typographical inaccuracy.
  ACRATI'A, from  a,  privative,  and  icparos,
' strength.'  Impotence;  weakness, fainting..
  ACRATIS'MA, from a, privative, and  ictpav-
wpa, 'to mix.'  A breakfast, consisting of bread
steeped in  wine, not  mixed with water.—Galen,
Athenaeus.
  ACRATOM'ELI, from axparov, 'pure wine/
and pcXi, 'honey.'  Wine mixed with honey.
  ACRATOPE'G^E, Akratope'ga, from a, priva-
tive, and xparos, 'strength/ and Ttnyn, 'a spring.'
Mineral waters having no marked chemical qua-
lities.
  ACRATOPOS'IA,  from Acratum, and xotris,
' drink.'  The drinking of pure or unmixed wine.
  A'CRATUM, aKparov,  from a, privative, and
Kparos,  'strength.'   Unmixed  wine,—Acratum
vinum, Vinum merum.
  ACRATURE'SIS,  from Acratia, 'weakness/
and ovpov,  'urine.' Inability  to void the urine
from paralysis of the bladder.
  ACRE.  The extremity or tip of the  nose.
  A'CREA, Acroteria, from aicpos, 'the summit.'
The extreme parts of the body, as the feet, hands,
ears, <fec.
   Also the extreme parts of animals that are used
as food.  Acrocolia.
   ACRID, from  aicpos, 'a point or summit/ or
from axis, ' a point/ Acer.  An epithet  for sub-
stances which occasion a disagreeable sense of
irritation or of constriction at the top of the
throat.
  Acrid heat, (F.) Chaleur acre, is one that causes
a hot tingling sensation at the extremities of the
fingers.
  Acrid Poison,  See  Poison.
  Acrids,  in Pathology, are certain imaginary
substances, supposed  by  the humourists to exist
in the humours, and  to  cause  various diseases.
See Acrimony.
  ACRIDOPH'AGI,  from aicpis, 'a locust/and
0aya>,  ' I eat.'  Locust-eaters.  Aeridophagous
tribes are said to exist in Africa.—Strabo.
  ACRIMONY, Acu'itas, Aerimo'nia, from acer,
' acrid/ axis, 'a point.'  Acrimony of the humours.
An imaginary acrid change of the blood, lymph,
<fec., which, by the humourists, was conceived to
cause many diseases.
  ACRIN'IA, from a, privative, and  xpivta,  'I
separate.'  A  diminution in the quantity,  or a
total suspension, of the secretions.
  ACRIS, a  sharp bony  prominence.   Also, the
locust.
  ACRI'SIA, Acri'sis,  from  a, privative, and
icptais,  'judgment.'  A condition of disease, in
which  no judgment can be formed; or in which
an unfavourable opinion  must be given.—Hipp.
and Galen.
  ACRISIS, Acrisia. 
ACRITICAL
46
ACTION
  ACRIT'ICAL, Ac'ritos, from a, privative, and
Kpiais, 'judgment.'  That which takes place with-
out any crisis, or which does not foretell a crisis;
as a critical symptom, abscess, &c.
  ACRITOS, Aeritical.
  ACRIVIOLA, Tropaeolum majus.
'  ACROAMA, Audition.
  ACROASIS, Audition.
  ACROBYS'TIA, Acropos'thia, froma/cpoj, 'top,'
and pvu, 'I cover.'  The extremity of the prepuce.
—Hippocrates.   Rufus.
  ACROCHEIR', Acrochir', Acrocheir'on, from
aicpos,  'extremity,' and xct9>  '*ke  band.'  The
forearm and hand.   Gorraeus.  Also, the hand.
  ACROCHOR'DON,  from aicpos,  'extremity,'
and x°pt>n, ' a string.'  A tumour which hangs by
a pedicle.  A kind of hard wart, Verru'ca pens'-
His.—Aetius, Celsus.
  ACROCHORIS'MUS, from  aicpos, ' extremity,'
and j£op£uu,  ' I dance.'   A  kind  of dance, with
the ancients, in  which the  arms  and legs were
violently agitated.
  ACROCOLIA, Acrea.
  ACROCOLIUM, Acromion.
  ACROD'RYA, from  aicpos,  'extremity/  and
Spvs,  'a tree.'   Autumnal  fruits, as nuts,  ap-
ples,  &c.
  ACRODYN'IA, Erythe'ma  acrod'ynum,   E.
acrodyn'ia, (F.) Acrodynie, from a/cpos, 'extre-
mity/ and  o&wn, 'pain.'  A painful affection of
the wrists and ankles especially,  which appeared
in  Paris as an  epidemic, in 1828 and 1829.  It
was supposed by some to be rheumatic, by others
to be owing to spinal irritation.
  ACROLENION, Olecranon.
  ACROMASTIUM, Nipple.
   ACROMIA, Acromion.
  ACRO'MIAL,  Acromia'lis.   Relating to  the
Acromion.
   Acromial Ar'tery,  External Scap'ular,  A.
Arte'ria Thorac"ica humera'lis, Artere troisieme
des  Thoraeiques,—(Ch.)  A. Thoracique  hume-
rale,  arises from the  anterior part of the axillary
artery, opposite the upper edge of the pectoralis
minor.   It divides into two branches : one, supe-
rior; the other, inferior,—the branches of which
are distributed to the subclavius, serratus major
anticus, first intercostal, deltoid,  and pectoralis
major muscles, as well as to the  shoulder joint,
&c.  They anastomose with the superior scapu-
lar, thoracic, and circumflex arteries.
   Acromial   Nerves,  Nervi  acromia'les.
Branches of the fourth cervical nerve, which are
distributed to the acromial region.
   Acromial Vein  has the same  arrangement
as the artery.
   ACRO'MIO-CORACOI'DEUS.  Belonging to
the acromion and coracoid process.
   The triangular ligament between the acromion
and coracoid process of the scapula is so called.
   ACRO'MION, Acro'mium, Aero'mia, Acro'mis,
from aicpos, 'the top/ and  ouos,  'the shoulder.'
 Os Acro'mii, Hu'merus summits,  Armus summus,
Mucro hu'meri, Rostrum porci'n um,  Caput Scap'-
ulm, Acroco'lium.  The process which terminates
the spine of the scapula, and is articulated with
the clavicle.
   ACROMIS, Acromion.
   ACROMPHALIUM,  Acromphalon.
   ACROM'PHALON, Acrompha'lium, from
aicpos, 'the  top/ and outpaXos,  'the navel.'  The
extremity of the umbilical  cord,  which remains
attached to the foetus after birth.
   ACROMYLE, Patella.
   ACRO-NARCOTIC, See Poison.
   A'CRONYX,  from aicpos, 'the summit/  and
ovuf,  ' the nail.'  Growing in of the nail.
   ACROPARAL'YSIS, from  axpos, 'extremity/
and napaXvats, 'palsy;'  Paral'ysis extremita'tum,
Palsv of the extremities.   Fuchs.
  ACROPOSTHIA, Acrobystia.
  ACROPSI'LON, from  aicpos, 'extremity/ and
xpiXos, ' naked.'  The extremity of the glans penis.
  ACRORIA, Vertex.
  ACROB.R11EY' MA, RJieumatis'mus e.rtrcm itd-
tum, from aicpos, 'extremity/ and ptvua, 'defluxion,
rheumatism.'  Rheumatism of the extremities.
  ACROS, aicpos,  ' extremity, top.'  The strength
of the Athletes, and of diseases; the prominences
of bones :  the extremities of the fingers, <tc. See
Acrocheir, Acromion, &c.
  ACROTERIA, Acrea.   See Extremity.
  ACROTERIASIS, Acroteriasmus.
  ACROTERIAS'MUS, Acroteri'asis, from axpo-
rnpta, 'the extremities;' hence aicpoTripiafyiv,  'to
mutilate.'  Amputation of the extremities.
  ACROTHYM'ION,  from  a/cpos,  'top/  and
Svpov, ' thyme.' A kind of conical, rugous, bloody
wart, compared by Celsus to the flower of thyme.
  ACROT'ICA, from a/cpos,'summit.'  Diseases
affecting the excernent functions of the external
surface of the body.
   Pravity of the fluids or emunctories that open
on  the  external surface; without fever or other
internal affection as a necessary accompaniment.
  The 3d order of the class Eccrit'ica of Good.
  ACROTISMUS, Asphyxia.
  ACT, Actus, from  actum, past  participle  of
agere, 'to do/ 'a thing done.'  The effective ex-
ercise of a power or  faculty.  The action of  an
agent.   Acte is used by  the  French,  to  signify
the public discussion, which occurs  in supporting
a thesis :—thus, soutenir  un Acte aux Ecoles  de
MSdccine, is, 'to  defend  a Thesis inthe Schools
of Medicine.'
  ACT^E'A CIMICIF'UGA, A. racemo'sa.
  ActjE'a  Racemo'sa, A. Cimicif'uga,  Cimi-
eif'utjit,  (Ph.  U. S.)  C.  racemo'sa,  Macro'try a
rneenio'sa, Bot'rophis  Serpentu'via (?)  Serpcn-
ta'ria  nigra,  Black snctkeroot,  Richweed, Co-
hosh,  Squaw  root, Rattleweed,  Black  Cohosh.
(F.) Actee d grappes, Serpentaire noire.  Nut.
Ord. RanunculaceaD. Sex. Syst. Polyandria Pen-
tagynia.  A common plant in the United States.
The root is astringent;  and, according to Barton,
has been successfully used, in the form of decoc-
tion, as a gargle in putrid sore throat.  A decoc-
tion of the root cures the itch.  It is acro-narco-
tic, and has been  used in  rheumatism, acute and
chronic; chorea, &c.
  AcTjE'A Spica'ta, Ohristoplioritt'na spiedta,
Aconi'tum racemo'sum, Bane/jerry, Herb  C/iris'-
topher.   (F.) Herbe St. Christophe.  A perennial
herbaceous European plant,  the root of which
resembles that of the black hellebore.  The root
is  cathartic, and sometimes emetic, and in over-
doses may produce dangerous consequences.
  Acta'a  America'na,  of  which there are two
varieties, A. alba and A. rubra,—white and red
cohosh, is indigenous in  the  United States.   It
has the same properties as A. spicata.
  ACTE, Sambucus.
   ACTE, Act.
  ACTEE d GRAPPES, Actaea racemosa.
   AC TIF, Active.
  ACTIO, Action, Function.
  ACTION, Ac'tt'o, Opera'tio, Encrgi'a, Praxis :
from agere, actum, ' to act.'  Mode in which one
object influences another.
   The animal actions are those that occur in the
animal body: the vital, those that are essential
to life : the physiological, those of a healthy cha-
racter : the pathological, or morbific,  those that
occur in disease, &c.  The ancients divided  the
physiological actions into vital, auiinul, natural,
sexual, particular, general, &c.   See Function. 
ACTIONES
47
ADDUCTOR
   ACTIONES NATURALES, see Function.
   ACTIVE, same etymon.  Dras'ticus, Activua,
 Sthen'icua,  Hyperathcn'icue.   (F.)  Actif.  This
 adjective is used, in Pathology, to convey the
 idea of superabundant energy or strength. Active
 symptoms, e. g. are those of excitement.   In The-
 rapeutica, it signifies energetic: — as, an active
 treatment.  The French use  the expression Me-
 decinc agissantc, in contradistinction to Medecine
 expectante.   In Physiology,  active  has a similar
 signification, many of the functions being divided
 into active  and passive.
   ACTON.  A village  near London, at which
 there is a purgative mineral spring, like that at
 Epsom.
   ACTUAL.  Same etymon  as active.  That
 which  acts immediately. A  term usually re-
 stricted to  the red-hot  iron, or to heat in any
 form; in contradistinction to the potential or vir-
 tual, which is applied to caustics or escharotics.
   ACTUA'RIUS.  Originally  a title of dignity
 given to the Byzantine physicians.
   ACTUS  PARTURITIONIS, Parturition.
   ACUITAS, Acrimony.
   ACULEUS  LIGNEUS, Splinter.
   ACUMETER, Acoumeter.
   A'CUPUNCTURE, Acupunctu'ra, from acua,
 'a needle/  and puncturo, 'a puncture.'  A sur-
 gical operation, much in use  amongst the Chinese
 and Japanese, which consists in puncturing parts
 with a very fine needle.   It has been employed,
 of late  years,  in  obstinate rheumatic affections,
 &c,  and apparently with success.  Acupuncture
 is likewise  a mode of infanticide in some coun-
 tries ;  the  needle being forced into the  brain
 through th« fontanelles, or into the spinal mar-
 row, &c.
   ACURGIA, Surgery (operative.)
   ACUS, Needle — a. Capitata, Pin—a. Invagi-
 nata, see Needle—a. Ophthalmica,  see Needle—
 a. Paracentica, Trocar—a. Paracentetica, Trocar
 — a. Triquetra  vulgaris, Trocar — a. Veneris,
 Eryngium  campestre.
   ACUSIMETER, Acoumeter.
   ACUSIS, Audition.
   ACUSTICA, Acoustics.
   ACUSTICUS, Auditory.
   ACUTE, Acu'tus, Oxys, o^vs, (axis, 'a point.')
 (F.)  Aigu.   A disease which, with a certain de-
 gree  of severity, has  a rapid progress, and short
 duration, is said  to  be  "acute." — Oxynose'ma,
 Oxyn'osos,  Oxynu'sos.
   Diseases  were formerly subdivided into Morbi
 acutis'simi, very acute, or those which last only
 three or four days: M. subacutis'simi, which con-
 tinue  seven days:  and  M.  subueu'ti, or those
 which last from twenty to forty days.
   The antithesis to acute is chronic.  Acute, when
 applied to pain, sound, cries, &c, means  sharp.
   ACUTENACULUM, Porte-aiguille.
   ACYANOBLEP'SIA,  from a, privative, icvavos,
 'blue,'  and /JXc-o/, 'I  see.'  Defective  vision,
 which consists in  incapability  of distinguishing
 blue.—Giithe.  See Achromatopsia.
   ACYESIS, Sterilitas.
   ACY1! US, Arnica montana.
   ACYTERIUS, Abortive.
   ADACA.   The Spharan'thus In'dicus, a Mala-
bar plant, which is acrid and aromatic.
   ADAC'RYA, from a, privative, and Saxpvtj), 'I
weep.'  Defective secretion of tears.
  AD.EMONIA, Anxiety.
  ADAKO'DIEN.  A Malabar plant of  the fa-
mily Apocyncio, used  in that  country in diseases
of the eyes.
  AD'ALI.  Lip'pia.  A  Malabar plant,  which
the Orientals regard as au antidote to the  bite of
the naja.
   ADAMANTINE  SUBSTANCE,  Enamel  of
 the teeth.
   ADAMAS, Diamond.
   ADAMI'TA, Adami'tum.  A very hard, white
 calculus.—Paracelsus.
   The first word has been used for  stone in the
 bladder:  the second for lithiasis or the calculous
 condition.
   ADAM'S  APPLE, Pomum Adami.
   ADANSONIA DIGITATA, Baobab.
   ADAPTER, from ad and apto, ' I fit.'  A tube
 employed in  pharmaceutical operations for length-
 ening the neck of a retort; or in cases where the
 opening of the receiver is not  large enough to
 admit the beak of the retort.
   ADAR'CE, Adar'cion, Adar'cis  A concretion
 found about the reeds  and grass in the marshy
 regions of Galatia, and hiding them, as it were:
 hence the name, from a, privative, and Sepicu, ' I
 see.'  It was formerly in repute for cleansing the
 skin from freckles, Ac.
   ADARIGO, Orpiment.
   ADARNECH, Orpiment.
   ADARTICULATIO, Arthrodia.
   AD  CUTEM ABDOM'INIS  (ARTERIA.)
 The  superficial artery of the abdomen,—a branch
 of the crural  or femoral, which  arises at the
 lower part of Poupart's  ligament  and ascends
 towards the umbilicus, being distributed to the
 integuments.
   AD DAD.  A Numidian plant; bitter  and
 poisonous.
   ADDEPHAG"IA, Adephag"ia,  from  aSSvv,
 'much,'  and ipaye.iv, 'to  eat.'   Voraciousness.
 Galen and Hoffman  have given  this  name to vo-
 racious appetite in children affected with worms.
 Sauvages refers it to Bulimia. Also, the goddess
 of gluttony.
   ADDER'S TONGUE, Ophioglossum vulgatum.
   ADDITAMEN'TUM.  A term once used sy-
 nonymously with Epiphysis.  It  is now restricted
 to the prolongation of two cranial  sutures, the
 lamboidal and squamous.
   Additamentum Coli, Appendix  vermiformis
 caeci — a. Necatum,  Olecranon—a. ad Sacrolum-
 balem,  see Sacro-lumbalis— a.  Uncatum  ulnae,
 Olecranon—a. Ulnae, Radius.
   ADDUCENS  OCULI, Rectus internus oculi.
   ADDUCTEUR  DE  L'CEIL, Rectus  inter-
 nus  oculi — a. du Gros orteil, Adductor pollicis
 pedis — a. Premier  ou moyen, Adductor longus
 femoris—a.  du Pouce, Adductor pollicis manus
 — a. Second  ou petit, Adductor brevis—a. Troi-
 sieine ou grand, Adductor magnus.
   ADDUCTION, Adduc'tio, from ad, 'to/ and
 ducerc, 'to draw.' Parago'ge. The action by which
 parts are  drawn towards the axis of the body.
   The muscles which execute this  function are
 called Adduc'tors.
   ADDUCTOR MEDII DIGITI PEDIS,  Pos-
 terior medii digiti pedis —a, Oculi, Rectus  inter-
 nus oculi.
   Adduc'tor Metacar'pi min'imi Dig"iti, Me-
 tacar'petts, Car'po-metacar'pens  min'imi dig"iti,
 is situate  between the adductor  and flexor, next
 to the metacarpal bone.   It  arises, fleshy, from
 the unciform process of the  os  unciforme, and
 from  the contiguous part of the annular ligament
 of the wrist, and is inserted, tendinous and fleshy,
 into the fore-part of the metacarpal bone of the
 little  finger, from its  base to its head.
  Adduc'tor Pol'licis Manus,  A. Pol'licis, A.
 ad  min'imum dig"itum, Metacar'po-phalan''geus
 pol'licis—(Ch.)  (F.) Adducteur du pouce.   A
 muscle which arises, fleshy, from  almost the
 whole length  of the metacarpal bone of  the mid-
 dle finger, and is inserted into the inner part of
the root of the first bone of the thumb. 
ADEC
48
ADEPS
  Adduc'tor Pol'licis Pedis, Antith'enar, Mc-
tatar'so-subphalan'gcus pollicis. — (Ch.) Tarso-
metatarsi-phalangien du pouce.   (F.) Adducteur
du gros orteil.   Arises by a long, thin  tendon,
from the under  part of the os calcis, from the os
cuboides, os cuneiforme externum, and from the
root of the metatarsal hone of the second toe. It
is divided into two fleshy portions, and is inserted
into the external sesamoid bone,  and root of the
metatarsal bone of the great toe.
  Bichat has given  the general name, Adduc'-
tors, to those of the interosseous  muscles of the
hand  or foot, which  perform the action of ad-
duction.
  Adductor Tertii Digiti Pedis, Prior tertii
digiti pedis.
  Adductors of the thigh.  These are  three
in number, which have, by some anatomists, been
united into  one muscle—the Triceps  Adduc'tor
Fem'oris.
  1. Adduc'tor  longus fem'oris, Adduc'tor fem'-
oris primus,  Triceps minor,  Pu'bio-femora'lis—
(Ch.)  (F.) Premier ou moyen adducteur.  Arises
by a strong  tendon from the upper and fore part
of the os pubis  and ligament of the symphysis,
at the inner side of the pectinalis. It runs down-
wards and outwards, and is inserted by a broad,
flat tendon, into the middle of the linea aspera.
  2.  Adduc'tor   brevis,  A. fem'oris  secun'dus,
Triceps secun'dus, Sub-pubio-femora'lis — (Ch.)
(F.) Second ou petit Adducteur.  Arises tendi-
nous from  the os pubis, at the side of its sym-
physis,  below and behind the last  muscle. It
runs obliquely  outwards, and is inserted by a
short, flat tendon into the inner and upper part
of the linea  aspera,  from a little below  the tro-
chanter minor to the beginning of the insertion
of the adductor longus.
  3. Adduc'tor  magnus, Adduc'tor fem'oris ter'-
tius et quartus,  Triceps magnus,  Is'chio-femora'-
lia—(Ch.)  (F.) Troisieme on grand adducteur, is
much larger than either of the others.  It arises
from  the ramus of the pubis, from that of the
ischium, and from the tuber ischii, and is inserted
into the whole length of the linea aspera.   Near
the lower part  of the  linea aspera  it is pierced
by a kind of oblique, fibrous canal, through which
the crural artery and vein pass.
  ADEC.  The inner man.—Paracelsus.
  ADECTA, Sedatives.
  ADELIPARIA, Polysarcia.
  ADELODAGAM.   A  bitter  Malabar plant,
used in asthma,  catarrh, and gout.
  ADELPHIA, see Adelphixia.
  ADELPHIX'IA,  Adelphixis; from  aScXtpos,
'brother.'  Consanguinity of parts in health or
disease.  Frater'nitas, Fratra'tio.  Hippocrates
used the word  Adel'phia, for diseases  that re-
semble each other.
  ADELPHIXIS, Sympathy.
  ADEMONIA, Depression, Nostalgia.
  ADEMOSYNE, Depression, Nostalgia.
  ADEN, a<5/;v, 'a gland;' hence  Adenalgia, Ade-
niform, <fcc.—see Gland.
  ADENAL'GIA, Adenodyn'ia, from  aSnv, 'a
gland,' and aXyos, 'pain.'   Glandular pain.
  ADENECTOP'IA, from abnv,  'a gland/ and
tKToiros, 'removed from its place.'  Dislocation of
a gland.
  ADENEMPHRAX'IS,  from  aSw,  'a gland/
and  tutppa^is, 'obstruction.'  Glandular  obstruc-
tion.
  ADEN'IFORM, Adeniform'is, Adendi'des,
Adenoid, from Aden, 'a gland/ and Forma, 'form
or resemblance.' Glan'diform, or resembling a
gland. f
  ADENITE LYMPHATIQUE, Lymphaden-
itis.
  ADENI'TIS, from  aSnv, 'a gland/ and ills, a
termination denoting inflammation.  Phlegma'sia
adeno'sa seu glandulo'sa.  Glandular inflamma-
tion.
  Adenitis Lymphatica, Lymphadenitis.
  Adeni'tis Mesenter'ica,  Mesenteric Gangli-
onitis.  Inflammation of the mesenteric glands.
  Adenitis Palpebrarum Contagiosa, see Oph-
thalmia.
  ADENOCHIRAPSOLOG"IA, from aSVv,  'a
gland/ xc'P> '^e hand,' airrta, 'I lay hold of,' and
Xoyos, 'a description.' The doctrine of curing
scrofula or the king's evil by the roval touch.
  ADENOCHON'DRIUS, from ainv, 'a  gland/
and xovfy°s> 'a cartilage.'  Relating to gland and
cartilage, — for example,  Arthropliy'ma  adeno-
chon'drium, a tumefaction  of the glands and car-
tilages of joints.
  ADENODYNIA, Adenalgia.
  ADENOG'RAPHY, Adenogra'phia, from ainv,
'a gland/ and ypatpo), 'I describe.'  That  part of
anatomy which describes the glands.
  ADENOID, Adeniform.
  ADENOIDES, Adeniform.
  ADENOL'OGY,  Adenolog"ia,  from aSyv,  'a
gland/ and Xoyos, 'a description.'   A treatise  on
the glands.
  ADENOMALA'CIA, from a<5>7v, 'a gland/ and
paXaKia, ' softening.'  Mollescence or softening of
a gland.
  ADENO-MENINGEAL,  see Fever,  adeno-
meningeal.
  ADENONCOSIS, Adenophyma.
  ADE'NO-PHARYN'GEUS, from air,v, 'a
gland,' and tpapvy^,  ' the pharynx.'   Some fleshy
fibres, which pass from the constrictor pharyngis
inferior to the thyroid gland, have  received this
name.   Their existence is  not constant.
  ADE'NO-PHARYNGI'TIS.  Same etymon.
Inflammation of the tonsils and pharynx.
  ADENOPHTHALMIA, Ophthalmia tarsi.
  ADENOPHY'MA,  Adenon'cus, Adenonco'sis,
from  aSnv, 'a  gland,' and  tj,vpa,  'a swelling.'
Swelling of a  gland, or  glandiform ganglion.
(F.) Glandage.  Adenophyma is used by some to
signify  a soft glandular swelling;—Adenoncus,
one of a harder character.—Kraus.
  Adenophyma Inguinalis.   Bubo.
  ADENOSCIR'RHUS,   Adenosclero'sis, from
a&nv,  'a gland/ and o-zcippos,  'induration.' Scir-
rhous induration of a gland.
  ADENOSCLEROSIS, Adenoscirrhus.
  ADENOSIS SCROPHULOSA, Scrofula.
  ADENO'SUS, (Absces'sus.)  A hard, glandular
abscess,  which suppurates slowly.—M. A. Seve-
rinus.
  ADENOT'OMY,  Adenotom'ia,  from a5nv,  'a
gland/  and rtumt,  'I cut.'   Dissection of the
glands.
  ADEPHAGIA, Addephagia,  Boulimia.
  ADEPS, Ade.ps Suillus,  Oxijn'tjium, Pinquc'dn.
Pig's flare.  The fat of the hog.' In the Ph. U. S.
the prepared fat of Sus scrofa, free from saline
matter.
   Adeps Anseri'nus, Adepts an'seris or Goose
grease,  (F.) Graisse d'Oie, is emollient.  It has
been used as an emetic.
  Adeps Cantharidibus Medicatus, Unguen-
tum lyttae medicatum—a. Cortice Daphnes gnidii
medicatus, Unguentum epispasticum  de Daphne
gnidio—a.  Humanus, Liquamumia—a.  Hydrar-
gyro medicatus, Unguentum Hydrargyri—a. ex
Hydrargyro mitius dictum cinereum, Unguentum
oxidi hydrargyri cinereum—a. Hydrargyri muri-
ate oxygenato medicatus, Unguentum  muriatis
hydrargyri oxygenati medicatum—a. Hydrargyri
nitrate medicatus, Unguentum hydrargyri nitratis
—a. Hydrargyri oxido rubro et plumbi aceta me- 
ADEPT
49
ADORION
dicatus, Unguentum ophthalmicum—a.  Lauro
medicatus, Unguentum laurinuin—a. Ovilli, Se-
vum — a.  Papavere, hyoseyamo,  et  belladonna
medicatus, Unguentum populeum—a. Sulfure  et
ammonia)  muriate  medicatus, Unguentum sul-
phuratum ad scabiem—a. Sulfure et carbonate
potassae medicatus,  Unguentum sulphuratum al-
calinum ad scabiem—a. Tartaro stibii medicatus,
Unguentum antimonii tartarizati—a.  Oxido zinci
medicatus, Unguentum oxidi zinci impuri.
  Anioi'S  Prapara'tus,  Hog's lard, Barrow's
grease, Lord, Ax'umje, Axuu'giu, Adeps suil'lus
prapara'tus, A. prapara'tus, Axun'gia porci'na,
(F.) Gmisse de Pore, Saindoux, is prepared by
melting  pig's  flare, and  straining it.  This is
called rendering  tbo lard.  Lard is emollient,
but is chiefly  used for forming  ointments and
plasters.
  ADEPT, Alchymist.
  ADEP'TA  MEDICI'NA.   Medicine,  which
treated of diseases  contracted by celestial opera-
tions, or communicated from heaven.
  Adepta Piiilosophia, Alchymy.
  ADFLATUS, Afflatus.
  ADILERENTIA, Adherence.
   ADHiESlO,  Adherence.
  ADHATO'DA, Justic"ia adhato'da.  The Ma-
labar Nut Tree.   (F.) Noyer de Ceylon.  Used
in India for expelling the dead foetus in abortion.
The word is said to convey this meaning in the
Ceylonese.
   ADHE'RENCE, Adhe'sion, Adharen'tia, Oon-
cre'tio, Atre'sia,  Pros'physis,  Proscolle'sis, Ad-
ha'sio, from adharere, (ad and harere,) 'to stick
to.'  These words are usually employed synonym-
ously.  The French often use adherence  for the
state of  union, and adhesion for  the act  of ad-
hering.
  ADHESION, Adherence.
  ADHE'SIVE  INFLAMMATION is that in-
flammation which  terminates  by an adhesion
between inflamed  and  separated surfaces, and
which was, at one time, supposed to be necessary
for such adhesion.
   Adhe'sive is also  an epithet for certain plasters
which stick closely to tho skin.
  ADIANTHUM, Adiantum.
  ADIANTUM,  A. pedatum.
  Adiantum .iEthiop'icum.   A  South  African
plant, Nat. Ord.  Folices, an infusion of which is
sometimes used as  an emollient in coughs, and
in diseases of the chest.
  Adiantum Album, Asplenium ruta muraria—
a. Aureum, Polytrichum.
  Adian'ttm Capil'lus Ven'eris, A. Coriandri-
fo'lium seu Nigrum, Capil'lus Ven'eris, from a,
privative,  and  Statvu,  ' to grow wet,' from  the
leaves not being easily moistened.  Maiden hair.
(F.)  Oapillaire de Montpellier.   A European
plant, of feeble,  aromatic and demulcent pro-
perties.  It is used for forming the Sirop de  Ca-
piltaire or Oapillaire.
  Adiantum Coriandrifolium, A. Capillus Ve-
neris.
  Adiantum Nigrum, A. Capillus Veneris.
  Adian'tum Peda'tvm, A. Canadensis  seu Pa-
tens, Adiantum, Capil'lus Ven'eris Ganaden'sis,
Herba Ven'eris, Filix Ven'eris, Canada Maiden-
hair, American  Maidenhair, Rockfern, Sweetfern,
(F.) Oapillaire  du Canada, has the same proper-
ties.  Oapillaire  was once made from this. See
Adiantum.
  Adiantum Rubrum, Asplenium trichomanoides.
  ADIAPHORO'SIS, Adiaphore'sis,  from a, pri-
vative, ita, 'through/ and tpopos, 'a pore.' Defect
or suppression of perspiration, Adiapneus'tia.
  ADIAPH'OROUS, Adiaph'orus, Indiff'erens,
       4
Neutral. A medicine which will neither do harm
nor good.
  ADIAPNEUSTIA, Adiaphorosis.
  ADIARRHGil'A, from  a, privative, and itap-
puv, 'to  flow.'   Retention of  any excretion.—
Hippocrates.
  ADICE, Urtica.
  ADIPATUS, Fatty.
  ADIPEUX, Adipose.
  ADIPOCERA, Adipocire — a.  Cetosa, Ceta-
ceum.
  ADIPOCIRE, Adipoce'ra, from adeps, 'fat/
and cera, 'wax.'  The base  of biliary  calculi,
called  also Choi'esterine.   Also, a sort of soap,
formed from animal matter under certain  circum-
stances.  (F.) Gras des  Cadavres, Gras des Cime-
tieres.  The human body, when it has been for some
weeks  in water, assumes this appearance; and it
has been a subject of legal inquiry, what length
of time is necessary to produce it.   This must,
of course, depend upon various circumstances, as
climate, season,  &c.
  ADIPOCIRE DE  BALEINE, Cetaceum.
  AD'IPOSE, Ad'ipous,  Adipo'sus, from adeps,
'fat.'  (F.) Adipeux.  That which relates  to fat—
as Adipose membrane, A.  vessels, <fec.  See Fatty.
  Ad'ipose Sarco'ma of Aberne'thy, Emphy'ma
sarco'ma  adipo'sum, is suetty throughout,  and
enclosed in a thin capsule of condensed areolar
substance, connected by means of minute vessels.
It  is chiefly found on the fore and back parts of
the trunk.  See Sarcoma.
  ADIPOSIS.   See Polysarcia.
  Adipo'sis  Hepat'ica,  Pimelo'sia  hepat'ica,
Fatty  liver, Fatty degeneration of the liver, (F.)
DegenSresccnce graisseuse du Foie.  Fatty dis-
ease of the liver.
  ADIPOSUS, Fatty.
  ADIPOUS, Fatty.
  ADIP'SIA, Dipso'sis expera. Absence of.thirst.
  ADIP'SON,  Adip'aum, from a, privative, and
Si^la,  'thirst.'   Any  substance  which  relieves
thirst. Applied to a decoction of barley to which
oxymel was added.—Hippocrates.
  ADIPSOS, Glycyrrhiza.
  AD'ITUS, 'an entrance/ 'an approach;' from
adere, aditum, ' to go  to.'  Pros'odos.   The en-
trance to  a canal or duct, as Aditus ad Aquaduc-
tum Fallopii.
  Aditus ad Infundibultjm, Vulva.
  ADIULIS'TOS, from a, privative, and StvXifa,
'I  run.'   Unstrained  wine  for  pharmaceutical
purposes.—Gorraaus.
  ADJUNCTUM, Accompaniment.
  ADJUTOR PARTUS, Accoucheur.
  AD'JUVANT, Ad'juvans, from adjuvare, 'to
aid.'   A medicine, introduced into a prescription
to  aid the operation of the principal ingredient
or basis.  Also,  whatever assists in the removal
or prevention of disease.
  ADNASCENTIA, Prosphysis.
  ADNATA (TUNICA,) Conjunctiva.
  ADNEE (MEMBRANE,) Conjunctiva.
  ADOLES'CENCE,   Adolesced tia,  Juven'tus,
jEtas  bona,  Youth;  from adolescere (ad and
olescere) 'to  grow.'  (F.) Jeunesse.   The period
between  puberty and  that at which the body
acquires its full development; being, in man,
between the 14th and 25th years;  and, in woman,
between the 12th and 21st.
  ADOLES'CENS, Ju'venis,  Hebe'tes, Hebe'ter,
Hebe'tor.  A  youth. A young man in the period
of adolescence.
  ADO'LIA.  A Malabar plant,  whose  leaves,
put in oil, form a liniment, used in  facilitating
labour.
  ADOR, Zea mays.
  ADORION, Daucus carota. 
ADOUOISSANT
50
.■EGYPTIA
  ADOUOISSANT, Demulcent.
  AD PONDUS OM'NIUM.  The weight of the
whole.  In a prescription it  means,  that  any
particular ingredient shall equal  in weight the
whole of the others.
  ADRAGANT, Tragacantha.
  ADRA  RIZA, Aristolochia clematitis.
  ADROBO'LON,  from a<5pos,  'great/ and (ScoXos,
' mass.'  The bdellium of India, which is in larger
pieces than that of Arabia.
  ADROS, a6pos,  'plump and full.'  Applied to
the habit of body, and also to the pulse.—Hippo-
crates.
  ADSARIA PALA,  Dolichos pruriens.
  ADSPIRATIO, Aspiration, Inspiration.
  ADSTANS, Prostate.
  ADSTITES GLANDULOSI, Prostate.
  ADSTRICTIO   Astriction,  Constipation.
  ADSTRICTORIA,  Astringents.
  ADSTRINGENTIA, Astringents.
  ADULAS'SO. The Justitia biralris. A small
shrub, used in India as a local application in gout.
  ADULT, see Adult age.
  Adult  Age,  Andri'a,  from  adolescere,  'to
grow to/ (ad and olere, olitum,  'to grow.')   17-
ril'ity, The age succeeding adolescence, and pre-
ceding old age. In the civil law, an adult is one,
who, if a boy, has attained the age of fourteen
years ; and, if a girl, of twelve.  In the common
law, one of full age.    Adult,  Adul'tus, is  also
used for one in the adult age.
  ADULTERATIO, Falsification.
  ADULTUS, see  Adult age.
  ADUNCATIO UNGUIUM, Onychogryphosis.
  ADURENS, Caustic,
  ADURION,  Rhus coriaria.
  ADUST, Adus'tus, from  adurere, (ad  and
were,)  'to burn.'   The blood  and fluids were
formerly said to be adust, when there was much
heat in the constitution and but little serum in
 the blood.
  ADUSTIO, Adustion, Burn.
  ADUS'TION, Adus'tio.  State of  the body
 described under Adust.  In surgery, it signifies
 cauterization.
  ADVENTITIOUS  DISEASES, Acquired dis-
 eases.
  ADVENTITIUS, Accidental.
  ADYNA'MIA, Impoten'tia; from a, privative,
 and Svvapis, ' strength/ Adyna'sia,  Adyna'tia.
 Considerable debility of the vital powers; as in
 typhus fever.  Some  Nosologists  have a class of
 diseases under the name  Adynamia, Ec'lyses,
 Morbi asihen'ici.
   Adynamia Virilis, Impotence.
   ADYNAMTC,   Adynam'icus, Hypodynam'ic,
 Hypodynam'icus;  same etymon.  Appertaining
 to  debility of the vital powers.
   ADYNASIA, Adynamia.
   ADYNATIA, Adynamia.
   ADYNATOCOMIUM, Hospital.
   ADYNATODOCHIUM, Hospital.
   ADYNATOS, Sickly.
   ^D03A, Genital Organs.
   ,33D03'AGRA,  from aiSoia, 'genital  organs/
 and aypa, ' seizure.'   Gout in  the  genitals.
   ^EDffiAG'RAPHY, JEdceagraph'ia, from oj-
 Soia, ' organs  of generation,'  and ypaipta, ' I de-
 scribe.'   A description  of the organs of gene-
 ration.
   jEDCEAL'OGY, 2Edcealog"ia, from aiioia, 'the
 pudendum,' and Xoyos, 'a description.' A treatise
 on the organs of generation.
   ^IDffiAT'OMY, jEdceatom'ia, JEdazotom'ia,
 JFd<t<,t'ome, JEdceofomy, from atiota, 'the pu-
 dendum,' and  Tcpvoi,  'I cut.'   Dissection of the
 parts of generation.
   ■ffiDOSI'TIS, jEdceoti'tia, Medei'tis;  from at-
Soia, 'genital organs/ and itis, denoting inflam-
mation.  Inflammation of the genital organs.
  JED050BLENORRH03A, Leucorrhcea.
  jEDOjIODYN'IA, from a«<5oia, 'genital organs/
and oSvvri, 'pain.'  Pain in the genitals.  Puden-
dagra.
  iEDOGOGARGALUS, Masturbation, Nym-
phomania.
  ^EDCEOGARGARISMUS,  Masturbation,
Nymphomania.
  ^EDOi'OMANIA, Nymphomania.
  iKDffiON, Inguen.
  jEDffiOPSOPHESIS, iEdoeopsophia.
  yEDffiOPSOPH'IA, Jldceopsophc'sis, from ai-
Soia, 'the pudendum/  and xpofuv, 'to make a
noise.'  Emission of wind by the urethra in man,
by  the vagina in woman.—Sauvages and  Sagar.
  .<"Edceopsophia Uterina, Physometra.
  vEDOjIOTITIS, iEdoeitis —ae. Gangrasnosa,
Colpocace—ae. Gangraenosa puellarum,  Colpo-
cace  infantilis — 03.  Gangraenosa puerperarum,
Colpocace puerperarum.
  ^EDCEOTOME, jEdoeatomy.
  JEDO30T0MIA, ^Edceatomy.
  ^DCEOTOMY, JEdoeatomy.
  JEDOPTOSIS, Hysteroptosis—ae. Uteri, Pro-
lapsus uteri—as. Uteri inversa, Uterus, inversion
of the—ae. Uteri retroversa, Retroversio uteri—
ae. Vaginae, Prolapsus V.—ae. Vesicae, Exocyste.
  jEEIG'LUCES, Aeig'luces, from an, 'always/
and yXti/cuf, ' sweet.'  A kind  of  sweet wine or
must. — Gorraeus.
  JEGAGROP'ILA, JEgagrop'ili, from atyaypos,
'the rock goat/ and  irtXos, 'hair,'  liezour d'Alle-
magne, Pila Dama'rum seu Rnpicapra'rum.  A
ball composed of hairs, found in  the stomach of
the goat: once used medicinally.—Bezoar.
  iEGEIROS, Populus.
  ,EGER,  Sick.
  jE'GIAS, jEgis, JEglia, ^E'gides, from ail, 'the
goat;' why, is not known.  (F.)  Aigc or Aigle.
There is obscurity regarding the precise meaning
of this word.  It was used to designate an ulcer,
or speck on the transparent cornea.—Hippocrates.
  Maitre Jean uses  it for a calcareous deposit
between the conjunctiva and sclerotica.
  vEGIDES, iEgias.
  iE'GILOPS, An'chilops, Adkylops,  from  aif,
'goat/ and to\f/, 'the eye.'  An ulcer at the greater
angle of the eye, which sometimes does not pene-
trate to the  lachrymal sac, but  at others does,
and constitutes fistula lachrymalis.—Galen, Cel-
sus, Oribasius, Aetius, Paulus of iRgina, &c.
  iEGI'RINON.  An ointment of which the fruit
or flower of the poplar was an ingredient; from
atyttpos, ' the black poplar.'
  jEGLIA. .cEgias.
  vEGOCERAS, Trigonella fcenum.
  .EGOLE'THRON,  Ranunculus  flammula.
  ."EGONYCHON, Lithospermum officinale.
  iEGOPHONIA, Egophony.
  .&GOPHONICUS, Egophonic.
   ^GOPODIUM PODAGRARIA, Ligusticum
podagraria.
   iEGRIPPA, Agrippa.
   -&GRITUDO, Disease—ae. Ventriculi, Vomit-
ing.
   ^EGROTATIO, Disease.
   ^EGROTUS, Sick.
   iEGYP'TIA.  An  epithet  for several  medi-
 cines, mentioned by Galen, Paulus  of iEgina,
 and Myrepsus.
   -iEgyp'tia Moschata, Hibiscus abelmoschus.
   _35gyp'tiA  Stypte'ria,  Aiytuma   arvKrripia,
 ^Egyptian alum.  Recommended by Hippocr.
   jEgyp'tia Ul'cera; ^Egyptian ulcers.  Ulcers
 of  the fauces and tonsils, described by Areiaeus,
 as  common in Egypt and Syria. 
^GFPTIACUM
51
."ETHER
  .fEGYPTIACUM, yEgyp'tion, Mende'aion, Mel
A'jiiyptincum, Phar'nutcum jEgyptiacum.  A pre-
paration" of vinegar, honey, and verdigris, scarcely
used now, except by veterinary surgeons as a de-
terment.   See Linimentum iEruginis.
  /EUYPTION, vEgyptiacum.
  .EGYPTIUM  MEDICAMENTUM AD
AURES.  Pharmacum ad aures.
  iEGYP'TIUS PESSUS: ^Egyptian pessary.
A pessary, composed of honey, turpentine, butter,
oil of lily or of rose, saffron, each one part; with
sometimes a small quantity of verdigris.
  AEICIIRYSON, Sedum.
  iK I PATH El A, see Continent (Disease.)
  AEIPATIIIA, see Continent (Disease.)
  yEMOPTOICA PASSIO, Haemoptysis.
  iEXEA, Catheter.
  vEOLECTHYMA, Variola.
  iKOLLION, Varicella.
   yi'OLLIUM, Varicella.
   jEOX, atdiv.  The entire age of  a  man from
 birth till death. — Hippocrates, Galen.  Also, the
 spinal marrow.  See Medulla Spinalis.
   JONESES, Fomentation.
   jEONION, Sedum.
   jEO'RA, from aioipw, 'I suspend.'  Gestation,
 swinging.—Aetius, Celsus, <fcc.
   .EQUALIS, Equal.
   iEQUA'TOR OCULI.  The  line formed by
 the union of the upper and under  eyelid, when
 thevare closed.  It is below the middle of the globe.
   .EQUIVOCUS, Equivocal.
   AER, Air.
   AERATION OF THE BLOOD, Hsematosis.
   A ER AT I IS,  Carbonated.
   AERE, Carbonated.
   yEREOLUM, JSreohte, Chalcus.    The sixth
 part of an obolus by weight, consequently about
 2 grains.
   JE'RESIS, atpctrts, 'the  removal of any thing.'
 A  suffix denoting a removal  or separation, as
 Apharesis, Diaresis, &c.
   AERGIA, Torpor.
   AKRIF'EROUS, Aerifer, (F.) Aerifere, from
 an; ' air/ and fcrre, ' to carry.'  An  epithet for
 tubes  which convey air, as  the larynx, trachea,
 and bronchia.
   AERIFLUX'US.   The discharge of gas, and
 the fetid emanations from the sick.   Flatulence.
 — Sauvages.
   AERODIAPH'THORA, from anp, 'air/ and
 Statpdopa, 'corruption.'  A  corrupt state of the air.
   AERO-ENTERECTASIA, Tympanites.
   AF.ROL'OGY; Aeroloifia, Aerolog"ice, from
 anp, ' air,' and  Xoyos, ' a description.'  That  part
 of physics which treats of the air,  its qualities,
 uses, and action on the animal economy.
   AER'OMANCY, Aeromanti'a, from a/yp, 'air,'
 and pavrtia, 'divination."   An  art in judicial as-
 trology, which consists  in the foretelling, by
 means of the air, or substances found in the at-
 mosphere.
   AEROMELI, Fraxinus ornus.
   AEROPERITONIE, see Tympanites.
   AEROPIIOB'IA,  from ar/p, 'air/  and tpofios,
 'fear.'   Dread  of the air.  This symptom often
 accompanies hydrophobia, and sometimes hyste-
 ria and other affections.
   AEROPHOB'ICUS,  Aeroph'obus; same  ety-
 mon.  One affected with aerophobia.
   AEROPHOBUS, Aerophobicus.
   AEROPHTHORA, Aerodiaphthora.
   AEROPLEUR1E, Pneumothorax.
   AEROSIS, Pneumatosis, Tympanites.
   AEROTHORAX, Pneumothorax.
   JSRUCA, Cupri subacetas.
  ^RU'GINOUS, JErugino'sus, lo'des, from
jErugo, 'verdigris.'   (F.) Erugineux.   Resem-
bling verdigris in colour; as the  bile when dis-
charged at times from the stomach.
  MRWGO,ios,from<£«, 'copper.'  Therustofany
metal, properly of brass.  See Cupri Subacetas.
  Mrvgo Ferri, Ferri subcarbonas—ae. Plumbi,
Plumbi subcarbonas.
  jES, Cuprum.
  iESCHOS, ai^os.   Deformity of the body ge-
nerally, or of some part.—Hippocrates.
  .ES'CULUS HIPPOCAS'TANUM, from esca,
'food,' [?]  Casta'nea  equi'na, Pavi'na, Horse-
chestnut, Buck-eye.  (F.) Marronier d'Inde. Nat.
 Ord. Hippocastaneae.  Sex. Syst. Heptandria Mo-
nogynia.  The bark has been advised as a substi-
tute for cinchona.  Both bark and fruit are as-
tringent.  Externally, it has been employed, like
 cinchona, in  gangrene.
   ^SECAVUM, Brass.
   ESTATES, Ephelides.
   iESTHE'MA, aiadnua, gen. ataOnuaros, 'a sen-
 sation, a perception.'   See Sensation and  Sensi-
 bility.  In the plural, asthe'mata, the apparatuses
 of the senses.
   ^ESTHEMATOL'OGY, &sthematolog" ia;
 from attrdnua, and  Xoyos, 'a  description.' The
 doctrine of, or a treatise on,  the senses, or on the
 apparatus of the senses.
   .ESTHEMATONU'SI, jEsthematorganonu'si,
 from  aiadnpa,  and vovtrot,  ' diseases.'   Diseases
 affecting sensation.
   JESTHEMATORGANONUSI,  ."Esthemato-
 nusi.
   iESTHE'SIS, Aisthe'sis,   from attrSavouat, 'I
 feel.'  The  faculty of being affected by a sensa-
 tion.  Perception.  Sensibility, as  well  as the
 senses themselves.   See Sense.
   ^ESTHETERION, Sensorium.
   .ESTHET'ICA, from aiaSavouat, 'I feel.' Dis-
 eases  affecting  the sensations.  Dulness, depra-
 vation or abolition of one or more of the external
 organs of sense.  The 2d order, class Neurotica,
 of Good.  Also, agents that affect  sensation.—
 Pereira,
    iESTIVUS, Estival.
    .ESTUARIUM,  Stove.
    iESTUATIO, Ardor, Ebullition, Fermentation.
    ."ESTUS,  Ardor.
    .55stus Volat'icus.  Sudden  heat, scorching
 or flushing of the face.—Vogel.
    JETAS, Age—a?. Bona, Adolescence—ae. De-
 crepita,  Decrepitude — ae.  Mala, Senectus — 3d.
 Provecta, Senectus — ae. Senilis,  Senectus.
    jETHER, Ether, from aiSnp, 'air/ or from atSui,
 ' I burn.'  Liquor athe'reus.  A volatile liquor ob-
 tained by distillation from a mixture  of alcohol
 and a concentrated acid.  See iEther sulphuricus,
 and Ether.
    ^Ether Chloricus, Chloroform; Ether, chloric.
    iETHER  Hydrocyan'icus, jEther  Prus'sicus,
 Hydrocyan'ic Ether,  Hydrocy'anate of Eth'erine,
  Oyan'uret of Eth'ule, (F.) Ether Hydrocyanique,
 has been advised in hooping-cough,  and where
 the hydrocyanic acid is indicated. Dose, 6 drops.
    .tEther Lignosus, Acetone.
    ^Ether Martialis, Tinctura  seu Alcohol sul-
 furico-aethereus ferri.
    -33ther Muriat'icus, Muriat'ic  or  Chlorohy-
 dric Ether, Mu'riate  of Etherine,  Chloride  of
 Ethyle.  This ether, on account of  its volatility,
 can only be kept in cool places.  It has the pro-
 perties  of the  other ethers,  and when used, is
 generally mixed with an equal  bulk  of alcohol.
 It has been employed as an anaesthetic. A Ohio-
 rinated  Chlorohydric  Ether,  (F.)  Ether Chlor-
 hydrique chlore, formed by  the action of Chlorine
 on Chlorohydric Ether, has been introduced into
 practice as a local anaesthetic. 
.ffiTHEREA HERBA
52
AFFERENT
   JEther   Nitricus  Alcoolisatus,  Spiritus
 ffitheris nitrici—a?. Pyro-aceticus, Acetone.
   JEther Sulphc'ricus, yE. Vitriol'icus, Naph-
 tha  Yitrioli, Sul'phuric Ether.  Ether prepared
 from sulphuric ether and alcohol.
   Rectified Ether, JEther rectified tus, prepared
 by distilling 12 oz.  from a mixture of sulphuric
 ether, f"5xiv, fused potass,  §ss. and  distilled
 water, fgij, is a limpid, colourless, very inflam-
 mable, volatile liquor;  of a penetrating and fra-
 grant odour, and hot pungent taste.  Its s. g. is
 0.732.
   JEther  Sulphuricus,  Sulphuric  Ether of the
 Pharmacopoeia  of  the  United  States (1842),
 JEther of that of 1851, is formed from alcohol,
 Oiv; sulphuric acid, Oj ; potassa,  "|jvj ; distilled
 water, f^iij; distilling and redistilling according
 to the process  there laid down.  The specific gra-
 vity of this ether is 0.750.
   It  is a diffusible stimulant, narcotic and anti-
 spasmodic, and is externally refrigerant.  Dose,
 gtt. xxx to f giss.  When ether is inhaled, it is
 found to be a  valuable anaesthetic agent:  and is
 employed with advantage in spasmodic affections,
 and  in surgical operations.  See Anaesthetic.
   The Parisian Codex has an JEther ace'ticus, an
 JEther muria'ticus seu liydrochlor'icus, an JEther
 ni'tricus seu nitro'sus, and  an JEther phospho-
 ra'tus.  They all  possess similar virtues.  See
 Anaesthetic.
   JEther Sulphuricus Acidus, Elixir acidum
 Halleri — ae. Sulphuricus  cum alcohole, Spiritus
 setheris sulphurici—ae. Sulphuricus cum alcohole
 aromaticus, Spiritus aetheris aromaticus.
   jEther  Terebinthina'tus, Terebinth1mated
 ether, made by mixing gradually two pounds of
 alcohol, and half a pound of spirit of  turpentine,
 with two pounds of concentrated nitric acid, and
 distilling one-half the mixture with a gentle heat.
 Employed  externally  and internally  in biliary
 calculi, rheumatism, <fcc.  Dose 20 to 40 drops,
 in honey or yolk of egg.
  JETHEREA HERBA, Eryngium maritimum.
   iETHE'REAL,  Ethe'real, Ethe'reous, JEthe'-
 reus,  (F.)  EtMree.   An ethereal  tincture, (F.)
 Teinture eihirie, is one formed by the action of
 sulphuric ether, at the ordinary temperature, on
 medicinal substances.  An ethereal oil is a vola-
 tile oil.  See Olea Volatilia.
  iETHERIZATIO, Etherization.
  2ETHERIZATUS, Etherized.
  JETHE'REO-OLEO'SA  (Remedia), from
 jEtheroleum, 'a volatile  oil.'  Remedies, whose
 properties  are dependent upon the volatile  oil
 they contain.
  2ETHEROLEA, Olea volatilia.
  iETHIOP'ICUS LAPIS, Ethiopian stone.  A
 stone formerly supposed to be possessed of con-
 siderable virtue.—Oribasius.
  JETHIOPIFICA'TIO, JEthiopopoe'sis, JEthi-
 opis'mus, JEthiopio'sis, from yEtliiops, a,nd facere,
 'to make.'   The  mummy-like colouring of  the
 skin,  induced  at times by the  use of mercurial
 ointment; and seen in bodies poisoned by arsenic.
  vETHIOPIOSIS, JEthiopificatio.
  2ETHIOPIS, Salvia sclarea.
  JETHIOPISMUS, iEthiopificatio.
  iETHIOPOPOESIS, iEthiopificatio.
  JE'THIOPS, from  at$w,  'I  burn/  and uif,
 'countenance.'  A black or burnt countenance.
 The  ancients  gave  this name to  certain oxides
 and sulphurets of metals, which were of a  black
 colour.
  JEthiops Albus, Albino—ae. Alcalisatus, Hy-
 drargyrum  cum creta—ae. Animal, see Choroid.
  jEthiops  Martia'lis, Ferri Deutox'ydum ni-
grum.  The black deutoxide of iron: once  in re-
pute  as a tonic.
  JEthiops Mineralis, Hydrargyri sulphuretum
nigrum—ae. Narcoticus, Hydrargyri sulphuretum
nigrum—ae. per se, Hydrargyri oxydum cinereum
—ae. Saccharatus, Hydrargyrum saccharatum—
ae. Vegetabilis, see Fucus vesiculosus.
  iETHOL'ICES, from  ai$w,  'I  burn.'  Fiery
pustules on  the  skin.   Some  have  considered
them to have been boils.
  JETHUSA AMMI, Sison amnii.
  jEthu'sa Cyna'pium, Fool's Parsley, (F.) Faux
Pcrsil, Petite Gigue.  Family, Umbelliferae. Sex.
Syst.  Pentandria Digynia.  A poisonous plant,
which has been mistaken  for true parsley, pro-
ducing  nausea, vomiting,  headache, giddiness,
sopor, and at times, fatal results.  It resembles
conium in its action.
  JEthu'sa Meum,  Meum,  M. Athaman'ticum,
seu Aneihifo'lium, Athaman'ta Meum, Ligus'ticum
Gapilla' ceum seu Meum, Ses'eli Meum, Men, Spig-
nel, Bald money. (F.) Ethuse, Meum.  The root has
been advised as carminative, stomachic, &,c.
  JETIOL'OGY,  JEtiolorj"ia, Etiol'ogy,  Aitio-
log"ia,  from atria,  'cause/ and Xoyos,  'a dis-
course.'  The doctrine of the causes  of disease.
  JETI'TES, from airos,  'an eagle.' Eagle-stone,
Pierre d'Aigle,  Hydrate de tritoxide defer. This
stone was formerly supposed to facilitate delivery,
if bound on the thigh; and to prevent abortion,
if bound on the arm.  It was also called Lapis
Collymus.
  JETOI PHLEBES, Temporal veins.
  xETOLION, Cnidia grana.
  AFFADISSEMENT, (F.) from fade, 'insipid.'
That condition of the digestive function in which
the appetite  is diminished,  the  sense of taste
blunted, and the action of the stomach enfeebled;
a state visually accompanied by general languor.
  AFFAIBLISSEMENT, Asthenia.
  AFFAIRES, Menses.
  AFFAISSEMENT, Collapsus.
  AFFECTIO,  Affection—a. Arthritica Cordis,
Cardiagra—a. Hypochondriaca, Hypochondriasis
—a. Hysterica, Hysteria—a. Sarmatica, Plica—
a. Tympanitica, Tympanites.
  AFFECTION, Affec'tio, from officio or affec-
tare  (ad  and facere,) 'to move or influence.'
Any mode in which the mind or body is affected
or modified.
  AFFECTION  TYPHOIDE, see Typhus —
a. Vuporeuse, Hypochondriasis.
  AFEECTIONES  ANIMI, Affections  of the
mind.
  AFFECTIONS OF THE MIND, Affec'tus seu
Passio'nes seu Affectio'nes  seu  Conquassatio'nea
seu Confusio'nes seu  Turbatio'nes seu Perturba-
tio'nes an'imi, (F.) Affections de I'dme  include not
only the different passions, as love, hatred, jea-
lousy, Ac, but every condition of the mind that
is accompanied by an agreeable or disagreeable
feeling, as pleasure, fear,  sorrow, <fcc.
  In Pathology, Affection,  Pathos, Pathe'ma, is
synonymous with disease:  thus we  speak of  a
pulmonary affection, a calculous affection, &c.
  AFFECTIONS DE L'AME.  Affections of
the mind.
  AFFECTIVE.  That which affects, touches, &c.
Gall gives the term affective faculties (F.) Facul-
tes affectives, to functions  dependent upon the
organization of the brain, comprising the senti-
ments, affections, &c.
  AFFECTUS, Passion —a. Faucium pestilens,
Cyanche maligna—a. Hyderodes, Hydrops—a.
Spasmodico-convulsivus labiorum, Neuralgia fa-
ciei.
  AF'FERENT, Af'ferens, Ccntrip'etal, Esod'ic,
from affero, (ad andfero, 'to carry/) 'I  bring.'
Conveying inwards, as from the periphery to the
centre.  The vessels which convey the lymph to
the lymphatic glands, are called  afferent.  Also, 
AFFION
53
AGGLUTINANT
 nerves that convey impressions towards the nerv-
 ous centres—nervi entobanon'tes.
   AF'FTON, Of'fium, O'pinm.  The Bantamese
 thus designate an electuary of which opium is the
 basis, and which they use as an excitant.
   AFFLA'TUS, Adjlu'tus, Epipnoi'a, from  ad,
 'to,' ami flare 'to  blow.'  Any air that strikes
 the body and produces disease.
   AFTLUENCE, Afflux, from affluere, (ad and
 flue re,  'to flow/) 'to  flow to.'  A flow or deter-
 mination of humours, and particularly of blood,
 towards any part.
   AFFLUXUS, Fluxion.
   AFFUSIO, Affusion—a. Frigida, see Affusion
 —a. Orbicularis, Placenta.
   AFFU'SION, Affu'sio, Pros'chysis, Epich'ysis,
 from ad, 'to/ and fnnderc, fusum, 'to pour.' The
 action of pouring a liquid on any body.  Affu-
 sions, I{hyptol.u'itia-; cold and warm, are used in
 different diseases.   The cold affusion,  Affu'sio
 seu Perfu'sio frig"ida, is said to have been bene-
 ficial in cutting short typhus fever and scarlatina,
 if used during the first days.  It consists in pla-
 cing the patient in a tub, and pouring cold water
 over him ; then wiping him dry, and putting him
 to bed.  The  only precaution  necessary, is, to
 use it in the state of greatest heat and exacerba-
 tion ; not when  chilliness, or topical inflamma-
 tion, is present.
   AFIUM, Opium.
   AFTER-BIRTH, Secundines.
   AFTER-PAINS, see  Pains, labour.
   AGACEMENT, (F.) from aica&iv, 'to sharpen.'
 The setting on edge.
   AGACEMENT DES DENTS.  A  disagree-
 able sensation experienced when acids are placed
 in contact with  the teeth.  Tooth edge.  Setting
 the teeth on edge.
   AGACEMENT DES NERFS.   A slight  ir-
 ritation of the  system,  and particularly of  the
 organs  of sense and  locomotion,  corresponding
 nearly  to the English Fidgets.
   AGALACTATIO, Agalactia.
   AGALACTIA, Agalax'ia, Agalac'tio, Agalac-
 ta'tio, Defec'ttts  lac'tis,  Oligoga'lia, Oligogalac-
 tia, from a, privative, and yaXa, 'milk.' Absence
 of milk in the mammae.
   AGALAXIA,  Agalactia.
   AGAL'LOCHUM, from  ayaXXo/xat, 'to become
 splendid,' Calambac,  Oalambouk, Lig'num AgaV-
 lochi veri, Lig'num Al'oes, L. Aspal'athi, Xylo-
 aloes, Aloes wood. A resinous and very aromatic
 wood of tho East Indies, from Exeaca'ria AgaV-
 locha, Cynometra Agal'lochum, Aloex'ylon AgaV-
 lochum.   Used in making pastils, &c. — Diosco-
 rides, Oribasius,  Paulus.
   AGAMOUS, see Cryptogamous.
   AG'ARIC, Agar'icum.   A genus of plants  in
 the Linnaean system, some of which are  edible,
 others poisonous.  It was so called from Agaria,
 a region of Sarmatia.—Dioscorides.  Among the
 edible varieties of the Boletus, the following are
 the chief.  1. The Agar'icus edu'lis sen Arven'sis
 seu Sylvut'icus seu Gampes'tris, (F.) Agaric comes-
 tible et champignon de couche.  2. The Agar'icus
 odora'tus, (F.) Mousscron.  The  most  common
 poisonous varieties are  the  Agar'icus  neca'tor,
 (F.) Agaric  meurtrier:  and 2.  The Agaricus
 acris, (F.) Agaric dcre; besides the Auranite, a
 sub-genus, which includes  several  species. One
 of the most delicate is the Agaricus Aurantiacus,
 but care must be taken  not  to confound it with
 the A.  Pseudo-aurantiacus,  which  is very poi-
 sonous.  The A.  aurantiacus is called, in French,
 Orange.   See Poisons, Table of.
  Agaric, see Boletus igniarius — a. Blanc, Bo-
letus laricis—a. de  GhSne,  Boletus igniarius—a.
 Female, Boletus igniarius — a. of the Oak, Bole-
 tus igniarius—a.  Odorant, Daedalea suaveolens—
 a. White, Boletus laricis.
   AGARIC UM,  Boletus igniarius.
   AGARICUS, Boletus igniarius—a. Albus, Bo-
 letus laricis—a. Arvensis, see Agaric—a. Auran-
 tiacus,  Amanitas,  Bolites — a. Auriculaeforma,
 Peziza  auricula — a. Campestris, see Agaric—a.
 Chirurgorum,  Boletus igniarius—a. Igniarius,
 Boletus igniarius—a.  Laricis,  Boletus laricis —
 a.  Pseudo-aurantiacus,  Amanitas — a. Querclls,
 Boletus igniarius — a.  Sylvaticus, see Agaric.
   AGASYLLISGALBANUM,Bubongalbanum.
   AGATHIS DAMARRA, Pinus damarra.
   AGATHOSMA  CRENATUM, Diosma  cre-
 nata.
   AGATHOTES  CHIRAYITA, Gentiana chi-
 rayita.
   AGA'VE AMERICANA, A. Ramo'sa, Ameri-
 can Agave, American aloe, Maguey,  from ayavos,
 'admirable.' Nat. Ord. Bromeliaceae. Sex. Syst.
 Hexandria Monogynia.  This  plant has been
 considered diuretic and  antisyphilitic.  The fa-
 vourite drink of the Mexicans—Pulque—is the
 fermented juice of this plant.
   Agave  Ramosa, A. Americana.
   Agave  Virgin'ica, Rattlesnake's master:—
 grows in the Southern States.  The  root is very
 bitter.  It has been used in tincture as a carmina-
 tive in colic; and  as  a  remedy for  bites of ser-
 pents.
   AGE, 'nXtKia, Heli'kia, JEtas; — Of uncertain
 etymon.  Period of life.   Time that has  elapsed
 since birth, &c.  Five  ages are  often designated
 in the life  of man.'  1.  First infancy  (Infan'tia;)
 2. Second infancy  (Pueri'tia;)  3.  Adolescence
 (Adolfseen'tia:)  4. The  adult  age  (Viriiitas:)
 5. Old age (Senec'tus.)
   AGENEIOS, Imberbis.
   AGEN'ESIS,  from  a, privative,  and  ytvtots,
 'generation.'  Imperfect development of any part
 of the body; as cerebral agenesis, i.  e. imperfect
 development of the brain in the foetus.
   AGENNESIA, Impotence, Sterilitas.
   AGENNESIS, Impotence.
   AGENOSO'MUS;  from  a, privative,  ytvvato,
 'I generate/ and awua, 'body.'   A malformation
 in which the fissure and  eventration are chiefly
 in the  lower part of the abdomen;  the urinary
 or sexual  apparatus absent or very rudimentary.
   AGENT, Agens, from  agere, 'to  act.'  Any
 power which produces, or tends to  produce an
 effect on the human body.  Morbific  agents, (F.)
 Agens morbifiques, are  the causes of disease; —
 therapeutical agents, (F.) Agens  therapeutiques,
 the means of treating it.
   AGER  NATURJE, Uterus.
   AGERA'SIA, Insenescen'tia, from  a, privative,
 and yi7pay,  'eld age.' A vigorous and green old
 age.
   AGERATUM,  Achillea ageratum.
   AGE'RATUS LAPIS.   A stone used by cob-
 blers to polish shoes.   It was formerly esteemed
 discutient  and astringent. — Galen, Oribasius,
 Paulus.
   AGES, Palm.
   AGEUSIA, Ageustia.
   AGEUS'TIA, Agheus'tia, Ageu'sia, Apogeus'-
 tia, Apogeu'sis, Dysasthe'sia gustato'ria, Para-
geu'sis,  from a, priv., and ytvtsns, 'taste.'   Dimi-
nution or loss of taste,  Anasthe'sia lingua.  Sau-
vages, Cullen.
  AGGLOM'ERATE,  Agglomera'tus, from ag-
glomerare  (ad and glomerare, 'to wind up  yarn
in a ball/)  'to collect together.'  Applied to tu-
mours or glands in aggregation.
  AGGLU'TTNANT,   Agglu'tinans,  Collet'icus,
 Ght'tinans, from gluten, 'glue' (F.) Agglutinant,
Agglutinatif, Glutinatif.   Remedies were  for- 
TO AGGLUTINATE            54              AGRYPNODES
merly so called, which were considered capable
of uniting divided parts.—Paulus.
  Plasters are called agglutinants, (F.) aggluti-
natifa, which adhere strongly to the  skin.  Cer-
tain bandages are likewise so termed. (F.) Ban-
delettes aqqlutinatives.
  TO AGGLU'TINATE.   The French use the
word agglutiner, in the sense of 'to  reunite;' as
agglutiner lea Uvrea d'une plaie, 'to  reunite the
lips of a wound.'
  AGGLUTINATIF, Agglutinant.
  AGGLUTINATIO, Coition.
  AGGLUTINA'TION,  Colle'aia,  Epicolle'sia,
Proacolle'aia, Glutindtio, from agglutinare,  'to
glue  together.'  The  first  degree of adhesion.
Also, the action of agglutinants.
  AGGLUTINER, To agglutinate.
  AG'GREGATE, Aggrega'tus, from aggregare,
(ad and gregare,) 'to flock together,'  'to assemble
together.'  Glands  are  called  aggregate which
are in clusters.  See  Peyeri Glandulae.   Aggre-
gate pills,  (F.) Pilules agregatives, signified,
formerly, those which were believed to contain
the properties of a considerable number of medi-
cines, and to be ablo to supply their place.
   AGHEUSTIA, Ageustia.
   AGHOUL, Agul.
   AGIAHA'LID or  AGIHA'LID  or AGRA-
HA'LID.  An Egyptian and Ethiopian  shrub,
similar to Ximenia.  The Ethiopians use it as a
vermifuge.  The fruit is purgative.
   AGIHALID, Agiahalid.
   AGISSANT, Active.
   AGITATION, Agita'tio,  Done'sis; from agere,
'to act.'  Constant  and fatiguing motion of the
body, Tyrbe, Tyrba'sia, In'quies, — or distressing
mental inquietude,—An'imi Agita'tio.
   AGITATORIUS, Convul'sive.
   AGLOS'SIA,  from a, privative,  and yXtao-aa,
 ' the tongue.'  A malformation, which consists in
the want of a tongue.
   AGLOSSOS'TOMA, from Aglossia, and aroua,
 ' mouth.'  A mouth without a tongue.
   AGLOSSOSTOMOG'RAPHY, Aglossostomo-
gra'phia, from  a,  priv., yXtaaaa, 'the  tongue/
 cropa,  'the  mouth/  and  ypa<pu>, 'I describe.'
 Description of a mouth without a tongue.—Ro-
 land (of Saumur).
   AGLUTI'TION, Agluti'tio, from  a, priv., and
 glutire,  'to swallow.' A hybrid term, designat-
 ing impossibility of swallowing.—Linnaeus.
   AGMA, Fracture.
    AGMATOLOG"IA, from aypa, fracture,  and
 Xoyos, ' a description.'  The doctrine of fractures.
 A treatise on fractures.
    AGME, Fracture.
    AGMINA DIGITORUM MANUS, Phalanges
 of the fingers.—a. Membrana, Amnios.
    AGMINATED  GLANDS, Peyer's glands.
    AGNA'THIA, from a, priv., and yvaQos, 'jaw.'
 A malformation, which consists in the want  of
 the jaw, especially of the lower.
    AGNINA MEMBRANA, Amnios.
    AGNOI'A, Agnce'a from a, priv., and  yivoo-nta,
  ' I know.' State of  a patient who does not recog-
 nise individuals.—Hippocrates, Galen, Foesius.
    AGNUS_ CASTUS, Vitex.
    AGO'GE, ayu>yi7.  The order or condition of a
  disease.—Hippoc,  Galen.   Likewise the state of
  the air.—Hippoc,  Galen, Gorraeus,  Foesius.
    AGOGUE, aywyos, a leader,' from ayto, 'I lead
  or expel.'   Hence Gholagogue, an expeller  of
  bile: Hydragogue, &c.
    AGOMPHI'ASIS, Agompho'sis, from a, priva-
  tive, and  yopapooi, 'I nail.'   Looseness of the
  teeth.—Gorraeus.  See Gomphiasis.
    AGOMPHOSIS, Agomphiasis.
    AGON, Agony.
  AGONE, Hyoscyamus.
  AGONIA, Sterilitas.
  AG0N1SMA, Agony.
  AGONISxMUS, Agony.
  AGONIS'TICA,  from ayuv, 'a combat.'  The
part of ancient gymnastics, which had reference
to the combats of the Athlehe.
  Also, very cold water, given internally, to calm
febrile heat.—Paulus of iEgina.
  AGONIZANS, Psycborages.
  AGONOS, Sterile.
  AG'ONY, Agon'ia, Agon, Agonis'ma, Agonis'-
mus, Mochthus, Mogus, Psychorag"ia,  Psychor-
rhag"ia,  Angor, from aytov,  'a combat.'   The
last struggle of life.—Galen, Gorraeus, <fco.  The
agony, which  is of longer or shorter duration, is
characterized  by great change  in  the  features,
gradual abolition of sensation and motion, loss
of voice, dryness or lividity  of the tongue and
lips, rattling  in the throat, small and  intermit-
tent pulse, and  coldness of the  extremities.
This state is  not present in those who die  sud-
denly.  See Facies Hippocratica.
  AGOS'TUS, from ayw, 'I lead.'  The fore arm
from  the  elbow to the fingers.   Also, the palm
of the hand.—Gorraeus.   See Palm.
  AGRA, aypa, from aypeto, ' I seize hold of.'  A
seizure, as  Odontagra, a tooth seizure, toothache;
Chiraqra, Podagra, &c.
  AGRAFE DE VALENTIN.  A kind of for-
ceps with parallel branches, employed by Valen-
tin in the operation for hare lip, to effect the ap-
proximation of the edges of the wound.
  AGRAHALID, Agiahalid.
  AGREGATIVES PILULES.   See Aggre-
gate.
  AGRIA, Herpes exedens.
  AGRIAMPELOS, Bryonia alba.
  AGRICOCCIMELEA, Prunus Spinosa.
  AGRIFOLIUM, Ilex aquifolium.
  AGRIMONIA,   Agrimony — a.  Eupatoria,
Agrimony—a.  Odorata,  Agrimony—a.  Officina-
lis, Agrimony.
   AG'RIMONY, Agrimo'nia, A. Eupato'ria seu
odora'ta seu officina'lis, Caf'al, Lup'pula hepat'-
ica, Cockle-bur, Stickwort. (F.) Aigremoine.  Nat.
 Ord. Rosaceae.  Sex. Syst. Icosandria Digynia.
A  mild  astringent  and  stomachic.   Dose, in
powder, from *"")j to "Jj.
   Agrimony, Hemp, Eupatorium cannabinum.
   AGRIOCASTANUM, Bunium buBmcastanum,
 Lycoperdon tuber.
   AGRIOCINARA, Sempervivum tectorum.
   AGRIORIGANUM, Origanum majorana.
   AGRIOSELINUM, Smyrnum olusatrum.
   AGRIOTHYM'IA, from aypios, 'ferocious,'and
 Svpos, 'disposition.'  Ferocious  insanity. — Sau-
 vages.
   A.GRIPALMA GALLIS, Leonurus cardiaca.
   AGRIP'PA, yEijrip'pa, from ager partus, 'dif-
 ficult birth:'  or perhaps from  aypa, ' taking, or
 seizure/  and -novs, ' the  foot.'  This  term has
 been given to those born by the feet.   It is pre-
 tended that the family of Agrippa obtained their
 name from this circumstance. Parturition, where
 the feet present, is  called Agrippa partus, Agrip-
 pi'nus partus.
    AGRIPPINUS  PARTUS, see Agrippa.
    AGRO DI CEDRO, see Citrus mediea.
    AGROPYRUM LiEVISSIMUM, Triticum re-
 pens.
    AGROSTIS, Bryonia alba.
    AGRUNA, Prunus spinosa.
    AGRYPNIA, Insomnia.
    AGRYPNOCOMA, Coma vigil.
    AGRYPNO'DES,  from aypvwos,  'sleepless.'
  Characterized by sleeplessness, as Febris Agry-
 pnodes, a fever accompanied with sleeplessness. 
AGRYPNOTICUS              55                  AITION
    AGRYPNOTICUS, Anthypnotic.
    AGRYP'NUS, aypvitvos.   Sleepless; vigilant.
    AGUA DE  VEHUGA, see Verugas.
    AGUARDIENTE, Brandy.  See also Spirit.
  —a. de Italia,  see Spirit.
    A'GUE, from Gothic, agis, 'trembling.' (?) In-
  termittent fever.
    Ague and Fever, Intermittent fever.
    Ague  Cake,  Placen'ta febri'lis, Physco'nia
  sple'nic.um, P. splenica,  Splenis Tumor; (F.) Gd-
  tenu febrile.  A visceral obstruction—generally
  in the spleen—which follows agues, and is dis-
  tinctly felt  by  external examination.   To  a
  greater or less  degree, it is not uncommon.
    Ague,  Dead, see Fever, masked.  Ague  drop,
  tasteless, Liquor arsenicalis—a. Dumb, see Fever,
  masked—a. Free, Laurus sassafras—a. Leaping,
  see Leaping ague—a. Quartan, Quartan—a. Ter-
  tian, Tertian fever—a. Weed, Eupatorium perfo-
  liatum.
    AGUL, Aghoul, Alha'gi,  the Hedisa'rum seu
  Hedysa'rum alhagi.   A thorny shrub of Persia
  and Mesopotamia, which affords manna.   The
  leaves are purgative.
    AGY'ION,  from  a,  priv.,  and yvtov, 'limb.'
  Mutilated or wanting limbs.—Hippocr.  Weak,
  feeble.—< I alen.
   _ AGYR'IAS,  from  ayvpts,  'a collection.'   Opa-
  city of the crystalline.—Ae'tius, Pare.
    AGYRTA, from ayvpts, 'a crowd.'  Formerly,
  a stroller who pretended to supernatural powers.
  Subsequently,  a quack or  illiterate  pretender.
  See Charlatan.
    AGYRTIA, Charlatanry.
    AIIO'RA, from a,  privative, and 'tapa, 'youth.'
  Tardy development of the organs :—the opposite
  to Hyperho'ra.
    AIIOUAI, Thevetia ahouai.
    AHUSAL, Orpiment.
    AI1VPNIA, Insomnia.
    AIDE, (F.) Ad'jutor min'ister.  An assistant
  to a surgeon in his operations.
    AIDOROMANIA, Nymphomania.
    AIERSA, Iris Germanica.
    AIGE, JEgias.
    AIGLE,  MINERAL  WATERS  OF.  Near
  the city of this  name, in Normandy, is the cha-
  lybeate spring  of Saint Xantin, much used in
  the 16th and 17th centuries.
    AIGLE, JEgias.
   AIGRE, Acidulous—a. Voix.   See Acid.
   AIGRE LET, Acidulous.
   AIGRETTE, see Typha latifolia.
   AIGREMOINE, Agrimony.
   AIGREURS,  Acidities.
   AIGU, Acute.
   AIGUILLE,  Needle—a. d Acupuncture,  see
 Needle—a. d Appareil, see Needle—a. d Bee de
 Lievre, see Needle—a. d Cataracte, see Needle—
 a. de Deschamps, see Needle—a. Engainie, see
 Needle—a. d Fistule, see Needle—a. d. Gaine,
 see Needle — a.  d Ligature,  see  Needle — a. d
 Manchc, see Needle—a. d Seton, see Needle—a.
 ci! Suture, see Needle.
   AIGUILLON,   (F.)   Spina  Helmon'tii.   A
 terra used  since  tfho time of Van Helmont to de-
 signate  the  proximate  cause  of  inflammation.
 According to him, an inflamed part is in  the
 same  condition as if  an  aiguillon or thorn were
 thrust into it.
   AIGU/SER, to Acidulate.
   AIL,  Allium.
   AILE, Ala, Aileron.
   AILERON, (F.) Extre'ma Ala  seu Pin'nula,
diminutive of (F.) Ailc, a wing.  The extremity
of the wing of a bird, to which the great feathers
are attached.
     AILERONS DE LA MATRICE.   Three
   folds at the base of the broad ligaments of the
   uterus, which are occupied by the ovary and its
   ligament, the Fallopian tube, and the round liga-
   ment.
     AIMA, 'atpa, see Hasina.
     AIM ANT, Magnet.
     AIMATERA, Hepatirrhoea.
     AIMORRHCEA,  Hasmorrhagia.
     AIMORRHOIS,  Hasmorrhois.
     AINE, Inguen.
     AIPATHIA, Continent disease.
     AIPI, Jatropha manihot.
     AIPIMA  COXERA, Jatropha manihot.
     AIPIPOCA, Jatropha manihot.
     AIR,  Aer,  Pneuma,  from  ato,  ' I  breathe.'
   Common Air, Atmospheric air (F.) Air atmospM-
   rique, is an invisible, transparent, inodorous, in-
   sipid, ponderable, compressible, and elastic fluid,
   which, under the form of the atmosphere, sur-
   rounds the  earth  to  the height  of 15 or 16
   leagues.
     Air is essentially  composed of two gases,  oxy-
   gen and nitrogen, in the proportion of 20 of the
   former to  80 of the latter.  Oxygen is the vital
   portion, but the nitrogen is necessary to dilute it.
   Air also contains  a  small portion of carbonic acid
   gas, and  has always floating in it  aqueous va-
   pour,  different terrestrial emanations,  Ac.  Its
   effects upon the  human  body vary according to
   its greater or less density, temperature, moisture,
   &c.;  hence, change of  air  is found extremely
   serviceable in the prevention and cure of certain
   morbid conditions.   See Climate and  Respira-
   tion.
     AIR ACIDE  Y1TRIOLIQUE,  Sulphurous
   acid — a. Alcalin, Ammonia—a. Atmospherique,
   Air.
     Air Bladder,  Swim-Madder, Swimming blad-
   der ;  (F.) Vessie natatoire.  An abdominal organ
   in  many  fishes,  sometimes  communicating by
   means of a duct  with  the alimentary canal, at
   others, not, which is considered  by some to  be-
   long to the respiratory  system.  Its contents are
   the elements of atmospheric air, but in  different
   proportions; and its chief and general function
   appears to be to regulate  the specific gravity of
   the fish.
    Air Cells of the Lungs, Bronchial cells; see
   Cellule—a. Chamber, Folliculus aeris—a. Dephlo-
   gisticated, Oxygen—a. Empyreal, Oxygen—a. du
   Feu,  Oxygen—a.  Factitious, Carbonic acid—a.
   Fixed, Carbonic acid—a. Gate, Azote—a. Inflam-
   mable, Hydrogen, Hydrogen carburetted.
    Air Passages, (F.)  Voies aeriennes,  V. aeri-
   feres.  The larynx,  trachea, bronchia, <fcc.
    Air, Pure, Oxygen—a. Solid, of Hales, Car-
  bonic acid—a. Vicie, Azote—a. Vital, Oxygen.
    AIRAIN, Bell-metal, Brass.
    AIRE, Areola.
    AIRELLE ANGULEUSE,  Vaccinium myr-
  tillus—a. Ponetuee, Vaccinium vitis idaea.
    AIR1GNE, Hook.
    AIRTHREY,  MINERAL  WATERS  OF.
  Airthrey is situate  about two miles north  of
  Stirling, Scotland.   The  waters  are  saline  ca-
  thartics ; containing  chloride of sodium, chloride
  of calcium, sulphate of zinc, and chloride of mag-
  nesium.
   AISSELLE, Axilla.
   AISTHESIS, JEsthesis.
   AITHOMO'MA, from ai$os, 'black.'  A black
  condition  of all the humours of the eye.  A.
  Pare\
   AITIA, Cause.
   AITIOLOGY, JEtiologia.
1   AITION, Cause. 
AIX-LA-CHAPELLE
56
ALBUM CANIS
  AIX-LA-CHAPELLE, MINERAL WATERS
OF.  Called by the Germans, Aachen.  A ther-
mal, sulphureous, mineral water, which contains,
in 1000 grammes, 28.54 cubic inches of sulpho-
hydric acid gas, 18.05 cubic inches  of carbonic
acid gas, 0.1304 grammes of carbonate of lime,
0.0440 grammes of carbonate of magnesia, 0.5444
grammes of carbonate of soda, 2.3697 grammes
of chloride  of sodium, 0.2637 of sulphate of soda,
and  0.0705 of silica.  The  temperature is 134°
Fahrenheit.
  The factitious water of Aix-la-Chapelle, A'qua
Aquisgranen'sis,  (F.) Eau d'Aix-la-Chapelle, is
made by adding pure water f^xvijss, to  hydro-
sulphuretted water f^iv., carbonate  of soda gr.
xx, chloride of sodium gr. ix.—Ph. P.
  There are thermal sulphureous springs at Aix
in Savoy (98°), and some thermal springs at Aix
in Provence (91°).
  AIZOON, Sempervivum tectorum.
  A'JUGA, A. pyramida'lis,  Consol'ida me'-dia,
Bu'gula, B. pyramida'lis, Teu'criumpyramida'le,
Upright Bugloss, Middle  Consound.  (F.)  Bugle
pyramidale.  This plant is subastringent and
bitter.
  Ajuga ChamjEpitys, Teucrium chamospitys.
  Ajuga Reptans, Bu'gula, B. reptans, Common
Bugle,  (F.) Bugle rampante, has similar proper-
ties.
  AKATALIS, Juniperus communis.
  AKATERA, Juniperus communis.
  AKINESIA, Acinesia.
  AKOLOGY, Materia Medica.
  AKRATOPEGiE, Acratopegae.
  ALA, Pinna,  Pteryx,  'a wing.'   (F.) Aile.
A term often used by anatomists for  parts which
project like a wing from the median line; as the
Ala  nasi, Ala of the uterus,  &c.  See Axilla and
Pavilion of the Ear.  Also, Pterygium.
  Ala Extrema, see Aileron.
  ALABAS'TER,  Alabas'trum.   (F.) Albdtre,
Alabastri'tes.  A variety  of compact  gypsum;
of which an ointment was once made ;—the un-
guen'tum alabastri'num; used  as  a discutient.
Alabaster  likewise  entered into  several  denti-
frices.
  ALABASTRITES, Alabaster.
  AL/E INTERNiE MINORES CLITORIDIS,
Nymphae—a. Majores, Labia pudendi—a. Mino-
res, Nymphae—a. Muliebres minores, Nymphae—
a. Nasi, see Nasus—a. Pudendi Muliebris, Labia
pudendi—a. Pulmonum, see Pulmo—a. of the
Uterus, see Ala—a. Vespertilionis,  see Uterus.
  ALALTER, from (F.) lait, 'milk.' To suckle.
  ALALIA, Mutitas.
  ALAMB1C, Alembic.
  ALANFU'TA. A name given by the Arabians
to a vein, situate between the chin and lower lip,
which they were  in the habit of opening in cases
of foetor of the breath.—Avicenna.
  ALAQUE'CA.   The Hindoostanee name of  a
stone, found in small, polished fragments, which
is considered efficacious in arresting hemorrhage
when applied  externally.  It is a sulphuret of
iron.
  ALARES MUSCULI, Pterygoid muscles.
  Ala'res  Venje.   The superficial veins at the
fold  of the arm.
  ALA'RIA OSSA.  The wing-like processes of
the  sphenoid bone.
  ALA'RIS, Ala'tus, Aliform'is;  from ala, 'a
wing.'  Wing-shaped; winged.
  ALATERNUS,  COMMON,  Rhamnus  ala-
ternus — a. Latifolius, Rhamnus alaternus.
  ALA'TUS.  Pterygo'des,  Homo  ala'tus.  One
whose scapulae project backwards like wings.
  ALBAD'ARAN, Aldabaran.   The  sesamoid
bone of the metatarso-phalangal joint  of the
great toe.   The Rabbis and Magicians attributed
extraordinary virtues to it.—Arabians.
  ALBAGIAZI, Sacrum.
  ALBAMENTUM, Albumen ovi.
  ALBAN, SAINT, MINERAL WATERS  OF.
A French acidulous chalybeate, in the department
of the Loire.
  ALBARAS ALBA, Lepra alphoides—a. Nigra,
Lepra nigricans.
  ALBARiES,  Lepra alphoides.
  ALBAROS, Lepra alphoides.
  ALBATRE,  Alabaster.
  ALBEDO UNGUIUM,  see Nail.
  ALBIN D'CEUF, Albumen ovi.
  ALBINISM, see Albino.
  ALBINISMUS, see Albino.
  ALBI'NO   'White.'  Lcuca'thiops,  JEthiopa
albus, Dondo, from albus, 'white.'  (F.) Blafard,
Negre-blanc.  A Spanish word applied to indivi-
duals of the human race who have the skin  and
hair white; the iris very pale, bordering on red;
and the eyes so sensible, that they cannot bear
the light of day. This condition, which has been
called Leucathio'pia, Alpho'sis JEthiop'ica, Albi-
no'is'mus, Albinis'mus, Al'binism,  Leucopathi'a, is
seen more frequently in the Negro.  Both sexes
are exposed to it.  It does not seem  to be true,
that there  are tribes of Albinos in the interior of

  ALBINOISMUS, see Albino.
  ALBOR OVI, Albumen ovi.
  AL'BORA.  A kind of itch  or complicated
leprosy.—Paracelsus.
  ALBOT, Crucible.
  ALBOTIM, Terebinthina.
  ALBUGIN'EA, Tu'nica  albugin'ea, A. Testis,
Perites'tis, Dura mater testis, Membra'na capsula'-
ris testis.  (F.) Albuginee, Tunique albuginee.   A
strong, fibrous,  and resisting membrane, which
immediately envelopes  the testicle, and has, at
its  upper  part,  an  enlargement, called  corpus
Highmorianum.  From its  inner surface it sends
off  a number  of flat,  filiform prolongations or
septa, between  which  are  contained the  semi-
niferous vessels. Externally it is covered by the
tunica vaginalis testis.
  ALBUGINEE, Albuginea, Albugineous.
  ALBUGIN'EOUS, Albugin'eus,  'white/ from
albus, (F.) Albuginee.   A  term  applied to tex-
tures, humours, &c, which are perfectly white.
  Albugin'eous Fibre, (F.) Fibre albuginee. A
name given by Chaussier to  what he considers
one of the  four elementary fibres.
  The  albugineous  fibre  is linear,  cylindrical,
tenacious,  elastic, but little extensible, and of a
shining, satiny  appearance. It forms fasciae or
fasciculi, which constitute the tendons, articular
ligaments,  and  aponeuroses;  hence the  name
Albugineous membranes, given by Chaussier to
the fibrous membranes.
  Gauthier considered, that the rete mucosum
consists of four layers,  to two of which he gives
the names membra'na albugin'ea profun'da  and
membra'na albugin'ea superficia'lis, respectively.
  ALBUGINI'TIS, (F.)  Albujjinite.   A term
employed  by some authors for inflammation of
the albugineous tissue.  Thus, gout and  rheu-
matism  are regarded   as species  of the genus
albuginitis.
  ALBUGO  OCULORUM, Leucoma—a.  Ovi,
Albumen ovi.
  ALBULA,  Leucoma.
  ALBUM CANIS, Album  graecum —a. Ceti,
Cetaceum.
  Album Gr^icum, Oynoc'oprus, Spo'dium Gra-
co'rum, Album  Canis,  Stercus Gani'num Album.
The white dung of the  dog.  It consists almost 
ALBUMEN                 57                 ALCOHOL
 wholly of phosphate of lime, from the bones used
 as food.  It was formerly applied as a discutient
 to the inside  of the  throat  in quinsies, but is
 now justly  banished from practice.
   Album Nigrum. The excrement of the mouse.
   Album Oculi, see Sclerotic.
   Album Riiazis.  A white  ointment made of
 cerusse and lard, prescribed by the Arabian phy-
 sician Rhazes.
   ALBU'MEN, Leuco'ma, Ooni'ne, Ozemun, from
 albus, 'white.'  (F.)  Albumine.  An immediate
 principle of animals and vegetables, which con-
 stitutes the chief part of the white of egg.   It is
 found in  the serum, chyle, synovia, serous fluids,
 &c.  There is not much difference in chemical
 composition between animal and vegetable albu-
 men, fibrin and casein: fibrin  alone appears, how-
 ever, to be  possessed of plastic properties.  Also,
 the white of the eye.  See Sclerotic.
   Albu'men Ovi, Albu'mor,  Albu'go Ovi, Albor
 Ori,  Oan'didum Ovi, Albu'men,  Olare'ta,  Ovi
 albus  liquor, Albumen'turn, Lac avis or white of
 egg, (F.) Blanc d'oeuf, (Old  F.) Albin d'aeuf, is
 used in  pharmacy  for suspending oils, &c, in
 water.  See Ovum.
   ALBUMINE, Albumen.
   ALBUM INU'RIA. A hybrid term from 'Albu-
 men,' and oupov, 'the urine.'  A condition of the
 urino in which it contains albumen, the presence
 of which is indicated by its coagulation on the
 application of adequate heat.
   ALBUMINURORRHEE, Kidney, Bright's
 disease of the.
   ALBUMOR, Albumen ovi.
   AL'CAEST, Al'cahest, Al'chaest, perhaps from
 (G.) all, 'all,' and geist,  'spirit.'  A word in-
 vented by Paracelsus to designate a liquor, which,
 according to him, was capable of removing every
 kind of swelling.
   The same word was used by Van Helmont for
 a fancied universal solvent, capable of reducing
 every body to its elements.
   Alcaest  of Glauber is  a thick liquor ob-
 tained by detonating nitrate of potassa on hot
 coals, which transforms it into subcarbonate of
 potassa.
   Alcaest of Respour is  a mixture of potassa
 and oxyd of zinc.
   ALCAHEST,  Alcaest.
   ALCAHOL, Alcohol.
   ALCALES'CENCE, Alkales'cence, Alcalescen'-
 tia.  The condition in which a fluid  becomes
 alkaline.
   Alcalescence of the Humours was an old
 notion  of the humourists.  It  can  only  occur
 during the  putrid  fermentation of animal mat-
 ters, which  contain azote, and produce ammonia.
 Alcalin'ity is the quality of  being alcaline.
   AL'CALI or Alca'li, Al'kali, from at (Arab.,)
 'the/  and kali,  the name of the Salso'la Soda,
 a plant which contains a large quantity of one
 of the principal  alkalis—soda.  The  alkalis are
 substances soluble in water, possessing generally
 a urinous, acrid, and  caustic  taste, turning the
 syrup of  violets green, and restoring to blue in-
 fusion of litmus, which  has been  reddened by
 acids; reddening the yellow of turmeric,  and
 having the greatest tendency to unite with acids,
 whose character they modify, and form salts with
 them.  In medicine we understand by this term
 Potassa, Soda, or Ammonia.
  Alcali, Caustic, Al'kali Oatis'ticum.  A pure
 alkali.   One deprived of its carbonic acid.
  Alcalis,  Fixed, Soda and potassa; Volatile
Alcali. Ammonia.
  Alo u.i  Ammoniacum Acetatum, Liquor am-
monias acetatis—a. Ammoniacum fluidum, Liquor
ammonia)—a. Fixum tartarizatum,  Potassaa  tar-
 tras — a. Minerale sulphuricum, Soda, sulphate
 of—a, Tartari aceto saturatum, Potassae acetas__
 a.  Vegetabile  salito  dephlogisticatum, Potassaa
 murias hyperoxygenatus—a. Vegetabile tartari-
 zatum, Potassae  tartras—a. Vegetabile vitriola-
 tum, Potassae sulphas—a. Volatile acetatum, Li-
 quor  ammoniae  acetatis — a. Volatile  aeratum,
 Ammonias carbonas—a. Volatile ex sale ammo-
 niaco, Ammoniae carbonas.
   ALCALIGENE, Azote.
   ALCALINITY.  See Alkalescence.
   ALCANA,  Anchusa officinalis.
   ALCANNA MAJOR LATIFOLIA DENTA-
 TA, Prinos—a. Orientalis, Lawsonia inermis—a.
 Spuria,  Anchusa tinctoria—a.  Vera, Lawsonia
 inermis.
   ALCEA, Hibiscus abelmoschus—a. -3-igyptiaca,
 Hibiscus abelmoschus—a. Indica, Hibiscus abel-
 moschus.
   Alce'a Ro'sea, Common hollyhock. Emollient,
 like Althaea.
   ALCHACHENGE, Physalis.
   ALCHACHIL, Rosmarinus.
   ALCHAEST, Alcahest.
   ALCHEMIL'LA, said to have been celebrated
 with the Alchemists [ ? ]   A.  vulga'ris, Common
 Ladies' Mantle, Pes Lco'nia, Leontopo'dium, (F.)
 Pied de Lion.  Formerly in  great  repute as an
 astringent in hemorrhage.
   ALCHEMY, Alchymy.
   ALCHITRAM, see Pinus Sylvestris.
   ALCHITURA, see Pinus Sylvestris.
   ALCHOOL, Alcohol.
   ALCHORNEA LATIFOLIA, see Alcornoque.
   AL'CHYMY, Al'chemy, A/eln mi'a, Alchimi'rt,
 Adep'ta Philosoph'ia,  from al, an Arabic  par-
 ticle,  signifying  'superiority,  excellence/  and
 Ohimia, ' Chymistry.'  This word was  formerly
 synonymous with Chymistry; but, from the 7th
 century,  it has been  applied  to the  mysterious
 art of endeavouring to discover a  universal re-
 medy, and a mode of transmuting the baser me-
 tals into gold: an  operation to  which they gave
 the name Opus magnum, and Philosopher's stone.
   Alchymy has  also been called  Scien'tia vet
 Philosoph'ia Hermet'ica, from an idea that Her-
 mes or Mercury was its inventor.
   Harris has well  defined this chimerical  art:
 ' Ars sine arte, cujus principium est mentiri, me-
 dium laborare, et finis mendicare.'
   Al'chymist, Flatua'rius, Adept'.  One  pre-
 tending  to alchymy.
   ALCOCALUM, Cynara scolymus.
   AL'COHOL, Al'cahol,  Alchool, Alkol,  Alcol,
 Al'cool, Al'kool.  An Arabic word, formerly used
 for an impalpable powder, and signifying ' very
 subtile, much divided.'  At the  present day it is
 applied  to highly rectified spirit of wine : — see
 Spiritus rectificatus or rectified spirit,  distilled
 from dried subcarbonate of potassa.   In the Ph.
 U. S.  Alcohol  is  rectified spirit of the specific
 gravity 0.835.
   Alcohol is an inflammable liquor, lighter than
 water, of a warm, acrid taste, colourless, trans-
 parent, and of a pungent, aromatic smell.  It is
 the product of the distillation of vinous liquors;
 is miscible with water in  all  proportions, and is
 the direct solvent of resins, balsams, Ac.  Various
 other vegetable principles are soluble in it,  and
 hence- it is used, in  different states of  concentra-
 tion, in the preparation of elixirs,  tinctures, es-
 sences, &c.
  Alcohol acts on the animal body as a powerful
 stimulus: as such, in a dilute form, it is used in
 the prevention and cure of disease.  Its  habitual
 and inordinate  use is the  cause of many serious
affections, of a chronic character especially, as
visceral obstructions, dropsy, Ac. 
ALCOHOLIC                58
  Alcohol JEthereus Ferratus, A. Sulfurico-1
sethereus ferri—a. cum Aloe perfoliatu, Tiuctura
aloes—a. Ammonia? et guaiaci, Tinctura guaiaci
ammoniata—a. Ammoniatum, Spiritus ammonias
—a. Ammoniatum  aromaticum, Spiritus ammo-
nias aromaticus—a. Ammoniatum foetidum, Spi-
ritus ammoniae foetidus—a. Amylicum, Oil, Fusel
—a. cum Aromatibus sulphuricatus, Sulphuricum
acidum aromaticum—a. cum Aromatibus compo-
situs,  Tinctura  cinnamomi  composite—a. Casto-
riatum, Tinctura castorei—a. cum Crotone casca-
rilla,  Tinctura  cascarillae—a. Dilutum, Spiritus
tenuior—a. Ferratus, Tinctura  ferri muriatis—
a. cum  Sulphate ferri tartarisatus, see Ferrum
tartarisatum—a. cum Guaiaco officinale animo-
niatus, Tinctura guaiaci  ammoniata—a.  Iodii,
Tinctura Iodinae — a.  cum Opio, Tinctura opii
—a. Sulphurioatum, Elixir acidum  Halleri—a.
Sulphuricum,  Elixir  acidum Halleri — a.  Sul-
phuris, Carbonis sulphuretum—a. Vini, Spiritus
rectificatus.
  ALCOHOL'IC, Alcohol'icua,Spirituo'sus,Spir'-
ituous.  Relating to or containing  alcohol—as
an  alcoholic drink or remedy.
  ALCOL, Alcohol.
  ALCOLiE, Aphthae.
  ALCOOL, Alcohol—a. Gamphri, Spiritus cam-
phorae.
  ALCOOL AT, Tincture.
  ALCOOLATUM,  Tincture—a. Antiscorbuti-
cum,  Tinctura de Cochleariis—a. Carminativum
Sylvii, Tinctura de Cochleariis—a. de Croco com-
positum, Tinctura de Croco composita.
  ALOOOLISER (F.) Formerly, 'to reduce into
an  impalpable powder.' No longer used.
  ALCOOLOMETER, Areometer.
  ALOORNOQUE (F.) Cortex Alcornoco.  The
bark  of Alchor'nea latifo'lia, of Jamaica, which
has been considered capable of curing phthisis.
It is bitter, tonic, and slightly astringent.  Dose
of the powder Qi to "^ss.
  AL'CYON, Hal'cyon.  A swallow of Cochin
China, whose nest is gelatinous and very nutri-
tious.  It has been proposed in medicine as ana-
leptic and aphrodisiac.
  ALCYO'NIUM, Bastard sponge.  The  ashes
were formerly employed as  dentrifices: they were
believed proper for favouring the growth of the
hair and beard, and were used in  Alopecia.
  ALDABARAN,  Albadaran.
  ALDEHYDE, see Anaesthetic.
  ALDER, AMERICAN,  Alnus  serratula—a.
Black, Prinos, Rhamnus frangula—a. European.
Alnus glutinosa.
  ALE,  Cerevisia.
  ALEACAS, Glycyrrhiza.
  ALECOST, Tanacetum balsamita.
  ALECTO'RIUS   LAPIS,  Alecto'ria;  from
oXt/crup,  ' a cock.' The name of a stone, supposed
to exist in the stomach of the cock, or, according
to  others, in that  of the capon, four years old.
Many marvellous properties were formerly attri-
buted to it, which are as groundless as its exist-
ence.  There are no stones in the stomach, except
what have been swallowed.
  ALEGAR, Acetum.
  ALEHOOF,  Glechoma hederaceum.
  ALEIMMA, Liniment.
  ALEIPHA, Liniment.
  ALEIPTE'RIUM, from aXiitf,w,  'I anoint.'
The place in the ancient gymnasium where the
combatants anointed themselves.
  ALEIP'TRON.   Same  etymon.   A box for
containing ointments.
   ALE MA, Farina.
   ALEM'BIC  (Arab.) Moorshead, Oapitel'lum,
 Capit'ulum, Am'bicus, (F.) Alambic.  A  utensil
made of glass, metal,  or earthen ware, adapted
!                 ALGEDON

for distillation.  A still.  It consists of a body
or cucurbit, (F.) cucurbite, chaudilre, to which is
attached a head or capital, (F.) chapiteau, and
out of this a beak descends laterally to be inserted
into the receiver, worm, condenser, or refrigera-
tor, (F.) serpentin, rifrigirant, as the case may
be.
  ALEM'BROTH (Suit.) Sal Alembroth.   The
alchymists designated by this  name,  and  by
those of Sal sapien'tia, Sal artis, Sal vita and
S. Scien'tia,  the product resulting from the sub-
limation of a mixture of corrosive sublimate and
sal ammoniac.  It is stimulant, but not employed.
  ALESE,  (F.) AUze, Lin'teum, from aXtfto, 'I
preserve.'  A guard.  A cloth arranged in  seve-
ral folds, and placed upon a bed, so as to guard
it from  tbe lochial or other discharges.
  ALETON, Farina.
  ALETRIS, A. farinosa.
  Al'etris,  A. Farino'sa,  Stargrass,  Starwort,
Blazing star, Aloe-root, Bitter grass, Black root,
 Unicorn root, Ague root, Ague grass, Devil's bit,
Mealy starwort, (F.) Aletris Meunier,  Nat. Ord.
Asphodeleae.   Sex. Syst. Hexandria Monogynia.
This  plant is an intense and permanent  bitter,
and is used as a tonic and stomachic. It is com-
mon in the United States.
  ALEURON,  Farina.
  ALEUROTESIS, see Cribration.
  ALEXANDERS, Smyrnium olusatrum.
  ALEXANDRI ANTIDOTUS AUREA.  See
Alexandrine.
  ALEXAN'DRINE, Emplas'trum  Alexan'dri.
A garlic plaster, invented by Alexander, contem-
porary  of Mesue.  Other  ancient  preparations
were  called  'Alexandrine;'  as  the Alexan'dri
antid'otus au'rea, used in apoplexy;  the Collyr'-
ium siccum Alexandri'num, or ' Collyrturn of King
Alexander,' mentioned by  Aetius.
  ALEXICACUM, Amuletum, Alexipharmic.
  ALEXIPHAR'MIC,  Alexiphar'macus, Anti-
phar'macus, Alexica'cus, Caco-alexite'ria, Lexi-
phar'macus,  (F.) Alexipharmaque, from  aXc^av,
' to repel/ and  tjiappaicov, ' poison.'  A term for-
merly used for  medicines which were considered
proper for expelling from the body various mor-
bific principles, or  for preventing the bad  effects
of poisons taken inwardly.
  ALEXIPYRETICUS, Febrifuge.
  ALEXIR,  Elixir.
  ALEXITE'RIA, Gacalexite'ria, from aXe^aaSat,
'to assist.'   Originally, alexiterium was  used
synonymously  with  remedy.  In more modern
times it has been applied to  a class of medicines,
that counteract poisons placed in contact with the
exterior of the body, in contradistinction to alex-
ipharmic.
  ALEXITERIUM  CHLORICUM, see Disin-
fection—a. Nitricum, see Disinfection.
   ALEZE, Alese.
  ALFUSA, Tutia.
   ALGA  MARINA,  Pila marina.
   ALGALIE, Catheter.
   AL'GAROTH,  Al'garot,  Algaro'thi  Pulvis,
Pulvis Angel'icua, Ox'idum seu Submu'rias Stib'ii
pracipitan'do  para'tum,  Antimo'nii  Ox'ydum,
 Ox'idum antimo'nii Nitro-muriat'icum, Ox'idum
Stib'ii  Ac"ido  Muriat'ico  oxygena'to para'tum,
Mercu'rius Vita, Mercu'rius Mortia, Flowera of
Antimony, (F.) Oxyde d'Antimoine, so called from
Victor  Algarothi, a  Veronese physician.   The
sub-muriate of protoxide of antimony, separated
from  the muriate of antimony by washing  away
some of its acid.  It was formerly much used as
an emetic, purgative, and  diaphoretic.
   ALGE'DON, from aXyos,  'pain.'  Violent pain
about the neck of the bladder,  occasionally oc-
curring in gonorrhoea.—Cockburn. 
ALGEMA
59
ALKAR
  Algedon, Pain.
  ALGEMA, Pain.
  ALGESIS, Pain.
  ALGHTICUS, see Algos.
  AL'GIDUS,  from algor, 'cold.'   That which
is accompanied by coldness.
  Al'gida Febris, F. horrif'ica, F. hor'rida, F.
quer'quera, F.  crymo'dea, Bry'cetua, Bry'chetua.
(F.) Pierre algide, Algid Fever.   A pernicious
intermittent, accompanied by icy coldness, which
is often fatal in the second or third paroxysm.
  ALGOR, Rigor.
  ALGOS,  aXyos,  'pain.'  See  Pain.   Hence,
Algct'icits, 'painful/ as E/nlcp'sin alget'ica. The
suttix olgia has  the same signification, — as in
Cephaltllt/ia, Pleuralgiu, Neuralgia, &c.
  ALGOSPAS'MUS,  from  aXyos,  'pain,'  and
attaapos, ' spasm.'  Painful spasm  or cramp of
the muscles.
  ALHAGI, Agul.
  ALIIANDAL, see Cucumis colocynthis.
  ALHASEF,  Sudainina.
  ALIBI LIS,  Nutritious.
  AL'IC'A, Hul'ica, Farina'rium, Chondrue, from
alere, ' to nourish.'  A grain from which the an-
cients made their tisanes ; supposed, by some, to
have been the  Triticum apelta.  At times, it
seems to have  meant the tisane itself.
  AL'ICES, from aXi£uz, 'I  sprinkle.'   Spots
which precede  the eruption of small pox.
  ALIENATIO, Anomalia—a. Mentis, Insanity.
  ALIENATION, MENTAL, Insanity.
  ALIENUS,  Delirious.
  ALIFORMES MUSCULI, Pterygoid muscles.
  ALIFORMIS, Alaris, Pterygoid.
  ALIGULUS, Confection.
  ALIMA, Aliment.
  ALIMELLiE, Parotid.
  AL'IMENT, Alimen'tum, Al'ima, Harma'lia,
Nutri'mcn, Nit'triena,  Suatentac'ulum,  Ciba'rium,
Broma, Oomia'te, Gibus, Esca, Nutri'tus, Nutri-
men'tum, Sitos, ■ Trophe.  (F.) Aliment, Nourri-
 turc, from alere, 'to nourish.'  Food.   Any sub-
 stance which,  if introduced into the system, is
 capable of nourishing it and repairing its losses.
   The study of  aliments forms one of the most
important branches of hygiene.  They are  con-
fined to the organized kingdom,—the  mineral
affording none.
   As  regards  the immediate  principles which
predominate in their composition, they have been
classed, but imperfectly, as follows:—

             TABLE OF ALIMENTS.
                 I Wheat, barley, oats, rye, rice, In-
 1. Feculaceous.    <   dian corn, potato, sago,  peas,
                 f   beans, &c.
                 ( Carrot, salsify, beet, turnip, asparar
2. Mucilaginous.  <   gus, cabbage, lettuce, artichoke,
                 (   melon, &c.
3. Saccharine.      Sugar, fig, date, raisin, apricot, &c.
                  Orange, currant, gooseberry, cher-
                    ry, peach, strawberry, raspberry,
                    mulberry,  prune, pear,  apple,
                    sorrel, &c.
                  Cocoa, olive,  sweet almond, nut,
                    walnut, animal fat, oil, butter,
                    &c.
                  Different kinds of milk, cheese.
                  Tendon, aponeurosis,  true  skin,
                    cellular  texture; very young
                    animals.
                  Brain, nerve, eggs, Ac
                  Flesh and blood.
4. Acidulous.


5. Oleaginous  and
     Fatty.
6. Caseous.

7. Gelatinous.

S. Albuminous.
9. Fibrinous.
1. Nitrogeniztd Aliments,
    (Albuminous, of Prout.]
  Dr. Prout has four great classes—the aqueous,
saccharine,  oleaginous, and albuminous: — Dr.
Pereira twelve;—the aqueous, mucilaginous or
gummy, saccharine,  amylaceous,  ligneous, pecti-
naceous,  acidulous, alcoholic, oily or fatty, pro-
teinrtreous, gelatinous, and saline.
  Licbig  divides them into two classes:«— the
NITROGENIZED Or PLASTIC ELEMENTS OF NUTRI-
TION,  in  which he  comprises vegetable fibrin,
vegetable  albumen,  vegetable  casein, flesh and
blood; and the non-nitrogenized elements of
respiration, in which he comprises, fat, starch,
gum, cane sugar, grape sugar, sugar of mill; pec-
tin, bassorin, wine, beer and spirits.  The former
alone, in his view, are inservient to the nutrition
of organized tissue : the latter are burnt in  respi-
ration, and furnish heat.
   The following simple arrangement is, perhaps,
as little objectionable as any:
                         ( Fibrinous (Glutinous?)
                     1, ■.  < Albuminous.
                       •"  ( Caseinous.
                         I Amylaceous.
2. Non-nitrogeniied Aliments,< Saccharine.
                         ( Oleaginous.

   The second division might be still farther sim-
plified, inasmuch as  amylaceous aliments  are
convertible into sugar  during the digestive pro-
cess ; and, from both, oleaginous matter may be
formed.
   ALIMENTARY TUBE, Canal, alimentary.
   ALIMENTATION, Alimenta'tio.   The  act of
nourishing.
   ALIMENTUM, Aliment, Pabulum.
   ALIMOS, Glycyrrhiza.
   ALINDE'SIS, from aXtvSopat,  'to  be  turned
about.'  A  species of exercise, which  consisted
in rolling in the dust, after having been anointed
with oil.—Hippocrates.
   ALIP^E'NOS, Alipa'num, Alipan'tos, from a,
priv., and Xtrravuv, 'to be fat.'  An epithet for-
merly given to every external remedy, devoid of
fat or moisture; such as powders.—Galen.
   ALIPANTOS, Alipasnos.
   ALIP'TA, Alip'tes,  from  aXcitpta, 'I anoint.'
 He  who anointed  the Athletes  after bathing.
 The place where this was done was called Alip-

   ALIPTERIUM, see Alipta.
   ALIP'TICA, same etymon.  The part  of an-
 cient medicine, which treated of inunction, as a
 means of preserving health.
   ALISIER BLANC, Crataegus aria.
   ALISMA, A. plantago, Arnica montana—a.
 Grammifolia, A. plantago — a. Lanceola'ta,  A.
 plantago.
   Alis'ma Planta'go, Alisma, A. lanceola'ta seu
graminifo'lia, Planta'go aquat'ica, Water Plan-
 tain, (F.) Plantain d'Eau. Nat. Ord. Alismaceae.
 Sex. Syst. Hexandria Polygynia.  The fresh root
 is acrid, and the dried leaves will vesicate. The
 leaves have been proposed as substitutes for Uva
 Ursi.
   ALITURA, Nutrition.
   AL'KALE, O'leum Galli'na. An ancient phar-
 maceutical name for pullets' fat.
   ALKALESCENCE,  Alcalescence.
   ALKALI, see Alcali—a. Ammoniacum caus-
 ticum, Ammonia—a. Ammoniacum  spirituosum,
 Spiritus ammoniae—a. Minerale  nitratum, Soda,
 nitrate  of—a. Minerale  phosphoratum, Soda,
 phosphate of—a. Minerale  salinum,  Soda, mu-,
 riate of—a. Vegetable, Potash—a. Vegetabile cum
 aceto, Potassae acetas—a. Vegetabile fixum caus-
 ticum, Potassa fusa—a. Volatile, Ammonia—a
 Volatile causticum, Ammonia—a. Volatile, con-
 crete, Ammonias carbonas—a. Volatile nitratum,
 Ammonias nitras—a. Volatile tartarizatum, Am-
 moniae tartras—a. Volatile vitriolatum, Ammo-
 nias sulphas.
   ALKANET, BASTARD, Lithospermum offici-
nale—a. Dyer's, Anchusa tinctoria—a. Garden,
Anchusa officinalis—a. Officinal, Anchusa offici-
 nalis.
   ALKAR, Medicament. 
50           ALLOTRIOECCRISIS
               ALKEKENGI               (

  ALKEKENGI, Physalis.
  ALKER'MES,  Gonfec'tio Alker'mes, Alcher'-
tnes. A celebrated electuary, composed of a mul-
titude of substances.  It was so called from the
grains  of kermes  contained in it.  It was used
as a stimulant.  Also, kermes.
  ALKERVA, see Ricinus communis.
  ALKITRAN, Cedria.
  ALKOL, Alcohol.
  ALKOOL, Alcohol.
  ALLA, Cerevisia.
  ALLAITEMENT, Lactation.
  ALLAMAN'DA, A.  Cathar'tica seu grandi-
flo'ra,  Ore'lia grandiflo'ra, Gal'arips, Echinus
scandens, Apoc"ynum scandens.  A shrub, native
of Guiana, the infusion of whose leaves is said by
Linnaeus to be useful in Coliea Pictonum.
  ALLANTODES, Allantois.
  ALLANTOIC  ACID, Ac"idum allanto'icum.
A peculiar acid, found in the liquor of the allan-
tois of the cow.
  ALLANTOIDES, Allantois.
  ALLAN'TOIS,  AllantoVdes, Allanto'dea, Mem-
bra'na urina'ria,  ,M seu Tunica Farcimina'lis,
M. Intestina'lis, the Allantoid Vesicle, from aXXas,
' a sausage/  and etSos, ' shape.'  A sort of elon-
gated bladder, between the chorion and amnion
of the foetus, which is thrown out from the caudal
extremity of the embryo, and communicates with
the bladder by the urachus.  It is  very apparent
in quadrupeds, but not in the human species. As
the allantois is developed, its walls become very
vascular, and contain the ramifications of what
become the umbilical artery and vein, which, by
the  elongation of  the  allantois, are brought
through the villi of the chorion, into indirect
communication with the vessels of the mother.
  ALLANTOTOX'ICUM, from aXXas, 'a sau-
sage,' and  roiiKov, 'a poison.' ' Sausage poison
(G.) Wurstgift.  The Germans have given this
name to a poison  developed in sausages  formed
of blood and liver.
  ALLELUIA, Oxalis acetosella.
  ALLE'VIATOR: from ad, 'to/ and levare, 'to
raise.'  A soother.  An instrument for raising in-
valids, invented by Mr. Jenks,  of Rhode Island.
It consists of two upright posts, about six feet
high, each supported by a pedestal; of two hori-
zontal bars at the top, rather longer than a com-
mon bedstead; of a windlass of the same length,
placed six inches below the upper bar; of a cog-
wheel  and  handle;  of linen belts from six to
twelve inches wide;  of straps secured at one end
of the windlass; and at the other having hooks
attached to corresponding eyes in the linen belts,
and of a head-piece made of netting. The pa-
tient lying on his mattress, the surgeon passes
the linen belts beneath his body, attaching them
to the  hooks on the ends of the straps, and ad-
justing the  whole at the proper distance  and
length,  so as to balance the body exactly, and
then raises it from  the  mattress by turning the
handle of the windlass.  To lower the  patient
again, and replace him on the mattress, the wind-
lass must be reversed.
  ALLGOOD, Chenopodium bonus Henricus.
  ALLHEAL, Heracleum spondylium.
  ALLIA'CEOUS, allia'ceus, from allium, 'gar-
lic' Belonging to garlic, as alliaceous odour.
  ALLIAIRE, Alliaria.
  ALLIA'RIA, from allium, its smell resembling
garlic.   A. ojficina'lia, Erys'imum allidria seu
cordifo'lium,  Sieymbrium allidria, Jack-in-ihe-
hedge,  atinking hedge  Muatard, Hedge  Garlic,
Sauce-alone,  Hes'peris allidria,  (F.) Alliaire.
This plant has been sometimes given in humid
asthma and dyspnoea.  It  is reputed to  be dia-
phoretic, diuretic, and antiscorbutic.
  The Parisian Codex has a compound syrup of
alliaria, Sirop d'irysimum composi, which is used
in hoarseness.
  ALLIGATURA, Fascia, Ligature.
  ALLIOTICUS, Alterative.
  AL'LIUM,  from oleo, 'I smell.' A. sativum,
Theriaca rustico'rum, Ampelop'rasum, Scor'odon,
Scordon, Garlic, (F.) Ail.  Nat.  Ord.  Aspho-
deleae.  Sex. Syst.   Hexandria Monogynia.  A
native of Sicily,  but cultivated for  use.   The
bulbs or cloves, Ag'lithes, have a strong, offensive,
and penetrating odour,  and a sweetish, biting,
and caustic taste. Internally, garlic is  stimulant,
diuretic, expectorant, emmenagogue (?), diapho-
retic, and anthelmintic.  Externally, it is  rube-
facient, maturative, and repellent.
  Dose,  one  to six cloves, swallowed whole, or
from f 3"ss to f ^ij. of the juice.
  Taylor's Remedy for Deafness, a nostrum, ap-
pears to consist of garlic,  infused in oil of al-
monds, and coloured by alkanet root.
  Allium Ascalonicum, Echalotte.
  Al'lium Cepa,  Oepa vulga'ris, Common Onion,
Gepul'la, Orom'myon, (F.)  Oignon.   Acrid and
stimulating, and possessing very little nutriment.
Onions have been used  as stimulants, diuretics,
and anthelmintics.  The boiled or roasted onion,
as  a  cataplasm, is  emollient and maturating.
The fresh root is  rubefacient.  The  expressed
juice  is sometimes used in otalgia and in  rheu-
matism.
  Allium Gallicttm, Portulaca.—a.  Plantagi-
neum, A. Victoriale.
  Al'lium Porrum,  Porrum,  P. sativum,  Pro-
sum, the Leek or Porret; (F.) Poireau, Porreau,
It possesses the same property as the onion.
  The virtues of the  genus Allium depend  upon
an acrid principle, soluble in water, alcohol, acids,
and alkalies.
  Allium Redolens, Teucrium scordium.
  Al'lium Victoria'le, A. plantagin'eum,  Cepa
victoria'lis, Victoria'lis longa.   The root, which,
when dried, loses  its  alliaceous smell  and  taste,
is said to be efficacious in allaying  the abdominal
spasms of pregnant women (?)
  ALLOCHET'IA,  Allotriochet'ia, from  aXXos,
' another,' and xeiuv> ' *° &° *° stool.'   The dis-
charge of extraneous matters from the bowels.
The discharge of faeces by an abnormous opening.
  ALLOCHOOS, Delirious.
  ALLOCHROMA'SIA, from  aXXos,   'another/
and x?uf a> ' colour.'  A  change of colour.
  ALLO30PATHIA, Allopathy.
  ALL030PATHIC,  Allopathic.
  ALLOEOSIS, Alteration.
  ALLCEOTICUS, Alterative.
  ALLOIOSIS, Alteration.
  ALLOIOTICUS, Alterative.
  ALLONGEMENT, Elongation.
  ALLOPATH, Allopathist.
  ALLOPATHES, Allopathic.
  ALLOPATH'IC,  Allopath'icus, AUceopath'ie,
Allceopath'icus, Allop'aihes, Heteropath'ic, from
aXXos, ' another,' and  itados, ' affection.'   Relating
to  the ordinary method of medical practice, in
contradistinction to the homoeopathic.
  ALLOP'ATHIST,  Al'lopath,  same etymon.
One who follows allopathy.
  ALLOP'ATHY, Allopathi'a, Allceopathia, Hy-
penantio'sis, Hypenantio'ma, Oura'tio contrario'-
rum per contra'ria, same etymon.  The opposite
to homoeopathy.  The ordinary medical practice.
  ALLOPHASIS, Delirium.
  ALLOTRIOCHETIA, Allochetia.
  ALLOTRIODON'TIA,  from  aXXorptos,  'fo-
reign/ and oSovs, ' a  tooth.'  Transplantation of
teeth.
  ALLOTRIOECCRISIS, from  aXXorptos, <fo- 
ALLOTRIOGEUSTIA            61
ALTERATION
reign/ and  enicpiitts,' 'separation.'  The separa-
tion of extraneous matters from the body in dis-
ease.
  ALLOTRIOGEUSTIA, Parageustia.
  ALLOTRIOPHAGIA, Malacia.
  ALLOTRIOTEX'IS, from aXXorpios, 'foreign,'
and ti^is, 'parturition.'  The bringing forth of
an  abnormous foetus.
  ALLOTRIU'RIA,  from aXXorptos, 'foreign,'
and ovpov,  'urine.'  Admixture of foreign mat-
ters with the urine.
  AL'LOTROPISM; from aXXos, ' another,' and
rpo:ros, ' a turn or change.' A term  recently in-
troduced into chemistry; the object  of which is
to  express  the property possessed  by certain
simple bodies, of assuming different  qualities  on
being subjected to certain modes of treatment.
Carbon,  for  example, furnishes three  forms —
plumbago, charcoal, and diamond.
  ALLSPICE, see Myrtus pimenta—a. Bush,
Laurus Benzoin—a.  Carolina, Calycanthus—a.
Wild, Laurus Benzoin.
  ALLUCINATIO, Hallucination.
  ALLURE, Influenza.
  ALMA, Water.
  ALMARIAB, see Plumbi oxydum semivitreum.
  ALMEZERION, Cneorum tricoccum.
  ALMOND, Amygdala.
   Almond  Bloom.  A  liquid cosmetic, formed
of  Brazil dust ^j, water Oiij; boil  and strain;
and  add isinglass gvj,  grana sylvestria ^ij, or
cochineal 5jij,  alum 3*j,  borax giij;  boil again,
and strain through a fine cloth.
   Almond Cake, see Amygdala—a.  of  the Ear,
Tonsil — a.  Earth,  Arachis hypogasa—a. Paste,
see Amygdala—a. Powder, see. Amygdala—a. of
the Throat, Tonsil.
   ALNUS, A. glutinosa—a. Communis, A. gluti-
 nosa.
   ALNUS  GLUTINO'SA, Alnus, A commu'nis,
 Bet'ula glutino'sa seu emargina'ta, Europe'an Al-
 der.  A tree which grows in Europe,  in moist
 places.  The bark and leaves are astringent and
 bitter; and hence are employed in intermittents,
 and as a tonic and astringent.
   Alnus Serrat'ula, American Alder, has simi-
 lar properties.
   Alnus Nigra, Rhamnus frangula.
  ALOCTII'A, from a, privative, and Xo^cia,  'lo-
chia.' Absence of the lochial discharge.
  ALOEDA'RIUM.   A  compound medicine,
containing aloes.—Gorrasus.
  ALOE, Aloes.
  ALOE ROOT, Aletris farinosa.
  AL'OES, Al'oe, Fcl Natu'ra.  The inspissated
juice of the Aloe.  Nat.  Ord.  Asphodeleas. Sec.
Syst. Ilexandria Monogynia.
  Aloes Barbadensis, A. hepatica—a. Bombay,
A.  hepatica—a. des Barbades, A. hepatica.
  Aloes Caballi'na,   A. Guinien'sis, Horse-
aloes. Used  chiefly for  horses.  It  is collected
in  Spain and Portugal, and is very coarse.
  Aloes en  Calebasses, A. hepatica.
  Aloes, Cape, Shining Aloes; a cheap and ex-
cellent form of aloes, collected at the  Cape of
Good Hope, from Aloe ferox, A.  Africana, A.
spicata, and other species.
  Aloes, East India, A. Succotorina—a. Guini-
ensis, A. Caballina.
  Aloes Hepat'ica, A. vulga'ris, A. Barbaden'-
sis, Heput'ic  aloes,  Bombay  aloes,  Barba'does
aloes, A. vulga'ris extrac'tum, (F.) Aloes en cale-
basses, A. des Barbades.  This species has a very
disagreeable odour, and  an intensely bitter and
nauseous taste.  Properties the same as the last.
  Aloes, Horse, A. Caballina—a.  Lucida, A.
Succotorina — a.  Socotrine, A. Succotorina—a.
Spicata oxtractum, A. Succotorina.
  ALOES Succotori'na, Soc'otrine aloes, Turkey
aloes, East India aloes, Aloes lu'cida, A. Zoctori'-
niu, A. spiedta extrac'tum, An'ima Aloes, is the
best species.  Its odour is not unpleasant; taste
very bitter,  and slightly aromatic; colour red-
dish-brown, with a shade of purple ; mass hard,
friable; fracture conchoidal and glossy; soluble
in dilute alcohol. Powder of a bright cinnamon-
yellow colour.  It is cathartic, warm, and stimu-
lating;  emmenagogue,  anthelmintic, and  stoma-
chic.  As a cathartic, it affects the rectum chiefly.
Dose, as a cathartic, gr. v. to ^j. in pill.
  Aloes, Turkey,  A.  Succotorina—a. Vulgaris,
A. hepaticus.—a. Wood, Agallochum—a. Zocto-
rinia, A._ Succotorina.
  ALOET'IC, Aloet'icus.   A preparation which
contains aloes.
  ALOEXYLON, Agallochum.
  ALOGOTROPH'IA, from aXoyos, 'dispropor-
tionate/ and rpotpv,  'nutrition.'   Irregular nutri-
tion.   Used particularly to designate the irregu-
lar manner in  which the nutrition of bones is
effected in rickety individuals.
  ALOPECES,  Psoas.
  ALOPE'CIA, from aXoirt^, 'a fox;' (this ani-
mal  being  said to  be  subject to the  affection.)
Capillo'rum deflu'vium, Athrix depi'lis, Phalac-
ro'tis,  Depila'tio, Tricho'sis Athrix,  Gangra'na
Alope'cia, Atrich'ia, Deflu'vium seu Lapsus Pilo'-
rum,  Lipsotrieh'ia,  Vulpis morbus,  Baldness.
Falling off of the hair; loss of the hair.  AVhen
this  is  confined to  the crown  of the head, it is
called calvities, although the terms are often used
synonymously.
  Alopecia Areata, Porrigo decalvans—a. Cir-
cumscripta, Porrigo decalvans—a Partialis, Por-
rigo decalvans.
  ALOUCHE, Crataegus aria.
  ALOUCH'I.  The name of a gum  procured
from the canella alba tree.
   ALOUOHIER, Crataegus aria.
   ALPAM.  A shrub which grows on the coast
of Malabar.  Certain parts of this, infused in oil,
form an antipsoric ointment.   The juice of  the
leaves, mixed with that of  calamus, is employed
against the bites of serpents.
   ALPHENIC, Saccharum candidum.
   ALPHITEDON, see Fracture.
   ALPH'ITON, aXtptrov, Polen'ta, Fari'na. Any
kind of meal.   Toasted barley-meal.—Hippocra-
tes.   Polenta means also a food composed of  In-
dian meal,  cheese, <fcc.  See Farina.
  ALPHON'SIN, Alphon'sinum.  A kind of bul-
let forceps, similar  to  a Porte-crayon,  so called
from the inventor, Alphonso Ferri, of Naples.—
Scultetus.
  ALPHOS, Lepra alphoides.
  ALPHOSIS .ETHIOPICA,  see Albino.
  ALPINIA CARDAMOMUM, Amomum car-
damomum—a. Galanga, Maranta galanga.
  ALPISTE, Phalaris Canadiensis.
  ALSANDERS, Smyrnium olusatrum.
  ALSI'NE ME'DIA, A. avicula'rum seu vulga'-
ris, from aXaos, ' a grove/ because growing abun-
dantly in the woods.  Morsus  Galli'na, Holos'-
teum Alsi'ne, Stella'ria me'dia, Mouse-ear, Ohick-
weed, (F.) Mouron des Oiseaux, Morgoline. This
plant, if boiled tender, may be eaten like spinach,
and  forms  an excellent emollient poultice.  It
was formerly regarded as a vulnerary and deter-
gent.
  ALTAFOR, Camphor.
  ALTER  SEXUS, Sex, female.
  ALTERANS,  Alterative.
  ALTERANT, Alterative.
  ALTERA'TION,  Altcra'tio, from alter, 'other/
Alloio'sis, Alloeo'sis.  This word is used in France 
ALTERATIVE               62
to express a morbid change which supervenes in
the expression of the countenance (altiration de
la face,) or in the structure of an organ (altera-
tion organique,) or in the nature of fluids excreted
(alteration de I'urine, des larmes, du lait, &c.)
  Alteration is also used in an entirely different
sense, to express intense  thirst  in  disease.   In
this case  its etymology is different.  It comes
from haleter, and was formerly written haleter-
ation.
  AL'TER ATIVE, Al'terans, Alloiot'icus, Allrv-
ot'ieus, Alliot'icus,  Immu'tansi  An agent  con-
sidered to be  capable of producing a salutary
change in a uisease,  but  without  exciting any
sensible evacuation.  As medicine improves, this
uncertain class of remedies becomes, of necessity,
diminished in number.  See Eutrophie.
  (F.) Alterant.   The French  term  likewise
means, that which causes thirst, — Siticulo'sus,
Dipset'icus, as alterer  means both to change, and
to  cause  thirst.   S'a/tcrer  is to  experience  a
change for the worse,—corrum'pi.)
  ALTERCANGENON, Hyoscyamus.
  ALTERCUM, Hyoscyamus.
  ALTHAEA, from aXSuv, 'to heal;' A. officina'-
lis, Malvavis'cum, Aristaltha'a,  Hibis'eus, lbis'-
chus, Ibis'cha mismal'va, Bismal'va, Marsh  mal-
loio. (F.) Guimauve.  Nat. Ord. Malvaceae.  Sex.
Syst.   Monadelphia  Polyandria.   The  leaves,
Altha'a fo'lia, and root, Altha'a radix, contain
much mucilage.  They are emollient and demul-
cent, and are employed wherever medicines, pos-
sessing such properties, are required. In the Ph.
U.  S., Althaea is the root of Althaea officinalis.
  ALTHANAIHA, Orpiment.
  ALTIIEUS, Phvsician.
  ALTHEXIS. Curation.
  ALTHOS, Medicament.
  ALTILIBAT, Terebinthina.
  ALU'DEL, Alu'tel,  Vitrum sublimato'rium.  A
hollow sphere of stone, glass, or earthen ware, with
a short neck projecting at each end, by means of
which  one  glass might be set upon the other.
The uppermost had no aperture at the top.  Alu-
dels were formerly used in the  sublimation  of
various substances.
  A'LULA; diminutive of ala, 'a wing.' A  little
wing.
  ALUM, Symphytum—a. Cataplasm, Coagulum
aluminosum—a. Egyptian, jEgyptia stypteria.
  Alum, Roche, Alu'men de Rochi,  (F.) Alun de
Roche.  So called from  Roccha in Syria, where
there was a manufactory of it. It is in  pieces of
the size of an  almond, covered  with a reddish
efflorescence.
   Common Roche Alum, A. Rochi Gallis.  Frag-
ments of  common alum, moistened and  shaken
with prepared bole.  It is white when broken.
  Alum, Solution of, Compound,  Liq. aluminis
compos.
  Alum Root, Geranium  maculatum, Heuchera
cortusa.
  ALU'MEN,  (an Arabic term, alum,) Alum,
HypersuVphas  alu'mina et Potas'sa,  Potas'sa
alu'mino-sulphas,  Sul'phas  Alumina Acid'ulus
cum Potas'sd, Sulphas Alu'mina, Sul'phas Kal'-
ico-alumin'icum, Sulphas alumina'ris, Supersul'-
phas alu'mina et potas'sa, Argil'la sulphu'rica
alcalisa'ta, A.  vitriola'ta, Stypte'ria, Supersul'-
phas Argil'la alcalisa'turn, Argilla Kalisulphu-
rica.  (F.) Alun.
  Alumen  Catinum,  Potash of commerce — a.
Fixum,  see  Potash — a. Kinosatum, Pulvis sul-
phatis aluminas compositus.
  Alu'men  Commu'ne, Common alum,  English
alum, Rock alum, Alumen facti'tium, A. crystal'-
linum, A. ru'peum, (F.) Alun d'Angleterre, is the
variety usually employed.  It is in octahedral
!                 ALVEOLUS

crystals, but generally in large, white, semitrans-
parent  masses; has  a sweetish, styptic  taste;
effloresces in the air, and is soluble in 16 parts of
water at 60°.   It is tonic and astringent, and as
such is  used internally and externally. Dose, gr.
v. to xv.
   Alu'men Exsicca'tum, Alu'men ustum, A. caU
cina'tum, Sulphas alu'mina fusus, Argil'la sul-
phu'rica ustti, Burnt alum, dried alum. (¥.) Alun
calcinS, (Alum  melted in an earthen  vessel until
ebullition ceases.)  Escharotic.
   Alu'men Roma'num, Roman alum, A.  Rtiti-
lum, A. Rub rum.  (F.) Alun de Rome.  In crys-
tals, which are of a pale red when broken, and
covered with a reddish efflorescence.
   ALUMINA, ACETATE OF, Aluminas Acetas
— a.  Depurata, Argilla pura — a. Pura,  Argilla
pura—a. Sulphate of, Aluminas Sulphas.
   ALU'MIN^E ACE'TAS, Argil'la Aee'tas,Ac"e-
tate of Alu'mina.  A deliquescent salt, obtained
by the addition of acetate of hud to  sulphate of
alumina and jiotussu. It possesses the same pro-
perties  as the sulphate of alumina.
   Alu'miNjE f.t Potass.*! Hypersulphas, Alu-
men — a. et Potassas supersulphas, Alumen — a.
Sulphas, Alumen.
   Alu'min.e Sulphas, Argilla Sulphas, Sulphate
of Alu'mina.   Simple sulphate of alumina may
be made by the  direct combination  of alumina
and sulphuric  acid, and  contains 30 per cent, of
the former, to  70 per cent, of the latter.   It is
a  deliquescent  salt;  and is an excellent antisep-
tic and detergent to ulcers.  It is chiefly used to
preserve dead  bodies — a strong solution being
injected into the arteries.
   Alumina Sulphas Acidultts  cum Potassa,
Alumen—a. Sulphas fusus, Alumen exsiccatum.
   ALUMINE  FACTIOS, Argilla pura.
   ALUN,  Alumen.
   ALUNSEL,  Gutta.
   ALUS, Symphytum.
   ALUSIA, Hallucination—a. Hypochondriasis,
Hypochondriasis.
   ALUTEL, Aludel.
   ALVAQUILLA, Psoralea glandulosa.
   ALVARAS NIGRA, Ichthyosis.
   ALVEAR1UM, Auditory canal, external.
   ALVE'OLAR,  Alveola'ris, from alveus,  'a ca-
vity.'   (F.) Alviolaire.  That which relates to
the alveoli.
   Alve'olar  Arches, (F.) Arcades  alveolaires,
are formed by the margins or borders of the two
jaws, which are hollowed by the Alveoli.
   Alve'olar  Artery, Supra-maxillary A., Ar-
te~re sus-maxillaire of Chaussier, arises from the
internal maxillary, descends behind the tuberos-
ity of the upper jaw, and gives branches  to the
upper molar teeth, gums, periosteum, membrane
of the maxillary sinus, and buccinator muscle.
   Alveolar Border, Limbua alveola'ris.   The
part of the jaws,  that is hollowed by the alveoli.
   Alve'olar   Membranes  are  very fine mem-
branes, situate  between the teeth and  alveoli, and
formed by a portion of the sac or follicle which
enclosed the tooth before it pierced the gum. By
some this membrane has been called the alveolo-
dental periosteum.
   Alve'olar Vein.   This  has  a similar distri-
bution with the artery.
   AL VEOLE, Alveolus.
   ALVEOLI  DENTIS, see Alveolus.
   ALVEOLO-LABIAL, Buccinator.
   ALVE'OLUS,  same  etymon.  Bo'trion, Bo'-
thrion,  Odontoboth'rium, Odontophat'ne,  Frena,
Mortariolum,  Hol'micos, Prasepiolum,  Phatne,
Phat'nion, Prasepium, Patne, I'athne.  (F.) Al-
viole.   The alveoli  are the sockets of the  teeth, 
ALVEUS
63
AMBON
Alve'oli dentis, Moe'nia seu  Oaver'na den'tium,
into which they are, as it were, driven.  Their
size and shape are determined by the teeth which
they receive, and they are  pierced at the apex by
small holes, which give  passage  to  the  dental
vessels and nerves.
  ALVEUS, Auge — a. Ampullosus, Receptacu-
lum chyli — a. Ampullescens, Thoracic duct — a.
Communis: see Semicircular canals — a. Utricu-
losus : see Semicircular canals.
  ALVI  EXCRETIO, Defecation — a. Fluxus
aquosus,  Diarrhoea — a. Laxitas, Diarrhoea — a.
Profluvium, Diarrhoea.
  ALVIDUCUS, Laxative.
  ALVINE, Alvi'nus, from alvua, 'the abdomen.'
That which relates to the lower belly, as ctlvine
dejections, alvine jluX, alvine obstructions, &C.
  ALVUM EVACUANS, Cathartic.
  ALVUS, Abdomen, Uterus—a. Adstricta, Con-
 stipation—a. Cita, Diarrhoea—a. Dura, Constipa-
 tio—a. Renum, Pelvis of the kidney—a. Tarda,
 Constipation—a. Yiridis,  Dejection.
   ALYCE, Anxiety.
   AL'YPON, from a, priv., and Xvirv, 'pain.' An
 acrid, purging  plant, described  by  Matthiolus.
 By some it has been supposed to be the Globuld-
 riu tili/pmii. of botanists.
    ALYSIS, Anxiety.
    ALYSMUS, Anxiety.
    ALYSSUM PLINII, Galium Mollugo.
    ABYSS US, Antihydrophobic.
    AL'ZILAT.  In some of the Arabian writers,
 a weight of three grains.—Ruland and Johnson.
    AMABILE, Lacuna Labii Superioris.
    AMADOU, Boletus igniarius.
    AMADOUVIER, Boletus igniarius.
    A MAIG11ISSEMEN T, Emaciation.
    A MANDES, see Amygdala.
    AMANI'TjE, from a, privative, and pavta,
 'madness:' i. e. 'not poisonous.'   A name given,
 by the Greeks and Romans, to the edible cham-
 pignons.   Amanita forms, at the present day, a
 genus, some of which  are edible, others  poison-
 ous.  Amongst others, it contains the Agaricus
 aurantiacus and A. pseudo-aurantiacus.
    AMARA DULCTS, Solanum dulcamara.
    AMARACT'NUM.   An ancient and esteemed
 plaster, containing several aromatics, the marjo-
 ram, apapaKos, in particular.
    AMARACUS, Origanum majorana—a. Tomen-
 tosus, Origanum dictamnus.
    AMARITIES, Bitterness.
    AMARITUDO,  Bitterness.
    AMAROR, Bitterness.
    AMARUCACHU, Polyanthes tuberosa.
    AMA'RUS, Picros, 'bitter.' (F.)  Amer.  The
 bitter principle of  vegetables is the great natural
 tonic, and hence bittera, as they are  termed col-
 lectively, belong to the class of tonics.  Several
 are  used in  medicine;  the  chief are, gentian,
 quassia,  cinchona, calumba, dog-wood, &c.
    AMASE'SIS, Amasse'sis, from a, privative, and
 paatiots,  'mastication.'   Mastication when im-
 peded or impracticable.
    AMATORIUM, Lacuna labii superioris.
    AMATORII, Oblique muscles of the eye.
    AMATORIUM  VENEFICIUM, Philter.
    AMATORIUS  MUSCULUS, Obliquus supe-
 rior oculi.
    AMAURO'SIS,  Obfusca'tio, Offusca'tio, from
 apavpos,  'obscure.'  Drop serene, Gutta  sere'na,
 Catarac'ta nigra, Paropsis amauro'sis, Immobil'-
 itas pupil'Ice, Suffu'sio  nigra, Black  cut'aract.
 (F.) Goutte-sereine, Gataracte noire, Anopticoner-
 vie (Piorry.)  Diminution,  or complete  loss of
 sight, without-any perceptible alteration in the
 organization  of the  eye;  generally, perhaps,
 owing to loss of power of the optic  nerve or re-
tina.  Counter-irritants are the most  successful
remedial agents, although  the  disease  is always
very difficult of removal,  and generally totally
incurable.
  Amaurosis  Dimidiata,  Hemiopia—a. Imper-
fecta, Hypo-amaurosis.
  AMAUROT'IC, Amaurot'icus ; same etymon.
Affected with amaurosis.
  Amaurotic  Cat's  Eye,  Galeamaurdsis.  A
name given by  Beer to an  amaurotic affection,
accompanied by a remarkable change of colour
in the pupil, which  presents,  apparently in the
fundus  of  the eye,  a lighter  tint, yellowish or
brownish yellow, instead of its natural  clear
black.
  AMA'ZIA, from a, privative, and palps, 'breast.'
A monstrosity, in which there is  absence of one
or both breasts.
  AMBARUM, Ambergris—a. Cineritium, Am-
bergris. _
   AMBE,  from  apfiaivu,  'I ascend;' Ambi.  A
 superficial eminence on  a bone.  Also, an old
 surgical machine for reducing dislocations of the
 shoulder;  the invention  of which is  ascribed to
 Hippocrates.   It is  no  longer used. — Hippo-
 crates,  Scultetus.  See Crista.
   AMBER, Succinum — a. Liquid: see Liquid-
 amber styraciflua.
   AM'BERGRIS, Ambra gri'sea, Ambor, Am-
 bar, Ambra cinera'cea, A.  ambrosiaca, Ambarum,
 Suc'cinum cine'reum, S. gri'seum, Am'barum cine-
 ri"tium.  A concrete substance, of the consis-
 tence of wax,  cineritious colour, studded with
 yellow and blackish spots, and  exhaling a very
 pleasant odour.  It seems highly probable that
 ambergris is formed in  the intestines  of the
 whale, and voided with its excrements.  Like all
 aromatic substances, ambergris is slightly anti-
 spasmodic  and excitant; but it is oftener em-
 ployed as  a perfume than as a medicine.
   AMBIA.   A liquid, yellow bitumen, the smell
 and virtues of which are  similar to those  of the
 resin taeamahaca.   It is  obtained from a spring
 in India.
   AMBICUS, Alembic.
   AMBIDEX'TER, Amphidex'ius, from  ambo,
 'both/  and dexter,  'right.'   One who uses both
 hands with equal facility.  Celsus says the sur-
 geon ought to be 'non minus  sinistra quam dex-
 trd prompt us.   One  of the aphorisms of Hippo-
 crates  says, that a woman is never  ambidexter.
 This is  a mistake.
   AMBILiEVUS, Ampharisteros.
   AMBITUS GENITALIS MULIEBRIS, Ves-
 tibulum.
   AMBLOMA, Abortion.
   AMBLOSIS, Abortion.
   AMBLOSMUS, Abortion.
   AMBLOTHRIDION, see Abortion.
   AMBLOTHRIDIUM, Abortive.
   AMBLOTICUS, Abortive.
   AMBLUS, apflXvs, 'obscure.'   Hence,
   AMBLYAPH'IA, from apjSXvs, 'obscure/ and
 'atpn, 'feeling.'   Dulness of the sense of touch.
   AMBLYOGMOS,  Amblyopia.
   AMBLYO'PIA,   from  apfiXvs. 'obscure,' and
 u\J/, 'the eye.' Ambly'osmos, Amblyog'mos, Ampli-
 o'pia (so  called by some, according  to Castelli,
 ob ignorantiam Graca lingua,)  Hebetu'do  visits,
 Feebleness of sight, (F.) Vue faible. First degree
 of Amaurosis.—Hippocrates.
 • Amblyopia Crepuscilaris, Hemeralopia—a.
 Dissitorum, Myopia—a. Meridiana, Nyctalopia—
 a. Proximorum, Presbytia.
   AMBLYOSMOS,  Amblyopia.
   AMBOLICUS, Abortive.
   AMBON, apffwv, 'the raised rim of a shield or
 dish/ from apPatvu, ' I ascend.'   The fibro-carti- 
                   AMBOR                   (

laginous rings or bourrelets, which surround the
articular cavities, as the glenoid cavity of the
scapula, the acetabulum, <fec, have been so called
—Galen.  See Crista.
  AMBOR, Ambergris.
  AMBRA, Succinum—a.  Ambrosiaca, Amber-
gris—a. Cineracea, Ambergris.
  AMBRAGR1SEA, Ambergris.
  AMBRE BLANO,  Succinum (album) — a.
Jaune, Succinum.
  AMBRETTE, Hibiscus abelmoschus.
  AMBRO'SIA, from  a, privative, and /Jporos,
'mortal.'  Food which makes immortal, or the
food of immortals.  The food of the gods—Ho-
mer.   See also, Chenopodium botrys.
  Ambrosia Elatior,  see A. Trifida.
  Ambro'sia Marit'ima.   A plant which grows
on the shores of the Levant, and  has a pleasant,
bitter and aromatic taste. It is given in infusion,
as a tonic and antispasmodic.
  Ambro'sia  Trif'ida,  Horsewccd,  Richweed,
Horsemint, Horsecane, Bitterweed,  Great Rag-
weed,  Wild Hemp.  This  indigenous plant is
found  in low  grounds  and along streams, from
Canada to Georgia, and  west to  Louisiana and
Arkansas.  It is an annual,  and flowers in Au-
gust and September.   An infusion has been re-
commended locally in mercurial salivation.
  Ambrosia Elatior, Ragweed, is  said by Dr. R.
E. Griffith to have much more developed sensible
properties.
  AM BROS IE DU MEXIQUE, Chenopodium
ambrosioides.
  A Mil ULANGE, (F.) from ambulare, ' to walk.'
A military hospital attached to  an army, and
moving along with  it.  Also  called Hopital am-
bulant.
  AMBULATIO, Walking.
  AM'BULATORY,  Am'bulans,   Ambuluti'ims,
Am'bulative, (F.) Ambulant.   A morbid affection
is said to be 'ambulatory/ (F.) ambulante, when
it skips from  one part to another; as  Erisyplles
ambulants,  &c.  When blisters are applied suc-
cessively on different parts of the body, they are
called Vesieatoires ambulants.
  AMBULEIA, Cichorium intybus.
  AM'BULI.   The Brachmanic name for an In-
dian aquatic herb,  which appears to belong to
the family Lysimachia.  The whole plant has a
sweet  smell.  Its  decoction  has  a very bitter
taste,  and  is an exceUent febrifuge.  It is also
taken in milk in cases of vertigo.
  AM'BULO  FLATULEN'TUS  ET FURIO'-
SUS, Flatus furio'sus,  Vare'ni.   Painful, mo-
bile, and  periodical tumours  affecting different
parts,  which were  once considered as the effect
of very subtile vapours—Michaelis.   Their na-
ture is bv no means clear.
  AMBUSTIO, Burn.
  AMBUTUA,  Pareira brava.
  AMBUYA-EMBO.  A very beautiful, creeping
aristolochia of Brazil, the decoction of which is
exhibited successfully in obstructions.   It is also
used in fumigation and in baths as a tonic.
  AME, Anima.
  AMELI.   A  Malabar  shrub, belonging to  a
genus unknown. The decoction  of its leaves is
said to relieve colic.  Its roots, boiled in oil, are
used to repel tumours.
  AMELIA, Apathy.
  AMENIA, Amenorrhcea, Emmenagogues.
  AMENOMA'NIA.   A hybrid  word,  formed
from the  Latin amcenus, 'agreeable/ and pavta,
' mania.'  A gay form of insanity.
  AMENORRHEA, Parame'nia obstructio'nis,
Menocryph'ia, Menosta'sia, Apophrax'is,Arrhce'a,
 Defec'tus  seu  Reman''sio seu Gessa'tio men'aium,
t                AMMONIA

 Menstrua'tioimpedi'ta,Ischome'niu.Am, 'nia,from
 a, privative, pnv, 'a month,' and pea,  'I  flow.'
 Suppression of the menses,  (F.) Suppression du
 flux menstruel.   This  suppression is  most com-
 monly symptomatic, and hence tho chief atten-
 tion must be paid to the cause. Usually, there is
 an atonic state of the system generally, and hence
 chalybeates and other  tonics are advisable
   Two  great varieties  of Amenorrhcea arc com-
 monly reckoned.  1. A. Emansio'nis, Eman'sio
 men'sium, Menis'chesis, Menos'chesis, Menstrua'tio
 retenta, Men'sium reten'tio, Retention of the men-
 ses, when the menses do not appear at the  usual
 age: and,  2. Snppvcs'sio Men'sium, Suppres'sio
 Menstruatio'iiis, Amenorrhce'a Suppreaaio'nia, In-
 tcrrup'tio menstruatio'nis, Menstrua'tio sujipressa,
 in which the catamenia are obstructed in  their
 regular periods of recurrence. See Emansio  Men-
 sium, and Menses.
   Amenorrhcea  Difficilis, Dysmenorrhea—a.
 Emansionis, see Amenorrhcea,—a. Hyinenica, see
 Hymenicus — a.  Partialis,  Dysmenorrhosa — a.
 Suppressionis, see Amenorrhcea.
   AMENTIA, Dementia : see, also, Fatuitas, and
 Idiotism—a. Senilis, Dementia of the  aged.
   AMER, Amarus.
   AMERICAN, see Homo.
   AMERICANUM TUBEROSUM, Solanum tu-
 berosum.
   AMERTUME, Bitterness.
   AM'ETHYST, Amethys'tus,  from a, privative,
 and pi8vo>,  ' I am drunk.'  A precious stone, to
 which  the ancients attributed the property of
 preventing drunkenness.  It was also  used as an
 anti-diarrhceic and absorbent— Pliny, Albertus
 Magnus.
   AMETH'YSUM,  Amcihys'tum, (remedium,)
 Same etymon as  the last. A remedy  for drunk-
 enness.
   AMETRIA, Intemperance.   Also,  absence of
 the uterus; from a, privative, and pnrpa, 'the
 uterus.'
   AMICULUM,  Amnios.
   AM ID ON, 10 DURE D', Starch, Iodide of.
   AMIDUM, Amylum.
   AMINjEA, Anime.
   AMINiE'UM VINUM, Amine'an wine, highly
 esteemed as a stomachic.  Virgil distinguishes it
 from the Falernian.—Pliny, Macrobius,  <fcc.
   AMMA, Truss.
   AMMI,  Ammi majus seu cicutafo'lium seu
 vulga're  seu Bolberi, Am'mios murica'ta, A'jiimii
 ammi, Bishop's weed. The seeds of this plant are
 aromatic and pungent.  They  are said to  be
 carminative and  diuretic, and are tonic and sto-
 machic.
   Ammi  Bolberi, Ammi — a. des Boutiques, see
 Sison ammi—a. Cicutasfolium, Ammi—a. Verum,
 see Sison ammi—a. Vulgare, Ammi.
   AMMION, Hydrargyri sulphuretum rubrum,
   AMMIOS MURICATA, Ammi.
   AMMISMUS,  Psammismus.
   AMMOCHO'SIA, Ammocho'sia, from appos,
 ' sand/ and %ew, ' I pour.'  Arena'tio.  Putting
 the human body in hot sand, for the cure of
 disease.
   AMMO'NIA, Ammo'nia or Ammoni'acal gas,
 Volatile al'kali, Al'cali ammoniacum caus'ticum,
 A. volat'ile caus'ticum, Ammo'nia caus'tica, A.
 pura, Ammoniacum, A. caus'ticum,  Gas amiitit-
 niaca'le, Mephitis urino'sa, (F.) Ammoniaque,
 Air alcalin, Gaz ammoniacal. An alcali, so called,
 because obtained principally by decomposing sal
 ammoniac (muriate of ammonia) by lime.  This
 gas is colourless, transparent,  elastic, of a pun-
 gent, characteristic odour, and an acrid urinous
 taste.   It turns  the syrup of violets  green, and 
AMMONIAC                 65            AMMONLE ACETAS
its  specific  gravity  is  0*596.  When inhaled,
largely diluted with common air, it is a powerful
irritant.   When  unmixed,  it instantly induces
suffocation.
  Ammonia,  Acetate of,  Solution  of,  Liquor
ammoniac acetatis—a. Arseniate of, Arseniate of
ammonia—a. Benzoato of, Ammonias  benzoas—
a. Caustica liquida, Liquor  ammoniae—a. Chloro-
hydrate of, Ammonias murias—a. Citrate of, Am-
monia' citras—a. Hydriodate of, Ammonium, io-
dide of—a. Hydrochlorate of, Ammoniae  murias
—a. llydrosulphuret of, Ammoniae sulphuretum—
a. Iodide of,  see  Iodine—a. Liniment of,  strong,
Linimentum  ammonias fortius—a. Liquid, Liquor
Ammoniae—a. Muriatica,  Ammoniae  murias—a.
Nit rata,  Ammonias nitras—a. Phosphate of, Am-
monia; phosphas—a. Pneparata, Ammonias  car-
bonas— a. Pura liquida,  Liquor  ammonias — a.
Solution of,  Liquor  ammonias—a. Solution of,
stronger, Liquor ammonias fortior—a. Tartrate of,
Ammonias tartras.
   AMMO'NIAC, GUM, Ammoni'acum, (Ph. U.
S.) Gum'mi  Ammoni'acum, Armoni'acum, Muto'-
riitm,  (F.) Ammoniac, -Gamine ammoniaque, so
called from  Ammonia in Lybia,  whence  it is
brought.  A gum-resin, the  concrete juice of
Dore'inu ammoni'acum, of Persia:  a species of a
genus allied to  Ferula.  It is in  irregular,  dry
masses and tears, yellow externally, whitish with-
in.  Its odour is peculiar,  and not  ungrateful:
 taste nauseous,  sweet,  and bitter.   It forms a
white emulsion with water: is soluble in vinegar;
partially so in alcohol, ether, and solutions of the
 alcalies.
   Gum  ammoniacum  is expectorant, deobstru-
 ent (?)  antispasmodic, discutient,  and resolvent.
 It is chiefly used, however, in the first capacity,
 and in the formation of certain plasters.
   Two  varieties  are met with in the market,
 Gutter amnioni'aei, the best; and Lapis ammoni'-
 aci, the  more impure.
   AMMONIACE NITRAS, Ammonias nitras—
 a.  Sulphas, Ammonias sulphas.
   AMMONIACUM,  Ammonia, Ammoniac Gum
 —a. Succinatum, Spiritus ammoniae  fostidus—a.
 Volatile mite, Ammonias carbonas.
   AMMONITE ACETAS, Liquor ammonias ace-
 tatis—a. Arsenias, Arseniate of Ammonia.
   Ammo'si.-e  Ben'zoas, Ben'zoate of Ammonia.
 A salt formed by the union of benzoic acid  and
 ammonia, which  has been prescribed for the re-
 moval of  gouty depositions of urate of  soda in
 the joints.  It is regarded as a good diuretic.
   Ammoni k Car'bonas, A.  Subcar'bonas, A. Ses-
 quicar'bonas, Suit of bones, Sal Os'sium, Salt of
 wood-soot, Sal Fulig"inis, Salt of urine,  Volatile
 Sal  Ammoniac,  Baker's  salt, A/'eali volat'ile
 aera'-tum, A. volat'ile ammoniaca'lt; A.  volat'ile
 ex sale ammoni'aco, Ammoni'acum volat'ile mite,
 Ammo'nium  carbon'icum, A. subcarbo'neum,  Car-
 bonaa ammo'nia  alkali'nus  seu incomple'tus seu
 superammoni'acus, Hypocar'bonas ammo'nia, Flo-
 rts salis ammoni'aci, Sal cornu  cervi volat'ile,
 Sal rolat'ilis salis ammoni'aci, Concrete volatile
 alkali,  Carbonate or Subcarbonate of ammonia,
 A m in tin ia prapara'ta, Sal volat'ile, Smelling salt,
 (F.) Carbonate d'ammoniaque, Sci volatil d'An-
gleterrc,  (Ammon. muriat. ftj ;  Greta fisiss. Sub-
 lime— Ph.  U. S.)  A white, striated, crystalline
 mass; odour and taste pungent and ammoniacal:
 soluble  in two parts of water : insoluble in alco-
 hol : effloresces in the air.  It is stimulant, ant-
acid, diaphoretic, and antispasmodic.  Dose, gr.
 v. to xv.
   Carbonate of ammonia is at times used to form
effervescing  draughts.   One scruple saturates six
fluidrachms  of lemon-juice,  twenty-six grains of
crystallized tartaric acid, and twenty-six grains
of crystallized citric acid.
  Ammonias Citras, Citrate of Ammo'nia.  Made
by saturating  lemon or lime juice, or a solution
of citric acid, with carbonate  of ammonia.  Dose,
fS^.
  It may be made extemporaneously, and taken
in an  effervescing state.   Seventeen grains of
citric acid or half a fluidounce of lemon-juice
will  be sufficient for thirteen  grains of carbonate
of ammonia.
  AmmonijE  Cupro-sulphas,  Cuprum  ammo-
niatum.
  Ammonite et Ferri Murias, Ferrum ammo-
niatum—a. Ferro-citras, Ferri ammonio-citras—
a. Hydriodas, Ammonium,  iodide of—a. Hydro-
sulphuretum, Liquor fumans Boylii—a. Hypocar-
bonas, Ammonias Carbonas.
   Ammo'nia  Mu'rias, Mu'riate  of Ammo'nia,
Hydrochlo'rate of Ammo'nia, Chlorohydrate of
Ammo'nia, Sal  Ammoni'acum,  Sal Ammo'niac,
Sal  Ammoni'acus, Ammo'nia  Muriat'ica, Ammo'-
nium Muria'tum, Hydrochlo'ras Ammo'nia, Sal
Armoni'acum, Salmiac,  Fuli'go  Al'ba  Philoso-
pho'rum, Misadir, (F.) Muriate  d'Ammoniaque.
A saline concrete, formed by the combination of
muriatic  acid with ammonia.   In  Egypt it  is
manufactured in large quantities by subliming
the  soot formed  by  burning camel's dung — 26
pounds of the soot yielding 6 pounds.   It is also
prepared, in great quantities, by adding sulphuric
acid to  the  volatile alkali obtained from soot,
bones, &c, mixing this with common  salt, and
subliming.
   Muriate of ammonia is inodorous, but has an
acrid, pungent,  bitterish,  and  urinous  taste.
Three parts of cold water dissolve one.   Solu-
ble  also in 4-5 parts of alcohol.  It is aperient
and diuretic, but seldom used internally.  Ex-
ternally, it is employed, producing cold  during
its solution, in inflammations, Ac.
   Ammo'nLiE  NlTRAS,  Nitrate of Ammonia, Al'-
 kali volat'ile nitra'tum, Sal ammoni'acus nitro'sus,
 Ammo'nia nitra'ta, Nitras ammoni'aca, Nitrum
 flammans, (F.) Nitrate d'Ammoniaque.  A salt
 composed of nitric acid and ammonia.   It is diu-
 retic and deobstruent. (?)   Externally, it is dis-
 cutient and sialogogue.
   Ammo'nijE Phosphas, Phosphate of Ammo'nia,
 (F.) Phosphate d'Ammoniaque.  This salt has been
 recommended as  an excitant, diaphoretic, and
 discutient.   More recently, it has been proposed
 as a new remedy for gout and rheumatism, as a
 solvent of uric acid calculus,  and  for  diseases,
 acute and chronic, connected directly with the
 lithic acid diathesis.
   Ammoni.e Sesquicarbonas, A. carbonas.
   Ammo'nue  Sulphas,  Sulphate of Ammo'nia,
 Sulphas ammoni'aca,  Ammo'nium  sulphu'ricum,
 Al'kali  volat'ile  vitriola'tum, Sal Ammoni'acum
 secre'tum Glauberi, Sal secre'tus Glauberi, Vi-
 triolum  ammoniaca'le, (F.) Sulphate d'Ammoni-
 aque.  Formed by adding sulphuric acid  either
 to sal ammoniac  or to ammoniacal liquor.  Its
 properties are like those of the muriate  of am-
 monia.
   Ammo'nijE  Sulphure'tum, Sul'phuret of Am-
mo'nia, Hydrosul'phurct of Ammo'nia, Ammo'-
nium  Sulfhydra'turn,  HydrosuVphas Ammonia,
Spir'itus Begui'ni,  Sp. fumans Begui'ni, Sul-
phure'tum ammoni'aca, Sp. salis ammoni'aci sul-
phura'tus, Liquor ammo'n ii hydrothi'odis, Hydro-
sulphure'tumAmmo'nicum,Hydrarg. ammoniaca'-
le aquo'sum,  Hydrog" eno-sulphure' turn ammoni'-
aca liq'uidum, Spir'itus sul'phuris volat'ilis, He-
par  sulphuris volat'ile, Boyle's or BEGUINE'S
fuming spirit, (F.) Hydrosulphate sulfure" d'Atn- 
AMMONIAQUE
AMPELOS
moniaque, Liqueur fumante  de Boyle,  Sulfure
hydrogfne' d'Ainmoniaque, Hydrosulfurc d'Am-
moniaque.  Odour very fetid ; taste nauseous and
styptic; colour dark yellowish green. It is re-
puted to be sedative, nauseating, emetic,  disoxy-
genizing, (?) and has been given in diabetes and
diseases of increased excitement.  Dose,  gtt. viij.
to gtt. xx.
  Ammo'ni.e  Tartras, Al'kali volat'ile  tartari-
za'tum, Sal Ammoni'acum tarta'reum, Tar'tarus
ammo'nia, Tartrate of Ammo'nia, (F.) Tartrate
a"Ammoniaque.  A salt composed of tartaric acid
and  ammonia.   It  is diaphoretic and diuretic;
but not much used.
  AMMONIAQUE, Ammonia—a. Arsniiate d',
Arseniate of ammonia—a. Hydrosulfure  d', Am-
monias sulphuretum—a. Hydrosu/fate sulfure d',
Ammonias sulphuretum—a. Liquide,  Liquor am-
monia?— a. Phosphate d', Ammonias phosphas—
a. Sulfure hydrogene d', Ammonias sulphuretum.
  AMMONII IODIDUM, Ammonium, iodide of.
  Ammonii Ioduretum, Ammonium, iodide of.
  AMMONIO-CUPRICUS SUBSULPHAS,  Cu-
prum ammoniatum.
  AMMO'NION, from appos, 'sand.'  An ancient
collyrium of great virtues in many diseases of the
eye, and which was said to remove  sand from
that organ.
  AMMONIUM ARSENICICUM, Arseniate of
ammonia—a. Carbonicum, Ammonias carbonas
—a.  Hydroiodicum, Ammonium, iodide of—a.
Iodatum, Ammonium, iodide of.
  Ammo'nium, I'odide of, Iod'idum seu  Iodure'-
tum  ammonii, Ammonium loda'tum seu  Hydro-
iod'icum, Hydri'odas ammo'nia, Hydri'odate of
ammo'nia.  This salt  is formed by  saturating
liquid hydriodic acid with caustic ammonia, and
evaporating the solution. It  is applied in  the
form of  ointment ("5J ad adipis ^j) in lepra,
psoriasis, <fcc.
  Ammonium  Muriaticum Martiatum seu Mar-
tiale, Ferrum ammoniatum—a. Muriatum, Am-
monias murias—a. Subcarboneum, Ammonias car-
bonas—a. Sulfhydratum, Ammoniae sulphuretum
—a. Sulphuricum, Ammonias sulphas.
  AMNA ALCALIZATA, Water, mineral,  sa-
line.
   AMNEMOSYNE, Amnesia.
   AMNE'SIA, Amnest'ia, Amnemos'yne, from a,
privative, and pvnais, 'memory.'  Moria imbec"-
ilis  amne'sia, Obliv'io, Recollectio'nis jactu'ra,
Dysasthe'sia inter'na, Debil'itas memo'ria, Me-
mo'ria dele'ta, (F.) Perte de MSmoire,  'loss of
memory.'  By some Nosologists, amnesia consti-
tutes a genus of diseases.  By most,  it is consi-
dered only as a symptom, which may occur in
many diseases.
   AMNESTIA, Amnesia.
   AMNI TIS, Amnitis.
   AMNIOCLEP'SIS, from Amnios,  and kXcttto,,
' I steal or take away clandestinely.'   Premature
escape of the liquor amnii.
   AMNIORRHGE'A, from amnios, and pcta, 'I
flow.' A premature discharge of the liquor amnii.
   AM'NIOS,  Am'nion, Am'nium,  Hym'nium,
 Charta virgin'ca, Armatu'ra, Agni'na membra'na,
Pellu'cida membra'na, Galea, Scepar'num, Indu'-
sium, Amic'ulum,  Membra'na  foetum invol'vens.
 The innermost of  the enveloping membranes of
 the foetus:—so  called because first observed in
 the sheep, (?) apvos, 'a sheep.'  It is  thin, trans-
 parent, perspirable,  and possesses many  delicate,
 colourless vessels, which have  not been  injected.
 It is generally considered to  be produced by a
 fold of the external layer of the germinal mem-
 brane, rising up,  and gradually enveloping the
 embryo.  Its external surface is feebly united to
 the chorion by areolar and vascular filaments.
Its  inner  surface is  polished, and is in contact
with the body of the foetus and the liquor amnii.
  AMNIOT'IC ACID,  Ac"idum am'nicum  vol
amniot'icum.  A peculiar acid, found by Vnuquo-
lin and  Buniva in the liquor amnii of the cow.
  AMNI'TIS, Amnii'tis, from Amnion  and itis,
inflammation. Inflammation of the Amnion.
  AMO'NOMA'NTA, from amounts, 'agreeable/
and mania.   A form  of mania in which the hal-
lucinations are of an  agreeable character.
  AMOME FAUX,  Sison amomum.
  AMO'MUM CARDAMO'MUM, A. repens seu
racemo'sum,  A. vernm,  Alpin'ia  cardamo'mum,
Caro'pi, Mtilu'nia Cardamo'mum, Elctta'riu Car-
damo'mum, Cardamo'mum Minus, Lesser or  offici-
nal Cur'damom,  (F.) Cardamomr de. la Odte de
Malabar,  Cardamome.  The seeds of this East
India plant have an  agreeable, aromatic odour,
and  a pungent,  grateful  taste.  They  are car-
minative and stomachic:  but are chiefly used
to give  warmth to other remedies.  The fruit is
called Amoinis.   Dose, gr.  v. to """),'.
  Amomum Curcuma, Curcuma longa.
  Amomum Galanga, Maranta G.
  Amomum Gkanum   Paradi'si,  Cardamo'mum
ma jus, jllclcguct'tu,  Mttniguct'ta,  Cardamo' mum
pipera'tum, A. max'imum,  (F.) Grttines de Para-
dis.   Greater cardamom seeds resemble the last
in properties.  They  are extremely hot, and not
much used.
  Amomum Hirsutism,  Costus — a. Montanum,
see  Cassumuniar—a. Pimenta:   see Myrtus  pi-
men ta— a. Repens, A. cardamomum—a. Sylves-
tre, see Cassumuniar—a.  Zedoaria, Kasmpferia
rotunda—a. Zcrumbet, see Cassumuniar.
  Amomum Zin'gibkr, Zin'giber officina'le, Zin'-
giber album,  Z. nigrum, Z. commu'ne, Zin'ziber,
Ginger,  (F.)  Gingembre.   The white and  black
ginger, Zin'ziber fuscum et album, are the rhizoma
of the same  plant, Zin'giber officina'le, the dif-
ference depending upon the mode of preparing
them.
  The odour  of ginger is aromatic; taste warm,
aromatic,  and acrid.  It  yields  its virtues to
alcohol, .and  in a great  degree  to water.  It is
carminative,  stimulant, and sialogogue.
  Preserved  Ginger, ZingiVeris Radix Condi'ta,
Radix Zingib'eris condi'ta ex Indid ullu'tu, is a
condiment which possesses  all  the virtues of
ginger.
  Ginger-Beer Powders  may be formed of white
sugar, 3"j. and "**)ij. ginger, gr. v. subcarbonate of
soda. gr. xxxvj in each blue  paper: acid of tar-
tar, °"*)iss in each white paper,—for half  a pint of
water.
  Oxley's Concentrated Essence of Jamaica Gin-
ger is a solution of ginger in rectified spirit.
  AMOR, Love.
  AMORGE, Amurca.
  AMORPHUS, Anhistous,  Anideus.
  AMOSTEUS, Osteocolla.
  AMOUR,  Love — a.  Physique, Appetite, ve-
nereal.
  AMOUREUX (muscle.)   Obliquus   superior
oculi.
  AMPAC, Amp'acua.  An  East India  tree, the
leaves  of which have a strong odour, and are
used in baths as detergents.  A very odoriferous
resin is obtained from it.
  AMPAR,  Succinum.
  AMPELOCARPUS, Galium aparine.
  AMPELOPRASUM,  Allium.
  AMPELOPSI'S QUINQUEFO'LIA, Virgin'-
ian  Creeper, American  Ivy,  Fivcl caved Ivy,
 Woody Climber.  An indigenous climbing  plant.
Family, Vitaceae ; which flowers in July.  It has
been advised as an expectorant.
  AMPELOS, Vitis  vinifera—a. Agria, Bryonia 
AMI'HAMPnOTERODIOPSIA       67
AMYGDALIN
alba—a. Idasa, Vaccinium Vitis Idaea — a. Oino-
phoros,  Vitis vinifera.
  AM l'HAMI'IIOTERODIOPSIA, Diplopia.
  AMPIIARIS'TEROS, Ambila'vus, 'awkward;'
from a/i^i, and apiorcpoy, 'the left.'   Opposed to
ambidexter.
  AMPHEMERINOS, Quotidian.
  AM I'll KMERUS, Quotidian.
  AMPIII, aptfit, 'both, around, on all sides.'
Hence, a prefix in many of the following terms.
  AMPHIAM, Opium.
  AMPHIARTHRO'SIS, from aptpt, 'both/ and
ap9pu>ots, 'articulation.'   A mixed articulation,
in which the corresponding surfaces of bones are
united in an intimate manner by an intermediate
body, which allows, however, of some slight mo-
tion.  Such is the junction of the bodies of the
vertebras  by means of the  intervertebral  car-
tilages.   This articulation has also  been  called
Ihuri/irosc de Oontinuite.  The motion it permits
is but slight.
  AMPHIBLESTRODITIS, Retinitis.
  AMPIIIBLESTROIDES, Reticular.
  AMPHIBLKSTROMALA'CIA, from amphi-
blt'stro'i'des (membrana) the retina, and paXaicia,
' softening.'   Mollescence or softening  of the
retina.
  AMPIIIBRAN'CHIA,  from  outfit,  'around/
and [ipayxta, ' the throat.' Amphibron'chia.  The
tonsils and neighbouring parts.—Hippocrates.
  AMPHICAUSTIS, Vulva.
  AMl'IIID'EUM, from aptfil, 'around/ and icw,
'I  bind.'  The outermost margin  of the cervix
uteri;  the Labium uteri.
  AMPIIIDEXIUS, Ambidexter.
  A.MPHIDIARTHRO'SIS,  from  aptpt, 'about,'
and <5(«p3p<u<T(?, 'a moveable joint.'  A name given
by  Winslow  to the temporo-maxillary articula-
tion,  because, according  to  that  anatomist,  it
partakes both of ginglyuuis and arthrodia.
  AMPIIIESMA CORDIS, Pericardium.
  AMPHIMERINA, Pertussis—a.Hectica, Hec-
tic  fever.
  AMl'HTMERINOS, Quotidian.
  AMPIIION, Maslaeh.
  AMPHIPLEX, Perinasum.
  AMPHIPNEUMA, Dyspnoea.
  AMPHISMELA, Knife, double-edged.
  AANMirSMILE,  Knife, double-edged.
  AMI'lIISPUAL'SIS,   Circumac'tio,  Circum-
duc'tio, from aptfit, 'around,' and a-tpaXXto, 'I wan-
der.'  The movement  of  circumduction used in
reducing luxations.—Hippocrates.
  AMPHODIPLOPIA, see Diplopia.
  AM'PHORA, per  syncop. for  aptpapoptvs, from
aptpt, ' on both sides,' and  0fpw, ' I bear :' because
it had two handles.  A liquid measure among
the ancients, containing  above seven  gallons.
Also called Quadrant'al, Cera'mium, Ceram'nium,
Cadus.
  AMPHORIC RESPIRATION, see Cavernous
Respiration.
  AMPHOTERODIPLOPIA, see Diplopia.
  AMPHRODIPLOPIA,  Diplopia.
  AMPLEXATIO,  Coition.
  AM PLEXUS, Coition.
  AMPLIFIOATIO, Platynosis.
  AMPLTOPIA, Amblyopia.
  AMPOSIS, Anaposis.
  AMPOULES,  Essera.
  AMPUL'LA, (L.)  'A bottle.'  A membranous
bag, shaped like a leathern bottle.   See Cavitas
Elliptica.  In pharmacy, a receiver.
  Ampctla Chylifera seu  Chyli, Recepta-
culuni chvli.
  AMPULL.E. Phlyctacnas.
  AMPUTATION,  Amputa'tio, from amputare,
(am, 'around/ and putare,) 'to cut off.'  Apot'-
 ome, Apotom'ia. The operation of separating, by
 means of a cutting instrument, a limb or a part
 of a limb, or a projecting part, as the mamma,
 penis,  Ac, from the rest of the  body.  In the
 case of a tumour, the term  excision, removal, or
 extir2)ation,(¥.) Resection, is more commonly used.
  Amputation, Circular, is that in which the
 integuments and muscles are divided circularly.
  Amputation, Flap, (F.) A.d lambeaux, is when
 one or two flaps are left so as to cover the stump,
 when the limb has been removed.
  Amputation, Joint,  Exarticula'tio, (F.) A.
 dans Varticle ou dans la contiguite des membres,
 is when the limb is removed at an articulation.
  Each amputation  requires a different process,
 which is described in works on operative surgery.
  Amputation, Spontaneous, See Spontaneous.
  AMULET, Amuletum.
  AMULETTE, Amuletum.
  AMULE'TUM,  from amoliri, 'to remove.' An
 Amulet, Periam'ma, Apotropa'um,  Periap'ton,
 Phylacte'rion, Apoteles'ma, Exarte'ma, Alexica'-
 cum, Praservati'vum,Probasca'nium, Probascan'-
 tium, (F.) Amulette.  Any image  or  substance
 worn about the person  for the purpose of pre-
 venting disease or danger.
  AMUR'CA,  Amur'ga,  apopyn.  The marc or
 grounds remaining after olives have been crushed
 and deprived of their oil.  It has been used as
 an application to ulcers.
  AMURGA, Amurca.
  AMUSA, Musa  Paradisiaca.
  A'MYCE, Amycha, Amy'xis. Excoriation, Sca-
 rification.
  AMYCHA, Amyce.
  AMYC'TICA, from apvtrau, 'I lacerate/  Me-
 dicines which  stimulate  and vellicate the skin.—
 Caelius Aurelianus.
  A MYDRIASIS, Mydriasis.
  AMYEL'IA, from a, privative,  and  pvcXos,
 'marrow.'  A  monstrous  formation,  in which
 there is an absence of spinal marrow.
  AMYG'DALA,  same  etymon as Amyctica;
 because there  seem  to  be  fissures in the shell.
 The Almond,   of which there are  two  kinds;
 Amyg'dala ama'ra and A. dulces, (F.) Amandes
 ameres, and A. douces, obtained from two varie-
 ties  of Amyg'dahts  communis or A.  sati'va,  a
 native of Barbary. Nat.  Ord. Amygdaleas.  Sex.
 Syst. Icosandria Monogynia.
  The taste of Amygdala dulcis is soft and sweet;
 that of A. amara, bitter.  Both yield, by expres-
 sion, a sweet, bland oil.   The bitter almond con-
 tains Prussic  acid.  They are chiefly  used for
 forming emulsions.
  Amyg'daljE  Pasta, Almond Paste, a cosmetic
 for softening the skin and  preventing  chaps, is
 made of bitter  almonds, blanched, ^iv, white of
 one  egg; rose  water, and rectified spirit, equal
 parts, or as much as  is sufficient.
  Amyg'dal^e  Placen'ta, Almond Cake, is  the
 cake left after the expression of the oil.  The
 ground Almond Cake, Almond Powder, Fuvi'na
 Amygdala'rum, is used instead of soap for wash-
 ing the hands.
  Amygdala,  Tonsil.  Also,  a lobule or promi-
 nence of the cerebellum, so called from its resem-
 blance to an enlarged tonsil.  This and its fellow
 of the  opposite side  form the lateral boundaries
 of the  anterior extremity of the valley, and  are
 in great part covered by the medulla oblongata.
 The Amygdalas are seated on either side of the
uvula, in the fourth ventricle.
  AMYGDALATUM, Emulsio Amygdalae.
  AMYGDALE, Tonsil.
  AMYG'DALIN,  Amygdali'num, Amygdali'na,
Amyg'daline.   A principle  contained  in bitter
almonds,  which is  prepared by pressing the 
AMYGDALITIS
68
ANACOLLEMA
cruised almonds between heated plates to sepa-
rate  the fat oil; boiling the residue in alcohol;
evaporating, and treating with ether, which pre-
cipitates the amygdaline in a crystalline powder.
A weak solution of it, under the influence of a
small quantity of  emulain  or synaptase, which
constitutes the larger portion of the pulp  of al-
monds, yields  at once oil of bitter almonds and
hydrocyanic acid.
  AMYGDALITIS, Cynanche tonsillaris.
  AMYGDALUS,  see Amygdala.
  Amygdalus Communis, see Amygdala.
  Amyg'dahs Per'sica, Per'sica vulga'ris. The
common peach-tree, (F.) Pecher.  The leaves and
flowers have been considered laxative.  They are
bitter and aromatic, and have been given in has-
maturia, nephritis, <fcc.  The fruit is one of the
pleasant and  wholesome summer fruits,  when
ripe.  The kernels, Amyg'dala Per'sica, as well
as the flowers, contain prussic acid.
  Peach Brandy is distilled  from the  fruit, and
is much used in the United States.
  AMYGMOS, Scarification.
  AMYLA'CEA (rented ia), from amylum, 'starch.'
Remedies whose chief medicinal constituent is
staroh.
  AMYLEON, Amylum.
  AMYLI IODIDUM, Starch, iodide  of—a.
Ioduretum, Starch, iodide of.
  A'MYLUM, A'midum,  Fec'ula,   Amyl'eon,
Amyl'ion, from a,  priv., and  pvXv, 'a  mill,'  be-
cause made without a mill.  Starch, (F.) Amidon,
Amylon, Starch of  Wheat, Fari'nii, Tvit'iei fari'-
na, Amylum triti"ceitm seu Trit'ici, Fec'ula Amy-
la'cea, is inodorous and insipid, white and fria-
ble.   It  is insoluble  in cold water and alcohol,
but forms with boiling water a strong, semi-trans-
parent jelly.   It is demulcent, and is used as an
emollient glyster, and  as the vehicle for opium,
when given per anum.  Starch is met with  abun-
dantly in all the cereal grains, in the stalks  of
many of the palms, in some lichens, and in  many
tuberous roots, particularly in the bulbs of the
orchis.
  Amylum Americanum, see Arrow root—a. Can-
naceum,  Tous-les-mois — a.  Iodatum,  Starch,
iodide of—a. Manihoticum, see Jatropha  mani-
hot— a. Marantaceum, Arrow-root — a. Palma-
ceum, Sago — a. Querneum, Racahout.
  A'MYON, from a, priv., and pvov, ' a muscle,'
Emuscula'tus.   Without muscle.  Applied  to the
limbs, when so extenuated that the muscles can-
not be distinguished.
  AMYOSIS, Synezizis.
  AMYRIS COMxMIPHORA, see Bdellium.
  Am'yris Elemif'era, (F.)  Balsamier Elemi-
fire.   Nat.   Ord.  Terebinthaceas.  Sex. Syst.
Octandria Monogynia.  The plant whence  it has
been supposed Gum Ele'mi  is obtained.   This
gum or resin is brought from  the  Spanish East
and West Indies.   Brazilian Elemi,  according
to Dr. Royle, is produced by  Idea Icicariba;
Mexican Elemi, by Ela'phrium elemiferum;  and
Manilla Elemi, by Cana'rium  commu'ne.  It is
softish, transparent, of a pale whitish colour, in-
clining a little to green, and of a strong, though
not  unpleasant smell.  It  is only used in oint-
ments and plasters, and is a digestive.
   Amyris Gileadensis, see A. opobalsamum.
   Am'yris Opobal'samum, (F.) Balsamier de la
Mecque, Bal'sem,  Bal'sumum.  The  plant from
which is obtained  the Balsam of Mecca, BaV-
samum  genui'num antiquo'rum,  Balsamela'on,
JEgyptiacum Bal'samum, Bal'samum Asiat'icum,
B. Juda'icum, B.  Syriaeum, B. e Meccd, Coco-
bal'samum, B. Alpi'ni, Oleum Bal'sami, OpobaV-
eamum, XylobaV'samum, Balsam or Balm of Gi-
lead,  (F.) Baume  Blanc, B. de  Constantinople
blanc, B. de Galaad, B. du Grand Oaire, B. Vrtii,
Terebinthine de Giltutl, T. d'Egyptc, T. du Grand
Kaire, T. de  Judee.  A resinous  juice obtained
by making incisions  into  Amyris opobal'samum
and A. Gileaden'sis of Linnauis, Balsamaden'dron
Uilcaden'se of Kunth.   The juice of the fruit is
called  Curpobal'samuin; that of  the wood and
branches  XylobaV samum.   It has  the  general
properties of the milder Terebinthinatos.
  Amyris Tomentosum, Eagara octandra.
  AMYRON,.Carthamus Tinctorius.
  A'MYUS, from a, privative, and pvs,' a mouse,
a muscle.'  Weak or poor in muscle.
  AMYX'IA,  from a, privative, and pvt;a, 'mu-
cus.'  Deficiency of mucus.
  AMYXIS, Amyce, Scarification.
  ANA,  ava, a word which signifies 'of each.'
It is used in prescriptions as well as a and ail, its
abbreviations.  As a prefix to words, it means
'in/ 'through/ 'upwards,' 'above,' in opposition
to cata;  also 'repetition/ like  the English re.
Hence,—
  ANAB'ASIS, from avajSatvm, ' I ascend.'  The
first  period of a disease,  or that  of  increase.—
Galen.  See Augmentation.
  ANABEXIS, Expectoration.
  ANABLEP'SIS, from ava, 'again/ and fiXento,
'I see.'   Restoration to sight.
  ANABOLiE'ON, Anabole'us, from ava(3aXXu>, 'I
cast  up.'  An  ointment for extracting darts or
other extraneous bodies.
  ANAB'OLE, from  ava, 'upwards/  and ffaXXw,
(I cast.'   Anago'ge,  Anaph'ora, Anacine'ma,
Anacine'sis.   An  evacuation  upwards.  An act
by which certain  matters are  ejected  by the
mouth.  In common  acceptation it includes, ex-
spuition, expectoration,  regurgitation,  and vomit-
ing.
  ANABROCHIS'MUS,  Anabron'chismus, from
ava,  'with/ and jSpo^os, 'a running  knot.'  An
operation for removing  the eye-lashes, for exam-
ple, when they irritate the eye, by means of a
hair  knotted around  them—Hippocrates, Galen,
Celsus, &c.
  ANABRONCHISMUS,  Anabrochismus.
  ABABROSIS, Corrosion, Erosion.
  ANACAMPSEROS, Sedum telephium.
  ANACAR'DIUM OCCLDENTA'LE, Acujuba
occidentu''lis,  Cussn'vium  pomif'erum,  Cashew
(W.  Indies.)  (F.) Ac'ajou.  Nat.  Ord. Terebin-
thaceas.   Sex.  Syst.   Enneandria Monogynia.
The  Oil of the Cashew Nut, O'leum  Anacar'dii,
(F.) Huile d'Acajou, is an active caustic, and used
as such in the countries where it grows, especially
for destroying warts,  &c.
  Anacardium  Orientale,  Avicennia  tomen-
tosa.
  ANACATHAR'SIS,  from ava, 'upwards/ and
KaSaipciv, ' to purge.'   Purgation upwards.   Ex-
pectoration.   See, also, Repurgatio.
  Anacatharsis Catarrhalis   Simplex,  Ca-
tarrh.
  ANACATHARTICUS, Expectorant.
  ANACESTOS, Incurable.
  ANACHREMPSIS,  Exspuition.
  ANACHRON, Soda.
  ANACINEMA, Anabole, Exspuition.
  ANACINESIS, Anabole, Exspuition.
  ANACLASIS, Repercussion.
  ANACLINTE'RIUM,  Anaclin'trum, Recubi-
to'rium, from avaicXivo>, ' I recline.' A long chair
or seat, so formed that the person can rest in a
reclining posture.
  ANACLINTRCM, Anaclinterium.
  ANACOLLE'MA,  from ava, 'together,  and
KoXXam, ' I glue.'  A  healing medicine.
  Anacollemata, Frontal bandages. 
ANACOLUPPA
69
ANANAS
  ANACOLUP'PA.   A creeping plant of Mala-
bar, tho juice of which, mixed with powdered
pepper, passes in India  as  a cure  for epilepsy,
and as the only remedy for  the bite of the naja.
It is supposed to be Zupu'nia nodiflo'ra.
  ANAG0LUTH1E, Incoherence.
  ANACOMIDE, Restauratio.
  ANACONCHYLIASMUS, Gargarism.
  ANACONCHYLISMUS,  Gargarism.
  ANACTESIS, Restauratio.
  AN ACT IRION, Artemisia.
  ANACYCLEON, Charlatan.
  ANACYCLUS OFFICINARUM, see Anthe-
mis Pyrethrum — a. Pyrethrum, Anthemis pyre-
thrum.
  ANADESMUS. Fascia.
  ANADIPLO'SIR, from ava, 'again,' and SttrXota,
'I double.'  Epunailiplo'ais, Ejumalep'sis, Redu-
plica'tio.   The redoubling which  occurs in a
paroxysm of  an intermittent,  when its type is
double.—Galen, Alexander  of Tralles.
  ANADORA, Ecdora.
  ANAD'OSIS, from avaotStapi, 'I distribute.'
Purgation upwards, as by vomiting.  Congestion
of  blood  towards  the upper parts  of the body.
Anitdosis seems also to  have occasionally meant
chylification, whilst diadosis meant capillary nu-
trition,—Hippocrates, G alen.
  ANAD'ROME, from ava,  'upwards/ and iptuta,
' I  run.'  The transport of a humour  or pain from
a lower to an upper  part. — Hippocr.  Also, the
globus hystericus.
  ANJEDOJD'US, from av, privative, and atSota,
'organs of generation.'   A monster devoid of
sexual organs.
  AN^EMATOPOIE'SIS, from a, av,  privative,
'atpa, 'blood,' and wottu, 'I  make.'   Impeded or
obstructed hasmatosis.
   ANiEMATO'SLS,  Anhamato'sis,  from a,  av,
privative, and 'atpa, 'blood.'  Defective  hasma-
tosis or preparation of the blood.  Anasmia.
   AN^E'MIA, Era'mia, Ana'masis, Anha'mia,
Anhainato'sis, Polyanha'miu, Anamo'sis, Oliga'-
mia, Oligoha'mitt, Hypa'miu,  Hydroa'mia, Hy-
dra'mia, Ane'mia,  (P.) Anemic, PolyanMmie,
Jlyilrohfmic,  E.vsangitinity, Bloodlessness: from
a, priv., and 'atpa, ' blood.'   Privation of blood;
— the opposite to plethora.   It is  characterized
by every sign of debility.  Also, diminished quan-
tity of fluids in the capillary vessels :—the oppo-
site to Hyperamia. — The essential  character of
the blood in anasmia is diminution in  the ratio
of red corpuscles.
  AN^E'MIC,  Anem'ic,  Ancr'micus; same ety-
mon. Appertaining to Anasmia,—as  an "anamic
person;" " anamic urine."
  ANyEMOCH'ROUS, from a, av, privative, 'atpa,
'blood/  and ^poa,  'colour.'  Devoid of  colour,
pale.
  AN.EMOSIS, Anasmia.
  AN.EMOT'ROPIIY*', Anamotroph'ia: from av,
privative, 'atpa, 'blood/ and  rpotpn,  'nourish-
ment.'  A deficiency of sanguineous nourishment.
—Prout.
  AN-EMYDRIA, Anhydrasmia.
  AN-ESTHE'SIA,  Anasthe'sis. Insensibil'itas,
Analgc'sia,  Parap'sis expers,  (F.)  Anesihisie:
from a, privative,  and ata&avopat, ' I feel.' Pri-
vation of sensation, and especially of that of touch,
according to some.  It may  be general or partial,
and is almost always  symptomatic.
  Anesthesia Linguas, Ageustia—a. Olfactoria,
Anosmia.
  AN.ESTHESIS. Anassthesia.
  AN-ESTHET'IC,   Ancsthet'ic, Anasthct'icus,
Anesthisique ;  same etymon, as Anasthesia. Re-
lating to privation of  feeling, as an  " anasthetic
agent/' one that prevents feeling, as chloroform
inhaled during a surgical  operation.   Different
agents have been used as anaesthetics,—sulphuric
ether, chloroform, chloric ether, compound ether,
chlorohydric  and  nitric  ethers, bisulphuret  of
carbon, chloride of  defiant  gas, benzin, alde-
hyde, light coal-tar naphtha, <fec.; but the first
four are alone employed as  agents.
  ANjESTHETIZA'TION, (F.) AnestUtisation;
same etymon.  The condition of the nervous sys-
tem induced by anaesthetics.
  AN^ESTHISIA, Insensibility.
  ANAGAL'LIS,  from ava,  and  yaXa,  'milk/
from its power of coagulating milk.  A. arven'sia,
A. Phrenic"'en, Red Pim'pernel, Scarlet Pimper-
nel.   Nat.  Ord. Primulaceas.   Sex. Syst. Pen-
tan dria Monogynia.   (F.) Mouron  rouge.   A
common European plant; a reputed antispasmo-
dic and stomachic.
  Another species—Anagal'lis cceru'lea is a mere
variety of the above.
  Anagallis Aquatica, Veronica  Beccabunga.
  ANAGARGALICTON, Gargarism.
  ANAGARGARISMUS, Gargarism.
  ANAGARGARISTON, Gargarism.
  ANAGLYPHE,  Calamus scriptorius.
  ANAGOGE, Anabole, Rejection.
  ANAGRAPHE, Prescription.
  ANAG'YRIS, Anag'yrus, Ac'opon,  Anag'yria
foe'tida, Stinking Bean Trefoil.  Native of Italy.
The leaves are powerfully purgative.   The juice
is said to be diuretic, and the seeds emetic.—Di-
oscorides, Paulus.
  ANAGYRUS, Anagyris.
  ANAL,  Ana'lis.  That  which  refers  to the
anus ;—as Anal region, <fcc.
  ANAL'DIA, (F.) Analdie ; from a, privative,
and aXSeiv, 'to grow.'   Defective nutrition.
  ANALEMSIA, Analepsia.
  ANALENTIA, Analepsia,
  ANALEP'SIA,  Analep'sis, Analen'tia, Ana-
lem'sia, from  ava, 'fresh/ and Xapfiavtiv, 'to take.'
Restoration to strength after disease.—Galen.  A
kind  of sympathetic  epilepsy,  originating from
gastric disorder.  See Epilepsy.
  Also, the support  given  to a fractured extre-
mity ;—Appen'sio.—Hippocrates.
  ANALEPSIS, Convalescence, Restauratio.
  ANALEP'TICA,  Anapsyc'tica,  Psychot'ica,
Refecti'va, Reficien'tia, Analep'tics,  same  ety-
mon.  Restorative medicines or food;  such  as
are adapted to recruit the strength during con-
valescence:—as sago, salep, tapioca, jelly, &c.
  Analeptic Pills, James's, consist of James's
Powder, Gum Ammoniacum, and Pills of Aloes
and Myrrh, equal parts, with Tincture of Castor,
sufficient to form a mass.
  ANALGE'SIA,  Anal'gia, from  a, priv., and
aXyos, 'pain.'  Absence of pain both  in health
and disease.   See Anaesthesia.
  ANALGIA, Analgesia.
  ANALOGUE, Anal'ogus; from ava, 'again/
and Xoyos, ' a description.'   A part in  one orga-
nized being which  has the same function as ano-
ther part in another organized being.
  ANALOGOUS TISSUES, see Tissues.
  ANALOSIS, Atrophy.
  ANALTESIS. Restauratio.
  ANALTHES, Incurable.
  ANAMIRTA COCCULUS, Menispermum coc-
culus—a. Paniculata, Menispermum cocculus.
  ANAMNES'TIC,  Anamnes'ticum,  from  ava,
'again,' and pvaopai, 'I remember.'  A medicine
for  improving the  memory.  See, also, Comme-
morative.
  ANANAS.  Bromelia ananas—a. Aculeata, Bro-
melia ananas—a. Americana, Bromelia pinguin
— a.  Ovata,  Bromolia ananas  — Wild,  broad-
leaved, Bromelia pinguin. 
ANANAZIPTA               70               ANASTOMOSIS
  ANANAZIP'TA.  A word formerly scrawled
on amulets to charm away disease.
  ANANDRI'A, from a, av, privative, and avnp,
' a man.'  Want of manliness.  Impotence in the
male.  The state and act of emasculation.
  ANANEO'SIS, Renova'tio; from ava, 'again,'
and veos, 'new.'   Renovation or renewal,—as of
the- blood by  the chyliferous vessels and  lym-
phatics.
  ANAPETI'A, Expan'sio mea'tuum,  from ava,
and  Tzeratii, ' I dilate.'   A state opposite to the
closure of vessels—Galen.
  ANAPHALANTI'ASIS,^JiajoAa7a)Ko'ma,from
avatpaXavrtas, ' bald.'  Loss of the hair of the eye-
brows.  Also,  baldness in general.
  ANAPHALANTOMA, Anaphalantiasis.
  ANAPHE, Anaphia.
  ANAPH'IA, Anhaph'ia, An'aphe, from a, av,
priv., and 'a<pn, 'touch.' Diminution or privation
of the sense of touch.
  ANAPHLASMUS, Masturbation.
  ANAPHONE'SIS, from ava, 'high/ and tptovn,
'voice.'- Exercise of the voice: vociferation:—
the act of crying out.  Vocifera'tio, Clamor.
  ANAPHORA, Anabole.
  ANAPHRODIS'IA, from a, priv., and A0po-
Sirri, 'Venus/ Defec'tus Ven'eris. Absence of the
venereal appetite.  Sometimes used for Impotence
and Sterility.
  ANAPHRODISIAC, Antaphrodisiac.
  ANAPHROMELI, Mel despumatum.
  ANAP'LASIS, Anaplasmus,  from avanXaao-to,
'I restore.'  Gonfirma'tio, Reposi"tio.   Restora-
tion.  Union or consolidation of a fractured bone
—Hippocrates.
  ANAPLASMATIC, Anaplastic.
  ANAPLASMUS, Anaplasis.
  ANAPLAS'TIC, Anaplas'ticus; same etymon.
An  epithet applied to the art of restoring lost
parts, or the normal shape—as 'Anaplastic Sur-
gery.'  See Morioplastice.  Also an agent, that
increases the amount of plastic  matter—fibrin—
in the blood; Anaplasmat'ic.
  ANAPLERO'SIS, from avairXnpou, ' I fill up:'
Repletion.  That part of surgical therapeutics
whose object is to supply parts that are wanting.
Also,  Apposition or Prosthesis.
  ANAPLEROTICUS, Incarnans.
  ANAPLEU'SIS, Fluctua'tio, Innata'tio, from
avavXuv, 'to  swim  above.'   The looseness  or
shaking of an exfoliated bone; or  of a carious or
other tooth, <fec.—Hippocrates, Paulus.
  ANAPLOSIS, Growth.
  ANAPNEUSIS, Respiration.
  ANAPNOE, Respiration.
  ANAPNOENU'SI;  from Anapnoe,  'respira-
tion,'  and vovsos,   disease.'  Diseases  of  the re-
spiratory organs.
  ANAPNOMETER, Spirometer.
  ANAPODISIS UTERI,  Retroversio Uteri.
  ANAPODISMUS  UTERI, Retroversio Uteri.
  ANAPODOPHYLLUM CANADENSE, Podo-
phyllum peltatum.
  ANAP'OSIS, Am'posis, from ava, 'again,' and
Ttoais,  'drink.'  A recession  of humours from the
circumference to  the  centre of the  body—Hippo-
crates.
  ANAPSE, Auante.
  ANAPSIA,  Cascitas.
  ANAPSYCTICA, Analeptica.
  ANAPTYSIS, Expectoration.
  ANAPTYXIS, Growth.
  ANARCOTINA, Narcotine.
  ANARRHEGNU'MINA, from avappnyvvpt, 'I
break out again.'  Fractures are so called when
they become disunited; as  weU as ulcers when
they break out afresh.
  ANARRHI'NON,  from ava, 'upwards/ and
 piv, ' the nose.'  That which returns by the nose
 —Gorrasus.
   According to  others, that which issues by the
 skin; from ava,  and pivos, 'the skin.'
   ANARRHINUM, Sternutatory.
   ANARRHOE, Anarrhoea.
   A N A R R II (E' A,  Anar'rhoe, Anarrho'pia,
 Anas'tasis, from ava, 'upwards/ and pcio, 'I flow.'
 Afflux of fluid  towards  the  upper part of the
 body.
   ANARRHOPHE, Absorption.
   ANARRHOPHENU'SI ;   from  anarrhophe,
 'absorption/ and vovaos, 'disease.'   Diseases of
 the absorbents.
   ANARRHOPHESIS, Absorption.
   ANARRHOPIA, Anarrhoea.
   ANAR'TIIRUS,  from av, priv., and ap&pov, 'a
 joint.'  AVithout a joint.  One who is so fat that
 his joints are scarcely perceptible—Hipp.
   ANASAR'CA, from ava, 'through/  and cap!-,
 'the flesh.' Anasarch'a, Catasar'ca, Aqua  inter-
 cus seu inter cittern, Hyposar'ca, Hydrops  ccllu-
 la'ris totius cor'poris,  11. Anusur'eu, H. inter'cua
 seu subcuta'neus seu cellulo'sua seu cuta'neua seu
 tela cellulo'sa, Katasar'ca, Episarcitl'iu-m, Hy'-
 deros,  Hydaton'cus, Hyderon'cus,  llydron'cus,
 Hydrosar'ca,  Hydroder'ma,  Hi/drop'isis  vera,
 Sar'cites, Polylym'pliia,  Hyposarcid'ins, Leuco-
 phlegma'tia, General dropsy,  Dropisy of the  cel-
 lular membrane,  (F.) Antisarque.   Commonly, it
 begins to manifest itself by swelling  around  the
 ankles;  and is characterized  by tumefaction of
 the limbs and of the  soft parts covering the ab-
 domen, thorax, and  even the face, with  paleness
 and dryness of the  skin, and pitting when any
 of these (especially the ankles) are pressed upon.
 Like dropsy in general, Anasarca may  be active
 or passive; and  its  treatment must be regulated
 by the rules that are applicable to general dropsy.
 At times, the symptoms are of an acute character,
 and  the  effusion sudden, constituting  Dtrma-
 toch'ysis, Hydrops  Anasar'ca acu'tus,  (Etlc'ma
 cal'idum, CE. acu'tum, GZ. febrile of some.   See
 Hydrops.
   Anasarca  Hvstericum,  Anathymiasis — a.
 Pulmonum,  Hydropneumonia,  ffidema of  the
 Lungs — a. Serosa, Phlegmatia dolens.
   ANASARCHA, Anasarca.
   AN A SAR QUE, Anasarca.
   ANASISMUS, Concussion.
   ANASPADIA, see Anaspadiasus.
   ANASPA'DIAS,  Epispa'dias, from ava, 'up-
 wards/ and airata, ' I draw.'  One whose urethra
 opens on the upper surface of the penis.
   ANASPADISIS,  see Anaspadiasus.
   ANASPADISMUS, see Anaspadiasus.
   ANAS'PASIS, Anaspasm'us, from avaairati), 'I
 contract.' Retrac'tio.  Contraction, especially of
 the bowels.  The condition is called Anaspa'dia,
 Anaspad'isis, and Anaspadis'mus—Hippocrates.
   ANASPASMUS, Anaspasis.
   ANASSA, Bromelia ananas.
   ANASTALTICA, Styptics.
   ANASTASIS, Anarrhoea.  Also,  restoration
 from sickness.  Convalescence.
   ANASTCECHEIO'SIS,  from ava, 'again/ and
 oroixetov,  ' element.'  Reelementa'tio.   Resolu-
 tion of a body or its parts into their elements—
 Galen.
   ANASTOMO'SIS, from ava, 'with/ and aropa,
 'a mouth.'  Inoscula'tio seu  Reu'nio vaso'rum,
 Exanastomo'sis,  Concur'sus,  (F.) Abouchement.
 Communication between two vessels.  By consi-
 dering the  nerves  to be  channels, in  which a
 nervous fluid circulates, their communication like-
 wise has  been called Anastomosis.   By means of
 anastomoses, if the  course of  a fluid be arrested
I in one vessel, it can proceed along others. 
ANASTOMOTICS              71        ANCHUSA ANGUSTIFOLIA
  Anastomosis Aneurismatica,  Telangiectasia
—a. Jaeobson's ;—see Petrosal ganglion.
  ANASTOMOT'ICS, Anastomot'icu.  Same ety-
mon.  Certain medicines were formerly so called,
which were believed to be capable of opening the
mouths of vessels :—as aperients, diuretics, <fcc.
  ANASTOMOT'ICUS  MAGNUS,  (RAMUS,)
(F.) Artere colluterale interne, A. collatirale  dtl
co tide,  is a branch of the brachial artery which
comes  off a little above  the elbow, and bestows
branches to the hrachialis internus, to the under
edge of the triceps, and to the muscles, ligaments,
&c, about the  elbow joint.   See, also, Articular
arteries of the knee.
  ANASTROPIIE  UTERI, Inversio uteri.
  ANATASIS, Extension.
  ANATIIYMIAMA, Anathymiasis.
  ANATHYMI'ASIS, Anathymi'ama, from ava,
' upwards,' and dvpa, ' fumigation.'  (Ede'ma fu-
gax,  Oide'ma  spas'ticum,  UHde'ma  hyster'icum,
Aiutsar'ca hyster'icum.  An uncertain and tran-
sient swelling or inflation, said to have been ob-
served at times in  nervous and hysterical per-
sons. It also means Exhalation, Fumigation, and
Hypochondriasis.
   ANATOLE  UNGUIUM, see Nail.
   ANATOME, Anatomy — a. Animata, Physi-
 ology.
   AN ATOMIA, Anatomy—a. Animalis, Zootomy
 —a. Coinparata, Zootomy—a. Comparativa,  Zo-
 otomy—a. Viva, Physiology.
   AN ATOM IE, Anatomy — a.  Chirurgicale, see
Anatomy—a. des Regions, see Anatomy.
   ANAT'OMIST,  Anatom'ieus.   One  who  oc-
 cupies himself with anatomy.   One versed in
 Anatomy.
   ANAT'OMYT, Anat'ome, Anatom'ia, Prosec'tio,
 from  ava, and repvuv,  'to  cut,' (F.) Anatomic.
 The word Anatomy properly signifies dissection;
 but it has  been appropriated to the study  and
 knowledge of the number, shape, situation, struc-
 ture, and connexion,—in a  word, of all the appa-
 rent properties of organized bodies.   Anatomy is
 the science of organization.   Some have given the
 term a still more extended  acceptation, applying
 it  to every mechanical decomposition, even of in-
 organic bodies.  Thus, Crystallography has been
 termed the Anatomy of  crystallized  minerals.
 Anatomy has also been called  Morphol'ocjy, So-
 matology, Somatot'omy,  Organol'ogy, &c.  It as-
 sumes different names according as the study is
 confined to one organized being, or to a species or
 class of beings.  Thus, Androt'omy, or Anthropot'-
 omy, or Anthropog'raphy, or Anthroposomatol'ogy,
 is the Anatomy of man:—Zootomy, that of the other
 species of the animal kingdom : and Vet'erinary
 Anat'omy is the anatomy of domestic animals:
 but when the word is used abstractly, it means
 human Anatomy, and particularly the study of
 the organs  in  a physiological  or healthy state.
 Physiological Anatomy  is  occasionally used to
 signify the  kind of anatomy which  investigates
 structure with a special view to function.   The
 Anatomy of the diseased human body is  called
 Patholog"ical or Morbid Anatomy, and when ap-
 plied to Medical Jurisprudence, Foren'sic Anat-
 omy.   Several of the organs possessing a simi-
 larity of structure, and being formed of the same
 tissues, they have  been  grouped into Systems or
 Genera of Organs: and the study of, or acquaint-
 ance with, such systems, has been called General
 Anat'omy, Histo/'ogy, or Morphot'omy, whilst the
 study of each organ in particular has been termed
 Descriptive Anatomy. Histology is, however, more
 frequently applied  to the Anatomy of the Tissues,
 which  is called, also, Tex'tural and  Microscopic
 Anatomy.   Descriptive  Anatomy has  been di-
 vided into Skelatol'ogy which comprises Osteol-
ogy,  and Syndesmol'ogy;  and  into Sarcol'ogy,
which is subdivided into Myol'ogy, Neurol'ogy,
Angiol'ogy, Adenol'ogy, Splanchnology, aniDer-
mol'ogy.  Sur'gical Anat'omy, Medico-Ghiurgical
Anatomy, Topograph'ical Anat'omy, Re'gional
Anat'omy, (F.) Anatomie Ohiurgicale, A. des Re-
gions, is  the particular and relative study of the
bones, muscles, nerves, vessels, <fec, with which
it  is indispensable to  be  acquainted before per-
forming  operations.  Comparative Anat'omy  is
the comparative study of each organ, with a view
to an acquaintance with the modifications of its
structure in different  animals or in the different
classes of animals. Transcendent'at or Philosoph-
ical Anatomy  inquires into the mode, plan,  or
model upon which the animal  frame or organs
are formed; and Artificial Anat'omy is the art
of modelling and representing  in  wax or other
substance, the different organs or different parts
of the human body, in the sound or diseased state.
Phytot'omy  is  the anatomy  of vegetables, and
Picto'rial Anatomy, anatomy artistically illus-
trated.                             .
   Anatomy, Artificial, see Anatomy—a. Com-
parative, see Anatomy, Zootomy—a. Descriptive,
see Anatomy—a. Forensic, see Anatomy—a. Ge-
neral, see Anatomy—a. Human, see Anatomy—
a. of Man, see  Anatomy—a.  Medico-chirurgical,
see Anatomy—a. Microscopic, see Anatomy—a.
Morbid, see Anatomy—a. Pathological, see Anat-
omy—a. Philosophical, see Anatomy—a. Physi-
ological, see Anatomy—a. Pictorial, see Anatomy
—a.  Practical, see Dissection—a.  Regional, see
Anatomy—a.  Surgical, see  Anatomy — a. Tex-
tural, see Anatomy—a. Topographical,  see Anat-
 omy—a. Transcendental, see Anatomy—a. Vet-
 erinary, see Anatomy.
   ANATON, Soda.
   ANATREPSIS, Restauratio.
   ANATRESIS, Perforation, Trepanning.
   ANATRIBE, Friction.
   ANATRIPSIS, Friction.
   ANATRIPSOL'OGY, Anatripsolog"ia, Ana-
 triptolog"ia, from avarpi^tus, ' friction/ and Xoyos,
 ' a  discourse.'  A treatise on  friction  as a  re-
 medy.
   ANATRIPTOLOGIA, Anatripsology.
   ANATRON,_Natrum, Soda.
   ANAT'ROPE, from ava, 'upwards/ and rpiitta,
 ' I turn.'   Subversion.   A  turning or subver-
 sion or inverted action of the stomach, charac-
 terized  by nausea, vomiting, &c. — Galen.  We
 still speak of  the stomach turning against any
 thing.
   ANAUDIA, Catalepsy, Mutitas.
   ANAXY'RIS,  Rumex acetosa.
   ANAZESIS, Ebullition.
   ANAZOTURIA, see Urine.
   ANCHA, Haunch.
   AXCHLLOPS, iEgilops.
   ANCHORALIS  PROCESSUS,  Coracoid.
   ANCHUSA ANGUSTIFOLIA, A.  Officinalis
 —a. Incarnata, A. Officinalis—a. Lycopsoides, A.
 Officinalis.
   Anchu'sa  Officinalis, A.  Angustifo'lia seu
 Incama'ta seu LycopsoVdes,  Alca'na,  Lingua
 Boris, Buglos'sum sylves'tre, Offic"inal or Garden
 Al'kanet or Bugloss; Nat. Ord. Boragineas. /Sea;.
 Syst.  P*entandria Monogynia.   (F.)  Buglose.
 A native of Great Britain.  The  herb was for-
 merly esteemed as a cordial in melancholia and
 hypochondriasis;  but it is  now rarely used.  It
 is also called  Buglos'sa,  Buglos'sum angustifd-
 lium majus, B. vulga're majus, B. sativum.
   Anchu'sa Tincto'ria, Alcan'na spu'ria,  Dy-
 er's Bugloss,  Ane'bium,  Buglos'sum Tincto'rum,
 Lithosper'mum villo'sum, Dyer's  Al'kanet, (F.)
 Orcanette.  A European  plant.  The medical 
ANCHYLOSIS
72
ANEMONE DES BO IS
properties are equivocal.  It is used to give a
beautiful red colour to ointments.
  ANCHYLOSIS, Ankylosis.
  ANCISTRON, Hamulus.
  ANGOLIE, Aquilegia vulgaris.
  ANCON, Elbow, Olecranon.
  ANCONAD, see Anconal Aspect.
  ANCONAGRA, Pechyagra,
  ANCO'NAL; from aytcuiv, 'the elbow.' Relat-
ing, or appertaining to, the elbow or the olecranon.
  Anconal Aspect.  An aspect towards the side
on which the ancon or elbow is situated.—Bar-
clay.  Anco'nad is used  by the same writer ad-
verbially, to signify 'towards the anconal aspect.'
  ANOONE, Anconeus.
  ANCONE'US, from ayicwv, ' the elbow.' A term
once applied to every muscle attached to the ole-
cranon.  Winslow distinguished four :—the great,
external, internal, and small; the first three being
portions of the same muscle, the triceps brachia-
ls.  The last has, alone, retained the name.  It
is the Ancone'us minor of Winslow, the Ancone'us
vel Cubita'lis Riola'ni of Douglas, the Epicon-
dylo-Cubita'lis of Chaussier, the Brevis Cu'biti,
(F.) Anconi, and is sitnate at the upper and back
part of the fore-arm.   It arises from the external
condyle of the os  humeri, and is  inserted into
the posterior edge of the upper third of the ulna.
Its use is to aid in the extension of the fore-arm.
  Anconeus  Externus,  see  Triceps  extensor
cubiti — a.  Internus, see Triceps extensor cubiti
—a. Major, see Triceps extensor cubiti.
  ANCTE'RES.  Fibula or  Clasps, by which
the lips of wounds were formerly kept together.
— Celsus, Galen.
  ANCTERIASMUS, Infibulation.
  ANCU'BITUS, Petrifac'tio.  An affection of
the eye, in  which there is a sensation  as if sand
were irritating the organ.
  ANCUNNUEN'TJB.  A name formerly  given
to menstruating females.
  ANCUS, Ankus, from ayicoiv, 'the elbow.' One
who cannot extend his arms completely.
  Also,  the deformity resulting from  a luxation
of, the humerus or fore-arm. — Hippocrates.
  ANCYLE,  Ankylosis.
  ANKYLOBLEPHARON, Ankyloblepharon.
  ANCYLODERE, Torticollis.
  ANCYLODERIS,  Torticollis.
  ANCYLODONTIA, Ankylodontia.
  ANCYLOGLOSSIA, Ankyloglossia.
  ANCYLOMELE, Ankylomele.
  ANCYLOMERISMUS, Ankylomerismus.
  ANCYLOSIS, Ankylosis.
   ANCYLOTOMUS, Ankylotomus.
   ANCYRA, Hook.
   ANCYROID CAYITY, Digital cavity.
   ANCY'ROIDES  PROCESSUS, Coracoid.
   AND A.  A tree of  Brazil;—Anda  Gome'sii,
Joanne'sia princeps.   Nat. Ord. Euphorbiaceas.
Sex.  Syst. Moncecia Monadelphia.  An  oil is
obtained from the seeds  by pressure,  50 to 60
 drops of which act as a cathartic. The fruit is
an oval  nut,  containing two seeds.  These have
the taste of  the chestnut; but are strongly ca-
thartic,  and  even  emetic.  The shell is astrin-
gent, and is used as such in diarrhoea, &c.
   ANDELY, MINERAL WATERS  OF.  An-
 dely is in France, near Gysore, and eight leagues
 from Rouen.  The water is cold, and a weak cha-
 lybeate.  It  is used in chlorosis and abdominal
 obstructions.
   ANDERSON'S  PILLS, Pilulae Aloes  et Ja-
 lapas.
   ANDIRA  IBAI, Geoffraea Vermifuga—a. In-
 ermis, Geoffrasa inermis—a. Racemosa, Geoffraea
 inermis—a. Surinamensis, Geoffraea Surinamensis.
   ANDRACHAHARA, Sempervivum  tectorum.
  ANDRACIINE. Arbutus unedo, Portulaca.
  ANDRANATOM'IA,  Andranat'ome,  Andro-
toniia,  Androt'ome,  Anllirop,,t'omy,  from  arnp,
genitive av<5pos, ' a man/ and repvcu; 'to cut.' The
anatomy of man.
  ANDREA.  Adult age.   Manhood.
  Andri'a Mu'lier, Mttlicr  Ilcrmaphrodit'ica.
A female hermaphrodite.
  ANDROGEN'IA, from avr/p, 'man/ and ycvrais,
'generation.'   The procreation of males. — Hip-
pocrates.
  ANDROG"YNUS,  from avnp, 'a man,' and
yvvn, ' a woman.'   A hermaphrodite.   An effe-
minate person. — Hippocrates.
  ANDROLEPSIA, Conception.
  ANDROMANIA, Nymphomania.
  ANDROM'EDA  ARBO'REA,  Sorrel  Tree,
Sour  Tree, Sour  Wood, Elk Tree, Elk  Wood,
Sorrel Wood, Sour Leaf, (F.) Andromidier.  A
small indigenous  tree; Nat.  Ord.  Ericea1, Sex.
Syst. Decandria Monogynia;  found  in the Alle-
ghany Mountains and the hills and valleys di-
verging from them, as far as the southern  limits
of Georgia and Alabama; but seldom north of
Virginia.  The leaves are refrigerant and astrin-
gent, and  have been used to make a kind  of le-
monade, which has been given in fevers.
  Androm'eda Maria'na, Broad-leaved Moor-
wort.  A decoction of this American  plant  is
said to  have been successfully employed as a
wash, in a disagreeable affection,—not uncommon
amongst the slaves in the  southern parts of the
United States,—called the  Toe Itch, and Ground
Itch.-—Barton.
  ANDROPOGON BICORNIS, Juncus odoratus
—a. Citratus, Juncus odoratus—a. Citriodorus,
Juncus odoratus, Nardus Indica—a. Nardus, Ca-
lamus Alexandrinus, Nardus  Indica — a. Schce-
nanthus, Juncus odoratus.
  ANDROSACE, Umbilicus marinus — a. Mat-
thioli, Umbilicus marinus.
  ANDROSiEMUM, Hypericum perforatum.
  ANDROTOMY, Andranatomia.
  ANDRUM.  An  East  India word,  latinized
by Kasmpfer, signifying a kind of elephantiasis
of the scrotum, endemic in southern Asia.
  ANEANT1SSEMENT (F.),  Vir'ium extinc'-
tio. This word is often employed hyperbolically,
by patients in France, to signify excessive fatigue,
debility or syncope.
  ANEBIUM, Anchusa tinctoria.
  ANEBUS, Impuber.
  ANECPYE'TUS, from av,  for avev, 'without/
and i:vi.u,  ' I promote suppuration.'   That  which
does not suppurate, or is not likely to suppurate.
  ANEGER'TICA, from  avcyeipui,  'I  awaken.'
The art of resuscitating the apparently dead.
  ANEILE'MA,  Aneile'sis, from avciXeadat, 'to
be rolled upwards.'  Applied  particularly  to the
motion  of air in the intestines and the tormina
accompanying it. — Hippocrates.
  ANEILESIS, Aneilema.
  ANEMIA, Anasmia.
  ANEMO'NE.  The Wind Flower: from  avtpos,
'the wind/ because  it does not open its flowers
until blown upon by the wind.
  ANEMONE DES BOIS, Anemone  nemo-
rosa.
  Anemone Collina, A. Pulsatilla—a.  Hepatica,
 Hepatica triloba—a. Intermedia, A. Pulsatilla.
   ANEMO'NE Nf.MORO'SA,  Ranun'cuius  albus seu
 nemoro'sus,  Wood anem'ony, (F.) Animone des
 hois.   The herb and flowers are poisonous, acrid,
 and corrosive.  They have been used  as rube-
 facients.
   Anemo'ne Praten'sis, A. Sylres'tn's, Pulsatil-
 la  nigricans seu praten'sis.  This  plant has si- 
ANEMONY
73
ANEURISM
milar properties with the last.  It is also called
Meadow Anemony, (F.) Pulsatille noire, P. des
prfs.
  Anemo'ne Pulsatill'la,  A. Colli'na seu In-
tcrme'dia seu Praten'sis seu  Rubra, Pulaatilla
vulga'ris, Hcrba ventia, Nola culinu'ria, Pasque
flower, (F.)  Ooquelourde, possesses  like proper-
tics.
  Anemonk Rubra, A. Pratensis—a. Rue-leaved,
Thalictrum anemonoides—a. Sylvestris, A. Pra-
tensis.
  ANEMONY, Anemone hepatica — a. Meadow,
Anemone pratensis—a.Wood, Anemone nemorosa.
  AN EM OS, Wind.
  ANENCEPHALIA, see Anencephalus.
  ANENCEPHAL 0 TR OP HIE, from av, priva-
tive; eyKitfiaXos, 'the encephalon,' and rpotpn, 'nou-
rishment.'  Atrophy of the encephalon.
  ANENCEPII'ALUS,  from a, privative,  and
ty/cetfiaXos,  'brain.'  A monster devoid of brain.
— Bonetus.   G.  St. Hilaire.  Also  one  that has
a part only of the brain ; — Paraceph'alus.  The
condition has been called Anencephalia. A weak,
Billy person.— Hippocrates.
   ANENERGESIA,  Debility.
   ANENERGIA, Debility.
   ANEXTERONERVIA, Colic.
   AN KP ISC 11 US IS,  Incontinentia.
   ANEPITHYM'IA, from a, priv., and txtSvpia,
 'desire'   Many nosologists  have used this word
 for a loss of the appetites, as of  those of hunger,
 thirst, venery, &c.
   ANEPiTnYMiA Chlorosis,  Chlorosis.
   ANER. at'np. genitive avSpos-  A man.
   ANERETIIIS'IA, Inirritubilitas,from a,priv.,
 and  cpcOttris, ' irritability.'  Defect of irritability.
 — Swediaur.
   ANERYTHROP'SIA, from  av,  priv., epv&pos,
 'red,' and omris, 'vision.'  Defective vision, which
 consists in an incapability of distinguishing red.
   ANESIS, Remission.
   ANESTHESIE, Anaesthesia.
   A XES THE S IE EXT A TIQ UE.  The aggre-
 gate of phenomena of impaired feeling  produced
 especially  by the manipulations of the  animal
 magneti/.er. — Andral.
   ANESTHETIC, Anaesthetic.
   A XES THE TIQ UE,  Anaesthetic.
   ANESTHETIZATION,  Anassthetization.
   ANESON, Anethum.
   ANESUM, Pimpinella anisum.
   ANET, Anethum.
   AXETH, Anethum graveolens.
   AXE'THUM, Ane'son, Ane'ton, Ane'ihum Fce-
 nic'ulum seu Sege'tum seu Piperi'turn, Fcenic'ulum,
 F. Officinale, F.  vulga're, F. Dulce, Ligus1'ticum
 fcenic'ulum, Fan'culum, Fennel or Finckle, Jlttr'-
 athrum,  Anet, Strict Fennel,  (F.) Fenouil  ou
 Ania doux.   Xat. Ord. Umbelliferas.   Sex. Syst.
 Pentandria  Digynia.  The seeds Fcenic'ulum,
 (Ph. U. S.) have an  aromatic odour, and warm,
 sweetish taste.  They are carminative.  The  oil
 — Oleum Ftrnic'uli — is officinal in the Ph.U. S.
 The root is said to be pectoral and  diuretic.
   Anethum Fckniculim, Anethum.
   Ane'thum  Graveolkns, Anethum-, Pastina'ca
 Anethum  seu Graveolens, Fer'ula Graveolens,  A.
 hortcn'se, Dill, (F.) Aneth,  Fenouilpuant. A na-
 tive of the south of Europe.  The  seeds are sti-
 mulant and carminative.  Dose, gr. xv  to £'.
   Oleum Ane'thi, Oil of Dill, (F.)Huile dAneth,
 possesses the carminative properties of the plant.
   Anethum  PaStinaca,  Pastinaca Sativa — a,
 riporitum. Anethum—a. Segetum,  Anethum.
   AXETICUS, Anodyne.
   ANETON, Anethum.
  ANETUS, Intermittent fever — a. Quartanus,
Quartan — a. Quotidianus, Quotidian—a. Tertia-
nus, Tertian fever.
  ANEURAL'GICON,  from a, privative, veopov,
'nerve ;' and aXyos, 'pain.'  A name given by Dr.
C. T. Downing to an instrument used by him to
allay pain in nerves.  It is a kind of fumigating
apparatus,  in which  dried  narcotic  and  other
herbs are burnt, the heated vapour being directed
to any part of the body.
  AN'EURISM, Aneurys'ma, Anenrys'mus, Aneu-
ris'ma, Ceil inn, from avcvpvveiv, 'to dilate or dis-
tend.'  Dilata'tio  Arteria'rum, Ecta'sia, Embo-
rys'ma, Exangi'a aneuris'ma, Artericurys'ma, Ar-
tereurys'ma,  Hamatoce'le  arterio'sa,  Absces'sus
spirituo'sus, Arteriec'tasis, (F.) Anevrysme, Aneu-
risme.  Properly, Aneurism signifies a tumour,
produced by the dilatation of an artery; but it has
been extended to various lesions of arteries, as
well as to dilatations of the heart.
   There are various kinds of aneurism. The fol-
lowing are the chief.
   I, When the blood, which forms the tumour, is
enclosed within the dilated coats of the  artery.
This is the  true Aneurism, Aneurys'ma verum,
Hernia Arteria'rum, (F.) AnSvrysme vrai.
   II. When the blood has escaped  from  the
opened artery, it is called spurious  or false
Aneurism, Aneuris'ma  spu'rium,  Ruptu'ra Arte'-
ria,  Arteriorrhex'is, Arteriodialysis, Ecchymo'-
ma arterio'sum, (F.) Anevrysme faux.  The latter
is divided into three varieties.
   1. Diffused  False  Aneurism,  (F.)  Anevrysme
faux, primitif, diffus, noncirconscrit ou par infil-
tration, which occurs immediately after the divi-
sion or rupture of an artery, and consists of an
extravasation of blood into the  areolar texture
of the part.
   2. Circumscribed False  Aneurism,  (F.) Anev-
rysme, faux consecutif, circonscrit ou par epanche-
ment, enkyste ou sacciforme,  tumeur hemorrhagiale
 circonscrite, in which the blood  issues from the
 vessel some time after  the receipt of the wound,
 and forms itself a sac in the neighbouring areolar
 membrane.
   3. An'curiam by Anastomo'sis, or Var'icose An'-
 eurism, Phlebarteriotlial'ysis, Aneurys'ma veno'-
 so-arterio'sum, A. varico'sum, (F.) Anevrysme par
 anastomose  ou variqueux,  A. par erosion, A. de
 Pott, A. des plus petites arteres, which arises from
the  simultaneous  wounding  of  an artery and
vein;—the arterial blood passing into the vein,
 and producing a varicose state of it.
   III. Mixed Aneurism, (F.) Anevrysme mixte,
is that which arises from the dilatation of one or
two of the  coats, with division or rupture of the
other.  Some  authors  have made two varieties
 of this.
   1. Mixed external Aneurism, where the internal
and  middle  coats are ruptured, and the  areolar
is dilated.
   2. Mixed  internal Aneurism, in which the in-
ternal coat is dilated, and protrudes, like a hernial
sac, through the ruptured middle and outer coats.
 This variety has been  caUed Aneurys'ma Her'-
 niam Arte'ria sistens.
   Aneurisms have been  likewise termed trau-
mat'ic and  sponta'neous, according as they may
have been caused by a wound, or  have  originated
spontaneously.  They  have also been  divided
into internal and external.
   The internal aneurisms are situate in the great
splanchnic  cavities, and occur in the  heart and
great vessels of the chest, abdomen, Ac.  Their
diagnosis is difficult, and they are often  inacces-
sible to surgical treatment.
   The external aneurisms are situate at the exte- 
ANEURISMA
74
ANGEI0RRII03A
rior of the head, neck, and limbs, and are dis-
tinctly pulsatory.
  Aneurisms,  especially  the internal, may  bo
combated by a debilitant treatment, on the plan
of Valsalva,  which consists in repeated blood-
letting, with food enough merely to support life.
In external aneurism, the  artery can  be oblite-
rated.  This  is usually done by applying a liga-
ture above the aneurismal tumour.
  Aneurism, Dissecting, is one in which, owing
to rupture of the inner and middle coats of an
artery, the blood makes itself a channel between
these coats and the outer coat.
  In many cases, the lesion appears to consist in
a separation  of  the laminae of the middle  coat,
between  which the blood forms itself a channel.
  Aneurisms of the Heart, Cardion'chi, Car-
dieurys'ma, (F.) Anevrysmes du cceur, have been
divided into active and passive.   The former can
scarcely  be esteemed aneurisms,  as  they  most
commonly consist of increased thickness of the
parietes  of the heart, which diminishes its cavity
instead of increasing it.  The term Hypertrophy
of  the heart, better  indicates their  character.
Passive uneurism, Gardiec'tasis, on the contrary,
is attended with extenuation of the  parietes of
the organ, and enlargement of the cavities.  The
physical signs of dilatation of the heart are the
following:—The action of the heart is not visible,
and no  impulse is conveyed to the hand.   On
percussion, there is a loss of resonance over a
larger surface than usual, but the dulness is much
less intense than that which accompanies hyper-
trophy.   On auscultation, the action of the heart
is only slightly  felt, and communicates at once
the impression  of  its  diminished power.  The
impulse  is feebler than usual.  Both sounds  are
widely transmitted over the thorax, and are not
much fainter at a  distance from their point of
origin.
   Partial or true aneurism of the heart—Cardi-
ec'tasis partia'lis, Aneurys'ma consecuti'vum cor-
dis, is sometimes seen,—rarely, however.
   The name Aneurism of the Valves of the heart
has been given  to pouch-like projections of  the
valves into the auricles.
   Aneurism by Anastomosis, see Aneurism—
a. Brasdor's  operation for, see Brasdor—a. Ex-
ternal, see Aneurism—a. False, see Aneurism—
a. False, circumscribed, see Aneurism—a. False,
diffused, see Aneurism—a. Internal, see Aneurism
—a. Mixed, see Aneurism—a. Mixed, external, see
Aneurism—a. Mixed, internal, see Aneurism—a.
 Spontaneous, see  Aneurism — a. Spurious,  see
Aneurism—a. Traumatic, see Aneurism—a. True,
see Aneurism—a. Valsalva's method of treating,
see Aneurism — a. Varicose, see Aneurism.
   ANEURISMA, Aneurism.
   ANEURIS'MAL, Aneurys'mal, Aneurismalic,
Aneurysmat'ieus, Aneurismdlis.  That which  be-
longs to  Aneurism.
   Aneurismal  Sac or  Cyst, (F.) Sac ou Kystc
aneurysmal,  is a sort of pouch,  formed by  the
 dilatation of the coats of an artery, in which  the
blood, forming  the aneurismal tumour, is con-
tained.
   ANEURISMATIC, Aneurismal.
   ANEURYSM, Aneurism.
   ANEURY'SMA,  Aneurism—a. Cordis activum,
 Heart, hypertrophy of the—a. Herniam arterias
 sistens, see Aneurism—a. Spurium, see Aneurism
 —a. Varicosum, see Aneurism—a. Venoso-arte-
 riosum,  see Aneurism—a. Verum, see Aneurism.
   AXEURYSME, Aneurism.
   ANEURYSMUS, Aneurism, Dilatation.
   ANEVRYSME,  Aneurism —a. de  I'Aorte,
 Aorteurysma—a. Circonscrit, see Aneurism—a.
 dePott,  see Aneurism—a. des Plus petites artlres,
see Aneurism — a. Diffus, seo Aneurism — a.  F.n-
kysti, sec  Aneurism —«.  Faux, seo  Aneurism —
a.  Fuux consecutif, sec Aneurism — a.  Mixtc, seo
Aneurism—a. par Anastomose; seo Aneurism—a.
par Epanchcment, see Aneurism—a.  par Erosion,
see Aneurism — a. pur Infiltration, seo Aneurism
a.  Primitif see  Aneurism — a.  Sticciforme, seo
Aneurism—a. Variqueux, see Aneurism—a. Vrai,
see Aneurism.
  ANFION, Maslach.
  AXFRACTUOSITES CEREBRALES, An-
fractuosities,  cerebral—a. Ethmo'idales, seo An-
fractuosity.
  ANFRACTUOS'ITY, Anfrac'tus, Gyrus, from
am,  'around/ and frangcrc,fractum, 'to break.'
A  groove or furrow.   Used in anatomy to signify
sinuous depressions  or sulci, of greater  or  less
depth, like those which separate the  convolutions
of the brain from each other.  These
   Anfractuosities, Cerebral, Anfrac'tus Cer-
ebri,  Gyri Cer'ebri,  Jntestin'ula Cer'tbri, (F.)
Anfractuosites Cerebrates, are always narrow, and
deeper at  the upper surface of the brain than at
its base; and are lined by a prolongation of the
pia mater.
   The Ethmoid Cells are, sometimes,  called An-
fractuosites ethmo'idales.
   ANFRACTUS, Anfractuosity—a. Cerebri, An-
fractuosities (cerebral.)
   ANGECTASIA, Angiectasis.
   ANGEIAL, Yascular.
   ANGEIECTASIA, Angiectasis.
   ANGEIECTASIS, Angiectasis.
   ANGEIECTOMA, Angiectasis.
   ANGEIOG'RAPHY, Angiography,  Angeio-
graph'ia, from ayyttov, 'a vessel/ and ypatpn, 'a
description.'  The anatomy of the vessels.
   ANGEIOHYDROG'RAPHY,  Angiohydrog'-
raphy, Angeiondrog'raphy, Angeiohydrogra'phia,
Hydrangiograph'ia, from ayytiov,' a vessel/ 'vStop,
'water/ and ypa$u>, 'I describe.' A treatise on
the lymphatics.
   ANGEIOHYDROT'OMY,  Angiohydrot'omy,
Angeiondrot'omy,  Angeiohydrotom'ia,  Hydran-
giotom'ia, from ayyetov, 'a vessel/ 'vStop, 'water/
and rcpetv, ' to cut.'  Dissection of the lymphatics.
   ANGEIOLEUCI'TLS,  Angioleuci'tis,  Lym-
phangei'tis, Lyinjdiungi'tis, Lymphangioi'tis, Dy-
drangei'tis, Lymjilii'tis, Lymphati'tis, ln/lamnta'-
tio vaso'rum lymphatieo'rum, from ayytiov, ' a
vessel,' XevKos, 'white,'  and itis, inflammation.
(F.) Inflammation des vaisseaux  lymphatiques ou
des tissus  blancs.  Inflammation of  the lympha-
tics :  lymphatic or scrofulous inflammation.
   ANGEIOL'OGY,   Angiol'ogy, Angeiolog"ia,
from ayyeiov, ' a vessel/ and Xoyos, ' a discourse.'
A discourse on the vessels.  The anatomy of the
vessels.   It  includes Arteriology,  Phlebology,
and Angeiohydrology.
   ANGEIOMALA'CIA, Angiomdldcia ;  from
ayytiov, ' a vessel/ and paXaxia, ' softening.' Mol-
lescence or softening of vessels.
   ANGEIOMYCES, Hasmatodes fungus.
   ANGEION, Vessel.
   ANGEIONDROGRAPHY,  Angeiohydrogra-
phy-
   ANGEIONDROTOMY, Angeiohydrotomy.
   ANGEIONOSUS, Angeiopathia.
   ANGEIONUSUS, Angeiopathia.
   ANGEIOPATHI'A,  Angiopathi'a,  Angeion'-
osus, Angeionu'sus,  Angio'sis,  from ayytiov, 'a
vessel/ and  7ra0os, ' a disease.'  Disease  of the
ANGEIOPLEROSIS, Plethora.
ANGEIOPYRA, Synocha.
ANGEIORRHAGIA, Haemorrhagia activa.
ANGEIORRHOE'A, (F.) AngeiorrUe; from 
ANGEIOSIS                 75                  ANGINA
myyttov, 'a vessel/ and  pita, 'I flow.'  Passive
hemorrhage.
  ANGEIOSIS, Angiosis.
  AXG IHOSTEGNOSIS, Angiemphraxis.
  ANGEIOSTENOSIS,  Angiemphraxis.
  ANGEIOSTEO'SIS, Angiosto'sis, from oyytiov,
'a vessel/ and oorctjitjis,  'ossification.'  Ossifica-
tion of vessels.
  ANGETOSTROPHE,  see Torsion.
  ANGEIOTELECTASIA, Telangiectasia.
  AXGEIOT'OMY,  Angiot'omy, Angeiotom'ia,
from ayytiov,  ' a vessel/  and repvetv, ' to cut.'
Dissection of vessels.
  ANGKI'TIS,  Angiitis, Angioi'tia, Inflammd-
 tio vaso'rum, (F.) Angeite.  Inflammation of ves-
 sels in general.
   ANGELIC  ROOT, Angelica lucida.
   ANGEL'ICA,  Angelica   Archangelica  seu
 Hispu'na seu  Sati'vn, Archangelica officina'lia,
 Garden Angelica, (F.) Angilique, Racine de Saint
 Esprit.  So called from its supposed angelic vir-
 tues.   Nat.  Ord. Umbelliferae.  Sex. Syst. Pen-
 tandria Digynia. Native of Lapland.  The roots,
 stalk, leaves, and seed,  are aromatic and  carmi-
 native.  A sweetmeat is made of the root, which
 is  agreeable.
   Angelica Archangelica, Angelica.
   Angel'ica  Atropurpu'rea,  Angelica (Ph.
 U. S.) Musterwort.  An indigenous species, grow-
 ing over the whole United States, and admitted
 into the  secondary list of the Pharmacopoeia of
 the  United States.   Virtues,  same  as  those of
 the Angelica of Europe.
   Angelica Levisticum, Ligusticum levisticum.
   Angelica  Lu'cida,  Angelic  root, Bellyache
 root, Nendo, White root, an indigenous plant, the
 root of  which  is bitterish,  subacrid, fragrant,
 aromatic, stomachic, and tonic.
   Angelica Officinalis, Imperatoria—a. Palu-
 dapifolia, Ligusticum levisticum—a. Sativa, An-
 gelica, A. sylvestris.
    Angel'ica  Sylves'tris, A. sati'va,  Seli'num
 Sylvcs'tre seu Angel'ica seu Pubes'cens, Impera-
 to'riu Sylves'tres seu Angelica,  Wild Angel'ica,
 (F.) Angflique  sauvage.  Possesses  similar pro-
 perties to the  last, but in an inferior degree.  The
 seeds, powdered and put into the hair, are used
 to destroy lice.
    Angelica Sylvestris, Ligusticum podagraria
 —a. Tree, Aralia spinosa.
    ANGELI'NiE  CORTEX.   The  bark of a
 Grenada tree, which  has  been recommended as
 anthelmintic and cathartic.
   ANGELIQUE, Angelica—a. Sauvage, Angel-
 ica sylvestris.
    ANGELOCACOS,  Myrobalanus.
    ANGEMPHRAXIS,  Angiemphraxis.
   ANGIDIECTASIA, Trichangiectasia.
    ANGIDIOSPONGUS, Hasmatodes fungus.
    ANGIECTASIA VENOSA, Varix
    ANGIECTASIS,  Angciccta'sia, Angecta'sia,
 Angieurys'met, Angciecto'ina,  from  ayytiov, 'a
 vessel,' and cKraais, '  dilatation.'  Any dilatation
 of vessels.—Gr'afe and Alibert.  Telangiectasia.
    ANGIEMPIIRAX'IS, Angemphrax'is, Angei-
 osteno'sis, Angeiostegno'sis, from ayytiov, 'a ves-
 sel,' and epippa^is, 'obstruction.'   Obstruction of
 vessels.
   ANGIEURYSMA, Angiectasis.
   AXGIITE. Inflammation, Angeitis.
   AXGIITIS. Angeitis.
   ANGI'NA,  Febris  Angino'sa, Isthmitis, Quin-
 sy  or Sore Throat; from angtrc,  'to suffocate.'
 Inflammation  of the supra-diaphragmatic portion
 of the alimentary canal, and of the air passages.
 The Latin writers  applied the term to every dis-
 ease in which deglutition  or respiration, sepa-
 rately or united, was affected, provided that such
affection  was above  the stomach and lungs.—
Boerhaave speaks of the angina of the moribund,
which is nothing more than  the dysphagia or
difficult deglutition preceding death.   See  Cy-
nanche.
  Angina Aphthosa, Aphthae—a. Aquosa, QEde-
ma of the glottis — a. Bronchialis, Bronchitis—a.
Canina, Cynanche trachealis—a. Cordis, Angina
pectoris—a. cum Tumore,  Cynanche tonsillaris—
a. Epidemica,  Cynanche  maligna — a. Epiglot-
tidea, Epiglottitis—a. Erysipelatosa, Erythranche
a. Exudatoria,  Cynanche trachealis—a. Externa,
Cynanche parotidaea—a. Faucium, Isthmitis—a.
Faucium Maligna, Cynanche maligna — a. Folli-
culosa of the pharynx, Pharyngitis, follicular—a.
Gangrasnosa, Cynanche  maligna—a.  Humida,
Cynanche trachealis—a.  Inflammatoria, Cynan-
che, Cynanche trachealis — a. Laryngea, Laryn-
gitis— a. Laryngea OSdematosa,  (Edema of the
glottis—a. Linguaria, Glossitis—a. Maligna, An-
gina pellicularis, Cynanche maligna, Pharyngitis,
diphtheritic—a. Maxillaris, Cynanche parotidaea
— a.  Membranacea,  Cynanche  trachealis — a.
Mitis, Isthmitis.
   Angi'na  Nasa'lis,  Nasi'tis posti'ca.  An  in-
flammation of the posterior portion of the Schnei-
derian membrane lining the nose.  Also, Coryza.
   Angi'na   GSdemato'sa, (F.) Angine  cedSma-
 teuse, CEdemc de la Glotte.  An cedematous swell-
ing of the glottis; the effect of chronic cynanche
laryngea.   See GMema of the Glottis.
   Angina Palatina, Hyperoitis—a. Paralytica,
 Pharyngoplegia-=-a. Parotidaea Externa, Cynan-
 che parotidaea.
   Angi'na   Pec'toris,  A. cordis,   Sternal'gia,
 Asthma spas'tico-arthrit'icum incon'stans, Asthma
 diaphragmal icum, Arthri'tis  diaphragmatiea,
 Orthopnce'a cardi'aca, Sternodyn'ia  synco/i'tica
 et pal'pitans, S. syncopa'lis, Cardiog'mus cordis
 aim's'tri, Asthenia pectora'lis, Angor pec'toria,
 Stenocar'dia, Diaphragmalic gout. Asthma  con-
 vulsi'vum, Asthma arthrilicitm, Cardioneuralgia,
 Ncarulgia  brachiothorac"ica, Hyperasthe'sia
 plexus cardi'aci, A. dolorif icum, Syn'cope angi-
 no'sa seu angens, Oardiod'yne spasmod'ica inter-
 mil tens, Pnigopho'bia,  Prunella,   Suspir'ium
 cardi'acum, Pncumonalgia,  Suff'ocative Breast-
 pang, (F.) Angine de Poitrine, Nevrose du Gceur.
 A disease, the  precise pathology of which is not
 known.   The  principal symptoms  are, violent
 pain  about the sternum,  extending  towards the
 arms; anxiety, dyspnoea, and sense of suffoca-
 tion.  It is  an affection of great danger, and is
 often connected with ossification, or other morbid
 condition of the heart. It appears to be neuropa-
 thic, and has been termed Neuralgia of the Heart.
 Some, however,  employ  this last  term  for an
 acutely painful intermittent affection of the heart,
 which seems to differ from angina pectoris more
 in regard to the smaU number of parts which are
 drawn into  morbid consent with the affected car-
 diac nerves, than in  regard either  to its nature
 or  appropriate treatment.  The  most  powerful
 stimulating and narcotic  antispasmodics are  re-
 quired during the paroxysm.
   Angi'na  Pellicula'ris,  A. malig'na, Dipthe-
 ri'tis of the throat.   A name  given to those  in-
flammations about the throat, in which exuda-
tions or  false membranes  are thrown out, during
the phlogosis of the mucous membranes. Aphtha,
 Tracheitis, when accompanied with the membra-
niform  exudation, are, with some,  examples of
diphtheritic inflammation.
  Angina Perniciosa, Cynanche trachealis—a.
Pestilentialis, Pharyngitis, diphtheritic—a. Poly-
posa, Cynanche trachealis—a. Polyposa seu mem-
branacea, Cynanche trachealis—a. Pseudo-mem-
branosa, Pharyngitis,  diphtheritic—a. Pulposa, 
ANGINE GUTTURALS
76
ANGULAR
Cynanche trachealis—a. Sanguinea, Cynanche
tonsillaris.
  Angina Sicca, (F.) Angine alche, is a chronic
inflammation of the pharynx, with a distressing
sense of dryness and heat, in chronic diseases of
the stomach and lungs.  See Pasdanchone.
  Angina Simplex, Isthmitis.
  Angina Squirro'sa,  (F.) Angine  squirreuae,
consists in difficulty of deglutition,  caused by
scirrhous disorganization of the pharynx or oeso-
phagus, or by enlarged tonsils.
  Angina Strangulatoria,  Cynanche trache-
alis—a. Strepitosa, Cynanche trachealis—a.  Suf-
focatoria,  Cynanche trachealis—a. Synochalis,
Cynanche tonsillaris—a. Thyreoidea, Thyreoids
— a. Tonsillaris, Cynanche tonsillaris—a. Tra-
chealis, Cynanche trachealis—a. Ulcerosa, Cy-
nanche maligna—a.  Uvularis,  Staphylcedema,
Uvulitis—a.  Vera et  Legitima,  Cynanche  ton-

  ANGINE  GUTTURALE, Cynanche tonsil-
laris— a. Laryngie, Laryngitis — a. Laryngie et
tracheale, Cynanche trachealis—a. Laryngie cede-
mateuse, CEdema of the glottis—a. (Esophagienne,
Oesophagitis—a. Pharyngee, Cynanche parotidaea
—a. de Poitrine, Angina pectoris—a. Seche, An-
gina sicca—a. Simple, Isthmitis—a. Squirreuse,
Angina Squirrosa—a. Tonsillaire, Cynanche ton-

  AXGINEUX, Anginosa.
  ANGINO'SA, (F.) Angineux.   That which is
accompanied with  angina; as Scarlatina angi-
no'sa.
  ANGIOCARDI'TIS, from ayytiov, 'a vessel/
and carditis, 'inflammation of the heart.'  In-
flammation of the heart  and great vessels.
  ANGIOGRAPHY, Angeiography.
  ANGIOHEMIE, Hyperasmia.
  ANGI0HYDR0GRAPI1Y,  Angeiohydrogra-
ptiy-
  ANGIOHYDROTOMY,  Angeiohydrotomy.
  ANGIOITIS,  Angeitis.
  ANGIOLEUCITIS, Angeioleucitis.
  ANGIOLOGY, Angeiology.
  ANGIOMALACIA,  Angeiomalaeia.
  ANGIOMYCES, Haematodes fungus.
  ANGIONOSUS, Angeiopathia.
  ANGIONUSUS, Angeiopathia.
  ANGIOPATHIA, Angeiopathia.
  ANGIOPLEROSIS, Plethora.
  ANGIOPYRA, Synocha.
  ANGIO'SIS, from ayytiov, 'a vessel.'  Angeio'-
sis, Angeiopathi'a.   Under this term Alibert in-
cludes every disease of the blood vessels.
  ANGIOSTEGNOSIS, Angiemphraxis.
  ANG10STENOSIS, Angiemphraxis.
  ANGIOSTOSIS, Angeiostosis.
  ANGIOSTROPHE, See Torsion.
  ANGIOTELECTASIA,  Telangiectasia.
  ANGIOTEN'IC,  Angeioten'ic, Angioten'icus
seu Angeioten'icus,  from ayytiov, ' a vessel/ and
rctvtiv, ' to extend.'  An  epithet given to inflam-
matory fever, owing to its  action seeming to be
chiefly exerted on the vascular system.
  ANGIOTOMY, Angeiotomy.
  ANGLE,  An'gulus, from ayicvXos, 'a  hook.'
The space between two lines which meet in a
point.
  Angle, Fa'cial, pointed out  by Camper, is
formed by the union of  two lines, one of which
is drawn from the most prominent part of  the
forehead to  the  alveolar edge of  the upper jaw,
opposite the incisor teeth—the facial line—and
the other from the  meatus  auditorius externus to
the same  point  of the jaw.  According to  the
size of the angle it has been attempted to appre-
ciate the respective proportions  of the cranium
and face, and, to a certain extent, the degree of
intelligence of individuals  and of animals.   In
the white varieties of the species, this angle is
generally 80°; in the negro not more than 70°,
and sometimes only 65°.  As we  descend  tho
scale of animals, the angle becomes less and less;
until, in fishes, it nearly or entirely disappears.
Animals which have the snout long, and facial
angle small, such  as the snipe, crane, stork, Ac,
are  proverbially  foolish, at  least thoy  are  so
esteemed; whilst intelligence is ascribed to those
in which the angle is more largely developed, as
the elephant and the owl.  In these last animals,
however, the large facial angle is caused  by  the
size of the frontal sinuses :—so that this modo of
appreciating the size of the brain is very inexact,
and cannot be depended upon.
  The following is a table  of the angle in man
and certain animals:
              FACIAL ANGLES.
  Man....................from 68° to 880 and more.
  Sapajou..................................      05
  Orang-Utang.............................5C to 58
  Guenon...................................      57
  Mandrill..................................30 to 42
  Coati.....................................      28
  Pole-cat..................................      31
  Pug-dog..................................      35
  Mastiff...................................      41
  Hare.....................................      30
  Ram.....................................      30
  Horse....................................      23
  Angle, Occipital, of  Daubenton, is formed
by a line drawn from the  posterior margin of the
foramen magnum to  the inferior margin  of the
orbit, and another drawn from the  top of the
head to the space between the occipital condyles.
In man, these  condyles, as well as the foramen
magnum, are so situate, that a line drawn per-
pendicular to them would be a continuation of
the spine; but in  animals they are placed  more
or less obliquely; and the perpendicular is  neces-
sarily thrown farther forward, and the angle ren-
dered more acute.
  Angle, Optic, (F.) Angle optique, is the angle
formed by two  lines, which shave the extremities
of an object, and meet at the centre of the pupil.
  ANGOISSE, Angor.
  ANGOLAM. A very tall Malabar tree, which
possesses vermifuge properties.
  AN'GONE, Prafoca'tio Fau'cium seu Uteri'na
seu Matri'cis,  Strangula'tio uteri'na, Suffoca'tio
uteri'na seu hyster'icn,  Globus hystericus, Or-
thopnee'a hyster'ica, Dyspha'gia globo'sa, D. hys-
terica, Nervous Quinsy.  A feeling of strangu-
lation, with dread of  suffocation.  It is common
in hysterical females, and is accompanied with a
sensation as if a ball arose from the abdomen to
the throat.
  ANGOR,  Anguish, (F.)  Angoisse.  Extreme
anxiety,  accompanied with painful constriction
at the epigastrium, and often with  palpitation
and oppression.  It is  frequently an unfavour-
able symptom.
  Angor, Agony,  Orthopncea—a. Faucium, Isth-
mitis—a. Pectoris, Angina pectoris.
  ANGOS, Bubo, Uterus, Vessel.
  ANGOURION, Cucumis sativus.
  ANGUIS, Serpent.
  ANGUISH, Angor.
  Anguish, Febrile, Angor Febri'lis. The com-
bination  of weariness, pain, anxiety, and weak-
ness affecting the  head and neck, which is so ge-
nerally observed at the commencement of fever.
  ANGULAIRE DE L'OMOPLATE, Levator
scapulas.
  ANGULAR, Angula'ria, from  angulus, 'an
angle,' (F.) Angulaire.   That which relates  to
an angle.
  Angular Artery and Vein.  A name given, 
ANGULARIS
77
ANIMAL
1. to the termination of the facial  artery and
vein, because  they pass  by the greater angle of
the  eye; and, 2. to the facial artery and vein
themselves, because they pass under the angle
of the jaw.   See  Facial.
  Angular Nerve is a filament furnished  by
the  inferior maxillary,  which passes near the
greater angle  of the eye.
  Angular Procf.sses  of the frontal bone are
seated near the angles of the eyes.  See Orbitar.
  ANGULARIS, Levator scapulae.
  ANG ULI-S CAP UL 0 - HUMERAL,  Teres
maj or.
  ANGULUS OCULARIS, Canthus.
  ANGURIA, Cucurbita citrullus.
  ANGUSTATIO, Arctatio—a. Cordis, Systole—
a. Inl.est.ini recti vel ani, Stricture of the rectum.
  ANGUS'TIA, Angustdtio, Stenocho'ria. Anx-
iety, narrowness,  strait,  constriction.
  Angustia  Abdominalis, Pelvis,  (Brim) — a.
Perinasalis, Pelvis, (Outlet.)
  ANGUSTURA, Cusparia febrifnga—a. False,
Brucea  antidysenterica, and  Strychnos nux vo-
mica— a. Spuria, Brucea antidysenterica,  and
Strychnos.
   ANGUSTURE, FAUSSE, Brucea antidysen-
terica— a. Ferrugincuse, Brucea  antidysenterica
—a. Vraie, Cusparia febrifuga.
   ANII.EMATOSIA, Asphyxia, Anaemia.
   ANHjEMIA, Anaemia.
   ANHAPHIA, Anaphia.
   ANIIELA'TIO, from  anhelo,  'I  pant.'  An-
hel'itus, Aas'mus, Panting, Anhelation, (F.) Es-
soufflement.   Short and rapid breathing.  See
Dyspnoea.
   Anhelatio  is  sometimes employed  synony-
mously with asthma.
   ANHELITIIS, Breath.
   ANHIS'TOUS, from a, av, privative, and 'iotos,
'organic texture,' 'Anorganic'  Amor'phus.  The
tunica  decidua uteri is  termed by Velpcau the
 anhixtaus membrane.
   ANHUIBA, Laurus sassafras.
   ANHYDRiE'MIA, Anamyd'ria, from av, pri-
vative, vStop,  ' water,' and 'atpa, ' blood.'   A con-
 dition of the blood in which there is a diminution
 in  the quantity of the serum.
   ANlCE'TON, An ice'turn, Mesia'mum,  from a,
privative, and vi/cn, 'victory/ 'invincible.'   A
plaster much  extolled by  the ancients  in cases
of  achores.   It was formed of litharge, cerusse,
thus, alum, turpentine, white pepper, and oil.
   A NI 'D E U S,  from av, privative, and eu5os,
'shape.'  Amorphus. A monster devoid of shape.
—J. G. St. Hi!aire.
   ANIDRO'SIS, from  a, privative, and 'iSptas,
'sweat.'  Sudo'ris nullitas vel  priva'tio.  Ab-
sence of sweat.  Deficiency  of  perspiration.—
Hippocrates.
  ANILEMA, Borborygmus, Tormina.
  ANILESIS, Borborygmus, Tormina.
  ANILITAS, see Dementia.
  AN'IMA, An'imus, Mens, Psyche.   The mind,
breath, &c, from  avtpos, 'wind or breath.' (F.)
A me.  The principle of the* intellectual and moral
manifestations.  Also, the principle of life :—the
life  of  plants  being termed An'ima vegetati'va,
(F.) Amv vigitative ; that of man, An'ima sensi-
ti'va, (F.) Ame sensitive.
  The Anima of Stahl, An'ima Stahlia'na, was a
fancied intelligent principle, which he supposed
to preside over the phenomena of  life,—like the
Archaus of Van Helmont.
  Under the term  Anima mundi, the ancient phi-
losophers meant  a universal Spirit, which they
supposed  spread  over  every part of the uni-
verse
  The precise seat of the  mind in the brain has
given rise to  many  speculations.  The point is
unsettled.
  With  the  ancient  chemists, Anima meant the
active principle of  a drug separated by some
chemical management.
  Anima Aloes : see Aloes, Succotorina,—a. Ar-
ticulorum, Hermodactylus—a. Hepatis, Ferri sul-
phas—a. Pulmonum, Crocus — a. Rhei, Infusum
rhei—a. Stahliana,  see Anima—a. Vegetativa,
Plastic force.
  AN'IMAL, Zo'on.   A name given to every ani-
mated being.   The greater part of animals have
the power of locomotion;  some can  merely exe-
cute partial movements, such  as contraction and
dilatation.   In other respects  it is often a matter
of  difficulty to determine  what  is  an  animal
characteristic.   The  study of animals is called
Zoology.
  An'imal,  (adjective,) Anima'lis.   That which
concerns, or belongs to, an animal.
  Animal  Heat,  Calor  anima'lis,  C. nati'vus,
Calidum anima'le,   C. inna'tum, Biolych'nion,
Flam'mulu vita'lis, Therma em'phytum, Thermum
em'phytum,  Ignis  anima'lis  seu natura'lis  seu
vita'lis, (F.) Chaleur animate, is the caloric con-
stantly formed by the body of a living animal,
by  virtue of which it preserves  nearly the same
temperature, whatever may be  that of the me-
dium in which it  is placed.  This  formation
seems to take place  over the whole of the body,
and to be connected  with  the action  of nutrition.
  The following are the natural temperatures of
certain animals; that of man being  98° or 100°.

      Animals.                    Temperatures.
Arctic Fox...............................   107
Arctic Wolf............................)    jQij
Squirrel................................ '
''ahre,..................................  |    104
Whale.................................(
Arctomys citillus, zizil — in summer........   103
       Do.         when torpid.......... 80 to 84
Goat......................................   103
Bat, in summer,.........................)    ,nn
Musk...................................j
Marmota bobac—Bobac....................101 or 102
House mouse,.............................   101
Arctomys marmota, marmot,—in  summer,.. 101 or 102
       Do.        when torpid...........   43
Rabbit....................................100 to 104
Polar Bear,...............................   100
Dog.....................................1
Cat.....................................
Swine...................................y 100 to 103
Sheep...................................
Ox......................................j
Guinea-pig................................ 100 to 102
Arctomys glis,.............................   99
Shrew,....................................   98
Young wolf,..............................   96
Fiingilla arctica, Arctic finch............. '    ,,.
Rubecola, redbreast......................\
Fiingilla linaria, lesser red poll,............110 or 111
Falco palumbarius, goshawk..............1
Capri mulgus  Europaius, European goat- \   100
  sucker,................................)
Ernberiza nivalis, snow-bunting............109 to 110
Falco  lanarius, lanner....................")
Fringilla carduelis, goldfinch..............I
Corvus corax, raven.....................y   109
Turdus, thrush, (of Ceylon,).............
Tetrao perdix, partridge,................J
Anas clypeata, shoveler...................|
Tringa pugnax, ruffe.....................
Scolopax, limosa, lesser godwit...........|
Tetrao tetrix, grouse,....................(    iqq
Fringilla brumalis, winterfinch,...........[
Loxia pvrrhula..........................
Falco nisus, sparrowhawk.................
Vultur barbatus..........................J
A user pulchricnllis,......................)
Colymbus auritus, dusky grebe,........v . !    ,„_
Tringa vanellus, lapwing, wounded,......t
Tetrao lagopus, ptarmigan...............J
Fringilla domestica, house sparrow,........107 lo 111 
ANIMALCULA SEMINALIA
78
ANKYLOSIS
     Animals.                     Temperature
Strix passerina, little owl,..............."|
Haematopus ostralegus, sea-pie,...........I
Anas penelope, widgeon,.................v   106
Anas strepera, gadinall................... [
Pelecanus carbo,.........................J
Falco ossi Tragus, sea-eagle................ 1
Fulica atra, coot..........................\   105
Anas acuta, pintail-duck.................)
Falco milvus, kite, (wounded,)............j   ,q.
Merops apiaster, bee-eater,...............i
Goose,...............................

DoveV.::::::::::::.".:::::::::::::::::""
Duck,................................
Ardea stellaris,......................
Falco albico'llis,.........................[>   103
Picus major.............................)
Cossus ligniperda.......................... 89 to 91
Shark,....................................    83
Torpedo marmorata........................    74

  Animal Kingdom,  (F.) Regne Animal,  com-
prises  all animated beings.
  Animal Layer, see  Tache embryonnaire.
  Animal Magnetism, see Magnetism, animal.
  ANIMALCULA  SEMINALIA,  Spermatozoa
—a. Spermatica, Spermatozoa.
  ANIMAL'CULE,  Animalculum; diminutive
of  animal.   A small animal.   An  animal well
seen only by means of the microscope.
  ANIMALCULES, SEMINAL, Spermatozoa—
a. Spermatic, Spermatozoa,
  ANIMAL'CULIST,  An'imalist.  One who at-
tempts to explain different  physiological or pa-
thological phenomena by means of animalcules.
  ANIMALCULUM, Animalcule.
  ANIMALIST,  Animalculist.
  ANIMAL'ITY, Animalitaa.   Qualities which
distinguish that which is animated.   That which
constitutes the animal.
  ANIMALIZA'TION,  Animalisa'tio.  The
transformation of the nutritive parts of food into
the living substance of the body to be nourished.
  To ANIMATE, Anima're. To unite the living
principle with an organized body.  The  French
use it in the sense of,—to excite or render active;
as, animer un visicatoire: to excite a blister  to
suppurate.
  ANIMATIO FCETUS, see Quickening.
  ANIMA'TION, Zoo'sis, Anima'tio, from anima,
' the soul or mind.'   The act of animating.   The
state of being enlivened.
  Animation, Suspended, Asphyxia.
  AN'IME,  Gum an'ime,  Amina'a,  Gan'camy,
Gummi an'ime,  Can'camum.  A resin obtained
from  the trunk of Hymen'aa cour'baril.  It has
been  given as a cephalic and uterine.  It is not
used.  The plant is also called  Gdur'baril.
  AN HIE, (P.)   An  epithet  applied to the
countenance, when florid, in health or disease.
  ANIMELL.E,  Parotid.
  ANIMI CASUS  SUBITUS, Syncope—a. De-
liquium, Syncope—a. Pathemata, Passions.
  AN'IMIST, from anima, 'the soul.'  One who,
following the example of Stahl, refers  all the
phenomena of the animal economy  to the soul.
   The soul,  according to Stahl, is the immediate
and intelligent agent of every movement, and  of
every  material change in the body. Stahl there-
fore concluded, that  disease   is nothing  more
than a disturbance or disorder in the government
of the economy,  or an effort by which the soul,
attentive to  every morbific  cause, endeavours to
expel whatever may be  deranging the habitual
order of health.  See Stahlianism.
   ANIMUS, Anima, Breath.
   ANIS, Pimpinella anisum—a. Aigre, Cuminum
Cyminum—a. de  la Chine, Illicium  anisatum—a.
Boux, Anethum—a. Etoile,  Illicium anisatum.
   ANISA'TUM,  from Anisum, 'Anise.'  A sort
of medicated wine, formerly prepared with honey,
wine of Ascalon, and aniseed.
  ANISCALPTOR, Latissimus dorsi.
  ANISCHURIA, Enuresis.
  ANISE. Pimpinella  anisum—a. Star, Illicium
anisatum, I. Floridanum—a.  Tree, Florida, Illi-
cium Floridanum—a. Tree, yellow-flowered, Illi-
cium anisatum.
  ANISEED, see Pimpinella anisum.
  ANISI SEMINA, see Pimpinella anisum.
  ANISO'DUS  LU'RIDUS, Nican'dra anom'-
ala, Phy'salis stramo'nium, Whitle'ya stramo'ni-
folia  A plant  of Nepal,  possessed of narcotio
properties, and  resembling belladonna and to-
bacco.   It dilates the  pupil, and is used in  dis-
eases of  the eye like belladonna.   It is given in
alcoholic  tincture (dried  leaves  ^j.  to  alcohol
f ? viij).  Dose, 20 drops internally in the 24 hours.
  ANISOPHYLLUM IPECACUANHA,  Eu-
phorbia Ipecacuanha.
  ANISOS'THENES,  Inaqua'K rob'ore pollens.
That which is unequal in strength : from a, priv.,
i(7os, ' equal,'  and o-^vos, ' strength.'  An epithet
applied particularly to the muscular contractility
which, in the sick, is  sometimes augmented in
certain muscles only,—in the flexors, for example.
  ANISOT'ACHYS, from  a, priv., «ros, 'equal,'
and  raxvs, ' quick.'  An  epithet for the  pulse,
when quick and  unequal—Gorrasus.
  ANISUM,  Pimpinella anisum—a, Africanum
frutescens, Bubon Galbanum—a. Fruticosum gal-
baniferum, Bubon galbanum—a. Officinale, Pim-
pinella anisum—a. Sinense, Illicium anisatum —
a.  Stellatum, Illicium  anisatum — a. Vulgare,
Pimpinella anisum.
  ANKLE, Astragalus, Malleolus.
  ANKUS, Ancus.
  AN K YLOBLEPH'ARON, Ancylobleph'aron,
Palpebra'rum coalitus, from ayKvXn, ' contrac-
tion/ and (SXt<papov, ' eyelid.'  A preternatural
union  between  the free  edges of the  eyelids.
Likewise called  Symbleph'aron, Symblepharo'sis,
and Pros'physis.
  Also, union between  the eyelids and  globe of
the eye.—Aetius.
  ANKYLODON'TIA, from ayicvXos, 'crooked/
and o<5ous, 'a  tooth.'  An irregular position of the
teeth in the jaws.
  ANKYLOGLOS'SIA, Ancyloglos'sia, Concre'-
tio  lingua, from  ayicvXos,  ' crooked,'  or  ' con-
tracted,'  and  yXtotraa, 'the tongue.'  Impeded mo-
tion of the tongue in  consequence of adhesion
between  its margins and the  gums; or in conse-
quence of the shortness of the frasnum : the latter
affection  constituting Tongue-tie, Olopho'n ia lin'-
qua frana'ta.  It merely requires the frasnum to
be divided with  a pair  of scissors.
  ANKYLOGLOSSOT'OMUM, from ankyloglos-
sia, ' tongue-tie,' and roprj, ' incision.'  An instru-
ment used in  the operation for tongue-tie.
  ANKYLOME'LE, Ancylome'le,  from ayxvXos,
' crooked/ and pr,Xn, ' a probe.'  A curved probe.
—Galen.
  ANKYLOMERIS/MUS,  Ancylomeris'mus,
from ayKvXn, ' a  contraction,  and  pepos,  ' a part.'
Morbid adhesion between parts.
  ANKYLOPS, .Egilops.
  ANKYLO'SIS,  Ancylo'sis, Anchylo'sis, An'-
cyle, Stiff Joint, from ayzcuXos,  ' crooked.'  An
affection, in  which there  is great difficulty or
even impossibility of moving a diarthrodial arti-
culation.  It is 60 called, because  the limb com-
monly remains  in  a constant state  of flexion.
Anchylosis is said to be complete or  true, when
there is an intimate adhesion between the syno-
vial surfaces, with union of the articular extremi-
ties of the bones.  In the  incomplete or false an-
chylosis, there is obscure  motion, but the fibrous 
ANKLOTOMUS
79
ANOMALIA
parts around the joint are more or less stiff and
thickened.  In the treatment of this last state,
the joint must be gently and gradually exercised;
and oily, relaxing applications be assiduously em-
ployed.
  Ankylosis Spuria, Rigiditas articulorum.
  ANKYLOT'OMUS, Ancylot'omus, from ayicvXos,
' crooked,' and rtpvuv, ' to cut.'  Any kind  of
curved  knife.—Paulus.  An instrument for di-
viding the frasnum linguae.—Scultetus.
  AXNEAU, Ring—a. Crural, Crural canal—a.
Dia/diragmtttiqiit; Diaphragmatic ring—a. Femo-
ral, Crural canal—a. Inguinal, Inguinal ring—a.
 Oiiibilicttl, Umbilical ring.
  ANNEXE, Accessory, Appendix.
  ANNI GRIT [CI,  Climacterici (anni)—a. De-
cretorii, Climacterici (anni)—a. Fatales, Climac-
terici (anni)—a. Genethliaci, Climacterici (anni)
a. Gradarii, Climacterici (anni)—a. Hebdomadici,
 Climacterici  (anni) — a.  Heroici,  Climacterici
 (anni)—a. Natalitii,  Climacterici (anni)—a. Sea-
lares, Climacterici (anni)—a. Scansiles, Climacte-
 rici (anni).
   ANNOTA'TIO, Episma'sin.  Under this term
 some have included the preludes  to an attack of
 intermittent fever—as yawning, stretching, som-
 nolency, chilliness,  &c.
   ANNOTTO, see Terra  Orleana.
   AN'NUAL DISEASES, Morbi an'nui, 31. an-
 nirevsu'vii,  (F.)  Maladies annuelles.  A name
 given,  by some, to diseases  which recur every
 year about the same period.  Febris annua, (F.)
 Fievre annutlle, is a term used for a fancied  in-
 termittent of this type.
   ANNUKXS,  Rectus capitis internus minor.
   ANNUIT"IO,  Nodding, from  ad,  'to/ and
 nutus,  'a nod.'   A  gesture  denoting  assent in
 most  countries.   Also, the state of somnolency,
 when the  individual is  in the erect  or sitting
 posture,  with the head  unsupported,  in  which
 the power of volition over the extensor muscles
 of the  head is lost, and the head drops forward.
    AN'NULAR, Aunuln'ris, Orico'i'dcs,  (annus,
 'a circle.')   Any thing  relating to  a ring, or
 which has the shape or fulfils the functions of a
 ring : from  nnnulits, ' a ring,' itself.
    Annular Finger, Ring Finger, Dig"itus  an-
 nularis, Ptirnin'caos. The fourth finger, so called
 from the wedding ring being worn thereon.
    Annular Ganglion, see Ciliary ligament.
    Annular  Lig'ament,  Transverse  ligament,
 Oru'cial ligament.  A  strong ligamentous band,
 which  arches across the area of  the ring of  the
 atlas, from a rough tubercle upon the  inner sur-
 face of one articular process, to a similar tubercle
 on the other.  It serves  to retain  the odontoid
 process of the axis in connexion with the  ante-
 rior arch of the atlas.
    An'ntlar Lig'ament op the Ba'dius, is a very
 strong fibro-cartilaginous band, which forms, with
 the lesser sigmoid cavity of the cubitus, a kind
 of ring,  in  which tho head of the radius  turns
 with facility.
    An'nular Lig'aments op the  Carpus, Ar-
 mil'la manus membrano'sa,  are two in  number.
    The one, anterior, is a broad, fibrous, quadri-
 lateral band, extending  transversely before  the
 carpus, and forming the gutter, made by  the
 wrist,  into  a canal.  It  is  attached, externally,
 to  the  trapezium  and scaphoides; and internally
 to  the os pisiforme and process of the unciforme.
 It  keeps  the tendons of  the flexor muscles, me-
 dian nerve,  &c, applied against the carpus.
   The  posterior ligament is  situate transversely
 behind  the  joint of the  hand,  and covers the
 sheaths of the tendons, which pass  to the back
 of  the  hand.  Its fibres  are white  and shining,
 and are attached, externally, to the inferior and
outer part of the  radius; internally to the ulna
and os pisiforme.
  An'nular Lig'aments of the Tarsus are two
in number.   The anterior is quadrilateral, and
extends transversely above the instep.   It is at-
tached to the superior depression of the os calcis,
and  to the malleolus internus.  It embraces  the
tendons of the extensor muscles of the toes, the
tibialis anticus, and peroneus anticus.  The inter-
nal  is broader than the last.  It descends from
the malleolus internus to the posterior and inner
part of the  os  calcis, with which it forms a kind
of canal, enclosing the sheaths of the tendons of
the tibialisposticuso flexor longus digitorum pedis,
and F. longus pollicis pedis, as well as the plantar
vessels and  nerves.
   Annular Vein,  Vena  annula'ris, is  situate
between the annular finger and the little finger.
Aetius recommends it to be opened in diseases of
the  spleen.
   ANNULARIS, Cricoid: see  Digitus—a. Ani,
 Sphincter ani.
   ANNULI CARTILAGINEI, see Trachea—a.
 Cartilaginosi Tracheas, see Trachea.
   A NX UL I- TEX DIN 0 - PHALANGIENS,
 Lumbricales manus.
   ANNULUS, Dactylius, Vulva—a. Abdominis,
 Inguinal ring—a. Albidus, see  Ciliary (body)—
 a. Cellulosus, Ciliary ligament—a. Ciliaris, Cili-
 ary ligament—a. Fossae  ovalis: see Ovalis fossa
 —a. Gangliformis, see Ciliary (body)—a. Repens,
 Herpes circinatus—a. Umbilicalis, Umbilical ring
 —a. Ventriculi, Pylorus—a. Vicussenii, see Ova-
 lis fossa.
   ANO, avta.  A prefix denoting 'above, up.'
   ANOCHI'LUS, from avu>, 'above,' and ^ciXos,
 'lip.'  The  upper lip. Also, one who has a large
 upper lip.
   AN0C03LIA,  Stomach.
   ANO'DIA, from  av,  priv.,  and win,  'song.'
 An  unconnected or dissonant mode of speech.
   ANOD'IC, Anod'icus,  from  avta, ' above,  up/
 and 'oios, '  a way.'   Tending upwards.   An  epi-
 thet applied by  Dr. Marshall Hall to an ascend-
 ing course  of nervous action.
   AXODIN, Anodyne.
   ANODIN'IA, from a, av, privative, and todtv,
 ' a labour pain.'  Absence of labour pains.
   ANODMIA, Anosmia.
   ANODUS, Edentulus,
   AN'ODYNE,  Anod'ynus, Antod'ynus, Antid'-
 ynous (improperly,) Paregor'icus, Anelicus, Ant-
 algicus,  Acesod'ynes, (F.) Anodin  ou  Anodyn,
 from a, av,  privative, and oSvvn, 'pain.'  Anodynes
 are those medicines  which relieve pain, or cause
 it to cease; as opium, belladonna, &c.  They act
 by blunting the  sensibility of the encephalon, so
 that it does not appreciate the morbid sensation.
   ANODYN'IA, Indolen'tia.  Cessation or ab-
 sence.of pain.  Vogel has given this name to a
 genus of diseases, characterized by  a cessation
 of pain, and the  exasperation of other symptoms;
 as we see in gangrene.
   ANODYNOI  MINERALE,  Potassas  nitras
 sulphatis paucillo mixtus.
   ANOil'A,  Anoia,  from a, privative,  and voos,
 'mind.' Delirium, imbecility.  See Dementia and
 Idiotism.
   ANOESIA, Dementia.
   Anoesta Adstricta, Melancholy.
   ANOIA,  Ansea.
   AXOMAL, Anomalous.
   ANOMALES, Anomalous.
   ANOMA'LIA, from av, privative,  and opaXoc,
 'regular.'  Abnor'mitas,  Alicna'tio.   Anomaly,
 abnormity,  irregularity.   In Pathology, anomaly
 means something unusual in the symptoms pro-
 per to a disease, or in the morbid appearances
presented by it. 
ANTEREISIS
          AXOMALOTROPHIES          8

  Anomalia Nervorum, Nervous diathesis.
  AXOMALOTROPHIES, from av, privative,
opaXos, 'regular,' and rpoipij, 'nourishment.'  A
class of diseases, which consist in modifications
in the nutrition of organs.—Gendrin.
  ANOMALOUS, Anom'alus,  Anom'alcs;  the
same etymon.   Irregular; contrary to rule.  (F.)
Anomal.  In  Medicine,  a disease is  called  ano-
malous, in whose symptoms or progress there is
something unusual.  Affections  are  also called
anomalous, which cannot be referred  to  any
known species.
  ANOMALOUS, Irregular.
  ANOMMATUS,  Anophthalmus.
  ANOMOCEPH'ALUS,  from  a, priv., vo^os,
'rule/ and KttpaXii, 'head.'  One whose  head is
deformed.—Geoffroi Saint-Hilaire.
  ANOM'PHALUS,  from av, priv., and opipaXos,
'the navel.'  One devoid of navel. Many writers
have endeavoured  to show that Adam and Eve
must have been avoptpaXot, as they could not have
had umbilical vessels.
  ANO'NA TRIPET'ALA. A tree of the family
Anoneos  or Anonaceas;  Sex.  Syst.  Polyandria
P»lygynia) from fifteen  to twenty feet high, na-
tive of South America, which  bears  a delicious
fruit called Chirimoyn. Both the fruit and flowers
emit a fine fragrance,  which,  when  the tree is
covered with  blossom, is almost  overpowering—
Tschudi.
  ANONIS, Ononis.
  ANONYME, Innominatum.
  ANON'YMOUS, Anon'ymus, Innomina'tua, (F.)
Aiioui/me, from av, privative, and ovopa,  'name.'
That which has no name.
  The word has been applied  to many parts of
the body:—to the Anonymous bone  or Os inno-
minatum:— the Anonymous foramen or Foramen
innominatum, &o.
  ANOPHRESIA, Anosmia.
  ANOPHTHAL'MUS,  Anom'mattu, from av,
privative, and  o<pdaXpos,  ' an  eye.'   A monster
devoid of eyes.
  ANOPS'IA, from av, priv., and w\J/, ' the  eye.'
A case of monstrosity in which the eye and orbit
are wanting.
  ANOPTICONERVIE, Amaurosis.
  ANOR'CHIDES, from  av, priv., and opyis, 'a
testicle.'  They who  are without testicles.—For-
tunatus Fidelis.
  ANOREX'IA, from av, priv.,  and  opt^ts,  'ap-
petite. Inappeten'tia, Limo'sis expers, (F.) Perte
d'appetit. Absence of appetite, without loathing.
Anorexia or want of appetite is  symptomatic of
most diseases.  Also, Indigestion, Dyspepsia.
  Anorexia  Exhausto'rum,  Frigidity of  the
stomach—a. Mirabilis, Fasting.
  ANORGANIC, see Anhistous, and Inorganic.
  ANORMAL, Abnormous.
  ANOS'IA,  from a, priv., and  voaos, 'disease.'
Health.  Freedom from disease.
  A N 0 S ' M I A,  from a, privative, and otspn,
'odour.'  Loss of smell.  Diminution of the sense
of smell.  Called, also, Anosphre'sia, Anosphra'-
sia, Anophre'sia, Paros'mia, Anod'mia, Anosmo'-
eia, Olfactus  amis'sio, 0. defic"iens, Dysasthe'sia
olfacto'ria, Anasthe'sia olfacto'ria, Odora'tus de-
per'ditus, (F.) Perte  de  I'Odorat.
  ANOSMOSIA, Anosmia.
  ANOSPHRASIA,  Anosmia.
  ANOSPHRESIA, Anosmia.
  ANSE (F.,) Ansa (L.,) signifies, properly, the
handle of certain vessels, usually of an arched
form.  By analogy, it has been  applied to that
which is curved  in  the form of such  handle.
Thus,  the  French speak of Arise intestinale to
signify a portion of intestine, supported by its
mesentery, and describing a curved line: — also,
of Anse ncrveuse, Anse anastomotiquc, Ac.
  Anse de fil is used, in  Surgery, to designate a
thread, curved in  the form of an „l/ise.
  ANSERINA, Potentilla anserina.
  ANSERINE, Chenopodium ainhrosioides—a.
Anthelmintiqite, Chenopodium anthelminticum—
a. Bon Henri, Chenopodium Bonus Henricus—a.
Botrys, Chenopodium  Botrys—a. Ft'tidt; Cheno-
podium vulvaria — a. Vermifuge, Chenopodium
anthelminticum.
  ANTACIDS,  Anti-acids, Antiac"ida, Inver-
ten'tia, from anti, 'against/ and acida, 'acids.'
Remedies which obviate  acidity in the stomach.
They are chemical agents, and act by neutralizing
the acid.   Those chiefly used are ammonia, calcis
carbonas, calx, magnesia,  magnesias  carbonas,
potassa,  potassas  bicarbonas, p. carbonas, sodas
bicarbonas, and s. carbonas.  They are, of course,
only palliatives, removing that which exists, not
preventing the formation  of more.
  ANTAG'ONISM,  Antagonis'mus, Antis'tasis,
from avn, 'against/ and aywvi^ttv, 'to act.'  Ac-
tion in an opposite direction.   It applies to the
action  of muscles that act in a contrary direc-
tion to others.   In estimating  the force of the
muscles,  this antagonism  must be attended to.
  ANTAG'ONIST, Antagonis'ta.  A muscle
whose action produces an effect  contrary to  that
of another muscle.  Every muscle  has  its anta-
gonist, because  there is no motion in one direc-
tion without a capability of it in another.
  ANTALGICUS, Anodyne.
  ANTAPIIRODIS'IAC, AntaphrodU'ic, Anta-
phrodisiacus,  Anaphrodisittcus,  Anaphrodisiac,
Anterolicus, from  avn, 'against/ and atppoitaiaicos,
'aphrodisiac.'  A substance capable of  blunting
the venereal appetite.
  ANTAPHRODITIC, Antaphrodisiac.
  ANTAPOD'OSIS, from avranoStiwpt, 'I return
in exchange.'  The succession and return of the
febrile periods.—Hippocrates.
  ANTAPOPLECTICUS, Antiapoplectic.
  ANTARTHRITIC, Antiarthritic.
  ANTASTHENICUS, Tonic.
  ANTASTHMATICUS, Antiasthmatic.
  ANTATROPH'IC,  Autotroph'icus,  Antat'ro-
phus, Antiutroph!icus, from avn, 'against/ and
arpotpta, ' atrophy.'  A remedy opposed to atro-
phy or consumption.
  ANTEBRACHIAL, see Antibrachial.
  ANTECENDEN'TIA.  The precursory or
warning symptoms ofa, disease.
  ANTELA'BIA, Prochei'la, from ante, 'before/
and labia, ' the lips.'   The extremity of the  lips.
  ANTELOPE, Antilopus.
  ANTEMBALLOMENUM, Succedaneum.
  ANTEM'BASIS, from avn,  and ep(Satvu, 'I
enter.'  Mu'tuus ingres'sus.   The mutual recep-
tion of bones.—Galen.
  ANTEMETIC, Antiemetic.
  ANTENDEIXIS, Counter-indication.
  ANTENDIXIS, Counter-indication.
  ANTENEAS'MUS, from avn, 'against/ and
vtav, ' audacious.' . One furious  against himself.
Mania, in  which the patient attempts his  own
life.—Zacchias.
  ANTENNA'RIA DIOI'CA,  Gnapha'lium Di-
oi'cum, Hispid'ula, Pes cati, Elichry'sum monta'-
num, Dioi'cious Evcrlast'ing, Catsfoot, (F.) Pied
de chat.  A common European  plant, which has
been advised in hemorrhage, diarrhoea,  <fcc.
  ANTEPIIIALTIC, Antiephialtic.
  ANTEPILEPTIC, Antiepileptic.
  ANTEPONENS, Anticipating.
  ANTEREI'SIS, from  avn, 'against/ and ep«-
<5<i>, ' I support.'  The resistance—the solidity—
of bones.—Hippocrates. 
ANTERIEUR DU MARTEAU      81             ANTHRAKOKALI
  ANTERIEUR  DU  MARTEAU,  Laxator
tympani—a. de V (h-ei/le, Anterior auris.
  ANTE'RIOR, Amicus,  from ante, 'before.'
Situate  before.  Great  confusion has  prevailed
with anatomists in the use of the terms before,
behind,  &c.   Generally, the word anterior is ap-
plied to parts situate before the median line, the
body being in the erect posture, with the face
and palms of the hands turned forwards;  and
the feet applied longitudinally together.
  Ante'rior Au'ris (Muscle.) Auricula'ris ante'-
rior, At'trahens auric'ulam (V.) Auriculaire ante-
rieur, Antericur de I'oreille, Zygomato-oriculaire.
A small muscle, passing from the posterior part
of the zygoma to the helix. Use, to draw the ear
forwards and upwards.
   Anterior Mallei,  Laxator tympani.
   ANTKROTICUS, Antaphrodisiac.
   ANTEUPIIORBIUM, Cacalia anteuphorbium.
   ANTEVER'SION,  Antever'sio,  Antrover'sio,
from ante, 'before/ and vertere, versum, 'to turn.'
Displacement of the uterus,  in which the fundus
is turned towards the pubes, whilst its orifice is
towards the sacrum.  It may be caused by extra-
ordinary size of the pelvis, pressure of the viscera
on the  uterus, Ac.;  and is recognised  by exami-
nation per vuginam.   See  Retroversio uteri.
   A N TII ^E M 0 P T YI C  U S,  Antihamopty'icus,
 from avn,  ' against/  and hamoptysis, ' spitting
 of blood.'  Against spitting of blood.   A remedy
 for spitting of  blood — antihamopty'icum (reme-
 dium.)
   ANTII/KMORUHAGICUS, Antihemorrhagic.
   ANTHECTICUS, Antihectic.
   A N TIIE LI T' R A G U S, (F.) AntUlitragien.
 One of the  proper  muscles of the pavilion  of
 the ear.
   ANT'IIELIX,  Anti-helix, from  avn, 'before/
 and 'cXif,  ' the  helix.'  An eminence on the car-
 tilage of the ear, in front of the helix, and ex-
 tending from the concha to the  groove of the
 helix, where it bifurcates.
   ANTHE liMIN'TIC, Antihelmin'ticus, Anti-
 sealicus,  Anthelmin'thicus,  Antiscolet'icus,  Hel-
 m in'thicus,  Helminthago'gus,   Antivermino'sus,
  Vcrmif'ugus,  Ver'mifugc, from avn,  'against/
 and 'tXpivs,  'a worm.'   A  remedy  which  de-
 stroys  or expels  worms,  or prevents their for-
 mation and  development.  The  chief  anthel-
 mintics are, Chenopodium, Mucu'na, Oleum ani-
 male Dippelii, Oleum Terebinthinas, Sodii Chlo-
 ridum, Spigelia, and Pulvis Stanni.  See Worms.
   ANT1IEMA ERUPTIO,  Exanthem.
   AN'THEMIS COT'ULA,frornav0£<d, 'Iflower.'
 A.faelida, Colula, 0. fat'tida, Cota,  Cynan'the-
 mis, Ohamame'lum fce'tidum,  An'themis ATove-
 boracen'sis, Chamomilla spu'ria seufce'tida, May-
 flower,  Mayweed,  Stinking  Ohamomile, Wild
 Cham'omile, Dog's fennel, Dilly, Dilweed, Field-
 weed, Pisswced.  Nat. Ord. Composite Corym-
 biferae.  Sex. Syst.  Syngenesia Superflua.  (F.)
 Maroute,  Oamomillc  fetide,  Camomille puante.
    This plant has  a very disagreeable smell: and
 the leaves have  a  strong, acrid, bitterish taste.
 It is reputed to  have been useful in hysterical
 affections.
   Anthemis  Fcstida, A. cotula.
   An'themis No'iui.is, A. odora'ta,  Ohamame'-
 lum, Ohamema'lum  No'bile,  Chamomilla Roma'-
 na, Euan'themon, An'themis, Ohamame'lum odo-
 ra'tum, Leucan'themum, Matrica'ria,  (F.) Oamo-
 millc Romaine. The leaves and flowers—Anthe-
 mis, Ph. U. S.—have a strong smell, and bitter,
 nauseous taste.   The flowers are chiefly used.
 They possess tonic and stomachic properties, and
 are much given as a pleasant and cheap bitter.
 A simple infusion is taken to produce, or to assist
        6
vomiting.   Externally, they  are  often used  in
fomentations.
  The O'leum Anthem'idis possesses the aromatio
properties of the plant,  but  not  the bitter and
tonic.  Consequently, the ' Chamomile Drops,' as
sold by the druggists, must be devoid of the lat-
ter qualities.  They  are made  by  adding Ol.
anthem, f j*"jj. to Sp. vini rectif. Oj.
  Anthemis Noveboracensis, A. Cotula.
  Anthemis Odorata, A. cotula.
  An'themis Py'rethrum, Py'rethrum, Anacyd-
lus pyrethrum, Pyrethrum verum, Buphthalmum
Ore'ticum, Denta'ria,  Herba saliva'ris, Pes Alex-
andra nus, Spanish Chamomile, Pellitory of Spain.
(F.) Pyrethre, Racine salivaire, Pied d'Alexan-
dre.  The  root is hot and acrid, its acrimony re-
siding in a resinous principle. It is  never used
except as a masticatory in toothache, rheumatism
of the face, paralysis  of the tongue, &c.  It acts
as a powerful sialogogue.
   The Pellitory of the shops  in Germany is said
to  be derived from Anacyc'lus  officina'rum;  a
plant cultivated in Thuringia for medicinal pur-
poses.
   An'themis  Tincto'ria, Buphthalmi  Herba,
Dyer's Chamomile, a European plant, has  a bitter
and astringent taste,  and has been regarded sto-
machic and vulnerary.  (F.) Camomille des  Tein-
turiers, QUil de Bceuf.
   Anthemis Vulgaris, Matricaria Chamomilla.
   ANTHE'RA, from av&vpos, 'florid/ so called
from its florid colour.  A remedy compounded of
 several substances, myrrh, sandarac, alum, saf-
fron, <fec.  It was used  under the form  of lini-
 ment, collyrium, electuary, and powder.—Celsus,
 Galen.
   ANTIIEREON, Mentum.
   ANTHORA, Aconitum anthora—a. Vulgaris,
 Aconitum  anthora.
   ANTHORIS'MA,  from avn,  'against/ and
 optapa, 'boundary.'   Tumor  diffu'sus.  A tumor
 without any defined margin.
   ANTHOS :  see Rosmarinus — a. Sylvestris,
 Ledum sylvestre.
   ANTHRA'CIA, from av$pa£, 'coal.' Carbun'-
 cular Exan'them.   An  eruption of tumours, im-
 perfectly suppurating, with indurated edges, and,
 for the most part, a sordid and sanious core.  A
 genus in  the order Exanthematica, class Ha-
 matica of Good, and including Plague and Yaws.
   Anthracia, Anthracosis—a. Pestis, Plague—
 a. Rubula, Frambossia.
   ANTHRACION, see Anthrax.
   AN'THRACOID,  Anthvaco'des, from  avSpaf,
 'coal/ and tiSos,  'resemblance.'   (F.) Charbon-
 neux.  As black  as  coal.  Accompanied  by or
 resembling anthrax.
   ANTHRACOMA,  Anthrax.
   ANTHRACONECROSIS, see  Sphacelus.
   ANTHRACOPHLYCTIS, see Anthrax.
   ANTHRACOSIA, Anthrax.
   ANTHRACO'SIS, Anthra'cia, Garbo Palpe-
 brarum, from avSpa!-, ' a coal.' A species of car-
 buncle, which attacks  the eyelids and globe of
 the  eye.— Paulus  of iEgina.  Also, a carbuncle
 of any kind. It has been used for the "black lung
 of coal  miners,"  which is induced  by carbona-
 ceous accumulation in  the lungs. Pseudo-mela-
 nolic formation,  (Carswell).  When  ulceration
 results from this cause,  black phthisis, (F.) Phthi-
 sie avee Melanose, exists.  See Melanosis.
   Anthracosis Pulmonum,  see Melanosis.
   ANTHRACOTYPHUS, Plague.
   ANTHRAKOK'ALI, Lithanthrakok'ali, from
 avdpa!;, 'coal/ and kali,  'potassa.' An article in-
 troduced as a remedy in cutaneous diseases.  It
 is  formed  by dissolving carbonate of potassa in
 10 or 12 parts of boiling water, and  adding as 
ANTHRAX
82
ANTIBRACHIUM
much slacked lime as will  separate the potassa.
The filtered liquor is placed on the fire in an iron
vessel, and suffered to evaporate,  until neither
froth nor effervescence occurs, and the liquid pre-
sents a smooth surface like oil.  To this, levigated
coal is added in the proportion of  160 grammes
to 192  grammes of potassa.   The  mixture  is
stirred,  and removed from the fire,  and the stir-
ring is  continued,  until a black  homogeneous
powder  results.  A  sulphuretted anthrakokali is
made by mixing accurately  16  grammes of sul-
phur with the coal, and dissolving the mixture in
the potassa as directed above.  The dose of the
simple  and sulphuretted preparations  is  about
two grains three times a day.
  ANTHRAX,  av6pa%, 'a coal,' Antrax,  Carbo,
Rublnus vents, Oodesella, Eryihe'ma gangrano'-
sum, Grantris'tum, Pruna, Per'sicus Ignis,  Pyra,
Granatris'turn,  Phyma Anthrax,  Erythema  an-
thrax,  Carbun'culus, Anthraco'sia, Anthraco'ma,
Absces'sus gangranes'cens, A. gangrano'sus, Fu-
run'culus malig'nus, F. gangrano'sus, Carbuncle,
(F.) Charbon.   An inflammation, essentially gan-
grenous, of the cellular  membrane  and skin,
which  may arise from  an internal  or external
cause.  In the latter case it is called Antlira'cion,
 Vesie'ula gangranes'cens, Anthracophlyc'tis, Pus-
tule maligne; Bouton d'Alep, Feu Persique, (Per-
sian fire), Malvat, Bouton malin, Puce maligne, and
is characterized at  the outset  by a vesication or
bleb filled with a sero-sanguinolent fluid,  under
which a small induration  is formed, surrounded
by an areolar inflammation,  which becomes gan-
grenous.  It has been thought by some to  be in-
duced altogether by contact with the matter of
the  carbuncle  of animals, or of the exuviae  of
'the bodies of such as had  died of the disease,
but it is now known to arise  primarily in the
human subject.  This form of  carbuncle has re-
ceived  different names, many of them from the
places  where  it has prevailed; — Carbun'culus
eontagio'sus seu Gallicus seu  Hunga'ricus seu
Polon'icus seu Septentriona'lis, Morbuspustulo'sus
Fin'nicus, Pus'tula gangranosa seu Liv'ida Es-
tho'nia, Pemphigus Hungar'icus.
   Anthrax is a malignant boil, and its treatment
is similar to that which is  required in case of
gangrene attacking a part.
   Anthrax Pulmonum, Necropneumonia.
   ANTHRISCUS  CEREFOLIUM, Scandix ce-
 refo'lium — a. Humilis,  Chaerophyllum Sylvestre
 —a. Procerus, Chaerophyllum Sylvestre.
   ANTHROPE, Cutis.
   ANTHROPIAT'RICA (MEDICINA,) from
 avOpwiros, 'man/ and tarpos, 'a physician.'  Me-
 dicine  applied to  man in  contradistinction  to
 animals.
   ANTIIROPOCHEMIA, Chymistry (human).
   ANTHROPOCHYMY, Chymistry, (human).
   ANTHROPOGEN'IA,  Anthropogen'esis, An-
 thropog"eny,  from av^putiros, 'man/ and  yeveats,
 ' generation.'   The knowlege,  or  study, or phe-
 nomena of human generation.
   ANTHROPOG'RAPHY, Anthropograph'ia,
 from avQptoiros, ' man/ and ypa<pn, ' a description.'
 Anthropology. A description of the human body.
   ANTHROPOL'ITHUS, from avOptoTros, 'man/
 and Xt0os,  ' a  stone.'  The petrifaction  of  the
 human body or of any of its parts.  Morbid con-
 cretions in the human body.
   ANTHROPOL'OGY,  Anthropolog"ia, from
 avSpwitos,  'man,, and  Xoyos,  'a  discourse.'  A
 treatise on man.  By some, this word is used for
 the science of the structure and functions of the
 human body.  Frequently, it is employed synony-
 mously with Natural History and Physiology of
 man.
  ANTHROPOMAGNETISMUS, Magnetism,
animal.
  ANTHRO'POMANCY, Anthropomanti'a, from
avSpw-rros, 'a man,' and pavrtta, 'divination.'  Di-
vination by inspecting the entrails of a dead man.
  ANTHROPOM'ETRY, from avSpuiros, 'a man/
and ptrpov, ' measure.'  Measurement of the di-
mensions  of the different parts of the  human
body.
  ANTHROPOMORPHUS, Atropa mandragora.
  ANTHROPOPH'AGUS, (F.) Anthropophuge,
from  av$pu>iros, ' a  man/  and tpayisi, ' I eat.'  A
name given to one  who eats his own species.
  ANTHROPOPHAGY, Anthropopha'gia, same
etymon.   The custom of eating human flesh.  A
disease in which there is great desire to eat it.
  ANTHROPOS, Homo.
  ANTHROPOSCOPIA, Physiognomy.
  ANTHROPOTOMY, Andranatomia.
  ANTIIUS, Flos.
  ANTHYPNOT'IC, Anthypnolic.ua, Antihyp-
nolic, Agrypnot'ic,  from avn, 'against,'  and
'vkviotikos, 'stupefying.'   A remedy for stupor.
  ANTIIYPOCHON'DRIAC,  Anthypoehondri'-
acus, from avn, 'against/ and 'v-noxov&piaKos,  'hy-
pochondriac'   A remedy for hypochondriasis.
  ANTHYSTER'IC, Antihyster'ic, Antihyster'-
icus, from avn, 'against/ and 'varcpa, 'the  ute-
rus.'  A remedy for hysteria.
  ANTI, avn, as a prefix, in composition, gene-
rally means ' opposition.'
  ANTIADES, Tonsils.
  ANTIADITIS, Cynanche tonsillaris.
  ANTIADON'CUS, from avnaScs, 'the tonsils,'
and  oyKos, 'tumour.'  A swelling of the tonsils.
— Swediaur.   Antlager has a similar meaning.
  Antiadoncus Inflammatorius, Cynanche ton-
sillaris.
  ANTIAPOPLEC'TIC, Antiapoplec'ticus, Anta-
poplcc'ticus, Apoplec'ticus, from avn, ' against,'
and  aironXii^ta, 'apoplexy.'   A remedy for  apo-
plexy.
  ANTIARIS TOXICARIA, see Upas.
  ANTIARTHRIT'IC,  Antarthrit'ic,  Antiar-
thrit'icua, Antipodag'ric, from avn, 'against,' and
apSpms, 'the gout/ (F.) Antigoutteux.  A re-
medy for gout.
   ANTIASTHEN'IC, Antiaethen'icue, from avn,
'against/ and ao-Qtvtta, 'debility.'  A remedy for
debility.
   ANTIASTHMATIC,  Antiasthmalicus,  An-
tasthmat'icus,  from  avn,  'against/  and aaSpa,
'asthma.'  A remedy for asthma.
   ANTIATROPHICUS, Antatrophic.
   ANTIBALLOMENUM, Succedaneum.
   ANTIBDELLA, Antlia sanguisuga.
   ANTIBRA'CHIAL, Antibrachia'lis.  That
 which concerns the  fore-arm. — Bichat.   J. Clo-
 quet suggests that the word should be written an-
 tebrachial, from ante,  'before,'  and brachium,
 'the arm :'—as antebrachial region, antebrachial
 aponeurosis, &c.
   Antebrachial  Aponeurosis,  (F.)  Aponiv-
 roae antibrachiale, is a portion of the aponeurotic
 sheath which envelops the whole  of the upper
 limb.  It arises from  the brachial  aponeurosis,
 from a fibrous expansion  of the  tendon of the
 biceps  muscle, from the epicondyle, epitrochlea,
 and, behind,  from the tendon of the triceps bra-
 chialis.  Within, it is inserted into the  cubitus,
 &c.; and, below, is confounded with the two an-
 nular ligaments of the carpus.  It is covered by
 the skin, by  veins, lymphatics, and  by filaments
 of superficial nerves; it covers the muscles  of the
 fore-arm, adheres to  them, and sends  between
 them several fibrous septa, which serve  them for
 points  of insertion.
   ANTIBRACHIUM, Fore-arm. 
ANTIBROMIC
83
ANTILLY
  ANTIBRO'MIC, Antibrd miens,   from  avn,
'against/ and  (ipupos, 'foetor.'  A  Deo'dorizer.
An agent  that destroys  offensive  odours — as
chloride of zinc, simple sulphate of  alumina, <fcc.
  ANTICACHEC'TIC, Anticachec'ticus, Antica-
eochyni'it; from avn,  'against,' and /cavt^ia, 'ca-
chexy.'  A remedy against cachexy.
  ANTICACOCHYMIC, Anticachectic.
  ANTICAN'CEROUS,  Anticancero'sus,  Anti-
cancro'sus,  Anticarcinom'utous,  Antiscir'rhous,
from avn, ' against/ and icapKivtopa, ' cancer/ car-
cinoma.   Opposed to  cancer.
  ANTICANCROSUS, Anticancerous.
  ANTICARCINOMATOUS, Anticancerous.
  ANTICARDIUM,  Fossette du cceur, Scrobicu-
lus cordis.
  ANTICATAR'RHAL, Anticatarrha'lis,  Anti-
catarrho'icus, from avn, ' against/ and Karappos,
' catarrh.'  A remedy  for catarrh.
  ANTICAUSOD'IC, Anticausot'ic, Anticausod'-
icus, from avn, 'against,'  and icavaos, 'a burning
fever.' A remedy for c.ausus or inflammatory fever.
   AMTICAUSOTIC, Anticausodic.
   ANTICHEIR, Pollox, see Digitus.
   ANTICIKERADICUS, Antiscrofulous.
   ANTICHOLERICA, Sophora heptaphylla.
   ANTICIPATING, Antic"ipans, Antcpo'nens,
Proleplicus.   A periodical phenomenon, recur-
ring at progressively shorter intervals.  An  an-
 ticipating intermittent is one in which  the  inter-
vals between the paroxysms become progressively

   ANTICNEMIUM, Shin.
   ANTICCEUR, Scrobiculus cordis.
   ANTICOL'IC, Anticolicus,from avn, 'against,'
and KutXticos, ' the colic'  That which is opposed
to  colic.
   ANTICOMMA, Oontre-coup.
   ANTICOPE, Contre-coup.
   ANTICRUSIS, Contre-coup.
   ANTICRUSMA, Contre-coup.
   ANTICUS,  Anterior.
   AXTIDARTREUX, Antiherpetic.
   ANTIDEIXIS, Counter-indication.
   ANTIDIARRHffi'IC,   Antidiarrhoe'icus.   A
 remedy for diarrhoea. Opposed to diarrhoea.
   ANTID'INIC, Antidin'icus,Din'icus, from avn,
 'against/ and Stvos, 'vertigo.' Opposed to vertigo.
   AN'TIDOTAL, Antidota'lis, same etymon as
 antidote.  Relating to an antidote; possessed of
 the powers of  an antidote.
   ANTIDOTA'RIUM, from avniorov, 'an anti-
 dote.'  A dispensatory. A pharmacopoeia or for-
 mulary.
   ANTIDOTE, Antid'otum, from avn, 'against/
 and iiStapt, ' I  give.'   Originally this word signi-
 fied an internal remedy.   It is  now used synony-
 mously with counter-poison, Antiphar'macum, and
 signifies  any remedy capable  of combating the
 effect of poisons.

    A List of Substances reputed as Antidotes.
      1. Metals.
Iron Filings.
Zinc Filings.
       2. Acids.
Tannic Acid.
Acetic or Citric Acid.
       3. Salts.
Alkaline or Earthy Sul-
  phates.
Chloride of Sodium.
Hypochlorite of Soda or
  of Lime.
     4. Alkalines.
Ammonia.
Carbonates of Ammonia.
Carbonates of Soda.
Magnesia.
Carbonate of Magnesia.
Lime Water.
Chalk.
Soap.
    5. SOLPHORETS.
Sulphuretted Hydrogen,
  dissolved in water.
Sulphurct of Potassium.
     6.  Haloids.
Chlorine.
  7. Metallic Oxides.
Hydrated Sesqui-oxideof
  Iron.
Mixed Oxides of Iron.
8. Organic Scbstances.
Albuminous Substances,
  (Albumen, Casein, and
  Gluten.)
Starch.
Oil.   ______
Animal Charcoal.
  ANTIDOTUM HERACLIDIS,  Enneaphar-
macos—a. Mithridatium, Mithridate.
  ANTIDY*«?AMICA, Debilitants.
  ANTIDYNOUS, Anodyne.
  ANTIDYSENTER'IC, Antidysenter'icua, from
avn, 'against,' ivs, 'with difficulty/ and tvrtpov,
'intestine.'  Opposed to dysentery.
  A N TIE M E T' IC, Antemelic, Anticmet'icua,
from avn, 'against,' and tptnicos, 'emetic'  A
remedy for vomiting.
  ANTIEPHIAL'TIC  or ANTEPHIAL'TIC,
Anticphialticua, from avn, 'against/ and  ttptaX-
rts. 'nightmare.'  A remedy for nightmare.
  ANTIEPILEP'TIC   or  ANTEPILEP'TIC,
Antiepilep'ticue,  from  avn, 'against/  and  titi-
Xnipia,  'epilepsy.'  A remedy for epilepsy.
  ANTIFEBRILIS, Febrifuge.
  ANTIGALAC'TIC, Antigalac'ticus,  Antilac'-
teua, from  avn, 'against,' and yaXa, 'milk.' (F.)
Antilaiteux.  Opposed to the  secretion of milk,
or to diseases caused by the milk.
  ANTIG'ONI COLLYR'IUM NIGRUM, Black
collyrium of Antig'onus.  It  was composed of
cadmia, antimony, pepper, verdigris, gum Arabic,
and water.
  ANTIGUA, see West Indies.
  ANTErLEMOPTYICUS, Anthasmoptyicus.
  ANTIHEC'TIC,  Antithec'ticus.  Anthec'ticus,
from avn, 'against/ and 'efis, 'habit  of body.'
The Antihec'ticum Pote'rii is  the white oxyd of
antimony ; also  called Diaphorelicum Jovia'le.
  ANTIHELIX, Anthelix.
  ANTIHELMINTICUS, Anthelmintic.
  ANTIHEMORRHAG"IC,  Antihamorrhag" -
icus, Anthamorrhag"icus ; from avn,  'against/
and 'atpoppayta,  'hemorrhage.'  That  which is
against hemorrhage;  an  antihemorrhagic "re-
medy.
  ANTIHEMORRHOID'AL,    Antihamorrhdi-
da'lis, from avn, 'against,' and 'atpoppoties, 'he-
morrhoids.'  A remedy  for hemorrhoids.
  ANTIHERPET'IC, Antiherpet'icus,  from avri,
' against/ and 'tpitts, ' herpes.'  (F.) Antidartreux.
A remedy for herpes.
  ANTIHYDROPHOB'IC, Antihydrophob'icus,
Antylis'sus, Alys'sus, from avn, 'against/ 'vittap,
'water/ and tpoflos, 'dread.'   A remedy for hy-
drophobia.
  ANTIHYDROP'IC, Antihy drop'icus, Hydrop'-
icus, from avn, 'against/ and 'v8po>*p, 'dropsy.'
A remedy for dropsy.
  ANTIHYPNOTIC, Anthypnotic.
   ANTIHYSTERIC, Antihysteric.
  ANTI-ICTERIC,  Anti-icter'icus,   Icter'icus,
from avn, 'against/ and ticrtpos, 'jaundice.' A
remedy for jaundice.
   ANTI-IMPETIGENES,  SOLOMON'S,  see
Liquor Hydrargyri oxymuriatis.
   ANTILABIUM, Prolabium.
   ANTILACTEUS, Antigalactic.
   ANTILAITEUX, Antigalactic.
   ANTILEP'SIS,  Apprehen'sio, from avnXap-
(Savu, ' I take  hold  of.'   The mode of  attaching
 a bandage over  a diseased part, by fixing it upon
the sound parts.—Hippocrates.   The mode of
securing  bandages,  &c, from slipping.   Treat-
ment by revulsion or derivation.
   ANTILETHAR'GIC,  Antilethar'gicus,  from
am, 'against/  and  XvOapyticos,  'affected with
lethargy.' A remedy for lethargy.
   ANTILITH'ICS, Antilith'ica, Lith'ica, from
avn, 'against/ and Xtdos, 'a stone.' A  substance
that prevents  the  formation  of calculi in the
urinary organs.
   The chief antilithics—according as the calculi
are lithic acid  or  phosphatic—are alkalies or
acids; with revellents,  especially change of air;
tonics, as diosma crenata, (?) and uva ursi.(?)
  ANTILLY,  MINERAL WATERS OF.  A 
ANTILOBIUM               84              ANTIMONIUM
celebrated French medicinal spring, near M6aux,
in France.  The waters have not been analyzed;
but astonishing and chimerical effects have been
ascribed to them.
  ANTILOBIUM. Antitragus, Tragus.
  ANTILOI'MIC, Antiloi micus, Antilce'mic, An-
tipeatilentia'lia, from avn, 'against/ and Xotpos,
' the plague.'   A remedy for the plague.
  ANTIL'OPUS.  The An'telope.  (F.) Gazelle.
An  African animal, whose hoofs  and horns were
formerly given in hysteric and epileptic cases.
  ANTILYSSUS, Antihydrophobic.
  ANTIMEL'ANCHOLIC,  Antimelancholicua,
from  avn, 'against/ and  peXayxoXta, 'melan-
choly.'  A remedy for melancholy.
  ANTIMEPHIT'IC, Antimephit'icua, from avn,
' against/ and mephitic.  A remedy against me-
phitic or deleterious gases.
  ANTIMOINE,  Antimonium — a. Beurre d',
Antimonium muriatum—a.  Ohlorure d', Antimo-
nium muriatum—a. Oxide d', Algaroth—a. Oxide
blane d', Antimonium diaphoreticum — a. Soufre
dore d', Antimonii sulphuretum prascipitatum—
a. Sulfure d', Antimonium—a. Sulfure, hydrosul-
phure rouge d', Antimonii  sulphuretum rubrum
— a. Verre d', Antimonii vitrum.
  ANTIMO'NIAL, Antimonia'lia, Stibidlis, from
■antimonium,  'antimony.'  A  composition into
which antimony enters.  A preparation of anti-
mony.
  Antimo'nial Powder, Pulvia  antimonia'lia,
Ox'idum antimo'nii cum phos'phate calcis, Phos-
phas  calcis stibia'tus, P.  Calcicum  stibia'tum,
Pulvis Jame'sii, Pulvis stibia'tus, Pulvis de phos'-
phate  calcis  et  stib'ii  compos'itus,  Factitious
James's  Powder, Schwanberg's Fever Powder,
Chenevix's  Antimonial Powder, (F.) Poudre
antimoniale composie ou de James.  A peroxide
of antimony  combined with phosphate of lime.
(Take of common aulphuret of antimony, tt)j ;
hartshorn ahavings, Ibij.  Roast  in an iron pot,
until they form a gray powder.   Put this into  a
long pot, with a small hole  in the  cover.   Keep
it in a red heat for two hours, and grind to a fine
powder.)  This preparation has long been es-
teemed as  a febrifuge:  but it is extremely un-
certain in its action.   The  ordinary dose is 6 or
8 grains.
  ANTIMONIALE CAUSTICUM, Antimonium
muriatum.
  ANTIMONIATUM   SULPHUR,  Antimonii
sulphuretum. prascipitatum — a. Tartar, Antimo-
nium tartarizatum.
  ANTIMONII (BUTYRUM,) Antimonium mu-
riatum—a. Calx, Antimonium diaphoreticum—a.
Cerussa,  Antimonium diaphoreticum—a. et Po-
tassa; tartras,  Antimonium tartarizatum—a. Mu-
rias, Antimonium muriatum—a. Oleum, Antimo-
nium muriatum—a. Oxydulum hydrosulphuratum
aurantiacum, Antimonii sulphuretum  prascipita-
tum—a. Oxydum, Algaroth—a. Oxydum auratum,
Antimonii sulphuratum prascipitatum—a.Oxidum
nitro-muriaticum,  Algaroth — a. Oxydum  cum
sulphure vitrifactum, Antimonii vitrum—a. Oxy-
dum sulphuretum vitrifactum, Antimonii vitrum
—a. Oxysulphuretum,  A. sulphuretum prascipi-
tatum—a. Potassio-tartras, Antimonium tartari-
zatum—a. Regulus medicinalis, Antimonium me-
dicinale—a. Sal,  Antimonium tartarizatum—a.
Sulphur  auratum, Antimonii sulphuretum  pras-
cipitatum—a. Sulphur prascipitatum, Antimonii
sulphuretum prascipitatum—a. Sulphuretum, An-
timonium—a. Tartras, Antimonium tartarizatum
— a. Tartras  et Potassae, Antimonium  tartariza-
tum—a. Vitrum hyacinthinum, Antimonii vitrum.
  Antimo'nii  Sulphure'tum   Precipita'tum,
Sulphur  antimonia'tum,  Hydrosulphure'turn sti-
bio'sum cum sulphure, Oxo'des stib'ii aulphurd-
tum,  Oxyd'ulum  antimo'nii  hydroavlphura'tum
aurantiacum,  Ox'ydum aura'tmn antimo'nii, Sul-
phure'tum  atib'ii oxydula'ti, Hydrosulfure'turn
lu'teum ox'ydi atib'ii sulfura'ti,  Sulphur antimo'-
nii pracipita'turn, Sulphur aura'tum antimo'nii,
Golden Sulphur of Antimony.
   Antimo'nii Sulphure'tumPracipitntum, A. Oxy-
sulphuretum, (F.) Soufre dori d'Aiitimoine, of the
London Pharmacopoeia, is nearly the same as the
old Kermes Mineral. It is a powder of an orange
colour, of a metallic, styptic taste.   It is emetic,
diaphoretic, and cathartic, according to  the dose;
and has been chiefly used in chronic rheumatism,
and in cutaneous affections.  Dose,  gr. j. to gr. iv.
   Antimonii Sulphuretum Pracipitntum of the
United States  Pharmacopoeia, is made by boiling
together  Sulphuret  of Antimony, in fine  powder,
Solution of Potassa, and distilled water ; strain-
ing the liquor while  hot, and  dropping into it
Diluted Sulphuric Acid so long as it produces a
precipitate.
   Antimo'nii Sulphure'tum Rubrum, Red Sul-
phuret of An'timony, Hydrosulfure1 turn stib'ii
rubrum, Sub-hydrosulfas stib'ii,  Hydrosulphure' -
tum rubrum stib'ii  sulphura'ti,  Pulvis Garthusi-
ano'rum,   Kermes  mineral,  (F.)   Hydrosulfure
rouge d'Antimoine sulfure, Vermilion de Provence.
Properties the same as the last.  Dose, gr. j. to
gr. iv.
  Antimo'nii Vitrum, Glass of Antimony, Anti-
mo'nii ox'ydum  sulphure'tum vitrifac'turn, Ox'-
ydum stib'ii semivit'rcum,  Antimo'nium vitrifac'-
tum, Ox'idum antimo'nii cum sulphure vitrifac'-
tum, Vitrum stib'ii, Antimo'nii vitrum hyucin'-
thinum, Oxyd'ulum  stib'ii  vitrea'tum, (F.) Verre
d'Antimoine.  (Formed  by  roasting  powdered
common antimony  in a shallow vessel, over  a
gentle fire, till it is of a whitish  gray colour, and
emits no fumes in a red heat; then  melting it, on
a quick fire, into a clean, brownish-red  glass.)
It has been used for preparing the tartarized
antimony and  antimonial wine.
  ANTIMONIOUS  ACID,  Antimonium  dia-
phoreticum.
   ANTIMO'NIUM, from  avn, 'against/ and
povos, 'alone;' i. e.  not found alone: or accord-
ing to others, from avn, 'against/ and moine,  'a
monk;' because,  it is asserted, certain  monks
suffered much  from  it.  Stibi, Stib'ium, Reg'ulus
Antimo'nii,  Minera'lium, Gynace'um, Magne'sia
Sntur'ni, Marcasi'taplum'bea, Platyophthalmon,
Stim'mi, Aurum lepro'sum, Antimo'nium crudum,
Antimo'nii sulph.ure'turn, Sulphure'tum stib'ii ni-
grum, Common Antimony, Sulphuret of Antimony,
(F.) Antimoine, Sulfure d'Antimoine.  Sulphuret
of antimony is the ore from which all the prepa-
rations of antimony are formed. In Pharmacy,
it is the native sesquisulphuret of antimony, puri-
fied by fusion.  When prepared for medical use,
by trituration  and levigation, it forms a powder
of a black, or  bluish gray colour, which is inso-
luble.  It is slightly diaphoretic and alterative,
and has been  used in chronic rheumatism, cuta-
neous diseases, Ac.
   Antimonium Album, Bismuth.
   Antimo'nium  Calcinatum, Antimonium dia-
phoreticum.
   Antimo'nium  Diaphoret'icum,   Diaphoret'ic
Antimony, Antimo'nious Acid, Min'eral Bez'oard,
Antimo'nium Oalcina'tum, Mineral Diaphoret'ic,
Matiire perlee de kerkring, Peroxide of Anti-
mony, Calx  Antimo'nii, Antimo'nium diaphoret'-
icum  lotum,  Oerus'aa Antimo'nii, Calx Antimo'nii
elo'ta, Oxo'des stib'ii album, Ox'idum stibio'sum,
Deutoxide of  An'timony,  Ox'idum  stib'ii  album
median'te nitro confectum, Potassa biantimo'nias,
(F.) Oxide  blanc  d'Antimoine  prepare par  le
moyen du nitre. (Common antimony, ibj ; purified 
ANTIMONY, BUTTER OF         85
nitre, Ibiij.—Throw it by spoonfuls into a red-hot
crucible; powder and  wash.  The  flowers that
stick to the side of the crucible must be carefully
separated,  otherwise they  render  it  emetic.)
Dose, gr. x. to xxx.
   Antimonium Emeticum, A. tartarizatum.
   Antimo'nium Medicina'lE, Rcg'ulus Antimo'-
nii Meilieina'lis, Medicinal Reg'iilus of Antimony.
(Antimon. sulphur. ^ v. Potass, subcarb. 5i. Sodii
chlorid. *^iv.  Powder,  mix, and melt.  When
cold, separate the scoriae at top, powder the mass,
and wash it well.)   It is conceived to  be more
active than common  antimony.
   Antimo'nium Muria'tum, Antimo'nii Mu'rias,
 Ohlor'uret  of An'timony,  Chlorure'tum  atib'ii,
Spumii  triuni draco'nnm,  Dcuto-murias  atib'ii
sublimdtus, llutter of Antimony, Muriate of An-
 timony,  Chloride of Antimony, Buty'rum Antimo'
nii, O'lcum Antimo'nii,  liuty'rum stib'ii,  Caus'-
ticum  anlimoniu'/e,  Antimonium  sali'tum,  (F.)
 Ohlorure d'Antimoine, Beurre d'Antimoine. (Com-
mon antimony and corrosive  sublimate, of each
equal parts : grind together, and distil in a wide-
necked  retort, and  let the butyraceous  matter
that comes over, run, in a moist place, to a liquid
 oil.)  A  caustic, but not  much used  as  such.
 Sometimes taken as  poison.
   Antimonium Salitum, Antimonium muriatum.
   Antimo'nium  Tartariza'tum,  Tartris Anti-
mo'nii,  Tartar  Antimuniu'tiim,  Sal  Antimo'nii,
 Tartras Potas'sa stibio'sus seu stibia'/is, Tartris
 lixiv'ia stibia'tus, Deuto-tartraspotas'sa et stib'ii,
 Tar'tarus emet'icua, Tar'tarum emet'icum, Tartraa
antimo'nii, Tartras Antimo'nii et Potassa, Anti-
mo'nii et Potassa Tartras (Ph. U. S.), Antimo'nii
potas'sio-tartras, Antimo'nium emet'icum, Tar'-
tarized  An'timony, Tartrate of An'timony  and
potas'sa, Potassio-tartrate of Antimony, Emet'ic
 Tartar, Tartar Emetic, (F.) Turtre stibie,  Tartre
 Emetique, Emetique ; in some parts of the United
 States, vulgarly and improperly called Tartar:
 (Made by digesting  sulphuret of antimony in  a
 mixture of nitric and muriatic acids with the aid
 of heat; filtering the liquor, and pouring it into
 water:  freeing  the  precipitate  from  acid,  by
 washing and  drying it; adding this powder to
 bitartrate of potassa in  boiling distilled water ;
 boiling for  an hour, and after filtering the liquor
while hot, setting it aside to crystallize.—Ph. U.S.)
 Tartarized  antimony is emetic,  sometimes  ca-
thartic and diaphoretic.  Externally, it is rube-
facient.   Dose, as an emetic, gr. j. to gr. iv. in
solution: as  a diaphoretic,  gr. one-sixteenth to
gr. one-quarter.
   The  empirical  preparation,  called Norris's
Drops, consist of a  solution of tartarized anti-
mony in  rectified spirit,  disguised by the addi-
tion of some vegetable colouring matter.
   Antimonium Vitrifactum, Antimonii vitrum.
   ANTIMONY,  BUTTER OF, Antimonium mu-
riatum—a.  Chloride of, Antimonium muriatum—
a. Chloruret of, Antimonium muriatum—a. Deu-
toxide of, Antimonium diaphoreticum—a. Flowers
of, Algaroth — a. Glass of, Antimonii  vitrum—a.
Golden sulphur of, Antimonii sulphuretum pras-
cipitatum—a. Medicinal, regulus of, Antimonium
medicinale — a. Muriate of, Antimonium muria-
tum—a. Peroxide of,  Antimonium diaphoreticum
—a. Potassio-tartrate of, Antimonium tartariza-
tum—a. Submuriate of, Protoxide of, Algaroth—
a. Sulphuret of, red, Antimonii sulphuretum ru-
brum— a. Tartarized, Antimonium  tartarizatum
—a. Vegetable, Eupatorium perfoliatum.
  Antimony and Potassa, Tartrate of, Anti-
monium  tartarizatum.
  ANTINEPHRIT'IC,  Antinephrelic,  Antine-
phret'icus, from avn,  'against/ and vfjpms, 'ne-
phritis.' Aremedy for inflammation of the kidney.
ANTIPHLOGISTIC
  ANTINEUROPATHIC, Nervine.
  ANTINEUROTIC, Nervine.
  AN TIN IAD, see Antinial.
  ANTIN'IAL, from  avn, 'against/  and tviov,
'the  ridge of the occiput.'  An epithet  for an
aspect towards the side opposite to the inion, or
ridge of the occiput.—Barclay.  Antiniad is used
adverbially by  the same writer, to signify ' to-
wards the antinial aspect.'
  ANTI'OCHI HI'ERA.   A  preparation  ex-
tolled by the ancients in melancholy, hydropho-
bia, epilepsy, &c   It was formed of germander,
agaric, pulp of colocynth, Arabian stcechas, opo-
ponax, sagapenum, parsley,  aristoloehia, white
pepper, cinnamon, lavender, myrrh, honey, <fec.
  Antiochi  Theriaca.  A theriac employed by
Antiochus against every kind of poison.  It was
composed of thyme,  opoponax,  millet,  trefoil,
fennel, aniseed, nigella sativa, &c.
  ANTIODONTAL'GIC,  Antodontul'cjic, Anto-
dontalgicus, Odontalgic, Odonlic, Antiodontal-
gicus, from  avn, 'against/ and ohovraXyia, 'tooth-
ache.'  A remedy for toothache.
  ANTIORGAS'TIC, Antiorgas''ticus,  from avn,
'against/ and  opyaw, 'I desire  vehemently.'  A
remedy for orgasm or erethism, and for irritation
in general.
  ANTIPARALYT'IC, Antiparalyt'icus, from
avn, 'against/ and napaXvtris, 'palsy.'   Opposed
to palsy.
  ANTIPARASITIC, Antiparasilicus, Anti-
phtheiriacua, Phihi'riua, Parasilieide; from avn,
' against/ and  ttapatstros, ' a parasite.'  An agent
that  destroys parasites, as the  different  vermin
that  infest  the body.   The chief  antiparasitics
are  Cocculua, Staphisagria,  Veratrum album, and
certain of the mercurial preparations.
  ANTIPARASTATI'TIS, from avn, 'opposite/
and napaoraTris, 'the epididymis;' also,  'the pros-
tate/  and itis,  denoting inflammation.  Inflam-
mation of Cowper's glands.
  ANTIPATHI'A, from  avn,  'against/ and
■nados, ' passion, affection.'  Aversion.  A natural
repugnance to  any person or thing.
  ANTIPATH'IC, Antipath'icus,  (F.) Antipa-
ihique.  Belonging to antipathy.  Opposite, con-
trary,— as  humeurs antipathiques } humours  op-
posed to each other.  Also, palliative.
  ANTIP'ATRI THERIACA,  Theriac  of An-
tip'ater.   A farrago of more than 40 articles:
used as an antidote against the bites of serpents.
  ANTIPERIOD'IC,  Antiperiod'icus, Antityp'-
icus, from avn, 'against/  and 7r£pjo<5os, 'period.'
A remedy which possesses the power of arresting
morbid periodical movements;—e. g. the sulphate
of quinia in intermittents.
  ANTIPERISTALTIC, Antiperistal'ticus, An-
tivermic'ular, from avn, 'against/ and r-tpiortXAw,
' I contract.' An inverted action of the intestinal
tube.
  ANTIPERIS'TASIS, from avn, 'against/ and
■ntptcrao-is, 'reunion, aggregation.'  A  union of
opposite circumstances: the action of two con-
trary qualities, one of which augments the force
of the other.   The peripateticians asserted, that
it is by Antiperistasis, that fire is hotter in winter
than  in summer.   Theophrastus  attributes the
cause, which renders man  more  vigorous, and
makes him  digest more readily in winter, to the
augmentation of heat caused by  Antiperistasis.
  ANTIPER'NIUS,  from avn, 'against/ and
Pernio, 'a chilblain.'  A remedy against chil-
blains;— as  Unguen'tum antiper'nium, an oint-
ment for chilblains.
  ANTIPERTUSSIS, see Zinci  sulphas.
  ANTIPESTILENTIALIS, Antiloimic.
  ANTIPHABMACUS, Alexipharmic.
  ANTIPHLOGIS'TIC, Antiphlogis'ticus, from 
ANTIPHTHEIRIACA            86
ANTRUM
tvn, 'against/  and tpXcyta, 'I burn.'   Opposed
to inflammation;—as Antiphlogistic remedies, A.
regimen, &c.
  ANTIPHTHEIRIACA, Antiphthiriaca, from
avn, 'against/ and  tpSupiau,  'I am  lousy.'  A
remedy used to destroy lice.
  ANTIPHTHIS'ICAL,  Antiphthis'icus, from
avn, 'against/ and  tpSiots, 'consumption.'  Op-
posed to phthisis.
  ANTIPHYSICA, Carminatives.
  ANTIPHYS'ICAL, Antiphys'icus,  from  avn,
'against,'  and tpvtreu, 'I blow.'  An expeller  of
wind:  a carminative.
  It has also been used for any thing preterna-
tural; here, the derivation  is from avn, 'against,'
and ip-oats,  'nature.'   The French sometimes say,
'Un gout antiphysique,' ' an unnatural taste.'
  ANTIPLAS'TIC,  Antiplas'ticus, Plastilylic,
Plastilyt'icus, from avn, ' against/ and itXaonicos,
' formative.'  Antiformative.  An agent that dimi-
nishes the quantity of plastic matter—fibrin—in
the blood.
  ANTIPLEURIT'IC, Antipleuret'icus, Anti-
pleurelic, from avn,  'against/ and  itXtvpirts,
' pleurisy.'   Opposed to pleurisy.
  ANTIPNEUMON'IC, Antipneumon'icus, from
avn, ' against/ and -irvtvpwvta, ' disease or inflam-
mation of the lungs.'  A  remedy for disease  or
inflammation of the lungs.
  ANTIPODAGRIC, Antiarthritic.
  ANTIPRAX'IS, from avn, 'against/ and
irpatraot, 'I act.'  A  contrary  state  of  different
parts in the  same patient: e. g. an increase  of
heat in one organ, and diminution in another.
  ANTIPSOR'IC,  Antipso'ricus, Antisca'bious,
from avn, 'against/  and ipupa, 'the itch.'  (F.)
Antigaleux.   Opposed to the itch.
  ANTIPUTRID, Antiseptic.
  ANTIPY'IC, Antipy'icus, from avn, 'against/
and -irvov, ' pus.'   Opposed to suppuration.
  ANTIPYRETIC, Febrifuge.
  ANTIPYROT'IC, Antipyrot'icus,  from  avn,
' against/  and ttvp, ' fire.'  Opposed to  burns  or
to pyrosis.
  ANTIQUARTANA'RIUM, Antiquar'tium.  A
remedy formerly used against quartan fever.
  ANTIQUUS, Chronic.
  ANTIRHACHIT'IC, Antirhaehit'icus,  from
avn, 'against,' and rachitis.  Opposed to rachitis,
or rickets.
  ANTIRHEUMATIC, Antirrheumalicus; from
avn, 'against/  and pcvpa, 'rheumatism.'   A re-
medy for rheumatism.
  ANTIRHINUM ACUTANGULUM, A. Lina-
ria — a. Auriculatum, A. Elatine.
  Antirhi'num Elati'ne, A. auricula'tum,  E.
haata'ta, Elati'ne, Lina'ria elati'ne, Cymbala'ria
elati'ne, Fluellen  or Female Speedwell, was for-
merly  used against scurvy and old ulcerations.
  Antirhi'num Hederaceum,  A. Linaria — a.
Hederasfolium, A. Linaria.
  Antirhi'num Lina'ria, A. hedera'ceum seu
hederafo'lium seu  acutan'gulum, Lina'ria,  L.
vulga'ria  seu cymbala'ria,  Elati'ne  cymbala'-
ria, Oymbala'ria mura'lis,  Osy'ris, Urina'ria,
 Common  Toad Flax, (F.) Linaire.   The leaves
have a bitterish taste.  They are reputed to  be
diuretic and cathartic.  An ointment made from
them has been extolled in hemorrhoids.
   ANTISCABIOUS, Antipsoric.
   ANTISCIRRHOUS, Anticancerous.
   ANTISCOLETICUS, Anthelmintic.
   ANTISCOLICUS, Anthelmintic
   ANTISCORBU'TIC, Antiscorbu'ticus,  from
 avn, 'against,' and scorbutus, 'the scurvy.'  Op-
 posed to scurvy.
   ANTISCROF'ULOUS, Antiscroph'uloua, An-
 tiscrofulo'sus, Antistrumo'sua,  Antichcerad'icua.
 Opposed to scrofula.
  ANTISEP'TIC,  Antisep'ticua,  Antipu'trid,
from avn, 'against,' and  anitros, 'putrid.'  Anti-
putredino'aua.  Opposed  to putrefaction.  The
chief antiseptics, internally or externally em-
ployed, are Acidum Muriaticum, Acidum Nitri-
cum,  Acidum Sulphuricum, Alumina  sulphas,
Carbo Ligni,  Oalx  Chlorinata, Chlorinum, Cin-
chona and its active principles, Creasote, Dauci
Radix, Fermentum  Cerevisia,  Soda  Ohlorinata,
and Zinci Chloridum.
  ANTISIAL'AGOGUE, Antisialago'gus, Anti-
si alus, from  avn, ' against/ and ataXov,  ' saliva.'
A remedy against ptyalism.
  ANTISPASIS, Derivation, Revulsion.
  ANTISPASMODIC, Antispasmodics, Anti-
spas'tieus, from avn, 'against,'  and oitata, 'I con-
tract.' Opposed to spasm.  The whole operation
of antispasmodics is  probably revulsive.   The
following are  the chief reputed antispasmodics.
yEther Sulphuricus, Asafcetida, Castoreum, Dra-
contium,  Moschus, Oleum Jinimale Dippc.lii, and
 Valeriana—with the mental antispasmodics, ab-
straction, powerful emotions, fear,  &c Of direct
antispasmodics, we have no example.
  ANTISPASTICUS, Antispasmodic,  Deriva-
tive.
  ANTISTASIS, Antagonism.
  ANTISTERIG'MA, from avn,  'against/ and
tsrnpvypa, 'asupport.' A fulcrum, support, crutch.
—Hippocrates.
  ANTISTER'NUM,  from arvt,  'against/ and
artpvov, '  the sternum.'  The back.—Rufus.
  ANTISTRUMOUS, Antiscrofulous.
  ANTISYPHILIT'IC,  Antisyphilit'icus, from
avn, ' against/ and syphilis, ' the venereal dis-
ease.'  Opposed to the venereal disease.
  ANTITASIS, Counter-extension.
  ANTITHENAR, Opponens  pollicis, Adductor
pollicis pedis.
  ANTITHERMA, Refrigerants.
  ANTITHORA, Aconitum anthora.
  ANTITRAG'ICUS, Antitrdgeus,  (F.) Muscle
de I'Antitragus, M. antitragien.—(Ch.)   Belong-
ing  to the antitragus.   A small  muscle is  so
called, the existence  of  which is not constant.
It occupies the space between the  antitragus and
anthelix.
  ANTITRAGIEN, Antitragicus.
  ANTIT'RAGUS, from avn,  ' opposite to/ and
rpayos, 'the tragus/  Antilo'bium, Oblo'bium.  A
conical eminence on the pavilion of the  ear, op-
posite the tragus.
  ANTITYP'IA, from avn, 'against/ and ru7rTa>,
'I strike.' Resistance.  Hardness.  Repercussion.
  ANTITYPICUS, Antiperiodic
  ANTIVENE'REAL, Antivene'reus, from avn,
'against/ and Venus, 'Venus.'  The same as An-
tisyphilitie.  Formerly it was used synonymously
with Antaphrodisiac
  ANTIVERMICULAR, Antiperistaltic.
  ANTIVERMINOSUS, Anthelmintic.
  ANT'LI A or  ANTLI'A,  from   avrXctv, 'to
pump out.'  A syringe; a pump.  Hence, Autlin
lac'tea, Lactiau'gium, a breast-pump; and Antlia
sanguisu'ga, Antibdella, Hiru'do artificia'lis, the
exhausting syringe used in cupping.
  Antlia Gastrica, Stomach-pump.
  ANTODONTALGIC. Antiodontalgic.
  ANTODYNUS, Anodyne.
  ANTRAX, Anthrax.
  ANTRE,  Antrum—a. d'Hyghmore,  Antrum
of Highmore.
  ANTROVERSIO, Anteversio.
  ANTRUM, 'A cavern/ Cavern'a,  Bar'aihrum,
(F.) Autre.   A name given to  certain cavities in
bones, the entrance to which is smaller than the
bottom.
  Antrum Atjris, Tympanum—a. Buccinosum, 
ANULUS
87
APERIENT
Cochlea, Labyrinth — a. Dentale, see Tooth — a.
Pylori, see Stomach.
  Antrum of Highmore, Antrum Highmoria'-
num, Antrum Genet, Antrum maxil/u'rii vel max-
illa sit/jcriu'ris, Genyan'trum, Mu.n'il/ary Sinus,
Sinus O'ena pituita'rius, (F.) Autre d'Hyghmore,
Sinus Mnxillaire.  A  deep cavity in the sub-
stance of the superior maxillary bone communi-
cating with the  middle meatus of the nose.  It
is lined  by a prolongation  of the  Schneiderian
membrane.
  ANULUS, Fossctte.
  ANURKSIS,  Ischuria.
  ANURIA, Ischuria.
  ANUS, 'a, circle,' Podex, Potex, Molyne, Mo-
lyn'it; Dactylios, Oath'edra, Cyr'ccon,  Cys'saros,
Gyslhos, Aph'edra, Aph'edron,  Hedra, Proctos,
Archos, Sedes, Cuius, Cu'leon.  The circular open-
ing situate at the inferior extremity of the rectum,
by which the excrement is expelled.  The funda-
ment. The sent.  The body.  The seat, (F.) Siege.
  Anus  also signifies the  anterior orifice of the
Aqueduct of Sylvius.  By  some, this Anus, called
also,  Fora'men  commu'ne poste'rius,  has been
supposed to form a communication between  the
back part of the third ventricle and  the lateral
ventricles.  It is closed up, however, by the tela
choroidea, and also by the fornix, which is  inti-
mately  connected with this.   The foramen is
situate  between  the  commissura mollis  of  the
optic thalami and the pineal gland.
  Anus,  Artificial.  An  opening made artifi-
cially, to supply the natural anus.  The term is
often used to include preternatural anus.
  Anus, Contracted, (F.) Anus rStreci.  A state
of the  anus when, from some cause,  it is  con-
stricted.
  Anus,  Imperforate.   A  malformation, in
which there is no natural  anus.   See Atresia ani
adnata.
   Anus,  Preternat'ural, (F.) Anns contre na-
ture,  A.  anormal.  An accidental opening which
gives issue to the whole or to a part of the fasces.
It may  be owing to a wound, or, which is most
common, to gangrene attacking the intestine in
a hernial sac.
   This  term is  also  employed,  as well as Anus
devii, devious anus, to the case where the anus, in-
stead of being in its natural situation, is in some
neighbouring cavity, as the bladder, vagina, &c.
  ANXI'ETY,  Anxi'etas, Anxi'etudc,  Adamo'-
nia, Dyspho'ria anxi'etas, Alys'mus, Al'yci; AV-
ysis,  Ase, from  angere, Gr. ayxetv, 'to  strangle,
to suffocate.'  A state of restlessness  and agita-
tion, with general indisposition, and a distressing
sense of oppression at the  epigastrium.  Inquie-
tude,  anxiety, and anguish,  represent degrees of
the same condition.
  ANYPNTA, Insomnia.
  AOCHLE'SIA,  from a, priv., and oxXos, 'dis-
turbance.'  Tranquillity.   Calmness.
  AOR'TA, Arte'ria magna, A.  crassa, A. max'-
ima,  Hamal Axis, of Owen.  (F.)  Aorte.  This
name was given by Aristotle to the chief artery
of the body.  It may have been derived from
aoprcopat,  'I am suspended,'  as it seems to be
suspended from the heart;  or from anp, 'air/ and
rvpeto, '  I keep/ because it was supposed to con-
tain air.  It is probable that Hippocrates meant
by aoprat the bronchia and their ramifications.
Tho aorta is the common trunk of the arteries of
the body.  It arises from the left ventricle of the
heart, about opposite to the fifth dorsal vertebra,
passes upwards (ascending Aorta,) forms the great
arch of  the Aorta, and  descends along the left
of the spine (descending Aorta,) until it reaches
tho middle of the fourth or fifth lumbar vertebra,
where it bifurcates, to give origin to the common
iliacs.  The aorta is sometimes divided into the
Thoracic or pectoral, and the Abdominal.  For
the arteries which arise from it, &c, see Artery.
  AORTEURYS'MA,  from  aopm, 'the  aorta/
and tvpvs,' dilated.'  Aneurism of the Aorta, (F.)
Anevrysme de VAorte, Aortiectasie.  By carefully
auscultating over the dorsal vertebras, a bellows'
sound, with a deep and  not  always perceptible
impulse, may be detected.
  AOR'TIC, Aor'ticus.  Relating  to the  Aorta.
The Aortic ventricle, (F.) Ventricle Aortique, is
the left ventricle.  The Aortic valves are the sig-
moid valves at the origin of the Aorta,  &c.
  AORTIECTASIE, Aorteurysma.
  AORTI'TIS, Infiamma'tio Aor'ta, from  Aorta,
and itis, denoting inflammation.   Inflammation
of the aorta.
  AORTRA, Aortron.  A lobe of the lungs.—
Hippocrates.
  AO'TUS, from a, privative, and ous, 'an ear.'
A monster devoid of ears.—Gurlt.
  APAG'MA, Apoclas'ma, Apocecaulis'menon,
from airo, ' from/ and  ayto, ' I remove.'  Separa-
tion, abduction.  Separation  of a fractured bone.
—Galenus, Foesius.
   APAGOGE, Defecation, Inductio.
  APALACIIINE, Ilex vomitoria—a. d Feuilles
de  Prunier, Prinos—a. Gallis, Ilex vomitoria.
   APAL'LAGE, Apallax'is, from avaXarno,  'I
change.'   Mutation,  change.   It is  generally
taken  in  a good sense,  and means the change
from disease to health.—Hippocrates.
   APALLAXIS, Apallage.
  APALOT'ICA, from  a-naXores,  'softness,  ten-
derness.'  Fortuitous lesions or deformities affect-
ing the soft parts.  The first order in the class
 Tychica, of Good.
   APANTIIESIS, Apanthismus.
   APANTHIS'MUS, Apanthe'sis, from  euro,
'from/ and avdtoi, 'I flower.'  The obliteration
of  parts previously inservient to useful purposes,
as  of the ductus venosus and ductus arteriosus,
which are essential to foetal existence, but are
subsequently unnecessary.  See, also, Stuprum.
   APANTHRO'PIA,  from atto, 'from/ and av-
Spwiros, ' man.'   Detestation  of man ; desire for
solitude.—Hippocrates.  One of the symptoms of
hypochondriasis.
   APAPHRISMOS. Despumation.
   APARACH'YTUM  VINUM,  from  a, priv.,
and irapaxvo), ' I pour over.'  The purest wine:
that which has not been  mixed with sea-water.—
Galen.
   APARINE, GaMum aparine—a. Hispida, Ga-
lium aparine.
   APARTHROSIS, Diarthrosis.
   AP'ATHY, Apathla,  Amelia,  from  a, priva-
tive, and xaSos, 'affection.'  (F.)  Apathie.  Ac-
cidental  suspension of the moral feelings.   It
takes place in very severe diseases, particularly
in malignant fevers.
  APECHE'MA,  from  atto,  'from/  and vx°s>
' sound.'  Properly the action of reflecting  sound.
In  medicine, it is  synonymous with the Latin
Oontraflssura,  a counter-fissure, a counter-blow.
—Gorrasus, Celsus.
  APECTOCEPHALUS, Acephalothorus.
  APEL'LA, Appclla, Leipoder'mos, Rccuti'tus,
from a, priv., and pellis,  ' skin.'  One whose pre-
puce docs not cover the glans. — Galenus, Lin-
naeus, Vogel.  Retraction  or smallness of  any
other soft appendage.—Sagar.  One who  is  cir-
cumcised.
  APEPSIA, Dyspepsia.
  APE'RIENT, Ape'riens, Aperiti'vus, from ape-
rire, (ad  and pario,) ' to open.'   Res'erans.   A
laxative.    (F.)  Aperitif.   A medicine  which
gently  opens the bowels.   The term  had  for- 
APERISTATON
merly a much more extensive signification, and,
like Catalylicum, was given to  a substance sup-
posed to have the power of opening any of the
passages, and even the blood-vessels.
  APERIS'TATON, Aperis'tatum, from  a, pri-
vative, and irtpttTTripi, ' I surround.'  An epithet
for an ulcer not dangerous nor  considerable, nor
surrounded by inflammation.
  APERITIF, Aperient.
  APERITIVUS, Aperient.
  APERTOR OCULI, Levator palpebras superi-
oris.
  APERTO'RIUM, from aperio, 'I open.'  An
instrument for dilating the os uteri during labour.
  APERTURA,  Mouth—a. Anterior ventriculi
tertii cerebri, Vulva (cerebri)—a. Pelvis  superior,
see Pelvis.
  APEUTHYSMENOS, Rectum.
  APEX, Mucro.  The point or extremity of a
part:—as the apex of the tongue, nose,  <fcc.
  Apex Linguae, Proglossis.
  APH.URESIS, Apheresis, Extirpation.
  APHALANGI'ASIS,  from a, ' intensive/ and
tpaXay!;, ' phalanx.'  The fourth stage of Oriental
leprosy, which is recognised chiefly by a gangre-
nous condition of the fingers.
  APHASSOM'ENOS,  from a^atrtrta, 'I touch, I
feel.'   The touching of the parts  of generation
of the female as a means of diagnosis. — Hippo-
crates.  See Esaphe.
  APHEDRA, Anus.
  APHEDRIA, Menses.
  APHEDRON, Anus.
  A P H E LI' A,  atpeXns,  ' simple.'  Simplicity.
The simple manners of  the sect of Methodists in
teaching and practising medicine.
  APHELX'IA, from atptXKO), ' I abstract'  Vo-
luntary inactivity of the whole or  the greater
part of  the external senses to the impressions of
surrounding  objects, during  wakefulness.   Re-
very,  (F.)  RSverie.   Dr. Good has introduced
this into his  Nosology, as well  as  Aphelx'ia so-
cors or  absence of mind—A. inten'ta or abstrac-
tion of mind: and A.  otio'sa,  Stu'dium ina'ne,
brown study or listless musing.
  APHEPSEMA, Decoction.
  APHEPSIS, Decoction.
  APHE'RESIS,  Apha'resis, from  atpaiptto, 'I
take away.'  An operation by which  any part of
the body is  separated from the other.   Hippo-
crates, according to Foesius, uses the expression
Apha'reaia San'guinia for excessive hemorrhage;
and Sennertus, to  express the  condition of an
animal deprived both of the faculties  of the mind
and of the mind itself.
  APH'ESIS, from atpinpt, 'I relax.'  A remis-
sion.  This word expresses  sometimes the dimi-
nution or cessation of  a disease; at  others, lan-
guor and debility of the lower extremities.  See
Languor, and Remission.
  APHILAN'THROPY, Aphilanthro'pia,from a,
privative, tpiXtia, ' I love/ and avSpwzos,  ' a man.'
Dislike  to man.  Love of solitude.  Vogel has
given this name to the first degree of melancholy.
  APHISTESIS, Abscess.
  APHODEUMA, Excrement.
  APHODUS, Excrement.
  APHONETUS, Aphonus.
  APHO'NIA, Liga'tio lingua, Loque'la abolita,
Defec'tus  loque'la, Dyspho'nia,  (of some,) Aph'-
ony, (F.) Aphonic, Perte de la Voix, from a, pri-
vative, and tptuvn,  ' voice.'  Privation  of voice, or
of the sounds that ought to be  produced  in the
glottis.   When aphonia forms part of catarrh or
of' cold/ it is commonly of but little consequence ;
but when produced by causes acting on the ner-
vous system, as by  some powerful emotion, or
without any appreciable lesion of the  vocal appa-
3                 APIONTA

 ratus, (Laryngo-paralysis,) it frequently resists
 all remedies.
   Aphonia,  Catalepsy — a.  Surdorum,  Mutitas
 Surdorum.
   APHONICUS, Aphonus.
   APHO'NUS,  Apho'nicus,  Apho'netus;  same
 etymon.  Relating to aphonia.
   APHONY, Aphonia.
   APHORIA, Sterilitas.
   APHORICUS, Sterile.
   APHORUS^ Sterile.
   APHOR'ME, atpoppn,  'occasion.'   The exter-
 nal and manifest cause of any thing.   The occa-
 sional cause  of a disease.—Hippocrates.
   APHRO'DES,  'frothy/  from atppos,  'foam/
 and etSos, 'resemblance.'   Applied  to the  blood
 and the excrements.—Hippocrates.
   APHRODISIA, Coition, Puberty.
   APHRODIS'IAC,  Aphrodisiacus,  from  Atppo-
 ckrn,  'Venus.'   (F.)  Aphrodisiuque.   Medicine  ■
 or food believed to be capable of exciting to the
 pleasures of love; as ginger, cantharides, <fcc.
 They are generally stimulants.
   APHRODISIACUS, Venereal.
   APHRODISIASMUS, Coition.
   APHRODISIOG'RAPHY, from AtppoStrn, 'Ve-
 nus/ and ypatpw,  'I describe.'  Etymologically,
 this term means a description of the pleasures of
 love, but it has been placed at the head of a work
 describing the venereal disease.
   APHROG'ALA, from atppos, 'foam/ and yaXa,
 'milk.' Lac spumo'sitm.  A name formerly given
 to milk rendered frothy by agitation.
   APHRONIA, Apoplexy.
   APHRONITRUM, Natrum, Soda.
   APHROSYNE,  Delirium, Insanity.
   APHTHjE, Aphta,  Apiha, from a-irrta, 'I in-
 flame.'   Thrush or sore mouth, Ap/htha lactu'ci-
 men,  A. Infan'tum, Lactu'cimen, Luctuciniina,
 Aldola, Lactu'mina, Em'phlysis aphtha, Uleera
 serpen'tia oris, Pus'tula oris, Febris aphtho'sa,
 Angi'na aphtho'sa, Vesic'ula gingiva'rum, Sto-
 matitis exsudatlva, S.  vesiculo'sa infan'tum, Sto-
 map'yra,  S.  aphtha, Prunella,  White Thrush,
 Milk Thrush. Aphthae  consist of roundish, pearl-
 coloured vesicles,  confined  to the  lips, mouth,
 and intestinal canal, and generally terminating
 in curd-like sloughs.  In France, the Aphthas of
 children,  Aphthes  des Enfuus, is called Mug net,
 Millet, Blanchet, Catarrhe  buccal and Stomatite
 cremeuse pultacee,  Pultaceous inflammation of
 the Mouth ; and generally receives two divisions
 —-the mild or discreet,  (F.)  Muguct benin ou dis-
 cret, and the malignant, (F.) Mug net malin ou
 confluent, the Black Thrush.  Common Thrush is
 a  disease of no consequence, requiring merely
 the use of absorbent laxatives.  The malignant
 variety, which is rare, is of  a more serious cha-
 racter, and is accompanied with typhoid  symp-
 toms,—-Typhus aphtho'ideus.
   Aphthae Adultorum, Stomatitis, aphthous—a.
 Prasputii, Herpes prasputii—a. Serpentes, Cancer
 aquaticus.              ,
   APHTHE GANGRENEUX, Cancer aqua-
 ticus.
   APHTHES  DES ENFANS, Aphthae.
   APHTHEUX, Aphthous.
   APHTHO'DES, Aphthoides,Aphthoideus, from
 aphtha, and tt&os, 'resemblance.'  Aphthous-like.
 Resembling aphthae.
   APH'THOUS, Aphiho'sus, (F.) Aphtheux. Be-
 longing to aphthas; complicated with aphthae;
 as Aphthous  Fever.
   APIASTRUM, Melissa.
   APICES   CRURUM  MEDULLA OBLON-
 GATA, Corpora striata—a. Digitorum, Pupulae.
   APILEPSIA, Apoplexy.
   APIONTA, see  Excretion. 
APIOS
APOLYSIA
   APIOS, Pyrus communis.
   APIS, Bee.
   API'TES, from amov, 'a pear.'  Perry.—Gor-
 raeus.
   APIUM, A. graveolens—a. Ammi, Ammi — a.
 Anisum, Pimpinella anisum—a. Carvi, Carum.
   Apium   Graveolens,  Apium  Paluda'pium,
 Beli'num, Sca'eli graveolens, Sium  graveolens, S.
 a'pium,  Smallagc,  (F.) Ache.   Nat. Ord. Um-
 belliferae.   Sex. Syst. Pentandria Digynia.  The
 plants, roots, and seeds are aperient and carmi-
 native.  Selery is a variety of this.
   Apium  Hortense, A. graveolens—a. Monta-
 num, Athamanta aureoselinum — a. Paludapium,
 A. Graveolens—a. Petrasum, Bubon Macedonicum.
   Apium  Petroseli'num,  Apium  Horten'se  seu
 vulga'ris,  Eleoseli'num (?),  Grielum,  Petroseli'-
 num, Common Parsley, (F.) Perail.  The root—
 Petroae!inum, (Ph. U. S.)—and seeds are diuretic
 and aperient.
   Apium  Sium, Sium nodiflorum—a. Vulgare, A.
 graveolens.
   APLAS'TIC,  Aplaa'ticus, from a, privative,
 and pXacnru), ' I form.'  That which is not capable
 of forming; that which does not serve  to form,
 or is not organizable.
   Aplastic Element; one which is unsuscep-
 tible of any  farther amount of organization.—
 Gerber.
   APLESTIA, Ingluvies, Intemperance.
   APLEU'ROS, from a,  privative, and irXtvpos,
 'a rib.'  One without ribs.—Hippocrates, Galen.
   APLOT'OMY, Aplotom'ia, from anXoos, 'sim-
 ple/ and  rcpvti), ' I cut.'  A simple  incision.
   APNEUSTIA, Apnosa, Asphyxia.
   APNOS'A, from a, privative, and nvtta, 'I  re-
 spire.'  Asphyx'ia, Apneus'tia.  Absence of  re-
 spiration, Rcspira'tio abolita, or insensible respi-
 ration.  Also, Orthopncea.
   Apncea  Infantum, Asthma Thymicum.
   A1*N(EASPHYXIA, Asphyxia.
   APNUS, arrvoos, same etymon.  One devoid of
 respiration.   An epithet applied by authors to
 cases  in  which the respiration  is so small and
 slow, that it seems suspended. — Castelli.  It is
 probable, however, that the word was always ap-
 plied to the patient, not to the disease.
   APO, airo, a prefix  denoting 'from, of, off, out.'
 Hence—
   APOBAMMA, Embamma.
   APOBAINON, Eventus.
   APOBESoMENON, Eventus.
   APOBIOSIS, Death.
   APOBLEMA, Abortion.
   APOBOLE, Abortion.
   APOBRASMA, Furfur.
   APOCAl'NISMUS, Fumigation.
   APOCATASTASIS, Considentia, Restauratio.
   APOCATHARSIS, Catharsis.
   APOCATHARTICUS, Cathartic.
   APOCECAULISMENON, Apagma.
   APOCENO'SIS, Aposcendsis, from airo, 'out,'
 and  Ktvtotrts, ' evacuation.'   A partial evacuation,
 according to some, in opposition to Cenosis, which
 signifies a general evacuation.—Cullen and Swe-
 diaur apply it to morbid fluxes.
   Apocenosis, Abevacuatio—a.  Diabetes melli-
 tus, Diabetes—a. Ptyalismus mellitus, see Saliva-
 tion—a. Vomitus pyrosis, Pyrosis.
  APOCHOREON, Excrement.
  APOCHREMMA, Sputum.
  APOCHREMPSIS, Exspuition.
  APOCH'YMA,  from anoxtta, ' I pour out.'   A
sort of tar,  obtained from old ships, which is im-
pregnated with chloride of sodium.   It was used
as  a discutient  of tumours. — Aetius, Paulus,
Gorraeus.
   APOOIN GOBE-MOUCHE,  Apocynum an-
 drosaemifolium.
   APOCLASMA, Abduction, Apagma.
   APOCLEISIS, Asitia, Disgust.
   APOCOPE, from airo,  and nonreiv,  'to cut.'
 Abscission.   A wound with  loss of substance.
 Fracture with loss of part of a bone.  Amputa-
 tion.
   APOCOPUS, Castratus.
   APOCRISIS, Contagion, Excrement,  Secre-
 tion.
   APOCROUS'TIC, Apocrous'tica seu Apoerus'-
 tica, (remed'ia,) from airo, 'out/ and xpovtii, 'I
 push.'  An  astringent and repellent.—Galenus.
   APOCRUSTICA, Apocroustic.
   APOCYESIS, Parturition.
   APOCYNUM ANDROSAMIF0'LIUM,from
 airo, and kvu>v, ' a dog/ because esteemed, of old,
 to be fatal  to dogs.  Dog's Bane, Bitter Dog's
 Bane, Milkweed, Bitterroot, Honeybloom,  Catch-
 fly, Flytrap,  Ip'ecac, (F.) Apocin gobe-mouche,
 A. amer.  Nat. Ord. Apocyneas. Sex. Syst. Pent-
 andria Digynia.  The root of this plant is found
 from Canada to Carolina.   Thirty grains evacu-
 ate the stomach as  effectually as two-thirds of
 the amount of Ipecacuanha, by which name it is
 known in various parts of the eastern states.  It
 is  in the  secondary list  of the Pharmacopoeia of
 the United  States.
   Apoc"ynum Cannab'inum, Indian Hemp. This
 American plant possesses emetic, cathartic, dia-
 phoretic and  diuretic properties,  and has been
 strongly recommended in dropsy.   It has been
 given in  decoction, — gij of the  root boiled in
 three pints  of water to two.  A wine-glassful for
 a dose.
   Apocynum  Nov.*: Anglic Hirsutum, Ascle-
 pias tuberosa—a. Orange, Asclepias tuberosa—a.
 Scandens, Allamanda.
   APODACRYT'ICUS, Delachrymati'vus, from
 airo, 'from/ and Saicpvti), 'I weep.  A substance,
 supposed  to occasion a flow of the tears, and then
 to arrest them.—Columella, Pliny, Galenus.
   APODEMIALGIA, Nostalgia.
   APOD'IA, from a, privative, and irous, 'a foot.'
 Want of feet; hence Apous or Apus, one who has
 no feet.
   APODYTE'RIUM, Ooniste'rium, Spoliatd-
 rium, Spolia'rium, from airoovto, 'I strip off.' The
 ante-room, where the bathers stripped themselves
 in the ancient gymnasia.
   APOGALACTISMUS, Weaning.
   APOGALACTOS,  Exuber.
   APOGEUSIS, Ageustia.
   APOGEUSTIA, Ageustia.
   APOGLAUCOSIS, Glaucosis.
   APOGON, Imberbis.
   APOG'ONUM, fromairo, and ytvopai, 'I exist.'
 A living foetus in utero.—Hippocrates.
   APOLEPlSIS, Desquamation.
   APOLEPISMUS, Desquamation.
   APOLEP'SIS,  Apolep'siu, Apolip'sis, from
 anoXapfiavu,  'I retain.'  Retention, suppression.
 —Hippocrates.  Asphyxia.
   APOLEX'IS,  from awoXnyw, 'I cease.'  Old
 age, decrepitude.
   APOLINO'SIS, from airo, and Xivov,  'a flaxen
 thread.'  The  mode of  operating for  fistula in
 ano, by means of a thread of Homolinon or Linum
 cruduin.—Hippocrates, Paulus.
  APOLIPSIS, Apolepsis.
  APOLLINARIS ALTERCUM, Hyoscyamus.
  APOLUTICA, Cicatrisantia.
  APOLYS'IA, Apolysis, from airoXvta, 'I loosen.'
Solution.  Relaxation.   Debility of the limbs or
looseness of bandages.—Erotian.   Expulsion  of
the foetus and its dependencies.  Termination of
a disease.—Hippocrates,  Galen. 
APOMATHEMA
90
APOPLEXIA
  APOMATHE'MA, Apomathe'sis, from airo, and
uavSavio, 'I learn.' Forgetfulness of things taught.
—Hippocrates.
  APOM'ELI, from airo,  ' of/ and ptXt, ' honey.'
An oxymel or decoction made of honey.—Galen,
Aetius, Paulus, &c.
  APOMEXIS, Munctio.
  APOMYLE'NAS, from a-opvXXaivui,  'I  make
a wry mouth.' One who pushes his lips forwards,
pressing  them against each other.  Occasionally
a symptom of nervous fever.—Galen, Erotian.
  APOMYTHO'SIS, from  airopvo-o-u, 'I snore.'
A disease in which there is stertor.—Sauvages,
Sagar.
  APOMYXIA, Nasal mucus.
  APONEUROG'RAPHY,   Aponeurogra'phia,
from  avovtvpums, an 'aponeurosis/  and ypatpn,
'a  description.'  A description of the Aponeu-
roses.
   APONEUROL'OGY, Aponeurolog"ia, from
atrovtvpuats,  'an aponeurosis.'  and Xoyos, 'a dis-
course.'  Apioneurosiology.  The anatomy of the
aponeuroses.
   APONEUROSIOLOGY,  Aponeurology.
   APONEURO'SIS,  Aponevro'sis, from airo,
' from/ and vtvpov, ' a nerve.'  Pronerva'tio, De-
nerva'tio, Enerva'tio,  Expan'sio  nervo'sa, (F.)
Aponeurose,  Aponcvrose.   The ancients  called
every white  part vtvpov,  and regarded  the Apo-
neurosis as  a nervous expansion.   The Aponeu-
roses are white, shining membranes,  very resist-
ing, and composed of fibres interlaced.  Some
are continuous with the muscular fibres, and differ
only from tendons by their flat form.  They are
called Aponeuroses of insertion, (F.) Aponeuroses
d'insertion, when they are  at the extremities of
muscles, and attach them to the bone ;—Aponeu-
roses of  intersection, (F.) Aponivroses d'intersec-
tion, if they interrupt the continuity  of the mus-
cle, and  are continuous  on both sides with mus-
cular fibres.  Others  surround the muscle, and
prevent  its displacement: they are called envelop-
ing Aponeuroses, (F.) Aponevroses d'enreloppe.
   Aponeurosis, Fascia—a. Crural, Fascia  lata—
a. Femoral, Fascia lata—a. Iliac, Fascia iliaea.
   APONEUROSITIS,  from aponeurosis,  and
itis, ' denoting inflammation.'  Inflammation of
an aponeurosis.
   APONEUROTIC, Aponeurolicus.  What  re-
lates to  Aponeuroses :—thus, we say Aponeurotic
 expansion, Aponeurotic muscle, &e.
   APONEUROT'OMY,  Aponeurotom'ia,  from
 aiiovcvptuois,  'aponeurosis/  and  repvui,  'I cut.'
 Anatomy of aponeuroses.            •
   Aponeurotomy has, also, been proposed for the
 division, (dibridement) of filaments, &c, in apo-
 neurotic openings, and for  the section of fasciae.
   APONEVROSE  PEDIE USE, see  Pedal
 Aponeurosis—a. Superficielle de  V Abdomen et de
 la Cuisse, Fascia superficialis.
   APONEVROSIS, Aponeurosis.
    APON'IA, from a, privative, and ttovos,  'pain.'
 Freedom from pain.
    APONIPSIS, Ablution.
    APOPALLE'SIS,  Apopal'sis,  from airoiraXXw,
 'T throw off.'  Expulsion.   Protrusion.—Hippo-
 crates.  Also, Abortion.
    APOPATE'MA, Apop'aihos, Apop'atua.  The
 excrement, and the place where it is deposited.—
 Dioscorides, Erotian.
    APOPEDASIS, Luxation.
    APOPHLEGMATISANS PER NARES,  Er-
 rhine—a. per Os, Sialogogue.
    APOPHLEGMATISAN'TIA, Apophlegmati-
  eon'ta,  Apophlegmatis'mi,  from  arro, ' out/ and
  tpXtypa,  ' phlegm.' Medicines which facilitate the
 upward expulsion of mucus from  the  mucous
membrane  of the digestive  or air passages; as
gargles, masticatories, Ac.
  APOPHLEG'MATISM,   Apophlegmatis'mus.
The action  of Apophlegmatisantia.—Galen.
  APOPHLEGMATISMI,  Apophlegmatisantia.
  APOPH'RADES,  from  anotppas,  'unlucky.'
An epithet applied to unlucky  days,  (dies ne-
fandi,)  Days  on which a favourable change
is  not  expected to occur in a disease.—A. Lau-
rentius.
  APOPHRAXIS, Amenorrhcea.
  APOPHTHAR'MA,  Apoph'thora, from  airo,
and tpSctpw, ' I  corrupt.'  Abortion, as well  as a
medicine to procure abortion.
  APOPHTHORA, Abortion.
  APOPHTHORIUS, Abortive.
  APOPHY'ADES, from airo, 'from/  and  0uo>,
' I spring.'   The ramifications of veins  and arte-
rics.-^- HiDDOcrfitcs.
  APOPHYSE BASIL AIRE, BasOary process
—a. Enguinante ou vaginalc, Vaginal process—
a. Pyramidale, see Temporal Bone — a. Petree,
see Temporal Bone.
  APOPHYSES EPINEUSES,  Spinous  pro-
cesses  of the vertebras.
  APOPH'YSIS, from airo,  'from/ and tpvu, 'I
rise,' Ec'physis, Proces'sus, Appendix,  A process
of a bone,  Promincn'tia  ossis contin'ua.  When
the apophysis is yet separated from the body of
the bone  by intervening cartilage, it is called
Epiph'ysis. The apophyses or processes  are, at
times,  distinguished by  epithets,  expressive of
their form: as A. styloid, A. coracoid, &c.  Others
are not preceded by the word apophysis; as Tro-
chanter, Tuberosity, &c.
  Apoph'ysis of Ingras'sias is a term applied
to the  lesser ala of the sphenoid bone.
  Apophysis of Rau, Grele apophyse du Mar-
tcau :  see Malleus.
  Apophysis Zygomatica, Zygomatic  process.
  APOPIES'MA,  from airoirit^w,  ' I  compress.'
Hippocrates uses the term to signify  a fancied
expression or  forcing out of humours by the
application of  bandages in  wounds and  frac-

   APOPLANESIS, Error loci.
   APOPLECTIC, Apoplec'ticus.   Referring to
Apoplexy.  This word has various significations.
 It is  applied, 1.  To individuals  labouring under
 apoplexy:  2. To remedies  proper  for combating
 apoplexy:  3. To the  constitution, temperament,
 or  make,  Architectu'ra  apoplec'tica,  Hab'itus
 apoplec'ticus, which predisposes  to it, and, 4. To
 the symptoms  which characterize apoplexy; as
 Apoplectic sleep, A. stroke,  A. stertor, &c.  The
jugular veins  have  also, by some, been called
 Apoplectic veins, Vena apoplec'tica.
   APOPLECTICUS, Antiapoplectic, Apoplectic.
   Apoplectic  Cell.  A cavity remaining in the
 encephalon,  after the  effusion of  blood  and its
 subsequent absorption.
   APOPLEXIA, Apoplexy—a. Catalepsia,  Cata-
 lepsia—a.  Cerebralis, see Apoplexy—a. Cerebri,
 see Apoplexy—a. Cordis, Hasmocardiorrhagia—
 a.  Hydrocephalica, Hydrocephalus internus—a.
 Hepatica,  Hepatorrhagia — a. Medullaris,  Apo-
 plexia myelitica—a. Meningasa, Apoplexy, me-
 ningeal.
   Apoplexia  Myelit'ica;  A. Medulla'ris, A.
 Spina'lis, A. Rachia'lis, Hamor'rhachis, Myelor-
 rhag"ia,  Myclapoplex'ia,  (F.)  Apoplexie  de  la
 Moelle ipiniire, Hemorrhagic de la Moelle Spini-
 ere, Himato-myilie, Hemo-myelorrhagie, He'ma-
 torrhachis. Hemorrhage into the  spinal marrow.
   Apoplexia  Nervosa, Apoplexy, nervous—a.
 Nervosa traumatica, Concussion of the brain—a.
 Pituitosa, see Apoplexy—a. Pulmonalis, see Hae-
 moptysis— a.  Pulmonum, see Haemoptysis —a. 
APOPLEXIE OAPILLAIRE        91
Renalis, Apoplexy, renal—a. Rachialis, A. mye-
litica — a. Sanguinea, see Apoplexy — a. Serosa,
see Apoplexy—a. Simplex, Apoplexy, nervous—
a. Spasmodica, Apoplexy, nervous — a. Spinalis,
Apoplexia myelitica — a. Temulenta, see Temu-
lentia.
   APOPLEXIE OAPILLAIRE, Mollities ce-
rebri—a. Giribrale, Apoplexy, Hemorrhagic ciri^
brule.
   APOPLEXIE  FOUDROYANTE, 'Thun-
dering Apoplexy.'  A form of apoplexy, which
is intense and rapidly fatal.
   APOPLEXIE MENINGEE, Apoplexy, me-
ningeal — a. De la Moelle Epiniere, Apoplexy,
spinal.
   AP'OPLEXY, Apoplex'in,  from a-oirXvrrttv,
'to  strike with  violence.'  At  the present day,
the  term apoplexy is employed by many writers
to  signify interstitial hemorrhage,  (F.) Hemor-
rhagic interstitielle,  or  every effusion  of blood,
which occurs suddenly into the substance of an
organ or tissue.  Hence,  we speak  of cerebral
apoplexy, pulmonary apoplexy, &c.  &c.   For-
merly it was always — and still is by many —
used in a restricted  sense, to  signify, in other
words,  the   train of phenomena, which  cha-
racterize cerebral apoplexy.  This disease, Ha-
morrha'gia Cer'ebri, Aphro'nitt, Garus Apoplex''ia,
Goma Apoplex'ia, Apoplex'ia cer'ebri sanguin'ea,
A. cerebra'lis,   Encephalorrhag"ia,  San'guinis
ictus, Hamatenceph'alum, Pulpez'ia, Sidera'tio,
Apileps' ia, Morbus atton'itus, Gutta, Theople'gitt,
Theoplex'iu, (F.) Apoplexie, A. cerebrate, H&ma-
toencepkalie, Coup  de sang, is  characterized by
diminution,  or loss of sensation and mental ma-
nifestation ;  by the cessation, more or less  com-
plete, of motion ; and by a comatose state,—cir-
culation and respiration continuing. It generally
consists in pressure upon the brain; either from
turgescence  of vessels, or from  extravasation of
blood : hence the terms Hamenceph'alua, Hemor-
rhagic ciribrale, and Hemoenccphalorrhagie, ap-
plied to it by some.  The general prognosis is
unfavourable ; especially when it occurs after the
age of 35.  Whon Apoplexy is accompanied with
a hard, full  pulse, and flushed countenance, it is
called Apoplexia sanguin'ea, Cataph'ora coma;
when with a feeble pulse  and pale countenance,
and evidences of serous effusion, Apoplex''ia ae-
ro' sn, A. pituito'sa, Serous Apoplexy, Cataph'ora
hydrocephalica, Encephaloch'yaia senilis, Hydro-
cepllalus acu'tus  senum, Hydroencephalorrhie,
(Piorry), Hydropisie cerebrate suraigue, Hydror-
rhagie.
   In Nervous Apoplexy, Apoplex'ia nervo'sa seu
spasmod'ica, A.  simplex, Simple apoplexy, no le-
sion whatever may be perceptible  on dissection,
although the patient may have died under all the
phenomena  that are  characteristic of apoplexy.
   Apoplexy  of  the  Heart,  Hasmocardior-
rhagia.
   Apoplexy, Meninge'AL,  Apoplex'ia menin-
ga'a, (F.) Apoplexie meningie, Hemorrhagic me-
ningc.e.  Hemorrhage from the meninges of the
brliin or spinal marrow, generally into  the great
cavity of the arachnoid.
   Apoplexy, Nervous, see Apoplexy—a. Pul-
monary, see lLomoptysis—a. Simple, A.Nervous.
   Apoplexy, Penal, Apoplex'ia  rena'lis.  A
condition of the  kidney, characterized by knotty,
irregular, tuberculated eminences, some of a deep
black colour. Effusion of blood into  the  sub-
stance of the kidney.
  Apoplexy, Serous, see Apoplexy—a. Spinal,
Apoplexia myelitica.
  APOPNEUSIS. Exhalatio.
  APOPNIXIS, Suffocation.   "               I
L              APOSTERIGMA

   APOPNOE, Exspiratio.
   APOPNOZA, Exspiratio.
   APOPSYCHIA, Syncope.
   APOPTO'SIS, from  airoiriir™,  'I fall down.'
A relaxation of bandages.—Erotian.
   APORRHOE, Aporrhosa.
   APORRHQS'A, Apor'rhoe, Apor'rhyaia, Deflu'-
vium,  from airoppto),  'I flow from.'  An emana-
tion, effluvium, contagion.—Moschion.  A falling
off of the hair, according to some.
   APORRHYSIS, Aporrhosa.
   APOSCEM'MA,  Apoecep'eia,  from  aitoon-nttta.
' I lie down, I direct myself towards.'   Afflux of
fluids  towards a  part.  Metastasis.   The first
word has been applied to the excrements.—Hip-
pocrates, Galen.
   APOSCENOSIS, Apocenosis.
   APOSCEPARNIS'MUS, Deascia'tio, from airo
and aiccirapvov, ' a hatchet.'  Wound of the cra-
nium, by a cutting instrument, in which a piece
of the bone has been cut out, as with a hatchet.
—Gorraeus.
   APOSCEPSIS, Aposcemma.
   APOS'CHASIS, Aposchaa'mus, from airoff%a£<i>,
' I scarify.'  Scarifiedtion.   A slight superficial
incision in the  skin.  Also, blood-letting.—Hip-
pocrates.
   APOS'IA, Sitis defec'tus, from  a, privative,
and tzoois,  ' drink.'  Want of thirst, absence of
desire for liquids.
   APOSI'TIA, from airo,' from/ and airos,' food.'
Aversion for food.—Galen.  See Disgust.
   APOSIT'IC, Aposilicus; the same etymology.
Any substance which destroys the appetite, or
suspends hunger.
   APOSPAS'MA, from aKooiram, 'I tear or lace-
rate.'  (F.) Arrachement.  A solution of conti-
nuity, especially of  a ligament; Rhegma liga-
menta're, Lacera'tio  ligamenta'ria.
   APOSPHACEL'ISIS, Aposphacelis'mus, from
airo, and trtpaKtXos, 'mortification.'   Gangrene in
wounds  and fractures, owing to the  bandages
being too tight.—Hippocrates.
   APOSPHINX'IS,   avoatptylis,   constriction,
compression.  The action of a tight bandage.—
Hippocrates.
   APOSPONGIS'MUS, the act of sponging for
any purpose.—Gorraeus.
   APOSTALAG'MA,  Apostag'ma,  from  airo,
' from/ and araXa^ta, ' I drop.'  The ancient name
for the saccharine liquor which flows from grapes
when  not yet pressed.
   APOS'TASIS, from airo,  and  tarnpt, 'I stop.'
The ancients had different significations for this
word.  It  was most commonly used for an ab-
scess.  The separation of a fragment of bone by
fracture.   Removal  of  disease by  some excre-
tion, Ac.
   APOSTAX'IS, from  avoara^, ' I distil from.'
Staxis.  The defluxion  of any  humour,  as of
blood from the nose.—Hippocrates.
   APOSTE'MA, from airo, 'from,' and tempt, 'I
settle/ or  from  atptanipi, ' I recede  from.'  This
word is used by the  ancients somewhat vaguely.
It meant an affection in which parts, previously
in contact, are  separated from each other by a
fluid collected between them.  The  moderns re-
gard it as synonymous with Abscess. Some, even
of the moderns, have applied it to any watery
tumour, and even to tumours in general.
   Apostema Cerebri, Encephalopyosis—a. Em-
pyema, Empyema—a. Parulis, Parulis—a. Pha-
langum, Fourche—a. Psoaticum, Lumbar abscess.
   APOSTERIG'MA, from  a*oo-TVpt$u, 'I sup-
port.'  Any thing  that  supports  a diseased part,
as  a cushion, a pillow,  <fcc — Galen.  A deep-
seated and inveterate disease of the intestines.—
Hippocrates. 
                 APOSTHIA                !

  APOS'THIA, Leipoder'mia, from a privative,
and Ttoo-Qta, 'prepuce.'  Want of prepuce.
  APOSTOLO'RUM UNGUENT'UM, Dodeca-
phar'macum, Ointment of the Apostles.  So called,
pecause as many solid ingredients entered into
its composition as there were apostles.  It con-
tained several resins and gum-resins, yellow wax,
oil, vinegar, verdigris, &c., and was formerly em-
ployed as a vulnerary.
  APOS'TROPHE, from  airo,  and  crpt^oi,  'I
turn.'  An aversion or disgust for food.—Paulus.
Also, the direction of humours towards other parts.
  APOSYRMA, Abrasion, Desquamation.
  APOTELES'MA, from airo, and rtXeo-pa, 'com-
pletion.'   The result or termination of a disease.
See, also, Amuletum.
  APOTHANASIA, see Death.
  APOTHE'C A, Pharmacc' um,Pharmacopo'lium,
from airo, and ndvpi, 'to place.' Any place where
things are kept, and therefore ' a shop/ and par-
ticularly a wine cellar.  A place or vessel wherein
medicines are kept.  See Pharmacopolium.
  APOTHECARIES' HALL.   The Hall of the
Corporation or Society of Apothecaries of Lon-
don,  where  medicines are  prepared and sold
under their direction,  &e.   This Company ob-
tained a charter of incorporation in the 15th year
of James the First.  No general practitioner can
establish himself in England or Wales, without
having obtained a license from the  Court of Ex-
aminers of the Company.
  APOTH'ECARY, Apotheca'rius,  Dispensa'tor,
Pharmacopo'la, Pigmenta'rius, Pharmacopce'ue,
Pharmdceus,  Pharmaceu'ta,  Rhizot'omus, My-
ropo'les,  Myropo'lus, Pharmacter,  Pharmacur'-
gicus, Pharmacur'gus, Pharmaeeu'list, same deri-
vation, (F.) Apothicaire,  Pharmacien, Pharma-
copole.  In  every country except Great Britain,
it means one who sells drugs, makes up prescrip-
tions, &c.  In  addition to  these offices, which,
indeed, they rarely exercise, except in the case
of their own patients, the Apothecaries in Eng-
land form a privileged class of practitioners—a
kind of  sub-physician.
  APOTHERAPEI'A, Apotherapia, Apothera-
peu'sis, from airo&epairtvto, (airo and Btpatrtvto,)  'I
cure.'  A perfect cure.—Hippoc.  In the ancient
Gymnastics, it meant the last part of the exer-
cises :—the friction, inunction, and bathing, for
the purpose of obviating fatigue, or curing dis-
ease.—Galen, Gorrasus.
  APOTHERAPEUSIS, Apotherapeia.
  APOTHER'MUM, from om>, and Scppr,, 'heat.'
A  pickle made of mustard, oil,  and vinegar.—
Galen.
  APOTH'ESIS,   from aironSnpt,  'I  replace.'
The position proper to  be given to a fractured
limb,  after reduction.
  APOTHICAIRE, Apothecary.
  APOTHIOAIRERIE, (F.)  from airo$w, 'a
warehouse, shop.'  The same as Apotheca; also,
a gallipot.
  APOTHLIM'MA,  from  airo,  and SXtPta, 'I
press  from.'  Anciently, the  dregs, and some-
times' the expressed juice, Succus expres'sus, of
plants.—Gorraeus.
  APOTHRAU'SIS, from  airofyauw, 'I break.'
Fracture of a bone, with spicula remaining.  Ex-
traction of a spiculum of bone.—Gorraeus.  Also,
Abscission.
  APOTILMOS, Evulsion.
  APOT'OKOS, from airo, and tiktoj, 'I bring
forth.' An abortive foetus.—Hippocrates.
  APOTOME, Amputation.
  APOTOMIA, Amputation.
  APOTROP^UM, Amuletum.
  APOTROPE, Aversion.  Also, deviation—as
of a limb—Parat'rope.
2                APPENDIX

   APOXYSMUS, Abrasion.
   APOZEM, Decoction.
   APOZESIS, Decoction.
   APPARA'TUS, Parnsceu'e, from ad and pa-
 rare, ' to prepare.'  This word  signifies a collec-
 tion of instruments, <fcc, for any operation what-
 ever.  (F.) Appareil.
   In surgery, it means the  methodical  arrange-
 ment of all the instruments and objects necessary
 for an operation or dressing.  By extension, the
 French give the name Appareil, Oapsa chirur'-
 gica, to the case or drawers in which the appara-
 tus is arranged.
   Apparatus  has  likewise been  applied to the
 different modes of operating for the stone.—See
 Lithotomy.
   In Physiology,  Apparatus (Appareil) is ap-
 plied to  a collection of organs, all of which work
 towards the same end.  A system of organs com-
 prehends all those formed of a similar texture.
 An apparatus often comprehends organs of very
 different nature.  In the former, there is analogy
 of structure; in the latter, analogy of  funotion.
   Apparatus Altus, see Lithotomy.
   Apparatus Immov'able, (F.) Appareil immo-
 bile,  Immovable Bandage, Permanent Bandage.
 An apparatus  for fractures, which  is generally
 formed by wetting the bandages in  some sub-
 stance, as starch or dextrin, which becomes solid,
 and retains the parts in situ.
   Apparatus  Lateralis,  see  Lithotomy — a.
 Major, see Lithotomy—a.  Minor, see Lithotomy.
   APPAREIL, Apparatus, Boltier — a. Grand,
 see Lithotomy—a. Haut, see Lithotomy—a. Im-
 mobile, Apparatus, immovable—a. Lateralise, see
 Lithotomy — a. Petit,  see  Lithotomy—a.  Pig-
 mental,  Pigmental apparatus.
   APPAREILS DE FORMATION, (F.) Gall
 admits, in the brain,  two kinds of fibres; the
 one, divergent, proceeding from the  cerebral pe-
 duncles  to  the convolutions,  and  constituting
 what he calls appareils deformation:  the other,
 convergent, and proceeding from the convolutions
 to the centre of the organ, constituting  what he
 calls appareils de reunion.  The first, as  a whole,
 form the organs of the mental faculties : the latter
 are commissures, which unite parts of the  organ
 that are double and in  pairs.
   APPAUVRI, Impoverished.
   APPENDICE, Appendix —a. Cacal, Appen-
 dix vermiformis casci—a. Digital, Appendix ver-
 miformis casci — a. Soussternale, Xiphoid  carti-
 lage— a. Sus-spheno'idale du cerveau, Pituitary
 gland—a. Xiphdide, Xiphoid cartilage.
   Appendices Coli Adipose, Appendiculae epi-
 ploicas—Epipldiques, Appendiculae epiploicae.
   APPENDICULA CEREBRI, Pituitary gland
 — a. Vermiformis  caeci, see Appendix — a. Epi-
 ploiea, Epiploic appendage.
  APPENDICULAE PLNGUEDINO'SJE, Epip-
 loic appendages,  Appendic'ula  Epiplo'ica, Ap-
 pen'dices coli adipo'sa, Omen'tula,  (F.) Appen-
 dices Epiplo'iquea.  Prolongations of the  peri-
 toneum beyond the surface of the great intestine,
 which are analagous in texture  and arrangement
 to omenta.
   APPEN'DIX, Epiph'yaia, from appendere, (ad
 andpendere, 'to hang,') 'to hang  from.'  Any
 part that adheres to  an organ or is continuous
 with it:—seeming as if added to it. An append-
 age;  an apophysis, (F.) Appendice, Annexe.
   Appendix  Auriculae, see  Auricles of the
 Heart.
   Appendix  Cerebri, Pituitary gland — a.  ad
 Cerebrum, Cerebellum—a. Cutanea Septi Narium,
 Statica Septi Narium—a. to the Epididymis, Vas-
 culum aberrans—a. Ventriculi,  Duodenum.
   Appendix Vermifor'mis, Appendic'ula Ver- 
APPENSIO
93
AQUA
mifor'mis Ga'ci, Tubus Vcrmicula'ris Oaci, Ec'- \
phyas, Additamen'turn Coli, Appen'dix Ga'ci, (F.)
Appendice vc,rmiforme, A. cacal  ou digital.   A
vermicular process,  the  size  of a  goose-quill,
which hangs from the intestine caecum. Its func-
tions are unknown.
  APPENSIO, see Analeptia.
  AP'PETENCE, Appeten'tia, from appetere, (ad
and petere,) 'to desire.'  An ardent, passionate
desire for any object.
  APPETIT, PERTE  D', Anorexia.    \
  AP'PETITE, Appeti'tus, Appeten'tia, Appeti"-
tia, (ad  and  petere,) ' to seek/ Cupldo,  Orex'is,
 Orme: same etymology as the last.  An  internal
sensation, which warns us of the  necessity of ex-
erting certain functions, especially those of diges-
tion and generation. In the latter case it is called
venereal appetite, (F.) Appetit venerien: in  the
former, simply appetite, (F.) Appetit ou  Appcti-
tion.  If the  desire for food, occasioned by a real
want, be carried to  a certain extent, it is called
hunger, when solid food is concerned; thirst, when
liquid.   Appetite and hunger ought not, how-
 ever,  to be employed synonymously: they  are
 different degrees of the  same want.   Hunger is
 an imperious desire : it cannot be provoked, like
 the appetite.  It is always allayed by eating: but
 not so the appetite; for, at times, it  may be  ex-
 cited in  this manner.  They are very generally,
 however, used synonymously.
   Appetite,  Morbid, Limosis.
   Ap'petite, Vene'real, Venereal  desire, (F.)
 Le genesique, Amour physique.   The instinctive
 feeling that attracts tho sexes  towards each other
 to  effect the work of reproduction.
   APPETITUS CANINUS, Boulimia—a. Defi-
 ciens, Dysorexia.
   APPLE, ADAM'S, Pomum Adami—a. Bitter,
 Cucumis colocynthis — a.  Curassoa, Aurantium
 curassaventium — a. Eye, see Melon — a. May,
 Podophyllum peltatum—a. Root, Euphorbia co-
 rollata.
    Apple Tea, Apple water. Slice two large, not
 over-ripe apples, and pour over a pint of boiling
 water.  After an hour, pour off the  fluid, and, if
 necessary, sweeten  with  sugar.
    Apple  Tree, Pyrus malus.
    APPLICA'TA, from applicare, (ad nxidplicare,
 'to fold,') 'to apply.'  A word, unnecessarily in-
 troduced into medical language, to  express the
 objects which are applied immediately to the sur-
 face of the body, as  clothes, cosmetics, baths, &c.
 —Halle.
   APPLICATION, Applica'tio, (same etymon,)
 in  a moral signification, is synonymous with At-
 tention.  Also, the act of applying  one  thing to
 another; as  the application of an  apparatus, of
 a bandage, blister, &c.
   APPREHEN'SIOf from ad  and  prehendere,
 'to  take.'  This word is employed  in various
 senses.   It means catalepsy or  catoche. — Paul
 Zacchias. A kind of bandage for  securing  any
 part.  Also,  a therapeutical indication.
   APPROCHE, Coition.
   APPROXIMATION, Approxima'tio, from ad
 and proximus,  'nearest.'   Ettmuller gave  this
 name to a pretended method of curing disease,
 by making it pass from man into some animal or
 vegetable, by the aid of  immediate contact.
   APR ACTA, from a, priv., and lrpaotrui, 'I act.'
Without action.  An epithet for  the parts of ge-
neration, when unfit for copulation or generation.
  APRICATIO, Insolation.
  APRICOT, Prunus Armeniaca.
  APROCTUS, see  Atretus.
  APROSO'PIA, Triocephalia, from a,  priv.,
and irpotrtovov, ' the face.' A malformation, which
consists in the face being deficient.
  APROSOPUS, Microprosopus.
  APSINTHIA'TUM,  from  a^tvSiov, 'worm-
wood.'  A  sort of  drink made  of  wormwood.

  APSINTHITES, Absinthites.
  APSYCHIA, Syncope.
  APSYXIA, Syncope.
  APTH.E, Aphthas.
  APTYS'TOS, from a, priv., and irruoj, 'I spit.'
Devoid of  expectoration.  An epithet given to
certain pleurisies, in which there is no expectora-
tion.—Hippocrates.
  APUS, see Apodia.
  APY'ETOS, from a, priv., and wov, 'pus.' An
external affection, which does not end in suppu-
ration.
  APYIQUE, Apyos.
  AP'YOS, from a, priv., and irvov,  'pus/ (F.)
Apyique.  That which does not afford pus.
  APYRECTIC, Apyretic.
  APYRENOMELE, Apyromele.
  APYRET'IC, Apyret'icus, Apyrec'tic, Apyrec'-
ticus,  Apyr'etus, from a, priv., and irvp, 'fire,
fever.'  Without fever.   This  epithet is given to
days  in which there is no paroxysm of a disease,
as  in the  case of an intermittent, as well as to
some  local affections which do not induce fever.
Urticaria is sometimes called  an apyretic exan-
them.
  APYREX'IA.  The same etymology.  Absence
of  fever;   Dialem'ma,  Dialeip'sis,  Dialip'sis,
 Tempus  intercalate, Intervallum, Intermis'sio.
Apyrexia  is  the  condition of an intermittent
fever  between the  paroxysms: the duration of
the apyrexia, consequently, depends on the type
of  the intermittent.   Occasionally, the term has
been applied to the cessation of the febrile con-
dition in acute diseases.
  APYROME'LE, Apyrenome'le, from a,  priv.,
irvpnv, ' a nut/ and  pnXv, ' a sound.'  A sound or
probe, without a button or nut. It is the Melo'tis,
Specillum auricula'rium or Auricular sound of
Galen.
  AQUA,   Urine, Water — a. Acidi  carbonici,
Acidulous water — a.  Acidula hydrosulphurata,
Naples water (factitious)—a.  Aeris fixi, Acidu-
lous  water (simple) — a. Alkalina oxymuriatica,
Eau  de Javelle—a. Aluminis compositus, Liquor,
a. c.—a. Aluminosa Bateana, Liq. aluminis com-
positus—a. Ammonias, Liquor ammonias—a. Ace-
tatis  ammonias, Liquor ammoniae  acetatis — a.
Ammonias  carbonatis, Liquor  ammoniae subcar-
bonatis—a. Ammonias  caustica, Liquor ammoniae
—a. Amnii, Liquor Amnii.
  Aqua  Amygdala'rum  Concentra'ta, (F.)
Eau  d'Amandes ameres,  Water of bitter almonds.
Made by bruising well two pounds of bitter al-
monds;  adding,  whilst triturating,  ten pounds
of  spring water, and four  pounds  of alcohol; let-
ting the mixture rest in a well-closed  vessel, and
then  distilling two pounds.  Used instead of the
Aqua Laurocerasi, and the Hydrocyanic acid.
  An Aqua amyg'dala  ama'ree, Bitter Almond
water, has been introduced into the last edition
of  the Ph.  U.  S.,  1851, (Ol.  amygdal.  amar.
"nUxvj.;  Magnes.  Carbon.  ""**j.;  Aqua Oij.)
  Aqua Anisi Fortis, Spiritus anisi—a. Aquis-
granensis,   see Aix-la-Chapelle — a.  Auditoria,
Cotunnius, Liquor of—a. Aurantii, see Citrus au-
rantium— a. Azotica oxygenata, Aqua nitrogenii
protoxydi — a. Balsamica arterialis,  Aqua Bi-
nellii—a. Bareginensis, Bareges water—a. Barytae
Muriatis, see Baryta, muriate of—a. Bellilucana,
Balaruc waters—a. Benedicta, Liquor calcis—a.
Benedicta  composita, Liquor calcis compositus—
a. Benedicta Rulandi, Vinum antimonii tartari-
zati.
  Aqua  Bine'llii, Acqua Binelli, A. Monterosai, 
             AQ.TSM ACIDULE

Aqua Balsam'ica arteria'lia, (F.) Eau de Binclli,
En n de Monteroaai.   A celebrated Italian haemo-
static, invented by one Binelli.  Its composition
is  unknown, but its virtues have been ascribed to
creasote;  although  there  is reason for believing
it to possess no more activity than cold  water.
  Aqua Brocchie'rii, Acqua Brocchieri, Broc-
chieri water, (F.) Eau de Brocchieri, Eau etyp-
tique de Brocchieri.  A supposed styptic, which
made much noise at Paris at one time.  It is de-
void of efficacy.  Dr. Paris found nothing in it
but water perfumed by some vegetable essence.
  Aqua Borvonensis, Bourbonne-les-Bains, mi-
neral waters  of—a. Bristoliensis, Bristol water—
a.  Calcarias ustas, Liquor calcis—a. Calcis, Liquor
calcis—a.  Calcis composita, Liquor calcis compo-
situs — a.  Camphoras, Mistura camphorae  — a.
Camphorata, Bates's, see Cupri sulphas—a.  Car-
bonatis sodas acidula, Acidulous water, simple —
a.  Catapultarum, Arquebusade, eau d' — a. Chlo-
rini, see Chlorine.
  Aqua Cinnamo'mi, Cinnamon Water.  Distilled
water of Cinnamon Bark.  Prepared also in the
following  manner.  Ol. Cinnam. f^ss; Magnea.
Carbon. "5J ; Aq. deatillat. Oij.  Rub the oil  and
carbonate of magnesia; add the water gradually,
and filter.  (Ph. U. S.)
  Aqua Cinnamomi Fortis, Spiritus Cinnamomi
—a. Colcestrensis, Colchester, mineral waters of.
  Aqua Colora'ta, ' coloured water.'  A name
given to a prescription in  which simple coloured
water is contained.  Used  in hospital cases, more
especially, where & placebo is demanded.
  Aqua Cupri Ammoniata, Liquor c. a.—a.  Cu-
pri vitriolati composita,  Liquor cupri sulphatis
composita—a. inter Cutem, Anasarca—a. Destil-
lata, Water,  distilled — a. Florum  aurantii, see
Citrus aurantium — a. Fluviatilis, Water, river.
  Aqua Fcenic'uli, Fennel water.   The distilled
water of fennel  seed.  It may  be  prepared  also
like the aqua cinnamomi.
  Aqua Fontana, Water, spring—a. Fortis, Ni-
tric acid—a. Hepatica, Hydrosulphuretted water
— a. Hordeata, Decoctum hordei — a. Imbrium,
Water, rain — a. Intercus, Anasarca — a. Inter
Cutem, Anasarca—a. Juniperi composita, Spiritus
juniperi  compositus — a.  Kali, Liquor potassae
subcarbonatis — a. Kali caustici, Liquor potassae
—a. Kali prasparati, Liquor potassae  subcarbon-
atis—a. Kali puri, Liquor potassas—a. Kali  sub-
carbonatis, Liquor potassas subcarbonatis—a. La-
byrinth!, Cotunnius, liquor of—a.  Lactis, Serum
lactis — a. ex Lacu, Water,  lake — a. Lithargyri
acetati composita, Liquor  plumbi subacetatis di-
lutus—a. Luciae, Spiritus  ammonias succinatus—
a.  Marina, Water, sea — a. Medicata, Water, mi-
neral.
  Aqua Mentha: Piperi't^e, Peppermint Water.
The distilled water of peppermint.   It may be
prepared like the aqua cinnamomi.
  Aqua Mentha Piperitidis  Spirituosa, Spi-
ritus menthas piperita?—a. Menthae viridis, Spear-
mint water; see Aquas menthas piperitas—a. Men-
thae vulgaris spirituosa, Spiritus menthae viridis—
—a. Mineralis, Water, mineral—a. Mirabilis, Spi-
ritus pimentas — a. Mulsa, Hydromeli — a. Natri
Oxmyuriatici, Liquor sodas chlorinatas — a. Nea-
politana, Naples water, (factitious)—a.  Nephrit-
ica, Spiritus myristica.
   Aqua   Nitrogen'ii  Protox'ydi,  Protox'ide
of Nitrogen Water, Aqua  azot'ica oxygena'ta,
Searle's patent oxyg"enoua aerated  water.  A pa-
tent solution  of  protoxide  of  nitrogen, said to
contain five  times its  own  bulk of gas.  It has
been  recommended as a nervine, and excitant in
nervous conditions, dyspepsia, &c.  It  has  also
been used in cholera, and to counteract the  evil
consequences of drunkenness.  The dose is f §vj,
t              AQUJEDUCTUS

 or *^viii, two  or  threo  times  a day; or, in dys-
 pepsia, as a beverage between meals.
  Aqua Nivata, Water, snow—a. Nucis moscha-
 tas, Spiritus myristicas—a. Ophthalmica, Liquor
 zinci  sulphatis  cum  camphora— a.  Paludosa,
 Water, marsh—a. Pedum, Urine—a. Pericardii,
 see Pericardium — a. Picea, see Pinus sylvestris
 — a. Picis, see  Pinus  sylvestris — a. Pluvialis,
 Water, rain — a. Potassas,  Liquor potassae — a.
 Pulegii spirituosa, Spiritus pulegii — a. Putealis,
 Water, well—a. ex Puteo, Water, well—a. Rabelli,
 Elixir acidum Halleri — a. Raphani composita,
 Spiritus armoracias compositus—a. Regia, Nitro-
 muriatic acid.
  Aqua  Ros^e,  Roae  Water,  Rhodoetag'ma,
 (Roa. centifol. Ibviij : Aqua cong. ij. M. Distil a
 gallon—Ph. U. S.)
  Aqua Salubris, Water, mineral—a.  Sappha-
 rina, Liquor cupri ammoniata—a. Saturni, Li-
 quor plumbi subacetatis dilutus — a. Sclopetaria,
 Arquebusade  eau d' — a. Seminum anisi compo-
 sita, Spiritus anisi — a.  Seminum  carui fortis,
 Spiritus carui — a. Sodas effervescens, Acidulous
 water,  simple — a. Soteria, Water, mineral — a.
 Stygia, Nitro-muriatic  acid—a. Styptica, Liquor
 cupri  sulphatis  composita — a.  Sulphurata  sim-
 plex,  Hydrosulphuretted water — a. Sulphured
 ammonias, Liquor fumans  Boylii — a. Thediana,
 Arquebusade eau d' — a. Theriacalis Bezoardica,
 Chylostagma  diaphoreticum Mindereri — a. To-
 fana, Liquor arsenicalis — a.  Tosti  panis, Toast
 water—a. Traumatica Thedenii, Arquebusade eau
 d'—a. Vegeto-mineralis, Liquor plumbi subace-
 tatis dilutus—a. Viciensis, Vichy water—a. Vi-
 triolica camphorata, Liquor zinci sulphatis  cum
 camphora—a. Vitriolica casrulea, Solutio sulpha-
 tis cupri cornposita—a. Vulnerarla, Arquebusade
 eau d'—a. Zinci vitriolati cum camphora, Liquor
 zinci sulphatis cum camphora.
  AQUiE  ACIDULiE, Acidulous waters  —a.
 Badiguas, Bath, Mineral waters of—a.  Badizse,
 Bath,  Mineral waters  of— a. Bathonias, Bath,
 Mineral waters of—a. Buxtonienses, Buxton, Mi-
 neral waters  of — a. Cantuarienses,  Canterbury,
 waters of—a. Chalybeatae, Waters, mineral,  cha-
 lybeate.
  Aqvje Destilla't^e, Distilled Waters, Hydro-
 la'ta, (F.) Hydrolats.  These  are  made  by  put-
 ting vegetable substances, as roses, mint, penny-
 royal,  <fcc, into a still with water, and  drawing
 off  as much as is found to possess the  aromatic
 properties of the plant.  To every gallon of the
 distilled water, 5 oz. of spirit  should be added to
 preserve it.  The simple distilled waters are some-
 times called Aqua stillatil'ia sim'plices: the spi-
 rituous, Aqua stillatil'ia  spirituo'sa, but more
 commonly Spir'itus.
  Aqu^e Martiales, Waters, mineral, chalybe-
 ate—a.  Metus, Hydrophobia—a. Minerales aci-
 dulas,  Waters, mineral, gaseous — a. Minerales
 ferruginosas, Waters, mineral,  chalybeate—a. Mi-
 nerales sulphureas, Waters, mineral, sulphureous
 —a. Stillatitiae, Aquas destillatae—a. Solis, Bath,
 mineral waters of.
  AQUJEDUCTUS, Aq'ueduct, from aqua  'wa-
 ter/ and ducere, ductum, 'to  lead.'  (F.) Aque-
 duc.   Properly,  a  canal for  conducting water
 from one place  to another.   Anatomists  have
 used it to designate certain canals.
  Aqu^eductus  Cerebri, Infundibulum of the
 brain—a. Cotunnii, Aquasductus vestibuli.
  AqujEduc'tus  Coch'lEjE, (F.) Aqneduc du Li-
 macon ; — a very narrow canal, which  proceeds
 from the tympanic  scala of  the cochlea to the
 posterior edge of the pars petrosa.
  Aqu^educ'tus Fallo'pii,  Canal spiro'ide  de
 I'os temporal of Chaussier, (F.) Aqueduc de  Fal-
 lope.  A canal in the pars petrosa of the tempo-
9 
AQUALICULUS
95
ARACHNOID CANAL
ral bone, which extends from the meatus audito-
rius  internus to the foramen  stylo-mastoideum,
and  gives  passage to the facial  nerve.   The
opening into this aqueduct is called Hia'tus Fal-
lo'pii.
  Aqu^educ'tus  Syl'vii,  Cnna'lis  eminen'tia
quadrigem'ina, (F.) Aqueduc de Sylvius, Iter ad
quartum ventric'ulum, Cana'lis mc'dius, Canal in-
tcrmctlitire des ventriculea of Chaussier.   A canal
forming a communication between the third and
fourth  ventricles of the brain.
  Aqu^eduo'tus Vestib'uli, Aquaductus Ootun'-
nii, Gnnnl of Colun'niua, (F.) Aqueduc du vestibule
ou Aqiicdur. de Gotugiio.  This begins in the ves-
tibule, near the common orifice of the two semi-
circular canals, and opens at the posterior surface
of the pars petrosa.
  AQUAUC'ULUS, from aqualis, ' a water-pot.'
That part of the abdomen which  extends  from
the umbilicus  to the pubes.  See Hypogastrium.
It has also been applied to the stomach or intes-
tinal canal.
  AQUAS'TER.   A  word used, by  Paracelsus,
to express the visions or  hallucinations of pa-
tients.
   AQUED UC, Aqueduct—a. de Cotugno—Aquae-
ductus vestibuli—a. de Full ope, Aquasductus Fal-
lopii — a. du Limacon, Aquasductus cochleae — a.
de Sylvius, Aquasductus Sylvii — a. du Vestibule,
Aquieductus vestibuli.
   AQUEDUCT, Aquasductus.
   A'QUEOUS,  A'queu.a,  Aquo'sua, Hydato'des.
Hydro'des,  from  aqua,  'water/  (F.)  Aqueux,
Watery.   The  absorbents or lymphatics  are
Bometimes  called, in  France,  Conduits ou  Cu-
naux aqueux.
   Aqueous Humour  of the Eye, Humor aquo'-
sus,  Albngin'cous  humour,  Ooei'dea, Oo'dea, Hy-
dato'ldea,  Ilytltito'tlca,  Ovet'tus  seu Ovifor'mis
humor, (F.) i In incur aqueuse.   The limpid  fluid
which fills the two chambers of the eye, from the
cornea to  the crystalline,  and which is, conse-
quently, in contact with  the two  surfaces of the
iris.   Quantity, 5 or 6 grains: s. g. 1.0003.  It
contains albumen, chloride of sodium, and phos-
phate of lime in small quantity; and is enveloped
in a fine membrane:—the membrane of the aqueoua
humour, Tunica propria  seu  Vagina  humo'ris
a't/uci  seu Membra'na Demuria'na  seu Desce-
met'ii, Membrane of Demours or of Descemet;  al-
though these  last terms  are by some appropri-
ated to a third layer of the cornea.
   AQUEUS, Aqueous.
   AQUIDUCA, Hydragogues.
   AQUIFOLIUM, Ilex aquifolium — a.  Foliis
deciduis, Prinos.
   AQUILA, Hydrargyri submurias, Sulphur.
   The  alchymists used this  word for  sublimed
sal ammoniac, precipitated mercury, arsenic, sul-
phur, and the philosopher's stone.   See Hydrar-
gyri Submurias, and Sulphur.
   Aq'uila Ccelest'is; a sort of panacea, of which
mercury was a constituent.
   Aq'uila Lach'rym^e ; a liquor prepared from
several ingredients, especially from calomel.
   Aq'uila Philosopho'rum.   The  alchymists,
whose terms were always mysterious, called mer-
cury thus,  when reduced  to its original form.
   Aq'uila  Ven'eris; an ancient preparation,
made by subliming verdigris and sal  ammoniac
  AQUILJ3 YEN^E, Temporal veins.
  AQUILE'GIA, A. vulga'ris, A. sylves'tris seu
Alpina, Common  Colombine or Columbine,  (F.)
Ancolie. The seeds, herb,  and flowers were for-
merly used in  jaundice and cutaneous diseases.
They are still retained in many of the Pharma-
copoeias of continental Europe.
  Aquilegia  Alpina, AquBegia.
  Aquilegia  Canadensis, Wild Columbine,  is
indigenous, and flowers in April and June.  The
seeds are said to be tonic.
  Aquilegia Sylvestris,  Aquilegia—a. Vul-
garis, Aquilegia.
  AQUO-CAPSULITIS, Aquo-membranitis.
  AQUO-MEMBRANI'TIS, Keratdiri'tis, Aquo-
capsuli'tis.   Inflammation of the anterior cham-
ber of the eye.   A badly compounded term, de-
noting inflammation of the capsule or membrane
of the aqueous humour.
  AQUULA, Ceratocele, Hydatid, Hydroa—a.
Acustica, Cotunnius, liquor  of.
  Aquula seu Aqua  Morgagnii.  The minute
portion of water which escapes when an opening
is made into the capsule of the crystalline.
  ARA PARVA, a small altar;—a kind of band-
age  invented by Sostratus, which represents the
corners of an altar.—Galen.
  AR'ABE ; a wound, a blow.—Erotian.
  ARAB'ICA ANTID'OTUS HEPAT'ICA, Ar'-
abic Hpat'ic An'tidote. A  powder composed of
myrrh, costus, white pepper, &c.  It was admi-
nistered in  new wine.
  ARAB'ICUS LAPIS. A sort of white marble,
analogous to alabaster, found in Arabia.   It was
regarded as absorbent and  desiccative, and was
employed in hemorrhoids.
  ARABIS'BARBAREA, Erysimum barbarea.
  AR'ABIS  MALAG'MA.   An antiscrofulous
medicine, composed  of myrrh, olibanum, wax,
sal ammoniac, iron pyrites,  &c.—Celsus.
  AR'ABS, MEDICINE OF  THE.   The Ara-
bians kept the torch  of medical science illumi-
nated during a dark  period of the middle ages.
Before the year of the Hegira, they had schools
of  medicine;  but these were most  flourishing
during the 10th, 11th, and  12th  centuries.  The
chief additions made by them to medical science
were in the  departments of  pharmacy and in the
description of diseases.  Their principal writers
were Avicenna, Serapion, Averrhoes, Hali Abbas,
Moses Maimonides, Avenzoar, Rhazes, Albuca-
sis,  &c.
  ARACACHA, Conium moschatum.
  ARACHIS AFRICAN A, A. hypogea—a. Ame-
ricana, A. Hypogea.
  Ar'achis Hypoge'A, A. America'na, A. Afri-
ca'na, Arachni'da hypogea, Ground nut, Peanut,
Earth almond,  (S.)  Mane; erroneously called
Pistachio nut, in the South; Pindars of the West
Indies.   Cultivated in the Southern States.  The
seeds are oily, and are eaten. A  kind of inferior
chocolate may be made of them.
  ARACH'NE,  apaxvn, ' a spider/ ' a cobweb.'
Hones__
  ARACHNIDA HYPOGEA, Arachis hypogea.
  ARACHNI'TIS,  Arachnoidi'tis, ArachnodeV-
tis,  Inflammation of the Arachnoid.   A variety
of phrenitis.
  ARACHNODEITIS, Arachnitis.
  ARACHNOID CANAL,  see Canal, arachnoid.
  Arachnoid of the Eye.   The lining mem-
brane of a cavity, supposed by some to exist be-
tween the sclerotic and choroid.
  Arach'noid Membrane, Mcninx Me'dia,
Arachno'ideus, Arachno'des, from apaxvn, ' a cob-
web/ and  ttoos, 'form, resemblance;'  Tu'nica
ara'nea,  Arachno'des, T.  crystallina, Menin'-
gion.  A name given to  several membranes,
which, by their extreme thinness, resemble spi-
der-webs.— Celsus  and Galen called thus the
membrane of the vitreous humour, — the tunica
hyaloidea.   The moderns use  it now for one of
the membranes of the brain, situate between the
dura mater and pia mater.   It is a serous mem-
brane, and composed of two layers; the external
being confounded, in the greater part of its extent,
with the dura mater, and, like it, lining the inte-
rior of the cranium and spinal canal; the other 
ARACHNOIDITIS
ARCEUTHOS
being extended over the brain, from which  it is
separated by the pia mater, without passing into
the sinuosities  between  the  convolutions,  and
penetrating  into the  interior of the brain by an
opening  at  its  posterior  part under the  corpus
callosum. It forms a part of the investing sheath
of the nerves, as they pass from the  encephalic
cavities.   Its chief uses seem to be;—to envelop,
and, in some measure, protect the brain,  and  to
secrete a fluid for the purpose of keeping  it  in a
state best adapted for the proper performance  of
its functions.
  ARACHNOIDITIS, Arachnitis.
  ARACK', Arrack; (East Indian.)   A spiritu-
ous liquor made in  India in various ways, often
from rice, sometimes from sugar fermented along
with the  juice of the cocoa nut; frequently from
toddy, the juice which flows from the  cocoa-nut
tree by incision, and from other substances.  It
is a strong, heating spirit.
  Arack, Mock,  is  made by adding *"")ij of Ben-
zoic acid to a quart of rum.   The  celebrated
Vauxhall punch is made with such arack.
  ARACOUCHINI, Icica aracouchini.
  ARACUS AROMATICUS, Vanilla.
  AR'ADOS,  from  apaocui,  'I  am  turbulent.'
The agitation  excited in the  stomach  by the
coction of aliments of different nature. — Hippo-
crates.   Likewise, the  motion produced  by ca-
thartics.
  AR..EOMA,  Interstice.
  ARAEOMETER, Areometer.
  ARjEOT'ICA, from apatou>, ' I rarefy.'  Medi-
cines supposed to have the quality of rarefying
the humours.   See Rarefaciens.
  ARAKI, see Spirit,
  ARALIA CANADENSIS,  Panax  quinquefo-
lium.
  Ara'lia His'pida, Dwarf Elder, is said to  be
diuretic,  and has been recommended, in  decoc-
tion, in dropsy.
  Ara'lia  Nudicau'lis,  Nardus  America'nus,
Small Spikenard, Wild Liq'uorice, Sweet root,
False Sarsaparilla,  (F.) Petit nard.  This Ame-
rican plant is  said to be a mild stimulant and
diaphoretic, and has been recommended as a sub-
stitute for sarsaparilla.  It is used, also as a tonic.
It is in the  secondary list of the Pharmacopoeia
of the United States.
  Ara'lia  Racemo'sa,  American Spikenard,
has the same properties as A. Nudicaulis.
  Ara'lia  Spino'sa,  Angelica  Tree,  Prickly
Ash,  Toothach Tree, Spikenard Tree,  Prickly
Elder, Shotbush, Pigeon  Tree.   Its  properties
are not  clear.  The berries,  and  a tincture  of
them, have been employed, it is said, successfully
in toothach. A spirituous infusion has also  been
used in colic.
  ARANEA, Araneas  Tela — a. Tarentula, see
Tarentula.
  ARA'NEvE  TELA,  Ara'nea, Ara'neum,  Cob-
web, (F.) Toile d'Araignie.  Formerly, this sub-
stance was much  employed, and supposed to pos-
sess extraordinary virtues,  especially  when ap-
plied to  the wrists.  It has been recently  used
again in intermittents.  The  spider  itself, sof-
tened into a plaster  and  applied to the forehead
and temples, is said by Dioscorides to prevent
ague.  Cobweb is a mechanical styptic, and is
so applied, at times.
  ARANEO'SA  URI'NA.   A term  applied to
the urine when loaded with filaments, like cob-
webs.
  ARANEO'SUS (PULSUS);  a term employed
to express extreme weakness of pulse; when the
movements resemble those of a delicate net raised
by the wind.
  ARANEUM, Araneae Tela.
  Ara'neum Ulcus, Astakil'los.   A name given
by Paracelsus to a malignant, gangrenous ulcer,
extending from the feet to the legs.
  ARARA, Myrobalanus citrina.
  ARASCON, Nymphomania, Satyriasis.
  ARATRUM, Vomer.
  ARAUCARIA DOMBEYI, Dombeya  excelsa.
  ARBOR BENIVI, Benjamin—a. Indica, Lau-
rus cassia—a. Maris, Coral—a. Thurifera—Juni-
perus Lycia—a. Uteri Vivificans, Palmao uteri
plicatas.
  Arbor  Vit^e,  (F,) Arbre  de vie.  A name
given to an arborescent appearance, observed on
cutting the cerebellum longitudinally; and which
results from the particular arrangement of the
white substance with the cineritious.  Also, the
Thuya occidentalis.
  Arbor Vit^e Uterina, Palmas uteri plicatae.
  Arbor Vit.e  of the  Uterus, Palmas  uteri
plicatae.
  AR'BORES.   A morbid alteration of the skin,
which precedes its ulceration.  Ruland.
  ARBOUSIER, Arbutus unedo.
  ARBRE DE VIE, Arbor Vitas.
  ARBUSCULA GUMMIFERA BRAZILIEN-
SIS, Hypericum bacciferum.
  ARBUTUS, A. Unedo—a. Trailing,  A. Uva
ursi, Epigaea repens.
  Ar'butus  Uva Ursi, Arctostaph'ylos  Uva
ursi, Maira'nia uva  ursi.  Nat.  Ord.  Ericeae.
Sex. Syst.  Decandria Monogynia.  (F.) Busse-
rolle ou Raisin d' Ours.   The leaves—( Uva Ursi,
Ph. U. S.)—of this plant are tonic and astringent,
and have been  employed, chiefly, in diseases of
the urinary organs.  Dose  of the powder from
gr. xv. to "5ss.   The English names are Trailing
Ar'butus,  Bear's  Whortleberry  or Bcarberry,
Mountain-box,  Redberry,  Upland  Cranberry,
Foxberry, Checkerberry.
  Ar'butus Une'do, Ar'butus, AndracJlne, Une'-
do, Une'do papyra'cea,  nopapos, (F.) Arbousier.
A decoction of the leaves is astringent, and has
been used in diarrhoea.
  ARC, Arch, Arcus.  Any part of the body re-
sembling an arch in form;  as  the  Arch of the
colon, (F.) Arc du colon,—the transverse portion
of that intestine:—Arch of the Aorta, Arcus aor'-
ta. (F.) Crosse de VAorte, &c, the turn  which the
aorta takes in the thorax.
  ARCA ARCANORUM, Hydrargyrum—a. Cor-
dis, Pericardium.
  ARCADE ANASTOMOTIQUE, Arch, anas-
tomotic—a. Crurale,  Crural arch—a. Inguinale,
Crural arch—a. Orbitaire, Orbitar arch—a. Pu-
bienne, Pubic arch—a. Zygomatique, Zygomatic

  ARCADES  DENT AIRES,  Dental arches—
a. Palmaires, Palmar arches.
  AR CADI- TEMP OR O-MAXILLAIRE,
Temporalis.
  ARCE'US or ARCCE'US, BALSAM OF, (F.)
Baume d'Arcceus.  A kind of soft ointment used
in sores, contusions, &c.  It is made by melting
two parts of mutton suet, one part of hog's lard:
turpentine and rosin, each one part and a half:
straining and agitating till  cold.
   AR CANS ON, Colophonia.
   ARCA'NUM, from area, 'a chest.'   A secret,
a nostrum, a quack or empir'ical  med'icine, (F.)
Arcane.   A remedy  whose composition is kept
secret;  but which  is reputed  to possess great
efficacy.
   Arcanum  Corallinum,  Hydrargyri  nitrico-
oxydum — a. Duplicatum, Potassae  sulphas — a.
Tartari, Potassae acetas.
   ARC EAU, Arculus, Cradle.
   ARCEUTHOS, Juniperus communis. 
ARCH
97
ARCULUS
  ARCH, ANASTOMOTIC, (F.) Arcade Anasto-
motiqiu; is the union of two vessels, which anas-
tomose by describing a curved line.   The vessels
of the mesentery anastomose  in this manner.
  Arch of the Aorta, see Aorta—a. Crural, see
Crural arch — a. Femoral, see Crural arch — a.
Gluteal, see Gluteal aponeurosis—a. Haemal, see
Uasiual arch—a. Inguinal, see Crural arch—a. Or-
bital, see Orbitar arch—a. of the Palate, see Palate
bone—a. of the Pubis, see Pubic arch—a.'Subpu-
bic, see Subpubic arch—a. Superciliary, see Super-
ciliary arches—a. Zygomatic,  see Zygomatic arch.
  Arches of the Palate.  These are two in
number on each side of the throat, one of which
is termed anterior, the other posterior.
  The anterior  arch  arises from the middle of
tho velum palati, at the side  of the uvula, and is
fixed to the edge of the base  of the tongue.
  The posterior arch has its origin, likewise, from
the side of the uvula,  and passes downwards to
be inserted into the side of  the pharynx.  The
anterior  arch  contains the  circumflexus palati,
and  forms the isthmus faucium.   The posterior
arch has,  within  it, the  levator palati, and be-
tween the arches are the tonsils.
  ARCHjE'US, Arche'us, from apxv, 'commence-
ment,' (F.) Arehce.  A word invented by  Basil
Valentine, and afterwards adopted by Paracelsus
and Van Hclmont.  The latter used it for the
internal  principle of  our motions and actions.
This archasus, according to Van Helmont, is  an
immaterial principle, existing in the seed prior
to fecundation,  and presiding over the develop-
ment of the body, and  over all organic pheno-
mena.  Besides this chief archasus, whose seat
Van Helmont placed in the  upper orifice of the
stomach,  he admitted several of  a  subordinate
character, which had to execute its orders; one,
for instance, in  each organ,  to preside  over, its
functions; each of them  being subject to anger,
caprice, terror, and every human failing.
  ARCHANGEL,  NEW, MINERAL SPRINGS.
About twenty miles to the north of New Arch-
angel, Sitka Island, on tho N. W. coast of North
America, are  some thermal  sulphureous waters,
the  temperature of one of which is  upwards of
153° of  Fahr.   They are much celebrated.—Sir
Geo. Simpson.
  ARCHANGELICA, Lamium album.
  Archangelica  Officinalis, Angelica.
  ARCHE, apxv, Inil'iurn, Princip'ium, Primor'-
dium, Ori'go, Inva'sio.  The  first attack of a dis-
ease.
  ARC1IECPTOMA, Proctocele.
  ARGUEE,  Archasus.
  ARCHELL, CANARY, Lichen roccella.
  ARCHELOG"IA, from apxv, 'beginning,'and
Xoyos, ' a  discourse.'   A treatise  on fundamental
principles ;—of medicine, for  example.
  ARC II EN'DA.  A powder  of the leaves of the
ligustrum, used by the ^Egyptians  after bathing,
to obviate the unpleasant odour of the feet.—
Prosper Alpinus.
  ARCHIA'TER,   Archia'trus,  Protomed'icus,
Protia'tros, from  apxv,  'authority/ and larpos,
'physician.'  The  original signification  of this
word is a matter of dispute. Some consider, with
Mercurialis, that it meant physician  to a prince,
king, emperor, <fcc : others, with C. Hoffman, ap-
ply it to every physician who, by his situation,
is raised above his colleagues.  The former opi-
nion  seems to  have prevailed,—Archiatre des
Rois de France being applied to the chief physi-
oian  to the kings of France.
  ARCHKU'ENI  MORBI.  Acute diseases; be-
cause they hold  the  first  rank: from apxv, 'be-
ginning/ and ytvojxat, ' I am.'
  ARCHIMAGIA, Chymistry.
        7
  ARCHINGEAY,  MINERAL WATERS OF.
Archingeay is situate in France, three  leagues
from St. Jean d'Angely.  The waters are prized
in all diseases.  They seem to contain carbonate
of lime, a little chloride of sodium, carbonate of
iron, and some bitumen.
  ARCHITECTURA  APOPLECTICA,  Apo-
plectic make.
  ARCHITIS, Proctitis, Rectitis.
  ARCHOCELE, Proctocele.
  ARCHOPTOMA, Proctocele.
  ARCHOPTOSIS, Proctocele.
  ARCHORRHA'GIA, from apxos, 'the anus/
and pita,  'I  flow.'  Archorrhce'a.  Hemorrhage
from the anus.
  ARCHORRHCEA, Archorrhagia.
  ARCHOS,  Arcus, Rectum.
  ARCHOSTEGNOMA, Stricture of the Rectum.
  ARCHOSTEGNOSIS, Stricture of the Rectum.
  ARCHOSTENOSIS, Stricture of the Rectum.
  ARCHOSYRINX, Fistula in ano.
  AR'CIFORM,  Arcifor'mis, from arx,  arcis,
'a  top or ridge/  and forma, 'shape.'  An epi-
thet given to certain fibres, Fibra arciform'ea,
of  the. anterior pyramids of the  medulla oblon-
gata, which take  a curved course around the in-
ferior extremity of each corpus olivare and ascend
towards the cerebellum.
  ARCTA'TIO, Arctitu'do,  from arcto, 'I make
narrow ;' Angusta'tio, Coarcta'tio.  Contraction,
(F.) Retrecissement, of  a natural  opening or of a
canal,  and especially of the  vulva,  of the orifice
of the  uterus, or of the intestinal canal.  Consti-
pation, (see Stegnosis.)  Reunion  by suture or
infibulation. — Scribonius  Largus, Paul  Zac-
chias,  Ac.
  ARCTITUDO, Arctatio.
  ARCTIUM, A. lappa—a. Bardana, A. lappa.
  Arctium  Lappa.   The root and seed of the
Clilbur, Barda'na,  Arctium, A. barda'na seu
majua  seu minus  seu tomento'aum, I'laphia, Lap-
pa  glabra, Lappa major, L. peraona'ta, Persold-
ta,  Persolla'ta, Persolu'ta, Burdock, (F.) Bar-
dane,  Glouteron.   Nat. Ord. Compositas.   Sex.
Syst. Syngenesia aequalis.   Root diuretic:  seed
cathartic.  It has been used in decoction in dis-
eases of the skin and in syphilis.
  Arctium Majus, A. lappa—a. Minus, A. lappa
—a. Tomentosum, A. lappa.
  ARCTOPUS ECHINA'TUS.  A South Afri-
can plant, Nat. Ord. Umbelliferas, which is de-
mulcent and diuretic, somewhat approaching sar-
saparilla.   The decoction of the root is employed
in syphilis, lepra, and chronic cutaneous affections
of all kinds.
  ARCTOSTAPHYLOS UVA URSI,  Arbutus
uva ursi.
  ARCTU'RA, from arcto, ' I straighten.'  The
effects of a nail  grown into the flesh, Aretu'ra
unguis.—See  Onychogryphosis.
  Arctura Unguium.  The growing in or inver-
sion of the nails.  See Onychogryphosis.
  ARCUA'TIO, Concava'tio. An  anterior gib-
bosity  or projection of the sternum.
  ARCUEIL, MINERAL WATERS OF.  Ar-
cueil is about one league south  of Paris.  The
water  contains  carbonic acid, carbonate of lime,
sulphate of lime,  chloride of sodium, and some
deliquescent salts.
  A celebrated  society held  its meetings at this
village, of which Berthollet, Humboldt, La Place,
&c, were members.
  ARCULA CORDIS, Pericardium.
  ARCULJE.  The Orbitar  Fossae :  kocXiScs. —
Rufus of Ephesus.
  ARCULUS, diminutive of arcus, 'an arch.' A
small arch; a  cradle,  (F.)  Arceau, Archet. A 
ARCUS MEDULLARIS
AREOMETER
semicircular box or  basket used for preventing
the bed-clothes  from coming in contact with in-
jured or diseased parts.   An ordinance of  the
Grand Duke of Tuscany forbade mothers to sleep
with an infant near them, unless it was put under
a solid cradle.
  ARCUS  MEDULLARIS, Fornix—a.  Senilis,
Gerotoxon — a.  Subpubicus, Subpubic  arch — a.
Superciliaris, Superciliary arches — a. Unguium,
see Nail—a. Zygomaticus,  Zygomatic arch.
  ARDALOS, Excrement.
  ARDAS, Excrement.
  ARDENT, Ardens, from ardere, 'to burn.'
  Ardent  Fever,  (F.) Fievre ardente.   The
Oausus, Synocha, or  inflammatory fever.
  Ardent or Inflamed Eyes, (F.) Yeux ardens.
The eyes are so  called when injected red.
  Ardent Urine, (F.) Urine ardente.  Urine of
a deep red.
  ARDESIA HIBERNICA, Hibernicus lapis.
  ARDEUR, Ardor — a. du Occur, Cardialgia—
a. d'Estomae, Ardor ventriculi,  Pyrosis — a. de
la  Fievre,  Ardor Febrilis — a.  d'Urine,  Ardor
Urinas.
  AR'DOR,  (F.) Ardeur.  Heat.  A feeling of
burning, of violent heat; yEstus, yEstua'tio, Oau-
so'ma.
  Ardor Febri'lis,  (F.)  Ardeur de la Fievre.
The hot period of fever.
  Ardor Stomachi,  Pyrosis.
  Ardor URi'NiE, (F.) Ardeur d' Urine. A scald-
ing sensation occasioned by the urine in passing
over the inflamed mucous  membrane of the ure-
thra, or over the neck of the bladder.
  Ardor Venereus, Heat.
  Ardor Ventric'uli, Ebullil'io Stom'achi, (F.)
Ardeur d'Estomae.   Heartburn.  See Cardialgia
and Pyrosis.
  A'REA, 'a void place/ 'an open  surface.' A
Latin word used by  some authors to designate a
variety of Alopecia,  in which the hair changes
colour, but does not fall off; also, Porrigo  de-
calvans.
  Area Germinativa, Tache embryonnaire.
  Area Pellu'cida. An elliptical depression in
the ovum, filled  with a pellucid fluid, in the cen-
tre  of which is the germ.
  Area Vasculo'sa, see Circulus venosus.
  ARE'CA. The fruit—Are'ca nut, Betel nut—of
Are'ca Cat'echu, A. Faufel, Caun'ga; Nat. Ord.
Palmae; Sex. Syst. Monoscia Monadelphia; (F.)
Arec, is astringent and tonic, and enters into  the
composition of  the Betel, the great masticatory
of the Orientals.
  Areca Catechu, see Areca.
  Areca Faufel, see Areca.
  AREFACTION, Arefac'tio, Xeran'sis, Zvpavois,
from arefacere,   ' to make dry/ (arere, ' to dry/
and facere,  * to  make.')  The process  of drying
substances, prior to pulverization.
  ARENA, see Gravel.
  ARENAMEN, Bole Armenian.
  ARENA'TIO, Chosis,  Sand  or Earth Bath;
from arena, 'sand;' Saburra'tio.  The applica-
tion of hot sand  to the body. Pedilu'via of sand
were formerly used in Ascites.
  ARENO'SA   URI'NA, Sandy Urine.  Urine
when it deposits a sandy sediment.
  ARENO'SUS, Sabulous.  Also, one who passes
sandy urine.
  ARENULA, see Gravel.
  ARE'OLA. A diminutive of Area, (F.) Aire.
Anatomists  understand  by Areola,  the inter-
stices between the fibres composing organs; or
those existing between laminae, or between ves-
sels which interlace  with each other.
  Areola is,  also, applied  to the coloured circle
Halo, Halos, which  surrounds the nipple,  Are'-
ola papillaris, and which becomes much darker
during pregnancy; as well as to the circle sur-
rounding certain vesicles, pustules, Ac, as the
pustules  of the small-pox, the  vaccine vesicle,
&c.   Chaussier, in  such cases, recommends tho
word Aure'ola, (F.) Auriole.
  Areola Papillaris, see Areola.
  Areola, Tubercles of the, see Mamma.
  ARE'OLAR, Areola'ris.  Appertaining to an
areola.
  Areolar Exhalations are those recremen-
titial secretions,  which are effected within tho
organs of sense, or in parenchymatous  struc-
tures,—as the aqueous, crystalline and vitreous
humours, Ac
  Areolar Tissue, Cellular Tissue.
  AREOM'ETER,  Araom'etei; Gruvim'eter, Al-
coolom'eter, A'erostalic  Balance,  from apatos,
'light/ and ptrpov, 'measure:' i. e. 'mtusureof
lightness.'  An instrument,  so  called, because
first employed to take the  specific gravity of
fluids lighter than water. The Areometer of Bau-
mS, which is the most used in Pharmacy, particu-
larly in France, consists of a tube of glass, largely
expanded towards its inferior extremity, and ter-
minating, below, by a small ball, containing mer-
cury or lead, which serves it as a balance, so that
it may remain upright  in the  fluid.  This tube is
furnished with  a  graduated scale.  If the fluid
into which the Areometer is  plunged be heavier
than water, the instrument rises:  if lighter, it
sinks.  There  are various Areometers, as those
of the Dutch, of Fahrenheit, Nicholson, Ac. The
Areometer is also called Hydrom'eter,  (F.) Ari-
ometre, Pise-liqueur.
  There are some hydrometers which have a gene-
ral application for determining the  specific gra-
vities of  liquids,—as Fahrenheit's, Nicholson's,
Guyton de Morveau's, and the common  glass hy-
drometers, including Baume's, Cartier's, Twad-
dle's, Zanetti's, and  the specific gravity beads;
others intended for special application, — as for
estimating the  comparative strength of spirits;
the comparative densities of  syrups, oils, Ac,—
as Guy Lussac's, Sikes's and Dicat's hydrometers,
and the saccharometer, urinometer, and elasometer.

 scale of baume's areometer with corre-
        sponding specific  gravities.
      1. Ascending Scale for light liquids.
Scale of
Baumfi.
 Specific
Gravities.
66
60
50
48
42
40
36
33
32
30
25
23

Id.
22

Id.
20
18
13
12
11
10
700
715
742
782
792
819 j
827 j
847
863
868
878
Substances.
 906,
 915'
    1
 Id.
 923

 Id.
 935
 948
 980
 986
 993
1000
Pure hydrocyanic acid.— Oay Lus-
  sac.
Very pure sulphuric ether.
The same concentrated.

Equal  parts of alcohol and ether.
Very pure alcohol for phamaceuti-
  cal purposes.
Pure alcohol.  Naphtha.
Alcohol of commerce.
Essential oil of turpentine.

Hydrocyanic acid of Scheele  and
  pure hydrocyanic  acid, mixed
  with an equal portion of water.
  (Robiquet.)
Acetic ether.
Nitric ether.
Muriatic ether.
Liquid ammonia.
Olive  oil.

Brandy.

Burgundy wine.

Bordeaux wine.
Distilled water. 
ARES
99
ARGENTUM
2.  Descending Scale for heavy liquids.
Scale of Uaume.	Specific Gravities.	Substances.
0 1 2 31 JO 12 20 21 25 30 35 40 41 45 Id. 50 60 06 70	1000 1007 / 100'J j 1014 1032 1075 / 1091 ' 1161 1180 ) 1210 j 1201 1321 j 13H4 1 1398*. 1454 ) Id. 1532 1714 1847 1946	Common distilled water. Distilled vinegar. Common vinegar. Cow's milk. Concentrated acetic acid. Liquid hydrochloric acid. Boiling syrup. Cold syrup. Common nitric acid. Concentrated nitric acid. Phosphoric acid for medical use. Very concentrated sulphuric acid. Very concentrated phosphoric acid.
  ARES. A term invented by Paracelsus to de-
signate the principle on which  depends the form
of mercury,  sulphur, and salt.  These the alchy-
mists regarded as the three bodies that give birth
to every  other.
  AR'ETE, aptrn, 'virtue.'  Mental or corporeal
vigour.—Hippocrates.
  AMKiliV&A, A.bulbo'sa; indigenous.  Order,
Ort-hidace.e.  The  bruised  bulbs  are used in
toothach ; and as cataplasms to tumours.
  A'REUS.  A  pessary mentioned  by Paulus of
iEgina.
  ARGEL,  Cynanchum oleasfolium.
  AR'GEMA, Ar'gemon, Ar'gemus, from apyos,
'white.'  Fos'sula, (F.) Encavuvc.  A white spot
or ulceration of the eye.—Hippocrates.  See  Leu-
coma.
  ARGEM'ONE,  MEXICA'NA, Thorn Poppy,
Prickly  Poppy, Yellow  Thistle.   A  native of
Mexico,  but naturalized in most  parts  of the
world.   Nat. Ord.  Papaveraceae.  Sex. Syst. Po-
lyandria Monogynia.  The juice resembles gam-
boge, and has been used as a hydragogue.   The
seeds are employed in the West Indies as a sub-
stitute for ipecacuanha.  They are  also used as
a cathartic.
  ARGENSON, MINERAL WATERS OF.  A
chalybeate  situate  at Argenson in Dauphiny:
used in cases of obstruction, jaundice, Ac.
  ARGENT, Argentum—a. Chlorure d', see Ar-
gentum — a. Cyanurc d',  see  Argentum — a. et
d'Ammoniaque,  chlorure d', see Argentum — a.
lodure d', see Argentum — a. Oxide d', see Ar-
gentum.
  ARGENTERIA, Potentilla  anserina.
  ARGENTI CHLORIDUM,  see Argentum—a.
et Ammonias chloridum, see  Argentum — a. et
Ammoniae chloruretum, see Argentum—a.  Cya-
nidum,   see Argentum — a. Cyanuretum, see Ar-
gentum—a. Iodidum, see Argentum—a. Iodurc-
tum, see Argentum.
  Argen'ti Nitras, Argaltum Nitra'tum, Sal
argen'ti, Argentum Xil'rieuin, (F.) Nitrate d'Ar-
gent, Azotate d'Argent, Nitrate of Silver.  This
j i re pa ration  is sometimes  kept in  crystals, the
Nitras Argen'ti  in crystallos  concre'tus, Nitrate
d'Argent crystallise of the Codex of Paris, Luna
potttb'ilis,  Crystalli Luna, Argen'tum  nilricum
crysta/lisa'tuin.  Xltras argenti crystal Units, A'i-
trum luna're, Hydrago'gum Boy'lei. Generally,
however, it is in the fused stato: and  it is  this
which is admitted into most Pharmacopoeias, and
which, besides the name Aritras Argenti, is called
Nitras argen'ti  fusus, Caus'ticum luna're, Lapis  ;
inferna'lis, Argen'tum nilricum fusum, and lunar
caustic, (F.)  Nitrate  d'argent fondu, Pierre in-
female.
  In the Pharmacopoeia of the United States, it
is directed  to be prepared as follows: — Take of
silver,  in small  pieces, ^j.; nitric acid,  f """Jvij.,
distilled  water,  f^ij.   Mix the acid with  the
water, and dissolve the silver in the mixture in
a sand bath; then crystallize, or gradually in-
crease the heat,  so that the resulting salt may be
dried.  Melt this in a crucible over a gentle fire,
and continue the heat until ebullition  ceases;
then immediately pour it into suitable moulds.
  The virtues of nitrate  of silver are tonic, and
escharotic  It is given in chorea, epilepsy, Ac.;
locally, it is used in various cases as an escharotic.
Dose,  gr. 1-8 to  gr. 1-4 in pill, three times a day.
  When silver is combined with iodine, it is said
to have the same effect as the nitrate, and  not to
produce the slate colour of the surface, which is
apt to follow the protracted use of the latter.
   Argenti Oxidum, see Argentum.
   ARGENTILLA VULGARIS, Potentilla an-
serina.
   AR'GENTINE, Argento'sus,  same etymon as
the next.  Pertaining to silver; as an 'argentine
solution/ or  solution  of a salt of silver.
   Argentine, Potentilla anserina.
   ARGEN'TUM, Ar'gyrus, from apyos, 'white/
 Silver, Luna, Dia'na, (¥.)  Argent.  A solid metal
of  a shining white appearance; insipid; inodor-
ous ;  highly  sonorous;  malleable  and  ductile;
 somewhat hard; crystallizable in triangular py-
 ramids; fusible a little above  a red heat,  and
 volatizable;   s.  g. 10.4.   Not used  in medicine,
 unless in some places for silvering pills.  Silver
 Leaf, Argen'tum folia'turn, is the state in which
 it is used for this purpose.
   Argentum Divi'sum, metallic silver, in very
 fine powder, has been recommended internally in
 syphilis.
   The Chloride (Argen'ti chlo'ridum, Argen'-
 tum  muriat'icum, A.  chlora'tum,  A.  sali'tum.
 Chlorure'turn Argen'ti, Ghlor'uret or Mu'riute of
 Silver, (F.)  Chlorure d'Argent;) the Cyanuret;
 the Iodide (Argen'ti Io'didum,  Argen'tum loda'-
 tum, lodure'turn Argen'ti,  Iod'uret of Silver, (F.)
 lodure d'Argent;) the Oxide (Argen'ti ox'idum,
 Argen'tum oxyda'tum, (F.) Oxide  d'Argent, and
 the Chloride of Ammonia and Silver (Argen'ti
 et  Ammo'nia chlo'ridum, Argen'tum  muriat'icum
 ammonia'tum, Chlorure'turn Argen'ti et Ammo'-
 nia, Chlo'ruret  of Silver  and Ammonia, Ammo-
 nio-chloride  of  Silver, (F.) Chlorure d'Argent et
 d'Ammoniaque, have been  used  in  syphilis.  At
 first,  these different  preparations were adminis-
 tered iatraleptically  on  the gums;  the chloride,
 the cyanide and the iodide in the dose of l-12th
 of a grain;  the chloride of silver  and ammonia
 in the dose of l-14th of a grain, and the oxide of
 silver and divided silver in the dose of l-8th and
 l-4th of a grain. M. Serre, of  Montpellier, who
 made many  trials with  them,  soon found  that
 these doses  were too small; he therefore raised
 that of the chloride  to l-10th, and of the iodide
 to l-8th  of  a grain, without any inconvenience
 resulting. The dose of the other preparations was
 likewise increased in a similar  ratio.  M. Serre
 extols the preparations of silver—used internally
 as well as iatraleptically—as antisyphilitics, but
 they are not to be depended upon.
   The Cyanuret or  Cyanide of Silver,  Argen'ti
 Oyanure'tum, A. Cyan'idum, Argen'tum  cyanoge-
 na'tum,  (F.) Cyanure a"argent,  is  thus directed
 to  be prepared  in the Ph. U. S. (1842.) Argent.
 Nit.  %xv. Acid Hydrocyan., Aq. destillat. 5a Oj.
 Having dissolved the nitrate  of  silver  in the
i water, add the  hydrocyanic acid, and mix them. 
ARGIL                  100                   ARLES
 Wash the precipitate with distilled water and dry
 it.  In the last  edition of the Pharmacopoeia,
 (1851,) it is directed to be prepared as follows:—
 Nitrate of Silver, dissolved in distilled water, is
 put into a tubulated glass receiver; Ferocyanuret
 of Potassium, dissolved in distilled  water, is put
 into a tubulated retort, previously adapted to the
 receiver.  Dilute Sulphuric Acid is  added to the
 solution in the retort;  and, by means of a sand-
 bath and a moderate  beat, distillation is  carried
 on until the liquid that  passes over no  longer
 produces a precipitate in the receiver.  The pre-
 cipitate is  then washed with distilled water, and
 dried.
   The  Oxide of Silver, Argen'ti Ox'idum,  has
 been introduced  into the last edition of the Ph.
 U. S. (1851.)  It  is made by precipitating a solu-
 tion of the  Nitrate of Silver by solution  of Po-
 tassa, drying the  precipitate.
   Argentum  Chloratum,  see  Argentum — a.
 Cyanogenatum, see Argentum — a.  Fugitivum,
 Hydrargyrum — a. Fusum, Hydrargyrum — a.
 Iodatum, see Argentum—a. Liquidum, Hydrar-
 gyrum—a.  Mobile, Hydrargyrum — a. Muriati-
 cum, see Argentum—a. Muriaticum  Ammonia-
 tum, see Argentum—a. Oxydatum, see Argentum
 —a. Salitum, see  Argentum—a. Vivum, Hydrar-
 gyrum.
   ARGIL, PURE, Argilla pura.
   ARGILE OCHRE USE PALE, Bolus Alba.
   ARGILLA BOLUS FLAVA, Terra Lemnia—
 a. Bolus rubra, Bole Armenian—a.  Ferruginea
 rubra, Bole Armenian—a. Kalisulphurica, Alu-
 men—a. Palida, Bolus alba.
   Argilla Pura,  Terra Alu'minis, T. bola'ria,
 seu argilla'cea pura,  Alu'mina  depura'ta, pure
 Argil or Alumina, (F.) Alumine factice. This sub-
 stance,  which is  prepared  by drying  alum and
 exposing it, for twenty or twenty-five minutes, to
 a red heat, until the sulphuric acid is  driven off,
 has been recommended in indigestion as antacid,
 as well as in vomiting and diarrhoea accompanied
 with acidity.  The dose to a very young child is
 from %ss to  """"j; to older children from gj to ^ij-
   Argilla  Sulphurica  Alcalisata, Alumen
 — a. Sulphurica  usta,  Alumen  exsiccatum — a.
 Supersulphas alcalisatum, Alumen—a.  Vitriolata,
 Alumen.
   ARGILLA  ACETAS,  Aluminas acetas —a.
 Sulphas, Aluminas sulphas.
   ARGOL, RED, Potassas supertartras impurus
 —a. White, Potassae supertartras impurus.
   ARGUMENTUM INTEGRITATIS, Hymen.
   ARGY'RIA, from apyvpos, 'silver.'  The dis-
 coloration of the skin occasioned by the internal
 use of nitrate of silver.
   ARGYROCH.ETA, Matricaria.
  ARGYROPH'ORA, from apyvpos, 'silver/ and
 tptpu, ' I bear.'  A name given, by Myrepsus, to
 an antidote which he regarded as extremely pre-
 cious.
  ARGYROTROPHEMA,  Blancmanger.
  ARGYRUS, Argentum.
  ARHEUMAT'IC, Arheumalicua,  from a, pri-
vative, and ptvpa,  ' fluxion or rheumatism.'  One
 without fluxion or rheumatism.
  ARIA, Crataegus aria.
   ARICI'NA,  Cus'conin,  Cusco-Cincho'nia,  so
 called from  Arica in South America, the  place
where it is shipped. An alkali found in  Cusco
Bark, which is very similar in  many of its pro-
perties  to Cinchonia.   Cusco was the ancient
residence of the Incas.
  ARICYMON,  from apt, an intensive particle,
and  Kvttv, 'to  conceive.'   A name  given to  a
female who conceives readily.—Hippocrates.
  ARIDE'NA.  A Latin word employed  to de-
 signate the leanness of any  part. — Ettmuller,
 Sauvages.
   ARID'ITY, yirielitaa. (F.) Aridite, from arere,
 'to dry.'  The French  use the word Aridite to
 express the dryness of any organ, and particu-
 larly of the skin and tongue, when such dryness
 is so great  as to render the organ rough to the
 touch.  Aridite also means the lanuginous ap-
 pearance  of the hair in some diseases in which
 they seem covered with dust.
   ARIDU'RA.  Wasting or  emaciation of the
 whole or  of any part of the  body;  Marasmus,
 Atrophy.
   Aridura  Cordis, Heart, atrophy  of the — a.
 Hepatis, Hepatrophia.
   ARIKA, see Spirit.
   ARISTALTH^A, Althaea.
   ARISTOLOCHI'A, from apiaros, 'very good/
 and Xo^eia,  ' parturition;' so  called,  because the
 different varieties were supposed to aid parturi-
 tion.  Birthwort, (F.) Ariatoloche.  Several va-
 rieties were  once in use.
   Aristolochia Cava,  Fumaria bulbosa.
   Aristolochi'a Clemati'tis, Ariatolochi'a  Vul-
 ga'ris seu Ore'tica, Adra Riza, Aristolochi'a  ten'-
 uis,  (F.) Aristoloche ordinaire,  Upright  Birth-
 wort.  The  root has been considered stimulant
 and emmenagogue, and  as such has been used in
 amenorrhcea, chlorosis, and cachexia.
  Aristolochia Cretica, A. Clematitis—a. Fa-
 bacea, Fumaria bulbosa.
  Aristolochi'a Longa, and A. Rotun'da, (F.)
 Aristoloche  tongue et ronde,  Long and  Round
 Birthwort.  Virtues the  same as the preceding.
  Aristolochi'a Pistolochi'a, Pistolochl a Aris-
 tolochi'a, Polyrrhi'zu.  This variety has an  aro-
 matic odour, and an acrid and  bitter taste.  (F.)
 Aristoloche cre'nele'e.
  Aristolochi'a Serpenta'ria,  Serpent a'ria,
 Vipera'ria,  Viperi'na  Virginia'na,  Oolubri'na
 Virginia'na,  Oontrayer'va Virginia'na,  S.  Vir-
 ginia'na, (F). Serpentaire et Aristoloche serpen-
 taire de  Yirginie, Coluvrine  de Virginic,  Vir-
 ginia Snakeroot, Snakeroot Birthwort, Snake-
 weed, Snagrel.  Virtues—tonic, stimulant;  and,
 as such, employed in debility, intermittents, Ac.
  Aristolochia Tenuis, A. Clematitis — a. Tri-
 fida, A. Trilobata.
  Aristolochi'a Triloba'ta, A.  trif'ida,  (F.)
 Aristoloche trilobee.   A plant of  Surinam  and
 Jamaica;  possessing the general virtues of the
 Aristolochias.  The other varieties of Aristolo-
 chia have  similar properties.
  Aristolochi'a Vulgaris  Rotunda, Fumaria
 bulbosa.
  ARISTOLOCH'IC, Aristoloch'icus.  Same ety-
 mology.  An old term for remedies supposed  to
 have  the  property of promoting the  flow of the
 lochia.—Hippocrates, Theophrastus, Dioscorides,
 Ac.
  ARIS'TON MAGNUM, and  ARISTON PAR-
 VUM.  These  names  were formerly  given  to
 pharmaceutical preparations, used in  phthisis,
 tormina, and fever.—Avicenna.
  ARISTOPHANEI'ON. A  sort of emollient
 plaster, prepared with four pounds  of pitch, two
 of apochyma, one of wax, an ounce of opoponax,
 and  half  a  pint of vinegar. — Gorraeus.  Not
used.
  ARKANSAS,  MINERAL WATERS  OF.
About 5 miles from the Washita river, and about
a quarter of  a degree north of the Louisiana line,
there are  about 70 of those springs.  They are
thermal, varying from 138° to 150° Fahrenheit,
and are employed in rheumatism, cutaneous af-
fections, Ac.
  ARLADA, Realgar.
  ARLES,  MINERAL WATERS OF.  Ther- 
ARM
101
ARROW ROOT
mal  sulphureous  springs in the department of
Pyrenees Orientales, France.  Their temperature
is 103° to 145° of Fahr., aud they contain  sul-
phohydric acid.
  ARM, Brachium.
  ARMA, Penis—a. Ventris, Penis.
  ARMAMENTARIUM, Arsenal—a.  Chirurgi-
cum, see Arsenal.
  ARMATORY  UNGUENT, Hoplochrysma.
  ARMATURA, Amnios.
  ARME,  from  apoj, 'I  adapt.'  Any  physiolo-
gical or mechanical junction or union of parts.—
Hesychius.  A suture, as  of the cranium.—Galen.
  ARMENIACA EPIROTICA, Prunus Arme-
niaca — a.   Malus,  Apricot.   See  Prunus — a.
Vulgaris, Prunus Armeniaca.
  ARMENIAN  STONE, Melochites.
  ARMENITES, Melochites.
  ARMILLJE MANUS MEMBRANOSJS, An-
nular ligaments of the carpus.
  ARMOISE BLANCHE, Artemisia rupestris
—a. Commune, Artemisia vulgaris—a.  Estragon,
Artemisia  dracunculus—a. Ordinaire,  Artemisia
vulgaris.
   ARMONTACUM, Ammoniac, gum.
   ARMORA'CIA.   In the Pharmacopoeia of the
United States, the fresh root  of Cochlearia ar-
moracia.
   Armoracia Rusticana, Cochlearia armoracia
—a. Sativa, Cochlearia armoracia.
   ARMOUR, Condom.
   ARMURE DES JAMBES, see Cornu  am-
monis.
   ARMUS, Humerus—a. Summus, Acromion.
  AR'NICA  MONTA'NA.  Derivation uncer-
tain.  Arnica, Leopard's Banc, Doron'icum  Ger-
man'icum seu Oppositifo'linm, D. Ar'nica, Alis'-
ma, Ac"yrus, Diuret'icn, Arnica Plauen'sis, Pa-
nare'a lapso'rum,  Ptar'mica  monta'na, Oaltha
seu Calen'dula  Alpina,  (F.) Antique, Betoine
des Montagues, Tabac des Vosges, Tabac ou Be-
toine des Savoyards, Doronic d'Allemagne.   Sex.
Syst.  Syngenesia  Polygamia  superflua.    Nut.
 Ord.  Synanthereas.  The plant and flower are
considered, or have  been considered,  narcotic,
stimulant, emmenagogue, Ac; and, as such, have
been given in amaurosis, paralysis, all nervous
affections, rheumatism, gout, chlorosis, Ac. Dose,
gr. v to x, in powder.  In large doses,  it is dele-
terious.
   Arnica Spuria, Inula dysenterica—a. Sueden-
sis, Inula dysenterica.
  ARNOGLOSSUM, Plantago.
   ARNOTTS DILATOR, see  Dilator, Arnott's.
  ARO'MA, Ar'tyma, 'perfume :'  (apt, 'very,'
and oapv or 00707, 'odour.')  Spir'itus Rector, (F.)
Arome.  The odorous part of plants.  An ema-
nation—frequently imponderable, from bodies—
which acts on the organ of smell, and varies  with
the body exhaling it.
  AROM.VT'IC,  Aromalicus, CF.)Aromate.  Any
odoriferous substance obtained from the vegetable
kingdom which  contains much volatile oil,  or a
light and expansible resin.  Aromatics are used
in  perfumes, in  seasoning, and  embalming.   In
medicine theyaro employed as stimulants.  Gin-
ger, cinnamon, cardamoms, mint, Ac, belong to
this class.
  AROMATOPO'LA,  from aptopa, 'an  odour/
and iruiXEd), ' I sell.'  An  apothecary or druggist.
One who sells spices.
  ARON. Arum.
  AROPII.   A barbarous word, which  had vari-
ous significations with the ancients.  Paracelsus
employed it to designate a lithonthriptic remedy.
The mandragora, according to  some.   Also, a
mixture of  bread, saffron and wine.—Van Hel-
mont.
  Aroph Paracelsi, Ferrum ammoniatum.
  ARQUEBUSADE EAU D', Aqua traumat-
ica Thede'nii, Aqua Thedia'ua, Aqua sclopela'-
ria, Aqua vulnera'ria, Aqua catapu/ttt'rum, Mis-
tu'ra  vulnera'ria ac"ida.  A  sort of vulnerary
water, distilled from a farrago of aromatic plants.
Rosemary  Ibiss,  millefoil,  thyme,  each  Ibss.
Proof spirit 2 gallons—distil a gallon.  This is
one form.
  ARRABON, Arraphon.
  ARRACHEMENT, (F.) from arracher,  'to
tear out/ Apospas'ma, Abrup'tio, Avul'sio.  Act
of separating a part of the body by tearing it from
the bonds  connecting it with others.  Evulsion.
Laceration.
  Arrachemcnt  is applied to certain operations,
as to  the extraction of a tooth, the extirpation of
a polypus,  Ac.
  ARRACK, Arack.  See Spirit.
  AR'RAPHON, Ar'rabon, from  a, priv., and
patpn, ' a suture/ —' without  suture.'   A term
applied to the  cranium when it presents no su-
tures.
  ARRECTIO, Erection.
   ARREPTIO, Insanity.
  ARRESTA BOYIS, Ononis spinosa.
   ARRET D'HILDAN, Remora Hildani.
  ARRETE BCEUF, Ononis spinosa.
  ARRHffi'A, from a, privative, and ptw, 'I flow,'
The suppression of any flux.  Amenorrhcea.
  ARRHOSTEMA,  Disease.
  ARRHOSTENIA, Disease.
   ARRHOSTIA, Disease, Infirmity.
  ARRHYTIIMUS, Cacorrhythmus.
  ARRIBA, Geoffraea vermifuga.
   ARRIERE-B 0 UOHE,  Pharynx — a. - Dent,
see Dentition—a.-Faix, Secundines.
  ARRIERE-GOUT, (F.) 'after  taste.'   The
taste  left by certain bodies in the mouth for some
time  after they have been swallowed, owing per-
haps  to the papillae of the mouth having imbibed
the savoury substance.
   ARRIERES NARINES, Nares, posterior.
   ARROCHE,  Atriplex hortensis — a. Puant,
 Chenopodium vulvaria.
   ARROSEMENT, Aspersion.
   ARROWHEAD, Sagittaria variabilis.
   ARROW LEAF, Sagittaria variabilis.
   ARROW POISON.  This differs with different
tribes of Indians.  By some, the poison capsicum,
and infusions of a strong kind of tobacco, and of
euphorbiaceas are mixed together, with the poi-
sonous  emmet, and the teeth of the formidable
serpent, called  by the Peruvian Indians Miua-
marv or Jcrgon,—Lachcsis picta of  Tschudi.
   ARROW ROOT, Fec'ula Maran'ta, Am'ylum
maranta'ceum, A. America'num.  The fecula of
the rhizoma of Maran'ta  Arundina'cea, which,
like all feculas, is emollient  and nutritive, when
prepared with water, milk,  Ac.
  Dr. Carson has shown, that Florida arrow-root
is derived from Za'mia integrifo'lia or Z.pn'mila,
Sugar pine ; Bermuda arrow root being obtained
from  Maranta arundinacea.  Florida arrow root,
as well  as  the farina, is known in the Southern
States under the name Coonti or Coontie.
  According to Dr. Ainslie, an excellent kind of
arrow root is prepared in Travancore from  the
root of  Curcuma angustifolia.
  Arrow root mucilage is made by rubbing arrow
root powder with a little  cold water, in a basin,
by means of the back of a spoon, until it is com-
pletely mixed with the water; then pouring boil-
ing water over it, stirring assiduously until a soft,
gelatinous,  tenacious  mucilage is formed; and,
lastly, boiling for five minutes.  A tablespoonful
of arrow root powder is sufficient to make a pint 
ARROW WOOD
102
ART
 of mucilage.   It may be moderately sweetened;
 and wine or lemon juice may be added.
   With milk also it forms a bland and nutritious
 article of diet.
   Arrow  Root, Brazilian.  The fecula of Ja-
 tropha Manihot.
   Arrow  Root, Common, see Solanum tubero-
 sum.
   Arrow  Root, East  Indian.   The fecula of
 the tubers  of  Curcuma angustifolia  or  narrow-
 leaved Turmeric.
   Arrow Root, English, Arrow root, common.
   ARROW WOOD, Euonymus, Viburnum den-
 datum.
   ARS  CABALISTICA, Cabal—a. Chymiatrica,
 Chymiatria—a. Clysmatica nova, Infusion of me-
 dicines— a. Coquinaria, Culinary art—a. Cosme-
 tica,  Cosmetics—a. Culinaria, Culinary  art—a.
 Empirica, Empiricism—a. Hermetica, Chymistry
 —a.  Homoeopathica, Homoeopathy — a.  Hydria-
 trica,  Hydrosudotherapeia—a. Infusoria,  Infu-
 sion of medicines—a. Machaonia, Medicina—a.
 Majorum, Chymistry—a. Medica, Medicina—a.
 Obstetricia, Obstetrics—a. Sanandi, Art,  healing
 —a. Separatoria, Chymistry—a. Spagirica, Chy-
 mistry—a. Veterinaria, Veterinary Art—a. Zoia-
 trica, Veterinary Art.
   ARSALTOS, Asphaltum.
   ARSATUM, Nymphomania.
   ARSENAL, (F.) Ghirapothe'ca, Armamenta'-
 rium,  A. chirur'gicum.   A collection of  surgical
 instruments.  A  work  containing a  description
 of surgical instruments.
   ARSEN'IATE, Arsen'ias.  A salt formed by
 a combination of arsenic acid with  a salifiable
 base.
   Arseniate  of Ammonia, Arsen'ias Ammo'nia,
 Ammo'nium Arsenic'icum, (F.) Arseniate d'Am-
 moniaque.   This  preparation  is highly extolled
 in cutaneous diseases.  A grain of  the salt may
 be dissolved in an ounce  of distilled  water, and
 20 to 25 drops be commenced with as a dose.
   Arseniate op  Iron, Arsen'ias Ferri,  Ferrum
 Arsenia'tum, F.  Arsen'ieum   oxydula'tum,  (F.)
 Arseniate de Fer.   This preparation has been
 applied externally to cancerous ulcers. An oint-
 ment may be made  of ^ss of the arseniate, "5ij of
 the phosphate  of  iron,  and  "Jvj of  spermaceti
 ointment.  The arseniate has also been given in-
 ternally in cancerous affections, in the dose of one-
 sixteenth of a grain.
   Arseniate  of  Protox'ide of  Potas'sium,
 Proto-arsen'iate of  Potas'sium, Arsen'iate of Po-
 tassa, Arsen'ias Potassa, Arsenias Kali.  Pro-
 perties the same as  those of arsenious acid.
  Arseniate of Quinia, Quinias Arsenias.
  AR'SENIC, Arsen'ieum. A solid metal;  of a
 steel-gray colour; granular texture; very brittle;
 volatilizing before melting; very combustible and
 acidifiable.  It is not dangerous of itself, and only
 becomes so by virtue of the facility with which it
 absorbs oxygen.
  ARSENIC BLANC, Arsenicum album.
  Arsenic,  Iodide  of, Arsen'ici  lo'didum seu
 Teriod'idum, A. lodure'turn,  Arsen'ieum Iodd-
 tum;  formed by the combination  of arsenious
 acid and iodine.  This preparation, applied ex-
 ternally, has been highly extolled in various cu-
 taneous affections.   An ointment may be made
 of three grains of iodide to ^j of lard.  It has
 also been given internally in the dose of  a tenth
 of a grain in similar affections.
  Arsenic, Oxide of, Arsenicum album—a. Ox-
ide of, White, Arsenicum album—a. White, Arse-
 nicum album.
  Arsenic and Mercury, Iodide  of, Hydrar'-
gyri et Arsen'ici lo'didum, Double  I'odide of
Mer'cury and Ar'senic, Iodo-arsenite of Mer'cury.
 A compound, which has been proposed as more
 efficacious than either the iodide of arsenic or the
 iodide of mercury.  It is made by triturating 6.08
 grains of metallic arsenic; 14.82 grains of mer-
 cury ; 49 of iodine, with a fluidrachm of alcohol,
 until the mass has become dry, and  from being
 deep brown has become pale red.  Eight ounces
 of distilled water are  poured on, and, after tritu-
 ration for a few moments, the whole is transfer-
 red to a flask; half a drachm of  hydriodic acid,
 prepared by  the  acidification  of two grains  of
 iodine, is added, and the mixture  is boiled for a
 few moments.   When the  solution is  cold, make
 the mixture up to f§viij  with  distilled water.
 This is  called by Mr. Donovan, the proposer,
 Liquor Arsen'ici  et Hydrar'gyri  lo'ditli, each
 drachm of which  by  measure  consists of water
 """"j, arsenious acid gr. l-8th; peroxide  of mercury
 gr.  l-4th,  iodine converted into  hydriodic  acid
 gr. 3-4ths.  In  the last edition of the Ph. U. S.
 it is directed to be made of Arsenici lodidum and
 Hydrargyri lodidum rubrum, each gr. xxxv; and
 Aqua destillata Oss; dissolving by rubbing, heat-
 ing to the boiling point, and filtering.
  The dose of Donovan's Solution, is  from TT^xv
 to f Jss two or three times a day.
  It has been used successfully in inveterate cu-
 taneous diseases.
  ARSEN'ICAL PASTE, (F.) Pate Arsenicale.
 This application to cancers is formed of 70 parts
 of cinnabar, 22 of dragon's blood,  and 8 of arse-
 nious acid; made  into a paste with saliva, when
 about to  be applied.
  ARSENICI IODIDUM,  Arsenic, Iodide of—
 a. Ioduretum, Arsenic, Iodide of—a. Teriodidum,
 Arsenic,  iodide of.
  ARSENICISM'US,  Intoxica'tio Arsenica'lis.
 Poisoning by arsenic.
  ARSEN'ICUM ALBUM; White Ar'senic, Ox-
 ide  of Ar'senic, Ratsbane, Arsen'ici ox'ydum al-
 bum, Calx Arsen'ici alba, Ac"idum Arsenica'sum,
 A. Arscnio'sum (Ph. U. S.), Arsen'ious acid, White
 oxide of arsenic, (F.)  Arsenic blanc.  An acid
 which is met witb in commerce, in compact, white,
 heavy, fragile, masses; of a vitreous aspect, opake,
 and covered with a white dust; of an acrid and
 nauseous taste;  without smell when cold; vola-
 tilizable by heat, and exhaling the odour of gar-
 lic :  soluble in water, alcohol and oil; crystalli-
 zable in  regular octahedrons.  It is this that  is
 meant by the name arsenic, as commonly used.
  Arsen'icum Album  Sublima'tum,  Sublimed
 Oxide of Arsenic, is the one employed in  medi-
 cine.  It is tonic and escharotic, and is the most
 virulent  of mineral poisons. It is used  in in-
 termittents,  periodical  headachs,  neuroses, Ac.
 Dose, gr. one-tenth to  one-eighth in pill.  See
 Poisons,  Table of.
  Arsenicum  Iodatum, Arsenic,  Iodide of—a.
 Rubrum Factitium, Realgar.
  ARSENIS POTASSiE, Arsenite of protoxide
 of potassium—a. Potassae aquosus, Liquor arse-
 nicalis—a. Potassae liquidus, Liquor arsenicalis.
  AR'SENITE, Ar'senis.  A  salt, formed by a
 combination of the arsenious acid with a salifi-
able base.
  Ar'senite of Protox'ide of Potas'sium, Pro-
 to-ar'senite of Potas'sium,  Ar'senite of Potassa,
Ar'senis  Potassa.  An uncrystallizable and co-
lourless salt, which forms the basis of the liquor
arsenicalis, which see.
  Arsenite of Quinia, Quiniae arsenis.
  ARSE-SMART, Persicaria —a. Biting, Poly-
gonum hydropiper.
  ART,  HEALING,  Ars  Sanan'di, Medicina.
 The appropriate application of the precepts of
the  best physicians, and of the results of experi-
 ence to the treatment of disease. 
ARTABE
103
ARTERIA
  Art, Veterinary, Veterinary art.
  AR'TABE,  apra^v-  Name  of  a measure  for
dry substances,  in use with the  ancients, equal
at times,  to 5 modii:  at others, to  3; and at
others, a^ain,  to 7.—Galen.
  ARTANTHE  ELONGATA, see Matico.
  AR'TKLSHEIM,  MINERAL  WATERS OF.
These  Herman waters have been much recom-
mended  in hysteria, gout, palsy,  Ac.  Their
physical or chemical properties  have not been
described.
  ARTEMIS'IA,  Anacti'rion.   Called  after a
queen  of the name,  who first employed it; or
from Aprtpis,  'Diana;' because it was formerly
used in diseases of women, over whom she pre-
sided.   The Gauls called it Bricumum.
  Artemis'ia Abrot'anum, Abrolanum, Abrol-
onum,  Abrolanum  Cuthsum,   Abrot'anum mas,
Abrathan, South'ernwood, Oldman, (F.) Aurone,
Auronc male, Aurone  des  jardina,  Garderobe,
Citronelle.  Supposed to be possessed of stimu-
lant properties.
   Oil  of Southernwood,  O'leum Abrot'ani, (F.)
Huile  d'Aurone, possesses the aromatic proper-
ties of the plant.
  Artemis'ia Absin'thium, Absin'thium, Absin'-
thium  vulga're,  Apsin'thium,  Barypi'cron, Com-
mon  Wormwood, (F.) Absinthe.   Properties: —
tonic and anthelmintic.  The Oil of  Wormwood,
 O'leum Absin'thii, (F.) Huile d'Absinthe, contains
the aromatic virtues of the plant.
   Artemisia Afra,  a South African species, is
tonic,  antispasmodic  and anthelmintic; and has
been used in debility of the stomach,  visceral ob-
structions, jaundice and hypochondriasis. It is
taken  in  infusion,  decoction and tincture.  A
strong  infusion is used by the Cape  Colonists as
a collyrium in  weakness of  the eyes; and the
pounded  leaves and stalks are employed as dis-
cutients in oedema and sugillations.
   Artemisia Alba, A. Santonica—a. Balsamita,
 A. Pontica.
   Artemisia Bien'nis, Biennial Wormwood; in-
 digenous.
   Artemisia Botrys,  Chenopodium ambrosi-
 oides.
   Artemis'ia Campes'tris, Field Southernwood,
 (F.)  Aurone  des  Champs.  This possesses  the
 same properties as A. Abrolanum.
   Artemisia Chenopodium,   Chenopodium  bo-
 trys.
   Artemisia Chinen'sis, A. In'dica,  A. Moxa.
 From this the Chinese form their moxas.
   Artemisia Contra, A. Santonica.
   Artemisia  Draoun'culus,  Tar'agon,  (F.)
 Armoise  estragon.   Virtues : — the same as  the
 last.
   Artemis'ia Glacia'lis, Silky Wormwood;
   Artemisia Indica,  Artemisia Chinensis, A.
 Santonica;
   Artemisia Leptophylla,  A.  Pontica;
   Artemisia Marit'ima, Absin'thium Mari'num
 seu Marilimum, Sea Wormwood, Maritime South-
 ernwood ;
   Artemisia Moxa, A. Chinensis;
 and
   Artemis'ia Pon'tica, A. Roma'na seu Tenui-
fo'lia seu Balsamita seu Leptophylla, Absinthi-
um Pan'ticum seu Roma'num, Roman Wormwood,
 Lesser Wormwood, possess like virtues; — as  well
 as
   Artemisia Romana, A. Pontica;
   Artemisia Rubra, A. Santonica;  and
   Artemis'ia Rupes'tris,  Creeping  Wormwood,
 Gcn'ipi album,  (F.) Armoise blanc, Genipi blanc.
 This variety has aromatic virtues, and is used in
intormittents, and in amenorrhcea.
   Artemis'ia Santon'ica,   Santon'icum, Arte-
mis'ia  contra, Semen contra Vermes, Semen  con-
tra,  S. Zedoa'ria,  Canni Herba, Chamacedris,
Ohamacyparis'sus, Semen Cina, Hagiosper'mum,
Sanc'tum  Semen, Absin'thium  Santon'icum, Se-
menti'na, Xantoli'na, Scheba Ar'abum, Artemis'ia
Juda'ica,  Sina seu Cina Levan'tica, Wormseed,
Tartarian  Southernwood, (F.)  Barbotine.   Vir-
tues :—anthelmintic and stimulant.  Dose, gr. x.
to 3J m powder.
   Artemisia Tenuifolia, A. Pontica.
   Artemis'ia Vulga'ris, Artemia'ia rubra et alba,
Oin'gulum Sancti Joan'ni8, Mater Herba'rum, Be-
reniaecum,  Bubaatecor'dium, Canapdcia, Mug-
wort, (F.) Armoise ordinaire, A. Commune, Herbe
de Saint  Jean.  This,  as well  as  some other
varieties, possesses the general tonic virtues  of
the  Artemisias.  Artemisia  vulgaris  has  been
highly extolled by the Germans  in cases of epi-
lepsy .t Dose of the powder, in the 24 hours,  from
£ss to *5j\
   ARTE RE, Artery—a. Brachial,  Brachial ar-
tery—a. Brachio-cephalique, Innominata arteria
—a. Bronchique, Bronchial artery—a. Ciliaire,
Ciliary artery — a. Clitorienne: see Clitoris — a.
 Oacale: see  Colic arteries — a.  GollatSrale  du
coude, Anastomoticus magnus  ramus—a Collate-
ral externe, Arteria profunda  humeri—a. Colla-
terale  interne, Anastomoticus magnus ramus—a.
 Coronaire  des levres, Labial artery—a. Coronaire
Stomachique, Coronary artery—a. Crurale, Crural
artery—a. Deuxiime des thoraciques, Arteria tho-
racica externa inferior—a. Epineuse, Meningeal
artery, middle—a.Femoro-poplitee, Ischiatic artery
—a. Fessiere, Gluteal artery—a. Gastrique droite,
petite, Pyloric artery — a. Gutturo-maxillaire,
Maxillary artery, internal — a. Honteuse externe,
 Pudic, external, artery—a. Honteuse interne, Pu-
 dic, internal, artery—a. Humerale profonde, Ar-
 teria profunda humeri—a. Iliaque primitive, Iliac
 artery — a.  InnominZe,  Innominata arteria—a.
 Irienne, Ciliary  artery — a. Ischio-penienne:  see
 Pudic, internal,  artery — a. Mediane anterieure,
 Spinal artery, anterior — a. Mediane posterieure
 du rachis, Spinal artery, posterior—a. Meningie
 moyenne, Meningeal  artery, middle—a. Menton-
 niere, Mental foramen—a. Mesocephalique,  Basi-
 lary artery — a.  Mesocolique:  see Colic artery—
 a. Musculaire du bras,  Arteria profunda humeri
 —a. Musculaire  du bras, grande:  see  Collateral
 arteries of the arm—a. Musculaire grande  de la
 cuissc, Arteria profunda femoris—a. Opisihogas-
 trique, Cosliac artery—a. Orbitaire,  Ophthalmic
 artery — a.  de l Ovaire, Spermatic artery — a.
 Pelvi-crurale, Crural  artery — a. Pelvi-crurale,
 Iliac artery—a. Pelvienne, Hypogastric artery—
 a. Premiere  des thoraciques,  Arteria  thoracica
 externa superior — a. Radio-carpienne transver-
 eale palmaire, Radio-carpal artery — a. Scrotale,
 Pudic, external,  artery — a. Sous-claviere,  Sub-
 clavian artery—a. Sous-pubio-femorale, Obturator
 artery—a. Sous-pubienne, Pudic, internal, artery
 —a. Sous-sternal, Mammary, internal—a. Sphe-
 no-epineuse, Meningeal artery,  middle—a. Stomo-
 gastrique, Coronary  artery — a.  Sus-carpienne:
 see Sus-carpien — a.  Sus-maxillaire,  Alveolar
 artery — a.  Sus-maxillaire, Buccal artery — a.
 Sus-metatarsienne, Metatarsal artery — a.  Sus-
 pubienne,  Epigastric artery — a.  Testiculaire,
 Spermatic artery—a. Thoracique humerale. Acro-
 mial artery — a.  Trachelocervical:  see Cerebral
 arteries — a.  Trochanterienne,  Circumflex artery
 of the thigh—a.  Troisieme des thoraciquea, Acro-
 mial artery—a.  Tympanique, Auditory artery,
 external—a.  Uveale: see Ciliary artery—a. Yul-
 vaire, Pudic, external, artery.
   ARTERIA, Artery—a. Ad  Cutem Abdominis,
 see Ad Cutem abdominis, (arteria)—a. Anonyma, 
ARTERIAC
104
ARTERY
Innominata artery—a.  Aspera, Trachea—a. Ce-
rebralis, Carotid, internal—a. Cervicalis, Basilary
artery—a.  Coronaria dextra, Pyloric artery—a.
Crassa, Aorta—a. Externa cubiti, Radial artery
—a. Dorsalis metacarpi,  Metacarpal artery—a.
Duras matris media maxima, Meningeal  artery,
middle — a. Encephalica, Carotid, internal — a.
Gastrica superior, Coronary artery—a. Ilio-colica:
see Colic arteries—a. Iliaca interna, Hypogastric
artery—a. Iliaca posterior, Hypogastric artery—
a. Magna,  Aorta — a. Magna pollicis,  Princeps
pollicis—a. Malleolaris  externa :  see Tibial arte-
ries—a. Malleolaris interna: see Tibial arteries—
a. Mammaria externa, A. Thoracica externa, in-
ferior—a. Maxima, Aorta—a. Media anastomoti-
ca: see Colic arteries—a. Meningasa media, Me-
ningeal artery,  middle—a. Muscularis femoris, A.
Profunda femoris—a. Pharyngea suprema, Ptery-
goid artery — a. Profunda  eerebri: see Cerebral
arteries—a. Pudenda communis,  Pudic, internal,
artery — a. Pudica, Pudic, internal, artery — a.
Ramulus ductus Pterygoidei, Pterygoid artery—
a. Spheno-spinosa, Meningeal artery, middle—a.
Spinalis, A. Profunda humeri—a.  Sternalis, Mam-
mary, internal — a. Supra-orbitalis, Frontal ar-
tery — a. Sylviana:  see  Cerebral  arteries — a.
Thoracica  axillaris  vel alaris, Scapular  artery,
inferior—a Thoracica humeralis,  Acromial artery
—a. Transversalis  colli:  see Cerebral arteries—
a. Transversalis humeri, Scapular artery, superior
— a. Ulnaris, Cubital artery — a. Uterina hypo-
gastrica, Uterine artery — a Vasta posterior, A.
Profunda femoris.
   ARTE'RIAC, Arteri'acus.  A medicine pre-
scribed in  diseases  of the windpipe.  Also arte-
rial.
   ARTE'RLE  ADIPO'SiE.  The arteries which
secrete the fat  about the kidneys are sometimes
so called. They are ramifications of the capsular,
diaphragmatic, renal, and spermatic arteries.
   Arterijs Apoplectics, Carotids—a. Capitales,
Carotids—a.  Ciliares, Ciliary arteries—a. Corporis
callosi cerebri, Mesolobar arteries—a. Jugulares,
Carotids—a.  Lethargicas, Carotids—a. Mesolobi-
cae, Mesolobar  arteries — a. Prasparantes, Sper-
matic arteries—a. Somniferas, Carotids—a.  Sopo-
rales, Carotids—a. Soporarias, Carotids—a. Ve-
nosas, Pulmonary veins.
   ARTE'RIAL, Arteri'acus,  Arteriosus.  Be-
longing to arteries.
   Arterial Blood, (F.)  Sang artiriel.  Red
blood is so called because  contained in the arte-
ries.   The pulmonary veins, however, also con-
tfain  red blood: hence the name  arterial veins,
 (F.)  Veines arterielles, applied to them.
   Arte'rial Duct, Cana'lis arterio'sus, Ductus
 arterio'sus, D.  Botallii,  (F.)  Canal artiriel,  C.
 Pulmo-aortiquc, is the portion of the pulmonary
 artery which terminates in the aorta in the foetus.
 When  this duct is obliterated after birth, it is
 called Arte'rial Lief anient, (F.) Ligament arteriel.
   Arterial System includes  all the arteries,
 from their origin in the heart to their termina-
 tion in the organs.   See  Vascular System.
   ARTERIALIZATION  OF  THE  BLOOD,
 Hasmatosis.
   ARTERIARCTIE,, from aprvpta, 'artery/and
 arcto, ' I straiten'.'   Contraction  of an artery.
   ARTERIECTASIS, Aneurism.
   ARTERIECTOP'IA,  from apnjpta,  'artery/
 and  tKTottos, 'out of place.   Dislocation  of an
 artery.
   ARTERIEURYSMA, Aneurism.
   ARTERIITIS,  Arteritis.
   ARTERIODIALYSIS, see Aneurism.
   ARTERIOG'RAPHY, Arteriogrdphia: from
 aprnpta, ' artery/ and ypatpv, ' a description.'   A
 description of the arteries.
  ARTERIOLA.  A small artery.
  ARTERIOL'OGY, Arteriolog"ia; from aprnpta,
'artery/ and Xoyos,  'a discourse.'  A treatise on
the arteries.
  ARTE'RIO-PITU'ITOUS.   An  epithet  ap-
plied  to  vessels which  creep along the interior
of the nostrils.—Ruysch.
  ARTERIORRHEXIS, see Aneurism.
  ARTERIOS'ITAS, from Arteria, 'an artery.'
A condition of the blood in which it preserves in
the veins the  arterial character. — The opposite
to Venositas.
  Arteriositas Sanguinis,  Prasdominium san-
guinis arteriosi.
  ARTERIOSTEIE, from aprnpta, 'artery,'  and
oartov, ' a bone.'  Ossification  of an  artery. —■
Piorry.
  ARTERIOT'OMY, Arteriotom'ia, from aprnpta,
' an artery/ and rtpvo,  ' I cut.'  This word  has
been  used for  the  dissection of arteries.  Most
commonly, however, it  means  a surgical opera-
tion,  which consists in opening  an artery, to
draw  blood from it.  Arteriotomy is chiefly used
in inflammatory affections  of the head,  when the
blood is  generally  obtained from the  temporal
artery.   See Blood-letting.
  ARTERI'TIS, Arterii'tis, Injlumma'tio Arte-
ria'rum,  (F.) Arterite, Inflammation des nrteres;
from aprnpta, 'an artery/ and it is, a termination
denoting inflammation.   Inflammation  of an ar-
tery.   Inflammation of the inner coat  of an
artery is termed Endo-arteri'tis,  or  Eudonar-
teri'tis;  of  the outer,  Exo-arteri'tis  or Exar-
teri'tis.
  AR'TERY, Arte'ria, (F.) Artere, from  anp,
'air/  and rvptiv, 'to preserve/ quasi, 'receptacle
of air,' because the ancients believed that it con-
tained air.  They, at first,  gave the name Artery
to the trachea, aprnpta rpaxeia, because it is filled
with  air;  and afterwards they used the same
term for  the arteries, properly so called, probably
because they commonly found them empty in the
dead  body.  AVe find,  also,  tpXtf3ts to  designate
the arteries, called by the  Latins Vena  mieun'tes
pulsaliles.  Arteries, with the moderns, signify
the order of vessels, which arise from the  two
ventricles of the heart, and have valves only at
their  origin.   They are cylindrical, firm,  and
elastic canals ; of a yellowish white colour; little
 dilatable; easily lacerable; and formed, 1. Of an
external, laminated or  areolar membrane,  of a
 dense and close character.  2. Of a middle  coat
 composed of  fibres, which  does not,  however,
 contract on the application of the galvanic stimu-
 lus ;  and 3. Of an inner coat, which is  thin,  dia-
 phanous, reddish, and polished.
   The use of the arteries is to carry  the blood
 from  the heart to the various parts of the system.
 It  will be obvious, however, that they cannot all
 convey  arterial blood.   The pulmonary artery,
 for example,  is  destined  to  convey the  venous
 blood to the  lungs, there to be  converted  into
 arterial; whilst the  pulmonary veins  convey
 arterial blood back to the heart.

 TABLE  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  ARTERIES OF  THE
                     BODY.

   All the other arteries take their rise from the
 Pulmonary Artery, or the Aorta: and  the names
 generally indicate the  parts to which they are
 distributed.

            I. Arteria Pulmonalis.

    The  Pulmonary  Artery arises from  the  right
 ventricle, and soon divides into a right and left
 branch,  one of which is  distributed to  each
 lung. 
ARTERY                    105                    ARTERY
               II.  Arteria Aorta.

  The Aorta arises from the left ventricle.  It is
the  common  trunk of the  arteries  of the body,
and may be divided into five portions.

 B. Arteriea furnished by  the Aorta at its origin.
      1. A. Cardiaca or coronaria anterior.
      2. A. Cardiaca or coronaria posterior.

  b. Arteries furnished by the Aorta at its arch.
  The arch of the Aorta gives off, to the left, two
considerable  trunks—the Arteria carotidea pri-
mitivu,  and A. subclavia; and, to  the right,  a
single trunk, which is larger—the A. innominata,
or Ilmchio-ceph alien, which divides into the pri-
mitive carotid and subclavian.

A. Arteria Caro- j Divides  into A. Carotidea exter-
  tidea primitiva. j  na, A. Carotidea interna.
         ( Furnishes, 1. A. Tltyroidea superior.
            111.  A. lingualis, which gives off the A. dor-
                salis linguae and A. sublingualis.
            3.  A. facialis vel A.  Maxillaris  externa,
                which furnishes the A. palatina infe-
                rior, the A. submentals, and A. coro-
                naria superior and inferior.
            4.  A. occipitalis, which gives off  the A.
                mastoidea posterior.
            5.  d. auricularis posterior, which gives
                off A. stylo-mastoidea.
         .   6.  A. pharyngea inferior.
  The external carotid ultimately divides into  the
temporal artery and internal maxillary.

          "^■■rnishes A. transversalis faciei, A. auricu-
              ris anterior, and A. temporalis media.
a. A.Ca- |
rotidea  <(
externa. I
I
Tempo-
ralis.
S Furn
i   lar
  2. A.
Maxilla-
ris in-
terna.
b. A. Ca-
rotidea
interna.
 B. Ar-
 teria  J
BUBCLA-"
A. Axil-
  laris.
A- Bra-
 chialis.
1. A. Ra-
 dialis.
2. A. Cu-
 bitalis,
 Furnishes  13 branches, viz. A. meningea
   media, A. dentaris inferior, A. temporalis
   profunda  posterior,  A.  masseterina,  A.
   plerygoidea, A. buccalis, A. temporalis pro-
   funda anterior, A. alveolaris ; A. suborbi-
   tals, A. vidiana, A. pterygopalatina or
   pharyngea superior, A. palatina superior,
,   and A. sphenopalatina.
 Furnishes, 1. A. ophthalmica, which gives
   off A. lachrymalis, A. centralis retinas, A.
   supraorbitaria vel superciliaris, A. ciliares
   posteriores, A. ciliares longos,  A. muscu-
   laris superior et  inferior, A. ethmoidalis
   posterior et anterior,  A.  palpebralis supe-
   rior et inferior, A. nasalis, and A. fronta-
   lis.  2. A.  communicans,  Willesii.  3. A-
   choroidea.  4. A. cerebralis anterior.  5. A.
   ccrebralis media.
 Furnishes,  1. A. vertebralis, which gives off
   A. spinalis anterior et posterior,  A. cere-
   bellosa inferior, and forms—by uniting it-
   self with that  of the opposite side—the A.
   basilaris, divided into A. cerebellosa su-
   perior and  A. cerebralis  posterior.  2. A.
   thyroidea inferior, which gives off A. cer-
   vicalis ascendens.  3. A. mammaria in-
   terna, which gives off the A. mediastina
   anterior and A. diaphragmatica superior.
   4. A intercostalis  superior. 5. A. cervica-
   lis transversa.   6. A. scapularis superior.
   7.  A. cervicalis posterior  vel  profunda.
   Farther on, the subclavian artery conti-
   nues its progress under the name A.  axil-
   laris.
Furnishes, 1.  A.  acromialis.  2. A, thoracica
   superior.  3. A. thoracica inferior vel longa
   vel mammaria externa.   4. A. scapularis
   inferior vel communis. 5. A. circumfiexa
   posterior.  6. A. circumfiexa anterior.  Far-
   ther on, the axillary artery continues un-
   der the name A. brachialis.
Furnishes A. humeralis profunda vel collate-
   ralis  externa.  2.  A.  collateralis interna.
   It afterwards divides into the radial and
   cubital arteries.
Gives off A. recurrens radialis, A. dorsalis
  carpi,  A.  dorsalis metacarpi, A. dorsalis
  pollicis. and terminates in forming  the
  Arcus palmaris profundus.
Gives off A. recurrens cubitalis anterior and
  posterior:  A. interossea anterior and pos-
  terior, which latter furnishes A. recurrens
       lis posterior.  It terminates in form-
      the superficial palmar arch, which
       off A. Collaterales digitorum.
\   tcrior.
]   radial
   ing  tl
L  gives <
  C. Arteries given off by the Aorta in the Thorax.
          (  1. A. Bronchica, dextra et sinistra.
   Three  I   2- A- ^sophagtca (to the number of four.
    te    t       five' or six-)
  01are™* I   ^' "*' mea'>asti'n<e posteriores.
       '   I   4. A. intercostales  inferiores  vel  aortiae
          (      (to the number of eight, nine, or ten.)

  d. Arteries furnished by the Aorta in the Abdomen.
   These  t
  branrhes)   L The "*•  <H"Phragmatica vel phrenica,
    are  \       deXtra et sinistra-
          fWhich divides into three branches, 1. A. co-
          I   ronaria ventriculi.  2. A. Hepatica, which
   2.  A.   J   gives off A. pylorica. A. gastro-epiploica
  Ca\liaca.\   dextra and A. cystica; and, lastly, the A.
             splenica,  which gives off  A. gastroepiplo-
          ic   ica sinistra and Vasa brevia.
   3.  A.   f Which gives  off at its  concavity the A. co-
  JUcsen-  \   lica dextra superior, media et inferior, and
   terica  j   at its convex part from 15 to 20 Rami in-
  superior (   testinales.
   4  A   i
  Mesen-  S Which  g'ves off A.  colica superior media,
   terica  l   antl inferior< and divides into A. hsmor-
  inferior. (   rl"oioa'es superiores.
   5. The A.  Capsulares media; (to the number of two
      on each side.)
   6. A. Renales vel Emulgentes.
   7. A. Spermatids.
   8. A. Lnmbares (to the number of four or five on
      each side.)

  e. Arteries resulting from the Bifurcation of the
                       Aorta.
   The Aorta,  a  little  above its  Bifurcation, gives off
  the  A. sacra  media, and  divides  into  A. iliacm pri-
  mitiva;.

  primi*) divides into A. Iliaca interna and A. Iliaca
   tiva.  }   exte™*-
           Furnishes,  1. A. ilio-lumbaris.   2. A. sacra
             lateralis.  3. A. glutea vel iliaca posterior.
             4. A.  umbilicalis.  5.  A.  tesicalis.   G. A.
             obturatoria.   7.  A.  hwmorrhoidea  media.
             8 A.  utcrina.   9. A. vaginalis.   10. A.
             ischiatica.  11. A. pudenda interna, which
             gives off  the A. hemorrkoidales inferiores,
             A,  of the septum, A. transversa perinei,
             A. corporis cavernosi, and A. dorsalis penis.
           Furnishes,  1. A. epigastrica. 2. A. iliaca an-
             terior vel circumfiexa ilii, and is continued
             afterwards under the name of  Crural Ar-
             tery.
           Furnishes; 1. A. subcutanea abdominalis.  2.
             A. pudenda superficialis and profunda.  3.
             A. muscularis superficialis.  4, A- muscu-
             laris profunda, which gives off the A. cir-
             cumfiexa externa and interna,  and  the
             three  Perforantes, distinguished  into su-
            perior, middle, and inferior. Farther on,
            the  crura]  artery continues  under  the
            name A. Paplitma.
          'Furnishes, 1. A. Arlicularcs superiores, in-
            terna, media,  et  externa.  2. A. Gemellts.
            3. A. Articulares inferiores, interna et ex-
            terna.  4. A. tibialis  antica, which, at  the
            foot, takes the name, A. dorsalis tarsi, and
            gives off the tarsal  and  metatarsal arte-
            ries. In the leg, the  popliteal artery di-
            vides  into  the  peroneal  and  posterior
            tibial.
          Divides into A. peronma antica and A.pero-
            nae postica.
          Divides  into A. plantaris  interna and A.
            planlaris externa.  The latter,  by anasto-
            mosing with the A. dorsalis tarsi,  forms
            the plantar  arch, whence arise Rami su-
            periores vel perforantes postici,  R. Inferi-
            ores  postici et aniici,  which give off Rami
            perforantes antici.

   Artery, Angular,  Facial  artery — a. Articu-
lar, Circumflex  artery—a. Brachiocephalic, Inno-
minata arteria—a. Central of the retina, Central
artery of the retina—a.  Central of Zinn, Central
artery of the retina — a. Cephalic, Carotid—a.
Cerebral  posterior, Vertebral—a. Cervico-scapu-
lar, see Cervical arteries—a. Coronary of the lips,
Labial artery — a. Crotaphite,  Temporal artery—.
a. Fibular.  Peroneal  artery — a. Gastric inferior,
a. A. Il-
iaca in-
 terna.
A.  Cru
  ralis.
A.  Pop-,
 litEea  ^
l.A.Pe-
 rontsa.
2. A Ti-
 bialis
postica. 
ARTETISCUS               106              ARTICULAR
Gastro-epiploic artery — a. Gastro-hepatic,  see
Gastro-epiploic artery—a. Genital, Pudic (inter-
nal) artery — a. Guttural inferior, Thyroideal A.
inferior—a. Guttural superior, Thyroideal A. su-
perior— a. Humeral,  Brachial  artery — a. Iliac
posterior, Gluteal  artery — a.  Iliaco-muscular,
Ileo-lumbar artery—a. Labial, Facial artery—a.
Laryngeal  superior, Thyroideal artery, superior
—a. Maxillary internal, Facial artery—a. Median
of the sacrum, Sacral artery, anterior—a. Nasal,
lateral, large, "Spheno-palatine artery—a. Palato-
labial, Facial  artery — a. Pericephalie, Carotid
(external) — a. Pharyngeal, superior,  Pterygo-
palatine  artery — a. Phrenic, Diaphragmatic ar-
tery — a. Posterior of the  brain, see Cerebral ar-
teries— a. External scapular, Acromial artery—
a. Spinal, Meningeal artery, middle—a. Subcla-
vian right, Innominata arteria— a. Subscapular,
Scapular artery,  inferior — a. Superficial of the
abdomen, Ad cutem abdominis (arteria)—a. Su-
pramaxillary,  Alveolar  artery — a. Suprarenal,
Capsular artery—a. Thoracic, internal, Mammary
internal—a. Urethro-bulbar, Transverse perineal
artery — a. Vesico-prostatic, Vesical artery — a.
Vidian, Pterygoid artery.
  ARTETIS'CUS; from  artus, 'a limb.'  One
who has lost a limb.
  ARTEURYSMA, Aneurism.
  ARTHANI'TA, from apros, 'bread;'  the Oyc'-
lameu or Soiobread.  It was formerly made into
ointment,  Unguen'tum  Arthanita, with  many
other substances, and was employed as a purga-
tive, being rubbed on the abdomen.
  Arthanita Cyclamen, Cyclamen.
  ARTHETICA, Teucrium chamaspitys.
  ARTHRAGRA, Gout—a. Anomala,  Gout, an-
omalous— a. Genuina, Gout, regular—a. Legiti-
ma,  Gout, regular—a. Normalis, Gout,  regular—
a. Vera,  Gout, regular.
  ARTHRALGIA, Arthrodynia, Gout.  See Lead
rheumatism.
  ARTHRELCO'SIS, from apSpov, 'a joint/ and
'tXicutGis,  'ulceration.'   Ulceration of a joint.
  ARTHREMBOLE'SIS, same  etymon as the
next.  The reduction of a fracture or luxation.
  ARTHREM'BOLUS,  from  apSpov,  'a joint/
tv, 'in,' and fiaXXu>, 'I cast.'   An ancient instru-
ment used in the reduction of dislocations.
  ANTHRETICA, Teucrium chamaspitys.
  ARTHRIT'IC, Arthrilicus,   from  apSpov, 'a
joint.'   (F.) Arthritique,  Goutteux.  That which
relates to  gout or arthritis,  as arthritic symp-

   ARTHRITICUS VERUS, Gout.
   ARTHRITIF'UGUM; from  arthritis, 'gout/
and fugare, ' to drive  away.'   A  remedy that
drives away gout.  Heyden terms cold water,
internally, the arihritif ugum magnum.
   ARTHRITIS, Gout,  Arthrophlogosis, Arthro-
sia—a.  Aberrans, Gout (wandering)—a. Acuta,
 Gout  (regular)—a. Arthrodynia, Rheumatism,
chronic—a. Asthenica, Gout (atonic)—a. Atonic,
 Gout (atonic)—a. Diaphragmatica, Angina Pec-
toris—a. Erratica, Gout (wandering)—a. Hydrar-
thros, Hydrarthrus—a.  Lnflammatoria, Gout (re-
gular)—a. Juvenilis, see Rheumatism,  acute—a.
Maxillaris, Siagonagra—a. Nodosa, Gout (with
nodosities)—a. Planetica, Gout (wandering)—a.
 Podagra, Gout—a. Rheumatica, see Rheumatism,
 acute—a. Rheumatismus, Rheumatism, acute —
 a. Retrograda, Gout (retrograde.)
   ARTHROC'ACE, from apSpov, 'a joint/ and
 Ka<os, ' bad.'  Disease of the joints;  and espe-
 cially caries  of the articular  surfaces.  Spina
 ventosa.
   Arthrocace Coxarum, Coxarum morbus.
   ARTHROCACOLOG"IA, from arthrocacia —
 according to Rust, a chronic disease of the joints;
and Xoyos, 'a description.' The doctrine of chro-
nic diseases of the joints.
  ARTHROCARCINO'MA, from ap&pov, 'a
joint/  and Kapxivwpa, ' cancer.'   Cancer of the
joints.
  ARTHROCHONDRI'TIS, from apSpov, 'a
joint/  xov&P0S>  'a  cartilage/ and itis,  denoting
inflammation.  Inflammation  of the cartilages
and joints.
  ARTHRO'DIA, from  apSpov, 'a joint.'  Adar-
ticula'tio. A  moveable joint, formed by the  head
of a bone  applied to the surface of a shallow
socket, so that it can execute  movements in every
direction.  Arihro'dium is 'a small joint:' dimi-
nutive  of Arthrodia.
  ARTHRODYN'IA,  Arthronalgia,  Arthral-
gia, from apSpov, 'articulation/ and oSvvv, 'pain.'
Articular pain.   Pain in the joints.  See Rheu-
matism, chronic.
  Arthrodynia Podagrica, Gout.
  ARTHROL'OGY,  Arthrolog"ia, from  ap&pov,
'a joint,' and Xoyos,  'a  description.'  A descrip-
tion of the joints.  The  anatomy of the joints.
  ARTHROM'BOLE, from  a/t&pov,  and paXXta,
'I cast.'  Coaptation, reduction.  Reduction of
a luxated or fractured bone.
  ARTHROMENINGITIS, Meningarthrocace.
  ARTHRON, 'a joint.'  The ancients used the
word Arthron, for the articulation of bones with
motion, in opposition to Symphysis,  or articula-
tion without motion.
  ANTHllONALGIA, Arthrodynia.
  ARTHRON'CUS,  Arthrophy'ma; from ap&pov,
'a joint/ and oyicos,  'a swelling.'  Tumefaction
of a joint.
  ARTHRONEMPYESIS, Arthropyosis.
  ARTHROPHLOGO'SIS, from apSpov, 'ajoint/
and  tpXtyto, ' I burn;'  Arthri'tis,  Ostarthro'sia.
Inflammation of the joints.
  ARTHROPHYMA   ADENOCHONDRIUM,
see Adenochondrius.
  ARTHROPYO'SIS,  Arthronempye'aia,   from
apSpov,  'a joint/ and irvov,  'pus.' Suppuration
or abscess of the joints.
  ARTHRO-RHEUMATISMUS,  Rheumatism
(acute.)
  ARTHRO'SIA,  from ap&pow, 'I articulate.'
Arihritia, (of some.)   Inflammation,  mostly con-
fined to the joints; severely painful; occasionally
extending to the surrounding muscles.   A genua
of diseases in the Nosology of  Good,  including
Rheumatiam, Gout, Articular inflammation, Joint-
ache, &e.
   Arthrosia Acuta,  Rheumatism, acute — a.
Chronica, Rheumatism, chronic—a.  Lumborum,
Lumbago — a. Podagra, Gout—a. Podagra com-
plicata, Gout (retrograde)—a. Podagra larvata,
Gout (atonic)—a. Podagra  regularis,  Gout (re-
gular.)
   ARTHROSIS, Articulation.
   ARTHROSPON'GUS, from apfyov, 'a joint,'
and aitoyyos, 'a sponge.' A white,  fungous tu-
mour of the joints.
   ARTHROTRAU'MA, from  apSpov,  'a joint/
and rpavina, 'a wound.'   A wound of a joint.
   AR'TIA.  According to some, this word  is sy-
nonymous with aprvpta; others use it synony-
mously with Trachea.
   ARTIOHAUT, Cynara scolymus.
   ARTICHOKE,  Cynara scolymus.
   ARTICLE, Articulation.
   ARTICOCALUS, Cynara scolymus.
   ARTICULAR, Articula'ris:  from  artus,  'a
joint;' ctrticulus, 'a  small joint.'  That  which re-
lates to the articulations;—as the articular capr
aulea, &c.
   Articular Arteries of the Arm, Circum-
flex arteries  of the arm. 
ARTICULATIO              107                 ARYT.3ENA
  Artic'itlar  Ar'teries  of the Knee  arise
from the popliteal artery, and surround the tibio-
femoral articulation.  Although of a small size,
they are important, as they furnish blood to the
lower extremity after the operation for popliteal
aneurism.  They are distinguished into superior
and inferior.  The  superior articular  arteries,
popliteal articular arteries, are  commonly three
in number;  one of which is internal, another ex-
ternal, and  another  middle, the az'ygous artic'-
ular.   The first, Humus anastomolicus magnus,
anastomoses  by one  branch with the external cir-
cumflex ; and by another with the external supe-
rior articular.  The  aecond anastomoses with the
external  circumflex, the  superior internal arti-
cular,  and the inferior external articular; and
the third is distributed within the joint.  The in-
ferior  articular arteriea are  two in number: an
internal and external.  The former anastomoses
with the internal superior articular and the ex-
ternal inferior articular.   The latter anastomoses
with the recurrent branch of the anterior tibial,
and the  external superior articular.   To each
articular artery there is an articular nerve.
   Artic'ular  Facettes'  are  the  contiguous
Burfaces, by  means of which the bones  are arti-
culated.
   Articular Processes, see Vertebrae.
   Artic'ular  Veins of  the knee  follow the
same course as the arteries.
   ARTICULATIO,  Articulation—a. Artificialis,
Pseudarthrosis—a. Notha, Pseudarthrosis.
   ARTICULA'TION,  Joint,  Articula'tio, Ar-
throsis, Assarthro'aia, Artie'ulua, Junctu'ra, Cola,
 Oonjunc'tio,  Nodus,  Commissu'ra,  Oompa'ges,
Syntax'is, Har'mus,  Vcrtic'ula,  Vertic'ulus,  Ver-
tic'ulum, (F.) Articulation,  Article.  Same ety-
mon.  The  union of bones  with  each other,  as
well as the kind of union.

           TABLE OF ARTICULATIONS.

   Articulations are  generally divided into Diar-
throses  or moveable articulations, and  Synar-
throses or immoveable.
              f  1. Amphiarthrosis.
                2. Diarthrosis, orbicu- j Enarthrosis.
                  lar vague.       ( Arthrodia.
                3. Alternative or Ginglymus, which
                  admits of varieties.
                I. Suture.
Diarthroses.
Synarthroses
  f  1. Sul
  I   2. Ha
•  ^   3 fioi
     rmony.
3. Gomphosis.
4. Schindylesis.
   The articulations are subject to a number of
 diseases, which are generally somewhat severe.
 These may be physical, as wounds, sprains, luxa-
 tions, &c.; or they may be organic, as ankylosis,
 extraneous bodies, caries, rheumatism, gout, hy-
 drarthroses, arthropyosis, &c
   Articulation means also  the  combination of
 letters which constitute words.  See Voice.
   Articulation, False, Pseudarthro'sis, Artie'-
 ulus falsus, (F.)  A. fausse,  A.  accidentelle, A.
 contre nature, A. anormale. A false joint, formed
 between fragments of bone, that  have remained
 ununited; or between  a luxated bone and the
 surrounding parts.                  v
   ARTICULATION EX OHARNIERE,  Gin-
 glymus—a. de  la Hanche, Coxo-femoral articula-
 tion.
   ARTICULI  DIGITORUM MANUS, Phalan-
 ges of the fingers—a. Digitorum pedis, Phalanges
 of the toes.
   ARTICULO  MORTIS,  see Psychorages — a.
 Spinalis, Semispinalis colli.
   ARTIFICIAL, Artificia'lis,  (F.) Artifieiel;
from ars, artis, 'art,' undfacere, 'to make.'  That
which is formed by art.
  Artificial  Eyes are usually made of enamel,
and represent  a sort of hollow hemisphere, which
is applied beneath the eyelids, when the  eye is
lost.
  Artificial  Teeth are made  of ivory,  porce-
lain, <fec.
  PIECES D'ANA TOMIE ARTIFICIELLES,
are preparations of anatomy, modelled in wax,
plaster, paper, <fec.
  ARTISCOCCUS L.EVIS,  Cynara scolymus.
  ARTIS'CUS,  from  apros,  'bread.'  See Tro-
chiscus.  A troch of the shape  of a  small loaf.
Also, and especially, a troch made of vipers.
  ARTOCAR'PUS.  The Bread-fruit Tree, (F.)
Jaquier.  A Polynesian tree, so called because
the fruit, which is milky, and juicy, supplies the
place of bread to the  inhabitants.   It grows to
the height of 40 feet.
  Artocarpus Integrifolia, Caoutchouc.
  ARTOC'REAS, from apros, 'bread/ and icpeas,
' flesh.'  A kind of nourishing food made of va-
rious aliments boiled together.—Galen.
  ARTOG'ALA, from apros, 'bread/ and yaXa,
' milk.'  An alimentary preparation of bread and
milk.  A poultice.
  ARTOM'ELI, from  apros, 'bread/ and ptXt,
' honey.'  A  cataplasm of bread and honey. —
Galen.
  ARTUS, Membrum.
  ARTYMA,  Aroma, Condiment.
  ARUM, A.  maculatum, and A. triphyllum—a.
Americanum betas foliis, Dracontium fcetidum.
  Arum Dracun'culus, Dm cun'cuius polyphyl -
Ins,  Colubrlna Dracon'tia, Erva de  Sancta Ma-
ria, Gig'arus  serpenta'ria, Arum polyphyllum,
Serpenta'ria Gallo'rum.  Family, Aroideas. Sex.
Syst. Moncecia Polyandria. The  roots and leaves
are very acrimonious.   The plant resembles the
A. macula'tum in its properties.
  Arum Esculen'tum, Cala'dium  esculen'tum,
 Taro, Kalo.   The foliage and roots possess acrid
qualities, which are dissipated by baking or boil-
ing ; in which form it is  used  as food  by the
people of Madeira, the  Polynesians, <fcc.
  Arum Macula'tum,  Avon, Arum (of the older
writers), A. vulga're, Cuckow Pint, Barba Aaro'-
nis,  Serpenta'ria minor, Zin'giber German'icum,
Sacerdo'tispenis, Wake Robin, Prieslspintle, (F.)
Gouet, Pied de Veau.   The fresh root is  stimu-
lant  internally.  Dose, ^j.  of  the  dried root.
Externally, it is very acrid.  From the root of
this Arum a starch is  prepared, which is  called
Portland Island Sago, Gersa serpenta'ria, Cerus'-
sa serpenta'ria, Fec'ula ari macula'ti.
  Arum, Three-Leaved, Arum triphyllum.
  Arum, Triphyl'lum, Three-leaved arum, (F.)
Pied de Veau triphylle, Indian  Turnip, Dragon
Root,  Dragon Turnip, Pepper   Turnip.   This
plant grows all over the United States, and  is
received into  the Pharmacopoeia under the title
Arum.  The recent root, or Cormus—Arum, (Ph.
U. S.) — is very acrimonious, and has been em-
ployed  in  asthma, croup, and  hooping-cough.
Boiled in lard, it has been  used  in tinea capitis,.
and  in milk in consumption.
  Arum Virginicum, Peltandra Virginica — a.
Vulgare, A. maculatum.
  ARUMARI, Caramata.
  ARUNDO   BAMBOS, Bamboo —a.  Brachii
major, Ulna — a. Brachii minor,  Radius — a. In-
dica,  Sagittarium  alexipharmacum — a.  Major,
Tibia — a.  Minor, Fibula — a. Saccharifera, see
Saccharum.
  ARVA, Ava.
  ARVUM. Vulva—a. Naturae, Uterus.
  ARY-ARYTENOIDiEES,  Arytenoidasus—a.-
Epiglotticus, Arytano-epiglotticus.
  ARYTJS'NA, apvraiva,' a ladle.'  Hence, 
08                  ASCIA
        ARYTiENO-EPIGLOTTICUS        1

  ARYT^'NO-EPIGLOT'TICUS, Aryta'no-
epiglottida'us, Ary-epiglolticus.  That which be-
longs to the arytenoid  cartilages and epiglottis.
Winslow gives this name to  small, fleshy fasci-
culi, which are attached, at one extremity, to the
arytenoid cartilages, and, by the other, to the free
edge of the epiglottis.  These fibres do not al-
ways  exist.   They form part of the arytenoid
muscle of modern anatomists.
  AR'YTENOID, Arytano'i'dea, Arytendida'ua,
from apvratva, 'a ladle/ and ethos, 'shape.' Ladle-
shaped.
  Arytenoid Car'tilages, Cartilag"ines aryte-
noi'dea, C. gutturdles, C. Gutturi'na, C. gutturi-
for'mes.  0. triq'uetra, Guttur'nia, are two  carti-
lages of the larynx, situate posteriorly above the
cricoid, which, by approximation,  diminish the
aperture of  the  glottis.  Their upper  extremi-
ties or cornua are turned towards  each other,
and are now and then found loose, in the form of
appendices, which are considered, by  some, as
distinct cartilages, and termed  cuneiform or tu-
berculated Cartilages or Cornic'ula Laryn'gis.
  Arytenoid Glands, Gland'ula Arytenoida'a,
are small, glandular, whitish  bodies, situate an-
terior to the A. cartilages.  They pour out a mu-
cous fluid to lubricate the larynx.
  ARYTENOID.E'US,  (F.)  Aryteno'idien.  A
small muscle, which  passes from one arytenoid
cartilage to  the other, by its  contraction brings
them  together, and diminishes  the aperture of
the glottis.  Winslow divided the  muscle  into
three portions; — the Arytenoida'ua transver1 sus,
or Ary-arytenoida'us, and two Arytenoida'i ob-
li'qui.
  ARYTH'M, Aryih'mus, from  a, privative, and
pvBuos,  'rhythm/ 'measure.'   Irregular.   This
word is applied chiefly to the  pulse.
  ASA, Asafostida.   See Assa.
  ASAFCE'TIDA, Assafce'tida, Assafelida, Ster-
eus diab'oli, Oibua Deo'rum,  Asa,  Devil's  dung,
Food of the Gods.  A gum-resin — the  concrete
juice  of Fer'ula Assafce'tida, Narihex  Assafce'-
tida.  Order, Umbelliferas.  It is in small masses
of a whitish, reddish, and  violet hue,  adhering
together.  Taste bitter and subacrid: smell in-
supportably alliaceous.  The  Asiatics use  it re-
gularly as a condiment.
  Its medical properties are  antispasmodic, sti-
mulant, and anthelmintic.  Dose, gr. v  to xx, in
pill.
  ASAGRiEA OFFICINALIS, see Veratrina.
  AS'APES, 'crude/ Asep'ton.   A term applied
to the  sputa, or to other matters  evacuated, which
do not give signs of coction.
  ASAPH'ATUM, from  a, privative, and aatpvs,
'clear.'  This term has been applied to collec-
tions in the sebaceous follicles of the skin, which
may be pressed out like little worms, with a black
head.  See Acne.
  A SAP HI'A, from  a, privative,  and aatpvs,
'clear.'  Dyspho'nia immoduldtapalati'na, Pa-
rapho'nia guttura'lis;  P. palatina.  Defective
articulation, dependent  upon diseased  palate.—
Hippocrates, Vogel.
  A.SARABACCA,  Asarum — a. Broad-leaved,
Asarum Canadense.
  ASAR'CON, from a, privative, and o-apf, 'flesh.'
Devoid of flesh.   Aristotle  uses the term for the
head when it is but little fleshy, compared with
the chest and abdomen.
  ASARET, Asarum — a. du  Canada, Asarum
Canadense.
  ASARI'TES,  from atrapov, 'the  asarum.'  A
diuretic wine, of which asarum was an ingredient.
—Dioscorides.
  AS'ARUM, from a, privative, and aatptiv, 'to
adorn:' because not  admitted  into the ancient
coronal wreaths;  As'arum Europa'um, A. offici-
na'le, Nardua Montdna, Nardus Ruslica, Ax'.
arum, (F.) Asaret ou Cabaret, Oreille d'homme,
Oreillette, Girard-Roussin, Nurd Snuvage. Earn.
Aroideae.   Sex. Syst. Dodecandria Monogynia.
The plant, used in medicine, is the As'arum Eu-
ropa'um,  Asarabac'ca, and of this the  leaves.
They are  emetic,  cathartic, and errhine, but are
hardly ever employed, except for the last purpose.
  Asarum- Canaden'se, A. Garolinidnum,  Ca-
nada Snakeroot, Wild Ginger, Colt's Foot, Broad-
leaf Asarabacca,  Indian Ginger,  Henrt Snake-
root, (F.)  Asaret du Canada.  The root As'arum,
(Ph. U. S.) is used as a substitute  for ginger, and
is  said  to act  as  a warm stimulant  and dia-
phoretic.
  Asarum Carolinianum,  A. Canadense — a.
Europasum, see Asarum—a. Hypocistis, Cytinus
hypocistis—a. Officinale, see Asarum.
  ASBESTOS  SCALL, see Eczema of the hairy
scalp.
  ASCAIN, MINERAL WATERS OF. Ascain
is a village, situate about a league from St. Jean-
de-Luz, in France.  The water is a cold chaly-
beate.
  ASCARDAMYC'TES, from a,  privative, and
o-icap&apvTru, 'I twinkle the eyes.' One who stares
with fixed eyes, without moving  the eyelids.—
Hippocrates.
  ASCARICIDA  ANTHELMINTICA, Verno-
nia anthelmintica.
  ASCARIDE L UMBRICOIDE, Ascaris lum-
bricoides—a.  Vermiculaire. Ascaris vermicularis.
  AS'CARIS, pi. ASCAR'IDES, from  a^apt^u,
'I leap.'  A genus  of intestinal worms, charac-
terized by a long, cylindrical  body, extenuated
at the extremities; and having a mouth furnished
with three tubercles,  from which  a very  short
tube is sometimes seen issuing.  Formerly, there
were reckoned two varieties of the Ascaris—the
As'caris lumbrico'i'des, Lumbri'cus, L. teres hom'-
inis, Scolex, As'caris gigas hom'inis, (F.) Lombri-
co'ide, Ascaride lombrico'ide,' Lombric, L.  Teres,
or long round worm ; and the Aa'curia  Vermicu-
la'ris—the Ascaris proper—the thread worm or
maw worm.  The former is alone hfcluded  under
the genus, at present—a new genus having been
formed  of the A. vermicularis,  under  the  name
Oxyuris.  It is the Oxyu'ris vermicnln'ris, (F.)
Ascaride,  A. vermiculaire, Oxyure vermieuluire.
  A new species of entozoa has been found by
Dr. Bellingham, the As'caris ala'ta.
  Ascaris Alata, see Ascaris — a.  Gigas ho-
minis, see Ascaris—a. Lumbricoides, see Ascaris
—a. Trichuria,  Trichocephalus—a. Vermicularis,
see Ascaris.
  AS'CELES, Aa'kelea, Carens cru'ribua, from a,
privative,  and ckiXos, 'a leg.' One who has no legs.
  ASCELLA, Axilla.
  ASCENDENS, from ascendere, (ad and scan-
dere,)  'to  ascend.'  (F.) Aacendant.  Parts are
thus called, which are supposed to arise in a re-
gion lower than  that where  they terminate.
Thus, Aorta ascendena is the aorta from  its ori-
gin to the arch : Vena cava ascendens, the large
vein which carries the blood from the inferior
parts to the heart: Obliquus ascendens (muscle,)
the lesser  oblique muscle of the abdomen, <fcc.
  ASCEN'SUS MORBI. The period of increase
of a disease.
  ASCESIS, Exercise.
  ASCHIL, Scilla.
  ASCHISTODAC'TYLUS, Syndac'tylus: from
a, privative, axisros,  'cleft;' and  iaicrvXos, 'a
finger.' A monster whose fingers are not sepa-
rated from one another.—Gurlt.
  AS'CIA, Axine, 'an axe/ Scepar'noa, Dol'dbra,
Faa'cia spira'lis.  Name of a bandage mentioned 
ASCILLA
109
ASPEN
by Hippocrates and Galen, and figured by Scul-
tetus, in tho shape of an axe or hatchet.—Galen.
See Doloire.
  ASCILLA, Axilla.
  ASCI'TES, from ao-icos, 'a bottle :' — Aski'tes,
Hydroce'le Peritona'i,  Hydrops Abdom'inia, H.
Aseitea, Hydrogaa'ter, llytlroperiloue'um,  Hydro-
coe'liu, Hydre'trum, Aaeli'tes, (h 1 ioeh'y sis, Dropsy
of the lower belly, Dropsy of the I'eritoue'um, (F.)
Ascite, Hydro-peritonie, IlydropisieduBas-ventre.
A collection of serous fluid in the abdomen.  As-
cites proper is dropsy of the peritoneum;  and is
characterized by increased size of tho abdomen,
by fluctuation and the  general signs of  dropsy.
It is  rarely a primary disease;  but is  always
dangerous,  and but  little susceptible of cure.
Most generally, it is owing  to obstructed circu-
lation in some of the viscera, or to excitement of
the vessels of the  abdominal  organs.  The treat-
ment is essentially the same as that of other drop-
sies.  Paracentesis, when  had recourso  to, can
only be regarded as a palliative.
   Dropsy of the peritoneum may also be saccated
or in cysts, and occasionally the fluid accumulates
exterior to  the peritoneum,  Hydrepigas'trium.
When in cysts it is termed Ilydrocys'tis, Hydrops
abdom'inis  sacca'tus,  H.  cys'ticus and  Ascites
sacca'tus.
   Ascites Hepato-Cysticus, Turgescentia vesi-
culao felleae—a. Ovarii,  Hydrops ovarii—a. Puru-
lentus,  Pyoccelia—a. Saccatus, see Ascites, Hy-
droarion, and Hydrops  ovarii.
  ASCLP^PI'ADiE, Asclepi'ades; from AatcXvirtos,
' iEsculapius.'  The priest physicians, who served
in the ancient temples of iEsculapius, and who
took their name from being his descendants.
  ASQLEPIADE, Asclepias vincetoxicum.
  ASCLEPIAS ALBA,  A.  vincetoxicum — a.
Apocynum, A. Syriaca.
   Ascle'pias Astumat'ICA, Cynan'chumIpecacu-
an'ha, (F.) Ipecacuanha blanc de I He de France.
A creeping plant of the Isle of France, regarded
as a specific in asthma.
   Asclepias Crispa, Gomphocarpus crispus.
   Asclepias Curassav'ica, Bastard Ipecacu-
anha,  Redhead,  Bloodweed.   The leaves  are
emetic  in  the  dose of  one or two scruples.  It
is the Ipecacuanha blanc of St. Domingo.
   Asclepias Decum'bens; the root. Escharotic,
cathartic, sudorific, diuretic.
  Asclepias, Flesh-coloured, A. Incarnata.
   Asclepias Gigante'a.  The milky juice  is
very  caustic.  It is used in Malabar  against
herpes;  and,  mixed  with oil, in  gout.   See
Mudar.
  Ascle'pias Incarna'ta, Flesh-coloured ascle-
pias.  The root of this plant, which grows in all
parts of the  United States, has the same virtues
as A. Syriaca.
   Asclepias Obovata, A. Syriaca.
   Asclepias Proc"era ( ? ) Beidelossar;  Bei-
delsar.  An  Egyptian  plant,  the leaves of which
are made into a plaster, and  applied to indolent
tumours.  The milky juice is caustic, and is used
as such.
  Asclepias Pseudosarsa,  Hemidesmus  In-
dicus—a. Pubescens, A. Syriaca.
  Asclepias Svriaca, A. pubes'cens, A. apoc"y-
num, A. obova'ta seu tomento'sa, Common Silk-
tceed, Milk  Weed,  (F.)  Herbe d la houette.   The
cortical part of the root has been given, in pow-
der, in asthmatic and pulmonic affections in ge-
neral, and,  it is said, with success.^
  Ascle'pias Sullivan'tii,  Smooth Milkweed,
Silk weed: indigenous, possesses the same virtues
as the next.
  Asclepias Tomentosa, A.  Syriaca.
  Ascle'pias Tubero'sa, Butterfly Weed, Pleu-
risy Root,  Flux Root, Wind Root, White Root,
 Orange Swallow Root, Silk Weed,  Canada Root,
 Orange Apoc"ynitm,  Tuberous  Rooted Swallow
 Wort.  Nat.  Ord. Asclepiadeas.  Sex. Syst. Pen-
tandria Digynia.  Said to have been first recom-
mended by the Asclepiades.  In Virginia and the
Carolinas, the root  of this plant has been  long
celebrated as a remedy in pneumonic affections.
It is sudorific, and the powder acts  as  a  mild
purgative.  Its chief powers are said to be expec-
torant, diaphoretic, and febrifuge.  It is occa-
sionally given  to relieve pains of the stomach
from flatulency and indigestion.
   Asclepias Vincetox'icum, A. Alba,  Oynan'-
chum Vincetox'icum, Vincetox'icum,  V. Officina'le,
 Ilirundina'ria, Apoc"ynum Nova An'glia hirsu-
 tum,  &c, Swallow- Wort, White Swallow-Wort,
 (F.) Asclepiade, Dompte-venin.
   The root is said to be stimulant, diuretic, and
 emmenagogue, but is  hardly ever used.
   ASCLEPIASMUS, Hasmorrhois.
   ASCLITES, Ascites.
   ASCO'MA, from aaxos, 'a bottle.'  The  emi-
 nence of the  pubes at the period  of puberty in
females.—Rufus of  Ephesus.
   ASE, Anxiety.
   ASELLI, Onisci aselli.
   ASELLUS, Oniscus.
   ASE'MA CRISIS,  xpitrts aavpa, from a, priva-
tive,  and anpa, 'a sign.'   A crisis occurring unex-
pectedly andwithout the ordinary precursory signs.
   ASEPTON, Asapes.
   ASH, BITTER,  Quassia — a. Blue, Fraxinus
 quadrangulata — a. Mountain, Sorbus acuparia
—a. Prickly, Aralia spinosa, Xanthoxylum clava
 Herculis — a. Prickly,  shrubby,  Xanthoxylum
 fraxineum — a.  Stinking, Petela  trifoliata — a.
 Tree,  Fraxinus excelsior—a. White, Fraxinus
Americana.
   ASIT"IA,  from a, privative, and atros, 'food.'
Abstinence from food. Want of appetite,—Fas-
 tid'ium cibo'rum, ApocleVsis.
   ASIUS LAPIS, Assius Lapis.
   ASJAGAN,  As'jogam.  An Indian tree,  the
 juice  of whose leaves,  mixed  with powdered
 cumin seeds,  is employed in India  in colic.
   ASJOGAM, Asjagan.
   ASKELES, Asceles.
   ASKITES, Ascites.
   ASO'DES, Asso'des, from aon, 'disgust/ 'sati-
ety.'   A fever  accompanied with  anxiety and
nausea; Fe'bris aso'des vel azo'des.
   ASPALASO'MUS,  from airiraXal, 'amole/ and
aupa,  'body.'  A genus  of monsters in which
there  is imperfect  development of the eyes.—
I. G. St. Hilaire. Also, a malformation, in which
the fissure and eventration extend chiefly upon
the lower part of the  abdomen; the urinary ap-
paratus, genitals and  rectum  opening externally
by three distinct orifices.—Yogel.
   ASPALTUM, Asphaltum.
   ASPARAGINE, see Asparagus.
   ASPARAGUS,  Aspar'agus officina'lis, Com-
mon Asparagus, Spar'agus, Sper'agus, Sparrow
Grass, Grass.   Nat. Ord. Asphodeleas.  Sex. Syst.
Hexandria Monogynia. Aspar'agi officina'lis Tu-
rio'nes, (F.) Asperge.  The fresh roots are diu-
retic, perhaps owing  to  the  immediate  crystal-
lizable principle, Asparagine.   The young shoots
are a well known and  esteemed vegetable diet.
They communicate a peculiar odour to the urine.
A syrup made of the young shoots and an  extract
of the roots has been recommended as a sedative
in heart affections.
  ASPA'SIA.  A ball of wood soaked in an in-
fusion of galls, and used by females  for constring-
ing the vagina.
  ASPEN, AMERICAN, Populus tremuloides
—a. European, Populus tremula. 
ASPERA ARTERIA
110
ASPLENIUM
  ASPERA ARTERIA, Trachea.
  ASPERGE,  Asparagus.
  ASPERITAS ARTERLE ASPERA,  Rau-
cedo.
  ASPERITE DES PAUPIERES, Trachoma.
  ASPER'ITY, Asper'itas, roughness.  Asperi-
ties  are inequalities on  the  surfaces of bones,
which  often serve  for the insertion  of fibrous
organs.
  ASPERMATIA,  Aspermatismus.
  ASPERMATIS'MUS, Asper'mia,Asperma'tia,
from a, privative, and oittppa, ' sperm.'  Reflux
of sperm from the urethra into the bladder, dur-
ing the venereal orgasm.
  ASPERMIA, Aspermatismus.
  ASPERSIO,  Catapasma, Fomentation.
  ASPER'SION, Asper'sio, from aspergere  (ad
and  spargere,)  'to sprinkle/ (F.) Arrosement.
Act  of  sprinkling or  pouring a liquid guttatim
over a  wound, ulcer, &c.
  ASPERULA, Galium aparine.
  Asper'ula Odora'ta,  Gallium odora'tum, Ma-
trisylva, Hepat'ica stella'ta,  (F.) AspSrule odo-
rante ou Muguet des bois, Hepatique  etoilee.  Fam.
Rubiaeeas.   Sex. Syst. Tetrandria Monogynia.
Sweet-scented Wood-roof  Said to  be diuretic,
deobstruent, tonic, and vulnerary.
  ASPERULE  ODOR ANTE,  Asperula  odo-
rata.
  ASPHALTI'TES, Nephrites, Nephritis, Pri-
ma Vertebra lumba'ria, same etymon as asphal-
tum.  A name  given by some to the last lumbar
vertebra.—Gorrasus.
  ASPHAL'TUM, Nep'ta, Arsaltos, Asphaltum,
from aotpaXtfytv,  'to strengthen.' With the Greeks,
this word  signified any kind  of bitumen.  It is
now restricted  chiefly to the Bitu'men  of Ju-
DjE'a, B. Juda'icum, A. solidum, Jews' Pitch, Ka-
rabe of Sodom, (F.) Asphalte.  It is solid, friable,
vitreous, black, shining,  inflammable, and of a
fetid smell.  An oil is obtained from it by distil-
lation.   It enters into  the composition of certain
ointments and plasters.
  It is  collected  on the  surface of the water of
the Dead Sea or Lake Asphaltites,  in Judaea.
  ASPHARINE, Galium aparine.
  ASPHOD'ELUS, A. Ramo'sus, A. Albus, A. Ma-
ris, Has'tula Regis, (F.) Lis asphodile.  Tbe bulbs
of this southern  European plant have an acrimony
which  they lose in boiling water.   They contain
a fecula with which bread has been made, and
have been considered  diuretic.  They have been
used as a succedaneum for the squill.
  ASPHYX'IA, from  a, priv., and atpvits, 'pulse/
Defec'tus Pulsus, Acrotis'mus, Sidera'tio, Sydera'-
tio.  For  a long time, Asphyxia was confined to
the sense of 'suspension of  circulation  or Syn-
cope.'   It now  generally means suspended ani-
mation, produced by  the nonconversion  of the
venous  blood  of the lungs  into  arterial Ap-
nce'a,  Apneus'tia, Apnceasphyx'ia, Anhamatd-
sia,  Ec'lysis pneumo-cardi'aca.    Owing to the
supply of air being cut off, the unchanged venous
blood  of the pulmonary artery passes into the
minute radicles of the  pulmonary veins, but their
peculiar excitability requiring arterial blood to
excite  them, stagnation  takes place in the pul-
monary radicles, and death  occurs chiefly from
this cause, — not owing  to venous blood  being
distributed through the system, and ' poisoning'
it, as was the idea of  Bichat.  Oarus  asphyx'ia,
Mors appa'reus, Mors  pntatlva, Pseudothan'atos,
Apparent death,  (F.)  Mart apparente, is charac-
terized by suspension of respiration, of the cere-
bral functions, <fec.  Several varieties of Asphyxia
have been designated.
   1. Asphyx'ia of the New-Born, A. neonato'-
rum.  This  is  often dependent upon the  feeble
condition of the infant, not permitting respiration
to be established.
  2. Asphy'ia by Noxious  Inhala'tion or in-
halation of gases, some of which cause death by
producing a spasmodic closure  of the glottis:
others  by the want  of  oxygen,  and others are
positively deleterious or poisonous.
  3. Asphyx'ia  by Strangula'tion or Suffoca'-
tian;  produced  by mechanical  impediment to
respiration, as in strangulation.
  4. Asphyx'ia  by Submer'sion,  A. by drown-
ing, A. Immerso'rum, as occurs in  the drowned,
who perish  in consequence  of the medium in
which  they  are plunged, being unfit for respira-
tion.   See Submersion.
  Mr.  Chevalier  has used the term Asphyx'ia
Idiopath'ica, for fatal syncope owing to relaxa-
tion of the heart.  See Suffocation.
  Asphyx'ia Immersorum,  A. by  submersion—
a. Local:—see Gangrene—a. Neonatorum, A. of
the new-born — a.  Pestilenta:—see Cholera—a.
Pestilential:—see Cholera.
  ASPHYX'IAL.  Relating to  asphyxia—as 'as-
phyxial phenomena.'
  ASPHYXIE  DES PARTIES, Gangrene—
a. Lente dea  nouveau-nes, Induration of the cel-
lular tissue.
  ASPHYX'IED,  Asphyxiated, same etymon.
In a state of asphyxia.
  ASPIC, Aspis;  also, Lavendula.
  ASPIDISCOS, Sphincter ani externus.
  ASPID'IUM ATHAMAN'TICUM.  A South
African fern, Nat. Ord. Filices, which is  pos-
sessed  of anthelmintic properties.  Its caudex, in
the form of  powder,  infusion,  or electuary,  has
been found excellent in  helminthiasis, and espe-
cially in tapeworm.
  Aspidium  Coriaceum, Calagualas  radix — a.
Depastum, Polypodium filix mas—a. Discolor, see
Calagualas radix — a. Erosum, Polypodium filix
mas—a. Filix foemina, Asplenium filix fcemina—
a. Ferrugineum,  see  Calagualas radix — a. Filix
mas, Polypodium filix mas.
  ASPIRATIO,  Inspiration.
  ASPIRA'TION, Adspira'tio, Aspira'tio, from
aspirare  (ad and  spirare)  ' to breathe.'   The
French sometimes use the term synonymously
with inspiration.   It  also means the  act of at-
tracting or  sucking  like a  pump.  Imbibition.
Also, the pronunciation of a vowel with a full
breath.
  ASPIS, aunts.   A name given by the ancients
to a venomous  serpent—the ^Egyptian viper of
Lacepede, (F.) Aspic.  Its bite is very dangerous,
and it  is supposed to  have been the reptile which
Cleopatra used for  her destruction.
  ASPLE'NIUM,  from  a, priv.,  and <rirX»;v, 'the
spleen.'  Spleenwort, Miltwaste.
  Asplenium Aureum, A. ceteracb.
  Asple'nium Cet'erach, A.  au'reum  seu  lati-
fo'lium,  Gymnogram'me  ceterach, Dorudilla,
Blechnum aquamo'aum, Scolopen'dria, Athyr'ion,
Cet'erach officina'rum, seu canarien'sis, Grammi-
tes cet'erach seu au'rea, Gynop'teris ceterach,  Vit-
ta'ria  ceterach, (F.)  Doradille.  Supposed to be
subastringent and mucilaginous, and  has  been
recommended as a pectoral.  It has also  been
given in calculous cases.
  Asple'nium Filix Fce'mina, Polypo'dium filix
famina, P.  molle seu denta'tum seu inci'sum seu
trif'idum, Aspidium filix fcemina, Athyr'i urn filix
famina seu molle seu ova'tum seu trif'idum, Pte-
ris palus'tris, Female fern, Spleenwort, (F.) Fou-
gere femelle.  The root of this plant resembles
that of the male fern, and is said to possess simi-
lar anthelmintic virtues.  The name female fern
is also given to Pteris aquilina. 
ASPREDO
111
ASTHMA
  Asplenium Latifolium, A. ceterach—a. Mu-
rale, A. ruta—a. Obtusum, A. ruta muraria.
  Asple'nium Ruta Mura'ria,  A. murdle seu
obtu'sum, I'nronych'ia,  Phylli'tis  ruta mura'ria,
Scolojien'drium ruta mura'ria,  Wallrue,  White
Maidenhair,  Tentwort, Adiun'tum album, Ruta
mnra'ritt,  Sal'riu Vita, (F.) Rue des murailles,
Sauve-vie.  Used in the same cases as the  last.
  Asple'nium  Scolopen'diuum,  Scolopendrium
offXcindrum seu lingua  seu  phylli'tis seu vulga'-
re,  Scolopen'dra, Scolopen'driu, Hart's Tongue,
Spleen wort, Phylli'tis, Lingua eervi'nu Blechnum
lignifo'lium,  (F.) Scolopendre,  Langue  de cerf.
Properties  like the last.
  Asple'nium  Triciiomanoi'des, A. Trichom'-
anes, Phylli'tis rotund ifo'litt, Culyphyllum, Tri-
chom'anes,  T. crenu'tu, Adian'tum rubrum, Com-
mon  Maidenhair, Polyl rich tint commu'ne, (F.)
Polytric.   Properties like the last.
  ASPREDO,  Trachoma—a. Miliacea, Miliary
fever.
  ASPR&LE, Hippuris vulgaris.
  ASSACOU, Hura Brasiliensis.
  ASS A DOUX, Benjamin—a. Dulcis, Benja-
min—a. Odorata, Benjamin.
  ASSABA.   A Guinea shrub, whose leaves are
considered capable of dispersing buboes.
  ASSAFETIDA, Asafcctida.
  ASSAF03TIDA, Asafostida.
  ASSAIERET.  A compound of bitter, stoma-
chic, and purgative medicines in the form of pill.
—Aviccnna.
  A SSA1SONNEMENT, Condiment.
  ASSAKUR,  Saccharum.
  ASSALA,  see Myristica moschata.
  ASS ARTHROSIS, Articulation.
  ASSA'TIO, Opte'sis  The boiling  of food or
medicines  in their own juice, without the  addi-
tion of any liquid.  Various kinds of cooking by
heat.—Galen.
   ASSELLA, Axilla.
   AS'SERAC, Assis.  A  preparation  of  opium
 or  of some narcotic, used by the Turks as  an ex-
 citant.
   ASSERCULIIM, Splint.
   ASSER VAT I ON, Conservation.
   ASSES' MILK, see Milk, asses.
   Asshs' Milk, Artificial, see Milk, asses.
   AS'SIDENS, from ad, 'to/ and sedere, 'to be
 seated.' That which accompanies or is concomi-
 tant.  An  epithet applied to the accessory symp-
 toms, Assiden'tia signa, and  general phenomena
 of disease.
   ASSIDENTIA SIGNA, see Assidens.
   ASSIMILA'TION, Assimildtio, Simila'tio,
 Appropria'tio, Exomoio'sis, Homoio'sis, Threpsis,
 Thrcp'tice : from assimilare, (ad, and similare,)
 'to render similar.'  The  act by which  living
 bodies appropriate  and transform into their own
 substance matters with which they may be placed
 in  contact.
   ASSIS,  Asserac.
   AS'SIUS  LAPIS, A'aiua Lapis.   A sort of
 stone or earth found  near the town of Assa in
 the Troad, which had the property of destroying
 proud flesh.
   ASSODES, Asodes.
   A SSO UPISSEMEXT, Somnolency.
  ASSOUROX. see Mvrtus Pimenta.
  ASSUETUDO. Habit.
  ASSULA, Splint.
  ASSULTUS. Attack.
  ASSl'MPTIO, Prehension.
  ASTACI FLUVIATILIS  CONCREMENTA,
Cancrorum chelas.
  AST AC US FLUVIATILIS, Crab.
  ASTAKILLOS, Aranoum ulcus.
  ASTARZOF.   An ointment, composed of li-
tharge, frog's  spawn, <fec.  Also,  camphor, dis-
solved in rose water.—Paracelsus.
  ASTASIA, Dysphoria.
  ASTER ATTICUS, Bubonium.
  Aster Cordifolius,  Heart-leaved  Aster, A.
Puniceus, Roughstemmed Aater, and other indi-
genous  species,  Order Compositas, possess aro-
matic properties.
  Aster Dysentericus, Inula dysenterica—a.
Heart-leaved, A. cordifolius — a. Helenium, Inula
Helenium — a. Inguinalis, Eryngium campestre
— a. Officinalis, Inula helenium.
  Aster, Rough-Stemmed, A.   Puniceus — a,
Undulatus, Inula dysenterica.
  ASTE'RIA GEMMA, Aste'rius, Astroi'tes, As'-
trios, Astrob'olus.  The  ancients  attributed ima-
ginary virtues to this stone,—that of dispersing
Navi Materni, for example.
  ASTERIAS LUTEA, Gentiana lutea.
  ASTEROCEPHALUS  SUCCISA,  Scabiosa
succisa.
  ASTHENES, Infirm.
  ASTHENI'A, Vis  imminu'ta,  from  a,  priv.,
and aStvos, 'force/  'strength.'  Want of strength,
debility.  (F.) Affaiblissement.   Infirmity.  A
word used in this sense by Galen, and employed,
especially by Brown, to designate debility of the
whole economy, or diminution of the vital forces.
He distinguished it into direct  and indirect:  the
former proceeding from  diminution of stimuli;
the  latter from exhaustion  of incitability by the
abuse of stimuli.
  Asthenia Deglutitionis, Pharyngoplegia—a.
Pectoralis, Angina Pectoris.
  ASTHENICOPYBA, Fever, adynamic.
  ASTHEXICOPYRETUS, Fever, adynamic.
  ASTIIENO'PIA, Debil'itas  visits, (F.) Affai-
blissement  de  la  Vue,  from  a, priv.,  oBtvos,
'strength,' and wip,  'the  eye.'   Weakness of
sight;  Weaksightedness.
  ASTIIENOPYRA, Fever, adynamic, Typhus.
  ASTHENOPYRETCS, Fever,  adynamic.
   ASTHMA,  from aaBpa, 'laborious breathing;'
from aui, ' I respire.'  A. spas'ticum adulto'rum,
A.  Scnio'rum, A. Convulslvum, A. spas'ticum in-
termiltens, Dyspnce'a et orthopnee'a convulsi'va,
Malum Cadu'cum pulmo'num, Broken-windedness,
Nervous asthma, (F.) Asthme, A.  nerveux.  Diffi-
culty of breathing, recurring at intervals, accom-
panied with a wheezing sound and sense of con-
striction in the chest; cough and expectoration.
   Asthma is a chronic disease, and not curable
with facility.   Excitant and narcotic  antispas-
modics are required.
   There are no pathognomonic physical signs of
asthma.  In some cases, the respiration  is uni-
versally puerile during the  attack.  In the spas-
modic form, the respiratory  murmur is very feeble
or absent during the fit; and in all forms percus-
sion elicits a clear pulmonary sound.  The disease
generally consists in some source of irritation, and
occasionally, perhaps, in paralysis of the pneu-
mogastric nerves,  Bronehoparaly'sis, Paraly'sis
nervi vagi in  parte  thorac"ica, more frequently
of  the  former — all  the phenomena  indicating
constriction of the smaller bronchial  ramifica-
tions.   The treatment is one that relieves spas-
modic action—narcotics, counter-irritants, change
of air,  <fec.
  Asthma Acu'tum, of Millar, A. spas'ticum in-
fan'tum, Oynan'che Trachea'lis spasmod'ica, (F.)
Asthme  aigu.   Probably,  spasmodic  croup. (?)
See Asthma Thymicum.
  Asthma Aerium,  Pneumothorax—a. Aerium
ab  Emphysemate Pulmonum, Emphysema of the
Lungs—a. Arthriticum, Angina Pectoris.
  Asthma. Cardiac Dyspnoea dependent upon
disease of the  heart. 
12                ASTYPHIA
                ASTHMATIC               1

  Asthma  Convulsivum, Angina pectoris — a.
Diaphragmaticum, Angina Pectoris—a. Dolori-
ficum,  Angina  pectoris — a.  Emphysematicum,
Pneumothorax.
  Asthma, Grinders', Grinders' Rot.  The ag-
gregate of functional phenomena, induced by the
inhalation of  particles  thrown  off during the
operation of grinding metallic instruments, &c.
The structural changes induced are enlargement
of the bronchial tubes, expansion of the pulmo-
nary tissue, and phthisis.
  Asthma Gypseum, A. pulverulentum—a. Hay,
Fever, hay.
  Asthma Hu'midum, Humid, Common, or Spit-
ting asthma, is when the disease is accompanied
with expectoration.  It is also called A. humo-
ra'le,  A. flatuleiiturn,  A. pneumon'icum, Blenno-
tho'rax chron'icus, &e.
  Asthma Infantum, Cynanche  trachealis—a.
Infantum Spasmodicum, A. Thymicum—a. Kop-
pian,  A.  Thymicum — a. Laryngeum Infantum,
A. Thymicum—a. Montanum, A. pulverulentum
—a. Nervous, Asthma—a. Nocturnum, Incubus.
  Asthma  Pulverulen'tum,  A. gyp'seum, A.
monta'num.  The  variety of asthma  to  which
millers, bakers, grinders and others are subject.
  Asthma Siccum, so called when the paroxysm
is sudden, violent, and of short duration; cough
slight, and expectoration scanty;  spasmodic con-
striction.
  Asthma Spastico-Arthriticum Inconstans,
Angina pectoris — a.  Spasticum  Infantum,  A.
Thymicum.
  Asthma Thy'micum, A. T. Kop'pii, A. spas'ti-
cum infan'tum, A. infan'tum,  spasmo'dicum, Thy-
masth'mu,   Cynan'che  trachea'lis  spasmod'ica,
Spasmus  gloltidis,  Asthma  larynge'um  infan'-
tum, A. intermit'tens infan'tum, A. Dentien'tium,
A. period'icum acu'tum, Koppian Asthma, Thymic
Asthma, Laryngis'mus stridulus,  Laryngo-spas-
mus,  Apnce'a  infan'tum, Spasm  of  the  larynx,
Spasm of the glottis, Croup-like inspiration of in-
fants, Child-crowing, Spasmodic  croup, Pseudo-
croup, Spu'rious croup, Oer'ebral croup, Suffocat-
ing nervous catarrh, (F.) Laryngite striduleuse,
Faux Croup, Pseudo-croup nerveux, Spasme de la
Glotte et du Thorax.   A disease of infants, cha-
racterized by suspension of respiration at inter-
vals ;  great difficulty of breathing, especially on
waking, swallowing, or crying; ending often in a
fit of suffocation, with convulsions.  The  patho-
logy  of the disease has been supposed to consist
in an enlargement of the thymus gland,  or of
the glands of the neck pressing on the pneumo-
gastric nerves. (?)  The ear, on auscultation, at a
distance from  the chest, detects  an incomplete,
acute, hissing  inspiration, or rather cry; whilst
the expiration  and voice are croupal, both at the
accession and termination of the paroxysm.  The
heart's action  has been  observed to be distinct
and feeble.
  These symptoms are often accompanied by ri-
gidity of the fingers and toes; the thumb being
frequently drawn forcibly into the palm  of the
clenched  hand,  whence the name Carpo-pedal
spasm, applied, at times, to the disease.
  Asthma Typicum.  Asthma characterized by
periodicity.
  Asthma Uteri, Hysteria—a. Weed, Lobelia
inflata.
  ASTHMAT'IC,  Asthmalicus,  Pnoocolyt'icus,
Affected with asthma.   Relating to asthma.
  ASTHME AIGU, Asthma acutum — a. Ner-
veux, Asthma.
  AS'TOMUS, from a,  privative, and oroua, 'a
mouth.'  One  without a mouth.  Pliny  speaks
of a people  in India  without mouths, who live
anhelatu et odore I
  ASTRAGALE  COL D', Collum astragali.
  ASTRAGALOIDES  SYPHILITICA, Astra-
galus exscapus.
  ASTRAG'ALUS,  Talus, the Ankle, Qua'trio,
Quar'tio,  Quater'nio, Diab'ebos, Peza, Cuvic'ula,
Gavilla,  Tetro'ros, As'trion,  Os Ballisla, from
aarpayaXos, 'a die/ which it has been considered
to resemble. (?)  A short bone situate at tho su-
perior and middle part of the tarsus, where it is
articulated with the tibia.  It is the ankle bone,
sling bone, or first bone of the foot.  The anterior
surface is  convex, and has a well-marked promi-
nence, supported by a kind of neck, and hence
has been called the head of the  astragalus.  The
astragalus is developed by two points of ossifica-
tion.
  Astrag'alus Exs'CAPUS,  Astragalo'i'dea  ay-
phililica, Stemless Milk-vetch,  (F.) Astragale d
gousses velus.  Nat. Ord.  Leguminosae.-   Sex.
Syst.  Diadelphia Decandria.  The root is said to
have cured confirmed syphilis.
  Astrag'alus Tragacanthus, see Tragacanth.
  Astrag'alus Verus, Spina Mrci, Astrag'alus
aculea'tus, Goat's thorn, Milk-vetch.  The plant
which  affords  Gum  Trag'acanth.   See Traga-
cantha.
  ASTRANTIA, Imperatoria—a. Diapensia,  Sa-
nicula.
  AS'TRAPE,  Corusca'tio, Fulgur, Fulmen,
Lightning.  Galen reckons it amongst the  re-
mote causes  of epilepsy.
  ASTRIC'TION, Astric'tio, Stypsis, Adstric'tio,
Oonstric'tio,  from  astrtngere, (ad and stringere,)
'to  constringe.'  Action of  an astringent sub-
stance on  the animal  economy.
  ASTRICTORIA, Astringents.
  ASTRINGENT  ROOT,  Comptonia aspleni-
folia.
  ASTRINGENTS, Astringen'tia, Adstricto'ria,
Adstringen'tia, Stryphna, Catastaltica, Const rin-
gen'tia,  Contrahen'tia,  Stegno'tica,  Syncrilica,
Astricto'ria.  Same etymon.  Medicines which
have the  property of constringing  the  organic
textures.  External astringents are called Styp-
tics.
  The following are  the chief astringents: Aci-
dum Sulphuricum, A.  Tannicum, Alumen, Ar-
genti  Nitras, Catechu, Creasoton,  Cupri  Sul-
phas, Tinct. Ferri Chloridi, Liquor Ferri, Nitra-
tis, Ferri  Sulphas, Gallae,  Hasmatoxylon, Kino,
Krameria, Liquor Calcis, Plumbi Acetas, Quercus
Alba,  Quercus Tinctoria, Zinci Sulphas,
  ASTRION, Astragalus.
  ASTRIOS, Asteria geTnrna.
  ASTROBLES, from aarpov,  'a star,' and fiaXXoi,
'I strike.'  One struck by the stars (sidera'tus.)
One who is in a state of sideration — in an apo-
plectic state.—Gorraeus.
  ASTROBOLIS'MUS, Heli'asis, Helio'sis;
same  etymology.  Sidera'tion or action of  the
stars on  a person.   Apoplexy.—Theophrastus,
Gorraeus.
  ASTROBOLOS, Asteria gemma.
  ASTROITIS, Asteria gemma.
  ASTROL'OGY, Astrolog"ia, from  aarpov, 'a
star/ and  Xoyos, ' a discourse.'   The art of divin-
ing by inspecting the stars.   This was formerly
considered to be a part of medicine;  and was
called Judicial Astrology, to distinguish it from
astronomy.
  ASTRON'OMY, Astronom'ia, from aarpov, 'a
star/ and  vouos, 'a law/ 'rule.'  A science which
makes known the heavenly phenomena, and  the
laws that  govern them.  Hippocrates places this
and astrology amongst  the necessary studies of
a physician.
  ASTRUTHIUM, Imperatoria.
  ASTYPHIA, Impotence. 
ASTYSIA
113
ATLAS
   ASTYSIA, Impotence.
   ASUAR, Myrobalanus Indica.
   AS VLCI, Lapis lazuli.
   ASYN'ODIA, Impotence.
   ATACTOS, Erratic.
   ATARACTAPOIE'SIA, Ataractopiie'sia, from
 a, privative, rapa/cros, 'troubled,' and irottiv, 'to
 make.' Intrepidity, firmness; a quality of which,
 according to Hippocrates, the physician ought to
 be possessed in the highest degree.
   ATARAX'IA, from a,  privative, and  rapafis,
 'trouble/ 'emotion.'  Moral tranquillity, peace
 of mind.
   AT'AVIS.M, from atavus, 'an old grandsire or
 ancestor,  indefinitely.'   The case in which  an
 anomaly or disease, existing in a family, is lost
 in one generation and reappears in the following.
   ATAX'IA, from a, privative,  and rafis,  'order.'
 Disorder, irregularity.  Hippocrates employs the
 word  in its most  extensive acceptation.   Galen
 applies it, especially, to irregularity of pulse;
 and Sydenham speaks  of Ataxia  Spirituum for
 disorder of the nervous  system.  Ataxia, now,
 usually means the state of disorder that  charac-
 terizes nervous levers, and the nervous condition.
   Ataxia Spirituum,  Nervous diathesis.  See
 Ataxia.
   ATAX'IC. At ax.'icus ; same etymon.   Having
 tho characters of ataxia.
   ATC1IAR, A'chia,  Achar.  A condiment used
 in India.   It is formed of green fruits of  various
 kinds,—garlic, ginger, mustard,  and pimento,
 pickk-d in vinegar.
   ATECNIA, Sterilitas.
   ATELECTASIS, from anXvs, 'imperfect, de-
 fective,' and tKTacris, 'dilatation.'   Imperfect ex-
 pansion or dilatation ; as in
   Atelectasis Pulmo'num, Pneumonatelec'ta-
 sis, Pneumatelec'tasis.  Imperfect  expansion  of
 the lungs  at birth, from areXvs, 'imperfect/ and
 BKratns, ' dilatation.'  Giving rise to  Cyano'sis
 pulmona'lis.
   AT'ELES, areXns,  'imperfect,  defective.'—
 Hence,
   ATELOCHEI'LIA, from ariXns, 'imperfect/
 and xci^°s> ' lip-*   A malformation which con-
 sists in an imperfect development of the lip.
   ATELOENCEPHAL'IA,  from arcXvs, 'imper-
 fect/  and tyKttpaXov, ' the  encephalon.'  State of
 imperfect development of the brain.—Andral.
   ATELOGLCS'SIA,  from artXtis, 'imperfect/
 and  yXuo-aa, ' tongue.'  A malformation  which
 consists  in  an  imperfe^ development  of the
 tongue.
  ATELOGNA'THIA,  from areXr,s, 'imperfect/
 and  yvaBos, 'the jaw.'  A malformation  which
 consists in an imperfect development of the jaw.
  ATELOMYEL'IA, from  artXvs, 'imperfect,'
 and pvtXos,  'marrow.  State of imperfect deve-
 lopment of the spinal marrow.—B6clard.
  ATELOPROSO'PIA, from artXns, 'imperfect/
 and irpoowirov, 'the face.'   A malformation which
 consists in imperfect development of the face.
  ATELORACHIDIA,  Hydrorachis.
  ATELOSTOM'IA, from artXvs, 'imperfect/
 and tiropa, 'mouth.'  One whose mouth  is im-
 perfectly developed.
  ATER  SUCCUS, Atrabilis.
  ATHAMAN'TA, from  Athamas, a place in
 Thessaly.   A genus of plants.
  Athamanta Annua, A.  Cretensis.
  Atiiaman'ta  Aureoseli'num,  Oreoseli'num,
 0. legit'imum seu nigrum,  Seli'num oreoselinum,
Pcuced'u.num oreoseli'num,  Apium monta'num,
Black  Mountain Parsley, (F.)  Persil de Mon-
tague.  The plant, seed and roots, are  aromatic.
It has been considered attenuant, aperient, deob-
      8
 struent, and lithontripic.   The distilled oil haa
 been used in toothach.
   Athaman'ta Creten'sis seu Creti'ca, A. an'-
 nua, Libano'tis annua seu  Creten'sis seu hirsu'ta,
 Dttucus Creticus; D. Candia'nus, Myrrhis an'nua.
 Candy Carrot.   The seeds of this plant are acrid
 and aromatic.  They have been used as carmina-
 tives and diuretics.
   Athamanta  Macedonica, Bubon Macedoni-
 cum—a. Meum, JEthusa meum.
   ATHANASIA, Tanacetum.
   Athaxa'sia,  from  a, privative,  and Savaros,
 'death.' An antidote for  diseases  of the liver,
 jaundice, gravel,  &c.  It  consisted of saffron,
 cinnamon,  lavender, cassia, myrrh, juncus odo-
 ratus, honey, <fcc, and was esteemed to be sudo-
 rific.
   ATHARA, Athera.
   ATHELAS'MUS, from a, privative, and  617X17,
 ' a breast or nipple.'  Impracticability  of giving
 suck;  from want of nipple or otherwise.
   ATHELXIS, Sucking.
   ATHE'NA.  Name of a plaster, recommended
 by Asclepiades, and composed of oxide of copper,
 sublimed oxide of zinc, sal ammoniac, verdigris,
 gall nuts, and a variety of resinous and other in-
 gredients.—Oribasius, Aetius, and P. jEgineta.
   ATHENIO'NIS CATAPO'TIUM. A pill,
 composed of myrrh, pepper,  castor, and opium;
 used to allay coughing.—Celsus.
   ATHE'RA,  Aiha'ra, from aBvp, ' an  ear  of
 corn.'   A kind of pap  for children: also, a kind
 of liniment.—Dioscorides, Pliny.
   ATHERAPEUTUS, Incurable.
   ATHERO'MA, from a&npa, 'pap or pulp/ En-
 phy'ma encys'tis aihero'ma, Molius'cum, Pulta'tio.
 A  tumour  formed  by  a cyst containing matter
 like pap or  Bouillie.
   ATHEROMATOUS, Atheromatoses.  Having
 the nature of Atheroma.
   ATHLE'TA,  from  aSXos, 'combat.'  Athletae
 were men who exercised themselves in combat
 at the public festivals.—Vitruvius.
   ATHLET'IC, Athlet'icua; concerning Athletce.
 Strong in muscular powers.—Foesius.
   ATHORACOCEPHALUS. Acephalogaster.
   ATHRIX, At'richus; from a, privative, and
 dptt-, rpt^o?,  'hair.'  Bald.   One who has lost his
 hair.
   Athrix Depilis, Alopecia.
   ATHYM'IA, An'imi defec'tus et anxi'etas,
 An'imi  demis'sio, Tristil'ia, Maror, Lype, from
 a,  priv., and $vpos,  ' heart,' ' courage.'   Des-
 pondency.   The prostration of spirits often ob-
 servable in the sick.—Hippocrates.  Melancholy.
 —Swediaur.  See Panophobia.
   Athymia Pleonectica, see Pleonectica.
   ATHYRION, Asplenium ceterach.
   ATHYRIUM FILIX FffiMINA, Asplenium
 filix fcemina—a. Filix mas, Polypodium filix mas
 —a. Molle, Asplenium  filix foemina—a. Ovatum,
 Asplenium filix foemina/—a. Trifidum, Asplenium
 filix fcemina.
   ATLANTAD, see Atlanta!.
  ATLAN'TAL; same  etymon  as  Atlas.  Re-
 lating or appertaining to the atlas.
  Atlantal  Aspect.   An aspect towards the
 region  where the  atlas is situated.—Barclay.
 Atlantad is used by the same writer to signify
 'towards the atlantal aspect.'
  Atlantal Extremities.   The upper limbs.
  ATLANTION, Atlas.
  ATLAS,  Atlan'tion,  from arXata,  'I  sustain.'
 The first cervical ver'tebra; so called,  from its
supporting  the  whole  weight of the head, as
Atlas is said to have supported the globe on his
shoulders.  Chaussier calls  it Atloid. This ver- 
ATLOIDO-AXOID
114
ATROPA
tebra in no respect resembles the  others.   It is
a kind of irregular ring, into which, anteriorly,
the processus dentatus of the second vertebra is
received.   Posteriorly, it  gives  passage to the
medulla spinalis.
  ATLOID'O-AXOID,  (F.) Atloido-axoidien.
Relating to both the Atlas and the Axis or Ver-
tebra Dentata.
  Atloido-axoid Articulation.  The articula-
tion between the first two cervical vertebras.
  Atloido-Axoid  Lig'aments.  These  are two
in number; one anterior and  another posterior,
passing between the two vertebras.
  ATLOID'O-OCCIP'ITAL.  Relating  to the
atlas and occiput.  The Atloido-occip'ital  Arti-
cula'tion is formed by the condyles of the  occi-
pital bone  and the  superior articular surfaces of
the  Atlas.   The Atloido-occipital  muscle is the
Rectus capitis posticus minor.
  ATLOIDO-SOUS-MASTOIDIEN, Obliquus
superior oculi—a. Sous-occipitale, Rectus capitis
lateralis.
  ATMIATRI'A, Atmidialrice,  from ar^os, 'va-
pour,' and  tarpeia, 'treatment.'  Treatment of
diseases by fumigation.
  ATMIDIATRICE, Atmiatria.
  ATMISTERION, Vaporarium.
  ATMOS, Breath.
  AT'MOSPHERE, Atmospha'ra, from  arpos,
4 vapour/ and atpatpa, ' a sphere :' — as  it were,
Sphere of vapours.  The atmosphere is  a sphe-
rical mass  of air, surrounding the earth in every
part; the height of which is  estimated  at  15 or
16  leagues.  It presses on the surface of the
earth, and  this pressure has, necessarily, sensible
effects on  organized bodies.  The  surface of the
human body being reckoned at 15  square feet, it
is computed that a pressure of 33,000 pounds or
more exists under ordinary circumstances; and
this pressure cannot be  increased  or diminished
materially, without modifying the circulation and
all  the functions.
  ATMOSPHERIZATION, Hasmatosis.
  ATOCIA, Sterilitis.
  ATOL'MIA, from a, priv.,  and  roXpa, 'confi-
dence.'  Want  of  confidence;  discouragement.
A state of  mind, unfavourable to health, and in-
jurious in disease.  It is  the antithesis of Eu-
tolmia.
  AT ONI A, Atony—a. Ventriculi, Gasterasthe-
nia.
  AT'ONY, Aton'ia, Infir'mitas  et Remis'sio vi-
rium, Languor, Lax'itas, from a, priv., and tovos,
 'tone/  'force.'  Want  of tone.  Weakness of
 every organ,  and particularly of those  that are
 contractile.  Violent gastritis  has been described
 by  Scribonius  Largus  under a similar  name,
 Arovov, Alonon.
   ATRABIL'IARY,  Atrabilious, Atrabilia'ris,
 Atrabilio'sus, from ater, 'black/ and bilis,  'bile.'
 An epithet given by the  ancients  to the melan-
 cholic and hypochondriac, because they believed
 the Atrabilis to predominate in such.
   Atrabiliary Capsules, Arteries and Veins.
 The renal capsules, arteries and veins; the for-
 mation of  Atrabilis having been attributed to
 them.
   ATRABI'LIS, same etymon, Ater succus,
 Black Bile or melancholy.   According to the an-
 cients, a thick, black, acrid humour, secreted, in
 the opinion of some, by the pancreas; in that
 of  others,  by the  supra-renal capsules.   Hippo-
 crates,  Galen, Aetius, and others, ascribe great
 influence to the Atrabilis in  the  production of
 hypochondriasis, melancholy, and  mania.   There
 is really no such humour.   It was an imaginary
 creation.—Aretasus, Rufus of Ephesus,  <fcc.
  ATRACHELOCEPH'ALUS, from a, priv.,
rpay^Xos, 'neck/ and KtipaXn, 'head.'  A monster
whose neck is partially or wholly deficient.
  ATRACHE'LUS.  Same etymon.  One who is
very short-necked.—Galen.
  ATRAC'TYLIS  GUMMIF'ERA,  Car'duus
pi'neus,  Ixine,  Gummy-rooted Atractylis, Pine
Thistle.  The  root, when  wounded,  yields  a
milky, viscid juice, which concretes into tena-
cious masses, and is said to be chewed with the
same views as mastich.
  ATRAGENE, Clematis vitalba.
  ATRAMEN'TUM, A. Suto'rium, Ink, Calcan'-
thon, (F.) Encre.  It has been advised as an as-
tringent, and as an external application in her-
petic affections.
  Atramentum Sutorium, Ferri sulphas.
  ATRESIA, Adherence,  Imperforation.   See
Monster.
  Atre'sia  Ani Adna'tA, Anus Imperfora'tus,
Imperfora'tio ani,  (F.) Imperforation de  lanxts.
Congenital imperforation  of the intestinal canal.
  ATRETISMUS, Imperforation.
  ATRETOCEPH'ALUS, from  arpvros, 'imper-
forate/ and KttpaXv, 'head.'  A monster, in which
some of the  natural apertures of the  head are
wanting.—Gurlt.
  ATRETOCOR'MUS,  from arpvros, 'imperfo-
rate,' and Koppos, 'trunk.'   A monster  in which
the natural apertures of the trunk are wanting.—
Gurlt.
  ATRE'TUS,  from a, priv., and rpata, ' I per-
forate.'  Imperfora'tus, Imperforate.  One whose
anus, or parts  of generation, are  imperforate,
(aproc'tus).
  AT'RICES.  Small tumours, which appear oc-
casionally around the anus.  Some commentators
consider the  word to be synonymous with con-
dylomata.—Forestus.
  ATRICHIA, Alopecia.
  ATRICHUS, Athrix.
  AT'RICI.  Small sinuses in the vicinity of the
anus, not penetrating the rectum.
  ATRIP LEX FCETIDA, Chenopodium vul-
varia.
  Atriplex  Horten'sis, A.  Sati'va,  (F.)  Ar-
roche, Bonne Dame.  The herb and seed of this
plant have been exhibited as antiscorbutics.
  Alriplex  alimus, A. PortulacoVdes, and A.
Palula, are  used  as pickles,  and have similar
properties.
  At'riplex Mexicana, Chenopodium ambro-
sioides — a.  Odorata, Chenopodium  botrys — a.
Olida, Chenopodium vulvaria.
  ATRIUM  CORDIS  DEXTER, Sinus  dexter
cordis — a. Cordis sinistrum, Sinus pulmonalis—
a. Vaginae, Vestibulum.
   AT'ROPA, from  Arpoiros, 'immutable/ 'the
goddess of  destiny;' so  called  from  its  fatal
effects.
   Atropa  Belladon'na,  Belladon'na, B. bac-
cif'era seu tricholoma, Deadly Nightshade, Sola'-
num leiha'le, Sola'num  mani'acum, S. Furio'sum,
Sold num melanocer'asus, (F.) Belladone, Morelle
furieuse, Belle Dame.  Nat. Ord. Solaneas.  Sex.
Syst. Tetrandria Monogynia.  The leaves—Bel-
ladonna (Ph. U. S.) are powerfully narcotic, and
also diaphoretic, and diuretic.  They  are occa-
sionally used  where  narcotics  are  indicated.
Sprinkling the powdered leaves over cancerous
sores has been  found to allay the pain; and the
leaves form a good poultice.  Dose, gr. i to gr. j
of the powdered leaves.
   Atropa Mandrag'ora, Mandrag'ora, M. ver-
na'lis seu officina'lis seu acau'lis, Circa'a, Anthro-
pomorph'us,  Malum terres'tre, Mandrake.  The 
ATROPHIA
115
AUDITORY
boiled root has been used in the form of poultice
in indolent swellings.
   ATROPHIA,  Atrophy, Tabes — a. Ablactato-
rum. Brash, weaning—a. Cerebri, Phrenatrophia
—a. Cordis, Heart, atrophy of the—a. Glandula-
ris, Tabes  mesenterica — a. Hepatis, Hepatatro-
phia — a. Infantum, Pasdatrophia, Tabes mesen-
terica— a. Intestinorum, Enteratrophia.
   Atrophia Lactan'tium, Tabes nutri'cum  seu
lav'tea.  The atrophy of nursing women.
   Atrophia Lienis,  Splenatrophia—a. Mesen-
tcrif-a, Tabes mesenterica—a. Testiculi, Orchida-
trophia.
   A Til OP HIE, Atrophy—a. l/^cnicWjuc, Tabes
mesenterica.
   AT KOI'HIED, see Atrophy.
   AT'ROPHY,  Murns'mus Atro'phia, Atro'phia
Munis'mus, Mu'eies, Gontnbesce.n'tia, Tabes, Mar-
co'res, Analo'sis,  from a, privative, and rpotpv,
'nourishment.'  (F.)Atrophic,Dessechemeut.  Pro-
gressive and  morbid diminution in the bulk of
the whole body or of a part.  Atrophy is gene-
rally symptomatic.  Any tissue  or organ thus
 affected is said to be  atrophied.
   Atrophy of the  Heart, see Heart, atrophy
 of the.
   AT'ROPINE, Atropi'na, Atro'pin, Atro'pium,
 Atropi'iiiim, ( F.) Atropine.  The active principle
 of Airopn. lie/luilonnu, separated by Brandes, by
 a process similar to that for procuring morphia.
   ATTACHE,  Insertion.
   ATTACK, Insul'tus, Assul.tus, Irrep'tio, Invd-
 aio, Kis'bole, Ltpsis,  (F.) Attaque.   A sudden
 attack, invasion or onset of a disease.  A seizure.
   ATTAGAS, Attagcn.
   AT'TAGEN, Altagas,  the Fran'colin.  Cele-
 brated with the ancients both  as food and medi-
 cine.—Martial,  Aristophanes.
   ATTANCOURT, MINERAL WATERS  OF.
 A mineral water  in  France,  at Attancourt, in
 Champagne; about three  leagues north of Join-
 ville.   Tho water  is  a chalybeate, and contains
 sulphate of lime.  In large doses it is purgative
   ATTAQUE, Attack — a. des Ncrfs, Nervous
 attack.
   ATTELLE,  Splint.
   ATTENOTING, MINERAL WATERS  OF,
 in Bavaria.  Tho water  contains carbonic acid,
 carbonates of lime and  soda, sulphates of lime
 and magnesia, chloride of sodium, iron, and alum.
 It is much used in skin diseases, fistula, old ul
 cers, calculi, and hemorrhoids.
   ATTEN'UANTS,   Attenuan'tia,  Lcptun'tica,
 (F.) Lcptontiques, from tenuis, 'thin.' Medicines
 which augment the fluidity  of the humours.
   ATTENUA'TION, Attenua'tio ; same etymon.
 Thinness, emaciation.  A term used by the ho
 moeopathists in the sense of dilution or division
 of remedies into infinitesimal doses.
    AT Till A NT, Attrahent.
   AT'TITUDE,  Situs  Cor'ports.  Low  Latin,
 aptitudo; from Latin aptarc, 'to fit.'   Situation,
 position of the  body.  The  attitudes are the dif-
 ferent postures  which man is  capable of assum-
 ing.  In  General Pathology,  the  attitude  will
 often enable the  physician  to  pronounce at once
 upon tho character of a disease, or it will aid him
 materially in his judgment.  In St. Vitus's dance,
 in fractures, luxations, <fcc,  it is the great index
 It will  also  indicate the degree of nervous or
 cerebral power; hence the sinking down in bed
 is an evidence of great cerebral debility in fever.
 The position of a patient during an operation is
 also an interesting  subject of attention to the
 surgeon.
   ATTOL'LEXS  AUREM, Attollens Auric'ula,
 Leva'tor Auris,  Stipe'rior  Auris, Attollens Au-
 ric'ulam, Auricula'ris supe'rior, (F.) Auriculaire
 tupirieur,  Temporo-auriculaire.  A muscle  of
the ear, which arises, thin, broad, and tendinous,
from the tendon of the occipito-frontalis, and ia
inserted  into the upper part of the ear, opposite
to the anti-helix.  It raises the ear.
  Attollens  Oculi, Rectus superior oculi — a.
Oculum, Rectus superior oculi.
  ATTOUCHEMENT, Masturbation.
  ATTRACTION OF  AGGREGATION, Cohe-
sion, force of.
  ATTRACTIVUM, see Magnet.
  ATTRACTIVUS, Attrahent.
  ATTRACTORIUS, Attrahent.
  ATTRAHEXS AURICULAM, Anterior auris.
  AT'TRAHENT, Altrahens,  Attractions, At-
tracto'rius, from ad, ' to/  and  traho,  ' I draw.'
(F.) Attractif Attirant.   Remedies are so called,
which attract fluids to the parts to whrch they
are applied, as blisters, rubefacients, &c.
   ATTRAPE-LOURDAUT,  (F.)  A bistoury
invented by a French surgeon, called Biennaise,
and used in the operation for hernia.  See  Bis-
touri cache.
   ATTRITA, Chafing.
   ATTRITIO, Attrition, Chafing.
   ATTRP'TION,  Attrl'tio, Ecthlim'ma,  from
ad, and terere, ' to bruise.'   Friction or bruising.
Chafing.— Galen.  Also, a kind of cardialgia.—
Sennertus.   Likewise, a violent contusion.
   ATTRITUS, Chafing.
   ATYP'IC, Atyp'icus,  Alypos, from a, priva-
tive, and rvttos,  ' type.'  That which has no type.
Irregular.  Chiefly applied to an irregular inter-
mittent,—Febris atypica.
   ATYPOS, Erratic.
   AUANSIS, Drying.
   AUAN'TE,  Anap'sc,  from avavats, 'desicca-
tion.'   Hippocrates gave this name to a disease,
the principal symptom of which was emaciation.
Atrophy.
   AI 'BE- VIGNE, Clematis vitalba.
   AUBE PINE, Mespilus oxyacantha.
   AUBERGINE, Solanum Melongena.
   A UBIFOIN, Cyanus segetum.
   AUCHEN, Collum.
   AUCHENORRHEUMA, Torticollis.
   AUCHE'TICUS, from avXvv, 'the neck.'  One
 affected with stiff neck or torticollis.
   AUDE, Voice.
   AUDINAC, MINERAL WATERS  OF.  Au-
 dinac is situate in the department of Arriege,
 France.  The  water  contains  a small quantity
 of sulphohydric acid, carbonic acid, sulphates of
 lime and magnesia, carbonates  of lime and iron,
 and a  bituminous substance.  Temp.  67° Fahr.
 It is much  used in chronic rheumatism, herpes,
 scrofulous diseases, Ae.
   AUDIT"ION,  from  audire,  'to  hear/
 Audil'io, Andltus, A'coe, Acro'ama,  Acro'asis,
 Acoe'sis, Acu'sis.  Hearing.  The act of hearing,
 The  sensation arising from an impression made
 on the  auditory nerves by the vibrations of the
 air, produced by a sonorous body.  The physi-
 ology of Audition is obscure.  It probably takes
 place :—1. By the vibrations being communicated
 from the membrana tympani along the chain of
 small bones to  the membrane of the foramen
 ovale.   2. By means of  the  air in the cavity of
the tympanum,  the membrane of the foramen
rotundum is agitated.  3. The transmission may
be made by means of  the  bony parietes.   In
these  three ways the  vibrations produced  by a
sonorous body may reach  the auditory nerve.
Audition may be active or passive:  hence  the
difference between listcnini/ and simply hearing.
   AU'DITORY, Aitdito'r'ins. Auditi'vus, Acus'-
ticue.   That which relates to audition.
   Auditory Arteries  and Veins, are vessels
which enter the  auditory  canals, and are, like 
AUGE
116
AURICULAR
them, distinguished into internal and external.
The external auditory artery, A. Tympanique —
(Ch.) is given off by the styloid, a branch of the
external carotid: the  internal is a branch of the
basilary artery, which accompanies the auditory
nerve, and is distributed  to it.  The  Auditory
 Veins empty into the internal and external ju-
gulars.
  Auditory Canal, External, Mea'tus audito'-
rius exter'nus, Alvea'rium, Scapha, Scaphus, (F.)
 Conduit  audit if externe,   Conduit  auricula ire,
commences at the bottom  of the concha, at the
Fora'men auditlvum  exter'num, passes inwards,
forwards, and a little  downwards, and terminates
at the membrana tympani.  It is partly cartilagi-
nous, partly osseous, and partly fibrous.
  Auditory  Canal. Internal, Mea'tus auditd-
rius inter'nus, Porus  seu Sinus acus'ticus, Cyar,
 (F.) Conduit  auditif interne, 0. labyrinthique, is
situate in the posterior surface of  the pars pe-
trosa of the temporal  bone.  From the Fora'men
 auditlvum inter'num, where  it commences,  it
passes forwards  and  outwards, and terminates
 by a kind of  cul-de-sac, mac'ula cribro'sa, perfo-
 rated by many holes,  one of which is the orifice
 of the Aquasductus Fallopii; and the others com-
 municate with the labyrinth.
  Auditory  Nerve,  Nerf labyrinthique—(Ch.)
 is the Portio Mollis of the  seventh  pair.   It
 arises from the corpus restiforme, from the floor
 of the fourth ventricle, and by means of white
 striae, from the  sides  of the calamus scriptorius.
 As it leaves the encephalon, it forms a flattened
 cord, and proceeds with the facial nerve through
 the  foramen  auditivum internum,  and as far  as
 the bottom of the meatus, where it separates from
 the  facial, and  divides into two branches, one
 going to the cochlea, the cochlear ; the other to
 the vestibule and semi-circular canals, the vesti-
 bular. _
   AUGE, Al'veus.  Some of the older anatomists
 gave this name to a reservoir, into which liquids
 flow in an interrupted manner,  so that it is alter-
 nately full and  empty.  Such are  the ventricles
 and auricles  of the heart.
   AU GMENTA'TION, from augere,' to increase;'
 Augmen'tum, Incremen'turn, Anab'asis, Auc'tio,
 Auxis,  Progres'sio, Progres'sus, Auxe'sis.   The
 stage of a disease in which the symptoms go on
 increasing.
   AULISCUS,  Canula.  See Fistula.
   AULOS,  Canula,  Fistula.   See  Vagina,  and
 Foramen.
   AUMALE, MINERAL  WATERS OF.   Au-
 male is a town of Upper Normandy, in the coun-
 try  of  Caux.   Several  springs  of ferruginous
 mineral waters  are found  there, whose odour is
 penetrating,  and taste  rough  and  astringent.
 They are tonic, and  employed in debility of the
 viscera,  <fcc.
   AUNE^ NOIRE, Rhamnus frangula.
   AUNEE,  Inula helenium — a. Dysenterique,
 Inula dysenterica.
   AURA,  Pno'e.  A  vapour or emanation from
 any  body, surrounding  it like an atmosphere.
 Van Helmont regarded the vital principle as  a
 gas and 'volatile  spirit,  which he called Aura
 vitalis.
   In Pathology, Aura means the sensation of a
 light vapour, which, in some  diseases,  appears
 to  set out from  the  trunk or limbs;  and to rise
 towards the  head.  This feeling has been found
 to precede attacks of epilepsy and  hysteria, and
 hence it has been called  Aura Epilep'tica, and
 A. hyster'ica.  .
   Aura San'guinis.  The odour exhaled by blood
 newly drawn.   See Gaz Sanguinis.
   Aura Sem'inis, A. semina'lia, Spir'itus geni-
talia :—A volatile principle fancied to  exist in
the sperm, and regarded by some as the fecun-
dating agent.  Such is not the case.
  Aura Vitalis, Vital principle.
  AURAL  MEDICINE  AND   SURGERY.
Otiatria.
  AURANCUM, see Ovum.
  A URANITE, see Agaric.
  AURAN'TIA CURASSAVEN'TIA, Curasao'a
apples or oranges.   Immature  oranges, checked,
by accident, in their growth.   They are a grate-
ful, aromatic bitter, devoid of acidity.   Infused
in wine or brandy they make a good stomachic.
They are also  used for issue peas.
  Aurantia Curassavica, see Citrus aurantium
— a. Poma,  see Citrus aurantium.
  Aurantii Cortex,  see Citrus aurantium.
  AURANTIUM, Citrus aurantium.
  AURELIANA CANADENSIS, Panax quin-
quefolium.
  AUREOLA, Areola.
  AURI  CHLORETUM  CUM  CHLORETO
NATRII, see  Gold—a. Chloridum, Gold, muriate
of—a. Chloretum, Gold, muriate of—a. Cyanidum,
see G old—a. Cyanuretum, see Gold—a. lodidum,
see Gold — a.  Ioduretum, see Gold — a. et Natri
chloruretum, see Gold—a. Murias, Gold, muriate
of—a. Nitro-murias, see Gold — a.  Oxidum, see
Gold—a. Terchloridum, see Gold—a. Tercyani-
dum,  see Gold — a.  Teroxidum, see  Gold.
  AURICHALCUM,  Brass.
  AURICLE, Auric'ula, (F.)  Auriculc,  Oricule.
Diminutive of auris, an-ear.  The auricle of the
ear.  See Pavilion.
  Auricles of the  Heart,  Cavita'tes innomi-
na'ta, (F.)  Oreillettes, are two cavities;  one
right, the other left,  each  communicating  with
the ventricle of its  side.  These  two cavities re-
ceive the blood from every part of the body.
Into  the right auricle, the two venae cavas  and
coronary vein  open:  into the  left, the four pul-
monary veins.  Chaussier  calls  the former the
Sinus of the Vena  Cava:—the latter, the Sinus
of ike Pulmonary Veins.  The foliated  or dog's
ear portion  of each auricle is called Appcn'dix
auric'ula.  See Sinus.
   Auricula Jud.<e, Pezizaauri  cula—a. Muris,
Hieracium Pilosella—a. Muris major, Hieracium
murorum.
   AURICULAIRE, see Digitus—a. Posterieur,
Retrahens auris—n. Superieur, Attollens aurem.
   AURICULAR,  Ain-ieula'ris,  Oric'ular,  from
auricula, 'the ear.'  That which belongs to tho
ear, especially to the external  ear.
   Auric'ular Ar'teries  and  Veins, Oricu-
laires—(Ch.),  are divided into anterior and pos-
terior.  The anterior are of indeterminate num-
ber.  They arise from the temporal artery, and
are distributed to the meatus auditorius externus,
and to the  pavilion  of the ear.  The posterior
auricular is given  off by  the external carotid,
from  which  it separates in the substance of the
parotid gland. When it reaches the inferior part
of the pavilion of the  ear it bifurcates; one of its
branches being distributed to the inner surface
of  the pavilion, the other passing over the mas-
toid process, and being distributed to the tempo-
ral and  posterior auris muscles, &c.  Before its
bifurcation  it gives off the stylo-mastoid artery.
The Anterior and Posterior Auricular Veins open
into the temporal and external jugular.
   Auricular Finger, (F.) Doigt auriculaire, is
the little finger, so called  because, owing to its
size, it can be more readily introduced  into the
meatus auditorius.
   Auricular Nerves are several.  1.  The au-
ricular  branch, Zygomato-ouriculur, is one of
the ascending branches of the  cervical plexus. 
AURICULARIA SAMBUCI         117              AUTOPHONIA
 It ramifies and spreads over the two surfaces of
 the pavilion.   2.  The auricular or superficial
 temporal,  Temporal-cutaneous—(Ch.) is given off
 from the inferior maxillary.  It ascends between
 the condyle of the jaw and tho meatus auditorius
 externus, sends numerous filaments to the meatus
 and pavilion, and divides  into two  twigs, which
 accompany the branches of the temporal artery,
 and are distributed to the  integuments of the
 heiid.  There  is also a posterior auricular  fur-
 nished by the  facial.
   AURICULARIA SAMBUCI, Peziza auricula.
   AURIC CLARIS ANTERIOR, Anterior auris
 —a. Superior,  Attollens aurem.
   AURICULE, Auricle, Pavilion of the ear.
   A IT RIC' U L 0 -VENTRICULAR, Auric'ulo-
 ventrie.ula'ris.   That which belongs to  the auri-
 cles and ventricles of the heart.   The communi-
 cations between the auricles and ventricles are
 BO called.   The Tricuspid and Mitral,  Valves are
 auriculo-ventricular valves.
   AURI'GA.   A species of bandage for the ribs,
 described  by Galen.   See, also, Liver.
   AURIGO,  Icterus — a.  Neophytorum, Icterus
 Infantum.
   AURIPIGMENTUM, Orpiment—a. Rubrum,
 Realgar.
   AURIS, Ear.
   AURISCAr;PIUM, Earpick.
   AURISCOP'IUM, An'riscope, from auris, 'the
 ear/ and  okokcu}, ' I view.'  An instrument for
 exploring the  ear.
   AURIST, Otia'ter, Otia'trus, Ear-doctor, E-tr-
 nurgeon ; from auris, ' the  ear.'  One who occu-
 pies himself chiefly with tho diseases of the ear
 and their treatment.
   AURIUM FLUCTUATIO,  Bombus—a. Mar-
 morata, Cerumen—a. Sibilus, Bombus—a. Soni-
 tus, Bombus—a. Sordes, Cerumen—a. Susurrus,
 Bombus.
   A UR 0 NE,  Artemisia  abrotanum — a.  des
 Champs, Artemisia  campestris—a. des Jardins,
 Artemisia abrotanum—a. Mule, Artemisia abro-
 tanum.
   AURUGO. Icterus.
   AURUM, Gold—a.  Chloratum, Gold, mu-
 riate of—a. Chloratum natronatum, see Gold—a.
 Foliatum,  Gold leaf—a. in  Libellis, Gold leaf—a.
 Lcprosum, Antimonium — a. Limatum, see Gold
 —a. Muriaticum, see Gold—a. Muriaticum  na-
 tronatum,  see Gold.
   Aurum Musi'vum, Aurum Mosa'icum, Sulph'-
 uret of Tin, Deutosulphuret  or Persulphuret of
 tin.   (Quicksilver,  tin, sulphur, sal ammoniac,
 aii,  equal parts.  The tin being first melted,  the
 quicksilver is poured into it, and then the whole
 are  ground together, and sublimed in a bolthead.
 The aurum musivum lies at the bottom.)  It is
 used in some empirical preparations.
   Aurum  Oxydatum, see Gold—a. Oxydulatum
 muriaticum, Gold, muriate  of—a. Nitro-muriati-
 cuiu, seo Gold—a. Salitum, Gold, muriate of.
   AUS'CULTATE, TO; from ausculturc, 'to  lis-
 ten.' To practise auscultation.   ' To auscull is
 at times used with the same signification.
   AUSCULTA'TION, Auscuitn'tio,  Echos'cope,
 act  of listening.  Buisson  has  used it synony-
 mously  with listening.  Laennec introduced aus-
 cultation to appreciate the different sounds which
 can  be heard in the chest, and  in the  diagnosis
 of diseases of  the heart, lungs, &e.  This may
 be done by the  aid of an instrument  called a ste-
 thoscope, one extremity of which is applied to the
 ear,  the other to the chest of the patient.  This
mode of examination is called Mediate Ausculta-
tion, (F.) Auscultation  mediate,—the application
of the ear to the chest being immediate ausculta-
tion.
I   The act of exploring the chest is called Stetho-
 seop'iu,  and  Thoracoscop'ia ; of the abdomen,
 Abd ominoacop'ia.
   AUSCUL'TATORY, Anscultatdrius ; Auscul-
 tory, Auacul'tic, (with some.)  Belonging or hav-
 ing relation to auscultation.
   Auscultatory Percussion, see Acouophonia.
   AUSTERE', Auate'rue.  Substances which pro-
 duce  a  high  degree of acerb impression  on the
 organs of taste.
   AUST RUCHE, Imperatoria.
   AUTALGIA  DOLOROSA, Neuralgia, facial,
 Pleurodynia—a.  Pruriginosa, Itching—a. Ver-
 tigo, Vertigo.
   AUTARCI'A, from auros, 'himself/ and apKtw,
 'I am satisfied.'   Moral tranquillity.—Galen.
   AUTEMES'IA, from avros, 'self/ and  epttrts,
 ' vomiting.'  Spontaneous or idiopathic vomiting.
 —Alibert.
   AUTEMPRESMUS, Combustion, human.
   AUTHE'MERON.  A medicine which cures
 on  the  day of its exhibition; from avros, ' the
 same/ and 'vptpa,' ' day.'
   AUTHYGIANSIS, Vis medicatrix naturas.
   AUTOCHIR, Autochlrus, Suici'du, from aui-os,
 'himself/ and xu9' 'band.'   One who has com-
 mitted suicide.  A self-murderer or suicide.
   AUTOCHIRIA, Suicide.
   AUTOCINE'SIS,  Motua   voluntdrius,  from
 avros, 'self/  and nivvats,  'motion.'  Voluntary
 motion.
   AUTOC'RASY, Autocrati'a, Autocrato'ria,
 from auros, ' himself/ and icparos, ' strength.'  In-
 dependent force.  Action of the vital principle,
 or of  the  instinctive powers towards  the preser-
 vation of the individual.  See Vis Medicatrix Na-
 tune.  Also, the vital principle.
   AUTOCRATIA,  Autocrasy,  Vis  Medicatrix
 naturas.
   AUTOCRATORIA, Autocrasy—a. Physiatrice,
 Vis medicatrix naturas.
   AUTOCTONIA, Suicide.
   AUTOG"ENOUS; from avros, 'self/ and ytv-
 vaio, ' I generate.'  A term applied by Mr. Owen
 to parts or elements that are usually developed
 from distinct and independent centres; as in the
 case of the different parts or elements that form
 a vertebra.
   AUTOGONIA,  Generation, equivocal.
   AUTOLITHOT'OMUS, from  auros, 'himself/
 \t$os,  ' a stone/  and  rtuvttv, ' to cut.'  One  who
 operates upon himself for the  stone.
   AUTOMAT'IC, Automat'icus, Autom'atua, from
 avroparos, 'spontaneous.'  That which acts of itself.
 Those movements are called automatic, which the
 patient executes without any object; apparently
 without  volition being exercised:—involuntary
 motions, motus automat'ici seu autom'ati seu in-
 volunta'rii.
  AUTOMNALE, Autumnale.
  AUTONOM'IA, 17s medicatrix  natural.   The
 word Autonomia is occasionally employed by the
 French and Germans for  the peculiar*mechanism
 of an organized body.  Thus, although individu-
 als of the same species may differ in outward con-
 formation, their mechanism  or instinctive laws,
 (Autonomia,) may be the same.
  AUTONYCTOBATIA, Somnambulism.
  AUTOPEP'SIA, from auros, 'self/ and ircirru,
' I concoct.'  Self-digestion,—as of the stomach
after death.
  AUTOPHIA, Autopsia.
  AUTOPHO'XIA, (F.) Retentisscmcnt autopho-
nique,  from avros, 'self/ and  tpwvn, 'voice.'  An
auscultatory sign pointed out by M. Hourmann,
which  consists in noting the character of the ob-
server's own voice, while he speaks with his head
placed  close to the patient's chest.   The voice, it 
AUTOPHOSPHORUS
118
AVICULA CIPRIA
is  alleged, will be  modified by the condition of
the subjacent organs. The resonance, thus heard,
ho terms relentissement autophonique.   This di-
agnostic agency Dr. R. G.  Latham proposes to
term heauiophon'ics.
  Autophonia, Suicide.
  AUTOPHOSPHORUS, Phosphorus.
  AUTOPLASTIC, Autoplas'ticus ; from avros,
'self/  and  vXaariKos, 'formative.'  Relating to
autoplasty or plastic surgery.
  AUTOPLASTICE, Morioplastice.
  AUTOPLASTY, Morioplastice.
  AUTOP'SIA, Au'topsy; from  auros, 'himself,'
and o^is,'vision.'   Autoph'ia, Autoscop'ia.  In-
spection; examination by one's self; self-inspec-
tion.   Often improperly used for  the following :
  Autop'sia Cadaver'ica, (F.) Autopsie ou Ou-
verture cadaverique.  Attentive examination after
death,—Examination post mortem, Sectio Caelav'-
eris, Dissection,  Nec'roscopy, Nec'ropsy, Necro-
acop'ia, Necrop'sia,  Necrop'sis, — practised for
the purpose of investigating the  causes and seat
of an affection  of which  a  person may  have
died,  &c.
  Autop'sia Cadaver'ica Lega'lis, Sec'tio ca-
dav'eria legolia, Obduc'tio, is the  examination
after death for medico-legal purposes.
  AUTOPYROS, Syncomistos.
  AUTOSCOPIA, Autopsia.
  AU'TOSITE,  from  auros,  'self,' and  <riros,
' nourishment.'  A single  monster,  capable of
deriving nourishment  from its  own proper or-
gans, in contradistinction to Omphaloaite.
  AUTOTHERAPIA,  Vis medicatrix naturas.
   AUTUMN, Autum'nus, Phthiropo'ron, (F.) Au-
tomue.  One of the seasons of the year, between
the 28d of September and the 21st of December.
In  all  climates, the Autumn  or Fall is liable to
disease; a combination of local and atmospheric
causes being then  present, favourable to its pro-
duction.
   AUTUM'NAL; Autumndlis,  (F.) Automndle.
Relating to Autumn;  as Autumnal Fruits, Au-
tumnal Fevers, &o.
   Autumnal  Fever, generally assumes a bilious
aspect.  Those of the intermittent kind are much
more  obstinate  than when they appear in the
spring.
   AUXESIS, Augmentation, Increase.
   AUXIL'lARY,  Auxilia'ris,  from   auxilium,
 'aid.'  (F.) Auxiliaire.  That which assists, or
from which assistance is  obtained.
   Auxiliary Medicine  is one which assists the
principal medicine or  basis.   It is  synonymous
with Adjuvant.
   Auxiliary Muscles  are  those which concur
in the same movement.  Some  anatomists have
 applied the term to several ligaments, as well as
 to the fleshy fibres, which hang from the sacro-
 spinalis muscle.
   AUXILIUM, Juvans, Medicament.
   AUXIS, Augmentation, Increase.
   AVA, Arva, Kava.  An intoxicating narcotic
 drink, made by chewing the Piper methisticum.
 It is much used bv the Polynesians.
   AVAILLES, WATERS OF.   A small village
 in France, 13 leagues S.  S. E. of Poitiers, at
 which there is a cold saline chalybeate.  It con-
 tains chlorides of sodium and calcium, sulphate
 and subcarbonate of soda, iron,  <tc.
   AVANT-BOUCHE,  (F.) Os anti'cum.   This
 name has been applied by  some to the mouth,
 properly so called—in  contradistinction to the
 Arriere bouche or Pharynx.
   A VANT-BRAS, Fore-arm.
   AVANT-OCEUR, Scrobiculus cordis.
   AVANT-GOUT, (F.) Praguata'tio; a fore-
 taste; prasgustation.
  AVA NT-MAIN,  (F.) Advcr'aa Manus.  The
inside of the hand, when extended.
  AVANT-PIED,  (F.)   The  most  advanced
part of the foot.
  AVANT-POIGNET, (F.)  The anterior part
of the wrist.
  AVE LINE, Corylus avellana (nut).
  AVELLANA, Corylus avellana—a. Catbartica,
Jatropha curcas.
  AVE'NA, Oats, Bromos.  The seeds of Ave'na
saliva.   Nat.  Ord.  Gramineas.  Sex.  Syst. Tri-
andria Digynia.   (F.) Avoine.  Oats are used as
food for man, in some parts, particularly in the
North of England and Scotland.  When deprived
of  the  husks  they form  Groats.  Reduced to
meal, — Arena Farina, Oatmeal — they are ap-
plied as cataplasms to promote suppuration. The
dry meal is sprinkled over erysipelatous parts.
  Oatmeal gruel, Water gruel, is prepared as fol-
lows :— Take  of oatmeal  3'j;  soft witter Oiss.
Rub the meal in  a basin, with tbe back of a spoon,
in a moderate quantity of the water, pouring off
the fluid after the grosser particles have subsided,
but whilst the milkiness continues;  and repeat
the operation until no more milkiness is commu-
nicated to the water. Put the washings in a pan,
after having stirred them well, in order  to sus-
pend any fecula, which may have  subsided;  and
boil until  a soft,  thick,  mucilage is formed.
  It is a good  demulcent, and is used  also as a
vehicle for clysters.
  A vena Excorticata, Groats.
  AVENvE FARINA, see Avena.
  AVENHEIM,  MINERAL  WATERS   OF.
Avenheim is three leagues from Strasburg: near
it is an aperient mineral water.
  AVENNES,  MINERAL  WATERS   OF.
Avennes is  a  village  in the department  of H6-
rault in France: near  it is a saline spring, the
temperature of which rises to 84°  Fahrenheit.
  AVENS, COMMON,  Geum  urbanum — a.
Water,  Geum  rivale — a. White,  Geum Virgini-
anum.
  AVERICH, Sulphur.
  AVERRHO'A BILIM'BI, Billm'bi, Bilimbing
teres.  An Indian tree, which has a fruit that  is
too  acid to be eaten alone.   It is used as a con-
diment, and in the form of syrup as  a  refrige-
rant.
  Averrho'a Caram'bola,  called after Aver-
rhoes;  Malum Coen'se, Prunum Stella'turn, Tam'-
ara, Conga, Curam'bolo.  An Indian tree, whose
fruits are agreeably acid.   The bark,  bruised, is
employed as a cataplasm, and its fruit is used as
a refrigerant in  bilious fever and dysentery.
  AVER'SION, Aver'sio, Apolrope;  from aver-
terc, (a and vertere)  ' to  turn  from.'  Extreme
repugnance for any thing whatever.
  A VERSION, (F.) also means, in therapeutics,
the action of medicines which turn the afflux of
fluids from  one organ, and direct them to others;
being  synonymous with  counter-irritation,  or
rather revulsion or derivation.
   AVER TIN, (F.)  A disease of the mind,
which, according to Lavoisien, renders  the pa-
tient obstinate and furious.
   AVEUGLE,  Cascus.
   AVEUGLEMENT,  Caecitas — a. de Jour,
 Nyctalopia—a.  de Nuit, Hemeralopia.
   AVICEN'NIA TOMENTO'SA,  A. Africa'na
 seu resiirif era  seu nilida,  Bon'tia ger'minans,
 called after Avicenna.  The plant which affords
 the Malac'ca Bean or Anacar'dium Orienta'le of
 the Pharmacopoeias,  Semecar'pus Anacar'dium.
 The oil drawn from the bark of the fruit is a cor-
 rosive, and active vesicatory, but it is not used.
   AVICULA CIPRIA, Pastil—a. Margaritifera,
 see Pearl. 
AYOIN
119
AZYGOUS
  AYOIN, Avena.
  A VORTEMENT, Abortion.
  AV OUTER, to Abort.
  AVOli TIN, Abortion.
  AVORTON, Abortion.
  AVULSIO, Arrachentent.
  AVULSION, Evulsion.
  AX,  MINERAL  WATERS  OF.   Ax  is  a
small town in the department of Arriege, France;
where there are several sulphurous springs, the
temperature of which varies from 77° to 162° of
Fahrenheit.
  A XE, Axis—a. de l (Eil, Axis of the eye.
  AX'EA COMMISSU'RA, Trochoi'des. A
pivot-joint.  See Trochoid.
  AXIL'LA,  Ala, Ascellu,  Assclla,  Ascilla,
Ace/'ln, Cordis cmuneto'rium, Male,  Hypo'mia,
fo'rea  axilla'ris,  Mas'chulc,  Mas'chalis,  (F.)
Aisse/le.   The  cavity beneath the junction of
the  arm with  the  shoulder; the armpit;  (F.)
Oreux de  I'Aissclle.   It is bounded,  anteriorly,
by a portion of the pectoralis major; posteriorly,
by the latissimus dorsi.   It is covered with hair,
contains  much areolar  membrane, lymphatic
ganglions,  important vessels and nerves,  and
numerous sebaceous follicles, furnishing an odor-
ous secretion.   In consequence of such secretion,
the ancients callod it emuncto'rium cordia.
  AX'ILLARY,  Maschalia'us,  (F.) Axillaire,
from axilla,  'the  armpit.'   Belonging to the
armpit.
  Axillary Artery, Arte'ria axilla'ris; a con-
tinuation of the subclavian, extending from the
passage of the latter between the scaleni muscles
as far  as  the insertion  of the pectoralis major,
when it takes the name of Brachial.
  Axillary Glands are lymphatic glands seated
in the armpit; into which the lymphatic glands
of the upper extremity open.
  Axillary  Nerve,  Seap'ulo-hu'meral (Ch.),
Nerf circonjlcxe, Artic'ular nerve; arises from the
posterior part of the brachial plexus, particularly
from the last two cervical  pairs and  the first
dorsal.   It is chiefly distributed to the posterior
margin of the deltoid.
   Axillary Vein,  Vena  Axilla'ris,  Vena Suba-
la'ris.  This vein corresponds with  the artery;
anterior to which it is  situate.  It is a continua-
tion of the brachial veins; and, at its termination,
assumes the name Subclavian.
   AXINE, Ascia.
   AXIRNACH.   An Arabic word,  used by Al-
bucasis to designate a fatty tumour of the upper
eyelid, observed particularly in children.
   AXIS, Axon, (F.) Axe.   A right line which
passes through the centre of a body.
   Axis, Cerebro-Spinal, see  Encephalon — a.
of the Cochlea, Modiolus—a. Cylinder of Nerve,
see Nerve fibre—a. Cceliac, Cosliac artery.
   Axis  of the  Eye,  (F.) Axe de I'ceil, called
also, Vis'ual Axis and Optic  Axis, is a right line,
which falls perpendicularly on the eye, and passes
through tho centre of the pupil.
   Axis, H.emal, Aorta — a. Neural, see Ence-
phalon.
   Axis, is also the second vertebra of the neck,
Axon, Epistropheus, Epis'trophus, Maschalister :
the  Ver'tebra Denta'ta, (F.) Essieu.   So called,
because it forms a kind of axis on which the head
moves.    Chaussier  calls  it  Axo'ide, from afav,
' axis,' and tiios,  ' shape.'
   AXOIDE,  Axis—a.  Occipitale, Rectus capitis
posticus major.
   AXOID'O-ATLOID'EUS. What refers to both
the  axis and atlas, as Axoido-atloidean articula-
tion.
   The lesions of the Axoido-atloidean, are,  1.
Fracture of the Proces'sus Dentdtus.  2. Rupture
of the odontoid ligament, and consequently pas-
sage and pressure of the process behind the trans-
verse ligament: and, 3. The simultaneous rupture
of the odontoid and transverse ligaments. These
different accidents are fatal.
  AXOIDO-ATLOIDIEN,  Obliouus  inferior
capitis.
  AXON, Axis.
  AXUNGE, Adeps  prasparata.
  AXUNGIA, Pinguedo—a. Gadi, Oleum Jecoris
Aselli — a. de Mumia,, Marrow — a. Articularis,
Synovia—a. Piscina Marina, Oleum Jecoris AseUi
—a. Porcina, Adeps prasparata.
  Al'PNIA, Insomnia.
  AZARNET, Orpiment.
  AZARUM, Asarum.
  AZEDARACH, Melia Azedarach.
  AZEDARACHA AM03NA, Melia Azedarach.
  AZOODYNA'MIA, from  a, priv.,  fan,  'life/
and Swapts, 'strength.'  Privation  or diminution
of the vital powers.
  AZO'RES, CLIMATE OF.   The  Azores  or
Western Islands are  said to afford one of the best
examples of a mild, humid,  equable  climate to
be met with in the northern hemisphere.   It is
slightly colder and moister than that of Madeira,
but even more equable. Sir James Clark thinks,
that a change from the Azores to  Madeira, and
thence to Teneriffe—one of the Canaries—would
prove more beneficial to the phthisical valetudi-
narian than a residence during the whole winter
in any one of those islands.
  AZOTATE D'ARGENT, Argenti nitras.
  A'ZOTE, Azo'tum, from a, priv., and £wj;, 'life.'
Nitrogen, Alcaligene, Gas  azo'ticum, Nitro-
gen'ium,  (F.) Azote, Nitrogene, Air gate,  Air
vide, is a gas which is unfit for respiration.  It
is not  positively deleterious, but  proves fatal,
owing to tho want of oxygen.  It  is  one of the
constituents  of atmospheric air, and a distin-
guishing  principle of animals.  Vegetables have
it not generally diffused, whilst it  is met with in
most animal substances.  It has been variously
called, phlogistic air, vitiated air, &c.;  has been
looked  upon as sedative, and recommended to be
respired,  when properly diluted, in diseases of
the chest.
   Azote, Protoxide  of, Nitrogen, gaseous ox-
ide  of.
   AZOTED, Nitrogenized.
   AZOTENESES,  from azote, and voaos,  'dis-
ease.'   Diseases  fancied to be occasioned by the
predominance of azote in the body.—Baumes.
   AZOTIZED, Nitrogenized.
   AZOTURIA, see Urine.
   AZUR, Coral,  Smalt.
   AZU'RIUM.   A  compound of  two  parts of
mercury, one-third of sulphur, and one-fourth of
 sal ammoniac. — Albertus Magnus.
   AZ'YGES, Az'ygos, Az'ygous, sine  pari, from
 a,  priv., and  £uyo?, 'equal.'   Unequal.   The
 sphenoid bone, because it has no fellow.  Also,  a
 process, Proces'sus Az'yges, Rostrum sphenoidale,
 projecting from  under the middle  and forepart
 of this bone.
   AZYGOS  GANGLION,  see  Trisplanchnio
Nerve.
   AZYGOUS ARTICULAR ARTERY, see Ar-
ticular  arteries of the skull.
   AzYGors Muscle, Azygos U'vula, is the smaU
muscle which occupies the substance of the uvula.
— Morgagni.  The  name is, however,  inappro-
priate,  as there are two distinct  fasciculi, placed
along-side  each  other, forming  the Palato-sta-
phyllni, Staphyli'ni or Epistaphyli'ni muscles,
Staphyli'ni me'dii of Winslow.
   Azygous Vein, Vena Azygos,  Veine Prelombo- 
AZYMIA  HUMORUM
120
BAIN
thoracique — (Ch.), Vena  sine pari,  Vena pari
carens, (F.) Veine sans Paire.   This vein was so
called by Galen.  It forms a communication be-
tween the V. cava inferior and V. cava superior,
permitting the blood to pass freely between  the
two.  It rises from the vena cava inferior,  or
from one of the lumbar  or renal veins, passes
through the diaphragm, ascends along the spine
to the right of the aorta  and thoracic duct, and
opens into the V. cava superior, where it pene-
trates the pericardium.  On the left  side, the
SEMI-Az'ygos, Left bron'chial or left superior in-
tercos'tal rein, Vena demi-azygos, Y. hcmi-az'yga,
Veine petite prilombo-thoracique—(Ch.) presents,
in miniature, nearly the same arrangement.
  AZYMIA  HUMORUM,  Crudity  of  the hu-
mours.
  AZ'YMUS, from a, priv., and (\upv,  'leaven.'
Azymous bread is unfermented, unleavened bread.
—Galen.
B.
   BABEURRE, Buttermilk.
   BABILLEMENT, Loquacity.
   BABUZICARIUS, Incubus.
   BAC'ARIS, Bach'aris.   A name given by the
 ancients  to  an ointment, described  by Galen
 under the name  Ointment of  Lydia.  It was
 sometimes employed in diseases of the womb.—
 Hippocrates.  ,
   BACCiE  BERMUDENSES,  Sapindus  sapo-
 naria—b. seu Grana actes, see Sambucus ebulus
 —b. Jujubas, Jujube—b. Myrtillorum,  see Vacci-
 nium myrtillus—b. Norlandicas, Rubus arcticus
 —b. Piperis Glabri, see Piper Cubeba—b. Pisca-
 toriae, see Menispermum  cocculus — b. Zizyphi,
 see Jujube.
   BACCAR,  Bac'caris, Bac'charis.   An herb
 used by the ancients in their garlands,  to destroy
 enchantment.  Perhaps, the Digitalis  purpurea.
 Some authors have erroneously thought it to be
 the Asarum.
   BACCHARIS, Baccar.
   B AC CHI'A, from Bacchus, 'wine.'   A name
 applied to the red or pimpled face of the  drunkard.
 See Gutta rosea.
   BACCHICA, Hedera helix.
   BACHARIS, Bacaris.
   BACHELOR'S BUTTONS, see  Strychnos nux
 vomica.
   BACKER'S TONIC PILLS, Pilulas ex Helle-
 boro et Myrrha.
   BACILE, Crithmum maritimum.
   BACIL'LUM, Bacillus,  Bac'ulua, Bad cuius:
 ' a stick.'   This name has been applied to a kind
 of troch, composed of expectorants, and having
 the shape of a stick. Also, a suppository. Bacil-
 lum was used by the ancient chemists for several
 instruments of iron.
   BACK-ACH ROOT, Liatris.
   BACKSTROKE  OF THE HEART, Impulse,
 diastolic.
   BACOVE, Musa sapientum.
   BACTYRILOBIUM FISTULA, Cassia fistula.
   BACULUS, Bacillum.
   BADEN, MINERAL WATERS OF.  Baden
 is a town six miles from Vienna.   Here are 12
 springs, containing carbonates of lime  and mag-
 nesia;  sulphates of lime,  and  magnesia,  and
 soda; and chlorides of sodium  and aluminum.
 The water is  used  in diseases of the skin, rheu-
 matism, &e.  There are two other towns of the
 same  name;  one in Suabia,  and the  other in
 Switzerland, about  12 miles from  Zurich, where
 are mineral springs.  The waters of the last two
 are thermal sulphureous.
  BADEN-BADEN, MINERAL WATERS OF.
 Celebrated thermal  springs, situate about a league
from the high road to Basle  and Frankfort.  Their
temperature varies from 130° to 154° Fahrenheit.
  BADER, Bather.
  BADIAGA. A kind of sponge, sold in Russia,
the powder of which is said to take away the livid |
 marks from  blows and bruises in a few hours.
 Its nature is not understood.
   BADIANE, Illicium anisatum.
   BADISIS, Walking.
   BADUKKA,  Capparis badukka.
   BAG, DUSTING, see Dusting-bag.
   BAGEDIA, Pound.
   BAGNERES-ADOUR, MINERAL WATERS
 OF.   Bagneres-Adour  is a small town  in  the
 department of Hautea  Pyrenees, having a great
 number  of mineral springs;  some, cold  chaly-
 beates; others, thermal salines; but the greatest
 part sulphureous and warm.
   BAGNERES  DU LUCHON is  a small town
 in  the department of  Haute Garonne, on  the
 frontiers of Spain.  It  has  been for a long time
 famous for its  numerous  sulphureous  springs,
 the temperature  of which is from 69° to 148° of
 Fahrenheit.
   BAGNIGGE  WELLS.  A saline mineral
 spring in London,  resembling the Epsom.
   BAGNIO, Baignoire.
   BAGNOLES, MINERAL WATERS  OF.
 Bagnoles is a village in the department of Orne.
 The water resembles that of Bagneres de Luelum.
   BAGNOLS, MINERAL WATERS OF.  Bag-
 nols is a village, two leagues from Mende, in  the
 department of Lozere.  The  waters are hydro-
 sulphurous and thermal: 109° Fahrenheit.
   BAGOAS,  Castratus.
   BAGUENAUDIER,  Colutea arborescens.
   BAHA'MA ISLANDS, CLIMATE OF. The
 climate of the Bahamas is  not considered to be
 well adapted for consumptive patients, on  ac-
 count of the  rapid alternations of temperature,
 and the prevalence of winds, often of a dry, cold
 character.  Still, the phthisical valetudinarians
 from most  portions of the  United  States  might
 derive advantage from a residence  there during
 the winter months.  The  accommodations  are
 not, however, good, or numerous.
  BAHEL,  Colum'nea   longifo'lia.  A  labiated
 plant  of Malabar, whose leaves, bruised, are  ap-
 plied as cataplasms to suppurating tumours.
  Bahel Schulli, Genista spinosa Indica.
  BAIGNEUR, Bather.
  BAIGNOIRE (F.),  Baptiste'rium, a Bathing
 tub, Bagnio,  So'lium, Piscina.  The  vessel or
 place in which bathing is performed.  Baignoire
 oculaire, an eye-bath,—a small vessel for bathing
 the eyes.
  BAILLEMENT, Yawning.
  BAILLON, Speculum oris.
  BAIN, Bath —6. Chattel, Bath, hot—6. Elec-
 trique, Bath, electric, see Electricity—b. En tier,
 Bath,  general — b. de Fauteuil,  Bath,  hip — 6.
Frais, Bath, tepid—b. Froid, Bath, cold—A. Ma-
rie, Bath, water—6. Medicinal, Bath, medicated
—6. de Pied, Bath, foot, Pediluvium — b. de Sa-
ble, Bath, sand—b. de Siige, Bath, hip—6. Tem-
pere,  Bath, tepid, B.  Temperate — b.  de Tete, 
BAINS
121
BALSAM
  BAINS, MINERAL WATERS  OF.  These
are situate  at  Plombi&res,  department  of  the
Vosges.  They are said to be saline and thermal
by  some; others deny them any medical pro-
perties.
  BALAMPULLI, Tamarindus.
  BALANCE, ARKOSTATIC,  Areometer.
  BAL'ANCEMENT,  Compensation, from (F.)
balance, 'a balance/ itself from bis, 'twice/ and
lanx,  'a dish.'   A law of teratogeny,  as  main-
tained by Geoffroy St. Hilaire,  by which  exube-
rance of nutrition in one organ  is supposed to
involve, to a greater or less extent, the total or
partial atrophy of some other,—and conversely.
  BALANDA,  Fagus Sylvatica.
  BALANEUM, Bath.
  BALANISMUS,  Suppository.
  BALANITIS, Gonorrhoea spuria.
  BALAN0BLENN0RRII03A, Gonorrhoea
spuria.
  BALANOCASTANUM,  Bunium Bulbocasta-
num.
  BALAN0RRH03A, Gonorrhoea spuria.
  BA'LANUS, 0aXavos, 'glans/ 'an acorn.' The
glans penis.  Hence, Bulanoblennorrhce'u, Blen-
norrhcea of the glans; and Balanitis, Inflamma-
tion of the  glans.   Suppositories and pessaries
were called  Hal ani.
  Balanos  Phcenicos, Date.
  Balanus, Glans, Suppository—b. Myrepsica,
Guilandina moringa.
  BALARUC,  MINERAL WATERS OF.  Ba-
laruc  is a town  in the department of Herault,
in France.  The waters are saline and thermal.
They  contain  carbonic acid, carbonate of lime,
carbonate of magnesia, chlorides of sodium, cal-
cium, and magnesium, sulphate of lime,  and a
little iron.  They are  considered tonic, and are
largely used.   Their temperature is about 118°
Fahrenheit.
  Balaruc  Water,  Factit"ious, (F.) Eau  de
Balaruc; Aqua Belliluca'na is made  of simple
acidulous  water (containing twice its bulk of car-
bonic  acid)  i""";xxss^ chloride  of sodium, """"iss;
chloride of calcium, gr. xviij ;  chloride of mag-
nesium, gr. lvi:  carbonate of magnesia, gr. j.
  BALATRO,  Bambalio.
  BALAUSTINE FLOWERS, see Punica gra-
natum.
  BALBIS, |6*aX|6\s, 'a foundation.'  Any  oblong
cavity. — Galen.  Hippocrates,  in his treatise on
the joints, gives the name Balbito'des to the ole-
cranon cavity of the humerus.
  BALBUS, (F.) Begue.  One habitually affected
with stammering.  A stammerer.
  BALBU'TIES, Psellis'mus,  Psellotes,  Bla'-
sitas,  Baryglos'sia,  Dysla'lia, Mogila'lia,  Ischo-
pho'nia, Battaris'mus, Bamba'lia,  Hasita'tio,
Loque'la bla'stt, (F.) Balbutivment,  Begaiement.
Stammering, St. Vitus's  Dance  of  the  Voice.
Also,  vicious and incomplete pronunciation, in
which almost all the consonants are replaced by
the letters B and L ; Traulis'mus.
  BALCIIUS, Bdellium.
  BALD.  ATHRIX.
  BALPMOXEY, iEthusa meum.
  BALDNESS, Alopecia,  Calvities—b. Limited,
Porrigo decalvans—b. Partial, Porrigo decalvans.
  BALENAS. Leviathan penis.
  BALIMBAGO, Hibiscus populeus.
  BAL1XEAT0R, Bather.
  BALIXEUM, Bath.
  BALL, Pila,
  BALLJSMUS.  Chorea.
  BALLISTA,  Astragalus.
  BALI,OX. Receiver.
  BALLONNEMENT, Tympanites.
  BAL'LOTA FGS'TIDA, B. vulga'ris seu nigra,
 Murru'bium nigrum, Black Horehound, Stinking
 H, (F.) Marm.be noir.   This plant is  esteemed
 to be antispasmodic, resolvent, and detersive. (?)
   BALLOTA Lana'ta,  Leonu'rus lana'tus.  A
 plant of the Nat. Family,  Labiatas, Sex.  Syst.
 Didynamia Gymnospermia,  which grows in Si-
 beria.  The whole plant, with the exception of
 the root, has been recommended  in dropsy, and
 in rheumatism and gout, as a  diuretic.   It is
 usually given in decoction  ("|ss  to £j to f^viij
 of water.)
   BALLOTTEMENT, (F.) Agitdtion, Succus'-
 sion, Mouvement de  Ballottement, Repercus'sion,
 means  the motion  impressed on the  foetus in
 utero, by  alternately pressing   the uterus by
 means of the index finger of  one hand introduced
 into the vagina; the other hand being applied
 on the abdomen.  It is one of the least  equivocal
 signs of pregnancy.
   BALLSTON SPA.  This village is situate in
 Saratoga County,  New  York.  The spring  Sans
 Souci belongs to the class  of Acidulous  Chaly-
 beates.  It contains iodide of sodium.  There is
 also a sulphur spring.
   BALM,  Melissa — b. Apple, Momordica bal-
 samina—b. Bastard, Melitis Melissophyllum—b.
 of Gilead,  Solomon's, see Tinctura cardamomi—
 b. of Gilead, Poplar, Populus candicans— b. of
 Gilead tree, Dracocephalum Canariense — b. In-
 dian, Trillium latifolium—b. Mountain, Monarda
 coccinea—b. Red, Monarda coccinea—b. Stink-
 ing, Hedeoma.
   BALMONY, Chelone glabra.
   BALNEA CGENOSA, Boue des eaux.
   BALNEARIUM, Hypocaustum.
   BALNEARIUS, Bather.
   BALNEATOR, Bather.
   BALNEOG'RAPHY, Balneograph'ia,  from
 (SaXavctov,  ' a bath/  and ypatpv, ' a description.'
 A description of baths.
   BALNEOL'OGY, Balneotog"ia,  from  0aXa-
 vttov, ' a bath/  and Xoyos,  ' a  description.'  A
 treatise on baths.
   BALNEOTHERAPI'A, from (laXavciov, 'a
 bath/ and Btpatttta,  'treatment.'  Treatment of
 disease by  baths.
   BALNEUM, Bath —b. Acidum, Bath, acid —
 b. Alkalinum, Bath, alkaline—b. Animale, Bath,
 animal — b. Antipsoricum, Bath,  antipsoric — b.
 Anti-syphiliticum, Bath, antisyphilitic — b.  Are-
 nas, Bath, sand—b. Gelatinosum, Bath, gelatinous
 — b. Marias, Bath, water — b. Medicatum, Bath,
 medicated—b. Sulphuris, Bath, sulphur.
   BALSAM, Bal'samum, Boleson, Beleson, (F.)
 Baume.  This name is given to natural vegetable
 substances, concrete  or liquid, but very odorous,
 bitter, and piquant: composed of resin, benzoic
 acid, and sometimes of an essential oil; — which
 allow benzoic acid to be  disengaged by the action
 of heat; readily dissolved in volatile oil, alcohol,
 and ether;  and, when treated with alkalies, afford
 a soluble benzoate, and  throw down resin.  We
 know of only five balsams:—those of Peru, and
 Tolu, Benzoin, solid Styrax or Storax, and liquid
 Styrax.  (See those different words.)  There are,
 however, many pharmaceutical preparations and
 resinous substances,  possessed  of  a  balsamic
 smell, to which the name balsam has been given;
 but they differ essentially  in  composition  and
 properties: hence the distinction  of balsams into
 natural and artificial.  The  natural balsams in-
 clude the five before mentioned; the artificial
 the remainder.
  Balsam,  Acous'tic, Bal'samum Acous'ticum,
 (F.) Baume acoustique.  A mixture of fixed  and
 essential oils,  sulphur,  and tinctures  of. fetid
gums.  Used in cases of atonic deafness, dropped
into the ear.  The acoustic balsam of Dr. Hugh 
           BALSAM,  AMERICAN

Bath, head—6. Tiide, Bath, tepid—6. Tres froid,
Bath, cold—6. de Vaptur, Bath, vapour.
Smith is made by mixing three drachms of ox-
gall with one  drachm of balsam of Peru.
  Balsam, American, see Myroxylon Peruiferum
— b.  Anodyne, Bates's  Linimentum saponis  et
opii.
  Balsam, Apoplec'tic, Bal'samum,  Apoplec'-
ticum, (F.)  Baume apoplectique.    A medicine
composed of  several balsams properly so  called,
resins, and volatile  oils.  It is  of a stiff consist-
ence,  is worn in ivory boxes about the person,
and is smelled at in headachs, <fec.
  Balsam Apple, Momordica balsamina.
  Balsam of Arcce'us,  Bal'samum Arcai, Un-
guen'tum Elemi,  (F.) Baume d'Arcceus.   A soft
ointment; sometimes employed in  wounds,  ul-
cers,  Ac.  It  is made by melting, with a gentle
heat,  two parts of mutton suet, one of lard, one
and a half of turpentine, and as much resin.
  Balsam, Canada, see Pinus  balsamea—b. Ca-
nary,  Dracocephalum  Canariense — b.  Capivi,
Copaiba.
  Balsam of Carpa'thia, Bal'samum Oarpaih'-
icum, (F.) Baume de Garpathie.  The resin  of
the Pinus Cembra, a tree, which grows in  Swit-
zerland,  Libya,  and the Krapac  mountains  in
Hungary.
  Balsam, Chalyb'eate, Bal'samum Chalybea'-
tum, (F.) Baume d'acier ou d'aiguilles.  A mix-
ture of nitrate of iron, alcohol, and oil, prepared
by dissolving needles in nitric  acid.   It was for-
merly employed in frictions in pains of the joints.
  Balsam, Commander's, Tinctura benzoini com-
posita—b. for Cuts, Tinctura benzoini composita.
  Balsam, Cordial, of Senner'tus, Bal'samum
Cordia'le Senner'ti, (F.) Baume cordiale de Sen-
nert.   A stimulant medicine,  composed  of the
essential oils  of citron, cloves, and cinnamon,  of
musk, and ambergris.  Dose, 6 to  15 drops.
  Balsam of Fierabras. A celebrated Spanish
vulnerary balsam, mentioned by Cervantes ; the
composition of which was oil, rosemary, salt and
wine. (?)
  Balsam, Spir'ituous, of Fioraventi, Bal'-
samum Fioraven'ti  spirituo'sum, (F.)  Baume  de
Fioraventi spiritueux.  Different products  of the
distillation of resinous and balsamic substances,
and of a number of aromatic substances, pre-
viously  macerated  in  alcohol, have  been thus
called.  The Spirituous  Balsam of Fioraventi,
the  only one now  used  in  friction, in  chronic
rheumatism, is the first product of the distillation
from a sand-bath.  It is entirely alcoholic.  The
 Oily  Balsam of Fioraventi is obtained  by re-
moving  the residue, and distilling it in an iron
vessel, at a white heat.  It  has the appearance
of a  eitrine-coloured oil.  The Black  Balsam of
Fioraventi is the black  oil, obtained when  the
temperature  is sufficient to carbonize the sub-
stances in the cucurbit.
   Balsam of Fir, see Pinus balsamea.
   Balsam of Fourcroy or of Laborde, (F.)
Baume de Fourcroy ou de Laborde.  A kind of
liniment composed of aromatic plants, balsams,
resins, aloes, turpentine, theriac,  and olive  oil.
Used in chaps of the skin and nipples.
   Balsam, Friar's, Tinctura benzoini composita.
   Balsam of Genevieve, (F.) Baume de Gene-
vieve.  An ointment composed of wax, turpen-
tine,  oil, red saunders, and camphor. Used in
contused wounds, gangrene, &c.
   Balsam of Honey (Hill's.) A tincture made
of tolu, honey (aa Ibj) and spirit, (a gallon.)  A
pectoral, used in coughs.  The committee of the
New York College  of Pharmacy recommend the
following formula:—(Gum. Benzoin, "fv, Bats.
 Tolut. """"j, Mellia ^viij, Alcohol. Oiij — digest  for
 10 days and  filter.) See Mel.
2            BALSAM, PERUVIAN

  Balsam of Horehound (Ford's.)  A tincture
of  horehound,  liquorice-root,  comphor,  opium,
benzoin, dried squills, oil of aniseed, and honey.
It has the same  properties  as  the above.   See
Marrubium.
  Balsam, Hungarian, see  Pinus mughos.
  Balsam, Hypnot'ic, Bal'samum Hypnot'icum,
(F.) Baume Hypnotiqtte. A preparation of which
opium,  hyoscyamus,  camphor,  and some other
sedative substances form the basis.  It is  used
externally in friction, to provoke sleep.
  Balsam, Hyster'ic, Bal'samum Hyster'icum,
(F.) Baume HysUrique.  A preparation made of
opium,  aloes, asafcetida, castor, distilled oils of
rue, amber, &e.   It is held to the nose, applied
to the navel, or rubbed on the hypogastrium in
hysterical cases.
  Balsam, Indian, see Myroxylon peruiferum.
  Balsam of Leictoure of Condom or Vince-
GUERE, Bal'samum Lectorcn'se.   A strongly sti-
mulant and aromatic mixture of camphor, saffron,
musk, and ambergris, dissolved in essential oils.
The ancients burnt it for the purpose of purifying
the air of a chamber, when infected with a disa-
greeable odour.
  Balsam of  Life  of  Hoff'man,  Bal'samum
 Vita Hoffman'ni, (F.) Baume de Vie d'Hoffman,
A tincture, composed of essential oils and amber-
gris,  employed internally and  externally  as  a
stimulant.  A mixture of  essential oils without
alcohol constitutes the Saxon Balsam, Bal'samum
apoplec'ticum, B. aromalicum, B. cepihal icum, B.
Saxon'icum, B. nervi'num, B. Scherzeri, B. Sto-
mach'icum. Employed in friction as a stimulant.
  Balsam of Life, Decoctum aloes compositum
—b. of Life, Turlington's, see Tinctura benzoini
composita.
  Balsam of Locatel'li or Lucatel'li, Bal'-
samum Lucutelli, (F.) Baume de Lucatel. A  sort
of ointment,  composed of wax,  oil,  turpentine,
sherry, and  balsam of Peru, coloured  with  red
saunders.  It was once administered in pulmo-
nary consumption.
  Balsam of Mecca, see Amyris opobalsamum
— b. Mexican, see Myroxylon  Peruiferum — b.
Natural, see Myroxylon Peruiferum.
  Balsam, Green, of Metz, Bal'samum Vir'ide
Meten'sium, Bal'samum Vir'ide, (F.) Baume vert
de Metz, Baume de Feuillet, Huile verte, O'leum
ox'ydi cupri vir'ide.  This is  composed of several
fixed oils, holding, in solution, subcarbonate of
copper, sulphate  of zinc, turpentine, aloes,  and
the  essential oils of cloves  and juniper.  It is
green and caustic, and is employed to hasten the
cicatrization of atonic ulcers,
  Balsam, Nephrit'ic, of Fuller, Bal'samum
Nephret'icum Fulleri.  A liquid medicine, com-
posed of oils, resins, and balsams, whicb  have
experienced an incipient state  of carbonization
from concentrated sulphuric acid.  It was given
in the dose of 15  to 30 drops in certain affections
of the kidneys.
  Balsam,  Nervous,  Bal'samum  Nervi'num,
 (F.) Baume nervin ou nerval. A kind of ointment,
 composed of fatty bodies, volatile oils, balsam of
 Peru, camphor, &c.  It is  employed in friction
in eases of sprains and rheumatic pains.
   Balsam,  Paralyt'ic, of Mynsicht.  A  sort
 of liniment or soft mixture  of the essential oils
 of  different aromatic plants, oils of turpentine
 and amber.—L6mery.
   Balsam of Parei'ra BRAVA, Bal'samum Pa-
 rei'ra brava.   A  soft mixture  of  balsam, resin,
 muriate of ammonia, and  powder of the root of
 Pareira brava.   It is given internally, to excite
 the urinary secretion.
   Balsam,  Peruvian,  see  Myroxylon Peruife-
 rum—b. of Peru, red, see Toluifera balsamum—
I b. of Peru, white, see Myroxylon Peruiferum.
12 
BALSAMADENDRON  GILEADENSE   123
BAMBOO
  Balsam of Rackabi'ra or of Rakasi'ri. This
substance is of a yellowish-brown colour; semi-
transparent; fragile, when dry, but softening by
heat: adhering to the  teeth, when chewed.  It
has a smell similar to that of the Balsam of Tolu,
and is slightly bitter.   It is brought from India
in gourd shells, and has  been employed in dis-
eases of the urinary and genital organs, especially
in gonorrhoea.
   Balsam, Riga.  Prepared from the shoots of
the Scotch Fir, macerated in spirit of wine.   In-
ternally, stimulant and  diuretic;  externally,  a
vulnerary.  See Pinus  Cembra.
   Balsam of Saturn, Bal'samum Satur'ui.  A
solution of acetate of lead in spirit of turpentine,
concentrated by evaporation ; to which camphor
has  been added.  This  balsam was  applied to
hasten the cicatrization of wounds.
   Balsam  of  the Samar'itan, (F.) Baume du
Saniariluin.  A  sort  of liniment, prepared by
boiling together,  at a gentle heat, equal parts of
wine and oil.  It is said to have been the  oint-
ment used  by the Samaritan of the Gospel to
 cure a patient covered with ulcers.
   Balsam, Saxon, Balsam of Life of Hoffmann.
   Balsam  of  Sulphur, Bal'samum  Sulphur is,
 (F.)  lianine de Soufre.  A  solution of sulphur in
 oil.— II. sulph.  anisiltum, (F.) B. de Soufre anise.
 A solution  of sulphur  in essential oil of aniseed;
 given as a  carminative. — B. Sulph. succina'tum,
 (F.) B. de Soufre succine.  A solution of sulphur
 in oil of amber. — B. Sulphuris terebinthina'turn,
 Common Dutch Drops, (F.) B. de soufre tirebin-
 thine.   A solution of sulphur in essential oil of
 turpentine, administered as a diuretic.—The Bal-
 sam of Sulph ur of Ruland is a solution of sulphur
 in linseed oil or nut oil.
   Balsam  of  Sym'pathy, Balsamum Sympath'-
 icum, (F.) Buumc de Sympathie.  A balsam,  used
 in  the  days When sympathetic influence  was
 strongly believed in.  It  was  composed of the
 raspings of a human skull, blood, and human fat,
 anil was applied to the instrument which had
 inflicted the wound.
   Balsam, Thibaut's.   A tincture of myrrh,
 aloes,  dragon's blood, flowers of St.  John's wort,
 and Chio turpentine.  Internally, diuretic; exter-
 nally,  vulnerary.
   Balsam of  Tolu, see Toluifera Balsamum.
   Balsam, Tranquil, Bal'samum  tranquillum
 seu  tranquillans, (F.) B.  tranquille. A liquid
 medicine  employed, externally, in the shape  of
 friction: it is prepared by macerating and  boil-
 ing, in olive oil, narcotic and poisonous plants,—
 belladonna, m.andragora, hyoscyamus, &c.—and
 afterwards infusing,  in  the filtered decoction,
 different aromatic plants.   It was employed  as
 an  anodyne.
   Balsam, Turkey, Dracocephalum Canariense.
   Balsam of Tur'pentine, Dutch  Drops,  Bal-
 samum Tcrebin'thina.   Obtained by  distilling
 oil   of turpentine in  a  glass retort, until a red
  balsam is left.   It possesses the properties of the
  turpentines.
    Balsam, Vervain's, Tinctura Benzoini  com-
  posita.
    Balsam, Vul'nerary, of Mindere'rus, Bal'-
  samum vu/nera'rium  Mindere'ri, (F.\ B.  vulni-
  raire  de  Mixderer.   A kind  of liniment, com-
  posed of turpentine, resin elemi, oil  of St. John's
  wort,  and wax.   Employed in  friction, and as a
  dressing to wounds.
    Balsam Weed,  Impatiens fulva — b. Wound,
  Tinctura, Benzoini composita.
    BALSAMADENDRON  GILEADENSE,
  Amyris Gileadensis — b. Myrrha, see Myrrha.
    BALSAMARIA INOPHYLLUM, see Fagara
  octandra.
  BALSAMEL.EON, Myroxylon Peruiferum.
  BALSAM'IC,  Balaam'icus,  from  fiaXvapov,
'balsam.'  Possessing the  qualities of balsams.
Balsamic odour:—a sweet, faint,  and slightly
nauseous smell.  Balaamic substance : — one re-
sembling the balsams in property.
  BALSAMIER ELEMIFERE, Amyris elemi-
fera — b. de In Mecque, Amyris opobalsamum.
  BALSAMIXA. Momordica balsamina.
  BALSAMINE, Momordica balsamina.
  BALSAMITA FCEMIXEA, Achillea ageratum
—b. Major, Tanacetum balsamita—b. Mas, Ta-
nacetum balsamita.
  Balsami'ta Suav'eolens, B. odora'ta, B. ma-
ris.  Mentha  Saracen'ica,  M.  Roma'na.  Fam.
Compositae Corymbiferas.  Sex. Syst. Syngenesia
Polygamia superflua.  A plant,  common in the
south of France, and cultivated in the gardens ;
where  it bears the  names  Menthecoq,  Grand
baume, Bourne des Jardins.   Its smell is strong
and aromatic, and  taste hot.  It is used for the
same purposes as tansey, i. e. as a stimulant, ver-
mifuge, &e.
  Balsamita  Suaveolens, Tanacetum balsa-
mita/—b. Vulgaris,  Tanacetum balsamita.
  BALSAMO-SACCHARUM, El»o-Saccharum.
  BALSAMUM, see Balsam, Amyris  opobalsa-
mum—b. jEgyptiacum, see Amyris opobalsamum
b. Album, see Myroxylon  Peruiferum—b. Alpini,
Dracocephalum Canariense—b. Alpini, see Amy-
ris  opobalsamum — b. Anodynum, Linimentum
saponis et opii—b. Apoplecticum, Balsam of life
of Hoffmann — b. Aromaticum, Balsam of life of
Hoffmann — b. Asiaticum, see Amyris opobalsa-
mum—b. Braziliense, Copaiba — b. Calaba, see
Fagara octandra — b.  Canadense, see Pinus bal-
samea— b. Catholicum, Tinctura benzoini  com-
posita— b.  Cephalicum, Balsam of life of  Hoff-
mann—b. Copaibas, Copaiba—b. Genuinum anti-
quorum, see Amyris opobalsamum — b. Hyperici
simplex,  see  Hypericum perforatum — b. Judai-
cum, see Amyris opobalsamum — b. Libani, see
Pinus  cembra—b. Marias, see Fagara octandra—
b. e Mecca,  see Amyris opobalsamum — b. Mer-
curiale, Unguentum hydrargyri nitratis—b. Ner-
vinum, Balsam of  life of Hoffmann—b.  Opodel-
doc, Linimentum saponis camphoratum—b. Oph-
thalmicus rubrum, Unguentum hydrargyri ni-
trico-oxydi—b. Persicum, Tinctura benzoini com-
posita—b. Peruanum,  see Myroxylon Peruiferum
b. Saturninum, Unguentum plumbi superacetatis
 — b. Scherzeri, Balsam of life of Hoffmann — b.
 Stomachicum, Balsam of life of Hoffmann — b.
 Styracis, Styrax—b. Styracis benzoini, Benjamin
 b. Succini, see Succinum — b. Sulphuris Barba-
 dense,  Petroleum  sulphuratum — b. Sulphuris
 simplex, Oleum sulphuratum — b. Syriacum, see
 Amyris opobalsamum — b. Tolutanum, see Tolu-
 ifera balsamum — b. Tranquillans seu Tranquil-
 lum, Balsam, tranquil—b. Traumaticum, Tinctura
 benzoini composita — b. Universale, Unguentum
 plumbi superacetatis — b. Viride, Balsam, green,
 of Metz ; see Fagara octandra.
   BALSAMUS PALUSTRIS,  Mentha aquatica.
   BALSEM, Amyris  opobalsamum.
   BAMBA, Bamboo.
   BAMBALIA, Balbuties.
   BAMBA'LIO, Bam'balo,  Bala'tro, from $ap-
 (Saivta, ' I speak  inarticulately.'  One who  stam-
 mers or lisps, or utters inarticulate sounds. Ac-
 cording to Krause, one who speaks as if he had
 pap in his mouth,  or as if the tongue were para-
 lyzed.
   BAMBOO, (F.) Bambou,  Bambu.  Fam. Gra-
 mineas.  Sex. Syst. Hexandria Monogynia.  The
 young shoots of Bambos arundina'cea, Arun'do
 bambos, Bambu'sa arundina'cea, and of Bambos
 verticilla'ta, contain a saccharine pith, of  which 
                ,  BAMBOS

the people of both the  Indies  are  very fond.
They are sometimes made into a pickle.
  BAMBOS   ARUNDINACEA,  Bamboo —b.
Verticillata, Bamboo.
  BAMBUSA ARUNDINACEA, Bamboo.
  BAMIX MOSCHATA, Hibiscus abelmoschus.
  BAMMA, from /3airru, 'I plunge/ 'a paint;  a
dye.'  Anciently, liquids were so called, in which
certain bodies were plunged, to moisten or soften
them.  In the case  of tea, for instance, into which
bread is dipped, the tea would be the bamma.
  BANANA,  Musa sapientum.
  BANANIER, Musa sapientum.
  BANAUSIA, Charlatanry.
  BANC D'HIP POOR ATE, Bathron.
  BAN GAL,  (F.) One who has deformed legs.
It includes  the valgus, compemis,  and varus,
which see.
  BANC ROCHE, (F.) A  vulgar  epithet for  a
rickety individual.
  BAND, PRIMITIVE, see Nerve Fibre.
  BAN'DAGE,  Desma, Syndes'mus, Hypodes'
mis,  Hypodesma, Hypodes'mus,  (the  last three
signify properly an under  bandage.)  A binder,
from Sax. bindan, 'to  bind.' This  word, with
the French, is generally used to  express the  me-
thodical  application  of rollers, compresses,  &c,
Ban'daging, Syn'desis, to fix an  apparatus upon
any part,—corresponding to the words deliga'tio,
fascia'tio, fascia'rum appliedtio, epid'esis. With
us the noun is usually applied to the result of the
application, or to the bandage itself;—a sense in
which the French employ the word Bande. Bon-
dages are simple or compound.  The simple ban-
dage is equal, if the turns are applied circularly
above each other;  unequal, if the turns are  not
accurately applied  upon each other. If each turn
of the bandage be  only covered one-third, it
forms the  doloire  of the French; if the edges
touch only slightly, it is the moussi ;  if the turns
are very oblique and separated, it is  the spiral
or creeping, (F.) rampant; if folded upon each
other, it is  termed the  reversed,  (F.) renverse.
By uniting various kinds of bandaging,  we have
the  compound;  and these compound bandages
have received various names expressive of their
figure,or of the parts to which they are applied,
as capistrum, spica, &c.  Bandages are  divided,
also, as regards their uses, into uniting, dividing,
retaining, expelling, compressing, &c.
  Bandage  or Roller, Fas'cia,  Ta'nia, Epi-
des'mos,  Vin'culum, the Bande of the French, is
derived from (G.) bin den,  'to bind.'   It may
be made of linen, flannel, or  other stuff capable
of offering a certain resistance.  The two extre-
mities  of a bandage are called tails, (F.) chefs,
and  the rolled part is termed its head, (F.) globe.
If rolled at both extremities, it is called a double-
headed  roller or  bandage,  (F.) Bande  d deux
globes.
  Bandage, Body, Manti'le, (F.) Bandage de
 Corps, is used for fixing dressings,  &c, to  the
trunk.  It is formed of a towel, napkin, or some
large compress, folded  three or four times;  the
extremities of which are fastened by pins. This
is again fixed by means of the scapulary bandage,
which is  nothing  more  than an ordinary ban-
dage, stitched to  the  anterior and middle  part
of the napkin,  passing  over the  clavicles  and
behind the head, to be attached to the back  part
of the napkin.
  Bandage,  Compressing, or Roller, Fascia
compresslva seu convolu'ta, (F.) Bandage com-
pressive  ou rouU,  is the simple roller with  one
head; and is employed in cases of ulcers, varices,
<tc, of the limbs. Whenever this roUer is applied
to the lower part  of the limbs,  it is  carried  up-
4              BANDELETTE

wards by the doloire and reversed methods above
described.
  BANDAGE D1VISIF,  Dividing bandage —
b. en Doloire,  Doloire.
   Bandage, Eighteen-tailed, Fas'ciu octoil-
ccim capilibus,  (F.) Bandage a  tlix. huit chefs.
This bandage  is made of a longitudinal portion
of a common  roller;  and with a sufficient num-
ber of transverse pieces or tails, to cover as much
of the part as is requisite.  It is a very useful
bandage, inasmuch as it can be undone without
disturbing the part.
   Bandage, Galen's, B. for the Poor, Fas'cia
 Gale'ni  seu Pau'perum, (F.) Bandage de (lulien
ou des Pauvres, Ga'lea, is  a kind of cueullus or
hood, (F.) Oouvrechef  divided into three parts
on each side; of which Galen has given a de-
scription.  See Cancer, Galeni.
   Bandage, Hernial, see Truss — b. Immo-
vable, Apparatus, immovable.
   Bandage, In'guinal, Fas'cia inguina'lis.  A
bandage for keeping  dressings applied to  the
groin.  It consists of a cincture, to which is  at-
tached  a triangular compress, adapted for cover-
ing the  groin.  To the lower extremity of this,
one or  two bandages  are  attached, which pass
under the  thigh, and  are  fixed to  the posterior
part of the cincture. This bandage may be either
simple or double.
   Other bandages will be  found described under
their various names.
   Bandage, Permanent, Apparatus, immovable
—b. of  the Poor, see Cancer Galeni; and Band-
age, Galen's.
  Bandage of separate Strips, or B. of Scul-
TE'tus,  Fas'cia fasci'olis separa'tim dispos'itis seu
Sculte'ti, (F.)  Bandftge d bandelettes separees  ou
de Scultet.   This is formed of linen strips, each
capable of surrounding once and a half  the part
to which they have to be applied, and placed
upon  each  other, so as to cover successively one-
third of their width.  It.is used chiefly for frac-
tures, requiring  frequent dressing.
   Bandage, Under,  Hypodesmis—b.  Unissant,
Uniting bandage.
   BANDAGING,  see Bandage—b. Doctrine of,
Desmaturgia.
   BAN'DAGIST.   One whose business it is to
make bandages, and especially those for hernia.
  BANDE,  Bandage.  The  word Bande,  in
anatomy, is used by the French for various nar-
row,  flat,  and  elongated  expansions.   Bande
d'Heliodore, is a kind of bandage for supporting
the mammae.
  BANDE A U,  (F.)  A kind of simple bandage,
which consists of a piece  of cloth, folded four
times, and applied round  the head.   There is
also the Bandeau ou  Mouchoir  en triangle  or
triangular bandage, a kind of couvrechef, made
of a square piece of cloth, or of a handkerchief,
folded diagonally, and applied round the head.
   BANDELETTE, (F.)   Diminutive of Bande,
Fasciola,  Taniola, Yitta; a narrow  bandage,
strip, or fillet.  Also Taenia semicircularis.
   BANDELETTES AGGLUTINATIVES,
small strips, covered with  a glutinous plaster.
 Yitta agglutinan'tes.   See  Agglutinant.
   BANDELETTES DEOOUPEES, are strips
of linen, notched  on one  edge, and covered, on
one  side, with  ointment.   They are  applied to
wounds to prevent the lint  from sticking, and the
laceration of the cicatrix.
   BANDELETTE SEMICIRCULAIRE, Tae-
nia semicircularis—-b. des Comes d'ammon, Corpus
fimbriatum—b. des Eminences pyriformes, Taenia
semicircularis—6. de I'Hippocampe, Corpora fim-
briata.
U 
BANDURA
125
BARK
  BANDURA, Ncpentha dostillatoria.
  BANDY-LEGGED, Cnemoscoliosis.
  BANEBERRY, Actasa spicata,
  BANGUE, Bhang, Bongi or Beng,  Sedhee,
Subjee.  Adanson believes this to be the Nepen-
thes of the ancients.  The largest leaves and cap-
sules  without the  stalks of  t'nn'nabis In'dica,
(F.) Chanvre liulicn, Indian hemp, probably iden-
tical with G. su.tiru.  Family, Urticeae.  Sex. Syst.
Dincia Pentandria.  The leaves and flowers of
Cannabis are narcotic and astringent.   They are
chewed and smoked.  The  seeds,  mixed  with
opium, areca, and sugar, produce a kind of in-
toxication,  and are used for this purpose by the
people of India.   An alcoholic extract  of the
plant, Churrus, has been used in India, and since
then in Europe and in this country as a narcotic,
and  anti-convulsive, in the  dose of from half a
grain to ten or more.  It requires, however, great
caution in its administration.  The pure resin—
Cuunitbine—is aotive in the dose of two-thirds of
a grain.
  The dried plant, which has flowered, and from
which the  resin has  not been removed,  called
Gunjuh or Gun jah, Haschisch, Haschicli, Hachisch
or Chnschisch, of the Arabs, consists of the tops
and  tender parts only of the plant, collected im-
mediately after inflorescence, and simply dried.
  BANICA, Pastinaca sativa.
  BANILAS,  Vanilla.
  BANILLA, Vanilla.
  BANILLOES, Vanilla.
  BANISTE'RIA  ANGULO'SA.   This  plant,
in Brazil and the Antilles, passes for a powerful
sudorific, and an antidote to the poison  of ser-
pents.
  BANKSIA  ABYSSINICA, Hagenia Abyssi-
nica—b.  Speciosa, Costus.
  BANNIERES,  MINERAL WATERS  OF.
Bannieres  is a village in Quercy, diocess of Ca-
hors, France.   The waters are probably chaly-
beate.  They  are  celebrated in  amenorrhcea,
cachexia, jaundice, &c.
  BA'OBAB,  Adanao'nia  digita'ta, of Africa;
Nut. Ord. Bombaceas ; one of the largest produc-
tions  of the vegetable  kingdom.  Its fruit  is
called, in the country, Pain de singe.   The pulp
is sourish,  and agreeable to eat:  and a refreshing
drink is  made  from it, which is used  in fevers.
Prospero Alpini and Dr. L. Frank think that the
 Terra Le.mnia was prepared, in Egypt, from the
pulp.  All the parts of the Baobab abound  in
mucilage.  The bark has been given as a substi-
tute for cinchona.
  BAPTISIA LEUCANTHA, see Sophora tinc-
toria—b. Tinctoria, Sophora tinctoria.
  BAPTISTERIUM, Baignoire.
  BARAQUETTE, (F.) A name given by Ra-
sous, physician at Nismes in France, to a catar-
rhal epidemy, which occurred there in  1761. See
Influenza.
  BARATIIRON, Juniperus sabina.
  BARATHRUM, Antrum.
  BARBA, Beard—b. Aaronis, Arum maculatum
—b. Capnv, Spiraea ulmaria—b. Hirci, Tragopo-
gon—b. Jovis,  Sempervivum tectorum.
  BARBADOES,  see West  Indies — b. Leg, see
Elephantiasis.
  BARBAE EA, Erysimum Barbarea—b. Stricta,
Erysimum Barbarea.
  BARBAROS'SvE  PIL'UL^E,  Barbaros'sds
Pills. An  ancient  composition of  quicksilver,
rhubarb, diagridium, musk,  Ac.  It was the first
internal mercurial medicine, which obtained any
real credit.
  BARBE, Beard—b. de Bone, Tragopogon.
  BAR 11 EAU, Cyan us segetum.
  BARBER-CHIRUR'GEONS.  A Corporation
of London, instituted by king Edward IV.   The
barbers were separated from the surgeons, by 18
Geo. II., c. 15; and the latter were  erected into
a Royal College of Surgeons at the commencement
of the present century.
  BARBERS, ARMY, see  Bathers.
  BARBERIE,  MINERAL WATERS  OF.
These  mineral  waters  are  half  a league from
Nantes.  They contain carbonic acid, chlorides
of magnesium and sodium, sulphate of magnesia,
carbonates of  magnesia, lime, and  iron.   They
are used  as chalybeates.
  BARBERRY, Oxycantha Galeni —b. Ameri-
can, see Oxycantha Galeni.
   BARBIERS.  A variety of paralysis  chiefly
prevalent in India; and by many considered  to
be the same as  Beriberi.  Beriberi is commonly
an acute disease.   Barbiers is generally chronic.
   BARBITIUM, Beard.
   BAR-BONE, Pubis, os.
   BARBOTINE, Artemisia Santonica.
   BARBULA CAPRINA,  Spiraea ulmaria.
   BARCLAY'S ANTIBILIOUS PILLS, Pilulaa
antibiliosas.
   BARDADIA, Pound.
   BARD ANA, Arctium lappa—b. Minor, Xan-
thium.
   BARDANE PETITE, Xanthium.
   BAREGES,  MINERAL WATERS  OF.
Bareges is a village in the department of Hautes
Pyrenees, near which are several springs.   They
are sulphureous and thermal, the heat varying
from 85°  to  112° Fahrenheit.   They contain
chlorides of magnesium  and sodium, sulphates
of  magnesia and lime, carbonate of lime, sul-
phur, &c.  These  springs have long enjoyed  a
high reputation, and are daily advised in cutane-
ous and scrofulous affections, <fec.
   Factitious  Bareges Water,  Aqua Baregi-
nen'sis, (F.) Eau de Bareges, is made by adding,
hydrosulphuretted  water, f^iv,  to  pure water,
fSxvijss, carbonate of soda, gr. xvj, chloride  of
sodium, gr. ss.   Bottle closely.
   BARGADA, Convolvulus pes caprias.
   BARGOU.  An  alimentary preparation formed
of ground oats, boiled to a proper  consistence
with water.
   BARIGLIA, Soda.
   BARII CHLORIDUM,  Baryta, muriate of—
b. lodidum, Baryta, hydriodate of.
   BARILLA,  Soda—b. Alicant,  Soda—b. Car-
thagena, Soda—b. Turkey, Soda.
   BARILLOR, Soda.
   BARIUM, Ba'ryum, Barylium, Pluto'nium,
from fiapvs, 'heavy.'  The metallic base of ba-
ryta, so called from the great density of its  com-
pounds.
   Barium, Chloride of, Baryta, muriate of—
b. Chlorure de, Baryta, muriate of—b. Iodide of,
Baryta, hydriodate of—b. Protoxide of, Baryta.
   BARK,  Cinchona — b. Bitter, Pinckneya pu-
bens—b. Calisaya, Cinchonas cordifolias cortex—
b. Caribasan, Cinchonas Caribaeas cortex—b. Car-
thagena,  see  Cinchona — b. Crown, Cinchonas
lancifolias cortex — b. Elk, Magnolia glauea—b.
Essential salt  of,   see Cinchona — b.  Florida,
Pinckneya pubens — b. Georgia, Pinckneya pu-
bens — b. Gray, see Cinchona — b. Huanueo, see
Cinchona—b. Indian, Magnolia glauea — b. Je-
suit's, Cinchona — b. Loxa, Cinchonas lancifolias
cortex—b. Pale, Cinchonas  lancifolias cortex—b.
Maracaybo, see Cinchona—b. Peruvian, Cincho-
na— b. Pitaya, Cinchonas  Caribaeas cortex — b.
Red, Cinchonas oblongifolias cortex — b.  Saint
Lucia. Cinchonas  Caribaeae cortex — b. Santa
Martha,  see Cinchona — b. Silver, see Cinchona
—b. Yellow, Cinchonae cordifolias cortex. 
26                 BASIL
                BARLERIA                1

  BARLERIA BUXIFOLIA, Cara schulli.
  BARLEY, PEARL, see Hordeum—b. Scotch,
Hordeum—b. Water,' Decoctum hordei.
  BARM, Yest,
  BARNET,  MINERAL WATERS OF.  Bar-
net is not far  from London.  The water is of a
purging quality, like that of Epsom, and about
half the strength.
  BAROMACROM'ETER,  Padobaromacrom'-
eter, Padom'eter, from  (iapos, 'weight/ paKpoc,
'long/ and ptrpov,  'measure.'  An instrument
invented by Stein to indicate  the length  and
weight of a new-born infant.
  BAROM'ETER, Baroscop'inm, Ba'roscope,
from fiapos, 'weight,'  and ptrpov, 'measure.'  (F.)
Baromitre.  An instrument which  measures  the
weight of the air. A certain degree of density in
this medium is necessary for health.  When we
ascend high mountains great inconvenience is
experienced, owing to the diminished density.
Changes of this character  are indicated by  the
Barometer or weather-glass.
  BA'ROS, jiapos, 'heaviness.' Employed by  the
Greek physicians to designate the feeling of las-
situde and heaviness observable in many diseases.
—Hippocrates, Galen.
  BAROSCOPE, Barometer.
  BAROSMA CRENATA, Diosma crenata.
  BAROTES  SALITUS, Baryta, muriate of.
  BARRAS, see Pinus sylvestris.
  BARRE,  MINERAL WATERS OF.  Barre
is a small town, six leagues  from Strasburg.
The waters are thermal, and  contain much iron,
calcareous salt, <fcc.  They are diuretic and tonic.
  BARRE (F.) Barrure, Vara, 'a bar.' A pro-
jection or prolongation of the symphysis pubis :
—a deformity  rendering delivery difficult.
  BARREE (F.) A term applied, in France,
to a female whose pelvis has the deformity  de-
scribed under  Barre.
  BARREES, (DENTS.)   The  molar teeth,
when the roots are  spread or tortuous, so that
they cannot be extracted without being broken;
or without a portion of  the alveolar arch being
removed.
  BARREL OF THE EAR, Tympanum.
  BARRENNESS, Sterilitas.
  BATIROS, Terra Portugallica.
  BARR URE, Barre.
  BARTON'S FRACTURE,  see Fracture of the
Radius, Barton's.
  BARYCOCCALON, Datura stramonium.
  BARYCOITA, Baryecoia.
  BARYECOI'A, Barycoi'ta, Bradyecoi'a, Pa-
racusia obtu'sa,  Disecola, Dysecce'a,  Audi'tus
diffic"ilis, Obaudi'tio, Obaudltus, A. gravis, A.
imminu'tus,  Hypocopho'sis, Hypochyro'sis,  (F.)
DuretS d'Oreille, from papvs, 'heavy/ and aicov,
• hearing.'   Hardness  of  hearing, incomplete
deafness.  See Cophosis, and  Deafness.
  BARYGLOSSIA, Balbuties, Baryphonia.
  BARYI HYDRAS IODATI, Baryta, hydrio-
date of.
  BARYLALIA^Baryphonia.
  BARYOD'YNE, from (iapvs, 'heavy/ and obvvv,
' pain.'  A dull, heavy pain.
  BARYPHO'NIA, Baryglos'sia, Baryta'lia,
Loque'la impedi'ta, from fiapvs,' heavy,' and tptavv,
' voice.'  Difficulty of voice or speech.
  BARYPICRON, Artemisia abrotanum.
  BARYSOMATIA, Polysarcia adiposa.
  BARYSOMATICA, Polysarcia adiposa.
  BARY'TA,  from /Japus, 'heavy/  Terra ponde-
ro'sa, Bary'tes, Protox'ide of  Ba'rium,  Heavy
Earth,  Ponderous Earth,  (F.)  Baryte, Barite,
 Terre pesante.  This earth and its  soluble salts
 are aU highly corrosive poisons.  It is never em-
| ployed in medicine in the pure state.   When ex-
 ternally applied, it  is caustic, like potassa and
 soda.
   Bary'ta,  Carbonate of, Baryta Car'bonas,
 (F.) Carbonate de Baryte, is only used officinally
 to obtain the muriate.
   Baryta, Hydri'odate of, Baryta llydriodaa,
 Baryta Hydriod'ica, Hydras lluryi lodtlti, (in
 the  dry state,—Iodide of Barium, Barii  lod'i-
 dum, B. loda'tum,) has been given in  scrofulous
 and similar morbid conditions.   It may be  admi-
 nistered internally in the dose of one eighth of a
 grain  three or four times a day, and be applied
 externally to scrofulous swellings, in the form of
 ointment, (gr. iv to  3*;j of lard.)
   Baryta Hydriodica, Baryta, hydriodate of.
   Baryta, Mu'riate  or  Hydrochlorate  of,
 Bary'ta mu'rias, Ohlo'ride of  Ba'rium, Ba'rii
 Chlo'ridum  (Ph. U.  S.), Chlo'rurct of Ba'rium,
 Terra pondero'sa sali'ta seu muria'ta,  Sal  muri-
 alicum barolicum,  Baro'tes salltus,  (F.) Chlo-
 rure de barium, is the combination chiefly used.
 The Muriate of Baryta may be formed as follows:
 Baryt. Carbon,  in  frustulis, Ibj,  Acid.  Muriat.
 f.^xij,  Aqua, Oiij.   Mix the acid with  the water,
 and gradually add the Carbonate of Baryta. To-
 ward the close of the effervescence, apply a gentle
 heat, and, when the action  has ceased, filter the
 liquor, and boil it down so that crystals may form
 as it cools.   Ph. U. S.
   It is given in the form of the Solu'tio Muria'tia
 Baryta, Liquor Barii Chlo'ridi, Ph. U. S., Aqua
 baryta  muria'tis, (F.) Solution de Muriate  de
 Baryte, (3Iuriate of Baryta, one part;  distilled
 wuter, three parts,) and is employed in scrofulous
 cases,  worms, and  cutaneous diseases.   Exter-
 nally,  to fungous  ulcers and  to  specks on the
 cornea.
   BarytjE Carbonas, Baryta (Carbonate)—b.
 Hydriodas,  Baryta,  hydriodate of—b.  Murias,
 Baryta, muriate of.
   BARYTE,  Baryta—6. Carbonate de, Baryta,
 carbonate of.
   BARYTHMIA, Melancholy.
   BARYTIUM, Barium.
   BARYUM, see Barium.
   BAS-FOND, see Urinary Bladder.
   BAS-LASSE, Stocking,  laced.
   BAS VENTRE, Abdomen.
   BASAAL.   The name of an Indian tree, the
 decoction of whose leaves, in water, with ginger,
 is used as a gargle in diseases of the fauces.  The
 kernels of the fruit are vermifuge.
   BASANASTRA'GALA, from fiaaavos, 'torture/
 and aarpayaXos, 'the astragalus.' Pain in the ankle
 joint;  gout in the foot.
   BASANIS'MOS,  from  (Sao-avi^ti,, 'to explore.
 'A touch-stone.'  Investigation or examination'
 —Hippocrates,  Galen.
   BASE, Basis, from fiaivui,' I proceed,'' I rest/
 'I support myself.'  That wbich serves as a foun-
 dation or support.  That which enters, as a prin-
 cipal matter, into a mixture or combination.   In
 anatomy, it is employed  in the former sense, as
 Base of the Cranium, Base of, the Bruin — Basis
 seu Pavimen'tum cere'bri; Base of a process, &c,
 Base of the heart—Basis vel coro'na cordis.   In
 the art of prescribing, Basis is the chief substance
 which  enters into a compound formula.
   BASEMENT  MEMBRANE,  see Membrane,
 basement.
   BASIATIO, Coition.
   BASIATOR, Orbicularis oris.
   BASIL,  BUSH, Ocymum caryophyllatum—b.
 Citron, Ocymum basilicum — b. Common, Ocy-
 mum basilicum—b.  Small, Ocymum caryophylla-
 tum—b. Wild, Chenopodium vulgare—b.  Wild, 
BASILAD
127
BATH
Cunila mariana — b. Wild,  Pycnanthemum in-
canum.
  BASILAD, see Basilar Aspect.
  BAS'ILAR,  Hnsilu'ris, Baa'iltiry, (F.) Busi-
hiire.  That which  belongs to  the base,  from
Pants, 'base.' This name has been given to seve-
ral parts, which seem to serve as basis to others.
Tho  sacrum and sphenoid have  been  hence so
called.
  Basilar Artery, A. basildris, A. cervica'lis,
(F.)  Artere ou Tronc basiluire, A. mesocfphalique
(Ch.)  The  union of the two vertebral  arteries.
It ascends along the middle groove  on  the infe-
rior  surface of  the  tuber, and is supported, be-
neath by the Fossa  basilaris.  It terminates in
the posterior cerebral arteries.
  Basilar Aspect,  An  aspect towards the base
of the head.—Barclay.   Basilad is used adverbi-
ally  by the  same writer  to  signify  'towards the
basilar aspect.'
  Basilar  Fossa,  (F.)  Gouttierc ou Fosse basi-
luire, is the upper surface of the basilary process,
—so called  because  it  is channeled like a Fossa
or Gutter.   The Tuber annulare rests upon it.
  Basilar  Process, Proces'sus  basildris ossis
occip'itis,  P.  cuneifor'mis  ossis  occip'itis,  (F.)
Apophyse Basiluire, Pro/oni/ement sous-occipital,
On'uniform Process, is the bony projection, formed
by the inferior  angle of the os occipitis, which is
articulated with the sphenoid.
  Basilar  Sinus, Sinus transversus.
  Basilar  Surface,  (F.)  Surface basilaire,  is
the inferior surface of the process.  It is covered
by the mucous  membrane of the pharynx.
  Basilar Vertebra.   The last vertebra of the
loins.
  BASIL'IC,  Basil icus, from (iaatXtKos, 'royal.'
This name  was given, by the ancients, to  parts
which they  conceived to play an important part
in the animal economy.
  Basilic Vein, Vena basilica, V. cu'biti inte'-
rior, (F.)  Veine  Basilique, Veine cubitale cuta-
nie of Chaussier.  This; vein is  one of those on
which tho operation of blood-letting is performed.
It is situate at  the internal part of the fold of the
elbow, in  front  of  the  humeral artery, and is
formed by the  anterior and  posterior cubital
veins, and by the median basilic.  It terminates,
in the arm-pit, in the axillary  vein.   The an-
cients thought, that the  basilic of the right arm
had  some  connexion with  the liver, and hence
they called it hepatic.  The vein  of the left arm,
for a similar  reason, they called  splenic.   The
Median Basilic Vein,  (F.)  Veine mediane basi-
lique, is one of  the branches of the preceding
vein.  It joins the median cephalic at an  acute
angle, or rather by a transverse  branch, and re-
ceives some branches of  the deep radial and cu-
bital veins, and a considerable subcutaneous vein
—the common median.
  BASILIC COMMIX, Ocymum  basilicum—b.
Sauvui/e, t/rand, Chenopodium vulgare.
  BASIL'ICON,  Basil icum.   'Royal/  or of
great virtue.  An ointment, composed of yellow
wax, black pitch, and  resin, of  each  one part,
olive oil, four  parts.  Hence it  was called Un-
gual tum  Tetraphar'macum,  (rcrpatpappaica, 'four
drugs.')—Celsus.  Scribonius Largus.
  Basii.icon, Basilicum, of the Parisian Codex,
is the Onguent de Poix et de Cire.  In most Phar-
macopeias, it is  represented by the Unguen'tum
or Cera'tum Rcsi'na. It is used as  a stimulating
ointment.   See Ceratum Resinas, and Unguen-
tum  Resinae Nigrae.
  BASILICUM, Bnsilicon, Ocymum Basilicum
— b. Citratum, Ocymum basilicum — b. Majus,
Ocymum basilicum.
  BASILLSCUS, Syphilis.
  BASIO-CERATO-CHONDRO-GLOSSUS,
Hyoglossus.
  BASIO-CER'ATO-GLOSSUS, from Pacts,
' base,' Ktpas, ' cornu/ and yXwcca, ' tongue.'  A
name given to a part of the hyoglossus, which is
inserted into the cornu of the os hyoides and base
of the tongue.
  BASIOCES'TRUM,  from  Pacts,  'the base,'
and Ktarpa, ' a dart.'  An instrument for opening
the head of the foetus in utero, invented by Mes-
ler, a German.
  BA'SIO-GLOS'SUS, Hypseloglos'sus, Hyoba-
sioglossus, Yjiscloglos'sus, from j3a<ns,  'base/ and
yXtaaaa, 'the tongue.'  A name formerly given to
the portion of the hyoglossus which  is inserted
into the base of the os hyoides.—Riolan, Thomas
Bartholine.   See Lingual Muscle.
  BASIO PHARYNGjE'US, from Pacts, 'base/
and  tpapvy\,  'the pharynx.'  A  name given to
some fibres of the constrictor pharyngis medius.
—Winslow.
  BASIS,  see Prescription—b. Cerebri, Base of
the Brain—b. Cordis, Radix cordis—b. Corporis,
Sole.
  BASSI-COL'ICA.  Name of a medicine com-
posed of  aromatics  and  honey. — Scribonius
Largus.
  BASSIA  BUTYRACEA, see Spirit, (Arrack.)
  BASSIN, Pelvis—b. Oculairc, Scaphium ocu-

  BASSINER, to foment.
  BASSINET, Pelvis of the kidney, Banunculus
bulbosus.
  BAS'SORA,  GUM.  A gum, obtained from a
plant unknown, which  came originally from the
neighbourhood of Bassora, on the Gulf of Per-
sia, whence its name.  It is  in irregularly shaped
pieces, white or yellow, and intermediate  in its
transparency between gum Arabic and gum tra-
gacanth.   Only a  small portion  is  soluble in
water.  The insoluble portion is  a peculiar prin-
ciple, called Bassorin.  It is not used in medi-
cine; but bassorin enters into the composition of
several substances.
   BASSORIN, see  Bassora gum.
   BASSWOOD, Tilia.
   BATA, Musa Paradisiaca.
   BATABAS, Solanum tuberosum.
   BATA'TAS.  The inhabitants of Peru  gave
this  appellation to  several  tuberous roots, espe-
cially to  Convolvulus Batatas or Sweet Potato.
Our  word, Potato, comes from this.
   BATEMAN'S PECTORAL DROPS, see Pec-
toral Drops, Bateman's.
   BATERION, Bathron.
   BATES'S ANODYNE BALSAM, Linimentum
saponis et opii.
   BATH,  Anglo-Saxon, ba», Balneum, Bala-
nc'um, Baline'um, Loutron, (F.)  Bain.  Immer-
sion, or stay, for a longer or shorter duration, of
the whole or a part of the body, in some medium,
as water.  Act of plunging into a liquid,  sand,
or other substance, in which it is the custom to
bathe, Plunge Bath.  Also, the vessel in which
the water is  put for bathing.  Also, a public or
private establishment for bathing.
  In Pharmacy, a vessel, placed  over a fire, and
filled with any  substance,  into  which  another
vessel is placed, containing  matters for digestion,
evaporation, or distillation.
  Bath, Acid, Balneum ac"idum (Acid, muriat.
Ibij;  Aqua, eong. lxvi.  One half, one third, or
one fourth the quantity of acid is more frequently
employed.)
  Bath, Acid, Scott's, sec  Scott's Acid Bath.
  Bath, Air, Hot,  see Bath, hot—b. Air, warm,
see Bath, hot,
  Bath, Al'kALINE, Balneum alkali num.   This 
BATISSE
                   BATH                   1

may be made of half a pound or a pound of pearl-
ash or of carbonate of soda, to sixty-six  gallons
of water.
  Bath, An'imal, Balneum Anima'le, consists in
wrapping an animal recently  killed, or its  skin,
around the body, or some part of it.
  Bath,  Antipsor'ic,  Balneum  antipso'ricum.
Recommended in cases of itch  and other  cuta-
neous diseases.  (Potass, sulphuret. 3iv, Aqua
cong. lx.)
  Bath, Axtisyphilit'ic, Balneum antisyphilil-
icum, Mcrcu'rial bath.   Made  by dissolving from
two drachms to an ounce of the corrosive chloride
of mercury in sixty gallons of water.
  Bath, Arm, Brachilu'vium.  A bath for the arm.
  Bath, Cold, see Bath, hot—b. Cool, see Bath,
hot.
  Bath,  Dry, is one made of ashes, salt,  sand,
<fec.  The ancients used these  frequently  for the-
rapeutical purposes.
  Bath, Earth, Arenatio.
  Bath, Elkc'tric, (F.) Bain electrique,  consists
in placing the  person  upon an insulated  stool,
communicating, by a  metallic wire,  with the
principal conductor of the electrical machine in
action.  The Electric Bath produces general ex-
citement of  all the functions, and especially of
the circulation and secretions.
  Bath, Foot,  Pedilu'vium, (F.) Bain de Pied,
a bath for the feet,
  Bath,  Gelat'inous, Balneum  getatino'sum.
Made by dissolving  two pounds of gelatin in a
gallon of water.
  Bath,  General,  (F.) Bain Entier,  is one in
which  the  whole body is plunged, except the
head; in contradistinction to the partial  bath,
Merobalane'vm, Merobalneum.
  Bath,  Half,  Semicu'pium, Excathis'ma, lu-
ces'sio, Inces'sus, is one adapted for half the body.
One, for receiving only the hips or extremities, is
also so called.
  The Sitz-bath, (G.) Sitzbad, of the hydropa-
thists is a tub of cold water, in which the patient
sits for a variable period.
  Bath, Hand, Manuhlvium,  (F.) Bain de Main
ou Manuluve, is a bath for the hands.
  Bath, Head, Oapitiht'vium, (F.) Bain de Tete
ou Oapitiluve, a bath for the head.
  Bath, Hip,  Goxahlvium, (F.) Bain de  Fau-
teuil, Bain  de  Siege, is one in which the lower
part of the  trunk and  upper  part of the thighs
are immersed.
  Bath,  Hot,  Balneum  Calidum, Zestolu'sia,
(F.) Bain chaud, is a bath, the temperature of
which is 98° and upwards;  the  Warm Bath
from 92° to 98°;  the  Tepid Bath,  (F.)  Bain
Tiede, Balneum tep'idum, from 85° to 92° ; the
Temperate  Bath, (F.) Bain tempere, from 75°
to 85° ;  the  Cool Bath,  (F.) Bain frais,  from
G0° to 75° ;  the Cold Bath, Balneum frig' idum,
Frigidtt'rium, (F.) Bain froid,  Bain tris froid,
(of  some,) from 30° to 60°; and the Vapour
Bath, Balneum vapdris,  (F.) Bain de Vapeur,
Etuve Humide, from 100° to 130°,  and upwards.
See Vaporarium.  A Warm Air Bath,  or Hot
Air Bath,   consists of air  the temperature of
which is raised.
  Bath, Med'icated, Balneum Medica'tum, (F.)
Bain medicinal, is a bath, formed of decoctions
or infusions of vegetable substances, or of any in-
gredient, introduced into the water for therapeu-
tical purposes.
  Bath,  Mercurial,  Bath,  antisyphilitic — b.
Nitro-muriatic acid, Scott's acid bath.
  Bath, Plunge, see Bath.
  Bath, Sand, Balneum  Are'na,  (F.) Bain de
Sable, consists of a vessel filled with sand, and
placed over the fire.  Into this vessel, the one is
put which contains  the substanco to be  evapo-
rated.   See Psammismus.
  Bath, Sea Water,  Balneum Mar'ia,  (F.)
Bain Marie, consists of a vessel  filled with  boil-
ing sea water, or salt water, in which the vessel
is placed, that contains the substance to be eva-
porated. Bain Marie is,  however, at the present
day often employed for any form of water bath.
  Bath, Shower, Impldrinm,  is one in which
the water is made to fall like a shower  on the
body.   See  Douche.
  Bath, Sitz, see Bath, half.
  Bath, Steam, may be formed by introducing
steam into a properly closed vessel in place of
water, as in the water bath.
  Bath, Sicces'sion, Transition bath.  A  term
applied  to the rapid succession or transition  from
a cold to a warm or hot bath, or conversely.—Bell.
  Bath, Sulphur, Balneum Sulph'uris.  A  bath
much used in psora, and other chronic cutaneous
affections.   It may be composed of two  ounces
of diluted  sulphuric acid, and  eight  ounces of
sulphuret of potassium added to each bath.
  Bath, Tan.  An astringent bath, prepared, at
times, by boiling two or three handfuls of ground
oak-bark,—such as is used by  tanners—in two
or three quarts of water, for half an  hour, and
then adding the decoction to the water  of the
bath.
  Bath, Temperate, see Bath, hot—b.  Tepid,
see Bath, hot.
  Bath, Transition, Bath, succession.
  Bath, Vapour, see Bath, hot, and Vapora-
rium—b. Warm,  see Bath, hot.
  Bathing is much employed in the treatment of
disease.  The  cold bath,  especially the cold sea
bath, is a sedative and indirect tonic:  the warm
bath a relaxant;  and the  hot bath a stimulant.
  The regular use of the  bath is extremely  con-
ducive to health ;  but if too much indulged in, it
is apt to produce injurious effects.
  BATH,  MINERAL   WATERS  OF,  Aqua
Batho'nia vel Bad'iza, Aqua Sol is, Aqua Bad'-
igua.  Celebrated  thermal springs at Bath,  in
England.  They contain  but little impregnation,
and  are chiefly  indebted to  their  temperature,
from 112°  to 117°  Fahrenheit, for their utility.
The main ingredients are sulphate of lime, chlo-
ride  of  sodium, sulphate of soda, carbonate  of
lime, protoxide of iron,  free  carbonic acid  and
azote.
  These waters are employed in  the most hete-
rogeneous cases; and are serviceable where the
simple thermal springs are indicated, as in rheu-
matism, paralysis, &c.
  BA'THER,  same etymon; Bulneelrius, Bali-
nea'tor,  Balnea'tor,  (F.)  Baigneur.   One  who
bathes.  Anciently,  the name was given to .those '
that  administered baths  to  the  diseased, — the
Etuvistes of the French.  At the present day, in
remote districts in Germany,  the country people
call their medical practitioners Bader, or 'bath-
men/ and Feldscheeren, or 'army barbers.'
  BATHMIS, Bathmus,  'base,  support.'  The
cavity of a bone, which receives the eminence of
another; and especially the two Fejssettes at the
inferior  extremity of the humerus into which the
processes of the ulna are received,  during the
flexion and extension of  the fore-arm.
  BATHBON, Baihrum Hippoc'rutis, Scamnum
Hippoc'ratis, Bate'rion, 'a step, a ladder.'  (F.)
Banc d'Hippocrate.  An instrument, used for the
extension of a limb, in cases of fracture or luxa-
tion.  The description of it is found in Galen,
Oribasius, and Scultetus,  with a figure.
  BATIIRUM HIPPOCRATES, Bathron.
  BATIA, Retort.
  BATISSE, MINERAL WATERS  OF.  Ba- 
BATOS                  129                 BEBEERU
tisse is  three leagues from Clermont, in France, j
The water is  tepid, and contains subcarbonate
and sulphate of soda, sulphates of lime and iron,
muriate of magnesia, and carbonate of  lime.
  BATOS, Rubus Idasus.
  BATKACIHIS, Ranula.
  BATTALLSM'US,  llntturia'mus,  from Parra-
Zttv. ' to stammer.' Balbuties.  Stammering with
incapacity to pronounce the R.
  BATT'ALUS,  Ilut'turus, same  etymon.  A
stammerer, a stutterer.
  B ATT AR IS .M US, Battalismus.
  BATTARUS, Battalus.
  BATTATA  VIRGINIANA, Solanum  tubero-
sum.
  HATTEMENS  DOUBLES,  see   Bruit  du
C<eur firtul.
  li ATT EM EXT,  Pulsation.
  BAUDRIOOURT, MINERAL WATERS OF.
Bandrieourt is a town of France, two  leagues
and a half from Mirecourt.  The waters  are sul-
phureous.
  BAUDRUCHES, Condom.
  BAUII1N, VALVE OF,  Valve of Tul'pius,
V.  of Fallo'pius,  V. of Varo'lius, Ileo-ccecal
Valve,  lleo-colic Valve,  Valvula  llei, Valvula
Coli, V. Ooeei,  Opcr'culum  llei,  Sphincter  llei.
This name is given to the valve situate trans-
versely at the place where the ileum opens into
the ciecuni, and which  Bauhin says he discovered
at  Paris,  in 1759.  It had, however, been  pre-
viously described by several anatomists; as by
Vidus Vidius,  Postius,  &c.
  BAUME, Balsam—6. d'Ac.ier, Balsam, chaly-
beate—b. Aromatique, Balsam, aromatic—b. clAi-
guilles, Balsam, chalybeate—b. Apoplectique, Bal-
sam, apoplectic—6. d'Arcaus, Arcasus, balsam of;
see, also, Balsam of Arcasus — b. d'Arceus, Un-
guentum elemi compositum—b. Benjoin, Benjamin
b. Blanc, see Amyris Opobalsamum—b. du Bresil,
Copaiba—b. de Canada, see Pinus balsamea,—6.
de  damirlle, Laurus cinnamomum—b. de Carpa-
thic, Balsam of Carpathia—b. de Carthagine, see
Toluifera balsamum—b. de Constantinople blanc,
see Amyris opobalsamum—b. de  Copahu, Copaiba
— b. Cortlialc  de Sennerte, Balsam, cordial, of
Sennertus — b. d'Eau  A feuilles ridges,  Mentha
crispa— b. de Feuillet,  Balsam, green, of  Metz —
6. de Fioraventi spiritucuse, Balsam,  spirituous,
of  Fioraventi — b.  de  Fourcroy  ou de Laborde,
Balsam of Fourcroy or Laborde  — 6. de Galaad,
see Amyris opobalsamum — b. de Genevieve, Bal-
sam of Genevieve — 6. Grand,  Tanacetum bal-
samita— b. du Grand  Caire, see Amyris  opobal-
samum— b. Hypnotique, Balsam, Hypnotic — b.
Ilysteriquc, Balsam, hysteric — b.  des Jardins,
Mentha  viridis — b. de Lucatel,  Balsam, Luca-
telli's—b. Nervin, Balsam, nervous—6.  de Pcrou,
see Myroxylon Peruiferum — 6. du Samaritain,
Balsam  of the  Samaritan — b.  Saxon, Balsam,
Saxon — b. de  Soufre,  Balsam  of sulfur — 6.
de  Sympathie,  Balsam of sympathy — b. Tran-
quille, Balsam, tranquil — 6. de  Tolu,  see Tolui-
fera balsamum — b.  de  Vanillc, Vanilla—6. Vert,
see Fagara octandra—b. Vert de Metz, Balsam,
green, of Metz — b. de Vic  d'Hoffmann,  Balsam
of Life, of Hoffmann—b. de 17c de Lclievre, Tinc-
tura aloes composita — 6.  Vrai, see Amyris  opo-
balsamum — b. Vulneraire de Minderer, Balsam,
vulnerary, of Mindererus.
  BAURAC, (Arab.)  Nitre, or  salt in general.
From this word comes Borax.
  BAIIRIN. MINERAL WATERS OF.  Baurin
is a village four leagues from Roye, department
of Sorame.  The waters are strongly chalybeate.
  BAVE, (F.)  Saliva ex orefluens, Spuma, Hu-
mor Sali'vus.   Frothy, thick, viscid saliva, issu-
ing from the mouth.   This  drivelling  or tlaver-
       9
I ing, we see in children, old people, &c.  The term
 is, also, applied to the frothy liquid, which flows
 from the mouth of rabid animals.  Sauvages uses
 it synonymously with salivation.
   BAY',  CASTOR,  Magnolia glauea — b.  Rose,
 Rhododendron chrysanthemum — b. Rose, Ame-
 rican, Rhododendron maximum—b. Sweet, Lau-
 rus — b. White, Magnolia glauea and M. macro-
 phylla.
   BDALSIS. Sucking.
   BDELLA,  Hirudo.
   BDEL'LIUM.  BIyrrha imperfecta,  Bolehon,
 Madeleon, Balchua.   A gum-resin, brought from
 the Levant and India, and supposed  to be  ob-
 tained from  a  species  of Amyria, little known.
 It is solid, brittle, of a deep brown colour, of an
 acrid and bitter taste, and sweet odour.  It  was
 much vaunted by the ancients, but is now little
 employed.  Two different gum-resins have been
 in the shops distinguished by the names Indian
 and African  bdellium.   Dr. Royle was informed
 that the former was obtained  from Am'yria Com-
 miphora, growing  in   India  and  Madagascar.
 The latter is said to be from Heudelo'tia Afri-
 ca'na, which  grows  in Senegal.
   BDELLOM'ETER, from PotXXa, 'a leech,'  and
 ptrpov, ' measure.'   An  instrument, proposed as
 a substitute for the leech; inasmuch  as we  can
 tell the  quantity of blood obtained by it,  whilst
 we cannot by the leech.   It consists of a cupping-
 glass,  to which a  scarificator and exhausting
 syringe are attached.
   BDELLI'S, Fart.
   BDELYGMIA, Fart.
   BDELYGMUS, Fart.
   BDESMA, Flatulence.
   BDOLUS,  Fart.
   BEAD TREE, Melia Azedarach.
   BEAN, CARTHAGENA, Habilla de Cartha-
 gena — b.  Egyptian, Nymphasa nelumbo — b.
 French,  Phaseolus  vulgaris — b. Garden, com-
 mon, Vicia faba—b. Indian, Catalpa—b. Kidney,
 Phaseolus vulgaris — b.  Malacca, Avicennia to-
 mentosa — b.  Pontic,  Nymphasa  nelumbo — b.
 Red, Abrus precatorius — b. Sacred, Nelumbium
 luteum — b.  St. Ignatius's,  Ignatia amara — b.
 Trefoil tree, see Cytisine.
   BEAN TREE, WHITE, Crataegus aria.
   BEARBERRY, Arbutus uva ursi.
   BEARD, Barba,  Pogon, Genei'on, Barbi'tium,
 (F.) Barbe.   The bair which covers a part of the
 cheeks, the lips, and chin of the male sex,  at the
 age of puberty.
   BEAR'S BREECH, Acanthus mollis—b. Foot,
 Helleborus fcetidus — b. Fright, Heptallon gra-
 veolens—b. Whortleberry, Arbutus uva ursi.
   BEARWEED, Veratrum viride.
   BEASTINGS, Colostrum.
   BEATING OF THE HEART, see Heart.
   BEAUGENCY,   MINERAL WATERS  OF.
 Beaugency is a quarter of a league from Orleans.
 The waters contain subcarbonate of soda, iron,
 magnesia, and lime.  They  are tonic  and ape-
 rient.
   BEAUMONT ROOT, Gillenia trifoliata.
   BEAUVAIS,   MINERAL WATERS  OF.
 These  waters are  chalybeate.   Beauvais  is  in
 .Picardie, France.
   BEAVER,  Castor fiber —bi Wood, Magnolia
 glauea—b. Tree, Magnolia macrophyUa.
   BEBEERIA, see  Bebeeru.
   BEBEERIXE, see Bebeeru.
   BEBEERU,  Sipeeri.   A tree  of British Gui-
 ana, which yields two alkalies—Bebeerin, Bebee-
 ri'na, Bebee'ria, and Sipcerine;  and in its pro-
 perties resembles the Cinchona.  It has been re-
 ferred to Nectan'dra Rodiei.  The timber of the
 tree is known to ship-builders by the name green- 
BEC
130
BELLESME
heart.  The Sulphate of Bebeeria has been  em-
ployed in intermittents.  Warburg's Fever Drops,
Tinctu'ra  antifebrllis  Warbur'gi, an  empirical
antiperiodic preparation, have by some been con-
sidered to be a tincture of the seeds of the Be-
beeru,  but this is questionable.
  BEC, (F.)  Rostrum, Beak.   This  name has
been applied to various parts.
  BEC CORACOIDIEN, (F.)  Cor'acoid beak,
is the end of the coracoid process.
  BEG DE  CUILLER, Ham'ulus.  An instru-
ment used for the extraction of balls. It consists
of an iron rod, 7 or 8 inches long, having at one
extremity a small cavity, into which the ball is
received to be drawn outwards.  See Cochleari-
formis.
  BEG DE  GRUE MUSQUE, Geranium Mos-
chatum—b. de Grue Robcrtin, Geranium Roberti-
anum—b. de Liivre, Harelip.
  BEC DE  LA PLUME  A  EGRIRE,  (F.)
Beak of the Calamus Scripto'rius, is a small cavity
at the superior part of the  medulla oblongata,
which forms part of the 4th ventricle.
  BEC (Le,)  MINERAL WATERS OF.   Bee
is six leagues from  Rouen, in Normandy.   The
water is strongly chalybeate.
  BECCABUNGA, Veronica-Beccabunga.
  BECH,ESTHE'SIS,  from Ptf,  'cough/  and
ataBnois, 'sensation.'  The  excitement  or  desire
to cough.
  BECHIA, Tussis.
  BECHIAS, Tussis.
  BE'CHICS, Be'chiea, Becha, Bec'chica, Be'-
chita, from /Sij|, 'cough,' (F.) Bechiques.  Medi-
cines adapted for allaying cough.
  BECHITA, Bechic.
  BECHIUM, Tussilago.
  BECHORTHOPNCEA, Pertussis.
  BECUIBA, Ibicuiba.
  BED'EGAR, Bedeguar, Bedeguard, Spon'gia
Cynos'bati, Fungus Rosa'rum, F. Cynos'bati, (F.)
Pomme mousseuse,  Eponge d'eglantier.  An ex-
crescence, which makes its  appearance on dif-
ferent  species of wild  roses, and  which is pro-
duced by the puncture of a  small insect,— Cy-
nips Rosa.   It  was  formerly  employed  as  a
lithontriptic and vermifuge, but is not now used.
It was slightly astringent.
  BEDFORD, MINERAL WATERS OF.  Bed-
ford is a village, situate on the great  Western
Turnpike road from Philadelphia to Pittsburg, a
few miles east of the chief elevation of the Alle-
ghany mountains.   There are various  springs,
saline, chalybeate and sulphureous.—The  most
celebrated contains carbonic acid, sulphate of
magnesia, chlorides of sodium and calcium, and
carbonate of iron.
  BED STRAW,  Galium verum —b. Ladies,
greater, Galium  mollugo, Galium verum — b.
Rough, Galium  asprellum — b. Ladies, rough,
Galium asprellum.
  BEE, Sax. beo. Apis, A. mellif'ica seu domest'ica,
Metis'sa,  Melitta, (F.) Abeille.   This insect was
formerly exhibited, when dried and powdered, as
a diuretic.
  Bee in the Bonnet, see Insanity.
  BEEBREAD,  Propolis.
  BEECH, Fagus sylvatica—b. Drop, Orobanche
Virginiana — b. Drops, false, Hypopitys lanugi-
nosa— b. Albany,  Pterospora Andromedea — b.
Mast, see Fagus  sylvatica.
  BEEF ESSENCE, see Beef tea.
  Beef Tea, Jus bovi'num.  An infusion of beef,
much used in debilitating maladies, and in con-
valescence.  It may be made as follows: Take
two pounds  and a half of lean beef; cut it in
small pieces into three parts of water in an earthen
pipkin: let this dimmer, but never boil, until the
liquor is consumed  to a pint and a half: then
strain carefully.   It  ought to be entirely  free
from fat or grease.—Dr. E. J.  Seymour.
  Essence of beef—as it has been called—may be
made by putting a pound of good beef, freed from
fat, and  cut into small pieces, into a porter-bottle,
corking  lightly.   The bottle  must be put  into
boiling water, and kept there until the  water has
been boiling at least half an hour.  As the boiling
goes  on, the cork may be  inserted a little more
tightly,  to retain the contents of the bottle.  The
juices of the beef are thus  separated, and consti-
tute the 'essence/ which may be seasoned to the
taste.  It contains much nutriment.
  BEEN, Centaurea behen.
  BEER, Cerevisia — b. Black, see Falltranck—
b. Pipsissewa, see Pyrola umbellata.
  BEET, Beta.
  BEGAIEMENT, Balbuties.
  BEGMA,—according to some, Bregma,—from
Pvccuv or Ppvcctiv, ' to expectorate  after cough-
ing.'  Coughing; also, the sputum or expectorated
matter.—Hippocrates.
  BEGO'NIA.  The Begonia grandiflo'ra  and
B. tomento'sa have  astringent roots,  which are
used in Peru in cases of hemorrhage, scurvy, low
fevers, <fcc.
  BE QUE, Balbus.
  BEHEN ABIAD, Centaurea behen — b. Al-
bum, Centaurea  behen —  b.  Officinarum, Cucu-
balus behen — 6.  Rouge,  Statice  limonium — b.
Vulgaris, Cucubalus behen,
  BEHMEN ACKMAR, Statice limonium.
  BEIAHALALEN, Sempervivum tectorum.
  BEIDELSAR, Asclepias procera.
  BEJUIO, Habilla de Carthagena.
  BELA-AYE  or BE-LAHE.   A  tonic  and
astringent bark of a Madagascar tree.   Du-petit-
Thouars  and Sonnerat think  it may be substi-
tuted for the Simarouba.
  BELADAMBOC.  A species of convolvulus of
the Malabar coast, which contains an acrid milky
juice.  From this a liniment is formed with oil
and  ginger, which is used against the bites of
rabid animals.
  BE-LAHE, Bela-aye.
  BELA-MODAGAM.   A kind  of Searola of
the Malabar coast, the leaves of which are con-
sidered diuretic and  emmenagogue.
  BEL ANDRE, (F.)  A litter, surrounded with
curtains, in which patients are sometimes carried
to hospitals.
  BELCHING, Eructation.
  BELEMNOID,  Belenoid.
  BELEMNOIDES  PROCESSUS,  Styloid pro-
cesses.
  BEL'ENOID,  BEL'ONOID,  BEL'EMNOID
or BEL'OID, Beleno'i'des  or Belemndi'des Pro-
ces'sus, from PtXos, 'an arrow/ and tiSos, 'shape.'
This name has been given to styloid processes
in general—Processus beleno'i'des.
  BELESME, see Bellesme.
  BELESON, Balsam, Mussasnda frondosa.
  BELILLA, Mussasnda frondosa.
  BELINUM, Apium Graveolens.
  BELI OCULUS, Belloculus.
  BELL,  CANTERBURY, Campanula  trache-
lium.
  BELLADONE, Atropa  belladonna.
  BELLADON'NA, in the Pharmacopoeia of the
United States,  is the officinal name of the leaves
of Atropa BeUadonna.
  Belladonna Baccifera, Atropa belladonna/—
b. Trichotoma, Atropa belladonna.
  BELLE DAME, Atropa belladonna.
  BELLEGU, Myrobalanus.
  BELLEREGI, Myrobalanus.
  BELLESME,  MINERAL  WATERS  OF. 
BELLEY
131
BENZOIN
Bellesme is  about three leagues from Montague
in France.   The waters are chalybeate.
  BHLIiEY, MINERAL  WATERS OF.   The
waters at Belley, department of Ain, in France,
are saline aperients.
  BULLIDOIDES,  Chrysanthemum leucan-
thernum.
  BELLIS, Bellus ('pretty,') B. percn'nis  seu
minor   seu  horten'sis,  Sy in' phylum  mill i mum,
Bruisewort,  Common Daisy, [¥.) 1'aquerette vi-
vm-e, petite Marguerite.  The leaves and flowers
are rather acrid.  They were, at one time, con-
sidered to cure different species of wounds.   See
Osmitopsis asteriscoides.
  Bellis IIortensis, Bellis—b. Major, Chrysan-
themum leucanthemum — b. Minor, Bellis — b.
Perennis, Bellis — b. Pratensis, Chrysanthemum
leucanthemum.
  BELL  METAL, Cal'cocos, (F.) Airain, Metal
des cloches.   An alloy of copper, zinc, tin, and a
small  quantity of antimony,  used  for making
bells.   The mortars of the apothecary are often
formed of this material. They require to be kept
clean, to avoid the formation of verdigris.
   BELLOC'ULUS, Beli Oc'ulus.  A kind of gem,
which the Assyrians considered efficacious in the
cure of many diseases.  They imagined that the
figure of an eye could be seen in it, and hence its
name, Bel's Ei/c
   BELLON, Colic, metallic.
   BELLOTAS, see Ilex major.
   BELLOWS' SOUND, Bruit de souffiet—h.  En-
cephalic, see Bruit de soufflet.
   Bellows' Sound, Funic, a single murmur of
the  bellows kind, synchronous  with  the  first
sound of the heart; heard by  some observers,
and referred by them to diminished calibre of the
umbilical arteries, either by pressure or stretching
of the funis, or both.
   Bkllows' Sound, Placental, Bruit placen-
taire.
   BELLWORT, SMALLER, Uvulariaperfoliata.
   BELLY, Venter; from Ir. bolg, 'the belly, a
bag or pouch.' At the present day, the abdomen.
Formerly, all the splanchnic cavities were called
bellies ; — the lower belly, venter in'fimus, being
tho  abdomen; the middle belly, venter me'dius,
the  thorax ; and the tipper belly, venter supre'mus,
tho  head.   Also, the womb.  See Venter.
   BELLY-ACH,  Colica — b.  Dry,  Colic,  me-
tallic—b. Root, Angelica lucida.
   BELLY-BAND, Belt, Russian.
   BELLY, POT, Physconia.
   BELMUSCHUS, Hibiscus abelmoschus.
   BELNILEG, Myrobalanus.
   BELOID, Belenoid.
   BELOIDES PROCESSUS, Styloid processes.
   BELONE, Needle.
   BELONODES, Styloid.
   BELONG ID, Belenoid.
   BEL'S EY'E. Belloculus.
   BELT, RUSSIAN, Ventra'le,— vulgarly, Belly-
 band,— Abdominal supporter.   A broad bandage
applied to  the  abdomen,  so as to  support,  and
make methodical pressure  upon it.   Different
forms have been termed obstetric binders, utero-
abdominal supporters, &c.
   BELUL'CUM, from PcXos, 'a dart/ and 'eXku,
' I draw out.' An instrument used for extracting
darts or arrows.  Many instruments of this kind
have been noticed by surgeons.—Ambrose Pare,
Fabricius ab Aquapendente.
   BELZOE, Benjamin.
   BELZOIM, Benjamin.
   BELZOINUM. Benjamin.
   BEN, Guilandina moringa—b. of Judaea, Ben-
iamin— b. Nut, Guilandina moringa.
   BENATH,  Pustule.
   BENEDICTA SYLVESTRIS, Geum rivale.
  BENEDICTUM  LAXATIVUM,   Confectio
sennas.
  BENEFICE DE LA NA TUBE, Beneficium
naturas—6. de  Ventre, see Beneficium naturae.
  BENEFICIUM NATU'R^E, (F.) B6nefice de
la nature.   This term is used by the French pa-
thologists, for  cases, in which diseases have got
well without medical  treatment.  With them,
Benefice de nature, or B. de ventre, is synonymous
also with Alvi Profiu'vium;—a spontaneous diar-
rhoea, often acting favourably either in the pre-
vention or cure of disease.
  BENEL, Croton racemosum.
  BENEOLENS, from bene, 'well/ andoZere, 'to
smell.'  Euo'des, Suaveolens.  A sweet-scented
medicine, as gums, <fcc.
  BENG, Bangue.
  BENGALE INDORUM, Cassumuniar.
  BENGAL RODT, Cassumuniar.
  BENGI, Hyoscyamus.
  BENIGN',  Benig'nus, Eueth'es,  (F.)  Benin,
Benigne.   Diseases  of a mild  character are  so
called: as well as medicines whose action is not
violent, as a Benign  Fever, Febris benig'na im-
pu'tris, &c.
  BENIN, Benign.
  BENJAMIN, Ben'zoin, Benzo'inum (Ph. U. S.),
Benzo'inum verum,  Benzo'inum, Assa odora'ta,
Benjui, Benjuin, Assa dulcis,  Bcn'jaoy, Benjo'-
inum, Belzoe, Belzoim, Ben'zoe,  Sty'racis Benzo'-
ini Balsamum, Liquor Cyreni'acus,  Croton Ben-
zol, Ben ofJuda'a, Acor Benzo'inus, Sal Ac"idttm
seu cssentia'le seu volat'ile Benzoes, (F.) Benjoin,
Baume Benjoin, Assa doux.  A  resinous,  dry,
brittle substance, obtained  from Styrax Benzoin,
Arbor Benivi, Laurus Benzoin, of Sumatra.  The
odour is  extremely fragrant, and taste  slightly
aromatic.  It is principally used for the prepara-
tion of the acid which  it contains.  It is also
employed in some vulnerary tinctures, and as  an
expectorant. Benzoic Acid,  Ac"idum Benzo'icum,
'is  obtained from it by sublimation.  The purest
Benjamin is in amygdaloid masses: hence called
(F.) Benjoin amgydalo'ide.
   Ben'jamin,  Flowers of, Ben'zoic Acid, Ac"-
idum Benzo'icum, Flores Benzoes, Flores Benzo'-
ini, Ac"idum Benzo'icum per sublimatio'nem, (F.)
Acide Benzoique.   This  acid  exists in  all  the
balsams, but chiefly in Benzoin, from which it is
obtained by sublimation.  It is in vanilla, canella,
the urine of infants, and of herbivorous animals.
Its odour is aromatic and fragrant;  taste hot,
slightly acidulous, and agreeable.  The  crystals
consist of white, satiny  flakes, slightly ductile.
It  is probably stimulant; and has been used, as
such, in chronic catarrh; but it has little efficacy.
   BENJAOY;, Benjamin.
   BENJOINUM, Benjamin.
   BENJUI, Benjamin.
   BEN MOENJA.   A Malabar tree.  An alexi-
pharmic decoction  is  made of its roots, in the
country, which is much  praised in cases of ma-
lignant fever.   Its  bark,  boiled with Calamus
aromaticus and salt,  forms a decoction used in
bites of poisonous serpents.
   BENNE, Sesamum orientale.
  BENNET,  HERB, Geum urbanum, and  G.
Virginianum.
  BENOITE, Geum  urbanum — 6.  Aqnotique,
Geum rivale — b. des Ruisseaux, Geum rivale —
b. de Yirginie, Geum Virginianum
  BENZIN, see Anaesthetic.
  BENZOATE OF AMMONIA, Ammoniae ben-
zoas.
  BENZOE, Benjamin.
  BENZOENIL, Vanilla.
  BENZOIN, Benjamin—b. Odoriferum, Laurus
Benzoin. 
                BERBERINE                1

  BERBERINE, see Oxycantha Galeni
  BERBERIS, Oxycantha Galeni—b. Canaden-
sis, see Oxycantha Galeni.
  BERCE, Heracleum spondylium.
  BERENDAROS, Ocymum basilicum.
  BERENICE, Succinum.
  BERENICIUM, Potassas nitras.
  BERENISECUM, Artemisia vulgaris.
  BERGAMOTE, Bergamot'ta,  (F.) Bergamotte.
A small orange, of a very agreeble  taste; and
peculiar odour.   From  its bark an  oil,  Oleum
Berga'mii, (Ph. U. S.) is obtained, which is much
employed  as  a perfume, and sometimes in medi-
cine.
  BER'IBERI,  Beribe'ria,  Syn'clonus Beribe'-
ria,  Indosyn'clonus, Paralysis  Ber'iberi, from
beri in the Singhalese  language, which signifies
' weakness;' therefore, beriberi, ' great weakness.'
This word is  also said to be Hindusthanee, and
to mean a sheep. — Bontius.  Beriberi  is  an In-
dian disease,  little  known in Europe.  It  con-
sists in debility aud tremors of the limbs,—some-
times, indeed, of the whole  body;  with painful
numbness of the affected parts, &c.:—the patient
walking doubled; and  imitating the movements
of sheep !   Some authors have  esteemed it rheu-
matic ; others, paralytic; others, to be a kind of
chorea.   It  is,  almost  always, incurable;  is
rarely fatal;  and is treated  by exercise,  stimu-
lant friction,  sudorifics,  Ac.  It is  sometimes
called Bar'biers,  but this would seem to be a
different disease.
  BERICOCCE, Prunus armeniaca.
  BE RLE NODIFLORE, Sium.
  BERL UE,  Metamorphopsia.
  BERMU'DAS, CLIMATE  OF.   Pulmonary
invalids are occasionally sent  to Bermuda, but
the  principal  objection to a  winter  residence
there, is the  prevalence  of strong winds; espe-
cially of the  dry, sharp, and  cold north-west
winds, during the winter and spring.  Still,  it
affords a good winter retreat for the phthisical,
from any part of the United States, provided due
care be selected in  choosing a suitable locality.
The neighbourhood of Hamilton has been strongly
recommended with this view.
  BERNARD THE HERMIT, Cancellus.
  BERRIES,  INDIAN,  see Menispermum  coc-
culus—b. Turkey, yellow, see Piper cubeba.
  BERS.  A  sort of electuary, composed of pep-
per, seed of the white hyoscyamus, opium, euphor-
bium, saffron, &c.  The Egyptians used it as an
excitant.—Prospero Alpini.
  BERU,  MINERAL  WATERS OF.  Beru  is
in Champagne, France.  The waters are slightly
chalybeate.
  BERULA,  Sium  nodiflorum—b.  Angustifolia,
Sium nodiflorum.
  BESASA, Ruta.
  BESICLES, Spectacles.
  BESOIN, Want—b. de Respirer, see Want—
b. de la  Vie, Necessary of life.
  BESSANEM.   A word  used by Avieenna, for
redness of the skin, limbs, and face, produced by
the action  of cold.
  BESSON,      la   „    .,
  BESSONNE,  | See Gemellus.
  BETA.  The Beet,  Sie'ula, (F.)  Bette,  Bette-
rave.  Family, Chenopodeas.  Sex. Syst. Pentan-
dria Digynia.  A geDus of plants, of which the
following are  the chief varieties.
  Beta Hy'brida, Root of Scarcity.   Root red,
outside; white, within.   Very nutritive;  yields
sugar.
  Beta Vulga'ris Alba, White Beet.   The root
yields sugar, and the leaves  are  eaten as a sub-
stitute for spinach.
                  BEZOAR

  Beta Vulga'ris Rubra, Red Beet.   Root red
and nutritive ; yields a small quantity of sugar.
  BETEL, Piper Betel.  A species of pepper, cul-
tivated in several parts of India.   The East In-
dians are in  the habit of chewing the leaves with
lime and areca;  and they give the name Betel to
this preparation.  It is used in all the equatorial
countries of  Asia.  Betel is said to be tonic and
astringent.  It is also caUed Bette, Betre,  Belle.
See Areca.
  BETHROOT,  Trillium latifolium—b. Broad-
leaf, Trillium latifolium.
  BETISE, Dementia.
  BETOINE, Betonica officinalis—b. des Mon-
tagues, Arnica Montana—b. des Savoyards, Ar-
nica montana.
  BE TON,  Colostrum.
  BETONICA AQUATICA, Scrophularia  aqua-
tica.
  Beton'ica Officina'lis,  Cestron,  Beton'ica
purpu'rea, Veton'ica Cordi, &c, Bet'ony,  Wood
Betony,  Psycholrophum, Veronica  purpu'rea,
(F.) Betoine.  Family, Labiatas.   Sex. Syst. Di-
dynamia Gymnospermia.  Betony was in  much
esteem amongst  the ancients, who employed  the
flowers and leaves, in decoction, in gout, sciatica,
cephalalgia,  &c.   It was  so called, according to
Pliny, from being in great repute among the Vet-
tones, or Bettones, an ancient  people of Spain.
Antonius  Musa  is  said to have written a volume
in praise of  it; recommending it in no less than
47 different  diseases.  It has, however, little  or
no virtue.  The  leaves are said to be  aperient,
and the root emetic.
  Betonica  Pauli, Veronica.
  BETONY, Betonica officinalis—b. Paul's, Ly-
copus sinuatus,  Lycopus Virginicus — b. Water,
Scrophularia aquatica—b. Wood, Betonica  offici-
nalis.
  BETRE, Betel.
  BETTE, Beta.
  BETTERA VE,  Beta.
  BET'ULA ALBA.  The Birch,  (F.) Bouleau
commun.   The young leaves are  slightly odorous,
astringent, and  bitter.   They  are  applied  to
wounds aud ulcers.  They have been  regarded
as antiscorbutic and anthelmintic.  The tree fur-
nishes a saccharine  juice,  which is  considered
antiscorbutic and diuretic.
  Betula Emarginata, Alnus glutinosa—b. Glu-
tinosa, Alnus glutinosa.
  Betula Lenta, Sweet Birch,  Black Birch,
Cherry Birch, Mountain Mahogany, is an Ameri-
can species,  the  bark and leaves of which  have
the smell and taste  of Gaultheria procumbens.
An infusion is sometimes  made of them, and used
as an excitant and  diaphoretic.  The volatile oil
is nearly if  not wholly  identical  with that  of
Gaultheria.
  BEURRE, Butter—6. de Bambouc, Butter of
bambouc—b. de Cacao, Butter  of  cacao — b.  de
Coco,  Butter of cocoa—b. VSgetale, Persea  gatis-
sima.
  BEUVRIGNY,  MINERAL  WATERS  OF.
Beuvrigny is in  the vicinity of  Bayeux in Nor-
mandy.  The water is chalybeate.
  BEVUE,  Diplopia.
  BEX, Tussis—b. Convulsiva, Pertussis—b. Hu-
mida, Expectoration—b.  Theriodes, Pertussis.
  BEXIS, Tussis.
  BEXU'GO.   Under this  name, a  purgative
root was  formerly introduced into Europe  from
Peru.  It is  supposed to have been the root of a
Hippocratea.
  BEZ'OAR, Bez'aar, Bez'ehard, Pn'zahar, from
Persian Pa,' against/ and zahar, poison.  Lapis
Bezoar'dicus, Calculus Bez'oar, Enterolithus Be-
ll 
                 BEZOARD                13

soar'tins, Rezonrd.  A calculous concretion, found
in the stomach, intestines, and bladder of ani-
mals.   Wonderful  virtues were formerly attri-
buted to these Bezoars.   There were two great
varieties: the Bez'oar orientn'/e, An'ima I. Bezoar1 -
t if urn orienta'le, formed in the fourth stomach of
the gazelle of India (Guzel'lu- In'dicu, or  rather
Antilope cervica'pra :) and the Bez'oar occiden-
tu'/e,  Animal Bezoar'tieum Occidenttile, found in
the fourth stomach of the wild goat or chamois
of Peru.  These substances were esteemed to be
powerful alexipharmics ;  but the former was the
more  valued.   It was  believed  that no  poison,
and no eruptive, pestilential, or putrid disease,
could resist its  influence.  As so many virtues
were ascribed to it, other  animal concretions were
substituted for it; and factitious Bezoards were
made of oralis' eyes and claws, bruised and mixed
with musk, ambergris,  Ac.
  Bez'oar Bovi'num, (F.) Bezoard de Bceuf Be-
zoartl of the  beef.  A  concretion formed  in the
fourth stomach of beeves; also, a biliary calcu-
lus found in the gall-bladder.
  Bez'oar of the Deeu, B. of the Lneh'rymal
Fossa of the Deer, Deer's  Tears.  A moist, highly
odorous, fatty matter, found  below the anterior
canthus of the orbit of the red deer—Cervus ele-
phas.   It has been used, like castor, as an anti-
spasmodic, in the dose of from 5 to 15 grains, two
or three times a day.
  Bezoar Equinum, Bezoard of the horse — b.
Hystricis, Bezoard of the Indian porcupine.
  Bez'oard  of Cayman.  This was once much
prized.   It is now unknown.
  BEZOARD D'ALLEMAGNE, ^Igagropila.
  Bez'oard  of the  Chamois, and B.  of  the
Horse, Bezoar equi'num, Hippolithus, Ac, exhi-
bit their origin in the name.
  Bez'oard of the Indian Por'cupine. Bez'oar
Hys'tricis, Lapis  Porclnus,  Lapis Malucen'cia,
Petro del Porco, (F.) Bezoard de Pore-Epic, was
formerly the dearest of all the Bezoards, and was
sold at an enormous price in Spain and Portugal.
   Bez'oard  Mineral, Antimonium diaphoreti-
cum—b. Vegetable, see Calappite.
   BEZOAR'DIC, Bezoar'dicus, (F.) Bezoardique;
concerning the bezoard.  Bezoardic medicines are
those supposed to possess the  same properties
with  the bezoard ; as antidotes, alexiteria, alexi-
pharmics, cordials.
  BEZOARDICA  RADIX,  Dorstenia  contra-
yerva.
  BEZOAR'DICUxM  SATUR'NI.   A pharma-
ceutical preparation, regarded by the ancients as
antihysteric.   It was formed of protoxide of lead,
butter of antimony, and nitric acid.
  Bezoar'dicum  Huma'num.   Urinary calculi
were  formerly employed under this  name  as
powerful alexipharmics.
  Bezoar'dicum Jovia'le.   A  sort of greenish
powder, used as a diaphoretic, and formed of an-
timony, tin, mercury, and nitric acid.
  Bezoar'dicum Luna're. A medicine formerly
regarded as  a specific  in epilepsy, convulsions,
megrim, Ac.   It was prepared  of nitrate  of sil-
ver, and butter of antimony.
  Bezoar'dicum Martia'le.  A tonic medicine,
used  by the  ancients in  diarrhoea.   It was pre-
pared from the tritoxide of iron and butter of an-
timony.
  Bezoar'dicum  Mercuria'le.   A medicine,
formerly vaunted as an  antisyphilitic, and pre-
pared from the mild chloride of mercury, butter
of antimony,  and nitric acid.
  Bezoar'dicum Minera'le; the deutoxide of
antimony; so called because  its properties were
supposed to resemble those of animal bezoard.
  Bezoar'dicum  Sola're. A diaphoretic medi-
3                 BICHOS

 cine,  prepared of gold  filings, nitric acid, and
 butter of antimony.
   Bezoar'dicum Ven'eris.  A pharmaceutical
 preparation, formerly employed in lepra, diseases
 of the brain, Ac.; which was  made from filings
 of copper, butter of antimony, and nitric acid.
   BHANG, Bangue.
   BI, as a prefix to words, has the same signifi-
 cation as Di.
   BIAIOTHANATI, Biothanati.
   BIBITORIUS, Rectus internus oculi.
   BIBLIOG'RAPHY,  MED'ICAL, from PiPXos,
 . a book/ and ypatpu, ' I describe.'  Skill in the
 knowledge of medical books.  The  most distin-
 guisded medical biographers have  been:  J. A.
 Van  der Linden, Amstelod.  1662, octavo, (L.)
 M. Lipenius, Francf.  ad Mcen.  1679,  fol. (L.)
 G. A. Mercklein, Norimb. 1686, (L.)  J. J.
 Manget, Genev. 1695 to 1731,  (L.)  Tarin (ana-
 tomical,)  Paris,  1753,  (F.)  A.  von  Haller,
 Zurich, 1774, Ac. (L.)   Vigiliis von Creut-
 zenfeld (surgical,)  Vindob. 1781, (L.)  C. G.
 Kuhn, Lips.  1794, (L.)    C.  L.  Schweickard
 (anat.,  phys.,  and legal  medicine,)  Stuttgard,
 1796  to  1800, (L.)  G. G. Ploucquet, Tubing.
 1S()8 to 1814,  (L.)  C. F. Burdach, Gotha, 1810
 to 1821, (G.)  J. S. Ersch, (since 1750,) Leipz.
 1822, (G.)   Th. Ch.  Fr. Enslin, (of Germany,
 since 1750,) Berlin, 1826, (G.)  J. B. Montfal-
 con,  Paris, 1827, (F.)  J. Forbes, M. D., F. R.
 S., London, 1835.  A. C. P. Callisen, Copen-
 hagen, 1845, (G.)  E.  Morwitz,  Leipzig, 1849,
 (G.)
   BICA UDALIS, Retrahens auris.
   BICAUDA'TUS,  Cauda'tus,  'double-tailed.'
 A monster having two tails.
   BICEPIIA'LIUM,  Dicepha'lwm.   A hybrid
 word,  from bi and icttpaXv, 'head.'   Sauvages ap-
 plies this epithet to a very large sarcoma on the
 head, which seems to form a double head.
   BICEPHALUS, Dicephalus.
   BICEPS, from bis, 'twice/ and caput, 'head.'
 That which has two beads.  This name has been
 particularly given to two muscles; one belonging
 to the arm, the other to the thigh.
   Biceps Exter'nus Mr s Vn.us.   The long por-
 tion of the Triceps Brachia'lis.—Douglas.
   Biceps Flexor Cruris, Biceps Cruris, Biceps,
 (F.) Biceps Crural, Biceps Fem'oris, Is'chio-fem'-
 oro-peronier—(Ch.)  A muscle on the posterior
 part of the thigh; one head arising from the tu-
 berosity  of the  ischium, and  the other from  a
 great part of the linea aspera.  It is inserted into
 the top of the fibula.   It serves to bend the leg
 on the thigh.
   Biceps Flexor Cu'biti, Biceps Bra'chii, Cor'-
 aco-radia'lis,  Biceps,  Biceps mantis, Biceps in-
 tcr'nus, Biceps inter'nus hu'meri, (F.) Scajjulo-ra-
 dial, (Ch.)—Biceps Brachial.  A  muscle, situate
 at the anterior and internal part of the arm; ex-
 tending from the edge of the glenoid cavity and
 from the top of  the coracoid process to the tube-
 rosity  of the radius.  It bends the fore-arm upon
 the arm.
   BICHE  DE MER.  Sea Slug.  A molluscous
 animal, belonging to the genus Holofhuria, which
 is  caught amongst the islands of the Feejee group,
 New  Guinea,  Ac, and when  prepared finds  a
 ready sale in China, where it is used as an ingre-
 dient in rich soups.
  BICHET, Terra Orleana.
   BICHICH'LE.  Pectoral medicines, composed
 of liquorice juice, sugar, blanched almonds, Ac.—
 Rhazes.
  BICHIOS, Dracunculus.
  BICIIO, Dracunculus—b. di Culo, Proctocaee.
  BICHOS.  A Portuguese name for the worms
12 
BICIPITAL
134
BYOLYCHNION
that penetrates the toes of people in the Indies;
and which are destroyed by the oil of the cashew
nut.
  BICIP'ITAL, from biceps (bis and caput) 'two-
headed.'  Relating to the biceps.
  Bicip'ital  Groove, (F.)  Coulisse ou Gouttiire
bicipitale, Coulisse humerale, (Ch.,) is a longitu-
dinal groove, situate  between  the tuberosities of
the os humeri, which lodges the long head of the
biceps.
  Bicip'ital   Tu'bercle, Bicipital tuberosity,
(F.) Tuberosity bicipitale; — a prominence near
the upper extremity  of the  radius, to which  the
tendon of the biceps is attached.
  BICORNE RUDE, Ditrachyceros.
  BICUS'PID, Bicuspida'tus, from bis, 'twice,'
and cuspis, ' a spear.'  That which has two points
or tubercles.
  Bicus'pid  Teeth, Dentcs  Bicuspida'ti, (F.)
Dents bicuspidees, the small molares.  See Molar.
  BIDENS ACMELLA, Spilanthus acmella.
  BIDET,  (F.) Bidet; pronounced beeday.  A
small horse formerly allowed to  each trooper for
carrying his  baggage.  Hence, perhaps, applied
to a chamber bathing apparatus,  which  has to be
bestridden.  It is a useful  arrangement, in case
of hemorrhoids, prolapsus ani, affections of the
sexual organs, Ac.
  BIECHO, Bische.
  BIERE, Cerevisia.
  BIESTINGS, Colustrum.
  BIFEMOR 0- GAL CANIEN, Gastrocnemii.
  BIFURCATION, Bifurca'tio,  from bis, 'twice/
and furca, 'a  fork.'  Division  of a trunk into
two branches; as the bifurcation of the trachea,
aorta, Ac.
  BIGASTER, Digastrieus.
  BIG BLOOM, Magnolia macrophylla.
  BIGEMINAL BODIES, Quadiigemina tuber-
cula.
  BIGGAR.   A disease  of Bengal, remarkable
for the intensity and danger of the cerebral symp-
toms.—Twining.
  BIG-LEAF, Magnolia macrophylla.
  BIGLES, see Strabismus.
  BIGNONIA CATALPA, Catalpa —b.  Radi-
cans, Tecoma radicans.
  Bigno'nia  In'dica.  The leaves are employed
in India, as emollients, to ulcers.
   BIJON,  see Pinus sylvestris.
   BILAZAY, MINERAL WATERS OF.  Bila-
zay is a town in France, two leagues from Thouar,
department of Deux  Sevres, near which is a ther-
mal sulphureous spring.  Temperature about 77°
Fahrenheit.
   BILBERRY, Vaccinium myrtillus — b. Red,
Vaccinium vitis idasa.
   BILE, Bills, Fel,  Chol'os,  Chole, Choler, (F.)
Bile, Fiel.  A yellow, greenish,  viscid,  bitter,
nauseous fluid, secreted by the liver.  It is  dis-
tinguished into hepatic and cystic ; according as
it flows immediately into the duodenum from the
liver or from the  gall-bladder.   It contains, ac-
cording  to Muratori, water; a peculiar fatty
matter; colouring matter, (Cholepyr'rhin or Bili-
pha'in;) cholesterin, combined with soda;  picro-
mel or bilin; extract of flesh, mucus; soda, phos-
phate of soda; phosphate of  lime, and chloride
of sodium.
   The use  of the bile is to remove from the body
superfluous hydro-carbon ;  and it is probably in-
servient to useful purposes in digestion.
   Bile, Furunculus—b.  Black, Atrabilis — 6. de
bceuf, see Bile — b. Repandue, Icterus.
   Bile of the Bear, Gall of the Bear, Fel Ursi,
was thought to be anti-epileptic; and that of the
Eel, Fel anguilla, to facilitate labour.
   Bile of the Ox, Gall  of the Ox, Ox Gall, Fel
Tauri, Fel Boris, F. Bovlnuw, (F.) Bile de Btruf,
was once reputed cosmetic and  detergent,  anti-
otalgic and emmenagogue ; as well as to possess
the power of facilitating labour. It has also  been
given as a bitter stomachic  and anthelmintic;
and as a tonic and laxative, in cases of deficiency
of the biliary secretion.
  BIL'IARY,  Bilia'ris, Bilia'rius,  Felleui.
That which relates to bile.
  Bil'iary Appara'tus,  B. organs,  B. passages.
The collection of parts that  concur  in the secre-
tion  and excretion of bile : — viz. the liver, pori
biliari  or tubuli  biliferi; hepatic,  cystic, and
choledoch ducts, and gall-bladder.
  Bil'iary Concre'tions are  concretions found
in some parts of the biliary apparatus.
  Biliary Ducts, Pori biliarii.
  BILIEUX, Bilious.
  BILIMBI, Averrhoa bilimbi.
   BILIMBING TERES, Averrhoa bilimbi.
   BILIN, Picromel.
  BIL'IOUS, Bilio'sus, Choi icus, Cholius, Fel-
lin'eus,  Epicllolos,  Picrocll olos,  Fel lens.  (F.)
Bilieux.   That which relates to bile,  contains
bile, or is  produced by bile.   An epithet given
to certain  constitutions and diseases, which are
believed to be the effect of superabundance of the
biliary  secretion:  as Bilious  temperament,  B.
symptoms, B. fever.
   BILIPHiEIN,  see Bile.
   BILIS FLUXIO, Cholera morbus.
   BILITICUS, Cholagogue.
   BILIVERD'IN, from bilis, 'bile/ and viridis,
' green.'  On adding an acid to a solution of the
yellow colouring  matter of bile,  a precipitate  of
green flocculi takes place, which possesses all the
properties of chlorophyll, or the  green colouring
matter of leaves.   This is the  biliverdin of Ber-
zelius.
   BILOCULAR,  see Unilocular.
   BILUMBI  BITING-BING, Malus Indica.
   BI'MANUS, from bis and manus, 'a hand.
One that has two hands.  A term  applied only
to man, because he is the sole mammiferous ani-
mal that possesses two perfect hands.
   BINDER,  Bandage.
   BINDERS, OBSTETRIC, see Belt, Russian.
   BINDWEED, Polygonum  aviculare — b. Fid-
dle-leaved, Convolvulus  panduratus — b. Great,
Convolvulus  sepium — b. Lavender-leaved, Con-
volvulus Cantabrica—b. Sea,  Convolvulus solda-
nella—b. Virginian, Convolvulus panduratus.
   BINKOIIUMBA, Phyllanthus urinaria.
   BINOCULAR, Binocula'ris : same etymon as
the next.   Relating to or affecting both  eyes—as
' binocular vision'—vision with both eyes ; or from
impressions made upon  both retinae, which are
amalgamated into single  vision.
   BINOC'ULUS, Bin'ocle, Diophthalmica  Faa>-
cia,  Oc'ulia duplex, from bia,  'twice/ and oculus,
'an eye.'   (F.) (Eil double.   A bandage applied
over  both  eyes.  It  was, also,  formerly called
Diophthdl mua.
   BIN'SICA.  Disorder of the  mind.  Accord-
ing  to Van  Helmont, an atrophy  of the  organ
of imagination.
   BIOCHYMIA, Chymistry, vital.
   BIOD, Vis vitalis.
   BIODYNAM'ICS, Biodynam'ica, Biodynam'-
ice,  Biosoph'ia,  from Ptos,  'life/  and Svvapis,
'power/ 'force.'   The doctrine of  the  vital ac-
tivity, or forces.
   BIOGAMIA, Magnetism, animal.
   BIOLOGY, Physiology.
   BYOLYCHNION, Biolyrh'nium, from /**«,?,
'life/ and  Xvxvtov,  'a lamp.'   Innate  heat, vital
heat,  animal  heat.   Lycllnium,  Lychuiilium,
 Thermum  em'phytum, Flumma  seu Flam'mula 
BIOLYSIS
135
BISTOURI
vita'lis sou cordis.   Also, a secret preparation of
which Begiin and Birgrave make mention..
  BIOLYSIS, see Biolytic.
  BIOLYT'lC, Biolylicus ; from Ptos, 'life,' and
Xuois, 'solution.'  Relating to the destruction of
life.  A 'biolytic agent' is one that causes bioly-
sis, or destruction of life.—Schultz.
  BIOMAGNETISMUS,  Magnetism, animal.
  BIONOMY,  l'hvsiolngy.
  BIOPH.ENOMENOLOGIA, Physiology.
  BIOS, j3(os.  Life.  Also, what is necessary for
the preservation of life.
  BIOSOPIIIA, Biodynamics.
  B10STAT1CS, Statistics, medical.
  BIOTE, Life.
  BIOTHAN'ATI,  Biaiothan'ati,  from  j3ios,
'life/ and Savaros,  'death.'  Those who die of a
violent death very suddenly, or as if there was
no  space  between life and death.
   BIOTIC, Vital.
   BIOTICS. Physiology.
   BIO TOM [A, Vivisection.
   BIPARIETAL  SUTURE, Sagittal suture.
   BIPIN'NA, from  bis,  'twice/ and pinna, 'a
 wing-feather.'  A term used by the ancients for a
 diminutive penis, not exceeding in size two quills.
   Bill, Thorax.
   BIRA, Cerevisia,
   BIRCH, Betula  alba—b. Black, Betula lenta—
 b.  Cherry, Betula lenta — b. Sweet, Betula lenta.
   BIRDS' NEST, Hypopitys lanuginosa.
   BIRTH, CROSS, Presentation, preternatural
 b.  Live,  see Born alive — b. Plural,  see Multi-
 parous.
   BIRTHWORT,   Aristolochia —b.  Snakeroot,
 Aristolochia serpentaria.
   BISC11I'*, liitcho.   A  malignant kind of dy-
 sentery,  which often prevails  in  the  island of
 Trinidad.
    BISCUIT, Biscoc'tus,  bis, 'twice,' and coc«««,
 'baked,'  (F.)  bis  and cuit,  'twice  baked.'   A
 kind of  dry, hard bread, or cake, which is  va-
 riously made ; and, when without eggs or butter,
 is easy of digestion.   It was formerly called  Di-
 2>i/rlti s. and Dlpyroa.
    BISCUIT,  MEAT.  An  alimentary prepara-
 tion, proposed by Mr. G. Borden, Jr., of Texas,
 which consists  in combining  the matters  ex-
 tracted from meat by boiling with flour, so as to
 form biscuits; which keep well, and are of course
 nutritive.
    BISERMAS, Salvia sclarea.
    BISFERIENS,  Dicrotus.
    BISHOP'S  WKED, Ammi.
    BISLINGUA, Ruscus hypoglossum.
    BISMALVA, Althaea.
    BISMUTH, Antimo'nium  album,  Chalcitaa,
 Luna imper/'ec'ta, Stannum glacia'le sen cinereum,
 Bismu'thum, Wism.ilthum. Reg'ulus of Bis'muth,
 Mttrcttslta, Tin  glass,  (F.) Eta in  gris, E.  de
 Glace.   A metal,  in  spicular  plates, of a yel-
 lowish-white colour; s. gr. 9.S22 ; fusible at 400°
 Fahrenheit, and volatilizable at a high tempera-
 ture.  It is used  only in the preparation of the
 subnitrate.
    Bismuth, Oxyd of, Bismuth, Subnitrate of—
 b. Regulus of, Bismuth.
    Bismuth, Subni'trate of,Bismu'thisubnitras,
 Marcaslta  alba,  Plumbum cine'reum, Magiste'-
 rium Murcasi'ta seu Bismuthi, Bismu'thum Nil-
 ricum  B. Subnilricum, Nitras Subbismilthicuin,
 Nitras  Bismuthi,   Calx   Vismu'thi,  Bismu'thum
 oxi/dula'ttfm album, Oxyd of Bismuth, Mmf'istery
 of' Bismuth,  Pearl  White,  Spanish  White. (F.)
 Sottsnitrate de bismuth, Oxide blanc de B., Blanc
 de fard. Blanc d> ^rrle.  (Bismuth, in frustulis,
5J
Mix
fluid ounce of distilled water with the nitric acid,
and dissolve the bismuth in the mixture.  When
the solution is  complete, pour the  clear liquor
into  three  pints of distilled water,  and set the
mixture by, that the powder may subside. Lastly,
having poured off the supernatant fluid, wash the
subnitrate of bismuth with distilled water, wrap
it in bibulous paper, and  dry  with  a gentle
heat. Ph.  U. S.)  It is considered to be  tonic
and  antispasmodic, and has been  chiefly used in
gastrodynia.
   Bismuth, Valerianate of, Bismu'thi valeri-
anas, Bismu'thum valerian'icum.  Prepared  by
mixing a neutral solution of oxide of bismuth in
nitric acid, with  valerianate  of soda; washing,
and  drying the precipitate. Used  in gastrodynia,
chronic gastralgia, neuralgia, and chronic palpi-
tation, as a nervine. Dose, £ a grain to 2 grains,
three or four times a day, in pill.
   BISMUTHI  NITRAS, Bismuth,  Subnitrate
of—b. Valerianas, Bismuth, valerianate of.
   BISMUTHUM, Bismuth —b.  Nitricum,  Bis-
muth,  subnitrate of—b. Oxydulatum  album,
Bismuth, subnitrate of—b. Subnitricum, Bismuth,
 subnitrate of— b. Valerianicum,  Bismuth, vale-
rianate of.
   BISPIRUS, Dipnoos.
   BISSUM, Hydrangea arborescens.
   BISSUS.  The silky filaments which fix the
 Pinna  Marina to the rocks.  In Italy  and Cor-
 sica, clothes are made of these, which are consi-
 dered  to  favour  perspiration, and are recom-
 mended to be worn next the skin in rheumatism,
 gout, Ac.   See Byssus.
   BISTORT, OFFICINAL, Pylygonum bistorta
 —b. Virginian, Polygonum virginianum.
   BISTORTA, Polygonum bistorta.
   BISTORTIER, (F.)  A name given by the
 Pharmacien to a long wooden  pestle used for
 reducing  soft  substances to powder, and in the
 preparation of electuaries.
   BISTOURI, (F.) Pistorien'sis gla'dius, Scal-
 pellus, Seal'penm, Bistoury.  A small cutting-
 knife,  used in surgery,—so  called, according to
 Huet, from the town of  Pistori, which was for-
 merly  celebrated for  the  manufacture of those
 instruments.  A bistoury has the form of a small
 knife,  and is composed of a blade and handle.
  The blade, which is most commonly movable in
  the handle, may be fixed by a button, spring, Ac.
  When fixed in the handle, the bistouri is  called
  by  the French, B. d  lame fixe ou dormante.
   The chief bistouries are :—1. The straight B.
  (F.) B. droit, in which  the blade and  cutting
  edge are straight, the point being fine, round, or
  square.  2. The convex B. (F.)  B. convexe ; the
  blade  of  which  is convex  at the  cutting edge,
  concave at the  back. 3. The concave B. (F.)
  B.  concave ; the blade of which  is  concave at its
  edge, and convex at the back. 4. Blunt-pointed
  B.  (F.) B. boutonne ; the blade  of which has a
  button at its extremity. 5. The blunt or probe-
  pointed Bistoury of Pott ; concave  at its cut-
  ting edge, and its point blunt;  so that it can be
  carried on the palmar surface of the index finger,
  to  divide the stricture, in strangulated hernia-
  Sir Astley Cooper has  recommended a  useful
  modification of this, to avoid wounding the intes-
  tine, should it come  in contact with the edge of
  the knife.  His Bistoury has an edge of not more
  than eight lines in length, situate about five lines
  from  the  point.  6. Bistouri a  la lime,  (F.) is
  a straight bistoury; the blade fixed in the handle,
  the extremity with a button, and the edge made
  with a file.  It is chiefly used for dilating parts.
  7. Bistouri royal, (F.)  A Bistoury used in ope-
  rating upon Louis XIV., for fistula in ano.  8.
  Bistouri gastrique. (F.) A complicated instru-
 ment,  invented  by Morand, for  dilating wounds 
BIT NOBEN
136
BLE
of the abdomen. 9. Bistouri cache, B. hemiaire,
ou Attrape-lourdaud  de Biennaise, Forceps de-
cepto'ria.  A curved bistouri, the blade of which
is placed in a canula,  whence it issues on press-
ing a spring.
  The word Bistouri  is used by the French, at
times, where we would employ knife.
  BIT   NOBEN,  Salt  of Bitu'men, Padnoon,
Soucherloon, Khala mimuc.  A white, saline sub-
stance, which is a Hindoo preparation of great
antiquity, and  has been supposed  to be the Sal
asphaltltes and Sal Sodome'nus of the ancients.
It is used by the  Hindoo  in the prevention or
cure  of almost all  diseases.
  BITHNIMAL'CA,   Gas'teranax.   Two  un-
meaning words, used  by Dolasus, to designate an
active principle supposed to have its seat in the
stomach, and to preside over chymification, Ac.
  BITIOS  DE KIS, Proctocace.
  BITTER, Amarus —b. Bark, Pinckneya pu-
bens—b. Bloom,  Chironia angularis — b. Holy,
Hiera picra — b. Redberry, Cornus Florida — b.
Root, Apocynum  androsasmifolium,  Gentiana
Catesbasi, Menyanthes  verna—b.  Sweet night-
shade, Solanum Dulcamara—b.  Sweet vine, So-
lanum Dulcamara.
  BIT'TERNESS, Amaritu'do, Amarilies, Am-
a'ror, Pi'eria, (F.) Amertume. A particular taste,
which belongs to many substances.   In  some
diseases there is a sense of bitterness felt in the
mouth.
  BITTERS, COLUMBO,  Tinctura Calumbas —
b. Spirit, Tinctura gentianae composita—b. Wine,
Vinum gentianae compositum.
  BITTERSWEET,  Solanum dulcamara.
  BITTERWEED, Ambrosia trifida.
  BITTERWOOD TREE, Quassia.
  BITTOS.  A disease,  in which the chief symp-
tom is an acute pain in  the anus.—Chom'el.
  BITUMEN, GLUTINOUS, Pissasphaltum—
b. Judaioum, Asphaltum — b. of Judaea, Asphal-
tum—b. Petroleum, Petrolasum—b.  Malta, Pissas-
phaltum—b. Salt of,  Bitnoben—b. Solidum, As-
phaltum.
  BIVENTER, Digastricus — b. Cervicis, Corn-
plexus musculus — b. Maxillae, Digastricus.
  BIVENTRAL  LOBE OF THE CEREBEL-
LUM, see Lobe, biventral.
  BIX A AMERICANA, see Terra Orleana —b.
Orleana, see Terra  Orleana — b.  Orellana, see
Terra Orleana.
  BLABE, Wound.
  BLACCLE,  Rubeola.
  BLACIA, Debility.
  BLACKBERRY,   AMERICAN,  see  Rubus
fruticosus — b. High  or standing, see Rubus fru-
ticosus.
  BLACK  DOSE, see  Infusum Sennas compo-
situm.
  BLACK   DRAUGHT, see Infusum  Sennas
compositum.
  BLACK  DROP, Guttas nigrae.
  BLACK  LION. A term given to a sloughing
syphilitic ulcer, under which the British soldiers
suffered greatly in Portugal.
  BLACK  ROOT, Aletris farinosa, Leptandria
purpurea.
  BLACKWATER, Pyrosis.
  BLADDER, GALL, see  Gall Bladder—b. Irri-
table, Cysterethismus — b. Swim, Air bladder —
b. Urinary, see Urinary Bladder.
  BLADUM, Ble.
  BLiESITAS, Blasa lingua. Some authors have
used this word as synonymous with stammering.
See  Balbuties.   Sauvages understands by it a
defect in pronunciation, which consists in substi-
tuting soft consonants for those that are  hard;
as the z for s, the d for t, the s for 6 and .>, Ac.
Also, Lisping, Traulis'mus, Trau'lotes, (F.) Bli-
aite, Ble" (parler.)
  BL.ESOPODES, see Kvllosis.
  BL.ESOPUS, see Kyllosis.
  BLjESUS.  A distortion;  especially the out-
ward distortion of the legs.  Also, a stammerer.
  BLAFARD, (F.) Pallidue, Pallid'ulus.  This
epithet is sometimes given to the skin, when pale
and dull;  but, most frequently, to the flesh of a
wound, when it  has  lost its colour, and become
white.  The word is,  also, sometimes used syno-
nymously with Albino.
  BLANC DE  BALEINE,  Cetaceum — b.  de
Fard, Bismuth, subnitrate of—b. de I'CEil, Scle-
rotic— b. d'QSuf, Albumen ovi—b. dePerle, Bis-
muth, subnitrate of.
  BLANC-MANGER,  (F.)  Cibua albus, Leuco-
phclgium, Leucoph'agum, Argyrotrophe'ma.  An
animal jelly, so  called on account of its colour,
combined with an emulsion of sweet almonds, to
which sugar has  been added, and some aromatic.
It is sometimes prescribed as a nutriment in con-
valescence and chronic diseases.
  BLANC-RAISIN,  Blanc Rhazis.
  BLANC RHAZIS,  Blanc-raisin.   An oint-
ment composed of cerussa, white wax, and olive
oil.
  BLANCA, Plumbi subcarbonas.
  BLANCH, TO, from (F.) blanchir, 'to whiten,
to bleach.'  To whiten by depriving of the outer
rind;  as 'to blanch almonds;' i. e. to peel-them.
  BLANCHET,  (F.) A blanket. A term given,
by  the  French  Pharmaciens,  to  the woollen
strainer through which  they  filter syrup and
other thick fluids.  See,  also, Aphthae.
  BLANCHING, Etiolation.
  BLANCNON  ORIBASIL  Polypodium filix
mas.
  BLAS.  An unmeaning term, invented by Van
Helmont to designate a kind  of movement in the
body; at times, local,—at others, under extrane-
ous influence.  Thus, he speaks of the Bias mete-
oros of the heavenly bodies, and the Bias huma'-
num, that which  operates in man.
  Blas Alterativum, Plastic force.
  BLASE, (F.)   An epithet given to one whom
the abuse of enjoyment has prevented from any
longer deriving satisfaction or pleasure from it.
  BLASTE'MA,  Blaate'aia,  from pXaoravw,  ' I
bud.'  A germ.  The sense of this word, which
is often used by Hippocrates, is obscure. Castelli
thinks it  means  the  eruption of some morbific
principle at the  surface  of the body.  Also, the
matrix or general formative element of tissues.
  BLAS'TEMAL, Blastema'lis. Relating or ap-
pertaining to a blastema, — as ' blastemal forma-
tions,' those that are formed from a blastema.
  BLASTODERMA, see Molecule.
  BLATTA BYZAN'TIA, Unguis odora'tus. (F.)
Blatte de Byzance.  This name seems, formerly,
to have been given to a marine production from
some  of  the Conchylia.   It had an agreeable
smell, a reddish tint,  and the shape of a nail.  It
was prescribed in epilepsy, hysteria, and hepatic
obstructions.  Rondelet  affirms that it was the
production of the  shell-fish murex or purpura  ;
and that  the name Blatta is  derived from the
Greek PXarros, 'purple.'
  BLA VELLE, Centaurea cyanus.
   BLAVEOLE, Centaurea cyanus.
  BLAVEROLLE, Centaurea cyanus.
   BLAZING-STAR, Chamaslirium  luteum, Li-
atris.
   BLE, Bladum. This word answers, in France, 
BLJ!
137
BLEPHAROPTOSIS
to the word Corn in England;  i. e. any kind of
grain employed for making bread. Wheat being
most commonly used for this purpose, Ble is
sometimes  restricted to  this.  Ble  meteil is a
mixture of wheat and rye.
  BLE CORNU, Ergot—6. d'Espagne, Zeamays
— b. d'ltalie, Zea  Mays — b. Meteil, see  Bli —
b. Xoir, Polygonum fagopyrum — b. de Turquie,
Zen, mays.
  BLE (PARLER,) Blassitas.
  BLEABERRY, Vaccinium myrtillus.
  BLEACHING LIQUID, Eau  dejavelle.
  BLEAR-EYE, Lippitudo.
  BLEB, Bulla.
  BLECIINON, Polypodium filix mas.
  BLECHNUM  LiGNIFOLIUM,  Asplenium
Scolopendrium — b. Squamosum, Asplenium ce-
terach.
  BLECHROPYRA, see Blechros.
  BLECIIROPYRUS, Typhus mitior.
  BLECHROS, PXvxpos, 'weak, feeble, slow.'
An  epithet applied to  different affections, and
particularly to fevers.  Hence Blechrop'yra, 'a
slow fever:' Itlechrosphyq'inia, 'a slow pulse.'
   BLECHROSPHYGMiA, see Blechros.
   BLED, Corn.
   BLEEDING, Bloodletting, Hasmorrhagia.
   BLEEDING  FROM THE NOSE, Epistaxis
—b. Heart, Cypripedium luteum.
   BLE ME, (F.) This word has  nearly the same
signification as Blafard.  Generally, bowever, it
includes, also, emaciation of the countenance.
   BLENNA, Mucus—b. Narium, Nasal mucus.
   BLENNADENI'TIS,  from  pXtwa,  'mucus/
ainv, ' a gland/  and itis, denoting inflammation.
Inflammation of mucous follicles.
   BLENNELYT'RIA, from PXtwa, 'mucus/ and
tXvrpov, 'a sheath.'  A discharge of mucus from
tho vagina. Leucorrhcea.—Alibert.
   BLENNEM'ESIS.    Blenno'em'esis,  Vom'itua
pituito'sus,  from PXtwa,  'mucus/  and eptats,
 'vomiting.' Vomiting of mucus.
   BLENNENTERIA, Dysentery.
   BLENNISTII'MIA, tromPXcvva, 'mucus/ and
 tempos,  ' the gullet.   Increased  flow of mucus
 from the pharynx and larynx.—Alibert.
   BLENNOCIIEZ1A, Diarrhoea, mucous.
   BLENNOCYSTIDES, Bursas  mucosae.
   BLENNODES, Muciform.
   BLENNOEMESIS, Blennemesis.
   BLENNOG"ENOUS,  Blennog"enus, Mucif'ic,
 Mucif'icus, from PXtwa, 'mucus/ and yevao), 'I
form.'  Forming or generating  mucus.  Breschet
and Roussel de VauzSuie describe  an apparatus
of this kind for the secretion of the mucous mat-
 ter  that constitutes the  cuticle, composed  of a
glandular parenchyma or organ of secretion situ-
ate in the  substance of the true  skin, and of
excretory  ducts, which  issue  from  the  organ,
and deposite  the  mucous  matter  between  the
papilla1.
   BLENNOIDES. Muciform.
   BLENNOIDEUS, Muciform.
   BLENNOPHTHALMIA, Ophthalmia, (puru-
lent.)
   BLENNOP'TYSIS,  from fiXtwa, and irruu, 'I
spit,'  Expectoration  of mucus.  Catarrh.
   BLENNOP'YRA, Blennopy'ria, from  PXtwa,
and nvp, ' fire.'  Alibert  has classed^ under this
head, various fevers with mucous complications;
as Mesenteric fever, Aileno-meningeal fever, Ac.
  BLENNORRHAGIA, Gonorrhoea—b. Genita-
lium, Leucorrhcea—b. Notha, Gonorrhoea spuria
__b. Spuria, Gonorrhoea spuria.
  BLENNORRHAGIC EPIDIDYMITIS, Her-
nia humoralis.
  BLENNORRHAGIE FAJ'SSE, Gonorrhoea
spuria—b. du Gland, Gonorrhoea spuria.
  BLENNORRII1XIA, Coryza.
  BLENNORRHCE'A,   Blennorrhoe, Blennor-
rharf'ia, Phlegiiiorrhee'a, Phlegmorrhag"ia, from
PXtwa, 'mucus,' and pew, 'I flow.'  Inordinate
secretion and discharge of mucus.  Also, Gonor-
rhoea.
  Blennorrrcea Chronica, (gleet,) see Gonor-
rhoea—b. Genitalium, Leucorrhcea — b. Luodes,
Gonorrhoea impura—b. Nasalis, Coryza—b. Oculi,
see Ophthalmia—b. Oculi gonorrhoica, see Oph-
thalmia^—b. Oculi neonatorum, see Ophthalmia—
b. Oculi purulenta, see Ophthalmia—b. Urethralis,
Gonorrhoea, Cystorrhcea—b. Ventriculi, Gastror-
rhosa—b. Vesicas, Cystorrhcea.
  BLENNO'SES, from PXtwa, 'mucus.'  Affec-
tions of the mucous membranes.—Alibert.
  BLENNOTHORAX,  Catarrh, Peripneumonia
notha—b. Chronicus, Asthma humidum.
  BLENN0T0RRHO3A, Otirrhosa.
  BLENNURETHRIA, Gonorrhoea.
  BLENNURIA, Cystorrhcea.
  BLEPHARADENITIS, Ophthalmia Tarsi.
  BLEPHARANTHRACO'SIS, Blephari-
tis gangrano'sa, Cnrbuncnla'tio Oc'uli.  Gangre-
nous inflammation of the eyelids.
  BLEPHARELOSIS, Entropion.
  BLEPHARIDES,  Cilia.
  BLEPIIARIDOPLASTICE, Blepharoplastice.
  BLEPHARISMUS, Nictation.
  BLEPHARITIS, Ophthalmia tarsi — b. Gan-
grasnosa, Blepharanthracosis.
  BLEPHAROBLENNORRHCEA, Ophthalmia,
purulent — b.  Neonatorum, see Ophthalmia (pu-
rulenta infantum.)
  BLEPH'ARO-CONJUNCTIVI'TIS, Blepha-
rosyndesmi'tis, from pXttpapov, ' an  eyelid,' and
conjunctiva.   Ophthalmia affecting the conjunc-
tiva and eyelids.
  BLEPHARODYSCHRCE'A, from PXttpapov, the
'eyelid/ ivs, 'with difficulty/ and x?oa> 'colour.'
Discoloration of the eyelid.  Nasvus of the eye-
lid.—Von Ammon.
  BLEPHAR03DEMA AQUOSUM, Hydroble-
pharon.
  BLEPHARON, Palpebra—b. Atoniaton, Ble-
pharoptosis.
  BLEPHARONCO'SIS,  Blepharon'cus,  Ble-
pharopihy'ma,  Palpebra'rum Tumor, from PXttpa-
pov,  ' eyelid/ and oy/cos,  ' tumour.'  A tumour of
the eyelid.
  BLEPHARONCUS, Blepharoncosis.
  BLEPHAROPTHALMIA,  Ophthalmia  tarsi
—b. Neonatorum, see Ophthalmia—b. Purulenta,
Blepharopyorrhcea.
  BLEPHAROPHTHALMITIS GLANDULO-
SA, Ophthalmia, purulent, of infants.
  BLEPHAROPHYMA, Blepharoncosis.
  BLEPHAROPLAS'TICE,^<jo^nn*rfo^?as't!*ce,
Insil'io  Cilio'rum, from PXttpapov,  ' the eyelid/
and irXacrnitos, 'forming/ 'formative.'  The for-
mation of a new eyelid.
  BLEPHAROPLEGIA, Blepharoptosis.
  BLEPHAROPTO'SIS, Blepharople'gia, Casus
palpebra superio'ris, Delap'sua palpebra,  Pro-
lap'sus palpebra, Propto'sis palpebra,  Pto'sis
palpebra, Atoniaton blepharon, from  pXttpapov,
' the eyelid/ and irruxris, ' fall.'  A falling down
of the upper eyelid over the eye,  caused by a
paralysis of the Levator palpebra sup< rioris mus-
cle.  This paralysis is an unfavourable symptom,
as it is generally connected with a state of the
brain favouring apoplexy or palsy.
  Blepharoptosis Ectropium,  Ectropium — b.
Entropion, Entropion. 
BLEPHAROPYORRnOM
138
BLOOD
  BLEPHAROPYORRHCE'A, Blepharophthal -
mia purulen'ta, Pyorrhce'a palpebra, from PXttp-
apov,  'eyelid;' trvov,  'pus/ and ptoi,  'I flow.'
Secretion of pus  from the eyelids.
  Blepharo-pyorrhcea Neonatorum, see Oph-
thalmia (purulenta infantum.)
  BLEPHARORRHGE'A, from  PXttpapov, 'eye-
lid/  and ptoj,  ' I flow.'  A discharge of mucus
from the eyelids.
 # BLEPHAROSPAS'MUS, from PXttpapov, 'eye-
lid,'  and atracpos, ' spasm.'  A spasmodic action
of the orbicularis palpebrarum muscle.
  B L E P H A ROSYNDESMITIS, Blepharocon-
junctivitis.
  BLEPHAROTIS,  Ophthalmia tarsi—b. Glan-
dularis contagiosa, see Ophthalmia.
  BLEPHAROTITIS, Ophthalmia tarsi.
  BLEPHAROTOSIS, Ectropium.
  BLEPHAROXYS'TUM, Blepharoxys'trum,
from PXttpapov, ' eyelid,' and £ua>, ' I scrape.'   An
instrument used, by the ancients,  for removing
callosities, which made their appearance in  the
affection called, by the Greeks, rpax^pa.—Paulus
of iEgina, Gorraeus.
  BLEPHIL'IA  HIRSU'TA, Ohio  Horsemint,
Hairy  Horsemint; an indigenous  plant of  the
Mint family, Labiatas, which has  the  aromatic
properties of the Mints.
  BLESITE, Blassitas.
  BLESSURE,  Abortion, Wound.
  BLESTRIS'MUS.  Restlessness of the sick.—
Hippocrates.
  BLETA. A word, used by Paracelsus for white
or milky urine,  arising from diseased kidneys.
Biota alba has the same meaning.
  BLEU DE PRUSSE, Prussian blue.
  BLEVILLE, MINERAL WATERS OF. Ble-
ville is  a  village about two miles from Havre.
The waters are acidulous chalybeate.
  BLIGHT IN  THE EYE, Ophthalmia, catar-
rhal.
  BLINDNESS,  Cascitas—b. Colour, Achroma-
topsia.
  BLISTER, Yesicatdrium, Emplas'trum Vesica-
to'rium, Emplas'trum Lytta,Epispas'ticum, Blister
plaster, from vesica, 'a bladder/ (F.) Vesicatoire,
Vesicant.  Any substance which, when applied to
the skin, irritates  it, and occasions a serous secre-
tion, raising the epidermis, and inducing a vesicle.
Various articles  produce this  effect, as cantha-
rides, mustard, garou, euphorbium, garlic, ammo-
nia,  Ac. Blisters are used as counter-irritants.
By exciting a disease artificially on the surface,
we can often  remove another which may be at
the time existing internally.  A perpetual blister
is one that is kept open for a longer or a shorter
time by means of appropriate dressings.
  Blister  or vesication also means the vesicle
produced by vesicatories.
  Blister, Magistral, (F.) Vesicatoire magis-
tral.  A prompt  means of producing vesication
rcommended by  M. Valleix.  It is prepared as
follows :—Take powdered cantharides and wheat-
flower, of each equal parts; vinegar, a sufficient
quantity to form  a soft paste.
  Blister  Beetle, Cantharis.
  Blister  Fly,  Cantharis.
  Blister  Plaster, Blister.
  BLISTERWEED, Ranunculus acris.
  BLISTERING FLY, Cantharis—b. Paper, see
Sparadrapum vesicatorium—b. Tissue, Sparadra-
pum vesicatorium.
  BLITUM  AMERICANUM, Phytolacca  de-
candra.
  BLOOD, Anglo-Saxon,  bloS, from bleSan, 'to
bleed.'  Sanguis, Oruor, Lapis anima'lis, Hcema,
'atpa, (F.) Sang.   An animal fluid formed chiefly
from the chyle;  acquiring important properties
during respiration ; entering every organ through
the circulation;  distributing tho nutritive princi-
ples to  every texture, and  the  source of every
secretion.  The blood is white in the molluscous
and inferior  animals,  which have  been, hence,
called white-blooded, to  distinguish them  from
the red-blooded, which class includes the mam-
malia, birds,  reptiles, and fishes. Human blood
is composed of water, albumen, fibrin, an animal
colouring substance,  a little fatty matter—hama-
tela'um, and different salts; as chlorides of potas-
sium and sodium, phosphate of lime, subcarbonate
of soda, lime, magnesia, oxide of iron, and lactate
of soda, united with an animal matter.  Arterial
blood is of a florid red colour, strong smell, temp.
100°; s. g. 1.049. Venoua blood is of a brownish
red: temp. 98°;  s. g. 1.051.   The  difference in
colour has given occasion to the first being called
red blood ; the latter, black.  The former, which
is distributed from the heart, is nearly the same
through  its whole extent: the latter is the re-
mains of the arterial  blood after the different
elements have been  taken from  it  in nutrition,
and probably differs in composition.  It likewise
contains different substances absorbed.  Venous
blood, taken  from a vessel and left  to itself, be-
comes solid, and separates into two distinct parts,
—the serum  or  watery,  supernatant fluid;  and
the  cruor,  coag'ulum, crassamen'turn,  hepar seu
placen'ta sailguinis, placen'ta  cruo'ris, in'sula,
thrombus, or  clot.  The serum  is chiefly water,
holding albumen in solution and the salts of the
blood.   The  clot contains the  fibrin, colouring
matter — hamatosin, a little serum,  and a small
quantity of salts.  M. Le Canu found the blood to
be composed—in  1000 parts—of water, 785.590 ;
albumen, 69.415 ; fibrin, 3.565 ; colouring matter,
119.626 ; crystallizable fatty matter, 4.300 ; oily
matter, 2.270; extractive matter soluble in alco-
hol  and  water, 1.920; albumen combined  with
soda, 2.010 ; chlorides of sodium and potassium ;
alkaline  phosphates, sulphates,  and subearbon-
ates, 7.304; subcarbonate of lime and magnesia,
phosphate  of lime, magnesia and iron, peroxide
of iron, 1.414; loss,  2.586.  The four  principal
components of the  blood  are fibrin,  albumen,
corpuscles, and saline matter.  In the circulating
blood they are thus combined—

Albumen  t *n solution forming Liquor Sangui-
Salts,    'j  niB-
   Red Corpuscles—suspended in the Liquor San-
guinis.
   In coagulated blood they are thus combined :
Fibrin,         1 Forming the crassamentum or
Red Corpuscles, J   clot.
Albumen, \ Remaining  in   solution,   forming
Salts,     J   serum.

   The following table exhibits the computations
of  different physiologists regarding the  weight
of the circulating fluid—arterial and venous.
Harvey,      •)                            ]ba
Lister,       !
Moulins,     f..............................— ■■ 8
Abildguard,   J
Blumenbach,  1
L°t>b,        }..................................10
Lower,       )
Sprengel....................................io to 15
Gunther.....................................15 to 20
Blake.......................................16$ to 18?
M idler and Burdach...............................20
Wagner.....................................20 to 25
Ciuesnai..........................................27
F. Hoffmann......................................28
Waller.......................................28 to 30
Young............................................40
Mamberger...................:...............    go
Kein..........................................;;i00 
BLOODING
139
BOISSE
  Tho  proportion of arterial blood to venous  is
about 4 to 9.
  Much attention has been paid to the varying
condition of the blood in disease.  The average
proportion  of  each  of  the organic  elements  in
1000 parts of healthy blood is as follows, accord-
ing to Le Canu, and MM. Andral and Gavarret:—
fibrin, 3; red corpuscles, 127; solid matter of the
serum, 80 ; water, 790.
  Dried human blood  was,  at one  time, consi-
dered to be anti-epileptic; that of the goat, dried,
Sanguis hirci  sicca'tus,  sudorific and antipleu-
retic.
  Blood,  Arterial, see Blood — b. Black, see
Blood—b. Black,  Vascular system of, see Vascu-
lar—b. Casein, Globulin—b. Cerpuscles, Globules
of the blood—b. Disease, Hasmatonosos—b. Disks,
Globules of the blood—b. Dried, see Blood—b.
Loss of, Hasmorrhagia—b. Red, see Blood—b.
Red,  system of, see Vascular—b. Spitting  of,
Haemoptysis—b. Venous, see Blood—b. Vomit-
ing of, Hasmatemesis—b. White, Lymph.
  BLOODING, Bloodletting.
  BLOODLESSNESS, Anasmia.
  BLOOD-LETTING, Misaio seu Detrac'tio
San'guinia, Hamax'ia, Cataachaa'mua, Blooding,
Bleeding, (F.) Saignee,  Emission sanguine.  A
discharge of a certain quantity of blood produced
by art: an  operation which consists in making
an opening into a vessel to  draw blood  from it.
When practised on  an  artery, it is called Arteri-
olomy ; on a vein,  Phlebolomy,  Venasec'tio, Ve-
nesec'tion; and on  the capillary vessels, local or
capillary,  in  contradistinction  to  the   former,
which is  termed general. Blood-letting  is used
both during the existence of a disease, as in  in-
flammation, and  in  the way of prophylaxis.  It
is employed to fulfil various indications.  1.  To
 diminish  the  actual mass of blood;—when it is
 termed, by the French pathologists, Saignee eva-
 cuutivc.  In such case, fluids ought not to be al-
 lowed too freely afterwards. 2. To diminish the tur-
 gescence in any particular organ—( (F.)  Saignee
 revulsive, Revulsive bloodletting or bleeding,  Ve-
 nasec'tio rcvulso'via, when performed far from the
 part affected:  and Saignee derivative, when near.)
 3. To  diminish the  consistence of the blood, (F.)
 Saignee  spoliation  The immediate effects of
 blood-letting  are:   diminution  of  the  mass of
 blood and of heat;  retardation of the pulse, and
 sometimes syncope. Blood-letting from the veins
 —phlebotomy,  is practised on the  subcutaneous
 veins of the neck, the face, the fore-arm, and the
 leg; sometimes  on those of the  hand  or foot.
 The necessary apparatus consists of a bandage
 or riband,  a  compress  of rag,  and a lancet or
 phleam.
   The veins selected for the operation, are, 1. In
 the fold of the arm, five;—the  cephalic, basilic,
 the two median,  and the anterior cubital.  2. In
 the hand, the cephalic and salvatella.  3. In the
 foot, the great and little saphena.  4. In the neck,
 the external  jugular.   5.  In the forehead,  the
 frontal.  6. In the  mouth, the ranine.  The ope-
 ration of phlebotomy in the limbs is performed
 by tying a circular bandage round  the limb, in
 order that the subcutaneous  veins  may become
 turgid by  tho course  of the blood being  ob-
 structed : the bandage not being so tight, how-
 ever, as to compress the arteries of the limb.  A
 puncture is made  into the vein, and the desired
 quantity allowed to flow.  The ligature is now
 removed, and a compress and retaining bandage
 applied.  Capillary or local blood-letting is prac-
 tised  on the  skin or  mucous membranes, by
 means of leeches, the  lancet, or cupping.
  Bloodletting, Capillary, see Bloodletting—
b. Derivative, see Bloodletting—b.  Evacuative,
see Bloodletting—b. General, see Bloodletting—
b. Local,  see  Bloodletting — b.  Revulsive, see
Bloodletting—b.  Spoliative, see Bloodletting.
  BLOODLIKE, Sanguine.
  BLOODROOT, Sanguinaria Canadensis.
  BLOODSHOT, Hyperasmic.
  BLOODSTONE, Haematites.
  BLOOD VESICLE, Globule of the blood.
  BLOOD VESSEL, (F.) Vaisseau sanguin.
vessel destined to contain and convey blood.
  Blood Vessel, breaking, bursting, ruptur-
ing of A.   Hasmorrhagia.
  BLOOD WEED, Asclepias curassavica.
  BLOODWORT, Sanguinaria Canadensis.
  BLOODY,  Sanguin'eus,  Cruen'tus,  Sanguin'-
eous,  (F.)  Sanguin.  Having  the  character of
blood.  Relating to blood.  See Sanguine.
  BLOOM,  HONEY, Apocynum androsaemifo-
lium.
  BLOTA ALBA, Bleta.
  BLOW,  Ictus, Plege, (F.) Coup.   Effect pro-
duced by one body striking  another.  The im-
pression made by any body which strikes us, or
against which we strike; — a common cause of
wounds, contusions, fractures, Ac.
  BLOWING SOUND, Bruit de Souffle.
  BLUE-BELLS, Gentiana catesbasi.
  BLUE-BERRY,  Caulophyllum  thalictroides,
Lantana.
  BLUE  BOTTLE, Centaurea cyanus, Cyanus
segetum.
  BLUE  STONE,  Cupri sulphas.
  BLUET DES MO IS SONS, Cyanus segetum.
  BLUSH, see Flush.
   Blush, Cutaneous, see Efflorescence.
   BOA, Boia.  An  eruption of red, ichorous pim-
 ples.—Pliny.  See, also, Hidroa and Sudamina.
   Boa Upas, Upas.
   BOiE, Syphilis.
   BOBERRI, Curcuma longa.
   BOCHIUM, Bronchocele.
   BOCIUM, Bronchocele.
   BOOKLET, MINERAL WATERS OF.  The
 springs of Booklet, in  Bavaria, are  acidulous
 chalybeates.
   BODY, Corpus, Soma, (F.) Corps; from (Teu-
 tonic)  boden, the 'fundus or bottom.'(?)  The
 human body is the collection  of organs which
 compose the frame.  At times, however, body  is
 used synonymously with trunk.  We  say, also,
  body of the femur, of the sphenoid, Ac, to desig-
 nate the shaft or middle portion of those bones;
  body of the uterus,  Ac.  Also, the rectum.
   Body, Coming down  op the, Proctocele.
   BODY-SNATCHER, Resurrectionist.
   BOE, Cry.
   BOELLI. Intestines.
   BOETHEMA, Medicament.
   BOG-BEAN, Menyanthes trifoliata.
   BOHON UPAS, Upas.
   BOIA, Boa.
   BOIL, Furunculus—b. Gum, Parulis—b. Ma-
  lignant, see Furunculus—b. Wasp's nest, see Fu-
  runculus.
   BOISDE CAMPECHE, Hasmatoxylum Cam-
  pechianum—b. de Chypre, Rhodium lignum—6.
  de Couleuvre, see Strychnos—b. de Marais, Ce-
  phalanthus occidentalis—b. de  Plomb, Dirca pa-
  lustris — b. Puant, Prunus padus — b. de  Rose,
  Rhodium lignum—b. de Sappan, Cassalpinia sap-
 pan—b. Sudorifique, Wood, sudorific.
   BOISSE,  MINERAL WATERS OF.  These
 waters are situate about half a league from Fon-
 tenay-le-Compte, in France.  They are purgative, 
BOISSON
140
BONE
 and seem to contain carbonate and sulphate of
 lime and chloride of sodium.
   BOISSON, Drink.
   BOITE,  (F.)  A ooa; or case, Capsa, Pyxis.
 An apparatus for  the  reception of any matters
 which it may be desirable to preserve.  In Sur-
 gery and Anatomy Boites d dissection, B. & am-
 putation, B. a trepan, B. d cataracte, Ac, mean
 the cases containing these various instruments.
 Boite du Crane is the bony case which receives
 the  brain.   Boite  is,  also, the portion of the
 stem  of the trephine which  receives the pyra-
 mid or centre-pin.  Boite de Petit is a machine,
 invented by M. Petit, to retain the fractured por-
 tions of bone in apposition, when the leg has been
 fractured in a complicated manner. Boite is, also,
 a kind of case put before an artificial anus to re-
 ceive the fasces, which  are continually being dis-
 charged.  The vulgar,  in France, give the name
 Boite to various articulations,—B. de genou, B.
 de la hanche; "knee-joint, hip-joint."
   BOITEMENT, Claudication.
   BOITIER, (F.) Appareil, Gap'sula unguentd-
 ria, Capsa'rium.  A Dressing-ease.  A box, con-
 taining salves and different apparatus, used more
 particularly by the dressers in hospitals.
   BOL, Bolus—b. d'Arminie, Bole, Armenian—
 b. Blanc, Bolus alba.
   BOLA, Myrrha.
   BOLCHON, Bdellium.
   BOLE, Bolus, (F.) Bol, Terre bolaire, meant,
 with the older writers, argillaceous earth, used
 as an absorbent and alexipharmic  The various
 boles had different forms given to them, and were
 stamped, as in the following:
   Bole Arme'nian, Bole Arme'niac, B. Ar'me-
 nie, Argil'la, ferrugin'ea rubra, A. Bolus rubra,
 Sinapi'sis, Arena'men, Bolus  Orienta'lis,  Bolus
 Armeniaca,  B. Arme'nia, B.  rubra,  (F.)  Bol
 d'Armenie.  A red, clayey earth, found not only
 in Armenia, but in several countries of Europe,—
 in Tuscany, Silesia, France,  Ac.   It was once
 esteemed a tonic and astringent, and was applied
 as a styptic.  It is now, scarcely, if ever, used.
 It consists of argil, mixed with lime and iron.
  BOLESIS, Coral.
  BOLESON, Balsam.
  BOLET  ODORANT, Dasdalea suaveolens.
  BOLETUS AGARICUS, B. Laricis—b. Albus,
 Boletus laricis—b. Discoideus,  Dasdalea suaveo-
 lens.
  Bole'tus  Esculen'tus, *(F.)  Morelle.   An
 eatable  mushroom, found in the  woods in Eu-
 rope, and much admired by Gastronomes.  It was
 formerly esteemed to be aphrodisiac.
  Boletus Fulvus, B.igniarius—b. Hippocrepis,
 B. igniarius.
  Bole'tus Ignia'rius.  The systematic  name
 for the Ag'aric,  Agar'icus,  Agar'icum of  the
 Pharmacopoeias, Agar'icus Chirurgo'rum, Agar'-
 icus Querc&s seu ignia'rius, Polyp'orus ignia'rius,
 Is'ca,  Bole'tus ungula'tus seu fulvus seu hippo-
 crepis seu obtu'sus, Spunk, Am'adou, Punk, Fun-
gus Ignia'rius, Fungus  Querci'nus, Agaric of the
 Oak,  Touchwood,  Touchwood Boletus,  Female
 Agaric, Tinder, (F.) Agaric de chene, Amadou-
 vier.  It was formerly much used by surgeons as
 a styptic.
  Bole'tus   Lar'icis,  B.  Larici'nus, Fun'gua
 Lar'icia, Polyp'orus officina'lis, Agar'icus  albus
 seu Lar'icis, Polyp'orus officina'lis, A. Albus op'-
 timua, B. purgans, B. albua, B. agar'icus, B. offi-
 cina'lis, White Agaric,  (F.) Agaric  blanc.  On
the continent of Europe it has been given as a
cathartic and emetic, as well as to moderate  the
 sweats in  phthisis. — De  Haen.   Externally,
 styptic.
   Boletus Obtusus, B. igniarius—b. Officinalis,
 B. laricis—b. Purgans, Boletus laricis—b. Salicis,
 Dasdalea  suaveolens — b.  Suaveolens,  Dasdalea
 suaveolens—b. Touchwood, Boletus igniarius.
   BO LI MARTIS, Ferrum tartarisatum.
   BOLISMOS, Boulimia,
   BOLI'TES.   The mushroom;  perhaps  the
 Agar'icus Aurantiacus. — Pliny, Martial, Seuto-
 nius, Galen.  It was  so  called, in consequence
 of its shape,—from Bolus.
   BOLUS,  PuiXos, a morsel, a mouthful, a bole,
 (F.) Bol.  A pharmaceutical preparation, having
 a pilular shape, but larger; capable, however, of
 being swallowed as a pill.
   Bolus Alba,  Terra Sigilla'ta, Argilla pal-
 lid'ior : called sigilla'ta, from being commonly
 made into small cakes or flat masses, and stamped
 or sealed  with  certain  impressions.  (F.)  Bol
 blanc, Terre Sigillee,  Argile ochreuse pale.  It
 was  used like Bole Armenian, and was brought
 from Etruria.   See Terra.
   Bolus,  Alimen'tary, Bolus Alimentdrius.
 The bole  formed by the food, after  it has under-
 gone mastication  and insalivation in the mouth;
 and  been collected upon the tongue prior to  de-
 glutition.
   Bolus  Orienta'lis.  A kind of bolar earth,
 only distinguished from Bole Armenian in being
 brought from  Constantinople.  See Bole, Arme-
 nian.
   Bolus Rubra,  Bole, Armenian.
   BOMA'REA SALSIL'LA.   The  inhabitants
 of Chili use this plant as a sudorific.  It is given
 in infusion in cutaneous diseases.
   BOMBAX, Gossypium.
   BOMBEMENT, Bombus.
   BOMBUS, Au'rium fluctua'tio, A. Sib'ilus, A.
 Son'itus, A. Susur'rus,  (F.) Bombement.  A kind
 of ringing or buzzing in the ears;—characterized,
 according to Sauvage s,  by the perception  of
 blows  or beating repeated at certain  intervals.
 Also, Borborygmus.  See Flatulence,  and Tin-
 nitus Aurium.
   BOMBYX MORI, see Sericum.
   BON, Coffea Arabica.
   BONA.  Phaseolus vulgaris.
   BONANNIA OFFICINALIS, Sinapis alba.
   BONA FEVER, see  Fever, Bona.
   BONDUE, Gymnocladus Canadensis.
   BONE,  Os, Os'teon,  Os'teum, (F.) Os, Saxon,
 ban.  The bones are the solid and hard  parts,
 which  form the basis of the bodies of animals
 of the superior classes; and the union of which
 constitutes the skeleton.   The human body has,
 at the adult age, 208  bones, without including
 the 32 teeth, the ossa  Wormiana, and  the sesa-
 moid bones. Anatomists divide them, from their
 shape, into 1. Long bones, which form part of the
 limbs, and represent columns for  supporting the
 weight of the  body, or levers of different kinds
 for the muscles to  act upon.  2. Flat bones, which
 form the parietes  of splanchnic cavities; and, 3.
 Short bones, met with in parts of the body where
 solidity and some mobility are necessary.  Bones
 are formed of two different textures ; spongy and
 compact.   They afford, on analysis, much  phos-
phate and  carbonate of lime, a little phosphate
 of magnesia, phosphate  of ammonia, oxides  of
iron and manganese, some traces of alumina and
silica, gelatin, fat, and water.  The uses of the
bones are mentioned under  each bone.   They
give  shape to  the body, contain and defend the
viscera, and act as levers to the muscles. 
BONEBINDER
141
BORBORUS
TABLE  OP THE BONES.
Bones of
  THE
 Head.
Bones of the
 Cranium or
   Skull.
Bones of the
   Face.
(Frontal...............1
| Parietal..............2
1 Occipital.............1
) Temporal.............2
 Ethmoid..............1
[Sphenoid ............1
f Superior Maxillary---2
 Jugal or Cheek........2
 Nasal................2
 Lachrymal............2
 Palatine..............2
 Inferior Spongy.......2
 Vomer ...............]
 Inferior Maxillary .... 1
 Incisores ............. 8
Bones of
  THE
 Trunk.
Bones of
the Up-
per Ex-
tremity.
   Teeth.
Bone of the
  Tongue.
I Incisor
< Cuspid
( Molare
Molares..............20
Hyoid................1
Bones of the
   Ear.
Vertehrm.
The Thorax.
The Pelvis.
The Shoulder.
 The Arm.
 Fore-arm.
     Carpus
       or
S3 <[  Wrist.
Bones of
  THE
 Lower
 Extre-
  mity.
                      ! Malleus...............2
                        Incus ................2
                        Orbiculare............2
                        Stapes................2
                      I Cervical..............7
                      < Dorsal...............12
                      ( Lumbar..............5
           Sacrum..............................1
           Os Coccygis..........................1
                       ( Sternum.............. 1
                       I Ribs.................24
                        Innominatum.........2
                       i Clavicle..............2
                       ' Scapula...............2
                        Humerus.............2
                       l Ulna.....,...........2
                       | Radius.................2
                       ( Naviculare...........2
                       I Lunare...............2
                       | Cuneiforme...........2
                       ! Orbiculare............2
                       ) Trapezium............2
                       I Trapezoides...........2
                       | Magnum.............2
                       [Unciforme............2
             Metacarpus.......................10
             Phalanges........................28
           The. Thigh.   Femur................2
                       ( Patella...............2
             The Leg.   < Tibia.................2
                       ( Fibula................2
                       (Calcis Os.............2
                7V/-sus   Astragalus............2
                 or    ^ Cuboides..............2
                Instep.  | Naviculare............2
                       (Cuneiforme...........6
             Metatarsus.......................10
             t Phalanges........................28

                                    Total, 240

  Bone-Ach, Osteocopus —b. Back, Vertebral
column—b. Bar, Pubis, os—b. Blade, Scapula—
b. Boat-like, Os scaphoides—b. Breast, Sternum
—b. Crupper, Coccyx.
  Bone Fever, see Inflammation.
  Bone,  Haunch, Dion—b. Interparietal, Inter-
parietal bone—b. Rump, Coccyx—b. Share, Pu-
bis—b. Splinter, Fibula.
  Bone  Nippers,  Osteulcum,  Tenac'ula,  from
teneo, 'I hold.'   (F.) Tenaillc. incisive.  An in-
strument used for cutting off splinters  and  car-
tilages.  It is a kind of forceps, the handles of
which  are  strong, and  the edges, which touch
each other, cutting.
  BONEBINDER, Osteocolla.
  BONE-DOCTOR, Renoueur.
  BONESET, Eupatorium perfoliatum — b. Up-
land, Eupatorium sessilifolium.
  BONE-SETTER,  Renoueur.
  BONES, BRITTLENESS OF THE, Fragilitas
ossium—b. Friability of the, Fragilitas  ossium—
b. Salt of. Ammonias carbonas — b. Softening of
the. Mollifies ossium.
  BONIFACIA, Ruscus hypoglossum.
  BONNE DAME, Atriplex  hortensis.
  BONNES, MINERAL WATERS OF. Bonnes
is a village six leagues from Pau, in the depart-
ment Basses Pyrenees, France.  Here are several
thermal springs.  They were celebrated as early
as the time of Francis I., under the name Eaux
d'Arquebusade.  They contain chlorides of sodium
and  magnesium, sulphates of magnesia and lime,
sulphur, and silica.  The temperature is from 7b°
to 98° Fahrenheit.
  The factitious Eau de_Bonnes is made of Hy-
drosulphuretted water, f'fiv; pure water, Oj.  and
fgss; chloride of sodium, gr. xxx;  sulphate of
magnesia, gr. i.
  BONNET, Reticulum.
  BONNET A DEUX GLOBES, Bonnet d'Hip-
pocrate.
  BONNET  D'HIPPOCRATE,  Gap of Hip-
poe'rates, Mitra Hippocralica, Fas'cia capita'lis,
Pi'lens Hippocralicus.  A kind of bandage, the
invention of which is ascribed to  Hippocrates.
It consists of a double-headed roller, passed over
the  head so as to  envelop it  like  a cap.   The
French,  also,  name  it, Bonnet d  deux globes,
 Gapeline de la tete.
   BONNYCLABBER,  Clabber,  from Irish,
bairie, 'milk,'  and  clabar,  'mire.'   In Ireland,
sour buttermilk. In this country, the thick  part
of sour milk.
   BONPLANDIA  ANGUSTURA, Cusparia
febrifuga—b. Trifoliata, Cusparia febrifuga.
   BONTIA  GERMINANS, Avicennia  tomen-
tosa.
   BONUS GENIUS, Peucedanum—b. Henricus,
Chenopodium bonus Henricus.
   BONY, Osseous.
   BOON UPAS, Upas.
   BOONA, Phaseolus vulgaris.
   BOOTIA VULGARIS, Saponaria.
   BOOTIKIN.  A glove with a partition for the
 thumb, but no separate ones for the fingers—like
 an infant's glove—made of  oiled silk.—Dr. E. J.
 Seymour.   Horace  Walpole speaks in raptures
 of the benefit he derived from bootikins in gout.
   BORACIC ACID, Ac"idum Borac"ieum, Sal
 sedatlvus Homber'gi, .Boric  Acid,  (F.) Acide
 boracique.  An acid obtained from  borax, which
 was once looked upon as  sedative.   It was also
 called Acor Borac"icus, Sal vitrioli  narcot'icum,
 Sal volat'ile Bora'cis, and Flores Bora'cis.
   BORAGE, Bora2,0 officinalis.
   BORA'GO  OFFICINA'LIS, Buglos'sum ve-
 rum, Bug. latifo'lium, Borra'go,  Corra'go, Bo-
 rago horten'sis, Borage,  (F.)  Bourrache.   Nat.
  Ord. Boragineas.  Sex. Syst. Pentandria Mono-
 gynia.   The  leaves and flowers have been  con-
 sidered aperient.
   BORAS  SUPERS0DICUS,  Borax.
   BORATHBON, Juniperus Sabina.
   BORAX, Boras  Soda, Soda Bibo'ras, Subbo-
 ras Soda,  Boras supersalurus soda, Soda Bo-
 raxa'ta, Chrysocolla,  Capis'trum auri, Subborate
 of protox'ide of So'dium, Subprotobo'rate of So-
 dium, Boras Soda alcales'cens seu  alcali num,
 Boras superso'dicus,  Borax Yen'etus, Subbo'raa
 Na'tricum, Borax'trion, Nitrum facti'tium, Ac.
 Subbo'rate or Biborate of Soda, Borate of Soda,
 (F.) Borate ou  Sous-borate de Soude, Borate sur-
 sature de soude. It is found in an impure state in
 Thibet and Persia.  It is inodorous; taste  cool,
 and somewhat  alkaline;  soluble in 12 parts of
 water.   Borax  is seldom used except as a lotion
 in aphthas.
   Borate  of  Mercury has been recommended
 as an antisyphilitic
   BORAXTRION, Borax.
   BORBON'IA RUSCIFO'LIA. A small South
 African shrub, used in asthma and  hydrothorax.
 In decoction, it is given as a diuretic.—Pappe.
   BORBORUS, Fimus. 
BORBORYGMUS             142           BOUES DES EAUX
  BORBORYG'MUS, from PopPopvfr, 'I make a
dull noise.'  Murmur seu Bombus seu Mot us In-
testino'rum, Anile'ma, Anile'sis, Calopsoph'ia, In-
tona'tio intestina'lis, Murmur  ventris seu intesti-
na'le, Borborygm, (F.)  Gargouillement, Grouille-
ment d'Entrailles.  The  noise made by flatus in
the intestines.   This happens often  in health,
especially in nervous individuals.
  BORD,  (F.) Margo,  Edrje, Margin.  Anato-
mists have so named the boundaries of an organ.
Thus, the bones, muscles, Ac, have bords as well
as bodies.  The 'free edge,' bord libre, is one not
connected with any part; the 'adhering edge,'
bord  adherent,  one that is connected; and the
bord articulaire, or ' articular margin, or edge,'
that which is joined to another bone.
  BORD OILIAIRE, Ciliary margin.
  BORDEAUX,  MINERAL WATERS OF.
Near this great city, in  the south-west of France,
is a saline, chalybeate spring.  It contains oxide
of iron, carbonate and sulphate of lime, chlorides
of sodium and calcium,  subcarbonate of soda, and
sulphate of magnesia.
  BORE, Boron.
  BORGNE,  (F.) Codes,  Unoc'ulus,  Luscus,
Luscio'sus.  One who has only one eye, or sees
only with one.   The word  has been used, figu-
ratively, for blind, in surgery  and anatomy. See
Caecus.
  BORIUM, Boron.
  BORKHAUSENIA CAVA, Fumaria bulbosa.
  BORN; past particle  of bear, (F.) ne.  Brought
forth from the womb.
  Born Alive.  It has been decided by English
judges, that 'to be born alive,' means that acts
of life must have been manifested after the whole
body has been extruded; and that respiration in
transitu is not evidence that a child  was born
alive.  It must be 'wholly born alive;' hence res-
piration may be a sign of life, but not of live birth.
  BORON, Bo'rium, Borum, (F.) Bore.  A simple
substance, the basis of boracic acid; obtained, by
heating potassium with boracic acid,  as a dark
olive-coloured powder, devoid of taste and smell.
Heated in the  air or in oxygen, it is  converted
into boracic acid.
   BOR'OSAIL, Zael.   ^Ethiopian names  for  a
disease, very common  there, which attacks the
organs  of generation, and appears  to have con-
siderable analogy with  syphilis.
   BORRAGO, Borago officinalis.
   BORRI, Curcuma longa.
   BORRIBERRI, Curcuma longa.
   BORSE, MINERAL  WATERS OF.  Borse is
a village in Beam.  The waters are chalybeate.
   BORUM, Boron.
  BOSA.  An ^Egyptian name for  a mass, made
of the meal of darnel, hemp-seed, and water.   It
is inebriating.—Prospero Alpini.
   BOSCHESJESMANSTHEE, Methys cophyl-
lum glaucum.
   BOSOM, see Mamma.
   BOSSA, Plague token.
   BOSSE,  Hump, Protuberance — b.  Nasale,
Nasal protuberance.
   BOSWELLIA SERRATA, see Juniperus lycia.
   BOTAL FORA'MEN, Fora'men Bota'le seu
Botallii;  the  Fora'men  ova'le,  (F.)  Trou de
Botal, Trou ovale. A large opening which  exists
in the  foetus in the partition between the two
auricles of the heart;  and by means of which
the  blood passes from one  to  the other.  Its
discovery is generally attributed to Leonard Bo-
tallus, Botal, or Botalli, who  wrote in 1562.   It
was spoken of, however, by Vesalius, and even
by Galen.
  BOTANE, Herb.
   BOTANICAL DOCTOR, Herb-doctor.
  B0 TA NTQ UE MFDICALE, Botany,medical.
  BOT'ANY,  MED'ICAL,  Botun'ica  Med'ica,
Medici nit Botan'ica, Phytolog"ia med'ica; from
Poravv, 'an herb,' (F.) Botanique Mediculc.  The
knowledge of  the properties, characters,  Ac, of
those vegetables which are used in medicine.
  BOTAR'GO, (F.) Botargue.   A  preparation
made in Italy  and the south  of France, with the
eggs and blood of the Mugilceph'alus or Mullet;
strongly salted,  after it has  become putrescent.
It is used  as a condiment.
  BOTARGUE, Botargo.
  BOTHOR.  An Arabic term for abscess in the
nares.  It  means,  also, a tumour in  general;
especially those which are without solution  of
continuity.
  BOTHRIOCEPH'ALUS,  Botriocepll alus  la-
tus, Bothrioceph'nlum, Botrioceph'alus, from PoB-
piov,' a small pit,' and KttpaXrj, ' head,' Ta'nia lata,
T. vulga'ria, Lumbri'cua latua, Plute'a, T. oa'culia
lateralibus gem'inia, T. grisctt, T. membrana'cea,
T. tenella, T. denta'ta, T. huma'na iner'mis, Hal-
ysis membrana'cea, T. prima, T. os'cutis lateral-
ibus solita'riis, T. aceph'ala, T.  osculis superfi-
cialibus, T. a anneaux courts, T. non arm€,  Ver
solitaire, Broad Tape worm.   Common  in Swit-
zerland, Russia, and some parts of France.   It
inhabits the intestines of man, and extends to an
enormous  length. A broken specimen has been
obtained 60 yards long.—Goeze.
  BOTH'RION, Both'rium, from Po&pos,  'a  pit,
cavity,' Ac.   An alveolus  or small fossa.   A
small deep ulcer on  the cornea.—Galen,  Paulus
of iEgina.   See Fossette.
  BOTHRIUM, Bothrion, Fossette.
  BOTHROS, Fovea.
  BOTIN, Terebinthina.
  BOTIUM, Bronchocele.
  BOTOTHINUM.   An obscure term, used by
Paracelsus to denote the most striking symptom
of a disease :—the Flos morbi.
  BOTOU, Pareira brava.
  BOTRIOCEPHALUS, Bothriocephalus.
  BOTRION, Alveolus.
  BOTROPHIS SERPENTARIA, Actasa race-
mosa.
  BOTRYS, Chenopodium botrys, see Vitis vini-
fera — b.  Ambroisioides, Chenopodium   ambro-
sioides—b.Americana,Cbenopodiumambrosioides
— b. Anthelminticum, Chenopodium  anthelmin-
ticum—b. Mexieana, Chenopodium ambrosioides.
  BOTTINE, (F.)  A thin boot or buskin,  O'crea
le'vior. An instrument,  which resembles a small
boot, furnished with springs, straps, buckles, Ac,
and used to obviate  distortions of the lower  ex-
tremities in children.
  BOTTLE-NOSE,  Gutta rosea.
  BOTTLE-STOOP.  In Pharmacy, an arrange-
ment for giving the  proper inclination to a bottle
containing a powder, so as to admit of the  con-
tents being readily removed by the knife,  in  dis-
pensing medicines.    It consists of a block of
wood with a groove  in the upper surface, to re-
ceive the bottle in an oblique position.
  BOUBALIOS, Momordica elaterium, Vulva.
  BOUBON, Bubo.
  BOUCAGE MAJEUR, Pimpinella magna —
6. Mincur, Pimpinella saxifraga—6. Petit, Pim-
pinella saxifraga.
  BOUOHE,  Mouth.
  BOUCLEMENT, Infibulation.
  BOUES DES EAUX,  (F.) Boues Minirales,
Balnea  Camo'sa.   The mud or  swamp,  formed
near mineral springs, impregnated with the sub-
stances contained in such springs, and  conse-
quently possessing similar properties. The Boues
are applied generally and topically,  in France,
at the springs of St. Amand, Bagneres de Luchon, 
BOUES MINERALES           143            BOUTONNI&RE
Bugnols, Bareges; in the  United States, at the
White Sulphur in ^Virginia, Ac.
  BOIES MINERALES, Bouea dea eaux.
  BO LIFE,  (F.) The  small  eminence,  formed
by the junction of the two lips.—Dulaurens.
  BO IFF ISSI,'RE, Puffiness.
  BOUGIE,  (F.)  A wax candle:  Candelula,
Oande'la, C. ce'rea, Cande'la medica'ta, Ce'reum
medica'tum,  Cereolus  Chirurgo'rum,  Da'dion,
tS/iecillum ce'reum,  Yirga ce'rea,  Cereolus.  A
flexible cylinder, variable  in  size,  to  be intro-
duced into the urethra, oesophagus, rectum, Ac,
for the  purpose of dilating these canals, when
contracted.  A Simple  Bougie is composed of
solid and insoluble substances ; as plaster, elastic
gum, catgut,  Ac.   It acts  of course only mecha-
nically.
  Bougie, Med'icated, (F.) B. Medicamenteuse,
has the addition of some escharotic or other sub-
stance to destroy the obstacle; as in the Caustic
Bougie, which has a small  portion of Lunar Caus-
tic or Common Caustic inserted in its extremity.
Ducamp has recommended a Bougie, which swells
out near  its extremity, for the better dilating of
the  urethra.  This  he calls  B.  d ventre.   The
metallic Bougie, invented  by Smyth, is a compo-
sition of metal, allowing of great flexibility ; and
a hollow Bougie is  one, with a channel running
through it, to be  used in the same manner as the
catheter,  or otherwise.
   BOUILLIE (F.),  Pultic'ula, Pap,  from (F.)
bouillir, 'to boil.' Flour,  beaten and boiled with
milk.  It is a common food for infants.
  BOUILLON, (F.) from bouillir,  'to boil,' Jus,
Sorbil'io. A liquid food, made by boiling the
flesh of animals in water.  The osmazome, gela-
tin,  and soluble salts dissolve; the fat melts, and
the albumen coagulates.  Bouillon is nourishing,
owing to the gelatin and osmazome.  The Jus de
  Viuntle is a very  concentrated Bouillon, prepared
 of beef, mutton, veal, Ac.
   BOUILLON, in common language, in France,
 means  a round  fleshy excrescence, sometimes
 seen in the centre of a venereal ulcer.
   BOUILLON BLANC, Verbascum nigrum.
   BOUILLONS MEDICINAUX ou  PHAR-
 MAGEUTIQUES,  Medicinal or  Pharmaceutic
  Bouillons, contain infusions or decoctions of me-
 dicinal herbs.  The Bouillon  aux herbes is gene-
 rally composed of sorrel or beet.
   BOUILLON d'OS, (F.) Bouillon from  bones,
 is obtained by treating bones  with muriatic acid,
 in order to dissolve the earthy parts.   The gela-
 tin, which remains, is  then  boiled with a little
 meat and vegetables.—D'Arcet.  Bouillon, how-
 ever, can be  easily obtained  from  the bones of
 roast meat by simple coction.
   BOUILLONNEMENT, Ebullition.
   BOUIS, Bu.xus.
   BOULE HACIER, Ferrum tartarizatum — b.
 de Mars, Ferrum tartarizatum — b. de Molsheim,
 Eerrum tartarizatum — b. de Nancy, Ferrum tar-
 tarizatum.
   BOULEAU COMMUN, Betula alba.
   BOULESIS, Voluntas.
   BOULIM'IA.  Bulim'ia, Bulim'ius, Bu'limus,
 Bou'timos, Bulimi'asis, Bolismos, Eclim'in, Fames
 cani'na, Appeti'tus caninus, Appeten'tia  cani'na,
 Adepha'gia, Cynorex'ia, Orex'is cyno'des, Bupi-
 na,   Bupelna,  Phaga'na, Phageda'na, Fames
 Bovi'na,  F. Lupi'na. from Povs, 'an ox,'and Xt/ios,
 ' hunger;' or from P«, augmentative particle, and
 Xi/tos, 'hunger,'  (F.) Boulimie, Faim  canine, F.
 devovante, Polyphagia  An  almost  insatiable
 hunger.  A  canine appetite.  It  is  sometimes
 seen in  hysteria and  pregnancy; rarely  under
 other circumstances.
   BOULIMIE, Boulimia.
  BOULOGNE,   MINERAL  WATERS  OF.
Boulogne is in the department of Pas-de-Calais,
France.  The waters are chalybeate.
  BOUQUET ANATOMIC-UE  DE RIO LAN,
(F.) from bouquet, a collection of  flowers or other
substances tied together. A name given, by some
anatomists, to the collection of ligaments and
muscles, inserted into the styloid process of the
temporal bone.
  Bouquet  Fever, Dengue.
  BOURBILLON, see Furunculus (core.)
  BOURBON-LANCY,  MINERAL WATERS
OF.   Bourbon-Lancy is a  small village  in the
department  of  Saone-et-Loire,  France;  where
there  are thermal saline springs,  containing car-
bonic acid, chloride  of sodium, and sulphate  of
soda,  chloride of calcium, carbonate of lime, iron,
and  silica.  Their heat is from 106° to  135°
Fahrenheit.
  BOURBON L'ARCHAMBAUT,  MINERAL
WATERS  OF.   This town is in the department
of Allier, six leagues  west from Moulins, and
has been  long  celebrated for its thermal chaly-
beate waters.  They contain sulphohydric acid,
sulphate of soda, magnesia, and  lime, carbonate
of iron, and silica.   Their temperature varies be-
tween 136° and 145° Fahrenheit.
  BOURBONNE-LES-BAINS, MINERAL
WATERS  OF.   These springs are seven leagues
from   Langres,  department  of   Haute-Marae,
France.  They are thermal and saline, and have
been  long  celebrated.   Temperature from  106°
to 133° Fahrenheit.  The  Factitious water, (F.)
Eau de Bourbonne-les-Bains, Aqua Borvonen'sis,
is composed of water, containing twice its bulk
of carbonic acid,  f^xxss;  chloride of sodium,
f gj, chloride of calcium, gr. x, Ac.
  BOURBOULE, MINERAL   WATERS OF.
A village near  Mount d'Or, where there are two
thermal saline springs.
  BOURDAINE, Rhamnus frangula.
  BOURDONNEMENT, Tinnitus aurium.
  BOURDONNET, Pulvillus,  P.  e linamen'tis
confec'tus, P. rotun'dus, Dossil. A term in French
surgery for charpie  rolled  into a small mass  of
an olive shape, which is used for plugging wounds,
absorbing  the  discharge,  and  preventing  the
union of their edges.  In cases of deep and pene-
trating wounds, as  of the abdomen or chest, a
thread is attached to them by which they may
be  readily  withdrawn,  and be  prevented from
passing altogether into those cavities.
  BOURGENE, Rhamnus frangula.
   BOURGEON, Granulation, Papula— b. Char-
nu, Granulation.
   BOURGEONS, Gutta rosea.
   BOURRACHE, Borago officinalis.
   BOURRELET (F.), A Pad, a  Border.  A
 fibro-cartilaginous border, which surrounds cer-
 tain articular cavities, such as the glenoid cavity
 of the scapula and the acetabulum ;  by which  the
 depth of those cavities is augmented.
   BOURRELET ROULE, Cornu  ammonis.
   BOURSE d  BERGER, Thlaspibursa —6. &
 Pasteur, Thlaspibursa.
   BOURSES,  (LESi) Scrotum.
   BOURSOUFLURE, Puffiness.
   BOUTON, Papula.—b.  d'Alcp. see Anthrax—
 b. Malin,  see  Anthrax — b. d'Or, Ranunculus
 acris.          v
  BOUTONNIERE (F.), Fissu'ra, Incis'io.  A
small incision made into the urethra to extract a
calculus from the canal, when it is too large to
be discharged.
   Also, a small incision or puncture, made in  the
peritoneum, or above the pubis,  to penetrate  the
bladder in certain cases of retention of urine. 
                BOVACHEVO

   BOVACHEVO, Datura sanguinea.
   BOVILL^E, Rubeola.
   BOVISTA, Lycoperdon.
   BOWEL, Intestine.
   BOWLEG GED, see Cnemoscoliosis.
   BOWMAN'S ROOT, Euphorbia corollata, Gil-
 lenia trifoliata, Leptandria purpurea.
   BOXBERRY, Gaultheria.
   BOX, MOUNTAIN, Arbutus uva ursi.
   BOX TREE, Buxus, Cornus Florida.
   BOXWOOD, Cornus Florida.
   BOYAU. Intestine.
   BKABYLON, Prunum Damascenum.
   BRACHERIOLUM, Truss.
   BRACHERIUM, Truss.
   BRACHIA COPULATIVA, see Peduncles of
 the Cerebellum.
   BRACHIA PONTIS,  see  Peduncles  of the
 Cerebellum.
   BRACHLEUS, Brachial —b. Internus, Bra-
 chialis anterior.
   BRA'CHIAL,  Brachia'lis,  Brachia'us, from
 Brachium, ' the arm.'  What belongs to the arm.
   Brachial Aponeuro'sis.  An  aponeurosis,
 formed  particularly by expansions of the tendons
 of the latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major, and del-
 toides muscles, and which completely  envelops
 the muscles of the arm.
   Brachial Artery, Arte'ria brachia'lis, Hil-
 meral Artery,  (¥.) Artire ou Tronc brachial.
 The artery, which extends from the  axilla to the
 bend  of the elbow; where it divides into A. cubi-
 talis and A. radialis.  It passes along the inter-
 nal edge of the biceps, behind the median nerve
 and between the accompanying veins.   Under
 the name Brachial Artery, M. Chaussier includes
 the subclavian, axillary,  and  humeral, the last
 being the brachial proper.
   Brachial Muscle, Anterior, Mus'culiis Bra-
 chia'lia Ante'rior, Brachia'lis internus,  B. anti-
 cus, Brachia'us, Brachia'us internus, (F.)  Muscle
 brachial interne,  Humero-cubital—(Ch.)  This
 muscle is situate at the anterior and inferior part
 of the arm, and before the elbow-joint. It arises,
 fleshy, from the middle of the os humeri, and is
 inserted into the coronoid process of the ulna.
 Use.  To bend the fore-arm.
   Brachial  Plexus, Plexus Brachia'lis, is a
 nervous plexus, formed by the interlacing of the
 anterior branches of the last four cervical pairs
 and the first dorsal.   It  is deeply seated in the
 hollow of the axilla, and extends as far  as the
 inferior and lateral part  of  the  neck.  It gives
 off the thoracic nerves, supra and infra scapular,
 and the brachial (which are  six in number,) the
 axillary,  cutaneous,  musculo-cutaneous,  radial,
 cubital,  and median.
   Brachial Veins are two  in number, and ac-
 company  the  artery, frequently anastomosing
 with each other: they terminate in the  axillary.
 Under the term  Brachial  Vein, Chaussier in-
 cludes the humeral, axillary, and subclavian.
   BRACHIALE,  Carpus.
   BRACHIAL'GIA, Neuralgia Brachia'lis,
 from ppaxiov, ' the arm,' and aXyos, ' pain.'  Pain
 in the arm, neuralgia of the arm.
   BRACHIALIS, Brachial—b. Anticus, Brachial
 muscle—b. Externus, see  Triceps extensor cubiti
 —b. Internus, Brachial muscle.
   BRACHIERIUM, Truss.
   BRACHILE, Truss.
   BRACHILUVIUM, Bath, arm.
   BRACHIOCEPHALIC ARTERY,  Innomi-
 nata arteria—b. Veins, Innominatas venas.
   B R A 'C H10-C U' BITAL, Brachio-cubita'lis.
That which belongs both to the arm and cubitus.
This name has been given to the internal lateral
ligament of the  elbow-joint;  because it  is at-
144              BRADYSURIA

  tached to the os brachii or os humeri and to  the
  cubitus or ulna.
    BRACHIOCYLLO'SIS,  from  Ppax^v, 'the
  arm,' and kvXXwcis, 'the act of making crooked.'
  Curvature of the arm inwards.'  Paralysis or loss
  of power from curvature of the arm.
    BRACHION, Brachium.
    BRACHION'CUS, from Ppax'tiv,  'the  aim,'
  and oyKos, ' a swelling.'  A tumour of the arm.
    BRA'CHIO-RA'DIAL, Brachio-radia'lis. That
  which belongs to the brachium and radius.  This
  name has been applied to the external lateral
  ligament of the elbow-joint, because it is attached
  to the humerus and to the radius.  See Supinator
  radii longus.                                    m
    BRACHIORRHEU'MA, Rheumatis'mus bra'-   •*
  ehii, from Ppaxiuv, 'the arm,'  and ptvyia, 'deflux-
  ion, rheumatism.'  Rheumatism of the arm.
    BRACHIROLUM, Truss.
    BRA'CHIUM, Bra'chion, Lacer'tus, (F.) Bras,
  the arm.   The arm from the shoulder to the wrist,
  or the part between the shoulder and elbow. Seo
  Humeri, Os.
    Bra'chium  Ante'rius.   A  rounded process,
  which passes from the anterior pair of the cor-
  pora  quadrigemina (nates) obliquely outwards
  into the thalamus opticus.
    Brachium Movens Quartus, Latissimus dorsi.
    Bra'chium Poste'rius.  A  rounded process,
  which passes from the posterior pair of the qua-
  drigemina (testes)  obliquely  outwards into the
  optic thalamus.
    BRACHUNA, Nymphomania, Satyriasis.
    BRACHYAU'CHEN, from PpaXvs, 'short,'and
  avXnv> 'neck.'  One who has a short neck.
    BRACHYCEPH'AL,E, (Gentes) 'short heads,'
  from Ppax^s, 'short,' and KttpaXv, 'head.'  In the
  classification of Retzius, those nations of men
  whose cerebral lobes do not completely cover the
  cerebellum—as the  Sclavonians, Fins, Persians,
  Turks  Tartars Ac.
    BRACHYCHRON'IUS,  from PpaSvs, ' short,'
  and xpovos, ' time.'   That which continues but a
  short  time.  A term applied  to  diseases which
  are of short duration.—Galen.
    BRACHYGNA'THUS, from  PpaXvs, 'short,'
  and yvaBos, ' the under jaw.' A monster with too
  short an under jaw.—Gurlt.
    BRACHYNSIS, Abbreviation.
    BRACHYPNfEA, Dyspnoea.
    BRACHYP'OTI,  from  PpaXvs,  'short,' and
  ttorris, ' drinker.'  They who drink little,  or who
  drink  rarely.  Hippoc,  Galen, Foesius.
    BRACHYRHYN'CHUS; from PpaXvs, 'short,'
  and pvyxos, ' snout.'  A monster with too  short a
  nose.
    BRACHYSMOS, Abbreviation.
    BRACING, Corroborant.
    BRACKEN, Pteris aquilina.
    BRADY^ESTHE'SIA, from PpaSvs, 'difficult/
  and atcBvcts, 'sensation.'  Impaired sensation.
    BRADYBOLISMUS, Bradyspermatismus.
    BRADYECOIA, Deafness.
    BRADYLOG"IA, Dysla'lia; from PpaSvs,' diffi-
  cult, and Xoyos, 'a discourse.' Difficulty of speech.
    BRADYMASE'SIS,  Brady masse'aia,  impro-
  perly  Bradymaste'sis,  Manduca'tio  diffic"ilis,
  from  PpaSvs,  'difficult,'  and  p.aavats,  'mastica-
  tion.'  Difficult mastication.  See Dysmasesis.
    BRADYMASTESIS, Bradymasesis.
    BRADYPEP'SIA, Tarda cibo'rum concoc'tio,
  from PpaSvs, ' slow,' and imrTU), ' I digest.'  Slow
  digestion.—Galen.  See Dyspepsia.
    BRADYSPERMATIS'MUS, Bradybolis'mus,
  Ejacula'tio sem'inis imped'ita, Dyspermatis'mus,
  from PpaSvs, 'slow,' and c-rtpua, 'sperm.'  A slow
  emission of sperm.
    BRADYSU'RIA,  Tenes'mus  vesica, (F.) Ti- 
BRADYTOCIA
145
BREAD
neame vf.aical, from PpaSvs, ' difficult,' and ovpttv,
'to pass  the  urine.'  Painful evacuation of the
urine, with perpetual desire to void it.  Dysuria.
  BRADYTOCIA, Dystocia.
  BRAG'G ET, Braggart, Bragwort.  A name
formerly applied to  a tisan of honey and water.
See JIydromeli.
  BRA I, LIQUIDE, see Pinus  sylvestris — b.
Sec, Colophonia.
  BRAIN, Cerebrum—b. Fag, see Nervous dia-
thesis—b. Little, Cerebellum—b. Pan, Cranium.
  BRAINE, MINERAL WATERS OF.  Braine
is a small village, three leagues  from Soissons,
France,  which  has purgative waters similar to
those of  Passy.
  BRA KE, COMMON, Pteris Aquilina—b. Rock,
Polypodium vulgare, Polypodium incanum—b.
Root, Polvpodium vulgare.
  BRAMBLE, AMKRICAN  HAIRY, see Rubus
fruticosus—b. Common, Rubus fruticosus.
  BRAN, Furfur.
  BRANG-URSINE  BATARDE,  Heracleum
spondylium.
  BRANCA GERMANICA,  Heracleum spondy-
lium—b. Ursina, Acanthus mollis—b. Vera, Acan-
thus mollis.
  BRANCH, from (F.)  Branche,  originally, pro-
bably, from Ppax'wv, 'an arm,' (?) because branches
of trees, Ac, go off  like arms.   A term applied,
generally, to the  principal division of  an  artery
or nerve.  The word is commonly used synony-
mously with Ramus; but often, with the French,
Branche signifies the great division; — Rameau,
Lat. Ramus, the  division of  the  branches; and
Rumitseulcs,  Lat.  Rumusculi, the  divisions of
these last.
   The French, also,  speak of the  branches of the
pubis for tho Rami of that bone,  branches of the
ischium  for the rami of  the ischium,  Ac.
   BRANCHES  DE LA MOELLE  ALLON-
 GEE (PETITES) Corpora restiformia.
   BRANCIII,  Brancha.   SweUings of the ton-
sils, or parotid, according to some;—of the thy-
roid gland, according to others.
   BRAN'CHIA, (Gr.) 3payXta.   Tho gills or re-
spiratory organs of fishes, corresponding to the
lungs of terrestrial animals.
   BRANCHES, Ppayxos, Rauce'do.  A catarrhal
affection of the mucous membrane of the fauces,
trachea, Ac—Galen.  Hoarseness.
   BRANCI, Cynanche  tonsillaris.
   BRANCIA, Vitrum.
   BRANDY,  (G.) Branntwein,  Dutch,
Brandwijn, 'burnt  wine.'  Vinum adits'turn
seu  crema'tum, Aqua Vita, (F.) Eau de vie, (S.)
Aguardiente.  The first liquid  product obtained
by distilling wine.   It is composed of  water, al-
cohol, and an aromatic  oily matter,  which  gives
it its flavour.  Brandy  is a powerful and diffusi-
ble stimulant, and  as such is used  in medicine.
It has been also called  Liquor Aquile'gius.  See
Spirit.
   Brandy,  Apple,  see Pyrus malus — b. Egg,
see Ovum.
   BRANKS, Cynanche parotidasa.
   BRANKURSINE Acanthus mollis.
   BRANNTWEIN, Brandy.
   BRAS.  See Oryza.
   BRAS, Brachium—6. du Cervelet, Corpora res-
tiformia.
   BRASDOR'S OPERATION FOR ANEU-
RISM.  An  operation  by ligature, proposed by
Brasdor, which consists in the application of the
ligature on the distal side of the tumour.
  °BRASEGUR,  MINERAL   WATERS OF.
Brasfgur is a place in the  diocess of Rhodez,
where there are cathartic waters.
       10
  BRASEXIA, B. Hydropeltis.
  Brase'nia Hydropel'tis, Brase'nia, B.  pel-
ta'ta, Hydropeltis jjurpu'rea, Gelalina aqualica,
Frogleaf, Little Water Lily,  Water Jelly,  Water
ahield, Deerfood. An indigenous plant, Nat.  Ord.
Rauunculaceas, Sex. Syst. Polyandria Polygynia,
flourishing from Kentucky to Carolina and  Flo-
rida; and covering the surface of ponds, marshes,
Ac.  The fresh leaves are mucilaginous, and have
been used  in pulmonary complaints, dysentery,
Ac, like Cetraria.
  Brasenia Peltata, B. Hydropeltis.
  BRASH, WATER, Pyrosis.
  Brash,   Weaning,  Atroph'ia Ablactato'rum.
A severe form of diarrhoea, which supervenes at
times on weaning.   The Maladie  de Cruveilhier
appears to be a similar affection.
  BRASILETTO, see Cassalpinia.
  BRASIUM, Malt.
  BBASMOS, Fermentation.
  BRASS, Sax. bnar,  Welsh,  pre^s.  Auriehal-
cinn,  Orichalcum,  sEseeavum,  Chrysochal cos,
(F.) Airain.  A yellow metal, formed by mixing
copper with calamine. The same general remarks
apply to it as to copper.   See Cuprum.
  BRAS'SICA, Crambe, Bras'sica olera'cea:  B.
capita'ta seu cuma'na of  the old Romans.  The
Cabbage, (F.) Ohou potager. Family, Cruciferas.
Sex. Syst. Tetradynamia Siliquosa.  Cato wrote
a book on its  virtues.  It is  a vegetable by no
means easy of digestion when boiled; when raw,
it appears to be more digestible.   AVhen forming
a solid globular mass, like a head, it is  the  B.
Capita'ta, (F.) Chou-Cabus, Chou  Pontine.
  Brassica  Canina, Mercurialis perennis — b.
capitata, Brassica—b. Cumana, Brassica.
  Bras'sica Eru'cA, B. his'pida, Eru'ca, E.fce'-
tida  seu  sati'va, Sina'pis eru'ca,  Sisym'brium
erucas'trum, Garden Rocket, Roman Rocket, Ac,
(F.) Chou  Roquette, Roquette.   This was consi-
dered by the Romans an  aphrodisiac, — Colu-
mella.  The seeds were ordinarily used.
  Bras'sica Flor'ida, — Bras'sica Pompeia'na
of the ancients—the Cauliflower, Caulis Flor'ida,
(F.) Chou-fleur, is  a more tender and digestible
variety.
  The Broc'coli, B. Sabellica of the Romans, B.
Italica, belongs to  this variety.
  Brassica  Hispid a, B. eruca — b. Italica,  B.
Florida—b. Marina, Convolvulus soldanella.
  Bras'sica Napus, Napus Sylvestris, Bunias,
Rape, (F.) Navette.  The seed yields a quantity
of oil.
  Brassica  Nigra, Sinapis nigra—b. Oblonga,
B. rapa—b. Oleracea, Brassica—b. Pompeiana, B.
Florida.
  Bras'sica Rapa, Rapa rotun'da seu oblon'ga,
Rapum majus, Rapa napus, Sina'pis tubero'sa,
 Turnip, (F.) Chou navet,  Navet, Rave.  The tur-
nip is liable to the same objection (but  to a less
extent) as the cabbage.
  Brassica Sabellica, B. Florida.
  BRATHU, Juniperus sabina.
  BRATHYS, Juniperus sabina.
  BRA YER, Truss.
  BRAYERA ANTHELMINTIC A, Hagenia
Abyssinica.
  BRAZIL WOOD, Caesalpinia echinata.
  BREAD, see Triticum.
  Bread. Gluten.   Bread made of wheat dough
deprived of  the chief  portion  of its starch  by
washing.   Bread, made of gluten only,  cannot
be eaten, on  account of its hardness  and  tough-
ness ; hence one fifth of the normal  quantity of
starch is aUowed to  remain, and in this form the 
BREAD-FRUIT
146
BROIEMENT
bread is  said to be .tolerably light, eatable, and
moderately agreeable.
  Bread, Household, Syncomistos.
  BREAD-FRUIT TREE, Artocarpus.
  BREAST, Thorax, Mamma—b. Abscess of the,
Mastodynia apostematosa.
  BREAST-GLASS, Milk-glass.  A glass applied
to the nipple  to receive the milk when secreted
copiously by the mamma.
  Breast,  Irritable,  Neuralgia Mammas.
  BREAST-PANG,  SUFFOCATIVE,  Angina
pectoris.
  BREAST-PUMP, Antlia Lactea.
  BREATH,  Sax. bpaSe,  Halitus,  Anhelitus,
An'imus, Spir'itus,  Almos,  (F.) Haleine.  The
air expelled from the chest at each  expiration.
It requires  to be studied in the diagnosis of tho-
racic diseases especially.  See Respiration.
  Breath, Offens'ive ;  Fcetor Oris, Catostoma-
tosphre'sia, Halitus oris fee'tidus, Oze. An offen-
sive condition, which is usually dependent upon
carious teeth, or some  faulty state of the  secre-
tions of the air passages.  The internal use of the
chlorides may be advantageous.
  Breath, Saturnine, see Saturnine—b. Short,
Dyspnoea.
  BREATHING AIR, see Respiration.
  Breathing, Difficulty  of,  Dyspnoea.
  BRECHET,(¥.)  The Brisket.  This  name is
given in some  parts of France to the cartilago
ensiformis,  and sometimes to the sternum itself.
  BRECHMA, Bregma.
  BRECHMUS, Bregma.
  BREDISSURE, (F.)  Trismus  Capistra'tus.
Incapacity of opening the mouth, in consequence
of preternatural adhesion between the internal
part of the cheek and gums; often occasioned by
the abuse of mercury.
  BREBOUILLEMENT,  (F.) Tituban'tia.  A
precipitate  and indistinct mode of utterance, in
which  a  part only of the words  is pronounced,
and several of  the syllables viciously changed.
This defect is analogous to  stuttering, but differs
from it in being dependent  on too great rapidity
of speech; whilst  stuttering is characterized by
continual hesitation, and frequent repetition of
the same syllables.
  BREED, Race.
  BREEDING, Generation, Pregnant.
  Breeding,  Cross.  The act of raising or breed-
ing from different stocks or families.
  Breeding-in-and-in.  The act of raising or
breeding from the same stock or family.
  BREGMA, Brechma, Brechmus, from  Pptxttv,
'to sprinkle;' Fontanella, Sin'ciput.   The  top
of the head was thus  called, because it  was  be-
lieved to be humid in infants ;  and, according to
some, because it was conceived to correspond to
the most humid part of the  brain.
  BREGMATODYMIA, see Cephalodymia.
  BRENNING, Burning.
  BREPHOCTONON,  Conyza squarrosa.
  B R E P H 0 T ROPHE'UM,  Ecthelobrephotro-
phe'um, from ffptfos, 'a new-born child,' and rpo-
tptiv, 'to nourish.'  A foundling hospital.
  BRESILLET, Caesalpinia sappan.
  BRE'VIA  VASA, Short Vessels.   This name
has been given to several branches of the splenic
arteries and veins, which are distributed to  the
great cul-de-sac of the stomach.
  BREVIS CUBITI, see Anconeus.
  BRICK,  (F.) Brique.  Hot  bricks are  some-
times  used  to apply heat to a part, as to  the  ab-
domen in colic, or after the operation for popli-
teal aneurism; or, reduced to very fine  powder,
and mixed  with fat, as  an application to herpetic
and psoric affections.
  B hicks,  Fornacece Testa or Tiles were for-
merly bruised in vinegar, and the liquid was used
as a specific in cutaneous affections.  They en-
tered, also, into a  cerate used for scrofulous hu-
mours, Ac.  To the Terra Forna'cum, or Brick
earth, the same virtues were  assigned.
  BRICUMUM, Artemisia.
  BRIDE (F.),  A  bridle.   Fra'nulum,  Reti-
nac'ulum. This term is given, in the plural, to
membranous filaments, which  are found  within
abscesses or deep-seated wounds, and which pro-
vent the  exit of pus.   The term is, also, applied
to preternatural adhesions, which occur in cica-
trices of  the skin, in  the urethra, or in inflamed
serous or synovial membranes.
  BRIER, WILD, Rosa canina.
  BRIGHT'S  DISEASE  OF THE KIDNEY,  •
see Kidney, Bright's disease  of the.
  BRIGHTON, CLIMATE  OF. The air of this
fashionable watering place, on the south coast of
England, is dry, elastic, and  bracing. According
to Sir James Clark, its climate appears  to  the
greatest advantage in  the autumn and early part
of the winter; when  it  is  somewhat milder and
more steady than  that of Hastings. Accordingly,
it is adapted for  all  cases in which a dry and
mild air at this season of the year proves bene-
ficial.  In the spring  months, owing to the pre-
valence of, and its exposure to, north-east winds,
the climate is  cold, harsh, and exciting to the
delicate.   It is well  adapted for convalescents,
and  for all who require a dry and bracing sea
air.
  BRIMSTONE,  Sulphur.
  BRINE, Muria.
  BRINTON ROOT,  Leptandria purpurea.
  BRION, Corallina.
  BRIQUE, Brick.
  BRIQUEBEC, MINERAL  WATERS OF.
This town is three leagues from Cherbourg, in
France.   The water contains chloride of iron.
  BR1SE-PIERRE  ARTICULE, (F.) An in-
strument invented by  Jacobson for crushing the
stone in the bladder.
  BRISTOL  HOT WELL,  Bristol!en'sis Aqua.
Bristol is about  thirteen  miles from  Bath, in
England. The water  is an almost pure thermal;
slightly  acidulated.   It contains chlorides  of
magnesium and sodium, sulphate  of soda, sul-
phate of lime,  carbonate of  lime, carbonic acid,
oxygen and azote. Temperature, 74° Fah.  The
Hot Well has been long celebrated.   Its action
is like that of  thermal waters in general.  The
climate  of Bristol is  mild, and hence the water
has been celebrated for the cure of incipient pul-
monary consumption.   See Clifton.
  BRIZOCERAS, Ergot.
  BROAD, Sax. bpao, Latus,  (F.) Large.   Any
body is  so termed whose transverse extent is
considerable  compared  with its length.   The
Broad Bones, such as the frontal, parietal,  occi-
pital, iliac, aid in forming the parietes of splanch-
nic cavities.  Broad  Muscles  generally occupy
the parietes of cavities, and especially those of
the chest and  abdomen.  The epithet has also
been applied to other parts—as to the broad liga-
ments of the womb, Ac.
  BROCCOLI, Brassica sabellica.
  BROCHOS, Ppoxos, Laqueus.  A bandage.
  BROCH'THUS, PpoX$os,  Gula.   The  throat.
Also, a kind of small drinking vessel.—Hipp.
  BROCHUS, Ppoxos. This name has been given
to one who has a very prominent upper lip.  Ac-
cording to others, it means one whose teeth pro-
ject in front of the mouth.
  BRO'DIUM. A synonym  of Jus or Jns'culum.
Broth, or the liquor in which any thing is boiled.
Bro'dium salis—a decoction  of salt.
  BROIEMENT, see Cataract, Laceration. 
BROKEN DOSES
147
BRONCHITIS
  BROKEN  DOSES, see Doses, broken.
  BROKEN-W1NDEDNESS, Asthma.
  BROMA, Aliment, Bromine.
  BRO.MATOi-CCRISIS, Lientery.
  BRO.M ATOG'RAPHY, Bromatograph'ia, Bro-
mog'raphy, Hromograpllia, from Ppta^a,  'food,'
and ypatpn, ' a description.'  A description of ali-
ments.
  BROMATOL'OGY, Bromulolog"ia, Sitiology,
from Ppwua, 'food,'  and Xoyos, 'a discourse.'  A
treatise on food.
  BROME, Bromine.
  BROMEGRASS,   Bromus  ciliatus —b. Soft,
Bromus ciliatus.
  BROME'LIA ANA'NAS,  called  after  Olaus
Bromel, a Swede.   Car'dims Brazilidnus,  Aiu.l-
nas oru'tu seu ncnlen'tti, Anas'sa, Capa-Isiuk'ka,
Ana'nas or Pine Apple.  A West  India  tree,
which produces the  most delicious of fruits.
  Brome'lia Pinguin, Ana'nas America'na, Pin-
guin, Broad-leaved  wild Ana'nas, Ac. The West
India plant, which affords the Pinguin fruit. The
fruit is refrigerant, and the juice, when ripe, very
austere.   It is used  to acidulate punch.  A wine
is made from the Pinguin, which is very intoxi-
cating, and has a good flavour.
  BROMIC,  liro'micus: same etymon  as Bro-
mine.   Containing  bromine.
  BROMIDE OF IRON, see Bromine —b. of
Mercury, see Bromine — b.  of  Potassium,  see
Bromine.
  BROMIDRO'SIS, from Ppwpos, 'stench,'  and
'tSptos,  ' sweat.'  Offensive sweat.
  BROMINE,  Bro'miuum, Bromin'ium, Broma,
Bromin'eum,  Bro'mium, Bro'mina, Bromum, Mil-
rinu, Mttridc, Brome.  A simple  body, of a very
volatile nature,  and highly offensive and suffo-
cating odour, whence its name,  from Ppa/tos, 'a
stench.'   It is met with chiefly in sea-water, and
in many animal and vegetable bodies that  live
therein.   It  has likewise been  found in  many
mineral waters of this and other countries.   In
its chemical  relations, it may be placed between
chlorine and iodine.  With oxygen  it forms an
acid,—the Bromic, and with hydrogen another—
the Hydrobromic.
  Pure Bromine, Bromide of Iron, (dose, gr. i
or ij,)  and Bromide of Potassium,  have been
used medicinally, and chiefly in scrofulosis, —
internally, as well as applied externally.   Bro-
mine  may be dissolved in forty parts of distilled
water,  and six drops be commenced with as a
dose.  Bromides of  Mercury (Hydrar'gyriBro'-
mida) have been given in syphilis.   The proto-
bromide  and  the bibromide   are analogous in
composition and medicinal properties to the cor-
responding iodides of mercury.
  BROMIUM, Bromine.
  BROMOGRAPHY, Bromatography.
  BROMOS,  Ppw/nos.  One of the cerealia, sup-
posed,  by some, to be oats.   See Avena.
  BROMOSUS. Fetid.
  BROMUM, Bromine.
  BROMUS  CILIA'TUS, B. purgans,  Brome
grass ; indigenous :  Order, Gramineae ; is said to
be emetic, and anthelmintic  (?), cathartic  and
diuretic  It  purges cattle.
  Bromus Glaber, Triticum repens.
  Bromus Mollis,  Soft Brome Grass. The seeds
are said to cause giddiness in man; and to be
fatal to poultry.
  Bromus Purgans, B. ciliatus.
  Biiomus Temulentis, Lolium  temulentum.  *
  BROACHES,  Bronchia — b.  Ganglions lym-
phatiijues des. Bronchial glands.
  BRONCHI, Bronchia.
  BRON'CHIA, Bron'chicB, Bronchi, from Ppoy-
gos,  'the throat.'   The  Latins  used the term
 Bronchus, for  the whole  of the trachea; whilst
 they called its ramifications Bronchia.  Bronchia,
 Bronchia, and Bronchi, (F.) Bronchea, now mean
 the two tubes, with their ramifications, which arise
 from the bifurcation of the trachea, and carry air
 into the lungs,—Cun'nula pulmo'num.
   Bronchia, Dilatation of the, Diluted Bron-
 chia.  The physical  signs of this condition  are
 the following :—Percussion usually clear, but not
 unfrequently less so than natural, although very
 seldom  quite dull.  Auscultation  detects coarse
 mucous  or gurgling  rhonchi,  increased by  the
 cough, combined with, or replaced by, bronchial
 or cavernous respiration, which is often effected
 as if by a sudden puff or whiff.   The resonance
 of the voice is increased, but it seldom amounts
 to perfect pectoriloquy.  The most common situ-
 ations for dilated bronchia are the scapular, mam-
 mary, or lateral regions. They are almost always
 confined to one side.
   Bronchia, Obliteration  or Compression of
 the.  The inspiratory murmur on  auscultation
 is weaker or wholly  suppressed over a limited
 portion  of the chest; the expiration is generally
 more  distinct  and  prolonged: all the other con-
 ditions are natural.
   BRONCHLE, see  Bronchia.
   BRON'CHIAL, Bronchic, Bronchia'lis, Bron'-
 chicus.   That which  relates to the bronchia.
   Bronchial Arteries, (F.) ArteresBronchiques.
 These are generally two in number, one going to
 each lung.  They arise from the  thoracic aorta,
 and accompany the bronchia in all their ramifi-
 cations.
   Bronchial  Cells, (F.) Cellules  bronchiques.
 The Air-cells ;  the terminations of the bronchia.
   Bronchial  Cough, (F.) Toux  bronchique,  T.
 tubuire.   This  generally  accompanies bronchial
 respiration.   They both indicate  obstruction to
 the entrance of air into the air-cells.
   Bronchial  Glands, Glan'dula  Vesalia'na,
 Glands of Vesa'lius,  (F.)  Glandes bronchiques ou
 Ganglions lymphatiques des bronches, are numer-
 ous glands of an ovoid shape; of a  reddish hue
 in the infant, and subsequently brown and black,
 seated in the course of the bronchia. Their func-
 tions are unknown.   The  bronchial glands may
 be presumed to be affected by scrofulosis, when,
 in addition  to  the existence of tumours in  the
 neck, percussion gives a  dull sound under  the
 upper and central part of the sternum, whilst
 there is no appreciable lesion of the lungs.
   Bronchial  Nerves, (F.) Nerfs  bronchiques,
 are furnished by the two pulmonary plexuses.
   Bronchial Phthisis, see Phthisis bronchial—
 b. Respiration, see Murmur,  respiratory.
   Bronchial Veins arise from the last divisions
 of the arteries  of the same  name, and pass, on
 the right side, into the vena  azygos; on the left,
 into the superior intercostal.
   BRONCHIC, Bronchial.
   BRONCHIECTASIS, Dilata'tio bronchio'rum,
 from Ppoyxos, ' a bronchus,' and ttcraats,  ' dilata-
 tion.'  Dilatation of one or more bronchial tubes.
   BRONCHIITIS, Bronchitis.
   BRONCHIOLE, Bronchiolum, Bronchiolus;
 diminutive of Bronchium or Bronchus.  A minute
 bronchial tube.
   BRONCHOSTENOSIS,   from Ppoyxos,  'a
 bronchus,' and crtvtatns, ' contraction.'   Contrac-
 tion or narrowness of the  bronchi.
   BRONCHITE CONVULSIVE, Pertussis.
   BRONCHI'TIS, Bronchii'tis, Inflamma'tio
 bronchio'rum,  Catar'rhus  Pulmo'num,  C. bron-
 chio'rum,  Pleurltis   hu'mida,  P. bronchia'lis,
 Bronchos'tasis,  Pulmonary   Catarrh,  Angi'na
 bronchialis,  (F.)  Inflammation  des  Bronches.
I Inflammation  of the lining  membrane  of the 
BRONCHIUS
148
BRUCOURT
 bronchial  tubes.  This  is always  more  or  less
 present in cases  of pulmonary catarrh; and is
 accompanied by  cough,  mucous  expectoration,
 dyspnoea,  and more or less uneasiness in  breath-
 ing.  The  acute form is accompanied with all the
 signs of internal inflammation, and requires the
 employment of antiphlogistics followed by revul-
 sives.   The chronic  form, Tussis scni'lis,  Catar'-
 rhus seni'lis, Rheuma catarrha'le,  Peripneumo'-
 nia notha, Bronchorrhce'a acu'ta, Winter cough,
 Chronic Catarrh, may  be  confounded with phthi-
 sis ; from  which it must be distinguished  mainly
 by the absence of hectic fever and of the physical
 signs that are characteristic of the latter,  as well
 as by the  nature  of the  expectoration, which is
 generally  mucous, although at times muco-puru-
 lent.  When  the  expectoration is little or none,
 the bronchitis is said to be dry, dry catarrh, (F.)
■ Catarrhe Sec.
   When bronchitis affects the smaller tubes, it is
 termed capillary  bronchitis, bronchitis cap>illa'-
 ris, bronchoc'ace infantilis (1), and is often fatal
 to children.  Vcsic'ular bronchitis is the  term pro-
 posed  by MM. Rilliet  and Barthez for  the vesi-
 cular pneumonia of children.
   Bronchitis, Catarrh—b. Asthenica,  Peripneu-
 monia notha — b. Capillary, see Bronchitis — b.
 Convulsiva, Pertussis—b. Membranacea, Polypus
 bronchialis—b. Plastic,  Polypus bronchialis—
 b. Pseudomembranous, Polypus bronchialis — b.
 Summer,  Fever, hay — b. Vesicular, see Bron-
 chitis.
   BRONCHIUS,  Sterno-thyroideus.
   BRONCHLEMMITIS, Polypus bronchialis.
   BRONCHOCACE, Peripneumonia notha —b.
 Infantilis,  see Bronchitis.
   BRONCHO-CATARRHUS,  Catarrh.
   BRONCHOCE'LE, from fipoyXos, 'a bronchus,'
 and KiiXn, ' tumour.'  An inaccurate name  for the
 affection which is  called, also, Bo'chium, Botium,
 Hernia gulturis, Guttur tu'midum seu globo'sum,
 Trachelophy'ma, Hernia  guttura'lis, Thyroce'le,
 Thyreoce'le, Tracheocele, Thyrcmphrax'is, Thy-
 reophrax'ia, Thyreon'cus, Thyron'cus,  Deiron'-
 cus, Deron'cus, Thyrophrax'ia, Gossum, Go'tium,
 Exechebron'chus, Gongro'na, Struma, Glans, Bo'-
 cium, Her'nia bronchia'lis, Trachcloce'le, Tuber
 gutturo'sum, Gutte'riu,  Ac, the Derbyshire neck,
 Swelled neck, Wen, Goitre, Ac, (F.) Goitre, Gou-
 etre, Hypertrophic du  Corps Thyro'ide,  Grosse
 Gorge, Gros Cou.  This is no rupture,  but con-
 sists of an  enlargement of the thyroid  gland.  It
 is common at the base  of lofty mountains in
 every part of the world ;  and has been  supposed
 to be owing to the drinking of snow-water, but
 it occurs where  there is  no snow.  The tumour
 is sometimes  very extensive.   Iodine has great
 power over it,  and will  generally occasion its
 absorption, when the case has not been of such
 duration as to have ended in a cartilaginous con-
 dition.
   BRONCHOCEPHALITIS, Pertussis.
   BRONCHOPARALYSIS, Asthma.
   BRONCHOPHONY, Resonance.
   BRONCHOPL AS'TIC, Bronchoplas'ticus, from
 Ppoyxos, ' a bronchus,' and itXaccoi, ' I form.'   An
 epithet  given to the operation for closing fistulas
 in the trachea.
   BRONCHOPNEUMO'NIA, from PpoyXos, 'a
 bronchus,' and Pneumonia.  Inflammation of the
 bronchia and lungs.
   BRONCHORRHCE'A,  (F.) BronchorrUe, Ca-
 tarrhe  pituiteux,  Phlegmorrhagie pulmonaire,
 Flux bronchique, from Ppoyxos, ' bronchus,'  and
 p£u, ' I  flow.'  An increased secretion of  mucus
 from the air passages, accompanied or not by in-
 flammation : — a gleet, as it were, of the pulmo-
 nary mucous membrane.
   Bronchorrhcea Acuta, Bronchitis (chronic.)
   BRONCHOSTASIS, Bronchitis.
   BRONCHOTOME, Broncholomus, from Ppoy-
 Xos, and rtuvuv, ' to  cut.'   A kind of lancet, with
 a blunt and rounded point, mounted on  a handle,
 and fitted to a canula, which passes in along with
 it, and is allowed to  remain in the opening made
 in the trachea.
   BRONCHOT'OMY, Bronchotom'ia, (F.) Bron-
 chotomie.  Same etymology.  A surgical opera-
 tion, which consists  in making an opening either
 into the trachea, ( Tracheolomy:) into the larynx,
 (Laryngolomy:) or into both, ( Tracheo-laryngol-
 omy,) to extract foreign bodies  or to permit the
 passage of air to the  lungs.  These different parts
 are divided transversely or vertically, according
 to circumstances.
   BRONCHUS, see  Bronchia.   Trachea.
   BROOKLIME,  Veronica beccabunga.
   BROOM,  Sophora tinctoria,  Spartium scopa-
 rium—b. Butcher's, Ruscus—b. Clover, Sophora
 tinctoria—b. Indigo, Sophora tinctoria—b. Rape,
 of Virginia, Orobanche Virginiana—b.  Spanish,
 Spartium junceum—b. Yellow, Sophora tinctoria.
   BROSSADIERE, MINERAL  WATERS
 OF.   Brossardiere is  a chateau in Bas-Poitou,
 France.  The waters contain carbonates of iron
 and  lime,  chloride of sodium,  and sulphate of
 lime.  They  are aperient.
   BROSSE, Brush.
   BROTH, CHICKEN, see Chicken Broth.
   Broth, Vegetable.  Take two potatoes, a car-
 rot, and an onion, all cut fine; boil in a quart of
 water for an  hour, adding  more  water from time
 to time, so as to  keep the  original  quantity ; fla-
 vour with salt, and a small quantity of potherbs ;
 strain.  A little mushroom catchup improves the
 flavour.
   BROUILLARD, Caligo.
   BROUS'SAIST.  One who is a believer in, and
 professor of,  the physiological and pathological
 opinions  of Broussais.   The system itself  was
 called  Broussaism,  or the Physiological Doc-
 trine.
   BROW, Front—b. Ague, Neuralgia frontalis.
   BROAVN  RED,  Colcothar.
   BROWN'IAN, Browno'nian, Bruno'nian.  Re-
 lating to the system or opinions of John Brown.
   BROWNISM, Bru'nonism,  Bruno'nianiam.
 The  doctrines of Brown.
   BROWNIST,  Browno'niun,  Bruno'nian.   A
 follower of the system of Brown.
   BRU'CEA  ANTI-DYSENTER'ICA.   Called
 after Bruce, the Abyssinian traveller.  B. fcrru-
 gin'ea, Anguatu'ra spu'ria, (F.) Fausse  Angus-
 ture, A. Fcrrugineuse.  The systematic  name of
 the plant whence was obtained—it was supposed
 —false Angustura or  false Cusparia Bark.  It
 is really the bark of  Strychnos nux vomica.
   BRUCIA, Brucine.
   BRUCINE,  Bru'cia,  Bruci'na,  Bruci'num,
 Bru'cium,  Pseudangusturinum,   Caniramlnum,
 Vom'icine.   An organic,  salifiable base, disco-
 vered in  the  false  angustura—Brucea  anti-dy-
 senter'ica, and obtained from Strychnos mix voiil-
 ica.  It is of a pearly white; crystallizes in oblique
prisms with  a parallelogrammatic  base;  is very
bitter, slightly acrid  and styptic, and soluble in
water, but more  so in alcohol.   Brucia is a  less
active  poison  than strychnia.   It resembles it,
however, and  may be used as a  substitute for it
and for the extract of nux vomica.   Dose, half a
grain.
  BRUCKENAU,  MINERAL  WATERS  OF.
These  springs are in Bavaria, and contain car-
bonic acid and iron.
  BRUCOURT,  MINERAL   WATERS  OF.
Brucourt is  three leagues and a half from Caen, 
BRUISE                 149                  BRUSH
in Normandy.  The waters contain carbonic acid,
chloride of sodium, and sulphate of soda, much
sulphate of lime, Ac.
   BRUISE,  Contusion.
   BRUISE  ROOT,  Stvlophorura diphyllum.
   BRUTSKWORT, Bellis saponaria.
   BRUISSEMENT, (F.) Frem'itus.  This word
has much the same  signification as Bourdonne-
ment, as well as Bruit.
   BRUIT,  (F.)  'Sound.'  A French term, ap-
plied to various sounds heard on percussion and
auscultation, viz.
   lilt FIT DE CRAQUEMENT, B.de Tiraille-
ment. limit tie cuir ueuf, 'sound of crackling,  or
bursting, or of new leather.'   A sound produced
by the friction of the pericardium, when  dried
and roughened by inflammation.
   BRUIT DU ('(EUR FiETAL, Rait,-mem dou-
bles; Double bruit tin Cicur du Foetus.   The pul-
sations of the'foetal heart heard  in auscultation
in the latter  half of utero-gestation.
   BRUIT DE CUIR NEUF, Bruit de craque-
ment.
   BRUIT DE DIABLE, Ronflement du Diuble,
Bruit de  souffle it double courant,  'noise of the
diable or humming-top.'   Venous  hum.   A high
degree  of Bruit de soufflet, heard on auscultating
the arteries or veins—probably the latter—of the
neck in chlorosis.   It denotes an impoverished
state of the blood.
   BRUIT D0UIILE DU CCEUR DU FCETUS,
Bruit du Gccur foetal—b. de Frolement, see Fr6le-
ment.
   BRUIT  DE  FROISSEMENT  PULMO-
NAIRE, see Froissement pulmonaire.
   BRUIT  DE FRdLEMENT PERIGAR-
DIQUE,  see Frolement pericttrdiquc.
   BR UIT DE FR 0 TTEMENT A SO END ANT
ET DESCENDANT, 'Sound of friction of ascent
and descent.'  Sounds produced by the rubbing of
the lung against the parietes of the chest, as  it
rises and falls during inspiration and expiration.
They are distinctly heard in  pleuritis, when the
pleura  has  become  roughened  by tbe disease.
Friction  sounds, Rubbing sounds, To-and-fro
sounds  are also heard in pericarditis and perito-
nitis.
   BRUIT HUMORIQUE,  B.  Hydropneuma-
tique.   The sound afforded on percussion when
organs are filled with liquid and air.
   BRUIT  HYDROPNEUMATIQUE,  Bruit
humorique.
   BRUIT DE MOUCHE (F.),  'fly sound.'   A
sound analogous to the Bruit de diable—so called
from  its likeness to the buzzing of a fly:—heard
on auscultating the neck in chlorotic cases.
   BRUIT MUSCULAIRE.  The sound accom-
panying the first sound of the heart, referred by
some to  muscular  contraction.   Called,  also,
Bruit  rotntoirc, in  consequence of its  having
been thought to resemble the  rumbling of distant
wheels.
   BRUIT MUSICAL, Sifflcmcnt moduli.
   BRUIT DE  PAROEHMIN.   'Parchment
tone'   A sound as if produced by two sheets of
parchment applied to each other.  It is said to be
produced by thickening and rigidity of the valves
of the heart.
  BRUIT PLACE XT AIRE, B. de soufflet pla-
centaire, B. utirin, Souffle utirin, Souffle placen-
taire, Placental bellows' sound,  Utcro-placen'tal
murmur, Uterine murmur.  The  bellows' sound
heard on  auscultating over the  site of the pla-
centa in a pregnant female.  It does not appear
to be owing to the placental vessels: but to the
uterine  tumour pressing upon the large vessels
of the mother.        ,  _,
  BRUIT DE POT FELE; 'Sound of acracked
 vessel.'  This sound is heard on percussion, when
 a cavern in the lungs is fiUed with air, and has a
 narrow outlet.
   BRUIT DE RACLEMENT, 'Sound of scra-
 ping.' A sound produced by the scraping of hard,
 solid membranes, as the pericardium, against each
 other.
   BRUIT DE RAPE, 'Sound of a rasp.'   A
 sound heard during the contraction of either  the
 auricles or ventricles.  It is constant;  and  the
 contraction of the cavity is more prolonged than
 natural, and emits a hard, rough,  and — as it
 were—stifled sound.
   It indicates contraction of the valvular orifices
 by cartilaginous deposits,  or ossification, and is
 better heard near  the apex of the heart, if  the
 auriculo-ventricular valves be concerned,—near
 the base if the semilunar valves be the seat of  the
 disease.
   BRUIT ROTATOIRE, Bruit musculaire.
   BRUIT DE SCIE, or 'saw-sound,' and Bruit
 de lime a bois, or 'file-sound,' resemble the Bruit
 de Rape.
   BRUIT DE SOUFFLE A DOUBLE COU-
 RANT, Bruit de Diable.
   BRUIT DE SOUFFLET, Bruit de Souffle,
 'bellows' sound,' 'blowing sound.'  A sound like
 that of a bellows, heard occasionally by the  ear
 applied to the chest during the contraction of  the
 ventricles,  auricles, or large arteries.  It coexists
 with affections of the heart, but is heard, also,
 without any disease in that organ,—,whenever,
 indeed, an artery is compressed.  An Encephalic
 belloivs' sound, has been described by Drs. Fisher
 and Whitney.  It is  heard on applying the  ear
 to the occiput or to the top of the head; and is
 considered to indicate turgescence of vessels, or
 inflammation.  When such turgescence exists,
 the vessels are compressed, and the compression
 gives rise to  the sound in question.
   BRUIT DE SOUFFLET PLACENTAIRE,
 Bruit  placentaire — b. de Tiraillement, Bruit  de
 craquement.
   BRUIT DE TAFFETAS.   'Sound  of Taf-
 feta.'  ' Sarcenet sound.'  A respiratory sound, so
 named, by M. Grisolle,  from its resembling the
 sound caused by the tearing of a piece of taffeta;
 and which  he  considers to indicate hepatization
 of the lung, limited to the surface, in pneumonia.
   BRUIT TYMPANIQUE, 'Tympanic sound.'
 The'clear sound afforded by percussing the sto-
 mach and intestines when containing air.
   BRUIT UTERIN, B. placentaire.
   BRULURE, Burn.
   BRUNELLE, Prunella.
   BRUNNER'S GLANDS, Brunneri Glan'dula,
 Glandula  solita'ria,  Solitary glands,  Solitary
 follicles, Second  pan'creas.  Compound  muci-
 parous follicles, seated between  the  mucous and
 muscular  coats of  the stomach, along  the two
 curvatures  of that organ, and in the duodenum;
 so called from their discovery having been gene-
 rally attributed to Brunner. The solitary intes-
 tinal follicles are often known,  at the present
 day, as the glands of Brunner, although Brunner
 restricted the latter term to the glands of the
 duodenum.
  "BRUNONIAN, Brownian.
  BRUNONIANISM. Brownism.
  BRUNUS, Erysipelas.
  BRUSCUS. Ruscus.
  BRUSH, Scap'ula, (F.) Brosse. A well known
instrument, used in medicine chiefly for the fol-
lowing purposes.  1. To clean the teeth.  2. To
remove the saw-dust which adheres  to the teeth
of the trephine, during the  operation of trephin-
ing.  3. To rub the  surface of the body, for the
purpose of exciting the skin, and favouring trans- 
BRUTA
150
BUBONULUS
piration.  Westring, a  Swedish physician,  has
recommended metallic brushes for  the  purpose
of conveying galvanism to a part.  These brushes
consist of a plate of ebony fitted to another of
gold,  in which threads of the same metal are
fixed; — the brush being connected with one of
the poles of the galvanic pile.
  Brush, Stomach, Excutia ventriculi.
  BRUTA,  Juniperus sabina.
  BRU'TIA.   A sort of thick pitch, obtained
from  Brutia, in Italy.   From Fix Brutia  was
obtained the O'leum Pici'num.
  Brutia, Instinct.
  BRUTINO, Terebinthina.
  BRUXANELI.  A Malabar tree, the bark and
leaves of which have  a strong smell,  and are
astringent.  On the  coast of Malabar, its juice,
mixed with  butter, is applied to boils.  Its bark is
esteemed to be diuretic, and its roots anti-arthritic.
  BRUYERE VULGAIRE, Erica vulgaris.
  BRUYERES, MINERAL  WATERS  OF.
Bruyeres  is a small village, 7^ leagues  from
Luneville.   The waters  are acidulous and chaly-

  BRYCETOS, see Algidus.
  BRYCHETHMOS, Rugitus.
  BRYCHETOS, see Algidus.
  BRYGMA, Brygmus,  Trisis, Prisis, Prismas,
Odontoprisis, Stridor Den'tium, (F.) Grincement
des Dents.  Grinding of the  teeth.   A  common
symptom, in children, of gastric or other derange-
ment, but often present when there is no reason
to suspect any.
  BRYO'NIA AFRICA'NA.  A South African
remedy, common amongst the Hottentots, which,
in the form  of decoction, acts simultaneously as
an emetic, cathartic, and diuretic.   It is used by
the natives in cutaneous diseases,  dropsy,  and
syphilis.  The tincture is a powerful emetic and
cathartic.—Thunberg.
  BRYO'NIA  ALBA;  White Bry'ony,  Vitis
alba sylves'tris, Agros'tis, Agrianipelos, Am'pelos
a'gria, Archeos'tris, Echetro'sis, Bryo'nia as'pera,
Gedros'tis, Ghelido'nium, Labrus'ca, Melo'thrum,
Ophrostaph'ylon,  Psilo'ihrum, Bryonia  Dioi'ca.
Nat.  Ord. Cucurbitaceas.  Sex. Syst.  Moncecia
Monadelphia.  (F.) Couleuvree,  Vigne vierge, V.
blanche.  The  root is large  and succulent, and
has an  acrid, bitter, and disagreeable taste.  It
is a drastic cathartic.  Externally, it has been
applied, in  form of  cataplasm, in gout.  When
repeatedly  washed, a  good  starch  is  obtained
from  it.  The active principle has been separated
from  it, and called Bry'onine.
  Bryonia Mechoacanna Nigricans,  Convol-
vulus jalapa—b. Peruviana, Convolvulus jalapa.
  BRYONINE, see Bryonia  alba.
  BRYONY, WILD, Sycios angulatus.
  BRYTIA, Marc of grapes.
  BRYTON, Cerevisia.
  BU, Pov,  abbreviation of Povs, 'an ox;' in com-
position expresses,  'excess,  greatness.'   Hence
Bulimus, Buphthal'mia, Ac.
  BUBASTECORDIUM, Artemisia vulgaris.
  BUBE, Pustule.
  BUBO, PovPtav, Pano'chia, Panus inguina'lis,
Adenophy'ma inguina'lis, Bubonopa'nus,  Bubo-
non'cus, Bubon'cus,  Oambu'ea,  Angus,  Boubon,
 Godoce'le, Codoscella, (F.) Bubon,  Poulain.  In
the works of Hippocrates and Galen, this word
sometimes signifies the groin—Inguen; at others,
the inguinal glands; and at others, again, swell-
ing or inflammation of these parts.  The moderns
apply the term to an inflammatory tumour seated
in the groin or axilla, and they generally distin-
guish,  1. Simple or Sympathetic Bubo,  which is
independent of any virus  in the economy.   2.
Venereal Bubo, (F.) Bubon viniricn, which is oc-
casioned by the  venereal virus.  3.  Pestilential
Bubo, or B. symptomatic of the Plague.  The last
two have by some been called malignant Bubo,
(F.) Bubon matin.
  Primary Bubo, (F.) Bubon primitif, shows  it-
self with the first symptoms of syphilis :  the con-
secutive not till afterwards.
  BUBON, Bubo, Inguen—b. Gummiferum, see
Ammoniac gum.      ,
  BUBON DEMBLEE, (F.)  An enlargement
and suppuration of one or more of the  inguinal
glands, not preceded by any other of the more
common forms of venereal  disease,  nor by any
other syphilitic symptom.
  Bi bon  Gal'banum.   The  systematic name
of a plant which  has been supposed to afford
galbanum; Meto'pion, Mato'rium.  The  plant is
also called Fer'ula Ajiica'na, Oreoseli num Afri-
ca'num, Anisum frutico'aum  galbanif erum, Ani-
sum Africa'num frutes'cens,  Seli'num Galbanum,
Agasyllis gal'banum, The long-leaved or lovage-
leaved Gal'banum. Nat. Ord. Umbelliferas.  The
plant can scarcely, however, be considered to be
determined.   Galbanum is  the gummi-resinous
juice.   Its odour is fetid, and taste bitter and
acrid: the agglutinated tears  are of a white co-
lour, on a ground of reddish-brown.  It forms  an
emulsion, when triturated with water, and is solu-
ble  in proof spirits  of wine, and  vinegar: s. g.
1.212.   It has been  given as an antispasmodic,
and expectorant, in pill or emulsion.  Dose, from
gr. 10 to 60.  Externally, it  is applied as a cata-
plasm.
  Bubon galbanum is a South African plant; and
is reputed  to be an excellent diuretic, under the
name of Wild Celery.  A decoction of the leaves
is given in dropsy  and gravel.  According  to
Pappe,  the resinous matter, which exudes from
the  stem,  differs in appearance, smeU,  and  in
every respect, from Gummi Galbanum.
  Bubon Macedon'icum, Athaman'ta Macedon'-
ica, Petroseli'num Macedon'icum, A'pium petra'-
um, Petra'pium,  (F.) Persil de  Macedoiue, Mace-
do'nian Parsley.   Its properties are similar to
those of common  parsley,  but weaker  and less
grateful.   The seeds are an  ingredient in  the
celebrated compounds, Mithridate and Theriac.
  BUBONA, Nipple.
  BUBONALGIA, from QovPuv, 'the groin,' and
aXyos,  ' pain.'  Pain in the groin.
  BUBONCUS, Bubo.
  BUBO'NIUM, Aster At'ticus, Golden Starwort.
A plant anciently supposed to be efficacious in
diseases of the groin, from /?ov,6W,  ' the groin.'
  BUBONOCE'LE,.from PovPuv, 'the groin/and
kvXti,  'tumour,'  'rupture.'   Her'nia inguina'lis,
(F.) Hernde inguinale, In'guinal Hernia, or Rup-
ture of the  Groin.  Some surgeons  have  confined
this  term to hernia when limited to the groin,
and  have called the same affection, when it has
descended to the scrotum, Oscheocele, or Scrotal
Hernia.  The rupture passes  through the abdo-
minal ring: and, in consequence of the greater
size  of the opening in the  male,  it is more fre-
quent in the male sex.
  BUBONONCUS,  Bubo.
  BUBONOPANUS, Bubo.
  BUBONOREX'IS, from  PovPtov,  'the groin,'
and prints,  ' a rupture.'  A name given to bubo-
nocele when accompanied with a division of the
peritoneum, or when, in other words, it is devoid
of a sac.
  BUBON'ULUS, Bubun'culus.   A diminutive
of Bubo.   A painful swelling of the lymphatics
of the penis, extending along the dorsum of that
organ to  the  groin.  It is an occasional accom-
paniment of gonorrhoea. 
BUBUKLE
151
BULBUS
  BUBUKLE.  A word used by Shakspeare for
a red pimple on the nose.
  BUBUNCULUS, Bubonulus.
  BUCAROS, Terra Portugallica.
  BUCCA, Gnathoa.   The  mouth.  The  cheek
and hollow of the cheek.  Also, the vulva.
  BUCCAC'RATON, from Bucca, and xpau, 'I
mix.'   A morsel of bread sopped in wine, which
served of old  for a breakfast.—Linden.
  BUCCAL,  Bucca'lia, from Bucca, ' the mouth,'
or rather ' the cheek.'  That which concerns the
mouth, and especially the cheek.
  Buccal  Artery,   A. Sus-maxillaire,  (Ch.)
arises from the internal maxillary or  from some
of its  branches, as the Temporalie profunda an-
tica, or the Alveolar.   It distributes its branches
to the buccinator muscle, and to the buccal mem-
brane.
   Buccal Glands, Molar Glands. Mucous fol-
licles, seated in  the buccal membrane, opposite
the molar teeth.  They secrete a viscid humour,
which mixes with the saliva, and lubricates  the
mouth.
   Buccal Membrane, (F.) Membrane Buecale.
 The  mucous membrane, which lines the interior
 of the mouth.
   Buccal Nerve, or Bucoina'tor Nerve, Bucco-
 labiab—(Ch.,) is given off by the inferior maxil-
 lary.   It sends  its  branches to the  cheek, and
 especially to the buccinator muscle.
   Buccal Vein follows the artery.
   BUC'CEA, Buccella.  The fleshy  excrescence
 of nasal polypus, so called because it was believed
 to proceed from the mouth.—Paracelsus.  Also,
 a mouthful.
   BUCCELA'TON,  Buccela'tua.  A  loaf-shaped
 cathartic medicine; made  chiefly of scammony.
 —Ac'tius, Paulus of JEgina.
   BUCCELLA'TIO. A mode of arresting hemor-
 rhage, by applying a pledget of lint to the bleed-
 ing vessel.—Avieenna, Fallopius.
   BUCCINA, Turbinated  bones.
   BUCCINA'TOR,  from  buccinare, 'to sound
  the  trumpet.'  The Buccina'tor Muscle, Retrac'-
  tor An'guli  Oris, Bucco-Alveolo-maxillaire, Alve-
  olo-labial — (Ch.,) Manso'rius, is situate in the
  substance of the cheeks. It extends between the
  posterior portions of the  alveolar arches of the
  two jaws and the commissure of the lips, which
  it draws backward.   It assists in mastication, by
  pushing the food back towards  the teeth ;  and,
  if the checks be distended by  air,  its  contrac-
  tion forces it out.
    BUCCO.   One who is blub-cheeked, or wide-
  mouthed.        ,
    B UCCO-AL YEOL O-MAXILLAIRE, Bucci-
  nator.
    BUCCO-LABIAL  NERVE, Buccal nerve.
    BUCCO-PHARYNGE'AL,  Bucco-Pharynge'-
  us,  (F.) Bucco-Pharyngien.  Belonging to the
  mouth  and pharynx.  The Bucco-pharynge'al
  Aponeurosis or Intermax'illary Lig'ament, ex-
  tends from  the internal sila of the pterygoid pro-
  cess to the posterior part of the lower alveolar
  arch, and  affords attachment, anteriorly, to the
  buccinator,  and, posteriorly, to the constrictor
  pharyngis superior.
    BUC'CULA, from Bucca,  'the mouth.'  A
  small mouth.   The fleshy part beneath the chin.
  —Bartholine.
    BUCERAS,  Trigonella fosnum — b. Fcenum
  Grascum, Trigonella fcenum Grascum.
    BUCHU, Diosma crenata—b. Leaves, Diosma
  crenata.
    BUCKBEAN, Menyanthes trifoliata—b. Ame-
  rican, Menvanthes verna.
    BUCKB'-'BRY,  Vaccinium stamineum.
    BUCKET FEVER, Dengue.
  BUCKEYE, jEsculus hippocastanum.
  BUCKHO, Diosma crenata.
  BUCKTHORN, PURGING, Rhamnus.
  BUCKWHEAT,  Polygonum fagopyrum — b.
Plant, eastern, Polygonum divaricatum.
  BUCNEMIA, see Elephantiasis — b. Tropica,
see Elephantiasis.
  BUCTON, Hymen.
  BUFF,  INFLAMMATORY, Corium phlogis-
ticum.
  BUFFY  COAT, Corium phlogisticum.
  BUG, (BED,) Cimex.
  BUGANTIA, Chilblain.
  BUG'GERY, Sod'omy, Sodom'ia, Co'itua So-
domilicua,  (I.)  Bugarone.  Said to have been
introduced by the Bulgarians.   A carnal copula-
tion against nature, as of a man or woman with
any animal;  or of a man with a man, or  a man
unnaturally with  a  woman.   The  unnatural
crime.
   BUGLE, Prunella —b. Common, Ajuga rep-
tans—b. Pyramidale, Ajuga—6. Rampante, Aju-
ga reptans — b. Water, Lycopus Virginicus — b.
Weed, Lycopus.
   B UGL OSE, Anchusa officinalis.
   BUGLOSS, DYER'S,  Anchusa tinctoria — b.
 Garden, Anchusa officinalis—b. Upright,  Ajuga.
   BUGLOSSA, Anchusa officinalis.
   BUGLOSSUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM MAJUS,
 Anchusa officinalis—b. Latifolium,  Borago offici-
 nalis — b.  Sativum, Anchusa officinalis — b. Syl-
 vestris, Anchusa  officinalis — b. Tinctorum, An-
 chusa  tinctoria — b.  Verum, Boracic acid — b.
 Vulgare majus, Anchusa officinalis.
   BUGRANDE E PINE USE, Ononis spinosa.
   B UGRANE,  Ononis  spinosa—6. des Champs,
 Ononis arvensis.
   BUGULA, Ajuga—b. Chamaspitys, Teucrium
 chamaspitys — b. Pyramidalis, Ajuga — b. Rep-
 tans, Ajuga reptans.
   BUIS, Buxus.
   BUISARD, MINERAL WATERS  OF.  Bui-
 sard is two leagues from Chateau-Thierry, in
 France.  The water contains  chloride of calcium
 and carbonate of lime.
   BULB, Bulbus,  (F.)  Bulbe.   A name,, given
 by anatomists to different parts which resemble,
 in shape, certain bulbous roots.  The Bulb of the
 Aorta  is the great sinus  of the Aorta.  Bulb of a
  Tooth; the vascular and nervous papilla con-
  tained in the  cavity of a tooth.  The Bulb or
  Root of the Hair is the part whence the hair
  originates.  The Bulb  of the  Urethra is the
  dilated portion  formed  by the commencement
  of the Corpus spongiosum, towards the  root of
  the  penis.  We say, also, Bulb,  for Globe, of
  the eye.  ■
    Bulb of the Eye, see Eye—b. of the Female,
  Bulbus vestibuli — b.  Rachidian,  see  Medulla
  oblongata.
    BULBE, Bulb—6. du Vagin, Bulbus vestibuli
  — b. de la Yoiite d trois Piliers,  Mamillary tu-
  borclcs*
    BULBI FORNICIS,  Mamillary tubercles—b.
  Priorum Crurum Fornicis, Mamillary tubercles.
    BULBOCASTANEUM, Buniumbulbocas-
  tanum.
    BULBO-CAVERNOSUS, Accelerator urinae—
  5.  Syndesmo-caverneux, Accelerator urinae — 6.
   Urethral, Accelerator urinae.
    BULBOCODIUM, Narcissus pseudonarcissus.
    BULBONACH, Lunaria rediviva.
    BULBUS, Bulb.
    Bulbus Esculen'tus. The Es'culent Bulb:
  a particular kind,  so   denominated by  the  an-
  cients.  It is supposed to have  been the Cepa
  Ascalcm'-ka.—Dioscorides, Celsus, Pliny, Ac 
BULESIS
152            BURSJE MUCOSA
  Bulbus  Glandulosus,  Proventriculus — b.
Oculi,  see  Eye —b.  Olfactorius, see Olfactory
Nerves — b. Pili,  see  Hair —b. Rachidicus,  see
Medulla oblongata—b. Vaginas, B. vestibuli.
  Bulbus Vestib'uli, B.  Vagina, Plexus reti-
form'is, Crura clitor'idls inter'na, Bulb or  Semi-
bulb of the Female, (F.) Bulbe du Vaejin. A  close-
packed plexus of intricately anastomosing veins,
inclosed in a fibrous investment, — being an im-
mediate continuation and extension  of the pars
intermedia, and occupying the space  between  the
beginning  or  vestibule of  the  vagina and  the
rami of the pubic arch. It is regarded by Louth,
Taylor, Morgagni and Kobelt  as the  analogue
of the  male bulb.
  Bulbus Vomito'rius.   A plant, said by Dios-
corides to  be  emetic and  diuretic.  It is  the
Musk-grape flower, according to Ray,—the Hya-
cinthus Miiscari.
  BULESIS,  Voluntas.
  BULGA, Vulva.
  BULIMIA, Boulimia.
  BU'LITHOS, from Povs, 'an ox,' and  AiSos,
' a  stone.'   A bezoar  or stone, found in the kid-
neys, gall-bladder, or urinary  bladder  of an  ox
or cow.
  BULLA, (F.) Bulle.  A Bleb.  A portion  of
the  cuticle, detached  from  the skin by the inter-
position of a transparent, watery fluid.  It forms
the 4th order in Willan's and Bateman's arrange-
ment of cutaneous diseases, and  includes  erysi-
pelas,  pemphigus, and  pompholyx.   By  some,
Bulla  has  been used synonymously with Pem-
phigus.  See, also, Hydatid.
  BULLACE PLUM, Prunus invitia.
  BULLiB ROTUNDA   CERVICIS  UTERI,
Nabothi glandulas.
  BULL-FISTS, Lycoperdon.
  BUMELLIA, Fraxinus excelsior.
  BUNA,  Coffea Arabica.
  BUNDURH, Corylus avellana.
  BUNIAS, Brassica napus.
  BU'NIOID, Bunioi'des,  Ndpi form; from Pov-
viov, 'a turnip,' and tiSos, 'resemblance.'  An
epithet for a form of cancer, bearing some resem-
blance to a turnip.
   BUNION, Bunyon.
   BUNI'TES  VINUM.   A wine, made by  in-
fusing the Bunium in must. It is stomachic, but
 scarcely ever  used.
   BUNIUM, Carvi, Carum.
   Bu'nium  Bulbocas'tanum, Povvtov, so
 called, it has  been supposed, from  growing on
 hills,  from Povvos, 'a  hill.'  Balanocas'tanum,
 Bu'nium minus,  Sium  bulbocastanum, Scandex
 bulbocastanum, Carum bulbocastanum.  The  sys-
 tematic  name of a plant,  whose root is  called
 Pig-nut, Agriocas'tanum, Nu'cula tcrresttris, Bul-
 bocas'tanum majus et minus, Earth-nut,  Haiolc-
 nut, Kipper-nut, (F.) Terre-noix.  The  root is
 tuberous,  and is eaten raw or roasted.   It has
 been  supposed to be of use in strangury.   It is
 not employed in medicine.
   BUNNIAN, Bunyon.
   BUN'YON, Bun'ion,  Bun'nian,  from  Povvos,
 ' an eminence.' (?)  An  enlargement and  in-
 flammation of the bursa mucosa at the inside of
 the ball of the great toe.
   BUOPHTHALMIA, Buphthalmia.
   BUPEINA, Boulimia.
   BUPHTHALMI HERBA, Anthemis tinctoria.
   BUPHTHAL'MIA, Buophthalmia, Buphthal-
 mos, Elephantom'ma,  from Povs,  ' an ox,' and otp-
 &aXp.os, 'an eye.'  Ox-eye.  Under this  name,
 the generality of authors  have  designated  the
 first stage of  hydrophthalmia.   Others, with  Sa-
 batier, mean, by it, turgescence  of the vitreous
humour,  which,  by pushing  the iris forwards,
forms around the crystalline a sort of border.
  BUPHTHALMUM  CRETICUM,  Anthemis
Pyrethrum —b.  Majus, Chrysanthemum leucan-
themum.
  BUPHTHALMUS, Hydrophthalmia, Seinper-
vivum tectorum.
  BUPINA,  Boulimia.
  BUPLEUROIDES, Bupleurum rotundifolium.
  BUPLEU'RUM  ROTUNDIFO'LIUM,  Bn-
pleu'ron, Buptlcuro'ldcs, from  pov, augmentative,
and xXcvpov,  'side,' (F.)  Buplevre,  Percefeuille,
Round-leaved Hare's Eur, Thorowwux. The herb
and seeds are slightly aromatic.  It was formerly
celebrated for curing ruptures, being made into
a cataplasm with wine and  oatmeal.
  BUPLEVRE, Bupleurum  rotundifolium.
  BUR AC.   Borax.  Also,  any kind  of salt.
(Arabic.)
  BURDOCK, Arctium lappa — b. Lesser, Xan-
thium—b. Prairie,  Silphium terebinthaceum.
  BURIAL ALIVE, Zoothapsis.
  BURIS,  Hernia, accompanied by scirrhous
tumefaction;  or, perhaps,  a scirrhous  tumour
only.—Avicenna.
  BURN. Sax. bepnan  or bypnan, 'to burn or
bren.' Ue'tio, Ambus'tio, Adus'tio, Tresis Causis,
Eryihe'ma Ambus'tio,  Causis, Encau'sis,  Pyri-
caus'tum,  Combustu'ra, Catacau'ma,  Combus'tio,
(F.) Brdlure. An injury produced by the action
of  too great heat on  the  body. Burns are of
greater or less extent, from the simple irritation
of the integument to the  complete destruction of
the part.  The  consequences are more or  less
severe, according to the extent of injury, and the
part affected. Burns of the abdomen, when ap-
parently doing well, are  sometimes followed by
fatal results.   Their treatment varies,—at times,
the antiphlogistic being required; at others, one
more stimulating.
  BURNEA, see Pinus Sylvestris.
  BURNET,  CANADA,  Sanguisorba  Cana-
densis.
  BURNETT'S DISINFECTING LIQUID. A
solution  of chloride of  zinc, first  used by  Sir
William Burnett for preserving timber,  canvass,
 Ac,  from dry rot,  mildew, Ac,  and afterwards
as  an antibromic and antiseptic, especially  in the
case of dead bodies.
  BURNING, Brcnning.  A disease mentioned
by  old historians, from which authors have un-
successfully endeavoured to demonstrate the an-
tiquity of syphilis.—Parr.
  BURNING OF THE  FEET, see Feet, burn-
ing of the.
  BURNT HOLES. . A  variety of  rupia,  popu-
larly known  in Ireland under this name; and not
unfrequent there amongst the ill-fed children of
 the poor.
  BUR-REED, GREAT, Sparganium ramosum.
  BURRHI SPIR'ITUS MATRICA'LIS.  The
 Sjiirit of Burrhus for diseases of the  Wemib.  It
 is  prepared  by digesting, in alcohol, equal parts
 of  myrrh, olibanum, and  mastic.  Boerhaave fre-
 quently prescribed it.
   BURSA CORDIS, Pericardium —b.  Pastoris,
 Thlaspi  bursa—b.  Testium,  Scrotum—b, Virilis,
 Scrotum.
   BURS.E  MUCO'SiE, Bursa  muco'sa vesicu-
 lates, Bursa seu  Cap'sula  synovia'les, Blenno-
 cys'tides, Sacci  muco'si,  Vesica  unguino'sa ted-
 dinum, Vagina Synovia'les, Synovial Crypts or
 Follicles, (F.) Bourses Synoviales.  Small  mem-
 branous sacs, situate about  the joints, particularly
 about the large ones of  the upper and lower ex-
 tremities, and, for the most part, lying under tho
 tendons.   They are naturally filled with an oily
 kind of fluid, the use of which is to lubricate sur- 
BURSAL
153
BYTHOS
faces over which the tendons play.  In  conse-
quence of bruises or sprains, this fluid sometimes
collects to a great extent.  The bursas are, gene-
rally, either of a roundish or oval form, and they
have been arranged under two  classes, the sphe-
rical and the vaginal.
   Burs^: Synoviales, Bursas mucosae.
   BURSAL, Bursdlis.   Relating or appertain-
ing to burs;c,—as a 'bursal tumour.'
   BURSAEIS, Obturator internus.
   BURSERA ACUMINATA, B. gummifera.
   Burse'ra (Iummif'era,  B. acumindta, Tere-
binth'us gummifera, Jamaica Bark Tree.   A resin
exudes from this tree, which,  as met with in the
shops, is solid  externally;  softish internally; of
a vitreous fracture; transparent; of a pale yellow
colour;  turpentine smell,  and sweet, perfumed
taste.  It has  been  used like balsams a*hd tur-
pentines in general, and is  called, by the French,
 Carhihnu, Chibou, and Resine de Gomart.
   BURST, Hernia. Hernial.
 . BURSTEN, see Hernial.
   BURSULA, Scrotum.
   BURTHISTLE, Xanthium.
   BURWEED, Xanthium.
   BURWORT, Ranunculus acris.
   BUSSANG, MINERAL WATERS OF.  Bus-
 sang is  a village in the department of  Vosges,
 France.  The waters are acidulous chalybeates.
   BUSSEROLLE, Arbutus  uva ursi.
   BUS'SII SPIR'ITUS BEZOAR'TICUS, Be-
 eoar'dic Spirit of Bussius.  A preparation,  re-
 garded as sudorific, diuretic,  and  antispasmodic;
 obtained by distilling subcarbonate and  muriate
 of ammonia, amber, oil of  cedar or juniper, Ac.
   BUTE, ISLAND OF, CLIMATE  OF.  This
 island is in the Frith of  Clyde, about 18 miles
 below Greenock.  The climate is mild and equa-
 ble, but rather moist; and, as a winter residence,
 it holds out advantages for those  only  that ap-
 pear to demand such a condition  of the atmo-
 sphere.   The climate resembles, in  character,
 that of the S. W. of England and France,  and
 the Channel islands; although its temperature is
  lower.
    BU'TEA FRONDO'SA, Erythrlna monosper'-
  ma,  Rudolph'ia frondo'sa,  see  Kino.  A  tree,
  common in Bengal, and in the mountainous parts
  of India;  Nat. Ord. Leguminosas; from which
  gum butea  flows.  Dr. Pereira found this gum to
  be identical with a specimen marked gummi  ru-
  brum astringens—the gomme astringente  de Gam-
  ble of M. Guibourt. By some, this gum has been
  confounded with kino.
    BUTIGA, Gutta rosea.
    BUTOMON, Iris pseudacorus.
    BUTTER, from Povrvpov;  itself from Povs, 'ox,'
  and rupos, 'any thing  coagulated.'   Buty'rum,
  Pice'rion,  (F.) Beurre.  A  sort of concrete  oil,
  obtained from the cream that forms on the sur-
  face of the milk furnished by the females of the
  mammalia; especially by the cow and the  goat.
  Fresh butter is very nutritious, whilst the rancid
  is  irritating.   The  ancient chemists  gave  the
  name  Butter to many of  the  metallic chlorides.
  It has  also been applied to vegetable substances,
  which  resemble, in some  respects, the butter ob-
  tained  from milk.
    Butter of Bambot/C or  Bambuc, (F.) Beurre
  de Bambouc  ou Bambuk.  A vegetable oil  ob-
tained  from a species of almond,  and used in
Senegal in neuralgic and rheumatismal pains.
  Butter of Ca'cao, Oil of Ca'cao, Oleum Ca-
cao spissa'tum, 0. Theobro'ma Cacao expres'sum,
(F.) Beurre de Cacao, Huile de Cacao.  A fat
substance,  of a sweet and agreeable  taste, ob-
tained from the Theobroma cacao, or chocolate

  Butter  of Cocoa, (F.) Buerre de Coco.  A
fatty,  concrete  substance, which separates from
the  milk of the cocoa nut.  It is  sweet and
agreeable.
  BUTTERBUR, Tussilago petasites.
  BUTTERCUPS, Ranunculus acris.
  BUTTERFLY-WEED, Asclepias tuberosa.
  BUTTERMILK,  (F.) Babeurre, Lait  de
 Beurre.  The thin, sour milk, separated from the
 cream by churning.   It  contains caseum and a
 little  butter.   It is  a refreshing  drink  when
 newly made.
   BUTTERWORT, Pinguieola vulgaris.
   BUTTOCK-HUMP, Steatopyga.
   BUTTONBUSH, Cephalanthus occidentalis.
   BUTTONWOOD SHRUB, Cephalanthus occi-
 dentalis.
   BUTUA, Pareira brava.
   BUTYRUM,  Butter —b. Amygdalaram dul-
 cium, Confection (almond)—b.  Saturni, Unguen-
 tum plumbi superacetatis — b.  Zinci, Zinci chlo-
 ridum.
   BUVEUR, Rectus internus oculi.
   BUXTON, MINERAL  WATERS OF,  Bux-
 tonien'ses Aqua.  Buxton is a village in Derby-
 shire.  The springs are  thermal, and about 82°
 Fahrenheit.  They  contain sulphate of  soda,
 chloride of calcium, chloride of sodium, chloride
 of magnesium, carbonate of lime,  carbonic acid,
 and azote.  They are used in cases in  which
 thermal springs, in general, are  recommended.
 They contain little or no mineral impregnation.
    BUXUS, Buxus sempervi'rens.  The Box-tree,
 (F.) Buis ou Bouis.  The leaves  are bitter and
 aromatic, and, as such, have been  used in medi-
 cine, in cases of worms, dyspepsia, Ac,  in  the
 form of decoction.   They  are  sometimes, also,
 added to beer.  The  seed  was anciently called
  Carthe'i/on.
    BYNE, Malt.
    BY'RETHRUM.  A sort of cap or Couvrechef,
 filled with cephalic substances.—Forestus.
    BYRSA, Pvpaa.  A  leather skin to  spread
 plasters upon.
    BYESODEP'SICON.  A tan stuff, with which
  Uelius Aurelianus sprinkled wool, which  he
  applied in certain cases to the umbilical region :
  from Pvpaa, ' leather,' and Stxptto, ' I tan.'
    BYRSODEPSICUM PRINCIPIUM, Tannin.
    BYSAU'CHEN, from Pvo>,  'I  stop up,'  and
  ouyijv,  ' the neck.'   A  morbid stiffness  of  the
  neck.  One with a short neck,—Simotrache'lus.
    BYSSOS, Vulva.
    BYSSUS, Byssum.   The ancients  gave  this
  name to several vegetable substances, which were
  used for the fabrication of stuffs prized for their
  fineness,  colour, and rarity of material.   It is
  now chiefly applied to the filaments, by the aid
  of which the acephalous mollusca attach their
  shells to the rocks.   Byssus was formerly also
  applied to the female pudendum.
    BYTHOS, pvSos, ' depth.' An epithet used by
  Hippocrates for the fundus of the stomach. 
CAA-APIA                154                 CACHLEX
c.
  C.  This letter in  the  chemical  alphabet sig-
nifies nitre.   It is also sometimes used' in pre-
scriptions for calx.
  CAA-AP'IA, Dorste'nia Brazilieilsis seu cor-
difo'lia seu placento'ides seu vitel'la.  The root,
according to  Piso, is employed as emetic and
anti-diarrhceic.
  CAA-ATAY''A.  A plant of Brazil, supposed
to be  a  species of gratiola.  It is very bitter,
and  considered to be one of the best indigenous
cathartics.
  CAACICA, Euphorbia  capitata.
  CAA-GHIYU'YO,  Frutex bac'cifer Brazilien'-
eis.  A shrub of Brazil, whose leaves, in powder,
are considered detersive.
  CAAOPIA, Hypericum bacciferum.
  CAAPEBA, Pareira brava.
  CAAPONGA, Crithmum maritimum.
  CAAROBA.  A Brazilian tree, whose leaves,
in decoction, promote  perspiration.  See  Cera-
tonia.
  CABAL, Cab'ala, Cabal'la, Calbala, Caba'lia,
Kab'ala,  Gaballa.  This  word is from the He-
brew,  and signifies  knowledge  transmitted by
tradition. Paracelsus and several authors  of the
16th and 17th  centuries  have spoken much of
this  species of  magic, which they  distinguished
into Judaic or theologian, and Hermetic or medi-
cinal ; the latter being, according to  them,  the
art of knowing the  most occult properties of
bodies by an  immediate communication with
spirits,—the knowledge being thus acquired by
inspiration, and incapable of inducing error.   It
was also called Ars cabalis'tica, ' cabalistic art.'
  CABAL'HAU. A plant of Mexico, according
to Dalechamps, which  passes for an antidote to
white hellebore, and yet is used for poisoning
arrows.  It is unknown to botanists.
  CAB'ALIST, Cabalia'ta.  One instructed in
the Cabal.
  CABALLATION,  Cynoglossum.
  CABARET, Asarum.
  CABBAGE, Brassica—c Cow, Nymphasa odo-
rata—c. Irish,  Dracontium fcetidum— c Skunk,
Dracontium fcetidum — c. Swamp, Dracontium
fcetidum—c. Water, Nymphasa odorata—c. Tree,
Geoffraea inermis—c. Bark tree, Geoffraea inermis.
  CABBAGIUM, Geoffraea inermis.
  CABUREIBA, Myroxylon Peruiferum.
  CABUREICIBA, see Myroxylon Peruiferum.
  CACiE'MIA,  Cacha'mia,  from  /fa/cos,  'bad,'
and 'atjia, ' blood.' A faulty or morbid condition
of the blood.
  CACESTHE'SIS, Cacaasthe'sis, Cacoasthe'-
sia,  from KaKos, 'bad,' and  atoBnats, 'feeling.'
Morbid sensation.  Morbid general feeling.  In-
disposition.
  CACAFERRI. Ferri subcarbonas.
  CAC'AGOGUE, Cacago'gua, from kokkv, 'ex-
crement,' and  ayttv, 'to expel.'  An ointment,
composed of alum and honey;  which, when ap-
plied to  the  anus,  produced  an evacuation.—
Paulus of iEgina.
  CACALEXITERIA, Alexiteria.
  CACA'LIA ANTEUPHOR'BIUM,  Anteu-
phor'bium.  A plant, which Dodoens and  others
considered to be capable of tempering the caustic
properties of  euphorbium.   It is also  called
Klein'ia.
  Many varieties of the  Cacalia are used, in dif-
ferent countries, chiefly as condiments.
   CA'CAO,  Ca'coa, Caca'vi, Quahoil,  Cacava'ta.
The cocoa or chocolate nut;  fruit of Theobro'ma  I
 Cacao,  Co'coa Cacavif era,  Ca'cao minor  sen
 satlva, Cacao theobro'ma; Family, Malvaceas.
 Sex. Syat. Polydelphia Pentandria.
   CACATION, Defecation.
   CACATORIA, Diarrhoea.
   CAC'ATORY,  Cacato'riua, from cacare, 'to go
 to stool.'  Febris cacato'ria ; a kind of intermit-
 tent fever, accompanied by copious alvine evacua-
 tions.—Sylvius.
   CACAVATA, Cacao.
   CACAVI, Cacao, Jatropha manihot.
   CACCE, Excrement.
   CACCION'DE.  A sort of pill, chiefly formed
 of catechu, recommended by Bagliviin dysentery.
   CACEPHEBOTE'SIA, from kukos, 'bad,'  and
 eiptPorns, ' puberty.'  Morbid  puberty.  Disease
 occurring at the period of puberty.
   CACHANG-PARANG.  A sort of bean of Su-
 matra, mentioned by Marsden, whose  seeds are
 given in pleurisy.  Jussieu considers it to be the
 Mimo'sa scandens.
   CACHECTIC,  Gachec'tes, Cachee'ticus, same
 etymon as  Cachexia.  One  attacked  with  ca-
 chexia.  Belonging  to  cachexia.   Cachec'tica
 remed'ia are remedies against cachexia.
   CACHEN-LAGUEN, Chironia Chilensis.
   CACHEX'IA,  from  kukos,  ' bad,' and 't(ts,
 'habit.' Status cachee'ticus, Cachexy, Dysthe'sis,
 (F.) Cachexie.  A condition in which  the body
 is evidently depraved.   A bad habit  of body,
 chiefly the result of scorbutic, cancerous,  or ve-
 nereal diseases when in their last stage.  Hence
 we hear of a  Scorbutic Cachexia, Cancerous Ca-
 chexia, Ac.  Sauvages and  Cullen have included
 under this head a number of diseases—consump-
 tions,  dropsies,  Ac.  Cachexia has  been  some-
 times confounded with diathesis.   Cachexia 1c-
 ter'ica is jaundice or icterus itself, or a disposition
 thereto.  Fluor  albus is sometimes called  Ca-
 chexia Uterina.
   Cachexia Africana, Chthonophagia—c. Cal-
 culosa,  Lithia—c Cancerous, see  Cancer — c
 Chlorotic, Chlorosis—c. Dysthetica, Dyscrasia—
 c Icterica, Icterus — c. Lymphatica farciminosa,
 see Equinia.
   Cachexia   Londinen'sis.  The paleness  and
 other evidences of impaired health presented by
 the inhabitants of London.  A similar cachexia is
 seen in those of other crowded cities.
   Cachexia,  Marsh,  (F.)  Cachexie paludeenne.
 The state of  cachexy observed in malarious  dis-
 tricts.
   Cachexia  Saturnine, Saturnismus.
   Cachexia,  Scorbutic, see Purpura — c. Scro-
 phulosa, Scrofula.
   Cachexia Sple'nica.  The state of scorbutic
 cachexia,  which  often accompanies diseases, es-
 pecially enlargement of the spleen, Splenalgia
 Bengalen'sis, in India.
   Cachexia Venerea, Syphilis—c. Venous, Ve-
 nosity—c. Virginum, Chlorosis.
   CACHEXIE,  Cachexia — c. Paludienne, Ca-
 chexia, marsh.
   CACHEXY, Cachexia.
   CACH1BOU, see Bursera gummifera.
   CACHINLAGUA, Chironia chilensis.
   CACHINNA'TIO,   from  cachinno,  'I laugh
 aloud.' A tendency to immoderate laughter, as
 in some hysterical and maniacal affections.
   CACHIRI. A fermented liquor made, in Cay-
 enne, from a decoction of the rasped root of the
 manioc.   It resembles perry.
I  CACHLEX.  A small stone or pebble, found 
CACHOS
155
CADAVEROUS
on the sea shore.   One of these, when heated in
the fire,  and cooled in whey, communicates an
astriiigeney to the liquid, so that it was anciently
esteemed to be useful in dysentery.—Galen.
  CACHOS.   An oriental fruit, apparently of a
Solanum, which is esteemed lithontriptic.
  CAC1IOU, Catechu.
  CACHRYS LIBANO'TIS.  An umbelliferous
plant which grows  in Africa and the  South of
Europe.  It is aromatic and astringent  Its seeds
are extremely acrid.
  Cachrys Maritima, Crithmum maritimum.
  CACIIUN'DE.  An Indian  troch  or pastile
composed  of  amber, mastic, musk, cinnamon,
aloes, rhubarb, galanga, pearls, rubies, emeralds,
garnets,  Ac.   It is regarded by the people of In-
dia as an antidote, stomachic and antispasmodic.
   CACO, kuko, properly only an abbreviation of
KaKos.  Da  composition  it means something de-
fective ;  as in the following words.
   CACO.ESTHESIS, Cacassthesis.
   CACO-ALEX1TERIA, Alexipharmic.
   CACOCIIO'LIA, from kokos, 'bad,' and x°^V>
'bile.' Diseases induced by a depraved condition
of the bile.
   CAC'OCIIROI,  Cac'ochri, from  icaKos,  'bad,'
and X9oa>  ' colour.'  Diseases in which the com-
plexion is  morbidly changed in colour.
   CACOCHYL'IA, from kokos, 'bad,' and ;£uAos,
'chyle.'  Depraved  chylification.
   CACOCHYM'IA,  Kakochym'ia, Oorrup'tio
Humo'rum, from icaicos, 'bad,' and %u/<os. 'juice,'
' humour.'    Cacoch'ymy.   Depravation  of  the
humours.
   Cacochymia  Plumbea,  Lead  poisoning—c
Scorbutica, see  Purpura—c Scrophulosa, Scro-
fula— c. Venerea, Syphilis.
   CACOCII'YMUS, Cacochym'icua.  One attacked
with cacochymia.   Belonging to cacochymia.
   CACOCNE'MUS, Cacocne'micus, Malis  auria
pradltns; from  icaicos, 'bad,' and Kvrjun, 'the
leg.'   One  who has bad legs.
   CACOCORE'MA, from ica/cos, 'bad,' and xopcw,
' I purge, or cleanse.'  A medicine which purges
off the vitiated humours.
   CACODiE'MON, from kokos, 'bad,' and Satuwv,
' a spirit.'   An evil spirit, to which were ascribed
many disorders.  The nightmare.
   CACO'DES, from kokos,  'bad,' and otytv, 'to
smell,'—male olens.  Having a bad smeU; Gacd-
dia, Cacos'mia.
   CACODIA, see Cacodes.
   CACOETIIES, Cacocth'icus, from icaicos, 'bad,'
and  e$os, ' disposition, habit,' Ac.  Of a bad or
vitiated  character,  as ulcus cacoe'ihes, an ulcer
of a malignant character.
   CACOETHICUS, Cacoethes.
   CACOUALAC'TIA,  Cacogdlia,  from  kokos,
'bad,' and yaXa, gen. yaXaicros, 'milk.'  A  bad
condition of the milk.
   CACOGALAC'TICA, same etymon as the last.
One who suffers from a bad  condition of the milk.
   CACOGALIA, Cacogalaetia.
   CACOGEN'ESIS, from icaicos, 'bad,'  and ytve-
ots, ' generation.'  A morbid formation.
   CACOMORPHIA, Deformation.
   CACOMORPHOSIS,  Deformation.
   CACOPATHI'A,  Pas'sio  Mala,  from  icaicos,
'bad,' and  iraSos, 'affection.'  A distressed state
of mind.—Hippocrates.
  CACOPHO'NIA, from kokos, 'bad,' and <pu>w,
'voice,' vitia'ta  vox.  A dissonant  condition of
voice.
  CACOPLAS'TIC, Gacoplas'ticus, Dysplasmal-
ic ; from icaicos, ' bad,' and itXaaatit, ' I form.'  Sus-
ceptible of  only a low degree of organization, as
the indurations resulting from low or chronic
inflammation, fibro-cartilage, cirrhosis,  Ac
  CACOPRA'GIA,  Cacoprax'is,  from kokos,
'bad,' and 7rparrw,  'I perform.'   Depraved con-
dition of the organic functions.
  CACOPRAXIS, Cacopragia.
  CACORRHACHI'TIS, from kokos, 'bad,' and
povis, ' the spine.'   Caeor'rhachis, Cacorhaehis,
Cacorhachltis, Spondylalgia.  Deformity of the
spine.  Disease of the spine.  Spontaneous luxa-
tion  of  the vertebras and ribs dependent upon
internal causes.
  CACORRHYTH'MUS, Arrhytllmus, from ko-
kos, 'bad,' and pvSuos,  'rhythm,' 'order.'  Irre-
gular.
  CACO'SIS.  Mala disposil'io, (F.) I7ce.  A
bad condition of body.—Hippocrates.  A diseased
condition in general.
  CACOSIT'IA, from  kokos,  'bad,' and otnov,
'aliment.'  Disgust or  aversion for food — Fas-
tid'ium cibo'rum.
  CACOSMIA, see Cacodes.
  CACOSOMI'UM, from kokos, 'bad,' and cuua,
' the body.'  An hospital for leprosy, and incura-
ble affections in general.
  CACOSPERMA'SIA,  Cacosperma'tia, Oacos-
per'mia, from kokos, 'bad,' and oitcppa, 'sperm.'
A bad condition of the  sperm.
  CACOSPHYX'IA,  from   kokos,  'bad,'  and
atpv^is, 'pulse.' — Vitio'suspulsus.  Bad  state of
pulse.—Galen.
  CACOSPLANCH'NIA, from kokos, 'bad,' and
aitXayxvov, ' a viscus.'   Indigestion.  The ema-
ciation  dependent upon  imperfect digestion.—
Siebenhaar.
  CACOSTOM'ACHUS,  from kokos,  'bad,' and
croftaxos,  ' the  stomach.'  What disagrees  with
the stomach.  Indigestible.—Gorraeus.
  CACOSTOMATOSPHRESIA,  Breath, offen-
sive.
  CACOS'TOMUS, from kokos, 'bad,' and crop.a,
' a mouth.'  Having a bad mouth.
  CACOTHYM'IA,  Vilium An'imi, from kokos,
'bad,' and3u/<os, 'mind,' 'disposition.' A vitious
state of mind.—Linden.
  CACOTRIBULUS, Centaurea calcitrapa.
  CACOTRICH'IA, from kokos, 'bad,' and 0p<f>
rptxos, 'hair.'  Disease of the hair.
  CACOTROPH'IA, from kokos, 'bad,' and rpotptj,
'nutrition.'—Vitio'sa nutril'io;—disordered nu-
trition.—Galen.
  OACOU,  Cagot, Catechu.
  CACOU'CIA  COCCIN'EA,  Coucin'ea,  Coc-
cin'ea, Schousba'a coccin'ea, Tikimma. A peren-
nial twining shrub of  South America, the plant
of which, as well  as the fruit, is possessed of
emeto-cathartic properties.
  CAGTIER, Cactus opuntia.
  CACTUS OPUN'TIA, Opun'tia.  The Indian
Fig, (F.) Cactier, Raquette, Figuier d'Inde.  This
plant grows in South America, Spain, Italy, Ac.
Its  fruit, which has the shape of  the fig, is of a
sweetish taste, and  colours the urine red when
eaten.   Its leaves are considered refrigerant.
  The fruits of different species of cactus are
called Tunas.
  CADA'BA, Stroe'mia.  A genus of the family
Capparidea, natives of India and Arabia.  The
young shoots of the Cada'ba farino'sa are consi-
dered to be an antidote against venomous bites.
  CADA'VER, Ptoma, ATecron.  A  dead body ;
a subject; a carcass, (F.) Cadavre.   The word
has been  supposed  to come from cado,  ' I fall;'
and by some to be a contraction from caro data
vermibus, 'flesh given to the worms.' (?)
  CADAVEROUS,  Cadav'eric,  Cadavero'sus,
Necro'des, (F.) Cadarereux.  Belonging to the
dead body; as cadaverous smell.   The  Cadav'-
erous or Hippocrat'ic face (see Face,) is an un- 
CADDY  INSECT            156                   CAFE
favourable sign in disease, and generally denotes
a fatal termination.
  Cadav'erous or  Cadav'eric  Hyperemia.
The hypostatic hyperasmia observed in depend-
ing parts of the dead body.
  CADDY INSECT, see Ectozoa.
  CADE, Juniperus oxycedrus.
  CADEJI-INDI, Malabathrum.
  CADEL-AVANACU, Croton tiglium.
  CADIA.  An  Egyptian,  leguminous  plant.
The Arabs attribute to its fresh leaves the power
of relieving colic.
  CADIVA INSANIA, Epilepsy.
  CADMIA, Calamina, Tutia.
  CADMI'I SULPHAS, Cadmiumsulphu'ricum,
Sulj)has Cadmi'cus,  Meli'ni Sulphas, Klapro'thii
Sulphas, Klapro'ihium  Sulphu'ricum, Melinum
Sulphu'ricum,  Sulphate  of Cadmium.  Used  in
spots on the cornea, and in chronic torpid inflam-
mation of the conjunctiva, in the quantity of half
a grain  to a grain to the ounce of water.
  CADMIUM  SULPHURICUM,  Cadmii  Sul-
phas.
  CADTCHU,  Catechu.
  CADUCA  HUNTERI, Decidua—c. Passio.
Epilepsy.
  CADU'CITY, Imbecillitas,  Debil'itas,  Cadu'-
citas, from cadere, 'to fall.'  The French use the
word Caducite for the portion of human life which
is comprised generally between 70 and 80 years.
The age which precedes decrepitude.  It is  so
termed  in consequence of the limbs not usually
possessing sufficient strength to support the body.
The precise age must of course vary in indi-
viduals.
  CADUQUE, Decidua membrana—c.Riflechie,
see Decidua membrana—c. Vraie, Decidua mem-
brana.
  CADURCUS, Vulva.
  CADUS, ko<5os. A Greek measure equal to ten
gallons  English.—Pliny.   Amphora.
  OECA, FORAM'INA (ANTERIUS ET POS-
TERIUS) are situate at the fore and back parts
of the tuber annulare of the  brain, and at the
extremities of the depression made by the verte-
bral artery.  The former  is  placed between the
nerves of the third; and the latter between those
of the sixth pair.
  CECE  HJEMORRHOI'DES,  Blind Piles,
(F.) Hemorrho'ides aveugles, are those unaccom-
panied by any discharge.
  C33CAL,  Caca'lis,  Belonging to  the cascum,
from cacus, ' blind, hidden.'   The Cacal arteries
and veins are the branches of the Arteria et vena
colica dextra inferiores, distributed to the caecum.
  CICATRIX, Cicatrix.
  CiE'CITAS,   Gce'citas,  Cacitu'do, Ablep'sia,
 Obcaca'tio,   Occaca'tio,   Anap'sia,   Ty'phlotes,
 Typhlo'sis, Blindness,  (F.) Aveuglement, Cicite,
Perte de la vue.  Cascitas may be dependent upon
many different diseases, — as upon  amaurosis,
specks,  hypopyon, cataract, glaucoma, ophthal-
mia, atrophy of the eye, Ac.
   Uecitas  Crepuscularis,  Hemeralopia — e.
Diurna, Nyctalopia — c. Nocturna, Hemeralopia.
   OECiTUDO, Cascitas.
   CiECUM, Caecum, Intesti'num cacum, Monom'-
achon,  Monom'acum,  Monoeo'lon,  Monocu'lum,
 Typhlo'teron monoeo'lon,  Typhlolerum, Typhlo-
en'terum, Inil'ium intesti'ni crassi, Saccus Intes-
tini crassi seu Coli, Cacum Caput coli, Caput coli,
Prima cella coli, Inil'ium extu'berans coli,  from
cacus, 'blind.'  The Blind  Gut, so  called  from
its being perforated at one end only.  That por-
tion  of the  intestinal canal  which is seated be-
tween the termination of the ileum and com-
mencement of the colon;  and which fills, almost
wholly, the right iliac fossa;  where the perito-
neum retains it immovably.  Its length is about
three or four  fingers' breadth.   The  Ileo-ecrcal
valve or Valve of Bauhin shuts  off all communi-
cation between it and the ileum  ; and the Appen-
dix vermiformis caci is attached to it.
  Caecum Fora'men of the frontal bone is a small
cavity at the inferior  extremity of the internal
coronal  crest or crista. — Fronto-ethmoidal fora-
men, (F.) Trou aveugle ou borgne.  Morgagni has
given the same  name to the small cavity in the
middle of the  upper surface of  the  tongue, near
its base; the sides  of which are  furnished with
mucous  follicles—Lacune de la languo—(Ch.)
  CjECum, Phlegmonous Tumour of the,  Ty-
phlo-enteritis.
  CECUS.   'Blind.'   One deprived of  sight,
Typhlops, (F.) Aveugle, Borgne.  In anatomy, it
is used  to  designate certain holes or cavities,
which end  in  a cul-de-sac; or have only  one
opening.
  Blind Ducts of  the  Ure'ihra,  (F.) Conduits
aveugles de  t'urithre,  are the  Mucoua Lacu'na
of the Ure'thra.
  CiELA-DOLO, Torenia Asiatica.
  C.EMENTUM, Lute.
  CJ1RDLEUM  BEROLINENSE,  Prussian
blue—c. Borussicum, Prussian blue.
  CiERULOSIS NEONATORUM,  Cyanopathy.
  CjESALPI'NIA,  Casnlplnia  sappan, Sajjpttn
or Sampfen wood, (F.) Bresillet, Bois de Sappan.
A small Siamese tree,  the wood of which is used
in decoction, in cases of contusion.
  Brazil wood, Pernambuco or Fernambuco  wood,
formerly used  as an astringent, is the wood of
Cassalpin'ia Echina'ta.   This  is the proper
Brazil wood; but another variety in commerce is
the Brasiletto, from Casdlpinia  Brasiliensis, and
G. crista, which grow in the West Indies.
  The Nicaragua or Peach-wood is analogous to
this, and is  said to be derived from a species of
Caesalpinia.
  The kernel of Uesalpin'ia Bonducell'a, the
seed of which is called in  India Kutkuleja and
Kutoo Kurunja, is given as a febrifuge  tonic.
Dose, ten grains.
  CiESA'REAN SECTION, Casa'rean operd-
Hon, Tomotoc'ia,  Oasa'rea  sectio, Partus castl-
reua,  Opera1 tio casa'rea, Metrotom'ia, (F.) Opi-
ration Cesarienne,  from cadere,  'to cut.'  An
incision made through the parietes of the  abdo-
men and uterus to extract the foetus.  In this
manner, Julius Caesar is said to have been ex-
tracted.—Pliny.  It is also  called Hyaterotom'iu,
Hysterotomotoc'ia,  Gastrometrotom'ia,  Gasterhys-
terolomy, Gastrometrolome, Gastrohy sterol amy,
(F.) Operation Cesarienne.  An incision has been
made into the  uterus through the vagina, consti-
tuting the  Vaginal Casarean Section, Gastrely-
trotom'ia, Gastrocolpotom'ia, Laparacolpotom'ia,
Laparo'elytrotom'ia, (F.) Operation  cesarienne
vaginale.  The  Cassarean  section  may  be re-
quired when the mother dies before delivery;—
when there is some invincible obstacle to delivery
from the faulty conformation of  the  pelvis; or
when the child has passed into the  abdominal
cavity in consequence of rupture of the uterus.
  C^ESARIES, Capillus.
  CJESIUS, Glaucoma.
  CiE'SONES, Ga'sares.  Children brought into
the world by the Cassarean operation.
  QMSWIA.M.   They who have gray eyes.
  OESURA,  Cut.
  CiETCHU,  Catechu.
  CAF, Camphor.
  CAFAL, Agrimony.
  CAFAR, Camphor.
  CAFE, Coffea. 
CAFE
157
CALAMUS
   CAFE" A LA  SULTANE.  This name has
 been given to an infusion or decoction  of the
 ground coques  or  pericarps which surround the
 coffee.  _,
   CAPE  CITRIN.  The aqueous  infusion of
 unroasted coffee, so called on account of its yel-
 lowish tint.
   CAFEYER, Coffea Arabica.
   CAFF A,  Camphor.
   OAF I Eli, Coffea Arabica.
   CAFUR,.Camphor.
   C A G A S' T R U M.   The principal or germ of
 diseases which are communicable.—Paracelsus.
   CAGNEUX, Cagot.  See Kyllosis.
   CAGOSANGA,  Ipecacuanha.
   CAGOTS, (F.)  A name given to deformed and
 miserable beings, met with in the Pyrenees, Bern,
 and Upper  Gascony, in France, where  they are
 also called  Caputs.  In  other  districts  they are
 called Gezits,  Ge.zi tains,  Cretins, Gahets, Capons,
 Goliberts, Cacous,  Cagneux, Ae.  See Cretin.  The
 word Cagot is supposed to be an abbreviation of
 Canis Gothus, 'Dog of a Goth.'
   CAG UE-SANGUE, Caquesangue.
   CAIIINCE  RADIX, Caincas radix.
   CAI'EPUT OIL,  Cuj'eput oil, Kyapulty, Ca-
 jupu'ti O'leum.  The volatile oil of the leaves of
 Melaleu'ca Cajapu'ti, a native of the Moluccas.
 The oil has a  strong, fragrant smell, like cam-
 phor ; taste pungent and aromatic.   It is  stimu-
 lant, and useful where the essential oils in general
 are  employed.   It has  also been called  Oil of
 Wit when, from the person who first distilled it.
   CAILLE, Tetrao coturnix.
   CAILLEAU, Lantana.
   GAILLEBOTTE, Curds.
   CAILLELA1T  BLANC, Galium mollugo—c.
 Vraie, Galium verum.
   CAILLOT, Coagulum.
   CAINAN.E RADIX,  Caincas radix.
   CAIN'CE RADIX,  Radix Chiococ'ca, R.
 Caina'na seu  Caninana  seu Cahinca  seu Ka-
 hinca seu. Serpenta'ria Brazilien'sis, CaincaRoot.
 The bark of the roots of Ghiococc'a  anguif'uga,
 Ch. densij'o'lia, and, perhaps, Ch. racemo'sa, a
 plant of the Family  Rubiaceas.  Sex. Syst. Pen-
 tandria Monogynia,  of Linnaeus.  It is  bitter,
 tonic, and  diuretic, but has not been.long intro-
 duced.  Dose of the powder, from Qj  to  %**.
   Dr. John H.  Griscom, of New Y'ork, considers
 there is a remarkable analogy between the Cain-
 ca and the Apocynum cannabiuum.
   CAINITO, Chrysophyllum Cainito.
   CAIPA SCHORA.  A cucurbitaceous Malabar
 plant, the fruit of which  has a pyriform  shape.
 The juice is drunk in that country for the pur-
 pose of arresting  hiccough.   The  fruit,  when
 unripe, is emetic.
   CAISSE, Case—c. du Tambour, Tympanum.
   CAITCHU, Catechu.
   CAJAN, Phaseolus creticus.
   CA.IUPUTI, Oajeput.
   CAKES. WORM, STORY'S.  These were
 composed of calomel and jalap, made into  cakes,
 and  coloured with  cinnabar.
   CALABASH  TREE,   NARROW-LEAVED,
 Crescentia Cujete.
   CALADIUM  ESCULENTUM, Arum  escu-
lentum.
   CALAF, Salix  JEgyptiaca.   A large-leaved
Egyptian  willow,  called,  also, Ban.  The dis-
tilled water of the  flowers, called  Macahalef,
passes, in that country, for an  excellent ant-
aphrodisiac.  It is also used as  an  antiloimic,
antiseptic, and cordial.
   CALAGUALA, see Calagualae radix.
   CALAGERI. Vernonia anthelmintics*
   CALAGIRAH, Vernonia anthelmintica.
   CALAGUA'LjE  RADIX, Calague'la  Radix.
 The root of Polypo'dium Calagua'la seu adianti-
 for'me seu coria'ceum seu ammifo'lium  seu ar-
 gen'teum seu politum, Aspid'ium coria'ceum seu
 ferrugiileum seu dis'color, Tecta'ria calahuala
 seu ferrugin'ea,  Calaguala, Calahuala.  It has
 been exhibited-in Italy in dropsy, pleurisy, con-
 tusions, abscesses,  Ac.  Its properties  are not,
 however, clear.
   CALAHUALA, see Calagualas radix.
   CALAMANDRINA, Teucrium chamasdrys.
   C ALA MB AC, Agallochum.
   CALAMBOUK, Agallochum
   CALAME'DON,  from koXouos, 'a reed.'  This
 word has had various significations.  Some have
 used it for an oblique fracture of a bone; the
 fractured portions  having the shape of  the nib
 of a pen.  Others have used it for a longitudinal
 fracture; and others, again, for  one that is com-
 minuted.
   CALAMI'NA, Calamine, from calamus,  'a
 reed,' so called from its reed-like appearance.
 Cadmi'a,  Oathmir,  Cadmi'a  lapido'sa  aero'sa,
 Cadmi'a Fos'silis, Lapis A'ero'sus, Calim'ia, La-
 pis Calamina'ris, Calamina'ris,  Car'bonas Zinci
 impu'rus, (F.)  Pierre calaminaire.  Native im-
 pure  carbonate of zinc.  Calamine is chiefly used
 for pharmaceutical purposes in  the form of the
 Calamina pr^epara'ta, Lapis Calamina'ris pra-
 para'tus, Car'bonas  zinci impu'rus prapara'tus,
 Zinci car'bonas prapara'tus, Prepared Calamine ;
 —Calamine reduced to an impalpable powder by
 roasting and  levigation.   In  this  state it   is
 sprinkled or dusted on excoriated parts, or  to
 prevent excoriation, Ac.
   CALAMINARIS, Calamina.
   CALAMINT, Melissa Calamintha — c. Field,
 Melissa nepeta—c. Mountain, Melissa grandiflora
 —c. Spotted, Melissa nepeta.
   CALAMINTA HUMILIOR,  Glecoma hede-
 raceum.
   CALAMINTHA,  Melissa C—c. Anglica, Me-
 lissa  nepeta—c. Erecta Virginiana, Cunila Mari-
 ana — c. Hederacea, Glechoma hederacea —  c
 Magno flore, Melissa grandiflora — c. Montana,
 Melissa grandiflora—c. Nepeta, Melissa nepeta—
 c. Parviflora, Melissa nepeta — c. Pulegii odore,
 Melissa nepeta—c Trichotoma, Melissa nepeta.
   CAL'AMUS, KaXauos, ' the reed.' In the Phar-
 macopoeia  of the U. S.  the rhizoma of  acorus
 calamus.
   Calamus Alexandri'nus.  Celsus has thus
 called a medicine,  which was long confounded
 with  Calamus  Aromaticus.  It  is not  a root,
 however, but the  stalk of a plant of India and
 Fgypt, probably  the Andropo'gon Nardus.  It
 entered into the theriaca, and has been regarded
 as  antihysteric and emmenagogue;—Calamus
 aromaticus verus.
   Calamus Aromaticus,  Acorus  calamus — c.
 Aromaticus verus,  Calamus Alexandrinus — c.
 Draco, C. rotang —c. Indicus,  see Saccharum —
 c. Odoratus, Acorus calamus, Juncus odoratus.
   Calamus Rotang, C. Draco.  The systematic
 name of a  plant, whence Dragon's Blood, San-
 guis Draco'nis,  Cinnab'aris Graco'rum, Dracon-
 tha'ma, (F.)  Sang-Dragon,  is procured.  It is
 the red,  resinous juice,  obtained, in India, from
 wounding the bark  of the Calamus Rotting.  It
 has been used as an astringent in hemorrhages,
 Ac.; but is now rarely employed.
  Ca*lamus Scripto'hius, Anag'lyphe, 'a writing
pen,' (F.) Fossette angulaire du  quatriime ven-
tricule.  A  small,  angular cavity, situate  at the
superior extremity of the medulla, in the  fourth
ventricle of the  brain, which has been, by some,
supposed to resemble a pen.
  Calamus Vulgaris, Acorus  calamus. 
CALAPPITE
158       CALCIS BICHLORURETUM
  CALAPPITE.  Rumphius has given this name
to calculous concretions, found in the interior of
certain cocoa nuts.  The cocoa tree itself the Ma-
lays call Calappa.   These stones are, likewise,
termed  Vegetabls  Bezoards.   The Malays attri-
bute potent virtues to them, and wear  them as
amulets.
  CALASAYA, Cinchonas cordifolias cortex.
  CALBALA, Cabal.
  CALBIA'NUM.  The  name of a  plaster in
Myrepsus,  the composition  of  which we know
not.
  CALCADINUM, Ferri sulphas.
  CALCAIRE, Calcareous.
  CALCA'NEAL,  Calcdneus,  from calx,  'the
heel.'   Having relation  to  the  calcaneum,  as
'calcaneal  arteries.'
  CALGANEO-PHALANGIEN  DU  PETIT
ORTEIL, Abductor minimi digiti pedis—c. Pha-
langinien commun,  Extensor brevis digitorum
pedis — c.  Sous-phalangettien commun,  Flexor
brevis  digitorum  pedis — c.  Sous-Phalanginien
commun, Flexor brevis digitorum pedis—c. Sous-
phalangien  du petit orteil, see Abductor minimi
digiti pedis — c.  Sus-phalangettien commun, Ex-
tensor brevis digitorum pedis.
  CALCA'NEUM,  from calx, 'the heel.' Calcd-
neus, Calcar, Calcia, Ichnus, Os  Calcis,  Pterna,
Pter'nium.  The largest of the tarsal bones : that
which forms the heel.  It is situate at the poste-
rior and inferior  part of the foot; is articulated
above and a little anteriorly with the astragalus;
anteriorly, also, with the os cuboides.  Its poste-
rior surface,—called Heel, Talus, Calx,  (F.) Ta-
lon,—gives  attachment to the tendo-achillis : the
lower has, posteriorly, two tuberosities,  to which
the superficial muscles of the sole of the foot are
attached. The small Apoph'ysis or lateral Apoph-
ysis of the  Galea'neum,  (F.) Petit Apophyse ou
Apophyse laterale du Calcaneum, is a projection
at  the  upper surface  of this bone,  on  which is
formed the posterior portion of  the cavity that
receives the astragalus.   The great Apoph'ysis,
anterior Apoph'ysis  of the  Calea'neum, is the
projection  which corresponds, on one side, with
the cuboides; and on the other forms  the ante-
rior part of the facette which receives the astra-
galus.
   CALCANTHON, Atramentum.
   CALCAR, Calcaneum,  Ergot—c. Avis, Hippo-
 campus minor.
   CALCA'REOUS, Calca'reus, Calca'rius; from
 calx,  'lime.' (F.)  Calcaire.  Containing lime:—
 as calcareous concretions, O.  depositions, Ac
   CALCAREUS CARBONAS, Creta.
   CALCARIA CHLORATA,  Calcis chloridum
 —c Chlorica, Calcis chloridum—c. Phosphorica,
 see Cornu cervi—c. Pura, Calx—c Pura liquida,
 Liquor calcis.
    CALCARIiE  CHLORUM, Calcis chloridum.
    CALCATOR,  Ferri sulphas.
    CALCATREPPOLA, Centaurea calcitrapa.
    CALCE'NA, CALCE'NON, CALCENO'NIA,
  CALCINO'NIA.  Words employed by Paracel-
  sus to designate the concretions of tartrate of
  lime which form in the human body.
    CALCENOS,  Calcetus.
    CALCEOLA'RIA,  from  calceolus,  'a  small
  Blipper;' Slipperwort.
    Calceola'ria Primata  is used in Peru as a
  laxative.
    Calceola'ria Trif'ida is esteemed to be febri-
  fuge.
    CALCE'TUS,  Calceno'niua, Calce'noa.   That
  which abounds in  tartrate of lime.  An adjective
  used  by Paracelsus in  speaking of the blood;
  Sanguis calce'tus.   Hence came the expression
  Calcined blood,  Sang calcine".
  CALCEUM EQUINUM. Tussilago.
  CALCHOIDEA, (OS.)  Cuneiform bone.
  CALCIA, Calcaneum.
  CALCIGEROUS CELL, see Tooth.
  CALCIG'RADUS, Ptcrnob'ates, from  calx,
irrtpva, ' the heel,' and Patvui,' I walk.'  One who
walks on his heels.—Hippocrates.
  CALCII CHLORURETUM, Calcis murias—c.
Oxychloruretum, Calcis chloridum — c. Oxydum,
Calx viva—c Protochloruretum, Calcis chloridum.
  CALCINA'TION, Calcina'tio, Calci'non, Con-
crema'tio, from calx, 'lime.'   The act of submit-
ting to a strong heat any infusible mineral sub-
stance, which we are desirous of depriving either
of its water, or of any other volatilizable sub-
stance, that enters into its composition ; or which
we wish to combine with oxygen.  Alum is cal-
cined to get rid of its  water of crystallization;—
chalk, to reduce it to the state of pure lime, by
driving off the carbonic acid;  and certain metals
are subjected to this operation to oxidize  them.
  CALCINATUM  MAJUS POTERII, Hydrar-
gyrum prascipitatum.
  CALCINONIA, Calcena.
  CALCIS BICHLORURETUM, Calcis chlori-
dum — c.  Carbonas, Creta — c. Carbonas  durus,
Creta, Marmor — c Carbonas friabilis, Creta.
  Calcis   Car'bonas  Pr^ecipita'tus, Pncip'i-
tated  Car'bonate  of Lime,  Precipitated Chalk.
This preparation, introduced into the last edition
of the Pharmacopoeia of the United States, is pre-
pared as follows : Liq. Calcii Chlorid. Ovss;  Sodee
Carbonat. Ibvj; Aqua  destillat. q. s.  Dissolve the
carbonate of soda in six parts of distilled water;
heat this and the solution of chloride of calcium,
separately, to  the boiling point, and mix.  Wash
the precipitate repeatedly  with  distilled  water,
and dry  on  bibulous  paper.  It has  the  same
properties as creta prasparata, and is preferred to
it in certain cases,—for example, as an ingredient
in  tooth  powders, owing  to  its freedom from
gritty particles.
  Calcis Chlo'ridum; Chid ride of Lime, Chlo'-
ruret of Lime, Hypochlo'rite of Lime, Chlorite of
Lime, Oxymu'riate of Lime, Calx chlorina'ta, (Ph.
U. S.) Protoxichlor'uret of Calcium, Calcdria chlo-
ra'ta,  Chlorum Calca'ria,  Chloretum Calct.lria,
 Calcaria  Chlo'rica, Oxychlorure'turn Calcii, Pro-
tochlorure'turn Calcii, Chlorure'turn Oxidi Calcii,
Bichlorure'tum Calcis, Oxymu'rias Calcis,  Calcia
Hypochlo'ris, Calx oxymurialica, Bleaching Pow-
der, Tennant's Powder, (F.) Protoxichlorure de
 Calcium,   Chlorure de Chaux,  Oxichlorure de
 Chaux, Chlorure d' Oxide de Calcium, Bichlorure
de  Chaux, Oximuriate de Chaux, Muriate surox-
igini ou  Oxigeni de Chaux, Poudre  de Blanche-
ment, P. de Tennant.  A compound resulting from
the action  of chlorine  on  hydrate  of lime.
 Chloride  of lime is a most valuable disinfecting
 agent, (see Disinfection,) when  dissolved in the
 proportion of one pound to six gallons of  water.
 It  has likewise been employed  both internally
 and externally in various diseases, as in scrofula,
 fcetor oris, foul ulcers, Ae.  Ac.
   Calcis Hepar, Calcis sulphuretum — c. Hy-
 dras, see Calx—c Hypochloris, Calcis chloridum.
   Calcis Mu'rias; Muriate of Lime, Calx sail'ta,
 Calcii Chlorure'turn seu Chlo'ridum, Chloride of
 calcium,  (F.)  Chlorure de calcium,  Muriate ou
 Hydrochlorate de  Chaux.   This salt has been
 given, in solution, as a tonic, stimulant, Ac, in
 scrofulous tumours, glandular obstructions, gene-
 ral debility, Ac.  A Solu'tio Muria'tis Calcis,
 Liquor Calcis Muria'tis, Solution of Muriate of
 Lime, Liquid Shell,  may  be formed of Muriate
 of Lime  3J,  dissolved in  distilled water f^iij.
| The Liquor Calcii Chloridi or Solution of Ohio- 
CALCITEA                159                 CALCULI
ride of Calcium, of the Pharmacopoeia of the
United States, is prepared as  follows : — Marble,
in fragments, ^ix, Muriatic acid, Oj; Distilled
water, a sufficient quantity.   Mix the  acid with
a half pint  of the water, and gradually add the
marble.  Towards the  ciose of the effervescence
apply a gentle heat,  and, when the action has
ceased, pour off the clear liquor and evaporate to
dryness.  Dissolve the residuum in its weight and
a half of distilled  water, and filter.  Dose, from
gtt. xxx to f """"j, in a cupful of water.
  Calcis Oxymurias,  Calcis chloridum.
  Calcis  Sulphure'tum; Hepar  Calcis,  Sul-
phuret of Lime, (F.) I'roto-hydrosulfate de  Cal-
cium, Hydroaitlfa.tr. de chaux.  Principally used
in solution, as a bath, in itch and other cutaneous
affections.
  CALCITEA, Ferri sulphas.
  CALCITEOSA, Plumbi oxydum semivitreum.
  CALCITHOS, Cupri subacetas.
  CALCITRAPA,  Centaurea  Calcitrapa,   Del-
phinium consolida—c. Hippophasstum, Centau-
rea calcitrapa—c. Stellata, Centaurea calcitrapa.
  CALCIUM, CHLORIDE OF, Calcis murias—
c. Chlorure de, Calcis murias—c. Chlorure d'oxide
de, Calcis  chloridum — c. Protohytlrosulfate de,
Calcis sulphuretum — c. Protoxich/oiure tie, Cal-
cis chloridum — c  Protoxichloruret  of,  Calcis
chloridum—c. Protoxide of, Calx.
   CALCO-SUBPHALANGEUS  MINIMI  DI-
GITI, Abductor minimi digiti pedis—c. Subpha-
langeus pollicis, Abductor pollicis pedis.
   CALCOOOS, Bell-metal.
   CALCOIDEA, (ossicula,) Cuneiform bones.
   CALCOTAR, Ferri sulphas.
   CALUUL, Calculus.
   CALCULEUX, Calculous.
   CALCULI, see  Calculus — c. Articular,  see
Calculi Arthritic;  and Concretions, articular.
   Calculi, Alternating, see Calculi, urinary.
   Calculi,  Arthrit'ic,  Tophi,  Tuber'cula ar-
thrilica, Chalk-atonea, Nodes, (F.) Pierrea cray-
euses, Calculs arthritiques, Nceuds.   Concretions,
which form in tho ligaments, and within the cap-
sules of the joints, in persons affected  with gout.
They arc composed of uric acid, soda, and a little
animal matter; very rarely, urate of lime and chlo-
ride of sodium are met with.   Similar calculi are
found in other parts besides the joints.
   Cal'culi, Bil'iary, Calculi bilio'si sen fellei
seu  bilia'rii, Biliary Concretions, Gall-stones,
Chololithus, Cholel ithus, (F.) Calculs  biliaires,
Pierres au fiel.   Some of  these contain all the
materials  of the  bile,  and seem to be nothing
more than  that  secretion thickened.   Several
contain Picromel;  and the greater part are com-
posed of from 88 to 94 parts of Cholesterin, and
of from 6 to 12 of the yellow matter of the bile.
Biliary calculi are most  frequently found in the
gall-bladder: at other  times, in the  substance of
the liver, in the branches of the Ductus hepaticus,
or in the Ductus  Communis  Cholcdochns.   The
first are called Cystic; the second Hepatic; and
the last, sometimes, Hepatocystic.   The  causes
which give rise to  them are very obscure.  Often
they occasion no uneasiness, and  at other times
the symptoms may be confounded with those of
hepatitis.   At times, they are rejected by the
mouth, or by the bowels, along with  a considera-
ble quantity of bile, which had accumulated be-
hind them ; at other times they occasion violent
abdominal  inflammation, abscesses,  and biliary
fistulas,  rupture  of the  gall-bladder,  and fatal
effusion  into the peritoneum.  The  passage  of a
gall-stone is extremely painful; yet  the pulse is
not at first affected.  Antiphlogistics, when there
is inflammatory action, and strong doses of opium,
to allay tne pain and spasm, with the warm bath,
are the chief remedies.   Solvents are not to be
depended upon.  They cannot reach the calculi.
  Calculi, Bone Earth, see Calculi, urinary—c.
Compound, see Calculi, urinary — c Cystic, see
Calculi, urinary.
  Cal'culi, of the Ears, (F.) Calculs de l Oreille.
Hard, light, and inflammable  concretions, which
occur in the meatus auditorius externus, and are
merely indurated cerumen. They are a frequent
cause of deafness.  They can  be easily seen, and
may be extracted by appropriate forceps,  after
having been detached by injections of soap and
water.
  Calculi Fellei, Calculi, biliary — c. Fusible,
see Calculi, urinary.
  Cal'culi,  Lach'rymal, (F.) Calculs lacry-
maux. Concretions  sometimes, but rarely, form
in the lachrymal passages, where they occasion
abscesses and fistulas, which do  not heal  until
they are  extracted.  No  analysis has been made
of them.
  Calculi, Lithic, see Calculi, urinary.
  Cal'culi of  the  Mamm.-e,  (F.)  Calculs des
Mamelles.  Haller gives a case of a concretion,
of a yellowish-white  colour, which had the shape
of one of the excretory duets of the mammary
gland, having been  extracted from  an abscess
seated in that organ.
  Calculi, Mulberry, see Calculi, urinary.
  Cal'culi op the  Pan'creas, (F.  Calculs  du
Pancrias.   These are but little  known.   Ana-
logy  has induced a belief that  they resemble
the salivary.  Some  have supposed that certain
transparent  calculi,  rejected by  vomiting, or
passed in the evacuations, have proceeded from
the pancreas, but there seems to be no reason for
this belief.
  Cal'culi of the Pineal Gland,  (F.) Calculs
de  la Glande Pinenle.   These have been fre-
quently met with. No symptom announces their
presence during life.  They are composed of phos-
phate of lime.
  Cal'culi of the Prostate, Prostalic cal'culi.
These are not very rare.  They have generally
the  same composition as the preceding.   They
usually present the symptoms common to every
tumefaction of the prostate, and sometimes those
of calculi in the bladder.
  Cal'culi  Pul'monary,  (F.)  Calculs pulmo-
naires.   These concretions are very frequently
met with in  the  dead body, without seeming to
have produced unpleasant symptoms during life.
At  other times, they are accompanied with all
the symptoms of phthisis, Phthisie calculeuse, of
Bayle.   At times they are expectorated without
the  supervention  of any unpleasant symptom.
They are usually formed of carbonate of lime
and animal matter.
  Cal'culi,  Sal'ivary, Calculi saliva'les, Sia-
lolith!,  (F.)  Calculs  salivaires.    Concretions,
usually formed of phosphate of lime and animal
matter, which are developed in the  substance of
the salivary glands or in their excretory ducts.
In  the first  case, they may  be mistaken  for a
simple swelling of the gland;  in the second, they
may generally be detected by the touch.  They
may be extracted by incision in the interior of
the mouth.  The calculus developed in the sub-
lingual ducts  has been  called  Calculus sublin-
gualis and Ran'ula lapide'a.
  Cal'culi,  Spermat'ic, (F.)  Calculs  sperma-
tiquea.  These have been sometimes found in the
vesiculas  seminales after death.  They cannot be
detected  during life.  No analysis has been made
of them.
  Cal'culi of the  Stomach and Intes'tines,
Enterolithua, E. Calculus, Goproliihus, Concre- 
CALCULI
160
CALCULI
tio'nea alvi'na, (F.)  Calculs de Vestomae, C. in-
testinaux, Pierres atercoralea, Concretions intesti-
nales.  Calculi of the stomach are rare, and have
almost always been carried thither by the  anti-
peristaltic action of the intestines.  The symp-
toms  occasioned by them are those of chronic
gastritis.  It has been imagined that the conti-
nued  use of absorbent powders, as magnesia, will
give occasion to them.
  Intestinal concretions, (F.) Calculs intestinaux,
are not uncommon in animals (see Bezoard :)
but they  are  rare in man.  The  causes  which
give rise to them  are  little known : sometimes a
biliary calculus affords them a nucleus.  Their
composition varies.  They are  light, hard, very
fetid,  and not  inflammable.  They are formed,
ordinarily, between the valvulas of the small  in-
testines, or in the cells of the large, and some-
times in  old hernias.  Whilst they do not ob-
struct the passage of  the  alimentary mass, they
produce no unpleasant symptoms.  At times, the
movable tumour which they form may be felt
through the parietes of the abdomen.  They are
generally evacuated per anum.
  Cal'culi of the Tonsils.  Calculous  concre-
tions, which sometimes form in the tonsils. (F.)
Calculs des  Amygdales.  They are  easily recog-
nised  by  the sight and touch: sometimes they
  1. Renal Calculi, (F.)  Calculs renaux.   These
have  almost always  a  very irregular  shape:
at times, there is no  indication  of  their pre-
sence : at others, they occasion  attacks of pain
in the  kidneys,  sometimes  accompanied with
bloody  or turbid urine.   Often, they cause in-
flammation of the kidneys, with all its unplea-
sant results.  They are generally formed of uric
acid, animal  matter, and oxalate  of lime, with,
sometimes, phosphates.  The treatment will have
to vary, according to  the absence or presence of
are discharged by spitting, either alone or with
the pus of an abscess occasioned by their pre-
sence.   They have not been analyzed.
  Calculi,  Triple,  see  Calculi,  urinary — c.
Uric, see Calculi, urinary.
  Cal'culi,  U'rinary,  Urol'ithi,  (F.)  Calculs
urinaircs, Pierres urinaires.  Concretions which
form from the crystallizable  substances  in  the
urine, and which are met  with  not only in  the
whole course of the urinary passages, but in  fis-
tulous  openings  wherever the  urine  stagnates
naturally or accidentally.  Their causes  are  but
little known.  They are more common at the two
extremities of life than at  the middle, and more
so in some countries and districts than in others.
At times, a clot of blood, a portion of mucus, Ac,
form the nucleus.  The symptoms  and  treat-
ment vary according to the seat of  the calculus.
There  is  no  such thing probably as a medical
solvent,   See Urinary Calculi.
  Modern chymists have demonstrated the exist-
ence of  several components of urinary  calculi,
viz., Lithic Acid, Phosphate of Lime, Ammoniaco-
Magnesian Phosphate,  Oxalate  of  Lime, Cystic
Oxide, and Xanthic  Oxide, with an animal  ce-
menting ingredient.  The varieties of calculi, pro-
duced by the combination or intermixture of these
ingredients, are thus represented by Dr. Paris.
 inflammatory sign's,—relieving the irritation by
 opiates.  A surgical  operation can rarely be ap-
 plicable.
   2.  Calculi  of  the  Ureters,  (F.)  Calculs des
 Ureteres.  These come from the kidneys, and do
 not produce unpleasant  effects, unless they are
 so large  as to obstruct the course of the urine,
 and to occasion distention of the whole of the
 ureters above them;  or unless their surface is so
 rough as to irritate the mucous membrane, and
i occasion  pain, hemorrhage, abscesses, Ac.  The
A TABULAR VIEW OF DIFFERENT SPECIES OF URINARY CALCULI.
SPECIES OF CAL-CULI.	EXTERNAL CHARACTERS.	CHYMICAL COMPOSITION.	REMARKS.
1. lithic or URIC.	Form, a flattened oval. S. G. generally exceeds 1,500. Colour, brownish or fawn-like. Surface, smooth. Texture, laminated.	It consists principally of Lithic Acid. When treated with nitric acid, a beautiful pink substance results. This calculus is slightly soluble in water, abundantly so in the pure alkalies.	It is the prevailing species ; but the surface sometimes occurs fine ly tuberculated. It fre-quently constitutes the nuclei of the other spe-cies.
2. MULBERRY.	Colour, dark brown. Texture, harder than that of the other species. S. G. from 1.42H to 1.976. Surface, studded with tubercles.	It is oxalate of lime, and is de-composed in the flame of a spirit lamp swelling out into a white efflorescence, which is quick-lime.	This species includes some varieties, which are remarkably smooth and pale-coloured, re-sembling hempseed.
3. BONE EARTH	Colour, pale brown or gray; surface, smooth and polished; structure, regularly laminated; the lamina; easily separating into concrete crusts.	Principally phosphate of lime. It is soluble in muriatic acid.	
4. TRIPLE.	Colour, generally brilliant white. Surface, uneven, studded with shining crystals, less com-pact than the preceding species. Between its lamina; small cells occur, filled with sparkling par-ticles.	It is an ummoniaco-magnesian phosphate, generally mixed with phosphate of lime. Pure alka-lies decompose it, extracting its ammonia.	This species attains a larger size than any of the others.
5. FUSIBLE.	Colour, grayish white.	A compound of the two fore-going species.	It is very fusible, melting into a vitreous globule.
6. CYSTIC.	Very like the triple calculus, but it is unstratifled and more compact and homogenous.	It consists of cystic oxide. Un-der the blowpipe it yields a pe-culiarly fetid odour. It is solu-ble in acids, and in alkalies, even if they are fully saturated with carbonic acid.	It is a rare species.
7. ALTERNA-TING.	Its section exhibits different concentric laminae.	Compounded of several spe-cies, alternating with each other.	
8. COMPOUND.	No characteristic form.	The ingredients are separable only bv chymical analysis.	
 
CALCULIFRAGUS
161
CALIGO
pain, during the passage, is sometimes very vio-
lent, extending to the testicle of the same side
in the male; and occasioning a numbness of the
thigh in both  sexes.  The treatment consists in
general or local blood-letting, warm bath, and
opiates.
   3.  Calculi,  Vesical;  Stone in the Bladder,
Litlliu  Vcsica'lis, Lithi'asis cys'tica,  Lithiasia
vesica'lis, Cysto-lithlusis, Dysu'ria calculo'sa, D.
irrita'ta, Calculus vesica,  (F.) Calculs vesicaux.
These are  the most common.  Sometimes, they
proceed from the kidneys:  most commonly, they
are formed in the bladder itself.  Sense of weight
in the perinasum, and sometimes of a body roll-
ing when the patient changes his position; pain
or itching at the extremity of the glans in men;
frequent desire to pass the urine;  sudden stop-
page to its flow; and bloody urine—are the chief
signs which induce a suspicion of their existence.
AVe cannot, however, be certain  of this without
sounding the  patient.  Sometimes, when of a
small size, they are expelled: most commonly,
they remain in the bladder, the  disorganization
of which they occasion, unless removed by a sur-
gical operation.
   4. Calculi Ure'thral.  They almost always pro-
ceed from  the bladder.  The obstruction, which
they cause to the passage of the  urine, the hard
tumour, and the noise occasioned  when struck
by a  sound, indicate their presence.  They are
removed by incision.
   5. Calculi of Fis'tulous passages.   These arise
when there is  some  fistulous opening into the
urethra.  They  can be readily recognised, and
may generally be extracted with facility.  (F.)
Calculs  places hors des voies urinaires.  See Uri-
nary Calculi.
   Cal'culi of  the  U'terus, (F.)  Calculs  de
V Uterus.  These are very rare.  The signs, which
indicate them during life, are those of chronic
engorgement of the uterus.  Their existence, con-
sequently,  cannot be proved till after death.
   CALCULIFRAGUS, Lithontriptic.
   CAL'CULOUS,  (F.)  Calculeux, Gravclcux.
That which relates to calculi, especially to those
of the bladder.
   CALCULS BILIA1RES, Calculi, biliary —
c. de !'Estomae,  Calculi of  tbe stomach — c. de la
Glande Pineale, Calculi of the pineal gland — c.
Litestinaux, Calculi of the stomach and intestines
— c. Lacrymaux, Calculi, lachrymal—c. des Ma-
melles,  Calculi of the mammas — c. de I Oreille,
Calculi  in  the ears — c. du Pancreas, Calculi  of
the Pancreas — c. Places hors des voies urinaires,
Calculi  of fistulous passages — c.  Pulmonaires,
Calculi,  pulmonary—c. Renau.v, Calculi, renal—
c.  Salivaires, Calculi,  salivary — c. Spermatiques,
Calculi, spermatic—c. Urinaires, Calculi, urinary
— c. des Uritires, Calculi  of the ureters — c.  de
VI tents, Calculi of the uterus—c. Vesicaux, Cal-
culi, vesical.
   CAL'CULUS,  Lapis, Liihos,  XiSoc.  A  dimi-
nutive of calx, a lime-stone.  (F.) Calcul, Pierre.
Calculi  are concretions, which may form in every
part of the animal  body,  but are  most fre-
quently found in the organs that act as reservoirs,
and in the excretory canals.  They are met with
in the tonsils, joints, biliary ducts, digestive pas-
sages, lachrymal ducts, mammas, pancreas, pineal
gland, prostate, lungs, salivary, spermatic and
urinary passages, and in the uterus.  The causes
which give rise to them are obscure.
   Those that  occur in reservoirs  or ducts are
Bupposed to be  owing  to  the deposition of the
substances, which compose them, from the fluid
as it  passes  along the duct; and  those which
occur in the substance of an  organ are regarded
      11
as the product of some chronic irritation.  Their
general effect is to irritate, as extraneous bodies,
the parts with which they are in contact; and to
produce retention of the fluid, whence they have
been formed.  The symptoms differ, according to
the sensibility of the  organ  and the importance
of the  particular secretion whose discharge they
impede.  Their aolution  is  generally impracti-
cable :  spontaneous  expulsion  or extraction is
the only way of getting rid of them.
  Calculus  Bezoar,  Bezoard—c.  Dentalis,
Odontolithus — c. Encysted, Calcul chatonni—c.
Sublingualis, see  Calculi, salivary — c.  Vesicae,
Calculus, vesical.
  CALDAS, WATERS OF.  Caldas is a small
town, ten leagues from Lisbon, where are mineral
springs, containing carbonic and hydrosulphuric
acid gases, carbonates and muriates of lime and
magnesia, sulphates of soda and lime, sulphuret
of iron, silica, and alumina.   They are much
used in atonic gout.   They are thermal.  Tem-
perature 93° Fahrenheit.
  CALDE'RLE ITAL'IUE.   Warm  baths in
the neighbourhood of Ferrara, in Italy, much
employed in dysuria.
   CALEBASSES, Cucurbita lagenaria.
  CALEFA'CIENTS,  Calefacien'tia, Therman'-
tica, from calidua, 'warm,' and facio, 'I make.'
j(F.) Echauffants.   Substances which excite a de-
gree of warmth  in the part to which they are
applied, as mustard,  pepper, Ac.  They belong
to the class of stimulants.
  CALEFACTIO, Echauffement.
  CALENDULA ALPINA, Arnica montana.
  Calen'dula Arven'sis, Caltha Arven'sis sen
officina'lis,  Wild  Mar'igold,  (F.) Souci  des
Champs.  This is, sometimes,  preferred to the
last.  Its juice has been given,  in the  dose of
from f**5J to  f "jjiv, in jaundice and cachexia.
   Calen'dula Officina'lis, 0.  Sati'va, Chry-
san'ihemum, Sponsa solis, Caltha vulya'ris ; Ver-
ruca'ria, Single  Mar'igold,  Garden Mar'igold,
(F.) Souci, S. ordinaire.   Family, Synanthereas,
Syngenesia  necessaria, Linn.   So called from
flowering every calcnd.  The flowers and leaves
have been exhibited as  aperients, diaphoretics,
Ac, and have been highly extolled in cancer.
   CALENDULA  MARTIALES,  Ferrum  am-
moniatum.
   CALENTU'RA, from calere,  'to be warm.'
The word, in Spanish, signifies  fever.   A species
of furious delirium to which sailors are subject
in  the  torrid zone: — a kind  of  phrenitis, the
attack of which comes on suddenly after a broil-
ing day, and seems to be characterized by a de-
sire in the patient to throw himself into the sea.
It is only a variety of phrenitis.
   Calentura Continua, Synocha.
   CALENTU'RAS; Palo de Calentu'ras. Pomet
and L6m6ry say, that these words are sometimes
applied to cinchona.   Camelli says, they mean,
also, a tree of the Philippine Isles, the wood of
which is bitter and febrifuge.
   CALF OF THE LEG, Sura.
   CALICE, Calix.
   CALICES REN ALES, see Calix.
   CALICO BUSH, Kalmia latifolia.
   CALIDARIUM, see Stove.
   CALIDUM ANIMALE, Animal heat—c. In-
natum, Animal heat.
   CALIGATIO, Dazzling.
   CALI'GO.  'A mist.' Achlys, (F.) Brouillard.
An obscurity of vision, dependent upon a speck
on the cornea: also, the speck itself; Caligo cor'-
nea, Mac'ula cornea,  M. semipellu'cida, Phthar-
ma caligo, C.  d nephelio,  Hebetu'do visits, C. d
Leuco'mate, Neb'ula, Opake cornea, Web-eye, (F.) 
CALIHACHA
162
CALUMBA
Nouage de  la  Cornie, Taye, Obscurcissement de
la vue.
  Caligo Lentis,  Cataract—c. Pupillas, Syne-
zisis — c. Synizesis, Synezisis — c  Tenebrarum,
Hemeralopia.
  CALIHACHA CANELLA, Laurus cassia.
  CALIX,  Calyx, Infundib'ulum, from koXi!-, 'a
cup.'   (F.)  Calice,  Entonnoir.   Anatomists have
given this  name to  small  membranous  canals,
which  surround the papillae of the kidney, and
open into its  pelvis,  whither  they convey the
urine:—Calices rena'les, Cylind'ri membrana'cei
Renum, Fis'tula ure'terum  renum, Candles mem-
bra'nei Renum,  Tu'buli  pelvis renum.   Their
number varies from 6 to 12  in each kidney.
  Calix Vomitoria, Goblet, emetic.
  CALLEUX, Callous.
  CALLIBLEPH'ARUM, from koXXos, 'beauty,'
and pXe\papov,  'eyelid.' A remedy for beautify-
ing the eyelids.
  CALLICANTHUS, Calycanthus.
  CALLICOCCA IPECACUANHA, Ipecacu-
anha.
  CALLICREAS,  Pancreas.
  CALLIOMARCHUS, Tussilago.
  CALLIPiE'DIA, from kuXXos,  'beauty,' and
■xats, tratSos, 'a child.'  The art of begetting beau-
tiful children.  This was  the title  of a poem by
Claude Quillet, in 1655 ; "Callipadia sive de pul-
chra prolis habenda ratione."  The author ab-
surdly supposes, that the beauty  of children  is
affected by the sensations which the mother ex-
periences during her pregnancy.
  CALLIPERS  OF BAUDELOCQUE, see Pel-
vimeter.
  CALLIPESTRIA, Cosmetics.
  CALLIPHYLLUM,  Asplenium trichoma-
noides.
  CALLIP'YGOS, from  koXXos,  'beauty,' and
xvyv, ' buttocks.'   A cognomen of Venus, owing
to her beautiful nates.
  CAL'LITRIS ECKLO'NI.  A  South  African
tree,  Nat.   Ord.  Coniferas, from  the branches
and cones  of which a gum exudes, that  resem-
bles Gum  Sandarac   This is successfully used
in the  form of fumigations  in gout, rheumatism,
oedematous swellings, Ac.
  Callitris Cupressoides, a common shrub in
the neighbourhood of Cape  Town,  exudes a simi-
lar substance.
  CALLOSITAS,  Induration — c  Palpebrarum,
Scleriasis—c. Vesicas, Cystauxe.
  CALLOS'ITY, Callos'itas, Scyros, Tyle, Tylus,
Tylo'ma, Tylo'sis,  Dermatosclero'sis, Dermatoty-
lo'ma, Dermatotylo'sis, Dermatolylus, Porus, Ec-
phy'ma Callus. Hardness, induration, and thick-
ness of the skin, which assumes a  horny consist-
ence, in places where it is exposed to  constant
pressure.   (F.) Durillon.   Also the induration,
which is observed  in old wounds,  old ulcers, fis-
tulous passages,  Ac
  CALLOUS, Callo'sus, Ochtho'des, from callus,
'hardness.'   (F.) Calleux.  That  which  is  hard
or indurated.  A Callous Ulcer is one whose edges
are thick and indurated.
  CALLUM PEDIS, Instep.
  CALLUNA ERICA, Erica vulgaris — c. Vul-
garis,  Erica vulgaris.
  CALLUS, Calus, Call um, Osteolylus, (F.) Cat.
The bony matter, thrown out between the  frac-
tured  extremities  of a bone, which acts as a ce-
ment,  and  as a new bony formation.  The words
are, likewise, used  occasionally in the same sense
as  Callosity.
  Callus, Provisional.   When  the shaft of a
long bone has been broken  through, and the ex-
tremities have been brought in exact juxtaposi-
tion,, the new matter, first ossified, is that which
occupies the central  portion of the deposit, and
thus connects the medullary cavities of the broken
ends, forming a kind  of plug, which enters each.
This was  termed by M. Dupuytren  the  provi-
sional Callus.
  CALMANTS, Sedatives.
  CALME, (F.) The interval that separates the
paroxysms of an acute or chronic disease.  When
the type is intermittent,  the word intermission is
used.
  CALOMBA, Calumba.
  CALOMEL, Hydrargyri submurias.
  CALOMEL  STOOLS.  A term  applied to the
green,  spinach-like,  evacuations occasioned by
the internal use of the mild chloride of mercury.
  CALOMELANOS  TORQUETI,  Hydrargyri
submurias.
  Calomelanos Turqueti.  A name given by
Riverius  to purgative pills, prepared with calo-
mel, sulphur, and resin of jalap.—Dictionaries.
  CALOMELAS, Hydrargyri submurias.
  CALO'NIA,  KaXwvta.  An  epithet formerly
given to myrrh.—Hippocrates.   See Myrrha.
  CALOPHYLLUM  INOPHYLLUM, see Fa-
gara octandra.
  CALOR, Heat — c Animalis, Animal heat —
c. Nativus, Animal heat.
  CALORICITE, (F.) Caloric"itas.  The faculty
possessed by living bodies of generating a suffi-
cient  quantity of caloric to enable them to resist
atmospheric cold, and to preserve, at all  times
and in every part, a temperature nearly equal.
See Animal Heat.
  CALORIFA'CIENT,  Calorif'iant,  Calorifd-
ciens, Calorifi'ans: from color, 'heat,' and faccre,
'to make.'  Having  the power  of producing
heat.   Relating to the power of producing  heat.
  CALORIFICA'TION, Calorifica'tio, from ca-
lor, 'heat,' and/*en,  'to be made.'  The function
of producing animal heat.
  CALORINESES,  from  calor, 'heat.'   The
name under which M.  Baumes proposes to ar-
range  all diseases, characterized by a sensible
change in the quantity of animal heat.  The Ca-
lorineses form the first class of his Nosology.
  CALOTROPIS GIGANTEA, Mudar—c Mu-
darii, Mudar.
   CALOTTE, (F.) Pile'olum.  Anatomists some-
times give the name,  Calotte  aponevrotique, to
the aponeurosis of the occipito-frontalis muscle,
which covers it externally; and  that of Calotte
du  crane to the scull-cap.
   Calotte  is also applied to an adhesive plaster,
with which the head  of a person labouring under
tinea capitis is sometimes covered, after the hair
has been shaved off.   This plaster is pulled sud-
denly and violently off, in order  to remove the
bulbs of the hair.  It means, also, a sort of coif
made of  boiled leather, worn by those who have
undergone the operation of trepanning, Ac.
   CALOTTE D'ASSURANCE, Condom.
   CALTHA ALPINA,  Arnica montana—c. Ar-
vensis, Calendula arvensis—e.  Officinalis, Calen-
dula arvensis —c Vulgaris, Calendula officinalis.
   CALTROPS, see Trapa natans.
   CALUM'BA, Colom'bo,  Calom'ba, Colom'ba,
(Ph. U. S.;)  Columbo, Radix Columba, (F.) Ca-
luinbe ou Columbe.  The root of Metiisper'mum
palma'tum,  Coc'culus palma'tus, indigenous in
India and Africa.  Its odour is slightly aromatic;
taste  unpleasantly bitter.  It  is tonic and anti-
septic.  Dose, gr.  10 to """{j m powder.
   Calumba,  American,  Frase'ra  Wulteri,  F.
 Carolinien'sis, F. Officina'lis, Suer'tia difform'is,
Sw. Frase'ra,  American or Marietta  Columbo,
Indian Lettuce,  Yellow Gentian,  Golden  Seal,
Meadow pride, Pyr'amid, is used in the same
cases as the true Calumba. 
CALUS
163     CAMPHOROSMA MONSPELIACA
  CALUS, Callus.                             i
  CALVA, Cranium.
  Calva, Cnlvn'ria.  The cranium; the upper
part especially ; the skull-cap ;—the Vault of the
Cm ilium, ('nnlera.
  CALVA RIA, Cranium.
  CALVA'TA FERRAMEN'TA.  Surgical in-
struments, which have a head or button.
  CALVERS PHYSIC, Leptandra Virginica.
  CALVIT"IES,  Calvil'inm, Plutl m-ru. Phala-
cro'sis, Glnbril'iea, Ophiasis,  Depihltio Cap'-
itis,l'hulaero'mu, Madaro'sis, Lipsotrich'ia, Bald-
nesa,  Ac, from  culvus, 'bald,'  (F.)  Clmuvete.
Absence  of hair, particularly at the top of, and
behind, the  head.   Culvil'ies  palpebra''rum,—
loss of the eye-lashes.
  CALX, Lime,  Ca'rium  Terra,  Protox'ide of
Calcium, Calca'riu pura, (F.) Chaux.  The lime,
employed in  pharmacy, should be recently pre-
pared by calcination.   When water is sprinkled
over caustic  lime, we have slaked lime, hydrate
of lime,—the Calcis Hydras of the London phar-
macopoeia.
  Calx,  see  Calcaneum — c. Chlorinata, Calcis
chloridum—c. Cum kali puro, Potassa cum calce
—c Salita, Calcis murias—c Bismuthi, Bismuth,
subnitrate of.
   Calx  k  Testis ;  lime  prepared from shells.
It has probably no medicinal  advantages  over
that prepared from marble.
  Calx Oxymuriatica, Calcis chloridum.
  CALX Viva, Ox'idum Calcii, Calx recens, Fu-
mans  nix, Calx usta, Calx et Calx  viva, Lime or
Quicklime,  (F.) Chaux vive.   The  external  ope-
ration of calx viva  is escharotic, but it is rarely
used.   Lime  is a good disinfecting agent.  It is
employed internally in the form of Liquor Calcis.
  CA\ACAWni'VS,C.F/or'idus,Callican'thus,(?)
Carolina Allspice, Sweet-scented  shrub, Sivcct
shrub.  An  indigenous plant;  Order, Calycan-
thaceas ;  with purplish flowers, of strong, agree-
able  odour,  which appear  from March to June.
The root is possessed of emetic properties.
   CALYPTRANTHES   CORYOPHYLLATA,
Mvrtus caryophyllata.
   CALYSTEGIA  SEPIUM, Convolvulus sepium
—c. Soldanella, Convulvulus soldanella.
   CALYX, Calix.
   CAMARA,  Calva.
   CA.MAREZ, MINERAL WATERS OF.   Ca
marez is a small canton near  Sylvanes, in the
department of Aveyron, France, where there are
acidulous chalybeates.
   CAMARO'SIS,  Camaro'ma,  from  Kafiapa,
vault;'  Camera'tio, Testudina'tio  Cra'nii.   A
species of fracture of the skull,  in which the frag-
ments are placed so as to form a vault, with its
base resting on the dura mater. — Galen, Paulus
of JE.srina.
  CAMBING.  A tree of the  Molucca Islands,
from  the bark of which a kind of gum-resin ex-
udes,  which has been highly extolled in dysen-
tery.   It appears  to have some resemblance to
the simarouba.—Rumphius.
  CAMBIUM, 'Exchange.' A name formerly
given  to a  fancied nutritive juice, which was
supposed to  originate  in the blood, to repair the
losses of every organ, and produce their increase.
—Sennertus.
  CAMBO, MINERAL WATERS  OF.  A vil-
lage  in  the  department of  Basses  Pyrfsnles,
France, where there  are two  mineral springs;
the one an acidulous chalybeate, the  other sul-
phureous.  Temperature, <>2° to 69° Fahrenheit.
  CAMROMA, Cambogia.
  CAMRO'GIA, from Cambodia, in the East In-
dies, where it is obtained.   Hence, likewise, its
names Cambo'dia, Cambo'gium, Gambo'gia, Gam-
bo'gium, Gambu'gium.  It  is called, also, Gutta,
Gutta gamba,  Gummi Gutta, Catagau'na, Catta-
guu'ma, Chrysopus,  Laxati'vus Ind'icus, Gummi
lio'gia. G. gaman'dra, G. de Goa,  G. de Jemu,
Chitttt jemoco,  Gutta Gumein'dra, Gummi adPod'-
agrnm,  Camboge or  Gamboge, Ac,  (F.) Gomme
Guttc.  Ord. Guttiferas.  A yellow juice obtained
from  Hebradendron Cnmbogioi'des,  and  other
plants of the natural family Guttiferas, but it is
not known from which of them the officinal cam-
boge is obtained.  It is inodorous, of an orange
yellow  colour;  opake and  brittle;  fracture,
glassy; is a drastic  cathartic,  emetic and anthel-
mintic; and is used in visceral obstructions and
dropsy, and wherever powerful hydragogue ca-
thartics are required.  Dose from gr. ij  to vi, in
powder, united with  calomel, squill, Ac.
   Cambogia Gutta, Garcinia cambogia.
   CAMBU'CA,  Cambuc'ca membra'ta.  Buboes
and venereal ulcers, seated in the groin or near
the genital organs.—Paracelsus.   See Bubo.
   CAMELEE, Cneorum tricoccum.
   CAMERA, Chamber, Fornix, Vault—c. Cordis,
Pericardium — c. Oculi, Chamber of the  eye.
"  CAMERATIO, Camarosis.
   CAMFOROSMA, Camphorosma.
   CAMINGA, Canella alba.
   CAMISIA FCETUS, Chorion.
   CAMISOLE, Waistcoat, strait.
   CAMMARUS, Crab.
   CAMOMILLE FETIDE, Anthemis cotula —
c. Puante, Anthemis cotula—e. Romaine, Anthe-
mis nobilis—c. des Teinturiers, Anthemis tincto-
ria— c. Vulqairc, Matricaria chamomilla.
   CAMOSIERS, WATERS OF.   Camosiers is
a canton, two  leagues from Marseilles, where are
two springs containing carbonate of lime, sul-
phur, chloride of sodium,  Ac.  They are purga-
tive, and used in skin complaints.
   CAMOTES, Convolvulus batatas.
   OAMPAGNE,  MINERAL  WATERS  OF.
Campagne is in the department of Aude, France.
The waters  contain  sulphate  and chlorohydrate
of magnesia.  Temperature, 80°  Fahrenheit.
   CAMPAN'ULA.   Diminutive of Campana.  A
bell.
   Campanula Trache'lium, Canterbury Bell or
 Throaticort, was formerly used, in decoction, in
relaxation of  the fauces.  It is, also, called Cer-
vica'ria.
   CAMPE, Flexion.
   CAMPHIRE, Camphor.
   CAMPHOR, from Arab. Ca'phur or Kanlphur,
 Cam'phora, Caphura, Caff a, Caf  Cafur, Capho-
ra, Altafor, Camphire, Camphor,  (F.) Camphre.
A concrete  substance, prepared,  by  distillation,
from  Laurus  Camphora,  Per'sea Cam'fora,  an
indigenous  tree of  the  East  Indies.   Order,
Laurineas.   Its odour is strong and fragrant: it
is volatile, not easily pulverizable; texture crys-
talline.  Soluble in  alcohol, ether, oils, vinegar,
and slightly so in water.   Its  properties  are nar-
cotic, diaphoretic, and sedative.   Dose,  gr.  v. to
9j.  Dissolved in  oil or  alcohol, it is applied
externally in rheumatic pains, bruises, sprains, Ac.
   Camphor Water, Mistura Camphoras.
   CAMPHORA'CEOUS, Camphora'cens. Rela-
ting to or containing camphor;—as a ' camphor-
aceous smell or remedy.'
   CAMPHORATA  HIRSUTA et C. MONSPE-
LIENSIUM, Camphorosma Monspeliaca.
   CAMPHORATED,  Camphora'tus, (F.) Cam-
phrL  Relating to  camphor; containing cam-
phor;  as a camphorated  smell,  a camphorated
drauc/ht.
   CAMPHOROS'MA MONSPELIACA, C. Pe-
ren'nis,from Camphor, and oap.v, 'odour.'  Sela'go,
Camphora'ta hirsu'ta sen Monspclied sium, Hairy 
                 CAMPHRE               1

Camphoroa'ma, (F.) CamphrSe de  Montpellier.
Family, Atripliceas.  Sex. Syst. Tetrandria Mo-
nogynia.  This plant, as its name imports, has
an odour of camphor.  It is regarded as diuretic,
diaphoretic,  cephalic, antispasmodic, Ac.   It is
also called Chamapeu'ce and Stinking Ground
Pine.
  Camphorosma Perennis, C. Monspeliaea.
  CAMPHRE, Camphor.
  CAMPHRE, Camphorated.
  CAMPHRE DE MONTPELLIER,  Cam-
phorosma Monspeliaea.
  CAMPOMANE'SIA  LINEATIFO'LIA.   A
tree, twenty to thirty feet high, which grows in
Peru, and whose fruit—palillo, of a bright yellow
colour, and as large as a moderate-sized apple—
has an exceedingly agreeable scent, and is one
of the ingredients in making the perfumed water
called miatura.—Tschudi.
  CAMPSIS, Flex'io, Curva'tio, Inflex'io.  Bone
or cartilage, forcibly bent from its proper shape,
without breaking.—Good.
  Campsis Depressio, Depression.
  CAMPYLOR'RHACHIS;  from ko^vXos,
'crooked,' and paxis, 'spine.'  A  monster whose,
spine is crooked.—Gurlt.
  CAMPYLORRHI'NUS;  from  ko^vXos,
'crooked,' and piv,  'nose.'  A  monster whose
nose is crooked.—Gurlt.
  CAMPYLOTIS, Cataclasis.
  CAMPYLUM, Cataclasis.
  CAMUS, (F.) Simus,  Resi'mua, Simo, Silo, Si-
tus.  One who has a short, stumpy nose.   The
French speak of Ncz camus, ' short nose.'
  CANADA  BURNET, Sanguiscvba canadensis.
  CANAL,  Gana'lis, Ductus, Mea'tus,  Poros,
Och'etos, (F.) Conduit.   A channel for affording
passage to liquids, or solids, or to  certain organs.
  Canal, Alimen'tary, C. Diges'tive,  Cana'lis
ciba'rius vel  digestivus, Ductus ciba'rius, Tubus
alimenta'ris seu intestino'rum, Diges'tive Tube,
Alimenlary Duct or Tube.  The canal extending
from the mouth to the anus.
  Canal, Arach'noid,  Cana'lis Bichalii, Canal
of Bichat.  A canal formed by the extension of
the arachnoid over the transverse  and longitudi-
nal fissures of the brain, which surrounds the vena
magna Galeni.  The orifice  of  the  canal has
been termed the Foramen of Bichat.
  CANAL ARTERIEL, Arterial  duct —c. de
Bartholin, Ductus  Bartholinus — c of Bichat,
Canal, arachnoid—c Bullular,  of Petit, Godronne
canal — c. Carotidien, Carotid canal — c. Chole-
doque, Choledoch duct—e. Ciliary, Ciliary canal
—c. of Cotunnius, Aquasductus vestibuli — c. of
Fontana, Ciliary canal—c.  Goudronni, Godronne
canal—c.  Hepatique, Hepatic duct.
  Canal, Hy'aloid.  A cylindrical passage, de-
scribed by M. J. Cloquet as formed by the reflec-
tion of the hyaloid membrane into the interior
of the vitreous body around the nutritious artery
of the lens.   M. Cruveilhier has never been able
to see it.
  Canal, Inci'sive, see Palatine canals—c Infra-
orbital Suborbitar canal — c. Inflexe de t'os tem-
poral, Carotid canal—c. Intermediare des ventri-
cules, Aquasductus Sylvii.
  Canal Intes'tinal. Cana'lis seu Ductus intes-
tina'lis. The portion of the digestive canal formed
by the intestines.
  Canal of Jacobson, Canal,  tympanic.
  Canal,  Med'ullary.   The  cylindrical cavity
in the body or shaft of a long bone, which  con-
tains the marrow.
  Canal, Nasal, Lachrymal canal.
  Canal of Nuck.  A cylindrical sheath formed
around the round  ligaments of the uterus  by a
prolongation of the peritoneum into the inguinal
canal.
                CANARIES

  CANAL DE  PETIT, Godronn6 canal — c.
Pulmo-aortiquc,  Arterial  duct — o. Rachidiau,
Vertebral canal.
  Canal of Schlemm. A minute circular canal,
discovered by Professor Schlemm, of Berlin.  It
is situate at the point of union of the cornea and
sclerotica.
  Canal, Spinal, Vertebral canal — c. Spiro'ide
de Vos temporal, Aquasductus Fallopii—c de Ste-
non, Ductus salivalis superior — c. Thoracique,
Thoracic duct — c.  Veineux, Canal, venous — o.
Vulvo-uterine, Vagina — c. de Wurthon,  Ductus
salivalis inferior.
  Canal, Tym'panic, Cana'lis tympan'icus, Canal
of Ja'cobson.  A canal which opens on the lower
surface  of the petrous portion of the  temporal
bone, between the carotid canal and the groove
for  the internal jugular vein.   It contains Jacob-
son's nerve.
  Canal, Venous,  Cana'lis  seu  Ductus veno'sus,
(F.) Canal veineux.   A canal,  which exists  only
in the foetus.   It extends from the bifurcation of
the umbilical vein to the vena cava inferior, into
which it opens below the diaphragm.  At times,
it ends in one of the infra-hepatic veins.   It pours
into the  cava a part of the  blood, which passes
from the placenta by the  umbilical vein.  After
birth, it becomes a fibro-cellular  cord.
  Canal of Wirsung, see Pancreas.
  CANA'LES BRESCHETI.   Canals   in  the
diploe for the passage of veins;  so called  after
M.  Breschet.
  Canales Circulares, Semicircular canals—c.
Cochleas, Scalas of the cochlea—c. Lachrymales,
Lachrymal ducts—c Membranei renum, see Calix
—c. Tubasformes, Semicircular canals.
  CANALICULATED, Grooved.
  CANALICULATUS, Cannile,  Grooved.
  CANALICULE,  Grooved.
  CANALICULI HAVERSIANI,  Canals, nu-
tritive — c. Lachrymales, Lachrymal ducts — c.
Limacum, Lachrymal ducts — e. Semicirculares,
Semicircular canals—c Vasculosi, Canals, nutri-
tive—c. of Bone, see Lacunae of  Bone.
  CANALICULUS,  diminutive  of canalis, 'a
channel.' A small channel.  See Lacunas of Bone.
  CANALIS, Meatus—c. Arteriosus,  Arterial
duct—c.  Bichatii, Canal, arachnoid—c. Canalicu-
lars, Gorget—c Caroticus, Carotid canal—c. De-
ferens, Deferens, vas — c Eminentias quadrige-
minas, Aquasductus  Sylvii—c. Intestinorum, In-
testinal tube—c Lachrymalis, Lachrymal or nasal
duct—c. Medius, Aquasductus Sylvii—e. Medullas
Spinalis, see Vertebral column—c. Nerveus fistu-
losus renum, Ureter—c. Orbitas nasalis, Lachry-
mal or nasal duct — c. Scalarum  communis, In-
fundibulum of the cochlea—c Semicircularis ho-
rizontalis, see  Semicircular Canals — c. Semicir-
cularis verticalis posterior, see Semicircular Ca-
nals — c.  Semicircularis verticalis superior, see
Semicircular canals—c. Tympanicus, Canal,  tym-
panic—c. Urinarius, Urethra—c Vidianus,  Pte-
rygoid canal.
  CANALS OF  HAVERS,  Canals, nutritive of
bones—c Haversian, Canals, nutritive, of bones.
  Canals, Nutritive, Canals for  the  nutrition
of bones, Ductus nutril'ii, Canalic'uli vaseulo'si
seu  Haversia'ni, Haver'sian Canals, Canals of
Havers,  (F.) Canaux nourriciers  ou  du Nutrition
des os, Conduits  nourriciers  ou nutriciers.   The
canals through which the vessels  pass to the
bones.  They are lined by a very fine lamina of
compact  texture, or are formed in the texture
itself.  There is, generally, one  large nutritious
canal in a long bone, situate towards its middle.
  CANAPACIA, Artemisia vulgaris.
  CANARIES,  CLIMATE  OF.  The  climate
of the Canaries  greatly resembles  that of Ma-
deira.   That of  the latter,  however,  is more
4 
CANARIUM COMMUNE
165
CANCER
equable, and the  accommodation  for  invalids
much superior.
  CANARIUM COMMUNE, see  Amyris elemi-

  CANARY-SEED, Phalaris Canariensis.
  CANAUX AQUEUX, see Aqueous—c. Demi-
circulaires, Semicircular canal3—c. Ejuculatcurs,
Ejaculatory ducts—c. Nourriciers, Canals, nutri-
tive—c. de Nutrition des os, Canals, nutritive.
  CANAUX DE  TRANSMISSION.  Accord-
ing to Bichat, the  bony canals intended to  give
passage to vessels and nerves going to parts more
or less distant;  as the Cana'lis Carolicus, Ac.
  CANAUX VEINEUX, Venous Canals.  The
canals situate in the diploe, which convey venous
blood.
  CAN'CAMUM.  A mixture of several gums
and resins, exported from Africa, where it is used
to  deterge  wounds.   Dioscorides calls, by the
name  KayKayiov, the tears from an Arabian tree,
which are similar to  myrrh, and of a disagreea-
ble taste.   He advises  it in numerous  diseases.
This name is given, also, to the Anime.
  CANCAMY, Anime.
  CAN'CELLATED, Caneelldtus, (F.) CancelU;
from CancelU,  ' lattice-work.'  Formed of can-
celli, as the ' cancellated structure of bone.'
  CANCEL'LI,   'Lattice-work.'    The  Cellular
or Spongy Texture of Bones,  (F.) Tissu celluleux;
consisting of numerous cells, communicating witb
each other.   They contain a fatty matter, analo-
gous to marrow.  This texture is met with, prin-
cipally, at the  extremities of long bones; and
some of the short bones consist almost wholly of
it.  It aUows of the expansion of the extremities
of bones, without adding to their weight;  and
deadens  concussions.
  CANCEL'LUS, from cancer, 'a crab.'  A  spe-
cies of crayfish, called the Wrong Heir, and Ber-
nard the Hermit:  which  is said to cure rheuma-
tism, if rubbed on the part.
  CANCER, 'a crab.'  Car'cinos, Lupus cancro'-
sus.  A disease, so called  either on account of the
hideous  appearance which the ulcerated cancer
presents, or on account of the great veins which
surround it, and .which the ancients  compared to
the claws  of the  crab: called also  Carcino'ma.
It consists of a scirrhous, livid tumour, inter-
sected by  firm, whitish,  divergent  bands;  and
occurs chiefly in  the secernent  glands.   The
pains are acute and lancinating, and often extend
to other parts.  The tumour, ultimately,  termi-
nates  in  a fetid  and ichorous  ulcer, — Ulcus
cancrdaum.   It is distinguished, according to its
stages, into  occult and open; the former being
the scirrhous, the latter the ulcerated condition.
At times, there is a simple destruction or erosion
of the organs, at others,  an encephaloid or cere-
briform, and, at others, again, a colloid degene-
ration.
  For its production, it  requires a  peculiar dia-
thesis, or  cachexia.   The following table, from
Dr. Walshe, exhibits the  characters of the three
species of carcinoma:
  The use of irritants in cancerous affections is
strongly to be deprecated.  When the disease is
so situate that excision  can be  practised,  the
sooner it is removed the better.
          Encephaloid.

  Resembles  lobulated  cerebral
matter.
  Is commonly opake from its ear-
liest formation.
  Is of a dead white colour.

  Contains a multitude  of minute
vessels.
  Is less hard and dense than scir-
rhus.

  Is frequently found in the veins
issuing from the diseased mass.
  The predominant  microscopical
elements are  globular, not always
distinctly cellular, and caudate cor-
puscula.
  Occasionally  attains an  enor-
mous hulk.
  Has been observed  in almost
every tissue of the body.
  Very commonly co-exists  in se-
veral parts or organs of the same
subject.
  Is remarkable for  its occasional
vast rapidity of growth.
  Is frequently the seat of insterti-
tial hemorrhage and deposition of
black or bistre-coloured  matter.
  When  softened into  a pulp, ap-
pears as a dead white or pink opake
matter of creamy consistence.
  Subcutaneous tumours are slow
to contract, adhesion with the skin.
  Ulcerated encephaloid  is  fre-
quently  the scat of hemorrhage,
followed  by rapid fungous develop-
ment.
  The progress of the disease after
ulceration is commonly very rapid.

  It is the most common form un-
der which secondary cancer exhi-
bits itself.
  Is the species of cancer most fre-
quently observed in young subjects.
           Scirrhus.

  Resembles rind of  bacon  tra-
versed by cellulo-fibrous septa.
  Has  a semi-transparent glossi-
ness.
  Has  a clear whitish or bluish
yellow tint.
  Is comparatively ill-supplied with
vessels.
  Is exceedingly firm and dense.
  Has not been distinctly detected
in this situation.
  The main microscopical  consti-
tuents are juxtaposed nuclear cells;
caudate  corpuscular do not exist
in it.
  Rarely acquires  larger  dimen-
sions than an orange.
  Its seat, as ascertained by obser-
vation, is somewhat more limited.
  Is not unusually solitary.
  Ordinarily grows slowly.

  Is comparatively rarely the seat
of these changes.

  Resembles, when softened, a yel-
lowish brown semitransparent ge-
latinous matter.
  Scirrhus thus  situate usually be-
comes adherent.
  Scirrhous ulcers much less fre-
quently give rise to hemorrhage ;
and  fungous  growths (provided
they retain the scirrhous charac-
ter) are now more slowly and less
abundantly developed.
  There is not such  a remarkable
change in the rate of progress of the
disease after ulceration has set in.
  Is much less common before pu-
berty.
            Colloid.

  Has the appearance of particles of
jelly inlaid in a regular alveolar bed.
  The contained matter is strik-
ingly transparent.
  Greenish yellow is its predomi-
nant hue.
  Its vessels have not been suffi-
ciently examined as yet.
  The jelly-like  matter is  exceed-
ingly soft;  a colloid mass is, how-
ever, firm and resisting.
  The pultaceous variety has  been
detected in the veins.
  Is composed of shells in  a state
of emboitement.
  Observes a mean in this respect.

  Has so far been seen in a limited
number of parts only.
  Has rarely been met with in more
than one organ.

  Grows with a medium degree of
rapidity.
  Undergoes no visible change of
the kind.
  Has so far been observed in adults
only. 
                   CANCER                 1

   Cancer Alveolaris, Colloid.
   Cancer Aquat'icus, Gan'grenous stomatitis,
 Cancrum  Oris,  Gangranop'sis, Canker of  the
 mouth, Gangrenous sore mouth, Sloughing Phage-
 dena of the mouth,  Water Canker : called, also,
 Aphtha serpen'tes, Gangra'na Oris, Noma, Nome,
 Nonius,  Pseudocarcino'ma  la'bii, Slomac'ace gan-
 grano'sa,  Cheiloc'ace,  Uloc'oce, Uli'tis  sep'tica,
 Cheilomala'cin, Scorbu'tus Oris, Stoinatomaltleia
 2>n'trida,  Stomatosep'sis,  Stomutonecro'sis,  Car-
 bun'culus  labio'rum  et gena'rum,  (F.)  Cancer
 aquatique, Stomatite gangreneusc,  S. Charbon-
 neuse, Gangrine  de  la Bouche, Sphacele de la
 Bouche, Fegarite, Aphthe gangrencux.   Certain
 sloughing or gangrenous ulcers of the mouth,—
 so called,  perhaps, because they are often accom-
 panied with an afflux of saliva.  The disease is
 not uncommon in children's  asylums,  and de-
 mands the same treatment as hospital gangrene;
 —the employment of caustics, and internal and
 external antiseptics.
   CANCER AQUATIQUE,  Cancer aquaticus,
 Stomacace—c. Arcolairc, Colloid—c. Astacus, see
 Cancrorum chelae — c Black, Melanosis — c. Ca-
 minariorum, Cancer, chimney-sweepers'—c Cel-
 lular, Encephaloid—c. Cerebriforme, see Ence-
 phaloid.
   Cancer, Chimney-sweepers', Sootwart,  Can-
 cer mundito'rum, Cancer purgato'ris infumic'uli,
 Cancer seu carcino'mei scroti, Cancer caminario'-
 rum,  Oscheocarcino'ma,   Oschocarcino'ma,   (F.)
 Cancer  des  Ramoneurs.   This affection begins
 with a superficial, painful, irregular ulcer  with
 hard  and  elevated edges  occupying the lower
 part of the scrotum.   Extirpation of the  diseased
 part is the only means of effecting a cure.
   Cancer, Davidson's Remedy for, see Coni-
 um maculatum — c. du Foie, Hepatosarcomie—c.
 Fibrous, Scirrhus.
   Cancer  Gale'ni,  (F.)  Cancer de Galien.  A
 bandage for the head, to  which Galen gave the
 name cancer, from its eight heads resembling,
 rudely,  the claws of the  crab.  It is now sup-
 plied  by the bandage with six chefs or heads,
 which is called the  Bandage of Galen or B. of
 the Poor.
   CANCER DE GALIEN,  Cancer Galeni—c.
 Gelatiniform, Colloid—c. Gelatinous, Colloid—c.
 Hard, Scirrhus — c  Intestinorum, Enteropathia
 cancerosa—c. des Intestins, Enteropathia cance-
 rosa — c.  of the Lung,- Phthisis, cancerous — c.
 Lupus, Lupus — c. Medullaris, Encephaloid — c
 Melosneus, Melanosis—c. Melane, Melanosis — c.
 Melanodes, Cancer, melanotic.
   Cancer, Melanot'ic, Cancer melanddes,  Car-
 cino'ma melano'des.   A combination  of cancer
 and melanosis.
   Cancer  Mollis,  see Encephaloid — c. Mou,
 Encephaloid—c Munditorum, Cancer, chimaey-
 sweepers'—c. Oculi,  Scirrhophthalmus—c  Oris,
 Stomacace—c. Ossis, Spina ventosa—c Pharyn-
 gis et oesophagi,  Lasmoscirrhus — c. Purgatoris
 infumiculi, Cancer, chimney-sweepers' — c  Scir-
 rhosus,  Scirrhus — c. Scroti, Cancer, chimney-
 sweepers'—c Soft, Hasmatodes fungus—c. of the
 Stomach, Gastrostenosis cardiaca et pylorica—c.
 Uteri, Metro-carcinoma.
   OANCEREUX, Cancerous.
  CANCER ROOT, Orobanche Virginiana, Phy-
tolacca decandra.
  CANCEROMA, Carcinoma.
  CAN'CEROUS,  Cancro'sus,  Carcino'sus,  (F.)
 Cancereux.  Relating to cancer;  as  Cancerous
ulcer,  Cancerous diathesis,  Ac.
  CANCHALAGUA, Chironia Chilensis.
  CANCRENA, Gangrene.
  CAN'CROID,  Cancro'dea, Cancrdi'dea, Carci-
                  CANINE

no'des,  Carcino'idea, CancroVdelta,  from cancer
and  ttSos, 'form.'   That which  assumes a can-
cerous appearance.  Cancroid is a name given
to certain cutaneous cancers by Alibert: called
also  Cheloid  or Keloid  (xtXvs,  ' a tortoise,' and
ttSos, 'likeness,') from their presenting a flattish
raised patch of integument, resembling the shell
of a tortoise.
  CANCROMA, Carcinoma.
  CANCRO'RUM CUELM,  Oc'uli vel Lap'idea
Cuncro'rum,  Lnpilli ettnero'rum.,  Concremen'ta
Aa'taci  fluviat'itis, Crab's stones  or eyes, (F.)
Yeux d'ecrcrise.   Concretions  found,  particu-
larly, in the Cancer As'tacus or Cray-fish.  They
consist of carbonate and phosphate of lime, and
possess  antacid virtues, but not more than chalk.
  CANCROSUS, Cancerous,  Chancreusc.
  CANCRUM  ORIS,  Cancer  Aquaticus,  Sto-
macace.
  CANDELA,  Bougie — c. Fumalis, Pastil — c.
Medicata, Bougie — c. Regia,  Verbascum ni-
grum.
  CANDELARIA, Verbascum nigrum.
  CANDI, Candum, Canthum, Can'Hon:  'white,
bleached,  purified.'   Purified and  crystallized
sugar.  See  Saccharum.
  CANDIDUM  OVI, Albumen ovi.
  CANDYTUFT,  BITTEB,  Iberis amara.
  CANEFLOWER, PURPLE,  Echinacea pur-
purea.
  CANE,  SUGAR, see Saccharum — c. Sweet,
Acorus calamus.
  CANELJE, Grooved.
  CANELLA, see  Canella alba.
  Canel'la Alba, diminutive of Canna, ' a reed,'
so called because its bark is rolled up like a reed.
Cortex Wintera'nus spu'rius, Canella Cubit'net, C.
Wintera'nia, Cinnamo'mum album,  Cortex Anti-
scorbu'ticus,   C. Aromalicus,  Costus cortico'sus,
Camin'ga, Cunella of Linnasus, and of Ph. U. S.,
Canella  Bark,  Cunella,  (F.)  Canelle ou  Candle
blanche, Fausse Ecorcc de  Winter, Ecorce Cario-
costinc.  Fam.  Magnoliaceas.  Sex. Syst. Dode-
candria  Monogynia.  This bark is a pungent
aromatic.  Its virtues  are partly  extracted by
water; entirely by alcohol.  It  is  a stimulant,
and is added to bitters and cathartics.
  Canella Caryophyllata, Myrtus caryophyl-
lata—c.  Cubana, C. alba, Laurus  cassia—c Mala-
barica et Javensis, Laurus cassia.
  CANELLIFERA MALABARICA,  Laurus
cassia.
  CANEPIN, (F.)  A fine lamb's  skin or goat's
skin, used for trying the quality  of lancets.
  CANICACEOUS, Furfuraceous.
  CAN'ICiE.  Meal, in  which  there is much
bran. Also,  coarse bread;  or bread in which
there is  much bran—Panis Canica'ceus.
  CANICIDA, Aconitum.
  CANIC'ULA; IheDogstar, from canis, 'a dog;'
Tctptos,  Sirius, (F.) Canicule.   This star, which
gives its name to the Dogdays, Dies canicula'res,
because  they commence when the sun rises with
it, was formerly believed to exert a powerful in-
fluence  on the animal economy.   The Dog-days
occur at a period of the year when  there is gene-
rally great and oppressive heat,  and therefore—
it has been conceived—a greater liability to dis-
ease.
  CANIF, Knife.
  CANIN, Canine.
  CANINANiB RADIX, Caincas radix.
  CANINE,  Cani'nus, Cyn'icus,  kvvikos,  from
canis, ' a dog.'  (F.) Canin.  That which has  a
resemblance to the structure,  Ac, of a dog.
  Canine Fossa, Fossa Cani'na,  Infra-orbitar or
Suborbitar fossa,  (F.)  Fosse Canine.  A small
36 
CANINUS
167
CAPBERN
depression on the superior maxillary bone, above
the dens caninus, which gives attachment to the
caninus or levator anguli oris muscle.
  Canine La run,  Surdon'ic laugh, Risus Cani-
nus seu Sardon'icns seu Sardo'nius, R. de Sardo'-
nin, R.  involunta'rius,  R. spas'ticus,  Tortu'ra
Oris  Distor'sio Oris, Gelas'mus, Sardlaaia, Sar-
donlasis, Trismus Surdon'icus seu  cyn'icus, Spas-
mus musculorum faciei seu eyn'icus, Prosopospas'-
mus, (F.) Ris canin, R. Sardonique, R. Sardonien,
R. moqueur.  A  sort of laugh, the facial expres-
sion of which is produced  particularly by  the
spasmodic  contraction of the  Caninus muscle.
Probably, this expression, as well as Cynic Spasm,
Spasmus caninus seu eyn'icus, Convulsio cani'na,
 Trismus eyn'icus, may have originated in the re-
semblance of the affection to certain movements
in the upper lip  of the dog.  The  Risus Sardon'-
icus is said to  have been so called from similar
 symptoms having been induced by a kind of Ra-
 nunculus that grows in Sardinia.
   Canine Teeth, Dentes Cani'ni,  Cynodon'tea,D.
 Lunidrii, D. anguldrea, cuspiddti, columella'res,
 oculdres, morden'tes, Eye Teeth,  (F.) Dents ca-
 nines, Inniaires, angulaires, oculaires, ceillires ou
 conoides.  The teeth  between the lateral incisors
 and small molares, of each jaw ; — so named be-
 cause they  resemble the teeth of the dog.
   CANINUS,  Levator  anguli oris —c. Sentis,
 Rosa canina—c. Spasmus, see Canine Laugh.
   CANIRAM, Strychnos nux vomica.
   CANIRAMINUM, Brueine.
   CANIRUBUS, Rosa canina.
    CANIS INTERFECTOR, Veratrum sababilla
 —c. Ponticus, Castor fiber.
    CANIT"IES, from canus, 'white.'   Whiteness
 or grayness of the hair, and especially of that of
 the head.   (F.)  Canitie.  When occurring in con-
 sequence of old age, it is not a  disease.  Some-
 times, it happens suddenly, and apparently in
 consequence of severe  mental  emotion. ^ The
 causes,  however, are not clear.   See  Poliosis.
    CANKER, Stomacace —c of the Mouth, Can-
 cer aquaticus—c. Water, Cancer aquaticus.
    C A N N  A, see  Tous-les-Mois, Cassia fistula,
  Trachea—c. Brachii, Ulna—c Domestica cruris,
  Tibia—c.  Fistula, Cassia fistula—c Indica, Sa-
  gittarium  alexipharmacum — c  Major, Tibia —
  c.  Minor,  Fibula, Radius —c.  Solutiva,  Cassia
  fistula.
    CANNABIN, Bangue.
    CANNAB'INA, from kowoPis, 'hemp.' Reme-
  dies composed of Cannabis Indica.—Pereira.
    Cannabina AQUATicA,Eupatorium cannabinum.
    CANNABIS  INDICA, Bangue. See, also,
  Churrus, and Gunjah.
    Can'nabis  Sati'va,  (F.) Chanvrc,  Chambrie.
  The seed of this—Hempseed, Sem'ina Can'nabis,
  (F.) Chenevis, is oily and  mucilaginous.  The
  decoction  is sometimes used in gonorrhoea.
     CANNACORUS  RADICE CROCEA,  Curcu-
  ma lonaa.
     CAXXAMELLE, see Saccharum.
     CAXXE AROMATIQUE, Acorus calamus—
  c. Congo,  Costus — c.  de Riviere,  Costus — c. d
  Sucre, see Saccharum.
     CAXXERERGE,  Vaccinium oxycoccos — c.
  Ponctuie, Vaccinium vitis idjea.
     CAXXELE ou CANELE, (F.) from canalis,
  'a canal:'  Sulca'tus,  Stria'tua,  Canaliculdtus.
  Having a canal or groove — as Muacle cannele
  (Lieutaud,) the Gemini; Corpa cannelea ou stries,
  the  Corpora  striata:  Sonde cannelie, a grooved
  sound, Ac.  See Grooved.
     C A N NELL E,  Laurus cinnamomum — c.
  Blanche,  Canella alba — c.  de  la Chine, Laurus
  cassia — c.  de Coromandel,  Laurus  cassia—c.
   Fausse, Laurus  cassia—c. Girojlec, Myrtus cary-
ophyllata—c. dea Indes, Laurus cassia—c. deJava,
Laurus cassia.—c. de Malabar, Laurus cassia—c.
Matte,  Laurus cassia—c. Officinale, Laurus cin-
namomum—c. Poivree, see Wintera aromatica.
  CANNULA, Canula.
  CANNULA  PULMONUM, Bronchia.
  CANOPUM,  see Sambucus.
  CANOR  STETHOSCOPICUS, Tintement mi-
tallique.
  CANTABRICA,  Convolvulus Cantabrica.
  CANTABRUNO, Furfur.
  CANTARELLUS, Meloe proscarabaeus.
  CANTATIO, Charm.
  CANTERBURY,  WATERS OF, Aqua  Can-
tuarien'ses.  The waters of Canterbury in Kent,
England, are impregnated with iron, sulphur, and
carbonic acid.
  CANTERIUM, Cantherius. ,
   CANTHARIDE TACHE TEE, Lytta vittata.
   CANTHARIDINE, see Cantharis.
   CAN'THARIS, from KavSapos,  ' a scarabaus ;'
Muaca Hispan'ica, Meloe vesicato'rius, Cantharis
 vesicate/ria, Lytta vesicato'ria, Blistering  Fly,
 Blisterfly,  Blisterbeetle, Spanish Fly, Fly, (F.)
 Caniharides, Mouches,  M.  d'Espagne.  This fly
 is much employed in medicine.  It is the most
 common vesicatory.  Given internally, and even
 when  absorbed from the skin, it affects the uri-
 nary organs, exciting strangury.   This may be
 prevented,  in cases of blisters, by interposing be-
 tween the  blistering plaster and skin a piece of
 tissue paper.   Diluents relieve the strangury.
 Dose, half a grain to one grain. If kept dry, the
 flies will retain their  activity  for many  years.
 Their active principle,  Can'tharidin, Cantharidl-
 na, has been separated from them.
    Cantharis Vittata, Lytta vittata.
    CANTHE'RIUS, Cante'rium.  The cross-piece
 of wood in the apparatus used by Hippocrates for
 reducing luxations of the humerus.
    CANTHI'TIS.   Inflammation of the canthus
 of the eye.
    CANTHOPLAS'TICE, from kovSos, 'the angle
  of the  eye,'  and  rrXaartKos, 'formative.'   The
  formation, by plastic operation, of the  angle of
  the eye.
    CANTHUM, Candi.
    CANTHUS,  Epican'ihis,  An'gulus  ocula'ris,
  Fons lachryma'rum.  The corner or angle of the
  eye.   The greater canthus  is  the inner  angle,
  Hircus, Hir'quits,  Rhanter; the lesser canthus,
  the outer angle, Paro'pia, Pega.
    CANTIA'NUS PULVIS.  A cordial powder,
  known under the name ' Countess of Kent's pow-
  der,' composed of coral, amber, crab's eyes, pre-
  pared pearls, Ac.  It was given in cancer.
    CANTION, Candi.
    CAN'ULA, Can'nula, Au'liscus,  Aulos.  Di-
  minutive  of Canna,  'a  reed;'   Tu'bulus, (F.)
  Canute ou Cannule. A small tube of gold,  silver,
  platinum, iron, lead, wood,  elastic gum, or gutta
  percha, used for various purposes in surgery.
     CA'OUTCHOUC.   The  Indian name for In-
  dian Rubber, Elas'tic Gum,  Gum Elastic,  Gummi
  elas'ticum, Cauchuc, Reslna elas'tica seu  Cayen-
  nen'sis, Cayenne Resin, Cautchuc.  A substance
  formed from the milky juice of Ha'vea seu Herea
   Guianen'sis,  Jat'ropha elas'tica  seu  Sipho'nia
   Cahuchu,  S. elas'tica, Ficus Indica, and Artocar'-
  pus integrifo'lia:—South American trees.  It is
  insoluble  in water and alcohol;  but boiling water
  softens and swells it.  It is soluble  in  the es-
  sential oils  and in ether, when it may be blown
  into bladders.   It  is used in  the fabrication of
  catheters, bougies, pessaries, Ac.
     CAP, PITCH, see Depilatory.
     CAPA-ISIAKKA:  Bromelia ananas.
     CAPBERN, WATERS   OF.   Capbern  is in 
                 CAPELET                 1

the department Hautes-PyrenSes, France.   The
waters contain sulphates and carbonates of lime
and magnesia, and chloride of magnesium. Tem-
perature, 75° Fahrenheit.  They are purgative.
   CAPELET, Myrtus caryophyllata.
   CAPELI'NA,   Capelli'na,  (F.) Capeline;  A
 Woman's Hat, in French; Capis'trum, from caput,
' head.' A sort of bandage, which, in shape, re-
sembles a riding-hood.   There  are several kinds
of Capelines.  1.  That of the head, C. de la  tete,
Fas'cia capita'lis. See Bonnet  d'Hippocrate.  C.
of the clavicle, employed in fractures of the acro-
mion, clavicle and spine of the scapula.  C. of an
amputated limb—the bandage applied round the
stump.
   CAPELLINA, Capelina.
   CAPER BUSH, Capparis  spinosa.
   CAPER PLANT, Euphorbia lathyris.
   CAPERS, see Capparis spinosa.
   CAPETUS, Imperforation.
   CAPHORA, Camphor.
   CAPHURA, Camphor.
   OAPILLAIRE,  Capillary, see Adiantum
capillus veneris — c. du Canada, Adiantum pe-
datum — c.  de Montpellier,  Adiantum  capillus
veneris.
   CAPILLAMEN'TUM, from  Capillus, 'a hair,'
Capillit" ium,  Tricho'ma,  Trichoma'tion.  Any
villous or  hairy covering.  Also, a small fibre  or
fibril.
   CAP'ILLARY, Capilla'ris, Capilla'ceus, from
capillus, 'a hair.'  (F.) Oapillaire.  Hair-like;
small.
  Cap'illary Vessels,  Yasa  capilla'ria,  (F.)
Vaisseaux capillaires, are the extreme radicles
of the arteries and veins, which together consti-
tute the capillary, intermediate, or peripheral
vascular system,—the meiha'mata or methamat-
ous blood  channels of Dr. Marshall Hall.  They
possess an action distinct from that of the heart.
  CAPILLATIO, Trichismus.
  CAPILLATUS, Impuber.
  CAPILLITIUM, Capillamentum, Entropion,
Scalp.
  CAPILLORUM DEFLUVIUM, Alopecia.
  CAPIL'LUS, quasi Capitis Pilus, Coma, Chate,
Crinis,  Pilus, Thrix,  Casa'ries, (F.)  Cheveu.
This term is generally applied to the hair of the
head, Pili seu Honor cap'itis, the characters of
which vary,  according to races, individuals, Ac.
Hairs arise in the areolar membrane, where the
hulb is placed, and are composed of two parts—
one,  external,  tubular,  and  transparent,  of  an
epidermoid character;  the other, internal  and
sui  generis,  which communicates to them their
colour.  The hair is insensible, and grows from
the root.
  Capillus  Veneris, Adiantum capillus veneris
—c. V. Canadensis, Adiantum pedatum.
  CAPIPLE'NIUM, Cetpitiple'nium, from caput,
'the head,' and plenum, 'full.' A word, employed
with different significations. A variety of catarrh.
— Schneider.  A  heaviness  or  disorder in  the
head common at  Rome, like the KapnPapta, Care-
baria, of the Greeks.—Baglivi.
  CAPISTRATIO, Phimosis.
  CAPISTRUM,  Capeline, Chevestre, Trismus—
c. Auri, Borax.
  Capis'trum, Phimos, Cemos,  kijuos, 'a halter.'
This name has been given to  several bandages
for the head.—See Capeline,  Chevestre.
  CAPITALIA REMEDIA, Cephalic remedies.
  CAPITALIS, Cephalic.
  CAPITELLUM, Alembic, see Caput.
  CAPITEUX, Heady.
  CAPITILU'VIUM, from  caput, 'the head,'
and lavare, ' to wash.'  A bath  for the head.
                 CAPSICUM

   CAPITIPLENIUM. Capiplenium.
   CAPITIPURGIA. Caput purgia.
   CAPITITR AHA, from caput,  ' the head,' and
 trahere,  ' to draw.'  Instruments which, like  the
 forceps, draw down the head of the foetus when
 impacted in the pelvis.
   CAPITO'NES, from caput, 'the head.' Ma-
 croceph'ali, Proceph'ali.  Foetuses whose heads
 are so large as to render labour difficult.
   CAPITULUM, Alembic, Condyle, see Caput—
 c. Costas, see Costa — c. Laryngis, Comiculum
 laryngis — c Martis,  Eryngium campestre — c.
 Santorini, Comiculum laryngis.
   CAPITULUVIUM, Bath, (head.)
   CAPNISMOS, Fumigation.
   CAPNITIS, Tutia.
   CAPNOIDES  CAVA, Fumaria bulbosa.
   CAPNORCHIS, Fumaria bulbosa.
   CAPNOS, Fumaria.
   CAPON, Cagot.
   CAPON SPRINGS.  A pleasant summer  re-
 treat, situated in a gorge of the North Mountain,
 in Hampshire co., Va., 23 miles W. of Winchester.
 The waters in the vicinity are sulphurous and
 chalybeate; — those at the springs alkaline and
 diuretic.
   CAPOT, Cagot.
   CAP'PARIS SPINO'SA,  Cap'paris, Cappar,
 Ca'pria, Prickly Caper Bush, (F.) Cdprier. Fa-
 mily, Capparideas. Sex. Syst. Polyandria  Mono-
 gynia.   The bark of  the root,  and the buds,
 have been  esteemed  astringent  and  diuretic.
 The buds are a well known pickle.—Capers, (F.)
 Cdpres.
   Capparis Baduc'ca, Baduk'ka.  A species of
 caper, cultivated in  India on account of the
 beauty  of  its  flowers.   The  Orientals  make a
 liniment with its juice, with which they rub
 pained parts.  The flowers are purgative.
   CAPPONE,WATERS OF. At Cappone,  in
 the isle of Ischia, are waters containing carbonate
 of soda, chloride of sodium and carbonate of lime.
 Temp. 100° Fah.
   CAPREOLA'RIS, from capreolus, 'a tendril.'
 Cissdides, Elieo'ides, (F.) Capreolaire. Twisted.
   Capreola'ria Vasa.  Some have called thus
 the  spermatic arteries and veins, on  account of
 their numerous contortions.
   CAPREOLUS, Helix.
   CAP RES, see Capparis spinosa.
   CAPRIA, Capparis spinosa.
   CAPRICORNUS, Plumbum.
   CAPRIER, Capparis spinosa.
   CAPRIFOLIA, Lonicera periclymenum.
   CAPRIFOLIUM  DISTINCTUM,  Lonicera
 periclymenum—c Periclymenum, Lonicera peri-
 clymenum — c.  Sylvaticum,  Lonicera  pericly-
 menum.
   CAPRILOQUIUM, Egophony.
   CAPRIZANS  PULSUS, see Pulse, caprizant.
   CAPSA, Boite, Capsule, Case—c. Cordis, Peri-
 cardium.
   CAPSARIUM, Boitier.
   CAPSELLA  BURSA  PASTORIS,  Thlaspi
 bursa.
   CAPSICUM, see Capsicum  annuum.
  Cap'sicum An'nuum, from kotttio, 'I bite.' The
 systematic  name  of the plant whence  Cayenne
 Pepper  is obtained, — Piper  In'dicum  seu His-
pan'icum, Sola'num vrens, Siliquas'trum Plin'ii,
 Piper Brazilia'num, Piper Guineen'se, Piper Cu-
 lecu'ticum, Piper Tur'cicum, 0..Hi span'icum, Pi-
 per Lusitan'icum, Cayenne Pepper, Guin'ca Pep-
 per, (F.) Piment, Poivre d'Inde, Poivre de Guinfe,
 Corail des Jardins.  The pungent, aromatic pro-
 perties of Bacca  Capsici, Capsicum Berries, Cup.
 sicum (Ph. U. S.), are yielded to ether, alcohol,
 and water.   They are highly stimulant and rube-
68 
59                  CARBO
                 CAPSIQUE               16

facient, and are used as a condiment.   Their ac-
tive principle is called Capsiein.
  Capsicum Hispanicum, Capsicum annuum.
  CAPSIQUE, Capsicum annuum.
  CAPSITIS, see Phacitis.
  CAPSULA, Bottler — c. Articularis, Capsular
ligament — c.  Cordis, Pericardium — c. Dentis,
Dental follicle — c. Lentis, see Crystalline — c.
Nervorum, Neurilemma.
  CAPSULE SEMINALES, Vesiculas S. —c.
Synoviales, Bursas mucosae.
  CAPSULAIRE, Capsular.
  CAP'SULAR,  Capsula! ris, (F.)  Capsulaire.
Relating to a capsula or capsule.
  Capsular Arteries,  Suprare'nal Arteries and
 Veins.  Vessels belonging to  the suprarenal cap-
sules.  They are divided into superior, middle,
and inferior.   The first  proceed from  the inferior
phrenic, the second from the aorta, and the third
from the renal artery.   The corresponding veins
enter the phrenic, vena  cava,  and renal.
  Capsular Lig'ament, Li gamed turn capsula're,
Cap'sal a articula'ris, Artic'ular capsule, Fibrous
capsule, (F.) Ligament capsulaire, Capsule arti-
culaire,  Capsule  fibreux,  Ac.   Membranous,
fibrous, and elastic bags or capsules, of a whitish
consistence, thick, and resisting, which surround
joints.
  CAPSULE, Cap'sula, Capsa,  a box, or  case,
(F.) Capsule.   This name has  been given,  by
anatomists, to parts bearing no analogy to each
other.
  Capsule, Cellular,  of the  Eye,  see Eye.
  Capsule, Fibrous, Capsular ligament.
  Capsule, Gelat'inous,  Cap'sula  gelat'ina,
Capsule  of gelatin.   A modern invention  by
which copaiba and  other disagreeable oils can
be enveloped  in  gelatin so as  to conceal  their
taste.
  Capsule of Glisson, Cap'sula Glisso'nii, C.
commu'nis  Glisso'nii,  Yaglna  Porta, V.  Glis-
so'nii.  A  sort of membrane, described by  Glis-
son, which is  nothing more than dense areolar
membrane  surrounding the vena porta and  its
ramifications in the liver.
  Capsule of the Heart, Cap'sula cordis. The
pericardium.
  Capsule, Ocular, see Eye.
  Capsule,  Renal, Suprare'nal or  Atrabil-
iary C,  Renal Gland,  Glan'dula suprarena'lis,
Cap'sula rena'lis, suprarena'lis  vel atrabilidris,
Ren succenturia'tus,  Nephrid'ium, (F.) Capsule
aurrenale ou atrabiliaire. A flat, triangular body,
which covers  the upper part of the kidney, as
with a helmet.  A hollow cavity in the interior
contains a brown, reddish or yellowish fluid. The
renal  capsules  were long supposed to be the secre-
tory organs of the fancied atrabilis.  They are
much  larger  in the foetus  than  in  the  adult.
They are probably concerned in lymphosis.
  Capsule, Sem'inal, Cap'sula semina'lis.  Bar-
tiioline thus designates the extremity of the vas
deferens, which, is sensibly dilated in  the vicinity
of the vesiculas seminales.  Some anatomists ap-
ply this name  to the vesiculas themselves.
  Capsule, Syno'vial, Capsula Synovia'lis.  A
membranous  bag, surrounding the movable arti-
culations and  canals, which gives passage to ten-
dons.  Synovial capsules exhale, from their arti-
cular  surface,  a fluid, whose function  is to favour
the motions of parts  upon each other.  See Bursa
mucosa, and Synovia.    _,
  CAPSULE  SURRENALE ou ATRA-
BILIARE, Capsule, renal.
  CAPSULITIS, see Phacitis.
  CAP UCHON, Trapezius.
  CAPUCINE, Tropasolum majus.
  CAPULIES, Prunus  capulin.
  CAPULUS, Scrotum.
  CAPUT, 'the head.'  Also, the top of a bone
or other  part, (F.) TSte.   The head  of small
bones is sometimes termed capilulum, capitell'um,
cephalielium,  ceph'alis, cephalium.   Also, the
glans penis.
  Caput Aspera;  "Arteria,  Larynx — c. Coli,
Caecum—c Gallinaceum, see  Gallinaginis caput
—c.  Gallinaginis, see Gallinaginis caput—c. Ge-
nitale,  Glans—c. Lubricum, Penis—c. Monachi,
Leontodon Taraxacum—c. Obstipum, Torticollis
—c.  Penis, Glans.
  Caput  Pur'gia, Capitipur'gia.   Remedies,
which  the  ancients regarded as proper for purg-
ing the head:—errhines, sternutatories, apophleg-
matisantia, Ac. Prosper Alpinus makes the caput
purgia to be the same as errhines;  and the apo-
phlegmatismi the same as the  masticatories  of
the moderns.
  Caput Scapula, Acromion.
  Caput Succeda'neum. A term sometimes used
for the tumefied scalp, which first presents in cer-
tain  cases of labour.
  Caput Testis, Epididymis.
  CAQUE-SA XG UE,   Cague-sangue.   Old
French words which signify Bloody evacuations,
(F.)  Dejections sanguinolentes.   They come from
cacare, 'to go to Stool,'  and sanguis, 'blood.'  Un-
der this term was comprehended every affection,
in which blood is discharged from the bowels.
  CARA SCHULLI, Frtttex  In'dicus spino'sus,
Barle'ria buxifo'lia.  A Malabar plant,  which,
when applied externally, is maturative and resol-
vent.  The  decoction of its root is used, in the
country, in ischuria.
  CARABAC'CIUM.   An aromatic wood of In-
dia, of a yellowish colour, and  a smell like that
of the clove.   Its  decoction and  infusion  are
given as stomachics and antiscorbutics.
  CAR'ABUS.  A genus of coleopterous insects.
Two  species, the chrysocepllalus and ferrugin''eus,
have been recommended for the toothach.  They
must be  pressed between  the fingers, and then
rubbed on the gum and tooth affected.
  CARACTERE,  Character,  Symbol.
  CARAGNA, Caranna.
  CARAMATA, Arumari.  A tree in the inland
parts of Pomeroon. It furnishes a febrifuge bark,
which Dr. Hancock says may be used in typhoid
and  remittent fevers where  cinchona is either
useless or pernicious.
  CARAMBOLO, Averrhoa carambola.
  CARAN'NA, Caragna, Tacamahaca, Caragna,
Caran'na  Gummi, G. Brelisis,  Gum Caran'na,
(F.)  Caragne,  Gomme  Caragne  ou Carane.  A
gum-resinous substance, which flows from  a large
tree  in New Spain, and is obtained  from South
America in impure masses.  It preserves its soft-
ness for  a long time, has an aromatic smell, and
a slightly acrid and bitter taste.  It was formerly
used as a vulnerary and in plasters.
  CARAWAY, Carum.
  CARBASA, Linteum.
  CARBASUS, Linteum.
  CARBO, Carbo Ligni, Charcoal,  (F.) Charbon.
Fresh Charcoal is  antiseptic.   It is used  to im-
prove the  digestive organs in  cases of worms,
dyspepsia,  Ac; as a cataplasm to gangrenous
and  fetid ulcers, tinea, Ac,  and forms a good
tooth-powder.   Dose, gr. x to gj. Also, Anthrax.
  Carbo Anima'lis, Carbo carnis,  Animal char-
coal, (F.) Charbon animal.  In the  Pharmaco-
poeia of the United States, it is directed to  be
prepared from bones.  It  is given in the same
cases as  Carbo Ligni, and has  been  extoUed  in
cancer.  Dose, gr. ss. to gr. iij.
  The  Pharmacopoeia of the United  States  con- 
CARBON
170
CARDIA
tains a formula  for the preparation of Carbo
Anima'lis Purifica'tus, Purified animal char-
coal (Carbon,  animal, ftj ;  Acid muriat., Aqua
aa fjxij.)  Pour the  muriatic  acid, previously
mixed with the water, gradually upon the char-
coal, and digest with a gentle  heat for two days,
occasionally stirring the mixture.   Having  al-
lowed the undissolved portion  to subside, pour
off the supernatant liquor, wash  the charcoal fre-
quently with water  until it is  entirely free  from
acid, and lastly dry it.
  Carbo Fos'silis, Lithanthrax, Stone coal.
  Carbo Huma'num.  The human excrement.—
Paracelsus.
  Carro Ligni, Carbo—c. Mineralis, Graphites
-—c. Palpebrarum, Anthracosis — c. Spongiae,
Spongia usta.
  CARBON,   SESQUI-IODIDE OF, Carbonis
sesqui-iodidum — c. Bisulphuret  of, Carbonis sul-
phuretum—c. Sulphuret of, Carbonis sulphuretum
c. Terchloride of, Chloroform.
  CAR'BONAS or CARBO'NAS.   A carbonate.
(F.) Carbonate.  A salt, formed  by the combina-
tion of carbonic acid with a salifiable base.
  Carbonas Natricum,  Sodas carbonas.
  CARBONATE  D'AMMONIAQUE, Ammo-
nias carbonas.
  CAR'BONATED, Carbona'tus, Aera'tus, (F.)
Carbone, Acre.  That which is impregnated with
carbonic acid.
  CARBONE, Carbonated.
  CARBONEUM CHLORATUM, Chloroform.
  CARBON'IC  ACID,  Ac"idum  Carbon'icum,
Solid Air of Hales, Factitious  Air, Fixed Air,
Carbona'ceous  Acid, Calca'reous  Acid, Aerial
Acid, Mephilic Acid,  Spir'itus letha'lis, (F.)
Acide Carbonique.  This gas, which neither sup-
ports respiration nor  combustion,  is not often
used in medicine.  It is  the main agent in effer-
vescent draughts, fermenting poultices, Ac.  It
is often found occnpying the lower parts of mines
— when  it is  called the choke damp — caverns,
tombs, wells,  brewers' vats, Ac, and not unfre-
quently has  been  the  cause of death.  Lime
thrown into such places  soon absorbs the acid.
  CARBO'NIS SESQUI-IOD'IDUM, C. Sesqui-
lodure'tum, Sesqui-I'odide  or  Sesqui-Iod'uret of
Carbon.  This is made  by mixing  concentrated
alcoholic solutions of  iodine and potassa,  until
the former loses its colour; a solution is  obtained
from which water throws down a yellow precipi-
tate — the sesqui-iodide  of carbon.   It has been
used in enlarged glands and in  some cutaneous
affections,  applied  externally,  (gss to sjyj of
cerate.)
  Carbo'nis Sulphure'tum, Sulphure'tum Car-
bo'nii,  Sulfidum  Carbo'nii, Carbo'nium Sulphu-
ra'tum, Alcohol Sulphuris, Bisulphure'turn Car-
bo'nii,  Sulphuret of Carbon, Bisulphuret of Car-
bon, Carburet of Sulphur, (F.) Sulfure de Carbon.
This transparent,  colourless fluid,  which has a
very penetrating, disagreeable odour, and a taste
which is cooling at first,  but afterwards acrid and
somewhat aromatic, is a diffusible  excitant.   It
is diaphoretic, diuretic, and has been said to have
proved emmenagogue.  It is also used in nervous
diseases as an antispasmodic  Dose, one drop to
four, repeated frequently.
  It is used externally, where a  cooling  influence
has to be rapidly exerted, and has  been inhaled
as an anaesthetic
   CARBONIUM  SULPHURATUM,  Carbonis
sulphuretum.
   CARBUNCLE, Anthrax —c. Fungous, Ter-
minthus — c.  of the Tongue, Glossanthrax — c.
Berry, Terminthus.
   CARBUNCLED FACE,  Gutta rosea.
   CARBUNCULAR EXANTHEM, Anthracia.
  CARBUNCULATIO OCULI, Blepharanthra-
cosis.
  CARBUNCUEUS,  Anthrax — c Anginosus,
Cynanche maligna/—c. Contngiosus, see Anthrax
— c. Gallicus, see Anthrax — c. Hungaricus, see
Anthrax—c. Labiorum et genarum, Cancer aqua-
ticus—c. Polonicus, see Anthrax—c. Pulmonum,
Necropneumonia—c. Septentrionalis, see Anthrax.
  Carbun'culus Rubi'nus.  A red, shining, and
transparent stone, from the Isle of  Ceylon; for-
merly employed in  medicine as  a preservative
against several poisons, the plague,  Ac.
  Carbunculus Ulcusculosus,  Cynanche ma-
ligna.
  CAR'CAROS, from KapKaipu,  ' I resound,'  ' I
tremble.'  A fever, in which the patient has a
general  tremor, accompanied with an unceasing
noise in the ears.
  CARCINODES, Cancroid, Chancreuse.
  CARCINOIDES,  Cancroid.
  CARCINO'MA, Cancero'ma, Cancro'ma,  from
KapKtvos, ' a crab.'  Some authors have thus called
indolent tumours different from cancer;  others,
incipient cancer; and others, again, the  species
of cancer in which the affected structure assumes
the  appearance of cerebral  substance;  but the
majority of authors  use Carcinoma in the same
sense as Cancer.
  Carcinoma Alveolare, Colloid—c. Fibrosum,
Scirrhus—c. Hasmatodes, Hasmatodes fungus—c.
Intestinorum, Enteropathia  cancerosa — c Lin-
guae, Glossocarcinoma—c of the Liver, Hepato-
scirrhus — c Medullare, Encephaloid — c Mela-
nodes, Cancer, melanotic—c. Melanoticum, Me-
lanosis— c. Simplex, Scirrhus — c.  Spongiosum,
Encephaloid, Hasmatodes fungus—c Scroti, Can-
cer, chimney-sweepers'—c. Uteri, Metrocarcino-
ma, Metroscirrhus—c. Ventriculi, Gastroscirrhus;
see  Gastrostenosis cardiaca et pylorica.
  CARCINOMATOUS.  Relating  to Cancer.
  CARCINOME MOUET SPONGIEUX, En-
cephaloid— c.   Sanglant,  Encephaloid,  Hasma-
matodes fungus.
  CARCINOS,  Cancer.
  CARCINO'SES, (G.) Karsinosen, from Kap-
Ktvos, ' a crab.'  A family of diseases, according
to the  classification  of Fuchs; which embraces
the  different forms of Cancer.
  CARCINOSUS, Cancerous.
  CARCINUS  SPONGIOSUS, Encephaloid.
  CARDAMANTICA,  Cardamine pratensis, Le-
pidium Iberis.
  CARDAMINDUM MAJUS, Tropasolum
majus.
  CARDAMINE FONTANA, Sisymbrium nas-
turtium—c. Nasturtium, Sisymbrium nasturtium.
  Cardami'ne  Praten'sis,  Cardami'ne,  Carda-
man'tica, Nastur'tium  Aqualicum, Car'damon,
Culi flos, Poe'ris soph'ia,  Nastur'tium prated se,
Ladies-smock,   Cuckoo-flower,   Common   Bitter
Cress, (F.) Cresson elegant, Cresson des pris,Pas-
sera'ge  sauvage.  Ord.  Cruciferae.   The  flowers
have been  considered useful as  antispasmodics,
in the  dose of gj to gij.   They  are probably
inert.
  CARDAMOM, LESSER,  Amomum cardamo-
mum.
  CARDAM03IE, Amomum cardamomum — c.
de la Cote de Malabar, Amomum cardamomum.
  CARDAMOMUM MAJUS, Amomum grana
paradisi — c.  Minus, Amomum  cardamomum —
c. Piperatum, Amomum grana paradisi—c. Wild,
Fagarastrum Capense.
  CARDAMON, Cardamine pratensis.
  CARDAMUM MAJUS, Tropasolum majus.
  CARDERE, Dipsacus  sylvestris—e.  Cultivi,
Dipsacus fullonum.
  CARDIA,  KapSta,  'the  heart.'  Stom'achus, 
CARDIAC
171
CARDIOSTENOSIS
Orific"ium  sinia'trum  seu Ingrea'aua  aupe'rior
vcntric'uli.  The superior or  oesophageal orifice
of the stomach, — Orific"ium ventric'uli ainis'-
trum.  Also, the Heart.
  CAR'DIAC,  Cardi'acua, from  KapSta,  'the
heart;'  or the upper orifice of the stomach.  (F.)
Curiliaque.  Relating to the heart or to the upper
orifice of the stomach.   A cordial.
  Cardiac  Ar'teries, Cor'onary arteriea, (F.)
Artirea curdiaques  ou coronaircs, are two  in
number. They arise from the aorta, a little above
the free edge of tho sigttwid valves, and are dis-
tributed on both surfaoes of the heart.
  Cau'diac Gan'glion,  Gan'glion cardi'acum,
situated beneath  the arch of  the  aorta to the
right side  of the ligament of the ductus arteriosus.
It receives the superior cardiac nerves of opposite
sides of the neck, and  a branch from the  pneu-
mogastric, and gives off numerous branches to
the cardiac plexuses.
  Cardiac Nerves, (F.) Nerfs cardiaques. These
are  commonly three on each  side; a superior,
middle and  inferior, which are furnished by cor-
responding  cervical ganglia.   Commonly,  there
are but two on the  left side;  the upper and mid-
dle, which draw their  origin from  the last two
cervical ganglia.   Scarpa calls the  superior —
 Cardlacus superflcia'lis; the middle—C.profun-
dus seu C. magnus ; and the inferior — C. parvus
seu minor. There are, besides, Cardiac filaments,
(F.) Filets cardiaques, furnished by the par va-
gum or pneumo-gastric  nerve,  which become
confounded with the above.
  Cardiac  Plexus, Plexus  cardi'acus. There
are three  cardiac plexuses. 1. The great cardiac
plexus is situated upon the bifurcation of the tra-
chea. It is formed by the convergence of the middle
and inferior cardiac nerves; and  by branches
from the  pneumogastric,  deseendens noni, and
first thoracic ganglion.  2. The anterior cardiac
plexua is  situated in front of  the ascending  aorta
near its origin.  It is formed by filaments from
the superior cardiac nerves;  from  the cardiac
ganglion; and from the great cardiac plexus.
Filaments from this plexus  accompany the left
coronary  artery, and form the  anterior coronary
 plexua. 3. The poaterior cardiac plexua is seated
upon the posterior part of the ascending  aorta
near its origin.  It is formed by numerous branches
from the  great cardiac plexus.  It divides into
two sets  of branches,  which together constitute
the posterior coronary plexus.
   Cardiac  Veins,  Coronary veins, (F.) Veinea
 Cardiaques, are commonly four in number; two
anterior and two posterior.  They  open into  the
right auricle by  one orifice, which is furnished
with a valve, and is called, by Portal, Sinus coro-
naire du  Occur.
   CARDIACA CRISPA, Leonurus  cardiaca —
c.  Passio,  Cardialgia — c. Trilobata,  Leonurus
cardiaca — c. Vulgaris, Leonurus cardiaca.
   CARDIACUS, Cordial, Stomachal.
   CARDIAC MUS, Cardialgia.
   CARDI'AGRA,  Affec'tio  arthrilica cordis;
from KapSia,  'the  heart,' and aypa, 'seizure.'
Gout of the heart.
   CARDIAC'RAPHY/  Cardiagra'phia,^  from
KtrpSta,  'the heart,' and ypaQij, 'a description.'
An anatomical description of the heart.
   CARDIAL'GIA,  Cardiaca  Passio,  Col'ica
 Vcntric'uli,  Spasmus   Ventric'uli, Perodyn'ia,
 Cordo'liitm, Cardila'a, Dyspepsodydia, Dyspep
eiodi/n'ia, Dysjieptodyn'ia,  Peratodyn'ia,  Car-
diod'yne, Gastral'gia, Gasteral'gia, Gastrocolia,
    rod'yne,  Pas'sio  Cardiaca,  Stomachalgia,
    acal'qia,  Gastrodyn'ia, Cardi'acus Morbus,
    •y
Gastr
Stomacai „
Cardiog'mus, Cardialgy ; from KapSia, 'the car-
diao orifice  of the stomach,' and aXyos,  'pain.'
Pain of the stomach, (F.) Douleur de VEstomae,
D. nevralgique  de I'Estomac.  Also, Heartburn,
(F.) Cardialgie, Ardeur d'Estomac, A. du Coeur.
Impaired appetite, with gnawing or burning pain
in the stomach or epigastrium,—Morsus vel ardor
ventric'uli, Morsus stom'achi, Soda, Lima'sis car-
dialgia mordens, Rosio Stom'achi seu  Ventric'-
uli : —a symptom of dyspepsia.
  Cardialgia  Inflammatory,  Gastritis — c.
Sputatoria, Pyrosis.
  CARDlALOG"IA,  from KapSia, 'the heart,'
and Xoyos, 'a discourse.'  A treatise on the heart.
  CARDIANASTROPHE, Ectopia cordis.
  CARDIARCTIE, Heart, concentric hypertro-
phy of the.
  CARDIA'RIUS; same etymology.  A  name
given to a worm,  said to have been found in the
heart or pericardium.
  CARDIATOM'IA,  from KapSia, 'the heart,'
and rtpvttv, ' to cut.'  Dissection of the heart.
  CARDIATROPHIA, Heart, atrophy of the.
  CARDIAUXE, Heart,  hypertrophy of the.
  CARDIECTASIS, see  Aneurism of the heart
— c. Partialis, Aneurism  of the heart.
  CARDIELCOSIS;  from  KapSia,  'the heart,'
and 'cXkos, 'an ulcer.'  Ulceration of the heart.
  CARDIETHMOLIPOSIS, Steatosis cordis.
  CARDIEURlrSMA, Aneurism  of the heart.
  CARDLUEA, Cardialgia.
  CARDIM'ELECH, from  KapSia,  'the heart,'
and "PD, Melek,  (Hebr.,) 'a governor.'  A sup-
positious active principle seated in the heart, and
governing the vital functions.—Dolasus.
  CARDINAL FLOWER, Lobelia cardinalis —
e. Blue, Lobelia syphilitica.
  CARDINAL PLANT, Lobelia  cardinalis.
  CARDINAMENTUM, Ginglymus, Gomphosis.
  CARDIOBOTANUM,  Centaurea benedicta.
  CARDIOCE'LE, from  KapSia, 'the heart,' and
KnXn, 'rupture.'   Hernia  of the heart, especially
into the abdominal  cavity.
  CARDIOCLASJE, Cardiorrhexis.
  CARDIOD'YNE, Cardiodyn'ia; from KapSia,
' the heart, the  stomach,' and oSvvn, ' pain.'  Pain
in the heart. Also, Cardialgia.
  Cardiodyne  Spasmodica Intermittens,  An-
gina pectoris.
  CARDIOG'MUS.  Hippocrates employed this
word synonymously with cardialgia. In the time
of Galen it was used, by some writers, for certain
pulsations of the heart, analogous  to palpitations.
Sauvages understood by Cardiogmus an aneurism
of the heart or great vessels, when still  obscure.
Also, Angina pectoris.
   Cardiogmus  Cordis Sinistri, Angina pectoris.
   CARDIOMALA'CIA, Malaco'sis seu Maldcia
seu Malax'is seu Mollil'ies Cordis,  (F.) Ramol-
lissement  du Occur, from  KapSia, 'the  heart,' and
paXaKta,' softness.'  Softening of the heart, caused
by inflammation  of the organ, or a consequence
of some lesion of the function of nutrition.
  CARDIOMl'DLIPOSIS, Steatosis cordis.
  CARDIONCHI, see Aneurism.
  CARDIONEURALGIA, Angina pectoris.
  CARDIOPALMUS, Cardiotromus.
  CARDIOPERICARDITIS, see Pericarditis.
  CARDIORRHEU'MA, Rheumatis'mus cordis;
from xapSta, 'the heart,' and  ptvfia,  'defluxion,
rheumatism.'  Rheumatism of the heart.
  CARDIORRHEX'IS,  Cardioclasie,  (Piorry,)
Ruptu'ra  cordis,  (F.) Rupture du  Occur, from
KapSta,  'the heart,' and pnl-is, 'laceration.'  Lace-
ration of the heart.
  CARDIOSCLEROSIS,  (Piorry) from KapSta,
'the heart,'  and oKXvpos, 'hard.' (F.) Endurcisse-
ment du Cceur.  Induration of the heart.
  CARDIOSTENO'SIS,  Stenocar'dia, from *ap- 
CARDIOTRAUMA
172
CARNATION
Sta, 'the heart,' and artviaots, 'contraction.'  Con-
traction of the openings of the heart.
  CARDIOTRAU'MA, from KapSta, 'the heart,'
and rpavua, ' a wound.'  A wound of the heart.
  CARDIOT'ROMUS,  Palpitdtio Cordis  trcp'-
idans,  Cardiopalmus, Trepiela'tio Cordis, from
KapSta, 'the heart,' and rpoptos,  'tremor.'  Rapid
and feeble palpitation, or fluttering of the heart.
  CARDIOT'ROTUS, from  KapSta, 'the heart,'
and TirpooKti),  ' I wound.'  One affected with a
wound of the heart.—Galen.
  CARDIPERICARDITIS, see Pericarditis.
  CARDITE, Carditis.
  CARDI'TIS, from KapSia, 'the heart, and the
termination  itis.   Inflammation of the fleshy
substance  of the heart.   Empres'ma Carditis,
Inflamma'tio Cordis, Inflamma'tio Carditis, Cau-
ma  Carditis, Myocarditis, Carditis Muscula'ris,
(F.) Inflammation du Occur, Cardite.  The symp-
toms  of this affection  are by no means  clear.
They are often confounded with those of pericar-
ditis, or inflammation of the membrane investing
the heart.   Carditis, indeed, with many, includes
both the inflammation of the investing membrane
and that of the heart itself.  See Pericarditis, and
Endocarditis.
  Carditis  Externa,  Pericarditis — c. Interna,
Endocarditis — c Muscularis, Carditis — c Mem-
branosa, Pericarditis—c Polyposa, Polypi of the
heart—c. Serosa, Pericarditis.
  CARDO, Ginglymus.
  CARDOPATIUiM, Carlina acaulis.
  CARDUUS ALTILIS, Cynara scolymus — c.
Benedictus, Centaurea benedicta—c. Brazilianus,
Bromelia ananas — c. Domestieus capite majori,
Cynara scolymus — c.  Hemorrhoidals,  Cirsium
arvense.
  Car'duus Maria'nus, Car'dims Ma'ria,  Sil'y-
bum,  S. Maria'num seu macula'tum, Carthamus
macula'tus, Cir'sium  macula'tum, Car'duus lac'-
teus, Spina alba, Common Milk  Thistle, or Ladies'
Thistle, (F.) Char don-Marie. The herb is a bitter
tonic.  The seeds are oleaginous.  It is not used.
  Carduus  Pineus,  Atractylis  gummifera — c.
Sativus, Carthamus tinctorius — c. Sativus non-
spinosus, Cynara scolymus — c Solstitialis, Cen-
taurea calcitrapa—c Stellatus, Centaurea  calci-
trapa—c Tomentosus, Onopordium acanthium—
c. Veneris, Dipsacus fullonum.
  CAREBARESIS, Carebaria.
  CAREBA'RIA or  CAREBARI'A, Carebare'-
sis, from Kapn, 'the head,' and  (lapos,  'weight.'
Scordine'ma, Cereba'ria, Scordinis'mus, Cardine'-
ma. Heaviness of the head.—Hippocrates, Galen.
  CARE'NA, Kare'na.  The twenty-fourth part
of a drop.—Ruland and Johnson.
  CAREUM, Carum.
  CAREX ARENARIA, SarsaparillaGermanica.
  CARIACOU.  A beverage,  used in Cayenne,
and formed of a mixture of cassava, potato, and
sugar fermented.
  CARICA, Ficus  earica.
  Car'ica Papa'ya, Papaw tree, (F.) Papayer.
 Ord. Artocarpeas.  A native of America, India,
and Africa.   The fruit has somewhat of the fla-
vour of the pumpkin, and is eaten like  it.  The
milky juice of the plant and  the seed  and root
have been regarded as anthelmintic.
  CAR'ICUM.  Said to have  been named after
its  inventor  Carious.   Car'yeum.  A detergent
application to ulcers; composed of black  helle-
bore, sandarach, copper, lead, sulphur, orpiment,
cantharides, and oil of cedar.—Hippocrates.
   CARIE, Caries—c. des Dents, Dental gangrene.
   CARIE, Carious.
  CA'RIES, Nigril'ies Os'sium.   An ulceration
of  bone, — Necrosis being death of a bone.  It
resembles the gangrene of soft parts.   Hence it
has been termed Caries gangrano'sa, Gangra'na
Ca'ries, G. Os'aium, Tere'do, Arro'aio, Euroa, (V.)
Carie.   It is recognised  by the  swelling of the
bone which precedes and  accompanies it; by the
abscesses it occasions; the fistulas which form;
the sanious  character, peculiar odour and quan-
tity of the  suppuration,  and by the  evidence
afforded by probing.   The most common causes
of caries are blows; — the action of some virus,
and morbid  diathesis.   When dependent on any
virus in  the system, thia must  be combated by
appropriate  remedies./. When entirely local, it
must be converted, whei"© practicable, into a state
of necrosis or death of the affected part.   For
this end stimulants, the actual cautery, Ac, are
applied.
  Caries, Dentium, Dental gangrene—c Puden-
dorum, see Chancre—c of the Vertebras, Verte-
bral disease—c. Vertebrarum, Vertebral disease.
  CARIE UX, Carious.
  CARIM  CURINI, Justitia ecbolium.
  CARI'NA, ' a ship's keel.'  The vertebral  co-
lumn, especially of the foetus.  Also, the breast-
bone bent inwards.  Hence,  Pectua  carina'turn:
—the chest affected with such deformity.
  CA'RIOUS,  Cario'eue,  Euro'dea,  (F.) Oarii,
Oarieux.  Affected with caries.
  CARIUM TERR.E, Calx.
  CARIVE, Myrtus pimenta.
  CARIVILLANDI, Smilax sarsaparilla.
  CARLINA, ' Carline Thistle.'
  Carli'na  Acaul'is, C. chama'leon,  Chama'-
leon album, Cardopa'tium, (F.) Carline sans tige,
which grows in  the Pyrenees, and on the  moun-
tains of Switzerland, Italy, Ac,  has been recom-
mended as a tonic, emmenagogue, and sudorific.
  Carlina Chameleon, C. acaulis.
  CARLINE SANS TIGE, Carlina acaulis.
  CARLO  SANCTO  RADIX.   'St. Charles's
Root':  found in Mechoachan, in  America.  The
bark is aromatic, bitter and acrid.  It  is consi-
dered to be sudorific, and  to strengthen the gums
and stomach.
  CARLSBAD, MINERAL  WATERS OF.
Carlsbad is  a town in Bohemia, 24 miles from
Egra, celebrated for its  hot baths.  The water
contains about  47 parts  in  the  100 of purging
salts.   It is a thermal saline; temperature 121°
to 167° Fahrenheit.   The constituents are—car-
bonic acid, sulphate of soda, carbonate of soda,
and chloride of sodium.
  CARMANTINE, Justitia pectoralis—c. Pecto-
rale, Justitia pectoralis.
  CARMEN, 'averse.'   An amulet.  A charm,
which, of old,  often consisted of a verse.   See
Charm.
  CARMINANTIA, Carminatives.
  CARMINATIVA, Carminatives.
  CARMIN'ATIVES, Carminan'tia seu Carmi-
natlva, from carmen,  ' a verse,' or ' charm,'  An-
tiphys'ica, Physago'ga, Xan'tica, (F.)  Carmina-
tifs. Remedies which allay pain, 'like a charm,'(?)
by  causing the  expulsion of flatus from the ali-
mentary canal.   They are generally of the class
of aromatics.
  The Four Greater Carminative Hot Seeds,
Qualuor  sem'ina calida majo'ra carminatlva,
were, of old, anise, carui, cummin, and  fennel.
  The Four Lesser  Carminative  Hot Seeds,
Qualuor sem'ina calida mino'ra, were bishop's
weed, stone parsley, smallage, and wild carrot.
  CARMOT.   A name given, by the alchymists,
to  the matter which they believed to constitute
the Philosopher's stone.
   CARNABADIA, Carum, (seed.)
   CARNABADIUM,  Cuminum cyminum.
   CARNATIO, Syssarcosis.
   CARNATION, Dianthus caryophyllus. 
CARNELIAN
173
CARPHOLOGIA
  CAB N ELIAN, Cornelian.
  CARNEOLUS, Cornelian.
  CAR'NEOUS, Car'neous, Carno'sua, Sarco'dea,
Incarnn'tus, from caro,  'flesh.'   (F.)  Oharnu.
Consisting of flesh, or resembling flesh.
  Carneous Columns, Fleahy Columns, Colum'-
na  Carnea,  of the heart, (F.) Colonnes charnues,
are muscular projections, situate in the cavities
of the heart.  They are called, also, Mua'culi Pa-
pilla'res.
  Carneous Fibres, Fleahy  Fibrea, Mus'cular
Fibrea, (F.) Fibrea charnuea ou  muaculairea, are
fibres belonging to a muscle.
  CARNEUM  MARSUPIUM,  Ischio-trochan-
terianus.
  CARNIC'ULA.  Diminutive  of caro, 'flesh.'
Tho gum,—Gingiva.—Fallopius.
  CARNIFICA'TIO, Carnification — c. Pulmo-
num, Hepatisation of the lungs.
  CARNIFICA'TION,  Cttrnificdtio,  from caro,
'flesh,'  and fieri, ' to become.'  Tranaformation
into flesh.   A morbid state of certain organs, in
which the tissue acquires a consistence like that
of fleshy or muscular parts.  It  is sometimes ob-
served in hard parts, the texture  becoming sof-
tened, as  in Osteo-aarcoma.  When it occurs in
the  lungs, they  present a texture like that of
liver.  Such is the condition of the foetal lung.
  CARNIFOR'MIS ABSCES'SUS.  An abscess,
which ordinarily occurs in the neighbourhood of
the  articulations, and whose  orifice is hard, the
sides thick and callous.—M. A. Severinus.
  CARNIVOROUS, Carniv'ortta, Sarcoph'a-
gue, Creatoph!ague, Oreoph'agua, (F.) Carnivore,
from caro, 'flesh,' and voro, 'I eat.'  That which
eats flesh.  Any substance which destroys excres-
cences in  wounds, ulcers, Ac.
  CARNOSA CUTIS, Panniculus carnosus.
  CARNOS'ITAS, (F.) CamositS,  from caro,
' flesh.'   A fleshy excrescence.
  CARNOS'ITIES OF  THE URE'THRA, Car'-
uncles in  the Ure'thra, (F.) Carnosites ou  Oaron-
cules de iuretre. Small  fleshy excrescences or
fungous growths, which were, at  one time, pre-
sumed to exist in the male urethra, whenever re-
tention of urine followed gonorrhoea.
   M. Cull6rier uses the  term Carnosite venerienne
for  a  cutaneous, cellular, and  membranous tu-
mour, dependent upon the syphilitic virus.  See,
also, Polysarcia.
   CARNOSUS,  Carneous.
   CARO, Flesh—c Accessoria, see Flexor longus
digitorum pedis  profundus perforans,  (accesso-
rius)—c Excrescens, Excrescence — c. Fungosa,
Fungosity—c. Glandulosa, Epiglottic gland — c.
Luxurians,  Fungosity—c Orbicularis, Placenta—
c  Parenchymatica,  Parenchyma—c. Quadrata,
Palmaris  brevis—c  Quadratus Sylvii, see Flexor
longus digitorum pedis  profundus  perforans, (ac-
cessorius) — c. Viscerum, Parenchyma.
   CAROB  TREE, Ceratonia siliqua.
   CAROBA ALNABATI, Ceratonium siliqua.
   CARODES, Carotic.
   CAROLI, see  Chancre.
   CAROLI'NA, NORTH, MINERAL WATERS
 OF.  In  the counties of Warren, Montgomery,
 Rockingham,  Lincoln, Buncbmb, and Rowan,
there are mineral springs.  They belong gene-
rally to the sulphureous or acidulous saline.
   CAROLINA,  SOUTH, MINERAL WATERS
OF.  They are  numerous.   Pacolet Springs, on
the west bank of Pacolet River, contain sulphur
and iron.   Many, with  similar properties, but not
held in estimation, are scattered about the State.
   CARONCULE, Caruncle—c. Lachrymals, Ca-
runcle.
   CARONCULES  MYRTIFORMES,  Carun-
culae myrtiformes — c. de VUritre, Carnosities of
the urethra.
  CAROPI, Amomum cardamomum.
  CAROSIS, Somnolency.
  CAROTA, see Daucus carota.
  CAROT'IC, Carol icus, Carol id, Carol idus,
Card des,  Com'atoae, from Kapos,  'stupor.'  (F.)
Carotique.  Relating  to stupor or carua — as a
carotic atate,—or to the carotids.
  Carotic Arteries, Carotids — c.  Ganglion,
see Carotid Nerve — c. Nerve, Carotid nerve — c.
Plexus, see Carotid Nerve.
  CAROTICA, Narcotics.
  CAROTICUS, Carotic.
  CAROTID, Carotic.
  CAROT'IDS, Carolidea, Carot'ica, Carotidea,
Capitdlea, Juguldrea, Sopordles, Sopordria, So-
porif era, Somnif'era, Apoplec'tica, Lethar'gica
(Arte'ria), the Carot'id Ar'teries,  Cephalic Arte-
ries, (F.) Artires Carotides;  from Kapos, 'stupor.'
The great arteries of the neck, which carry blood
to the head.  They are divided into, 1. Primitive
or  common;  the left of which arises from the
aorta, and the right from a trunk, Common to it
and the subclavian. 2. External or pericephalie,
branch of the primitive, which extends from the
last to the neck of the condyle of the lower jaw;
and,  3.  Internal,  Arte'ria cerebra'lis vel ence-
phalica, another branch of the primitive, which,
arising at the same place as the external, enters
the cranium,  and terminates on a level with the
fissure of Sylvius, dividing into several branches.
   Carotid or Carotic Canal, Cana'lis Carolicus,
Canal inflexe de los temporal—(Ch.), Canal caro-
todien, is a canal in the temporal bone, through
which the carotid artery  and several  nervous
filaments pass.
   Carotid or Carotic Foramina, Foram'ina Ca-
rot'ica, (F.) Trous carotidiens, are distinguished
into internal and external.   They are the foram-
ina at each extremity of the  Canalis Caroticus.
   Carotid Ganglion, see Carotid nerve.
   Carotid Nerve, Carotic nerve, Nervus carol-
icus.  A branch from the superior cervical gan-
glion of the great sympathetic, which ascends by
the side of the internal  carotid.   It divides into
two portions,  which enter the carotid canal, and,
by their communication with each other and the
petrosal branch of the  vidian,  form the carotid
plexus.  They also frequently form a small gan-
gliform swelling on the  under part of the  artery
—the carotic or carotid or cavernous ganglion,
ganglion of Laumonier.
   Carotid Plexus, see Carotid nerve.
   CAROTTE, Daucus carota.
   CAROUA,  Carum,  (seed.)
   CAROUBIER, Ceratonium siliqua,
   CAROUGE, see Ceratonium  siliqua.
   CARPASA, Carbasa.
   CARPA'SIUM,  Car'paaum,  and  Carpe'aium.
Dioscorides,  Pliny, Galen, Ac, have given these
names, and  that of Carpasos, to  a  plant, which
 cannot now be determined, and whose juice, called
 Opocar'pason, oitoKapttaaov, passed for a violent,
narcotic poison, and was confounded with myrrh.
   CARPATHICUM, see Pinus cembra.
   CARPE, Carpus.
   CARPENTARIA, Achillea millefolium.
   CARPESIUM, Carpasium.
   CARPHO'DES, Carpho'ides, from Kapipos, 'floc-
culua,'  and  etSos,  'resemblance.'   Flocculent,
stringy; — as mucua carphodea, flocculent  or
stringy mucus.
   CARPHOLOG"IA, Tilmua, Carpolog"ia, Cro-
cidis'mus, Crocydis'mus,Flocco'rum vena'tio, Floc-
cile'gium, Tricholog"ia, Crocidix'is, Floccila'tion,
Floccita'tion, from Kapipos, 'floe'cuius,' and Xtyta,
'I  collect,' or 'pluck.' (F.) Carphologie.   Action 
CARPHOS                 171                CARTILAGO
of gathering flocculi.  A delirious picking of the
bed-clothes, as if to seek some substance, or to
pull  the flocculi from them.  It denotes great
cerebral irritability and  debility, and is  an un-
favourable sign in fevers, Ac.
  CARPHOS, Trigonella fosnum.
  CARPIA, Linteum.
  CARPIjEUS, Palmaris brevis.
  CAR'PIAL,  Car'pian, Carpidnus, Carpia'lis,
(F.)  Carpien.   Belonging to the Carpus.
  Car'pial Lig'aments, (F.) Ligaments Carpiens,
are, 1. The fibrous fasciae, which unite the bones
of the carpus; and, 2.  The annular ligaments,
anterior and posterior.
  CARPIAN, Carpial.
  CARPIEN, Carpial.
  CARPISMUS, Carpus.
  CARPOBALSAMUM, see Amyris opobal-
samum.
  CARPOLOGIA, Carphologia—c  Spasmodica,
Subsultus tendinum.
  CARPO-METACARPEUS  MINIMI  DIGI-
TI, Adductor  metacarpi  minimi digiti—c. Meta-
carpien du petit doigt, Opponens minimi digiti—
c. Metacarpien du pouce, Opponens pollicis — c.
Phalangeus minimi digiti, Abductor minimi digiti
—e. Phalangien du petit doigt, Abductor  minimi
digiti—c. Phalangien du petit  doigt, Flexor par-
vus minimi digiti—e. Phalangien du pouce, Flexor
brevis pollicis manus—c. Sus-phalangien du pouce,
Abductor pollicis brevis.
  CARPO-PEDAL, from carpus, 'the wrist,' and
pes, pedis,  ' the foot.'  Relating to the wrist and
foot.
  Carpo-pedal  Spasm, Cer'ebral spasmodic
croup.  A spasmodic affection of the chest and
larynx in young children, accompanied by gene-
ral or partial convulsions. The disease commonly
occurs between the third and ninth month, and
is characterized by excessive dyspnoea, accompa-
nied by a loud croupy noise on inspiration; the
thumbs being  locked, and the hands  and feet
rigidly bent for a longer or  shorter period.  The
seat of the disease is  evidently in  the cerebro-
spinal axis, primarily or secondarily : generally,
perhaps, it is owing to erethism seated elsewhere,
but  communicated  to the cerebro-spinal centre,
and reflected to the respiratory and other muscles
concerned.  It seems to be connected with dental
irritation, and consequently,  in  the treatment,
where such is the case, the gums should be freely
divided; after  which, cathartics and revulsives,
with  the use  of narcotics and appropriate diet,
will generally remove the affection;  for although
extremely alarming, it is often not attended with
great danger.  See Asthma thymicum.
   CARPOS,  Fruit.
   CARPOT'ICA, from Kapitos, 'fruit.'  Diseases
affecting impregnation.  Irregularity, difficulty
or danger  produced by parturition :—the 3d or-
der, class Genetica, of Good.
   CARPUS,  Carpis'mus, Brachia'le,  Rasce'ta,
Raste'ta, Rascha,  Rase'ta,  Raselta,  the wrist.
(F.) Carpe, Poignet.  The part between the fore-
arm and hand.  Eight bones compose it, (in two
rows.)  In  the superior row there are, from with-
out  to  within — the Scapho'ides  or navicula're,
Luna're or semilundre, Cuneifor'me, and  Orbicu-
la're or pisifor'me. In  the lower row—Trape'-
zium, Trapezo'ides,  Magnum, and Uncifor'me.
   CARRAGEEN  MOSS, Fucus crispus.
   CARRE DE LA CUISSE, Quadratus femoris
— c. des Lombes,  Quadratus lumborum — c. du
Menton, Depressor lubii inferioris — c. du Pied,
Extensor brevis digitorum  pedis.
   CARREAU, Tabes mesenterica.
  CARREE, see Flexor longus digitorum pedis
profundus perforans, (acccssorius.)
  CAR RELET,  (E.) Acits triangnla'ris.  A
straight needle, two  or three  inches  long, the
point of which is  triangular;  and which  the
ancients  used in different operations.  Also, a
wooden,  triangular  frame  for  fixing a cloth
through which different pharmaceutical prepara-
tions are passed.
  CARROT, CANDY, Athamanta  cretensis—c.
Deadly, Thapsia—c. Plant, Daucus carota.
  CARTHAMUS MACULATUS, Carduus ma-
rianus.
  Car'thamus  Tincto'rius,  Am'yron,  Cnicus,
Crocus German'icus, Crocus Saracen'icus, Car'-
thamum offlcindrum,  Gar'duus aati'vua, Safra'-
num, Saffron-flower, Saffiower, Bastard Saffron,
Dyer's Saffron, (F.) Carthame,  Safran bdtard,
Carthame des Teinturiers.  Family.  Cynaroce-
phaleae.  Sex. Syst. Syngenesia Polygamia asqua-
lis.   The seeds are aromatic, cathartic, and diu-
retic ; yet to the parroquet they are an article of
food; hence their name, Graines de Parroquet.
The flowers, Car'thamus, (Ph. U.S.) are employed
as a cosmetic, and are a reputed diaphoretic. [ ? ]
  CARTHEGON, see Buxus.
  CAR'TILAGE, Chondros, Car'tilago, (F.) Car-
tilage.   A  solid part of the  animal body, of a
medium consistence between bone and ligament,
which in the foetus is a substitute for bone, but
in the  adult  exists  only in  the joints, at  the
extremities of the ribs, Ac  Cartilages are of a
whitish  colour,  flexible, compressible,  and  very
elastic, and some of them apparently inorganic.
They are composed, according to J.  Davy, of .44
albumen, .55 water, and .01 phosphate of lime.
  CARTILAGE  ANONY3IE,  Cricoid, (carti-
lage)—c Epiglottic,  Epiglottis—c. Mucrone, Xi-
phoid Cartilage—c. Supra-arytenoid, Comiculum
laryngis—c. Tarsal, see Tarsus.
  Cartilages, Articular, Obdu'cent Car'tilages,
invest bony surfaces, which are in contact; hence
they are  called investing or incrusting cartilages,
(F.) Cartilages de revetement ou d'encroutement.
  Cartilages,  Interarticular, are such*as are
situate within the joints, as in the knee joint.
  Cartilages of Ossifica'tion  are such as, in
the progress of ossification, have to form an in-
tegrant part of bones ; as those of the long bones
in the new-born  infant.   They are termed tem-
porary; the others being permanent.  All the
cartilages,  with the  exception  of the  articular,
are surrounded by a membrane analogous to the
periosteum, called Perichon'drium.
  Cartilages of the Ribs are, in some respects,
only prolongations of the ribs. Those of the nose,
of the meatus auditorius, and  Eustachian tube,
present a similar arrangement.  Other  cartilages
resemble a union of fibrous and cartilaginous tex-
tures ;  hence their name Fibro-cartilages.
  Cartilages, Semilunar, see  Semilunar — c.
Sigmoid, Semilunar cartilages.
  CARTILAGINES   GUTTURALES,  Aryte-
noid cartilages—c Semilunares, Semilunar carti-
lages—e. Sigmoideas, Semilunar cartilages.
  Cartilaginis Arytenoidje^e Capitulum, Cor-
niculum laryngis.
  CARTILAGINOUS, Cartilagin'eus, Cartila-
gino'sus, Chondro'des,  Chondro'i'des, (F.)  Carti-
lagineux.  Belonging to, or resembling cartilage.
  Cartilaginous, Tissue, see Tissue.
  CARTILAGO, Cartilage —c. Clypealis, Thy-
roid cartilage — c Ensiformis, Xiphoid cartilage
— c. Guttalis, Arytenoid cartilage — c Innomi-
nata, Cricoid—e. Mucronata, Xiphoid cartilage—
c Peltalis, Thyroid cartilage, Xiphoid cartilage
— c. Seutiformis, Thyroid cartilage — c. Uvifer,
Uvula—c.  Xiphoides, Xiphoid cartilage. 
CARUM
175
CASSIA
  CARUM, from  Caria, a  province  of  Asia.
A'pium carvi, Bu'nium carvi, Ligus''ticum carvi,
Ses'eli carvi seu carum, Sium carvi,  Oa'reum,
Carum car'vi, (,'u.rvi, Cuminum praten'se, Carus,
Cnr'uon, the Cur'away, (F.)  Carvi,  Cumin  des
prf.s. Family, Umbelliferas.   Sex. Syst. Pentan-
dria Digynia.  The seeds, Carnnbu'ilia, Car'oua,
are carminative.   Dose, gr. x to gij, swallowed
whole or  bruised.  The oil,  Oleum Car'ni, (F.)
Huile de  carvi, has the properties of the seeds.
Dose, gtt. ij to vj.
   Carum  Bulbocastanum, Bunium bulbocasta-
num.
   CAR'UNCLE,  Carun'cula,  diminutive of caro,
' flesh.'  A small portion of flesh, Sar'cium, Sar-
cid'ium.   A fleshy  excrescence,—Ecphy'ma car-
un'cula, (E.) Caroncule.
   Caruncle, Carnositas.
   Caruncles in the Urethra, Carnosities.
   Carun'cula  Lachryma'lis,  (F.)  Caroncule
lacrymale.  A small,  reddish, follicular  body,
situate at the inner  angle of the eye.  It secretes
a gummy substance.
   CARUNCULiE CUTICULARES, Nymphae.
   Carunculas Mamilla'res.  The extremities
of  the  lactiferous  tubes in  the  nipples.   The
olfactory  nerves have been so called by some.
   Caruncula;  Myrtifor'mes,   C.  Vagindles,
 Glan'dnla myrtifor'mes,  (F.j Caroncules myrti-
formes.   Small, reddish  tubercles, more or  less
firm, of variable form, and  uncertain number,
situate near the orifice of the  vagina, and formed
by the mucous membrane.   They are regarded
as the remains of the hymen.
   CarunculjE Papillares,  Papillae of the kid-
ney.
   CARUN'CULOUS, Carun'cular.  Relating to
 caruncles or carnosities.
   CARUON, Carum.
   CARUS, Kapos, Sopor caro'ticus, Profound sleep.
 The last  degree of coma, with complete insensi-
 bility, which no  stimulus can remove, even for a
 few instants.  Sopor, Coma,  Lethargia, and Ca-
 rus, are four degrees of the same condition.
   Carus Apoplexia,  Apoplexy — c Asphyxia,
 Asphyxia—c Catalepsia, Catalepsy—c. Ecstasis,
 Ecstasis—c. Hydrocephalus,  Hydrocephalus in-
 ternus—o. ab Insolatione, Coup de soldi—c Le-
 thargus, Lethargy—c. Lethargus cataphora, Som-
 nolency — e. Lethargus vigil, Coma vigil — c.
 Paralysis, Paralysis — c. Paralysis paraplegia,
 Paraplegia—c. Veternus, Lethargy.
   CARVI,  Carum.
   CARYA, Juglans regia — c. Basilica, Juglans
 regia.
   CARYEDON CATAGMA, see Fracture.
   CARYOCOST'INUS, Caryocostinum. An elec-
 tuary prepared of the  costus and other aromatic
 substances, Ac.   It was cathartic.  See Confectio
 scammonias.
   CARYON PONTICON, Corylus  avellana
 (nut.)
   CARYOPHYLLA, Geum urbanum.
   CARYOPHYLLATA  AQUATICA,  Geum ri-
 vale—c. Nutans, Geum rivale—c. Urbana, Geum
 urbanum—c Vulgaris, Geum urbanum.
   CARYOPHYLLUM RUBRUM, Dianthus ca-
 ryophyllus.
   CARYOPHYLLUS  AMERICANUS, see Myr-
tus pimenta—o. Aromaticus,  Eugenia caryophyl-
lata — c.  Hortensis, Dianthus caryophyllus — c
Pimenta,  Myrtus Pimenta—c Vulgaris, Geum
urbanum.
   CARYO'TI.  The best kind of dates.—Galen.
   CAS PARES (F.), Rare  cases.  This term is
used, by the French, for pathological facts, which
vary from what is usual. See a celebrated article
under this head in the Dictionnaire des Sciences
316dicales, Vol. IV.
  CASAMUM, Cyclamen.
  CASAMUNAR,  Cassumuniar.
  CAS'CARA, CASCARIL'LA.  Spanish words,
which signify  bark and little bark, under whicb
appellations the bark  (Cinchona)  is known in
Peru.  They are now applied to the bark of Cro-
ton caacarilla.   The  bark-gatherers are called
Casa triller os.
  CASCARILLA,  Croton cascarilla.
  CASCARILLEROS, see Cascara.
  CASCHEU, Catechu.
  CASE, Capsa, Theca, (F.) Caisse.   This name
is given to boxes for the preservation of instru-
ments, or of medicines necessary in  hospital or
other service.   We say, e. g. — A case of ampu-
tating, or of trepanning instruments.
  Case,  Casus, from  cadere, casum, 'to  fall.'
The condition of a patient; — as a case of fever,
Ac. (F.) Observation. Also, the history of a disease.
  CASEARIUS, Cheesy.
  CA'SEIN,  Caseine,  Ca'seum,  Galac'tine, Ca-
seous matter; from caseus, 'cheese.'  The only
nitrogenized constituent of milk.  It is identical
in  composition with  the chief  constituents of
blood,—fibrin and albumen, all being compounds
of protein.   A similar principle exists in the vege-
table,  Vegetable Casein  or Legu'min, Veg"etable
Gluten.  It is chiefly found in leguminous seeds
—peas, beans, lentils.  Like vegetable albumen,
Casein is soluble  in water; and the solution is
not coagulable by  heat.
   Casein, Blood,  Globulin.
   CASEOSUS, Cheesy.
   CASEOUS  MATTER, Casein.
   CASEUM, Casein.
   CASEUS, Cheese—c. Equinus, Hippace.
   CASEUX,  Cheesy.
   CASHEW,  Anacardium occidentale.
   CASHOO.  An  aromatic drug of Hindoostan,
said to possess pectoral virtues.
   CASHOW,  Catechu.
   CASIA, Laurus cassia.
   CASMINA, Cassumuniar.
   CASMONAR, Cassumuniar.
   CASS A, Thorax.
   CASSADA ROOT, Jatropha manihot.
   CASSAVA ROOT, Jatropha manihot.
   CASSE AROMATIQUE, Laurus cassia —e.
en Batons, Cassia fistula—c. en Bois, Laurus cas-
sia— c.  des Boutiques,  Cassia fistula — c. Sine,
Cassia senna.
   CASSE-LUNETTES,  Cyanus segetum, Eu-
phrasia officinalis.
   CASSEENA, Ilex vomitoria.
   CASSENOLES, see Quercus infectoria.
   CASSIA, Laurus cassia—c. Absus, Absus—c.
Acutifolia, C. senna—c Egyptian, C.  senna—
c Alexandrina, C. fistula—c Bonplandiana, C.
fistula.
   Cassia Cham^ecris'ta,  Prairie  senna,  Par-
tridge Pea, Wild  Senna.  An indigenous  plant,
Fam. Leguminosas, which flowers in August.  It
resembles Cassia Marilandica in properties.
   Cassia Cinnamomea, Laurus  cassia — c. Ca-
ryophyllata, Myrtus earyophyllata — c. Canella,
Laurus cassia — c. Egyptian, Cassia senna — c.
 Excelsa, C. fistula.
   Cas'sia  Fis'tula,  Cas'sia nigra, Cassia flstu-
 lu'ris, G. Alexandrina seu excelsa seu Bonplan-
dia'na, Canna,  Canna  solutiva,  Canna fistula,
 Cathartocar'pus, Bactyrilo'bium fis'tula,  Purging
 Cassia, (F.) Casse Canfficier, Casse en Batons,
 Casse des Boutiques.   The pulp of Cassia Fis'-
tula or Cathartocar'pus Fistula; Fam.  Legumi-
nosas ; Sex. Syst.  Decandria Monogynia, Pulpa
Cas'sia,  Cassia   Aramen'tum,   Cassia  Fistula 
           CASSLE ARAMENTUM         1

Pulpa, (Ph. U. S.),  which is  obtained in long
pods, is black, bright, and shining; sweet, slightly
acid, and inodorous.  It is laxative in the dose
of <5iv t0 3J-
  Cassia  Lanceolata, C. senna—c. Lignea,
Laurus  cassia — c. Lignea Malabarica, Laurus
cassia.
  Cassia  Marilan'dica,  Senna  Amcrica'na,
American Senna, Wild  Senna,  Locust plant, (F,)
Sine d'Amirique.   The leaves  of this plant  are
similar,  in virtue, to those  of cassia senna.  They
are, however, much inferior in  strength.
  Cassia  Nigra,  C. fistula—c  Officinalis,  C.
senna—c. Orientalis, C. senna—c. Purging, Cas-
sia fistula.
  Cassia  Senna,  C. lanceola'ta seu acutifo'lia
seu orienta'lis seu officina'lis.   The name of  the
plant which affords senna.  It is yielded, how-
ever, by several species  of the genus cassia.  The
leaves of senna, Senna Folia, Senna Alexandri-
na, Senna  Italica,  Sena,  Senna  or JEgyptian
Cassia, (F.) Sini, Casse Sine, have a faint smell,
and bitterish taste.  The  active part,  by some
called Cathartin,  is  extracted by alcohol  and
water.  Their activity is injured by boiling water.
They are  a hydragogue cathartic,  and apt  to
gripe.  Dose of the powder, Qj to """"j.  Infusion
is the best form.
  The varieties of  senna, in commerce, are Tin-
nivelly Senna, Bombay or Common India Senna,
Alexandrian Senna,  Tripoli Senna, and Aleppo
Senna.
  CASSLE  ARAMENTUM, see Cassia fistula—
c. Fistulas pulpa, see Cassia fistula—c. Flores,
see Laurus cinnamomum.
  CASSIALA, Hyssopus.
  CASSIDA GALERICULATA, Scutellaria ga-
lericulata.
  CASSIDE BLEUE,  Scutellaria galericulata.
  CASSINA, Ilex  vomitoria.
  CASSINE CAROLINIANA, Ilex parag'uensis
—c. Evergreen, Hex  vomitoria.—c. Peragua, Hex
paraguensis.
  CASSIS, Ribes nigrum.
  CASSITEROS, Tin.
  CASSUMU'NIAR, Oasamu'nar, Casmonar,
Zerumbet,  Casmina, Ri'sagon, Ben'gale Indo'rum,
Rengal  Root, (F.)  Racine  de  Bengale.  A root,
obtained from the East Indies,  in irregular slices
of various forms;  some cut transversely, others
longitudinally.  It is an aromatic bitter, and is
consequently tonic and  stimulant.  It was once
considered a panacea, and has been  referred to
Zingiber Cassumuniar, Z. Clifford'ia seu purpu-
reum, Amo'mum monta'num, and to Zingiber Ze-
rumbet, Z. spurium, Amo'mum  Zerumbet seu syl-
ves'tre.
  CASSUVIUM POMIFERUM, Anacardium
occidentale.
  CAS'SYTA FILIFORM'IS.  A South African
plant, Nat.  Ord. Laurineas, which is employed
by the Cape colonists as a wash in scald head,
and as an antiparasitic.
  CAST, Caste.
  CASTALIA SPECIOSA, Nymphasa alba.
  CASTANEA, Fagus  castanea, see also  Fagus
castanea pumila—c.  Equina, jEsculus Hippocas-
tanum—c. Pumila, Fagus castanea pumila.
  CASTE, Cast, from (P.) Casta, 'race or lineage.'
A name given, by the  Portuguese in India,  to
classes of society,  divided  according to occupa-
tions, which have remained distinct from the
earliest times.  Hence a separate and fixed order
or class.   See Half-caste.
  CASTELLAMARE DI  STABIA,  WATERS
OF.  Castellamare  di Stabia is  a town in Naples,
in the Principato Citra, 15 miles S. S. E. of Na-
               CATABLEMA

pies.  There  are  two springs, the one  sulphu-
reous, the other chalybeate.
  CASTELLETTO   ADONO,  WATERS  OF.
These waters, situate near Acqui, in  Italy, are
sulphureous.
  CASTERA-YIVENT, WATERS  OF.   Cas-
tera-Vivent is a small village in the department
of Gers,  near which is  a  cold acidulous chaly-
beate, and another  which is sulphureous and
thermal.   Temp. 84° Fahrenheit.
  CASTIGANS, Corrigent,
  CASTIGLIO'NIA LOBA'TA, PiHoncillo tree.
A tree, which is cultivated in some parts of Peru,
and grows wild in abundance. Its beautiful fruit,
when roasted, has an agreeable flavour.  When
an incision is made into the stem, a clear bright
liquid flows out, which, after some time, becomes
black and horny-like.  It  is a  very powerful
caustic.
  CASTJOE, Catechu.
  CASTLE-LEOD,  WATERS  OF.  A  sulphu-
reous spring  in Ross-shire, Scotland, celebrated
for the cure of cutaneous and other diseases.
  CASTOR BAY, Magnolia glauea.
  Castor Fiber, Fiber,  Canis Pon'ticus, the
Beaver.   (F.) Castor.  It  furnishes the Castor.
Rondelet recommends slippers made of its skin
in gout.   Its  blood, urine, bile, and fat, were for-
merly used in medicine.
  Castor Oil Plant, Rieinus communis.
  CASTO'REUM, Casto'rium, Castor,  Custoreum
Ros'sicum et  Canaden'se, from Kaariap, ' the bea-
ver,' quasi yatrrup, from yaarnp, ' the belly,' be-
cause of  the  size of its belly.  (?)  A peculiar
matter found in  bags,  near  the rectum of the
beaver, Castor fiber.   Its odour is strong,  unplea-
sant, and peculiar;  taste  bitter, subacrid; and
colour orange brown.  It is antispasmodic, and
often employed.  Dose, gr. x to *[*)j.
  CASTORINA, from Castoreum, ' castor.'   Me-
dicines containing castor.
  CASTRANGULA, Scrophularia aquatica.
  CASTRAT, Castratus.
  CASTRA'TION, Castrdtio, Ec'tome, Ectom'ia,
Evira'tio, Excastra'tio, Etesticula'lio, Extirpa'tio
testiculo'rum,  Detesta'tio, Exeec'tio virilium, Eu-
nuchis'mus, Orchotom'ia, Orcheolomy,  Orchidol-
omy, (F.) Chdtrure.   The operation of removing
the testicles.   Sometimes the term is employed
for the operation when performed on one testicle;
hence the division into complete and incomplete
castration.  Castration renders the individual in-
capable of reproduction.
  CASTRATO, Castratus.
  CASTRA'TUS, (I.)  Castra'to,  Ectom'ius,
Emascula'tus, Evira'tus, Exsec'tus, Desee'tus, Ex-
testicula'tus, Ex maribus, Intestab'ilis, Intesta'tus,
Spado, Apoc'opus, Bago'as, from  castrare, ' to
castrate.'  (F.)  Castrat, Chdtre.   One deprived
of testicles.  This privation has  a great  influ-
ence on  the  development  of  puberty.   It is
adopted to procure a clearer and  sharper voice;
and in the East, the guardians of the Harem, for
the sake of security, are converted into Castra'ti
or Eu'nuchs,  twov%ot.   Eunuchs have generally
both testes and penis removed.
  CASUS,  Prolapsus,  Symptom — c.  Palpebras
superioris, Blepharoptosis—c. Uvulas, Staphylos-
dema.
  CAT TAIL, Typha latifolia.
  CATA, Kara, ' downwards,' ' after,' applied  to
time: at times, it gives additional force to the
radical word.  A common  prefix, as in —
  CATAB'ASIS,  from  KaroQatvto,  'I descend.'
An  expulsion of humours downwards.  Also,  a
descent, Descen'sus, Deseedsio, — as of the tes-
ticles, Descen'sus testiculo'rum.
  CATABLE'MA, Kara^Xnua, (Kara and (iaXXeiv,)
6 
CATABYTHISMOMANIA         177               CATAPLASM
'any thing let fall, as a curtain,' Epiblc'ma, Pe-
rible'mu.  The outermost bandage which secures
the rest.
   CATABYTHISMOMANIA, from  Karaftv-
Otoitos,  ' submersion,' and p.avia, ' mania.'   Insa-
nity, with a propensity to suicide by drowning.
   CATACASMUS, Cupping, Scarification.
   CATACAUMA, Burn.
   CATACAUSIS, Combustion, human—c. Ebri-
osa, Combustion, human.
   CATACERAS'TICUS,  from KaraKtpavwpt,  'I
temper,' 'I correct.'  The same as Epiccrasticus.
A medicine capable of blunting the acrimony of
humours.
   CATACTTASMOS, Scarification.
   CATACHRISES, Inunction.
   CATACIIRISTON,  Liniment.
   CATACH'YSIS, Effu'sio, Perfu'sio, from Kara-
Xto>, ' I pour upon.'  Affusion with cold water.—
Hippocrates.  Decantation.
   CATACLASIS, from KaraKXafa,  'I  break to
pieces.'  Cam'pylum, Uampylo'tis. Distortion, or
spasmodic fixation of tho eyes; spasmodic occlu-
sion of the eyelids; also,  fracture of a bone.—
Hippocrates, Vogol.
   CATACLEIS';  from Kara, 'beneath,'and kXus,
' tho  clavicle;'  ' a lock or  fastening,' KaraKXtta,
(koto and kXcoo), I lock up.   This term  has been
applied to many  parts, as to the first rib,  the
acromion,  the  joining of the sternum  with  the
ribs, Ac.
   CATACLEI'SIS, same etymon. A locking up.
The act of locking up.   Morbid union of the eye-
lids.
   CATACLYS'MUS, Cataclys'ma, Cata'clysis,
from  KaraKXvfytv,  ' to  submerge,  inundate.'   A
Clyster.  Hippoer.   Others mean, by the term, a
shower-bath, or copious affusion of water; Cata-
one'sis.  Ablution, Douche.
   CATiEONESIS, Catantlema, Cataclysmus.
   CATAGAUNA, Cambogia.
   CATAGMA, Fracture—c. Fissura, Fissure, see
Contrafissura—c. Fractura, Fracture.
   CATAGMAT'ICS, Catagmalicaremed'ia, from
Karaypa, ' fracture.'   Remedies  supposed to be
capable of occasioning the formation of callus.
   CATAGOGLOS'SUM, from Karaytiv,  'to draw
down,'and yXuiaoa, 'the tongue.'  An instrument
for pressing down  the tongue,  See  Glossoca-
tochus.
   CATAGRAPHOLOGIA, Pharmacocatagra-
phologia.
   CATALEN'TIA.  Epilepsy, or some disease
Resembling it.—Paracelsus.
   CATALEPSIA  SPURIA, Ecstasis.
   CAT'ALEPSY,  Catalep'sia, Catalep'sis, Cal-
oche,  Calochus,  Calocha Gale'ni, Morbus  atton'-
itus Celsi, Hyste'ria catalep'tiea, Congela'tio, De-
ten'tio, Encatalep'sis, Aphonia—(Hipper.,)Anau'-
dia—(Antigenes,) Apprehen'sio,  Contentpin''tio,
Stupor  vig"ilans, Prchen'sio,  Cams  Catulcp'sia,
Oppres'sio, Comprehcn'sio—(Casl. Aurelian,) Com-
pren'sio,Apoplex' ia Catalcp' sia,irova KaraXanfiavu),
'I seize hold of.'  Trance (?) (F.) Catalepsie.   A
disease in  which there is sudden suspension of
the action of the  senses and of volition;  the
limbs and  trunk preserving the different posi-
tions given to them.  It is a rare affection, but is
seen,  at times, as a form of hysteria.   Some of
tho Greek writers have used the word in its true
acceptation of a seizure, surprise, Ac.
  CATALEPTIC,  Catalep'ticus,  same  etymon.
Relating to catalepsy.   Affected with catalepsy.
  Catalep'tic Mkthod, Meth'odus Catalep'tiea.
The administration of  external agents when in-
ternal agents are inapplicable.
  CATALOT'IC, Catalolicus, from KaraXaato, 'to I
      12
 break or grind down.'  A remedy which removes
 unseemly cicatrices.
   CATAL'PA, C. Arbo'rea, Bigno'nia Catal'pa,
 Cutulpa Cordifo'lia, C. Arbores'.c,us seu Bigno-
 nio'i'des seu  Syringafolia, Cataw'ba tree, Indian
 Bean.  A decoction of the pods of the Catalpa,
 an American tree, of the Nut. Fain. Bignoniaceas,
 Didynamia Angiospermia, has been recommended
 in chronic nervous asthma.
   Catalpa Arborea, Catalpa/—c. Bignonioides,
 Catalpa—c. Cordifolia, Catalpa—c. Syringasfolia,
 Catalpa.
   CATAL'Y/SIS, Paralysis, from  koto, and Xvw,
 ' I dissolve or decompose.'   The action of pre-
 sence in produeipg  decomposition; as when a
 body which possesses what has been termed cata-
 lytic force resolves  other bodies into new com-
 pounds by mere  contact  or presence, without
 itself experiencing any modification.
   CATALYTIC FORCE, see Catalysis.
   CATAMENIA, Menses—c. Alba, Leucorrhcea.
   CATAME'NIAL,  Catamenia'lis,  Men'strual,
 Med Straus,  Medstruous, (F.)  Menstruel,  from
 Kara, and finv, ' a mouth.'  Appertaining or relat-
 ing to the catamenia.
   CATAMENIORUM FLUXUS IMMODICUS,
 Menorrhagia.
   CATANANCE, Cichorium intybus.
   CATANGELOS, Ruscus.
   CATANTLE'MA, Catantle'sis, from  Kara,
 'upon,' apd  avrXata,  'I  pour.'  Cateone'sis and
 Oataone'sis.   Ablution with warm water.  A fo-
 mentation.—Moschion, Marcellus Empiricus.
   CATAPAS'MA, from  Karartaaata, ' I sprinkle.'
 Catapas'turn, Gonsper'sio,  Epipas'ton,  Pasma,
 Sympas'ma, Empas'ma, Diapas'ma, Xer'ion, As-
 per'sio, Epispas'turn, Pulvis asperso'rius. A com-
 pound medicine, in the form of powder, employed
 by the ancients to sprinkle on ulcers, absorb per-
 spiration, Ac.—Paulus of iEgina.
   CATAPH'ORA,  'a fall,'  from  Karafcpto, 'I
 throw down.'  A state  resembling sleep, with
 privation  of  feeling and voice.   Somnolency.
 According to others, Cataphora is simply a pro-
 found sleep,  which it is difficult  to rouse from —
 in this sense  being synonymous  with Sopor.
   Cataphora Coma, see  Apoplexy — c. Hydro-
 cephalica,  see Apoplexy — c. Cymini, Theriaca
 Londinensis—c. Magnetica, Somnambulism, mag-
 netic.
   CATAPHRAC'TA,  Cataphrae'tes, a  Cuirass,
 from Karatppaaouo, ' I fortify.'  A name  given by
 Galen to a bandage applied round the thorax and
 shoulders.  It was also called Quadri'ga.
   CATAPIESIS, Depression.
   CATAPINOSIS, Absorption.
   CATAP'LASIS, from (caraTrXao-o-u, 'tobesmear.'
 The act of besmearing or overlaying with plaster,
   CAT'APLASM, Cataplas'ma,  Epiplas'ma.
 Boeos, Poultice, Pultiee, from KaTatrXactxtiv, (Kara
 and itXaaativ, 'to form or mould,') 'to besmear.'
 (F.)  Cataplasme.   A medicine applied exter-
 nally, under  the form of a thick pap.  Cata-
 plasms are formed of various ingredients, and for
 different objects.   They may be anodyne, emol-
 lient, tonic, antiseptic, irritating, Ac.   A simple
 poultice acts only by virtue of  its warmth  and
 moisture.   Mealy, fatty  substances,  leaves  of
 plants, certain fruits, crumb of bread, Ac, are
 the most  common  bases.  The  chief  poultices
 which have been officinal are the following:—
 Anodyne—c. Cicutas, c. Digitalis.  Antiseptic—
 c. Carbonis, c. Dauci, c. Fermenti, c. Acetosae, c.
 Cumini.  Emollient — c. Lini, c Panis, c Mali
 maturi.   Irritating—o. Sinapis, c Sodii chloridi,
 c  Quercus Marini.  Tonic and  Astringent — c.
Alum, c. Goulard, c. of Roses.
  The Parisian Codex has some other officinal 
CATAPLASMA BYNES
178
CATARACT
cataplasms.  1. Cataplas'ma anod'ynnm, made of
poppy and hyoscyamus. 2. Cataplas'ma emolliens,
made of  meal and pulps.   3.  Cataplas'ma ad
suppuratio'nem promoveildam, of pulps and ba-
silicon.   4.  Cataplas'ma rubefa'ciens  vel anti-
pleurilicum, formed of pepper and vinegar.
  The only cataplasms, the preparation of which it
is important to describe, are some of the following:
  Cataplasm, Alum, Coagulum Aluminosum.—
c. of Beer grounds, see Cataplasma  Fermenti.—
c. Carrot, Cataplasma Dauci.—c. Charcoal, Cata-
plasma carbonis ligni.
  CATAPLASMA BYNES, see C. Fermenti.
  Cataplas'ma Carbo'nis Ligni,  Charcoal Cat-
aplasm or poultice.  Made  by adding  powdered
charcoal to  a common cataplasm.   Used as an
antiseptic to foul ulcers, Ac
  Cataplas'ma  Dauci,  Carrot Cataplasm or
poultice.  Made by boiling the root of the Carrot
until it is soft enough  to form a poultice.  Used
in fetid ulcers.
  Cataplas'ma  F^eculjE  Cerevisle,  see C.
Fermenti.
  Cataplas'ma Ferment'i, C. efferves'cens, Yeast
Cataplasm or Poultice,  (F.) Cataplaame de Levure.
(Take of meal Ibj, yeaat, tbss. Expose to a gentle
heat.)  It is antiseptic, and a good application
to bruises.  A Cataplaam of Beer Grounds, Cata-
plasma Fa'cula Cerevis'ia, C. Bynes, is used in
the same cases.
  Cataplas'ma  Sina'pis,  C. Sina'peos,  Sin'a-
pism. Mustard Cataplasm or Poultice, (F.) Cata-
plasme de Moutard ou Sinapisme.  (Mustard and
Linseed meal or meal aa  equal parts.  Warm
vinegar or water, q. s.)  A  rubefacient and  sti-
mulant applied to the  soles of the feet in coma,
low typhus, Ac, as well as to the pained  part in
rheumatism, Ac
  CATAPLEX'IS, Stupor, from Kara, and irXvaatti,
'I strike.'   The act of striking with amazement.
Appearance of astonishment as exhibited  by the
eyes in particular.  See Hasmodia.
  CATAPOSIS, Deglutition.
  CATAPOTION,  Pilula.
  CATAPSYX'IS, from  koto^x^, 'I refrige-
rate' ; Peripsyx'is. Considerable coldness of the
body, without  rigor and  horripilatio. — Galen,
Perfric'tio.  Coldness in the extreme parts of the
limbs.—Hippocrates.
  CATAPTO'SIS, Decidcn'tia, a fall. This word,
at times, expresses the fall  of a patient, attacked
with epilepsy, or apoplexy; at others, the sudden
resolution of a paralytic limb.
  CATAPULTA VIRILIS, Penis.
  CATAPUTIA MINOR,  Euphorbia  lathyris,
Ricinus communis.
  CAT'ARACT, Catarac'ta, Catarrhac'ta, Suffd-
sio  Oc'uli, S. Lentis crystall'ina, Phtharma cata-
rac'ta, Caligo lentis, Gutta  opa'ca, Hypoc'hyma,
Hopoc'hysis, Hopoph'ysis, Phacoscoto'ma, Parop'-
sis catarac'ta, Glaueo'ma Woulhou'si, from koto-
paaattv (Kara and paaativ), 'to tumble down.'  A
deprivation of sight, which comes on, as if a veil
fell before the eyes. Cataract consists in opacity
of the crystalline lens or its capsule, which pre-
vents the passage of the rays of light, and pre-
cludes vision.  The causes are  obscure.  Diag-
nosis.— The patient is blind,  the  pupil seems
closed by an opake body, of variable colour, but
commonly whitish:—the  pupil  contracting  and
dilating.  Cataracts have been divided, by some,
into spurious and genuine.   The former, where
the obstacle to vision is between the capsule of
the lens and the uvea: the latter, where it is in
the  lens  or capsule.  A lenticular cataract is
where the affection is seated in the lens ;—a cap-
sular or membranous, in the capsule.   The cap-
sular is divided again, by Beer, into the anterior,
posterior, and complete capsular cataract.  When
the capsule is rendered opake, in consequence
of an injury, which cuts or ruptures any part of
it, it  thickens, becomes leathery, and has been
called Catarac'ta arida siliquo'sa.   Catarac'ta
Morgagnia'na lacteu vel purifor'mis, is the milky
variety, in which the crystalline is  transformed
into a liquid  similar to  milk, (F.) Cataructc lai-
teuse ; or, as generally defined, in which there is
opacity of the fluid situate between the lens and
its capsule.   The cap'sulo-lentic'ular affects both
lens and capsule, and Beer conceives the liquor
Morgagni, in an altered  state, may contribute to
it.  Cataracts are also called hard, soft, (Phaco-
mala'cia,) stony,  (F. pierreusc,) milky or cheesy,
(laiteuse ou casiuse, Galactocataruc'ta, Catarac'ta
lactic'olor,) according to their  density : — white,
pearly,  yellow, brown,  gray, green, black,  (F.)
blanche, perlie, jaune,  brunc, grise, vcrte, noire,
according to their colour :—fixed or vacillatiny,
—catarac'ta  capsulo-lenticula'ris flxa  vel trval-
ula, (F.)fixe ou branlante, according as they are
fixed  or movable  behind the  pupil.  They  are
likewise called  Catarac'ta marmora'cia, fenes-
tra'ta, slella'ta, puneta'ta,  dimidia'ta, Ac,  ac-
cording to the appearances they present.
  They may also be single, or complicated with
adhesion, amaurosis,  specks, Ac.;  and primary
or primitive, when opake before the operation ;—
secondary, when the  opacity is the result of  the
operation.
  The following classification  of cataracts is by
M. Desmarres:

          Class I. True Cataracts.
                              Green.
                              Black.
                              Osseous.
                              Stony or chalky.
                            ' Striated.etiolated,
                                barred,  dehis-
                                cent, with three
                                branches, Ac.
                              Disseminated, or
                                dotted.
                              Congenital.
                              Traumatic
                              Glaucomatous.
                            ' Morgagnian,   or
                                interstitial.
                              Cystic, purulent,
                                fetid.
                            ' Shaking, or float-
                                ing.
                              Luxated.
                              Pyramidal or ve-
                                getant.
                            . Arid siliquose.
               All  the varieties of  lenticular
                 and capsular cataracts.
              f Lenticular.
              ■j Capsular.
              ( Capsulo-lenticular.
a. Lenticular
  Cataracts.
Hard.
Soft.
 6. Capsular
 Cataracts.
 c. Capsulo-
 ventricular
  Cataracts.

d. Secondary
 Cataracts.
 Liquid.


 Other  varie-
 ties, soft,hard,
 or liquid.

f Anterior.
I Posterior.
          Class II. False  Cataracts.
               Fibrinous.
               Purulent.
               Sanguineous.
               Pigmentous.

  Cataract is commonly a disease of elderly in-
dividuals, although, notunfrequently, congen'ital.
It forms  slowly; objects are at first seen as
through a mist; light bodies appear to  fly before
the eyes, and it is not until after months or years
that the sight is wholly lost. No means will ob-
viate the evil except an operation, which consists
in removing the obstacle to the passage of the 
CATARACTA
179
CATARRHUS
light to the retina.  Four chief methods are em-
ployed for this purpose.   1. Couching or Depres-
sion, Hya/onix'is, Hyulonyx'is, (F.) Abaissement,
Deplacement  de la  Cataracte.   This consists in
passing a cataract needle  through the sclerotica
and subjacent membranes,  a little above  the
transverse diameter of the eye; and at about two
lines'  distance from  the  circumference of the
transparent cornea, until the point arrives in the
posterior  chamber  of the eye.  With  this the
crystalline is  depressed  to the  outer  and lower
part of the globe of  the eye, where it is left.
2. By  absorption, — by the French termed broie-
ment, or bruising.  This is performed in the same
manner as the former;  except that,  instead of
turning the crystalline from the axis of the visual
rays, it is divided by the cutting edge of the
needle, and  its fragments  are  scattered in the
humours  of the  eye,  where they are absorbed.
3. By  extraction, which consists in opening, with
a particular kind of knife, the transparent cornea
and the anterior portion of the  capsule of the
crystalline ; and causing the lens tc*issue through
the aperture.   Each of the processes  has its ad-
vantages  and disadvantages, and all are used  by
surgeons.  4. Some, again, pass a cataract needle
through the transparent cornea  and pupil to the
crystalline, and depress or cause  its absorption.
This is called Keratonyxsis, which see.
   Cataract,  Black, Amaurosis — c. Capsular,
see Cataract—c. Capsulo-lenticular, see  Cataract
— c Central, Centradiaphanes—c Cheesy, see
Cataract—c  Congenital, see Cataract—c. Com-
plicated, see Cataract—c. Fixed, see Cataract—
c. Genuine, see Cataract—c. Hard,  see  Cataract
— c. Lenticular,  see  Cataract—c.  Membranous,
see Cataract—c.  Milky, see Cataract—c. Opake,
see Cataract—c Primary, see Cataract—c Primi-
tive, see Cataract—c. Secondary, see Cataract—
c. Simple, see Cataract—c. Soft, see Cataract—
c. Spurious, see Cataract—c. Stony, see  Cataract
—c. Vacillating, see Cataract.
   CATARACTA, Cataract —c. Arida siliquosa,
see  Cataract—c. Capsulo-lenticularis, see Cata-
ract— c.  Centralis, Centradiaphanes—c. Dimidi-
ata, see Cataract—c. Fenestrata, see Cataract—
c. Glauea, Glaucoma — c. Lacticolor, see Cata-
ract—c.  Liquida,  Hygrocataracta—c.  Marmo-
racea, see Cataract—c. Morgagniana, see Cata-
ract—c.  Nigra, Amaurosis — c  Punctata, see
Cataract—c.  Stellata, see Cataract.
   CA TAR ACTE, ABAISSEMENT DE LA, see
Cataract—c. Blanche, see Cataract—c. Branlante,
see Cataract—c. Brune, see Cataract—c. Casiuse,
see Cataract— c. Diplacement de la, see  Cataract
—c. Fixe, see Cataract—c. Grise, see Cataract—
c. Jaime, see Cataract—c. Laiteuse, see  Cataract
— c. Noire, Amaurosis, see Cataract—c. Perlei,
see Cataract—c. Pierreuse, see Cataract—c. Verte,
see Cataract.    x
   CATARACTE,  (F.)   Catarae'tus,  Catarac'td
vitia'tus. One affected with cataract. The French
use this term, both for the eye affected with cata-
ract and  the patient himself.
   CATARIA, see Nepeta—c. Vulgaris, Nepeta.
   CATARRH', Cutur'rhus, Catar'rhopus, Catar-
rheu'ma, Rhcuma, Deflux'io, Catastag'ma, Phleg-
matorrhag"ia,Phlegmatorrhce'a,from Kara, 'down-
wards,' and ptto, ' I flow.'  A discharge  of fluid
from a mucous membrane.  The  ancients consi-
dered  catarrh as a simple flux, and not as an  in-
flammation.   Generally it partakes of this cha-
racter, however.   Catarrh is,  with us,  usually
restricted to  inflammation of the mucous mem-
brane  of  the  air-passages: the French extend it
to  that of  all mucous  membranes;  (F.)  Flux
muqucux, Fluxion catarrhale.
   Catarrh, in the English sense, Broncho-catar'-
rhus,  Pulmonary  Catarrh,  Lung fever,  (vul-
garly,) Rheuma Pec'toris,  Destilldtio Pec'toris,
Gatar'rhus Pec'toris,  0. Pulmo'num, C. Pulmo-
na'lis,  C. Bronchia'lis, Blennop'tysis,  Tus'sis ca-
tarrhdlis, simplex, Grave'do (of many),  Febris
Catarrha'lis, Blennotho'rax, Bronchitis, Catar'-
rhus d Frlgore, (F.) Catarrhe pulmonaire, Fievre
Catarrhale, Rhume tie Poitrine, a Cold, is a su-
perficial inflammation of the mucous follicles of
the trachea and bronchi.  It is commonly an af-
fection of but little consequence, but apt to re-
lapse  and become  chronic.  It is characterized
by  cough,  thirst,  lassitude, fever, watery eyes,
with increased secretion of mucus from the air-
passages.   The antiphlogistic regimen and  time
usually remove it.—Sometimes, the inflammation
of the bronchial tubes is so great  as to prove
fatal.
  Catarrh,  Acute, of the Uterus, see Metri-
tis— c. Chronic, Bronchitis, (chronic) — c.  Dry,
see Bronchitis — c. Pulmonary, Bronchitis, Ca-
tarrh—c. Rose, Fever, hay—c. Suffocating ner-
vous, Asthma, Thymicum — c.  Summer,  Fever,
hay.
  Catarrh',  Epidem'ic, Gatar'rhus  epidem'icus,
C.  d  conta'gio, Rheuma  epidem'icum.   Catarrh
prevailing owing  to  some particular Oonstitutio
aeris, and affecting a whole country,—Influenza.
  CATARRHACTA, Cataract.
  CATAR'RHAL, Oatarrha'lis,  Catarrho'icus,
Catarrhoilicus, Catarrho'el icus.   Relating  to
catarrh,—as Catarrhal Fever.
  CATARRHE  AIGUE  DE  L'UTERIS, see
Metritis — c.  Buccal, Aphthae, — c.  Convulsive,
Bronchitis—c. Gastrique,  Gastritis—c. Guttural,
Cynanche tonsillaris—c. Intestinal,  Diarrhoea—
c. Laryngien, Laryngitis — c.  Nasal, Coryza —
c. Oculaire,  Ophthalmia — c.  de l Oreille,  Otir-
rhoea — c. Pharyngien, Cynanche  parotidea — c.
Pituiteux,  Bronchorrhcea — c.  Pulmonaire,  Ca-
tarrh—c. Sec ; see Bronchitis—c. Stomacal,  Gas-
trorrhoea — c.  Utirin, Leucorrhcea — c. Ve'sical,
Cystorrhcea.
  CATARRHEC'TICA, from   Karappnyvvut,  'I
break  down.'  Remedies considered proper for
evacuating;—as diuretics, cathartics, Ac.   Hip-
pocrates.
  CATARRHEUMA, Catarrh.
  CATARRHEUX (F.) Catarrho'sus.  One sub-
ject to catarrh ; affected with catarrh.
  CATARRHEX'IA, Catarrhex'is; same  ety-
mon as Catarrhectica.  The action of Catarrhec-
tica.   Also, effusion;  evacuation of the bowels.
  CATARRHEXIS,  Catarrhexia, Excrement —
c. Vera, Hasmatochezia.
  CATARRH03A, Rheumatism.
  CATARRHOET'ICUS,  from Karapptto, 'I flow
from.'  An  epithet  for  disease produced by a
discharge of phlegm ; catarrhal.
  CATAR'RHOPA PHY'MATA,from Karappoxos,
Karappo-nns,' sloping downwards.' Tubercles tend-
ing downwards, or with their apices downwards.
  CATARRHOPHE, Absorption.
  CATARRHOPHESIS, Absorption.
  CATARRHO'PIA,  Catar'rhysis,   from  Kara
' downwards,' and potrn, ' inclination.'  An afflux
of  fluids  towards the inferior parts,  and espe-
cially  towards the viscera of the abdomen.  The
Greek word avappoitta expresses an opposite  phe-
nomenon, or a tendency towards the upper parts.
  CATARRHOPUS,  Catarrh.
  CATARRHOS'CHESIS, from  Karappos,  'ca-
tarrh,' and  c^ciTif, ' suppression.'  The suppres-
sion of a mucous discharge.
  CATARRHUS, Defluxion, Tussis—c. .Estivus,
fever,  hay — c. Bellinsulanus,  Cynanche  paroti-
daea— c. Bronchialis, Catarrh—c. Bronchiorum,
Bronchitis — c. &  Contagio,  Influenza—c.  Epi- 
CATARRHYSIS
180          CATINUS FUSORIUS
demicus, Influenza, Catarrh, epidemic—c. Geni-
talium, Leucorrhcea—c Gonorrhoea, Gonorrhoea
—c. Intestinalis, Diarrhoea—c. Laryngeus, La-
ryngo-catarrhus—c. ad Nares,  Coryza—c. Nasa-
lis, Coryza—c Pulmonalis, Catarrh — c Pulmo-
num, Bronchitis, Catarrh—c. Senilis, Bronchitis,
(chronic)—c. Suffocativus Barbadensis, C. trache-
alis—c.  Trachealis, Laryngo-catarrhus — c. Ure-
thras, Gonnorrhcea pura—c Urethralis, Gonor-
rhoea—e. Vesicas, Cystorrhcea.
  CATARRHYrSIS, Catarrhopia, Defluxion.
  CATARTISIS, Catartismus.
  CATARTIS'MUS, Catar'tisis, from Karapn$ttv,
' to repair, replace.'  The  coaptation of a luxated
or fractured bone, or hernia.
  CATASARCA, Anasarca.
  CATASCEUE, Structure.
  CATASCHASMUS, Bloodletting, Scarification.
  CATASTAGMUS, Catarrh, Coryza.
  CATASTALAGMUS, Coryza, Distillation.
  CATASTALTICA, Hasmatostatica, Sedatives.
  CATAS'TASIS,  from Ka&tarriui, ' I establish.'
The  constitution, state, condition, Ac, of any
thing. — Hippocrates.   Also  the reduction  of  a
bone.  See Constitution, and Habit of Body.
  CATAT'ASIS, from Kara™™,' I extend'. Ex-
tension.  The extension and reduction of a frac-
tured limb.—Hippocrates.
  CATATHLIPSIS, Oppression.
   CATAAVBA TREE, Catalpa.
  CATAXIS,  Fracture.
  CATCH  FLY, Apocynum  androsaemifolium,
Silene  Virginica.
  CATCHUP, Ketchup.
  CAT'ECHU.  The extract of various parts of
the Aca'cia Calechu,  Mi-mo'sa Calechu, Caal-
chu, an oriental tree.  The  drug is also called
 Terra   Japon'ica,  Extrac'tum  Catechu,  Japan
Earth, Gascheu,  Cadtchu, Cashow, Caitehu, Cast-
joe,  Cacau, Cate, Kaath, Cuti, Cutch, Co'ira, Suc-
cus Japon'icus,  (F.) Cachou.  It is a  powerful
astringent, and is used in diarrhoea, intestinal he-
morrhage, Ac.   Dose, gr. xv to gss, in  powder.
   Catechu, Square, see Nauclea gambir.
   CATEIAD'ION,  from  Kara, and eta, ' a blade
 of grass.'   A long instrument  thrust into  the
nostrils to  excite  hemorrhage  in headach.—
Aretaeus.
   CATENA MUSCULUS, Tibialis anticus.
   CATEONESIS, Catantlema.
   CATGUT, Galega Virginiana.
   CATIUE'RESIS,  Kodatptats, 'subtraction, di-
 minution.'  Extenuation or exhaustion, owing  to
 forced  exercise. — Hippocrates.   The  action of

   CATHJERETICUS, Catheretic.
   CATHARETICUS, Cathartic.
   CATHARISMOS, Depuration.
   CATHAR'MA,  Purgament'um.   The matter
 evacuated by a purgative, or  by spontaneous
 purging : also, a cathartic.
   CATHAR'MUS,  Same etymon; a purgation.
 — Hippocrates.  Also, the cure of a disease by
 magic, Ac.
   CATHAR'SIS, from KaSatpttv, (ko8' and aipuv,
 ' to take away,') ' to purge.'  Purga'tio, Apoca-
 thar'sis,  Copropho'ria, Coprophore'sis.   A natu-
 ral or artificial purgation of any passage;—mouth,
 anus,  vagina, Ac.     •
   CATHAR'TIC,  Cathar''ticus, Cathare'ticus,
  Cathar'ma, Coprocrilicum, Coprago'gum, Lustra-
 men'turn, Purgans medicament'urn, Trichillum, De-
  jecto'rium  Remed'ium, Eccathar'ticus, Hypacti-
 cus, Hopochorelicus, Alvum evac'uans, Hypelatoa,
 Lapac'ticua, Apocathar'ticus. Same etymon.  (F.)
  Cathartique.  A medicine which, when taken in-
 ternally, increases the number of alvine evacua-
 tions.  Some substances act upon the upper part
of the intestinal canal, as calomel and colocynth ;
others, on the lower part, as aloes ; and some on
the whole extent, as saline  purgatives.  Hence a
choice maybe necessary.  Cathartics are divided
into purgatives and laxatives.  The following is
a list  of the chief cathartics :
  Aloe, Cassia Marilandica,  Colocyntbis, Elate-
rium,  Gambogia,   Hydrargyri Chloridum  mite,
Hydrargyri  Oxydum  nigrum,  Hydrarg.  cum
Magnesia, Jalapa,  Juglans, Magnesia. Magnesias
Carbonas, Magnesias  Sulphas,  Manna, Manuita,
Oleum  Euphorbias Lathyridis,  Oleum  Rieini,
Oleum Tiglii, Podophyllum, Potassa- Acetas, Po-
tassas  Bisulphas, Potassas  Sulphas, Potassas Bi-
tartras,  Potassas Tartras, Rheum, Scammonium,
Senna, Sinapis, Sodas  et Potassas Tartras, Soda:
Phosphas, Sodas Sulphas,  Sodi Chloridum, Sul-
phur,  Veratria, Aquas Minerales Sulphureas  et
Salinas, Enemata, Suppositoria.
  CATHARTIN,   see Cassia Senna, and Con-
volvulus jalapa.
  CATHARTIQUE, Cathartic
  CATHARTOCARPUS, Cassia fistula.
  CATHEDRA, Anus.
  CATHEMERINUS, Quotidian.
  CATHEMERUS, Quotidian.
  CATHERET'IC,  Catharelicus, Ectylolicus,
Sarcopllagua,  from KaSatpttv, 'to eat,' 'destroy.'
Substances applied to warts, exuberant granula-
tions, Ac, to eat them down.   Mild caustics.
  CATH'ETER, from ica^i (ko&, and tnut, 'to
send,') 'I explore.' sEne'a, Algalie,  Cathete'ris,
Demissor, Immis'sor.   A hollow tube, introduced
by  surgeons into  the  urinary bladder,  for the
purpose of drawing off the urine.  Catheters are
made  of silver or elastic gum.  See Bougie.  The
French generally use the word catheter for the
solid  sound  or staff; and  algalie and sonde for
the hollow instrument.
  Catheter, Nasal.  An instrument, invented
by  M. Gensoul, of Lyons, for catheterizing the
ductus ad nasum.  It is hook-shaped; the extre-
mity, bent at a right angle, is about  an inch  in
length, suited to the distance of the lower orifice
of  the duct from the nostril, and likewise to the
length and form of the duct, with a slight spiral
turn.
   CATHETERIS, Catheter.
   CATHETERISIS, Catheterismus.
   CATHETERIS'MUS, Cuthete'risis, Caiheteri-
sdtio,  Cath'etcrism,  Catheterization, Iinmis'sio
 Cathete'ris, same etymon.  The introduction of a
catheter or sound  into the bladder or Eustachian
tube.  Also probing a wound.  Melosis.
   CATHETERIZATION, Catheterismus.
   CATH'ETERIZE.   To perform the operation
 of catheterism;—in other words, to introduce the
 catheter, to probe  or sound a cavity.
   CATHID'RYSIS, from KaStSpvta, ' I place to-
 gether.'  Reduction of a part to its natural situ-
 ation.
   CATHMIA, Plumbi oxydum semi-vitreum.
   CATHMIR, Calamina.
   CATHOD'IC, Cathod'icus; from koB',  'down-
 wards,' and bSos,' a way.'  An epithet applied by
 Dr. Marshall  Hall to a downward course of ner-
 vous action.
   CATH'OLIC HUMOURS, (F.) Humeurs Ca-
 tholiques, are the fluids spread  over the whole
 body.
    CATHOLICON, Panacea.
    Cathol'icon  Duplex.   An  ancient purging
 electuary, chiefly  composed of cassia, tamarinds,
 rhubarb, senna, Ac.
    CATHOLICUM, Panacea.
    CATIL'LIA.   A weight of nine ounces.
    CATILLUS, Cup.
    CATINUS FUSORIUS, Crucible. 
CATLING
181
CAUSA
  CATLING, Knife, double-edged.
  CATO, Karu>, 'below,' 'beneath.'  This word,
in the writings of Hippocrates, is often used for
the abdomen, especially the intestines.  When he
advises  a remedy /card), he means  a purgative;
when avu>, 'above or upwards,' an emetic.  As a
prefix, Onto means ' beneath,' as in
  C ATOC ATI! ARTIC, Catocnthnr'ticus, from
kotu>, 'downwards,' and Ka&aiptu), 'I purge.'  A
medicine which purges downwards.  One  that
produces alvine evacuations.  The antithesis to
Anacathartic.
  CATOCHA GALENI, Catalepsy.
  CAT'OCIIE, Cat'ocheia, Calochus, from icaT£Y,<o,
'I retain,' ' I hold fast.' This word has, by some,
been used synonymously with  Catalepsy ; by
others, with Coma vigil; by others, with Tetanus.
  CATOCUUS, Catoche, Ecstasis — c Ccrvinus,
Tetanus—c. Holotonicns, Tetanus—c. Infantum,
Induration of the cellular tissue.
  CATOMIS'MOS, from koto),  'beneath,'  and
ouos, ' shoulder;' Subhuinera'tio.  A mode  with
the ancients of reducing luxation of the humerus
by raising the body by the arm.—Paulus of iEgina.
   CATOPTER, Speculum.
   CATOP'TRIC EXAMINATION  OF THE
EYE.  When a lighted candle is held before the
eye, the pupil of which has been dilated by bella-
donna,  three images of it are seen—two erect, and
one inverted: — the former  owing to  reflection
from the cornea and anterior surface of the crys-
talline; the  latter owing to reflection from the
posterior layer of the crystalline.  This mode of
examining the eye has been  proposed as a means
of  diagnosis between cataract and amaurosis.  In
the latter, all the images are seen.
   CATOPTROMANCY, from  (caroTrrpov,  (koto,
and oirrouai,) 'a mirror,' and ptavrtta, 'divination.'
A kind of divination by means of a mirror.
   CATOPTRON, Speculum.
   CATORCIII'TES.   A kind of sour wine, pre-
 pared with the orchis and black grape, or dried
 figs. It was formerly employed as a diuretic and
 emmenagogue.—Dioscorides.  CaUed, also, Sycl-
 tes.—Galen.
    CATORETICUS,  Purgative.
    CATOTERICUS, Purgative.
    CATO'TICA, from  Kara,  'beneath.'  Diseases
 infecting internal surfaces.   Pravity of the fluids
 or emunctories, that open on the internal surfaces
 of organs.  The second order in the class Eccri-
 tica of Good.
    CATOX'YS, Peracu'tus, from Kara, ' an inten-
 sive,' and ofus, 'acute.' Highly acute ;  as Morbus
 Catoxi/s, M.  Peracu'tus, a very acute disease.
    CAT'S  EYE, AMAUROTIC, see Amaurotic.
    CAT'SFOOT, Antennaria dioica.
    CATTAGAUMA, Cambogia.
    CATTITEROS, Tin.
    CATULOTICA, Cicatrisantia.
    CATU-TRIPALI,  Piper  longum.
    CAUCALIS CAROTA, Daucus carota— c. Sa-
 nicula, Sanicula.
    CAUCALOIDES, Patella.
    CAUCASIAN, see Homo.
    CAUCHEMAR, Incubus.
    CAUCHEVIEILLE, Incubus.
    CAUC1IUC, Caoutchouc.
    CAUDA,  Coccyx, Penis.
    Cauda Equi'na.   The spinal marrow,  at its
 termination, about the second lumbar vertebra,
 gives off a considerable number of nerves, which,
 when unravelled, resemble  a horse's tail,—hence
 the name; (F.) Queue de Cheval, Q. de la Moelle
 Epiniirc.  See Medulla Spinalis.
    Cauda  Sai.ax, Penis.
    CAUDAL, Caudate, Cauda'lis, Cauda'tua; from
 canda, 'a tail.'  Relating  or appertaining  to a
 tail.  Having a tail  or tail-like  appendage: —
as 'caudal or caudate corpuscles'—corpuscles
having a tail-like  appendage, as in cancerous
growths.
  CAUDATE, Caudal.
  CAUDATIO, Clitorism.
  CAUDATUS, Bicaudatus.
  CAUDIEZ, MINERAL WATERS OF.  Cau-
diez is a  small town, nine  leagues from Perpig-
nan, in France, where there is a thermal spring,
containing a Utile sulphate  of soda and iron.
  CAUDLE: (F.)  Chaudeau, chaud, 'warm  or
hot.'  A nourishing gruel given to women during
the childbed state.  The following is a form for
it:  Into a pint of fine gruel, not thick, put, whilst
it is boiling hot, the yolk of an egg beaten with
sugar, and mixed with a large  spoonful of cold
water, a glass  of  wine, and  nutmeg.  Mix the
whole well together.  Brandy is  sometimes sub-
stituted for the wine, and lemon peel or capillaire
added.  It is also sometimes made of gruel and
beer, with sugar and nutmeg.
  CAUL, from (L.) eaula, 'a fold,' Pilus,  Pile'-
olus, Gdlea,  Yitta, (F.) Coeffe, Coiffe — (Etre ni
coeffi—'to be born with a caul.')  The English
name for the omentum.  When  a child is born
with the membranes over  the face,  it is said | to
have been ' born with a caul.'   In the catalogue
of  superstitions, this is  one of  the favourable
omens.   The  caul itself is supposed to  confer
privileges upon the possessor;  hence the  mem-
branes are dried, and sometimes sold for a high
price.  See Epiploon.
   CAULE'DON, Cicye'don, from KavXos, 'astalk.'
A transverse fracture.
   CAU'LIFLOWER, (G.) Kohl, 'cabbage,' and
 flower [ ? ], Brassica Florida.
   Cauliflower Excres'cence,  Excrescen'tia
 Syphilitica, (F.)  Ohoufleur.   A syphilitic  ex-
 crescence, which appears about the origin  of the
 mucous  membranes, chiefly about the  anus and
 vulva, and which resembles,  in  appearance, the
 head of the cauliflower.
   CAULIS,  Penis—c Florida,  Brassica Florida.
   CAULOPHYL'LUM THALICTROI'DES,
 Leon'tice thalictro'i'des, Blueberry Cohosh, Cohosh,
 Cohush, Blueberry, Papoose  Root,  Squaw Root,
 Blue Ginseng, Yellow Ginseng, a plant of the Fa-
 mily Berberideae;  Sex. Syst. Hexandria  Mono-
 gynia, which grows all over the United  States,
 flowering in May and June.  The infusion of the
 root is much used by the Indians in various dis-
 eases.  To it are ascribed emmenagogue and dia-
 phoretic virtues.
   CAULOPLE'GIA, from kovXos, 'the male or-
 gan,' and -irXvyn, ' a wound,' or  ' stroke.'   An in-
 jury or paralysis of the male organ.
   CAULORRHAGIA, Stimatosis—c Ejaculato-
 ria, Spermato-cystidorrhagia—c.  Stillatitia, Ure-
 throrrhagia.
   CAUL0RRH03A BENIGN A, Gonorrhoea
 pura.
   CAULUS, Penis.
   CAUMA,  Kavpa, 'a burnt part,' from Katw, 'I
 burn.'   Great  heat of the body or atmosphere.
 Syuocha, Empresma.
   Cauma Bronchitis, Cynanche trachealis — c.
 Carditis, Carditis — c. Enteritis, Enteritis — e.
 Gastritis, Gastritis—c.  Hasmorrhagicum, Hasmor-
 rhagia activa— c Hepatitis, Hepatitis — c. Oph-
 thalmitis, Ophthalmia—c Peritonitis, Peritonitis
 — c Phrenitis, Phrenitis — c. Pleuritis, Pleuritis
 —c Podagricum, Gout—c Rheumatismus, Rheu-
 matism, acute.
   CAUMATO'DES,   Caumate'rus,  from  Kavua,
 'fire-heat.'  Burning  hot.  Febris caumato'des,
 F. causo'des.   Inflammatory fever.  Synocha.
   CAUNGA. Areca.
   CAUSA  CONJUNCTA, Cause, proximate—c.
 Continens, Cause, proximate. 
CAUS.&
182
CAUSTICUM
  CAUS.& ABDITiE, Causes, predisponent or
remote—c Actuales, Causes, occasional—c. Pras-
incipientes, Causes, procatarctic — c Proegume-
nas, Causes, predisponent.
  CAUSE, Cau'sa, Altia, Altion.  An act which
precedes another, and seems to be a necessary
condition  for the occurrence of the latter.   The
causes of disease  are generally  extremely ob-
scure; although they,  sometimes,  are evident
enough.  The predisjjonent and occasional causes
are the only two, on which any stress can be
laid;  but  as authors have divided them differ-
ently, a short explanation is necessary.
  Cause, Ac'cessory,  (F.)  Cause  Accesaoire.
One which has  only  a secondary influence in the
production of disease.
  Causes, Accident'al, Common  Causes,  (F.)
Causes Accidentelles, are those which  act  only
in certain  given conditions; and which do not
always  produce the same  disease.  Cold, e. g.,
may be the accidental cause of pneumonia, rheu-
matism, Ac.
   CAUSES CACHEES, C. occult^-c. Common,
C. accidental—c Exciting, C. Occasional—c. Es-
sential, C. Specific—c. DSterminantes, C. Specific
—c. Eloignees,  C. Predisponent.
   Causes, Extern'al, (F.) Causes externes, are
such  as act externally to the individual; as ah-,
cold,  Ac.
   CAUSES FORMELLES,  (F.) are such as
determine the  form  or  kind  of  disease.  They
differ from the Causes matirielles,  which are
common to a set of diseases; as, to the neuroses,
phlegmasias, Ac.
   Causes, Hidden, C. Occult.
   Causes, Intern'al,  (F.) Causes Lnternes, are
those which arise within the body; — as mental
emotions, Ac.
   Causes, Mechan'ical, (F.) Causes micaniques,
are those  which act mechanically,  as pressure
upon the  windpipe in inducing suffocation.
   Causes, Neg'ative, (F.) Causes nigatives, com-
prise  all  those things,  the  privation of which
may  derange the functions; — as abstinence too
long  continued.  They  are  opposed to positive
causes, which, of themselves, directly induce dis-
ease ;—as the use of indigestible  food, spirituous
drinks, Ac.
   Causes, Obscure, C.  Occult.
   Causes, Occa'sional, Exciting Causes, Causa
actua'les,  (F.)  Causes  occasionelles,  are  those
which immediately  produce  disease.  The occa-
sional causes have  been divided into the cogniz-
able and non-cognizable.—C. J. B. Williams.

                   I. Cognizable Agents.
             1. Mechanical.
             2. Chemical.
             3. Ingesta.
             '4. Bodily exertion.
             5. Mental emotion.
■r,           6. Excessive evacuation.
  r^°il„a     1- Suppressed or defective evacua-
  CAUSES  .         ti()n_

.p.           8. Defective cleanliness, ventilation
DISEASE.          and Gaining,
             9. Temperature and changes.

               II.  Non-Cognizable Agents.

             1. Endemic.   *)
             2. Epidemic.   > Poisons.
             3. Infectious.  J

   Causes, Occult', Hidden causes, Obscure causes,
(F.)  Causes occultes ou cachies ou obscures.  Any
causes  with which  we  are unacquainted;  also,
certain  inappreciable characters of  the  atmo-
sphere, which give rise to epidemics.
  Causf.s, Phys'ical, (F.) Causes Physiques,—
those which act by virtue  of their physical pro-
perties ; as form, hardness, Ac.  All vulnerating
bodies belong to this class.
  Causes, Physiolog"ical, (F.) Causes Physio-
logiques, those which  act only on living matter;
—narcotics, for example.
  Causes, Predispo'nent, Remote causes,  Causes
pro'egd mena,  Causa  ab'dita,  Causa remo'ta;
(F.) Causes predisponantes, Causes  eloignees,—
those which render  the  body liable  to disease.
They may be general, affecting a number of peo-
ple, or particular, affecting only  one person.
  Causes, Prin'cipal,  (F.) Causes principales
—those which exert the chief influence on the
production of disease, as distinguished from the
accessory causes.
  Causes, Procatarc'tic, Causaprocatarc'tica,
Causa praincipien'tes, from ttpoKarapKriKos,  'the
origin or beginning of a  thing,' (Karapxo),  ' I be-
gin,' and ?rpo, ' before.')   These words have been
used  with different  significations.   Some have
employed them synonymously with predisponent
or remote causes ; others  with occasional or excit-
ing causes.
  CAUSE PROCHAINE, C. proximate.
  Cause,  Prox'imate, Causa prox'ima vel con'-
tinens vel conjunc'ta, (F.) Cause continente oupro-
chaine, may be the disease itself. Superabundance
of blood, e. g., is the proximate cause of plethora.
  Causes, Remote, C. predisponent.
  Causes, Specif'ic, Essen'tial causes, Ac, (F.)
Causes spiciflques, C. essentiellcs, C. determinuutes;
those which always produce a determinate dis-
ease ; special contagion, for example.
  CAUSIS, Burn, Ebullition,  Fermentation, In-
cendium,  Ustion.
  CAUSOMA, Inflammation.
  CAUS'TIC, Caus'ticus, Cauterelicus, Diarct'->
icus, Ero'dens, Adu'rens, Urens, Pyrolicus, from
Katoi, 'I burn.'  (F.) Caustique.  Bodies, which
have the property of causticity; and which con-
sequently, burn or disorganize animal substances.
The word is also used substantively.   The most
active are called Escharol ics.   Caustics are also
termed ' corrosives.'
   Caustic Bearer, Porte-pierre.
   CAUSTICA  ADUSTIO, Cauterization.
   CAUSTICITY, Caustic"itas, from KovartKos,
'that which burns,' (koio), 'I burn.) The impres-
sion which  caustic bodies  make on the organ of
taste; or, more commonly, the property which
distinguishes those bodies.
   CAUSTICOPHORUM, Porte-pierre.
   CAUSTICUM ,ETHIOP'ICUM, Unguen'tum
Melan'icum caus'ticum.  A  sort of paste, made by
rubbing powdered saffron with concentrated sul-
phuric  acid, recommended by Velpeau as a caus-
tic in cases of gangrenous and carcinomatous  ul-
cers.  The  acid is the caustic: the saffron, the
constituent merely.
   Causticum Alkalinum, Potassa fusa—c. Ame-
ricanum,  Veratrum sabadilla — c.  Antimoniale,
Antimonium muriatum.
   Causticum Commu'ne, Poten'tial Cautery, Com-
mon  Caustic,  Caute'rium potentia'le, Lajjis sep'-
ticus,  Caus'ticum commu'ne  milius.   This con-
sists  of quicklime and black soap, of each equal
parts.
   Causticum  Commune, Potassa fusa — c. Com-
mune aeerrimum, Potassa fusa—c. Commune for-
tius, Potassa cum calce—c. Lunare, Argenti nitras
— c. Potentiale, Potassa fusa—c.  Salinum, Po-
tassa fusa—c. Viennense fusum Filhos, see Pow-
der, Vienna. 
CAUSTIQUE
183
CAVERNOUS
   CAUSTIQUE, Caustic.
   CAUSTIQUE FILHOS, see Powder, Vienna.
   CAUSTIQUE  DE  VIENNE,  Powder,  Vi-
 enna.
   CAUSUS, from <caiu, 'I burn.'  A highly ar-
 dent fever; Deu'rens.   Pinel regards it as a com-
 plication of  bilious  and inflammatory fever;
 Broussais, as an  intense gastritis, accompanied
 with bilious symptoms.   See Synocha.
   Causus,  Endemial,  of the West  Indies,
 Fever, Y'ellow — c.  Tropicus endemicus, Fever,
 Yellow.
   CAUTER,  Cauterium.
   CA UTERE, Cauterium, Fonticulus — c. Inhi-
 rent, Inherent cautery.
   CAUTERETICUS,  Caustic.
   CAUTERETS,  MINERAL WATERS  OF.
 Cauterets is a bourg seven leagues from Bareges
 (llnutes-Pyrinies,) France.  The waters are hy-
 drosulphurous and thermal—temperature 123° F.
 They are used in the same cases as the Bar6ges
 water.
   CAUTERIASMUS,  Cauterization.
   CAUTE'RIUM,  Cauterium  aetudle,  Cauter,
 Cau'tery, Inustej'rium, Rupto'riuin, Ignis actutllis,
 from (caio), 'I burn.' (F.) Cautere, Feu actuel.  A
 substance, used for 'firing,' burning  or disorga-
 nizing the parts  to which it is  applied. Cauteries
 were divided  by the ancients into actual and po-
 tential.  The word is  now restricted to  the red-
, hot iron;  or  to  positive burning.  It was,  for-
 merly, much used for preventing hemorrhage
 from  divided arteries; and  also with the same
 views as a blister.  The term Poten'tial  Cautery,
 Caute'rium potent! tile, Ignis potent idlis, (TP.)Feu
 potentiel, was generally applied to the causticum
 commune, but it  is now used synonymously with
 caustic in general. Cautere also means an issue.
   Cauterium Actuale,  Cauterium.
   CAUTERIZA'TION, Cauterisd tio, Cauterias'-
 mus, Exus'tio, Inus'tio, Cans'tica Adus'tio. Firing.
 The effect of a cautery.  The  French,  amongst
 whom cauterization is  much used, distinguished
 five kinds: 1. Cauterisation Inhirente, which con-
 sists in applying the  actual cautery freely,  and
 with a certain degree of force, so as to disorganize
 deeply.  2.  Cauterisation trauscurrente, which
 consists in passing the  edge of the Cautere cultel-
 laire, or the point of the Cautire conique lightly,
 so as not to disorganize deeply.  3. Cauterisation
 par poiutes, which consists  in applying on the
 skin, here and there, the hot point of the conical
 cautery, with sufficient  force   to  cauterize  the
 whole  thickness of the  skin.  4. Cautirisation
 lente,  slow cauterization,  by means of the moxa.
 5. Cauterisation objective, which consists in hold-
 ing  the cautery at some distance  from  the part
 to be acted upon by it.
   Cau'terize;  Oaustico adurere; (F.)  Cau-
 tiriser.  To apply the  cautery.  To burn with a
 cautery.
   CAUTERY, Cauterium —c. Potential, Causti-
 cum commune.
   CAVA, Vulva.
   Cava Vena,  Vena hepatites. The hollow or
 deep-seated  vein.   (F.)  Veine cave.   A  name
 given to the  two great veins of the body, which
 meet at the right auricle of the  heart.  The vena
 caret  supe'rior,  thorac"ica  vel desccn'dens,  is
 formed by the union of the subclavians; and re-
 ceives successively, before its termination at the
 upper part of the right auricle, the inferior thy-
 roid, right internal mammary, superior diaphrag-
 matic, azygos, Ac.  The tiena cara infe'rior, ab-
 domina'lis vel asceildens, arises from the union
 of the two primary iliacs, opposite the fourth or
 fifth lumbar vertebra, receives the middle sacral,
 lumbar, right spermatic, hepatic, and inferior dia-
phragmatics, and opens  at the posterior and in-
ferior part of the right auricle.
  CAVATIO, Cavity.
  CAVEA, Cavity—c. Narium, Nares.
  CAVER'NA, Antrum.  'A cavern.' This term
has been used for the female organs of generation.
See Cavity, and Vulva.
  Caverna Narium, Nares.
  CAVERNS DENTIUM, Alveoli dentium—c.
Frontis, Frontal Sinuses.
  CAVERNEUX, Cavernous.
  CAVERNOUS, Caverno'sus, (F.)  Caverneux.
Filled with  small cavities  or  caverns, — as a
sponge.
  Cavernous Bodies, Cor'pora Cavemos'a of the
penis, Cor'pora nervo'sa, C. Ner'veo-spongio'sa
Penis, (F.) Corps Caverneux.  The corpus caver-
nosum is a kind of cylindrical  sac, composed of
cells; separated, through its whole extent, by a
vertical, incomplete  septum, Septum pectinifor'-
me, and  forming nearly  two-thirds of the penis.
The corpus cavernosum, on each side, arises from
the ascending portion of the ischium, and termi-
nates obtusely behind the glans.  The  arteries
of the corpora cavernosa come  from the  internal
pudic.  See Helicine Arteries.  Nerves are found
on the surface of the outer membrane, but they
do not appear to penetrate the substance, and the
smooth muscular fibre has been traced  into  the
fibrous parietes of the cells, as  in the case of all
erectile tissues.
  J. Miiller's researches  have  led him  to infer,
that both in man and the horse, the nerves of the
corpora cavernosa are made up of branches pro-
ceeding from the organic as well  as the  animal
system, whilst the nerves of  animal life alone
provide the nerves of sensation  of the penis.
  Cavernous Bodies, Corpora Cavernosa of the
Cliloris, are two hollow crura, forming the clitoris.
  Cavernous Body  of the  Vagi'na, Corpus  Ca-
verno'sum Vagi'na, Plexus  retiform'is, is  a sub-
stance composed of blood-vessels and cells, simi-
lar to those of the penis and clitoris, which covers
the outer extremity of the vagina, on each side.
It serves to contract  the  entrance to the  vagina
during coition.
  Cavernous Ganglion, see Carotid or Carotic
Nerve.
  Cavernous Respira'tion, (F.) When a cavity
exists in the  lungs, and one or more ramifications
of the bronchia terminate in it,  a loud tubal noise
is emitted, provided the cavity  be not filled with
•fluid, which  is called cavernous respiration.  In
this condition, the cough is cavernous likewise,
(F.) Toux Caverneuse. When the capacity of the
cavern is very great, the  sound  of the respiration
is like that produced by blowing into a decanter,
with the mouth at a little distance from the neck.
This kind of cavernous respiration has been called
amphoric, from amphora, 'a flask;' (F.) Respi-
ration amphorique, Souffle amphorique, S. metal-
lique.
  The Veiled Puff, (F.)  Souffle voili, is  a modi-
fication of the cavernous respiration, in  which,
according to  Laennec, "a sort of movable veil
interposed between the excavation and the ear"
seems to  be  agitated to and fro.  It is a sign
which is not  attended to.
  Cavernous  Sinus,  Sinus  Caverno'sus, Sinus
polymor'phus seu Receptac'ulum, S. sphenoidalis,
Receptac'ulum sella equina laleribus appos'itum,
(F.)  Sinus caverneux. The Cav'ernous  Sinuses
are venous cavities of the dura  mater, filled with
a multitude of reddish, soft filaments, intersect-
ing each other; and, as  it were, reticulated.
They commence  behind  the inner part  of  the
sphenoid fissure, pass backwards on the  sides of
the fossa pituitaria,  and terminate  by  opening 
                  CAVIALE                 1

into  a cavity, common to the superior and infe-
rior petrosa] sinuses.   They receive some menin-
geal  veins, the ophthalmic veins, Ac.  The ante-
rior extremity of each cavernous sinus has been
named the ophthalmic sinus.
  Cavernous Texture or Tissue,  (F.) Tissu
caverneux.  The spongy substance which forms
the greater  part of the penis and clitoris.   It
seems to consist of a very complicated lace-work
of arteries and veins;  and, probably, of nervous
filaments, with small fibrous plates, which form
by their decussation numerous cells communicat-
ing with each other.  This spongy texture pro-
duces erection, by dilating and swelling on the
influx of blood; and probably, also, by virtue  of
some property inherent in it.
  CAVIALE, Caviare.
  CAVIARE', Caviar, Caviale, Kaviac.  A culi-
nary preparation, much used  by certain people,
and made on the shores of the Black and Caspian
Seas, from the roe of the  sturgeon, mixed with
salt and other condiments.
  CAVIC'ULA, Cavilla,  from cavus, 'hollow.'
The  ankle or space between the malleoli.  Some
have given this name to the os cuneiforme.  See
Astragalus.
  CAVICULiE PEDIS NODUS, Tarsus.
  CAVILLA, Astragalus, Cavicula.
  CAVITAS ANTROSA AURIS, Tympanum—
c. Buecinata, Cochlea—c. Cochleata, Cochlea.
  Cavitas  Digitata Ventriculi  Lateralis,
Cornu posterius ventriculi lateralis.
  Cav'itas  Ellip'tica,  Ampulla, Sinus ampul-
la'ceus.   A dilatation  at one end of the semicir-
cular canals of the  ear.
  Cavitas Humeri Glenoides, see Glenoid — e.
Narium, Nares — c. Oculi, Orbit—c. Oris, Mouth
—c.  Pulpas,  see Tooth.
  CAVITATES CEREBRI,  Ventricles of the
brain—c. Duras matris, Sinuses of the dura mater
—c. Innominatas, Auricles of the heart—c Inter-
scapulars, see Interscapularis.
  CA VITE, Cavity—c. Dentaire, Dental cavity—
c. des Epiploons, see Peritonaeum—c. du Tympan,
Tympanum.
  CAVITY, Cav'itas, Oavum,  Coe'lotes, Ccelon,
Ca'vea,  Caver'na,  Cava'tio, (F.) Caviti.   Every
thing hollow,  as  the cranium,  mouth, nasal
fossae, Ac.
  Cavities, Splanchnic,  (F.)  Cavitis splanch-
niques,  are  those  which  contain the viscera.
They are three in  number;—the cranium, chest,
and abdomen.  The cavities of bones, connected
with joints  or otherwise, are  described under
their particular denominations.
  CAVUM,  Cavity—c. Abdominis, see Abdomen.
  Cavum  Cra'nii,  Venter Supre'mua.  The cavity
formed by the proper bones of the cranium.
  Cavum  Dentis,  see  Tooth — c. Narium, Nares
—c Oris,  Mouth—c. Tympani, Tympanum.
  CAYAN, Phaseolus  Cretieus.
  CAZABl,  Jatropha manihot.
  CEANOTHOS, Cirsium arvense.
  CEANOTHUS AMERICANUS, Celastrus—c.
Trinervis, Celastrus.
  CEAR, Heart.
  CEASMA, Fissure.
  CEBI  GALLI'NiE.  The  liver of the fowl,
bruised.—Castelli.
  CEBIP'ARA. A large  Brazilian tree, whose
bitter and astringent bark is used in making anti-
rheumatic baths and fomentations.
  CECES, see Quercus alba.
  CECITE, Cascitas.
  CEDAR, RED,  Juniperus Virginiana.
  CEDEIA, Embalming.
  CEDMA, Aneurism, Varix.
                   CELL
                              #
  CED'MATA, KtSftara.   Rheumatic pains of the
joints, especially of the  hips, groin, or genital
organs.  A form of gout or rheumatism.
  CEDRAT, Citrus medica.
  CEDRELE'UM, from  KtSpos, 'the cedar,' and
tXaiov, 'oil.'   The oil of cedar.—Pliny.
  CE'DRIA, Ce'drium,  Cc'drinum, Cedri luch'-
ryma,  Alkitran.  The  oil or resin which flows
from the cedar of Lebanon.   It was supposed to
possess great  virtues. — Hippocrates,  Foesius,
Scribonius Largus, Dioscorides.   It  has been
supposed  to  be  the same as the  pyroligneous
acid.   See Pinus Sylvestris.
  CE'DRINUM VINUM, Cedar Wine.  A wine
prepared  by  steeping haif a pound  of bruised
cedar berries in six French pints of sweet wine.
It is diuretic  and subastringent.
  CEDRI'TES, from KtSpos, ' the cedar.'  A wine
prepared from the resin of cedar and sweet wine.
It was formerly employed as a vermifuge, Ac.
  CEDRIUM, Cedria.
  CEDROMELA, see Citrus medica.
  CEDRON, see Simaruba cedron.
  CEDRONELLA, Melissa—e. Triphylla, Dra-
cocephalum canariense.
  CEDROS, Juniperus lycia.
  CEDROSTIS, Bryonia alba.
  CEDRUS BACCIFERA, Juniperus sabina—
c Mahogani,  Sweetenia mahogani.
  CEINTURE,  Cingulum, Herpes zoster.
  CEINTURE  BLANCHE  DE  LA  CHO-
ROIDS,  Ciliary ligament.
  CEINTURE DARTREUSE, Herpes zoster—
c. de Hildane, Cingulum Hildani—c. de Vif Ar-
gent, Cingulum mercuriale.
  CELANDINE, Impatiens—c Common, Cheli-
donium majus—c Lesser, Ranunculus ficaria—c,
Poppy, Stylophorum diphyllum.
  CELAS'TRUS, Celas'tus,  Ceano'thus  Ameri-
ca'nus seu triner'vis, New Jersey Tea, Red Root.
Used by the American Indians, in the same man-
ner as lobelia,  for  the cure  of syphilis.  It is
slightly bitter  and  somewhat astringent..   A
strong infusion of the dried leaves and seeds, has
been recommended in aphthae, and as a gargle in
scarlatina.
  Celastrus Scandens, Climbing Stafftree.   A
climbing American shrub, the bark of which is
said to possess emetic, diaphoretic,  and narcotic
properties.
  CELATION,  (F.) Concealment,  from ce/arc,
'to  conceal.'  A word used by French medico-
legal writers for  cases where there has been con-
cealment of pregnancy or delivery.
  CELE, kvXv, 'a tumour, protrusion, or rupture;'
a very common suffix, as in  hydrocele, bubono-
cele, Ac.   See Hernia.
  CEL'ERY, (F.) Celeri.  The English name for
a variety of Apium graveolens.
  Celery, Wild, Bubon galbanum.
  CELETA, see  Hernial.
  CELIA, Cerevisia.
  CELIAQUE, Coeliac.
  CELIS, KnXts, 'a spot, a stain.'   A macula, or
spot on the skin.
  CELL, Cella.  A small cavity. The same sig-
nification  as  cellule.  Also, a vesicle  composed
of a membranous cell-wall, with, usually, liquid
contents.  The whole organized body may be re-
garded as a  congeries  of cells having  different
endowments,  each set being concerned in special
acts, connected  with absorption, nutrition,  and
secretion,  wherever an action  of selection or ela-
boration has to be effected. These cells are gene-
rally termed primary, elementary, or primordial.
When  they give rise to other cells, they are, at
times, termed parent or mother cells ; the result-
ing cells being termed daughter cells.
54 
CELL-WALL               185                CENIPLAM
        Cell,  Apoplectic,  see  Apoplectic cell — c.
      Bronchic, Cellule,  bronchic—c Calcigerous,  see
      Tooth — c. Daughter, see Cell — c. Elementary,
      see Cell.
        Cell, Epider'mic or Epithe'lial.   The cells
      or corpuscles that cover the free membranous sur-
      faces of the body,  and which form the epidermis
      and epithelium, are termed 'epidermic or epithe-
      lial cells.'  They are developed from  germs fur-
      nished by the subjacent membrane.
        Cell,  Epithelial, Cell,  epidermic — c.  Fat,
      see Fatty vesicles — c. Germ, Cytoblast—c Ger-
      minal,  see Cytoblast — c. Nucleated,  see Cyto-
      blast.
        Cell Life.  The life which  is possessed by
      the separate cells  that  form the tissues, and by
      which the nutrition of the tissues is presumed to
      be effected.
        Cell, Mother,  see Cell—c. Parent, see Cell.
        Cell,  Pigment.  Pigment cells are mingled
      with the epidermic cells, and are most manifest
      in the coloured races.  They are best seen on the
      inner surface of the choroid of the  eye, where
      they form the pigmentum nigrum.
        Cell,  Primary, see Cell — c Primordial,  see
      Cell.
        CELL WALL, see Cell.
        CELLA TURCICA, Sella Turcica.
        CELLULA, Cellule.
        CEIjLUEiR,  see  Colon — c  Medullares,  see
      Medullary membrane — c  Pulmonales, Cellules
      bronchic, see Pulmo—c. Bronchieas, see Cellule.
        CEL'LULAR, Cellula'ris, Celluldsus, (F.) Cel-
      lulaire.  Composed of cells or cellules, from cello,
      or ccllula, ' a cell.'
        Cel'lular Mem'brane,  Membra'na eellulo'sa,
      M.  Cellula'ris,—M. at/ipo'sa, M. pingucdino'sa, of
      some, Punnic'ulus  adipo'sus,—Membrane formed
      of cellular tissue, (F.) Membrane cellulaire.  Ge-
      nerally used for  the tissue itself.
        Cel'lular System.   The whole of the cellular
      tissue of the human body.
        Cellular Tissue, Tela  cellula'ris,  T. eellu-
      lo'sa,  T. Hippoc'ratis cribro'sa, Ethmyphe, reticu-
      lata/, filamentous,  laminated, crib'riform, porous,
      are'olur, and mucous Tissue, Retic'ular or cellular
      substance, Conte.r'tus cellulo'sus, (F.) Tissu cellu-
      laire, reticuli, lamineux, cribleux, poreux, ario-
      laire, muqueux, Ac, is the most common of all
      the organic  tissues.  It contains  irregular areola
      between the fibres, as well as serum, fat,  and the
      adipous tissue.  Of the fibres,  some  are of  the
      yellow  elastic kind; but the greater  part are of
      the ichite fibrous tissue,  and they frequently pre-
      sent the form of broad flat  bands, in which no
      distinct fibrous arrangement is perceptible.  See
      Fibrous.
        The cellular tissue or texture unites every part
Qf   of the  body,  determines its shape, and by its
      elasticity  and contractility,  and by  the  fluid
      which  it contains  in its cells, facilitates the mo-
      tion of parts on each other.
        Cellular tissue has been divided by anatomists
      into the external, general or common  cellular
      tissue — textus cellula'ris interme'dius seu laxus,
      which does not penetrate the organs,—the cellu-
      lar  texture which  forms the envelopes of organs
      —textus cellula'ris strictus,  and that which pene-
      trates into the organs, accompanying and enve-
      loping  all their parts, — the textus cellula'ris sti-
      pa'tus, constituting the basis of aU  the  organs.
      It has likewise  been termed Textus organ'icus
      seu  parenchyma'lis.
        Cellular Tissue of Bones, see Cancelli.
        CEL'LULE, Cellula,  diminutive of cella, 'a
      cavity.'   A small cavity.  (F.) Cellule.   Cellules
      are  the small cavities between the laminae of the
      cellular tissue, corpora cavernosa, Ac.
  Celludes or Cells, Bronchic, Cellula Bron'-
chica seu Pulmona'les, Pori pulmo'num, Yesic'-
ula pulmonales.  The air-ceUs of the lungs.  See
Pulmo.
  CELLULES BRONCHIQUES, Bronchial

  CELLULITIS VENENATA, see Wound.
  CEL'LULOSE, same etymon as  Cellules. The
substance which is left after the action upon any
kind of vegetable tissue of such solvents  as are
fitted to dissolve out the matter deposited in  its
cavities and  interstices.   It has been affirmed,
that the tunicated or ascidian  mollusca  have, in
their integuments, a considerable quantity of it.
  CELLULOSUS, Cellular.
  CELOLOG"IA, from K-nXn, 'rupture,' and Xoyos,
'a discourse.'  The doctrine of hernia.  A treatise
on hernia.
  CELOSO'MUS, from kvXt,,  'a  rupture,' and
txtii/ia, 'body.'  A monster in which the  trunk is
malformed,  and eventration or displacement of
the viscera exists.
  CELOTES, see Hernial.
  CELOTOM'IA,  Kclotom'ia,  Celolomy,  from
KriXn, 'a rupture,' and rtuvttv, 'to cut.'  An ope-
ration, formerly employed for the radical cure of
inguinal hernia; which consisted, principally, in
passing a ligature round the hernial sac and sper-
matic vessels. It necessarily occasioned atrophy
and loss of the testicle; and did not secure the
patient  against the return of  the  disease.  The
intestines were,  of  course,  not included in the
ligature.  Also, the operation for hernia in gene-
ral.—Hern iot'omy.
  CELOT'OM US, same etymon.   Herniolomus.
A knife used in the operation for hernia.  Adjec-
tively, it means relating to celotomy, like Celo-
tom'icus.
  CELSA.  A term, used by  Paracelsus  for a
cutaneous disease, dependent, according to him,
on a false or heterogeneous spirit or vapour, con-
cealed tfnder the integuments,  and endeavouring
to escape.  Perhaps the disease was Urticaria.
  CELSUS, METHOD OF, see Lithotomy.
  CELTIS  OCCIDENTA'LIS, Sugarberry,
Huckberry.  Order, Ulmaceas: indigenous, flower-
ing in May.  The bark is said to be anodyne and
cooling; the berries are sweet and astringent.  It
has been used in dysentery.
  CEMBRO  NUTS, see Pinus cembra.
  CEMENT.  A glutinous substance  introduced
into a carious tooth to prevent the access of air
or other extraneous matters.  The following is
an  example:  (R. Sandarac.  ■"J'ij j Mnstich. gi;
Succin. gr. x. JEther. £y,  Dissolve with the aid
of heat.)   Ostermaier's  Cement for the teeth is
prepared of finely powdered caustic lime, thirteen
parts; anhydrous phosphoric acid, twelve parts.
When introduced into a carious tooth,  it  becomes
solid in about two minutes.
  CEMENTERIUM, Crucible.
  CEMENTUM, see Tooth.
  CENANGIA,  Ceneangia.
  CENCHRON, Panicum  miliaceum.
  CENDRE, Cineritious.
  CENDRE DU LEVANT, Soda.
  CENDRES  GRAVELEES, see Potash —c.
de Sarment, see Potash.
  CENEANGI'A, Cenangia, from Ktvos,  'empty,'
and ayyaov, ' a vessel.' Inanition.  Empty state
of vessels.—Galen.
  CENEMBATE'SIS, from Ktvos,  'empty,' and
tu(5aivu>, ' I enter.'   Paracentesis.   Also, the act
of probing a wound or cavity; Melo'sis.
  CENEONES, Flanks.
  CENIGDAM,  Ceniplam.
  CENIGOTAM, Ceniplam.
  CENIPLAM,  Cenigdam,  Cenigotam,  Cenipo- 
CENIPOTAM
186
CENTRUM
lam.  The name of an instrument anciently used
for opening the head in epilepsy.—Paracelsus.
  CENIPOTAM,  Ceniplam.
  CENO'SIS, from  Ktvos,  'empty.'  Ine'sia,
Inethmoa.   Evacuation.   It  is  sometimes em-
ployed synonymously with inanition, and op-
posed to repletion,—Exinanil'io.
  CENOT'ICA, from Ktviams, 'evacuation.'  Dis-
eases affecting the fluids.   Morbid discharges or
excess, deficiency or irregularity of such as are
natural.  The first order, class Genetica, of Good;
also, Drastics.
  CENTAU'REA  BEHEN,  Serrat'ula behen,
Behen  abiad, Behen  album, Been, White Behen.
Ord. Gentianeae.  Astringent.
  Centau'rea  Benedic'ta, Car'duus benedic'tua,
Onicus aylvea'tria,  Cnicua  benedic'tua, Cardiobol-
anum,  Blessed  or Holy  Thistle, (F.) Chardon
binit.  Fam. Cynarocephaleas.   Sex. Syst.  Syn-
genesia Polygamia frustranea.  A strong decoc-
tion of the herb is emetic: — a strong infusion,
diaphoretic (?); a Ught infusion, tonic and sto-
machic.  Dose, gr. xv to  ^j of the powder.
  Centau'rea  Calcitra'pa, Calcitra'pa, Calea-
trep'polu, Car'duus solstitidlis, Carduus Stella'tus,
Ja'cea ramosis'sima,  Cacotrib'ulus,  Calcitrap'pa
Stella'ta  seu hippophastum,  Stella'ta rupi'na,
Centau'rea stella'ta, Common Star- Thistle, Star-
Knapweed, (F.) Centaurie itoilie, Chardon  etoile,
Chaussetrappe, Pignerole.   It  is  possessed  of
tonic  properties,  and has been  given in  inter-
mittents, dyspepsia, Ae.  It is not much used.
  Centau'rea  Centau'rium, Rhapon'ticum vul-
ga're,  Centaurium magnum,  Centaurium majus,
Greater  Cen'taury, Centaurium  officina'le, (F.)
Centaurie grande.  It is a bitter; and was for-
merly used as a tonic, especially  tbe root.
  Centau'rea  Cy'anus, Cy'anus,  Blue  bottle,
Corn-flower, (F.)  Blavelle,  Blaveole, Blaverolle.
The flowers were  once much used as a cordial,
tonic, Ac.  They  are now forgotten.
  Centaurea Stellata, Centaurea calcitrapa.
  CENTAUREE ETOILEE,  Centaurea calci-
trapa—c. Grande, Centaurea centaurium—c. Pe-
tite, Chironia centaurium.
  CENTAUREUM,  Chironia centaurium.
  CENTAURIS,  Chironia  centaurium.
  CENTAURIUM MAGNUM,  Centaurea cen-
taurium—c. Minus vulgare, Chironia centaurium
— c. Officinale, Centaurea  centaurium—c. Par-
vum, Chironia  centaurium.
  CENTAURY,  AMERICAN,  Chironia  angu-
laris—c.  Greater,  Centaurea centaurium—c. Les-
ser, Chironia centaurium.
  CENTESIS, Paracentesis, Puncture.
  CENTIGRAMME, (F.)  from  centum, 'a hun-
dred,'  and ypapfta,   'gramme,'  Centigram'ma.
The hundredth part of a gramme.   A  centi-
gramme  is  equal  to  about the  fifth part of a
French grain, gr.  .1543, Troy.
  CENTILITRE, Centilitra, from centum,  'a
hundred,' and  Xtrpa, 'litre.'  An ancient  Greek
measure  for liquids : — the hundredth part of a
litre—equal to  nearly 2.7053 fluidrachms.
  CENTIMETRE, Centim'eter; the  hundredth
part of  a metre — equal  to about four lines.
.3937 English inch.
  CENTIMORBIA,  Lysimachia nummularia.
  CENTINERVIA,  Plantago.
  CENTINODE, Polygonum aviculare.
  CENTINODIA, Polygonum aviculare.
  CENTO  VIRGINALIS,  Hymen.
  CENTRAD,  see Central  aspect.
  CENTRADIAPH'ANES,  Catarac'ta centrd-
lis, from Ktvrpov,  'centre,'  a, privative, and Sta-
tpavns, 'transparent.'  Cataract owing to obscurity
of the central portion of  the crystalline.
  CENTRAL,  Centra'lis,  from  centrum,  'the
centre.'  Relating or appertaining to the centre.
  Central Ar'tery of the Ret'ina, Arte'ria
Centra'lis  Ret'ina,  Central Artery of  Zinn.
This artery is given off from the arteria  oph-
thalmica, and penetrates the optic nerve a little
behind  the ball of  the eye;  running  in the
axis of the nerve, and spreading out into  many
small branches upon the inside  of the  retina.
When the  nerve is cut across near the eye, the
orifice of the  divided artery is observable.   This
was formerly  called Porus Op'ticus.
  Central Aspect.  An  aspect towards the
centre of an  organ.—Barclay.  Centrad is used
by the same  writer adverbially, to signify ' to-
wards the central aspect.'
  CENTRE OF ACTION.   The viscus in which
the whole or  a great part of any function  is exe-
cuted, and  to  which several  other organs  contri-
bute.  Thus, the vital activity seems to be wholly
centred in the stomach, during  chymification;
in the  duodenum, during chylification.  In like
manner, the  uterus becomes  a  centre of action
during gestation.
  Centre,  Epigas'tric  The ganglions and ner-
vous plexuses, formed by the great sympathetic
and pneumogastric nerves, in  the  epigastrium,
around the cceliac artery; where the impressions
received from various parts of the body seem to
be centred.
  Centre of  Flux'ion.  The part towards which
fluids are particularly attracted.   An irritated
organ is said  to be a centre of fluxion.
  Centres, Nervous, (F.) Centres nerveux.  The
organs, whence the nerves originate; as the brain
and spinal marrow.
  Centre,  Optic, see Optic centre.
  Centre,  Oval, Centrum Ova'le,  C. 0. Vieusse'-
nii, Tegumen'tum ventriculo'rum cer'ebri.  When
the two hemispheres of the brain are sliced away,
till on a level with the corpus callosum, the me-
dullary part in each is of an  oval shape: hence
caUed centrum ovale minus, (F.) centre medullaire
himisphiral.  The two  centres of the opposite
sides, together with  the corpus callosum,  form
the centrum ovale of Vieus''sens.   Vieussens sup-
posed all the  medullary fibres to issue from that
point, and that it was the great dispensatory of
the animal spirits.
  Centre, Phrenic,  Ten'dinous  Centre  of the
Diaphragm,  Centrum Phren'icum,  C. Ner'vcum
or C.  Tendino'sum  seu tendin'eum,  (F.)  Centre
phrenique ou C. tendineux du Diaphragme.  The
central  aponeurosis or cordiform tendon  of the
diaphragm.
  Centre of Sympathet'ic Irradia'tions, (F.)
Centre  d'irradiations sympathiquea.  Any organ
which  excites, sympathetically,  the action  of
other organs, more or less  distant from it; and
with which it seems to  have no immediate com-
munication.—Marjolin.
  Centre, Tendinous,  of  the  Diaphragm,
Centre, phrenic.
  CENTROMYRINE, Ruscus.
  CENTRUM, see Vertebras —c.  Commune, So-
lar plexus—c. Nerveum, Centre, phrenic—c. Op-
ticum,  Optic  centre — c. Ovale,  Centre, oval — c.
Ovale minus, see Centre, oval—c. Ovale of Vieus-
sens, Centre, oval — c.  Semicirculare geminum,
Taenia  semicircularis — c.  Tendinosum, Centre,
phrenic.
  Centrum  Vita'le, Nodus seu Fons  vita'lis,
(F.) Nceud vital.  A  term applied, at times, to
the medulla oblongata; at others, to the medulla
oblongata, and the medulla spinalis as far as the
second  cervical nerve of the spinal marrow, in
any part of which a wound would seem to be in- 
                 CENTRY

stantly fatal.   It is the nervous centre of respi-
ration and deglutition.
  CENTRY,  Chironia angularis.
  CENTUM  CAPITA, Eryngium campestre.
  CENTUMNODIA, Polygonum aviculare.
  CEPA ASCALONICA, Bulbus esculentus,
Echalottc — c. Victorialis, Allium victoriale — c.
Vulgaris, Allium cepa.
  CEP/EA, Veronica beccabunga.
  CEPIIAELIS IPECACUANHA, Ipecacuanha.
  CEPHAL^E'A,  Headach, (F.)  Ciphalie, from
KttpaXn, 'head.' Some use the term synonymously
with cephalalgia; others, for a periodical head-
ach ; others,  again, for a  more violent headach
than cephalalgia implies; and others for a chronic
headach.  The last was its ancient signification.
  Cephala'a spasmod'ica, Cephalalgia spasmocl-
ica, C. Nauseo'sa, Sick-headach, is  characterized
by partial, spasmodic  pain; often  shifting from
one part of the  head  to another: chiefly com-
mencing in the morning, with sickness and faint-
ness.  It is extremely apt to recur, notwithstand-
ing every care.
  Cephal^a Arthritica, Cephalagra — c. He-
micrania,  Hemicrania — c Nauseosa, C. Spas-
modica — c. Pulsatilis, Crotaphe.
  CEPHAL^IMATO'MA,  from  KttpaXn, 'head,'
and 'atp.a, 'blood;' Ccphalamato'ma neonato'rum,
Ecchymo'ma cap'itis, E. capitis recens nato'rum,
Thrombus neonato'rum, Absces'sus cap'itis  san-
guin'eus neonatorum, Tumor cap'itis sanguin'eus
neonato'rum,  Gephalophy'ma, Craniohamaton'cus.
A sanguineous tumour, sometimes developed be-
tween the pericranium  and the bones of the head
of new-born  children.  Similar tumours are met
with occasionally above other  bones, and at all
periods of existence.
  Cephalhematoma Neonatorum, Cephalaema-
toma.
  CEPHAL^5'MIA, Hypera'mia cer'ebri, H.
Cap'itis, Encephaloha'mia, (F.) Hyperimie ou
Congestion du cerveau, Enciphalohimie, H. eire-
braie,  Congestion  ciribrale.   Accumulation  of
blood in the vessels of  the brain.
  CEPHALAGO'GUS,  Cephaloduc'tor,  Capiti-
duc'tor,  from KttpaXn,  'head,' and  aytoyos,  'a
leader, a driver.'  An instrument used for draw-
ing down the fcetal head.
  CEPH'ALAGRA, from KttpaXn, 'the head,' and
aypa, ' seizure.'  Cephala'a arthrilica, Menin-
gitis arthrilica.  Gout in the head.
  CEPHALAGRA'PHIA,  from KttpdXv, 'the
head,' and ypatpn, 'a description.'  An anatomical
description of the head.
  CEPHALAL'GIA,   Cephalopo'nia,  Cephalo-
dyn'ia, Encephalodyn'ia, Homonopa'gia, from
KttpaXn, ' the head,' and aXyos, ' pain;' Encepha-
lal'gia, Dolor Cap'itis, D. cephal'icus, Soda, Pain
t/» the head;  Headach, (F.) Ce'phalalgie, Mat d
tete.  Every  kind of headach, whether symp-
tomatic or idiopathic, is  a cephalalgia.  It is
ordinarily symptomatic,  and has to be treated
accordingly.
  Cephalalgia Contagiosa, Influenza—c. In-
flammatoria,  Phrenitis.
  Cephalalgia Period'ica, Febris intermittens
cephal'ica lurva'tet, Intermittent headach.  Head-
ach  which returns periodically; properly, per-
haps, a form  of neuralgia.
  Cephalalgia Pulsatilis, Crotapho—c. Spas-
modica, see Cephalasa.
  CEPHALALOG'TA, from  KttpaXv, 'the head,'
and  Xoyos, ' a discourse.'   An anatomical disser-
tation on the head.
  CEPHALANTHE  D'AMERIQUE,  Cepha-
lanthus occidentalis.
  CEPHALANTHUS OCCIDENTA'LIS, But-
tonwood  shrub, Buttonbush, White  Ball, Little
7        CEPHALO-PHARYNG.*EUS

Snowball, Swampwood,  Pond Dogwood,  Globe-
flower,  (F.)  Ciphalanthe  d'Amerii/ue, Bois de
Murais.  An ornamental shrub, Nut. Ord. Ru-
biaceae; Sex. Syst. Tetrandria Monogynia, which
grows all over the  United States, near streams
and  ponds, and flowers in  July and August.
The bark of the root has been used as an anti-
periodic tonic.
  CEPIIALARTICA, Cephalic remedies.
  CEPHALATOM'IA,  Cephalotom'ia, from
KttpaXn,  ' the head,' and reuvtiv,  ' to cut.'  Ana-
tomy, or dissection, or opening of the head.
  CEPHALE, Head.
  CEPHALIC,  Cephal icus,  Capita'lis, from
KttpaXt/,  'the head.'  (F.) Ciphalique.   Relating
to the head.
  Cephal'ic Rem'edies, Cephal'ica vel Capita'-
lia remed'ia, are remedies  capable of relieving
affections of the head, especially  headach: —
 Cephalar'tica.
  Cephal'ic Vein, Vena Cephal'ica, Vena Cap'-
itis,  (F.) Veine ciphalique, Veine radiate cutanee
of Chaussier.   The great superficial vein at the
outer part of the arm and fore-arm.  It begins
on the back of the  hand, by a number of radicles,
which unite into a single trunk, called the Ceph-
alic of the Thumb, Cephal ica Pollicis, (F.) Veine
ciphalique du pouce.  It ascends along the ante-
rior and outer part of the fore-arm, where it forms
the superficial  radial.  At the fold of the elbow
it receives the median cephalic, ascends along the
outer edge of the biceps, and opens into the axil-
lary vein. The name Cephalic was given to it by
the ancients, because they thought it had some
connexion with the head, and that blood-letting
ought to be performed on it, in head affections.
  Chaussier calls the  internal jugular, Veine ci-
phalique, and the  primary or common carotid,
Artere ciphalique.
  CEPHALIDIUM, see Caput.
  CEPHALI'NE.  The base or root of the tongue.
—Gorrasus.
  CEPHALIS, see  Caput.
  CEPHALITIS, Phrenitis.
  CEPHALIUM, see Caput.
  CEPHALODUCTOR, Cephalagogus.
  CEPHALODYM'IA,  Encephalodym'ia ; from
KttpaXn,  ' head,' and Svta, ' I enter  into.'  A class
of double monstrosities, in which the  heads  are
united.   It is divided into two genera, Fronto-
dyntia  and Bregmatodym'ia; in  the former the
union being between the ossa frontis;  in the lat-
ter between the bregmata.—Cruveilhier.
  CEPHALODYNIA, Cephalalgia.
  CEPHALCEDEMA, Hydrocephalus.
  CEPHALOID, Encephaloid.
  CEPHALOMA,  Encephaloid.
  CEPHALO-MENINGITIS,  Meningo-cepha-
litis.
   CEPHALOM'ETER,  from  KttpaXv, 'the head,'
and  ncrpov,  'measure.'   An instrument for mea-
suring the different dimensions of the fcetal head,
during the process  of accouchement.   A kind of
forceps.
  CEPHALON'OSUS, from  KttpaXn, 'the head,'
and  voaos, ' disease.'  This term has been applied
to the Febris Hungar'ica, in which the head was
much affected.  See  Fever,  Hungaric.  Others
have so called any cerebral disease or fever.
  CEPHALOPAGES, Symphyocephalus.
  CEPH'ALO-PHARYNG^l'US,  from  KttpaXv,
' the head,' and tpapvylj, ' the pharynx :' belonging
to the head and pharynx.   Winslow  has given
this name to the portion of the constrictor pha-
ryngis superior, which is attached, above, to  the
inferior surface of the basilary process of the os
occipitis.  The Ceph'alo-pharynge'al Aponeuro'-
1' 
CERATITIS
             CEPHALOPHYMA             U

sis is a thin, fibrous membrane, which is attached
to the basilary process, and gives insertion to the
fibres of the constrictor superior pharyngis.
  CEPHALOPHYMA, Cephalasmatoma.
  CEPIIALOPONIA, Cephalalgia.
  CEPHALO-RACHIDIAN, Cephalo-spinal.
  CEPHALOSOMATODYM'IA,   Encephaloso-
matodym'ia; from KttpaXv, 'head,' aoipta, 'body,'
and Svo), ' I enter  into.'  A  double monstrosity,
in which the union is between the heads and the
trunks.   Of this there are varieties :—for exam-
ple, Infra-maxillostermodym'ia, where the union
is with the inferior maxillary bones and sterna;
and Prosoposternodynlia, between the faces and
sterna.—Cruveilhier.
  CEPHALO-SPINAL, Cephalo-spina'lis, Ceph'-
alo-rachid'ian, Centro-spinal, Craniospinal.  A
hybrid term,  from KttpaXv,  'head,'  and spina,
' spine.'  Belonging to the head and spine.
  Ceph'alo-spinal  Fluid,  Cephalo-rachid'ian
fluid,  Cerebrospinal fluid, Flu'idum cer'ebro-
apina'le,  Subaraehnoidean fluid, is  an  exhaled
fluid, which is found  beneath  the arachnoid,
wherever pia mater exists in connexion with the
brain and  spinal cord.  It seems to have a pro-
tecting office, and to keep up a certain degree of
pressure  on the organ,—at least in the spinal
canal.
  CEPHALOTHORACOSTERU'MENUS, from
KttpaXv, 'head,' Bwpai;, 'the chest,' and o-rcpttv, 'to
rob.'  A monster without head or chest.
  CEPHALOTOMIA, Eccephalosis.
   OMPHALOTRIBE, (F.)   An instrument in-
vented by Baudelocque,  the nephew, for crushing
the head of the foetus in  utero; from KtipaXv, ' the
head,' and  rpifia, ' I bruise.'  It  consists  of a
strong forceps, the blades of which are solid :  16
lines  broad, and 3 thick.  The handles are per-
forated at their extremity to receive a screw with
three threads, the direction of which is very ob-
lique, so as to allow great  rapidity of rotation,
and the screw is moved by a winch 6 inches long,
to increase the force  of the pressure.   The bones
of the head are easily crushed by it.
   CEPHALOTRIP'SY,  Cephalotrip'sis ;  same
etymon as  Cephalotribe.  The operation of crush-
ing the head of the foetus in utero.
   CEPHALOTRYPESIS, Trepanning.
   CEPHALOXIA, Torticollis.
   CEPULLA, Allium cepa.
   CER, Heart.
   CERA FLAVA et CERA ALBA, Ccros, Yel-
low and White Wax, (F.) Cire Jaime et Blanche.
An animal substance prepared by the bee, and
by some plants, as the  Cerox'ylon and Myri'ca
cerif'era.   Its  colour is yellow, and  smell like
that of honey, but both are lost by  bleaching.
It is demulcent and emollient; is sometimes given
in the form of emulsion, in diarrhoea and dysen-
tery, but is chiefly used in cerates and ointments.
   CERiE'iE,  from Ktpas, ' a horn,' Ktpatat.  The
 Cornua of thejiterus.—Rufus of Ephesus.
   CERAMICE, Cerami'tis,  from Ktpap.os, 'pot-
ter's earth.'  A sort of earth used as a cataplasm
in peripneumony.—Hippocrates.
   CERAMIUM, Amphora — c.  Helminthochor-
tus, Corallina Corsicana.
   CERAMNIUM, Amphora.
   CERAMURIA, see Urine.
   CERANTHEMUS, Propolis.
   CERAS, Ktpas, 'genitive,' Ktparos, 'horn,' Cor-
nu;  also, the  Cornea.   Hence,  Ceratectomia,
 Ceratocele, Ac.
   CERASION, see Prunus cerasus.
   CERAS'MA, from Ktpavvvpa, 'to mix:' some-
thing mixed.   A mixture of hot and cold water.
Metaceras'ma.—Gorrasus.
   CERASUM, see Prunus cerasus.
  CERASUS ACID A, Prunus cerasus — c. Avi-
um, Prunus avinum, P. nigra—c Dulcis, Prunus
nigra—c Hortensis, Prunus cerasus — c. Lauro-
cerasus, Prunus laurocerasus — c. Padus, Prunus
padus—c. Racemosus sylvestris, Prunus  padus
—c. Rubra, Prunus cerasus—c Serotina, Prunus
Virginiana—c Virginiana, Prunus Yirginiana—
c. Vulgaris, Prunus cerasus.
  CERAT BLANC on DE  GALIEN, Ceratum
Galeni—c. de Blanc de Balcine, Ceratum cetacei
— c. de Goulard, Ceratum plumbi — c. pour les
Levres, Cerate for the lips — c. de Plomb compost.,
Ceratum  plumbi  compositum — c. de Savon, Ce-
ratum Saponis—c. de Suracitate de plomb, Cera-
tum plumbi superacetatis.
  CE'RATE,  Cera'tum, from  Kvpas, Lat.  cera,
'wax,' Cerela'um, Cero'ma, Cero'nium, Cc.ro'turn,
Ceratomalag'ma,  (F.) Cirat.  A composition of
wax, oil,  or lard,  without other ingredients.
  CERATE, Simple Cerate,  Cera'tum, Cera'tum
simplex.   (F.) Cerat Simple.   (White wax, ^iv,
Lard, §viij.)  It is applied as an  emollient to
excoriations, Ac.
  Cerate, Belleville's, see  Unguentum Hy-
drargyri nitrico-oxydi.
  Cerate  of  Cal'amine, Cera'tum  Calami'na,
C. Calamin. prapar., C.  Carbona'tis zinci im-
pu'ri, C. Zinci Carbona'tis, Cera'tum lap'idis Ca-
lamina'ris, Cera'tum epulolicum, Cerate of Car-
bonate of Zinc, Turner's  Cerate, Healing Su/re,
(F.) Cirat de Pierre Calami net ire, C. de Calamine,
Calamin., Cera flava, aa ^iij, udipis, Ibj.   Melt
the wax and  lard together, and, on cooling, add
the carbonate of zinc and stir till cool.—Ph. U. S.)
  Cerate of Canthar'ides, Cera'tum Canthar'-
idis, Blister Ointment, Ointment of Spanish Flies,
Unguen'tum ad vesicato'ria, Ungual turn Pulveris
Melo'es vesicato'rii, Ung.  epispas'ticum for'tius,
Cera'tum  Lytta,  (F.)  Cirat   de   Cantharides.
(Spermaceti cerate  *")VJ, Cantharides in  powder,
*5J.   The  cerate being softened by heat, stir in
the flies.)   This cerate of the European Pharma-
copoeias is used to keep blisters, issues, Ac, open.
See Unguentum Lyttas.  For the Cerate of Spa-
nish flies  of the  U. S. Pharmacopoeia, see Em-
plastrum Lyttas.
  Cerate, Goulard's, Ceratum Plumbi compo-
situm.
  Cerate, Kirkland's  Neutral.  (Diachyl.
!"jViij, olive oil ^fiv, prepared  chalk ^iv: when
nearly cool, add Acet. dest. Jiv, plumb, superacet.
^iij-)  A  cooling emollient.
  Cerate or Poma'tum for the Lips, Cera'tum
labia'le rubrum, Pomma'tum ad labia demulcen'-
da.—Ph.  P.   (F.) Cirat ou Pommade pour lea
levrea, (Wax  9  parts; oil 16  parts; — coloured
with alkanet.)
  Cerate, Lead,  Compound,  Ceratum  plumbi
compositum.
  Cerate, Marshall's.  (Palm oil gvi. calomel
Sjj, augar of lead ^ss, ointment of nitrate of mer-
c>'>y §ij-)
  Cerate, Resin,  Compound,  Ceratum  Resinae
compositum — c. Savine,  Ceratum sabinae — c.
Soap, Ceratum saponis — c. Spermaceti,  Ceratum
cetacei — c of Superacetate  or sugar of lead, Ce-
ratum plumbi superacetatis — c Turner's, Cerate
of calamine — c.  of Carbonate of zinc, Cerate of
calamine.
  CERATECTOM'IA, from Ktpas, 'the  cornea,'
and tKTopos, 'cut out.'  An incision through the
cornea.  See Ceratotomia.
  CERATIA, Ceratonium siliqua.
  CERATI'ASIS, from Ktpas, 'horn.'  A morbid
condition characterized by corneous growths.
  CERATION, Siliqua.
  CERATI'TIS, Keratitis, from Ktpas, 'the cor-
nea,'  and itis, ' inflammation.'  Inflammation of 
CERATIUM                189                CERATUM
the cornea, Ceratltia, Ceratodei'tia, Ceratomenin- I
gltis, (Jormltis, Inflamma'tio cor'nece.
  CERATIUM, Ceratonium siliqua.
  CKR'ATO,  in' composition, in  the names of
muscles, is used for the cornua of the os hyoides;
■—as Cerato-glossus.
  CMRATOCE'LE, Aquula,  Urdtio, Promined-
tia Cor'nece, Hernia Cor'nea, Ccratodcocc'le, from
Ktpas, 'horn,'and  kvXv,  'tumour.'   A protrusion
of the transparent cornea, or rather of the mem-
brane of the aqueous humour through an opening
in the cornea.
   CERATODEITIS, Ceratitis.
   Cl-'RATODEOCELE, Ceratocele.
   CERATODE0NYX1S, Ceratonyxis.
   CERATODES MEMBRANA, Cornea.
   CERATOGLOS'SUS, Kemtoglos'sus, from Kt-
pas, ' horn,' and yXiotxaa, ' the tongue.'  A muscle,
extending from the great cornu of the os hyoides
to  the  base of the tongue.  It is a part  of the
hyoglossus.
  CERATOIDES, Cornea.
   CERAT0LE UC0MA, Leucoma.
  CERATO'MA,  Ccrato'sis, from Ktpas,  'horn.'
A horny growth, or horny formation.
   CERATO-MALAGMA,  Cerate.
   CERATO-MENINGITIS, Ceratitis.
   CERATO-MENINX, Cornea.
  CKRATO'NIA  SIL'IQUA.  The  Carob Tree,
Ceru'tium, Ccrtttia, Siliqua dulcis,  Caro'ba  Al-
nabati,   Sircctpod, (F.)  Caroubier  (Fruit,  Cu-
rouge.)   This—the fruit of the Ccratonia siliqua
— is  mucilaginous, and employed in decoction,
where mucilages are indicated.
  CERATONYX'IS, Keratonyx'is,  Ceratodeo-
nyx'is,  from Ktpas, 'the  cornea,'  and  vvaao), 'I
puncture.'  An operation by which  the crystal-
line is depressed by means of a needle introduced
into the eye through the cornea.   Some divide
the crystalline into fragments with the needle,
and leave them to the action of the absorbents.
The operation is as old as the 17th century.
   CER'ATO-PHARYNGE'US,A'er'ato-PAa)-!/«-
ge'us, from xtpas,  'horn,'  and tpapvy^, 'the pha-
rynx.'   The great and small Cer'ato-pharynge'i
are small fleshy  bundles, forming  part of  the
Hyopharyngcus of Winslow.
   CERATOPLAS'TICE, from  «pas, 'the cor-
nea,' and  rAaortKos, 'forming, formative.'  The
operation for the formation of an artificial cornea.
It has not been practised on man.
   CERATORRHEX'IS, Ruptu'ra cor'nea, from
Ktpas, 'the cornea,' and pviiis, 'rupture.' Rupture
of  the cornea.
   TERATOSIS, Ceratoma.
   CER'ATO-STAPHYLI'NUS, Ker'atostaphy-
11 nus, from Ktpas,  'horn,' and aratpvXv,  'the uvu-
la.'  Some fleshy fibres of the Thyro-Staphylinua
of  Winslow.
   CERATOTOM'IA, Ceratcctom'ia,  from Ktpas,
 'cornea,' and  rtfivtiv, 'to cut.'   Section  of the
transparent cornea.   This incision is used in the
operation for cataract, to give exit to pus effused
in  the eye. in case of hypopyon, Ac.
   CERATOT'OMUS, Keratolomua, Keratomas,
from ictpas, ' cornea,'  and  rtjivtiv, ' to cut.'   A
name given by Wenzel to his knife for dividing
the transparent cornea, in tbe operation for cata-
ract. Many modifications of the instrument have
been made since Wenzel's time.   See  Knife,
cataract.
   CERATUM, Cerate—c. Album, Ceratum ceta-
cei, Ceratum Galeni — c. de Althaea, Unguentum
de Althasa — c. Calaminae, Cerate  of Calamine—
c.  Cantharidis, Cerate  of Cantharides,  Emplas-
trum Lytta'—c. de Cerussa, Unguentum plumbi
subcarbonatis.
   Cera'tum Ceta'cei, Cera'tum  apermaceti, Ce-
ra'tum album,  C.  Ceti, Unguen'tum adipoce'res
ceto'rum, Linimen1'turnalbum,Emplas'trum Sperm'-
atis Ceti, Spermaceti Cerate, (F.) Cereit  de blanc
de balcine.  (Spermaceti "5A, white ivax ^iij. olive
oil  f^vi.  Ph. U. S.)  A good emollient  to  ul-
cers, Ac.
  Ceratum Ceti,  Ceratum cetacei — c Cicutas,
Ceratum conii — c. Citrinum, Ceratum resinas.
  Cera'tum  Coni'i,   Cera'tum  Cicu'ta.  (Ung.
conii Ibj, cetacei ^ij, cera alba ^iij.) A formula
in Bartholomew's Hospital: occasionally applied
to cancerous, scrofulous sores, Ae.
  Ceratum Epuloticum, Cerate of calamine.
  Cera'tum Gale'ni, Cera'tum album, C. refrig"-
erans Gale'ni, Unguen'tum  cera'tum, U.  amygda-
11 num,  U.  simplex,  Emplas'trum ad fontic'ulos,
O'leo-cera'tum aqud  subac'tum, Cold Cream, (F.)
Cerat blanc ou de Galien.  ( White  ivax 4 parts;
oil of aweet almonds  16 parts;  add, when melted,
water or rose-water  12 parts.  Ph.  P.)  A mild
application to chaps, Ac.
  Cereatum Labiale Rubrum,  Cerate for the
lips — c Lapidis calaminaris, Cojate of  calamine
— c.  Lithargyri acetati compositum,   Ceratum
plumbi  compositum  — c Lyttas,  Cerate of can-
tharides—c. Mercuriale, Unguentum hydrargyri
—c. Picatum, Pisselasum.
  Ceratum Plumbi  Compos'itum,  Cera'tum Li-
thar'gyri Aceta'ti  Compos'itum,  Goulard's Oint-
ment,  Cera'tum subaccta'ti plumbi medica'tum,  C.
Plumbi Subaceta'tis  (Ph. U.S.), Cera'tum Satur'-
ni,  Compound Lead Cerate, Goulard's Cerate, (F.)
Cerat de Goulard, C. de Plomb compose.  (Liq.
jilumb.  subacet.  §iiss;  cera flava, ^iv; ol. oliv.
*"";ix; camphora, """"SS. Ph. U. S.)  Its virtues are
the same as the  next.
  Ceratum Plumbi  Superaceta'tis,   Unguen'-
tum Oerus'sa Aceta'ta, Cerate of Superacetate or
Sugar  of Lead, Cera'tum Plumbi Acetdtis, Un-
guentum Acetatis Plumbi, (F.) Cirat  de suracitate
de Plomb.  (Acetate of lead, gij; white wax, "|ij;
olive oil, ibss.)  Cooling and  astringent.
  Ceratum Refrigerans Galeni,  Ceratum Ga-
leni.
  Ceratum Resi'n.e, C. Reslna flava,  C. citri-
num, Unguen'tum basil icon flu rum,  Ung. Reslna
flora,  Ung.  Resino'sum, Resin Cerate  or Oint-
ment,  Yellow  Basil'icon,  Basilicon Ointment.
(Resin,  flav. "**;v;  Cera flav.  *"";ij; Adipis, ^viij;
Ph. U.  S.)   A stimulating  application  to old ul-
cers, Ac.   Digestive.
  Dr. Smellome's Ointment for the  Eyes consists
of finely powdered  verdigris, £ss,  rubbed with
oil, and then mixed with an ounce of ceratum
resin a.
   Ceratum  Resi'nje  Compos'itum,  Compound
Resin  Cerate, (Resin., Sevi,  Cera flava, aa Ibj;
 Terebinth,  floss ; Ol. Lini,  Oss.  Melt   together,
strain through linen, and stir till cool. Ph. U. S.)
   Ceratum Sabi'na:, Unguentum Sabina, Savine
 Cerate, (F.)  Cirat de Sabine.   (Savine, in pow-
der, §ij ; Resin Cerate, Ibj.  Ph. U. S.)  Irrita-
tive, ' drawing.'  Used in the same cases  as the
cerate of cantharides.
   Ceratum Sapo'nis, Soap Cerate,  (F.) Cerat de
 Savon.  (Liq. Plumb,  subacetat., Oij; Sapon. §vj;
 Cera alba, Jf x; 01.  oliva, Oj.  Boil the solution
of subacetate of lead with the soap over a slow
fire, to the consistence of honey, then transfer to
a water-bath, and evaporate until all the moisture
is dissipated;  lastly,  add the wax,  previously
melted with the oil, and mix.—Ph. U.  S.) It is
applied in  cases of sprains or fractures.
   Ceratum Saturni,  Ceratum Plumbi  composi-
tum—c. Simplex,  Cerate simple—c. Spermaceti,
Ceratum cetacei — c Subacetati plumbi medica-
tum, Ceratum plumbi compositum—c. Tetraphar-
macum, Pisselasum. 
CERAUNION
190
CEREBRUM
  Ceratum Zinci Carbonatis, Cerate of Car-
bonate of Zinc.  (Zinci carbonat. praparat. ***Jij ;
Ung. simpl. £x.   Ph. U. S.)  Used in the same
cases  as the Ceratum Calaminas.
  CERAU'NION, from Ktpawos,  'thunder,' 'a
thunderbolt.' Lapis fulmin'eus. A kind of stone,
which was believed to be formed during thunder;
and to be  possessed of the  power of inducing
sleep, and  numerous other prophylactic virtues.
It was rubbed on the knee, breast, Ac, in swell-
ings of those parts.
  CERBERUS TRICEPS, Pulvis cornachini.
  CERCA'RIA.  A  genus of agastric,  infusory
animalcules, one of  the most  curious of which
inhabits the tartar of  the teeth.  The spermatozoa
are presumed by some to belong to this genus.
  CERCHNASMUS, Cerchnus.
  CERCHNOMA, Cerchnus.
  CERCHNUS, Cerchnas'mus,  Cerchnum,  Cerch-
no'ma, from Ktpxvtoi,  ' I render hoarse.'  A rough
voice  produced by hoarseness.   See Rattle.
  CER'CIS, KtpKts-  A sort of pestle for reducing
substances to powder.  Also, the radius or small
bone  of the arm.   See Pilum, and  Radius.
  CERCLE, Circulus—c. de  la Choro'ide, Ciliary
ligament—c. Ciliare, Ciliary  ligament.
  CERCO'SIS,  from  Ktxpos,  'a tail.' Med tula
mulie'bris,  the Clitoris.  Some authors have em-
ployed the word synonymously with nymphoma-
nia and elongation of the clitoris; and with Poly-
pus Uteri,  the Sarco'ma Cerco'sis of Sauvages.
  Cercosis Clitoridis, Clitorism — c. Externa,
Clitorism.
  CEREA, Cerumen.
  CEREA'LIA, from Ceres, 'goddess of corn.'
(F.) Cereules  (Plantes.)  The  cerealia  are  gra-
mineous  plants, the  seed of which serve for the
nourishment of man:—as wheat, barley, rye, Ac.
At times, the same term is applied to  some of the
leguminous plants.
  CEREBARIA, Carebaria.
  CEREBEL'LA URI'NA.   Urine of a whitish
appearance, of the colour of the brain or cerebel-
lum,  from which  Paracelsus thought he could
distinguish diseases  of that organ.
  CEREBELLUMS, badly formed  from  cere-
bellum, and itis, denoting inflammation.  Paren-
cephalltis, Inflamma'tio cerebelli. Inflammation
of the cerebellum: a variety of phrenitis or ence-
phalitis.
  CEREBEL'LOUS,  Cerebelldsus, from cerebel-
lum, ' the little brain.'  (F.) Ciribelleux.   Chaus-
sier has  given this  epithet to the vessels of the
cerebellum.  These  are three in  number;  two
of which are inferior: the larger, inferior  cere-
belli,  which arises from the posterior cerebral or
vertebral;  and the  smaller,  whose  existence is
not constant, from the meso-cephalic  or basilary:
■—the third, called A. cirebelleuse superieure (su-
perior cerebelli,) is also a branch of the basilary.
   Cerebel'lous  Ap'oplexy,  Apoplex'ia  cere-
belld sa : apoplexy of the cerebellum.
   CEREBEL'LUM, diminutive of Cerebrum; C.
parvum,Appeddix ad cer'ebrum,Cer'ebrumposte'-
rius,  Encra'nion, Encra'nis,  Epenera'nis, Paren-
cepllalis, Parenceph'alus, Encephalium, Enceph'-
alus  opis'thius, Micrencepha'lium, Micrenceph'a-
lum,  Little brain, (F.) Cervelet.  A portion of the
medullary mass,  contained in  the cavity of the
cranium.  It fills the lower occipital fossae below
the tentorium, and  embraces the tuber annulare
and medulla.  It is composed, like the brain, of
vesicular  and tubular  substance, arranged in
laminae, as it were; so that, when  a section is
made of it, it has  an  arborescent appearance,
called Arbor  vita.   The cerebellum is divided
into  two lobes or hemispheres  or  lateral  masses,
and each lobe is again subdivided  into Montic'uli
or Lobules.  In the cerebellum are to be observed
the crura cerebelli, the fourth ventricle, the val-
vula magna cerebri,  the processus vcrmiculares,
superior and inferior,  Ac.
  CER'EBRAL, Cerebra'lis, (F.) Ciribral, from
cerebrum,  'the brain.'  Belonging to the brain:
similar to brain.
  Cerebral Apophysis, Pineal gland.
  Cerebral Ar'teries are three on each side :
— the anterior or artery of the corpus callosum,
and the middle, arte'ria Sylvia'na, are furnished
by the internal carotid : — the posterior or poste-
rior and inferior artery of the brain, A. proj'unda
cerebri, arises from  the vertebral.   Chaussier
calls these arteries lobaires, because they corre-
spond  with the anterior, middle, and posterior
lobes, whilst  he calls the  trunks, whence they
originate, cerebral.
  Cerebral Nerves are those which arise with-
in the cranium, all of which, perhaps, with the
exception of  the olfactory, originate  from the
medulla oblongata.  See Nerves.
  In Pathology, an  affection  is called cerebral,
which specially occupies the brain.   Fievre ciri-
brale, Cerebral fever, is a variety in which the
head is much  affected.
  CEREBRIFORM Encephaloid.
  CEREBROPATHY, see Nervous diathesis.
  CEREBRO-MALACIA, Mollities  cerebri.
  CEREBRO-SPINAL, Cephalo-spinal.  A cere-
brospinal or cerebrospinal is a neurotic, which
exercises  a special influence  over  one or more
functions  of the brain and spinal cord, and their
respective nerves.—Pereira.
  Cerebro-Spinal Axis, see Encephalon.
  CEREBRO-SPINANT, Cerebro-spinal.
  CER'EBRUM or CERE'BRUM.  The brain.
(F.) Cerveau,  Cerve/le.  This term is sometimes
applied to tbe whole of the contents of the cra-
nium : at others, to the upper portion ;—the pos-
terior and inferior  being called cerebellum.  The
brain,  properly  so called, extends from  the  os
frontis to the superior occipital fossas.  Anterior-
ly,  it rests on  the orbitar vaults : behind this,  on
the middle fossae  of the base of the cranium;
and, posteriorly, on the tentorium cerebello super-
extensum.  The upper surface is divided by a
deep median  cleft (Scissure interlobaire, — Ch.)
into two  halves, called hemispheres, which are
united at the base by the corpus callosum.   At
its surface are numerous convolutions.  The infe-
rior surface exhibits, from before to behind, three
lobes, distinguished  into anterior, middle, and
posterior.  The middle is separated from the an-
terior by the fissure of Sylvius ; and from the
posterior, by a shallow furrow which corresponds
to the upper portion of the pars petrosa.   Inter-
nally, the brain has, on the median line,  the cor-
pus callosum, septum lucidum,  fornix,  pineal
gland, and third ventricle:—and laterally, the late-
ral ventricles, in which  are  the corpora  striata,
optic thalami, Ac.   It  is  contained in  a triple
envelope, (see Meninges.)   Its texture is pulpy,
and varies according to age. Two substances may
be distinguished in it—the white, medullary, tubular
or fibrous — medulla cer'ebri, and  the  cortical,
cineritious, vesicular,  or gray.  The  former  is
white;  and occupies* all the interior and  base of
the brain.  The latter is grayish and  softer.  It
is situate particularly at the surface of the organ.
   The brain receives several arterial vessels, fur-
nished by the internal carotid and vertebral.  Its
veins  end in the sinuses.  It is  the material
organ of the  mental and  moral manifestations.
According to  Gall, each part is the special seat
of one of those faculties, and the brain and cere-
bellum, inclusive,  are called by him  ' the  nervous
system of the mental faculties'  See Craniology. 
CEREFOLIUM
191
CERVISPINA
  The substance of the nervous system—Nenrine
has been analyzed by Vauquelin, and found to
contain water, 80.00; white fatty matter, 4.53;
red fatty matter,  called  cerebrine,  0.70;  osma-
zome, 1.12 ;  albumen, 7.00 ;  phosphorus, 1.50 ;
sulphur, acid phosphates of  potassa, lime,  and
magnesia, 5.15.
   Cerebrum Aboominale, Solar plexus—c. Elon-
gatum, Medulla oblongata—c. Parvum, Cerebel-
lum—c. Posterius, Cerebellum.
   CEREFOLIUM, Scandix cerefolium—c. His-
panicum, Chaerophyllum  odoratum—c. Sylvestre,
Chaerophyllum sylvestre.
   CEREL^EUM, Cerate.
   CEREOLUS, Bougie.
   CERERISIA, Cercvisia.
   CERE CM MEDICATUM,  Bougie.
   CERE US, Rougie.
   CEREVIS'IA, quasi Cereris'ia, Cervis'ia, Ce'-
lia, Zytlius, Zythum, Liquor Cer'eris, Vinum hor-
dea'ccum, lliru, Rryton, (ipvrov, Barley wine, from
Ceres,  'corn;'  whence it is made.   Ale (Alia,)
 Veer, Porter, (F.) Biere, Cervoise.  These fluids
are drunk  by the  inhabitants  of many countries
habitually,  and in Great Britain and Germany
more than in others.  They are nourishing, but
not very easy of digestion.  The old dispensato-
ries contain numerous medicated ales, which are
no longer in use.
   Ckrevisia Nigra, see Falltranck.
   CERFEUIL, Scandix cerefolium — c. Musque,
 Cliasrophyllum  odoratum — c. Sauvage,  Chaero-
phyllum sylvestre.
   OKRION, Eavus, Porrigo favosa.
   CERISIER,  Prunus  cerasus — e. d Grappes,
 Prunus padus—c. de Virginie, Prunus Virginiana.
   CERNIN, SAINT, WATERS OF.   St. C. is a
parish  in  the diocess of St.  Flour, Upper Au-
vergne, France.   The water is a chalybeate.  It
is called Euu du Cambon.
   CERNOS, Capistrum.
   CEROK'NE, Cerou'ne, or Ciroue'ne, Ceroe'nnm,
 from Kvpos, 'wax,' and  oivos,  'wine.'   A  plaster
 composed of yellow wax, mutton suet, pitch, Bur-
 gundy  pitch, bole Armeniac, thus and irine.  It
 was used as  a strengthening plaster.  Sometimes
 it contained neither wax nor wine.
   CEROMA, Cerate.
   CEROMANTI'A, from  Kvpos, 'wax,' and pav-
 rtta, ' divination.'  The art of foretelling  the fu-
 ture, from the figures which melted wax assumes,
 when suffered to drop on the surface of water.
   CERONIUM, Cerate.
   CEROPIS'SUS, from Kvpos, 'wax,' and matra,
 ' pitch.' A depilatory plaster, composed of pitch
 and wax.
   CEROS. Cera.
   CEROSTROSIS, Hystriciasis.
   CEROTUM, Cerate.
   CEROXYLON, see Cera flava et alba.
   CERUA, Ricinis communis.
   CERU'MEN,   from cera,  'wax.'   Ceru'men
 Ad rium, Ce'rea, Aurium Sordes,  Sordic'ula au'-
 rium, Marmora'ta Au'rium, Cypsele, Ccrilminous
 Humour, Ear-wax, Cyp'selis, Fu'gile, (F.) Cire
 des Oreilles.  A name given to the unctuous hu-
 mour, similar to wax  in its physical properties,
 which, is met with in the meatus auditorius exter-
 nus.   It is secreted  by  glands, situate  beneath
the  skin lining the  meatus.   It  lubricates the
meatus, preserves the suppleness  of  the lining
membrane, prevents  the introduction of bodies
floating in the atmosphere, and by its bitterness
and  unctuousness prevents   insects from pene-
trating.
   CERU'MINOUS, Cerumino'sus,  (F.)  Cirumi-
nen.r.  Relating to cerumen.
   Ceruminous  Glands, Ceru'minous Follicles,
(F.)  Glands  cirumineuses  ou  Follicules  cirumi-
neuses.  Glands or follicles which secrete  the
cerumen.
  CERUSSA ACETATA, Plumbi superacetas—
c. Alba Ilispanica, Plumbi subcarbonas—c. Alba
Norica, Plumbi subcarbonas — c.  Psymmithron,
Plumbi subcarbonas—c. Serpentaria,  see Arum
maculatum.
  CERUSSE, Plumbi subcarbonas.
  CERUS'SEA URI'NA. A term used by Para-
celsus for the urine, when of a colour like cerusse.
  CERVARIA ALBA, Laserpitium latifolium.
  CERVEAU, Cerebrum.
  CERVELET, Cerebellum.
  CER VELLE, Cerebrum.
  CERVI  ELAPHI CORNU,  Cornu cervi, see
Cervus.
  CER'VICAL, Cervica'lis, from cervix,  'the
back  of the  neck.'  Trache'lian.   Every thing
which concerns the neck, especially the back part.
  Cervical Ar'teries are three in number : 1.
The ascending, anterior,  or superficial, a branch
of the inferior thyroid, distributed to  the scaleni
muscles  and  integuments.   2. The  transverse
(Cervicoscapulaire — Ch.,) a branch of the axil-
lary artery, or of the subclavian:  distributed to
the levator scapula, trapezius, Ac.  3. The pos-
terior or profound,  A.  transversa'lis  colli, Tra-
chilo-cervicale—(Ch.) a branch of the subclavian,
distributed to the deep-seated muscles on the an-
terior and  posterior parts of the neck.   See, also,
Princeps Cervicis (arteria.)
  Cervical  Gan'glions.  The three ganglions
of the great  sympathetic  The cervical glands
or  lymphatic glands of the neck  are, also, so
called.  See  Trisplanchnic nerve.
  Cervical   Lig'aments.   These are two in
number.   1.  The anterior, extending from the
basilary process of the  occipital bone to the an-
terior part of the first cervical vertebra.  2.  The
posterior or supraspl nous, Li gamed turn Nu'cha,
which extends from the outer occipital protube-
rance to the  spinous "process  of the seventh cer-
vical vertebra. In animals with large heads it is
very strong.
   Cervical  Nerves  are eight  in  number on
each side, and form the eight, cervical pairs, which
are the first given off from the spinal marrow.
   Cervical Plexus, Plexus Trachilo-souscutani
 (Ch.)  The nervous net-work formed by the an-
terior branches of the first three cervical nerves,
above the  posterior  scalenus  muscle,  and at the
outer side of the pneumogastric nerve, carotid
artery, and jugular vein.
   Cervical Region, Anterior, Deep, Prever'-
tcbral region.  The region of the neck, occupied
by three pairs of muscles placed immediately in
front „of the  cervical and three superior  dorsal
vertebras :—viz. the rectus capitis anticus major,
the rectus  capitis  anticus minor, and longus colli;
—hence termed prevertebral muscles.
   Cervical Veins have nearly the same distri-
bution as the arteries.
   Cervical Ver'tebRjE.  The first seven verte-
brae of the spine.
   CERVICALIS  DESCENDENS,   see Hypo-
glossus and Sacro-lumbalis.
   CERVICARIA, Campanula trachelium.
   CER VICI- DOR SO- SCAP ULAIRE, Rhom-
boideus—c. Dorso-costal, Serratus  posticus su-
perior— c. Dorso-mastoidien  et dorso-trachilien,
Splenius—c.  Mastdidien, Splenius.
  CER'VICO-FA'CIAL,  Cervico-facidlis.  Be-
longing to the nee-k and  face.
  Cervico-facial Nerve, Ncrrus cervico-facia-
lis.   A branch of the facial nerve, distributed to
the neck and face.
  CERVISIA, Cerevisia.
  CERVISPINA, Rhamnus. 
                   CERVIX                1

   CERVIX, Collum.  The neck.  A neck.
   Cervix Obstipa, Torticollis—c. Uteri, Collum
 uteri.
   CER VOISE, Cerevisia.
   CERVUS, Cerva.  The horn of the Cervus El-
 aphus, called Cornu, Cervi  Elaphi Cornu, Cornu
 Cervlnum, Hartshorn, (F.) Come de cerf,  con-
 tains 27 parts of gelatin in the 100.  A jelly made
 from the shavings is emollient and nutritive.
   The Stag's Fizzle, Pria'pus Cervi, was  once
 considered to be aphrodisiac  Dose,  *"*)j to """'j, in
 powder.                            ^
   Cervus  Alces.  The  Elk, (F.) Elan.   The
 hoof of this animal was anciently used as an anti-
 epileptic   The animal, it was asserted, was sub-
 ject to attacks of epilepsy, and always cured them
 by putting its hoof into the ear.  The hoof was
 also worn as an amulet.
   Cornu Ustum, Burnt Hartshorn, has been used
 as an antacid, but it consists of 57 parts of phos-
 phate, and only one of carbonate of lime.  It is,
 therefore, not of much use.
   CESARIENNE OPERATION, Cassarean
 section.
   CESSATIO MENSIUM, Amenorrhcea.
.   CESTRI'TES.  A wine prepared from betony,
 (Ktarpov, ' betony.')
   CESTRON, Betonica officinalis.
   CETA'CEUM, from kvtos, 'a whale.'   Album
 Ceti, Adipoce'ra ceto'sa,  Steari'num  ceta'ceum,
 Spermaceti, (F.) Blanc de Balcine, Ciiine,  Adi-
 pocire de Baleine.  An inodorous, insipid, white,
 crystallized, friable, unctuous substance, obtained
 from the brain  of the Physe'ter Macroceph'alus
 or  Spermaceti   Whale,  and  other varieties  of
 whale.  S. g. .9433 : melts at 112°.  It is de-
 mulcent and emollient, and has been given in
 coughs and dysentery, but is mostly used in  oint-
 ments,  Dose, "5ss to "Jiss, rubbed up with sugar
 or egg.
   CETERACH  OFFICINARUM,  Asplenium
 ceterach.
   CETINE, Cetaceum.
   CETRARIA ISLANDICA, Lichen islandicus.
   CETRARIN, see Lichen islandicus.
   CETRARIUM, see Lichen islandicus.
   CEVADILLA HISPANORUM, Veratrum sa-
 badilla.
   CEVADILLE, Veratrum sabadilla.
   CHAA, Thea.
   CH^EREFOLIUM, Scandix cerefolium.
_  CH^EROPHYL'LUM,  from ^aipu, 'I rejoice,'
 and tpvXXov,  ' a leaf.'  Scandix cerefolium.
   Chaerophyllum Cerefolium, Scandix cerefo-
 lium — c. Angulatum, Ch.sylvestre.
   Ch^rophyl'lum Odora'tum, Scandix   Odo-
 ra'ta, Myrrhis Odora'ta seu Major, Cicuta'ria odo-
 ra'ta,  Cerefo'lium Hi span'icum, Sweet  Cic"ely,
 (F.)  Cerfeuil musquie ou d'Espagne, has the
 smell of aniseed, and is cultivated on account of
 its aromatic properties.
   Ch^rophyl'lum Monogynum, Ch. sylvestre—
 c. Sativum,  Scandix.
   Ch,erophyl'lum Sylves'tre, Cicuta'ria, Cha-
 rophyl'lum tem'ulum. seu monog'ynum seu angu-
 la'tum seu verticella'tum,  Anthris'cus hu'milis seu
 proc"eru8, Cerefo'lium Sylves'tre, Bastard  Hem-
 lock, Wild Chervil or  Cow-weed,  (F.)  Cerfeuil
 sauvage, Persil d'Ane, is a slightly fetid aromatic,
 but is not used.
   Chaerophyllum Temulum, Chaerophyllum syl-
 vestre—c Verticillatum,  Ch. sylvestre.
   CH,"ETE, Capillus.
   CHAFING,  Erythe'ma Intertrigo, Intertrigo,
 Paratrintma, Paratrip'sis, Diatrim'ma, Attri'ta,
 Attrit'io, from ichauffer, ' to heat.' _, Fret.   Ero-
 Bions of the  skin; Attritus, (F.) Echauffemens,
 Ecorchures.   The red excoriations which occur
'2              CIIAM.EDRYS

 in consequence of the friction of parts, or between
 the folds of the skin, especially in fat or neglected
 children.   Washing  with cold water and dusting
 with hair-powder is  the best preventive.  When
 occurring between the nates and in the region of
 the  perinasum, from long  walking,—Intertrigo
 pod'icis, Proctalgia intertrigino'sa, — it is vul-
 garly designated by  the French Entrefesson.
   CHAIR, Flesh.
   CHAIR, OBSTETRIC, Labour chair.
   CHAISE PERCEE, Lasanum.
   CHALASIS, Relaxation.
   CHALASMUS,  Relaxation.
   CHALAS'TICUS, from ^aXou,  'I relax.'  A
 medicine  proper  for removing rigidity  of  the
 fibres.—Galen.  An  emollient or relaxant.
   CHAL'AZA, Chuhlzion, Chalazium, Ghalazd-
 sis, Poro'sis,  Grando,  Tophus, Hail, (F.) Grcle,
 Grave/le.   A  hard, round, transparent  tumour,
 developed  in  different parts of the  body, more
 especially  in  the  substance of the eyelids. —
 Also, the Cicatricula of the egg.  Generally, how-
 ever, in the language of ovologists, the  chalaza
 or poles are,  in the egg of the bird, the more
 dense internal layer of the  albumen, which  ad-
 heres to the yolk, and  is continued, in the form
 of two spirally twisted  bands, towards the extre-
 mities of the egg.  The twisting is considered to
 be produced by the revolving motion of  the  egg
 in its descent through the oviduct.
   ChalaZaE, see Chalaza.
   CHALCANTHUM, Ferri sulphas — c. Album
 Zinci sulphas.
  CHALCEDONIUS, Cornelian.
   CHALCITAS, Bismuth.
   CHALCITES, Colcothar.
   CHALCOIDEUM, (os), Cuneiform bone.
   CHALCOS, Cuprum, iEreolum.
   CHALCUS, iEreolum.
   CHALEUR, Heat—c. Acre, see Acrid—c. Ani-
 mate, Animal  heat, see Heat — c. des Animaux,
 see Heat.
   CHALEURS DU FOIE, Heat.
   CHALINI,  see Lip.
   CHAL'INOPLASTY, Chalinoplas'tice ; from
 XaXtvos, 'frasnum,' 'a  bridle,'  and  itXatrau>, 'I
 form.'  The operation for forming a new frasnum.
   CHALK, Creta —  c.  Red,  Rubrica febrilis—c.
 Stones, Calculi, arthritic.
   CHALYB'EATE,  Chalybea'tus,  Ferrugin'eus,
 Fcrrugino'sus,  Ferra'tus,  Martia'lia, Ferru'gi-
 nous, Mar'tidl, (F.) Ferrugineux ; from  chalybs,
 ' iron or steel.'  Of, or belonging to iron ;  contain-
 ing iron.  Any medicine into which iron enters,
 as chalybeate mixture, pills, waters, Ac.   See Wa-

   CHALYBIS RUBIGO, Ferri subcarbonas.
   CHALYBS, from Chalybes; a people  of Pon-
 tus, who dug iron out of the earth; A'cies, Steel.
 The Proto-carburet  of iron, (F.)  Acier.  As  a
 medicine,  steel does not differ from iron.
   Chalybs Tartarizatus, Ferrum tartarizatum.
   CHAMA, Cheme.
   CHAM.EACTE, Sambucus ebulus.
   CHAM^BATOS,  Fragaria.
   CHAM^ECEDRIS. Artemisia santonica.
   CHAM^ECISSUS, Glecoma hederaceum.
   CHAMiECLEMA, Glecoma hederaceum — c.
 Hederacea, Glecoma hederacea.
   CHAM.ECYPARISSUS, Artemisia santonica.
   CHAMiEDROPS, Teucrium chamasdrys.
   CHAMvEDRYI'TES.  A wine,  in which  the
 Teu'crium  Chamadrys has been infused.
  CHAMjEDRYS, Rubus chamaemorus,Teucrium
 Ch., Veronica—c Incana  maritima, Teucrium
 marum—c Marum, Teucrium marum—c. Minor
 repens,  Teucrium  Ch.  — e.  Palustris, Teucrium
 scordium—c.  Scordium, Teucrium  scordium—c.
 Vulgaris, Teucrium Ch. 
CnAM.EGEIRON
193
CHARM
   CHAMvEGEIRON, Tussilago.
   CH AM/EL^EAONTUS, Myrica gale.
   CH AMjELAI'TES.  A wine impregnated with
 Chaina.lea,  Daphne Alpina.
   CHAMyEbHA, Cneorum tricoccum.
   CIIAM.ELEON ALBUM, Carlina acaulis.
   CHAM.ELEUOE, Tussilago.
   CHAM.KLIN UM. Linum catharticum.
   CHAMjELIR'IUM LU'TEUM,  Vera'trum Id-
 teum, Helo'nias lu'tea,  H. Dioi'ca,  Devil's Bit,
 Blazing star ; indigenous ; Order, Melanthaceas;
 flowering in June; is acrid.  An infusion of the
 root has been given as  an anthelmintic; a tinc-
 ture, as a tonic.
   CHAMtEMELUM, Anthemis nobilis —c. Fce-
 tidum,  Anthemis  cotula—c.  Nobile, Anthemis
 nobilis—c. Odoratum, Anthemis nobilis—c. Vul-
 gare, Matricaria chamomilla.
   CHAMiEMORUS, Teucrium chamaspitys, Ru-
 bus chamasmorus—c. Norwegica, Rubus chamae-
 morus.
   OHAM,EPEUCE, Camphorosma Monspeliaea.
   CHAM^EPITUPNUM VINUM.  A wine, in
 which the leaves of the Chama'pitys, Teu'erium
 Cliainaipitys, have been infused.
   OHA.M/El'ITYS,  Teucrium  chamaspitys — c.
 Anthyllus,  Teucrium  iva—c. Moschata,  Teu-
 crium iva.
   CHAM,EPLION, Erysimum.
   CHAM^RAPH'ANUM, from Xauat, 'on the
 ground,' and patpavos,  'the radish.'  So  Paulus
 of ^Egina calls the upper part of the root of the
 A j) in u i.
   CHAMyE'ROPS  SERRAT'ULA, Saw  Pal-
 metto.   A farina is prepared from the roots  of
 this plant, which is used by the Indians, in Flo-
 rida, as diet.
   CIIAMBAR, Magnesia.
   CHAMBER, Cam'era, (F.) Chambre.   A term
 used in speaking of the  eye, in which there
 are  two chambers, Came'ra oc'uli: — an ante-
 rior and a posterior /  (F.) Chambre antirieure et
 postirieure.  The anterior is the space between
 the cornea and the anterior part of the iris :—the
 posterior, the space between the iris and anterior
 surface of the  crystalline.   They are filled with
 the  aqueous humour, and communicate by the
 opening in the  pupil.
   CIIAM'BERLAIN'S RESTOR'ATIVE
 PILLS.   This  nostrum, recommended in scro-
 fula, and all impurities  of the blood,  has been
 analyzed  by Dr. Paris, and found  to consist  of
 cinnabar, sulphur, sulphate of lime, and  a little
 vegetable matter.  Each pill weighs 3 grains.
   CHAMBRE, Chamber.
   CHAMRRIE, Cannabis sativa.
   CHAMELEA, Daphne Alpina.
   CHAMOMILE, DOGS', Matricaria chamomilla
 — c. Dyers', Anthemis  tinctoria — c. German,
 Matricaria chamomilla — c. Spanish, Anthemis
 pyrethrum — c. Stinking, Anthemis cotula — c.
 Wild, Anthemis cotula, Matricaria glabrata.
   CHAMOMILLA F03TIDA,  Anthemis cotula
 — c. Nostras,  Matricaria  chamomilla—c. Ro-
 mana, Anthemis nobilis — c. Spuria, Anthemis
 cotula.
   CHAMP AC A, Michelia champaca.
   CHAMPIGNON,  Fungus —c. de VAppareil
 des Fractures, Clavaria—c. de Couche, see Agaric
 — c. de Multc, Cynomorion coccineum.
   CHANCELAGUA,  Canchalagua.
   CHANCRE,  (F.)  Ulcus cancro'sum,  Ulcus'cu-
 lum  cancro'sum.  A sore, which arises  from the
 direct application of the venereal virus; hence it
 is almost always seated, in men, on the penis.
 The French  use the word Chancre, in  popular
language, for cancerous ulcers, the malignant
 aphthae  of children, Ac.  Formerly, the terms
      13
 Car'oli and Ca'ries pudendo'rum were used for
 venereal pustules or sores on the parts of gene-
 ration.                ,
   CHANCRE LARVE.  A concealed chancre,
 such as has been supposed by M. Ricord to give
 occasion to gonorrhoea virulenta.
   CHANCREUX,  Chancreuse, (F.) Cancro'sus,
 Carcino'des.  Having  the nature of chancre, or
 of cancer.
   Bouton Chancreux.   A small tumour of a can-
 cerous  nature, which  makes its appearance  on
 the face—most frequently on the upper Up—Noli
 me tangere.            v
   CHANT DES ARTE RES Sifflement moduli.
   CHANVRE,  Cannabis  sativa—c.  Indien,
 Bangue.
   CHAOMANTI'A.  The alchymists meant,  by
 this word, the art of predicting the future  from
 observation of the air.   The word Chaos was
 used by Paracelsus for the air; (uavrtta, 'divi-
 nation.')
   CHAOSDA, Plague.
   CHAPER ONDEMOINE, Aconitum napeUus.
   CHAPITEA U, Alembic.
   CHAPPEDONADE, Chappetonade.
   CHAPPETONADE,  Chappedonade, (F.),
 Vom'itus rabio'sus.  Vomiting accompanied  by
 furious  delirium, attacking strangers   in  hot
 countries.
   CHAR'ACTER, xafaKrrip, ' A mark or impres-
 sion.'   (F.) Caractire.  In Pathology it  is  used
 synonymously with  stamp or appearance.  We
 say, "A disease is of an unfavourable character,"
 " The prevailing epidemic has a bilious charac-
 ter," Ac.   In  Mental Philosophy it means — that
 which distinguishes one individual from another,
 as regards his understanding and  passions.  See
 Symbol.
   CHARA'DRIUS.   Lilian  thus  calls a bird,
 which was reputed to cure jaundice.  The word
 now means the plover.
   CHARANTIA, Momordica elaterium.
   CHARBON, Anthrax carbo.
   CHARBONNEUX, Anthracoid.
   CHARCOAL, Carbo — c. Animal, Carbo ani-
 malis.
   CHARDON AUX ANES, Onopordium acan-
 thium—c. Binit, Centaurea benedicta—c.  d Bon-
 netier, Dipsacus fullonum — c. Etoili, Centaurea
 calcitrapa — c. d Foulon, Dipsacus fullonum—c.
 Hemorrhoidal, Cirsium  arvense—c. Marie, Car-
 duus Marianus—c. Roland, Eryngium campestre.
   CHAR'LATAN, from Ital. ciarlare, 'to talk
 much;' Circula'tor,Circumfora'neus, Periodeu'tes,
 Pseudomed'icus, Agyr'ta, Anacyc'leon, A  Quack,
 an Empirical Pretender,  an Emp'iric.   Origi-
 nally, one who went from place to place to sell
 a medicine, to which  he  attributed marvellous
 properties.  By extension—any individual, who
 endeavours to deceive the public by passing him-
 self  off as more skilful than he really is.  Ac-
 cording to Menage,  the word comes from circu-
 latanus, a corruption of circulator.
   CHAR'LATANRY,  Agyr'tia, Banau'sia, the
 conduct or action of a charlatan.   (F.) Charla-
 tanerie, Charlatanisme, Quackery,  Empiricism.
   CHARLOCK, Sinapis arvensis.
   CHARM, Lat.  Carmen, 'a verse,' because
 charms  often consisted of  verses, whence  comes
 the Italian, Ciarma, (F.) Charme, with the same
 signification. Canta'tio, Incantamen'turn. A trick,
 a spell, an enchantment. A sort of magic, or super-
 stitious practice, consisting of words, characters,
 Ac,  by which it  was  believed, that individuals
might be struck with sickness or death,  or be
restored to health.
  The following  are specimens of  old  charms—
verse charms: 
charniMre
194
CHEESE
        For stanching Blood, (Pepys.)
        Sanguis mane in te
        Sicut Christus fuit in se; _
        Sanguis inane in tua vena_
        Sicut Christus in sua poena;
        Sanguis mane fixus,
        Sicut Christus quando fuit crucifixus.

            For Cramp, (Pepys.)
            Cramp be thou faintless,
            As our lady was sinless,
            When she bare Jesus.

     For the Foot when asleep, (Coleridge.)
    Foot! foot!  foot!  is fast asleep!
    Thumb! thumb! thumb! in spittle we steep;
    Crosses three we make to ease us,
    Two for the thieves, and one for  Christ Jesus.
  The same charm  served for cramp in the leg,
with this substitution:
     The devil is tying a knot in my leg!
     Mark, Luke, and John, unloose it, I beg!—
     Crosses three, &c.
            For a Burn, (Pepys.)
  There came three angels out of the East;
  The one brought fire, the other brought frost.
  Out fire; in frost.
  In the name of the Father and Son and Holy Ghost.
                                     Amen.
  CHARNIERE, Ginglymus.
  CHARNU, Carneous.
  CHARPlE, Linteum — c. Brute, see Linteum
—c. Rapie, see Linteum.
  CHARTA ANTIARTHRITICA, Gout paper
—c. Antirheumatica,  Gout paper—c. Vesicatoria,
see  Sparadrapum  Vesicatorium — c. Virginea,
Amnios.
  CHARTRE, Tabes mesenterica.
  CHAS,  (F.) Acits fora'men.   The eye of a
needle.  Scmetimes,  this  opening is near the
point of the instrument, as in the  ligature needle.
  CHASCHISCH, see Bangue.
  CHASME, Yawning.
  CHASPE, Variola.
  CHASSE (F.), Manu'brium. A kind of handle
composed of two movable laminae of horn, shell,
or ivory, united only at the extremity, which
holds the  blade of  the  instrument, — as in the
common bleeding lancet.
  CHAS SIE (F.), Lema, Lippa, Glama, Gleme,
Gra'mia, Lemos'itas ;  the gum of the eye.   A se-
baceous humour, secreted mainly by the  follicles
of Meibomius, which sometimes glues the  eyelids
together.
  CHASSIEUX  (F.) Lippus;  covered with
Chassie—as Paupieres chassieuses.
  CHASTE TREE, Vitex.
  CHATAIGNE, see Fagus castanea—c. d'Eau,
Trapa natans.
  CHATAIGNIER  COMMUN,  Fagus castanea
— c. Nain,  Fagus castanea pumila.
  CHATEAU-LANDON,  WATERS OF.   A
town three leagues  from Nemours,  in  France.
The waters contain alum and iron.
  CHATEAU-SALINS, WATERS OF;  a town
in the department of La-Meurthe, France.  The
waters contain carbonate of lime, sulphates of
lime and magnesia, and chlorides of magnesium
and sodium.
  CHATELDON,  MINERAL   WATERS OF.
Chateldon  is in the department of Puy-de-D6me,
France. The waters contain carbonic acid and iron.
  CHATEL-GUYON, MINERAL WATERS OF.
A village in France, in the department  Puy-de-
Dome, near which there  are  five thermal acidu-
lous springs.  Temperature, 86° Fahrenheit.
   CHATON (F.),  'a husk.' In pathology, it
means a,funda or cavity formed  by the irregular
 or  hour-glass contraction of the uterus, in which
the placenta is often retained or enchatonnS after
the birth of the child.   It is detected by passing
the fingers along the cord as far as the part which
is contracted, when the placenta will not be dis-
coverable.
  The treatment consists in relaxing by a large
dose of an opiate, then passing the  fingers along
the cord, and  gradually dilating  the opening
through which it passes, until it permits the hand
to  go through.   The placenta  must  then be
grasped and gently withdrawn.
  CHATON, Vaginal process.
  CHATONNE, CALCUL, (F.) Calculus incar-
cerdtus, Eucys'ted Calculus, Calcul enkysti.  A
urinary  calculus, adherent  to the inner surface
of  the bladder, so'that it is immovable, and can-
not pass to the different  parts  of  that organ.
This happens when calculi form in  some natural
or  accidental cavity of the bladder;  or when the
organ, by ulceration,  gives rise to  fungi, which
surround the calculus; or when it is  lodged in
the orifice of the ureter or urethra.
  CHATONNE, PLACENTA, (F.)  The  pla-
centa when retained  as above  described.   See
Chaton.
  CHATONNEMENT, (F.) Incarcerdtio, Cha-
tonnement du placenta, Enkystement.—Hour-glass
contraction of the uterus.  See Chaton.
  OHATOUILLEMENT, (F.) This word some-
times means the action of tickling or titillation
(Tit Hit I tio,) and, at others, the sensation which
gives rise to the action (Pruritus,)  Itching.
  CHAT RE, Castratus.
  CHATRURE, Castration.
  CHAUDEAU, Caudle.
  CHAUDEBOURG, MINERAL WATERS OF.
C.  is three quarters of a league  from Thionville,
in  France.  The waters contain iron, sulphate
of  lime, sulphate of magnesia, and carbonate of
lime.
  CHA UDEPISSE, Gonorrhoea impura—c.  Cor-
die,  Gonorrhoea  cordata — c. Tombie  dans les
Bourses,  Hernia humoralis.
  CHAUDES-AIGUES, MINERAL WATERS
OF.  A small town in tbe department of Cantal,
France, where there is a number of  saline springs
containing carbonic acid, carbonate of soda, and
chloride  of sodium.  Temp. 190° Fahrenheit.
   CHAUDIERE, see Alembic
  CHAUFFOIR (F.), Linteum Calefactdrium.
According to the Acndimie, a warmed cloth, used
either for the purpose of warming a patient, or
to  apply  to a female recently delivered.
  CHAUSSE, (F.) Chaussed'Hippocrate,Manche
d'Hippocrate,  Man'ica  Hippoc'ratis,  Man'ica,
Hippocrates' Sleeve.   A conical bag,  made of
flannel, for straining liquids.
   CHAUSSE-TRAPPE, Centaurea calcitrapa.
   CHAUVETE, Calvities.
   CHAUX, Calx—c. Bichlorure de, Calcis chlo-
ridum—c. Chlorure de, Calcis  chloridum—c. Hy-
drochlorate  de, Calcis murias — c. Hydrosulfate
de, Calcis  sulphuretum — c. Muriate de, Calcis
murias — c. Muriate oxigene de, Calcis chloridum
— c. Muriate suroxigini de, Calcis  chloridum —
c.  Oxichlorure de, Calcis chloridum — c. Oximu-
riute de, Calcis cbloridum — c.  Vive, Calx viva.
   CHECKER-BERRY, Arbutus uva ursi.
   CHEEK, Gena.
   CHEESE, Sax. cere, (L.) Ca'seus, Tyros, Pecte,
(F.) Fromage.   An aliment, prepared  from  the
caseous  and oleaginous  parts  of  milk.  Fresh
cheeses owe their chief medical properties to the
immediate principle, essentially cheesy, to which
the  name  ca'seum or ca'sein has been applied.
Those, which  have been recently salted, are di-
gested with comparative  facility.   The flavour 
95               CHEMOSIS
                  CHEESE                V

of cheese is  owing to an ammoniacal caseate.
On the whole, cheese itself is not easy of diges-
tion, although it may stimulate the stomach to
greater  exertion, and  thus aid in the digestion
of other substances.
  CHEESE RENNET, Galium verum.
  OHEE'SY, Casedrius, Cased sua, Tyro'des, (F.)
Case ux ou Cusieux. Having the nature of cheese.
  CHEF, Bandage (tail.)
  CI1EGOE, Cltique.
  CHEURE, Chi que.
  CHELLI'TIS, Chili'tis, from  ^tiXos,  'a  lip.'
Inflammation of the lip.  See Ghilon.
  CHEILOC'ACE, from %t<Xo$, 'a lip,' and kokos,
'evil.'  Lubrisul'cium.  A disease, characterized,
it is said, by swelling, induration, and slight red-
ness of  the lips without inflammation; reputed,
but without  any  authority,  to be  common in
England and Scotland, amongst children. Also,
the thickness of the upper lip of scrofulous chil-
dren.  See Stomacace, and Cancer aquaticus.
  CHEILOCARCINO'MA, from X"*<>s, 'a lip,'
and KapKtvwjia, 'a cancer.'  Cancer of the lip.
  CHEILOMALACIA,  Cancer aquaticus,  Sto-
macace.
  CHEILON, Chilon.
  CHEILON'CUS, Cheilophy'ma,  from  ^tfXos,
'  lip,' and oyKos, ' swelling.' A swelling of the lip.
  C1IEILOPHYMA, Cheiloncus.
  CHEILOPLAS'TICE, Chiloplus'tiec, from;^-
Xos, 'lip,' and TtXaariKos, 'forming.'  The  opera-
tion for  an artificial lip.
  CHEILOS, Lip.
  CHEIMA,  Cold.
  CHEIMETLON, Chilblain.
  CHEIMIA, Rigor.
  CHEIR, Manus.
  CHEIRAN'THUS CIIEIRI,  from Xttp, 'the
hand,' and avQos, 'flower.'  The systematic name
of the Common Yellow Wall Flower,  Viola hi tea,
Leuco'ium lu'teum, Keyri, Cheiri, (F.) Giroflie ou
Violier  juune.  The flowers have been esteemed
nervine, narcotic, and deobstruent.
  CHEIRAP'SIA.  The  action  of rubbing or
scratching, from xu9> ' *^e band,' and airrto, ' I
touch.'  A troublesome symptom in the itch.
  CHEIRIATER, Surgeon.
  CHEIRIS'MA, Cheiris'mus.  The act of touch-
ing :—handling.  Any manual operation.
  CHEIRIXIS, Surgery.
  CHEIRONOM'IA,  Chironom'itt,  from Xcl?°~
vo/ita, ' I exercise with the hands.'.  An exercise,
referred to by Hippocrates, which consisted in using
tho hands, as in our exercise of the dumb-bells.
  CHEIROPLETHES, Fasciculus.
  CHEIROSIS, Subactio.
  CHELA, Chele.  This word has several signi-
fications. Chela, a forked probe used for extract-
ing polypi from the  nose.   Chela — chaps, or
cracks on  the  feet, organs  of generation, Ac.
Chela likewise means claws, especially those of
the crab.  See Cancrorum Chelas.
  Chel e Palpebrarum, see Tarsus.
  CHELAPA, Convolvulus jalapa.
  CHELE, Chela.
  CHELIDOINE GRAAfDE, Chelidonium ma-
jus—c. Petite, Ranunculus ficaria.
  CHELIDON, ;ntX«W, the hollow at the bend
of the arm ;  Hirundo.
  CHELIDONIA  ROTUNDIFOLIA MINDR,
Ranunculus ficaria.
  CHELIDONIUM, Bryonia alba—c. Hasmato-
des, Ch. majus.
  Chei.ido'nium Majus,  Ch. hamato'des, from
vcXiStov,  'a swallow,' because its flowering coin-
cides with the appearance of the swallow.  Pa-
pa'ver Cornieula'tum, P. lu'teum,  Common Cel-
andine,   Tctterwort,  ( F.)  Chilidoine  grande,
L'Eclaire.   Family, Papaveracese.   Sex. Syst.
Polyandria  Monogynia.  The  root  and recent
plant have been considered aperient and diuretic.
Externally, the juice has been employed in  some
cutaneous diseases.
  Chelidonium Minus, Ranunculus ficaria.
  CHELIDO'NIUS LAPIS.  A name  given to
stones, which, it was  pretended, existed in the
stomach of young swallows. They were  formerly
believed capable of curing epilepsy.
  CHELOID^Cancroid.
  CHELO'NE, ^tXoivi7, 'a tortoise.'   An instru-
ment for extending a limb; so called, because in
its slow motions, it resembled a tortoise.—Oriba-
sius.  See Testudo.
  Chelo'ne Glabra,  Common Snake head, Tur-
tle head, Turtle bloom, Shellflower, Balmony. An
indigenous plant, Sex. Syst. Didynamia angio-
spermia; blossoming  from July to  November.
The leaves are bitter and tonic; without any aro-
matic smell, and with  very little astringency.
  CHELO'NIA MYDAS, The Green Turtle.
This species of turtle abounds  on the  coast of
Florida.   It is the one so prized by the  epicure.
  CHELO'NION,  Chelo'nium, from ^tXwv^,  'a
tortoise,' from its resembling in shape  the shell
of that  animal.  The  upper, gibbous part of the
back.—Gorraeus.  The scapula.
  CHELONOPH'AGI, from  ^fXavi?,  'the tor-
toise,' and tpayta, ' I eat.'   An ancient name for
certain tribes, who dwelt on the coasts of the Red
Sea, and who lived only  on tortoises. — Pliuy,
Diodorus of Sicily.
  CHEL'SEA PEN'SIONER.  An empirical re-
medy for rheumatism  and gout, sold  under this
name. (Gum guaiac, £j ; powdered rhubarb, ^ij;
cream of tartar, ^j ; flowers of sulphur, ^j  ; one
nutmeg, finely powdered: made into an electuary
with  a  pound  of clarified  honey.)   Dose, two
spoonfuls.
  CHELTENHAM, MINERAL WATERS OF.
C. is a town in Gloucestershire, England, nine
miles from  Gloucester, and 94 W.  of  London.
Its water is one of the most celebrated natural
purgatives in England.  It is a saline, acidulous
chalybeate,  and is much  frequented.  Its  main
constituents are  chloride of sodium,  sulphate of
soda, sulphate of magnesia, carbonic acid and
carbonate of iron.
  Cheltenham Salts.   These  are  sometimes
made from  the waters; at others, factitiously.
The following is a formula: Sodii chlorid.,  mag-
nes. sulphat., soda sulph., aa ftj : dissolve, filter,
evaporate to dryness; then add Ferri sulph., ^ss.
  Cheltenham Water,  Artificial,  may  be
made of Epsom salt, gr. xij ; iron filings, gr. j;
Glauber's  salt, ^iv; water, 4 gallons;  impreg-
nated with the gas from marble powder  and sul-
phuric acid, aa £ij.
  CHELYS, Thorax.
  CHELYS'CION, from XtXvs,  'the  chest.'  A
short, drycough.—Galen, Hippocrates, Foesius.
  CHEME,  Chama,  Che'ramis.  An ancient  mea-
sure, equivalent to about two teaspoonfuls.
  CHEMEUTICE, Chymistry.
  CHEMIA, Chymistry.
  CHEMIATER, Chymiater.
  CHEMIATRIA, Chymiatria.
  CHEMICO-HISTOLOGY,  see Chymico-his-
tology.
  CHEMICUS, Chymical,  Chymist.
  CHEMIST, Chymist.
  CHEMISTRY, "Chymistry.
  CHEMO'SIS, from xvpv, 'an aperture,' or from
Xvfos, 'a humour.'  A name given to ophthalmia,
when the  conjunctiva,  surrounding the cornea,
forms a high ring, making the cornea seem, as it
were, at the bottom of a well.  By  some,  it is
used synonymously with ophthalmia  membrana-
rum.  See Ophthalmia. 
                CHEMOTICE

  CHEMOTICE, Chymistry.
  CHEMOTICUS, Chymical.
  CHENAY, MINERAL WATERS OF.  Che-
nay is a town in France, two leagues from Rheims.
The waters are chalybeate.
  CHENE, Quercus alba—c. Marin, Fucus vesi-
culosa—c. Petit, Teucrium chamasdirys—c. Vert,
Hex aquifolium.
  CHE NEVIS,  see Cannabis sativa.
  CHENOBOSCON, Potentilla anserina.
  CHENOC'OPRUS, from x>>v,  'a goose,' and
Kotzpos, ' dung.'  The dung of the goose  is so de-
signated in some old  Pharmacopoeias.   It was
formerly employed as a febrifuge and diuretic.
  CHESFOPODIUM AMBROSIACUM,  Ch. am-
brosioides.
  Chenopo'dium Ambrosioi'des, Ch. suffructico'-
sum, from  xi", 'a goose,' and 7rous, ' a foot;' Bo-
trys Mexicttna, Atriplex  Mexiea'na, Chenopo'-
dium ambrosiacum seu Mexica'num, Botrys, Am-
brosioi'des Mexiea'na, Botrys America'na, Arte-
mis'ia Botrys, Mexico  Tea,  Spanish Tea,  (F.)
Ansirine,  The du Mexique, Ambrosie du Mexique.
The infusion was once drunk as tea.  It has been
given in paralytic cases;  and in the United States
is said to  be used as an  anthelmintic indiscrimi-
nately with Ch. anthelminticum.
  Chenopo'dium  Anthelmin'ticum, Chenopo'-
dium, Botrys anthelmin'tiea,  Wormseed,  Worm-
goosefoot,  Wormseed goosefoot, Jerusalem Oak of
America, Goosefoot, Stinkweed, (F.) Ansirine an-
thelmintique, A.  vermifuge.   This plant grows
plentifully in  the  United States.  The fruit—
Chenopodium, (Ph.U.S.)—is much used in cases
of worms.   Dose of the powder, from a teaspoon-
ful to a tablespoonful or more.  The oil,  O'leum
Chenopo'dii, (Ph. U. S.), from 8 to 10  drops, is
more frequently exhibited.  It is  as much used
in America as the Semen  Santon'ici is in England.
  Chenopo'dium Bonus Henri'cus, Chrysolach,'-
anum, Mercuria'lis, Bonus Henri'cus, Tota bona,
Lap'athum unctuo'sum, Chenopo'dium, Ch. sagit-
ta'tum, Pes anseri'nus, Engliah Mercury, Allgood,
Angular^.leaved  goosefoot, ( F. )  Ansirine  Bon
Henri, Epinard sauvage.  The leaves are emol-
lient,  and  have  been applied to ulcers, Ac. It
has also been considered refrigerant and ecco-
protic
  Chenopo'dium Botrys, Botrys, Botrys vulga'-
ris, Ambro'sia, Artemis'ia Chenopo'dium, Atri-
plex odora'ta,  Atriplex  suav'eolens; the Jerusa-
lem Oak,  (Eng.) (F.) Ansirine Botrys, possesses
anthelmintic properties, and was once  given in
diseases of the chest, palsy, Ac.  It is useless.
  Chenopodium Fcetidum, Chenopodium vulva-
ria^—c. Olidum, Ch. vulvaria.
  Chenopodium Quinoa, Quinua.   A nutritious,
wholesome, and agreeable article of food with the
Peruvians.  The leaves, before the plant attains
maturity, are eaten as spinach : but the seeds are
most  generally used as  food, boiled in  milk or
broth, and  sometimes cooked with cheese and
Spanish pepper.
  Chenopodium  Sagittatum, Ch. Bonus Henri-
cus—c  Suffructicosum, Ch. ambrosio'ides.
  Chenopodium  Vulva'ria, Atriplex  fce'tida,
Atriplex  ol'ida, Vulva'ria, Garoa'mum, Raphex,
Chenopo'dium Fce'tidum seu olidum,  Stinking
Orach or  Goosefoot, (F.) Vulvaire, Arroche pu-
ant, Ansirine fitide.  The fetid smell has occa-
sioned it  to be  used  as an antispasmodic and
nervine.
  CHEOPINA, Cheopine.
  CHEQUERBERRY, Gaultheria.
  CHERAMIS, Cheme.
  CHERBACHEM, Veratrum album.
  CHERBAS, Lettuce.
6            CHICKEN-WATER

   CHERMES, Kermes.
   CHERNIBIUM, Urinal.
   CHERRY, BIRD, Prunus padus —c. Tree,
 red, Prunus  cerasus — c. Tree, black, Prunus
 avium — c. Tree, wild,  Prunus Yirginiana — o.
 Water,  Kirschwasser — c Wild cluster, Prunus
 padus—c. Winter, Physalis.
   CHERS.E, Faeces.
   CHERVIL, Scandix cerefolium—c. Wild, Chae-
 rophyllum sylvestre.
   CHESIS, from xeblv> 'to go to stool.'  A more
 frequent desire to evacuate the bowels.
   CHEST, Thorax.
   CHEST-EXPLORATOR, see Explorator,

   CHESTNUT  TREE, Fagus castanea.
   CHEVAUCHEMENT, (F.) Os'sium superpor-
 sil'io vel equitdtio, Parallax'ia, Parallag'ma.
 The riding of one bone over another after frac-
 ture, giving rise to shortening of the limb.   See
 Riding  of Bones.
   CHEVELURE, Scalp.
   CHEVESTRE,  Ohevetre,  Capis'trum, from
 caput,  ' the head.'  A  bandage,  applied round
 the  head  in cases of fracture or luxation of the
 lower jaw. According to the mode in which it is
 made, it is called simple, double, oblique, Ac.
   CHE YEU, Capillus.
   CHEVILLE DU PIED,  Malleolus.
   CHEVRE-FEUILLE,  Lonicera  pericly-
 menum.
   CHEYLETUS SCABIEI, see Psora.
   CHEZANAN'CE,  from Xc^>  'I go  to stool,'
 and avayKv, 'necessity.'  An ointment composed
 of honey and alum,  and rubbed on the anus to
 occasion evacuation.—Paulus of vEgina.
   CHIA,  Chia terra, from Chios, an island where
 it was found.  A kind of  white earth,  formerly
 used for burns.—Galen.
   CHI'ACUM COLLYR'IUM. A collyrium con-
 sisting of several drugs and Chian wine.—Paulus
 of iEgina.
   CHIADUS, Furunculus.
   CHIAS'MUS, Ohias'ma, Chiasm, from xla$'°>
 to form like the letter x-  The crucial union of
 parts, — as the optic commiaaure or chiasm of the
 optic nerves,—Chias'mus seu Chios'ma nervo'rum
 optieo'rum.
   CHIASTER, Kiaster.
   CHIAS'TOS.   Same  etymon.   A bandage so
 called because it resembles  the letter x- — Ori-
 basius.
   CHIBOU, see Bursera gummifera.
   CHICHA.  A  drink made  in Peru with Indian
 meal dried in the sun, and fermented with water.
 Its taste is that of bad cider.  It is also made
 from rice, peas, barley, Ac.
   CHICKEN-BREASTED,  see Lordosis.
   CHICKEN-BROTH.   When  chicken-tea is
 boiled down one-half, with the addition of a little
 parsley or celery, and the yolk of an egg previ-
 ously beaten  up in two ounces of soft water, it
 forms a soup much relished  by the convalescent.
   CHICKEN-PEPPER, Ranunculus abortivus.
   CHICKENPOX, Varicella.
   CHICKEN-TEA, Chicken-water. This may be
 prepared as follows : Take a small chicken, freed
 from the skin and fat between the muscles;  and,
 having  divided  it longitudinally, remove  the
 lungs,  liver,  and every thing adhering to  the
 back and  side-bones : cut  the whole—bones and
 muscles — into very thin slices; put  into a pan
 with a sufficient quantity of boiling water; cover
 the  pan;  and simmer with  a slow fire for two
 hours.  Put the pan upon the stove  for half  an
 hour, and strain through a sieve.
   Used where the lightest animal diet is indicated.
   CHICKEN-WATER, Chicken-tea.
19 
CHICKWEED
197
CHIRONIA
  CHICKWEED, Alsine media.
  OH 10 OR He DES JAR DINS, Cichorium en-
divia—c.  Sauvage, Cichorium intybus.
  CIIIENDENT, Triticum repens.
  CHIGGO, Chique.
  CHIGGRE, Chique.
  CHIGOE, Chique.
  CHIL'BLAIN, Per'nio, Bugan'tia, Erythe'ma
Per'nio, Erythe'ma d Fri'gore, Cheimellon, Chi-
met'lum, Chimon, Malce, from chill,  'cold,'  and
Main, 'a pustule.'   (F.) Engdure.  An erythe-
matous inflammation of the feet, — hands,  Ac,
occasioned by cold.  It is very common in youth
—not so  in the adult or in advanced age.   It is
apt to degenerate into painful, indolent ulcera-
tions, called Kibes.  Chilblains are prevented by
accustoming  the  parts to  exposure;  and are
treated by stimulant, terebinthinate and balsamic
washes, ointments, and liniments.
  CHILD-BEARING, Parturition.
  CHILD-BED, Parturient.
  CHILD-BED FEVER, Puerperal fever.
  CHILD-BIRTH, Parturition.
  CHILD-CROWING, Asthma thymicum.
  CHILDHOOD, Infancy.
  CHILD-MURDER,  Infanticide.
  CHILDREN'S BANE, Cicuta maculata.
  CHILI, see Lima.
  CHILI, MINERAL  WATERS OF. The most
celebrated mineral springs of Chili, in South Ame-
rica, are those of Peldehues and Cauquenes.  The
former are not far from St. Jago. They consist
of two springs,  one thermal, the other cold.  The
hot spring is clear, inodorous, and contains soda
and carbonic acid.  The cold spring contains iron
and  sulphate of soda.   Cauquenes is much re-
sorted to by invalids during the summer.  Mine-
ral waters are very common in Chili.
  CHILIOGRAMMA,  Kilogramme.
  CHILIOPHYLLON, Achillea millefolium.
  CHILITES,  Cheilitis.
  CHILL, Rigor.
  CHI'LON, Chellon,  Cheilitis,  from ^ciXos, 'a
lip.'  Inflammation of the  lips.—Vogel.   One
who has a thick lip; Labco, Labes.
  CHILOPLASTICE,  Cheiloplastice.
  CHIMAPHILA, Pyrola umbellata.
  CIIIMETLUM, Chilblain.
  CHIMIA, Chymistry.
  CHIMIATER,  Chymiater.
  CHIMIATRIA, Chymiatria.
  CHIMIE, Chymistry.
  CHIMISTE, Chymist.
  CHIMON,  Chilblain, Cold.
  CHINA, Cinchona, Smilax china — c. Ameri-
can or West India, Smilax pseudo-china—c. Oc-
cidentalis,  Smilax pseudo-china — c. Orientalis,
Smilax china — c. Ponderosa, Smilax china — c.
Root, Smilax china — c. Spuria nodosa, Smilax
pseudo-china—c Vera, Smilax china.
  CHINCAPIN,  Fagus castanea pumila — c.
Water. Nelumbium luteum.
  CHINC1IE,  Cimex.
  CHINCHINA, Cinchona.
  CHINCHUNCHULLI, Ionidium marcucci.
  CHINCOUGH, Pertussis.
  CHINESE, MEDICINE  OF THE, Medicina
Sidica.   Medicine has been long, but most im-
perfectly, practised by  the Chinese.  From their
therapeutics we have obtained the old operations
of acupuncture and moxibustion.
  CHENG'S  WORM  LOZENGES,  see  Worm
Lozenges, Ching's.
  CHININUM. Quinine.  See Chinium.
  CHINIO'IDINE, Chino'idine, Chinoidi'na,
Quino'idine; from China, 'Cinchona.'  A substance
presumed to  be an alkaloid by  Sertiirner, who
separated it  from cinchona.  It has been  sup-
posed to be a mixture of quinia, cinchonia, and a
peculiar resinous matter, but according to Liebig
it is simply the  alkaloid quinia in an amorphous
state.
  CHINIUM ACETICUM, Quinias acetas —e.
Arsenicosum, Quinias arsenias—c. Citricum, Qui-
nias citras—c Ferrocyanogenatum, Quinias Fer-
rocyanas — c. Hydrochloricum, Quinias,  murias
— c. Hydroiodicum, Quinias hydriodas — c. Lac-
ticum, Quinias  lactas — c. Muriaticum,  Quinias
murias — c. Nitricum, Quinias nitras — c. Phos-
phoricum,  Quiniae  phosphas — c Salitum, Qui-
nias  murias — c. Sulphuricum, Quinias  sulphas
— c Tannicum,  Quinias et Cinchoniae tannas —
c. Valerianicum, Quinias valerianas.   ^
  CHINNEYWEED, Lichen roccella.
  CHINOLEINUM, Leukoleinum.
  CHINQUAPIN, Fagus castanea pumila.
  CHINWHELK, Sycosis.
  CHIOCOCC.E RADIX, Caincas radix.
  CHIOLI, Furunculus.
  CHION, Snow.
   CHIQUE, (F.) Puce pinitrante, Pulex Pen'-
etrans,  Tick, Chiggre,  Chig'oe,  Chiggo, Chegre,
Cheg'oe, Jigger. • A small insect in America and
the Antilles, which gets under the epidermis, and
excites great irritation.
  CHIR, Manus.
  CHIRAETA, Gentiana cbirayta.
  CHI'RAGRA, from xtl9> 'band,' and aypa, 'a
seizure.'  Gout  in the hand.
  CHIRAPOTHECA, Arsenal.
  CHIRAPSIA, Friction.
  CHIRARTHRI'TIS, from x^ip, 'hand,' apBpov,
'joint,' and itis, denoting inflammation.  Inflam-
mation of the joints of the hand.
  CHIRAYITA, Gentiana chirayta.
  CHIRAYTA, Gentiana chirayta.
  CHIRETTA, Gentiana chirayta.
  CHIRHEUMA,  Chirrheuma.
  CHIRIATER, Surgeon.
  CHIRIATRIA, Surgery.
  CHIRIMOYA, Anona tripetala.
  CHIRISIS, Surgery.
  CHIRISMUS, Surgery.
  CHIRIXIS, Surgery.
  CHIROCYRTO'SIS,  from  X"P> 'the  hand,'
and KvpTtaais, ' crookedness.'  Crookedness of the
hand.
  CHI'ROMANCY,  Chiromanti'a,  Vaticin'ium
chiroman'ticum, Palm'istry, from xu9>  'the hand,'
and fiavrtia, ' divination.'  (F.) Chiromancie. Art
of divining by inspection of the hand.
  CHIRONAX, Surgeon.
  CHIRO'NIA, (from  Chiron, Xttpov, the Cen-
taur, who is said to have discovered its use.) A
genus of plants.  Fam.  Gentianeas.
   Chiro'nia Angula'ris,  Amer'iean Cen'taury,
Rosepink,  Wild Suc'cory, Bitterbloom,  Centry,
Sabba'tia, S. Angula'ris.   Every  part  of this
plant is a pure and strong bitter, which property
is communicated alike to alcohol and water.  It
is used as a tonic and stomachic.
   Chiro'nia Centau'rium,  Centau'rium minus
seu vulga're, Centau'rium parvum, Gentia'na cen-
tau'rium seu Gerar'di,  Centau'rium minus, Ery-
thra'a Centau'rium, Hippocentaurea centau'rium,
Centau'reum, Centau'ris, Smaller Centaury, Les-
ser Centaury, (F.) Centaurie petite.  The tops of
the lesser  Centaury, Centau'rii  Cacdmina, are
aromatic and tonic, and are sometimes employed
as such.
  Chiro'nia  Chilen'sis, Gentia'na  Cachen-
lahuen, Cachen-laguen,  Chachinlagua, Chancela-
gua, Eryihra'a Chilensis, Gentia'na Peruvia'na.
A very bitter plant, indigenous in Chili.  It pos-
sesses the virtues of the Chironea.  Given in in-
fusion—(^j, to  water Oj.) 
98               CHLOROSIS
                CHIRONIUM              1

  CHIRONI'UM, from xuP0V> 'Dad» malignant.'
An  ulcer difficult of cure : — of a swollen, hard,
and  callous nature. — Galen.   Some  have sup-
posed the word to  come  from Chiron, the  Cen-
taur, who was unable to cure such ulcers.
  CHIRONOMIA, Cheironomia.
  CHIROP'ODIST,  (F.)  Pedicure.   One who
treats diseases  of the hands and feet,  or rather
whose profession it is to remove corns  and  bun-
yons;  from x€tP< ' the hand,' and ttovs, ' the foot.'
  CHIRORRHEUMA, Chirrhcuma.
  CHIROSIS, Subactio.
  CHIROSTROPHO'SIS, from x«p, 'the hand,'
and arpttpttv,  'to turn.'  Distortion of the hand.
  CHIROTHE'CA, from  x£'P> 'the band,'  and
Qvkv, ' a Sheath.'  A bandage for the hand.  A kind
of bandage in which the  fingers and  hand are
enveloped in  spiral turns.  When the whole hand
and fingers are covered, it is called the double or
complete  Chirotheea,  Ch.  comple'ta,   Vinctu'ru
omnibus  dig" it is; and when  only a finger is
covered,  the half or incomplete, Ch. incomple'ta,
Vinctdra pro uno diy"ito.   See Gantelet.
  CHIROTRI'BIA, from xctP> 'the hand,'  and
rpt/Jw, 'I rub.'  Friction with the.hand.  Accord-
ing to others, dexterity in an art. — Hippocrates,
Galen.
  CHIRRHEU'MA, Chirorrheu'ma, Rheumatis'-
mus mantis, from xuP> 'the hand,' and ptvfxa, 'flux.'
Rheumatism  of the hand.
  CHIRURGEON.  Surgeon.
  CHIRURGI PHYSICI, see Surgeon.
  CHIRURGIA, Surgery—c Anaplastica, Mo-
rioplastice—c Curtorum, Morioplastice—c. Infu-
soria,  Infusion of medicines — c.  Transfusoria,
Transfusion.
  CHIRURGICUS, Surgical.
  CHIRURGIE, Surgery—c. Militaire, Surgery,
military.
  CHIRURGIEN, Surgeon—c. Consultant, Con-
sulting Surgeon—c. Hernieux,  see Hernial.
  CHIR UR GIQ UE, Surgical.
  CHIRURGUS, Surgeon.
  CHIST.  An Arabic word which signifies the
sixth part.   The sixth part of the Congius or
gallon.
  CHITON, Tunic
  CHITONISCUS, Indusium.
  CHITTICK'S NOSTRUM,  see Nostrum.
  CHIUM  VINUM.   From  Chios, the island
where it was produced; Chian wine ; used by the
physicians  of antiquity in cases of defluxions and
ophthalmias.—Scribonius Largus.
  CHLI'AROS, ^Xtapos, 'tepid.'  A name given
to slight fevers, in which the heat is not great.—
Galen.
  CHLIAS'MA, xXtoafia, same etymon. A tepid
and moist fomentation.—Hippocrates.
  CHLOAS'MA, Pityriasis versie'olor, Mae'-
ula  hepatica,  Pannus hepaticus, Hepalizon,
Phaze, Pha'cea, Phacus, (F.) Taches hipatiques,
Chaleurs du foie, Ephelide scorbutique, Liver-
spot,  from  x^00^ 'a greenish-yellow colour.'  A
cutaneous affection, characterized by one or more
broad, irregular-shaped patches, of a yellow or
yellowish-brown  colour,  occurring  most  fre-
quently on the front  of the neck, breast, abdo-
men, and groins.  The patches do not  generally
rise  above  the surface.   There is  usually some
degree of itching.
  The causes are not very evident.  Sulphur ex-
ternally—in any and every  form — generally re-
moves it  speedily.   Should there be  difficulty,
the external use of the remedy in baths or fumi-
gations may succeed.
  CHLORA, Chlorine.
  CHLORAS  KALICUS  DEPURATUS,  Po-
tassas murias hyperoxygenatus.
  CHLORA SMA,  Chlorosis.
  CHLORE, Chlorine—c. Liquide, see Chlorine.
  CHLORETUM CALCARLE, Calcis chloridum.
  CHLORIASIS. Chlorosis.
  CHLORIC ETHER,  CONCENTRATED, see
Ether, chloric — o. Ether,  Strong, see Ether,
chloric.
  CHLORINE, from j^Xupos, 'green.' Chlo'rinum,
Chlorid'iuin,  Chlora,  Oxymurialic Acid   Gas,
Oxygenated 3Iuriatic Acid Gas, Dephlogisticated
Marine Acid, Halogene, Mdrigene, Chlorum, (F.)
Chlore.  So far as we know, this is  an element-
ary substance.   It is a greenish, yellow gas, of
a strong suffocating smell, and disagreeable taste;
incapable of maintaining combustion and respira-
tion, and very soluble in water.  One of its  cha-
racteristics is, that of destroying, almost imme-
diately, all vegetable and animal colours.  It is
employed in fumigations as a powerful disinfect-
ing agent.  A very dilute solution, Aqua seu Li-
quor Chlo'rini, (F.) Chlore liquide, has been ad-
ministered internally, in certain cases of diarrhoea
and chronic dysentery.  Immersion of the hands
and arms in it has  often removed itch and other
cutaneous affections.  It has also been inhaled in
a dilute state  in the early stage of phthisis, but it
is of doubtful efficacy, and is  better adapted for
chronic bronchitis.
  Chlorine,  Bisulphuret  of,  Sulphur, chlo-
ride of.
  CHLO'ROFORM,  Chloroform'urn, Carbo'neum
clilora'tum, Superchlo' ridum formylicum,  Per-
chloride and  Terchloride of Formyl, called  also,
but not correctly, Terchloride of  Carbon,  and
Chloric ether, jEther ehlo'ricus, (F.) Ohloroforme,
so called  on account of the connexion of chlorine
with formic  acid, is a colourless, oleaginous
liquid, of a sweetish  ethereal odour, hot, aroma-
tie,  and peculiar taste.  The specific gravity of
that of the Ph. U. S.  is 1.49.  It may  be ob-
tained by distilling from a mixture of chlorinated
lime and alcohol,—rectifying the product by re-
distillation, first from a great excess of chlori-
nated lime, and afterwards from strong sulphuric
acid.  It has been used with advantage in asthma,
and in diseases in which a grateful soothing agent
is required. Dose, f3<s to f J5J, diluted with water.
It has likewise been prescribed with great success
as an  anassthetic agent in spasmodic  diseases;
and to obtund sensibility in surgical operations
and in parturition,—especially in the way of in-
halation ;  but  its use  requires  caution.   See
Anaesthetic.
  Chloroform, Tincture of, Ether, chloric.
  CHLOROFORMIZA'TION,  Chloroformistltio.
The  aggregate  of  anassthetic  phenomena occa-
sioned by the inhalation ^f chloroform.
  CHLOROPHYLLE,  Fecula, green.
  CHLORO'SIS, from ^Xoipos,  'green,' Pal'liilus
Morbus, Fa'.dus Vir'ginum color, Pullidus  color
virgin'eus,  Pallidus  morbus,  Pallor vir'ginum,
Iclerit"ia alba, Ic'terua albua, Leucopeithi'et, Mor-
bua virgin'eus, Morbus Parthen'ius, Ftedi colo'res,
Dyspep'sia chloro'sis, Febris amato'ria, Cachexia
vir'ginum, Febris vir'ginum, Febris alba, Ane/ii-
thym'ia chloro'sis, Chloras'ma, Chloros'ma, Clilo-
ri'asis, Citto'sis,  Green-sickness,  (F.)  Chlorose,
Pales-couleurs.   A disease which affects young
females,  more particularly those who  have not
menstruated.   It is characterized by a pale, lurid
complexion, languor, listlessness,  depraved ap-
petite  and digestion, palpitation, Ac  The dis-
ease generally goes off  on the occurrence of the
menstrual flux; but  sometimes it  is long before
this  is established, and, at times, the catamenia
are in much larger quantity than usual.   To this
last form M. Trousseau  has given the name chlo-
rose himorrhagique. 
CHLOROSMA
199
CHOLERA
  The blood of chlorosis is generally thin, light-
coloured, and deficient in red corpuscles ; and the
clot is in less proportion to  the  serum than in
health.   On auscultation, a bellows' sound has
been almost invariably detected over the heart,
and  a continuous blowing sound in the larger
arteries, (especially the carotids and subclavians,)
re-enforced by each systole of the ventricle, and
resembling the buzzing of a humming-top, the
cooing of doves, the whistling of air through a
key-hole, Ac, (see Bruit.)  Very similar sounds
are heard in the arteries after  copious  hemor-
rhage : they seem, therefore, to coincide with en-
feebled circulation.
   Tonics — as iron — are usually required in the
treatment, — the  disease most commonly occur-
ring in those in whom there is considerable torpor
of the system.
   Chlorosis  jEthiopum,   Chthonophagia — c.
Amatoria, Hectic fever — c. Gigantea,  see  Poly-
sarcia.
   CHLOROSMA, Chlorosis.
   CIILOROT'IC, Chlorolicus, (F.)  Chlorotique.
Affected with chlorosis, or pertaining to chlorosis;
—as chlorotic female, chlorotic symptoms, Ac.
   CJILORUM, Chlorine.
   CHLORURE DE  CARBON, Chloroform —
c. d'Or,  Gold, Muriate of.
   CHLORURETUM  OXIDI  CALCII, Calcis
chloridum.
   CIIOA, Chu.
   CIIOA'CUM EMPLAS'TRUM NIGRUM.  A
black plaster, mentioned by Celsus, and composed
of equal parts of litharge and resin.  The litharge
was first boiled in oil.
   CHOAK, Cynanche trachealis—c. Wolf, Ly-
 canche.
   CHOANA, Pelvis — c. Cerebri, Infundibulum
 of the brain.
   CHOANE, Infundibulum.
   CHOANORRHAGIA, Epistaxis.
   CHOAVA, Coffea Arabica.
   CHOCOLATA, Chocolate — c cum Osmazoma,
 see Osmazome.
   CHOCOLATE,  Chocoldtum,  Chocoldta, Suc-
 cola'ta,  Succocolldta.  Dr. Alston says,  that this
 word is compounded from two East' Indian
 words:—choco, 'sound,' and atle, 'water,' be-
 cause of the noise  made in  its preparation.  An
 alimentary paste prepared from the  kernels of
 Theobro'ma cacao  or Cacao,  with sugar, and
 often aromatics.  (See Cacao.)   The  chocolate
 thus simply prepared—as it is met  with, indeed,
 in commerce — is called in France Chocolat de
 santi.   It is not very easy of digestion.
   The chocolat d la vanille contains three ounces
 of vanilla and two of cinnamon  to twenty pounds
 of common chocolate.  The  addition of  the aro-
 matic renders it somewhat more digestible. Cho-
 colates  may likewise be medicated.
    CHOCOLATE, OSMAZOME, see Osmazome.
    CHOCOLATE ROOT, Geum Virginianum.
    CHOCUS, Chu.
    CHCENICIS, Trepan.
    CH03NI0N, Cord.
    CHCENOS, Cord.
    CHffiR US, Scrofula.
    CHOIROS. Vulva.
    CHOKE  DAMP, Carbonic acid.
    CHOLA, Chole.
    CHOL-E'MIA;  from ^oXi?,  'bile,' and 'atua,
 ' blood.' A morbid state, in which bile exists in
 the blood.   Jaundice.
    CHOLAGO, Cholas.
    CHOL'AGOGUE,  Cholago'gus, Chole'goa, Fel-
 lid'ucua, Bilit'icua,  from £0X17, 'bile,' and ayu, 'I
 expel.'   The ancients gave this name to cathar-
 tics, which were reputed to cause the flow of bile.
  CHOLANSIS, Cholosis.
  CHOLAS, x°^ai> Plur- X°*aSes-  Tne epigastric
region.  Choldgo.  The intestines.—Homer.
  CHOLASMA, Cholosis.
  CHOLE, Cholua, Chola, 'bile,'in composition.

  CHOLEC'CHYSIS, Cholen'chysis; from ^oXi;,
' bile,' and tyxvms, ' effusion.' Effusion of bile.
  CHOLECYST, Gall-bladder.
  CHOLECYSTEURYS'MA, from  X"^, 'bile,'
Kvarts, ' bladder,' and tvpveua, ' dilatation.'  Dila-
tation of the gall-bladder.
  CHOLECYSTI'TIS, Inflamma'tio Vesica fell-
ea, I. cyatidiafellea, Cystitis fel'lea, Hepatitis
cyat'ica, from. %oX»;, 'bile,' and kvgtis, 'bladder.'
(F.) Inflammation de la  Yisicule du Fiel, Choli-
cyetite.  Inflammation of the gall-bladder.
  CHOL'EDOCH,  Choled'oehua;  from ^oXij,
 ' bile,'  and  Sox<>s,  ' containing or  receiving.'
 The Ductua  choledochua  seu  hep'ato-cya'ticua,
 Ductua communis choledochua, (F.) Conduit ou
 Canal  Cholidoque, is  the duct formed by the
 union of the hepatic and cystic ducts, which pours
 the hepatic and cystic bile into the duodenum.
   CHOLEDOCI'TIS, from choledochua, anditia;
 a suffix  denoting inflammation.  Inflammation
 of  the choledoch duct.
   CHOLEDOG'RAPHY, choledogrdphia,  Gho-
 legraph'ia, Cholograph'ia, from ^0X17, 'bile,' and
 ypatptiv, 'to describe.'  A description of what re-
 lates to the bile and biliary organs.
   CHOLEDOL'OGY, Choledolog"ia, Chole-
 log"ia, Chololog"ia, from ^oXi?, 'bile,' and Xoyos,
 ' a discourse.'  A treatise on the bile and biliary
 organs.
   CHOLEGOS, Cholagogue.
   CHOLEGRAPHIA, Choledography.
   CHOLEH.EMIA, Icterus.
   CHOLEIA,  Claudication.
   CHOLELITHIA, Cysthepatolithiasis—c. Icte-
 rus, Icterus.
   CHOLELITHIASIS,  Cysthepatolithiasis.
   CHOLELITHUS, Calculi, biliary.
   CHOLELOGIA, Choledology.
   CHOLEMES'IA,   Cholem'esis, from  x^V,
 'bile,'  and tpttns, 'vomiting.'   Vomiting of bile.
   CHOLENCHYSIS, Cholecchysis.
    CHOLEPYRA, Fever, bilious.
    CHOLEPYRETUS, Fever, bilious.
    CHOLEPYRRHIN, see Bile.
    CHOLER, Bile.  Anger was  supposed  to  be
 produced by  a superabundance of bile; hence
 the term Choler for anger.
    CHOL'ERA, Choiera-morbua, Cholera nostras,
  Cholera  vulga'ris, Sporadic  Cholera,  Choler-
 rha'gia, Pas'sio choler'ica, Fellif'lua passio, Mor-
 bus fellif'liius, Holera, Bills flux'io, (F.)  Chola-
 dree lymphatique, Hydrocholadrie, Cholira-mor-
 bus sporadique, Ch. Europe'en, Trousse-galant,
 from ^0X17,  'bile,'  and pew, 'I flow.'   According
 to others, from ^oXaiks,  'intestines,' or from x°-
 Xtpa, ' the gutter of a house to  carry off the rain.'
  The higher degrees have been called  Centrogan-
 glii'tis, and Myeloganglii'tis.  A disease charac-
  terized by anxiety, gripings, spasms in the legs
  and arms, and by vomiting and purging (gene-
  rally bilious :) vomiting and purging are, indeed,
  the  essential  symptoms.   The  disease  is  most
  common in hot climates, — and in temperate cli-
  mates, during summer.  In  India, Spasmodic
  cholera, Asiatic cholera, Mulig'nant ch., In'dian
  ch.,  Epidem'ic ch., Pestilen'tial  ch., Asphyx'ia
  pestilen'ta, Pestilen'tial asphyx'ia, Choi eric Pest-
  ilence, Eastern ch., Orien'tal  ch., Cholera orien-
  ta'lis,  Ch. In'dica, Ch. Epidem'ica, Typhus Ben-
 gated sis, Choiero-typhus, Ganglionitis peripher'-
 ica et medulla'ris, Hymenogunglii'tis, Pantogan-
 gliitis, Cholerrhoe'a lymphul'ica,  Psorenter'ia j 
CHOLERAIC
200
CHONDROID
Typhoid  Fever of India,  Cholera asphyxia, Hy-
peranthrax'is, Enterop'yraAsiat'ica, Trisplancll-
nia,  Trisplanchnitis, Hamataporrhd sis, Hama-
torrho'sis, Morbua  oryzeus, Malignant  Cholera,
Convulsive nervous Cholera, Rice disease, (because
supposed by Tytler  to be  caused by  damaged
rice,) (F.) Mort de Chien, is frightful in the ra-
pidity of its progress, the patient sometimes dying
in a  few hours from the first outset. In temperate
climates, common cholera is not usually a disease
of much  consequence.  It requires that the sto-
mach and bowels  should be cleared, and after-
wards the irritation  be allayed by full  doses of
opium.  In the malignant cholera of India, bleed-
ing at the outset, without regard to the signs of
apparent depression,  and  large doses of calomel,
with opiates, form  the great reliance of  the prac-
titioner.                ,
   CHOLERA-EUROPEEN,  see Cholera—c
Indian, see Cholera—c. Indica, see Cholera.
   Cholera Infan'tum,  Choleric Fever of In-
fants ; Cholera of Infants.  A disease so termed
by American  physicians.  It occurs, generally,
in the middle states of  the Union, in  June or
July,  and continues during the  hot  weather,
hence called the 'summer complaint.'  The chief
symptoms  are vomiting, purging of  green  or
yellow matter, slime or blood, attended with pain
or uneasiness; and swelling of the  abdomen, with
some pyrexia, generally.   The heat of the wea-
ther seems to be the  predisposing, if not the ex-
citing, cause.  It is a fatal  disease in towns; dif-
fering little, if at all,  from what is vulgarly called
the  Watery Gripes in England.   Clearing, gently,
the alimentary canal, so as  to remove the offend-
ing  matter, and then exhibiting  chalk mixture
and  laudanum, with counter-irritants,  as sina-
pisms to the abdomen, is  the most satisfactory
plan of treatment.
   Cholera, Malignant,  see Cholera—c. Morbus,
Cholera — c. Morbus  Sporadique,,  see Cholera —
c. Nostras, Cholera morbus—c  Oriental, see Cho-
lera—c. Pestilential,  see Cholera—c Poison, see
Poison—c Spasmodic, see  Cholera—c.  Sporadic,
see  Cholera—c. Sec,  Cholera sicca—c  Vulgaris,
Cholera morbus.
   Chol'era  Sicca, (F.)  Cholera  see.   Pneuma-
tosis of the digestive  passages in which  there is a
copious discharge of gas upwards and downwards.
   CHOLERAIC, Choleric.
   CHOLERAPHOBIA, Choleromania.
   CHOL'ERIC, Choler'icus.  Belonging to bile;
also  to cholera;  Cholera'ic, — as  the ' choleric or
choleraic virus.'  The French use the term Fiivre
cholirique for the fever accompanying cholera.
   Choleric Fever  of Infants,  Cholera infan-
tum.
   Choleric  Temperament.   The bilious  tem-
perament.
   CHOL'ERINE.  A  diminutive  of cholera.
The first stage  of epidemic cholera;  also, the
precursory symptoms of  cholera.
   CHOL'EROID,  Cholero'i'des, from cholera, and
ctSos, 'resemblance.'  Resembling cholera; as a
' choleroid affection.'
   CHOLEROMA'NIA, Choleraphdbia, Cholera
pho'bia,  from cholera and mania.  A  dread of
cholera to such an  extent that  the individual
fancies himself affected or threatened by it.
   CHOLEROPHOBIA, Choleromania.
   CHOLEROPHO'NE, from cholera, and tptovv,
' voice.'  The peculiar voice of one in cholera.
   CHOLEROPROSO'PON, Cholerop'sis,  from
cholera, and ttpowKov, 'countenance.'  The facial
expression of cholera.
   CHOLEROPSIS,  Choleroprosopon.
   CHOLERO-TYPHUS, Cholera, (spasmodic.)
   CHOLERRHAGIA, Cholera.
  CHOLERRHfRA LYMPHATICA, Cholera.
  CHOLESTEARINOMA, Cholesteatoma.
  CHOLESTEATINE, Cholesterin.
  CHOLESTEATOMA,  from XoXv, 'bile,' and
ateatoma.  An encysted tumour, which presents
upon  the  interior of the cyst several  superim-
posed layers of cholesterin, which glisten like
pearl.  Hence it was named  by Cruveilheir the
laminated nacreous fatty tumour.
  CHOL'ESTERIN, Choi esterine,  Choleaterlna,
Choloateri'na, Cholestearlne, Cholestcatlne, from
X<>Xv,  'bile,' and areptos,  'solid,' or ortap, 'suet.'
An inodorous, insipid substance, in white, shining
scales; fusible and  crystallizing, on cooling, in
radiated  fibres.  Soluble in  alcohol.   It  forms
the crystalline part of certain biliary calculi.
See Adipocire.
  CHOLEUMA, Cholosis.
  CHOLIA, Cholosis.
  CHOLICE'LE, from ^oX»7, 'bile,' and ki/Xv,
'tumour.'  A swelling, formed by  the bile mor-
bidly  accumulated in the gall-bladder.
  CHOLICUS, Bilious.
  CHOLIUS, Bilious.
   CHOLICYSTIECTASIE,  Turgescentia vesi-
cse felle98
  CHOLICYSTITE, Cholecystitis.
  CHOLOCATAR'RHOPHE,  Cholocatar-
rhophe'sis, Cholocatarrhoph'ia, from ^oX>7,  'bile,'
and Karappotpttv, 'to sup up.'  The  absorption of
bile.
  CHOLOGRAPHIA,  Choledography.
  CHOLOLITHUS, see Calculi, biliary.
  CHOLO'MA, from x^0^  'lame>  maimed.'
Distortion of a iimb:  incapacity of moving it.
Also,  the act of limping, claudication.
  CHOLOPLANIA, Icterus.
  CHOLORRHGE'A, from x»Xv, ' bile,' and ptu>,
' I flow.'   An abnormous discharge of bile.
   CHOLOS, Bile, Chole.
  CHOLO'SES,  from  x°H 'bile.'  Alibert in-
cludes, under this head, every morbid affection
of the liver and spleen.
   CHOLO'SIS,  from  xwAo^ 'lame.' Cho'lotes,
 Cholas'ma, Cholan'sis,  Choleu'ma, Chol'ia, Clau-
dication.  Hippocrates employs this word par-
ticularly for a lameness of the hand, which ren-
ders a person one-handed, (F.) manchot.  Also,
icterus; bilious dyscrasy.
  Cholosis Americana, Fever, yellow.
   CHOLOSTERINE, Cholesterin.
  CHOLOTES, Cholosis.
   CHOLOZEMIA FEBRILIS, Fever, bilious.
  CHONDRIN, from ^oi/<5pos, 'cartilage.'  A va-
riety of gelatin, obtained by boiling the cornea,
the permanent cartilages, and  the bones before
they are ossified.
   CHONDRITIS,  Inflamma'tio  Cartilag'Hnis,
from  xovfy°s>  ' cartilage,' and itis, a termination
denoting inflammation.  Inflammation of carti-
lage.
   CHONDROCLA'SIS, from x°vZp°s> 'cartilage,'
and KXao-ts, 'fracture.'  Fracture of a cartilage.
   CHONDRODES, Cartilaginous,  Chondroid.
   CHONDROGENES'IA, Chondrogen'esis, from
XovSpos,  'a cartilage,'  and ytvtois, 'formation.'
Formation of cartilage. A morbid conversion of
parts into cartilage.
   CHONDROGLOS'SUS, from xovfyos, <a carti-
lage,' and yXtoaaa, 'the tongue.' A fasciculus of
fleshy fibres, passing  from  the lesser cornu of
 the os hyoides to the tongue.  It forms part of
 the hyoglossus.
   CHONDROG'RAPHY, Chondrogrdphia, from
 £ov<5pos,  'cartilage,'  and ypa<I>>7, 'a description.'
 A description of cartilages.
   CHONDROID, Chondrdi'des, Chondro'des, 
CHONDROLOGY
201
CHORION
from j^ovdpos, 'cartilage,' and ttSos, 'resemblance.'
Cartilaginiform.  Resembling cartilage.
  CHONDROL'OGY, Chondrolog''ia, from ^ov-
Spos, ' a cartilage,'  and Xoyos, ' a discourse.'  A
treatise on cartilages.
  CUONDRO'MA, Enchondro'ma, from  ^ov^pos,
'cartilage.'   A cartilaginous growth proceeding
from  bones,  including spina ventosa,  osteo-sar-
coma, Ac, of many.
  CHONDRO-PHARYNGE'US, from XovSpos, 'a
cartilage,' and tpapvyl-, 'the pharynx.'  Fibres of
the muscular coat  of the pharynx, which arise
from  the  lesser cornua  of  the os  hyoides, and
form  part  of the Constrictor medius.  See Con-
Btrictor pharyngis.
  CHONDRO'SES, from xovopos, 'cartilage.'  A
morbid formation or condition of a cartilage.
  CHoNDROSTERNAL,Cfco«dro8te™a7V«,from
XovSpos, 'a cartilage,'  and  artpvov, 'the  breast-
bone.'  Having relation to the cartilages of the
ribs and breast-bone,—as the chondrosternal liga-
ments, articulations, Ac.
  CHONDROSYNDES'MUS,  from xovS?°s>  'a
cartilage,'  and  avvSttr/jtos, 'a ligament.'   Union
of bones, by means of fibro-cartilage.  Synchon-
drosis.
  CHONDROT'OMY, Chondrotom'ia, fron x°v-
Spos,  ' a cartilage,' and rtpvttv,  ' to cut.'   Dissec-
tion of cartilages.
  C H 0 N D R O-XIPHOID, Chondro-xiphoVdes,
from  xov^p°s, ' a cartilage,' and xiphoid, the car-
tilage so called.  Having relation to the xiphoid
cartilage, as 'Chondro-xiphoid ligament.'
  CHONDRUS, Cartilage.  The Xiphoid carti-
lage,  in particular.
  Chondrus, Alica, Fucus crispus — c. Crispus,
Fucus crispus—c. Polymorphus, Fucus crispus.
  CHONOS, Infundibulum.
   CHOPINE,  Chopi'no, Cheopi'na. A measure,
which contains 16 ounces.   A pint measure.
   CHORA,  ^ojpa,  'region.'   Any void  space.
Also, the orbit of the eye.
   CHORD,  TESTICULAR, Spermatic  chord.
   CHORDA, Corda.  A string of an instrument.
 It  has several meanings: — as a  tendon,—the
 intestines (Chorda.)  Paracelsus calls the genital
 organs chorda.  Chorda seu Funic'ulus Tym'pa-
 ni, a branch of the 7th pair of nerves, according
 to  some, of the 5th  pair, according to  others,
 which passes through  the  tympanum, (F.) Nerf
 Tympanique — (Ch.)  Oorde du  Tambour ou du
 Tympan.  Chorda Willis'ii, Trabec'ula  Willia'ii,
 the small fibres which cross the  sinuses  of the
 dura mater : so called from their first describer,
 Willis.  Chorda Tendidea; the  tendinous and
 cord-like substances which connect the columna
 oarnea  of the ventricles  of  the  heart  to the
 valves, Ac.
   Chorda, Intestine.
   Chorda Dorsa'lis, Doraal  cord.  The axis,
 around which,  according to Von  Baer, the first
 parts of the foetus  are formed,—the rudiment of
 the future vertebral column.
   Chorda Hippocratis, Achillis Tendo—c. Lon-
 gitudinalis Corporis Callosi, see Raphe.
   CHORDAE, Chordee~c. Ferrenii, Chords, vocal.
   Chordae Longitudina'les Lancis'ii.   Two or
 three longitudinal elevations and lines  on  the
 upper surface  of the corpus callosum.
   Chord.e  Pknis,  Chordee — c  Tendineae,  see
 Chorda—c. Veneris, Chordee—c.Vocales, Cords,
 vocal—c. Willisii,  see Chorda.
   CHORDAP'SUS, from XopSn, 'intestine,' and
 atrrttv, ' to tie,' Intussuscep'tio.  Constriction or
 twisting of the intestines. — Celsus.   The Colica
 Ileus.  See Enteritis and Heus.
   CHORDEE',  Cordee',  Chorda Ven'eris seu
 Penis, Phallancylo'sis,  Phallocamp'sis, Chorda,
Chorddta Gonorrhce'a.   A  painful affection of
the penis, attending gonorrhoea, and happening
chiefly at night.   It occurs when the violence of
the inflammation is such, that the urethra cannot
expand as much as the corpora cavernosa during
erection, and consequently the glans seems pain-
fully drawn downwards.  The  application of cold
water topically and the administration of  opium
internally, palliate it.
   CHORE'A, Chorea  Sancti Yiti,  Ch.  Sancti
Modes'ti, Ch. gesticulato'ria, Choroma'nia, Syd-
clonus saltans, Tripudidtio spas'tica, from  x°Ptia\
'a dance;'  sometimes  called Scelotyr'be,  Viti
Saltus,  Setltn'tio  Sancti Viti, Ballis'mus,  Con-
vul'sio habitudlis, Siph'ita  prava,  Syn'clonus
Chorea, Myotyr'be, Choreoma'nia,  Orchestromd'-
nia, Epilepsia Saltato'ria,  Morbus Saltato'rius,
Hieran'osus, M. gesticulato'rius, Scelotyr'be taran-
tism'us, St. Vitus'8 Dance, because the movements
resemble dancing;  (F.) Chorie, Danse de  Saint-
Witt, Danse  de  St.  Guy.  The characteristics
are : — irregular and involuntary motions  of one
or more limbs, and of the face and trunk.    It is
a disease which usually  occurs  before puberty;
and is  generally  connected with  torpor  of the
system, and of the digestive organs in particular.
Its duration is long, but it is usually devoid of
danger; although frequently but little under the
control of medicine. The spasms do not continue
during sleep.  The indications of treatment are :
to strengthen the general system, and stimulate
the intestinal canal.   Purgatives, once or twice
a week, and chalybeates, with appropriate  regi-
men, will fulfil these.
   Chorea,  Chronic, see Tic—c. Faciei, Tic—c.
Gesticulatoria, Chorea—c  Partial, see Tic — c.
Sancti Modesti, Chorea—c  Sancti Valentini, Ta-
rantismus—c. Sancti Viti, Chorea.
   CHOREE, Chorea.
   CHORE'GIA, from ^opos, 'a  troop of dancers
and singers,' and ayia,   ' I lead.'  Hippocrates
uses this term for the whole of the apparatus ne-
cessary for a physician or surgeon.
   CHOREOMANIA, Chorea.
   CHORIODEI'TIS, OhorioideVtis,  Chorioidi-
 tis, Choroiditis,  from x°Potl&ls>  'the choroid,'
and itis.   Inflammation of the choroid coat of
 the eye.
   CHORIODES,  Choroid.
   CHORIOIDEA, Choroid.
   CHORIOIDES, Choroid.
   CHO'RION, x°Pl0v>  'skin,' from xwPc'v> 'to
 contain, include;' Camis'ia Fcetiis: the chemise
 or shirt of  the foetus in  utero.  A thin, transpa-
 rent membrane,  formerly  confounded with the
 decidua, which surrounds the foetus in utero on
 every side,  and appears to be  developed from nu-
 cleated cells formed in the Fallopian tube.  Some
 histologists, however, consider,  that  it exists in
 the ovary.  The  general opinion is, that  it is
 formed as  above described;  and perhaps,  also,
 from the zona pellucida, which disappears in the
 tube.  In the uterus, villous prolongations are
 formed on  its surface, which  have given it, with
 more recent writers, the name ' shaggy chorion.'
 These villi are probably  the agents of the  absorp-
 tion of nutritive matter furnished from the lining
 membrane  of the uterus.
   By many anatomists, the  chorion is considered
 to be formed of two layers; the outer, called by
 Burdach  Exoch'orion: the  inner, Endocho'rion.
 By others,  the distinction  of laminae is  denied.
 It is exterior to the amnion.
   Chorion also means the true skin.   See Cutis.
   Chorion Fungosum, Decidua—c. Reticulatum,
 Decidua,—c. Shaggy, see Chorion and Decidua/—
 c. Spongiosum, see Decidua—c. Spongy, see De-
 cidua—c. Tomentosum,  see Decidua. 
02           CHRYSANTHEMUM
               CHORIONITIS              2i

  CHORIONITIS.   Induration  of the  Cellular
tissue.
  CHOROID,  Choro'i'deua, Chordtdea, Chorio'l-
dca, Chorio'des, from x°P'0V>  'the chorion,' and
ttSos, 'shape,' 'resemblance.'  Several parts are so
called,  which resemble the chorion, in the multi-
tude of their vessels.
  Choroid Muscle, Ciliary muscle.
  ChoroI'de A seu Chorioi'dea Tu'nica, Ch. Mem-
bra'na, or simply the Choroid, Tu'nica vasculo'sa
Oc'uli, T. acinifornlis seu rhago'i'des, (F.) Mem-
brane choro'ide, Choroide.  A thin membrane, of
a very dark colour, which lines the  sclerotica,
internally.  The part behind the iris is called
Uvea.  It is situate between the sclerotica and
retina,  has an  opening, posteriorly, for the  pas-
sage of the optic nerve; and terminates, ante-
riorly,  at the great circumference  of the  iris,
where  it is continuous with  the ciliary processes.
According to Ruysch, the choroid consists of two
layers, to the innermost of which his son gave the
name Tu'nica  Ruyschia'na, Membra'na  Ruyseh-
ia'na,  (F.)  Membrane  Ruyschienne.   The  in-
ternal  surface of the membrane is covered with a
dark pigment, consisting of several layers of pig-
ment cells, called Pigmedtum nigrum,  Stratum
pigmen'ti,  Ophthalmochro'i'tes, ^Ethiops  animal,
(F.) Enduit choro'idien.   Its  use seems to be, to
absorb  the rays of light after they have traversed
the retina.
  Choro'I'des Ple x us, Plexus choro'i' deus seu reti-
cula'ris,  Vermes cer'ebri, Choroid Plexus.  Two
membranous and vascular duplicatures of the pia
mater,  situate in the lateral ventricles. They are
fixed to the Tela choroidea by one edge, and are
loose and floating at the other.
  Choroidea Tela, (F.) Toile choro'idienne.   A
kind of vasculo-membranous prolongation of the
pia mater, which lines the lower surface of the fornix
united  with the corpus callosum.   It is stretched
above  the third ventricle, and covers the poste-
rior commissure and corpora quadrigemina.  An-
teriorly, the tela choroidea is continuous with the
plexus  choroides.
  Choroide.e  Ven^:, Vena  Gale'ni, (F.) Veines
choro'idienues.   Two veins, that creep along  the
tela choroidea; into which  almost all those  of
the lateral ventricles, of the upper part of the
cerebellum, of the pineal gland, and the corpora
quadrigemina open.   The Venae Galeni open into
the sinus quartus or fourth sinus.
  CHOROIDE, CEINTURE BLANCHE DE
LA, Ciliary ligament—c. Commissure de  la, Cili-
ary ligament.
  CHOROIDITIS,  Choriodeitis.
  CHOROI'DO-RETINI'TIS. Inflammation of
the choroid and retina.
  CHOROMANIA,  Chorea.
  CHOSES CONTRE  NATURE, Res contra
naturam — c. Naturelles, Res naturales — c. non
Naturelles, Res non naturales.
  CHOSIS, Arenatio.
  CHO U CAB US,  Brassica capitata—c. Croute,
Sauer  Kraut—c. Flew,  Brassica Florida, Cauli-
flower  excrescence—je.  Marin, Convolvulus sol-
danella— c Navet,  Brassica rapa—c.  Pommi,
Brassica  capitata—c. Potager, Brassica — c. Ro-
quette,  Brassica eruca.
  CHREMMA, Sputum.
  CHREMPSIS, Exspuition.
  CHRISIS, from xpiu, 'I anoint.'  The action
of anointing.   Inunction.
  CHRISMA, same etymon.  The act of anoint-
ing. The salve or liniment used.  Prurigo.
  CHRISTI  MANUS.  Troches prepared from
refined sugar boiled in rose-water with or without
prepared pearls.
  CHRISTOPHER HERB, Actasa spicata.
  CHRISTOPHORIANA SPICATA, Actasa spi-
cata.
  CTIRISTOS, xpto-Tos, from  XPm>  '* anoint.'
Any medicine applied under the form of liniment
or ointment.
  CHROA, Chrcea, Chroma,   Colour in general.
The surface of the body.   The skin.
  CHRCEAS, Scrofula.
  CHROMA, Chroa.
  CHROMATOC'ENOUS, from ^pu^a, 'colour,'
and ytvvau), ' I make.'
  Chromatog"enous  Appara'tus. A particular
apparatus for producing the colouring  matter of
the skin, composed of a  glandular or  secreting
parenchyma,  situate a little below the papillas,
and presenting  special excretory ducts, which
pour out the colouring matter on the surface of
the true skin.—Breschet.
  CHROMATOMETABLEPSIA, Achro-
matopsia.
  CHROMATOPHO'BIA, from xpupa, 'colour,'
and tpofios, ' dread.'  Morbid sensibility to certain
colours.
  CHROMATOPSEUDOPSIA, Achromatopsia.
  CHROMATOPSIA, Chromopsia.
  CHROMIC  ACID, Ac"idum Chro'micum, (F.)
Acide  chromique.  Obtained  by crystallization
from a mixture  of bichromate of potassa, and
oil of vitriol.   It has been used as an escharotic
in external hemorrhoids.
  CHROMIDRO'SIS, from XP">V"*,m 'colour,' and
'iSpms, ' sweat.' Abnormous coloration of the per-
spiratory secretion.
  CHROMOP'SIA, Chromop'ia, Chromatop'sia,
Chrotop'sia, Chrup'sia, Crop'sia, Visits colora'tus,
Suffu'sio colo'rans,from ^pu//a,  'colour,' and otpis,
'vision.'  A  state of vision in  which a coloured
impression is made on the  retina.  Said  to  be
occasionally observed in jaundice.
  CHRONAGUNEA, Menstruation.
  CHRONIC,  Chron'icus, Chrdnius, Polychrd-
nius, Invetera'tus, Anti'quus, Dena'us, from ypoi/os,
' time.'  Of long duration.
  Chronic  Diseases, Morbi  chrodici, Macro-
noa'ia, Macro'aia, (F.) Maladies Chroniqnes, are
those whose duration is long, or whose symptoms
proceed slowly.  The antithesis  to chronic is acute.
  CHRONO,  from ^povos, 'time.'  A  prefix to
terms denoting inflammation  of a part, to show
that such inflammation is chronic.—Piorry.
  CHRONO-HEPATITE, Hepatitis, chronic.
  CHRONO-NEPHRITE, Nephritis (chronic.)
  CHRONO-THERMAL, from  Xpovos,  'time,'
and Stppv, 'heat.'  Relating to time  and tempe-
rature.  An  epithet given to a fanciful ' system'
by  Dr. Samuel Dickson,  which  maintains, that
there can be no increase or diminution  of tempe-
rature without motion ; no motion without time;
that motion consists in attraction and repulsion;
that attraction and repulsion are peculiar to elec-
tric action;  and hence, that medicines  must
change the motions of the system, and be electri-
cal in their operation.
  CHROTOPSIA, Chromopsia.
  CHRUPSIA,  Chromopsia.
  CHRYSALEA, Nitro-muriatic acid.
  CHRYSANTHEMUM, Calendula officinalis.
  Chrysan'themum Leucan'themum,  from ^pu-
tros, 'gold,' and avSos, 'a flower.'  The  Ox-eye
daisy,  Daisy,  Whiteweed, Goldens, Muudlinu-ort,
Bellia major seu pratedaia, Buphihdlmum majus,
Leucan'themum vulga're, Matricdria Leucantlle-
mum, Bellidio'i'des, Consol'ida  media,  Oc'ulns Bo-
vis, (F.) Chrysantheme, Chrysine, Grand J/urgui-
rite des pris.  The flowers and herb are slightly
acrid; and were once used in pulmonary diseases. 
CHRYSE"
203
CHYMICAL
  Chrysanthemum Parthenium, Matricaria par -
tbenium.  _
  CIIRYSE, from xPvaoi> ' S0^-'  The name of
a yellow plaster, described by Paulus of ^Egina,
and  composed  of  thus, alum, lead, colophony,
re.-in, oil, and orpiment, boiled in vinegar.
  CIIR YSEVZ?,Chrysanthemumleucanthemum.
  CHRYSITIS, see Plumbi oxidum semivitreum.
  CHRVSOBALANUS GALENI, see Myristica
mosehata.
  CHRYSOCALIS, Matricaria.
  CHRYSOCHALCOS, Brass.
  CIIRYSOCOLLA, Borax.
  CHRYSOCOMA, Millefolium.
  CHRYSOLACHANUM, Chenopodium  bonus
Henricus.
  CHRYSOL'ITHUS, Chrys'olite, from  xptxros,
'gold,' and  Xi^os,  'stone.'  A precious stone, of
a golden colour, regarded by the ancients as car-
diac, cephalic, Ac.
  CHRYTSOMELIA, see Citrus aurantium.
  CHRYSOPHYL'LUM CAINI'TO, from xpuoos
'gold,' and tpvXXov, 'a leaf.'   Cainito, Siderox'-
ylon, Broad-leaved Star-apple.   A tree of the
Antilles, which produces one of the  best  fruits
of the country.  There are several varieties of it.
  Chrysophyllum Glyciphl^eum, Monesia.
  CHRYSOPUS,  Cambogia.
  CIIRYSOS, Gold.
  C HRYSOSPERMUM, Sempervivum tectorum.
  CIIRYZA FIBRAUREA, Coptis.
  CHTHONOPHA'GIA,  Cachex'ia  Africdna,
Mulu'cia Africuno''rum, Pica Africandrum, Leu-
cophlegma'tia JEthio'pum, Chloro'sis ^Ethiopian,
Dirt-euting,  (F.)  Mai  d'Estomac, from   ^0wv,
' earth,' and  tpayw, ' I eat.' A disorder of the nu-
tritive functions observed amongst the negroes of
the  South and  of the West Indies, in which there
is an irresistible desire to eat earth. It is accom-
panied  by most of the signs of chlorosis.
   CHU,  Choa or  Chus,  ^«s, Chocus. A  liquid
measure  amongst the Greeks, answering  to the
 Congius of the Romans, and containing six sex-
tarii, or twelve Attic cotylas, or nine pints.—Galen.
   CHURRUS, see Bangue.
   CHUTE,  Prolapsus—c. du Fondement, Proc-
 tocele—c. de la Matrice, Procidentia uteri—c. des
 Oufs. see Parturition—c. du Rectum, Proctocele.
   CHYLA1RE, Chylous.
   CIIYLAR, Chylous.
   CHYLARION, Chyle.
   CIIY'LE, Chylus, Succus nutrit'ius, from xvu>>
 'I flow.'  The word, in Hippocrates, means Tisane
or Decoction of Barley, Chyldrion, x^Xaptov.  Ga-
len  first  used it in its present sense;—i. e. for a
nutritive fluid, extracted by intestinal  absorp-
tion, from  food  which has  been subjected to
 the action of  the digestive  organs.   It is of  a
 whitish appearance; is separated from the chyme
 in the duodenum, and the rest of the small intes-
 tines, and is absorbed by the chyliferous vessels,
 which arise at the mucous surface of the intestine.
 Along  these it  passes  through the mesenteric
 glands to the thoracic duct, and is finally  poured
 into the left subclavian.  It is composed, like the
 blood, of a coagulable part and of serum.   Chyle
 corpuscles or globules, exist in it, the average size
 of which is about l-4600th of an inch.  See Chyme.
   Chyle Corpuscles, see Chyle.
   CUYLEUX, Chylous.
   CHYLIF'EROUS, Chy'lifer,  Chyliferus, Chy-
 loph'orus:  from  chylus,  'chyle,'  and ferre, 'to
 carry.'   Chyle-bearing.
   Chylif'erous  Vessels, Vasa  Chylif'era seu
 Chylof'cra,  Via  chylif'era, Vena lactea,  Vasa
 lactea.  The Lacteals. (F.) Vaisseaux chyliferes,
 Y. Lactis.  Vessels which convey the chyle from
 the intestines to the thoracic duct.
  CHYLIFICA'TION,  Chylificd tio,  Chylo'sis,
Chylopoie'sis, Prapara'tio chyli, from  chylus,
' chyle,' and facere, ' to make.'  Formation of
chyle by the digestive processes.
  CHYLINE, Cyclamen.
  CHYLISMA, Succus expressus.
  CHYLIS'MUS, from  x«Xos, 'juice.'  The act
of expressing the juice of vegetables, Ac
  CHYLOCYSTIS, Receptaculum chyli.
  CHYLODES, Chylous.
  CHYLODIABETES,  Chyluria.
  CHYLODIARRHfJEA, Cosliac flux.
  CHYLODOCHIUM, Receptaculum chyli.
  CHYLOG'RAPHY, from  ^tiXos, 'chyle,' and
ypatpv, ' a description.'  A description of the ana-
tomy, Ac, of the chyliferous vessels.
  CHYLOPOIESIS, Chylification.
  CHYLOPOIET'IC, Chylopoielicus, Chylopoi'e-
us, from ^uXos, ' chyle,' and irottio, ' I make.' Re-
lating to or connected with the formation of chyle.
Chiefly applied  to the organs  immediately con-
cerned in it;  as the stomach, intestines, omenta,
and   mesentery.  Assistant  Chylopoietic : — ap-
plied to viscera which  aid in the formation of
chyle, as the liver and pancreas.
  CHYLORRHOjIA, Cceliac flux—c.  Pectoris,
Chylothorax—c. Renalis, Chyluria—c. Urinalis,
Chyluria.
  CHYLOSIS, Chylification.
  CHYLOSTAG'MA  DIAPHORET'ICUM
MINDERE'RI.   A compound  prepared by dis-
tilling the theriac of Andromachus, the mithridate
of Damoerates,  and other alexipharmics, Ac.  It
is nearly the same preparation as the Aqua The-
riacdlis Bezoar'dicn.
  CRYLOTH.O'B,AX,Pleurorrhce'achyldsa,Chy-
lorrhoe'a Pec'toris, Hydrotho'rax chylo'sus ; from
XvXos, 'chyle,' and  0wpa£, 'the  chest/—Effusion
of chyle into the chest, owing to the rupture of a
chyliferous vessel.
   CHYLOUS,  Chylar,  Chylo'sus vel Chyldris,
 Chylo'des, (F.) Chyleux, Chylaire.   Relating to
the chyle ;  or having some analogy to that fluid.
   CHYLU'RIA,  Diabe'tes lac'tea, D. Chylo'sus,
 Chylodiabe'tes, Galactu'ria,  Fluxus caliacus per
Renes, Pyu'ria lac'tea, P. Chylo'sa, Caliaca uri-
na'lis, C. rena'lis Chylorrhce'a urinet'lis, Ch.rena'-
 lis, from xv^°s> 'chyle,' and ovpov, 'urine.' (F.)
 Diabete chyleux. A discharge of milky urine, with-
 out any apparent lesion of the kidneys or bladder.
   CHY'LUS, Chyle, Decoction, Succus.
   CHY'ME, Chymus, x^f0**  'juice,' from vuu, 'I
flow.' The pulp, formed by the food, mixed with
 the  supra-diaphragmatic and  gastric secretions,
 after it has been  for some time in the stomach.
 In this it continues until it reaches the biliary
 and pancreatic ducts, which open into the duo-
 denum ; where the conversion into chyle occurs,
 which is absorbed by the chyliferous vessels,—the
 excrementitious portion of the food traversing the
 large intestine  to be evacuated per anum.  Cas-
 telli asserts, that Chyme and Chyle were used in
 an inverse sense by the ancients, from  that ac-
 cepted at present.
   CHYMI, Humours.
   CHYMIA, Chymistry—c. Organica, Chymis-
 try, organic—c. Pharmaceutica, see Chymistry.
   CHYMIA'TER, Chimia'ter,  Chemia'ter, from
YVptia or xnp-tta, 'chymistry,' and tarpos, 'a phy-
 sician,' latro-chym'icus.   A  chemical physician.
   CHYTMIATRI'A, Chymiatri'a,Chemiatri'a,la-
tro-chemla, Mcdici'na spagir'ica, Ars Chymial-
rica, from xvfisia or xvutta,' chymistry,' and larptia,
'cure.'  The art of curing by chemical means.
   CHY'M'ICAL,  Chem'ical, Chem'icus,  Chemd-
ticus.  A medicine formed by the aid of chymistry,
in contradistinction to Galenical. 
CHYM'ICO-HISTOL'OGY         204         CICHO'RIUM ENDIV'IA
_  CHYM'ICO-HISTOL'OGY*,Chym'ico-hiatolog" -
ia, Chenlico-hiatology.   The doctrine of the or-
ganic chemistry and morphology of tissues.
  CHYMICOPHANTA, Chymist.
  CHYMICUS, Chymical, Chymist.
  CHYMIE, Chymistry.
  CHYMIFICA'TION,  Chymiflcdtio,  Ghymd-
sia, from y_u/ios,  'juice,' and facere, 'to  make.'
Formation of chyme.
  CHYM'IST,  Chem'iat,  Chem'icus,  Chymico-
phan'ta, Chym'icus, (F.) Chimiste ou  Chymiste.
One  acquainted with chymistry.  In Great Bri-
tain  it has,  also,  the signification of "one who
sells chemicals."
  CHYMISTE, Chymist.
  CHYM'ISTRY, Chem'ietry, Chemia, Chymi'a,
Ohimla,Chemeu'tice,Chemolice, Philoaoph' ia per
ignem, Spagy'ria, Pyrotech'nia, Pyroaoph'ia, Are
hermelica, Archima'gia, Are mago'rum, Ara aepa-
rato'ria, Ara apagir'ica; from %«juos,  'juice,' or
from Arab,  chema,  'a secret.'   (F.) Chimie  ou
Chymie. A branch of the natural sciences, whose
object is to investigate the nature and properties
of bodies, simple  and compound, inorganic and
organized;  and to study the force or power,  by
virtue of which every combination is effected.  It
investigates the action between the integrant mo-
lecules or atoms of bodies.
  Organic Chemiatry, Chymi'a organ'ica, Organo-
chemi'a, is  the  chymistry  of  organized  sub-
stances,— animal and vegetable.
  Animal Chym'iatry, Zooch'emy or Zooch'ymy,
Zoochemla, is the  chymistry of substances  af-
forded by the dead or living animal  body.  This
branch  of  chymistry  has  been farther subdi-
vided into  phyaiological, when it considers the
changes produced in organized bodies in  health,
pathological, when it regards  those  produced
by  organic  or  other diseases.  Anthropochymy,
Anthropochemia, is the chymistry of the human
body.  Chymistry is  called T her aped tical  or
Pharmaceutical,   Pharmaco-chymi'a,  Chymi'a
pharmaceu'tica, when it is engaged in the analy-
sis  of simple medicines; in improving the pre-
scribing and preparing of chemical and  Galenical
medicines; in the means of preparing them, and
detecting adulterations, Ac. Hygi'en'ic Ohym'istry
is that which is applied to the means of rendering
habitations  healthy,  of analyzing the  air  we
breathe, preventing the occurrence of disease,
pointing out healthy aliments, and  appreciating
the  influence of professions, Ac. on the health of
man.  All these different subdivisions, with vege-
table chymistry, are, at times, included under the
head of Medical Ohym'istry, Phytochymistry ; at
others, the term  comprehends only the Animal,
 Vegetable and Pharmaceutical subdivisions.
   Yital Chemistry, Biochymi'a, is that which is
executed under the influence of vitality.
   A knowlege of  chymistry is of great importance
to the physician.  Many of the functions are of
a chemical nature: many diseases require a che-
mical mode  of treatment; and, without an  ac-
 quaintance with it, two or more substances might
 be given in combination, which, by  forming a
 chemical  union,  might give rise to other com-
 pounds, possessing very different virtues from the
 components taken singly, and thus the prescriber
 be disappointed in the results.
   Chymistry,  Animal, see Chymistry—c. Hy-
 gienic, see Chymistry—c. Medical, see Chymis-
 try— o. Organic, see Chymistry—c Pharmaceu-
 tic,  see Chymistry—c Therapeutical,  see Chy-
 mistry— c. Vegetable, see  Chymistry—c. Vital,
 see  Chymistry.
   CHYMOCHEZIA, Coeliac flux.
   CHYMOPLANIA,(G.)Cbymoplanien,Dys-
chymosen,from y^os, 'juice,' and irXav^'wa n der-
ing.' A transposition of secretions:—a family of dis-
eases in the classification of Fuchs, which includes
icterus, uroplania, menoplania and galactoplania.
  CHYMORRH03A, Coeliac flux, Lientery.
  CHYMOSIN, Pepsin.
  CHYMOSIS, Chymification.
  CHYMOZEMIA, Hvpercrinia.
  CHYTLEN, RADIX.  A cylindrical root, bitter
and  inodorous, brought  from China.  It is  held
by the Chinese to be  stomachic. — Murray.
  CHYT'LON, xVTXov, from %to>,' I pour out.'  A
liquid formerly used for rubbing the body after
bathing.
  CIBARIUM, Aliment.
  CIBA'RIUS PANIS, ' Coarse  bread.'  Bread
made of second flour. — Celsus.
  CIBA'TIO.   Trophe.  The taking of food.  In
Pharmacy, it is the same as Incorporation.
  CIBUS,  Aliment—c. Albus, Blancmange!—
c Deorum, Asafcetida.
  CICATRICE, Cicatrix.
  CICATRICES  OVARIORUM, Stigmata  ova-
riorum.
  CICATRIC'ULA.  Diminutive of Cicatrix.  A
small cica'trix, Stigma.  The term is, also, applied
to a  small white spot, called  the  tread, chalaza,
chala'zium, observable at the surface of a fecun-
dated egg.   See Molecule.
  CICATRISAN'TIA,   Epulotica,  Synulotica,
Apulotica, Catulotica,  Ulotica.  Remedies for-
merly considered to be capable of producing cica-
trization.
  CICA'TRIX, Caca'trix, Ule,  Oule, from cacare,
'to conceal,' because  it conceals the wound.  (F.)
Cicatrice.   The union of parts, which have been
divided.  A scar or formation, of a reddish colour,
afterwards  whitish, and  of  variable thickness,
which takes place atthe surfaceof wounds orulcers
after their  cure.  A  cicatrix may vary much  in
shape, consistence, and  thickness.  Tho cicatrix
of a bone  is called Callus.  A  vic"ious cica'trix,
(F.)  Cicatrice vicieuse,  is one which  interferes
with the action of the  parts on which it occurs.
The  scars after small-pox, are called Pits or Pock-
marks, (F.)  Couturea par la petite virole.
  Cicatrix Variola, Pockmark.
  CICATRIZA'TION,   Cicatriaa'tio,  Epuldsis,
Synulo'aia.   The process by which a cicatrix is
formed.  Every tissue, except the  nails, epider-
mis, hair, and enamel  is, probably, capable  of
cicatrization.
  CICELY, SWEET, Chaerophyllum odoratum,
Osmorrhiza longistylis,  Scandix odorata.
  CICER  ARIETI'NUM.   The  Cicer plant,
Erebin'ihua, (F.)  Cicirole, Poia Chiche.   The
seeds are ground into flour, and used as bread in
some countries.
  Cicer Lens, Ervum lens.
  CI'CERA TAR'TARI.  Small pills of turpen-
tine and  cream of tartar—of the size of a vetch
or cicer.
  CICERBITA, Sonchus oleraceus.
  CICER OLE, Cicer arietinum.
  CICHO'RIUM  ENDIV'IA.  The systematic
name of the Endive,  Endiv'ia, Endi'va, In'tubum,
In'tybum (Antiq.), Scariola, In'tybua  horten'ais,
(F.)  Chicorie dea Jardina, Scariole.  Family,
Cichoraceae.  Sex. Syst. Syngenesia Polygamia
asqualis.   It is a common pot herb, and is eaten
as salad.
  Cicho'rium: In'tybus, Seris, Seriola, In'tubum
erratieum.  The  systematic name of the Wild
Suc'cory,  Wild Cich'ory, Cich'ory,  Wild Endive,
Ambuleia, Heliotro'pion, Catanan'ce, Cieho'reum,
(F.) Chicorie  aauvage.   It is bitter, and was once
used as a tonic.  The root, roasted and ground,
is often used instead of, or mixed with, coffee. 
CHICORY, WILD
205
CILIARY
  CICHORY, WILD, Cichorium intybus.
  CICI, Ricinis communis.
  CICINDE'LA, Lam'pyris, Noctiluca, Niteil-
ula.   The  Glow-worm.   (F.) Ver  luisant.   This
insect was once thought to be anodyne and lithon-
triptic
  CI (.'IS, see Quercus infectoria.
  CIOON'GIUS;  an ancient measure, contain-
ing 12 pints.
  CICUTA, Conium maculatum.
  Cicu'ta Aquat'icA,  Cicu'ta viro'sa, Cicuta'ria
aquatica, Coriaddrum cicu'ta,  Water Hemlock,
Cowbane, (F.) Cigu'e aquatique  ou vireuse.  Fa-
mily, Umbelliferas.   Sex. Syst. Pentandria Digy-
nia.   A violent poison,  often eaten  by mistake
for  Wild Smallage,  Apium Graveolens.  It pro-
duces tremors, vertigo, burning at the stomach,
and all the symptoms  occasioned  by the Nareo-
tieo-acrid class of poisons.
  Cicu'ta  Macula'ta,  (F.)  Cigu'e  d'Amerique,
American  water  hemlock,  American Hemlock,
Snakeweed, Death of man, Water parsley, Poison
root,  Wild Hemlock, Children's bane, is analo-
gous in botanical character and medical proper-
ties  to the European species.   See Conium Ma-
culatum.
  Cicuta Major, Conium maculatum—c.  Major
fcetida, Conium maculatum—c.  Stoerkii, Conium
maculatum—c Terrestris, Conium maculatum—
c. Virosa, Cicuta aquatica—c. Vulgaris, Conium
maculatum.
  CICUTARIA,  Chaerophyllum  sylvestre —c
Aquatica, Cicuta aquatica, Phellandrium aquati-
cum—c. Odorata, Chasrophyllum odoratum.
  CIDER,  Poma'ceum,  (F.)  Cidre.  This word
is said to have been formerly written sidre, and
to have come from Sic'era, atKtpa,  which signifies
any kind of fermented  liquor  other than wine.
It is made from  the juice of apples, and, when
good, is a wholesome drink.
   CIDRE, Cider.
   CIGNUS;  an  ancient measure,  which con-
tained about two drachms.
   CIGUE  AQUATIQUE, Cicuta aquatica —c.
 d'Amiriquc, Cicuta maculata—e. d'Eau, Phellan-
 drium aquaticum—c. Grande, Conium maculatum
 c.  Ordinaire, Conium   maculatum — c.  Petite,
 JEthusa cynapium—c. Vireuse, Cicuta aquatica.
   CIL'IA, Blephar'ides, P Hi palpebra' rum.  The
 eyelashes.   The hairs on the eyelids. (F.) Cits.
 Their use seems  to be,  to  prevent  the entrance
 into the eye of light bodies flying in the atmo-
 sphere ; and to diminish, in certain cases, the in-
 tensity of light.  Also,  the tarsi.   Also, a pecu-
 liar  sort  of  moving  organs,  resembling  small
 hairs, ri'bratory or vlbratile cilia,  Cilia vibra-
 to'ria, (F.) Oils vibratils, which are visible with
 the microscope in many animals.   These  organs
 are found on parts of the body, which are habi-
 tually in  contact with  water,  or other more or
 less fluid matters, and  produce motion in these
 fluids, impelling  them  along the surface of the
 parts.  Cilia have been found to exist in all ver-
 tebrated animals except fishes, having been  dis-
 covered  on the respiratory and uterine mucous
 membranes of mammalia, birds, and reptiles.
   The terms  " vibratory motion"  and " ciliary
 motion"  have been used to  express the  pheno-
 mena exhibited by the moving cilia;  and it is pro-
 bable, that this motion  is concerned in the pro-
 gression of fluids along the membranes.   As yet,
 the motion has been observed  only in the direc-
 tion of the outlets of canals.
   CILIAIRE, Ciliary.
   CIL'IARY, Cilidris, (F.) Oiliaire.  Relating
 to the eyelashes, or to cilia.  This epithet has,
 also, been  applied to different  parts, which enter
into  the structure of the  eye; from the resem-
blance between  some of them (the ciliary pro-
cesses) and the eyelashes.
  Ciliary Ar'teries, Arte'ria cilia'res, (F.) Ar-
teres ciliaires.  These are furnished by the oph-
thalmic artery.  They are distinguished into 1.
Short or posterior (Art. uviales — Chauss.) 30 or
40 in number, which are distributed to the ciliary
processes.  2. Long, (Art. Iriennes of Chauss.,)
two  in  number, which, by the anastomoses  of
their branches, form two  arterial circles at  the
anterior surface of the iris : and, 3. The anterior,
Arte'ria cilia'res anterio'res of Haller, the num-
ber of which is variable.  These pierce the scle-
rotic a few lines from its union with the cornea;
and  are principally distributed to the iris.
  Ciliary Body, Corpus Cilia're, Arexus Stamin'-
eus  Oc'uli, Coro'na  Cilidris,  Ciliary Disc,  (F.)
Corps ciliaire.   A ring of the choroid surround-
ing  the  crystalline in the manner of a crown;
placed  behind the iris and the ciliary circle.   It
resembles  the disk of a radiated flower, and is
formed by the  union of the  ciliary  processes.
See  Ciliary Muscle.
  Ciliary Canal, Canal of Fonta'na.   A small,
extremely narrow circular space, formed between
the ciliary circle, the cornea, and the  sclerotica.
It can be filled with injection, and it is not cer-
tain that it is not the cavity of a blood-vessel.
  Ciliary  Circle, Ciliary ligament — c.  Disc,
Ciliary body—c Ganglion, Ophthalmic ganglion.
  Ciliary  Lig'ament,  C. Circle or Ring, Liga-
men'tum seu  Instertit"ium  cilia're,  L. I'ridis,
Plexus cilidris, An'nulus seu Cir'cuius seu  Or-
bic'ulus cilidris,  A. cellulo'sus, Com'missure  of
the  Uvea,  Commissure de la  Choro'ide,-—(Ch.,)
(F.) Ligament ou  Cercle  ciliaire,  Cercle de la
Choro'ide,  Ceinture blanche  de  la Choro'ide.  A
species of greyish  ring, of a pulpy- consistence,
situate between the choroid, iris, and  sclerotica.
The internal surface of the  choroid is uniform,
until it approaches within ten lines and a-half of
the  edge of the cornea; here a dentated line is
observed, termed ora serrdta.  The outer surface
presents the an'nulus al'bidus seu gangliform'is,
the  anterior edge  of which unites  to the inner
surface of the  sclerotica and constitutes the cili-
ary ligament.
   Cil'iary Margin or Tarsal Margin of the
eyelids; (F.) Bord ciliaire.   The edge in which
the  cilia or eyelashes are  situate.
   Ciliary Motion, see Cilia.
   Ciliary Muscle, Mus'culus cilidris.    The
part of the orbicularis  palpebrarum in the vici-
nity of the  ciliary  margin.   Also, the  greyish,
semi-transparent  structure  behind the  ciliary
ligament and covering the outside of  the ciliary
body.  By its  contraction the  ciliary processes,
 and with them the lens, must  be drawn towards
 the cornea.  It appears to be the same muscle as
 the Tensor choroidea or  choroid muscle of some
 anatomists.
   Ciliary Nerves (Nerfs Mens,—Chauss.) (F.)
 Nerfs ciliaires.  These are 12 to 16  in  number.
 They arise from  the nasal  nerve, and particu-
 larly  from the  anterior part of the ophthalmio
 ganglion;  and  unite  in two fasciculi,  which
 pass around the optic nerve, and pierce the scle-
 rotica  near the entrance of  that nerve into  the
 eye.  They are lost in the ciliary ligament.
   Ciliary Plexus, C.  Ligament.
   Ciliary Proc"esses,  Proces'sus cilia'res,
 Rad'ii seu Stria cilia'res, Rayons sous-iriens—
 (Ch.,)  (F.)  Proces ciliaires.   Triangular folds,
 sixty or eighty in number, placed  at the side of
 each other, and radiating, so as to resemble  the
 disk of a radiated  flower.   They are lodged in
 depressions at  the anterior part of the vitreous 
CILIATED                206               CINCHONA
humour.   The uses  of these  processes are not
known.
  Ciliary Ring, Ciliary ligament.
  Ciliary Stride  are  numerous, pale,  radiated
striae in the  posterior portion of the  Corpus cili-
are, but so covered by the Pigmentum nigrum as
not to be distinctly seen till the paint is removed.
The ciliary processes are formed by these striae.
  Ciliary Veins,  (F.) Veines  ciliaires,  follow
nearly the same course as the arteries.  In the
choroid they are so tortuous, that they have re-
ceived the name Vasa vortico'sa.  They open into
the ophthalmic vein.
  Ciliary  Zone,  Zona seu  Zo'nula  Cilidris,
Membran'ula Coro'na Cilidris.   Under the cor-
pus ciliare,  the capsule of the vitreous humour
sends off an external lamina, which accompanies
the  retina, and is inserted, with it, into the fore-
part of the  capsule of  the lens, a little before its
anterior edge.  This is the Zonula  ciliaris, Zo-
nula Zin'nii or Zonula of Zinn, Coro'na  Cilid-
ris, Orbic'ulus Cilidris.  It is of a  striated ap-
pearance and circular form,  and assists in fixing
the lens to the vitreous humour.
  CIL'IATED, Cilia'tus;  from cilia.  Provided
with cilia—as "ciliated epithelium," the epithe-
lium to which vibratory cilia are attached.
   CILLEMENT,  Nictation.
  CILLO.  A name given  by some authors  to
those whose upper eyelid is perpetually tremu-
lous ;—a trembling, which in some cases is called
Life's  blood.  "To have life's blood in the eye,"
in other words, is to have this affection.  Vogel
calls it Cillo'sis.
  CILLOSIS, Cillo.
   CILS, Cilia—c.  Vibratils, see Cilia.
  CIMEX,  Koris, Kopts, Cimex lectuldrius.  The
 Wall  or  House or Bed Bug or Chinche.  (F.)
Punaise.  Six or seven of these, given internally,
are said  to have  prevented ague !   There  is
scarcely any thing which is sufficiently disgust-
ing, that has not been  exhibited for this purpose,
and with more or less success.  The bug has also
been esteemed emmenagogue.
   CIMICIFUGA, Actasa racemosa.
  CIMO'LIA PURPURES'CENS, Terra Sapo-
na'ria, Terra Fullon'ica, Fuller's Earth.  A com-
pact, bolar earth, employed in the arts.  Used at
times  as  a  cooling application  to inflamed nip-
ples, Ac.
   CIMO'LIA Terra, Gimo'lia alba, Smectis, Smec-
tris, Cimo'lus; from Ki/zoiXos,  an island  in the
Cretan Sea, where it is procured. It was formerly
used as an astringent, Ac. — Scribonius Largus,
Pliny.  Probably, the same as the last.
   CINA  CINA,  Cinchona—^c  Levantica, Arte-
misia  Santonica.
   CINABARIS,  Hydrargyri  sulphuretum  ru-
brum.
   CINABARIUM, Hydrargyri  sulphuretum ru-
brum.
   CIN'ABRA, Grasus.  The smell of  a he-goat.
 A  rank  smell, like that of the armpit,  Hircus
 ala'rum.
   CLN^EDIA, Masturbation.
   CINARA HORTENSIS, Cynara scolymus—c.
 Scolymus, Cynara Scolymus.
   CINCHO'NA.  So  called  from  the Spanish
 Viceroy's lady, the Countess de Cinchon, who
 was cured of fever  by it at  Lima,  about 1638.
 Called also  Cortex seu Pulvis Jeauilicua, Jeauit'a
 Bark  or Powder,  Cortex Patrum, because it was
 introduced  into Europe by the Jesuits; and also
 Pulvis Comitis'sa or the Countesa'a Powder, and
 Cardinal del Lugo'a Powder, Cortex Cardindlis
 de Lugo,  because he introduced it at Rome.  It
 is the pharmacopoeial name of  several kinds  of
 barks from various species of Cinchona, from
the western coast of South America. Nat. Order,
Cinchonaceas.   Sex. Syst.  l'entandria Monogy-
nia.   Called, also, Cortex, Bark, Peruvian Bark,
English Remedy, Cortex China, Cortex China
Regius, China, Chinchina, Palos  de  Calentura,
Kina Kina, (Bark of  Barks,)  Kinki'iia,  Cina
Cina,  Quina  Quina,  Quinquina,  Magnum  Dei
donum, (F.)  Quinquina.
  Cincho'nje  Carib.e'vE Cortex,  from  Exos-
tem'ma Cariba'um,  Cariba'an Bark; Saint Lu-
cia Bark, (F.) Ecorce  de  Saint  Lucie,  Quin-
quina  Piton, from Exoste'ma floribitnd'um ;  and
the Pitaya  Bark,  Quinquina  blcolor,  from an
exostemma (?) or from strychnos pseudoquina (?),
are useful substitutes for the  cinchona of Peru.
These are the most  important spurious barks.
They contain neither  quinia nor cinchonia.
  Cinchona; Cordifo'lijE Cortex, Cortex flams,
Cinchona officina'lis cortex fiavus, Yellow Bark,
Calisay'a Bark, (F.)  Quinquina jaune ou jaune
royal, Calasaya.  Odour aromatic; taste strong,
bitter, astringent.  Not  rolled;  often without the
epidermis, which  is very thick  and inert; light,
friable; fracture fibrous.  Active principle Quinia.
  Cinchona Lancifo'lijb Cortex, Cortex Peru-
via'nus,  Cortex pallidus,  Cinchona  officina'lis
cortex commu'nia, Cinchona pallida, Pale  Bark,
Loxa Bark,  Crown Bark, (F.)  Quinquina gria de
Loxa, Quinquina  Orange. Its odour is aromatic;
taste pleasant, bitter, and astringent.  The pieces
are rolled in double or  single quills.  Epidermis
brown, cracked;  fracture resinous.   Internally
of a cinnamon colour.  Its active  principle  is
Cinchonia.
  Cinchonjb  Oblongtfo'llb   Cortex,  Cortex
ruber, Cinchona  officina'lia cortex  ruber,  Red
Bark, (F.)  Quinquina rouge.   Odour  and  taste
the same as the pale, but more intense: in large
flat pieces, solid, heavy, dry; fracture short and
smooth;  of a deep brownish-red  colour.   Al-
though this variety of bark is assigned to the
Cinchona oblongifolia by some, it would seem,
that nothing is certainly known as to its source.
Active principles, Cinchonia and Quinia.
   The last three are the only officinal varieties
in the Pharmacopoeia of the United States. There
are  many other  varieties, however, which are
genuine cinchona barks, and yet  have not  been
considered worthy of an officinal position.   The
Edinburgh  Pharmacopoeia admits, indeed,  Cin-
chona cinerea, Grey bark, Silver bark or IJttanuco
bark, which is obtained  around Huanuco in Peru,
and belongs to the  class of pale barks. Amongst
the genuine but inferior barks are  those brought
from the northern Atlantic ports of South Ame-
rica, which, in commerce, are  variously called
 Carthagena, Maracaybo and Santa Martha barka.
   All these barks  are  bitter, astringent, tonic,
and eminently febrifuge.  The yellow bark has
been thought  equal to any  of the others, but the
red contains more active principle.  The discovery
of their active principles is one of the most im-
portant gifts of modern chymistry.  Still, in per-
nicious intermittents, the  bark, in substance, is
often demanded.  It is employed in every disease
in  which there is  deficient  tone, but in  cases
where the stomach  is much debilitated, the  pow-
der  had better be avoided  in consequence of the
woody fibre, which might disagree.  Externally,
it is  used in  enemata,  gargles, Ac, and in  gan-
grenous ulcerations.  When it excites nausea, an
aromatic may be added to  it;  if purging, opium;
if costiveness, rhubarb, Ac.  Dose, 3SS to gj  or
more.
   Essential  Salt of Bark, as  it is called, is
an extract,  prepared by macerating the bruised
substance of bark in cold water, and submitting
the infusion to a very slow evaporation. 
CINCHONIA              207
  Cinchona  Officinalis  (Cortex  Flavus,)
Cinchona? cordifolius cortex—c. Pallida, Cinchonae
lancifoliu- cortex—c of Virginia, Magnolia glauea.
  CINCHONIA,  Cinchonine — c. Tannate of,
Quina' et cinchonias tannas.
  CINCH'ONINE,  Cinchoni'na, Cimhonin, Cin-
cho'iiiu.   The active principle of Cineho'na lan-
cifn'liu.  An  organic, crystalline alkali;  of a
white colour, and bitter, slightly astringent taste;
very soluble in alcohol and ether, but almost  in-
soluble in water.
  Sulphate of Cinchonia, which is formed directly
from  cinchonia, is soluble in water  and alcohol.
The action of the sulphate of cinchonia is similar
to that  of the sulphate of quinia;  but it is less
energetic, and consequently requires to be given
in a larger dose.
  Cinchonine, Tartrate  of, see Quinine,  tar-
trate of.
  CINCHONISM, Quininism.
  CINCIN'NULUS.  A little lock or curl of hair.
  CINCIN'NUS. A curled or frizzled lock.  The
hair on the temples.
  CINC'EICIS,  Cinclis'mus,  'agitation; rapid
and frequent motion.'  The  movement of  the
thorax in dyspnoea.—Hippocrates.  It has been
used, also, synonymously with nictation.
  CINCLIS'MUS, Cinclisis.
  CINEFACTIO, Incineration.
  C IN E ' M A,  Cine'sis, from Ktvtia, ' I move.'
Motion.
  CINERARIA MARITIMA, Achaovan, Abiat.
  CINERES  CLAVELLATI, see  Potash—c.
Gravellati,  see Potash — c.  Russici,  Potash of
commerce.
  CINEREUS, Cineritious.
  CINERIT"IOUS, Ciner'eus, from  cineres,
'ashes:'  (F.) Cendri.  Of the colour of ashes.
The cortical substance of the brain, and the vesi-
cular neurine in general,  have been so called.
See Cortex Cerebri, and Neurine.
   CINESIS. Cinema, Motion.
   CINETH'MICS, from  Ktvto>,  'I  move.'  The
science of movements in general.
   CINETIC, Motory.
   CINET'ICA.   Same etymon.   Diseases affect-
ing the  muscles, and characterized by irregular
action of the muscles or muscular fibres, commonly
denominated Spasm.   The 3d order in the class
Neurotica  of Good.   Also, agents that affect the
voluntary or involuntary motions.—Pereira.
   CINETUS, Diaphragm.
   CINGULARIA, Lycopodium.
   CIN'GULUM, Zone, from cingo, ' I bind.' (F.)
 Ceinture.  A cincture." A  girdle.   The  part of
the body, situate below  the ribs, to which  the
girdle is applied.  The u-uist.
   Cin'gulum Hilda'ni, Zo'nula Hilda'ni, (F.)
 Ceinture de Hildane. A leathern girdle formerly
used  for the reduction of luxations  and fractures
 of the extremities.
   Cin'gulum Mercuria'le", C. Sapicn'tia,  C.
 Stultifies.  A woollen girdle, containing mercu-
rial ointment.  It was used as an antisyphilitic,
and in diseases of tho skin.  (F.) Ceinture de vif
argent.
   Cingulum Sancti Joannis, Artemisia vulgaris.
   CINIS FJECUM, see  Potash—c. Infectorius,
see Potash.
   CINNABARIS,  Hydrargyri sulphuretum  ru-
brum— c. Graicorum, see Calamus  rotang.
   CINXAMOMUM,  Laurus  einnamomum — c
Album, Canella alba—c. Aromaticum, see Laurus
einnamomum—c. Culilawan, Laurus Culilawan—
e.  Indicum, Laurus  cassia — c. Magellanicum,
Wintera nromat'ca—c. Mnlaharicum, Laurus cas-
sia— c.  Zeylanicum, Laurus einnamomum.
r               CIRCULUS

  CINNAMON, see Laurus einnamomum—c.
 Malabar, Laurus cassia—c. Wild, Laurus cassia.
  CINON'OSI, from Kivtia, 'I move,' and voaos,
 'a disease.'   Diseases of motion.
  CINOPLANE'SIS, from Ktvtoi, ' I move,'  and
 dXavvats, 'a wandering  about.'  Irregularity of
 motion.
  CINQUEFOIL, Potentilla reptans—c. Marsh,
 Comarum palustre — c.  Norway, Potentilla Nor-
 vegica.
  CINZILLA, Herpes zoster.
  CION, Uvula.
  CI'ONIS.  The U'vula.  Also, tumefaction, or
 elongation of the uvula; Staphylodialysis.
  CIONI'TIS, from kiovis, 'the uvula,' and  itis, .
 'inflammation.'  Inflammation  of  the  uvula,
 Uvulitis.
  CIONORRHAPHIA, Staphyloraphy.
  CIOT'OMY, Ciotom'ia,Cionotomy,Cionotom'ia,
 from Kitav, 'the uvula,' and rouv, 'incision.'  Ex-
 cision of the uvula when too long.
  CIPIPA, see Jatropha manihot.
  CIRCjEA, Atropa mandragora, Circasa Lute-
 tian a.
  Circ.e'a  Lutetia'na, Circa'a, Paris'ian  Cir-
 ca'a, from  Circe,  the enchantress; Enchanters'
 Nightshade,  (F.) Herbe de Saint Etienne, Herbe
 aux Sorciers.  This plant, common in the vicinity
 of Paris, was formerly considered to be resolvent
 and vulnerary.  It was  also supposed to possess
 wonderful magical and enchanting properties.
  CIRCINUS, Herpes zoster.
  CIRCLE,  Circulus — c. Ciliary,  Ciliary liga-
 ment— c. of Willis, see Circulus.
  CIRCOCELE, Cirsocele.
   OIR CONCISION, Circumcision.
   CIRCONFLEXE, Circumflexus.
   CIRCONSCRIT, Circumscribed.
   CIRCONVOLUTION, Convolution.
   CIRCUIT,  Cireditus; in  pathological  lan-
 guage, generally means 'period,' 'course.'
   CIRCUITUS, Period, Circuit.
   CIR'CULAR, Circuldris,  from circulus, 'a
 circle.'  (F.) Circulaire.  Having  the  form of
 a circle ; as Circular Amputation, Ac.
   The French use  the expression "Une circu-
 laire," for a turn of a bandage around any part.
   Circular Sinus of Ridley, Sinus coronarius.
   CIRCULA'TION,  Circuldtio,   Cyclophor'ia,
 Periodus sadguinis, from circulus,  ' a circle;' or
 rather, from circum, ' around,' and ferre, latum,
 'to carry.'  (F.) Circulation.  Physiologists  give
 this name to the motion of the blood through the
 different vessels of the body—sanguimotion ;—to
 that function, by which  the  blood,  setting out
 from the left ventricle of the heart, is distributed
 to  every part of the body by the arteries;—pro-
 ceeds into the veins, returns to the heart, enters
 the right auricle, and passes into the correspond-
 ing ventricle, which sends it into the  pulmonary '
 artery to be distributed to the lungs, whence it
 issues by the pulmonary veins, and passes  into
 the left auricle. From this it is sent into the left
 ventricle, and  is again  distributed  by means of
 the arteries.
   Circulation, Cap'illary, C. deaParenchymea,
 is that which takes place in the capillary vessels ;
 and is, in some measure, independent of the ac-
 tion of the heart.  See Capillary Vessels.
   Circulation, Pulmon'ic or lesser, is the cir-
 cle from the right to the left side of the  heart by
 the lungs. — The  greater or  systematic or
 system'ic, is that through the rest of the system.
  CIRCULATOR,  Charlatan.
  CIR'CULATORY', Circulato'riua; same  ety-
 mon as circulation.  Relating  to the  circulation
 as of the blood ;—aanguimo'tory.
  CIR'CULUS.  A circle or ring;  Cyclus,  Ox'- 
               CIRCUMAGENTES           2(

  rios, (F.) Cercle.   Any part of the body which is
  round or annular, as Cir'cuius Oc'uli—the globe,
  bulb, or orb of the eye.—Hippocr., Galen.   It is,
  also, applied to objects, which by no means form
  a circle,—as to  the  Circle of  Willis,  Cir'culus
  arterio'sus Willis'ii, which is an anastomotic circle
  at the base of the brain, formed by the anterior
  and the posterior cerebral  arteries and the com-
  municating arteries of Willis.
    Circulus Arterio'sus I'ridis.  The  artery
  which runs round the iris,  and forms a circle.
    Circulus Arteriosus Willisii, Circle of Wil-
  lis, see Circulus — c. Ciliaris, Ciliary ligament —
  c Membranosus, Hymen.
m   Circulus Quad'ruplex ;  a kind of bandage
  used by the ancients.
    Circulus Tonsillaris.  A plexus formed by
  the tonsillitic branches  of the glosso-pharyngeal
  nerve around the base of the tonsil.
    Circulus Veno'sus, Figu'ra veno'sa,  Vena seu
  Sinus termina'lis.  The venous  circle in the em-
  bryo, which bounds the Area Vaseulosa or  Vascu-

    CIRCUMAGENTES, Oblique muscles  of the
  eye.
    CIRCUMCAULALIS   MEMBRANA,  Con-
  junctiva.
    CIRCUMCISIO,  Circumcision — c. Foemina-
  rum, see Circumcision.
    CIRCUMCIS'ION, Oircumcis'io, Posthelomy,
  Pracis'io  seu Abscis'io  Prapu'tii, Circumcisu'ra,
  Circumsec'tio, Peril ome, from circum, 'around,'
  and cadere, 'to cut.'  (F.) Circoncision.  An an-
  cient  operation, performed by some nations as a
  religious ceremony.   It consists in removing cir-
  cularly a portion of the prepuce of infants;—a
  custom, which was probably suggested with a
  view to cleanliness.  In  cases of extraordinary
  length of prepuce, or when affected with disease,
  the operation is sometimes undertaken by sur-
  geons. A similar operation is performed, amongst
  the ^Egyptians, Arabians, and Persians, on the
  female, Circumeis'io fcemina'rum, by removing a
  portion of the nymphae, and at times the clitoris.
    CIRCUMCISURA, Circumcision.
    CIRCUMDUCTS, Perisphalsis.
    CIRCUMDUCTIONIS  OPIFEX,   Obliquus
  superior oculi.
    CIRCUMFLEX,  Circumflex'us, from circum,
  'around,'  and flexus.  'bent.'   (F.) Circonflexe.
  Curved circularly.  A name given  to several
  organs.
    Circumflex or Artic'ular Ar'teries  of the
  arm are distinguished  into  anterior and poste-
  rior.   They arise from the axillary, and are dis-
  tributed around the shoulder.
    Circumflex Arteries of the Thigh are dis-
  tinguished into external and internal,—A. Sous-
  trochanteriennes—Ch.  They are given off from
  the Profunda, and surround the head of the thigh
  bone.
    Circumflex Muscle, Circumflexus Mus'cuius,
  Tensor Pala'ti, Peristaphyllnus exter'nus  vel in-
  ferior, Circumflex'us Pala'ti Mollis, Sphenosal-
  pingo - staphylinus  seu Staphyli'nus  exter'nus,
  Mus'culus tuba nova, Pala'to-salpingeus, Pter'-
  ygo - staphylin us,  Petro - salpin'go - staphyli'nus,
  Spheno -pter'ygo -palatinus, Salpingo - staphyli'-
  nus, (F.) Palatosalpingien.  A  muscle,  which
  arises from the spinous process of the  sphenoid
  bone, and is inserted into the  velum pendulum
  palati.  Its use is to stretch the velum.
    Circumflex  Nerve.  This  arises  from the
  brachial plexus by a common  trunk with the
  musculo-spiral nerve.  It divides into numerous
  branches, which are distributed to the deltoid.
    Circumflex Veins follow the arteries.
    CIRCUMFORANEUS, Charlatan.
             CIRSOMPHALUS

  CIRCUMFU'SA.  Halle has thus designated
the first class of subjects that belong to Hygiene
— as  atmosphere, climate,  residence, Ac;  in
short, every thing which acts constantly on man
externally and generally.
  CIRCUMGYRATIO, Vertigo.
  CIRCUMLIGATURA, Paraphimosis.
  CIRCUMLIT"IO, from circumlino, 'I anoint
all  over.'  Perich'risis, Perichris'ton.  A  term
formerly used for liniments, but especially for
those  applied to the eyelids.
  CIRCUMOSSALE, Periosteum.
  CIR'CUMSCRIBED, Circumscrip'tus, (F.)Cir-
conscrit.   A term  applied, in pathology, to tu-
mours, which are distinct at their base from the
surrounding parts.
  CIRCUMSECTIO, Circumcision.
  CIRCUMVALLATvE PAPILLA, see Papillas
of the Tongue.
   CIRE JAUNE ET BLANCHE, Cera  flava
et alba—c. des Oreilles, Cerumen.
  CIRIOS,  Circulus.
   CIR ON, Acarus, Psora.
   CIRRHAGRA,  Plica—c. Polonorum, Plica.
   CIRRHON'OSUS;  from Ktppos, 'yellow,' and
vocos,  ' disease.' A disease of the foetus, in which
there  is a yellow coloration  of the serous mem-
branes.—Siebenhaar.
   CIRRHOSE DU FOIE,  Cirrhosis.
  CIRRHO'SIS, Cirrhono'sis, Kirrhono'sis, from
Ktppos, 'yellow.'   A yellow colouring  matter,
sometimes  secreted in the  tissues, owing to  a
morbid  process.  Also, called Cirrho'sis or Kir-
rho'sis.
  Cirrho'sis Hep'at is, see Hepatatrophia.
Grailulated, gran'ular, mam'mill'tited,  tuber'cu-
lated, and hob-nailed liver, (F.) Cirrhose du Foie.
It appears to be dependent upon repletion of the
terminal extremities of the biliary ducts  with
bile, along with atrophy of the intervening pa-
renchyma.  Hence the liver is smaller in size, or
atrophied.
   Cirrhosis Hepatis, see Cirrhosis.
  Cirrhosis of the Lung, Cirrho'sis pulmo'num.
Dr. Corrigan has  described  a  condition of the
lung  under this name, the general  character of
which he considers to be  a  tendency to consoli-
dation or contraction of  the pulmonary tissue,
with dilatation  of the bronchial tubes.
   Cirrhosis Pulmonum,  C. of the Lung.
   CIR'SIUM  ARVEN'SE,  Car'duus hemorrho-
'ida'lis,  Ceano'thos, (F.) Chardon himorrho'idal.
A common plant, used in France in the form of
cataplasm  in  hemorrhoids;  and  worn as  an
amulet.
   CIRSIUM MACULATUM, Carduus marianus.
   CIRSOCE'LE,   Circoce'le,  Cirsos'cheum,  from
Kipaos, 'varix,' and KnXv, 'hernia;' Var'icose Her'-
nia.  The greater part of authors have employed
the term synonymously  with Varicocele.   Pott
gives  it a different signification.  Varicocele, he
calls the tumour formed by the veins of the scro-
tum;  Circocele, Funic'ulus varico'sus, the  vari-
cose dilatation of the spermatic veins.  The scro-
tum feels as if it contained earthworms.   It  is
commonly an affection of no consequence, de-
manding merely the use of a suspensory bandage.
   CIRSOFDES,  Cirso'des,  from Kipaos, 'varix,'
and £«5os, 'resemblance.'  Varicose, or resembling
a varix.   Rufus. of Ephesus, according to James,
applies  this term  to the upper part  of the brain,
as well as to the spermatic vessels.
   CIRSOM'PHALUS, from Kip<ros,  ' varix,' and
outpaXos,  ' navel.'  Varicose dilatation of the veins
surrounding the navel.  The term  has, likewise,
been  applied to the aneurismal dilatation of the
arteries of that region; called also, Varicomph'-
alus, (F.) Hargne anivrysmale, Aneurismal Hernia,
s 
CIRSOPHTHALMIA
209
CITRUS
  CIRSOPIITHAL'MIA,  Cirsophthal'mus,  Te-
langiectasia  oculi, from  Ktpaos, 'varix,' and otp-
SaXuos,  'the  eye;' Vur'ieosc ophthalmia, Oph-
thalmia ruric.o'sn, Vnrieos'itas  conjunctiva.  A
high decree of ophthalmia, in which the vessels
of the conjunctiva are considerably injected.
   (TRSOSCIIEUM,  Cirsocele.
   CIRSOT'OMY,  Cirsotom'in,  from Ktpaos, 'a
'varix,' and tojiv, 'an incision.'  Any operation
for the removal of varices by incision.
   CIRSUS, Varix.
   CIRSYDROSCIIEOCE'LE, from  Kipo-os, 'va-
rix,' 'vSuip,  'water,' oo^toi/,  the 'scrotum.'  Vari-
cocele with water in  the scrotum.
   CI SEA UX, Scissors.
   CISSA. Malacia,
   CISSAMPELOS, Pareira brava.
   Cissam'pelos Capen'sis, Nat.  Ord. Menisper-
maceie, j;rows in almost  every mountainous part
of the  Cape of Good Hope.  The root  is used
as an emetic and cathartic by the Boers.
   CIKSARUS, Cistus- Creticus.
   CISSl'NUM, from kiogos, 'ivy.'  Name of  a
plaster  of ivy, used  in wounds of the  nerves or
tendons.—Paulus of iEgina.
   CISSOIDES, Capreolaris.
   CISSOS, Hedera helix.
   CISTERN, LUMBAR, Receptaculum chyli.
   CISTER'NA, from kiotv, (L.) data, ' a chest.'
(F.) Citeme.  This  term has been applied to va-
rious parts of the body, which serve as reservoirs
for different fluids.   The fourth ventricle of the
brain has been so called.—Arantius.
   Cisterna Chyli, Receptaculum chyli.
   CISTIIORUS, Cistus Creticus.
   CISTOOELE, Cvstocelc.
   CISTUS CANADENSIS,  Helianthemum Ca-
nadensis.
   Cistus Cre'ticus, O. salrifo'lius seu tau'ricus,
Cis'thorus,  Cie'aarua, Dorycin'ium, Gum  Ciatua.
Sex. Syst.  Polyandria Monogynia.  The  syste-
matic name of the plant whence the Labda'num,
Labddmen or Laddnum, Gum'mi Labda'num, is
obtained.  Lada'num is a gum-resinous substance,
of a very agreeable smell,  found  in the shops in
great masses. Its colour is blackish-green; taste,
warm and bitter. It is but little used now. For-
merly, it was a component of warm plasters, and
was prescribed internally as a stomachic.  Lada-
num is also obtained from  Cistus ladanif erus,
and C. laurifo'lius.
   Cistus, Gum, Cistus Creticus — c. Salvifolius,
C. Creticus—c. Tauricus, C. Creticus.
   CITERNE LO MB AIRE, Receptaculum chyli.
   CITIIARUS. Thorax.
   CITRAGO, Melissa.
   CITRARIA, Melissa.
   CITRAS  CHINICUS, Quiniae  citras.
   CITREA MALUS, see Citrus medica.
   CITREOLUS, Cucumis sativus.
   CITRIC ACID, Acidum citricum, Acid of Le-
mons, Ac"idum Limo'num, (F.)  Acide citrique.
This acid is  found in the lemon, orange, Ac.  It
is in rhomboidal prisms, which slightly effloresce
on exposure to the air.  It dissolves  in a twelfth
part of its weight in boiling water,  and has an
extremely  acid but  agreeable' taste.  It  is  em-
ployed in medicine as antiseptic,  refrigerant and
diuretic. Rubbed up with  sugar and with  a little
of the essence of lemon, it forms  the dry Lemon-
ade, (F.) Limonade siche.
   CITRINE OINTMENT, Unguentum hydrar-
gyri nitratis.
   CITRON, see Citrus medica—c. Tree,  see  Ci-
trus medica.
   CITRONELLE,  Artemisia  abrotanum, Me-
lissa.
         14
  CITRUL, SICILIAN, Cucurbita citruUus.
  CITRULLUS, Cucurbita citrullus.
  Citrullus Ama'rus.  An African  plant, Nat.
Ord. Cucurbitaceas, called  by the Boers Bitter-
appel or Wild  Watermelon, the pulp of which,
like that of colocynth, is a drastic cathartic.
  Citrullus Colocynthis, Cucumis colocynthis.
  CITRUS, see Citrus  medica — c.  Acida, see
Lime.
  Citrus Auran'tium.  The systematic name of
the  Orange Tree, Auran'tium,  A. Hispaledse,
Mains Aurndtia Major, Mains Auran'tia, Auran'-
tium vulga're, Mains Auran'tia vulga'ria, Citrus
vulga'ris.  Nat. Ord. Aurantiaceas.   Sex. Syst.
Polyadelphia Icosandria.   The  fruit are called
Mala Au'rea, Chrysome'lia, Neran'tia, Martia'na
Poma, Poma Auran'tia, Auran'tia Curassav'-ica,
Poma Chinedsia, Oranges.  The Flowers of the
Orange,  Flores Napha, are highly  odoriferous,
and  used as a perfume.   On  distillation, they
yield a small quantity of essential oil — O'leum
Auran'tii,  Oleum vel Essen'tia Nero'li, — with
spirit and water,  the Aqua Florum Auran'tii,
Aqua aurantii, Orange-flower water.  They were
once used in convulsive and epileptic cases. The
leaves, Fo'lia  Auran'tii, have a bitterish taste,
and  furnish an essential  oil.   They have been
used for the same purposes as the flowers.  The
yellow rind of the fruit, Cortex Auran'tii, Orange
Peel, is  an aromatic bitter, and  is used in dys-
pepsia,  and where that class of remedies is re-
quired.   The  Juice,  Succus  Auran'tii,  Orange
juice, is  a grateful  acid, and used as a beverage
in febrile and scorbutic affections.
  Citrus Bergamia,  Citrus melia rosa — c. Li-
metta, see Citrus melia rosa.
  Citrus Med'ica,  C. Limo'num.  The systematic
name of the Lemon  Tree. The Lemon, Limo'num
malum,  Limo'num Bacca, Malus Med'ica, Mains
Limo'nia Ac"ida, Limon, Citrea Malus, Citrus,
(F.)  Citron, Cidrat, has a fragrant odour, depend-
ing upon the  essential  oil, O'leum Limo'uis,  of
the  rind.   The outer rind,  Cortex Limo'num,
Lemon Peel, Zest, Flave'do Cortieum Citri, is used
in the same cases as the Cortex Auran'tii.
  The juice, Succus Limo'nis, (F.) Sue du Limon,
Sue  de  Citron,  is sharp, but gratefully acid, the
acidity depending upon the  citric acid  it con-
tains, and  is  given as a  refrigerant  beverage
in febrile affections.  In doses of half  an ounce
to an ounce, three  times a day, it has appeared
to exert a markedly sedative  influence on the
circulation, and has been given, apparently with
benefit, in acute rheumatism and rheumatio gout.
Alone,  or combined with wine, it is prescribed in
scurvy, putrid sore  throat,  Ac.   Its general pro-
perties are refrigerant and antiseptic. Sweetened
and diluted, it forms Lemonade. Artificial lemon-
juice is made by dissolving an ounce of citric acid
in fourteen fluidounces  of  water; adding a few
drops of essence of lemon.
  Lemonpeel tea, or water, is made by paring the
rind of one lemon, previously rubbed with half an
ounce of sugar: the peelings and sugar are then
put  into a jar, and a quart  of boiling water la
poured over them.  When cold, the fluid must be
poured off, and a tablespoonful of lemon juice be
added.
  It is an agreeable drink in fevers.
   Citron Tree  is likewise  considered to belong
to the same species — Citrus Med'ica.  Its fruit
is called cedrome'la.   It is larger and less succu-
lent  than the lemon.  Citron juice, when sweet-
ened with sugar,  is  called  by the Italians Agro
di Cedro.
  Citrus Mella Rosa of De Lamarck, another 
CITTA
210
CLAVUS
variety of Citrus Medica, affords the Bergamote,
as also do Citrus Limelta and 0. Bergdmia.
  Citrus Vulgaris, Citrus aurantium.
  CITTA, Malacia.
  CITTARA, MINERAL WATERS OF. These
springs  are  in the Isle of  Ischia, near the sea,.
They contain carbonate and sulphate of lime, and
chloride of sodium.  Their  temperature  is  100°
Fahrenheit.
  CITTOS, Hedera helix.
  CITTOSIS, Chlorosis, Malacia.
  CIVETTA, Zib'ethum, Giv'et, (F.)  Cirette. An
unctuous perfume, of a very penetrating odour,
obtained from different mammalia of the Viver'ra
kind, particularly  from Viver'ra civet'ta.   It is
contained in a fold of the  skin, situate between
the anus and the organs of  generation.
  CLABBER, Bonnyclabber.
  CLABBERGRASS, Galium verum.
  CLADES  GLANDULARIA, Plague.
  CLADISCOS, Ramusculus.
  CLADONIA ISLANDICA, Lichen islandicus.
  Clado'nia Rangifer'rina.  The ancients re-
garded this European plant as pectoral and sto-
machic.  It enters into the composition of the
Poudre de Chypre.
  CLADOS, Ramus.
  CLADRAS'TIS  TINCTO'RIA, Virgil ia, Yel-
low Ash, Fustic  Tree, Yellow Locust. An  indi-
genous  tree, which flourishes from Kentucky to
Alabama.   The bark of the tree and the  roots
are cathartic.
   CLAIRET, Claret.
   CLAIRVOYANCE (F.), 'Clear-seeing.'  A
clearness of sight, said to  be communicated by
animal  magnetism, which not only enables the
magnetized persons to see  in the dark,  through
stone walls,  Ac, but even  to observe prospects,
whilst he may fancy he is flying in the air, which
he has  never  seen previously.   It need hardly
be  said, that the  possession of such powers is
fabulous.
   CLAMMY WEED, Polanisea graveolens.
   CLAMOR, Cry.
   CLANGOR, Oxyphonia.
   CLAP, Gonorrhoea impura.
   CLAPIER  (F.), A clapper, Latib'ulum,  from
nXettrtiv, 'to conceal.'  A purulent foyer of dis-
ease ; concealed in the flesh or under the skin.
See Sinus.
   CLAPWORT, Orobanche Americana.
   CLAQUEMENT, Odontosynerismus.
   CLAR'ET,  (Vinclair[?]), Clare'turn, Yin de
Bordeaux, (F.) Clairet.  A  pleasant French  wine,
which may be  used whenever wine  is required.
Also, a wine impregnated with  spice and sugar,
called likewise Vinum Hippocralicum seu Medi-
ca'tum, Potus Hippocral icus, Hip'pocras, Hyp'-
pocras. Schroder speaks of a Clare'turn al'terans,
and a C. purgans.
   CLARETA, Albumen ovi.
   CLARETUM, Claret.
   CLARIFIC A'TION,  Clarified tio, Depura'tion,
from clarus, ' clear,' and facio, ' I make.'  A  phar-
maceutical operation, which consists in separating
from a liquid every insoluble substance, held in
 suspension  by it,  that affects  its transparency.
 Decanting and filtering are the operations neces-
sary for this purpose.
   CLARY, COMMON, Salvia sclarea.
   CLASIS, Fracture.
   CLASMA, Fracture.
   CLASS,  Olas'sis,  (F.) Classe.   An assemblage
 of a certain number of objects.  In Natural His-
 tory and in Medicine, a group of  objects or indi-
 viduals having one or more common characters.
 The classes are divided into orders, the orders
into genera, the genera into species, and these last
into varieties.
  CLASSIFICATION, Classifica'tio, from classes,
'a class,' and/aci'o, ' I make.'  The formation of
classes.  A methodical distribution of any objects
whatever into  classes, orders, genera, species, and
varieties.  See Nosography, and Nosology.
  CLASSY, MINERAL WATERS OF.  Classy
is  near  Laon  in  Picardy,  France.  The waters
are chalybeate.
  CLAUDICATIO,  Claudication — c. Anatica,
Vacillatio.
  CLAUDICATION, Claudica'tio, from claudi-
care,  ' to  be lame.'  The act of  halting or limp-
ing.   Lameness,   Cladditas, Cholo'sis, Cholei'a,
Cholo'ma, (F.) Claudication,  Boitement.   This
condition  does not constitute any special disease,
but is produced by different causes or affections.
It may be the result of the shortening or elonga-
tion  of  one of the lower limbs, of ankylosis of
the joints, palsy of the muscles, pain,  Ac.
  CLAUDITAS, Claudication.
  CLAUSTRUM  GUTTURIS,  Isthmus of the
fauces — c. Palati, Velum  pendulum  palati — c
Virginitatis, Hymen.
  CLAUSU'RA,  from claudere,  'to  shut.'  An
imperforation  of any canal or cavity.
  Clausu'ra  Uteri.  Preternatural  imperfora-
tion of the uterus.
  CLAVA MYOSA, Acorus calamus.
   CLAVALIER A FEUILLES DE FRENE,
Xanthoxylum clava Herculis.
  CLAVA'RIA CORALLOI'DES,  Coralldides
Fungus, Corahvort.  Said to be corroborant and
astringent. A kind of clavaria, called (F.) Digital
blanc, Digital humain, Champignon de lappareil
des fracturea,  formed of  digitations, grouped to-
gether, and two  or three inches in length, is said
to have been  often found, formerly at the Hotel
Dieu of Paris, on the splints of white wood used in
the treatment of fractures, in autumn.—H.Cloquct.
  CLAVATIO, Gomphosis.
   CLAVEAU, Murr.
   CLAVELEE, Murr.
   CLAVES CALVARLE, Wormiana Ossa.
   CLAVICLE,  Clavic'uht, Clavia, Clavic'ulua,
Lig'ula, Fur'cula, Os Jug'uli,  Jug'ulum,  Cleis,
 Cleidion, from  clavia,  'a key,' (F.) Clavicule.
The collar-bone.   The clavicle is shaped like the
letter S, and is  placed transversely at the upper
part of the thorax.  It is articulated, at one ex-
tremity, with  the sternum;  at the other with the
 acromion process of the scapula.   It gives attach-
ment, above, to the Sterno-cleido maatoidcua; be-
 low, to the Subclaviua; before, to the Pectorolia
 major and Deltoidea; and behind, to the Trape-
zius.   It serves as a point of  support for the
 muscles of the arm, and protects the  vessels and
 nerves passing to that extremity.
   The fibres,  connecting the lamellae  or plates of
 bones, have also  been called Clavic'uli or Naila,
   CLAVICULAR, Clavicula'ria; same etymon.
 Relating to the  clavicle  or collar-bone.
   Clavicular Nerves, Nervi claviculdrea.
 Branches of the fourth cervical  nerve, which are
 distributed to the clavicular region.
   CLA V1CULE, Clavicle.
   CLAVICULI, see Clavicle.
   CLAVIS, Clavicle, Key—c. Anglica, Key.
   CLAVUS.   A  nail.    Heloa,  Gomphoa, (F.)
 Clou.  This  word is employed in medicine in
 various  senses.   It means, 1.  A Com, from  its
 resemblance  to  the head of a  nail.  2. Certain
 condylomatous excrescences of the uterus.   3.  A
 callous tumour, which forms on the white of the
 eye,  and resembles a nail, the Clavua Oc'uli, (F.)
 Clou de I'ceil.  This last, by some, is considered 
CLEANSINGS
211
CLIMATE
to be  synonymous with staphyloma;  by others,
with staphyloma of the cornea.  Also, the penis.
  Clavus  Hyster'icus, Monopu'gia,  Monope'-
gia, (F.) Clou hystirique.  An acute pain, con-
fined  to a small point of  the  head, described by
the sick as resembling that which would be pro-
duced by a nail  driven  into the head.   It has
been  particularly noticed in hysterical females;—
hence its name.  It is called Ovum hyster'icum,
when the pain occupies a greater extent.
  Clavus Secalinus, Ergot—c. Secalis, Ergot—
c. Siliirinis, Ergot.
  CLEANSINGS, Lochia.
  CLEAR-SEE ING, Clairvoyance.
  CLEARWEED, Pilea  pumila.
  CLEAVAGE; from Anglo-Saxon cleojran, 'to
split.'  The natural line of separation  exhibited
by  certain substances,  as  minerals, when sub-
jected to mechanical  force.   The term has been
applied to the separation of muscles into longitu-
dinal and circular striae, when mechanical violence
is used.
  CLEAVERS, Galium  aparine.
  Cleavers' Bees, Galium aparine.
  CLEAVEWORT, Galium verum.
  CLEF DU CRANE,  Wormianum os — c. de
Garengeot, Key—c. d Noix, see Key—c. d Pivot,
see Key—c. d Pompe, see Key.
  CLEFT, Rima, see Monster — c. Palate,  see
Harelip.
  CLEIDAGRA, Cleisagra.
  CLEID10N, Clavicle.
  CLEIDO-COSTAL, Costo-clavicular.
  CLEI'DO-MASTOI'DEUS.  Albinus thus de-
signates the posterior portion of the sterno-cleido-
mastoideus, which he considers a separate muscle.
It has been corrupted into clino-masto'ideus.
  CLEIS, Clavicle, Key.
  CLEIS'AGRA,  Cleid'agra,  from kXus,  'the
clavicle,' and  aypa,  ' a  seizure.'  Gout  in  the
clavicle.—A. Pare.
  CLEMATIS DAPIINOIDES MAJOR, Vinca
minor—c Corymbosa, C. erecta.
  Clem'atis  Erect'a,  C. recta seu  flam'mula
seu  corymbo'sa,  Clematitis  erec'ta,  Flam'mula
Jovis,  Upright  Virgin's Bower, (F.) Climatite
droitc.  Family, Ranunculaceas.  Sex. Syst.  Po-
lyandria Polygynia. The leaves contain an acrid
principle.  They have been esteemed  anti-vene-
real ;  and, in the form of powder, have been used
as an escharotic
  Clematis  Flammula, C. erecta—c. Recta, C.
erecta—c.  Sepium, c. Vitalba.
  Clematis Vital'ba, C. se'pium seu sylves'tris,
 Vitalba,  Vior'na, Atra'gene,  Traveller's  Joy,
 Common Virgin's  Bower, (F.)  Climatite, Herbe
aux gueux, Aubevigne.   It has been  used in the
same cases as the  former.   In infusion it has
been applied in cases of  itch.
   The leaves of Clematis Crispa—c. Flammula,
sweet-scented  Virgin's  bower—c.  Virgin'ica,
common Virgin's  bower  — and  c.  VlORNA,  Lea-
 ther-flower, have similar properties.
   CLEMATITE,  Clematis  vitalba —c.  Droite,
 Clematis recta.
   Clkmatitis Erecta, Clematis erecta.
   CLEO'NIS  COLLYRTUM.  A collyrium de-
scribed  by Celstis, composed of equal  parts of
Samian earth, myrrh, and thus, mixed with white
of egg.
   Cleonis  Gluten.  An astringent formula of
myrrh, frankincense, and white of egg.
  CLEPSYDRA,  from KXtrrw, 'I conceal,'  and
'vSoip, ' water.'  An instrument contrived by Pa-
racelsus to convey  fumigation to the uterus.
   CLEPTOMANIA, Kleptomania.
  CLEVES, MINERAL WATERS OF.  This
spring is a quarter of a league from Cleves,  in
Westphalia.   It contains carbonate and sulphate
of iron.
  CLIFFORT'IA  ILICIFO'LIA.   Nut.  Ord.
Rosaceae.  A common South African plant, used
by the Boers  as an emollient expectorant in ca-
tarrh.
  CLIFTON,  CLIMATE  OF.  The vicinity of
Clifton and of Bristol, England,  appears to  be
the mildest  and driest  climate in  the  west  of
England;  and, consequently, the best winter re-
sidence, in that part of the country, for invalids.
It is, also, a favourable  summer climate, and is
surrounded by numerous places of agreeable re-
sort, suited for those who  may pass the season
there.
  For the mineral waters.of Clifton, see Bristol
Hot Well.
   OL1GNEMENT, Nictation,  Scardamygmus.
   CLIGNOTEMENT, Nictation.
  CLIMA, Climate.
  CLIMACTERIC, Olimacter'icua,  Climater'i-
cua, from KXtpaKrvp, 'a step.'  (F.) Climactirique
ou Climatirique.   A word, which properly signi-
fies ' by degrees.'   It has been applied to certain
times of life,  regarded to be critical.
  At present, the word Climacteric is chiefly ap-
plied to certain  periods of life, at which great
changes occur, independently  of any  numerical
estimate of years.   Such  are the period of pu-
berty in both sexes : that of the cessation of the
menses in women,  Ac.
   Climacteric Years,  Anni  Climacter'ici, are,
according to  some, all those in the life of man,
which are multiples of the number 7, Septen'ni-
ada.  Others  have applied the term to years,  re-
sulting from  the multiplication of 7 by an odd
number.   Some have admitted only three cli-
macterics ; others, again, have extended them to
multiples  of 9.  Most, however, have considered
the  63d year as  the Grand  Climacteric; — 63
being the product of the  multiplication of 7  by
9, and all have thought that the period of three,
seven, or  nine, which they respectively  adopted,
was necessary to the entire renewal of the body;
so that there was, at these times, in the economy,
none of the parts of which it had previously con-
sisted.   The  climacteric  years have  also been
culled, (Anni) hebdomad'ici, acala'rea, graddril,
scan'ailes, genethliaci, natalit" ii, fata'les, erilici,
decreto'rii, hero'ici, Ac.  All the notions on the
subject are essentially allied  to the doctrine of
numbers of Pythagoras.
   CLIMATE, Clima, Inclindtio  cceli,  (F.) Cli-
mat,  Gr.  kXi/io,  'a region.'  In geography, the
word climate is  applied to a space on the terres-
trial globe, comprised between two circles paral-
lel to the  equator,  and arbitrarily measured  ac-
cording to the length of the days.  In a hygienic
point of view, we understand by  climate,  since
Hippocrates, a  country or  region, which may
differ from another in respect to season,  qualities
of the soil, heat of atmosphere, Ac.  Climate,  in-
deed,  embraces, in a  general manner, all the
physical circumstances belonging to each region,
—circumstances which exert considerable influ-
ence on  living  beings.  The  dark complexion
of the inhabitants of the torrid zone  is easily
distinguishable from  the  paleness of  those  of
the  frigid, — so  are the diseases.   They are  all
modified,  more or less, by  climate or  locality.
Hot climates predispose to abdominal complica-
tions in febrile  affections; cold climates to tho-
racic,  Ac.
   One of the most important considerations with
regard to  climates is their comparative fitness for
the residence of invalids, and especially of those 
CLIMATE
212
CLIMATE
who are liable to, or suffering under catarrhal or
consumptive  affections.   The great  object,  in
such cases, is  to  select a climate which will ad-
mit of regular and daily exercise in the open air,
so that the invalid may derive every advantage
which this form of revulsion is capable of effect-
ing.   To an inhabitant of the northern and  mid-
dle portions of the United  States—and the same
applies to Great Britain, France, and the  north-
ern parts of the old world—a more southern cli-
mate alone affords these advantages in an  emi-
nent degree.   During the summer months, there
are few, if any, diseases, which require a milder
climate than that of the United States, or of the
milder districts of  Europe.  The temperature  of
the winter months is, consequently, the most im-
portant  object of  attention.  Equability of  tem-
perature  is  essential, inasmuch  as all  sudden
changes interfere with  the  great desideratum —
exercise in the open air. In the whole continent
of North America the  changes are very sudden
and extensive. It is not uncommon for the range
to be 40°, between two  successive days.   So far,
therefore, as this  applies, the American  climate
is not well adapted  to the  invalid.   In the
southern portions, however, of the  Union, this
objection  is counterbalanced  by many advan-
tages.
  The following tables exhibit the mean tempe-
rature of the year, and of the different seasons—
with the mean temperature of the wannest and
coldest months at different  places in America,
Europe, Africa, Ac, as deduced from  the excel-
lent paper of Von Humboldt on Isothermal Lines,
the Meteorological Registers kept by the surgeons
of the United States army, the work of Sir James
Clark on Climate, Ac.
  Certain of the tables show the mean monthly
temperature, maximum, minimum and range, as
well as the greatest daily, and  mean daily range
during the corresponding months — but of diffe-
rent years—at some of the prominent retreats for
the valetudinarian in Great Britain, on the con-
tinent of Europe, and in the African islands.  It
is proper, however, to remark, that in no situa-
tions,  except in those to which  an  asterisk is
affixed, was the register thermometer  used.  In
the others, the observations were  made during
the day only,  and  consequently  the numbers
given  are far  below the  real range throughout
the twenty four hours.  The places  are ranged in
the order of their mean temperature.
Table of		Maximuj		, Minimum, and Range					of Temperature.						
Places.	December.			January.			February.			March.			April.		
	Max.	Min.	Range	Max.	Min.	Range	Max.	Min.	Range	Max.	Min.	Range	Max.	Min.	Range
	54 56 56 57 59 60 61 68	25 34 25 32 40 31 34 52	29 22 31 25 19 29 27 16	47 54 56 53 58 58 58 69	21 28 21 27 27 29 29 50	26 26 35 26 31 29 29 19	52 55 60 55 58 60 60 68	27 33 35 30 37 33 31 51	25 22 25 25 21 27 29 17	56 59 65 58 65 65 69 69	26 34 35 35 41 37 38 51	30 25 30 23 24 28 31 18	60 62 71 64 69 74 78 72	31 36 43 41 46 44 43 55	29 26 28 23 23 30 35 17
															
															
															
															
															
															
															
Table of Mean Temperature.
Places.	December.	January.	February.	March.	April.
	43 .00 46.50 41.53 46.00 48.60 49 .62 50.50 60 .50	36 .30 43 .00 38.89 42.00 45 .85 47.65 46.50 59 .50	42 .00 44.50 44.96 45 .00 49 .00 49 .45 48.50 58 .50	45 .00 46 .50 46 .80 47 .00 51 .45 52.05 52.00 61.06	51 .00 48 .50 55 .79 53 .00 57 .00 56 .40 57 .00 62 .50
					
					
					
					
					
					
					
Table of Daily Range of  Temperature.
December.     January.     February.
March.
April.
Sidmouth..
Penzance..
Pau.......
Montpellier
Nice......
Rome.....
Naples
Madeira*..
11
13

13

14
15
13
14
11
 9
11
13

16

16
16
14
17
10
11
12

16

18
18
19
13
14
 9
12
11
10
12

17

17
19
18
14
14
11
13
14
13

18

18
20
20
13 
CLIMATE
213
CLIMATE
1.  AMERICA, Ac.
Places.
Latitude.
Mean tem-
perature of
 several
  years.
Mean temperature of different seasons.      Mean temperature of
Winter.
Spring.
Summer.   Autumn.  , W.rme.t  Cotdest
Nuin..............
Port Brady, Mich...
Qin-bcc,  L. C.......
Eastport, Me.......
Fort Howard, Mich.
Fort Crawford, Miss.
Cambridge, Mass.. .  .
Council Bluffs, Miss.
Newport, R. I.......
Philadelphia.......
New York.........
Cincinnati.........
Monticello, Va......
Washington,  D. C...
Smithville, N. C____
Charleston, S. C.....
Natchez, Miss......
Pensacola, Flor.....
St. Augustine, do...
Tampa Bay,   do...
Vera Cruz.
Havana ..
Bahamas
Barbadoes
Cumana . .
57°.08'
46 .39
46. 47
44 .54
44 .40
43 .03
42 .21
41 .25
41 .30
39 .56
40 .40
39 .06
37 .58
38 .53
34 .00
32 .47
31 .34
30 .28
29 .48
27 .57

19 .11
23 .10
26 .40
  to
27 .5
13 .10
10 .27
26°.42'
41 .37
41 .74
42 .44
44 .50
45 .52
50 .36
50 .82
51 .02
53 .42
53 .78
53 .78
55 .40
55 .56*
58 .88
60 .18
64 .76
68 .77+
72 .23
72 .37

77 .72
78 .08

78 .3*

79 .3
81 .86
 0°.6O
14 .09
14 .18
23 .44
20 .82
23 .76
33 .98
27 .38
33 .82
32 .18
29 .84
32 .90
37 .67
36 .80
53 .44
51 .09
48 .56
55 .13
59 .29
61 .24

71 .96
71 .24

71.

76 .7
80 .24
23°.60
37 .89
38 .04
38 .58
41 .40
43 .09
47 .66
46 .38
46 .87
51 .44
51 .26
54 .14
54 .67
53 .83
64 .76
66 .73
65 .48
69 .67
71 .47
72 .93

77 .90
78 .98

77.

19.
83 .66
48°.38
61 .83
68 .00
60 .54
68 .70
69 .78
70 .70
72 .84
68 .70
73 .94
79 .16
72 .86
73 .33
75 .90
80 .46
80 .89
79 .16
82 .57
82 .73
80 .14

81 .50
83 .30

83.

81.
82 .04
33°.44
43 .94
46 .04
45 .43
45 .18
46 .74
49 .82
48 .60
53 .83
56 .48
54 .50
54 .86
56 .50
56 .59
68 .15
67 .55
66 .02
69 .05
75 .15
75 .28

78 .62
78 .98

80.
.24
51°.80
62 .87
73 .40
63 .52
73 .67
71 .34
72 .86
75 .92
71 .46
77 .00
80 .78
74 .30
75 .00
79 .13
82 .93
82 .81
79 .70
83 .55
83 .94
80 .72

81 .86
83 .84

90.
84 .38
11°.20
12 .65
13 .81
20 .91
17 .95
20 .14
29 .84
27 .19
32 .14
32 .72
25 .34
30 .20
36 .00
34 .66
50 .69
49 .43
46 .94
53 .80
56 .60
58 .70

71 .06
69 .98

64.
79 .16
St. Louis, Missouri, Lat. 38° 46'.  Mean temp. 55° .86.   New Harmony, Lat. 38° 11'.  Mean temp. 56° .74.
New Orleans, Lat. 30°.  Mean temp. 69° .01.  Baton Rouge, Lat. 30° .26'.  Mean temp. 68° .07.
Jamaica, coast, Mean temp. 80° .6.
2.  EUROPE, AFRICA, Ac.
Latitude.
Mean tern
perature o
 several
  years.
Mean temperature of different seasons.
Winter.
Spring.   Summe
Autumn.
Mean temperature of
Gosport..........
Newport, Isle of Wight
Sidmoutb.........
Penzance........
Undercliff.......
Hastings........
Bute............
Cove of Cork.....
Jersey...........
Paris............
Pau.............
Sienna..........
Nantes..........
Bordeaux........
Montpellier......
Avignon.........
Florence........
Nice............
.Marseilles.......
Toulon..........
Leghorn.........
Genoa...........
Pisa............
Rome.............
Naples............
St. Michaels, Azores.
Cadiz.............
Madeira. Funchal..
Algier.-
Canaries, Santa Cruz
Cairo..............
48°.12'
48 .1
50 .40

52 .11

50 .52
55 .42
51 .54
49 .13
48 .50
43 .7
43 .24
47 .13
44 .50
43 .36

43 .46
43 .42
43 .17
43 .07
43 .33
44 .25
43 .43
41 .53
40 .54
37 .47
36 .32
49°.28'
50 .24*
51 .00
52 .10
51 .80
51 .11
57 .00
48 .25
51 .58
53 .06
51 .08
54 .95
55 .60
55 .62+
56 .48
57 .60
58 .20
59 .00
59 .48
59 .501
59 .90
60 .00?
60 .37
60 .60
60 .40
61 .40
62 .40
62 .88
32 .37   64 .56
36 .48   69 .98
2S .28 j  70 .94
30 .02 '  72 .32
34°.70
40 .44
40 .31
40 .43
44 .03
42 .14
40 .11
39 .62
43 .90
43 .82
38 .66
41 .79
40 .50
42 .23
42 .08
44 .20
42 .60
44 .30
47 .82
45 .50
43 .30
46 .30
44 .57
46 .03
45 .86
48 .50
57 .83
52 *90

59 .50
61 .52
64 .65
58 .46
47°.66
47 .63
49 .00
50 .66
49 .63
29 .26
45 .77
46 .66
49 .43
50 .97
49 .28
54 .96
54 .10
53 .10
56 .46
53 .33
57 .13
56 .00
56 .23
57 .56
53 .70
57 .60
58 .60
57 .20
57 .74
58 .50
61 .17
59 .53

62 .20
65 .66
68 .87
73 .58
64°.94
62 .00
63 .09
63 .83
60 .70
60 .28
60 .45
58 .02
61 .26
62 .84
64 .58
67 .41
70 .80
70 .73
70 .88
71 .30
74 .66
74 .00
72 .26
72 .50
74 .30
74 .10
74 .03
75 .15
75 .20
70 .83
68 .33
70 .43

69 .33
80 .24
76 .68
85 .10
50°.00
50 .88
51 .63
53 .50
53 .36
52 .76
51 .00
48 .59
51 .73
54 .63
51 .44
55 .64
57 .10
56 .41
56 .30
61 .30
59 .00
60 .70
61 .63
60 .08
59 .00
62 .00
62 .94
62 .80
62 .78
64 .50
62 .33
65 .35

67 .23
72 .50
74 .17
71 .42
5°.56
65 .30
70 .52
73 .04
11 .00
82 .76

85 .82
34°.16
36 .14
39 .02
41 .00
42 .26
60 .08

56 .12
London, Lat 51° .30'.  Mean temp. 50° .36.
Perpiftnan. Mean temp. 5!'>°  .o4.
Nisines. Mean temp. lit)3 .-.'i'i.
Environs of London. Mean temp. 48° .81.
Lyons, Mean ternp. 55° .76. 
14                 CLONUS
                CLIMATERIC              2

  In the United States, the most favourable re-
gion for the phthisical invalid is that of Florida,
—especially of Pensacola.  St.  Augustine is fre-
quently chosen, but it  is  liable to north-east
storms, which interfere with the out-door move-
ments of the  valetudinarian, and are the source
of much discomfort.  Still, great benefit has often
been derived  from it as a winter retreat.   Of the
Atlantic Isles, Madeira appears to be best adapted
for  the  consumptive, and  those affected  with
chronic bronchitis.  In Italy, Rome, and Pisa,—
and  in England, Torquay and  Undercliff, are to
be preferred.   Chronic rheumatism and gout are
benefited by a warm climate, which, again, is un-
favourable  to those who are predisposed to cere-
bral diseases, especially to  such as are  charac-
terized by  debility  and mobility of the nervous
system—as paralysis, epilepsy, mania, Ac.  Hypo-
chondriasis and dyspepsia require rather change
of climate and travelling exercise than a sojourn
in any one.  (See the Author's Human  Health,
Philad. 1844.)
  For  the  mortality of  different countries and
cities, see Mortality.
  CLIMATERIC, Climacteric.
  CLIMATIC,   Climalicua.  Belonging to,  or
dependent  upon climate.
  Climatic Diseases, Morbi climatici, are  such
as are caused by climate.
  CLIMBER,  WOODY, Ampelopsis quinque-
folia.
  CLINE,  kXivv, 'abed.'  Hence:
  CLINIATER, Clinical physician.
  CLINIATRIA, Clinical medicine.
  CLINIATRUS, Clinical physician.
  CLINIC, see Clinique.
  CLINICA, Clinical medicine.
  CLIN'ICAL,  Clidicus,  (F.) Clinique, from
kXivv, 'a bed.'  Relating to a bed.
  Clinical Lecture, (F.) Lecon Clinique.  One
given at the  bed-side, or on a particular case or
cases.
  Clinical Med'icine, Cliniatri'a, Clidica,Clid-
ice, (F.) Midecine clinique.  That which  is occu-
pied with  the investigation of diseases  at the
bed-side, or individually.
  Clinical Physician,  Clinidter,  Clinia'trus.
One who teaches clinical medicine.
  CLINICE, Clinical  medicine.
  CLINICUM, Clinique.
  CLINIQ UE (F.), Clinical. Clinique, Clin'icum,
is also  used substantively, for Ecole  Clinique or
Clinical  School:  a  school in which medicine is
taught by  examining  diseases on  the patients
themselves. Thus, the French say,—La Clinique
de la Charite : " The Clinical School of the  Hos-
pital La Chariti."   The term has  been intro-
duced into  this country, and anglicised Clinic.
  CLINODES, Clinoid.
  CLINOID, Clindi'des, Olino'des,  Clindi'deus,
from kXivv, 'abed,' and ttSos,  'form.'  Resem-
bling a bed.
  Clinoid  Proc"esses, (F.)Apophysesclindides,
are four  processes at the upper surface of the
sphenoid bone, which have been compared to the
posts of a bed.  On  them the pituitary gland
rests.  They  are divided into anterior and poste-.
rior.  Each of the anterior  terminates in a point
Called  Transverse Spinous Process.
  CLINOIDEUS, Clinoid.
  CLINOPODIA, Thymus mastichina.
  CLINOPODIUM  ARVENSE,  C. vulgare —
c. Majus, C. vulgare.
  Clinopo'dium Vulga're, from kXivv, 'a bed,'
and  ttovs, 'foot,' so  called from the shape of its
flowers,  Clinopodium  arvedse seu majus, Oc"y-
mum sylvestre,  Thymus sylvalicus, Wild Basil,
(F.) Grand Basilic  sauvage.  A European plant.
which was formerly considered to be an antidote
to the  bites of venomous animals, to facilitate
labour, relieve strangury, stop diarrhoea, Ac.
  CLIQUETIS, Crepitation.
  CLISEOM'ETER,  Clisiom'eter,  from  kXhtis,
' inclination,' and  ptrpov,  ' a measure.'  An in-
strument, intended to measure the degree of in-
clination of the pelvis and to determine the rela-
tion  between the axis of  the  pelvis and that of
the body.—Osiander, Stein.
  CLITBUR, Arctium lappa.
  CLITORICARCINO'MA, from kXutoPis, ' cli-
toris,' and  KapKivu>i»a, ' cancer.'   Cancer of the
clitoris.
  CLITORIDES  INFERIORES   LATI  ET
PLANI  MUSCULI, Constrictores cunni.
  CLIT'ORIS, from KXvrwp, 'a servant who in-
vites guests.' (?)  Dulce'do Amor'is, Venus, Myr-
ton, Murton, Murtum,  OSstrum, Penis mulie'bris
seu fcemineua,  Med tula  mulie'bris,  Jlembrum
mulie'bre, Superla'bia, Cerco'sis,  Hypotler'mis,
Nympha, Nymphe, Epidcr'rhis, Libi'dinis  Sedes,
Tunic'ula,  Crista.  A small,  round organ, situate
at the upper part of the vulva, and separated by
a small space  from the anterior  commissure  of
the labia. Its base is surrounded by a slight fold,
similar to the  prepuce; and it is, internally,  of
the same structure as the corpora cavernosa penis.
The  artery of  the clitoris, (F.) A. Clitorienne, is
a branch of the internal pudic.   The vein com-
municates with the internal  pudic, and the nerve
with the pudic.
  CLIT'ORISM,  Clitoris'mus.  A word, invented
to express the abuse made of the clitoris.  Also,
an unusually large clitoris, Cerco'sis extern'a seu
Clitor'idis, Cauda'tio.
  CLITORI'TIS, Clitoriti'tis,  from KXttropts,
' clitoris,' and itis, ' denoting inflammation.' In-
flammation of the clitoris.
  CLITORITITIS, Clitoritis.
  CLITORIUM, Vulva.
  CLOA'CA, (F.) Cloaqnc, from kXv&, 'Iwash.'
The pouch  at the extremity  of the intestinal ca-
nal, in  which the  solid and  liquid excretions are
commingled in birds, fish and reptiles.   In the
male, it gives exit to the excrements, sperm and
urine:  in the female, to the  eggs, faecal  matters,
and urine.
  CLOANX, Orpiment.
  CLOAQUE,  Cloaca.
  CL 0 CHE,  (F.)   A popular expression  in
France for  a blister or other  vesicle.
  CL OLSON, Septum — c. des Fosses naaalea,
Septum  narium — c.  Tranaparente,  Septum lu-
cidum.
  CLONIC, Clon'icua, from kXovos, 'agitation,'
'motion.' (F.)  Clonique.  Irregular convulsive
motions.  Convulsion with alternate relaxation;
in contradistinction to tonic, which signifies a
constant rigidity;—Clonus,  Clodicipartidlea.
  Clonic Spasm, see Spasm.
  CLONICI UNIVERSALES, Synclonus.
  CLONIQUE, Clonic.
  CLONIS, Sacrum.
  CLONISM, CIonia'mua ; same etymon.  Clonic
spasm.—Baumes.
  CLONO'DES,  from kXovos, 'agitation,' and
ttSos, 'resemblance.'  Convulsive.  Galen applies
this  term to the pulse, when convulsive, as  it
were, and unequal.   He compares the sensation
it communicates  to the finger to that produced
by a bundle of sticks or rods in vibration.
  CLONOS EPILEPSIA, Epilepsy—c Hydro-
phobia, Hydrophobia.
  CLONUS, Synclonus — c. Nictitatio, Nictation
—c Palpitatio, Palpitation—c Pandiculatio, Pan-
diculation—c. Pandiculatio maxillarum, Yawning 
CLOPEMANIA
215
COALITION
 ^-c. Singultus, Singultus—c. Sternutatio, Sneez-
 ing— c. Subsultus, Subsultus tendinum.
   CLOPEMANIA, Kleptomania.
   CLOROUTES ORDINAIRES, Onisci aselli.
   CLOSE-STOOL, Lasanum.
   ('LOT, Coagulum — c. of Blood, see Blood.
   CLOTPUR, Xanthium.
   CLOTHING, Vestitus.
   CLOTTY", Grumo'sus,  (F.) Grumeleux.  Com-
 posed of clots.
   CLOU,  Clavus, Furunculus—c. Ilystirique,
 Clavus hystericus — c. de ICSil, Clavus oculi.
   CLOUDBERRIES, Rubus charmemorus.
   CLOUDBERRY TREE,  Rubus  chama:mo-
 rus.
   CLOVE,  see Eugenia caryophyllata—c. Bark,
 seo  Myrtus  caryophyllata — c.  Pink, Dianthus
 caryophyllus — c July flower,  Dianthus caryo-
 phyllus.
   CLUP.FEET, Kyllosis.
   CLUBMOSS, Lycopodium — o. Common,  Ly-
 copodium  complanatum — c.  Fir,  Lycopodium
 selago — c.  Upright, Lycopodium selago.
   CHINES, Nates.
   CLUNE'SIA, from Chines, 'the nates.'  Proc-
 tal'qia, Proctitis.  An inflammation of  the but-
 tocks.— Vogel.
   CLUNIS, Sacrum.
   CLUPEA THRYSSA.  The Yellow-billed
 Sprttt; a very poisonous fish of the West Indies.
   CLUTIA ELUTERIA, Croton coscarilla.
   CLYDON, Flatulence.
   CLYPEALIS (Cartilago.)  Thyroid cartilage.
   CLYSANTLIUM, Syringe, Clyster.
   CLYSIS,  Clysmus.   Same etymon as  clyster.
 The application of a  clyster.   Washing out by
 means of a clyster.
   CLYSMA, Clysis, Clyster,  Enema — c. Toni-
 cum, Enema fcetidum.
   CLYSMA'TION, same etymon as clyster.  A
 diminutive of clysma.   A small  clyster.
   CLYSMUS, Clysis,  Enema.
   CL YSO IRE, (F.)  An apparatus for adminis-
 tering enemata, consisting of along funnel-shaped
 tube of elastic gum, furnished with a pipe at the
 apex.
   CLYSOPOMPE, Syringe, Clyster.
   CLYSTER, Clyste'rium,  Clysma,  Enclys'ma,
 Clysmus, Edema, Lavamen'tum, from kXv^civ, 'to
 wash.'  (F.) Ctystere,  Lavement, Remade.  A li-
 quid, thrown into the large  intestines by means
 of a syringe, or bladder and pipe properly pre-
 pared, Ac.; the nozzle of the  syringe  or pipe
 being introduced into the anus.   See Enema.
   Clyster,  Anodyne, Enema  anodynum — c.
 Common, Enema commune—c. Domestic, Enema
 commune — c. Fetid, Enema fcetidum — c. Pipe,
 Elasma — c. Purging,  Enema catharticum — c.
 Starch and opium, Enema anodynum—c. Tobac-
 co, Enema tabaci — c. Turpentine,  Enema tere-
 binthinae—vc.  Uterinus, Sparallium.
   CL YSTERE, Enema.
   CNEME,  Leg, Tibia.
   CNEMODACTYLiEUS, Extensor communis
 digitorum pedis.
   CNEMOLORDO'SIS, from  kvvuv, 'the leg,'
 and  XopSuots, ' the state of being bent forward.'
 Bending of the leg forward.
   GNEMOSCOLIO'SIS, from kvvuv, 'leg/ and
 aKoXtutris, ' bending,' especially sideways.  Bend-
ing of the leg sideways. The state of being bow-
legged, or bandy-legged.
  CNEORON. Daphne gnidium.
   CXCORUM TRICOC'CUM, Almere'rion, Ac-
nes'tos,  Chamale'a, Widow-wail, Spurge-Olive,
(F.)  CamelSe.  This plant, a native of Southern
Europe, contains  a very irritating,  acrid prin-
ciple.  The  ancients employed its leaves as a
 powerful purgative.  It  is now sometimes used
 for deterging ulcers.
   CNESIS, Cnesmos, Cniamoa. A painful itching.
 — Galen.
   CNESMA, Itching.
   CNESMOS, Cnesis, Itching, Prurigo.
   CNICELjETM, from  kmkos, 'carthamus,' and
 tXaiov, 'oil.'  Oil of carthamus.—Dioscorides.
   CNICUS,  Carthamus tinctorius—c. Sylvestris,
 Centaurea benedicta.
   CNIDEL^'ON, Cnidela'um, from  KvtStts,
 'cnidia,'  and tXaiov,  'oil.'  Oil  made from the
 grana cnidia or mezereon berries.—Dioscorides.
   CNID'IA  GRANA, Cnidii Cocci, Coccognid'ia,
 JEto'lion,  Coccum. The berries of the  Daphne
 gnidium.—Foesius.
   CNIDIUM SILAUS, Peucedanum silaus —c.
 Tenuifolium, Sison ammi.
   CNIDO'SIS.   A pungent itching, compared to
 that  produced by .the  Urtica urens or  Nettle,
 (kviSv.)—Hippoc.  Urticaria;  urticatio.
   CNIP'OTES,   Pruritus.   Itching. The dry
 ophthalmia, Xerophthalmia.
   CNISMOREGMIA, Pyrosis.
.   CNISMOS, Cnesmos.
   CNISSA, see Nidorous.
   CNISSOREG'MIA, from  Kvartra, 'the smell of
 burnt fat,' and optyta, 'I put forth;' Ructus nido-
 ro'aue.   A nidorous  eructation, as  of  rotten
 eggs.
   CNYMA, Kwp.a. A slight itching.  Also, a
 puncture or vellication.-—Galen.
   COACUM, Phytolacca decandra.
   COAGMENTATIO, Gomphosis.
   COAGULABLE LYMPH, Fibrin, Liquor san-
 guinis.
   COAG'ULANTS,  Coagulan'tia,  from  coagu-
 lare,—itself from co and  agere, 'to act together.'
 Remedies, or poisons, supposed to possess the
 power of coagulating the Mood, or to give con-
 sistency  to animal fluids.   The word and the ab-
 surd notions  connected with it are equally aban-
 doned.
   COAGULA'TION,  Coagula'tio,  Thrombo'aia.
 The conversion  of a liquid into a more  or less
 soft and tremulous mass.   Many  animal and
 vegetable fluids are capable of coagulation.
   COAG'ULUM, Grumua, (F.) Caillot, Grumeau,
 ('a small clot.')   A soft mass formed  in a coagu-
 lable  liquid.   The Clot of the Blood is particu-
 larly  so  called — the Cruor, Inaula, Placen'ta,
 Hcpar San'guinia, Crassamen'tum, Sanguis con-
 cre'tus ;—the red mass, composed of fibrin,  serum,
 and colouring matter, which separates when the
 blood is  left to itself.   See Blood.  The word is
 also applied, in pathology,  to the sanguineous
 concretions, which form in different natural and
 accidental  cavities; and which, when they occur
 at the mouth of a divided artery, sometimes sus-
 pend the flow of blood.   This is, indeed, one of
 the means  by which hemorrhage is arrested.
   Coag'ulum Alu'minis, Coag'ulum Alumino'-
aum, Cataplas'ma alu'minis, Alum curd or cata-
plasm.   This is  made by beating the white of
egg with a little alum, until a coagulum is formed.
It is applied in cases of ophthalmia, where an
astringent is necessary.
  COALES'CENCE,  Coalescedtia, Coalit'io
par'tium, from coalescere,  ' to run together,' (from
cum, 'with,' and  alere, 'to nourish,) Sym'physis,
Proa'phyaie.  The adhesion or union of  parts
previously separated, as in case of wounds and
preternatural adhesions or malformations.  See
Monster.
  COALITIO PARTIUM, Coalescence.
  COALIT"ION,  Coalit'io.   The same etymon
as coalescence.   It has been used  in the  same
cases; as weU as to express the action of several 
COALITUS
216
COCHLEARIA
parts  of the  frame, which have the same  nu-
trition.
  COALITUS, Symphysis.
  COALTER'NiE  FEBRES.   A name given to
two intermittents, which attack a person at the
same time, but whose paroxysms are distinct: so
that the attack of one supervenes when the other
has ceased.   The term Double  Intermittent ex-
presses the same meaning.
  COAPTA'TION, Coapta'tio, from cum, 'with,'
and aptare, • to adjust,' ' adapt;' Parago'ge.  The
act of adapting the two extremities of a fractured
bone  to  each other; or of restoring a luxated
bone  to its place.  Coaptation must be effected
gently.   Usually, extension and counter-exten-
sion are, in the first place, necessary.
  COARTICULATIO, Diarthrosis, Synarthrosis.
  COARCTATIO,  Arctatio,  Coarctation,  Stric-
ture — c. Ventriculi, Stricture of the Stomach.
  COARCTA'TION, Coarcta'tio, from coarctare,
'to straiten.'  Stricture.   Avicenna  speaks of
Coarctation of the Pulse.
  COAT, BUFFY, Corium phlogisticum.
  COBALT,  PROTOXIDE  OF, Smalt.
  COBIIAM, MINERAL  WATERS  OF.  Cob-
ham  is  seven miles  from Kingston, in Surrey,
England. The waters are weak saline purgatives.
  COBRA DI CAPELLO, Crotalus horridus.
  COBWEB, Araneae tela.
  COCASH,  Erigeron Philadelphicum.
  COCCA'RIUM.  A very small pill.
  COCCHIA, Cochia.
  COCCI GRANUM,' Kermes—c. Orientales, see
Menispermum cocculus. ^
  CO CCIGIO- CUT ANE SPHINCTER, Sphinc-
ter ani externus.
  COCCINELLA,  Coccus cacti.
  Coccinel'la  Septempuncta'ta,  Lady-bird,
Lady-cow, Lady-bug.  This insect, bruised upon
an aching tooth, has long been regarded as anti-
odontalgic
  COC'CION, kokkiov.  A weight, mentioned by
Myrepsus; the same as the siliqua.
  COCCIONELLA, CoCcus cacti.
  COCCOBALSAMUM,  see  Amyris  opobalsa-
mum.
  COCCOGNIDIA, Cnidia grana.
   COCCOLOBA UVIFERA, see Kino.
  COCCONES, see Punica granatum.
  COCCUL.E OFFICINARUM, see  Menisper-
mum cocculus.
  COCCULUS CRISPUS, Menispermum tuber-
culatum—c. Indi aromatica, see Myrtus pimenta
—c. Indicus, see Menispermum cocculus—c. Pal-
matus,  Columba—c Suberosus, Menispermum
cocculus.
   COCCUM, Cnidia grana, Kermes — c. Baphi-
cum, Kermes—c. Infectorium, Kermes—c Scar-
latinum, Kermes'—c Tinctorum, Kermes.
   COCCUS, Coccus cacti—c Americanus, Coccus
cacti.
   Coccus Cacti.  The  systematic name of the
 Coch'ineal Inaect, Coccinel'la,  Cochinilla, Coecio-
nella,  Coccinilla, Ficua  In'dia  grana,  Coceua
 Polon'icua,  Scaraba'olua hemispha'ricus, Cochi-
 nelif'era cochinilla, Coccus Amcrica'nus, Coccus
 In'dicus Tincto'rius, Cochinelle, Coccus; the Coch'-
 ineal Animal, (F.) Cochenille, Graine d'Ecarlate.
 The cochineal insects have a faint, heavy odour;
 their taste is acrid, bitterish, and astringent: co-
. lour blackish-red externally,—purple-red within.
 They are used chiefly for giving a  red colour to
 tinctures, Ac They were, at one time, esteemed
 astringent, stimulant, diuretic,  and anodyne.
   Coccus Ilicis,  Kermes—c. Indicus tinctorius,
 Coccus cacti—c Indicus, see Menispermum coc-
 culus—c. Polonicus, Coccus cacti.
   COCCYCEPH'ALUS, Ooccy'go-ceph'alus, from
coccyx and KttpaXv, 'the head.'  A monster whose
head has the shape of the os coccvgis.
  COCCYGEAL, Coccygeus — c." Nerve, see Sa-
cral Nerves.
  COCCYGE'US, Coccyge'ul, from kokkvI;, because
it is inserted into the coccyx; Ischio-Coccygeua,
(F.) Isehio-coccygien.   Belonging  both to the
ischium and coccyx.  The muscle Ischio-coccy-
geus, Leva'tor Coccy'gis, Triangula'ris Coccy'gis.
It arises from the spinous process of the ischium,
and is inserted into the extremity of the sacrum;
and into nearly the whole length of the os coc-
cygis laterally.  It  retains the coccyx in place,
and  prevents  it from  being  forced  backwards
during the evacuation of the faeces.
  COCCYGIO-ANAL, Sphincter ani externus.
  CO CC YGIO-CUTANE SPHINCTER,
Sphincter ani externus.
  COCCYGOCEPHALUS, Coccycephalus.
  COCCYMELEA, Prunus domestica.
  COCCYX, ' a cuckoo,' whose bill it  is said  to
resemble; Os Coccy'gis, Cauda, Ossis sacri ac.d-
men, Os Alagas, Rump Bone, Crupper Bone, Cd-
culus, Uropyg'ion, Spon'dylis, Spondylium.  An
assemblage of small bones, attached to the lower
part of the  sacrum; the curvature  of which  it
prolongs, and of which it seems to be an append-
age.  Generally, it consists of four bones.  Be-
hind the base of the coccyx are two small tuber-
cular eminences. These are called Cornua of the
Coccyx.
  COCHEMAR, Incubus.
  COCHENILLE, Coctus cacti.
  COCHERIA, Cochia.
  COCHIA,  Cocchia, Coche'ria, from kokkos,
'berry,' 'seed,' or from koxvoi,  'to flow profusely.'
An ancient name for several officinal purgative
pills; thus called, either because they produced
copious evacuations, or were shaped like a seed.
  COCHIN  LEG, see Elephantiasis.
  COCHINEAL, Coccus cacti.
  COCHINELIFERA   COCHINILLA, Coccus
cacti.
  COCHINILLA, Coccus cacti.
  COCH'LEA.  A  Snail's shell, (F.)  Limacon,
 Coquille.  Anatomists have given this name  to
the most anterior of the three cavities, which
constitute the  labyrinth of  the ear,  the Pelvis
Ad rium, Concha auris inter'na, Cav'itas cochlea'-
ta,  C. buceina'ta, Antrum buccino'sum, Concha La-
byrin'thi, Troch'lea labyrinth'!: — and that  of
Scala of the Cochlea, (F.) Rampes du limacon,  to
two spiral cavities in the interior of the cochlea.
One of these scalae terminates at the Fenes'tra
rotun'da,  and is called Scala tympani:  the other
opens at the anterior and inferior part of the ves-
tibule : it is called Scala vestib'uli.
   Cochlea, Scal.e of the, see Cochlea.
   COCHLEAR, Cochleare — c. Auriculare, Ear-
pick—c. Nerve, see Auditory Nerve.
   COCHLEA'RE, Ooch'lear,  Cochlea'rium, from
 cochlea; its bowl resembling a shell.  A spoonful,
 (F.) Cuillerie; abbreviated in prescriptions usu-
 ally to  coch.   See Abbreviation.  Also, a scoop.
   Cocklea're Magnum, a tablespoonful; C. Me'-
 dium, a dessert or pap-spoonful; and C. Midi-
 mum, a teaspoonful.
   COCHLEA'RIA, from cochleare, 'a spoon,' so
 called from its resemblance.   C. officinalis.
   Cochlea'ria Armora'cia, Raph'anus  rusti-
 ca'nua, Armora'cia, A. sativa,  A.  rusticdna,
 Rapth'anua   mari'nua, Raph'anua   sylves'tris,
 Raph'anus magna, Horseradish. Family, Cruci-
 ferae.   Sex. Syst. Tetradynamia Siliculosa.  (F.)
 Raifort sauvage, Cran, Cran de Bretagne.  The
 root  of horseradish is frequently used at table;
 and has long been in the Materia Medica.  It is 
COCHLEARIFORMIS           217
CCELIAC
stimulant and  diuretic.  ExternaUy it  is rube-
facient.
  Cochlea'ria Coron'opus, Coron'opus, Corod-
opua  Ruel'lii  seu deprea'axis seu vulga'ris,  Le-
pid'ium squnma'tum, Senebie'ra coron'opus, Wild
Scurvy Grass,  Swine's Creaa, (F.) Come de Cerf.
This European plant is considered to be diuretic
and antiscorbutic.   The  term  Coron'opua  was
given, by the ancients, to various plants.
  Cochlea'ria Hortensis, Cochlearia officinalis.
  Cochlea'ria Officina'lis, Cochlearia,  C.  hor-
ten'ais seu pyrendten seu vulga'ris, Lemon Scurvy
Grass, Common Scurvy Grass, (F.) Cranson, Herbe
aux cuillera.   It  has been considered a powerful
antiscorbutic.   It is sometimes eaten in salad.
  Cochlea'ria  Pyrena'ica,  C. officinalis — c
Vulgaris, C. officinalis.
  COCHLEARIFOR'MIS,  from  cochleare,
'a spoon,' and forma, 'shape ;' (F.) Bee de Cuiller.
  Cochleariformis Proces'sus, Cochlear'iform
proceaa.   A small,  very thin plate, which sepa-
rates  the bony portion of the Eustachian  tube
from the canal for the passage of the tensor tym-
pani.
  COCHLEA'RIS.  A gelatinous looking tissue,
seen on opening the cochlea, by which  the mem-
branous zone is connected, at its outer or convex
margin, with the outer wall.  It is supposed by
Todd and Bowman to be muscular;  and to have
a preservative office, being placed to defend the
cochlear nerves from undue vibrations  of sound,
in a way analogous to that in which the iris  pro-
tects the retina from excessive light.
  COCHLEARIUM, Cochleare.
  COCHO'NE, koxuvv-   The  junction  of the
ischium, near the seat or breech.—Foesius.  The
breech proper, from the hip-bones to  the anus.
The perinaeum.   The coccyx.
  COCIL'IO.   A weight of eleven ounces.
  COCKLE-BUR, Agrimony.
  COCKLES, INDIAN, see Menispermum coc-
culus.
  COCKMINT, Tanacetum balsamita.
  COCKUP HAT, Stillingia.
  COCLES, Borgne.
  COCO, Cocos nucifera.
  Coco  of  the  Maldives,  Cocos  de  Maldlvd.
The fruit of a  palm,  called Lodo'ice'a by Com-
merson.   It was formerly termed, in the shops,
Nux Med'ica, and enjoyed great reputation.
  COCOA, Cacao.
  COCOA CACAVIFERA, Cacao.
  COCOBAY, Mai de San Lazaro.
  COCOS  BUTYRA'CEA.  The name  of the
plant which affords the palm oil, O'leum palma,
obtained  chiefly from the fruit, by bruising  and
mixing the kernels with water, without the aid
of heat,  by which the  oil is  separated  and  rises
to  the  surface.   It  is of the consistence of an
ointment, with little taste, and  a strong, though
not disagreeable, smell.  It is applied to sprains,
Ac.;  but has  no advantages over other oils.  It
has been called, also, O'leum Palma sebdeeum,
 0.  fix'nm nucum cocos  butyra'cea  and Mackaw
fat.   It is procured  likewise  from the Ela'is
Guincen'sis,  and Ela'is Occidenta'lis,   two  spe-
cies of palms.
  Cocos  Nucif'era, Palma cocos, (F.) Oocotier.
Order, Palma3.  The systematic name  of the
plant whose fruit is the  cocoa nut.   (F.) Coco.
It is an agreeable kernel,  but  not easy of diges-
tion.   Emulsions, orgeat, Ac, are made from .it.
The juice of the cocoa, when fermented, forms
wine, and arrack is distilled from it.
  COCOTE, Influenza.
  COCOTIER, Cocos nucifera.
  COCTIO, Coction, Digestion—c. Ciborum, Di-
gestion—c Morbi, Coction.
  COCTION, Coc'tio, Pepsis, Pepan'sis, Pepas'-
mos, Sympep'sis, Concoc'tion, from coquere,  'to
boil.'   This word has been employed in various
senses.  1. With the ancients, coction meant the
particular kind of  alteration which  the food ex-
periences in the digestive organs, particularly in
the stomach.  It meant  a preparation from its
crude state.  2.  It expressed the maturation or
change, which the  humeral pathologists believed
morbific matter  experiences before  elimination.
It was  considered, that  coction, Coc'tio morbi,
was produced during the  violence of the  disease;
and hence this was called the Period of Coction.
See Humorism.
  COD, or CODS,  Scrotum.
  COD-OIL,  Oleum jecoris aselli.
  COD-LIVER  OIL, Oleum  jecoris  aselli.
  CODAGAPALA BARK, Nerium  antidysente-
ricum.
  CODE, Codex.
  CODEIA, Codeine.
  COD'EINE, Code'i'a, Codei'num, Papaveri'num,
from KbiSia, ' a poppy head.'  An alkaloid, disco-
vered, by Robiquet,  in  opium, in  1832.  It is
soluble in water, alcohol and ether, and unites
readily with acids.  As  a hypnotic, Magendie
thinks one grain of codeia equal to  half a grain
of morphia.  The  muriate of codeia appears to
be stronger than the pure codeia.
  CODESELLA, Anthrax.
  CODEX.   A  collection  of laws.   (F.) Code.
By extension, a collection of approved  medical
formulae, with the processes  necessary for form-
ing the compounds referred to in it.  The Pari-
sian Pharmacopoeia is styled Codex  medicamen-
ta'rius.
  Codex  Medicamentarius,  Formulary,  see
Codex.
  CODIA, Papaver (capsule.)
  CODOCELE, Bubo.
  CODOSCELLA, Bubo.
  CCECAL, Cajcal.
  CtECITAS, Cascitas.
  CCECUM,  Caecum.
   COEFFE, Caul.
  CCE'LIA, KotXia, koiXv, 'a hollow place.'  This
word generally meant a cavity in the body:—the
abdomen, in particular.   It has also been used
for the alimentary canal, Ac: — avto KoiXta, 'the
stomach,' koto) KotXia,  'the abdomen.'  Also, an
alvine evacuation; excrement.
  CCE'LIAC, Cceliacus,  Gastrocce'liacus, Gastro-
cce'licus, (F.) Cceliaque ou Ciliaque,  from KoiXta,
' the  cavity  of the abdomen.'  Relating to the
cavity of the abdomen.
  Coeliac Artery, A. Cce'liaca, Coeliac axis, A.
opistogastrique,  Ch., A.  Cceliaque,  Tronc cceli-
aque, Tripled de la cceliaque, is  situate above the
panercas, and behind the upper part of the sto-
mach.  It arises from the anterior  part of the
abdominal aorta,  where it passes  between the
pillars  of the diaphragm, and soon divides into
the coronaria ventriculi,  hepatic, and splenic ar-
teries.
  Cceliac Flux, Caliac Passion, Cceliaca chylo'-
sa,  Diarrhoe'a chylo'sa, D. chymo'sa,  Fluxus chy-
lo'sus seu cceliacus, Passio cceliaca,  P. Ventricu-
lo'sa,  Chymoche'zia, Fluor albus intestino'rum,
Chylorrhai'a, Chymorrhce'a, Cceliaca  lac'tea, Mor-
bus cceliacus, Chylodiarrhce'a, Galactodiarrha'a,
Sedes lactescedtes,  Gastrorrhce'a, (F.) Flux coeli-
aque.  A species of diarrhoea, in which  the food
is discharged by the bowels  in  an undigested
condition.  By some, defined to be  diarrhoea at-
tended with discharges of chyle or chyme. It is,
in general, symptomatic of tubercular disease of
the mesenteric glands.  See Lientery. 
CCELIACA                21
  Cceliac Passion, Coeliac flux.
  Ccsliac Plexus, Solar Plexus, Plexus mesen-
ter'ii pro'prius  et  max'imus,  P. ganglifor'mis
semiluna'ris,  (F.) Plexus  midian ou opistogas-
trique, (Ch.,) PI. Coeliac ou solaire, Ganglion de
Vieussens,  is formed of numerous nervous fila-
ments, which proceed from the semilunar ganglia
of the great sympathetic.  It is strengthened by
several branches of the right  and left pneumo-
gastric nerves; is  seated  around the trunk of
the coeliac artery,  behind  the stomach, and fur-
nishes the secondary plexuses — the diaphrag-
matic, coronary of the  stomach, splenic and he-
patic, which accompany the arteries of the same
name.
  CCELIACA, from KotXtaKos, 'cceliac'  Diseases
of the digestive  organs; the 1st class in Good's
Nosology. It comprises two orders, Enterica and
Splanchnica.  Also,  medicines that act on the
digestive organs.—Pereira.
  Cceliaca  Chylosa,  Cceliac  flux — c. Lactea,
Coeliac flux — c  Renalis, Chyluria — c. Urinalis,
Chyluria.
  CCELIjE'MIA, Hypera'mia  abdom'inis, Con-
ges'tio abdomindlis, from KoiXta,  'the abdomen/
and 'atua, ' blood.'   Hypersemia or congestion of
the blood-vessels of the abdomen.
  CCELIAGRA,  Gastritis seu Enteritis seu Col-
ica seu Diarrhce'a  arthrilica.  Gout of the ab-
domen.
  CCELIALGIA, Tormina.
  CCELIAQUE, TREPIED  DE  LA,  Coeliac
artery.
  CQ3LI0CELE, see Hernia, hypogastric.
  CCELIOCHYSIS, Ascites.
  CO3LI0CYESIS, Pregnancy, abdominal.
  CCELIODYNIA, Colic.
  CCELIOLYSIA,  Diarrhoea.
  CCELION'CUS, Cceliophy'ma, from KoiXta, 'the
abdomen/ and oyKos, 'a tumour.'  A tumour of
the abdomen.
  CCELIOPHYMA, Ccelioncus.
  C03LIOPHY'MATA, Tuber'cula peritona'i,
from  KoiXta, ' the  cavity of  the  abdomen/ and
$vpta, ' a hard tumour.'   Tubercles of the perito-
neum.
  CCELIOPSOPHIA, Borborygmus.
  CCELIOPYO'SIS,  from  koiXio, 'the abdomen/
and  iruoxrif,  'suppuration.'   Suppuration in the
abdomen or its parietes.
  CCELIORRHCEA,  Diarrhoea.
  C03LIORRHEU'MA, Rheumatis'mus abdom'-
inis, from KotXia, 'the abdomen/  and ptvua, 'de-
fluxion, rheumatism.'  Rheumatism  of the mus-
cles of the abdomen.
  CCELIOSPAS'MUS, from KoiXta, 'abdomen/
and  attaanos, 'spasm.'  Spasm  or cramp of the
abdomen.
  CGSLO'MA, from  koiXos, 'hollow.'  A  round
ulcer of the cornea, broader and deeper than that
described under the name  Bothrion.
  CCELON, Cavity,
  CCELOPHTHAL'MUS,  from koiXos, 'hollow/
and otpQaXjios, ' eye.'  One who  is hollow-eyed.
  CCELOSTOM'IA,  from  koiXos, 'hollow/ and
oTopa, ' mouth.'  A defect in  speaking, when the
voice seems as if it came from a cavern;—that is,
obscure, and as if at a distance.
  CffiLOS'TOMUS, same etymon.  One who has
a hollow voice.
  CfELOTES, Cavity.
  CCENjESTHE'SIS, from koivos, 'common/ and
aia$v<ris, ' feeling.'   Oonasthe'sis.  Common feel-
ing.   Some German writers mean, by this, a sixth
sense.  It is the feeling of self-existence or indi-
viduality, and is  manifested by the sense of buoy-
ancy or depression, which  we experience without
8             COlNCIDENTIA

any known cause; — by involuntary shuddering^
feeling of chill or glow, Ac.
  CCENOLOGIA, Consultation.
  C03'NOTES, koivotvs,  'commonness/ from
koivos, ' common.'  The physicians of the metho-
dic sect asserted that all diseases arise  from re-
laxation, stricture, or a mixture of both.  These
were  called Ccenotes:  or what diseases have in
common.
  COETUS, Coition.
  CCEUR,  Heart.
  COF'FEA ARAB'ICA, C. vulga'ris, Jas'minum
Arab'icum, (F.) Oafier, and Cafeyer. Family, Ru-
biaceae. Sex. Syst. Pentandria Monogynia.  The
plant which affords coffee, Choava, Bon, Buna,
(F.)  Cafe.  Originally from Yemen.
  The infusion  of  coffee  is  an agreeable  and
wholesome article of diet.  It is, to a certain ex-
tent, a tonic, and is employed as such in  conva-
lescence, especially from fevers, Ac.  In cases
of poisoning  by  opium, and  in  old asthmas, its
use has  been extolled.   For  this purpose the
Moka is the best. It ought to be newly torrefied,
but not too much burnt; should be strong, and
drunk soon after grinding.   Factitious  Coffeea
have been,  from  time to  time, recommended, but
they are  infinitely inferior to the genuine.  Va-
rious aubatitutes have been  proposed;  wheat,  bar-
ley, hollyberriea, acorns, sunjlower aeeda, beech-
maat, peaa,  beana, euceory-root, aeeda of gooaeber-
riea and'curranta left in making wine, and washed,
—sliced turnips, Ac.  These have been roasted,
with the addition of a little  butter or  oil:  but
they have not the aroma of coffee.  The best  sub-
stitute is said to be the seeds of the Yellow water
flag,  Gladiolus luteus or Iris pseudacorus.
  Hunts CEconomical  Breakfast  Powder  con-
sisted of rye, roasted with a little butter.
  COFFEE-TREE, Gymnocladus Canadensis.
  COFFEE, AVILD, Triosteum.
  COGNITIO PHYSIOLOGICA, Physiology.
  COHABITATIO, Coition.
  COHABITA'TION,  Cohabita'tio,  from  cum,
'with/  and habitare, 'to  dwell.'   The  act of
dwelling together.  In legal medicine,  it means
the consummation of marriage.—Copulation.
  COHE'SION,  Cohasio, from  cum, 'with/ and
harere, 'to stick.'  Vis cohasio'nis, Vis adha-
sio'nis, Vis attractio'nis, Force of cohe'sion, At-
traction of cohesion, A.  of aggregation,  is  that
force in the particles of matter, whereby they are
connected in such a way as to resist any attempt
towards their removal or separation.  This force
has to be attended to, in the management of dis-
ease.   Emollients, rubbed  into a  part,  act by
diminishing the cohesion.
  COHIBENS, Epischeticus.
  COHOBA'TION, Cohoba'tio,  Cohdbium,  Cd-
hob, Co'hoph.  Distillation of a liquid—already
distilled—on the same substances.  When this is
repeated three or four times, it is called Recoho-
ba'tion.
  COHOL.  Synonym of Alcohol.   Also, a dry
collyrium.—Ayicenna.
  COHOSH, Actaea racemosa, Caulophyllum tha-
lictroides— c. Black, Actasa racemosa—c. Blue-
berry, Caulophyllum thalictroides.
  COHUSH, Caulophyllum thalictroides.
   COIFFE, Caul.
   OOIGN, see Pyrus cydonia.
   COIGNASSIER, Pyrus cydonia.
  COINCIDEN'TIA.  Some authors have trans-
lated, by this  term, the  word parempto'sis,  used
by Galen to designate the occlusion of the fora-
men opticum by a humour, proceeding from the
base of the brain, and occasioning blindness.—
 Castelli. 
COINDICANT
219         COLICA ACCIDENTALIS
  COIN'DICANT,  Coin'dicana, from con,'with/
and indico, ' I indicate.'
  Coin'dicant  Signs are those which furnish the
same  indications; or which confirm the  indica-
tion afforded by another sign:—ovvtvcuKivutva.
  COIBA, Catechu.
  COIRAS, Scrofula.
  CO IT, Coition.
  COIT"ION,  Co'itus,  Cdetus,  from coeo, (con,
and  eo. ' to go,') ' to go  together.'   Oopula'tion,
Copula'tio, Cop'uln Carna'lia, Aphrodia'ia, Aphro-
disiaam'us, Epip'loce,  Accea'aua,  Baaia'tio, Am-
plexdtio, Am pi ex' us, Convcn'tua, Complex'io, Con-
ju'gium, Agglutiiuttio, Lagne'a, Lagneu'ma, Lag-
nci'a, Mixis, Permis'tio, Permix'tio, Syndyaa'mua,
Synu'aiu,  Concdbitus,  Gongres'aua,  Cohobita'tio,
Yenua, Ilea Vene'rea, Concu'bitua vene'reua, Pra'-
lium,  Duell'um vene'reum, Noetur'na bella, Con-
cilia eorpora'lia, Homil'iu, Vedery, Sexual in-
tercourae,  (F.)  Coit,  Approche,  Accouplement.
The carnal union of the sexes.
  COITUS, Coition—c Difficilis, Dyssynodus—c.
Sodomiticus, Buggery.             .
  COL, Collum—c. de la Matrice, Collum uteri—
c. Utirin, Collum uteri.
  COLA, Articulation.
  COLATIO, see Colatura.
  COLATO'RIUM, Hylister,  from colare, 'to
Btrain.'  A strainer of any kind.   (F.) Couloir.
A term by which the ancient physicians  described
every canal or conduit through which the excre-
mentitious humours of the body are evacuated.
Ulcers, fistulae, setons, caustics,  Ac, have been
called artificial or accidental Colatoria, because
they  were considered  to be passages by which
the animal economy is freed from some morbific
matter.
  COLATUM, see Colatura.
  COLATU'RA, from colare, 'to strain.'  Cold-
tum, (F.) Colature.  A filtered or strained liquor.
It likewise means straining a liquid, — Cola'tio,
Diy'lisis, Dii/lis'mus, Hy'lisis, Hylis'mus.
   COL'CHESTER, MINERAL  WATERS OF.
Aqua Colcestredsis.   The  waters  of Colchester
are of the bitter purging kind, similar to those
of Epsom.
  COLCHICIA, see Colchicum autumnale.
  COL'CHICUM AUTUMNA'LE, from the coun-
try Colchis.  Meadow Saffron, Colchicum, Ooum,
(F.) Colehique, Tue-chien, Mort  aux chiens, Sa-
fran des pris, Safran bdtard.   Family, Colchi-
caceiu.   Class, Hexandria.  Order, Monogynia.
The bulb or root (Bulbus vel Radix vel Cormus,)
and the seeds  are  the parts used in  medicine.
The taste is acrid, excoriating the mouth ; but the
acrimony is  lost by drying.   It is  narcotic, diu-
retic,  and  cathartic;  and has  been  given in
dropsy, gout, and rheumatism.  Dose, from gr. j
to vj  of the fresh bulb.  It is supposed to be the
active ingredient of the Eau midicinale d'Husson.
The  active principle is  called Colchic"ia.  The
Colchicum, in  an over-dose, is an acro-narcotic
poison.
   Dr. Wilson's Tincture for the Gout is  said to be
merely an infusion of Colchicum, or Col'chicin.
   Colchicum Zeylanicum, Kiompferia rotunda.
   COLCHIQUE, Colchicum autumnale.
   COL'COTHAR,  Colcothar Vitriol!,  Henri'cus
rubens, Chalci'tis, Brown red, Rouge, Crocus, Ox-
idant Ferri  rubrum, Tritox'yduni Ferri, Sulphas
Ferri calcina'tum,  Ferrum vitriola'tum  ustum,
 Terra vitrio/i dulcis,  Crocus martis  vitriolatus
seu adstrin'gcns, (F.) Rouge d'Angleterre, Safran
de Mars astringent.  The red oxide of iron, ob-
tained by calcining sulphate of iron to redness,
with or without the contact of air.  It possesses
the general properties of the preparations of iron,
and has been applied to stanch blood, Ac.
  COLD, Frigue, Psychos, (F.) Froid.  The sen-
sation produced by the abstraction of caloric from
our organs,—Cheima, Chimon.  See  Heat.
  Three  degrees of cold are generally distin-
guished in disease.  1. The simple feeling of cold
(Al.gor), 2. Chilliness (Horror), and 3. Shivering
(Rigor).   Cold is employed in medicine, chiefly,
as a refrigerant and sedative.
  Cold in the Eye,  Ophthalmia, catarrhal — c.
in the Head, Coryza.
  COLEITIS, Colposis.
  COLEOCELE, see Hernia.
  C0LE03DEMA, Elytrcedema.
  COLEOPTOSIS, Prolapsus vaginae.
  COLEORRHEX'IS, from x°^°s> 'a vagina or
sheath/ and pv^ts, 'rupture.'   Laceration or rup-
ture of the vagina.
  COLEOSITIS, Leucorrhcea.
  COLEOSTEGNO'SIS, Colpostegno'sis, Colpos-
tenochor'ia,  Colposynize'sis, from X'iXtos, 'a  va-
gina  or  sheath/ and  artyvuiais, ' constriction.'
Narrowness of the vagina, natural or acquired.
   COLERE, Rage.
   COLES, Penis.
   COLEUS, Vagina.
   00LIBERT,  Cagot.
  COLIC, Co'licus, from ku>Xov, ' the  colon.'  (F.)
Colique.   Relating to the colon.
  Colic  Arteries, Arte'ria colica, (F.) Arteres
Ooliques, are six in number, three of which, given
off by the auperior meaenteric, are called Colica
dextra ; and three, proceeding from the inferior
mesenteric,  Colica sinis'tra.  All proceed towards
the colon, passing between the two laminae  of the
peritoneum, which form the mesocolon,  where
they  ramify and  anastomose with  each   other.
The first, Colica dextra, Ramus colica dexter, is
called 0. dextra superior, (Jleso-colique,— Ch.)
The second, C. dextra media, Colica media, Ra-
mus colicua  mediua, Arteria media anaatomolica,
(C. droitc, Ch.,) and the third, C. dextra infe'rior
or  lleo-colica, (A. cacale, — Ch.)   Of the three
Colica ainiatra,  the first or auperior is called, by
Chaussier, Colica magna ainie'tra; the second or
media is not distinguished from the preceding, as
they often arise  from a common trunk ; and the
third is  called by Chaussier Colica parva  sinis'-
tra.  To these arteries as many veins correspond,
which open into the great and little  mesenteric.
   Colic Lobe of the Liver is the great lobe of
that organ.
   Colic, Co'lica Paaeio, Colica, Bellyache, CoV-
ice, Colicodydia, Cosliodyn'ia, Dolo'rea intestino'-
rum,  Dolor co'licus, Dysenteronerv'ia,  Anentero-
ner'via, Enteral gia, Gripes,  Mulligrubs.   In its
etymological acceptation, Colic signifies an affec-
tion or pain in the  colon.  But it is  employed in
a more extensive signification. It includes every
acute pain of the abdomen, aggravated at  inter-
vals.   The  word has  often, however, epithets
affixed to it, which render it more or less precise.
See Tormina.
   Colic, Crapulent, Colica crapulosa—c. Devon-
shire, Colic, metallic—c Horn,  Priapismus — c.
Lead, Colic, metallic — c. Madrid, Colica Madri-
densis — c.  Menstrual,  Colica menstrualis — c
Metallica, Colica metallica — c Painters',  Colic,
metallic — c. Plumbers',  Colic,  metallic — c of
Poitou, Colic, metallic — c of  Prostitutes,  Co-
lica scortorum — c. Saturnine, Colic, metallic —
c. of Surinam, Colic, metallic—c. Uterine,  Colica
uterina—c. Weed, Dicentra Canadensis—c. Worm,
Colica verminosa.
   COLICA  ACCIDENTALIS,  Colica crapulosa
—c. Acuta,  Enteritis—c. Arthritica,  Cceliagra.
  Co'lica Bilio'sa, Bilious Colic,  (F.) Colique
Bilieuse.  Colic,  occasioned by an accumulation
of bile in the intestines or in its own passages. 
COLICA
220
COLLARD
The treatment required resembles that proper for
the next variety.
  Colica Callo'sa.  Colic attended with sense
of stricture in some parts of the intestinal canal;
often  of flatulency and pain; the flatulency gra-
dually passing off by the  stricture;  the  bowels
tardy; and at  length  discharging small liquid
stools.
  Colica Convulsi'va, C. Spasmod'ica, C. pitui-
to'sa,  C. nervo'sa, C. idiopath'ica, Enterospasm'us.
Colic, not the symptom of any other affection.  It
is characterized by griping pain in the bowels,
chiefly about the navel, with vomiting  and cos-
tiveness,—the pain increasing at intervals.  The
indications are  to  clear the intestines, and allay
spasm.  Calomel and opium—castor oil and opium
—emollient and cathartic  enemata, with  fomen-
tations, wet or dry, to the abdomen, usually suc-
ceed.
  Colica Crapulo'sa, C. aecidenta'lis,  C. hel-
luo'num, Crap'ulent colic, Surfeit, Colic from over-
eating, (F.) Colique d'Indigestion.   A colic,  aris-
ing from eating indigestible aliments, or digestible
aliments in too great abundance.   The remedy is
obvious.
  Colica Damnoniorum,  Colic, metallic—c Fe-
bricosa, Colica inflammatoria—c. Figulorum, Co-
lica metallica.
  Colica Flatulen'ta, Infla'tio, Gastrodyn'ia
flatulen'ta, Phyaoapaa'mua,  Pneumato'sis  enter'-
ica, (F.) Colique flatulente, C. flatueuse,  C. ven-
teuse.   Colic, arising from an accumulation of air
in the intestines.  It is very common in infants,
and may be relieved by  aromatics, especially
when  combined with antacids — for example, oil
of aniseed with  magnesia.
  Colica Helluonum, Colica  crapulosa.
  Colica Hemorrhoida'lis, Hemorrhoid'at Co-
lic, (F.) Colique himorrho'idale.  A kind of colic,
supposed to precede hemorrhoids or to supervene
on their suppression.
  Colica Hepat'ica,  Hepatal'gia, Hepatalgia
Calculo'sa, Hepatic colic, (F.) Colique hipatique.
Pain in the region of the liver, chiefly about the
gall-bladder,  occasioned  by  the  passing  of  a
biliary calculus through the cystic  and choledoch
ducts.
  Colica Idiopathica, Colica  convulsiva — c
Ileus, Ileus.
  Colica Inflammato'ria,  C.  Phlogis'tica,  C.
plethor'ica,  C. febrieo'sa,  C. pulsatilis, Inflow! -
matory colic.  The same as enteritis.
  Colica Lapponica, see Seta equina—c  Lochi-
alis, Dyslochia—e.  Madridensis, Colic of Madrid
—c. Nervosa, Colica convulsiva, Colic, metallic—
c. Phlogistica, Colica inflammatoria.
  Colica Madriden'sis,  Colic of Madrid,  Ma-
drid Colic.  A  species of colic, endemic  in se-
veral  provinces  of Spain, whose  nature  is not
clear.   Its symptoms resemble those occasioned
by lead.
  Colica Menstrua'lis,  Men'strual Colic,  (F.)
Colique menstruelle.  Colic, which  precedes  or
accompanies  the menstrual evacuation,  or which
is owing to the suppression of that evacuation.
  Colica Metal'lica, Metallic Colic, Painters'
Colic, Colica Pic'tonum, Colic of Poitou, Colica
Saturnlna,  G.  Figulo'rum, Colic  of Surinam',
Bellon, Dev'onshire Colic, Dry Bellyache,  Satur-
nine Colic, Lead Colic, Plumbers' Colic, Rachial-
gia Pic'tonum, R. Pictavien'sium, Morbus Metal-
licus,  Colicople'gia, Colica Rachialgia, Rachial-
gia,  Colica Damnonidrum, G.  Plumbario'rum,
Paralysis rachialgia,  Colica nervo'sa,  Colica
Picto'rum, Palmus  Plumbdrius, (F.) Dysentero-
nervie Saturnine, Colique  de Poitou, Colique ve-
getate (?), Colique  des peintres, Colique de  plomb,
C. metallique, C. Saturnine,  C. des barbouilleurs.
Under this  bead is generally described the colic
produced by lead, as well as the other colics men-
tioned in the synonymy; and they certainly re-
semble each other greatly, although some of them
are more like bilious colic.   There is not much
to distinguish this variety of colic  from others.
The same violent pain about the navel is present,
with retraction of the abdomen towards the spine.
It is apt also to  occasion palsy.   The only differ-
ence of treatment is in the necessity for employ-
ing more opium along with the purgative.   The
paralytic sequelae must be  treated by change of
air, rubbing the spine, exercise, Ac.  Treating
the disease  upon general principles is infinitely
more philosophical, and more  successful than the
empirical management  at La  Ghariti, Paris,
which it is unnecessary to detail.
   Colica Nephret'ica,  Nephrelic Colic, (F.)
Colique Niphritique. Acute pains, which accom-
pany nephritis, and especially calculous nephritis,
or the passage of a calculus into the ureter.
   Colica Pictonum,- Colic, metallic — c. Picto-
rum, Colic, metallic—c. Pituitosa, Colica convul-
siva — c. Plethorica, Colica inflammatoria — c.
Plumbariorum,  Colic,  metallic — c Pulsatilis,
Colic, inflammatory — c. Rachialgia, Colic, me-
tallic—e. Saturnina, Colica metallica.
   Colica Scorto'rum,  Colic of Proa'titutea.  A
form of colic, said by Dr. Martin Hassing, of Co-
penhagen, to have  been frequently observed by
him amongst that unfortunate class of beings. It
may well be doubted whether any special affec-
tion of the kind  appertains to them.
   Colica Spasmodica, Colica convulsiva, Ileus.
   COLICA Sterco'rea, Colica Stipa'ta, Stercord- >
eeous Colic,  (F.) Colique  stercorale.  A species
of colic, ascribed to the retention of faecal mat-
ters  in  the  intestines.  The retention  is itself,
however, an effect,  that may be caused in the
same manner as  the colic pains themselves.
   Colica Stipata, Colica stercorea.
   Colica Uteri'na, Hys'tero-col'ica,   Uterine
Colic, (F.) Colique  utirine.   Pain seated in the
uterus, sometimes called Hysteralgia.
   Colica Ventriculi, Cardialgia.
   Colica Vermino'sa,  Helminthocol'ica, Worm
Colic, (F.) Colique vermineuse.  Abdominal pain,
occasioned by the presence  of worms in the in-
testines.
   COLICODYNIA, Colica.
   COLICOPLEGIA, Colic, metallic.
   COLIMAQON, Limax.
   COLIQ UE, Colic—c. des Barbouilleurs, Colica
metallica.—c. Hipatique, Colica hepatica—c. d'In-
digestion, Colica crapulosa—c. Mitallique, Colica
metallica —  c. de Miserere, Ileus — c. de Misiri-
corde, Ileus  — c. des Peintres, Colica metallica—
c. de Plomb,  Colica metallica—c. de Poitou, Colica
metallica—c. Saturnine, Colica metallica—c.  Ven-
teuse, Colica flatulenta — c. Vigitale, Colica me-
tallica.
   COLIQUES,  Pains, (after.)
   COLI'TIS,  from kwXov, 'the colon,  and itis,
denoting inflammation ; Ooloni'tis, Enteri'tis co'-
lica, (F.) Inflammation du colon.  Inflammation
of the peritoneal or  mucous  membrane of the
colon.   The former is  termed  Serocoli'tis,  and
Exocoli'tia;  the  latter, Endocolitia and Dyaentery.
   COLIX, Trochiscus.
   COLLA PISCIUM, Ichthyocolla.
   COLLAPSE,  Collapsus.
   COLLAP'SUS, Collapae, Conciden'tia; from
col, or cum, 'with/ and labor, lapsus, 'to fall.' (F.)
Affaissement. A  complete prostration of strength,
either at the commencement or in  the progress
of a disease.
   COLLAR-BONE,  Clavicle.
   COLLARD, Dracontium fcetidum — c. Cow, 
COLLARIUM
221
COLLUM
Dracontium fcetidum — c.  Polecat,  Dracontium
fcetidum.
  COLLARIUM SALINUM, Haloderamm.
  COLLAT'ERAL, Collatern'lis, fromcum, 'with/
and latus, ' side. That which accompanies or pro-
ceeds by the side of another.
  Collat'eral Ar'teries of the Arm, Arte'ria
Collatera'les Bra'chii, (F.) Artirea collutirdles du
bras. They  are given off by the brachial, and are
are distinguished into, 1. The collateral—superior
or  external  (Grandea muaculairea du bras—Ch.)
which arise from the  inner part of the brachial,
and extend as  far as the inferior and external
part of the arm.  2. The collateral — inferior or
internal (Collateralea du Coude—Ch.) which arise
from the  brachial, near the elbow-joint, and de-
scend towards the upper part of the fore-arm.
   The vessels which  pass to  the fingers and toes
are also called collateral.
   Speaking generally, collateral  branches  are
those  which  follow nearly the same course as
the vessel whence they emanate.
   COLLATERALS, Ischio-cavernpsus.
   COLLE-CHAIR, Sarcocolla.
   COLLE  DE POISSON, Ichthyocolla.
   COLLECTION, Collec'tio, from colligere, 'to
gather.'   This word is often united to the epithet
purulent, serous, Ac, to express  a, gathering of
pus, serum, Ac.
   COLLESIS, Agglutination.
   COLL'•'TICUS, Agglutinant.
   COLLEY'S DEPILATORY, see Depilatory.
   COLLIC'LE.  'Drains to collect and convey
away  water.'   See GOUTTIERE. Union of the
duets  passing from the puncta lachrymalia, Col-
lic"ia puncto'rum lacryma'lium.
   COLLICULI NERVI  ETHMOIDALIS, Cor-
pora striata — c. Nervorum  opticorum, Thalami
nervorum opticorum—c Vaginae, Nymphae.
   COLLICULUS CAVEiE POSTERIORIS
VENTRICULORUM  LATERALIUM,  Hippo-
 campus minor.
    COLLIER  (F.),  A collar.  A  name  given to
 certain eruptions which surround the neck like a
 collar.
    COLLIGAMEN, Ligament.
    COLLIGATIO, Syndesmosis.
    COLLINSO'NIA, C. Canadedsis, C.decussa'ta,
 Horsewecd, Horsebalm, Richweed, Richleaf, Heal-
 all, Stoneroot,  Knotroot,  Knotweed.   This  indi-
 genous plant is possessed of diuretic properties,
 which seem to reside in a volatile oil.   Infusion
 is  the best form of administration.  The  leaves
 in domestic practice are applied  to wounds and
 bruises.
   Collinsonia Decussata,  C. Canadensis.
   COLLIQUAMEN'TUM, from colliqueo, (con
 and liquere,)  ' I melt.'  The first rudiments of an
 embryo.—Harvey.
   COLLIQUA'TION,- Colliqudtio, Eliqua'tio,
 Syntcx'is, Ectex'is,  Soldtion, Dissolution.   The
 ancients  meant, by this  term,  the progressive
 diminution of the solid parts, with copious excre-
 tion of liquids by one or  more passages.  They
 thought, that all the solids melted; and that the
 liquids, and particularly the  blood, lost a portion
 of their density.
    COLLIQTATIVE,  Colliquative, Colliques'-
 cens,  from  colliquescere,  'to grow liquid.'  (F.)
 Colliquatif.  An epithet  given  to various  dis-
 charges,  which produce rapid exhaustion.  Hence
 we say,  Colliquative sweats,  Colliquative diar-
 rhoea, Ac.
   COLLIQUE3CEXS, Colliquative.
    COLLISIO. Contusion.
   COLLIX, Trochiscus.
    COLLODES, Glutinous.
   COLLO'DION, Collddium, Ethe'real Solu'tion
of Gun-cotton, Ma guard's Adhesive Liquid; from
KoXXa, 'glue.'  A solution obtained by dissolving
gun-cotton, (F.) Fulmicoton,  in a mixture of rec-
tified ether and alcohol, in tbe proportion of about
16 parts of the former to 1 of the latter. When
applied to a part,  the  ether evaporates, and the
solid adhesive material is left, which contracts.
Hence  it is used in cases of wounds, to keep their
edges together.  It forms, also, a coating, and
has been  applied in abrasions, and  in  cases of
burns.   In various chronic cutaneous diseases, it
has been applied with advantage;  and has  been
employed to give a coating  to pills, which it de-
prives  of their  taste,  without interfering with
their action.
   Collodion is in the last edition of the Ph. U. S.
(1851.)
   Collodion, Canthar'idal, Collddium veai'cans
seu canthariddle.   Prepared by  exhausting, by
displacement, a pound of coarsely powdered can-
tharides with a pound of  sulphuric ether, and
three ounces of acetic  ether.  In  two ounces of
this saturated solution of cantharides, twenty-five
grains of gun-cotton are dissolved.   By painting
the surface  with a little of  this  solution, vesica-
tion is produced,  as with  the  plaster of can-
tharides.
   COLLODIUM, Collodion—c Cantharidale, Col-
lodion, cantharidal—c. Vesicans, Collodion, can-
tharidal.
   COLLOID, Collo'i'dea, from koXXo, 'glue/ and
ttSos,  'resemblance;'  Cancer  alveola'ris,  Carci-
no'ma  alveola're, (F.)  Cancer alviolaire, c.  Gila-
tiniforme, Gelatinoua cancer.  An epithet applied
to  a product of morbid secretion, resembling
glue,  or  particles  of jelly inlaid in  a regular
alveolar  bed.  The  three   species of  cancer or
carcinoma are,—Encephaloid, Scirrhus, and Col-
loid.  See Cancer.
   COLLO'MA, from koXXo,  'glue.'  A name pro-
posed  by  Dr. AValshe for the gelatiniform matter,
which is  of common occurrence in  cysts.  It is
transparent, amorphous, and devoid of vessels
and nerves.
   COLLONE'MA, from koXXo, 'glue.'  A  pecu-
liar gelatinous tumour, consisting of a remarkably
soft gelatiniform tissue, which trembles on  being
touched.—J. Muller.
   COLLOSTRUM, Colostrum.
   COLLOURION, Collyrium.
   COLLUM, Cervix,   Trache'los, Auchen,  (F.)
 Col, Con.  The part of the  body situate between
the head and chest.   Also, a part  of an organ
resembling  the neck, as in the following cases.
   Collum Astrag'ali, Cervix Astrag'ali,  Neck
of the  Astragalus,  (F.) Col de Tastragale.  A  de-
pression,  which separates the anterior extremity
of the astragalus from its body.
   Collum  Costa'rum, Cervix  Costa'rum,  Neck
of the  Ribs, (F.) Col des Cotes. The narrow part
of the ribs,  between the head and tubercle.
   Collum Den'tium,  Cervix Dentium, Neck of
the Teeth, (F.) Col ou Collet des Dents.  The part
of the teeth between the corona and fang, which
is embraced by the gum.
   Collum Fem'oris, Cervix Fem'oris, Neck of the
 Thigh-bone, (F.) Col  du Fimur.   The long nar-
row, and  oblique portion of  the os femoris, which
separates the head from the two trochanters.
   Collum Fib'ul^;, Cervix  Fib'ula, Neck of the
Fibula, (F.) Col du Pirone. A slight narrowness
seated below the head or upper extremity of the
fibula.
   Collum Hu'meri, Cervix  Hu'meri, Neck  of the
Hu'merus.  A circular, depressed  portion, which
separates the head of the os humeri  from its two
tuberosities.  Some  surgeons place  the neck be- 
COLLURIUM
222
COLOURS
low the tuberosities, no precise  line of demarca-
tion indicating its extent.
  Collum Mandib'ulje vel Maxil'lje Inferio'-
RIS, Cervix Mandib'ula  seu Maxilla Inferidris,
Neck of the lower jaw, (F.)  Col de los maxillairc
infirieure.  A depression observable on each side
of the lower jaw, immediately below the con-
dyles.
  Collum Obstipum, Torticollis.
  Collum Ossis Magni vel Capita'ti, Cervix os-
sis magni vel Capita'ti, Neck of the Os Magnum,
(F.) Col du grand Os.   A circular depression be-
neath the head of this bone of the carpus.
  Collum Ra'dii,  Cervix  Radii,  Neck  of the
Radius, (F.)  Col du Radius.  A narrow portion
of the radius, which  supports  the  head  of the
bone.
  Collum Sgap'uLjE,  Cervix Seap'ula, Neck of
the Seap'ula, (F.) Col de VOmoplate.  A narrow
portion, observable below the glenoid cavity of
the scapula,  which seems  to separate it, as it
were, from the rest of the bone.
  Collum U'teri, Cervix Uteri, Jug'ulum Uteri,
Neck  of the Uterus, (F.) Col  de la  Matrice, Col
utirin.  A narrow, cylindrical, and flattened por-
tion of the uterus, which terminates it inferiorly,
and opens into the vagina by the  Os Uteri or Os
Tinea.  This neck is perceptible on examination
per vaginam, until near the end of utero-gesta-
tion.   As the uterus  enlarges, however,  it be-
comes shorter and wider, so that a manifest diffe-
rence exists between its condition  at seven  and
nine months.
  Collum Vesi'ce, Cervix Vesica, Neck of the
Bladder, (F.) Col de la  Vessie.  The anterior
part of the base of the bladder, which resembles
the neck of a bottle, and is continuous with the
urethra.
  COLLURIUM, Collyrium.
  COLLUTIO, Gargarism.
  COLLUTO'RIUM, from colluere, 'to wash out.'
A mouth-wash.
  Collutorium  Adstringens, Mel boracis.
  COLLU'VIES, from colluo, ' I cleanse.'  Filth,
excrement.   Discharge from an old ulcer.
  Colluvies Gastrica, Embarras gastrique.
  COLLYR'IUM, Oolldrium,  Collu'rion,  from
•cojXud), 'I check/ and pto>, 'I flow/ or from koXXo,
'glue/ and ovpa, 'tail;'  (F.) Collyre.  The an-
cients designated, by this term, a solid medicine,
of a long, cylindrical  shape; proper to be intro-
duced into the vagina, anus, or nostrils.  They
are said to have  given it this name because it was
shaped like a Rats Tail, and because there en-
tered into its composition  powders and glutinous
matters. — Celsus, Oribasius,  Scribonius Largus.
At the present day, Collyrium means an applica-
tion to the eye.   Some are pulverulent and  dry,
 Ophthalmempas'ma,  Collyr'ium siccum, but the
greatest part are liquid,  Hygrocollyr'ia;  and
receive different epithets, as astringent, emollient,
Ac.   The term  is now little more than synony-
mous with  Eye-water.  Collyria  are generally
extemporaneous formulae.
   Collyrium Siccum, see Collyrium—c. Siccum
Alexandrinum, see Alexandrine.
   COLOBO'MA, KoXo(Su>na, ' any thing truncated
or shortened.'  A mutilated or  maimed organ.
   Colobo'ma Iridis,  Irido-coloboma.  A conge-
nital peculiarity of the iris, consisting in a fissure
of its lower portion, and a consequent prolonga-
tion of the iris to the  margin of the cornea.
   COLOBO'SIS, KoXo(3u>t,ts.  The act of curtailing
 or mutilating; mutilation.
   COLOCHOLO'SIS,  from  kwXov,  'the  colon/
 and x°^i>  ' bile/  Bilious dysentery, Dysenter'ia
 bilio'sa.
   COLOCYNTH, Cucumis oolocynthis.
  COLOMBINE, COMMON, Aquilegia vulgaris.
  COLOMBA, Calumba.
  COLON, C. Cacum, Monedterum, Colum, Intes-
ti'num majus, I. cellula'tum, I. craaaum et plenum,
I. grande, I. laxum.  That  portion of the large
intestines which extends from the caecum to the
rectum.   It is said to have been so called from
koiXov, ' hollow/ or from kwXvoi, ' I  arrest,' be-
cause the excrements are arrested, for a conside-
rable time, in its  sacs,—cellula.  The  colon is
usually divided into four portions.  1. The right
lumbar or  aacending, Colon dextrnm, situate in
the right lumbar region, and commencing at the
caecum.   2. Transverse colon, Colon transver'sum,
transverse  arch of the  colon, the portion of the
colon which crosses from the right to the left side,
at the upper part of the abdonfon.   3. The left
lumbar or descending colon,  Colon sinis'trum, ex-
tending from the left part of the transverse arch,
opposite the outer portion of the left  kidney, to
the corresponding iliac fossa.  4. The Iliac colon
or Sigmoid flexure of the colon, (F.) Colon iliaque
ou S. du colon, the portion of the intestine which
makes a  double curvature in the left iliac fossa,
and ends in the rectum.
  The muscular fibres, as in the caecum, are in
three flat stripes, Ta'nia seu  Fae'cia Ligamen-
to'sa.
  Colon, Membrum — c. Inflammation  of the,
Colitis.
  Colon, Torpor of the.   A disease in which
the muscular coat of the colon acts with deficient
energy;  giving occasion to distention of the in-
testine, which, by pressing upon the other organs,
may interfere so much with their functions, as to
lead to distressing gastric, cardiac and other dis-
orders.
  COLONITIS, Colitis, Dysentery.
  COLONNE,  Columna—c.  Vertebrate, Verte-
bral column.
  COLONNES CHARNUES, Carnece columnse
—c. Charnues du Coeur, Columnae carneae.
   COLOPHANE, Colophonia.
  COLOPHANY, Colophonia.
  COLOPHO'NIA, so  called  from Colophon, a
city of Ionia; Phrycte, Fricta, Pix  Graca, Re-
slna nigra, Colophany, Colophony, Black Rosin,
Pitch, Brown Rosin, (F.) Colophone,  Colophane,
Areanson, Brai sec.  The black  resin, which  re-
mains in  the  retort,  after the distillation, by
means of a strong fire,  of common  turpentine.
It is used like the turpentines  in general, and in
some pharmaceutical preparations.
   COLOPHONY, Colophonia.
   COLOQUINTE, Cucumus colocynthis.
   COLOQUINTIDA, Cucumus colocynthis.
   COLOR VIRGINEUS PALLIDUS, Chlorosis
—c. Virginum foedus, Chlorosis.
   COLORECTITIS, Dysentery.
   COLOSTRA, Colostrum.
   COLOSTRATIO, Colostration.
   COLOSTRA'TION,  Colostra'tio.   Disease  in
new-born children, attributable to the colostrum.
   COLOS'TRUM,  Colos'tra,  Collostrum, Colus'-
trum, Troph'alis, Protog'ala,  Neog'ala,  Primum
Puer'pera lac, Pytia, Pyetia, (Biestings or Beast-
ings in the cow, Ac,) from koXov, 'food/ (?) (F.)
Biton.   The first milk after  accouchement.   It
contains more serum and butter, and less casein
than common milk, and  seems to possess an eva-
cuant property, which renders it fit to aid in the
expulsion  of the meconium.   Colostrum formerly
meant an emulsion prepared of turpentine and
yolk of egg.
   COLOUR-BLINDNESS, Achromatopsia.
   COLOURS, ACCIDENTAL,Op'joos'fe colours,
 Complemedtary and Harmon'ic colours.  If tho
eye has been for some time regarding a particu- 
COLPALGIA
223
COLUTEA
lar colour, tho retina becomes insensible to this
colour;  and if, afterwards, it be turned to a sheet
of white paper, the paper will not  seem to  be
white, but will be of the colour that arises from
the union of all the rays of the solar spectrum,
except the one to which the retina has  become
insensible.   Tims, if the eye be directed for some
time to a red wafer, the sbeet of paper will seem
to be of a bluish-green, in a  circular spot of the
same dimensions as the wafer.   This bluish-green
image is called an oc'ular spectrum, because it  is
impressed upon the eye and may be retained for
a short time;  and the colour bluish-green, is said
to be the accidental colour of the red.   If this
experiment  be made with wafers of different co-
lours, other  accidental  colours will be observed,
varying with  the colour of the wafer employed,
as in the following table: —

Colour of the           .  Accidental colour, or colour of the
   Water.                     ocular spectrum.
   Red.................Bluish green
   Orange..............Blue.
   Yellow...............Indigo.
   Green................Violet with a little red.
   Blue.................Orange red.
   Indigo...............Orange yellow.
   Violet...............Yellow-green.
   Black................White.
   White...............Black.

   If all the  colours of the spectrum be ranged in
a circle, in the proportions, they hold in the spec-
trum itself, the accidental colour of any particu-
lar colour will be found directly opposite.   Hence,
the two colours have been termed opposite colours.
It will follow from what has been said, that if the
primary colour, or that  to which the eye has been
first  directed, be added to the accidental colour,
the result must be  the same impression  as that
produced by the union  of all the rays of the spec-
trum — white  light.  The  accidental colour,  in
other words, is what the primitive  colour requires
to make it white light.   The  primitive and acci-
dental colours are, therefore, complements of each
other; and  hence accidental colours have also
been  called complementary colours.  They have
likewise  been termed harmonic, because the pri-
mitive and  its accidental colour harmonize with
each other in painting.
   COLPAL'GIA,  from  koXitos,  'vagina/ and
oXyoc, ' pain.'  Pain in the vagina.
   COLPATRE'SIA, Elytratre'aia, from koXitos,
'vagina/ and arpvros,  'without opening.' Im-
perforation of the vagina.
   COLPEMPHRAX'IS, from  koXttos,  'vagina/
and  tpitppaZis,  'obstruction.'  Obstruction  of the
vagina by foreign bodies.
   COLPEURYNTER, Speculum vaginae.
   COLPITIS, Colposis.
   COLPOCACE, sEdteotltis gangrandaa, Gan-
gros'na genita'lium  et  vagina.  Putrescency or
gangrene of the vagina and labia.
   Colpopacb Infantilis,  JEdceotitis  gangra-
nd aa puella'rum, Noma pudendo'rum.  Gangrene
or putrescency of the vagina and genitals in young
children.
   ColpocacE Puerpera'rum, JEdceotitia Gan-
grano'aa puerpera'rum,  Tocodomycodori'tis ma-
lig'na vagina'lia (Ritgen).   Sloughing  of the
vagina and genitals in puerperal women.
   COLPOCELE, Elytrocele.
   COLPOCYSTOTOM'IA, from koX-os, 'vagina,'
icvtTTis, ' bladder/ and roprj,  ' incision.'  Sectio va-
gi'no-vesica'lis.  Lithotomy through the vagina.
   COLPODESMORRAPH'IA, from koXttos, 'va-
gina/ Saruos, 'ligament/ and patpv, 'suture.' The
removal of a part of the mucous membrane of the
vagina for the radical cure of prolapsus vagina
et uteri.
  COLPGEDEMA, Elytrcedcma.
  COLPOPTOSIS, Prolapsus vaginae.
  COLPORRHA'GIA, Elytrorrhd gia, from koX-
itos, ' vagina/ and pvyvvpu, ' I break forth.'  Dis-
charge of blood from the vagina.
  COLPORRHAPHY, Elytrorrhaphy.
  COLPORRHEX'IS, Ruptu'ra vagi'na; from
koXitos, 'vagina/ and  pvits, 'rupture.'  Rupture
of the vagina.  Also, colporrhagia.
  COLPORRH03A, Leucorrhcea.
  COLPOS, Sinus, Vagina.
  COLPO'SIS.   Inflammation of  the  vagina.
Synonymous with Elytro'i'tis, Elytritis, Cole'i'tis,
Colpitis.  See Leucorrhcea.
  COLPOSTEGNO'£IS, Coleostegndsis, from
koXitos, ' vagina/ and artyvota,  ' I close.'   Atresia,
or obliteration of the vagina.
  COLPOSTENOCHORIA, Coleostegnosis.
  COLPOSYNIZESIS,  Coleostegnosis.
  COLPOT'OMY, Colpotontia, from koXitos, 'va-
gina/ and  ropri, 'incision.'  An incision of the
vagina in parturition.
  COLT'S FOOT, Asarum Canadense, Tussilago.
  COL'UBER BERUS.   The systematic name
of the viper,  Vipcra, (F.) Couleuvre, Vipere.  A
poisonous reptile—the poison  lying in small sacs
near its  teeth.   The flesh is  innocent, and  has
been often  taken in scrofula, and in cutaneous
disorders in  general, but it is inefficacious.
  COLUBRINA, Polygonum  bistorta—c Dra-
contia, Arum dracunculus — c Lusitanica, Eu-
phorbia capitata—c. Virginiana, Aristolochia ser-
pen tari a.
  COLUM, Colon.
  COLUMBINE, Aquilegia vulgaris —c. Wild,
Aquilegia Canadensis.
  COLUMBO, Calumba—c.  American,  see  Ca-
lumba—c Marietta, see  Calumba.
  COLUMELLA, Pillar, Uvula.
  COLUM'NA,  Column, (F.)  Colonne.  Anato-
mists use this word for parts which resemble  a
column or pillar; hence  for the penis.
  Columna   Adstans   Inguinibus,  Penis — c.
Dorsi, Arertebral column.
  Colum'na Nasi.  The cartilaginous part of the
septum of the nostrils.   See Nares.
  Columna  Oris, Uvula—c.  Spinalis, Vertebral
column—c.  Virginitatis,  Hymen — c Foraminis
ovalis, see Ovalis fossa — c. Valvula? Vieussenii,
see Valvula Vieussenii—c. Vertebralis, A"ertebral
column.
  COLUM'NJE  CAR'NE^E,   Colum'na  Cordis,
Lacer'ti  vel  Lacer'tuli vel Fanes vel Fascic'uli
ter'etes  Cordis, Trabes  seu  Trabec'ula Cordis,
(F.)  Colonnes charnues du coeur.  Small, fleshy
columns, which  project, more or less, into  the
auricles  and ventricles  of the heart, whose  use
appears to be to prevent too great dilatation of
those cavities.   A few  of these columna — see
Musculi papilla'res—are attached by one extre-
mity to the walls of the heart, and, by the other,
give insertion to chordae tendineae.
  Columns Carney of  the Rectum, see Rectum
—c Papillares, see Columnae Carneaa.
  COLUMNEA  LONGIFOLIA, Bahel.
  COLUMNS, MEDIAN,  POSTERIOR  OF
THE MEDULLA OBLONGATA, Funiculi gra-
ciles—c. of Morgagni or  of the Rectum, see Rec-
tum— c. of the  Spinal  Marrow, see Vertebral
Nerves.
  COLUS JOVIS, Salvia sclarea.
  COLUSTRUM, Colostrum.
  COLU'TEA, C. Arbores'cens, C. hirsu'ta, Senna
German'ica, Bladder Senna,  (F.) Baguenaudier,
Faux Sine.  Fam. Leguminosae.  Sex. Syst. Di-
adelphia Decandria.  The leaves are  slightly 
C0LUVR1NE DE VIRGINIE      224                COMMOTIO
purgative, and are often mixed with those of the
cassia senna.
  COLUVRINE DE  VIRGINIE, Aristolochia
Serpentaria.
  COLYM'BADES, Pickled Olives.   These,
when bruised and applied to a burnt part, were
supposed to be able to prevent vesication.—Dios-
corides.
  COLYMBIFERA MINOR, Mentha crispa.
  COMA, Semisom'nis, Semisopitus,  Semisopo'-
rus, Subeth,  (Arab.)  A profound state of sleep,
from which it is extremely difficult to rouse the
individual.  It  is a symptom  which occurs in
many diseases.   Two varieties are distinguished,
1. Coma  vigil, Coma agrypno'des, Pervigilium,
Vigilia  nim'ia, Typho'nia, Veter'nus, Veternos'-
itas, Agrypnoco'ma, Carus lethar'gus vigil.  Ty-
phoma'nia, which is accompanied with delirium.
The patient  has his eyes closed, but opens them
when called; and closes them again immediately.
This state is accompanied with considerable rest-
lessness.   2. Coma Somnoledtum, C. Comato'des;
— in which the patient speaks when roused, but
remains  silent and  immovable in the intervals.
Coma is  a deeper sleep than sopor, but less so
than lethargy and carus.
  Coma,  Capillus — o. Agrypnodes, see Coma —
c. Apoplexia, Apoplexy — c. Caesarea, Plica — c.
Comatodes, see Coma—c. Somnolentum, Somno-
lency, see Coma — c Arigil, see Coma.
  COMACON, Myristica moschata.
  COM AN'DRA UMBELLA'TA, Bastard Toad-
flax ; indigenous ; Order, Santalaceae : flowering
in May and  June; has been used  in fevers by
some of the Indian tribes.
  COMAROS, Arbutus unedo.
  COMA'RUM PALUS'TRE, Potentilla palus'-
tris,  Marsh  Cinquefoil.  An indigenous  plant,
Family, Rosaceae, which flowers in June.  It is
possessed of astringent virtues.
  CO'MATA, from Ku>p.a.  Diseases characterized
by diminution of the powers of voluntary motion,
with sleep  or  impaired state of the  senses. —
Cullen.
  COMATEUX, Comatose.
  COMATODES, Comatose.
  COM'ATOSE, Comato'des, Carolicus, Card des,
(F.) Comateux.  Relating to or resembling coma:
—as comatose sleep, comatose fever,  Ac.
  COMBUSTIBILITY,  PRETERNATURAL,
Combustion, human.
  COMBUSTIO, Burn —c. Spontanea, Combus-
tion, human.
  COMBUS'TION, HUMAN, Spontaneous Com-
bus'tion or Preternatural Combustibility, Cata-
cau'sis,  Taehencau'sis, Incen'dium  sponta'neum,
Combus'tio sponta'nea, Autempresm'us, Catacau'sis
ebrio'sa,  (F.) Combustion humaine,  C. spontanee.
These terms have been applied to the extraordi-
nary phenomenon of a rapid destruction  of the
human body, by being reduced to ashes either
spontaneously or by the contact of  an  ignited
substance.   It is said to have  occurred  in the
aged, and in those  that  were fat  and hard
drinkers.  In such, Dr. Traill has found  a  con-
siderable quantity of oil in the serum of the blood.
Vicq d'Azyr, Lair, and Dupuytren think it neces-
sary, that the body should be placed in contact
with an  ignited substance.  Le Cat,  Kopp, and
Marc are of opinion that this is not necessary.
The former appears to  be the more probable view.
  COMBUSTURA, Burn.
  COMEDONES, see  Acne.
  COMES ARCHIATRORUM, see Exarchiater.
   COMESTIBLE, (F.) Edu'lis, from comedere,
'to eat.'  Eatable, (F.) Edule.  Esculent.  When
this word is used substantively, in French as in
English,  it means solid food.
  COMEZ.  Half a drop.—Ruland.
  COMFREY, Symphytum—c. Spotted, Pulmo*
naria.
  COMISTE, Aliment.
  COMMANDUCATIO, Mastication.
  COMMEM'ORATIVE, Commcmoratlvus, from
commemorare, (eon and memor,) 'to cause to re-
member.'   That which recalls, or  rather which
is recalled.
  Commemorative Signs, (F.) Signes commemo-
ratifs,  are those,  deduced from  circumstances
which have gone  before;  or rather, according to
others, those which point out the preceding con-
dition of the patient.  They are also called An-
amnes'tic siqns.
  COMMENSUM, Symmetry.
  COMMERCIUM, Sympathy.
  COMMI, Gummi.
  COM'MINUTED,  Commindtue,  from  commi-
nuere,  (con and minuo,) 'to  break  to  pieces.'
(F.) Comminutif.  A comminuted fracture is one
in which the  bone is  broken into  a number of
pieces.
  COMMINU'TION,  Comminu'tio, Thrypsis,
Leio'aia.   Same  etymon.  Fracture  of  a bone
into a number of pieces.
  COMMISSURA, Articulation.
  Commissura Anterior Cerebri, Commissure,
anterior, of the Brain.
  Commissu'ra Brevis. A lobule or prominence
of the inferior vermiform process of the cerebel-
lum, situate in the incisura posterior, below the
horizontal fissure.
  Commissura Labiorum, Prostomia—c Magna
cerebri, Corpus callosum—c. Nervea, Syndesmo-
sis—c. Ossium carnea, Syssarcosis.
  Commissura Posterior Cerebri, Commissure,
posterior, of the Brain.
  Commissura Simplex.  A small lobule or pro-
minence of the superior vermiform  process, near
the  incisura posterior of the cerebellum.
  COMMISSU'RAL;  same etymon as commis-
sure.  Of or belonging to a commissure.
  COM'MISSURE, Commissu'ra,  Compa'ges,
Compagina'tio, Sym'physis, Sym'bole;  from com-
mitto, (con and mitto,) 'I join together.'  A point
of union between two parts: thus, the commis-
sures of the  eyelids,  lips, Ac, are the  angles,
which  they form at  the place of union.  See
Fibres, converging.
  Com'missure, Ante'rior, of the Brain, Com-
missu'ra ante'rior cer'ebri, (F.) Commissure anti-
rieure du cerveau.  A small medullary fasciculus,
situate transversely at the anterior part of the
third ventricle, and uniting the two hemispheres.
  Commissure,  Great, of the Brain, Commis-
su'ra Magna Cer'ebri,  (F.) Grande commissure du
cerveau, which  unites the two hemispheres for
some extent, is the Corpus callo'sum.
  Commissure,  Middle, of the Brain.  A layer
of gray substance uniting the thalami optici.
  Commissure,  Oblique or Intercerebral, see
Valvula Vieussenii — c. Optic,  see Chiasmus.
  Commissure,  Posterior, of  the Brain, Com-
missu'ra poste'rior cer'ebri.  A medullary band,
situate at the posterior part of the third or middle
ventricle.
  Commissure of the Uvea, Ciliary ligament.
  COMMISSURE DE LA  CHOROIDE,  Cili-
ary ligament.
  COMMO'SIS, from Koptuoo,  'I  adorn.'  The
art  of concealing natural deformities, as by paint-
ing the face.  See, also, Propolis.
  COMMO'TICE, in the older writers, meant the
art  of communicating factitious beauty to a per-
son.  Painting the face;  Gomopor'ia.
  COMMOTIO, Motion, Concussion—c.  Cerebri,
Concussion of the brain. 
COMMOTION
225
COMPRESSION
  COMMOTION, Concussion —c. du Cerveau,
Concussion of the brain.
  COMMU'NICANS, from communis,'common.'
Conjun'gens.  That which communicates or esta-
blishes a communication.  Communicant.  There
are two Arteria Communican'tes, both within the
cranium ; — the one anterior, very short, and ex-
tending transversely from  one  anterior cerebral
artery to the other,—the  other posterior, called
also Commuuicans Willis'ii, which passes from
the internal carotid to the  posterior cerebral  ar-
tery.  It is a branch of the basilary.
  Communicans Noxi.  A long slender nervous
branch, formed by filaments from the first, second
and third cervical nerves, which descends upon
the outer side  of  the internal  jugular vein, and
forms a loop with  the descendens  noni over  the
sheath of the carotids.
  Communicans Peronei, see Communicans pop-
litei.
  Communicans Poplite'i, C.  tibia'lia (nervua.)
A large nerve, which arises from  the popliteal;
and, at  a variable distance below the articulation
of the  knee, receives the commnnicuns  peronei
from the peroneal nerve, — the two forming  the
external saphenous nerve.
  Communicans Tibialis, Communicanspoplitei.
  COMPACT,  Compac'tua, from con and pangere,
'to strike, to fix.'  Solid, close.  (F.) Compactc.
The term Compact Tissue is given  to the  hardest
and closest parts of bone.
  COMPAGES,  Articulation,  Commissure — c
Ossium per  Lineam Simplicem, Harmony—c.
Vertebrarum, \rertebral column.
  COMPAGINATIO, Commissure.
  CO MR AS D'EPAISSEUR, see Pelvimeter.
  COM PASSIO, Sympathy.
  CUM FEB A,  Piper cubeba.
  COMPENSATION, Bulnncement.
  COMPEPER, Piper cubeba.
  COMPER'NIS; from con, andperna, 'a gam-
mon of bacon with the leg on.'   One who has his
knees turned inwards.   A case of distortion of
the legs.
  COMPETENTIA  MEMBRORUM  OMNIUM,
Symmetry.
  COMPLAINT,  Disease.
  Complaint, Family,  see Hereditary.
  COMPLEMENTAL  AIR, see Respiration.
  COMPLEMENTARY AIR,  see Respiration.
  COMPLETIO, Plethora.
  COMPLEX,  Complex'us, from con,  ' with/ and
plectere, 'to twist.'  Embracing several  distinct
things.   Chaussier uses this term, in his anato-
mical descriptions, for complicated.
  COMPLEXIO,  Coition,  Complexio, Confusio,
Temperament.
  COMPLEXION,  Complex'io.   This  is often
employed, in English, for the colour of the face,
as " He has a good complexion,"—a " salloio com-
plexion," Ac.   It  formerly had a more extensive
signification, and still has in France.  It signifies
the aggregate  of  physical characters presented
by any  individual, considered with respect to his
external arrangement  or  condition.  It  means
more than constitution, for which it is used syno-
nymously in  many cases;  and  differs from tem-
perament, which is less the  external condition
of the body than  the state or disposition of the
organs in health.—H. Cloquet.
  COMPLEXES, Complex.
'  Complexus Minor. Mastoideua latera'lis, Tra-
che'lo-maatoideu8,(F.) Trachilo-mastoidien, Muscle
petit Complexus.   It arises from the transverse
processes of the last four  cervical  vertebra?, and
is inserted into  the mastoid process.
  Complexus  Mus'culus, Biven'ter Oervi'cis,
Complexus Major, Dorso-trachelon-occipital, Tra-
         15
chelo-occipital (Ch.), (F.) Muscle grand complexus.
A muscle, situate at the hind part of the neck,
where it extends from the interval that separates
the two prominent ridges on the posterior surface
of the os occipitis to the transverse and articular
processes  of  the  last six  cervical vertebrae, as
well as to those of the first five dorsal.  It serves
to straighten, incline,  and turn the head.
  COMPLICATION,  Complica'tio,  from  con,
'with/ and plicare,  'to fold.'  In  medicine,  it
means the presence  of several diseases, morbi
complicftti seu perplex'i, or  of several  adventi-
tious circumstances foreign to the primary disease.
  COMPOSITION,  Composifio, from compo-
nere, (con andponerc, 'to place ;' 'to place toge-
ther.'  Syn'thesis.  The act of composing or com-
pounding,—of medicines for example ;  lamato-
syntax'is.  Also, the Compound, Compos'itum, or
thing compounded.  Likewise, a combination.
   COMPOSITUM, Compound.
  COMPOUND.   Same etymology;  to mix  me-
dicines.   To mingle  different ingredients  into
one whole.  Used adjectively, compound signifies
the  result of the union  of  several medicinal
a«ents, as "a compound medicine."
 " COMPBEHENSIO, Catalepsy.
  COMPRENSIO, Catalepsy.
  COM'PRESS, Compres'sa, Splenium, Spleniola,
Splenis'cus, Phtgula, Penicillum,  Penic'ulum,
from comprimere, (con, and premere, 'to press/)
'to  press  together.'   (F.) Compresse.   Folded
pieces  of  lint or rag, so contrived as, by the aid
of a bandage, to make due  pressure upon  any
part.  According to  their shape, direction,  and
use, compresses have been called long ((F.)  lon-
guettes,)  square  (carries,) triangular, prismatic,
graduated (graduies,) split (fendues,) fenetrics,
criblics, croix de Malte, oblique, circular, divid-
ing (divisives,) uniting (unisantes,) cribriform, Ac.
  The Umschlag or compress of the  hydropa-
thists  is  a cloth, well wetted with  cold water,
applied to the surface near the supposed seat of
disease, securely covered with a dry cloth,  and
changed as often as it becomes dry.  It is some-
times covered with a layer of oiled silk, to  pre-
vent evaporation.
   COMPRESSEUR  DE DUPUYTREN, Com-
pressor of Dupuytren — c. du Nez,  Compressor
nasi — c.  de la Prostate, Compressor prostatas.
   COMPRESSIO, Compression, Thlipsis.
  COMPRES'SION,  Compressio,  Enerei'sis.
Same  etymology.  Pressure; methodical com-
pression.   An agent frequently had recourse to
in surgery.  AAre compress  a  limb, affected with
oedema, varices, hydrops articuli, callous ulcer, Ac.
The abdomen is  compressed after delivery, after
paracentesis abdominis,  Ac.   The compression is
produced by means of the roller, laced stocking,
Ac, according to the  part, and to the particular
case.  Moderate  pressure  aids the  contractility
of parts, and excites the action of the absorbents;
so that large tumours at times disappear after it
has  been  used for some time. A greater degree
of pressure occasions, still more, the emaciation
of the part, but it is  apt to impede  the circula-
tion. Pressure is often used to stop or moderate
the flow of blood in cases of aneurism or wounds
of arteries and veins.  In  such  cases, the com-
pression  may be  immediate, when applied upon
the artery itself, or it may be mediate, when  ap-
plied through the integuments  and soft parts.
The French use the term Compression  immidiate
latirale for that which is exerted perpendicularly
to the  axis of a vessel, so as to  flatten its sides.
It is practised with the finger, forceps, tourniquet,
compresses, Ac.
  Compres'sion of the Brain.  This may arise
either from  coagula  of blood, a soft tumour, a 
COMPRESSIVE             226                 CONCHA
bony  excrescence, a  depressed  portion  of  the
skull, or the presence of some foreign body.  The
effects vary, according as the compression takes
place  suddenly or gradually.  AVhen suddenly,
the symptoms are of the comatose or apoplectic
character. AVhen gradually, mania, convulsions,
Ac,  are more likely  to  occur.   Compression,
arising from a depressed portion of skull, requires
the use of the trephine.
  COMPRES'SrVE, Compressi'vus.  That which
compresses.   A compressive bandage  is one that
compresses the parts to which it is  applied.
  COMPRES'SOR  or COMPRESSO'RIUM  OF
DUPUYTREN,  (F.) Compresscur de Dupuytren.
An instrument for compressing the  femoral ar-
tery, invented by Dupuytren.  It is  constructed
on the same principles as the tourniquet of J. L.
Petit, from which it only differs in this respect;—
that, instead of being maintained in its place by a
strap, which always compresses more or less the
circumference of the limb, the two pads are placed
at the extremities of a semicircle of steel, which, by
passing from one to the  other without touching
the parts, limits the pressure  to  two opposite
points of the thigh, and permits  the collateral
circulation to go on.
  Compressor Naris, Rena'ua, Nasdlia, Trans-
veradlia Naai, Myrtifornlia,  Dilatato'rea ala'rum
naei,  Constric'tor Nasi, C.  Na'rium, C. Naris,
Triangula'ris Nasi,  (F.) Muxillo-narinal,  Sus-
maxillo-nasal, — (Cb.,)   Compresseur du  nez,
Transversal du nez.  A muscle, situate at the sides
of the nose ;  flat and triangular.   It arises from
the inner part of the fossa canina, and passes to
the dorsum  of the nose; where it is confounded
with that of the opposite side.
  Compressor or Constrictor  of Nuck.   An
instrument for compressing the  urethra, to  ob-
viate  incontinence  of urine.  It  consists of  a
girdle of  iron, which surrounds the pelvis, to
which is fixed a plate of the same metal, that
compresses the urethra in perinao.
  Compressor Pros'tat^e, Prostaticus supe'-
rior,  Pubio-prostalicus,  Sub-pubio-prostaticus,
(F.)  Compresseur de la prostate.   A muscle, ad-
mitted by Albinus, which is formed of the ante-
rior fibres of the Levator ani, that embrace the
prostate.   It is the Prostaticus  supe'rior  of
Winslow.
  Compres'sor Ure'thr^e.  A muscle consisting
of two portions—one of which is transverse in its
direction, and, in consequence of its having been
particularly described by Mr. Guthrie, has  been
called Guthrie's muscle.  It arises from the ramus
of the ischium, and passes  inwards to  embrace
the membranous urethra.   The  other portion  is
perpendicular, descending from the pubis  and
passing down to be inserted into the transverse
portion of the muscle.  This portion has  been
considered by many to be only the  anterior fibres
of the levator ani;  and having been described
by Mr. AYilson, it has been called Wilson's muscle.
   Compressor Ven,e Dorsa'lis Penis. A small
muscle, distinctly seen in animals, less distinctly
in man, which arises from the ramus of the pubis,
and ascending in a direction forwards is inserted
above the vena dorsalis, joining with its fellow
of the opposite side on the mesial line.  Its use
is supposed to compress the vein in erection.   It
is sometimes  called the  muscle of Houston, after
Dr. Houston of  Dublin.
   COMPRESSORIUM, Compressor.
   COMPTO'NIA ASPLENIFO'LIA, Liquidam'-
bar peregrina,  L. asplenifo'lia,  Myo'ica  aspleni-
fo'lia, Sweet Fern, Shrubby Sweet Fern, Sweet
bush, Fern  bush,  Fern  gale,  Spleenwort  bush,
Meadow fern, Astringent root.  An indigenous
shrubby plant, which grows in sandy or stony
woods from New England to Virginia.  It pos-
sesses tonic and astringent properties, and is used
as a domestic remedy in  diarrhoea,  Ac, in the
form of  decoction.
  COMPUNCTIO, Paracentesis, Puncturing.
  CON.ESTHESIS, Ccenresthesis.
  CONARIUM, Pineal gland.
  CONATUS, Effort.
  CONCARNATIO, Syssarcosis.
  CONCASSER, (F.),  from conquassare,  (con,
and  quassarc, 'to shake  much/)  'to  break to
pieces;'  'to comminute.' To reduce roots, woods,
Ac. into small fragments, in order  that their ac-
tive  principles may  be more readily separated
from them.
  CONCAU'SA, Concaus'sa, Syna'tion.  A cause
which co-operates with another, in the produc-
tion of disease.
  CONCAVITAS CONCHULARIS CEREBRI,
Infundibulum of the brain.
  CON CAVUM PEDIS, Sole.
  CONCENTRAN'TIA, from con and centrum,
' a centre.'   A name once given to  absorbents of
acids.
  CONCENTRATION. Concentra'tio.  A  word
sometimes  used, in medical theories, to express
an afflux of fluids, or a convergence of sensibility
or of vital force, towards an organ.  It is applied,
also, to the pulsation of arteries, when not easily
felt under the finger.      ^
  POOLS  CONCENTRE,  (F.)  A term ap-
plied  by the  French to a  pulse  of the above

  CONCEPTACULA  SEMINARIA, Vesiculaa
seminariae.
  CONCEPTACULUM, Uterus, Vessel.
  CONCEPTIO,  Conception — c. Vitiosa, Preg-
nancy, extra-uterine.
  CONCEP'TION,  Concep'tio,  Concep'tus,  Cye'-
sis, Syllep'sis, Androlep'sia, from  concipio, (con
and  capio,) ' I conceive.'  The impregnation of
the ovum by the positive contact of  the  male
sperm, whence results a new being.  The whole
subject  of conception  is  most mysterious.  It
seems to  occur as follows.   During the sexual
union, the male  sperm passes  along the uterus
and Fallopian tubes:  the  fimbriated extremities
of the latter seize hold of  the ovarium ; and the
sperm in  this manner  comes in contact with a
maturated ovum, and impregnates it.  The fe-
cundated ovum remains some time in the ovarium,
but at length bursts its covering, is laid hold of
by  the  fimbriated  extremity of the  Fallopian
tube, and passes  along the tube into the cavity
of the uterus, where it remains for  the full period
of utero-gestation.    Some are of opinion, that
the ovum is not impregnated until it has entered
the Fallopian tubes, or uterus.
   Concep'tion, False, Falsus Concep'tus,  Spu'-
rium germen, (F.) Fausse conception, Faux germe.
An irregular, preternatural conception,  the  result
of which is a mole or some similar production,
instead of a properly  organized foetus. See  Mole.
   CONCEP'TUS.  The  first rudiments of the
foetus, after conception.  Also, conception.
   Conceptus Falsus,  Conception, false.
   CONCHA,  Conchus.   A  liquid  measure,
amongst the Athenians, equal to half an ounce.
Anatomists apply this term to several hollow
parts of the body;—as the  Concha of the Ear,—■
 Concha Auris, Concha Auric'ula;  (F.)  Conque—
the hollow part of the cartilage of the external
ear.  It has, also,  been  applied to  the genital
organs of the female; to the patella, Ac.
   Concha,  Patella,  Turbinated bone  (middle,)
Vulva — c. Auris interna, Cochlea — c. Cerebri,
Infundibulum of the  brain—c. Genu, Patella—c.
Inferior,  Turbinated  bone,  (inferior) — c. Laby- 
CONCHA  NARIUM
227
CONDUIT
rinthi,  Cochlea—c.  Morgagniana,  Turbinated
bone, (superior)—c. Narium superior, Turbinated
bone, (superior).
  CONOIl/E NARIUM, Turbinated_bones.
  CONCIIA'IU'M  ANTIFEBRI'LE.   A febri-
fuge and sudorific preparation in Bates's Pharma-
copo in.  It was  composed of vinegar, mussel-
shells, and water  of Carduus benedict us.
  CONCHO-HELIX.  A small, fleshy, fascicu-
lus, attached to the concha of the ear and helix.
It is also called the small muscle of the helix.
  COXCIIUS,  Concha.  The cranium.   In the
plural, it means the orbitar cavities.—Castelli.
  Conchus  Oculi,  Orbit.
  CONCHYLIA. Turbinated bones.
  CO.VCIDENTIA, Collapse.
  CONCILIA CORPORALIA, Coitus.
  CONCIL'IUM.  A milky plant, referred to by
Pliny as aphrodisiac and antiphthisical.  Adanson
considers it to be a Campanula.
  CONCOCTED, Concoc'tus, Mnturdtus, Pepei-
rus; from con and coqucrc, 'to boil.'  Brought to
maturity ; ripe ; concocted; digested.
  CONCOCTIO,  Coction—c  Tarda, Dyspepsia.
  CONCOCTION, Coction.
   CON CO MR BE ORDINAIRE, Cucumis sati-
vus—c. Suiiraqe, Momordica elaterium.
   CONCOMITANS, Concomitant.
  OONCOM'ITANT, Coneom'ituns, from con and
comitare, (itself from comire, — cum and ire,)  'to
go with.' That which  accompanies.  A symptom
which accompanies others.
  CONCREMATIO, Calcination.
  CONCREMENTA   ZOOHYLICA,  see  Zoo-
hylica.
  GONCHEMENTUM, Concretion.
  CONCRETIO, Adherence, Concretion —c
Palpebrarum cum bulbo  oculi, Symblepharosis.
  CONCRE'TION,  Concre'tio,  Concremedtum,
from concrcscere, (con and crescere,) ' to condense,
thicken, become  solid:'  Pexis,  Sympex'is, vv^ts,
o-u/ifj/fic.  The act of becoming thick  or solid.
It was once used synonymously with adhesion or
growing together, — as,  " concretion of the toes."
Most commonly,  it is applied to extraneous and
inorganic bodies, of a solid character, met with
in different textures, after certain chronic inflam-
mations ; or which make their appearance in  the
joints or in the reservoirs for excrementitial fluids.
Concretion is, therefore, frequently synonymous
with Calculus, and is then rendered, in Latin, by the
word Concrcmentum.  But Concretion has a more
extensive signification  than Calculus; thus, acci-
dental ossifications or deposits of phosphate of lime
in certain organs, and  especially in the liver and
lungs, are  properly  called  osseous  concretions.
They could not well be called osseous  calculi.
  Concretion, Fibrinous,  Sanguineous, Po-
lypiform, or Polypus, op the Heart, see Poly-
pus—c. Intestinalis, Calculus  of the Stomach and
Intestines.
  CONCRETIONES ALVIN^E, Calculi  of  the
stomach and intestines.
   OOXCUBITUS, Coition—c. Arenereus, Coition.
  CONCUR'SUS, from concurred, (con, and cur-
rcrc, carsum, 'to  run/) 'to meet together/ Syd-
drome.  The congeries  or collection of symptoms,
which constitute  and distinguish a  particular dis-
ease.
  CONCUS'SION,  Commo'tion, from  conditio,
(con and quatere, ' to shake/) ' I  shake together.'
Concus'sio, Thlasma Concus'sio. Commo'tio, Ana-
sis'mus, Tinagmus, (F.) Commotion. In  Surgery,
it is used for the agitation often communicated to
one organ by a fall upon  another; as to the brain
from a fall on  the breech, Ac.
  In all severe injuries; in  sudden  encephalic
hemorrhage, and in overwhelming emotions, a
concussion or shock is felt to a greater or less ex-
tent in the nervous system, which requires the
careful attention of the physician.
  Concussion of the Brain, Commo'tio Cer'ebri,
Apoplex'ia  nervo'ea  traumatica, Encephaloaia'-
mua, (F.) Commotion du Cerveau, sometimes gives
rise to alarming  symptoms, even to abolition of
the functions of  the brain, yet without any sen-
sible organic disease.   Slight concussion of the
brain, called stunning, consists in vertigo, tinnitus
aurium, loss of  memory,  and stupefaction;  all
these being temporary. When more severe, there
is instant loss of sensation and volition, vomiting,
the patient being as if in a sound sleep, but there
is no stertorous breathing.  Pulse variable, gene-
rally more rapid and feeble than in compression;
extremities  cold.  Little  can be done here, till
reaction  has occurred: after this, the  case  must
be treated according to general principles, — by
bleeding, blisters, cold  applied to the head, Ac.
After severe concussion, a patient, although ap-
parently well, is not safe till some time after the
accident.
  CONDENSAN'TIA, from  con and denaus,
'dense;'  Incraaaadtia.   Medicines  esteemed
proper for inspissating  the humours.
  CONDENSATIO, Condensation, Stegnosis.
  CONDENSA'TION,  Condenadtio, Inapiaadtio.
Increase in density of the blood and other liquids,
or of the solids, which enter into the composition
of the human body.
  CONDENSER, see Alembic.
  Conden'ser, Liebig's.  A distillatory arrange-
ment, invented by Liebig, in which the tube con-
veying the vapour is made to  pass through an-
other tube,  the  calibre of which is such as to
leave a space between  the two, through which a
stream Of water  may be made to run.
  CON'DIMENT.  Condimedtum, Ar'tyma, He-
dya'ma,  Conditu'ra, from condire, 'to  season.'
(F.) Assaissonnement. Some substances are called,
at times, aliments, and at others, condiments, ac-
cording as they  constitute the basis or the acces-
sory to  any dish:  such are cream, butter, mush-
rooms, olives, Ac.  Others are always condiments,
as they are only used to improve the savour of
food, and contain but little nutritive matter.  Such
are pepper, salt, cinnamon, Ac.  Alniost all con-
diments are possessed of stimulant properties.
   CONDIT, Confection.
  CONDI'TUM, same etymon.   A pharmaceu-
tical  compound  of wine,  honey, and  some aro-
matics, especially pepper.  Also, a confection.
  CONDITURA CADAVERUM, Embalming.
  CONDOM,  Armour,  (F.)  Baudruche,  Redin-
gote Anglaise, Gant dea Damea,  Calotte d'aaaur-
ance. The intestinum caecum of a sheep, soaked
for some hours in  water, turned  inside out, ma-
cerated again in weak, alkaline ley, — changed
every twelve hours, and scraped carefully to ab-
stract the mucous membrane, leaving the perito-
neal and muscular coats exposed to the vapour of
burning  brimstone, and afterwards  washed with
soap and water.   It is then blown up, dried, cut
to the length of seven  or eight inches, and bor-
dered at the open end with a riband. It is drawn
over the penis prior to coition, to prevent vene-
real infection and pregnancy.
  CONDUCTIO, Tonic spasm, Convulsion.
  CONDUCTION,  VIBRATIONS  OF,  see
Sound.
  CONDUCTOR,  Direc'tor,  Itinerdrium,  (F.)
Condttcteur; from  con,  'with/  and ducere, 'to
lead.' That which  conducts. The Conductor was
an instrument, formerly used in the high opera-
tion  for the stone, for  directing the forceps into
the  bladder.
  CONDUIT, Canal —c. Auditif externe, Audi. 
OONDUITS               22S
tory canal, external—c. Auditif interne, Auditory
canal,  internal — c. Auriculaire, Auditory canal,
external—c. Cholidoque, Choledoch duct—c. Di-
firent, Deferens—e. d'Eustache, Eustachian tube
—c. Gutturale de I'oreille, Eustachian tube—c. La-
byrinthique, Auditory canal, internal — c. Ptiry-
go'idien, Pterygoid  canal—c. Sonsorbitairc, Sub-
orbitar canal — c. Spermatique, Deferens (vas)—
c. Thoracique, Thoracic duct—c. Vidien, Ptery-
goid canal.
  CONDUITS  ADIPEUX,  Fatty canals —c.
Aqueux, see Aqueous — c. Aveugles de lurethre,
see Caecus—c. Dentaires, Dental canals—c. Eja-
culateurs, Ejaculatory ducts—c. Lacrymaux, La-
chrymal ducts—c. Lactiferes, Lactiferous vessels
—c. Nourriciers, Canals, nutritive—c. Nutriciers,
Canals, nutritive.                         •
  CONDYLARTHRO'SIS, from kovSvXos, 'a con-
dyle,' and apdpov, 'a joint.'  Articulation by con-
dyles.   An  elongated head  or condyle, received
into an elliptical cavity.
  CON'DYLE,  Con'dyle, Con'dylus, Capilulum,
from kovSvXos,  'a knot,  eminence.'  An articular
eminence, round in one direction, flat in the other.
A kind of process, met with more particularly in
the ginglymoid joints;—such as the condyles of
the occipital, inferior maxillary bone, Ac.   Some
anatomists  have applied the term, however,  to
eminences that are not articular,—as to the late-
ral tuberosities at the inferior extremity of the os
humeri, and even to certain  depressions, — as  to
the concave articular surfaces at the upper extre-
mity of the  tibia.  Chaussier calls the transverse
root of the zygomatic process Condyle of the tem-
poral  bone.
  CONDYLI DIGITORUM MANUS, Phalanges
of the fingers.
  COND YLIEN, see Condyloid Foramina.
  CONDYLIUS, Condyloid.
  CON'DYLOID, Condyloi'deus, Condylddes,
Condylius,  from kovSvXos, a  ' condyle/ and ttSos,
'shape.'   Having the shape  of a condyle.
  Condyloid Foram'ina, Foram'ina Condyloidea,
(F.) Trous condyloid runs, Fosses condylo'idiinnes.
These  are distinguished into anterior and poste-
rior.  They are four in number, seated in the
occipital  bone;—two  anterior,  and  two posterior
to  the condyles  or condyloid  processes of the
same bone,  and to depressions, which are called
Fossa  Condyloidea.
  As the  word Condyloidien  means—' that which
has the shape of a condyle/—it has been judi-
ciously proposed by some French anatomists that
condylien should be used in  preference,  in the
case of the foramina and fossas.
  CONDYLOIDIEN, see Condyloid Foramina.
  CONDYLO'MA, Condylo'sis, Con'dylus, Ver-
ru'ca carno'sa, from kovSvXos, ' a knot/  ' an emi-
nence.' A soft, fleshy  excrescence, of an indolent
character, which appears near the  orifice of the
genital organs and rectum, and occasionally on
the fingers  and toes.  It is a consequence of the
syphilitic virus.  Such tumours  are also called
Dermophy'mata vene'rea.
  CONDYLOSIS, Condyloma.
  CONDYLUS, Condyloma.
  CONESSI  CORTEX, Nerium antidysenteri-
cum.
  CONFECTIO, Confec'tion, from  conficio, (con,
and facere,  ' to make/) ' I make up.'  Alig'ulus,
(F.) Confiture, Condit.  In general it means any
thing  made up or preserved with sugar.  In the
late London Pharmacopoeias, it includes the arti-
cles before called electuaries and conserves. Con-
fee'tio or Confec'tum also means Confectionary.
  Confectio Alkermes, Alkermes.
  Confectio Amygd ALA'rum, Almond Confection,
Almond  Paste,  Pasta  re'gia,  P. Amygdalina,
8               CONFECTIO

 Pasta Emulsi'va, Buty'rum Amygdala'rum DuV-
 cium, (F.) Confection d'Amandcs. (Sweet almonds,
 gj ;  gum acacia, £j ; white sugar,  """"iv.  Blanch
 the  almonds, and  beat into  a  paste.)  A good
 mode of keeping almonds in a state  fit for making
 emulsions.
  Confectio Archig"eni,  C. Paulina. (Castor,
 long  pepper,  black pepper,  storax, galbanum,
 costus,  opium, of each  Sss ; saffron, "^ij ;  syrup
 of wormwood, Q}.)  It was much recommended
 as a stimulant in nervous affections.
  Confectio Aromat'ica, Electua'rium Aromat-
 icum,  C.  Cardiaca, C. Raleigha'na, Aromatic
 Confection,  Sir  Walter Raleigh's Cordial.  The
 following is the  Ph. U. S. formula. (Ptth: aromat.
 *§vss ;  croci, in pulv. ^ss; syrup,  aurunt. 3 vj ;
 Mel despumat. ^ij.  Rub  the aromatic powder
 with the saffron ; then add the syrup and honey,
 and beat together until thoroughly mixed.)  Dose,

  Confectio  Aurantio'rum,  C. Auran'tii Cor'-
 ticis, (Ph. U. S.), Conser'va Cor'ticum Aurantio'-
 rum, C. Cor'ticis Exterio'ris Auruntii Hispuled-
 sis,  C. Flaved'inis Corticum Aurantiorum Hispa-
 len'sium,  Conser'ra  Aurantii, C. Citri Aurantii,
 Confection of the  Orange, Conserve of Orange
 Peel. ( Yellow part of the peel of the orange, Ibj ;
 rectified sugar, Ibiij ; beat into a conserve.)  It is
 stomachic, and  an agreeable  vehicle, corrigent,
 and adjuvant for other remedies.  Dose, 3ss.
  Confectio Cardiaca, Confectio aromatica.
  Confectio Cas'sije, Electua'rium Cassia Fis'-
 tula, E. Cassia, E. e Cassid, E. laxatlvum, Con-
 serva Cassia, Elcctuarium  Cassia tamarinda'turn
 seu leniti'vum, Electua'rium e Cassia, Dictcas'sia
 cumMannd, Cassia Confection.  (Cassia pulp, Ibss;
 manna, ^ij ;  tamarind pulp, ^j ; syrup of roses,
 Ibss.  Bruise  the manna,  dissolve  by heat, mix
 the  pulp, and evaporate.)   It is gently laxative.
 Dose, "383.
  Confectio Damocratis, Mithridate.
  Confectio Hamec,—so called from an Arabian
 physician, — was composed of  the bark  of the
 yellow myrobalans, black myrobalans, violeta, pulp
 of  colocynth,  polypodium  of the oak, leaves  if
 wormwood, thyme, aniseed, fennel, red roses, pulps
 of prunes, raisins, sugar, honey, senna, rhubarb,
 Ac.   It was used as a purgative in glysters.
  Confectio  Hyacin'thi,  Hy'acinth Confection,
 Electua'rium  seu Confcc'tio de  Croco  emenda'ta
 olim dicta de hyacin'this, (Ph. P.)   A tonic and
 slightly astringent confection, composed, accord-
 ing  to  Baume,  of terra sigillata,  crab's stones,
 cinnamon,  leaves of the dittany of Crete, myrrh,
 saffron, syrup of lemon, camphor, Narbonne honey,
 oil of lemon, Ac.:  and formerly the hyacinth was
 added,  whenee its name.
  Confectio O'pii, Electua'rium Opia'tum, Con-
 fectio Opia'ta, Philo'nium Londinen'se, Theriaca
 Edinen'sis,  Philo'nium Roma'num, Electua'rium
 Theba'icum.  Opium Confection, (Opium, in pow-
 der,  SJivss;  Pulv. aromat. ^vj; Mel desp>umat.
 §xiv;  mix thoroughly.  One grain of opium in
 36: — Ph. U. S.)   It is narcotic and stimulant.
 Dose, gr. x to """)j.
   Confectio Paulina, Confectio Archigeni — c.
 ex  Capitibus papaveris, Diacodium.
   Confectio Pip'eris Nigri, Ward's Paste for
 Fis'tula.   (Black pepper,  elecampane root, each
 Ibj ; fennel seed, Ibiij ;  white  sugar, Ibij.)  Dose,
 size of a nutmeg, three or  four times a day.
   Confectio Raleighana, Confectio aromatica.
   Confectio Rosas Cani'nvE, Conser'va  Rosa
 Cani'na,  Conserva Cynos'bati, C.  Cynor'rhotli,
 Rob  Cynos'batos,  Confection  or Conserrc of Dog
 Roae.  (Pulp of dog roae,  Ibj ; sugar, 3-xx.  In-
 corporate. Ph. L.)  It is chiefly used as a vehicle
 for other remedies. 
                CONFECTION

  Confectio Rosa:, C. Rosa Gal'lica, Conaer'vri
Rosa Gal'lica, Conaerva Roaa,  G. Florum Rosd-
rum Rubra'rum,  G. Florum Rosa Rubra, Rho-
dosac'charum, Sac'charum Rosa'ceam, C. Rosa
Rubra, Confection of the Red Roae.  (Red roaea,
in powder, "jfjiv;  Sugar, in  powder, "fxxx ; Clari-
fied honey,  £vj ; Roae water,  f*""*viij.  Rub the
roses with the rose water at a boiling heat;  then
add gradually the sugar  and  honey, and  beat
until thoroughly mixed.  — Ph.  U. S.)   It  is
astringent, and chiefly used as a vehicle for other
remedies.
  Confectio  Rut^e,  Confection of Rue.  (Rue
leu res dried, carraivtty seeds, bay berries, of each
^iss; sugnpeuum, 2|iv; black pepper, Qy, honey,
^xvj ;  Mix.)  It is given in clysters, as an an-
tispasmodic  and carminative.
  Confectio  de Sa.v'talis,  Confection of the
Sunders, (F.) Confection  de Sandaux.   (Sandal
wood,  red coral, bole  armeniac,  terra sigillata,
kermes  berries,  tormentil  root,  dittany, saffron,
myrtle, red roses, calcined  hartshorn, and cloves.)
It was formerly used as an astringent.
  Confectio Scammo'nia:, Electua'rium Scammo'-
nii, Elcctuarium e Seammo'nio,  Caryocostinum,
Confection of Scum'mony.  (Powdered scammony,
*"*;iss; bruised cloves, powdered ginger,  aa  Jvj ;
oil  of carraway, "^ss ; syrup of roses,  q. s.)   A
stimulating  cathartic.  Dose, "^ss to ^j-
  Confectio Senna:, Electua'rium Cassia Senna,
E.  Senna cum  Pit/pis, E.  Senna  compos'itum,
Benedic'tum Laxati'vum,  Electuarium ape'riena,
E.  catholicum commu'ne, E. diapru'num, E. ecco-
prolicum, E. Senna, E. e Senna, E. lenitlvum,
Confection of Senna, Ac.  (Senna leavea, j^viij;
figs,  Ibj ; tamarind pulp,  cassia pulp, pulp of
French prunes, each Ibss; coriander seed, j^iv;
liquorice  root, §iij; sugar, Ibiiss;  ivater,  Oiv.
Rub  the senna and coriander together: separate
10  ounces of the powder  with  a sieve;  boil the
residue with the figs and liquorice root in the
water to one-half; press out the liquor and strain.
Evaporate the liquor by  means of a water bath
to a pint and a half; add  the sugar, and form  a
syrup.   Rub the pulps with the syrup, gradually
added; throw in tho sifted powder, and beat till
thoroughly  mixed.—Ph. U.S.)   Itis a laxative,
and is used  in habitual constipation, and in con-
stipation during pregnancy.  Dose, gss to ^ss.
  Confectio de Thure,  Frank'incense Confec-
tion, (F.) Confection d'Encens.  A compound  of
coriander seeds, nutmeg, thus, liquorice, mastich,
cubeba, prepared hartahorn, conaerve of red roaea,
sugar, Ac.
  CONFECTION, Confectio—c. d'Amandee, Con-
fection, almond—c. d'Encens, Confectio de Thure
—c. Frankincense, Confectio de Thure—c. of the
Orange, Confectio aurantiorum — c of the Red
rose, Confectio rosae Gallicae—c of Rue, Confec-
tio ruta:—c. de Sandaux,  Confectio de santalis—
o. of the Sanders, Confectio de santalis.
  CONFECTUM, Confection.
  CONFERVA HELMINTHOCORTOS,  Coral-
lina Corsicana.
  Confer'va Riva'lis.   This species of River
 Weed has  been recommended in cases of  spas-
modic asthma, phthisis, Ac
  GONFIRMANTIA, Tonics.
  CON FIB MED, Consummatus.
   CONFITURE, Confection.
  CONFLUENT, Con'flucns,  from con, and flu-
erc, ' to flow.'  An epithet for certain exanthe-
ma'tous affections, in which the pimples, pustules,
Ac, run together.  It is  particularly applied  to
small-pox, so circumstanced. Some authors have
called scarlatina or scarlet fever Confluent Measles,
Morbil'li Conflucdtes.
9              CONGENITAL

   CONFLUENT DES SINUS, Torcular Hero-
 phili.
   CONFLUEN'TIA,  Confcedera'tio; same  ety-
 mon as Confluent.  A term, employed by Para-
 celsus to express the concordance between a dis-
 ease and its remedies.
   CONFLUXIO, Sympathy.
   CONF03DERATIO, Confluentia.
   CONFORMATIO, Conformation, Structure.
   CONFORMA'TION, Conforma'tio, Diap'lasis,
 Diaplas'mus, Structure, from conformare,  (con,
 and formare, ' to form/) ' to arrange/ ' dispose.'
 The natural disposition or  arrangement of  the
 body.
   Faulty conformation, (F.) Vice de conformation,
 is vice of original formation; existing, of course,
 from birth.  In French surgery, Conformation is
 used synonymously with Coaptation, and both it,
 Diaplasis and  Anaplasis mean, also, restoration
 to the original  form—as in fractures, Ae.
   CONFORTANTIA, Tonics.
   CONFORTATIVA, Tonics.
   CONFORTER (F.),  Confirma're, Conforta're,
 Corroborate.   To make stronger — to give  en-
 ergy.  Conforter leatomac,  'to strengthen  the
 stomach.'
   CONFRICA'TION, Confrica'tio, from confri-
 eare, (con, andfricare,) 'to rub.'   The action of
 reducing a  friable substance to powder, by rub-
 bing it between the fingers; and  of expressing
 the juice of a plant with the hand.
   CONFRICA'TRIX, from con, 'with/ and fri-
 care, ' to rub.'   A female  who  practises mastur-
 bation.
   CONFU'S^E FEBRES.   Intermittents, whose
 paroxysms are  irregular and confused.—Bellini.
   CONFU'SIO, from confundo, (con and J'undcre,
 'to pour/) 'I mix together;' Syn'chisis.  A dis-
 ease of the eye, which consists in the mixture of
 the humours. — Galen.  In  modern times, Syn-
 chysis has been applied to a morbid state of the
 vitreous body,  in which it is reduced to a difflu-
 ent condition.   It has, also, been used synony-
 mously with Complexio.
   CONFUSIONES  ANIMI, Affections of  the
 mind.
   CONGEE DISCHARGES, Rice-water  dis-

   CONGELANTIA,  Congelativa.
   CONGELATIO, Catalepsy.
   CONGELA'TION,  Congeldtio, Concjlacidtio,
 Gela'tio, from  congelo, (con  and gelare,) 'I  con-
 geal/  ' I freeze.'  The  action  of  congealing, of
 passing to the  solid state by the  abstraction of
 heat;  as congelation of ivater, mercury, Ac.  The
 term had once other acceptations.   1. It was sy-
 nonymous with concretion.  2. With coagulation,
 in which sense it is still occasionally employed.
 3. The ancients called aU diseases, produced by
 cold, congelations, as well as those  in which there
 was a kind of stupor or torpor—particularly cata-
 lepsy.  Also, Frostbite.
   CONGELATI'VA  MEDICAMEN'TA,   Con-
 glutinan'tia, Congelan'tia. Medicines, considered
 capable of uniting or consolidating wounds,  Ac.
   CON'GENER, Congen'erous, from con, ' with/
 and genus, 'kind.'  (F.) Congenere.  Of the same
 kind or species.  Resembling each other in some
 manner.   AVhen applied  to muscles, it means,
 that they concur in the same action;  in opposi-
 tion to the word antagonist, or that which acts in
 an opposite direction.
   In France Congeneres is applied to those  who
 join in the  dissection of the same subject.
   CONGENIALIS, Congenital.
   CONGENITA NOTiE, Naavus.
   CONGENITAL, Codgenite, Congenia'lis, Con-
 gen'itus, Syngen'icus, from con, 'with/ andgeni-
22 
CONGESTED
230
CONNECTICUT
tua, 'begotten.'   (F.)  Conginiul ou  Congenital.
Diseases which  infants have at  birth:  hence,
Congenital affectiona are those that depend  on
faulty conformation; as congenital hernia, conge-
nital cataract, Ac.  See Connate.
   CONGESTED, Hyperaemic
   CONGESTIO,  Congestion —c  Abdominalis,
Coeliaemia—c. Pectoris, Stethaemia—c. Pulmo-
num,  Stethaemia—c Sanguinis, Congestion.
   CONGES'TION,  Conges'tio, Rhope, from con-
gercre, 'to amass, 'accumulate/ Ac.  Symph'ora,
Hamatepago'ge,Hamatosymphore'sis,Hamatosyn-
ago'ge, Hamorme'sis, Symphore'ma, Symphore'sis,
Synathrois'mus, Synathroe'sis, Sanguinis Conges'-
tio, Engorgement.  Accumulation of blood — hy-
peramia—in an organ.  It is an important symp-
tom in febrile and other disorders.   It may arise
either from an extraordinary flow of blood by the
arteries, or from a difficulty in the return of blood
to the heart by the veins.   More often, perhaps,
it is owing to  the latter cause, and is termed  ve-
nous congestion, stasis  or stagnation — being not
unusually attended with symptoms of oppression
and collapse.
   Congestion of the Abdomen, Coeliaemia—c.
of the Brain, Stethaemia—c. Ciribrale, Cephalo-
hsemia—c. du Cerveau, Cephalohaemia—c. of the
Lungs,  Stethaemia—c.  des Poumons, Stethaemia—
c. Sanguine rachidienne, Hypermyelohaemia.
   CONGESTIVE FEVER, see Fever, congestive.
   CONGLACIATIO, Congelation.
   CO'NG'LO'B ATE,Conglobdtus, from conglobare,
(con,  and globus,  'aball/) 'to collect/ 'to gather
into a ball.'   (F.) Conglobi.
   Conglobate  Gland,  Gladdula  congloba'ta,
 Glandula  Muco'sa, Hydraden,  Globate gland,
Lymphatic gan'glion, (F.) Glande  Conglobie,
 Ganglion  lymphatique. A  round  body,  formed
of lymphatic  vessels, connected together by cel-
lular structure, but having neither a cavity nor
excretory  duct.  The mesenteric, inguinal and
axillary glands are of  this class.
   CONGLOBE, Conglobate.
   CONGLOM'ERATE, Couglomera'tus, from con,
and glomerare, 'to gather in a heap.'  Glom'erate,
 Glomera'tus, (F.) Conglomiri.  Heaped together.
   Conglomerate Glands, Gladdula conglome-
ra'ta,  Gladdula vasculo'sa, are those  whose
lobules are united under the same  membrane;
as the liver, kidney, testicle, Ac.
   CONGLOMERATIO INTESTINORUM, Epi-
ploce intestinalis.
   CONGLUTINANTIA, Congelativa.
   CONGRES,  (F.) Congress, Congres'sus, from
 congredi,  congressus,  (con,  and  gradi,  'to go/)
 'to go together.'  This term, which has  often
 been used synonymously  with  Coition, means,
 also, the ocular proof,  formerly ordered  by judi-
 cial authority, in the presence of surgeons and
 matrons,  to test the impotence or capabilities of
 parties;—a most unsatisfactory and indecent  ex-
 hibition.   It  was forbidden by the Parliament
' of Paris in the year 1667.
   CONGRESSUS, Coition.
   CONI VASCULO'SI. Conical bundles, formed
 by the  vasa efferentia  of the testis; having their
 base towards the  epididymis, into  the  tube of
 which they enter.
   CONIA, Kovta.  A wine, prepared by ferment-
 ing the must of the grape on tar previously washed
 in sea-water.—Orfila.  See, also, Lixivium.
   CONIASIS, Incrustation.
   CONIOSTOSIS, Pulverization,
   CONIS, Pulvis.
   CONISTERIUM, Apodyterium.
   CONI'UM, C. macula'tum, Corian'drum  macu-
 la'tum, Cicuta major seu maculdta seu Stoerkii,
 Abi'otes,  Cicuta terres'tris, Cicuta major fos'tida,
C. vulga'ris, Common Hemlock,  Hemlock, Poison
parsley, Spotted parsley, (F.) Cigu'e ordinaire, C.
grande.   Nat.  Ord.  Umbelliferae.   Sex. Syst.
Pentandria Digynia.  The leaves and seeds are
narcotic and poisonous in an over-dose.   Light
destroys the virtues of the leaves; and, therefore,
the powder should be kept in opaque bottles, well
corked. It has been used as a palliative in cancer
and other painful affections; but is not equal to
opium..  Externally, it has been applied in fo-
mentation to  cancerous  and scrofulous  ulcers.
Dose, gr. ij to x.
  Da'vidson's Remedy for Cancer is said to con-
sist of powdered hemlock and arsenious acid.
  Conium Moscha'tum, Aracacha. A very agree-
able and nutritive kind of tuberous vegetable, in
flavour not unlike celery, which grows  on  the
coast  of Peru, but is more abundant on the pro-
jecting ridges of the Cordilleras, and on the east-
ern declivity of the Andes. It is cooked by being
either simply boiled in water, or made into a kind
of soup.—Tschudi.
   CONJONCTIVE, Conjunctiva.
   CONJONCTIVITE, see Ophthalmia— c. Blen-
norrhagique, see Ophthalmia.
   CONJUGAISON, Conjugation.
   CONJUGA'TION, Conjuga'tio, from conjugare,
(con,  and jugum, 'a yoke/) 'to yoke together.'
(F.) Conjugaison.  Assemblage, union,— Conju'-
gium.
   Conjugations  Foram'ina, (F.) Trousde con-
jugaison.  The apertures at the sides of the spine,
formed by the union of the notches of the verte-
brae.   They give passage to the nerves of the
spinal marrow, and to the vessels which enter or
issue  from the vertebral canal.
   CONJUGIUM, Coition, Conjugation.
   CONJUNCTI   (MORBI),  from  conjungere,
(con  and  jungere,) 'to join  together.'  Diseases
joined  together.    Authors  have  distinguished
two kinds of these: one, in  which  the  diseases
go on simultaneously—morbi connex'i; the other,
in which they succeed each other—morbi conse-
quen'tea.
   CONJUNCTIO, Articulation.
   CONJUNCTIVA, CUTICULAR, Xerophthal-
mia—c. Granular, Trachoma.
   Conjunctiva  Membra'na,   Circumcauldlia,
Epipeph'ycoa, Tu'nica agna'ta, Tu'nica  adna'ta,
 T. conjunctiva, Tunda oc'uli, (F.)  Conjonctive,
Membrane adnie.  A mucous membrane, so called
because  it unites  the globe of the eye with the
eyelids.  It covers the anterior surface of the eye,
the inner surface of the eyelids, and the caruncula
lachrymalis.   It possesses great general sensibi-
lity, communicated to it by the fifth pair.
   CONJUNCTIVITIS, Ophthalmia — c. ^Egyp-
tiaca, Ophthalmia, purulent—c Blennorrhagica,
see   Ophthalmia — c  Catarrhalis,  Ophthalmia,
catarrhal — c. Gonorrhoica, see  Ophthalmia — c
Puro-mucosa  catarrhalis, Ophthalmia, catarrhal
—c. Puro-mucosa contagiosa vel jEgyptiaca, Oph-
thalmia, purulent.
   CONJUNGENS, Communicans.
   CONNATE, from con and  nutus, 'born with.'
   Connate  Diseases,  (F.) Maladies  connies,
Morbi conna'ti, are such as an  individual is born
with  : — connate having the same signification as
congenital.  A difference has been made by some,
however; those diseases or conditions which  are
 dependent  upon  original  conformation, being
 called congenital;—whilst the  diseases or affec-
tions that may have supervened during gestation
 or delivery, are termed connate.
   CONNECTICUT, MINERAL AVATERS OF.
 There is a mineral spring at Stafford, in this state,
 twenty-four miles from Hartford, which  has ob-
 tained more celebrity than any one in New Eng- 
               CONNERVATIO

land.   Its principal ingredients are iron and car-
bonic  acid.   It, consequently,  belongs  to the
class of acidulous  chalybeates.  There are  other
Bprings in the state, of which, however, little that
is accurate is known.
  CONNERVATIO, Syndesmosis.
  CONNEXIO OSSIUM  CARNOSA, Syssarco-
sis—c. Cartilaginea, Synchondrosis—c. Ligamen-
tosa, Syndesmosis.
  CONNUTRI'TUS, Syn'trophos, from con,
' with,' and nutrior, ' I am nourished.'  A dis-
ease is so called which has grown up, as it  were,
with an individual, or has been connate with him.
—Hippocrates, Galen.
  CONOID, Condi''dens, Cono'i'dea, from koivos, 'a
cone/ and ttSos, 'shape.'  (F.) Cono'ide.  Resem-
bling a cone.
  Conoid Lig'ament.  A ligament, passing from
the coracoid process to  the scapula, and forming
part of the coraco-cluvicular ligament of  some
anatomists.
  CONOIDAL SUBSTANCE OF THE  KID-
NEY,  see Kidney.
  CONOIDES CORPUS, Pineal gland.
  CONOPHTHALMIA, Staphyloma corneas.
  CONQ UASSANT, (F.) Conquaaaana, from con,
'with/ 'together/ and quassare, 'to shake.'  Dou-
leurs conquassantes are  the pains of  parturition,
at the  time of their greatest intensity, when the
head is engaged in the pelvis.
  CONQUASSA'TION, Conquassa'tio, Quassd-
tio, Quassatdra.  Same etymon.  A pharmaceu-
tical operation, which consists in dividing, with
a pestle, fresh vegetables,  fruits, Ac.  See  Con-
frication.
  CONQUASSATIONES  ANIMI, Affections of
the mind.
  CONQUE,  Concha.
  CONSCIOUSNESS,  DOUBLE.  A somnam-
bulistic condition, in which the individual leads,
as it were, two lives, recollecting in each condi-
tion what occurred in previous conditions of the
same   character,  but knowing  nothing  of the
occurrences of the  other. See Duality of the
Mind.
  CONSECUTIVE, Conaecuti'vua, from con,
'with/ and aequor, 'to follow.
  Consecutive Phenom'ena or Symptoms, (F.)
Phenomcnea ou accidens consicutifs, are such as
appear after the cessation of a disease, or, accord-
ing to  others, during its  decline;  but without
haying any direct connexion  with it.
  CONSENSUAL, see Instinctive.
  CONSENSUS, Consent of parts, Sympathy.
  Consen'sus Oculo'rum.  The intimate  asso-
ciation between the two eyes, as exemplified in
their consentaneous action  in health, and often in
disease.
  CONSENT  OF  PARTS, Consen'sus, Consen'-
sus par'tium, Sympathia, from con, and  sentire,
'to feel;' (F.) Conscntcment  des Parties.  That
relation of different parts of the body with each
other which is more commonly denominated sym-
pathy.
  CONSENTEMENT DES PARTIES,  Con-
sent of parts.
  CONSERATA'TI0N,  Conserva'tio,   Phylax'is,
from conscrvare, (con, and servare,) ' to preserve;'
(F.) Conservation,  Asservation.  The art of pre-
serving any  object of pharmacy, any remedial
agent,  Ac, from decay.
  CONSERVA,  Conserve.   Same etymon.  A
pharmaceutical preparation, composed of a vege-
table substance and a sufficient quantity of sugar.
The Loudon and American pharmacopoeias pre-
fer the term Confection.
  Conskrva  Absix'thii, C. absin'thii maritimi,
Conserve of Wormwood. (Leaves Ibj, sugar ibiij.)
1               CONSOMM&

 It has been employed as a tonic, stomachic, and
 vermifuge.
  Conserva Angel'icA;,(Ph. P.) Conserve d'Angi-
 lique,  C. of Angel'ica.   (Pulp of root 250 parts;
 white  sugar, boiled in  a decoction of the root,
 and reduced to the consistence of a solid electu-
 ary, 1000 parts.)   It is tonic, aromatic, and  sto-
 machic.
   Conserva de A'pio  Graveolen'te (Ph. P.),
 Conserve d'Ache, Conserve of Smallage.  Prepared
 like the preceding.  Reputed  to have  the same
 properties.
   Conserva Ari,  Conserve  of Arum.  (Fresh
 root tbss, sugar ibiss.)   Esteemed to be diuretic
 and stimulant.
   Conserva Aurantii,  Confectio aurantiorum—
 c. Cassiae, Confectio  cassiae—c. Citri aurantii,
 Confectio aurantiorum.
   Conserva Cochlea'ria: Horten'sis, Conserve
 of Lemon Scurvy Grass.  (Leaves Hbj, sugar Ibiij.)
 Reputed to  be stimulant and antiscorbutic.
   Conserva  Corticis   Exterioris  Aurantii
 Hispalensis,  Confectio aurantiorum — c. Corti-
 cum  aurantiorum, Confectio  aurantiorum — c.
 Florum rosarum rubrarum, Confectio rosae Gal-
 licae — c  Cynosbati, Confectio rosae canina? — c.
 Cynorrhodi, Confectio rosae caninae — c Flavedi-
 nis corticis aurantiorum Hispalensium, Confectio
 aurantiorum.
   Conserva Lu'jula;, C. Folio'rum hljula, Con-
 serve  of Woodsorrel.  (Leaves Ibj, sugar Ibiij.)
 Gratefully acid and refrigerant.
   Conserva Mentha:,  C. Mentha folidrum, C.
 Mentha sativa, Conserve of Mint.  (Leaves ibj,
 sugar Ibiij.)  Stomachic in nausea and vomiting.
   Conserva Pruni  Sylves'tris, Pulpa pruno'-
 rum sylves'trium condi'ta,  C.  Pruna sylvestris,
 Conserve of Sloes, (Pulp 1 part, sugar 3 parts.)
 Possessed of astringent properties.
   Conserva Rosa:, Confectio  rosae  Gallicae — c
 Rosae  caninae, Confectio rosae  caninae — c. Rosae
 Gallicae, Confectio rosae Gallicae.
   Conserva Scilla:, Conserve of Squill.  (Fresh
 squills ^j, sugar §x.) Possesses the diuretic and
 other virtues of the squill.
   CONSERArE, Conserva,  see Confectio —c.
 a"Ache,  Conserva de apio graveolente — c.  of
 Aloes, Conserva pruni  sylvestris — c. of Lemon
 scurvy grass, Conserva cochleariae hortensis—c.
 of Mint, Conserva menthae — c. of Orange, Con-
 fectio aurantiorum — c  of Roses (red), Confectio
 rosa; gallicae — c of Smallage, Conserva  de apio
 graveolente — c of AVoodsorrel, Conserva lujulae
 — c of AVormwood, Conserva absinthii.
   CONSER VES,  Spectacles.
   CONSIDEN'TIA.  This word has two  accep-
 tations.  1. It is synonymous with Apocatastasis ;
 and, 2. It signifies contraction of any cavity or
 canal:—See Synezisis.
   CONSISTEN'TIA.  A Latin  term employed
 in two senses.  1. When joined to the word Morbi
 or sEtatis, it expresses the  acme of a disease, or
 the age  at which the constitution has acquired
 its full strength.  2. By Consisten'tia humo'ris is
 meant the density  of a humour.
   CONSOLIDA MAJOR, Symphytum — c. Me-
 dia, Ajuga,  Chrysanthemum leucanthemum — c.
 Minor, Prunella—c Regalis, Delphinium conso-
 lida — c. Rubra, Tormentil—c. Saracenica, Soli-
 dago virgaurea.
  CONSOLIDAN'TIA,  Consolidatl va Medica-
 men'ta, from con, and solidus, solid.  Substances,
 formerly given  for the purpose of consolidating
 wounds, or strengthening cicatrices.
  CONSOLIDATIVA, Consolidantia.
   CONSOMJIE, Consummdturn, Zomos.   Soup,
 strongly charged with gelatin, and consequently
 very nutritious, although not proportionably easy
 of digestion.
11 
CONSOMPTION
232
CONSUETUDO
  CON SO MP TION, Consumption.
  CONSONANCE, see Sound.
  CONSONANT, Codsonans, from consono, 'to
sound together/ (con, 'with/ and sono, 'to sound/)
because it is generally believed  that a consonant
cannot be properly expressed, except when con-
joined with a vowel.  Physiologically, a breath,
or a sound produced in the larynx, which suffers
more or less interruption in its  passage  through
the  vocal tube.
  CONSORTIUM, Sympathy.
  CONSOUDE, GRANDE,  Symphytum.
  CONSOUND, MIDDLE, Ajuga.
  CONSPERSIO, Catapasma.
  CONSPICILLA,  Spectacles.
  CONSPIRATIO, Sympathy.
  CONSTELLA'TUM   UNGUEN'TUM.    An
ointment  composed of  cleansed  earthworms!
dried and pulverized;  and of  the fat of the bear
or wild boar.  It was formerly employed in tooth-
ach, and to hasten the cicatrization of wounds.
  CONSTERNATIO, Stupor.
  CON'STIPATED, Constipdtus.  (F.) Constipi.
Affected with constipation. Costive.
  CONSTIPATIO,  Constipation, Stegnosis.
  CONSTIPA'TION,  Constipa'tio,  from consti-
pare, (con and stipare,) ' to cram  close.'   Obsti-
pa'lio, Adstric'tio,  Arcta'tio, Obstipa'tio seu Re-
ten'tio  alvlna, Ischocollia, Alvus  adstric'ta, A.
Tarda, A. Dura, Obstruc'tio seu Suppres'sio alvi,
0. Ductus alimenta'rii, 0. intestina'lis, Torpor
intestino'rum, Stypsis, Constipa'tio  alvi,  Copros'-
tasis, Acop'ria, Acopro'sis, Coproepis'chesis, Ischo-
cop'ria,  Dyscollia, (F.)  Echauffement,  Ventre
resserri,  Costiveness,  Facal  Retedtion, Alvine
obstruction.  A state of the bowels, in which the
evacuations  do not take place  as  frequently as
usual; or are  inordinately hard,  and  expelled
with difficulty.  It may be owing either to dimi-
nished action  of the muscular coat of the intes-
tines, or to diminished secretion  from the mucous
membrane, or to both.   Cathartics will usually
remove it; after which its exciting and predis-
ponent causes  must be inquired into and  obviated
to render the cure permanent.
  CONSPIPATUS, Constipated.
  CONSTIPE, Constipated.
  CONSTITUENTS, Vehicle,  see Prescription.
  CONSTITUTIO, Constitution, Habit of body
— c. Aeris, Constitution  of the atmosphere—c
Epidemica, Constitution, epidemic — c. Nervosa,
Nervous diathesis.
  CONSTITUTION, Constitu'tio, Catas'tasis,
Status, from  con,  and statuere, from stare,  'to
stand.' A collection of several parts, forming a
whole.  In medicine, Constitution means the state
of all the organs of the human body considered
in regard to their special and relative  arrange-
ment,  order, or activity.   A good constitution is
one in which every organ is well developed, and
endowed  with due energy,  so  that  all perform
their functions with equal facility.  Any want of
equilibrium  in  their  development and energy
forms a difference  in the constitution.  We say
that a man is of a good or robust, a delicate or
weak  constitution, when he is commonly healthy,
or commonly labouring under, or unusually sus-
ceptible of, disease.
  Constitution of the At'mosphere, Constitu'-
tio  A'eris, (F.) Constitution Atmosphirique.  The
condition of the atmosphere, as regards dryness
and humidity, temperature, heaviness, direction
of the winds,  Ac, considered as respects its in-
fluence on the animal economy.
  Constitution, Epidem'ic, Constitu'tio epidem'-
ica, Medical  Constitution, (F.) Constitution mi-
dicale, C. ipidimiepte.  The aggregate of meteor-
ological conditions, so far as they are appreciable,
during which diseases prevail epidemically.
  CONSTITU'TIONAL,  (F.)  Oonstitutionnel.
Belonging to the constitution of an  individual;
to his manner of being ; as constitutional phthisis,
c. gout, Ac. By some, this epithet has been given
to diseases, produced by the  constitution of the
atmosphere; but this acceptation is not common.
  CONSTRICTEURS DE LA VUL VE,  Con-
strictores cunni—c. du Vat/in, Constrictores cunni.
  CONSTRICTIO, Astri'ction, Systole.
  CONSTRICTIVE Styptics.
  CONSTRICTOR, from  constringere, (con, and
stringere,) 'to  bind.'   (F.)  Constricteur.   That
which binds in  a circular direction. A sphincter.
Different muscles are so called.
  Constrictor Ani,  Sphincter ani externus — c
of Nuck, Compressor of Nuck.
  Comstrictores Alarum Nasi, Depressor alae
nasi.
  Constricto'res Cunni, C.  Vagi'na seu Vulva,
Clitor'idis inferio'res  lati   et  plani  mus'culi,
Sphincter Vagina,  (F.) Constricteurs du vugin,
C. de la Vulve.   Small  muscles, which  originate
beneath the clitoris,  descend  along the sides of
the  vagina, and terminate   by becoming  con-
founded with the transversus perinai and exter-
nal  sphincter ani muscles.  Their use is to con-
tract the entrance of the vagina.
  Constrictores Isthmi  Faucium,  Glossosta-
phylinus.
  Constricto'res Laryn'gis. Lieutaud describes,
under the name Grand constricteur  du Larynx,
the  muscle Crico-arytenoideus latcra'lis with the
Thyro-arytenoideus.
  Constricto'res Nasi, Compressor naris.
  Constrictor  GSsoph'agi,  Constrictor of the
QHsoph'agus,  (F.) Constricteur  de  V'(Esophage,
Muscle cesophagien.  A fasciculus of fleshy, cir-
cular fibres, at the upper part of the oesophagus.
  Constrictores Oris, Orbicularis oris—c. Pal-
pebrarum, Orbicularis palpebrarum.
  Constricto'res Pharyn'gis, Constrictors of
the  Pharynx, Sphincter Gula.  Muscular expan-
sions which assist in forming the parietes of the
pharynx.  Three of these are  generally admitted.
1. The Constric'tor Pharyn'gis infe'rior,  Crico-
Pharyngeus and Thyro-pharyngeus, (V.) Crico-
thyro-pharyngien. It is broad, very thin, quad-
rilateral, seated superficially,  extending from the
thyroid and cricoid cartilages as far as the middle
of the pharynx, and uniting,  on the median line,
with that of the opposite side. 2. The Constrictor
Pharyngis JMe'dius, Hyo-pharyngeus and Clion-
dro-pharyngeus, Syndes''mo-pharyngeus, (F.) Hyo-
glosso-basi-pharyngien, occupies the middle part
of the pharynx.  It is triangular, and attached,
anteriorly, to the great and little cornu of the os
hyoides; to the stylohyoid ligament; and termi-
nates, posteriorly, by  joining its fellow of the
opposite side.  3. The Constrictor Pharyngis su-
pe'rior, Ceph'alo-pharyngeus,  Glosso-pharyngeus,
Mylo-pharyngeus, Pier'ygo-pharyngeus, (F.) Pte-
rygo-syndesmo-staphili-pharyngien, is quadrilate-
ral, and extends from the  internal  ala of  the
pterygoid process, from the inter-maxillary liga-
ment, from the internal oblique line of the jaw,
and from the base of the  tongue to the posterior
part of the pharynx.
  The constrictors of the pharynx contract  it.
They can likewise approximate the ends to each
other.  Chaussier considers those and the  sfylo-
pharyngeus as  but one  muscle, and  includes all
under this last name.
  Constrictores A*agiiue, C. cunni—c. Vulvae,
C. cunni.
  CONSTRINGENTIA, Astringents, Styptics.
  CONSUETUDO, Habits-c. Menstrua, Menses. 
CONSULTATION             233              CONTINUITY
  CONSULTA'TION,  Consulta'tio, Deliberdtio,
Coenolog" in, Oonten'tio, Symboledsis, from conso-
le re, consultum, ' to hold council.'  This word has
several  acceptations.  In  English, it means,  al-
most always, the meeting of two or more practi-
tioners, to deliberate on any particular case of
disease.  In France, it signifies the written result
of such deliberations, as well as the opinion of a
physician, given to a patient, who  consults him,
either personally or by writing.
  CONSULTING  PHYSICIAN  or SUR-
GEON, (F.)  Medecin ou  Chirurgien consultant.
One who consults with the attending practitioner,
regarding any case of disease. Some physicians,
surgeons, aud accoucheurs confine  themselves to
consulting practice.
  CONSUMMATUM,  Consommi.
  CONSl  MMA'TUS, from con, cum, 'with/ and
aummus, 'the  whole.'  Confirmed;  established;
developed,—as Phthisis conaummdta, 'confirmed
consumption.'
  CONSUMP'TION, from consumere,  (con and
eumcre,) 'to waste away;'  Coneump'tio, Gonsuni-
tio,  Syntex'is,  (F.)  Conaomption.   Progressive
emaciation  or wasting away.   This  condition
precedes death in the greater part of chronic dis-
eases,  and particularly in phthiaia pulmonolia :
on this account it is, that phthisis has received
the name consumption.See Phthisis.   Fievre de
Ctnisomption, Conaumptive fever, is the  same as
Hectic fever.
  Consumption of the Bowels,Enterophthisis—
c. Pulmonary, Phthisis pulmonalis.
  CONSUMPTI'A'A.  Same  etymology.  Caus-
tics, used for the  destruction of fungi.  Burnt
alum, lunar caustic, Ac, were formerly so called.
  CONSUMTIO, Consumption.
  CONTABESCEN'TIA, from contabescere, (con
aud  tabescere,) ' to  grow  lean.'   Consumption,
marasmus, atrophy, Ac
  CONTACT, Contac'tus, from con and tangere,
'to  touch.'   The state  of two bodies that touch
each other.  In the theory of contagious diseases,
we  distinguish immediate or direct contact, as
when we touch a patient labouring under one of
those diseases ; and  mediate  or indirect contact,
when we touch, not the patient himself, but  ob-
jects that have touched or emanated from him.
The air is, most commonly, the medium by which
this last kind of contact is effected.
  CONTA'GION,  Conta'gio, Conta'ges, Contd-
giftm,  Aporrhas'a, Apoc'rysis.   Same  etymon.
The transmission of a disease from one person to
another by direct or indirect contact.   The term
has, also, been applied, by some, to the action of
miasmata arising from dead animal or vegetable
matter, bogs, fens, Ac,  but in this sense it is now
abandoned.   Contagious diseases  are  produced
either  by a virus, capable of causing  them by
inoculation, as in small-pox, cow-pox, hydropho-
bia,  syphilis,  Ac, or by  miasmata, proceeding
from a sick individual, as  in plague, typhus gra-
vior, and  in measles and scarlatina.   Scrofula,
phthisis pulmonalis, and cancer, have,  by  some,
been  esteemed contagious, but apparently with-
out  foundation.  Physicians are, indeed, by no
means unanimous in deciding what diseases  are
contagious,  and what not.  The  contagion  of
plague  and typhus, especially of the  latter, is
denied by many.  It seems probable, that  a dis-
ease may be  contagious  under certain circum-
stances and not under  others. A case of common
fever arising from common causes, as from cold,
if the  patient be kept in a close, foul situation,
may be converted into a .li-rise, capable of pro-
ducing emanations, which may excite a similar
disease in those exposed to them.  Contagion and
infection are  generally esteemed synonymous.
Frequently,  however, the former is applied to
diseases not produced by contact; as measles,
scarlet fever, Ac, whilst infection is used for
those that require positive contact; as itch, sy-
philis, Ac,  and  conversely.   Diseases, which
cannot be produced in any other way than by
contagion, are said to have their origin in specific
contagion; as  small-pox,  cow-pox, measles, hy-
drophobia,  syphilis, Ac.  Those which are pro-
duced by contagion, and yet are supposed to be
sometimes owing to other causes, are said to arise
from  common  contagion;  as typhus,  cynanche
parotidaea, Ac.
  CONTA'GIONIST.  One who believes in the
contagious character of a particular disease, — as
of yellow fever.
  CONTA'GIOUS, Contagio'sus.  Capable of be-
ing transmitted by mediate or immediate contact;
—as a contagious  disease, contagious fever, conta-
gious effluvia, Ac
  CONTAGIUM,  Contagion, Miasm.
  CONTEMPLABILES DIES, Critical days.
  CONTEMPLATIF, (F.) Contemplative, (con
and templum.)  Appertaining  to  contemplation.
The predominant idea of the melancholic — of
the monomaniac — is  sometimes caUed contem-
plative.
  CONTEMPLATIO,  Catalepsy.
  CONTEMPLATIVUS,  Contemplatif.
  CONTENSIO, Tension.
  CONTENTIO,  Consultation.
  CONTEX'TURE, Cemtextdra, Contex'tus, from
con and  texere,  (quasi tegsere, from  tegere, ' to
cover/) 'to  weave/  'to make  a web.'   Arrange-
ment of parts; — texture. A name given, meta-
phorically, to the structure of organized bodies;
as the contexture of muscles, fibres, Ac. See Tis-
sue, and Texture.
  CONTIGUITY, DI ARTHROSIS  OF, see
Continuity.
  CON'TINENCE, Continen'tia, from continere,
(con and tcnere, 'to hold or keep/) 'to contain
oneself;' 'to restrain.' Restraint. Abstinence from,
or moderation in, the pleasures of physical love.
  CONTINENS,  Continent.
  CONTINENT, Continens.   Restrained.  This
word is synonymous, also, with Continued;  (F.)
Continu.
  Continent Cause, Causa conjunc'ta, is a cause,
real or presumed, which, having given rise to a
disease, continues to act during the whole of its
duration.   It may  be considered  synonymous
with  proximate cause.   A continent fever, Fcbria
continena, is one which preserves during its whole
course, the same degree of intensity, without any
remission or seusible  exacerbation.  A  disease
which continues uninterruptedly, has been  also
called yEipnthci'a, Aeipathela or Aipathi'a.
  CONTINENTIA, Continence.
  CONTINUED  FEArER,  Febria  contin'ua, F.
con'tinena, F.  anabatica, F. assid'ua.   A  fever
which presents  no  interruption  in its  course.
Continued  fevers  form a division in the  class
Pyrexia of Cullen, and include three genera,—
Synoeha, Synochus, and Typhus.  It is proper to
remark, that some of  the older writers make a
distinction between the continual fever, o-mxvs,
febria continua, and the aynochua or febris conti-
nens.  Thus, Rhases states that the synochus or
continens is  a fever, which  consists of one pa-
roxysm from beginning to end; whilst the conti-
nua is allied to intermittents.
  CONTINU'ITY,  Continu'itas.   An adhesion
of two things  between  each other, so that they
cannot be separated without fracture or laceration.
  Continuity, Diarthro'sls of, (F.) Diarthroses
de Continuiti,  are  movable joints, in  which the
bones are continuous,  but do not touch imnie- 
               CONTONDANT              23

diately, there being between them a ligamentous i
substance, whose flexibility permits motion.  The
vertebral articulations are examples of this.  Di-
ARTHROSES OF Contigu'ity, Diarthroaea de Conti-
guiti, on the other hand, are movable articula-
tions, in which the bones are not continuous, but
touch by  surfaces covered with a  cartilaginous
layer, which is always moistened by synovia.
  Continuity, Solution of, Solu'tio contidui, is
any  division  of  parts,  previously continuous.
AYounds and fractures are solutions of continuity.
The  word Continuity is opposed to Contiguity: the
latter meaning the condition of two things which
are near each other, or touch without uniting.
There is contiguity between the head of the hu-
merus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula, but
not continuitu.
  CONTONDANT, Contunding.
  CONTORSIO, Contorsion—c. Columnae verte-
bralis, Rhachiostrophosis.
  CONTOR'SION, Contor'tio,  from contorqueo,
(con and torquere,  ' to wring/) ' I  twist about.'
Violent movement of a part, accompanied with a
kind of torsion;  as contortion of the face.
  CONTRAAPERTU'RA, from contra, 'against/
and  aperio,  ' I open.'  A counter-opening;  Con-
tra-incis'io,  Incis'io prio'ri oppo'sita, (F.) Contre-
ouverturc. An incision, made in the most depend-
ing  part of a wound or abscess, when the  first
opening is not situate in  a manner favourable for
the discharge of the pus.
  CONTRAEXTENSIO, Counter-extension.
  CONTRACTILE,  Contrac'tilia, from  contra-
here, (con and trahere,) 'to draw together.'  Ca-
pable of contracting.   The  fibre of  muscles is
contractile.           ^
  CONTRACTILITE, Contractility—c. par de-
fiant dExtension,  Elasticity — c. de Tissu, Elas-
ticity.
  CONTRACTIL'ITY, Contractuitas: same ety-
mon ;  (F.)  Contractiliti.  That vital property,
which gives, to certain parts, the power of  con-
tracting. The muscles of  locomotion are endowed
with a  power of voluntary  contractility,  or one
dependent immediately on the action of the brain:
— the muscles of the viscera of digestion, and
other internal organs, enjoy an involuntary con-
tractility.  Contractility  and irritability are fre-
quently used synonymously  to signify the  pro-
perty possessed by any  tissue  of contracting  on
the application of an appropriate stimulus.
  Contractility, Irritability.
  CONTRACTIO CORDIS, Systole.
  CONTRACTION,  Contrac'tio.  Same etymon ;
Sys'tole. Action of contracting.  When we speak
of the contraction of a muscle, we mean the  phe-
nomenon it exhibits during the time it is in action.
  CONTRACTOR  UTERI, Abortive.
  CONTRACTU'RA.  Same etymon. Acamp'sia,
Entdsia  articula'ris,  Rigor ar'tuum, Muscular
Stiff-joint.  A  state of  permanent rigidity and
progressive  atrophy of the flexor muscles, which
prevents the motions of  extension  beyond a cer-
tain limit. The affected  muscles form hard cords
beneath the skin.   On dissection, they are found
converted into tendinous fibres, the fleshy fibres
Saving almost disappeared, when the  disease has
been of any duration.   It succeeds,  frequently,
other  diseases, particularly rheumatism, neural-
gia, convulsions, syphilis, colica pictonum, Ac.
The warm bath, vapour  bath, or thermal waters,
oleaginous  embrocations, mechanical extension
of the limbs, Ac, are the chief means of treatment.
   CONTRAFISSU'RA,  from  contra, 'against/
a,nd\findo,fissum, 'I cleave;' Repercus'sio,Reson'-
itus, Catag'ma Fissura eontrajdcena,  Apeche'ma,
Anticom'ma, Antic'ope,  Anticru'aia, Antieruama,
Infortdnium, Counterstroke,(F.) Contre-coup, Con-
            CONTRO-STIMULUS

! tre-fente, Contre-fracture.  A fracture, contusion,
 or injury, produced, by a  blow, in a part distant
 from that which is struck.  Five species of contra-
 fissura  or contre-coups may occur  in  the skull.
 1. AA'hen the internal table yields and fractures.
 2. AVhen the bone breaks  in any other part than
 the one  struck. 3. When a bone, which has been
 struck, remains uninjured, and its neighbour is
 fractured.  4.  When the  bone is fractured in a
 place diametrically opposite to that struck, as in
 fractures at the base of the cranium, from a fall
 on  the vertex; and lastly, when  the violence of
 the blow produces a separation of the neighbour-
 ing or  distant sutures.  These fractures  of the
 skull are also called Fractures par risonnance.
   CONTRAHENTIA, Astringents, Styptics.
   CONTRAINCISIO, Contra-apertura.
   CONTRAINDICATIO, Counter-indication.
   CONTRAIRRITATIO, Counter-irritation.
   CONTRALUNA'RIS,  from contra,  'against/
 and tuna, 'the moon.'  An epithet for a woman
 who conceives during the  menstrual discharge.—
 Dietrich.
   CONTRASTIMULANS, Contro-stimulants.
   CONTRAYEIWA,  Dorstenia  contrayerva—c.
 Balls, Pulvis contrayervaa compositus—c. Lisbon,
 Dorstenia contrayerva — c. Mexican, Psoralea
 pentaphylla—c. Nova, Psoralea  pentaphylla—c.
 Virginiana, Aristolochia serpentaria.
   CONTRECOUP, Contra-fissura.
   CONTREEXTENSION, Counter-extension.
   CONTREFENTE, Contra-fissura.
   CONTREFRA CTURE, Contra-fissura.
   CONTREINDICA TION, Counter-indication.
   CONTREOUVERTURE, Contra-apertura.
   CONTREXEVILLE, MINERAL WATERS
 OF.  Contrexeville  is a town in France  in the
 department of Vosges, four  leagues from Neuf-
 ehateau.  The waters contain carbonate of iron,
 chloride of calcium, and carbonate of lime, chlo-
 ride of sodium, a bituminous substance, and free
 carbonic acid.  They  are frequented by those
 labouring under cutaneous,  scrofulous, and  cal-
 culous affections.
   CONTRIT"IO, Syntrim'ma,  Syntrip'sis, Tri-
 tu'ra, Tritus, Tril'io, Tripsis,  from contcro, 'I
 bruise or make small:' Comminu'tion, Trituration.
   CONTROSTIM'ULANT, Contrastim'ulans,
 Hyposthen'ic, from contra,  'against/ and stimulus,
 ' that which excites.'  A substance that possesses
 a particular,  debilitating  property,  acting upon
 the excitability in a manner opposite to stimulus.
 A name given to therapeutical agents,  which, ac-
 cording to the Italian theory of Contro-stimulus,
 are endowed with the property  of diminishing
 excitement by a specific  action.  These  agents
 are by no means clearly defined.
   CONTROSTIMULUS.   Same  etymon.  The
 name given by Rasori, about thirty years  ago, to
 a new medical doctrine, of which he was the ori-
 ginator—La nuova Dottrina Medica Ituliana.  It
 is founded on the contro-stimulant property attri-
 buted to a certain number of medicines.   In this
 doctrine, as in that of Brown, under the name ex-
 citability, a fundamental  principle of physiology
 is admitted, by virtue of which living  beings are
 endowed with an aptitude for feeling the action
 of  external  agents  or exciting  influences, and
 of  reacting  on  these  influences.  AVhen  this
 excitability is too great, there is excess of stimu-
 lus  or  Hyperstheni'a: when too little, there is
 deficiency or Hyposthenla. Diseases, general and
 local, are divided into three great classes, or into,
 1.  Hypersthenic; 2.  Hyposthenic;  3.  Irritative.
 The contro-stimulant physicians admit only two
 classes  of medicines — stimulants and  contro-sti-
 mulanta.
23 
CONTUNDING
235
CONVOLVULUS
   CONTUND'ING, Contu'sing, Contun'dens, from
 contunderc, (con and  tnndere,)  'to bruise.'  (F.)
 Contonelant.  That whichcauses contusions.   An
 epithet given to round, blunt, vulnerating  pro-
 jectiles, which bruise or lacerate parts without
 cutting them.
   CONTUS, Contused.
   CONTUS, Penis.
   CONTU'SKD.   Same  etymon.  (F.)  Contus.
 Affected with contusion.  Thus we say — a con-
 tused wound.
   CONTU'SION,  Contdsio,  a Bruise, Collis'io,
 Phlasma, Thlasis,  Thlas'ma,  Th. contdsio, Rhege,
 Rhegmn, Rhegmus, Famex, Famis, Famix,  (F.)
 Menrtri'seure. Same etymon.  An injury or lesion
 —arising from the impulse of a body with a blunt
 surface—which presents no loss of substance, and
 no apparent wound.  If the skin be divided, the
 injury takes the name of contused  wound.  The
 differences of contusions, as to extent,  are of
 course infinite. When slight, the blood stagnates
 in the capillaries of the skin, or is effused into the
 subcutaneous areolar tissue.   Time and cold ap-
 plications  remove it.   When the texture of the
 parts  has  been  lacerated, there is effusion of
 blood, with  more  or less torpor  in  the part.
 Cooling applications,  general or topical bleeding,
 emollients, poultices, Ac, are here  necessary,
 according  to circumstances.   In  the severest
 kinds  of contusion, all the soft and solid parts,
 except the skin,  are  bruised, and,  at  times, re-
 duced to a kind of pap.   When the disorganiza-
 tion is to  this extent, there is no hope except in
 amputation.  A  deep  contusion of the  soft parts
 has been called Sarcoth'lasis, and Sarcothlas'ma.
   CONUS ARTERIO'SUS, Infundidulum of the
 heart.   The  portion of the right ventricle from
 which the pulmonary  artery proceeds, forms a
 prominence on the right side of the anterior fur-
 row of the heart, and is  prolonged towards the
 left, becoming narrower at the same time, so as
 to  form a funnel-shaped  projection, which ex-
 tends  a little beyond the base of the ventricles.
 This is the Conus arteriosus.
   Coxus Vasculosus, see Coni Vasculosi.
   CONVALESCENCE,  Convalesced tia, Ana-
 lep'sis, Anas'tasis, Reconvalescen'tia, from conva-
 lescerc, (con  and valescere) 'to grow well.'  Ex-
 anas'trophe.   Recovery of health  after disease.
 The time which  elapses between the termination
 of a disease and complete restoration of strength.
   CONVALLARIA ANGULOSA,  C. polygona-
 tum.
   Convalla'ria Maia'lis,  from  convallis, 'a
 valley/—from its abounding in valleys. Lilium
 Conrallium, Convalla'ria, C. mappi, Maiadthe-
 mum, Lily of the Valley, May Lily,  (F.) Muguet,
 Magnet de Mai.   The recent flowers are reputed
 to be  aromatic,  cephalic, errhine, and cathartic.
 They are not used.
   Oonvallaria Mappi, C. Maialis.
   Convalla'ria  Multiflo'ra,  Polygodatum
 multiflo'rum, which grows in  this country  and in
 Europe, has analogous properties.
   Convalla'ria Polygon'atum.  The systema-
 tic name of Solomon's Seal,  Convalla'ria angu-
 lo'sa, Polygon'atum uniflo'rum seu anceps seu vul-
ga're,  Sigillum  Salomo'nis, Polygon'atum.  The
root was once used as  an astringent and tonic
It is, also,  a reputed cosmetic.
  CONYENTUS, Coition.
  CONVER'SION, Conrcr'sio, from con and  ver-
tere,' to turn.' Change from one state into another.
  Conversion of Diseases,  (F.) Conversion des
maladies, is the change or transformation of  one
disease into another.
  CON\TOLU'TION, t7o»ro"Vr»o.from eonvolvere,
(con and  volvere)  'to entwine;' Epispha'rion,
 Gyrus, Helig'mus, (F.) Circonvolutwn.  The roll-
 ing of any thing upon itself.
   Convolutions, Cer'ebral, Gyri seu PUcatd-
 ra seu Spira seu Proces'sus enteroi'dei  Cer'ebri,
 are the  round, undulating, tortuous projections
 observed at  the  surface of the brain.   In them
 Gall's organs, of course, terminate.
   Convolution, Inter'nal,  C.  of the Corpus
 Callo'sum, Convolution d'Ourlet  (Foville).    A
 cerebral convolution of great extent, the princi-
 pal portion of which is found on the inner surface
 of each  hemisphere above the  corpus callosum.
 In front it bends downwards and backwards  to
 the fissure of Sylvius, and behind it extends  to
 the middle lobe and forms the hippocampus major.
   Convolutions, Intes'tinal,  are  the turns
 made by the intestines in the abdomen.
   Convolution, Supra-or'bitar.   A  convolu-
 tion of  the brain, which exists on the inferior
 surface of the anterior lobe, and  rests upon the
 roof of the orbit.
   CONVOLVULUS,  Intussusceptio, Heus.
   Convol'vulus Bata'tas.  Same etymon.   C.
 Iddicus,  Camotes;  the Sweet Potato,  Spanish
 Potato.  This is the only esculent root of the
 genus Convolvulus.   It is much  eaten in the
 United  States.
   Convol'vulus Cantab'rica, Cantab'rica, La-
 vender-leaved Bindweed, has been considered an-
 thelmintic and actively cathartic.
   Convolvulus Indicus, C. Batatas.
   ConvoL'vuLUS Jala'pa. A systematic name
 of the Jalap  plant, properly Ipomce'a Jalapa seu
 maerorhiza, Jala'pium, Jalo'pa, Mechoaca'na ni-
 gra, Jalappa, Jalapa, Jalap Root,  Ginlappa, Xa-
 lappa, Bryo'nia Mechoacada  nigricans, Bryo'-
 nia Peruvia'na, Chela'pa, Rhabar'barum Nigrum,
 Gelappium, (F.) Jalap, is  procured from South
 America.  Its odour is nauseous ; taste  sweetish
 and slightly pungent.  It  is solid,  hard, heavy,
 brittle;  fracture resinous;  internally, light gray;
 externally, covered with a  deep brown, wrinkled
 bark.   Its operation is cathartic,  the  resinous
 part griping violently.  Dose, 10 gr. to ^ss.   A
 drop  or  two of any essential oil may prevent  it
 from griping. An active principle has been sepa-
 rated from Jalap, to which the names  Jalapin
 and Cathartin have been given.
   Convolvulus Major Albus, Convolvulus se-
 pium—c Maritimus, Convolvulus soldanella.
   Convol'vulus  Mechoacan,  Mechoaca'na
 Radix, Jalappa alba, Rhabar'barum album, Me-
 choacan, (F.) Rhabarbe blanche.  A Mexican
 convolvulus,  the root  of which possesses  aperient
 properties, and was once extensively used instead
 of jalap.
   Convolvulus Megalorhizus, C. Panduratus.
   Convol'vulus Pandura'tus,  C. Megalorhi-
 zus,  Pseudo-mechoaca'na,  Fiddle-leaved Bind-
 weed, Hog Potato,  Virginian Bindweed, Wild
 Pota'to,  Mech'ameck, M. Bindweed,  Wild Jalap,
 Man in the ground,  Wild Rhubarb, Wild Potato-
 Vine,  Kassadder,  Kassa'der,  Kussauder,  (F.)
 Liseron Mediamec.  In Virginia, and some other
 parts of  the United States,  the root  of this plant
 has been much recommended in cases of gravel.
 It is used either in powder or decoction.
   Convolvulus  Perennis, Humulus lupulus.
   Convolvulus   pes  Ca'prea:,  Bargada.   A
 plant  used in India as a cataplasm in arthritic
 cases.
   Convolvulus Repens, C. sepium.
   Convolvulus  Scammo'nea  seu  Scammo'nia,
 C. Syrincus.  The systematic name of the Scam'-
mony Plant.  A Syrian and Mexican plant; the
concrete  gummi-resinous juice of which, Scam-
mo'nia, Scammonia Gummi Reslna, Scammonium,
S. Syriacum,  Diagryd'ium,  Dacrydion, Scammo- 
            CONVULSIBILITAS           2:

ny, Mdhmoudy, (F.) Scammonie d'Ahp, comes to
us in blackish-gray fragments, becoming whitish-
yellow when touched .with wet fingers.  It is a
drastic, hydragogue  cathartic.  Dose,  gr. iij to
gr. xv, triturated with sugar.
   Convolvulus, Sea, Convolvulus Soldanella.
   Convol'vulus   Se'pium,  Convolvulus  major
albus  seu repens seu  Tugurio'rum,  Oolyate'gia
ae'pium, Great Bindweed, (F.) Liaeron dea Haiea:
Grand Liseron.  The juice of  this plant is vio-
lently purgative, and is given  in dropsical affec-
tions.
   Convol'vulus Soldanel'la.  The systematic
name of the Sea Convolvulus, Bras'sica Marina,
Calyste'gia Soldanella,  Sea  Bindweed,  Convol-
vulus  Maritimus, Soldanella,  (F.) Chou 3Iarin.
The leaves of this plant are said to be drastic ca-
thartic ; but they are not much, if at all, used.
   Convolvulus Syriacus,  Convolvulus  scam-
monia—c. Tuguriorum, C. sepium.
   Convol'vulus Turpe'thum, Turpe'thum. The
systematic name of the Turbith plant.   (F.) Ra-
cine de Turbith.  The cortical part of the root of
this species of convolvulus is  brought  from the
East Indies.  It is a cathartic, but not used.
   CONVULSIBILITAS, see Subsultus tendinum.
   CONVULSIF, Convulsive.
   CONVULSIO,  Convulsion — c. Canina,  see
Canine laugh.
   Convul'sio  Cerea'lis, Convulsio ab Ustilag'-
ine, Ergotis'mus spasmod'icus, Myrmeciasis, Ra-
pha'uia, Myrmecias'mus, Convul'sio Solonien'sis,
Myrmecis'mus,  Myrmeco'sis, Cereal Convulsion,
(F.) Convulsion eiridle, Ergotisme convulsif, Con-
vulsion  de Sologne.  A  singular disorder of the
convulsive kind, attended with  a peculiar tingling
and formication in  the  arms  and legs;  hence
called by the Germans Kriebelkrankheit.  It
is  said to be endemic in some parts of Germany,
and to arise often from the use of spoiled corn.
   Convulsio  Habitualis,  Chorea—c Indica,
Tetanus—c. Raphania, Raphania—c. Soloniensis,
C. cerealis, Ergotism—c. Tonica, Tonic spasm—
c.  Uteri, Abortion.
   CONVUL'SION, Spasmus, Convul'sio, from
convallere, (con and vellere,) ' to tear/ ' to pull to-
gether ;'  Oonduc'tio,  Hieran'osis,  Distedtio ner-
vo'rum, Spasmus  clon'icus,  Convul'sio clodiea,
Eclamp'sia, Syspa'sia Convul'sio, Hyper spasm'ia,
Clonic Spasm.  This word has several accepta-
tions.  It means  any violent  perversion of the
animal movements.  The word Convulsions ge-
nerally, however, signifies alternate contractions,
violent and involuntary, of muscles, which habi-
tually contract only under the influence of the
will.  This alternate contraction, when slight, is
called tremor; when strong and permanent, teta-
nus, trismus, Ac.  Spasma, Cramp, Riaua Sardo-
nicus, and St.  Vitus'a Dance  are convulsions.
   Convulsion, Salaam', Eclamp'sia nutans.  A
name given to a singular kind of convulsion in
children, in which there is a peculiar bobbing of
the head forward.—Sir Charles Clarke.
   CONVULSION DE  SOLOGNE,  Convulsio
cerealis.
   CONVULSIONNAIRE, (F.)  A name given,
during the last century, to individuals who had,
or affected to have, convulsions, produced by re-
ligious impulses.
   CONVULSIONS OF CHILDREN, Eclampsia
—c. des Enfane, Eclampsia — c. dea Femmea-en-
ceintes et en couches, Eclampsia  gravidarum et
parturientium—c Puerperal, Eclampsia gravida-
rum et parturientium.   See Mania, dancing.
   CONVUL'SIVE,  Convulsivus, Spaamo'dea,
Agitato'rius, (F.)  Convulsif.  That which  is ac-
                  COPOS

companied by, or is analogous to, convulsions, as
convulsive cough, convulsive disease.
  CONYZA, Inula dysenterica — c. Coma aurea,
Solidago Alrgaurea—c Major, C. squarrosa—c.
Media, Inula dysenterica.
  Cony'za Squarro'sa, C. 3Iajor, Brephoc'to-
non, In'nla squarro'sa,  Great Fleabane or Spike-
nard, (F.) Herbe  aux  mouches.   A  European
plant, whose  strong and disagreeable odour was
formerly considered  to be destructive  to  flies,
fleas, Ac.   Its infusion in wine was once used as
an emmenagogue and anti-icteric; and in vinegar
as an anti-epileptic
  COOKERY, Culinary art.
  COOLAVEED, Pilea pumila.
  COONTIE or  COONTI, see Arrowroot.
  COOPERCULUM OCULI, Palpebra.
  COOPERTORIUM,  Thyroid cartilage.
  COOSTRUM.   The  middle part of  the dia-
phragm.—Ruland.
  COPAHU, Copaiba.
  COPA'IBA.   The resinous juice of Copa'if'era
officina'lis seu Jacquini, Copaira officina'lis, and
other species of Copaifera; Family, Leguminosae.
Sex. Syst. Decandria Monogynia.  It is the Co-
paifera officina'lis Reslna, Balsamum Copaiba,
B. Braziliedse,  B. de Copaibd, B. Capi'vi, Bal-
sam of Copaiba or Copaiva, (vulgarly pronounced
capee'vy,) (F.) Copahu, Baume de Copahu, B. du
Brisil, Tiribinthe de Copahu.  Its odour is pe-
culiar, but not unpleasant; taste pungent, bitter;
consistence, syrupy; colour yellowish, and trans-
parent.  It is soluble in alcohol, ether,  and the
expressed oils.   S. g.  0.950.  Its properties are
stimulant  and diuretic; in large doses it is pur-
gative.  It acts  on the lining membrane of the
urethra, and on  mucous membranes in  general.
It is given in gonorrhoea, gleet, leucorrhcea, Ac,
in the dose of  gtt. x to """"j, twice or thrice a day.
Should  symptoms of urticaria or diarrhoea arise,
the dose is too  large,  and must be diminished.
It can be inspissated by means  of magnesia so
as to be made into pills, and a plan has  been
devised  for enveloping it  in  gelatin, so that its
taste is  entirely concealed.   See Capsules,  gela-
tinous.
  COPAIFERA JACQUINI, see Copaiba —c.
Officinalis, see Copaiba.
  COPAIVA OFFICINALIS, see Copaiba.
  COPAL', Copale, Resina Copal,  Gummi copal-
li'num.  A resinous substance brought  from the
East Indies,  South America, and  the  western
coast of Africa, which  flows spontaneously from
Elaoear'pus Copalif era or Vate'ria Ind'ica, and
probably from different species of Hymena'a.  It
is a stimulant, like all  the resins, and,  dissolved
in rectified spirit of wine, has been used in  cases
of spongy gums  and looseness of the teeth; but
it is now only employed in varnishes.
  COPE, Cut.
  COPHOMA, Cophosis.
  COPHONIA, Acouophonia.
  COPHO'SIS,  Copho'ma, Coph'otes,  Sur'ditas,
Paraeu'sis, Dysasthe'sia audito'ria ; from Ktatpos,
'deaf.'   (F.)  Surditi.   Diminution or loss of
hearing.  Cullen uses the word synonymously
with Dyseccea, and  Pinel with Paracodsia or
Parac'oe.   According to Sauvages,  Cophosis dif-
fers from both,—from Dyseccea, because  in it the
sonorous rays cannot reach the labyrinth; and
from Paracousia, which consists in a  confused
state of hearing.
  Cophosis seems, usually, to  be  synonymous
with deafness,—Paraeu'sis Sur'ditas.
  COPHOTES,  Cophosis.
  COPOS, Lassitddo, Fatiga'tio, Las'sitvde, Fa-
tigue.  A state of body in which most of the ani-
mal functions are  exerted with less promptitude
16 
COPPER      •          237
CORALLINA
and vigour than common.  The ancients admit-
ted three species : 1. That arising from plethora,
Lassitddo  tensiva, tono'des;  2. From  plethora
and  increased heat combined, Lassitddo phleg-
mono'su, astuo'sa, phlegmono'des ; and, 3. Owing
to a  morbid condition of the humours, Lassitddo
ulcero'su, helco'des.
   COPPER, Cuprum — c. Ammoniated, Cuprum
ammoniatum—c. Ammonio-sulphate of, Cuprum
ammoniatum — c Subacetate of, Cupri subacetas
—c  Sulphate of, Cupri sulphas—c Ammoniacal
sulphate of, Cuprum ammoniatum.
   COPPERAS,  Ferri sulphas —c.  AArhite, Zinci
sulphas.
   COPPER-NOSE, Gutta rosea.
   CO 1'RACRASIA, Scoracrasia.
   COPRACRATIA, Scoracrasia.
   COPRAGO'GUM, from Kor.pos,  'faeces/  and
ayto,  ' I bring away.'   Stercus e primis viia edd-
cena.   A cathartic.  The name of a laxative elec-
tuary,  mentioned by Ruland.
   COPRECCRITICUS, Coprocriticus.
   COPREM'ESIS, Coprientesis, Vom'itus facu-
len'tus seu ster'coris:  same etymon  as the next.
Vomiting of faeces.
   COPREM'ETUS, Coproem'etus,  Copriem'etus,
Merdiv'omus, from Ko-npos, 'excrement/ and i/itta,
'I vomit.'  One who vomits fasces.—Hippocrates.
   COPRIEMESIS, Copremesis.
   COPRIEMETUS, Copremetus.
   COPROCRIT'ICUS, Copreccrilicus, from  kott-
pos, 'excrement/ and Kpivta, 'I separate.' A mild
cathartic; an eccoprotic
   COPROEMETUS. Copremetus.
   COPROEPISCHESIS, Constipation.
   COPROLITIIUS, see  Calculi of  the  stomach
and intestines.
   COPROPHORESIS, Catharsis.
   COPROPHORIA, Catharsis.
   COPRORRH03A, Diarrhoea.
   COPROS, Excrement.
   COPROSCLEROMA, Coprosclerosis.
   COPROSCLERO'SIS,  from  Konpos,  'excre-
ment/  and axXvpoo), ' I harden.'  Induration of
faecal matters;  Coprosclero'ma.
   COPROSTASIS, Constipation.
   COPTE, Copton, from kotttu, ' I beat or pound.'
A sort of cake, composed  of vegetable  substances,
which the  ancients administered internally, and
applied to  the epigastric region in the form of
cataplasm.
   COPTIS, Coptia trifo'liu, Nigella,  Helleb'orua
trifo'litis, Fibra au'rea, Chryza fibrau'rea, Ane-
mo'ne  Gronlan'dica,  Gold  thread,  Mouth  root.
The root of this—Coptis, (Ph. U. S.)—is much
used in Massachusetts,  in  aphthous and other
ulcerations  of the mouth, as a local application.
It is a pure bitter, and can  be used, wherever
such is indicated.
   Coptis Teeta, Mishme Teeta, (Upper Assam),
Honglane,  (Chinese).  The  root of this plant is
considered to be a powerful tonic and stomachic.
   COPTON, Copte.
   COPULA, Ligament—c Carnalis,  Coition—c.
Cartilaginea, see Synchondrosis—e. Magna  cere-
bri,  Corpus callosum.
   COPULATION, Coition.
   COPYO'PIA, Kopyo'pia,  (F.) Lassitude ocu-
laire,  from kottos,  'fatigue/ and o>4>, 'the  eye.'
Fatbrne of vision.  AVeakness of sight.  Inability
Of the eye to sustain continued exertion.
   C0(?, Phasianus G alius.
   CO QUE DU LEVANT,  see  Menispermum
cocculus — c. d'Qiuf, seo Ovum — c.  Levant, see
Menispermum  cocculus.
   00 Q UEL ICO T, Papaver rhoeas.
   COQUELOURDE, Anemone Pulsatilla,
   COQUELUGHE, Influenza, Pertussis.
  COQUEN'TIA  MEDICAMENT'A, from co-
quere, 'to digest.'  Medicines which were for-
merly believed to be proper for  favouring  the
coction or digestion of food.
  COQUERET, Physalis.
  COQUETTE, Influenza.
  COQUILLE, Cochlea—c. d'CEuf, see Ovum.
  COR, A corn.   Also, Heart.
  Cor Bovinum, Heart, hypertrophy of the.
  CORACOBRACHLEUS, Coracobrachialis.
  COR'ACO-BRA'CHIAL, Cor'aco Brachia'lis.
Belonging both to the coracoid process and arm.
  Coraco-Brachialis (Muscle),  Coracobrachi-
a'us, Coraco-humiral—(Ch.), Perfora'tus Casse'-
rii, Perforatus, is situate at the inner and upper
part of  the  arm.  It arises from  the coracoid
process  of the scapula,  and is inserted  at the
middle part of the inner side of the humerus.  It
carries the arm forwards and inwards,  raising
the humerus a little.  It  can, also, by acting in-
versely, depress the shoulder.
  CORACO-CLAVICULAR,  Coraco-claviculd'-
ris.  Belonging to the coracoid process and cla-
vicle.
  Coraco Clavicular Ligament,—called, also,
Omo-clavicular, — serves to unite  the clavicle to
the coracoid  process.  It is very irregular, and
formed of two fasciculi, which the greater part
of anatomists  have described as particular liga-
ments, under the  names Conoid and Trapezoid.
  CORACODES, Coracoid.
  CORACO-HUMERALIS, Coraco-brachialis—
c Hyoideus, Omohyoideus — c Radialis,  Biceps
flexor cubiti.
  COR'ACOID,  CoracoVdeus, Coraco'i'des, Cora-
co'des, C. Proccss'us,  Corniculdris  Processus,
Crow's-beak-like Process, Proces'sus anchdra'lis,
rostriform'is,  ancyro'i'des, from Kopai;, 'a crow/
and ttSos, 'resemblance.'  (F.) Coraco'ide.  Re-
sembling the beak of a crow.  A name given by
Galen, (and still retained,) to the short, thick
process, situate at the anterior part of the upper
margin of the scapula; which has some  resem-
blance to the beak of a crow.  This process gives
attachment to the Coraco-clnvic'ular and  Coraco-
acro'mial ligaments, and to the Coraco-brachid -
lis, Pectora'lis minor, and Biceps muscles.
   Coracoid Lig'ament,  Ligamedtum coracoV-
deum, (F.) L.  Coracoidien.  This  name is given
to  the small fibrous fasciculus, which converts
the notch, at the superior margin  of the scapula,
into a foramen.
   COR AIL,  Coral — c.  des  Jardins, Capsicum
annuum.
   CORAL,  Corallium, Coral'lus,  Arbor  Maris,
Azur, Bolesis, from Koptw, 'I adorn/ and 'aXs,
' the sea.'  (F.) Corail.   One of the most  beauti-
ful productions of the  deep.  It is fixed  to sub-
marine rocks, in  the form of a shrub; and is of
a  bright red colour.  It is  the habitation of a
multitude of animals, of the  Zoophyta order, and
is formed of a calcareous substance, secreted by
the animals themselves.  It is in very hard, con-
centric layers; covered,  externally, by a  species
of porous bark, full of cellules, each of which con-
tains one of these  animals.  Linnaeus calls the
red coral, Ms nob'ilis, and M. de  Lamarck, Co-
rallium rubrum.   It is much fished  for on the
coasts of Barbary and Sicily. Coral was formerly
esteemed tonic, absorbent, astringent, Ac.; but
analysis has shown, that it contains only carbo-
nate of lime  and a little gelatin. ^- Dioscorides,
Pliny, Oribasius, the Geoponica, Ac.  The Coral-
lium  album  is a hard, white, calcareous  brittle
substance, the nidus of the Mudrep'ora oculdta.
It has been given as an absorbent.
   CORALLI'NA.   Diminutive   of  Corallium:
Muscus maritimus, Corallina officina'lis, Brion, 
!8                  CORIUM
                CORALLINE              2

Corallina alba, Sea Cor'alline, White Worm-toeed.
The production of an animal, which belongs to
the genus Polypi, and which is found in all the
seas of Europe;—particularly in the Mediterra-
nean. It has the appearance of a plant, is homo-
geneous, an inch or two in height, of a white,
reddish, or greenish colour, salt taste, and marine
smell.   It contains gelatin, albumen, chloride of
sodium, phosphate, carbonate and sulphate of
lime, carbonate of magnesia, silica, oxide of iron,
and a  colouring principle.  It was once  much
used as a vermifuge; but is not now employed.
Dose, "Jss to 3J> in powder.
  Corallina  Corsica'na,  C. rubra, Helminiho-
chorton,  Helminthochort' um,   Elminthochorton,
Muscus  helminthochortos, Melithochorton, Muscus
coralli'nus seu Marinus seu Cor'sicus,  Confer'va
Helminthochortos,  Spharococcus  helminthochor-
tos,  Gigarti'na helminthochorton,  Corallina me-
litochorton,  Lemithochorton,  Fucus  Helmintho-
chorton,  Cera'mium helminthochort us,  Corsican
Worm-weed, (F.)  Coralline de  Corse, Mousse de
Corse.   It is a mixture of several marine plants
and zoophytes, as the fucus, ceramium, ulva, co-
ralline, conferva, Ac, and has gained great repu-
tation for destroying all kinds of intestinal worms,
when given in strong  decoction.  The Geneva
Pharmacopoeia directs an officinal syrup — the
Strop de Coralline.
  CORALLINE  DE CORSE, Corallina Corsi-
cana.
  CORALLOIDES FUNGUS,  Clavaria coral-
loides.
  CORALWORT, Clavaria coralloides.
  CORD, Funis, Funic'ulus, Chcenos,  Ohce'nion,
Xotvos, xolvlov> from the Latin Chorda, which is
itself'derived from x°P^i> 'intestine;' and, after-
wards, was applied to  musical cords or strings,
made of the intestines  of animals.  See Chorda.
  Cord, Umbilical, Funiculus umbilicalis.
  Cords, Ar0CAL,  Cords of Ferrein, Chorda vo-
ca'les, Ch. Ferre'nii.  A name given to the liga-
ments of the glottis, which Ferrein compared to
stretched cords, and to which he attributed the
production of voice. See Thyreo-arytenoid Liga-
ment.
  CORDA, Chorda—c Hippocratis, Achillis
tendo — c. Magna, Achillis  tendo — c. Spinalis,
Medulla spinalis.
  CORDE DU  TAMBOUR, Chorda tympani
—c. du  Tympan, Chorda tympani.
  CORDEE, Chordee.
  CORDIA  AFRICANA, Sebestina—c Domes-
tica, Sebestina.—c. Myxa, Sebestina—c. Obliqua,
Sebestina—c  Sebestina, Sebestina—c. Smooth-
leaved, Sebestina.
  COR'DIAL, Gordidlis, Cardi'acus, from  cor,
cordis,  ' the heart.' A tonic or excitant medicine,
judged to be proper for exciting the heart.  A
warm stomachic.
  Cordial, Godfrey's, see Godfrey's Cordial—
C.  Nervous, Brodum's, see  Tinctura  gentianae
composita — c. Sir Walter  Raleigh's,  Confectio
aromatica—c. Warner's, see Tinctura rhei et
sennae.
  CORDIFORM  TENDON  OF THE  DIA-
PHRAGM, Centre, phrenic.
  CORDINE'MA, from Kapa, 'the head/ and
livtoi, 'I move about.'   Headach, accompanied
with vertigo.   See Carebaria.
  CORDIS EMUNCTORIUM, Axilla.
  CORDOLIUM, Cardialgia.
  CORDON{¥.), Funic'ulus, diminutive offunis,
'a cord.'  A term applied to  many parts, which
resemble a small cord.
  CORDON NERVEUX, Ramus Nervo'sus.  A
principal division of a nerve, or the nervous trunk
itself.
  CORDON OMBILICALE, Funiculus umbili-
calis—c. Spermatique, Spermatic chord—c. Testi-
culo ire, Spermatic chord.
   CORDONS  SUS-PUBIENS,  Round  liga-
ments of the uterus—c.  Vasculuires, Round liga-
ments of the uterus.
   CORE, Pupil, see Furunculus.
   CORECTOMIA,  Coretomia.
   CORECTOP'IA, from Kopv, 'the pupil/ ck, 'out
of/ and toitos, ' place.' Displacement of the pupil.
A condition of the  iris in which one segment is
larger than the other; so that the pupil is not in
the centre.—Von Ammon.
   COREDIALYSIS, Coretomia.
   CORE'MATA, from Koptm, ' I cleanse.'  Reme-
dies proper for cleansing the skin. — Paulus  of
jEgina.
   COREMETAMORPHOSIS, Dyscoria.
   COREMORPHO'MA, same etymon as the next.
A morbid change in the shape of the pupil.
   COREMORPHO'SIS,  Conforma'tio pupill'a
artificia'lis; from Kopv, 'the pupil/ and poptpwats,
'formation.'  The operation  for artificial pupil.
See Coretomia.
   COREON'CION, Coron'cion, Coreon'cium, from
Kopv, ' the pupil/ and oyKtvov, ' a hook.'   An in-
strument, used for the formation of artificial pupil
by Langenbeck.  It is hooked at its extremity.
A double-hooked forceps, used by Von Gr'afe, is
similarly named.
   COREOP'SIS  TRICHOSPER'MA, Tickweed
sunflower,  Tickseed sunflower.   An  indigenous
plant, of the Composite Family, with large golden-
yellow rays, which  flowers  in September.   It is
said to have been used as an alterative.
   CORETODIALYSIS, Coretomia.
   CORETOMEDIALYSIS, Coretodialysis.
   CORETOM'IA, from Kopv, 'the pupil/ and
rtfivtiv,  'to cut.'   Corotom'ia, Ooretotonlia, Iri-
dotontia, Corectom'ia, Coretonectom'ia, Iridectom'-
ia, Iridectomedialysis, Iridectomodialysis, Core-
dialysis, Corodialysis, Coretodialysis, Coretome-
dialysis, Iridodialysis.  Various operations for
the formation of artificial pupil are so termed.
The last five signify  the  separation  or tearing
asunder of the iris from  the ciliary ligament; the
preceding five the incision  of the iris, with loss
of substance; and the remainder signify a simple
incision  of  the  iris, without loss of  substance.
When a portion of the iris is left strangulated in
the wound, it is termed Iridenclei'sis, Iridencleis'-
mus, and Iridotenclelsis.
   CORETONECTOMIA, Coretomia.
   CORETOTOMIA, Coretomia.
   CORIANDER, Coriandrum sativum.
   CORIANDRUM  CICUTA, Cicuta virosa — c.
Maculatum, Conium maculatum.
   Corian'drum  Sati'vum,  Corian'der, Corian'-
non, (F.) Coriandre. Family, Umbelliferae.  Sex.
Syst. Petandria Digynia. The  systematic name
of the Corian'drum of the  pharmacopoeias ; Co-
rian'non.  The seeds of the coriander have  an
aromatic odour,  and grateful,  pungent  taste.
They are carminative;  but are chiefly used to
cover the taste of other medicines.
   CORIANNON, Coriandrum sativum.
   CORIGEEN, Fucus crispus.
   CORIITIS, Cytitis.
   CORINTHIACE, see Vitis corinthiaca.
   CORION, Corium, Hypericum perforatum.
   CORIS, Cimex—c. Monspeliensis, Symphytum
Petraeum.
   CO'RIUM,  Corion, (F.)  Cuir.  The  skin  of
animals  is  so  called,  especially when  tanned.
The cutis vera, or the thickest part of the human
skin.
   Corium Phlogis'ticum, Crusta pleurelica, C.
inflammato'ria, C. phlogis'tica,lnflam'matory Crust
or Buff, Buffy Coat, (F.) Couenne, C. Pleuritique,
C. Inflammatoire.  The grayish crust  or  buff, 
CORK
239
CORNU
varying in thickness, observed on blood drawn
from  a vein during the existence of violent in-
flammation, pregnancy, Ac.   It is particularly
manifest in pleurisy, and hence one of its names.
For its production, it appears to be requisite, that
there should be an increase in the proportion of
the fibrinous element of the blood over that of
tho red corpuscles, with  increased aggregation
of those corpuscles.  Under such circumstances,
the buffy coat assumes a concave appearance on
its upper surface, and the blood is, therefore, said
to be cupped.
  The buff is  generally believed to consist of
fibrin ; but, according to the researches of Mul-
der, it is composed of a binoxide of protein, which
is insoluble in boiling water, and a tritoxide which
is soluble.  These oxides are comprehended by
him under the name oxyprotein.
  AVhen  the blood presents the above appearance,
it is said to be buffy.
  CORK, Suber.
   CORMIER, Sorbus domestica.
  CORMUS.   In botany, when the  stem of a
plant, without  creeping or rooting, is distended
under ground, retaining a round or oval form, it
is so called.   The Cormus is vulgarly termed a
root,—radix.
   CORN,  (Saxon corn,) (G.) Kern.   In Eng-
land, this word means  the Cerealia, or  those
seeds, which grow in ears, not in pods.  In the
United States, Corn always means Indian Corn.
Its English sense corresponds to the French Bli
or Bled.
  Corn,  Clavus, Clavus Pedis, Ecphy'ma Clavus,
Gemur'sa, (F.)  Cor, Ognon, from cornu, a 'horn.'
A small,  hard,  corneous  tumour, which forms
upon the foot, generally on the toes; and is com-
monly produced on the most projecting parts, by
the pressure of too tight shoes.   A part of the
corn is raised above the skin, and forms a round
tumour, like  the head of a nail: the  other por-
tion, which serves as its base, is buried more or
less deeply in the integuments,  and occasionally
extends  as far  as the tendons  and periosteum.
 Corns may, sometimes, be removed, by immers-
ing the feet in warm water, but commonly they
return.  They can, likewise, be destroyed by the
knife  or caustic,  or by paring them down and
pulling them out by the roots; but these opera-
tions are not always as simple as they seem.   In
the way  of palliation, they must be constantly
pared; and, for the purpose of preventing pres-
sure, any soft plaster, spread upon linen or leather,
may be applied, with a hole in the centre to re-
ceive the  corn; and layer after layer of plaster
be  added, until they attain the level of the corn.
When very irritable, the  lunar caustic,  rubbed
over the surface, will generally diminish irritabi-
lity surprisingly,  and in a mode not easy of ex-
planation.
   Corn, Zea mays—c. Guinea, Panicum Italicum
—c Indian, Zea mays—c. Wild, Matricaria cha-
momilla—c Flag, Gladiolus vulgaris—c. Flower,
 Centaurea cyanus—c Salad, Araleriana dentata—
 c. Squirrel, Oicentra Canadensis.
   CORNALINE, Cornelian.
   CORNE, Cornu—c. d'Amnion, Cornu ammonis
 c. de Bilicr, Cornu ammonis—c. de Cerf, Cervus,
 Cornu cervi,  Cochlearia coronopus — c. de Cha-
mois, Cornu rupicaprae—c. de la Peau, Cornu.
   CORNE, Corneous.
   COR'NEA,  Cornea transpa'rens, C. pellu'cida,
 C.  htcida, Ceras,  Sclerotica ceratoi'des, OeratoV-
 des seu  Cerato'des membra'na,  Ceratome'ninx,
 Membra'na cornea;  from  cornu, 'horn.'  The
 transparent cornea.  (F.) Cornie.  One  of  the
 coats of the eye, so called because  it has some
 resemblance to horn.   It is termed  transparent
 to distinguish it from the opake — Cornea opa'ca
or Sclerotic.  It is convex, anteriorly; concave,
posteriorly ; forming nearly one-fifth of the ante-
rior part of the eye, and representing a segment
of a sphere about seven lines and  a  half, or in.
0.625 in diameter.  It seems to be constituted of
laminae in superposition, but of the precise num-
ber anatomists are not agreed.   Henle  assigns it
four; the third, a very solid cartilaginous lamella,
being called Membrane de Demoura or 31. de Dea-
cemet.   Messrs. Todd and Bowman assign it five
layers.
  Cornea,  Conical, Staphyloma of the cornea—
c Opake, Caligo—c. Opaca,  Sclerotic—c. Sugar-
loaf, Staphyloma of the cornea.
   CORNEE, Cornea.
   CORNEITIS, Ceratitis.
   CORNEL, AMERICAN  RED-ROD,  Cornus
sericea—c. Large-flowered, Cornus Florida—c.
Panicled, Cornus paniculate.
   CORNE'LIAN, Carne'lian,  Chalcedo'nius,
Came''olus, Lapis Carne'olus, Corne'lus, Corne'olus,
Lapis Sard'ius, (F.) Cornaline. A precious, semi-
transparent stone, found in Sardinia.  The an-
cients  ascribed  to it a number  of absurd pro-
perties.
   CORNELUS, Cornelian.
   CORNEOLUS, Cornelian.
   COR'NEOUS,  Cor'neus,  (F.)  Corni.  Having
the nature  or appearance of horn.
   Corneous Tissue is that which forms the nails.
The corneous membrane is the cornea.
   CORNES DE LLMAgON (F.), Snails Horns.
A name given by Anel to the lachrymal puncta
and ducts.
   CORNES DE LA 31ATRICE, Cornua uteri
—c. de la Peau, Horny excrescences.
   CORNESTA, Retort,
   CORNET ACOUSTIQUE, Ear-trumpet — c.
31oyen, Turbinated bone, middle—c. de 3Iorgagni,
Turbinated bone, superior.
   CORNETS DE BERTIN, Sphenoidal cornua
—c. Splicnoidaux, Sphenoidal cornua.
   CORN'ICHON, see Cucumis sativus.
   CORNICULARIS   PROCESSUS,  Coracoid
process.
   CORNIC'ULUM, diminutive of cornu, 'a horn.'
'a little horn.'  A species of cupping instrument,
shaped like a trumpet, having a hole at the top
for  sucking the air out, to  diminish the pressure
in its interior.—Scultetus, Hildanus.
   Corniculum Laryn'gis,  Capilulum Santori'ni
seu Laryn'gis, Supra-arytenoid Car'tilage, Capil-
ulum  Cartilag"inis aryteno'idea.  A small, very
movable, cartilaginous  tubercle, found  on the
arytenoid cartilages.
   CORNIER, Cornus Florida.
   CORNIFICATION, Racornissement.
   CORNINE, see Cornus Florida.
   CORNOUILLER,  Cornus  Florida — c. d
Feuilles avrondies, Cornus circinata—c. a Grandes
fleurs, Cornus Florida—c. Soyeux, Cornus sericea.
   CORNU, Ceras, Corn, Horn.   (F.)  Come.  A
 conical, hard,  epidermeous projection,  which
grows on  the heads of certain animals, serving
them as a  weapon of offence and defence.  Ana-
tomists have given this name to parts  of the hu-
man body, which have nearly the same shape as
the horns of animals.
   Cornu.  A horny excrescence ; a corneous wart,
which occasionally forms on the skin, and requires
the use of  the knife; (F.) Come de la Peau.—See
Corn. Also, Cornu Cervi.—See Cervus.  Also,  a
Retort,
   Cornu Acusticum, Ear-trumpet.
   Cornu Ammo'nis, Cornu Arie'tis, Hippocam'pus
major, Pes  hippocam'pi major, Pes hippopotami
major, Protuberadtia cylind'rica,  Vermis  Bom-
byc"inus, Proces'sus  cer'ebri latera'lis, (F.)  Come
d'Ammon,  Come de Bilier, Grande Hippocampe, 
CORNUA
240
CORONALE
Pied de cheval marin, Protubirance cylindrdide I
(Ch.),  Bourrelet rouli.  A broad, considerable
eminence, curved  on itself, and  situate at the
posterior part of the lateral ventricle.   Its sur-
face presents  two  or three tubercles separated
from each other by shallow grooves.
  The  Accesso'rius Pedis Hippocamp'i, (F.) Ac-
cessoire du pied d'hippocampe,  is a prominence,
usually formed by the  base of the inferior cornu
of the lateral ventricle of the brain.  It is merely
a fold of the hemisphere, and was by Malacarne
called  Cuissart ou Armure des Jambes.
  Cornu  Anterius  seu Anti'cum ArENTRic'uLi
Latera'lis; Anterior Cornu of the Lateral Ved-
tricle.  The portion of the lateral ventricle of the
brain, which is lodged in the middle of the lobe,
and forms the commencement of that cavity.
  Cornu Cervi, Cornu, Cornu  Cervi'num, Cervi
El'aphi Cornu, Hartshorn, (F.) Come de cerf.
The horns of various species of the stag.  They
contain about 27 per cent, of gelatin.  The Shav-
ings, Raspatdra seu Ras'ura Cornu Cervi, 0. C.
raspa'tum, boiled in water, have, consequently,
been esteemed emollient and nutritive.
  Hartshorn  Jelly may be made as follows:—
Hartshorn shavings, gvj ;  boil  in water Oiv to
Oij; strain,  and add, whilst hot, of lemon-juice,
two tablespoonfuls ; white sugar, ^vj ;  and Sherry
wine, two glasses.
  A good nutriment for the sick, where wine is
not improper.
  AVhen burnt, the shavings constitute the Cornu
cervi calcindtum, Cornu ustum,  Phosphas Calcis,
Oalcdriaphosphor'ica, (F.) Come de cerf calcinie,
which  consists of 57.5  per cent, of phosphate of
lime.   It has been used as  an antacid,  but is
wholly inert, as  its composition would indicate.
It contains only  1 per cent, of carbonate of lime.
  Hartshorn was once supposed to possess a be-
zoardic power.
  Cornu  Cervinum,  Cervus, Plantago  corono-
pus—c Ethmoidal, Turbinated bone, middle.
  Cornu Descen'dens Ventric'uli Latera'lis,
Dig"ital Cav'ity, Descending or  inferior cornu of
the  lateral ventricle. The termination of the late-
ral  ventricle in the middle lobe  of the brain, be-
hind the fissure of Sylvius.
  Cornu,  Middle, Turbinated bone, middle.
  Cornu Poste'rius seu Posti'cum Ventric'uli
Latera'lis,  Cav'itas  digita'ta,  Posterior  Cornu
of the  Lateral Ventricle.  The triangular pro-
longation of the lateral ventricle of the brain  into
the substance of the occipital lobe.
  Cornu  Rupica'pra:, (F.)' Come de  Chamois.
The horn of the chamois.  It has the same pro-
perties as the  Cornu  Cervi.
  CORNUA, Turbinated bones.
  Cornua  Cartilag"inis Thyroidea:.   Emi-
nences  on the thyroid cartilage,  distinguished
into great or superior, which are articulated with
the great cornu of the os hyoides; — and  into
small or inferior, united with the cricoid cartilage.
  Cornua Coccy'gis, Cornua of the Coccyx. Two
small, tubercular eminences at the base of the coc-
cyx, which are articulated with those of the sacrum.
  Cornua Cutanea, Horny excrescences.
  Cornua Hyoidei Ossis, Radices ossis hydi'dei,
Cornua of the Hyoid Bone.  Four fragments of
the os hyoides,  situate above  the  body  of the
bone, and distinguished into the  small or superior,
and the great or lateral.
  Cornua Lachrymalia, Lachrymal ducts — c.
Limacum,  Lachrymal ducts,  see  Lachrymal
puncta.
  Cornua Sacra'lia, Cornua  of the  Sacrum.
Two tubercles, situate  at the posterior and in-
ferior  surface of the  sacrum, which are  some-
times united.
  Cornua, Styloid, see Hyoides, os.
  Cornua U'teri, Cornua of the I'tents, Ccratf,
Ktpaiat, Plec'tana, (F.) Comes de la Matrice. The
angles of the uterus, where the Fallopian tubes
arise.  Sometimes applied to the Fallopian tubes
themselves.
  CORNUE, Retort.
  CORNUE TUBULEE, see  Rotort.
  CORNUMUSA, Retort.
  CORNUS AMOMUS, C. sericea—c Blue ber-
ried, C. Sericea.
  Cornus  Circina'ta, Round-leaved Dogwood,
(F.)  Gomouiller  d feuilles arrondies.  The bark
of this variety has been used for  similar  pur-
poses with the next.
  Cornus Flor'ida, Dogwood, Dogtree, Boxtrec,
Bitter Redberry,Large-flower edGornel,3IcilcAlreat-
flowered Dogwood, Florida  Dogwood, Virginian
Dogwood, Boxwood (New England), (F.)  Cor-
nouiller,  Cornier, C. d grandes  fleurs.  The bark
of this beautiful tree, which grows everywhere in
the United States, has been long employed  as a
substitute for cinchona. Dose, from '""'ss to """"j.  Its
active principle  has been separated from it, and
received the name of Gornine.
  Cornus Fcemina, C. sericea — c. Mas odorata,
Laurus sassafras.
  Cornus Panicula'ta,  Pan'ieled Cornel, indi-
genous, has been used as a substitute for Cornus
Florida.
  Cornus Rubiginosa, C. sericea—c. Sanguinea,
Sebestina, C. sericea,
  Cornus Seri"cea, Cornus amo'mus, C. fce'mina,
0. rubigino'sa, C. Sanguin'ea,  Swamp Dogwood,
Red Willow, Rose Willow, New England Dog-
wood, Female  Dogwood, Silky-leaved  Dowood,
American Red-rod Cornel, Blueberried Dogwood,
Blueberried Cornus, (F.) Cornouiller soyeux.  The
bark, it is said, has been found little inferior to
Cinchona Pallida in intermittents.—Barton.
  CORNUTA, Retort.
  CORODIALYSIS, Coretomia.
  CORONA, Crown — c.  Ciliaris, Ciliary body—
c. Dentis, Crown  of a tooth —  c Glandis, Crown
of the glans—c.  Posterior ulnae, Olecranon.
  Coro'na Ra'diANS,  Radiating Crown of Reil.
Fasciculi of white fibres  radiate in all directions
from every part of the surface of the optic thala-
mus, excepting its inner side,  which is free and
corresponds to the  third ventricle; the anterior
of these fibres pass directly forwards, the middle
fibres  outwards,  and  the posterior backwards,
forming the coro'na ra'dians.
  Corona Regia, Trifolium melilotus—c. Ulnae,
Olecranon—c. Veneris, Crown  of Venus.
  CORONA CILIARIS MEMBRANULA, Cili-
ary zone—c. Palpebrarum, see Tarsus.
  CORONAD, see Coronal Aspect.
  CORO'NAL, Corona'lis, Corona'rius.  Relating
to the crown; from corona, 'a crown.'  A name
formerly given to the frontal bone, because on it
partly reposes the crown of kings.
  Coronal  Aspect.   An  aspect  towards  the
plane of the corona or crown of the head.   Coro-
nad is used adverbially to signify  ' towards the
coronal aspect.'—Barclay.
  Coronal Suture, Sutu'ra corona'lis, S. Fronto-
parieta'lis,  Puppis Sutu'ra, S. Arcua'lis.  The
suture of the head, which extends from one tem-
poral bone  to the  other, over the  crown of the
head,  and unites the parietal  bones  with  the
frontal.   The Suture Coronate of the French
anatomists is  the suture which unites the two
halves of the os frontis at the early period of life.
It is a prolongation of the sagittal.
  CORONALE, MINERAL WATERS OF.
These waters  are found near Lucca,  in Italy.
They  received their  name from an erroneous 
                CORONARIUS

notion,  that  they are particularly adapted for
curing diseases of the os frontis.   Their tempe-
rature is 95° Fahrenheit.   They  contain  free
carbonic acid, sulphates of lime  and magnesia,
chlorides of  sodium  and  magnesium, Ac,  and
some iron.
  CORONARIUS, Coronal.
  COR'OXARX, Corondriua,  (F.)  Coronaire,
from corona,  'a crown.' Resembling a crown.
  Cor'onary Ar'tery of  the Stomach, Arte'ria
Corona'ria  Ventric'uli, A.  Gns'trica aupe'rior,
(F.) Arth-c coronaire stomachique, A. Stomogas-
trique (Ch.), is one of the branches of the cceliac,
which passes towards the  superior orifice of the
stomach, extends along its lesser curvature, and
ends by anastomosing with the pyloric branch
of the hepatic.  This  artery furnishes branches
to the inferior part of the oesophagus, the cardiac
orifice,, the great cul-de-aac, the middle  part of
the stomach, the lesser omentum, and  anasto-
moses with the other arteries of those organs.
  Coronary Ligament of the liver is a reflection
of the peritoneum, which surrounds the posterior
margin of the liver.   The same term is likewise
applied to ligaments which unite the radius  and
ulna.
  Coronary Plexus of the Heart.  The ante-
rior and posterior coronary plexuses of the heart
are  derived from the anterior and posterior car-
diac plexuses.  See Cardiac Plexus.
  Coronary Plexus  of  the  Stomach.   This
plexus of nerves is given off from the upper part
of the solar plexus.
  Coronary Sinus of the Heart, Sinus, coro-
nary,  venous — c. Sinus of Ridley, Sinus corona-
rius.
  Coronary  Vein of the Stomach, Vena Ooro-
nn'ria Ventric'uli, accompanies the artery,  and
terminates in the vena porta.  Sb'mmering,  and
some  other anatomists, call all the four arteries
of the stomach Corona'via Stomach'ica.
  CORONCION, Coreoncion.
  CORO'NE, from  Kopwv, 'a crow.'  The coro-
noid process  of the lower jaw.
  COR'ONOID,   CoronoVdes,  from Kopiavv,  'a
'crow/  and  tiSos, 'shape/ 'resemblance.'   Re-
sembling the beak of a crow.  This name has
been given to two processes.   One, situate at the
anterior and  superior part of the ramus of the os
maxillare inferius, and affording attachment to
the  temporal muscle:  the  other,  called,  also,
aharp process, situate at the  superior part of the
ulna,  anterior to the great sigmoid  fossa,  and
forming a part of the hinge of the elbow-joint.
  CORONOPODIUM, Plantago coronopus.
  CORONOPUS, Cochlearia coronopus —c. De-
pressus, Cochlearia coronopus — c Ruellii, Coch-
learia coronopus — c Vulgaris, Cochlearia coro-
nopus.
  COBOTOMIA, Coretomia.
  CORPORA ALBICANTIA, Mammillary tu-
bercles—c. Arantii, Noduli Arantii, Tubercula A.
—c. Bigomina, Quadrigemina corpora—c. Candi-
cantia, Albicantia corpora, Mammillary tubercles
— c. Cavernosa,  Cavernous bodies — c.  Fibrosa,
Corps Fibrcux.
  Cor'pora  Fimbria'ta,  Tania  Hippocam'pi,
Fimbriated or fringed bodies, (F.)  Corps Frangis,
C. Bordis, Randelettes des  Cornea d'Amnion, Ban-
delette de t'Hippocampe.  The thin, flattened, and
very delicate band, situate  along the concave edge
of the cornu ammonis, which is  a continuation
of the posterior crura of the fornix.
  Corpora  Genicula'ta, (F.) Corpa Giniculia,
0. ginouillis. Eminences situate at the lower
and outer part of the optic thalami.  Each optic
tract commences at the corp'ua genicula'tum ex-
tern'um.   The corpus genicula'tum intern'um is
      16
1         CORPORA ALBICANTIA

 merely a tubercle inserted into the bend or knee,
 formed by the corpus geniculatum externum.
   Corpora Globosa Cervicis  Uteri, Nabothi
 glandulae—c Lutea, see Corpus luteum.
   Cor'pora Malpighia'na, 31alpig'hian Bodiee,
 Ae"ini, Cor'puaclea or Glom'erales of 3Ialpig'hi.
 Scattered  through the plexus  formed  by  the
 blood-vessels  and uriniferous tubes in the kid-
 ney, a number of  small dark points may be seen
 with the naked eye, which  received their name
 from Malpighi, their describer.  Each of these,
 under the microscope, is found  to consist of a
 convoluted mass of blood-vessels, which  consti-
 tutes the true glandule, corpuscle  or glomerate of
 3lalpighi.  It was at one time supposed that the
 tubuli uriniferi originate in them; but this  does
 not appear to be the case.  Their use is not posi-
 tively known, but as they have been  traced by
 Mr. Bowman into the commencement of the uri-
 nary tubes, in which they lie uncovered, it  has
 been supposed that their office may be to sepa-
 rate the watery portions of the blood to be mixed
 with the proper urinous matter.
   Corpora Mammillaria,  Mammillary tuber-
 cles— c Nervio-spongiosa Penis, Corpora caver-
 nosa—c Nervosa, Corpora cavernosa.
   Corpora Oliva'ria, C. ova'ta, Eminedtia Oli-
 va'res seu  ova'les latera'les, Oli'va, Prominentia
 n   ...                               .
 Semiova'lcs 3Iedulla Oblonga'ta, (Eminences la-
 tiralea, Ch.)   Oblong, whitish eminences,  situate
 at the occipital surface of the medulla oblongata,
 exterior to the corpora pyramidalia.
   Corpora Ovata, Corpora olivaria—c. Pisifor-
 mia, Mammillary tubercles.
   Corpora Pyramida'lia,  Eminedtia pyrami-
 da'les seu media'na inter'na, Pyra'mides, (F.)
 Corpa pyramidaux, Pyramidea antirieuree (Gall),
 Eminenceapyramidalea (Ch.)  Two small medul-
 lary eminences, placed alongside each other, at
 the occipital surface of the  medulla oblongata,
 between  the   corpora  olivaria.   These  bodies
 have also  been called Corpora Pyramidalia  an-
 tica, to distinguish them from the C. olivaria,
 which  have  been  called Corpora  Pyramidalia
 latera'lia.
   Corpora Pyramidalia  Posteriora, Corpora
 restiformia—c. Quadrigemina, Q. corpora.
   Corpora Restifor'mia, Crura medulla oblon-
 ga'ta,  Pcdudculi medulla  oblonga'ta, Corpora
 pyramidalia posterio'ra, Proces'sus d cerebello
 ad  medullam oblongdtarn, Pos'terior pyramids,
 Ped'uncles of the medulla oblonga'ta, Inferior
 peduncles of the cerebellum, (F.) Corpa  reati-
 formea, Cuisses postirieures, Pyramides posti-
 ricurcs, Racines, Bras ou Jambes du cervelet, Pe-
 tites branches de  la moelle  allongie, Pidoncules
 du cervelet.  Two medullary projections,  oblong,
 and of a whitish appearance, which proceed from
 each side of the upper extremity  of the medulla
 oblongata, and contribute to the formation of the
 cerebellum.
   Corpora Stria'ta, Grand  ganglion supirieur
 du cerveau (Gall), Couches des nerfs ethmo'idaux,
 CSrps eannelis, Eminedtia Lenticula'res, Collic'-
 uli Nervi Ethmdida'lis, Ap'ices Crurum medulla
 oblonga'ta, Gan'glion cer'ebri  ante'rius, Anterior
 cerebral ganglion, (F.) Corps striis.   Pyriform
 eminences of  a slightly brownish-gray colour,
 which form part of the floor of the lateral ventri-
 cles of the brain.  When cut, a mixture of gray
 and white substance  is seen, arranged alter-
 nately, to which they owe their name.   The tract
 of fibres that ascends from the anterior pyramids
 passes chiefly into them.   AMllis considered that
 the soul resided there.
   Corpora Striata Superna Posteriora, Tha-
 lami nervorum opticorum—c. Wolfliana, see Cor-
 pus Wolffianum.
24 
CORPS
242
CORPUS
   CORPS, Body—c. Bordis, Corpora  fimbriate
 c. Calleux, Corpus callosum — c.  Cannelis, Cor-
 pora striata.—c. Caverneux, Corpora cavernosa—
 c. Cendri, Corpus dentatum — c. Ciliaire, Corpus
 dentatum — c.  DentelS,  Corpus  dentatum — c.
 Etranger, Extraneous body—c. Festonni, Corpus
 dentatum.
  _ Corps  Fibreux, Corpora Fibro'sa.  Bayle has
 given this name to adventitious fibrous produc-
 tions  of  a round form, more  or  less adherent,
 and sometimes having a pedicle,  which form in
 certain parts of the body, particularly in the sub-
 stance of the uterus.
   Corps  Franges, Corpora fimbriate — c. GSni-
 culis,  Corpora geniculate — c.  Godronne, Fascia
 dentate.—c. Hyalo'ide, Corpus vitreum—c. d'Hyg-
 more ou d'Highmore, Corpus Highmori—c. Jaune,
 Corpus luteum—c. Muqueux, Corpus mucosum—
 c. Organisis, Organized bodies—c. Pampiniforme,
 Corpus pampiniforme — c. Pyramidaux, Corpora
 pyramidalia—c. Restiformes, Corpora restiformia
 —c. Rhombo'ide, Corpus dentatum—c. Striis, Cor-
 pora striata—c. Thyro'ide, Thyroid gland—c.  Va-
 riciforme, Epididymis—c. Variqueux, Corpus pam-
 piniforme, Epididymis—c. Vitri, Corpus vitreum.
   CORP'ULENT, Gorpuledtus, Obe'sus, Crassus,
 Fat, Fleshy.   Having an unusual development
 of fat or  flesh in  proportion to the frame of the
 body.
  CORPULEN'TIA,  Cor'pulence, from corpus,
 'the body/ and  lentus, 'thick/ is synonymous
 with Obesity and Polysarcia.
  Corpulentia Carnosa, Torositas.
  CORPUS, Soma, A Body.  Any object which
 Strikes one or more of our senses.  Gases, liquids,
 metals, vegetables, animals, are so many bodies.
 Natural bodies have  been divided into animal,
 vegetable,  and mineral; or into inorganic, includ-
 ing the mineral kingdom; and organized, includ-
 ing the animal and vegetable.  The chief differ-
 ences between organized  and  inorganic  bodies
 consists in the  former having an origin by gene-
 ration, growth  by  nutrition, and termination by
 death :  the latter a fortuitous origin,  external
growth, and a termination by  chemical or mecha-
 nical force.
  Many parts of the frame have, also, been dis-
 tinguished by this name, as Corpus Callosum, C.
 Mucosum,  Ac.  See Body.
  Corpus Adeniforme, Prostate—c. Adenoides,
 Prostate — c. Adiposum, Pinguedo — c. Alienum,
 Extraneous—c Annulare, Pons varolii.
  Corpus  Callo'sum, Commissu'ra Magna cer'-
 ebri, Trabs 31edulla'ris seu Cer'ebri, Trabec'ula
 seu Cop'ula magna cer'ebri, (F.) Corps  Calleux,
 Voute midullaire, Plafond des ventrieulea du cer-
 veau, 31iaolobe  (Ch.)  A white,  medullary band,
 perceived  on separating the two hemispheres of
 the brain, which  it connects with each  other.
 La Peyronie regarded it as the seat of the soul.
 On it are seen longitudinal and transverse fibres
 — Stria  long itudind lea Lancia'ii,  and  Stria
 transversa   Willis'ii.    The  anterior  portion,
 which  bends downwards, is  termed genu; the
 posterior  flexure, sple'nium.  The  fibres,  which
 curve backwards into the posterior lobes from
 the posterior border of the corpus callosum, have
 been termed Forceps;  those which pass directly
 outwards  into the middle lobes from the same
point,  Tape'turn;  and  those which curve for-
 wards  and inwards from the anterior border to
the anterior lobes, forceps anterior.
  Corpus  Ciliare, Ciliary Body, Corpus denta-
tum, see Ciliary—c. Cinereum, Corpus dentatum
— o. Conoides, Pineal gland — c.  Crystallo'ides,
 Crystalline.
  Corpus Denta'tum, C. Denticuldtum, C. Cili-
aire, (F.)  Corps denteli, Corps festonne.   A cen-
 tral, oval nucleus, of cineritious  substance, met
 with in  the cerebellum;  the  circumference of
 which  exhibits a number of  indentations, sur-
 rounded by medullary substance. — Vicq d'Azyr.
 It is seen by dividing the cerebellum  vertically
 into two equal parts. — The  same body has been
 called  Corps cendri  ou ciliaire  ou rhombo'ide,
 Corpus  Cinc'reum, G. Rhombo'ielcum seu Rhom-
 bo'idale, Ganglion du cervelet, Noyau central dea
 Pidoncules du cervelet, Nucleus dentatus seu fim-
 bria'tus seu centra'lis seu rhomboida'lis, Substad-
 tia rhombo'idea, Gan'glion cilia're, Gan'glion ce-
 rebelli.  The term  Corpus  denta'tum, Nu'cleus
 oliva, is .also given to the ganglion of the corpus
 olivare, which, like  that of the cerebellum, is a
 yellowish-gray  dentated capsule,  open behind,
 and containing medullary matter, from which  a
 fasciculus of fibres proceeds upwards to the cor-
 pora quadrigemina and thalami optici.
   Corpus Di:nticulatum, c. Dentatum — c. Dis-
 coides,  Crystalline—c.  Externum, Extraneous
 body—c. Extraneum, Extraneous body—c Ge-
 niculatum,  see  Corpora Geniculate—c. Glandi-
 forme,  Prostate — c  Glandosum,  Prostate — c.
 Glandulosum, Prostate.
   Corpus Glandulo'sum Mulie'rum, Gland'ula
 Pros'tata mulie'rum.  A vascular, spongy  emi-
 nence, which surrounds the orifice of the urethra,
 and projects at its under part.
   Corpus  Highmo'ri, C. Highmoria'num, 3Iedi-
 asti'num testis, Mea'tus  semindrius, (F.) Corps
 d'Hygmore ou d'Highmore, Sinus  des  Vaisseaux
 siminiferes,  (Ch.)  An oblong  eminence, along
 the superior edge of  the testicle,  which seems
 formed  of a reflection of the tunica albuginea,
 through which the principal trunks of  the semi-
 niferous vessels pass before they reach  the epidi-
 dymis.
   Corpus Incomprehensible, Thymus.
   Corpus Lu'teum,  (F.) Corps  jaune.  A small
 yellowish body, perceived in the  ovarium, and
 left after the  rupture of  one  of the vesicles. It
 was, for a long time, considered an evidence of
 previous impregnation; but it is now maintained
 that Corpora  lutcn  may be met with in unques-
 tionable virgins;  although the corpora lutea of
 virgins  have been generally  regarded  to differ
 materially, in size and character, from those of
 impregnation, which have been called  true  cor-
 pora lutea,  in  contradistinction  to the  other,
 which have been called false  corpora lutea.
   CORPUS MUCO'SUM,  C. reticuldre, Rete  muco'-
 eum, Mucus seu Rete seu Stratum 3Iulpig'hii, Re-
 tic'ulum  cuta'neum seu muco'sum, Mesoderm'um,
 Mucous  web, (F.)  Corps muqueux.   The second
 layer of the  skin has been so called.  It is situ-
 ate between the cutis vera and cuticle,  and gives
 colour to the body.  In the white varieties of our
 species it is colourless; in the negro, black.   By
 some anatomists the  existence of such a layer,
 distinct from the epidermis, is denied.
   Corpus Okense, Corpus Wolffianum.
   Corpus Pampinifor'me, C. Varico'sum, from
 pampinus, ' a tendril.'  Cor'pus pyramida'le, He-
 dera'ceus plexus, Plexus  pampiniform'is, Plexua
 vaaculo'aua  funic'uli   spermatid pampnniformis,
 (F.) Corpa pampiniforme,  C. Variqueux.   The
 plexus or retiform arrangement of  the spermatic
 arteries  and veins in the cavity of the abdomen,
 anterior to the psoas muscle.
   Corpus Papillare, Tcxtua Papilla'ris, Cor-
 pus reticuldre.  The  nervous and  vascular pa-
pillae  situate  beneath  the epidermis, called by
Breschet Neurothelic apparatus.
   Corpus Phacoides, Crystalline — c. Pituitare,
 Pituitary gland — c Psalloides, Lyra — c. Pyra-
midale, Corpus pampiniforme—c.  Reticulare, Cor-
pus mucosum, Corpus Papillare—c Rhomboidale, 
CORPUSCLES
243
CORRUPTION
Corpus dentatum—c. Rhomboideum, Corpus den-
tatum—c. Thymiamum, Thymus—c. Thymicum,
Thymus — c. Thyrcoideum, Thyroid gland — o.
Turbinatum, Pineal gland—c.Varicosum, Corpus
pampiniforme,  Spermatic chord — c.Varicosum
testis, Epididymis.
  Corpus  Spongio'sum  Ure'thRjE, Substantia
spongio'sa ure'thra.  This substance arises before
the prostate gland,  surrounds  the urethra,  and
forms the bulb.  It then proceeds to the end of
the corpora cavernosa,  and  terminates in  the
glans penis, which it forms.   Kobelt describes,
in the female, as the analogue to the corpus spon-
giosum of  the  male, a venous  plexus, which, as
it lies between  the glans clitoridis, and the part
that corresponds, in the male, to the bulb of the
urethra, he terms pars interme'dia.
  Corpus Vit'reum,  Humor   Vitrcus,  H. Hya-
lo'i'des seu hyulinus, Glacia'lis humor,  Vitreous
humor,  (F.) Corps  vitri,  C. hyalo'ide,  Humeur
hyalo'ide.  The transparent mass, of a gelatinous
consistence, which fills the eye, behind the crys-
talline.   It  is contained in cells, formed by the
tunica hyaloidea.
  Corpus AVollfia'num, Corpus Oken'se, Wolffian
body.   At a very early period of foetal formation,
bodies are perceptible, which were first described
by AVolff, as existing in the fowl, and in the mam-
malia by Oken.  According to  Miiller, they dis-
appear in man very early, so that but slight re-
mains of them are perceptible after the  9th or
10th week of pregnancy.  They cover the region
of the kidneys  and  renal capsules, which are
formed afterwards;  and they  are presumed to
be the organs of urinary secretion during the first
periods of foetal existence.
  CORPUSCLES, BLOOD, Globules of the blood
—c. Bone, see Lacunae of Bone—c Caudate, see
Caudate — c. Chyle,  see Chyle.
  Corpuscles, Exuda'tion.    The organizable
nuclei contained in fibrinous  fluids, which are
the origin  of the new tissues formed from such
fluids
  Corpuscles,   Ganglion,  see  Neurine — c.
Glandiform, Acinus — c. Lymph, see Lymph — c.
of Malpighi, Corpora Malpighiana — c Mucous,
see Mucus — c. Osseous, see Lacunae of  bone.
  Corpuscles, Pacin'ian, so called from Filippo
Pacini, an  Italian physician, who, it is generally
conceived,  first noticed them in 1830.   They ap-
pear,  however, to have been depicted in 1741 by
Lehmann,  from a preparation  by A. Vater,  who
called them Papilla and  P. nervea.   Hence, it
has been proposed by J. C. Strahl (1848) to call
them Vaterian corpuscles or  Corpuscles of Vater
(Vater'sche Korperchen.)  Small bodies con-
nected with the cutaneous nerves of the palm and
sole.  They have also been found sparingly and
inconstantly in nerves  at  the  wrist and  eibow;
in the upper arm, fore-arm, and thigh, and inter-
costal nerve, the sacral  plexus, solar plexus and
the plexuses adjacent  to  it.   In each corpuscle
there is  the termination of a  nervous  filament.
Their uses are not known.
   Corpuscles of Purkinje, see Canaliculus—c.
Pus, see Pus—c. Pyoid, see Pus—c. Splenic, see
Spleen—c. of Vater, C. Pacinian—o. AVhite granu-
lated, see Globulin.
   CORPUSCULA  ARANTII, Tubercula A.—
c.  Glandularum  similia  intestinorum,  Peyeri
glandules — c.  Globosa  cervicis  uteri,  Nabothi
glandulao — c.  Ossium, see Lacunae of bone.
   CORPUSCULUM  ARANTII,  see  Sigmoid
valves — c. Sesamoideum,  see Sigmoid valves.
   CORRAGO, Borago officinalis.
   CORRE, Corse, from Ktipu>, 'I shave.' (?)  The
temples or the part of the jaws, which it is usual
to shave.—Gorraaus.
  CORRECTIF, Corrigent.
  CORRECTION,  Correc'tio, from corrigere,
(con, and regere, 'to rule or order/) 'to  correct.'
The act of correcting medicines ; that is, of dimi-
nishing their energy or obviating unpleasant ef-
fects,  by mixing them with  substances which
mitigate their operation.
  CORRECTORIUS,  Corrigens.
  CORRELATION, see Synergy.
  CORRIGEEN  MOSS, Fucus crispus.
  COR'RIGENT,  Cor'rigens, Correcto'rius, Cas-
ti'gans,  Infrin'gens, Emeddana: same  etymon.
(F.) Correct!f  That  which corrects.   A  corri-
gent, in a pharmaceutical formula, is a substance
added to a medicine to mollify or modify its ac-
tion.  In the following formula, the aloes, if not
corrected, might induce  tormina.  The Oleum
Mentha is added as a corrigent.
  B  Aloes                           3j
       Olei 31entha                 gtt. v
      Syrup q. s. utfiant Pilula        xvj
  CORRIG"IA.  A leathern strap.  By exten-
sion, the term has  been  applied to the  tendons
and ligaments.
  CORROB'ORANT,   Corrob'orans,  Rob'orans,
3luscu/u'ris, Restadrana, Restor'ative,  Bracing,
from  corroborare, (con,  and  robur, ' strength/)
'to strengthen.'   (F.)  Corroborant, Corroboratif,
Fortiflant.   Any substance which strengthens
and gives tone. Wine, for example, is a  corrobo-
rant.   See Tonic.
  CORROBORANTIA, Tonics.
  CORROBORATIF, Corroborant.
  CORRODANT, Corrosive.
  CORRODENS, Corrosive.
  CORROSIF, Corrosive.
  CORRO'SION, Corrdsio, Diabrdsia, Anabrd-
sis,  Ero'sio, from  con,  and rodere, rosum,  'to
gnaw.'  The action or effect  of corrosive sub-
stances.
  CORRO'SIVE, Corro'dens, Diabrolicus, Cor-
rosi'vus, same etymon.  (F.) Corrosif Corrodant.
Corrosives are substances, which, when placed in
contact with living parts,  gradually disorganize
them.   Caustic alkalies, 3Iineral acids, Corrosive
sublimate, are  corrosives.  They act either di-
rectly, by chemically  destroying the  part, — or
indirectly, by causing inflammation and gangrene.
  Corrosive Poison, see Poison.
  CORRUGATIO,    Corrugation — c  Cutis,
AVrinkle.
  CORRUGA'TION, Corruga'tio, Syna'rema,
from  con,  and  ruga,  'a wrinkle.'  Wrinkling,
Frowning,  (F.) Froncement;  the contraction of
the Corrugatdres Supercil'ii muscles.   Corruga-
tion of the skin is often owing to the application
of styptic medicines :  it is rendered by them un-
equal and rugous.
  CORRUGATOR COITERII, Corrugator su-
percilii.
  Corruga'tor Supercil'ii, from corrugare, ' to
wrinkle;' same etymon.   Mus'cuius supercil'ii,
Supercilia'ris, Mus'cuius fronta'lis verus  seu Cor-
ruga'tor Coite'rii, (F.) Cutaneo-sourcilier, Muscle
Sourcilier ou Surcilier, M. Fronto-Sourcilier. A
muscle situate in the eyebrows.  It is attached,
by its inner extremity, to the  superciliary ridge,
and is confounded, externally, with the  occipito-
frontalis and orbicularis palpebrarum.  It carries
the eyebrow inwards, and  wrinkles the skin of
the forehead.
  CORRUP'TION, Corrup'tio, Phthora, Diaph'-
thora,  from  corrumpere,  corruptum,  (con,  and
rumpere, 'to break,)  'to destroy.'  Act of  cor-
rupting. State of being corrupted.  Reaction of
the particles of a body upon  each other.  It is
probable that something like corruption may take
place even  in the living body. 
                   CORSE                  2

  CORSE, Corre.
  CORSET, from  (F.) corps,  'the  body.'  Ste-
thodesm'ium, Stethodesm'is, Stctltodesntus, Tu'nica
Thora'cis,  Thorax,  Pcctora'le.  An  article  of
dress, which closely embraces  the trunk, and is
much used  by  females  in civilized countries.
When corsets or stays are worn very tight, many
serious evils result from the unnatural  compression.
  Different bandages, more or less  complicated,
which embrace the greater part of the trunk, are
likewise so called.
  CORSET DE BRASDOR.  The name of a
bandage invented by one Brasdor, to keep in situ
the fragments  of a  fractured clavicle.
  CORTALON,  Senecio.
  CORTEX,^Phloios,  Phloos, Phlous,  Lemma,
Bark, (F.) Ecorce.  This word has often  been
applied  exclusively to Cinchona: thus, we say
Bark—the cortex or bark Kar  tfoy^v.  It means,
also, any bark.
  Cortex Adstring"ens Brasilien'sis. An as-
tringent  bark  introduced from Brazil into Ger-
many in the year 1828.  It is said to be obtained
from 3Iimosa  cochleacarpa seu  virgindlis.  It
has been used with advantage in  all cases in
which astringent barks in general are indicated.
Dose of the powder *"*)j to ^ss.
  Cortex Alcomoco, Alcomoque—c Anisi stel-
lati, see Illicium anisatum — c. Antiscorbuticus,
Canella alba — c. Aromaticus, Canella alba — c.
Aurantii, see Citrus aurantium—c  Canellae Ma-
labaricae, Laurus cassia—c Cardinalis del Lugo,
Cinchona—c Caryophyllatus, see  Myrtus caryo-
phyllata—c. Caryophylloides,  Laurus culilawan.
  Cortex Cer'ebri. The Cor'tical,  Cineril"ious,
 Vesic'ular or Gray substance of the  Brain.   The
gray portion observed at the exterior of the cere-
brum and cerebellum; so called because it forms
a kind of bark to the medullary substance.  Gall
considers, that this substance forms the nerves;
and therefore calls it Substance matrice des Nerfs.
  The name cortical is likewise given to the ex-
ternal substance of the  kidneys, because it is of
a deeper colour than the inner part  of the organ,
and forms a kind of envelope to it.
  Cortex  Chacarilla:,  Croton  Cascarilla — c
Chinae, Cinchona—c Chinae regius, Cinchona—
o. Crassior, Laurus cassia—c Culilaban, see Lau-
rus Culilawan—c Culilawan, Laurus Culilawan—
c. Eleutheriae, Croton cascarilla—c  Flavus, Cin-
chonas cordifolise cortex—c. Lavola, see Illicium
anisatum—c. Magellanicus, see Wintera aromatica.
  Cortex  Ovi,  Cortical membrane.   This mem-
brane, so called by Boer and Granville, is usually
regarded as a  uterine production, and designated
Decidua reflex'a.   They consider it to surround
the ovule, when it descends into the uterus, and
to  enclose the shaggy chorion.   It is absorbed
during the first months of utero-gestation, so as
to expose the next membrane to the contact of
the decidua, with which a connexion takes place
at the part where  the placenta is to be formed.
In  that part,  Boer and Granville consider, that
the Cortex  Ovi is never  altogether obliterated,
but only made thinner, and in process of time is
converted into a mere pellicle or envelope, which
not only serves to divide  the filiform vessels of
the chorion into groups or cotyledons, in order
to form the placenta, but also  covers those coty-
ledons.  This Dr. Granville calls membra'na pro'-
pria.  See Decidua membrana.
  Cortex Pallidus, Cinchonae lancifolias cortex
—c. Patrum, Cinchona;—c. Peruvianus, Cinchona
c Profluvii, Nerium antidysentericum—c Ruber,
 Cinchonae  oblongifoliae  cortex — c Striata den-
tium, Enamel of the teeth — c Thuris, Croton
 cascariUa— c Winteranus, see AAlntera aromati-
 cum— c. Winteranus spurius,  Canella alba.
L4                COSMETICS

   COR'TICAL, Corticdlis; from cortex, 'bark.'
 Belonging to bark.
   Cortical Matter of the Brain, Cortex Cere-
 bri—c Membrane, Cortex Ovi—c. Substance of
 the Kidney, see Kidney — c.  Substance of tho
 Teeth, sec Tooth.
   CORTUSA AMERICANA, Heuchera cortusa.
   CORU.  An  Indian tree, the bark  of whose
 root furnishes a milky juice, which is employed
 in diarrhoea and  dysentery.  It is  also  called
 Corn  Canar'ica.
   CORUSCATIO, Astrape.
   CORVISARTIA HELENIUM,  Inula hele-
 nium.
   CORYBAN'TIASM,  Corybantias'mus,  Cory-
 bantis'mus, from JLopvjias,  one of the Corybantcs.
 A name  formerly given to a kind of phrensy, in
 which the  sick were  tormented by fantastic vi-
 sions, and perpetual want of sleep.
   CORYDALIS BULBOSA, Fumaria bulbosa—
 c. Cava, Fumaria bulbosa—c Tuberosa, Fumaria
 bulbosa,
   COR'YLUS AVELLA'NA, Bundnrh, Cor'ylus,
 Avelldna,  The  Hazel-nut Tree,  (F.)  Coudrier,
 Noisetier;  Family, Amentaceae; Sex. Syst. Mo-
 ncecia Polyandria.  The nut,—Filbert, (F.) Ave-
 line ; Hazel-nut, (F.) Noisette,—of this tree, is
 much eaten in many countries.   Like all nuts, it
 is by  no means easy of digestion.  It is the Nux
 avella'na, Kapvov Uuvtikov, of the ancients.
   Cor'ylus Rostra'ta, Beaked Hazel.   An in-
 digenous shrub, A'ut. Ord. Amentacea?;  Sub-or-
 der, Cupuliferae : Sex. Syst. Moncecia Polyandria;
 the nut of which is surrounded by a coriaceous
 and  scaly involucre,  terminating in a tube co-
 vered with short and thick bristles.  These bristles
 have  been  given as an anthelmintic in  the same
 cases and doses as mucuna.
   CORYMBETRA, Hedera helix.
   CORYNE, Penis.
   CORYPHE,  Acme, Vertex —c.  Cordis, see
 Mucro.
   CORY'ZA, Grave'do, Rhini'tis,  Catastag'mos,
 Oatastalag'mos, Stillicid'ium Na'rium, Phlegmu-
 torrhag"ia, Blennorrhai a nasa'lis,Blennorrhidia,
 Des'tillatio,  Catar'rhus ad Nares,  C.  nasdlis,
 Rhinocatar'rhue, Angi'na nasdlis: vulgarly, 'run-
 ning at the nose,' 'a cold in the head:' in French,
 Rhume de  cerveau, Catarrhe nasal,  Enchifrene-
 ment; in Old  English, Pose  or 3Iur;  whence
 Murren and Murrain; from Kopvs, or Kapa, 'the
 head/ and frio, ' I boil.'  Inflammation, attended.
 with  increased discharge, of the  Schneiderian
 membrane  lining the nose, and the sinuses com-
 municating with it.  The affection generally sub-
 sides without any medical treatment.
   Chronic  Coryza  is  termed,  also, Oza'na  be-
 nig'na.
   Coryza Entonica, Ozsena—c Maligna, Ozaena
 —c Ozaenosa,  Ozasna—c Purulenta, Ozaena—c.
 Scarlatinosa, Rhinocace—c. Ulcerosa, Ozaena—c.
 A'irulenta,  Ozaena.
   COSCINISMUS, Cribration.
   C0SC1N0I, see Cribration.
   COSMESIS, Cosmetics.
   COSMETICS,  Ars cosmelica,  Colli pis'tria,
 Cosme'sis,  ( F. )  Cosmitique,  from  Koauttv,  ' to
 adorn/ 'to embellish.'   The art of improving
 the beauty.  Cosmetic, Stilbo'ma,  is, also, used
 for the different means employed for that pur-
 pose;  as the  compounds which  enter into the
 oxides of lead,  bismuth,  mercury, arsenic, Ac.
 All these,  however,  injure the  skin, and often
 give rise to unpleasant cutaneous affections. Fre-
 quent ablution with cold  water and bathing are
 the best cosmetics.   Essences, soaps, and  all the
 preparations intended for the toilet, fall, also,
 under this  head.
4 
               C0S3IETIQUE

  C0SMe"tIQUE, Cosmetics.
  COHMETOL'OGY, Cosmetolog"ia, from Koauttv,
'to adorn;' and Xoyos, 'a discourse.'   A  treatise
on the dress,  and cleanliness of the body.
  COSMOS, from Koapos, 'the world/ 'order/ Ac.
The  order which was supposed to preside  over
critical days.  Hippocrates and others have termed
koouoi, ' bracelets/ employed, not  only as orna-
ments (Koapttv, 'to adorn/) but as therapeutical
agents.
  COSSA, Haunch.
  COSSUM.  A malignant ulcer of thenose, often
of a syphilitic character.—Paracelsus.
  COSSUS, Cossis.   A sort of white, short, thick
worm or larve,  found in trees, logs of wood, Ac,
and  used by the Romans as a great article of
gourmandise. They were, also, applied to ulcers.—
Pliny.  The  term has,  likewise, been given to
small vermiform  pimples  on  the face — Acne —
which arise from inflammation of  the sebaceous
follicles.
  COSTA, Pleura, Pleurum,  Pleuro'ma.   A Rib,
from custodire, 'to guard/ 'defend:' (F.) C6te.
The ribs are 24  in number;  —12  on each  side.
They are irregular, long, bony curves:  slightly
flattened, and situate obliquely  at the sides of the
chest.  The  intervals between them are called
Intcreoa'tal spacea, (F.) Espaces intercostaux, and
they are numbered Jirst, second, third, Ac,reckon-
ing  from above to below.  They have been dis-
tinguished into Costa  vera,  Pleurupoph'yses of
Owen, True ribs, (F.) Vraies Cotes, Cotes stemales,
Cotes vertebro-sternales (Ch.,)  and into Costa spd-
ria,  3lendo'sa  Costa, Notha Costa, Fulsc  ribs,
Cotes asternales (Ch.,), Fausses  Cdtes.  The  true
or sternal ribs,  as they have also been called, are
the first 7; which are articulated at one extremity
to the spine, and  at the other, by means of their
cartilages,  hamapophyses of  Owen, to the  ster-
num.  The false ribs are the remaining 5 : the
uppermost three being united, by means of their
cartilages, to the cartilage of  the last true rib.
The others are  free at their  external extremity,
and, hence, have been called  Floating ribs, Cotes
flottantes.  The vertebral extremity of each rib
is slightly expanded.  It is called the head of the
rib—Capitidum  Costa:  the  space between this
and  tho  tubercle  is the collum or neck.   Anterior
to the tubercle is tho angle.  The angle is the part
where the bone bends to form the lateral part of
the thorax.
  COSTUS CAPITULUM, see  Costa—c. Men-
dosae, see Costa—c Spurias, see Costa.—c Vera),
see Costa.
  COSTAL, Costa'lis, from costa, 'a rib.'  Apper-
taining or relating to a rib—as  ' costal cartilage.'
  COSTIArE, Constipated.
  COSTIVENESS, Constipation.
  COSTMARY, Tanacetum balsamita.
  COSTO-ABDOMINAL, Obliquus externus ab-
dominis—c. Basi-scapulaire,  Serratus magnus—
c. Claviculairc, Subclavian muscle.
  COSTO-CLAVICULAR,  Costo-Clavicula'ris.
Belonging to the ribs and clavicle.
  Costo-Clavic'ular   Lig'ament, Cleidocostal
Ligament, is a fibrous, flattened fascia, which ex-
tends, obliquely, from the  cartilage of the first rib
to the inferior surface of tho clavicle.
  COSTO-CORACOID1 EN.  Pectoralis  minor
—c.  Scapula!re. Serratus magnus.
  COSTO-STERNAL, Costo-Sterndlis. Relating
to the ribs and sternum.   Tho articulation of the
sternum  with the anterior extremity of the  first
seven ribs.
  COSTO-TRACHELIA'NUS.  Relating to the
ribs  and  to the  trachclian or transverse processes
of the neck.  Under the name  Costo-trache'lian,
               COTYLEDON

Chaussier designates the anterior and posterior

  COSTO-TRANSVERSA'RIUS.   Relating to
the ribs, and to the transverse processes.—Bichat
gave this name to the articulation of the tubero-
sities of the ribs with the transverse processes of
the spine.
  COSTO-VER'TEBRAL, Costo-vertebrdlis.
Belonging to the ribs and vertebrae.—Bichat gave
this name to the articulation of the head of the
ribs with the vertebrae, and to the ligaments con-
nected with it.
  COSTO-XIPHOID, Costo-xiphoVdeus. The
name of a ligament, which unites the cartilage of
the seventh rib to the xiphoid or ensiform carti-
lage.
  COSTUS.  The ancients seem  to have given
this name to several plants.   One has borne the
appellation, since the time of Dioscorides, — the
Costus Arab'icus, Costus In'dicus, C. specio'sus seu
ama'rus, dulcis,  orienta'lis, Amo'mum  hirsu'tum,
Helle'nia grandiflo'ra, Bank'sia specio'sa, Tsia'na,
(F.) Canne  Congo, Oanne de Riviere: Family,
Amomeae, Sex. Syst. Monandria Monogynia; the
root of which is aromatic, and has been considered
tonic,  carminative, diuretic, emmenagogue, Ac.
The virtues of the ancient costus  are highly ex-
tolled.—Theophrastus, Dioscorides, Pliny, Galen.
  Costus Amarus, Ac, Costus—c. Arabicus, Cos-
tus— c Corticosus, Canella alba — c Hortorum,
Tanacetum balsamita—c Hortorum minor, Achil-
lea ageratum—e. Indicus, Costus—c Nigra, Cy-
nara scolymus—c. Speciosus, Costus.
  COSTYLE, Cotyle.
  COTA, Anthemis cotula.
  COTARO'NIUM; an  obscure term, used by
Paracelsus for a universal solvent:  such a thing
as does not exist.
  COTE, Costa,
  CdTES, COL DES, Collum costarum—c. .4s-
ternales, see Coster—c. Fausses, see Costa—c. Flot-
tantes,  see Costa—c. Stemales, see Coste—c. Ver-
tibrosternales,  see Costa—c. Vraies, see  Costa.
   COTIGNAC, (pron. cotinniac.)  A kind of con-
serve or preserve, prepared from quinces not en-
tirely ripe, and sugar.  It is esteemed stomachic
and astringent.
   CO TON, Gossypium.
  COTONIA, Pyrus cydonia.
  COTTON, Gossypium.
  COTULA, Anthemis cotula — c.  Fcetida, An-
themis cotula.
  Cotula Multif'ida.   A South African plant,
which  is used  by the Hottentots in  rheumatism,
scalds  and cutaneous diseases.
  COTUN'NIUS, LIQUOR OF, Liq'uor Cotud-
nii, L. of Cotug'no, Aquula acus'tica, Aqua audi-
to'ria,  Perilymph, (F.) Lymphe de Cotugno.  A
transparent, slightly viscid fluid, which'fills all
the cavities of the internal ear, and of which Co-
tugno made mention.  It is also called Aqua La-
byrinih'i.
  COTURNIX, Tetrao coturnix.
  COT'YLE,  Cot'yla, Cotyle'don,  Cos'tyle; the
same as Acetab'ulum.  A hollow cavity in a bone,
which  receives the head of another  bone: parti-
cularly ' the cotyloid cavity.'  KotvXv signified  a
drinking cup, and, indeed, any  thing  hollow, as
the hollow of the hand.—Athenaeus.
  COTYLEDON, Cotyle—c Marina,  Umbilicus
marinus.
  Cotyle'don Orbicula'ta.  A plant of South
Africa, Nut.  Ord. Crassulaceee.  The fresh juice
is used in epilepsy; and Dr. Pappe speaks well of
it.  The  leaves form a good application to  hard
corns.   Crass'ula arbores'cens has the  same pro-
perties.
24. 
COTYLOID               246                 CO URGE
  Cotyle'don Umbili'cus, 0. U. Vene'ris,N~a,vel-
wort,  Venus's Nuvelwort, (F.) Nombril de Vinus.
A plant of the Family, Crassulaeeae, which grows
in Europe on old walls and rocks.  The leaves
are emollient and  applied externally to piles,
inflamed parts, Ac. Internally, the juice has been
given in epilepsy.  The  flowers have been  used
in calculous cases, and in dropsy.
  Cotyle'dons, (kotvXvSwv, 'the hollow of a cup/)
Acetab'ula uteri'na.   The lobes which, by  their
union, form the placenta.
  COT'YLOID, Cotyloi'des, Cotyloi'deus, Cotyld-
("*£•«,from kotvXv, 'a drinking cup/ and ttSos, 'form.'
Resembling the ancient kotvXi,.   The name of
a hemispherical cavity, situate in the os innomi-
natum, which receives the head of the os femo-
ris ;—Fossa cotylo'idea, Sinus Coxa, Acetab'ulum,
Pyxis.
  Cot'yloid Lig'ament,  Ligamen'tum  Cotyldi-
deum, (F.) Ligament cotylo'idien, is a very thick,
fibro-cartilaginous ring,  surrounding the cotyloid
cavity, the depth of which it increases.
   COU, Collum — c. du Pied,  Instep — c.  Gros,
Bronchocele.
  COUCH GRASS, Triticum repens.
   COUCHE,  Couches, (F.), from coucher, 'to lie
down.'  This word is used, 1. For parturition,
accouchement or delivery (puerpe'rium, parturi"-
tio;)  hence, une couche  heureuse, 'a happy deli-
very ;' une fausse couche,' a premature delivery:'
and, 2. For the time during which a female re-
mains in bed on account  of delivery, — Tempus
puerpe'rii, the child-bed state.   The Lochia have
been termed Suites de couches.  Couche also means
a layer, bed or thalamus, as,
   Couche Celluleuse, Membrana granulosa.
   COUCHER, Decubitus.
   COUCHES DES NERFSETH310IDAUX,
Corpora striata—c. des Nerfs oculaires,  Thalami
nervorum opticorum—c. des Nerfs  optiques, Tha-
lami nervorum opticorum—c. Optiques,  Thalami
nervorum opticorum.
   COUCHING, see Cataract.
   COUCINEA COCCINEA, Cacoucia coccinea.
   COUDE, Elbow.
   COUDE-PIED, Instep.
   COUDEE, Cubitus.
   COUDRIER, Corylus avellana.
   COUENNE, (F.), Cutis suilla.  A term  given
to various parts of  the human skin, which are
prominent, hard, brownish, and often covered with
rough hairs, so as to form patches not very unlike
the skin of the hog. It is  a malformation, occurring
during intra-uterine  existence, and remaining for
life.  See also, Naevus, and Corium phlogisticum.
   COUENNE  INFLA3I3IATOIRE,  Corium
phlogisticum — c. Pleuritique,  Corium phlogisti-
cum.
   COUGH, Tussis —c. Bronchial, C. tubal — c.
Root, Trillium latifolium.
   Cough, Tubal, Bron'chial cough, Tussis brod-
chica, (F.)  Toux tubaire, T. bronchique.  Cough
is so termed, when the succussion  communicated
by it to the parietes of the chest is very energetic,
and a sensation is experienced  by  the ear as if  a
 column of air was traversing with much  noise,
strength, and rapidity, tubes with  solid walls.
   Cough, AVinter, Bronchitis, (chronic.)
   COUGHING, Tussis.
   COOLER, To strain.
   COULEUVREj Coluber berus.
   OOULEUVREE, Bryonia alba.
   COULISSE, (F.) 'A groove, a  gutter.'  Ana-
 tomists designate, by this name, every deep groove
 or channel in a bone, in which  a tendon plays;—
 Buch as the Coulisse Bicipitale or Bicipital Groove
 of the Humerus.
   CO ULISSE BICIPITALE, Bicipital groove—
c. Humerale, Bicipital groove.
  COULOIR, Colatorium.
  COUM, Colchicum autumnale.
  COUN'TENANCE, Yultus, Voltus, Visage, (F.)
Figure, Visage:  from cum, 'with/ and teneo, 'I
hold.'  The form of the face.  The system of the

  COUNTER-EXTEN'SION, Contra-exten'sio,
Antilasis, (F.) Contre-extension, from  contra-ex-
tenderc, ' to extend in a contrary direction.'  It
consists in retaining  firmly and immovably the
upper part of a limb, whilst extension is practised
on the lower, in  cases of fracture or luxation.
  COUNTER-INDICA'TION, Contra-indica'tio,
Antendeix'is,  Antendix'is,  Antideixis.   An indi-
cation contrary to another.  (F.)  Contre-indica-
tion.  Any circumstance, which acts as an obstacle
to the employment of such  therapeutical means as
seem to be indicated by other circumstances.
  COUNTER-IRRITANT, see Counter-irrita-
tion— c Granville's, (Lotion,) Granville's Coun-
ter-irritant.
  COUNTER-IRRITA'TION, Contra-irritdtio.
An irritation, excited in a  part of the body, with
the view of relieving one existing in another part.
The remedies used for  this purpose  are  called
Counter-irritants, and form a most  valuable class
of remedial agents.  See Derivation.
  COUNTERSTROKE, Contrafissura.
  COUNTING,  METHOD OF, Method, numeri-
cal.
  COUP, Blow—c. de Feu, Wound, gunshot.
  COUP DE 3IAITRE  ou TOUR  DE MAt-
TRE,  (F.) A masterly stroke or performance.
Applied to a  mode of introducing  the sound or
catheter into  the bladder,  which consists in first
passing it with its convexity towards the abdomen
of the patient, and giving it a half turn towards
the right groin, when its extremity has reached
the root of the penis under the symphysis pubis.
There is no advantage in this mode of introduction.
  COUP DE SANG, (F.) A common  term, used
by some physicians in France, to  designate the
loss of sensation and motion, which results from
hemorrhage in the brain, or from simple conges-
tion in the vessels of that organ.  See Apoplexy.
Some authors have comprehended, under the same
denomination, different hemorrhages, which occur
in the areolar texture of the face, lungs, skin, Ac.
   COUP DE SOLE1L, (F.) Siri'asis, Seiri'asis,
Siriasis jEgyptiaca, Ictus  aolia, Ietua sola'ria, In-
aola'tio, Encephalitis insolatio'nis, Phreni'tia ca-
lentu'ra, Stroke  of the sun, ^Egyptian  Staratroke
or Sunstroke.  Any affection produced by the ac-
tion of the sun on some region of the body;—head,
hands, arms, Ac.  A very common effect of ex-
posing the naked head to the sun is inflammation
of the brain or its meninges, which Sauvages calls
Cams ab lnsolatio'ne, 3Iorbus solstitia'lia.
   COUPE-BRIDE, Kiotome.
   COUPEROSE, Gutta rosea.
   COUPURE,  Cut, Wound (incised.)
   CO URANTE, Diarrhoea.
   COURAP.  A distemper, very common in In-
dia, in which there is a  perpetual  itching of the
surface, and  eruption.  It is of an herpetic cha-
racter, and appears chiefly on the axilla, groins,
breast, and face.
   COURBARIL, see Anime.
   COURBATURE, (F.) Acer'ba laaaittldo, Vio-
lent lassitude, Fatigue. An indisposition, charac-
terized by a sensation, as if the limbs were bruised;
general  feeling of  debility, extreme  lassitude;
and, sometimes, slight fever.  It appears  imme-
diately after severe exercise, but sometimes not
till the next  day.   Rest removes it.
   COURBURE, Curvature.
   COURGE, Cucurbita pepo. 
                  COURMI

  C 0 U R MI  or  C U R M I, Kovpfit, Kvppt   A fer-
mented liquor, made  from barley.  A kind of ale
or beer.—Dioscorides.
  COURO-MOELLI.  An  Indian tree, the bark
of which is said to be anti-venomous.
  COURON'DI, Couroddo.   An evergreen  tree
of India, the juice of which,  mixed with warm
whev, is said to cure dysentery.—Ray.
  COURONNE  CILIAIRE,  Godronni canal —
c. du Dent, Crown of  a tooth—c. du Gland, Crown
of the glans—c. du Trepan,  Crown of the trepan
—c. de Venus, Crown of Arenus.
  CO URONNE RA  YONNANTE (F.)   A term
given by Reil  to the  fan-shaped terminations of
the crura cerebri in the brain.
  COURONNEMENT (F.), Coro'na.  A vulgar
expression, sometimes used to designate the cir-
cular  ring, which the os  uteri forms around the
head  of the child  at a certain period of accouche-
ment  :—the  head  seeming to be surrounded, as it
were,  by a crown. The  head is  then said to be
au couronnement.
  COURS DE VENTRE, Diarrhoea.
  COURSE, Running.
  COURSES, Menses.
  COURT,  Short.
  COURTE HALEINE, Dyspnoea.
  COUSIN, Culex.
  COUSSINET, Pad.
  COUTEAU, Knife — c. d Amputation, Knife,
amputation — c. d Cataracte, Knife, cataract—c.
Courbe, Knife, crooked — c. d  Crochet, Knife,
crotchet—c. Disarticulateur, Knife, double-edged
—c. Droit, Knife, amputation—c. de Feu, Cultel-
laire — e. Interosseux, Knife,  double-edged — c.
Lcnticulaire, Knife,  lenticular — c. Lithotome —
Knife, lithotomy — c. en  Serpette, Knife  en  ser-
pette—c.  Symphysien, see Symphyseotomy—c. d
Deux tranchans, Knife, double-edged.
  COUTOU'BEA  ALBA,   Ex'acum  spica'tum,
Pi'crium spica'tum.   A plant of Guiana, which
is very bitter,  and is  considered, in the country,
to be emmenagogue, anthelmintic, and  antidys-
peptic                               _,
  COUTURES PAR LA PETITE VER OLE,
see Cicatrix.
  COUTURIER, Sartorius.
   COUVERCLE, see Crucible.
   COUVRECHEF   (F.),  Cucul'lus,  Faacidtio
cucull.a'ta,Scepaster'ium,Scepaa'trum. A bandage,
applied to  the head  for  retaining certain dress-
ings,  Ae. in situ.  The  French  surgeons distin-
guish two kinds.  1. The  Grand Couvrechef ou
Scrvettc  en  carri (Cucullua  major,)  which  is
formed of a napkin  or  large square compress:
and, 2. The Petit Couvrechef ou  Mouchoir en tri-
angle (Cucullua minor,) formed  of a napkin  or
other square compress, folded from one angle to
the other diagonally opposite to it.
   COUVRECHEF,  see  Bandage, Galen's.
  COVE, CLIMATE OF.   On the northern side
of  Cork  Harbour, in Ireland, is the Island  of
Cove. The town of Cove is on the southern ac-
clivity of a hill running from east to west.  It is,
consequently, sheltered  from the north  winds,
and receives the full force of the sun.   It is one
of the mildest climates in Great Britain, and cor-
responds in its  influence   on  disease with the
south-west of England.  It is well adapted as a
winter retreat for the phthisical.
  COVOLAM, Crata'va 3Iarmeloa. The bark  of
this tree is tonic:  the unripe fruit is astringent:
but, when ripe, is delicious.
  COAVBANE, Cicuta aquatica.
  COAVBERRY,  A'accinium vitis idsea.
  COAVIIAGE, Dolichos pruriens.
  COAYITCH,  Dolichos pruriens.
  COWPARSNEP,  Heracleum lanatum.
1                  CRAB

  COWPER'S GLANDS, Ac'ceaaory glanda, (F.)
 Glandea accessoires, G. de Cowper, Prostates infi-
 rieurea ou Petites prostates.  Two small ovoid
 groups of mucous, reddish follicles, situate behind
 the bulb of the urethra, before the prostate, the
 excretory ducts of which  open into the bulbous
 portion of the urethra.   They are  also  called
 Gladdula antepros'tata,  and G. pros'lata infe-
 rio'rea.
  Cowper's Glands in the Female, Glanda of
 Duverney, Glanda  of  Bartholinua, Pros'tata mu-
 lie'bris  seu Bartholi'ni, are  situate at each  side
 of the entrance of the vagina, beneath the  skin
 covering the posterior or inferior part of the labia.
 They are rounded, but elongated, flat, and bean-
 shaped;  their long diameter varying from five to
 ten lines; their transverse, from two  and a  half
 to four and a quarter; and  their thickness from
 two and a quarter to three lines.  Like Cowper's
 glands in the male, they are not invariably pre-
 sent.   The secretion from them is a thick, tena-
 cious, grayish-white  fluid, which is  emitted in
 great quantity during sexual intercourse; and is
 probably the fluid, supposed, of old, to be the fe-
 male  sperm.
  COWPOX, Vaccina—c Inoculation, Vaccina-
 tion — c. Itch, see Itch, cowpox — c. Vesicle, see
 Vaccination.
  COWRAP, Impetigo.
  COWSLIP, Primula veris—c. Jerusalem,  Pul-
 monaria.
  COWWEED, Chaerophyllum sylvestre.
  COXA, Haunch.
  COX^LUVIUM, Bath, hip.
  COX AGRA, Neuralgia femoro-poplitaea.
  COXAL'GIA, 3Ierocoxalgia, Osphyal'gia, Os-
 phyalge'ma.  A word  of hybrid origin, from coxa,
 ' hip/ and aXyos,' pain.' Pain in the hip.  A sign
 of rheumatic or other inflammation—Coxitis, or
 of some  disease about the hip-joint.  See Neu-
 ralgia femoro-poplitaja, and  Coxarum  morbus.
  COXARTHRITIS, Coxitis.
  COXARTHROCACE,  Coxarum morbus.
  COXA'RUM MORBUS, Ooxeddicus seu Coxd-
 rius morbus,  Arthroc'ace coxa'rum, Coxarthroc'-
 aee, Osphyarthroc'ace, Coxalgia  (of some),  Hip
 disease.   A scrofulous caries, and often  sponta-
 neous luxation of  the head of the os femoris, oc-
 casioning permanent  shortening of the limb, and
 not unfrequently hectic and death.
   COXEN'DIX,  Haunch.  This word has been
 used  synonymously with ischium; and anato-
 mists  have  also  applied it  to  the  ilia,  Ossa
 Coxed diets.
   COXI'TIS, Cox arthritis,  a hybrid  term, from
 Coxa, ' the hip/ and itis, denoting inflammation.
 Inflammation of the hip-joint.
   COXO-FEM'ORAL, Coxo-femora'lis.  Belong-
 ing to the coxal bone or ileum, and to the os fe-
 moris.   Ilio-fcmoral has  the same signification.
   Coxo-Fem'oral Articula'tion, Ilio-Femoral
 A., (F.) Articulation de la Hanche, the Hip joint.
 The head of the femur and the articular cavity are
 covered by a diarthrodial cartilage and synovial
 capsule;  and by a very strong capsular or artic-
 ular  ligament attached to the circumference of
 the cotyloid cavity, and to the neck of the femur.
 There is, also, a round or interarticular ligament,
 passing  from the  inferior notch  of the cotyloid
 cavity to the rough depression at  the top of the
 caput femoris; and a cotyloid ligament, — a sort
 of thick, cartilaginous ring, situate on the  edge
 of the cotyloid cavity, and  converting the infe-
 rior notch into a foramen.  These are the great
 means of union in this extensive articulation.
   CRAB, As'tacus fluvial itis,  Cancer, Gam'ma-
 rus, Gam'barus, Cam'marus, (F.) Crabbe, JEcre-
 visse, Escrevice.  A shell-fish much used as an
24 
CRABE
248
CRAXIOLOGY
article of diet.  Like other shell-fish it is apt to
disagree, and excite urticaria, Ac.
  CRABE, Crabyaws.
  CRABLOUSE;  a species of Pcdic'ulua, P.
Pubis, which infests the  pudendum  and axilla.
(F.)  3Iorpion.  It is easily  destroyed by  the
white precipitate of mercury, or by mercurial
ointment.
  CRABS' EYES, Canerorum chelae—c Stones,
Cancrorum chelae.
  CRABYAAVS,  (F.) Crdbe.  A name in  the
West Indies for a kind of ulcer on the soles of
the feet, with edges so hard, that they are diffi-
cult to cut.
  CRACHAT,  Sputum.
  CRACHE3IENT, Excreation—c.  de  Pus, Vo-
mica, Phthisis pulmonalis—c. de Sang, Haemop-
tysis.
  CRACH0TE3IENT (F.), from  cracker,  'to
spit.'  The frequent spitting of a small quantity
of saliva.
  CRACKLING  OF  LEATHER,  see  Craque-
ment de cuir.
  CRACOAV  GROATS, Semolina.
  CRADLE, Sax. cnaoei, Ar'culus,  Solen,  (F.)
Arceau  ou Archct.   A semicircle of thin wood,
or strips of wood, used for preventing the contact
of the bed-clothes in wounds, fractures, Ac.   An
ordinance of the Grand Duke of Tuscany forbade
mothers  and nurses to sleep with a cbild near
them, unless it  was placed under a  solid cradle
of this  kind, in  order that no accident might
arise from overlaying.
  CRiE'PALE, from KpaiiraXv, Crap'ula, 'drunk-
enness, surfeit.'  A derangement of the functions
of the brain, Ac, produced by wine  or any other
fermented liquor.—Galen.
  CRAIE, Crete.
  CRAM A, Kpajxa, from Ktpata, ' I mix.'   A mix-
ture of any kind.  Dilute wine.
  CRAMBE, Cabbage.
  CRAM'BION, from Kparfv, ' cabbage.'  A de-
coction of cabbage.—Hippocrates.
  CRAMP, from (G.) krampfen, 'to contract.'
Crampus, Enta'sia systrem'ma, Tetanus dolorif-
icus, Mi/ospas'mus, Spasmus muscula'ris, 3Iyal-
gia, Rhege, Rhegma, Rhegmus.   A sudden, invo-
luntary,  and highly painful contraction  of a
muscle or muscles.  It is most frequently expe-
rienced in the lower extremities, and  is a common
symptom of certain affections:—as of Colica Pic-
tonum and Cholera 3torbus.  Friction and com-
pression  of  the limb, by means of a  ligature
applied round it above the muscles affected, will
usually remove  the spasm.
  Cramp, Scriveners', Cramp, Writers'.
  Cramp of the Stomach, (F.) Crampe de I'Es-


                  Cerebral Organs  and  thi

1.  Instinct of generation, of reproduction ; ama-
  tiveneaa; inatinct of propagation; venereal
  inatinct.
(German.) Z eugungs trieb, Fortpflan-
  zungstrieb, Geschlechtstrieb.
2.  Lore  of progeny ; philoprogenitiveness.
(67.)  Jungenliebe, Kinderliebe.
3.  Attachment, friendship.
(G.)  Freundschaftsinn.
4.  Instinct of defending aelf and property ; love
  of atrife and combat; combntiveneaa; courage.
(G.)  Muth, Raufsinn, Zanksinn.

5.  Carnivorous instinct;  inclination  to murder ;
  destructiveness ; cruelty.
(fc?.)  Wurgsinn,  Mordsinn.
tomac. A sudden, violent, and most painful affec-
tion of the stomach, with sense of constriction in
the epigastrium.  It seems to be the effect of the
spasmodic contraction of the  muscular coat of the
stomach, and requires the use of the most powerful
stimulants and antispasmodics, of which opium
is the best.
  Cramp, AVriters', Graphospasm'us, 3/ogi-
graph'ia, (F.)  Crampe des Ecrivains,  Scriv'cners'
Cramp, Stam'mcring of the Fingers.  A  condition
Of the fingers, in which they are unable to hold
the pen, or in which one or more of the muscles of
the fingers are irregularly and irresistibly  con-
tracted.
  CRA3IPE DES ECRIVAINS, Cramp, Writers'.
  CRA3IPE DE L'EST031 AC, Cramp  of the
stomach.
  CRAN DE BRETAGNE, Cochlearia armo-
racia.
  CRANBERRY, Vaccinium  oxycoccos — c.
American, Common, see A"accinium oxycoccos —
c. Upland, Arbutus uva ursi.
  CRANE,  Cranium — c.  Humain, Cranium hu-
manum.
  CRANE'S BILL, Geranium—c Spotted, Ge-
ranium maculatum — c. Stinking, Geranium Ro-
bertianum.
  CRANIOCELE, Encephalocele.
  CRANI01LEMATONCUS, Cephalhematoma.
  CRANIOL'OGY, Cranios'copy, Craniolag"ia,
Phrenology, Cranioscop'ia,  C. Gallia'na, Ence-
phaloscop'ia, Doctrlna Gallia'na.  AVords, intro-
duced, since Gall, into medical  language.  The
first two terms are respectively derived  from
Kpavtov, 'cranium/ Xoyos, 'a discourse/ and cKonttv,
'to  examine.'   They signify a  description,  or
simply an examination of the different  parts  of
the external surface of the cranium,  in order to
deduce from thence a knowledge of the different
intellectual,  and  moral  dispositions.  Strictly
speaking, it is  by Cranioscejjjy that we acquire a
knowledge  of  Craniology, Organology  or Cran-
ology, as it  has been  variously  termed.  These
words are generally, however, used in the same
sense.  The cranium being moulded to the brain,
there  are as many prominences on the bone, as
there are projections at the surface of the brain.
According to Gall, each projection, which he  calls
an organ, is  the seat of a particular intellectual
or moral faculty, and all  persons endowed  with
the  same faculty, have, at the same  part of the
brain, a prominence, which  is indicated, exter-
nally, by a bump or projection in the bony  case.
The System of Gall is made  to comprise 27 pro-
minences, which answer to 27 faculties.  The fol-
lowing Table exhibits these supposed organs, and
their seat.
ir Seat, according to Gall.


  Seated in the cerebellum.  It Is manifested at the
    surface of the cranium  by two round protube-
    rances, one on  each side of the nape of the
    neck.

  Indicated at the external  occipital protuberance.

  About the middle  of the posterior margin of the
    parietal bone, anterior to the last.
  Seated a little above the ears, in front of the last,
    and towards the mastoid angle of the parietal
    bone.
  Greatly developed in all the carnivorous animals;
    forms  a prominence at  the posterior and supe-
    rior part of the  squamous  surface of the tem-
    poral bone, above the mastoid process. 
CRANIOLOGY
249
CRANIOLOGY
6.  Cunning; finesse; address; secretivenesa.
(67.) List, Schlauheit, Klugheit.
7.  Dcaire of property ; provident inatinct; cupi-
  dity ; inclination to robbery ; acquisitiveness.
((?.) E igen thumssinn, Hang zu  stehl-
  en,  E insammlungssinn, Diebsinn.
8.  Pride; haughtineaa;  love of authority ; ele-
  vation.
(G.) Stolz,  Hochmuth,  Hohensinn,
  Herrschsucht.
9,  Vanity; ambition; love of glory.
(G.) Eitelkeit,  Ruhmsucbt, Ehrgeiz.
10. Circumapection ; foreaight.
(G.) Behutsamkeit,  Vorsicht,   Vor-
  sichtigheit.
11. Memory of thinga ; memory of facta ; aenae
  of things; cdueubility; perfectibility; docility.
(G.) Sached'ach tnis s,  Erziehungs-
  fahigkeit,  Sachsinn.

12. Senae of locality ; aenae of the relation of
  spue, ; memory of places.
(G.) Ortsinn, Raumsinn.

13. Memory of persona ; aenae of persons.
(G.) Personensinn.

14. Sense of words; sense of names ; verbal me-
  mory.
(G.) AVordgedachtniss, Namensinn.

15. Sense of spoken language; talent of philo-
  logy ; study of languages.
(67.) Spr achfor s chungss in n, Wort-
  sinn, Sprachsinn.
16. Sense of the relationa of colour; talent of
  painting.
(67.) Farbensinn.
i7. Senae of the  relationa of tones ;. musical ta-
  lent.
(67.) Tonsinn.
18. Sense of the relations of numbers ; maihema-
   tice.
(67.) Zahlensinn.
19. Sense of mechanics ;  senae of conatruction;
   talent of architecture ; induatry.
(G.) Kunstsinn, Bausinn.
20. Comparative aagacity.
(67.) Vergleichender Scharfsinn.

21. 3Ictaphyaical penetration ;  depth of mind.
(G.) Metaphysischer Tiefsinn.

22.  Wit.
(67.) AVitz.
23. Poetical talent.
(G.) Dichtergeist.
24. Goodness; benevolence; mildneaa;  compas-
   aion ; sensibility ; moral sense; conscience ;
   bonhommie.
(67.) Gutmiithigkeit, Mitleiden, mo-
   ralischer  Sinn, Gewissen.
25. Imitation ;  mimicry.
(G.) Nachahmungssinn.
26. God and religion ; theosophy.
(G.) Theo s ophi sches Sinn.
27. Firmness;  constancy; perseverance/ obsti-
   nacy.
(67.) Stotigkeit, Festersinn.

   The first nineteen of these, according to Gall,
are common to man and animals; the remaining
eight, man possesses exclusively.  They are, con-
Boquently, the attributes of humanity.

      Organs according to  Spurzheim.
   1. Amativeness. — 2.  Philoprogenitiveness.—
3. Inhabitiveness.—4. Adhesiveness or Attach-
ment.—5. Combativeness.—6. Destructiveness.—
 Above the meatus auditorius externus, upon the
   sphenoidal angle of the parietal bone.
' Anterior to that of cunning, of which it seems to
   be a prolongation, and above that of mechanics,
   with which it contributes to widen the cranium,
   by the projection which they form at the side
   of the frontal bone.

 Behind the top of the head, at the extremity of
   the sagittal suture, and on the parietal bone.

' Situate at the side of the last, near the posterior
   internal angle of the parietal bone.

 Corresponds to the parietal protuberance.
 Situate at the root of the nose, between the two
   eyebrows, and a little above them.

' Answers to the frontal sinus, and is indicated ex-
   ternally by two prominences at the inner edge
   of the eyebrows, near the root of the nose, and
   outside of the organ of memory of things.

 At the inner angle of the orbit.
 Situate at  the posterior part  of the base of the
   two anterior lobes of the brain, on the frontal
   part of the bottom of the orbit, so as  to make
   the eye prominent.

 Also at the top of the orbit, between the preced-
   ing and that of the knowledge of colour.


 The middle part of the eyebrows, encroaching a
   little on the forehead.

 A little above and to one side of the last; above
   the outer third of the orbitar arch.

 On the outside of the organ of the sense of the
   relation of colour, and below the last.
 A round  protuberance at the lateral base of the
   frontal  bone, towards  the temple, and behind
   the organs of music and numbers.
 At  the middle  and anterior part of the frontal
   bone, above that of the memory of things.
 In  part confounded  with the preceding.  Indi-
   cated at the outer side of the last by a protu-
   berance, which gives to the forehead a peculiar
   hemispherical shape.
 At the lateral and outer part of the last;  and giv-
   ing greater width to the frontal prominence.
 On tbe outer side of the last; divided  into  two
   halves by the  coronal  suture.

 Indicated by an oblong prominence above the
   organ of comparative  sagacity; almost at the
   frontal suture.


 At the outer side of the last.

 At the top of the frontal  bone and at the superior
   angles of the parietal bone.

 The top of the head; at the  anterior and most
   elevated part of the parietal bone.

 7. Constructiveness.—8. Acquisitiveness.—9. Se-
 cretiveD.ess.—10. Self-esteem.—11.  Love of Ap-
 probation.—12.  Cautiousness.—13. Benevolence.
 —14. ATeneration.—15. Firmness.—16. Conscien-
 tiousness or Justice. —17. Hope. —18.  Marvel-
 lousness.—19. Wit.—20. Ideality.—21. Imitation.
 —22. Individuality.—23. Form.—24. Size.— 25.
 AVeight and Resistance.—26. Colour.—27. Loca-
 lity.—28.  Numeration.—29. Order.—30. Eventu- 
CRANIOMETRY
250
CREASOTE
ality. — 31. Time. —32. Melody or Tune. —33.
Language.—34. Comparison.—35. Causality.
  A fundamental  principle  with the Craniolo-
gists or Phrenologists is,—that the brain does not
act as a single  organ, but that it  consists  of a
plurality of organs: but, were we able to admit
this, the assignment of the  seat of different £acul-
ties could not but be considered premature.
  CRANIOM'ETRY,  Craniomelvia ; from Kpa-
vtov, ' the cranium/ and ptrpov, ' measure.'  Mea-
surement of the skull.
  CRANIOPATHFA; from Kpavtov, 'the  cra-
nium/ and iraQos, ' disease.'  Disease of the cra-
nium.
  CRANIOSCOPY, Craniology.
  CRANIO-SPINAL, Cephalo-spinal.
  CRANIO'TABES; from cranium,  'the skull/
and tabes, ' wasting.'  A softening of the bones
of the cranium, and a consequent thinness of those
bones,—as the occiput, (soft occiput,)—which are
much exposed  to  pressure.   It  is a variety of
rickets.—Elsasser.
  CRANIOT'OMY, Craniotom'ia; from Kpavtov,
'the cranium/  and roptv, 'incision.'  The opera-
tion of opening the head in parturition.
  Craniotomy Forceps.   An instrument, resem-
bling the lithotomy forceps, for laying hold of
and breaking down the bones of the head, in par-
turition.
  CRANIUM, Cra'nion, Cranum, Calva'ria, Scd-
phion, Conchus,  Calva,  Olla  cap'itis,  Theca cer'-
ebri, Brain-pan, the skull;  from Kpavos, ' a hel-
met/ or  from Kpavov, 'head.'  (F.) Crane.  The
collection of bones which form the case for lodg-
ing the brain and its membranes, as well as their
vessels,  and some of the  nerves.  These bones
are eight in  number—the frontal, occipital, two
parietal, two temporal, the sphenoid, and ethmoid.
Besides these, there might be considered, as be-
longing to the cranium, the cornua sphenoidalia,
the bones of the  ear, and the ossa Wormiana.
Dr.  Pri'chard  has characterized the primitive
forms of the skull  according to the width of the
Bregma,  or space between the parietal bones:  1.
The Stenobregmate, (artvos, 'narrow,') or Ethio-
pian variety.  2. The 3Iesobregmate, (/uo-oc, 'mid-
dle,') or  Caucasian variety; and 3.  The  Platy-
bregmate, (trXarvs, 'broad,') or Mongolian variety.
  Cranium Huma'num,  Human  Cra'nium,  (F.)
Crane humain.   This was anciently  much  used
in prescriptions, and was considered  anti-epilep-
tic, alexipharmic, antiloimic, Ac.
  CRANOMANCY, Cranomanti'a, from  Kpavov,
'the head/ and /tavrtia, 'divination.'  (F.)  Cra-
nomancie. The art of divining—from the inspec-
tion of the head or cranium—the moral disposi-
tions and inclinations of individuals.
  CRANSON,  Cochlearia officinalis.
  CRANSSAC,  MINERAL  WATERS  OF.
Cranssac is a village in the department of Avey-
ron, six leagues from Rhodez, which possesses
acidulous  chalybeate  springs,  that  have been
known for a long time.
  CRANTER, from Kpatvttv, 'to  finish/ 'render
perfect.'  The Dens Sapiedtia has been so called.
  CRANUM, Cranium.
  CRAPULA, Craepale.
  CRAQUEMENT DE CUIR, (F.) 'Crackling
of leather.'  A sound like the crackling of new
leather, sometimes  heard on examining the heart
with the stethoscope.   It  has been supposed to
be symptomatic of pericarditis.
  CRAQUEMENT PULMONAIRE, (F.) 'Pul-
monary crackling.'  This bruit or sound consists
in a succession of small cracklings,  heard during
inspiration, and  almost always at the top of the
lung. It is heard at the commencement of phthisis.
  CRASIS; from xtpavvvpt, 'I mix.'  A mixture
of the constituents of a fluid; as the crasis of the
blood,  humours,  Ac   The  word has  also been
employed in  a more  extensive signification, as
synonymous with Constitution, Temperament, Ac
  CRASPEDON, Staphyledema.
  CRASSAMEN'TUM,  from craaaua,  'thick.'
The thick part or deposit of any fluid.  It is par-
ticularly applied to the clot of the blood.
  Crassamentum Sanguinis, see Blood.
  CRASSE, (F.)  Dirt  or  impurity.  A sort of
layer  or enduit, which  covers the  skin, where
cleanliness is  not attended  to; and which is
sometimes  the  result  of the  cutaneous  exhala-
tion ;  at others, of extraneous matter adhering to
the surface of the body.
  CRASSE'NA.  A term  by which Paracelsus
designated the saline, putrescent, and corrosive
principles, which, he thought, gave rise to ulcers
and tumours of different kinds.
  CRASSULA,  Sedum  telephium — c Arbores-
cens, see Cotyledon orbiculata—c. Portulacacea,
c. Tetragona.
  Cras'sula  Tetrag'ona.   A  South  African
succulent plant, which is  somewhat astringent.
Boiled in milk it is used in diarrhoea.   Crassula
portulacdcea is said to  be used in similar cases.
  CRASSUS, Corpulent.
  CRATvE'GUS A'RIA, from Kparos, 'strength/
owing  to the hardness of  the wood.  Mes'pilus,
31.  A'ria, Aria seu  Sorbus, S. Aria  seu Alpina,
 White  Bean  Tree, (F.) Alisier  blanc, Alouche,
Alouchier.  The fruit, which is of the size  of a
small pear, is slightly astringent, and  somewhat
agreeable to the taste.  It has been  employed in
diarrhoea.
  CRAT.&VA MARMELOS, Covolam.
  CRATERAU'CHEN,  from Kpanpos,  'strong/
and avxiv, 'neck.'  One with a strong neck: as
well as a strong neck itself.
  CRATEV^ESIUM, Sisymbrium nasturtium.
  CRATOS, Force.
  CRAUTE, MINERAL AVATERS OF.  Craute
is a village five leagues from Autun, in France,
where  are mineral  springs, containing  sulpho-
hydrate of magnesia,  chloride of sodium, chlo-
ride of lime,  sulphate of lime, and  carbonate of
magnesia.
  CRAVATE SUISSE (F.)  A band of the lon-
gitudinal  or  superficial  layer of the muscular
fibres  of the stomach, along the lesser curvature
of the organ, the shape of which it assists in pre-
serving ; — so called, on  account of a fancied re-
semblance to a Swiss cravat.
  CRA YEUX, Cretaceous.
  CRA YON NOIR, Graphites.
  CRAZINESS, Insanity.
  CRAZY, Insane.
  CREA, Shin.
  CREAM, Cremor, (F.) Crime. A thick, unctu-
ous matter, of a yellowish-white colour, and sweet,
agreeable taste, which  rises to the surface of milk,
if kept at rest.   It is composed of butter, serum,
and casein.
  Crhne is a name  given  in France to bouilliea
prepared with farina  of different kinds; as the
Cream of Rice, (F.) Crime de Riz, 0. of Barley,
(F.) O. d'Orge, Ac.
  Cream, Cold,  Ceratum  Galeni,  Unguentum
Aquae rosae—c. of Tartar, Potassae supertartras.
  CRE'ASOTE, Cre'oaote, Creaao'tum,  Kre'aaote,
Creaao'ton, Creazo'ton;  from Kptas,  'flesh/  and
awrvp, ' a preserver.' A substance discovered not
long ago by Reichenbach.  It is obtained from
tar, by distillation, and appears to be  the active
antiseptic and medicinal agent in tar-water and
crude pyroligneous acid. It is a colourless trans-
parent fluid, of  a penetrating and disagreeable
odour,  and is freely soluble in alcohol and acetic
acid.  Its taste is bitter.   S. g. 1.037.  It coagu-
lates albumen, whence its haemostatic power. It 
CREATINE
251
CREST
is  a most powerful  antiseptic;  and  has been
largely administered  in hemorrhages both inter-
nally and externally.   As an external applica-
tion, it has been used in burns, ulcers,  especially
those of a sloughing character, chronic cutaneous
affections, and has been applied to tapeworm when
protruded, Ac.  Internally, it has been adminis-
tered in phthisis, vomiting, diabetes mellitus, ner-
vous  diseases, chronic  glanders, Ac.  The  dose
internally is one or two drops.   Externally, it is
sometimes applied  pure;  at  others, diluted, and
commonly with water, (fgss  to fjvj ;) or in the
form of ointment, (f"5ss to ""jj of cerate.)
   CRE'ATINE,  Cre'atin, Creati'na,  Kre'atine,
from Kptas, ' flesh.'  A nitrogenized crystallizable
neutral substance,  obtained  by the agency  of
water and heat  in making broths  and  soups.  It
does not combine either with acids or alkalies.
   By the action of strong acids, creatine is con-
verted into Creatinine or Kreatinine, a substance
which has a strong alkaline reaction,  and forms
crystallizable  salts  with acids.   It preexists to a
small extent in  the juice of  flesh; and is found
in conjunction with creatine  in urine.
   CREATININE,  see  Creatine.
   CREATOPHAGUS,  Carnivorous.
   CREAZOTON, Creasote.
   CREEPER, TRUMPET,  Tecoma radicans—
c. Virginia,  Ampelopsis  quinquefolia,  Tecoma
radicans.
   CREMASON, Pyrosis.
   CREMAS'TER, Suspendic'nlum,Eleva'tor Tes-
tic'uli, 3fus'culua Testia,  31.  Testicon'dus.  That
which suspends ; from Kptpaoi, ' I suspend.'  The
Greeks designated, by  this term, the  spermatic
chord, or all  the parts by which  the  testicle is,
as it were, suspended ;  but, since A'csalius, it has
received its present limited meaning.   The cre-
master is a very thin, muscular fascia—sometimes
hardly perceptible — which  detaches itself from
the internal oblique muscle;  passes through the
abdominal ring,  and vanishes around  the tunica
vaginalis; serving  to draw  up  the  testicle,  and
to move  it  slightly.  It has been, also, called
 Tunica Erythro'i'des and  Suspenso'rium 'Testis.
   CREMAS'TERIC,  Cremaster'icus,  same ety-
mon  as Cremaster.   Appertaining or relating to
the cremaster,—as 'cremasteric artery/—a branch
of the epigastric.
   CRE3IE, Cream—c. de Soufre, Sulphur proeci-
pitetum—c. de Tartre,  Potassae supertartras.
   CREMER.   The common name for a disease
frequent in Hungary, which is produced by ex-
cess in eating and drinking.—Chomel.
   CREMNOI, plural of Kpvpvos, ' a steep bank.'
The lips of an ulcer. The Labia pudeddi.—Hip-
pocrates, Foesius.   Hence:
   CREMNON'CUS, from Kpvuvos, 'the labia pu-
dondi/ and oyKos, ' a tumour.'  A swelling of the
labia pudendi.
   C REM OR,  Cream—c.  Tartari, Potassae super-
tartras—c. Urinae,  see Urine.
   CRENA, Crenatu'ra, Dentic'ulus, (F.) Crine-
 lure.  In the plural, the small teeth or projec-
tions  in the bones of the cranium, by means of
which an accurate  junction is formed at the su-
tures.  Crinelure has also been used  in surgery,
for  the  gutter or groove in certain instruments,
which is generally intended  to secure the passage
of cutting instruments; the  groove, for example,
of a director.
   CRENATURA.  Crena.
   CREXELURE,  Crena.
   CRE'OLE, (S.)  Criollo;  from  (S.) criar,  'to
create or foster.'  A native of America, or of the
AVest Indies, born of parents who have emigrated
from  the  Old  World, or from Africa.  Hence
there may be white as weB as black Creoles.—
Tschudi.
  CREOPHAGUS, Carnivorous.
  CREPALIA  TEMULENTA,  Lolium  temu-
lentum.
  CREPANELLA, Plumbago Europaea.
  CREPA'TIO,  Crepdtura,  from crepare, 'to
make a noise.'  The action of bursting any seed
by ebullition.  Coque  ad crepatu'ram,  ' Boil tiU
it bursts.'
  CREPATURA, Hernia.
  CREPIDINES PALPEBRARUM, see Tarsus.
  CREP'ITANT, Crep'itating, Crep'itans; same
etymon.  Crackling.
  Rdle Cripitant  Sec d  Grosses Bulles, ' dry
crackling noise with formation of large bubbles/
is heard in pulmonary emphysema, when the dis-
tention becomes greater and  greater, and  is fol-
lowed by rupture of the vesicles.  The air forcing
itself a passage in the interlobular areolar tissue,
gives rise to this Rale during inspiration.
  Rdle Crepitant Sec  of Laennec, R. visiculaire.
The crepitant rattle, heard, during respiration, in
severe pneumonia and in oedema of the lung; so
termed on account of the  analogy between the
sound and that occasioned by pressing  a healthy
lung between the fingers.  It resembles the sound
produced by rubbing  slowly and  firmly between
the finger and thumb  a lock of hair near the ear.
The Rhonchus crepitans redux, (F.) Rdle cripitant
redux, is the sound heard in respiration coexistent
with the resolution of pneumonia.   It indicates
the return of the cells to the pervious condition.
  CREPITA'TION, Crep'itus, from crepitare, 'to
make a noise.'  Crackling.  Crepitation or crepi-
tus, (F.) Gliquetis, has been used, in Surgery, to
designate the noise occasioned by the friction of
fractured bones, when the surgeon moves them
in certain directions.   When it cannot be heard
at a distance, it may be detected  by  the immedi-
ate application of the ear, or by the use of the
stethoscope.  Crepitus or crackling  is, likewise,
met with in  cases of gangrene, when air is  effused
into the areolar membrane—provided the part be
carefully examined with the  fingers.  The same
term is used for the  cracking of the joints in
health or disease.
   CREPITUS,  Crepitation,  Fart—c. Lupi, Ly-
coperdon.
   CRESCENTIA, Growth.
   Crescen'tia Cuje'te; called after Crescentio,
an Italian writer on agriculture;  Cujete, Narrow-
leaved  Calabash Tree.  The pulp of the fruit of
this AArest India plant is acidulous.   It is used in
diarrhoea and headach;  and, in  syrup, for dis-
eases of the chest,
   CRESCENTLE, Waxing kernels.
   CRESERA, see Cribration.
   CRESPINUS, Oxycantha  Galeni.
   CRESS, BITTER,  COMMON,  Cardamine pra-
tensis—c Garden, Lepidium  sativum—e. Indian,
Tropaeolummajus—c. Penny,Thlaspi—e. Swines',
 Cochlearia coronopus—c. Water, Sisymbrium nas-
turtium—c. AVater, marsh, Nasturtium palustre.
   CRESSES, DOCK, Lapsana—c Sciatica, Le-
pidium Iberis.
   CRESSI, Sisymbrium nasturtium.
   CRESSON ALENOIS, Lepidium sativum —
c. Elegant, Cardamine pratensis—c.  de Fontaine,
Sisymbrium nasturtium — c. des  Indea, Tropaeo-
lum majus—c. des Jardins, Lepidium sativum—
c. du Mexique, Tropaeolum majus — c. de Para,
Spilanthus oleraceus — c.  des Pres, Cardamine
pratensis.
   CREST, Crista — c of the Ilium, see Crista of
the Hium—c of the Pubis, see Crista of the Pu-
bis—c. of the Tibia, see Crista of the Tibia,—c. of
the Urethra, see Crista urethralis. 
CRETA
252
CRICOID
  CRETA, Car'bonas calcis friab'ilis, Car'bonas
calcdreus, Glisomar'go, 3Ielia Terra, Chalk, Car-
bonate of Lime, (F.) Craie.  Native friable car-
bonate of lime.
  Creta Prepara'ta, Car'bonas Calcis prapa-
ra'tus, Prepared Chalk. (Prepared by levigation.)
Used externally, as an absorbent; internally, as
an antacid.   Dose, gr. x to 3J or more.
  CRETA'CEOUS, Cretdceus, (F.) Crayeux,from
creta,  'chalk.'  Containing,  or relating  to, or
having  the  characters of, chalk; as ' cretaceous
mixture, cretaceous tubercles.'
  CRETE, Crista—e. de Coq, Crista galli—c. de
I'Ethmdide,  Crista galli — c. Urithrale, Gallinagi-
nis caput.
   CREATES DE COQ, see Crista.
   CRETIN.  One affected with cretinism.  The
word is said to come from Chritien, "Christian,"
because the Cretin, being in a state of idiocy, is
incapable of committing any sin (?)  See Cagot.
  CRETINISM, Cretinis'mus, Crelinage, Cyrto'-
sis  Cretinis'mus,  Kretinis'mus, 3Iicrencepllalon.
An  epidemic  affection in the low, deep, narrow
situations of the Valais; in  the valley of Aost,
Maurienne, a part of Switzerland, the Pyrenees,
Tyrol,  Ac.   It is a  state of idiocy, commonly
accompanied by an enormous  goitre, and is often
hereditary.  The unfortunate cretin is little better
than the animals around him.  He rarely attains
an advanced age.  Like idiocy, cretinism has been
divided into complete and incomplete.
   CREUSET, Crucible.
   CREUXDE L'AISSELLE, see Axilla.
   CREUXDE L'EST031AC, Fossette du coeur.
   CREUXDE LA 31AIN, Palm.
   CREUZNACH,  MINERAL AVATERS OF.
The springs of Creuznach are in Germany.  They
contain iodine, bromine, and the chlorides of
sodium and calcium.
   CREUZOT, MINERAL WATERS OF.  C. is
a mountain to the  north-east of Mount Cenis.
Near it is a saline chalybeate spring.
   CREVASSE, (F.) Rima, from crever, 'to break
or crack.'   A crack, a cleft.   The words crevasse,
gercure, fissure, and rhagade are often used syno-
nymously for small longitudinal  cracks or chaps
of a more or less painful character.  Sometimes,
crevasse is employed to designate the solutions of
continuity  or ruptures, which supervene in dis-
tended parts, in the urinary passages, uterus, Ac.:
it is then synonymous with rupture.
   CRI, Cry;
   CRIBLE, Cribratus.
   CRIBRA, see Cribration.
   CRIBRA'TION, Cribra'tio, Coseinis'mus, from
cribrare,  'to sift.'  Sifting.   A pharmaceutical
 operation, which consists in separating  the finer
parts of drugs from the coarser.  Sieves.  Drum-
sieves are used for this purpose.  These were for-
 merly  called  Cribra;  Cos'cinoi.  A sieve for
 separating  the bran from meal was termed Cre'-
aera, Aleurote' sis, Cribrum Pollina'rium.
   CRIBRA'TUS, Cribrdaua, from cribrum, 'a
 sieve.'  (F.) Cribli.  Having holes like  a sieve.
 Lame criblie, Crib'riform plate, is the horizontal
 lamina of the ethmoid bone—so called because it
 is perforated like a sieve.  Through the  perfora-
 tions the olfactory nerves pass.
   La'mina  Cribro'aa of Albinus; Crib'riform la-
 mella— a  circular  spot, perforated  with small
holes, seen  when the optic nerve is regarded from
 the inside,  after removing the retina and choroid.
 From these holes  the medullary matter may be
 expressed.
   CRIB'RIFORM, Cribrifor'mis, from cribrum,
 'a sieve/ and forma, 'form.'  The ethmoid bone
 was formerly so called:—Oa Gribrifor'me.
  Cribriform Compress.  A square piece of linen
pierced with a number of holes.  This is spread
with cerate and applied to a suppurating surface,
the holes being intended for the escape of the pus.
  Cribriform Fascia, see Fascia, cribriform—c
Lamella, see Cribratus—c. Plate of the Ethmoid,
see Cribratus.
  CRIBROSUS, Cribratus.
  CRIBRUM POLLINARIUM,  see  Cribration.
  CRICARYTENODES, Crico-arytenoid.
  CRICELLA'SIA,  Cricildsia, from kpikos, 'a
circle/ and tXavvoi, ' I drive.'  An exercise with
the ancients, whicb appears to have been the same
as the childish play of rolling the hoop.
  CRICK IN THE NECK.  A painful rheuma-
tic  affection  of the muscles of the neck, which
causes the person to hold his head to  one side in
a characteristic manner.
  C RIC 0-A RY T'E NOID, Crico-arytendideus,
Cricary tend dea. Relating to the cricoid and ary-
tenoid cartilages.
  Crico-Aryt'enoid  Muscle, Crico-arytendide-
ua latera'lis, Crico-latiro-arytino'idicn. A muscle
which proceeds from the lateral part of the supe-
rior edge of the cricoid cartilage to the outer and
anterior  part of the base  of the arytenoid carti-
lage.  It carries the arytenoid cartilage outward
and forwards.
  Crico-Aryt'enoid,  Poste'rior; Crico-aryte-
no'ideus posticus, Crico-creti-urytcno'idien, Dila-
tateur postirieur du Larynx. A small, triangular
muscle, seated at the back part of the  larynx.  It
extends from the prominent line, at the middle of
the posterior surface  of the cricoid cartilage, to
the outer and posterior part  of the base of  the
arytenoid cartilage.
  Crico-Arytenoideus Supe'rior, of AVinslow,
forms part of the Arytenoideus of modern anato-
mists.
   CRICO- CRETI-ARYTENOIDIEN, Crico-
arytenoid,   posterior — c.  Latero-arytino'idien,
Crico-arytenoid.
   CRICO - PHARYNGEAL,  Crico-Pharyngeua.
Belonging  to the cricoid cartilage and pharynx.
   Crico-Pharyngeus muscle, of Winslow, is a
fleshy bundle, which forms part of the Conatrictor
Pharyngia inferior.   He calls  the  other  part
 Thyro-pharynge'ua,  and  proposes to call  the
whole Thyro-crico-phuryngeua.
   CRICO-THYREOIDES,  Crico-Thyroidean.
   Crico-Thyroidean,  Crico-thyroid,  Crico-ihy-
reo'dea,  Crico-thyreo'i'dea, Crico-thyreo'ideua.  Be-
longing to  the cricoid and thyroid cartilages.
   Crico-Thyroid  Membrane is of a  fibrous na-
ture, and extends from the upper edge of the
cricoid cartilage to the inferior edge of the thyroid.
   Crico-Thyroid  Muscle, Crico-tliyro'ideua,(¥.)
Dilatateur antirieur du larynx, is a small fleshy
bundle, of a triangular shape, at the anterior  and
inferior part of the larynx.   It extends from the
outer surface of the cricoid cartilage  to the late-
ral parts of the inferior margin of the thyroid  car-
tilage ;  and its use is, to approximate, anteriorly,
the corresponding margins of the cricoid and thy-
roid  cartilages; and thus to stretch the ligaments
of  the glottis, which it contracts by separating
the thyroid cartilage from the arytenoid.
   CRICO- THYRO-PHAR YNGIEN, Constric-
tor pharyngis.
   CRICOID, Cricdi'deus,  Ciico'i'dea, Orico'dea,
 Annuldris,  Cymbdldris,  from xpixos,  'a ring/
 and  eiSos,  'form.'  Having the form of a ring.
 A name given  to one of the cartilages of  the
 larynx,  Cartildgo  innomindta,  (F.)  Cartilage
 anonyme, which is situate  at its lower part, be-
 tween the  thyroid and first ring of the trachea.
 It is much higher behind than before. 
CRICOIDES
253
CROCOMAGMA
  CRICOIDES, Annular, Cricoid.
  ORICOS, Ring.
  C RI M N 0' D E S, CrimnoV dea,  from xptuvov,
'coarse meal/ aud  ttSos, 'resemblance.'  Resem-
bling meal.
  Crimno'des Uri'na.   Urine that deposits  a
sediment like meal.
  CRIMNON, Farina.
  CRINA'LE,  from crinis, 'hair.'  An instru-
ment formerly used to compress  in cases of fis-
tula lachrymalis.  It has its name from the cir-
cumstance of its having at one end a small cushion
stuffed with hair.—Scultetus.
  CRINA'TUM.  A species of fumigation, used
by Paulus of iEgina.  The  roots of lilies entered
into the process; hence its name,—from  xptvov,
1 the lily.'
  CRINES, Hair.
  CRINIS, Capillus.
  CRINOM'YRON, from  Kptvov, 'the lily/ and
p.vpov,  ' ointment.'   Unguen'tum  lilia'ceum,  U.
jEgyp'tium album,  U.  Susinum.   An  ointment,
composed of lilies  and some aromatic plants. —
Gorrajus,
  CRINON, Lilium candidum.
  CRIOLLO, Creole.
  CRIOMYX'OS.   In antiquity,  one who had
much mucus flowing from  his nasal fossae, like
the ram: from xptos, 'a ram/ and /tvl-a, 'mucus.'
  CRISIS,  Diac'rials,  Dijudicdtio,  'decision;'
from Kptvo, ' I decide.'   This word has been used
in various acceptations.  Some mean by crisis of
a disease, when it augments or diminishes consi-
derably,  becomes  transformed into  another, or
ceases entirely.  Some have  used the word to
signify only the favourable  changes which super-
vene in disease; others, for the change going on
in the acme or violence of  the disease.  Otbers,
again, have given this  name only to a rapid and
favourable change, joined  to  some copious eva-
cuation or eruption; whilst others have applied
the term to the  symptoms  that accompany such
change, and not to the change itself; — thus in-
cluding,  under the same denomination, the criti-
 cal phenomena and the crisis.
  CRISPA'TION,  Crispatu'ra, from  crispare,
 'to wrinkle.'  A contraction  or spasmodic con-
 striction, which supervenes in certain parts, either
 spontaneously or by tho influence of some mor-
 bific cause or therapeutical agent.  The capillary
 vessels of a wound are, by the French, termed
 crispis, when, immediately, after an  operation,
 the blood does not flow from them.  The skin is
 said to  be crispie, when  contracted, and the
 bulbs of the hair become more prominent.  Cris-
 pation of the nerves is a slight convulsive motion
 of external or internal parts, much less than that
 which occurs in convulsion.
   CRISTA, Ambe, Ambon.  A crest.  (F.) Crete.
 A name given to several bony projections; also,
 to  the clitoris.
   The word Crites (F.), Crista, is also used,  in
 France,  for fimbriated excrescences, which form
 at  the anus, and near the genital organs; and are
 commonly owing to the syphilitic virus.   Cretes
 de Coq are syphilitic excrescences, resembling, in
 form, the crest of the cock.
   Crista Galli;  two  Latin words,  signifying
 the comb of a cock, (F.) Crete de lethmoide, C.
 dc Coq.   A flat, triangular process, rising above
 the cribriform plate of the  ethmoid bone, and re-
 sembling a cock's comb.   It gives attachment to
 the anterior part of the falx cerebri.
   Crista or Crest of the Il'ium,  is the supe-
 rior margin of the ilium :—the Crista or Crest of
 the  Tib'iii,  the anterior  edge, the shin; and the
 Crista or Crest of the  Pubis, the  posterior sharp
 edge on the upper surface  of the bone.  AVinslow
calls the nymphae Crista of the clitoris; and
Chaussier, the veru montanum, Crista Urethrd-
lis, Crest of the Urethra.
  Crista Interna,  Frontal spine — c.  Tibiae,
Shin—c Urethralis, Gallinaginis caput.
  Crista A*ESTJB'uli, Eminedtia pyramida'lis.
A crest which divides the vestibule of the ear
into two fossae, — one inferior and hemispherical,
called Fo'vea htmispha'rica; the other superior
and semi-elliptical, Fovea  ellip'tica  seu semi-
ellip'tiea. Morgagni has described a third groove-
like fossa, Reccs'sus seu Fo'vea sulciforntis, situ-
ate at the mouth of the common orifice of the two
superior semicircular canals.
   CRISTiE CLITORIDIS, Nymphae.
   CRISTALLIN,  Crystalline.
   CRISTALL1NE,  Mesembryanthemum crys-
tallinum.
   CRITHE, Hordeolum,  Hordeum, Penis.
   CRITIIIDION,  Hordeolum.
   CRITHMUM MARIT'IMUM, Crithmum, Ca-
chrysmarilimu, Fcenic'ulum marinum, Samphire,
(F.) Passc-pierre,  Perce-picrre,  Fenouil marin,
Bacile.  Family, Umbelliferae.   Sex. Syst.  Pen-
tandria Digynia.   A plant which grows on the
sea-coasts, has a spicy, aromatic flavour, and is
used, pickled, as a condiment.
   The  Caaponga of Brazil is a kind of crithmum.
   CRITICAL, Criticus.  Belonging  to a crisis.
   Critical Days, Dies  crilici, D. judicato'rii,
D. Dcercto'rii, D.  Pridcipes, D. Radicdles, D.
Contemplab''iles, D. Internun'cii, (F.)  Jours cri-
tiques,  are those on which a crisis, it is imagined,
is most likely to happen.  According  to  Hippo-
crates  and Galen, the greatest number of fevers
terminate favourably on  the 7th day, and many
on the  14th; — these two days being the most
propitious.  Next to these come, in order of effi-
ciency, the 9th, 11th, 20th or 21st, 17th, 5th, 4th,
3d, 18th, 27th, and 28th.  The sixth day was
called  by Galen, the Tyrant, rvpavvos,  because
the crises that happened  then were generally un-
favourable.   After this,  the most unfavourable
were the 8th,  10th, 12th, 16th,  and 19th.   The
13th was a sort of neutral day;  the crises which
happened on it being neither favourable nor un-
favourable.  Days were, also, divided into Inter'-
calary, on which  the  crises happened less fre-
quently, and were less  complete than  on the
critical or indicatory ;—and into vacant and non-
decretory, on which a crisis hardly ever occurred.
According to this division, they were enumerated
as follows:
 Critical daya.......7th, 14th, 20th, 27th, 34th,
                      40th, 60th, Ac.
Indicatory daya.....4th, 11th,  17th, 24th, Ac.
Intercalary daya... .3d,  5th, 6th, 9th, Ac.
Non-decretory daya. .2d,  8th, 10th, 12th, 13th, Ac.
   Fortunate crises were  considered to  be indi-
cated  by favourable signs appearing three days
before.
   CRITICAL PERIOD, see Menses.
    CROCHET. Crochet.
   CROCIDISMUS, Carphologia.
   CROCIDIXIS, Carphologia.
   CRO'CINUM,  from KpoKos,  'saffron.'  Made
with saffron ;  coloured with saffron.
   CROCO'DES, from Kpoxos, 'saffron/ and ttSos,
 'resemblance.'  Certain  troches into  which saf-
fron entered as an ingredient.—Paulus of JEgina.
   CROCODI'LEA, Stercua Lacer'ta.   The ex-
 crements of the crocodile, which  the  Arabists
extolled as a remedy for  cutaneous diseases, and
which was long used as a cosmetic.
   CROCODILIUM, Echinops.
   CROCOMAG'MA,  from KpoKos,  'saffron/ and
uaypa,  'a kneaded or squeezed mass.'   A kind 
CROCUS
254
CROWN
of troch, composed of saffron and spices.—Galen,
Dioscorides, Paulus of xRgina, Scribonius Largus.
  CROCUS, C. sativus seu officina'lia seu Aua-
triacua, Medicina  Tristit'ia, Panace'a vegetab'-
ilis, Zaffran,  An'ima Pulmo'num, C. Orienta'lis,
Jovisflos,  Saffron,  (F.) Safran.  Order, Irideae.
The  stigmata are  the  parts  used in  medicine.
They are brought from the East.  The odour is
aromatic, and the  taste  aromatic, pungent, and
bitter:—the colour deep orange red.  Its virtues
are yielded to alcohol, wine, vinegar and water.
Its operation  has been considered stimulant, ex-
hilarating and diaphoretic.  It is not much used.
  Cake Saffron is  sometimes met with.  It con-
sists of one part of saffron and nine of marigold,
made into a cake with oil, and pressed.
  Crocus,  Colcothar — c.  Antimonii,  Oxydum
stibii  sulphuratum — c.  Austriacus, Crocus — c
Germanicus,  Carthamus tinctorius — c Indicus,
Curcuma longa—c Martis adstringens, Colcothar
—c Martis aperiens, Ferri subcarbonas—c. Mar-
tis vitriolatus, Colcothar—c Metallorum, Oxydum
stibii sulphuratum—c. Officinalis, Crocus—c Ori-
entalis, Crocus—c Saracenicus, Carthamus tinc-
torius—c  Sativus,  Crocus.
  CROCYDISMUS, Carphologia.
  CROISE,  (F.) Grossed.  An epithet given to
paralysis, when it  attacks  the arm of one side
and the leg of another.
  CROISSANCE, Growth.
  CROISSANCES, Waxing kernels.
  CROISSANTS,  Waxing kernels.
  CROIX DE 31ALTE,  Sple'nium Crucia'tum,
Maltese Cross, Cross  of Malta.   A  compress,
having the form  of the Maltese  cross.  It is
made of a piece of  square linen, folded  in four,
and divided with  scissors from each angle  to a
small distance from the  centre.  It is used espe-
cially after amputation of the fingers, penis, and
limbs.
  AVhen the compress is cut in two of  its angles
only, it is  called the Half 31altese Cross,—Demi-
croix de Malte.
  CROMMYON, Allium cepa.
  CROMMYOXYREG'MIA, from xpouuvov, 'an
onion/ o|uc,  ' acid/ and pvywpt, ' to break  out.'
Sour, fetid eructations, exhaling a smell similar
to that of onions.
   CROPALE, Nerium antidysentericum.
  CROPSIA,  Chromopsia.
  CROSS, MALTESE,  Croix de 3Ialte.
   CROSSE DE UAORTE, Arch of the aorta.
   CROSSES PALMAIRES, Palmar arches.
  CROSSWORT, Eupatorium perfoliatum, Lysi-
machia quadrifolia.
  CR0TALOPH0RUS, Crotalus horridus.
  CROT'ALUS  HOR'RIDUS,  Crotaloph'orus.
The Rattlesnake,  Cobra di Capello, (F.) Crotale.
A venomous reptile of North America.  Its poison
is virulent.   It is so called from the rattle in its
tail, (KporaXov, 'a rattle,' 'a small bell.')
  CROT'APHE, Crota'phium,  from Kporatpos,
'temple.'   Cephalalgia Pulsatilis,  Cephala'a
Pulsatilis, Sphygmoceph'alus. A pulsatory pain,
chiefly in the temples, with drumming in the ears.
   CROTAPHITE   ARTERIES, Temporal  ar-

   CROTAPHITES, Temporal muscle.
   CROTAPHIUM, Crotaphe.
   CROTAPHUS,  Temple,  Temporal bone.
   CROTCHET, Hamus. A small hook or crook.
 (F.) Crochet.  An obstetrical instrument, whose
 name indicates its  shape, and which is used in the
 extraction of the foetus, when it becomes necessary
 to destroy it  to expedite delivery.  Crotchets are
 differently formed; some are  sharp, others blunt;
 some contained in a sheath, others naked.
   CROTON  BENZOE, Benjamin.
  CROTON Cascaril'lA, Cortex Eleuthe'ria, Cro-
ton  Elcuthe'ria seu Elute'ria, Clu'tia Elutc'ria,
Thus Judao'rum, Chacaril'la cortex, Cascarilla,
Eleute'ria, Gnscaril'la.   Order,  Euphorbiaceae.
Sex. Syst.  Moneecia Monadelphia.   (F.)  Quin-
quina aromatique, Cascarille.  The bark of Cro-
ton  Cascarilla of the Bahamas,  Cortex Thuris,
has a slightly aromatic odour, and bitterish, aro
matic taste.  The smoke has the odour of musk.
The active parts are an essential  oil and bitter
extractive.  They are completely  extracted by
proof spirit.  It is  tonic and stomachic.   Dose,
gr.  xv to 3SS or more, in powder.
  Croton Eleutheria, Croton cascarilla—c Ja-
malyota, C. tiglium—c. Lacciferum, see Lacca—
c Oil, Croton tiglium.
  Croton Racemo'sum, Beenel.  A small  Mala-
bar tree, whose  aromatic  root, boiled  in oil of
sesame,  is employed, by the orientals, as  a lini-
ment in headach and rbeumatism.
  Croton Tig'lium, c. Jamalyo'ta, Cadet- Avanacu.
A  Ceylonese plant, every part of  which is en-
dowed with medicinal power. The root is a dras-
tic  cathartic:  the wood, Lignum Pava'na, Pa-
rana wood, and the seed, have like virtues.  The
seeds have been long known under  the  names,
Grana Moluc'ca, Tilii Grana, and  Grana Tig'lii
seu Tig'lia.  From these seeds the Croton Oil,
O'leum  Tig'lii, is  expressed.  It is  of a pale,
brownish-yellow colour, and hot,  biting  taste;
and is a most powerful drastic cathartic.   Dose,
from half a drop to three drops,  made  into pills
with crumb of bread.   It is also applied exter-
nally as a rubefacient, 3 to 5 drops  being  rubbed
on the part; or one part of the oil and three parts
of olive  oil may be added together, and a little of
this be rubbed on.
  CROTO'NE, Kporwvv.  A fungus, which grows
on trees, and is produced by an insect, from Kporwv,
'a  tick.'  By extension,  applied to a fungous
tumour  developed on the periosteum.
  CROUP, Cynanche trachealis—c Bronchial,
Polypus bronchialis—c. Cerebral, Asthma thymi-
cum—c. Cerebral spasmodic, Carpo-pedal spasm—
c Chronic, Polypus bronchialis — c. Faux, Asth-
ma thymicum, see Cynanche trachealis.
  Croup, Hyster'ic.  A spasmodic affection of
the laryngeal muscles by no means unfrequent in
hysterical females,—the paroxysm consisting in
a long  protracted,  loud and convulsive  cough,
followed at times by  crowing respiration,  and
by  dyspnoea  so great as to threaten  suffocation.
The treatment is that advised for hysteria.
  Croup, Pseudo, Asthma thymicum — c. Pseu-
do-nerveux, Asthma thymicum — c.  Spasmodic,
see Asthma thymicum,  and Cynanche  trachealis
— c Spurious, Asthma thymicum.
   CROUPE, see Croupion.
  CROUP ION (F.) Uropyg'ium,  Orua,  Orrhoa,
the Rump. The region of the coccyx.  The Crup-
per, (F.) Croupe.
  CROUP-LIKE INSPIRATION OF  IN-
FANTS, Asthma thymicum.
   CROUTE, Crusta—c. De lait, Porrigo  larvalis
—c. Laiteuee, Porrigo larvalis.
   CROUTEUX, Cruataci.
  CROWFOOT, Geranium maculatum—c. Brist-
ly,  Ranunculus  Pennsylvanicus — c Bulbous-
rooted,  Ranunculus bulbosus—c. Marsh, Ranun-
culus sceleratus—c. Meadow, Ranunculus acris—
c Small-flowered, Ranunculus abortivus—c AVa-
ter, smaller, Ranunculus flammula.
   CROWN, Coro'na, Steph'ane.  In anatomy, this
name is given to parts of a circular form, which
surmount other portions of the same body.  Thus,
the Crown of a Tooth,  Coro'na Dentia, (F.) Cou-
ronne du Dent, is the portion of  the tooth which
projects above the gum. 
CROWSBEAK-LIKE PROCESS      25;
  Crown  of the  Glans, Coro'na seu  Tor'ulus
glandis, (F.) Couronne du gland, is the round,
almost  circular, ring,  which circumscribes the
base of the glans.
  Crown  of the  Trepan, Modiolus, (F.) Cou-
ronne du Trepan, is a species of saw, in form of
a crown,  or  rather of a portion of a cylinder,
having grooves on its external surface, and teeth
at its lower extremity; the other being  fitted to
the handle of the trepan.
  Crown  of  Venus, Coro'na Ven'eris, Gutta Ro-
sa'cea Syphilitica, (F.) Couronne de Venus.  Red,
rosy pustules, dry or moist, on the face;  but par-
ticularly on the forehead and temples, owing to
constitutional syphilis.
  CROWSBEAK-LIKE PROCESS,  Coracoid
process.
  CRU'CIAL, from crua;, cruris, 'a cross.'   Cru-
cia'lis, Ci-uciu'tus.  Having the  shape of a cross.
Appertaining to a cross.
  Crucial Bandage, T Bandage.
  Crucial Incis'ion,  Incisdra erucia'lis,  (F.)
Incision cruciate.  An  incision made in  the form
of a cross.  Often employed for exposing the cra-
nium, for  the purpose of applying the trepan.
  Crucial Ligament of the Atlas,  Annular
ligament of the Atlas.
  Crucial Lig'aments, (F.) Ligaments croisis,
L.  cruciformes.   Two  strong ligaments within
the  knee-joint.   The anterior  passes obliquely
from a  depression anterior  to  the  spine of the
tibia to  the posterior and inner part of the exter-
nal condyle of the femur: — the other, the poste-
rior, extends from the posterior part of the  spine
of the tibia to the anterior and outer part of the
internal condyle.
  CRUCIA'TI DOLO'RES, Excruciating pains.
  CRU'CIBLE, from crux,  cruris,  'across:' so
called—it has been supposed—from being  made
in the shape of a cross, or from having a cross
impressed upon it:  Crucib'ulum, Cati'nus fusd-
rius, Tigillum, Albot, Cemente'rium, (F.) Creuset.
A vessel of  earth, silver, platinum, gold, black-
lead, Ac, for  receiving substances, which have to
be  exposed  to a strong heat.   It is sometimes
covered with a top or lid.  (F.)  Couvercle.
   CRU'CIFORM, from crux, cruris,' a cross/ and
forma,  'shape;'  Cruciform'is,  Cross-shaped.  A
name given to the ligaments which  close the ar-
ticulations of the phalanges; and likewise to the
crucial ligaments.
  CRUDE, Crudus, Omus: Raw, unripe, not con-
cocted.
  CRUDITAS MORBI, see Crudity—c Ventri-
culi, see Crudity.
  CRU'DITY, Cru'ditas,  Om'otes, Status Crudi-
ta'tis, from crudus, 'crude/ 'unprepared/ Incoctus.
Rawness,  Cradeness.  This has  received several
acceptations.  1. It expresses the quality of cer-
tain aliments,  which have not  experienced the
action of fire. 2. The condition  of matters in the
digestive tube, which have not undergone the di-
gestive changes,—cru'ditas ventric'uli; and, 3. In
the language of the Humorists, it means the con-
dition of the  morbific matter in a sick individual,
cru'ditas  morbi, when it bas not yet been pre-
pared or concocted by the action of the organs,—
Azym'ia humo'rum.
   The word is used in the plural, Crddities, syno-
nymously with crude matters. (F.) 3Iatieree cruea.
It is applied  to those, when contained in the sto-
mach and intestines.
   CRUELS, Scrofula.
   CRUENTA EXSPUITIO, Haemoptysis.
   CRl'ES (Mati-ires,) see Crudity.
   CRCME'NA  A'ESI'CE.   The cavity of the
urinary bladder.
   CRUOR.  Tho signification  of this  word is
5                 CRURAL

very vague. It has been used to designate blood
in general, venous blood, extravasated or coagu-
lated blood, and the colouring matter.
  Cruor Sanguinis, see Blood.
  CRUORIN, Haematin.
  CRUPPER,  Croupion—c. Bone, Coccyx.
  CRUPSIA, Metamorphopsia.
  CRURA.  The plural of Crua, 'a leg.   (F.)
 Cuiaae.  Applied to some parts of the body, from
their resemblance to legs or roots; as the Crura
cerebri, Crura cerebelli, Ac.
  Crura Anteriora Medulla: Oblongata:, Pe-
 duncles of the brain — c. Cerebelli  ad Corpora
 Quadrigemina,  see Peduncles of the cerebellum—
 c Cerebelli ad Pontem, see Peduncles of the cere-
bellum — c. Clitoridis interna, Bulbus vestibuli—
 c. Medullae oblongata?, Corpora restiformia, Tha-
 lami nervorum opticorum, see  Peduncles  of the
 cerebellum — c Posteriora  medullae  oblongata?,
 Peduncles of the cerebellum.
   CRUR^US, Cruralis.
   CRURAL, Crurdlia, from crus,' the thigh, and
 lower limb.' What belongs to the thigh or lower
 limb.
   Crural Arch, In'guinal Arch, Fern'oral Arch,
 (F.) Arcade crurale,  A. inguinale  (Ch.),  Pou-
 part's Lig'ament, L. of Fallo'pius.   This arch is
formed by the internal portion of the inferior  edge
of the aponeurosis of the obliquus externus mus-
ele, which is attached, at one end, to the pubis;
at the other, to the anterior and superior spinous
process of the ilium.   At its posterior and inner
part, the aponeurosis, forming the arch, sends off
a falciform reflection, which is attached along the
 crest of the pubis, and is known under the name
 of Gimbernat's Ligament.   Beneath this arch,
 the vessels, nerves, and muscles make  their exit
 from the pelvis to the thigh.
   Crural Artery, Fern'oral Artery, (F.) Artlre
 crurale, A. Pelvi-crurale,—(Ch.,) is the continua-
 tion of  the external  iliac.  It extends from the
 crural arch to the aperture in the triceps, or  to
 the  ham.   Chaussier  applies the name Artere
 crurale to the trunk, which extends from the pri-
 mitive or common iliac to the tibial arteries ;  em-
 bracing, of course, the  external  iliac, femoral, and
 popliteal.
   Crural  Canal, Crural Ring, Fem'oral canal
 or ring. M. Jules Cloquet has described this canal
 with minuteness, and  given it the name Anneau
 crural,  Anneau fimoral.  It is nearly an  inch
 long, triangular, more spacious above  than below,
 and shorter and broader in the female than in the
 male.   Its  upper orifice is  bounded, anteriorly,
 by the crural  arch; posteriorly, by the  crista of
 the  pubis; on  the outer side by the psoas  and
 iliacus muscles, covered by the iliac aponeurosis,
 and, at the inner, by Gimbernat's ligament.   This
 orifice is covered by the peritoneum, and,  accor-
 ding to M. Cloquet, is closed by a more or less
 resisting  septum, which he  has named Septum
 crurale, Crural septum. In its course, the crural
 canal has its anterior parietes formed by the super-
 ficial expansion of the fascia late: the posterior
 by the pectineus, covered by the deep-seated ex-
 pansion of the fascia;  and more externally by the
 psoas and  iliacus muscles, covered by an expan-
 sion of the fascia iliaca.  Its  inferior orifice  is
 formed  by the  foramen of the fascia lata, which
 gives passage to the vena saphaena.  It  is at the
 upper orifice of this canal, that Femoral or Crural
 Hernia, Hcrnie inguinale of Chaussier, occurs:
 which  would be more  common, were it not for
 the fibrous cellular septum there situate.
  Crural Nerve proceeds from  the lumbar
plexus,  and is  situate  at the outer  side of the
psoas muscle  and crural artery.  After it  baa 
CRURAL
256
CRYSTALLINE
passod under the crural arch, it  divides into
cutaneous and muscular branches.   One of the
branches, which is larger than the rest, is called
the Sapha'na nerve.  -It gives off filaments to the
integuments of the k  ie, to the inner part of the
leg, and  to the dorsal surface of the foot.  The
remainder of the branches of the crural are dis-
tributed  to the anterior arid inner part of the
thigh.  The Ac'cessory of the Crural N~crve is a term
given to  the 4th and 5th  pairs of lumbar nerves.
  Crural Plexus of Chaussier is the union of
the anterior  branches of the last four pairs of
lumbar nerves, and the first four sacral; forming
the lumbar and sacral plexuses of  most anato-
mists.
  Crural Ring, Crural canal—c.  Septum, see
Crural canal.
  Crural Vein, Fem'oral Vein, has "the same
arrangement as the artery.   It receives only one
great branch, the saphasna.
  CRURAL, Triceps cruris.
  CRURA'LIS, Crura'us.  A part of the Triceps
crural  of the  French, or of the Trifimororotulien
of Chaussier.   The cruralis is situate at the ante-
rior,'outer, and inner part of the thigh. It arises,
fleshy,  from between the two trochanters, adheres
firmly  to most of the fore part of the os femoris,
and is  inserted, tendinous, into the upper part of
the patella, behind the rectus.  Its use is to assist
the vasti and rectus in the extension of the leg.
Under  3Iuscle Triceps Crural, the French describe
the cruralis and the two vasti.  Some small mus-
cular slips, sometimes found under  the cruraeus
muscle, and  inserted into the capsular ligament
of the  knee-joint, have been called Sub-crura'i.
  CRURIS RADIUS, Fibula.
  CRUS, Leg, Thigh.
  CRUST, Eschar.
  CRUSTA.   A crust or scab.  (F.)  Crotite.  An
assemblage of small flakes, formed by the  drying
up of a fluid secreted by the skin.
  The  lining membrane of the stomach and in-
testines has been called Crusta villo'sa.
  Crusta Adamantina Dentium, Enamel of the
teeth.
  Crusta Genu Equi'na:, Hippogonyolepus,
Sweat  or Knee Scab, Mock or Encircled Hoof
Knees,  Hangers, Dew  Claws, Night Eyes, Horse
Crust.  This morbid secretion from the horse has
been advised  in cases of epilepsy.  It  is used in
the form of powder, (gr. ij  to  gr. xx;) and of
tincture.
  Crusta Inflammatoria,  Corium phlogisticum
— c Lactea, Porrigo larvalis,  P. lupinosa — c.
Membranacea, Peristroma—c Petrosa, see Tooth
c. Phlogistica, Corium  phlogisticum — c Pleure-
tica, Corium phlogisticum—c Pruriginosa, Gutta
rosea—c. Serpiginosa, Gutta rosea—c. Vermicu-
laris, Peristroma—c. Villosa linguae, see  Tongue
—c. Villosa ventriculi, see Stomach.
  CRUSTACE, (F.) Alibert has substituted this
word,  in his  Nosology,  for  crouteux, 'crusty.'
Having crusts or scabs; as Dartre erustacie.
  CRUS'TULA.   A small shell or  scab.  An
ecchymosis of the conjunctiva.
  CRUSTUMI'NATUM.  A rob, prepared from
the Pyra Crustumina or Crustumeri'na, (so called
from Crustuminum, a town  in  Italy, where they
grew,) boiled with honey  or in rain-water.—
Ae'tius.
  CRUX CERVI.   An  ancient appellation for
the bone in the heart of  the stag.  It was  once
considered useful in diseases of the heart.
  CRY,  Clamor, Boe, (F.) Cri.  The sound of
the unarticulated voice.  The native voice, which
the idiot and deaf  possess equally with the  man
of genius and hearing.  The cry of the new-born
child has been called  Vagltua, (F.) Vagiasement.
We  say, "A cry of joy, of pleasure,  of pain,"
Ac, according  to  the expression  which it may
convey to the hearer.
   CRYMO'DES, from  Kpv^os,  'cold.'  A conti-
nued fever, Febris crymo'des, in which  the inter-
nal parts feel hot,  and the external cold;  and
which  was attributed to an erysipelatous inflam-
mation of the lungs.—Ae'tius, G orraeus.
   CRYMODYN'IA, from Kpvuos, 'cold/  and oSwv,
•pain.'   Chronic rheumatism, and  all its modifi-
cations.—Baumes.
   CRYMO'SIS, from Kpvptos, 'cold.'  Diseases
caused by the action of cold.—Baumes.
   CRYPSOR'CHIS,  from Kpvirru), 'I  conceal/
and opxts, 'a testicle.'  Oryptor'chis, Testicon'dus.
One in whom the testes have not descended into
the scrotum.  The state is called, Cryptorchidis'-
mus, Par orchid'ium.
   CRYPTA, from Kpvnros,  'concealed.'  Follic'-
ulose gland,  Lacu'na,  Follic'ulus, (F.)  Crypte,
Folliculc.  A crypt or follicle is a small, round-
ish, hollow body, situate in the substance of the
skin or mucous membranes, and constantly pour-
ing the fluid which it secretes on their  surfaces.
   The  use of the  cryptal or follicular  secretion,
is  to keep the parts on which it is poured supple
and moist, and  to preserve  them from the action
of irritating bodies with which they have to come
in contact.
   The  little rounded appearances at the ends of
the small arteries, in the cortical substance of the
kidney, are also called Crypta.
   CRYPTO SEBACEAE, Sebaceous glands.
   CRYPTE, Crypta.
   CRYPTOCEPH'ALUS,  fram Kpvirros,  'con-
cealed/ and KttpaXn, 'head.'  A monster whose
head is excessively small,  and  does not appear
externally.—G.  St. Hilaire.
   CRYPTOCOCCUS, Fermentum, Torula cere-
visiae.
   CRYPTODID'YMUS, Foetus infcetu. A mon-
strosity, in which one foetus is  found contained
in anotber.
   CRYPTOG'AMOUS,  Cryptogam'ic, Crypto-
gam! icus ; from Kpvirros, ' concealed/ and yapos,
'marriage.'  An epithet applied by botanists to
plants whose organs of fructification are  concealed
or not manifest.  Ag'amous plants are those whose
sexual  organs are not-known.
   CRYPTOPY'IC,  Cryptopy'icus,  from  Kpvirro),
'I conceal/ and trvov, 'pus.'  A state of disease,
kept up by an occult abscess.
   CRYPTOPYICUS, Cryptopyic
   CRYPTORCHIDISM'S, see Crypsorchis.
   CRYPTORCHIS, Crypsorchis.
   CRYPTS  OF LIEBERKUHN,  see  Intestine
—c. Synovial, Bursas mucosae.
   CRYSTAL, MINERAL, Potassas nitras fusus
sulphatis paucillo mixtus.
   CRYSTAL'LI.  Vesicles filled with  a watery
fluid.  They are also called  crystallina.  Pro-
bably the pemphigus of modern writers.
   Crystalli Luna:, Argenti nitras.
   CR YSTALLIN, Crystalline.
   CRYSTAL'LINA,  from  KpvaraXXos,  'crystal.'
A vesicle or phlyctaena, filled  with serum,  and
appearing on the prepuce or in the  vicinity of the
anus, surrounded by a reddish extravasated aure-
ola.  It may be syphilitic or not.   See  Crystalli.
   Crystallina Tunica, Arachnoid membrane.
   CRYS'TALLINE, Crystallinus.  Having  the
appearance of crystal.
   Crys'talline, Crys'talline humour,  C. Lens,
Crystalline body, Crystal linus,  Lens crystallina,
Lens crystalloi'des  vel  Corpus  Crystallinum,  C.
DiseoVdes, C. Grystalldi'des, C.  Phacoi'des, Hu-
mor crystallinus, H.  glaeia'lis, Phace, Phacea,
Phacus, Gemma Oculi, (F.) Cristallin ou Crystal- 
CRYSTALLINO-CAPSULITIS      257
CUCUMIS
lit), Humcur crystalline, Corps cryatallin, Lentille
crystalline.  A lenticular, transparent body, situ-
ate between the vitreous and  aqueous humours
of tho eye, at the union of the anterior third with
the two posterior thirds of the organ.  It is com-
posed of a soft exterior substance; and an inte-
rior, forming a solid nucleus, in which a number
of  elliptical  layers is perceptible.   It is con-
tained in a capsule,  called Tu'nica  ara'ucu  vel
crystallina., Cap'sula lentis, and receives, at its
posterior  surface, a small branch of the central
artery of  the retina, which  is always readily dis-
tinguishable  in  the foetus, prior to  the seventh
month of utero-gestation.
  The use of the crystalline is to refract the rays
of light, and to serve as an achromatic glass:  for
which  its laminae or layers, increasing in refrac-
tive power from  the circumference to the centre,
admirably adapt it.
  CRYSTAL!.1NO.CAPSULITIS, see  Phacitis.
  CRYSTALLION, Plantago psyllium.
  CRYSTALLITIS,  Phacitis.  '
  CRYS'TALLOID, Crystalloi'des, from KpvaraX-
Xos, 'crystal,' and  £<<5oc, 'form/  'resemblance.'
Resembling crystal or the crystalline.  The cap-
sule or membrane of the crystalline.  Also,  the
crystalline itself.                        '
  CRYSTALLUS MINER ALIS, Potassae nitras
fusus sulphatis paucillo mixtus.
  CRVTHE, Hordeolum.
  CTEDON, Fibre.
  CTEIS, Pubes.
  CTESIPHON'TIS MALAG'MA.   A plaster
employed and described by Celsus.
  CUBA, see Havana.
  CUBAL SINI, Piper cubeba.
  CUBATIO, Decubitus.
  CUBEBA, Piper  Cubeba.
  CUBIFORM IS, Cuboid.
   CUBIT, Ulna—c Top of the, Olecranon.
   CU'BITAL, Cubita'lis, Ulnar, Ulna'ris.  Con-
nected with or relating to the cubitus, or to  the
inner and posterior part of the forearm.
   Crntr \r, Artery, Arte'ria cubita'lis, A. ulna'-
ris,  arises from the  humeral a little below  the
bend of the elbow; proceeds  along  the anterior
and inner part of the forearm ; passes anterior to
the ligamentum annulare of the carpus, and goes
to form, in the palm  of the hand, the superficial
palmar arch.  Besides the numerous muscular
branches, which it gives off in its  course, it sends
posteriorly the common trunk of the interosseous
arteries, and internally, the two cubital recur-
rents, anterior and posterior,—articular branches,
which anastomose on the inside of the elbow with
the divisions of the humeral artery.
  Cubital Muscles are two in number.  1. The
Oubita'lis ante'rior,  C. intcr'nus, Flexor carpi
ulna'ris, Ulna'ris intcr'nus,Epitrochli-cubito-car-
pien, Cubito-carpien — (Ch.),  is  along muscle,
situate at the anterior and inner part of the fore-
arm.   It  arises  from the inner condyle of the os
humeri, at the inner side of the  olecranon, and
from  the posterior edge of the ulna, and is  in-
serted by a  tendon into the  os  pisiforme.   Its
use is to bend the  hand on the forearm, by di-
recting it slightly inwards.  2.  The  Cubitalis
poste'rior seu exter'nus, Exten'sor Garpi ulna'ris,
Ulna'ris  exter'nus, Cubite'us  exter'nus, Cubito-
sus-mitacarpien—(Ch.), is situate  at the posterior
part of the forearm.  It arises from  the external
condyle of the os humeri, and is inserted into the
superior extremity  of the fifth bone of the meta-
carpus.  Its use is  to extend the hand, inclining
it a little inwards.
  Cubital Nerve, Ulnar nerve, Cubito-digital—
(Ch.), is furnished by the last two or  three nerves
of the brachial plexus, and  is distributed to  the
          17
inner and anterior side of the forearm; to the
inner part of the palm and of the back of the
hand, and to the last two or three fingers.
  Cubital Veins, deep-seated, and the Recur-
rent  cubital veins, accompany the corresponding
arteries.   The superficial cubital veins  belong to
the basilic.  Chaussier calls them cuta'neous cu-
bital.
  CUBITALE (OS), Cuneiform bone.
  CUBITAEIS  RIOLANI, see Anconeus.
  CUBITEUS EXTERNUS, see Cubital muscles.
  CUBITO-CARPIEN, see Cubital muscles—e.
CutanS (nerf), Cutaneous  nerve — c. Phalanget-
tien  commun,  Flexor  profundus  perforans — c.
Radi-sus-mitaearpien du pouce, Abductor longus
pollicis—c. Radial, Pronator radii quadratus.
  CUBITO-SUPRAPALMA'RIS.  Belonging
to the cubitus and to the supra-palmar or dorsal
surface of the hand.   Chaussier gives this name:
1. To a  small artery, which is given off by the
cubital or ulnar, a little above the wrist.  2. To
a vein, which accompanies this artery.
  CUBITO-SUS-3IETACARPIEN, see Cubital
muscles—c. Sus-mitacarpien du pouce,  Abductor
longus pollicis — c. Sus-Phalangettien de  Vindex,
Extensor proprius indicis — c. Sus-phalangettien
du pouce, E. longus  pollicis — c. Sus-phalangien
du pouce, E. pollicis  brevis.
  CU'BITUS, kvPitov, Cy'biton.  The  Elbow.
Also, one of the bones of the forearm.   See Ulna,
and Forearm.
  Cubitus, (F.) Coudie, the ancient name of a
measure  18 inches long.
  Cubitus Supinus,  see Decubitus.
  CU'BOID,  Cuboides, Cubo'i'deus,  Cubo'des,
Cubifor'mis, Cybo'i'des, Cyrto'i'des, Grandino'sum
Os, Tes'sara, Tessera os, Os va'rium, from kv/3oc,
' a cube/ and tiSos, ' form.'  Having the form of
a cube.   This name was given, by Galen, to one
of the bones of  the  tarsus, and is still  retained.
It is situate at the anterior and outer part of the
tarsus; and is articulated, behind, with the cal-
caneum ;  before, with the  last two metatarsal
bones, and within, with the third  os cuneiforme,
and sometimes with the scaphoides.  Its  inferior
surface has an oblique groove for the tendon of
the peroneus longus.
  CUCKOO FLOAVER, Cardamine pratensis.
  CUCKOAV BREAD, Oxalis acetosella.
  CUCKOAV PINT, Arum maculatum.
  CUCU'BALUS  BEHEN, Behen offjeindrum
seu vulga'ris, Sile'ne infla'ta seu crassifo'lia seu
Tho'rei,  Visca'go behen.  This plant was  once
considered alexipharmic and cordial.   It is the
Spatting Poppy.
  CUCULLARIS, Trapezius.
  CUCULA'TUM MAJUS.  A barbarous term,
used by Ruland, for brandy and spirit of wine.
  CUCULLATA, Sanicula.
  CUCULLUS,  Couvrechef, Cucupha,  Infundi-
bulum of the cochlea.
  CUCULUS, Coccyx, Pertussis.
  CUCUMBER,  Cucumis  sativus — c.  Indian,
Medeola Alrginica—c. Squirting or wild, Momor-
dica elaterium—c Star, one-seeded, Sycios angu-
latus—c. Tree, Magnolia acuminata.
   CUCUMER, Cucumis sativus.
  CUCUMIS, Penis — c. Agrestie,  Momordica
elaterium.
  Cu'cumis Colocyn'this, Citrullus Colocynthis.
Officinal  names of the  Coloeynth or Bitter Apple,
Colocyn'this,  Coloquintida,  Alhan'dal (Arab.),
Bitter Gourd, Bitter Cucumber,  (F.) Coloquinte.
Family,  Cucurbitaceae.   Sex.  Syst.  Monoacia
Monadelphia.   A Turkey  and  Cape  of Good
Hope plant.  The spongy part or medulla of the
fruit, Colocydthidis Pulpa, Cucdmeris  Colocyn'-
thidis Pulpa, has a bitter, nauseous, and acrimc- 
CUCUPHA
258
CUMULUS
nious taste,  and is a strong cathartic, acting
chiefly on the upper part of the intestines.   It is
scarcely ever used, except in combination.
  Cucumis Melo.  The  sytematic name of the
Melon Plant, Melo, Common Melon, (F.) Jlelon.
The fruit is an agreeable  article of diet, but not
very  digestible,  unless when  ripe.   The  seeds
possess mucilaginous properties.
  Cucumis Sati'vus.  The  systematic name of
the 0dcumber plant, Cucumis, Angou'rion, Citre'-
olua,  Cdeumer or  Cur'vimer, from  its curved
shape.  (F.)  Concombre ordinaire.  The cucum-
ber is used, when young, as a pickle, when it is
called a Gherkin, (F.) Cornichon.  It is not a fruit
easy of digestion.  The seeds are mucilaginous.
  Cucumis Sylvestris, Momordica elaterium.
  CU'CUPHA, Cu'cullns, PIleus, Sac'cuius ce-
phalicua.  A sort of coif or cap, with a double
bottom, between which is enclosed a mixture of
aromatic powders, having cotton for an excipient.
It was formerly used as a powerful cephalic.
  CUCUR'BlTA, d curvitate, owing to its shape.
A gourd.  See Cupping-glass.
  Cucurbita Anguria, C. citrullus.
  Cucur'bita Citrul'lus, C. Angdria seu pin-
natif'ida.  The systematic name of the Water-
melon plant; Citrullus,  Angdria, Tetrangu'ria,
Sicilian Citrul, Water-melon.  Family, Cucurbi-
taceae; Sex. Syst. Moncecia  Monadelphia.   (F.)
Melon d'eau, Pasteque.   The juice of  the fruit is
very abundant, whence  its name.  The Water-
melon is extremely refreshing and agreeable, when
made cool, and is eaten like the common melon.
It is very  much used in the United States.
  Cucurbita Leucantha, C. lagenaria.
  Cucir'bita Pepo, Pepo.  The systematic name
of the Common Pompion, Cucur'bita.   The  seeds
of this plant,  as well as those of Cucur'bita lage-
na'ria, Bottle-gourd, contain a large  proportion
of oil, capable of forming emulsions; but they
are  not used.
  Both the fruit of  Cucur'bita Lagena'ria, C.
leucan'tha, Pepo lagena'rius, (F.) Galebasses, and
that of Cucur'bita Pepo,  Pepo vulga'ris,  (F.)
Potiron, Courge, are eaten.
  Cucurbita Pinnatifida,  C. citrullus.
  CUCURBITAIN, Cucurbitinus.
  CUCURBITATIO, Cupping.
  CUCURBITE,  see Alembic.
  CUCURBITI'NUS, (F.)  Cucurbitain.  This
name was formerly given to the Tania solium,
because  composed of rings which resemble  the
seeds of  the  gourd, — cucurbita.  The  ancients
believed,  that the rings, which  are  sometimes
discharged, were so many separate worms.   See
Taenia.
  CUCURBITULA, Cupping-glass.
  Cucurbitula; Cruenta;, Cupping with the sca-
rificator—c cum Ferro, Cupping with the scari-
ficator—c Siccae,  Cupping, dry.
  CUDAVEED, Gnaphalium margaritaceum.
  CUILLEREE, Cochleare.
  CUIR, Corium.
  CUISSART.  A wooden leg.  See Cornu am-
monis.
  CUISSE, Thigh,  Crus — c. Postirieure du cer-
velet,  Corpus restiforme.
  OUISSON, (F.)  A smarting, burning pain.
  CUIVRE,  Cuprum — c. Ammoniacal,  Cuprum
ammoniatum — c. et Ammoniaque sulfate de, Cu-
prum ammoniatum—c. Limailles de, see  Cuprum
—c. Sous-acitate de, Cupri subacetas—c. Sulfate
de,  Cupri sulphas.
  CUIVREUX,  (F.) Copper-coloured, (F.)  Teint
cuivreux.  A  copper-coloured complexion,  such
as is  observed in cancerous affections.  Syphi-
litic ulcers of the throat, Ac, are often  copper-
coloured.
   CUJETE, Cresccntia cujete.
   CULBIC'IO.   A  Latin word, employed by
old writers as synonymous with ardor urinae and
gonorrhoea.
   CULBUTE, (F.) ' A tumble head-over-beels.'
A movement which the foetus has been  supposed
to execute  at the end of the 7th month  of utero-
gestation ;  and by means  of which,  it  was pre-
sumed, the head presented towards the  orifice of
the uterus; a  change  of situation, which is im-
practicable in ordinary circumstances.
   CULCITA SALINA, Halotyle.
   CULEON, Anus.
   CU'LEUS.  A measure containing 20 barrels,
or 40 urns, equal to  180 gallons. — Pliny, Gor-
raeus.
   CULEX, (F.)  Cousin.  A genus of insects, un-
happily too well  known in almost every part of
the world,  on account of their bites, which give
rise  to painful, local inflammation.  The gnats
and musquitoes belong to this genus.
   CULI  FLOS,  Cardamine pratensis.
   CULILAWAN, see Laurus culilawan.
   CU'LINARY  ART, from culina,  'a  kitchen.'
Cookery, Res culina'ria, Res coqua'ria,  Ars culi-
na'ria, A.  coquina'ria, 3tagelriee.  The art of
preparing meats for the table.  In judging of the
dietetic  properties of various kinds  of aliment,
the culinary process to which they have been
subjected  will always have  to  be  considered.
Many of the writers  on the culinary  art have
been phj'sicians.
   CULLlTLAAVAN, see Laurus culilawan.
   CULMINATIO, Acme.
   CUL TELL AIRE, (F.) from cultcllus, a 'little
knife.'  Le cautere cultellaire, known also under
the name Couteau de feu, Fire-knife, is  used  for
what the French  term the Cautere transcurrente.
(See Cauterization.)  It is shaped like a small
hatchet.
  CULTELLUS, Culter, Knife—c. Anceps, Knife,
double-edged—c. Uncus, Knife, crotchet.
  CULTER, Cultcllus, from colo, cultum, 'I cul-
tivate.'  A coulter,  a knife, scalpel, macha'ra,
macha'rion, macha'ris.  Also,  the third lobe of
the liver, so called from some fancied resemblance.
—Theophilus Protospatarius.
   Culter Curvus,  Knife, crooked—c. Falcatus,
Knife, crooked—c -Lenticularis, Knife, lenticular
—e.  Rectus, Knife, amputation—c. Tonsorius,
Razor.
  CULTRIV'OROUS,  Cultriv'orus, from culter,
'a knife/ and vara re,  'to devour.'   Individuals,
who  have seemed  to swallow knives with impu-
nity, have been so called ;—Knife-eaters.
   CULUS, Anus.
   CULVERT ROOT, Leptandria purpurea.
   CUMAMUS, Piper cubeba.
   CU3IIN,  Cuminum  cyminum — c. des Pres,
Carum.
   CUMI'NUM  CYMI'NUM.   The systematic
name of the Cummin plant, Cumi'num minu'tum
seu Roma'num,  Cymi'num, Cuminum, Carnaba'-
dium. Family, Umbelliferao. Sex. Syst. Pentan-
dria Digynia. (F.) Cumin, Anis aigre. The seeds
of cummin, which is a native  of Egypt, have a
warm, bitterish, disagreeble taste. AVater extracts
their odour, and spirit takes up both odour and
taste.  They are not  used, except in a plaster,
which bears their name.  When drunk in wine,
the ancients believed  they produced paleness;
hence, Horace called cummin exsangue; and Ju-
venal, pollens.—Dioscorides, Pliny.
  Cuminum Minutum, C. cyminum — c.  Nigrum,
Nigella — c Pratense, Carum — c. Romanum, C.
cyminum.
  CUMMIN, Cuminum cyminum.
  CU'MULUS, 'a heap or pile.' A rounded pro- 
CUNEALIS                259                  CUPRI
minence, in the centre of the prollgerous disk, in
which there is a small opake cavity that contains
the ovum.   See  Tache embryonnaire.
  Cumulus,  Germinal, Tache embryonnaire—c.
Germinativus, Tache embryonnaire — c. Prolige-
rus, Tache embryonnaire.
  CCNKA'MS  SUTU'RA.  The suture formed
between tho great and little alao of the  sphenoid
bone ami the os  frontis.—Blasius.
  GUNEEN (¥.), Cunca'nus.  Relating to the
cuneiform bones.
  Articulations Cunicnnes; — the joints between
the  cuneiform bones, as well  as between them
and other parts.
  Ligaments Cnnt'ennes; — the ligaments which
hold the cuneiform bones together.
  CU'NEIFORM,  Cuneifor'mis, Sphenoi'des,
from cuneus,  'a  wedge/  and forma,   'shape.'
 Wedge-shaped.  This  name has been  given to
several  bones.   1. To  tho  sphenoid.   2. To a
bone of the carpus, situate  between the os lunare
and os orbiculare.   It is, also, called  Os Pyrami-
da'le, Os Triq'uetrum, and Os Cubita'le.   3.  To
the  basilary process of the occipital  bone : and,
4. To three of tho bones of the tarsus, which are
distinguished, according to situation, reckoning
from within outwards, into first, second, and third,
—or internal, middle, and external: and accord-
ing  to  size, reckoning in  the same  order, into
grent,  small, and middle-sized.   The  posterior
surface  of these bones is  united to the anterior
faco of the scaphoides ; the anterior surface with
the corresponding metatarsal bones;  and, in ad-
dition, the external surface of the third is articu-
lated, behind, with the cuboides.  They are also
called Chalco'ii/cu  or Chalco'idea ossic'ula.
  Cuneiform Cartilages of  the Larynx are
two small cylinders of fibro-cartilage, about seven
lines in  length,  and enlarged at each extremity.
By  the  base, the  cartilage is attached  to  the
middle of the external surface  of the  arytenoid;
and its upper extremity forms a prominence on
the  border of the aryteno-epiglottidean fold of
membrane.   They are sometimes wanting.
  CU'NEO-CU'BOID, Cuneo-cuboidcus.  Belong-
ing to the cuneiform bones and cuboides.
  Cuneo-Cuboid Articula'tion is formed by the
third cuneiform bone and  cuboides.   It is  fur-
nished with a synovial capsule,  and  two cuneo-
euboid ligaments:—a dorsal and a, plantar.
  CU'NEO-SCA'PHOID, Cuneo-scaphdldes.  Be-
longing to the cuneiform bones and scaphoid.
  Cuneo-Scaphoid Articula'tion is  formed  by
the posterior surfaces of the three ossa  cuneifor-
mia, and the anterior surface of the scaphoid.  It
is furnished with  a synovial capsule and liga-
ments, some of which arc dorsal, others plantar.
  CUN1LA, Satureia capitata — c. Bubula, Ori-
ganum.
  Cuni'la Maria'na, Satureia organoi'des,  Ca-
lamiittha erec'ta Virginia'na, Dittany, American
Dittany, Mountain Dittany, Mint-leaved Cunila,
Maryland Cunila, Stoncmint, Wild Basil, Sweet
Horsemint, (F.)  Cunile d'Amcrique,  A  small in-
digenous herb, growing on dry, shady hills, from
New England to Georgia,  and flowering in June
and July.  Its  medical properties are dependent
upon essential oil, like the  mints.
  Cunila, Maryland, Cunila mariana—c Mint-
leaved,  C. mariana—c. Muscula, Inula dysente-
rica— c Pulegioides, Hcdeoma pulegioides — c.
Sativa, Satureia hortensis.
  CUNILAGO,  Inula dysenterica.
  CUNILE DAMERIQUE, Cunila  mariana.
  CUNNI S. A'ulva.
  CUP,  Scutel'la,  Catillus.  Patella, Excip'ula,
(F.) Palette, Poelette, Poilette, Vase  d saigner.
A small vessel of a determinate size, for receiving
the blood during venesection.  It generally con-
tains about four ounces.  A bleeding of two cups
is, consequently, one of eight ounces.
  CUPIDITAS,  A'oluntas—c. Desedendi,  Vo-
luntas desedendi.
  CUPIDO, Appetite.  Also, Cupid, the god of
love, in ancient mythology;—Deus copulatio'nis.
  CUPOLA, see Infundibulum of the cochlea.
  CUPPED, see Corium phlogisticum.
  CUPPING, Catacasm'us, from (F.) couper, 'to
cut;' or to draw blood in vessels resembling cups;
Applicdtio cucurbita'rum  seu cucurbituldrum,
Cucurbita'tio.   A  species  of blood-letting,  per-
formed by a scarificator, and glass, called a cup-
ping-glass, Cucurbit'ula, Cucurb'ita,  Sic'ua,  (F.)
Ventouse. The lancets are placed in such a man-
ner in the scarificator, that, when it is  applied
upon the affected  part, the whole are,  by means
of a spring, pushed suddenly into it.  After sca-
rification, the cupping-glass, which has been pre-
viously exhausted by heat, or by an exhausting
syringe,  is applied.   The  pressure of  the air
within the glass  being thus diminished, the ne-
cessary quantity of blood may be  drawn.  See
Bdellometer.   Dry cupping,  Cucurbit'ula sicca,
is the application of the glasses, without previous
scarification.   (F.) Ventouses seches.   It  is used
to prevent the activity of absorption  from  any
wounded part;  occasionally, to  excite suppura-
tion in indolent abscesses;  and  to  remove the
pus when an abscess is opened.  Cupping, taken
without any  epithet,  means the  abstraction of
blood by means of the scarificator  and  cups:—
(F.) Ventouses  scarifies,  (L.) Cucurbitula  cru-
enta, C. cum Ferro.   The  verb 'to cup/ signifies
to draw blood by cupping.
  CUP-PLANT, Silphium perfoliatum.
  CUPRESSUS, C. sempervirens—c Arbor vita,
Thuya occidentalis.
  Cupress'us  Sempervi'rens, C. pyramida'lis.
The systematic name of the  Cuprcs'sus, Cyparis'-
sus, Cypress,  (F.)  Cypres.   The  berries, leaves,
and wood, have been considered  astringent and
useful in intermittents. The whole plant abounds
with a bitter, aromatic, and  terebinthinate fluid.
  CUPRI  AMMONIO-SULPHAS, Cuprum am-
moniatum—c. et Ammoniae sulphas, Cuprum am-
moniatum—c Diacetas, C. subacetas.
  Cupri Limatu'ra, Filings of  Copper,  (F.)
Limailles de  Cuivre, have been  used in hydro-
phobia,  It has been remarked under Cuprum,
that they are inert.
  Cupri Rubigo, Cupri subacetas.
  Cupri  Subace'tas, C. Diace'tas, ^Eru'go, Ver'-
digris, Hispadicum  vir'ide, Prasi'num viride,
Cupri Rubigo, Crystals of Venus, Vir'ide JE'ria.
JEru'ca,  Galcithoa, Subuc"etate  of Copper,  (F.)
Sous-acitate de Cuivre, Vert-de-gris,  Crystaux de
Venus, Verdet.   Impure subacetate of  copper.
This, as  usually met with, is in masses,  difficult
to break; not deliquescent;  foliaceous ; of a fine
bluish-green colour, and salt taste.   It is tonic,
emetic, escharotic,  and detergent;  but scarcely
ever employed internally.   Chiefly  used in de-
tergent ointments.   Dose,  as a  tonic, under
$ gr.:  emetic,  from gr. j to gr. ij.  Powdered
verdigris appears  to be the active ingredient in
Smellome's Eye-salve, which  may be  imitated by
rubbing half a drachm of finely powdered verdi-
gris with a little oil, and then mixing it with an
ounce of  yellow basilicon.
  An ointment composed of one drachm of finely
powdered verdigris, with an ounce of lard  or sper-
maceti  ointment, is used in psoriasis, tetter, Ac
  Cupri  Sulphas, Vitriolum Cupri,  Vitriolum
Ven'eris, V. Cyp'rium, V. Cyp'rinum,  V. Card- 
60      •           CURSUS
                   CUPRUM                 2

 hum, V. Romdnum,  Cuprum  Vitriola'tum, Lapis
 Cardleus, Sulphate of Copper, Blue Stone, Blue
 Vitriol, Roman Vitriol, Mortooth, (F.) Sulfate de
 Cuivre, is  in  rhomboidal, rich,  blue, semi-trans-
 parent, efflorescing crystals.  The taste is harsh,
 styptic, and corrosive.  It is soluble in  four parts
 of water at 60°, and is tonic, emetic, astringent,
 and  escharotic.  As  a tonic, it has been used in
 epilepsy, intermittents, Ac.   Dose, as a tonic, gr.
 J to  gr. ij, in pill; as an emetic, gr. ij to x, in
 water.  A very weak solution is sometimes used
 in ophthalmia  and in gleet; and  it forms the
 basis of Bates's Aqua camphordta, which has
 been recommended, diluted with sixteen parts of
 water, in the  purulent ophthalmia of children.
   Cupri Sulphas Ammoniacalis,  Cuprum am-
 moniatum—c Altriolum, Cupri sulphas.
   CUPRUM, Chalcos, jEs, Venus of the Alchy-
 mists: Copper, Cyp'rium,Vir'ide monta'num, (F.)
 Cuivre.  Its odour is peculiar and sensible when
 rubbed; taste disagreeable and metallic'; colour
 red-yellow.  S. g. 7.87;  ductile; very malleable;
 less hard than iron;  easily  oxidized.  In its me-
 tallic state, it exerts no action on the  system.
 When  swallowed,  it  undergoes  no deleterious
 change. Copper cannot be dissolved whilst tin is
 in the mixture, and  hence  the utility of  tinning
 copper vessels. Copper culinary vessels are harm-
 less under ordinary cleanliness, provided the sub-
 stances  be  not  suffered to remain  in  them till
 cold.  The salts  of copper are very deleterious.
   Cuprum  Ammonia'tum,  C. Ammoniaca'le, C.
 Ammoni'acum, C. ammoniaco-sulphdricum, Am-
 monia'ted Copper, Ammoniacal Sulphate of Cop-
 per,  Ammoniure'turn  Cupri, Sal anti-cpilep'ticus
 of AVeissman,  Sulfas  Cupri ammoniaca'lis, S.
 ammoni'aca cupra'tus, Sub-sulfas Ammo'nio-cd-
 pricus, Sulfas Cupri  et Ammo'nia, Deuto-Sulfas
 Cupri  et  Ammo'nia, Cupri  Ammo'nio-sulphas,
 Ammo'nia Cupro-sulphas, Ammo'nio-sulph ate of
 Copper, (F.) Sulfate  de cuivre et  d'ammoniaque,
 Cuivre ammoniacal.   (Cupri Sulph. Jfss; Amnion.
 Carb. gvj.  Rub in  a glass mortar till efferves-
 cence ceases.   Wrap the ammoniated copper in
 bibulous paper,  and  dry  with a  gentle heat.
 Keep in a well-stopped glass  bottle.—Ph. U. S.)
 A crystalline powder of a rich violet colour, and
 hot, styptic taste.  By exposure  to air, it becomes
 partly converted into carbonate of copper.  It is
 tonic and  astringent, and has been chiefly em-
 ployed in epilepsy and other obstinate spasmodic
, diseases.   Dose, gr. i gradually increased to gr.
 iv, in pill.
   Cuprum Vitriolatum, Cupri  sulphas.
   CU'PULAR,  Cupula'ris,  (F.) Cupnlaire; from
 cupula, ' a small cup.'  Of or belonging to a cupula.
   Cupular Cau'tery, Cautere cupulaire, is an
 iron  in the shape of  a cupula,  formerly used to
 cauterize the skin of  the cranium in certain  dis-
 eases, as epilepsy, chronic headach,  Ac.
   CURA,  Cura'tio,  3Ierim'na,  Merim'ne.   At-
 tention  to, or treatment or cure of, a disease.
 Keuchen defines Cura, 'medicine/and Curator,
 ' the  physician.'  Curatio, also, sometimes means
 purification; as, Adeps suilla eurata.—Scribonius
 Largus.
   Cura Avena'cea.  A decoction of oats  and
 succory roots, in which a little nitre and sugar
 are dissolved.  Used as a refrigerant.
   Cura Dervativa, Derivation—c Fumigatoria,
 Thymiatechny.
   Cura Magna.  'Great  cure.'   A term  em-<
 ployed, at times, for a method of treatment pre-
 ferable to  all others.  Thus ptyalism has, by
 many,  been considered the  "cura magna" for
 syphilis.
   Cura Medeana, Transfusion — c Palliativa,
 see Palliative — c Radicalis,  see Palliative — c
 Revulsoria, see Derivation.
   CU'RABLE,  Sunub'His,  Aces'tos, Aces'mius,
 Fds'imos, (F.) Guerissable.  That which is suscep-
 tible of cure. An epithet applied to both patients
 and diseases.
   CURARE,  Wourali, Woorara, Wourari, Woo-
 raru,  Wurali, Urari, Urali,  Ourary,  Vooraru.
 A very energetic vegetable poison,  employed  by
 the South American Indians  to poison their ar-
 rows.  It is said to be obtained from the bark of
 a species of convolvulus, called  Vcjuco de 3Iara-
 cure, but is referred by Martius to Strychnos Gui-
 anen'sis, and by Dr. Schomburg to S. toxica'na.
   CURA'TIO,  3Iede'la, Sana'tio,  A'ccsis,  Al-
 thex'ia, Althax'ia,  Therapei'u,  I'dsis, Curution,
 The aggregate of means employed for the cure
 of disease.   See Therapeutics.
   Curatio, Cura, Cure — c  Contrariorum  per
 Contraria,  Allopathy — c.  Morbi  per Inediam,
 Limotherapeia.
   CU'RATUYE, San'ative, Healing, Acesopho'rus,
 Aceaino'aua.  Relating to the cure of a disease.
 Curative Indications  are those which point out
 the treatment to be  employed.  Curative Treat-
 ment,  that  employed in  the cure of  disease, in
 opposition to preservative or prophylactic  treat-
 ment.   We  say,  also, Curative Process,  Curative
 Means, Ac
  CURATOR INFIRMORUM, Inflrmier.
  CURCULIO, Penis.
  CURCUMA  ANGUSTIFOLIA, see  Arrow-
root—c. Aromatica, Kaempferia rotunda.
  Cur'cuma  Longa,  Cur'cuma, Amo'mum Cur'-
euma, Borri, Bor'riberri, Cober'ri, (Hindoostan,)
 Crocus In'dicus,  Terra Mer'ita,  Cunnuc'orus  ra-
dice  cro'ceo;  Family,  Amomeae;  Sex.  Syst.
Monandria  Monogynia;  Mayel'la,  Kna  Kuha,
 Cype'rus In'dicus, Kvirttpos IvSikos of Dioscorides
(?), Turmeric, (F.) Racine de Safran, Safran des
Indes,  Souchet des hides.  Turmeric root — the
rhizoma of  curcuma longa—is brought from the
East Indies; but is  possessed of very  little, if
any, medicinal efficacy.  It is one of the ingre-
dients in Curry Powder.
  Curcuma Zedoaria, see Kaempferia rotunda—
 c Zerumbet, see Kaempferia rotunda.
  CURD, ALUM, Coagulum aluminosum.
  CURDS, Curds of Milk,  (F.) Caillebotte, Lait
cailli.  The coagulated part of milk.
  CURE;  from cura, 'care.'  Aces'ia, A'cesis,
Aces'mua, Cura'tio, C. felix,  Sana'tio, San'itaa,
 (F.) Guirison.  A restoration  to health; also, a
remedy;  a restorative.
  CURE-ALL,  Geum Virginianum, Oenothera
biennis.
  CUREDENT, Dentiscalpium.
  CURE DU RAISIN, Grape-cure.
  CURE-LANGUE,  (F.)  Lingua  scalpium,
 Tongue-scraper.   An  instrument of ivory, tor-
toise-shell, Ac, shaped like a  knife or rasp, for
removing the  mucous coating which  covers  the
tongue after sleep, Ac.
  CURE-OREILLE, Ear-pick.
  CURETTE, Scoop.
  CURMI, Courmi.
  CURRANT, BLACK, Ribes nigrum —c Red,
 Ribes rubrum.
  CURRANTS, see Vitis Corinthiaca.
  CURRY  or CURRIE POAVDER.   A condi-
ment, formed  of various spices, and eaten with
rice, particularly in India.  The following is one
of the forms of its  preparation : Sem.  coriand.
3xviii, pip. niejr. ^ij, cay en.  fij, rod. curcuma,
sem. cumini, aa, t*|iij, sem. fcenugr. giv: mix.
  CURSUMA HiEMORRHOIDALIS HERBA,
Ranunculus ficaria. 
CURVAMEN
261
CUTANEOUS
  CURSUS, Running—c Matricis, Leucorrhcea
c. Menstruus, Menses.
  CURVAMEN, Curvature.
  CUR VATEIJR DU COCCYX, Curvator Coc-
cygis.
  CURVATIO, Campsis.
  CURVA'TOR COCCY'GIS, (F.) Curvatcur du
Coccyx.  Sommering gives this name to a small
bundle  of fleshy fibres, which  descends  on the
middle of the coccyx, uniting on each  side with
the ischio-coccygei muscles.  It is a part of those
muscles.
  CUR'VATURE, Curvatu'ra, Curvdmen, Flex-
dru, Gnumji'sis,  from curvns, 'crooked;'  Cyrtd-
ma, (F.) Courbure.   The condition of a  line or
surface, which approximates more or less to the
form of an arc;  as the curvatures of the spine,
duodenum, stomach, Ac.   Accidental curvatures
of bones are the effect of rickets, or 3lollitiea
ossium.   The Greeks called the curvature of the
spine, 'u/Joc, itkoXios, .and XopSos,  according as the
deviation was backwards, laterally, or forwards.
  CURVE OF CARUS, see Pelvis.
  CURYED LINES, (F.) Courbea Lignea.  Two
crooked lines or projections on the posterior sur-
face of the occipital bone. They are distinguished
into auperior and inferior.   Some lines on the os
innominatum are also so called.
  CURVIMER, Oucumis sativus.
  CUSCO-CINCHONIA, Aricina.
  CI'SCUTA, C. Europiua.
  Cuscuta Chlorocarpa,  see C. Glomerate.
  Cuscu'ta Epitii'ymum, C. minor.  The system-
atic name of the Dodder of Thyme.  Epith'ymum,
Epith'ymum Cuscu'ta seu Ore'ticum.  A parasiti-
cal  plant, possessed of a  strong,  disagreeable
smell, and a pungent taste, very durable  in  the
mouth.   It was once used as a cathartic in me-
lancholia.
  Cuscuta Europas'a seu major sen vulga'ris seu
tetraddra seu filiform'is,  Cuscu'ta, Epith'ymum
officindrum, was  conceived to  possess similar
properties.
  Cuscuta Filiformis, C. Europaea.
  Cus'cuta Glomera'ta, and Cuscuta Chloro-
carpa,  Dodder, Amer'ican Dodder, indigenous
plants,  are bitterish, subastringent, tonic, and
anti-periodic.
  Cuscuta Major,  C. Europaea — c. Minor, C.
Epithymum—c Tetrandra, C. Europaea—c Vul-
garis, C. Europaea.
  CUSPARIA BARK, see C. Febrifuge—c. Bark,
False,  Brucea  antidysenterica,  and  Strychnos
nux vomica.
  Cuspa'hia  Febrif'uga, Bonpladdia  trifo-
lia'ta seu angustdra,  Angustu'ra, Galipa'a fe-
brifuga.  Order, Rutacese.   The South American
tree, which furnishes the Cuspdria or Angustura
Bark,  (F.) Aug nature vraie, Quinquina faux de
Virginie.  According to Dr. Hancock, however,
the Angustura bark is derived from  Galipa'a
officinalis, Sex. Syst. Decandria Monogynia, Nat.
Ord. Diosmere ; and this view has been adopted
in the  Pharmacopoeia of the United States.   Its
odour  is  peculiar;  taste  intensely bitter and
slightly aromatic ;  pieces thin ;  externally, gray
and wrinkled; internally,  yellowish-fawn;  frac-
ture, short and resinous.  It yields  its  virtues to
water and to proof spirit.   It is tonic, stimulant,
and aromatic. Dose, gr. vto xx or more, in powder.
  CUSl'IS.  A spear.  This  name has  been
given to the  glans  penis. — Rolfink.  It  meant,
also, a kind of bandage.
  CUSTODIA VIRGINITATIS, Hymen.
  CUSTOS, Arulva.
  CUT,  from (F.)  couteau, 'a knife/ or from
West  Gothic, kota,  'to cut;' or from  kotttu>,  'I
cut.'  Casdra, Tome,  Incis'io, Vulnus simplex,
Tresis  vulnus aimplex, Cope, (F.)  Coupure.  A
common  expression for the division or solution
of continuity made by a sharp instrument,
  CUTAM'BULUS, from cutia, 'skin/ and am-
bulo,' I walk.' ' AValking in the skin.' An epithet
given to certain parasitical animals, which creep
under the skin; such as the Guinea-worm; and
to certain pains felt between the skin and flesh,
as it were.
  CUTANEAL, Cutaneous.
  CUTANEO-SOURCILIER,  Corrugator  su-
percilii.
  CUTA'NEOUS,  Cuta'neal, Cutdneua, (F.)  Cu-
tani, from cutis, 'the skin.'  Belonging to the skin.
  Cutaneous  Diseases,  Eruptions,  Epiphy'-
mata, are  the  numerous affections of  a morbid
character to which the skin is liable,—Dermato-
pathi'a, Dermatdsee.
  Chronic cutaneous diseases may be thus classified:
                        Urticaria.
    1. Exanthematous  \  Roseola.
                        Erythema.
                        Pemphigus.

    2-Vesicular......**■  Herpts.
                        Eczema.
                        Impetigo.
    3. Pustular......\  Ecthyma.
                      (  Scabies. (?)
                      f  Lichen.
    4. Papular.......-j  Strophulus.
                      (  Prurigo.
                      f  Lepra.
    5. Squamous.....-j  Psoriasis.
                      (  Pityriasis.
                      f  Acne.
                      I  Sycosis.
    6. Folliculous....-{  Ichthyosis.
                        Trichosis.
                        Favus.
  Cutaneous  Exhalation and Absorption are
those which take place from the skin.
  Cutaneous, Middle Posterior, see Sciatic
nerve, lesser.
  Cutaneous  Nerves, Cutaneal Nervea, so
called, of the upper extremity, are two in num-
ber.  They are given off from the brachial plexus.
The  internal cutaneous, Cubito-cutani,  (Ch.,) de-
scends along the inner part of the arm, and di-
vides above the elbow into two  branches;  the
outermost of which follows the outer edge of the
biceps, and  spreads over the anterior and inner
part of the  forearm; and the innermost accom-
panies the basilic vein, passing to the correspond-
ing side of the hand and little finger.  The exter-
nal cutaneoua, Radio-cutani (Ch.,) 3Ius'culo-Cu-
ta'neus, Perforans Casse'rii,  passes  outwards,
perforates the  coraco-brachialis;  descends  along
the anterior and  outer part of the arm;  passes
as far as the middle fold of the elbow  under the
median cephalic;  and descends along  the ante-
rior  and outer edge  of the forearm.   At some
distance  above the wrist,  it divides  into two
branches; an outer, which is distributed on  the
back of the hand, the thumb and index finger ;
and an inner, which descends on the muscles of
the thumb into the palm of the hand, and divides
into  fine filaments, which may be traced  to  the
fingers.
  Cutaneoua nervea, 3Iiddle cutaneoua, two  in
number, are branches  of the crural or femoral
nerve.  They are  distributed  to the integument
of the middle and lower part of the thigh and of
the knee.
  Nervua Cutaneus 3Iinor, Lesser internal cuta-
neous nerve, Nerve of Wrisberg, takes  its  origin
from the axillary plexus, but is  more particu-
larly connected with the ulnar nerve.  It soon
separates from the ulnar, running afterwards be-
tween it and the inner side  of the arm. A little 
CUTCH
262
CYCLUS
below the axilla  it divides  into two branches,
which are distributed to the arm.
  Chaussier calls  the cephalic and baailic veina
the Radial and Cubital Cutaneous.
  CUTCH, Catechu.
  CUTI, Catechu.
  CUTICULA, Epidermis.
  CUTIO, Oniscus.
  CUTIS, Pel/is, Pella, Co'rium, Derma, Deris,
Anthro'pe, Anthro'pen, Skin, (F.) Peau. A dense,
resisting membrane, of a flexible and extensible
nature, which forms the general envelope of the
body; and is contisuous with the mucous mem-
branes, through the different natural apertures.
It is generally considered  to  be  formed of three
distinct layers — the epidermis, rete or more pro-
perly corpus mucosum, and corium.  Some anato-
mists, however, separate it  into several  others.
Its outer surface is covered by a number of small
eminences,  called papillae, which are  generally
regarded  as essentially  nervous and  vascular.
The skin is our medium of  communication with
external bodies.  It protects the subjacent parts ;
is the seat of touch, and through it are exhaled
the watery parts of the  blood, which are not
needed in the nutrition of the body.   The state
of  the skin, as regards heat and dryness, affords
useful information  in  pathological  investiga-
tions.  Its  colour, too, requires attention: the
paleness of disease is as characteristic as the rosy
complexion of health.   The colour  of the skin
varies according  to  the  age, sex,  Ac   As  a
general rule, it is  finer in the female and child
than in the male  and adult.  In old age it be-
comes light-coloured, thin, and dry.   It likewise
varies according  to the races, Ac.
   Cutis Anserina, Horrida cutis—c Carnosa,
Panniculus carnosus—c. Extima, Epidermis — c.
Linguae,  see Tongue — c  Suilla,  Couenne — c.
 Summa, Epidermis—c Tensa Chronica, Indura-
tion of  the  cellular tissue—c. Ultima, Epidermis.
   CUTITIS, Cytitis, Erysipelatous inflammation.
   CUTTING ON THE GRIPE, see Lithotomy.
   CUTTLE FISH, Sepia.
   CUTTUBUTH,  Cutubuth, Leucomo'ria, Me-
 lancholia errabund'a.  The Arabian physicians
 gave this name  to a species of melancholy, ac-
 companied  with so much agitation, that the pa-
 tients cannot remain tranquil for the space of  an
 hour.
   CUURDO CANELLA, Laurus einnamomum.
    CYANODERMIA, Cyanopathy.
   CYANOGEN, (F.) Cyanogene;  from  kvovos,
 ' blue/ and ytwain, ' I generate.'  So called from
 its  being  an ingredient  in Prussian blue.   It
 forms, with oxygen, the cyanic  and  other acids;
 with hydrogen, the hydrocyanic acid.
    CYANOP'ATHY,  Cyanopathi'a, Cyano'sis, C.
 cardlaca,Cyanoder'miu,Acleitro-cardia (Piorry),
 Hamato-cyano'sis, Kyano'sis, 3Iorbus caru'leus,
  Carulo'sis  neonato'rum, from kvovos, 'blue/ and
 ttoSos,  'affection.'  (F.)  Cyanose, 3Ialadie bleu,
 Ictere bleu.  A disease in which the surface  of
 the body is coloured blue.  It is often symptom-
 atic, and  commonly depends  on a  direct com-
 munication between the  cavities  of the right
 and left side of the heart.  Such communication
  does not, however, always  occasion  the blue dis-
  ease, but it is generally thought that the  disease
 never exists without this state of parts ; or with-
  out some obstacle to the  circulation in the right
  side of  the heart.  The blueness does not seem
  to be owing to the admixture of black and red
  blood.  A child affected with blueness is  said to
  be cyanosed, (F.) Cyanose.
    CYANOSE, Cyanosis.
    CYANOSE, see Cyanosis,
    CYANOSIS, Cyanopathy—c. Pulmonalis, Ate-
  lectasis pulmonum.
  CYANURETUM FERRO-ZINCICUM, Zinci
ferro-hydrocyanas.
  CYA*NUS, Centaurea cyanus — c. ^gyptiacus,
Nymphaea nelumbo.
  Cy'anus  Seg"etum, Bluebottle, (F.) Bluet des
Moissons,  Barbeau,  Aubifoin,   Casse - Lunettes.
The  flowers of this European plant, when dis-
tilled with water, have been  used in ophthalmia.
  CYAR, Kvap.  ' The eye of a needle/ ' a small
hole.'   The 3Ieatus  audito'rius  internus.  See
Auditory canal, (internal.)
  CTATHIS'CUS, diminutive of  kvoSos, 'a bowl.'
The  concave part of a sound, made like a small
spoon, as in the case of the ear-pick.
  CY'ATHUS, 'a bowl.'  A  measure, both of the
liquid and dry kind, equal to about an ounce and
a half, or to the tenth part of a pint.  According
to Pliny and Galen, about 10 drachms.
  Cyathus Cerebri,  Infundibulum of the brain.
  CYBE, Head.
  CYBITON,  Cubitus.
  CYBOIDES, Cuboid.
  CYCAS CIRCINALIS, see Sago—c. Revoluta,
see Sago.
  CYCEON, from kvkou>, 'I mix together.'  The
ancient name of a medicine of the consistence of
pap,  composed  of wine, water,  honey, flour,
barley meal, and cheese.—Hippocrates.
  CYCLAMEN  EUROPiE'UM, Arthanita,  A.
eye'lamen,  Cyclam'inus,  Gyssadthemon, Oysso-
phyllon, Panis porci'nus, Cas'amum,  Chyli'ne,
' sow-bread.'   Fam.  Primulaceae.   Sex.  Syst.
Pentandria Monogynia.  (F.) Pain du Porceau.
The fresh root is said to be  acrid, bitter, drastic,
and  anthelmintic  Dose, gj.  Eor'external use,
see Arthanita.
   CYCLE,  Cyelus, from kvkXos, 'a circle.'   A
period or revolution of a certain  number of years
or days.  The Methodists gave  this name to an
aggregate  of  curative means, continued during
a certain number of days.   Nine was the  usual
number.
   Cycle, Hebdom'adal or Heptal. A period of
seven days or years, which, according  to some,
either in its multiple or submultiple, governs an
immense number of phenomena  of animal life.
   CYCLISCUS,  Cyclismus.
   CYCLIS'MUS.  A  Troch,  Trochis'cus.   The
name, as well as Oyclis'cus,  was  also given to a
 circular kind  of rasp.   They have the same ety-
mon as cycle.
   CYCLOCEPH'ALUS, from kvkXos, 'a circle/
 and  KttpaXv, 'head.'   A monster whose eyes  are
 in contact, or united in one.
   CYCLOPHOR'IA, from kvkXos, 'a circle/and
 0cpu, ' I bear.'  The  circulation of the blood or
 other fluids.
   CYCLO'PIA.  Same etymon as Cyclops.  State
 of a monster  that has both eyes united into one.
 Called, also, 3Ionops'ia and Rhinen cephal ia.
   Cyclopia   GenistoI'des ; Nat. Ord. Legumi-
 nosae.  A South African plant, the decoction and
 infusion of which are used as expectorants in
 chronic bronchitis and in phthisis.
   CYCLOPS,  (ctocXu)^,  from kvkXos, ' an orb or
 circle/ and oji^, 'an eye.'  Monoc'uhts, 3Ionops,
 Monophthalmus, 3Ionordmatus, Unioc'ulus, Unoc'-
 ulua.  A  monster having but one  eye, and that
 placed in  the middle of the forehead,  like the
 fabulous Cyclops.
   CYCLOT03IE, Cyclotomus, from  kvkXos,  'a
 circle/ and rt\ivttv, 'to cut.'  An  instrument, com-
 posed of a ring of gold and a  cutting blade, by
 means of  which the ball of the  eye can be fixed,
 whilst the cornea is  cut.  It was invented by a
 surgeon of Bordeaux, named Gugrin, for extract-
 ing the cataract.  It is not used.
   CYCLUS,  Circulus. 
CYDONIA
263
CYNANCHE
  CYDONIA,  Pyrus  cydonia — c.  Maliformis,
Pyrus cydonia—c. Vulgaris, Pyrus cydonia.
  CYUONIA'TUM,  Cydona'turn, Dyaeydonites.
A composition of  the Gytlmtia  mala  or  quinces,
with the addition  of spices.—Paulus of ^Egina.
  CYDONIUM MALUM, see  Pyrus cydonia.
  CY'E'MA, Kvvpa, from kvu>, 'I conceive.'  Con-
ception.   Likewise the product  of  conception.
See Embryo and Foetus.
  CYESIOGNO'MON, from kvvcis, 'pregnancy/
and yvuifiiov, 'a sign, a token.' A sign of pregnancy.
  CYESIOGNO'SIS,  from kvvbis, 'pregnancy/
and yvwaii, '.knowledge.' Diagnosis of pregnancy.
  CYESIOL'OGY, Cyesiolog" ia,  from  Kvyais,
'pregnancy/ and Xoyos,  'a description.'   The
doctrine of gestation.
  C YES IS, Conception, Fecundation, Pregnancy.
  CYESTEINE,  Kiesteine.
  CYLICII'NE, Oylichnis.  A pill-box or earth-
enware  pot,  or small cup;  from kvXi%, 'a cup.' —
Galen, Foesius.
  CVL1NDRI, see Villous membranes—c Mem-
branacei renum, see Calix.
  CYLTNDROID, GylindroV des, from KvXtvSpos,
'cylinder/ and a<5o?,  'form.'  Having the form
of a cylinder.   Chaussier calls the Cornu Ammo-
nis, Protuberance cylindrdide.
  CYLINDROIDES,  Teres.
  CYLLOEPUS,  see Kyllosis.
  CYLLOPODA, see Kyllosis.
  CYLLOPODION, see Kyllosis.
  CYLLO'SIS, KvXXwais.   Lameness, mutilation,
or vicious conformation. — Hippocrates, Galen.
See Kyllosis.
  CYLLOSMUS;  from  kvXXos, 'crooked.'  A
malformation by defect, in which the fissure and
eventration  arc lateral, chiefly in the lower part
of the abdomen, the inferior extremity of the side
affected with the fissure absent, or very little de-
veloped.—Vogel.
  CYMATO'DES, Undo'sus, from K-opa, 'a wave/
and ttSos, ' resemblance.'   The  vacillating, undu-
latory character of the  pulse in weak individuals.
  CYMBA,  Vulva.
  CYMBALARIA ELATINE, Antirhinum ela-
tine—c Muralis,  Antirhinum linaria.
  CYMBALARIS, Cricoid.
  CYMBIFORMK OS, Scaphoid bone.
  CYMBOPOGON SCHCENANTHUS,  Juncus
odoratus.
  CYMINUM, Cuminum  cyminum.
  CYNANCHE,   Angi'na, from kvu>v,  'a dog/
and  ayxu, 'I suffocate'(?), Sore  Throat, Para-
cynadche,  Synnilche,  Prunella,  Sqitiiiau'thia,
Empres'ma  Paristhmi'tis,   Cauma Paristhmi'tis,
Isthmitis, Paristhmi'tis, Inflammatio Fau'cium,
'Dog choak.'   Inflammation  of tho  supradia-
phragmatic portion of  the alimentary canal, and
of the lining membrane of the upper part of the
air-passages:—(F.) Angine, Esquinancie, Mai de
Gorge, Si/nttncie, Squinancie, Kinancie.   It com-
prises the following chief varieties.
  Cynanche Epidemica, Cynanche maligna—c.
Externa, C.  Parotidaea—c. Faucium, C. tonsillaris
—c.  Gangnenosa, Cynanche maligna—c. Laryn-
gea.  Laryngitis.
  Cynanche Malig'na, C. gangrano'aa, Angina
ulccro'su, Febria  epidem'ica cum Angi'na, Em-
prcs'mu /'uristhmltis Malig'na, Tons ill a'rum gan-
gra'na, Tonsil'la pestilen'tes, Cynanche epidem'-
ica, C. pur'puro-parotida'a, Cynanche nlcero'sa,
Epideniica gutttiris lues, Pestilens fau'cium affec'-
tus,  Padun'chone (?), Gangrana Tonsilla'rum,
Ulcus Si/riacum,  Garrotil'lo, Carbun'culus  angi-
no'sus.  Angina ulcusculo'sa, A.  epidem'ica, A.
gnngrano'sa, A. malig'na, A. fau'cium malig'na,
Isthmoty'phus,  Putrid, Ulcerous Sore   Throat,
Gangrenous  Inflammation of the Pharynx, (F.)
Angine gangrineuse, A. 3Iuligne.   It  is charac-
terized by crimson redness of the mucous  mem-
brane of the fauces and tonsils; ulcerations, co-
vered with mucus, and spreading sloughs, of an
ash or whitish hue; the accompanying fever ty-
phus.  It is often epidemic, and generally conta-
gious ; and  is  frequently found  accompanying
scarlet fever,—giving rise to the variety, Scarla-
tina maligna.  Cynanche maligna has been made
to include both diphtheritic and gangrenous pha-
ryngitis.  See Pharyngitis, diphtheritic.
  The general treatment is the same as in typhus;
and stimulant antiseptic gargles  must be used,
consisting, for example, of the decoction of bark
and muriatic  acid.
  Cynanche  Maxillaris, c. Parotidaea—c GSso-
phagea, Oesophagitis.
  Cynanche  Parotidje'a, Empres'ma Parotitis,
Parotitis, P.  epidem'ica, P. erysipclato'sa,  P.
contagio'sa, P. spu'ria, P. sero'so-glu'tine tu'mens,
Parolia, Parotiditis, Cynan'che  Parotides, C.
exter'na, Angina maxilla'ris, Gissa,  Angina ex-
terna, Angi'na parotida'a exter'na, Erythrochce'-
ras, Cynan'che maxilla'ris, Genyocynan'che, Gna-
thocynadche, Inflttmma'tio paro'tidum,  Infldtio
paro'tidum,   Gatar'rhus  Bellinsula'nua, Branks
(Scotch), 3Iumps, (F.)  Inflammation de la  Paro-
tide, Oreillons, Ourles.  The characteristic symp-
toms are :—a painful tumour of the parotid gland,
or of the  cellular tissue surrounding it, or of both,
not of the suppurative kind;  frequently extend-
ing to the maxillary gland.  It is very conspicu-
ous externally, and is  often accompanied with
swelling  of the  testes  in the male,  and of the
mammae  in the  female; the  testes being  some-
times absorbed afterwards.  It is  generally epi-
demic, and apparently  contagious. (?)  The treat-
ment is very simple; the adoption merely of the
antiphlogistic plan, under which it usually soon
disappears.  AVhen inflammation of the mammae
or testes  supervenes, it must be treated as if idio-
pathic.
  Epideniic Parotitis or 3Iumps  is also termed
Parotitis polymor'pha,  P. epidem'ica, P.  spe-
cif'ica.
  Cynanche  Pharynge'a,  Empres'ma Paris-
thmi'tis  Pharyngea, Isthmitis, Pharyngitis, In-
flamma'tio Pharyn'gis, Parasynan'che, Angina
inflammatoria, Sp. iv. — (Boerhaave.)  (F.)  An-
gine Pharyngie,  Catarrhe pharyngien.  Inflam-
mation of the pharynx.
  This disease can hardly be said to differ, in
pathology or treatment, from Cynanche tonsil-
laris.  The same may be remarked of the Cynan-
che (Esophagc'u,  Oesophagitis.
  Cynanche Prunella, C. Tonsillaris—c Pur-
puro-parotidaea,  Cynanche maligna—c Simplex,
Isthmitis—c. Stridula,  C. trachealis.
  Cynanche  Tonsillaris,  Empresma Paris-
thmi'tis  Tonsillaris, Synan'che,  Cynan'che fau-
cium  Amygdalitis, Brand, Bronchi,  Hyan'che,
Tonsillitis,   Cynanche  Prunella,  Paristh'mia,
Paristhmi'tis,  Dysphdgia inflammato'ria,  Anti-
adi'tis,  Angina inflammato'ria, A. cum tumo're,
A. tonsillaris, A. Synocha'lis, A.  Sanguin'ea, A.
vera et legit'ima,  Inflamma'tio Tonsilla'rum, An-
tiadon'cus  inflammato'rius,  Inflammatory  Sore
Throat,  Common  Squinancy,  Squinsy  or Quinsy,
(F.) Amygdalite, Inflammation des Amygdales,
Angine tonsillaire, Pharyngite tonsillaire, Esqui-
nancie, Squinancie, Catarrhe guttural, Angine gut-
turale inflammatoirc.   The characteristic symp-
toms  of  this affection are, swelling  and  florid
redness of the mucous membrane of the fauces,
and especially  of the  tonsils;  painful  and im-
peded deglutition, accompanied  with  inflamma-
tory fever.  It is generally ascribed to cold,  and
is one of the most common affections of cold and 
CYNANCHICA              26
temperate climates.  It usually goes off by reso-
lution, but frequently ends in suppuration.
  Common sore throat is an affection of no con-
sequence.  It requires merely rest, and the ob-
servance of the antiphlogistic  regimen.   AVhen
more violent,—in addition to  this, — bleeding,
local or general, or both,—purgatives, inhalation
of the steam of warm water; acid, or emollient
gargles; rubefacients externally, or sinapisms or
blisters.    When  suppuration  must  inevitably
occur, the continued use of the inhaler must be
advised, and an opening be made into the abscess
as soon as pus shall have formed.   If the patient
be  likely to be suffocated  by  the tumefaction,
bronchotomy may be necessary.
  Cynanche Trachea'lis ; the Cynanche  laryn-
ge'a of some, Suffoca'tio strid'ula, Angi'na  perni-
cio'sa, Asthma infan'tum, Cynanche strid'ula, Ca-
tar'rhus suffocati'vus Barbaden'sis, Angina poly-
po'sa sive membrana'cea sive pulpo'sa, Empres'-
ma  Bronchitis, E. Bronchlemmltis, Angina in-
flammato'ria,  A.  suffocato'ria,  A.   strepito'sa,
Angina canina, A. exsudato'ria,  Laryngitis  et
Tracheitis  in fad tills, Laryngos'tasis  seu  La-
ryngo-tracheltis, Laryngo-tracheitis  with  diph-
theritic exuda'tion, Laryngoc'ace,  Orthopnm'a cy-
nan'chica,  Cynanchorthopnce'a,  Padanchone (?),
A. Trachedlis, 31orbus Strangulato'rius, Trachi'-
tis,  Tracheitis, Trachelitis, Diphtherltis trache-
a'lis, Expectora'tio Solida, Cauma Bronchitis,
Croup,  Roup, Hives, Choak, Stuffing,  Rising of
the lights, (F.) Angine laryngie et trachiale,  La-
ryngite avec production de fausses membranes, La-
ryngite pseudo-membraneuse. A disease charac-
terized  by  sonorous  and suffocative breathing;
harsh voice; cough, ringing, or like the barking
of a dog; fever, highly inflammatory.  It  is apt
to be speedily attended with the  formation of a
false membrane, which lines the trachea beneath
the  glottis, and  occasions violent  dyspnoea and
suffocation, but is sometimes expectorated.  The
dyspnoea, as in all other affections  of the  air-
passages, has evident exacerbations.   It  differs
in its character in  different situations; being in-
finitely more inflammatory in some places than
in others, and hence the success obtained by dif-
ferent  modes  of treatment.  It  chiefly  affects
children, and is apt to recur, but the  subsequent
attacks are usually less and less severe.
  As a general rule, it  requires  the  most ac-
tive  treatment;  bleeding from  the arm or neck,
so as to induce paleness; leeches  applied  to the
neck, Ac, according to the age,—the warm bath,
blisters to  the neck  or  chest,  and  purgatives.
Formidable as the  disease may be, if this plan be
followed early, it  will generally  be  successful.
Many  specifics  have  been recommended,  but
the  search  has  been  idle  and fruitless.   The
majority of cases  of what are  called croup are
not of this inflammatory cast; but are more of a
spasmodic  character,  and have been termed by
the  French faux croups, and with us are occa-
sionally termed spasmodic croup. They generally
yield to an emetic  and the warm bath.
  Cynanche Trachealis  Spasmodica, Asthma
acutum, A. Thymicum — c. Ulcerosa, Cynanche
maligna.
  CYNAN'CHICA.  Medicines used in cases of
quinsy were formerly so called.
 .CYANCHORTHOPNCEA, Cynanche tra-
chealis.
  CYNAN'CHUM.  Same etymon. A genus of
plants, Nat. Ord.  Asclepiadaceae,  of which the
following are used  in medicine.
  Cynanchum Argel, C. oleaefolium—c. Ipeca-
cuanha, Asclepias asthmatica.
  Cynanchum  Monspeliacum,  Scam'mony of
Montpellier. The plant furnishes a blackish kind
4              CYOTROPHY

of gum-resin, which is  purgative, and but little
used.
   Cynanchum Oleajfo'lium,  C.  argel,  Sole.no-
stem'ma argel, Argel.  An Egyptian, Nubian and
Arabian  shrub, the leaves of which form  a  por-
tion of  most  samples   of  Alexandrian  senna.
They resemble senna in their action.
   Cynanchum AIncetoxicum, Asclepias  vince-
toxicum.
   Cynanchum Vomito'rium, Ipecacuan'ha of the
Isle of France.  As its name imports, this plant
resembles ipecacuanha in properties.  It is emetic,
in the dose of from 12 to 24 grains of the powder.
   CYNANTHEMIS, Anthemis cotula.
   CYNANTHRO'PIA,   from kvidv,  'dog/  and
avSpw-iros,  'man.'  A variety  of melancholia,  in
which the patient believes himself changed into
a dog; and imitates the voice and habits of that
animal.
   CYN'ARA,  C.  Scolymus,  Cin'ara scolymus.
The systematic name of the  Ar'tichoke, Aleoc'-
alum, Articoc'alus, Artiscoc'cus lavis, Costus ni-
gra, Car'duus sativus non spino'sus, Cinttra hor-
ten'sis, Scolymus  sativus, Car'duus aativua, Cur-
duua domesticus cap'ite  majo're, Carduus at'tills,
(F.) Artichaut.  Family, Carduaceae.  Sex. Syst.
Syngenesia Polygamia  aequalis.  Indigenous  in
the southern parts of Europe.   Much used as an
agreeable article of diet.  The juice of the leaves,
mixed with white wine, has been given in dropsies.
   CYN'ICUS,  Cyno'des,  from kvwv, 'a dog.'
Cynic. Relating to, or resembling a dog.  Cynic
spasm is a  convulsive contraction of the muscles
of one side of the face,—dragging the eye, cheek,
mouth, nose, Ac, to one  side.   See Canine.
   CYNIPS  QUERCUS  FOLII, see Quercus in-

   CYNOCOPRUS, Album greecum.
   CYNOCRAMBE, Mercurialis perennis.
   CYNOCTONON, Aconitum.
   CYNOCYTISUS, Rosa canina.
   CYNODECTOS, from kvu>v, 'a dog/ and Svkw,
'  I bite.'  One who has been bitten by a dog.—
Dioscorides.
   CYNODES, Cynicus.
   CYNODESMION, Frasnum penis.
   CYNODESMUS, Fraenum penis.
   CYNODONTES, Canine teeth.
   CYNOGLOS'SUM, from  kvuv,  'a dog/ and
yXwtrtxa, ' a tongue.'  Cynoglos'sum officina'le seu
blcolor, Lingua Cani'na, Hound's tongue,  Cabal-
la'tion, (F.) Langue de Chien.  Family, Boragi-
neae.  Sex. Syst. Pentandria Monogynia.  It is
aromatic and mucilaginous, and has been sup-
posed to be possessed of narcotic properties.
   CYNOLOPHOI, Spinous processes of the ver-
tebras.
   CYNOLYSSA, Hydrophobia.
   CYNOMETRA AGALLOCHUM, Agallochum.
   CYNOMOIA, Plantago psyllium.
•  CYNOMO'RIUM COCCIN'EUM, from kvuv,
'a dog/ and uwptov, 'the penis.' (F.) Champignon
de Multe.   Improperly called Fungus Jlcliten'sis,
or Fungus of Malta, as it is not a fungus.  The
powder has  been given  as an astringent  in he-
morrhage, dysentery, Ac.
   CYNOREXIA, Boulimia.
   CYNORRHODON, Rosa canina.
   CYNOSBATOS, Rosa  canina,
   CYNOSORCHIS, Orchis maseula.
  CYNOSPASTUM, Rosa canina.
  CYON,  kvuiv.   The word sometimes  signifies
the fraenum of the prepuce;  at others, the penis.
   CYOPHORIA, Pregnancy.
  CYOT'ROPHY,  Cyotroph'ia,  Embryolrophy,
Embryotroph'ia, from kvos, '  embryo/ and rpotptiv,
'to nourish.'  Nutrition  of  the embryo.   Foetal
nutrition. 
CYPARISSUS
265
CYSTIDORRHEXIS
  CYPARISSUS, Cupressus sempervircns.
  CYPERCS ANTIQUORUM, Lawsonia iner-
mis—c. Indicus, Curcuma longa.
  Cype'rus Longus, C. Roma'nus, from Kvnapos,
'a round vessel/ which its  roots have been said
to resemble.  Oalangalc, (F.) Souchet odorant.
It possesses aromatic and bitter properties, but is
not used.   See, also, Dorstenia contrayerva.
  Cyperus Odorus, Dorstenia contrayerva—c.
Peruanus, Dorstenia contrayerva — c. Romanus,
C. longus.
  Cyperus Rotun'dus, C.tetras'tachys, the Round
Cype'rus, (F.) Souchet rond.   It is a more grate-
fully aromatic bitter than the 0. longus.
  Cyperus  Tetrastachys,  C. rotundus.
  CYPIIO'MA, Cyphos, Cypho'sis, Cyrto'ma, Cyr-
to'sis,  Opisthocypho'sis, from Kvtpos,  ' gibbous.'
Gibbosity of the spine.  See Vertebral Column,
&c  Cyrtosis forms a genus in the order Dys-
thetica, and class Hamalica of Good, and is de-
fined:  'head bulky, especially anteriorly; stature
short and  incurvated;  flesh flabby, tabid, and
wrinkled.'   It includes Cretinism, and Rickets.
  CYPHOSIS, Gibbositas,  see  Hump, and Ky-
phosis.   v
   CYPRES, Cupressus sempervirens.
  CYPRESS, Cupressus sempervirens—c Tree,
Liriodendron.
   CYP'RINUM O'LEUM,  Oil of Cypress; pre-
pared of olive oil, cypress flowers, calamus, myrrh,
•cardamom, inula, bitumen of Judaea, Ac  It was
formerly employed in certain diseases  of  the
uterus, pleurisies,  Ac,  and  was regarded to be
both stimulant  and emollient.
  CYPRIPE'DIUM ACAU'LE", Stemless Ladies'
Slipper; 3Ioccasin Flower;  indigenous; flowers
in May and June.   The roots are used by steam-
doctors in nervous diseases, like valerian.
  Cypripedium Calceolus, C.  Luteum—c. Fla-
vescens, C.  Luteum.
   Cypripe'dium Lu'teum,  C. Calce'olus, C. Fla-
ves'cens, C. Pubes'cens, C. Parviflo'rum,  Yellow
laelies' slipper,  3Ioc'casin flower, Yellows, Bleed-
ing heart, Amer'ican vale'rian, Yellow umbil,male
3Icrvinc, Noah's ark,  (F.) Sabot de Vinus jaune.
An  indigenous plant, Nat. Order, Orchidaceae,
which is found all  over the  United States;  blos-
soming in May and June.  The root is considered
to  be  antispasmodic,  and  is used in  the same
cases as valerian.
   Cypripedium Parviflorum,  C. Luteum — c
Pubescens, C. Luteum.
   Cypripedium Spectab'ile, Showy  ladies' slip-
per, is the most beautiful of the genus.
   CYPRIUM,  Cuprum.
   CYPSELE, Cerumen.
   CYRCEON,  Anus.
   CYRTOIDES, Cuboid.
   CYRTOMA. Curvature, Cyphoma.
   CYRTONOSOS,  Rachitis.
   CYSSANTHEMON, Cyclamen.
   CYSSARUS, Anus, Rectum.
   CYSSOPHYLLON, Cyclamen.
   CYS'SOTIS, from kvoos, 'the anus.' The lower
part of the rectum : tenesmus.
   CYST, Kyst.
   CYSTAL'GIA,  Cystidal'gia, from kvctis, 'the
bladder.' and aXyos, 'pain.'  Pain in the bladder.
   OYSTANENOEPHA'LIA, fromict-o-ny, 'ablad-
der/ and anencepha'lia, 'absence of brain.'  A
monstrosity, in which, in  place of  a  brain, a
bladder is found filled with fluid.—G. St. Hilaire.
   CX*TAVVllV,'S0TOM.'IA,Cystotrachelotom'ia,
 Ci/stidotrachelotom'ia, from kvgtis,  'a bladder/
auv»;v, ' the neck/ and Topv, ' incision.'  An inci-
sion into the neck of the bladder.  See Lithotomy.
   OYSTAUX'E,Hypertroph'ia vesica urindria,
 Callos'itas  vesica; from kvctis,  'bladder,' and
av!;v, 'increase.'   Hypertrophy of the coats of
the urinary bladder.—Fuchs.  See Cysthypersar-
cosis.
  CY'STECTASY, Lithectasy.
  CYSTENCEPH'ALUS, from kvctis, 'bladder/
and  KttpaXv,  'head.'  A monster having  a head
with a vesicular brain.—G.  St. Hilaire.
  CYSTEOL'ITHOS, from kvctis,  ' the bladder,'
and Xtdos, ' a stone.'  Stone in the bladder.  Also,
a medicine, employed to dissolve or break stone.
  CYSTERETHIS'MUS, Vesica Irritabilitas ;
from kvctis, 'the bladder/ axtdtptOtfa, 'I irritate.'
Irritability of the  bladder.
  CYSTHEPAT'ICUS, from kvctis, 'the bladder/
and  'vnap,  'the liver.'  Belonging to  the gall-
bladder and liver.   This name was given, for-
merly, to imaginary  excretory ducts for the bile,
which were  supposed to  pass directly from the
liver to the gall-bladder.
  CYSTHEPATOLITHFASISjCygfttfe^fffofrW-
asia, Cholelith'ia, Cholelithiasis, from kvctis, 'the
bladder/ 'vrap, 'the liver/ and  XtSiaots,  'pain
caused by a calculus.'  The aggregate of pheno-
mena caused by the presence of biliary calculi.
See Calculi, biliary.
  CYSTHITIS, Kysthitis.
  CYSTHUS, Anus.
  CYSTHYPERSARCO'SIS, from kvctis, 'blad-
der/ 'virtp, 'oyer,'  and aapKwats, 'a fleshy growth;'
Excrescen'tia Vesica  urina'ria.  A fleshy thick-
ening of  the coats of  the bladder.
  CYSTIC,  Cys'ticus, from  kvctis, 'a bladder.'
Belonging to the gall-bladder.
  Cystic Artery, Arte'ria Cys'tica, is given off
from the right branch of the hepatic, and divides
into, two branches, which proceed to the  gall-
bladder.   It is accompanied by two cystic veins,
which open  into the vena porta abdominalis.
  Cystic Bile.    Bile contained  in  the  gall-
bladder.
   Cystic Calculi.  Calculi formed in the gall-
bladder.
   Cystic Duct, Ductus cys'ticus, 3tea'tus cys'ti-
cus.  The duct proceeding from the gall-bladder,
which, by its union with  the hepatic, forms the
ductus communis choledochus.
   Cystic Oxide Calculi, see Calculi.
   Cystic Sarco'ma,  of Ab'ernethy, Emphy'ma
Sarcoma celluldsum.   Tumour, cellulose  or cys-
tose; cells oval, currant-sized or grape-sized, con-
taining serous fluid;  sometimes caseous.   Found
in the thyroid gland (forming bronchocele,) testis,
ovarium, Ac.
   CATS'TICA, Cystic Remedies.  Such medicines
as were  formerly  believed proper  for combating
diseases  of the bladder.
   CYSTICER'CUS,  from«j<rny, 'a bladder,' and
KtpKos, ' a tail.'  A genus of entozoa of the family
of the  hydatids,  distinguished by the  caudal
vesicle in  which  the cylindrical or slightly de-
pressed body of the animal terminates.  The Cys-
ticer'cus cellulo'sa seu cellulo'sa, Hy'datis flnna,
has been often found in the cellular membrane.
   CYSTIDALGIA, Cystalgia.
   CYSTIDELCO'SIS, from kvctis, 'bladder/ and
'tXKiacts,  'ulceration.' Suppuration or ulceration
of the urinary bladder.
   CYSTIDEPATKTS, Hepatocystic
   CYSTIDEPATOLITHIASIS, Cysthepatolithi-
asis.
   CYSTIDOBLENNORRH03A,  Cvstirrhcea.
   CYSTIDOCATARRHUS. Cystirrheea,
   CYSTIDOCELE.  Cystoeele.
   CYSTIDOPLEGIA.  Cvstoparalysis.
   CYSTIDORRHAG IA, Cvstorrhagia.
   CYSTIDORRHEXIS,  Cystorrhexis. 
              CYSTID0RRHC5A            2

  CYSTID0RRH03A, Cystirrhcea.
  CYSTIDOSOMATOTOMIA,   Cystosomatoto-
mia.
  CYSTIDOSPASMUS, see Cystospastic.
  CYSTIDOSTENOCHORIA,  Stricture  of the
urinary bladder.
  CYSTIDOTOMIA,  Cystotomia.
  CYSTIDOTRACHELOTOMIA, Cystaucheno-
tomia.
  CYSTINURIA, Urine, cystinic
  CYSTINX, Vesieula.
  CYSTIPHLOGIA, Cystitis.
  CYSTIRRHAG"IA, from kvctis, 'the bladder/
and pvyvvta,' I break forth.'  Hemorrhage from the
bladder, (F.) Himorrhagie de la Vessie. By some
used synonymously with cystirrhcea.
  CYSTIRRHEUMA, Cystorrheuma.
  CYSTIRRHCE'A, from kvctis,  'the bladder/
and ptu>, ' I flow.'  Paru'ria Stillatl'tia Muco'sa,
Blenndria, Blennorrhce'a urina'lis, B. vesica,
Cysto-blennorrhce'a, Cystorrhce'a, Cystido-blennor-
rhce'a, Ischdria,  Cysto-phlegmalica,  Tenes'mus
Vesica Muco'sus,  Urlna muco'sa,  Cystocatar'-
rhus, Cyetido-catar'rhus, Cystidorrhce'a, Urocysto-
catar'rhus,  Dysu'ria 3luco'sa, Pyu'ria 3Iucosa,
P. vis'cida, P.sero'sa,  31orbus cystophlegmal icus,
Catar'rhua  vealea, (F.) Cyetite muqueuae, Flux
muqueux de la vesaie, Catarrhe viaical.  A copious
discharge of mucus from the bladder, passing out
with the urine, and generally attended with dysu-
ria.  It is commonly dependent upon an inflam-
matory or subinflammatory condition of the lining
membrane.  The treatment must be regulated by
the cause.  If it be not produced by an extrane-
ous body : the antiplogistic plan,—the exhibition
of warm diluents, and  keeping the surface  in a
perspirable  state,  by  wearing flannel, are indi-
cated.   Some  of the turpentines may, at times,
be given with advantage; and astringent or other
appropriate injections be thrown into the bladder.
  CYSTIS, Follicle, Urinary bladder—c Cho-
ledochus, Gall-bladder—c  Fellea, Gall-bladder
c. Serosa, Hygroma,
  CYSTITE, Cystitis—c. Muqueuse, Cystitis.
  CYSTI'TIS, from kvctis,  'the  bladder.'   In-
flamma'tio  Vesica, Empres'ma Cystitis, Cystitis
u'rica, Uro-eysti'tis, Cystiphlo'gia, Cystophlo'gia,
Inflammmation of the  bladder,  (F.) Cystite,  In-
flammation de la vessie; characterized by  pain
and swelling in the hypogastric region ; discharge
of urine painful or obstructed, and tenesmus.  It
may affect one or all of the membranes; but com-
monly it is  confined to the mucous coat.   In the
chronic  condition, it appears in  the form of cys-
tirrhcea.  It must be treated upon the same en-
ergetic principles  as are required in other cases
of internal  inflammation.  Venesection, general
and local, the  warm  bath, warm fomentations,
warm, soothing enemata, diluents, Ac.  Cantha-
rides  must be avoided, even in the way of  blis-
ters, unless with  precautions,  as  the  disease is
often  occasioned by  them.
  Cystitis Fellea, Cholecystitis—c. Urica,  Cys-
titis.
  CYSTITOJIE,  Cystilomus, Kibis'titome, from
kvctis, 'the bladder/  and rtuvttv, 'to  cut.'   An
instrument, invented by Lafaye, for dividing the
anterior part  of the  capsule of the crystalline in
the operation for extracting cataract.   It  was
formed like the Pharyne/otome.
  CYSTOBLAST, Cytoblast.
  CYSTO-BLENNORRHCEA, Cystirrhcea.
  CYSTO-BUBONOCE'LE, from kvctis,  'the
bladder/ (3ov(3ov,  'the groin/ and kvXv,  'a tu-
mour.'  Hernia of the bladder through the abdo-
minal ring.
  CYSTO-CATARRHUS, Cystirrhcea.
  CYSTOCE'LE, Cystoce'lia, Ciatoee'le, Cyatido-
6            CYSTOSARCOMA

ce'le, from  kvctis, 'the bladder/ and kvXv, 'a tu-
mour/ Her'nia vesica urina'ria, Hernia of the
bladder, (F.) Hemic de la  Vessie.  It is not com-
mon.   It occurs, most frequently, at the abdomi-
nal ring; less so  at the crural  arch, perinseum,
vagina, and foramen thyroideum.  It may exist
alone,  or  be accompanied by a sac, containing
some abdominal viscus.  The tumour is soft and
fluctuating; disappears on pressure, and increases
in size, when the urine is  retained.  It must  be
reduced and kept in  position by a truss.  Vagi-
nal cystocele is kept in place by a pessary.
  Cystocele  Biliosa,  Turgescentia  vesiculae
fellea?.
  CYSTODYN'IA, from  kvctis,  'the  bladder/
and oSwv, 'pain.'  Pain of the bladder; particu-
larly rheumatic pain.
  CYSTOID, CyatoVdeua,  Cyat-like, from kvctis.
'a  bladder or  cyst/ and ttSos,  'resemblance.
That which resembles a cyst, as ' ci/stoid tumour.
  CYSTO-LITHIASIS, see Calculi, vesical.
  CY'STO-LITH'IC, Cystolitlticus,  from  kvctis,
' the bladder/ and XtSos, ' a stone.'  Relating to
stone in the bladder.
  CYSTOMA, see Kyst,
  CYSTO-MEROCE'LE, from kvctis, 'the blad-
der/ ptpos, 'the thigh/ and  kvXv, 'hernia.'  Fe-
moral  bernia, formed by the bladder protruding
beneath the crural arch.
  CYSTON'CUS, from kvctis, 'the bladder/ and
oyKos,  'tumour.'   Swelling of the bladder.
  CYSTOPARAL'YSIS, Cystidopaml'yaia,  Cys-
tidople'gia,  Gystople'gia, Cystoplex'ia,  from  kvc-
tis,  'bladder/ and irapaXvcts,  'palsy.'   Paralysis
of the urinary bladder.   See Enuresis.
  CYSTO-PHLEGMAT'IC,  Cystophlegmal icus,
from kvctis, 'the bladder/ and tpXtypa, 'mucus,
phlegm.'  Belonging to the vesical mucus.  Mor-
bus  cystophlegmat'icus.   Cystirrhcea.
  CYSTOPHLOGIA, Cystitis.
  CYSTOPHTHI'SIS, Phthisis vesica'lis, from
kvctis,  'the bladder/ and  <pdto>, 'I  consume.'
Consumption from ulceration of the bladder,—
 Ul'cera seu Helco'sis vesica.
  CYSTOPLAS'TIC, Cystoplas'ticus: from kvctis,
'the bladder,' and trXaccia, 'I form.'  An epithet
for operations for the cure of fistulous  openings
into the bladder; sometimes restricted to the cure
by translation of skin from a neighbouring part.
  CYSTOPLEGIA, Cystoparalysis.
  CYSTOPLEG"IC, Oystopleg"ieus.  Belonging
to paralysis of the bladder;  from kvctis,  'the
bladder/ and trXvcaia, 'I  strike.'
  CYSTOPLEX'IA,  Cystoparalysis.
  CYSTOPTO'SIS, from  kvctis,  'the bladder/
and TTtTTTtiv, ' to fall.'  Relaxation of the inner
membrane of the bladder, which projects into the
canal of the urethra.
  CY/STOPY'IC,  Cystopy'icus, from kvctis,  'the
bladder/ and trvov, 'pus.'   Relating to suppura-
tion of the  bladder.
  CYSTORRHAG"IA, Hamatdria cystica, Ha-
morrhag"ia vesica,  Strangu'ria cruen'ta,  San'-
guinis  fluor vesica,  from kvctis, ' the bladder/
and payv, ' rupture.'  A discharge of blood from
the vessels of the urinary bladder.
  CYSTORRHEU'MA, Cystirrhedma, Rheuma-
tis'mus vesica urina'ria;  from kvctis, 'the blad-
der/ and ptvpa, 'defluxion/ rheumatism.'  Rheu-
matism of the bladder.
  CYSTORRHEXTS, Cystidorrhex'is; from kvc-
tis, ' bladder/ and 'pviis, ' rupture.'  Rupture of
the urinary bladder.
  CYSTORRHGEA, Cystirrhcea.
  CYSTOSARCO'MA, from kvctis, 'a bladder or
cyst/   and  sarcoma.   A tumour consisting  of a
combination of cysts and  cystoids, so called by
J. Miiller. 
CYSTOSOMATOMIA
267
DACRYOPCEUS
  C Y ST 0 S 0 M AT 0 M' I A, Cyatoaomatotom'ia, Cys-
tidoaomutotitm'in, from kvctis, 'the bladder/ coipa,
'body,'  and ropv,  'incision.'   An  incision into
the body of the bladder.
  CYS'i'USPASMUS, see Cystospastic.
  CYSTOSPASTIC, Cystospas'ticus, from kvctis,
'the bladder/  and cttou>, 'I contract.'   Relating
to spasm of the bladder, and particularly of its
sphincter; — Cystidospua'mua, Spasmus  Vesica,
Ischdria spaamod'ica, (F.) Spasme de la Veeaie.
  CYSTOSTENOCIIO'RIA, Cystidostenocho'ria,
Strictdrn veai'ca,  Vesica aacca'ta.  A  stricture,
narrowness,  inequality or saecatcd condition of
the urinary bladder.
  0YST0THR0M'B0ID,%*to<7trom&o'i'<Wrom
kvctis, 'the bladder/ and 3po/i/?os, 'a clot.' Relat-
ing to tho presence of clots in the bladder.
  CYSTOT03IE, Cystotomus, from kvctis, 'the
bladder/ and  rtfuvtiv, 'to cut.'  An  instrument
intended for cutting the bladder.  Instruments
of this kind  hatve been more frequently, although
very improperly, called Lithotomca.
  CYSTOTOM'IA, Cyatidotom'ia, same  etymon.
Incision of the bladder.  Sectio  veaica'lia.  Cya-
totomia  means cutting into the bladder for any
purpose; (F.)  Incision lie In vessie.  Commonly,
it is applied to tho puncturing of the bladder for
the purpose  of removing the urine; whilst Litho-
tomy has been employed  for the incisions made
with  the  view of extracting calculi  from the
bladder.   See  Lithotomy.
  CYSTOTRACHELOTOMIA,  Cystauchenoto-
mia,  See Lithotomy.
  CYT'INUS,  Cytinua Hypocistis, Hypocistis,
As'arum Hypocistis.   A small parasitical plant,
which grows in the south of France and in Greece,
on the roots  of the woody cistus.  The juice of its
fruit is acid, and very astringent.  It is extracted
by expression, and converted into an extract, which
was called Succus Hypocis'tidis, and was formerly
much used in hemorrhages, diarrhoea, Ac.
  CYTISI'NA,  Oytisine.   An immediate vege-
table  principle,  discovered  by  Chevalier  and
Lassaigne, in the seeds of Cystisus Labur'num or
Bean-Trefoil tree.  Family, Leguminosae.  Sex.
Syst. Diadelphia Decandria.   Cytisine has ana-
logous properties to emetine.   In the dose of one
or two grains, it produces vomiting and purging;
and, in a stronger dose, acts  as  an acrid poison.
The seeds of the Cytisus Laburnum, (F.) Aubours,
have been long known to produce vomiting and
purging.
  CYTISMA ECZEMA,  Eczema —c.  Herpes,
Herpes.
  CYTISO-GENISTA, Spartium scoparium.
  CYTISUS  LABURNUM,  see Cytisina —c.
Scoparius, Spartium scoparium.
  CYTI'TIS,  Scytltis,  Dermatitis, Dermitis,
Cuti'tis,  Coriitis,  from  kvtis,  'the  skin/  and
itis, ' denoting inflammation.'   Inflammation of
the skin.
  CY'TOBLAST, Cystoblast,  from kvtos, 'cell/
and pXaaros,  'germ.'  Cell-germ,  Nu'cleus,  (F.)
Noyau.   A primary granule,  from which all ani-
mal and vegetable  bodies are  presumed to bo
formed.   When the nucleus or cytoblast forms a
cell, and is attached  to its  walls, the germinal
cell, thus  formed,  is  called  a nucleated  cell.
AVhen the nucleus contains a simple granule, the
latter is  termed  a nucleolus,  (F.) Nucleole, Nu-
cliolule.
  CYTOBLASTE'MA; same etymon.  Intercel-
lular substance, Hy'aline substance, Substan'tia
vitrei seu hyal'inu, 3Iatrix.  The gum or mucus
in the  vegetable, and probably the liquor san-
guinis after transudation from  the vessels in the
animal, in a state fully prepared for the formation
of  the tissues. — Schwann and Schleiden.  By
many, Blastema is preferred,  inasmuch as it does
not convey the idea of cellular development.
  CYTTAROS, Glans.
D.
  The figure of the Greek A, according to Galen,
was the sign for quartan fever.
  DABACH, A'iscum album.
  DACNE'RON, SaKvripov, from SaKvttv, 'to bite.'
An  ancient  name for a collyrium, composed  of
oxide of copper, pepper, cadmia, myrrh, saffron,
gum Arabic, and opium.
  DACRY, Dae'ryma, Dac'ryon, SaKpv, Satpvpa,
SaKpvov, 'a tear:' Hence :
  DACRYADENAL'GIA, Dacryo'ddendlgia,
from SaKpvm, ' I weep/ aSi/v, ' a gland/ and aXyos,
' pain.'  Disease or pain in the lachrymal gland.
  DACRYADENI'TIS, Dacryoadenltis : from
SaKpvu,  'I weep/  aSvv, 'a gland/ and itis.   In-
flammation of the lachrymal gland.
  DACRYALL(EO'SIS, from SaKpv, 'a tear/and
aXXotwais,  'change.'   A morbid condition of the
tears.
  DACRYDION, Convolvulus scammonia.
  DACRYGELO'SIS,  from SaKpvw, 'I weep,'and
ytXaw, ' I  laugh.'  A  kind of insanity, in which
the patient weeps and laughs at the same time.
  DACKYILEMOR'RHYSIS:  from SaKpv,  'a
tear,' and 'atpoppvets, 'hemorrhage.'   A flow  of
bloody  tears.
  DAOKYNOMA. Epiphora.
  DACRYOADENALGIA, Dacryadenalgia.
  DACRYOADENITIS. Dacryadenitis.
  DACKYOBLENNORRHCE'A, from Salvia, 'I
weep,' jiXtwa, 'mucus,' and  pto>, 'I flow.'  Dis-
charge of  tears mixed with mucus.
  DACRYOCYSTAL'GIA, from SaKpvw, 'I weep/
kvctis, 'a sac/ and aXyos, 'pain.'  Disease or pain
in the lachrymal sac.
  DACRYOCY'STIS, Lachrymal sac.
  DACRYOCYSTITIS, from  SaKpvov, 'a  tear/
and kvctis, 'bladder.'  Inflammation of the  lach-
rymal sac.
  DACRYOCYSTOSYRINGOKATAKLEI'SIS;
from dacryocystis, the 'lachrymal sac/ cvpty^, 'a
pipe, a  fistula/ and  KaroKXttcts, 'a locking up.'
A term, proposed  by Dieffenbach for the healing
of lachrymal ffstulae by  transplantation.   The
operation consists in paring the edges of the fis-
tula, loosening the borders, and assisting the re-
quisite tegumental displacement  by lateral inci-
sions.
  DACRYO'DES, Lachrymo'sits, from  SaKpvw, 'I
weep.'   Resembling tears:—hence, Ulcus dacry-
o'des.  A sanious ulcer, a weeping sore.
  DACRYOLITE,  DacryoV'ithus, from  SaKpvw,
' I weep/  and  Xtdos,  ' a  stone.'  A  concretion
found in the lachrymal passages.
  DACRYOLITHI'ASIS; same etymon as the
last.   The formation of concretions in the tears.
  DACRYO'MA.  Same etymon.  The effusion
of tears, occasioned by an occlusion of the puncta
lachrymalia.—Vogel.
  DACRYON, Tear.
  DACRYOPCE'US, from SaKpvw, 'I weep/ and
nottm, ' I make.'  A  substance which excites the 
DACRYOPS
268
DAPHNE
 secretion of tears, — as the onion, horee-radieh,
 garlic, Ac.
   DACRYOPS, from SaKpvw, ' I weep/ and w\p,
 'the  eye.'  A weeping eye.  A tumefaction of
 the lachrymal passages.
   DACRYOPYORRHOS'A,  Pyorrhce'a via'rum
 lachryma'lium, from SaKpv, 'a tear/ 7ruov,  'pus/
 and ptw, ' to flow.'   A discharge of tears mixed
 with purulent matter.
   DACRYORRHayA,  Dacryrrhce'a,  Dacryor'-
 rhysie, Dacryr'rhyeis,  from SaKpv,  ' a  tear,' and
 ptw, ' to flow.'  A morbid flux of tears.
   DACRYORRHYSIS, Dacryorrhcea.
   DACRYOSOLENI'TIS, from SaKpv, 'a tear/
 cwXvv, ' a canal/ and itis, denoting inflammation.
 Inflammation of the lachrymal ducts.
   DACRYOSYRINX,  Fistula lachrymalis.
   DACRYRRH03A, Dacryorrhcea.
   DACRYRRHYSIS,  Dacryorrhcea.
   DACTYLE'THRA, Dactyli'thra, from SoktvXos,
 ' a finger.'  A name given by the ancients to dif-
 ferent topical applications, having the form of a
 finger, and proper for  being introduced into the
 throat to excite vomiting.
   DACTYLETUS, Hermodactylus.
   DACTYL'ION, Dactylium,  from SoktvXos,  'a
 finger.' The union of the fingers with each other.
 This affection is generally congenital; but it may
 be owing to burns, ulcerations, inflammation of
 the fingers, Ae.
   DACTYL'IOS, from  SoktvXos, 'a finger.'  A
 troch or lozenge, when  shaped like a finger. The
 anus.
   DACTYLITIS, Paronychia.
   DACTYLIUS, from SoktvXios,  annulus, 'aring.'
   Dactyl'ius Agulea'tus.  A  worm of a light
 colour, annulated, cylindrical, but tapering slightly
 towards both extremities, from two-fifths to four-
 fifths of an inch long,  which has been  found  in
 the urine.
   DACTYLODOCHME, Dochme.
   DACTYLOSYM'PHYSIS, from SoktvXos,  'a
 finger/ and  cvptpvcis, 'union.'   Adhesion of the
 fingers to each other.
   DACTYLOTHE'KE, from SoktvXos, 'a finger/
 and Bvkv, ' a case or sheath.'  An instrument for
 keeping the fingers extended when  wounded.—
 Ambrose Par6.
   DAC'TYLUS,  Dig"itus, 'a  finger.'   The
 smallest measure of the Greeks, the sixth  part
 of a foot.  Also, the Date.
   DiEDA'LEA  SUAVEOLENS, Bole'tus  seu
 Fungus Salicis, Boletus disco'ideus seu suaveolens,
 Fungus albus sali'geus, (F.) Agaric odorant, Bolet
 odorant.  A  champignon,  which grows on the
 trunks of old willows.   It has a smell of anise,
 which  is penetrating and agreeable;   and  has
 been recommended in phthisis pulmonalis in the
 dose of a scruple four times a day.
   DAEDALUS, Hydrargyrum.
   D.EDION, Bougie.
   DiEMONOMANIA, Demonomania.
   D^ES, Taedae.
   DAFFODIL, Narcissus pseudonarcissus
   DAFFY'S  ELIXIR,  Tinctura sennas compo-
 sita.
   DAISY, Chrysanthemum leucanthemum,  Eri-
 geron Philadelphicum — d. Common, Bellis__d.
 Ox-eye, Chrysanthemum leucanthemum.
  DALBY'S  CARMINATIVE.  A celebrated
 empirical remedy, much used as a carminative
for children.  The following is a  form for its pre-
paration :  (3Iagnesia alb. Qij" ol. mentha piper.
gtt. j ;  ol. nuc. moschat,  gtt. iij ;  ol. anisi, gtt. iij ;
tinct. castor,  gtt. xxx;  tinct. asafcetid.  gtt.  xv;
tinct. opii, gtt, v; ap. pulegii, gtt. xv; tinct. car-
dan, c. gtt.  xxx; aqua mentha pip. ^ij.   M.)
 A  Committee  of the Philadelphia College of
 Pharmacy  recommend  the  following  form: —
 (Aqua,  Ox; Sacchar. alb. ^xxxij; Carbon. Po-
 tass, ^ss; Carb. 31ag. jxij; Tinct. Opii. f^vj;
 Ol. menih.pip.,  Ol. Anethi Ftxnicul. aa !,►)'.'. M.)
   DALTO'NIAN.   An  absurd name given to
 one who cannot distinguish colours; because the
 celebrated chemist Dalton had the defect.  See
 Achromatopsia.
   DALTONISM, Achromatopsia.
   DAMSON, Prunum Damascenum — d. Moun-
 tain, Quassia simarouba — d. Tree, Prunus do-
 mestica.
   DANCE, see Mania, dancing.
   DANCING, Saltdtio,  (F.) Danae.  A kind of
 exercise and amusement, composed of a succes-
 sion of motions, gestures, and attitudes, executed
 by measured steps to the sound  of the voice or
 musical  instrument.   It is a healthy exercise.
   Dancing  Mania,  see  Mania,  dancing—d.
 Plague,  see Mania, dancing.
   DANDELION, Leontodon taraxacum.
   DANDRIFF, Pityriasis.
   DANDRUFF, Pityriasis.
   DANDY, Dengue.
   DANEVERT, MINERAL WATERS OF.  A
 spring, a league and a half from  Upsal, in Swe-
 den.   The waters contain carbonic acid, holding
 in  solution  carbonate of iron,  sulphate of iron,
 sulphates of soda and lime, chloride of sodium,
 and silica. It is frequently employed in medicine.
   DANEWORT, Sambucus ebulus.
  DANICH;  an Arabic word, signifying the
 weight of 8 grains.
  DANSE,  Dancing—d. de St.  Guy, Chorea— d.
 de St.  Witt, Chorea.
  DAPHNE, Laurus.
  Daphne  Alpi'na,   Chamale'a,  Chamala'a,
 Widow wail.  Family, Thymelaeae.  Sex. Syst.
 Octandria Monogynia.   A sort of dwarf-olive.
 An acrid, volatile, alkaline  principle has  been
 separated from  the  bark of this  plant by M.
 Vauquelin, to which he has given the  name
 Daphnine.  The plants of the  genus  owe their
 vesicating property to this principle.
  DAPHNE BOISGENTIL, Daphne mezereum
 — d.  Flax-leaved, Daphne gnidium — d. Garou,
 Daphne gnidium.
  Daphne Gnid'ium, D. panicula'ta, Thymela'a,
 Th. 3Ionspeliaca,  Thymele'a, Cneo'ron, Spurge
 Flax,  Flax-leaved Daphne.  The plant which
 furnishes the  Garou Bark, (F.) Daphni Garou,
 Sain-bois.  It is  chiefly used, when used at all,
 for exciting irritation  of the skin.  The Grana
 Gnid'ia,  (see Cnid'ia grana,) are  acrid poisons,
 like all the plants of this  genus, when  taken in
 quantity.  According to  others, the garou bark
 and grana gnidia are obtained  from the daphne
 laureola.
  Daphne Laureola, D. major, Thymela'a lau-
 re'ola.  The systematic name of the Spurge Laurel,
 Laureola.  The  bark  of  this plant has similar
 properties to the last.
  Daphne Liottardi, D. laureola—d. Major, D.
 laureola.
  Daphne Meze'reum, D. Liottar'di, Thymela'a
 meze'reum.  The systematic name of the iMeze'-
 reon, Mezereum, Spurge olive,  (F.)  Daphni Bois-
gentil.   The bark of  the mezereon, 3tezereum,
 (Ph. U. S.) possesses analogous  properties to the
other varieties of Daphne.  It is considered sti-
mulant and  diaphoretic; and, in large  doses, is
emetic. It has been employed in syphilitic cases,
but its efficacy is doubtful.  Soaked in vinegar,—
like the  other varieties of daphne,  it  has been
employed to irritate the skin, especiaUy to keep
issues open.
  Daphne Paniculata, D. Gnidium. 
DAPHNELiEON             269              DEAMBULATIO
  DAPHNELiE'ON,  O'leum  Lauri'num,  from
Satpvv,  ' the  laurel or bay tree/ and tXaiov,  'oil.'
Oil of Ha,,.
  DAPHNINE, see Daphne Alpina.
  DARNEL, Lolium temulentum.
  DARSEXL, Laurus einnamomum.
  DARSINI, Laurus einnamomum.
  DARSIS, from Stpw,  'I excoriate/ 'I skin.'
The Greek physicians seemed  to have used this
word to designate the  anatomical preparation,
which  consists in removing the skin for exposing
tho organs covered by it.
  DARTA,  Impetigo — d. Excoriativa,  Herpes
exedens—d. Maligna, Herpes exedens.
  DARTOS.  Same derivation ; Membra'na car-
no'sa,  Tu'nica  musculo-'ris, T. rublendda scroti,
Marsdpium musculo'sum; from Sapros, 'skinned.'
A name, given to the second covering of the tes-
ticle, which  the ancient anatomists conceived to
be  muscular, but which is merely areolar.  Its
external surface is towards the scrotum ; the in-
ternal  towards the tunica vaginalis.   Frederick
Lobstein  and Breschet  consider, that it proceeds
from an expansion of the fibrous cord, known by
tho name Giibcrnaculum Testis.
  DAR THE,  Herpes, Impetigo, Pityriasis — d.
Crustacic, Ecthyma impetigo — d. Crustacie fla-
vescente, Porrigo lupinosa—d. Croiileuse, Impetigo
—d. Ecailleuse, Psoriasis—d.  Fongueuse, Ecthy-
ma—d. Fuifuracie arrondie,  Lepra,  Lepra vul-
garis—d. Fuifuracie volante.  Lichen, Pityriasis
— d. Phlyctinoide,  Herpes phlyctaenoides — d.
Pustu/euse couperose, Gutta rosea—d. Pustuleuse
dissiminie, Acne—d. Pustuleuse mentagra,  Syco-
sis — d. Rongeante, Herpes exedens ;  see Esthio-
menus — d. Squam.meuse  humide,  Eczema — d.
Squammeuse lichino'ide, Psoriasis — d. Vive, Ec-
zema.
  DARTREUX (F.),  Herpetic.  Participating
in the characters of Dartre or  Herpes. Also, one
affected with dartre.  Dartre  has been used,  at
one time or other, for almost every disease of the
skin.   See Herpes.
   DAS'A'MA,  from Sacvs, 'rough/ 'hairy.'  A
disease of the  eye — the same as trachoma, but
less in degree.—Ae'tius, Gorraeus.
   DAS'YTES.  Same etymon.  Roughness, par-
ticularly of the tongue  and  voice.   Hairiness,
Hirsu'ties.
   DATE, Pal'mula, Dac'tylus, Bal'anos, Phce'ni-
cos, the fruit of the Phccnix dactylif'era seu ex-
cel'sa, Palma dactylif'era, (F.) Datte.  The un-
ripe date is astringent.  AVhen ripe, it resembles
the fig.   The juice of the  tree  is refrigerant,
  DATE PLUM, INDIAN, Diospyrus lotus.
  DATTE, Date.
  DATURA,  D. Stramonium.
   Datu'ra Sanguin'ea, Red Thorn Apple;  called
by the Indians of Peru  Huacacachu, Yerba  de
Huaca (huaca, a grave) or Grave-plant,  and Bo-
vachevo.  A plant from which the Peruvian In-
dians prepare a narcotic drink called Tonga.
   Datu'ra Stramo'nium, Stramo'nium, Stramo'-
nia, Barycoc'calon, Sola'num foe'tidum, Stramo'-
nium majus album, seu spino'sum seu vulga'tum seu
foe'tidum, Pomum seu Malum spino'sum, Nux me-
thcl, Datu'ra,  Dutro'a, Daty'ra,  Thorn Apple,
Jamestown  Weed, Jimston Weed, Stinkweed, (F.)
Stramoine, Pomme epineuse. The herbaceous part
of  the plant and the seeds are the parts used in
medicine.  They are narcotic and poisonous ; —
are "-iven internally as narcotics and antispasmo-
dics, and applied "externally as sedatives, in the
form of fomentation.  The seeds are smoked like
tobacco, in  asthma.  The dose of the powder is,
gr. j to gr. viii.
  DA'TURINE, Daturi'na, Datu'ria, Datdrium.
The active  principle of the Datura Stramonium,
separated by Brandes, a German chemist. It has
not been rendered available in medicine.
  DATURIUM, Daturine.
  DATYRA, Datura stramonium.
  DAUCI'TES VINUM.   AVine, of which the
Daucus or Wild Carrot was an ingredient.  The
seeds were steeped in must. It was formerly used
in coughs, convulsions, hypochondriasis, diseases
of the uterus, Ac.
  DAUCUS CANDIANUS, Athamantacretensis.
  Daucus  Caro'ta.   The systematic name  of
the Carrot Plant; Daucus, Daucus syIves'tris seu
vulga'ris seu sativus, Cauca'lis caro'ta, Pastina'ca
sylvestris tenuifo'lia officindrum, Ado'rion.   Or-
der, Umbelliferae.  (F.) Garotte.  The root, and
seed, Carota — (Ph.  U. S.) — have been used in
medicine.   The  root is sweet and mucilaginous ;
and the seeds have an aromatic odour, and mode-
rately  warm, pungent taste.  The root has  been
used as an emollient, to fetid  and ill-conditioned
sores.   The  seeds have been  regarded  as  sto-
machic, carminative and diuretic; but they have
little efficacy.  The  seeds of  the wild plant are,
by some, preferred to those of the garden.
   Daucus  Creticus, Athamanta cretensis — d.
Cyanopus,  Pimpinella magna — d. Sativus,  D.
carota—d.  Seprinius,  Scandix cerefolium — d.
Sylvestris, D. carota—d. Vulgaris, D. carota.
   DA UPHINELLE, Delphinium staphisagria.
   DAVIDSON'S REMEDY FOR CANCER, see
Conium maculatum.
   DA VIER, Dentagra.
   DAAVLISH,  CLIMATE OF.  A town in De-
vonshire, frequented by phthisical invalids during
the winter.  It is well  protected from northerly
winds, and also from the violence of the south-
westerly gales.  It offers,  however, but a con-
fined space.
   DAX, MINERAL WATERS OF.  Dax is a
city two leagues from Bordeaux, where there are
four springs, that  are almost purely  thermal;
containing only a very small  quantity of chloride
of  magnesium,  and sulphate of soda and  lime.
Temperature 76° to 133° Fahrenheit.
   DAY'MARE,  Incubus vigilantium.
   DAY-SIGHT, Hemeralopia—d. Alsion, Heme-
ralopia.
   DAZZLING,  Caliga'tio, (F.)  Eblouissement.
A momentary disturbance of sight, occasioned
either  by the sudden impression of  too powerful
a light, or by some internal cause;  as plethora.
   DE  VENTRE INSPICIENDO,  'of  inspect-
ing the belly.' AVhere there is reason to suppose,
that a woman feigns herself  pregnant, a writ de
ventre  inspiciendo may be issued to  determine
whether she be so  or not.   Until recently, in
England, the decision was left to twelve matrons
and twelve respectable men, according to the
strict terms of the ancient writ.
   DEAF-DUMBNESS, Mutitas surdorum.
   DEAFNESS, from Anglo-Saxon  bear.  Sur'-
ditas,  Copho'sis, Dysecoi'a, Dysecce'a organ'ica,
Baryecoia, Hardness of hearing, Hypocopho'sis,
Subsur'ditas, Bradycoi'a, Bradyecoi'a, (F.) Sur-
diti, Durcti de t'ouie.  Considerable diminution
or total loss of hearing.  It may be the  effect of
acute or chronic inflammation of the internal ear,
paralysis of the auditory nerve or its pulpy extre-
mity, or of  some mechanical  obstruction to the
sonorous rays. In most cases, however, the cause
of the deafness is not appreciable, and the treat-
ment has to be purely empirical.  Syringing the
ears, dropping in slightly stimulating oils, fumi-
gations, Ac, are the most likely means to afford
relief.
   Deafness, Taylor's Remedy for, see Allium.
   DEALBATIO, Paleness.
   DEAMBULATIO, AValking. 
DEARTICULATIO
270
DECIDUA
  DEARTICULATIO, Diarthrosis.
  DEASCIATIO, Aposceparnismus.
  DEATH, (Sax. 6ea«,) Apobio'sis, Abio'sis, Ex-
tinc'tio, Ob'itus, Psychorag"ia, Psychorrhag"ia,
Le'thum,Letum, 3Iors, Inter'itus, Than'atos, Death,
(F.) 3Iort.  Definitive cessation of all the func-
tions, the aggregate of which constitute life. Real
Death, Apothnna'sia, is distinguished from  as-
phyxia or  apparent death: — the latter  being
merely a suspension of those same  functions.
But it is often difficult to judge of such  suspen-
sion, and the only certain  sign of real death is
the commencement of putrefaction.   At times,
therefore, great caution is requisite to avoid mis-
takes.   Death is commonly preceded by some
distressing symptoms, which depend on lesion of
respiration, circulation, or  of  the cerebral func-
tion, and which constitute the agony. That which
occurs suddenly, and without  any, or with few,
precursory signs, is  called sudden death.  It is
ordinarily caused by disease of the heart; apo-
plexy; the rupture of an  aneurism, or by some
other organic affection.  Death is natural, when
it occurs as the result of disease: violent, when
produced by some forcible agency.  It may like-
wise affect the whole body, or a part only; hence
the difference  between somatic  and molecular
death.
  The chief varieties of the modes of death may
be thus given :—
                             C Suddenly—Syn-
Death  beginning at the heart, 1 cope: Gradual—
                             ( Asthenia.
  "       "      in the lungs—Asphyxia.
  "       "      in the brain—Apoplexy.
                 in  the gray  f Paralysis .of
  "       "      matter of the-j pneumogastrics,
                 medulla,     (Ac.
  "       "      in  the blood—necraemia.
  Death, Apparent, Asphyxia.
  Death, Black.  The plague of the 14th cen-
tury was  so called,  which is  supposed  to have
proved fatal in Europe to 25,000,000 of people.—
Hecker.
   Death of Man, Cicuta maculate — d. Stiffen-
ing,  Rigor mortis.
   DEBILIS, Infirm.
   DEBIL'ITANTS, Debilitadtia, Antidynam'-
ica, Philadynanlica, from  debilitare, itself from
debilis,  quasi  dehabilis,  'weak/ 'to weaken.'
Remedies exhibited for the purpose of reducing
excitement.  Antiphlogistics  are, hence,  debili-
tants.
   DEBILITAS, Debility—d. Erethisica, see Irri-
table— d.  Nervosa,  Neurasthenia, see Irritable
— d. Visus, Asthenopia.
   DEBIL'ITY,  Debil'itas, Asthenia,  Blacia,
Anenerge'sia,  Anenergla,  Weakness, (F.) Fai-
blesse.  A condition, which may  be induced by
a number of causes.  It must  not be confounded
with fatigue, which is temporary,  whilst debility
is generally more permanent.
   Debility may be real, or it  may be apparent;
and, in the management of disease, it is important
to attend to this. At the commencement of fever,
for example, there is often a degree of apparent
debility, which  prevents the  use  of appropriate
means, and is the cause of much evil.   Excite-
ment is more dangerous than debility.
   DEB0ITE3IENT, Luxation.
   D&B0RDE3IENT  (F.), from diborder,  (de
and border) 'to  overflow.' A popular term for
 one or more sudden and copious evacuations from
the  bowels.  It is chiefly applied to bilious  eva-
 cuations of this kind—Dibordement de Bile.
   DERRIDEMENT (F.), Frano'rum solu'tio,
from (F.) dibrider, (de and brider,) ' to unbridle.'
The  removal of filaments, Ac, in  a wound  or
abscess, which prevent the discharge of pus.'  In
a more general  acceptation, it means the cutting
of a soft, membranous or aponeurotic part, which
interferes with the exercise  of any organ what-
ever: thus, in paraphimosis, dibridement of the
prepuce is practised to put an end to the inflam-
mation of the glans : in strangulated hernia, di-
bridement of the abdominal  ring is had recourse
to, to remove the stricture of the intestine. Ac.
  DECAGRAMME, from Siko, ' ten,' and yoap/ia,
'a gramme.'  The weight of ten grammes, 154.34
grains Troy.
  DECAM'YRON, from Saca, 'ten/ and uvpov,
' ointment.'  An ancient cataplasm,  composed of
malabathrum,  mastich, euphorbium,  spikenard,
styrax calamita, carbonate of lime, common pep-
per, unguentum nardi, opobalsamum,  and wax.
  DECANTA'TION,  Decantdtio, Defu'sio, 3Ie-
tangism'os, Catach'ysis.  A pharmaceutical  ope-
ration, which consists in pouring off, gently,  by
inclining the vessel, any fluid which has left a
deposit.
  DECAPITATIO  ARTICULORUM, see Re-
section.
  DECARBONIZATION, Haematosis.
  DECESSIO,  Ecpiesma.
  DECHARNE, Demusculatus.
  DECHAUSSE3IENT (F.) (de and chausser.)
The  state, in which the  gums have fallen  away
from  the teeth, as in those affected  by mercury,
in old persons, Ac.  Also, the operation of lanc-
ing the gums.   See Gum lancet.
  DECHAUSSOIR,  Gum lancet.
  DECHIREMENT, Laceration.
  DECH1RURE, Wound, lacerated.
  DECIDENTIA, Cataptosis, Epilepsy.
  DECIDUA, Decidua membrana.
  Decid'ua Membra'na, Decidua, Decid'uons
3Iembrane, from deeidere, ' to fall  off/ (de, and
cadere.)  So called on account of its being consi-
dered to be discharged from the uterus at partu-
rition.  A membrane, formerly defined to be the
outermost membrane of the foetus in utero; and
still so defined by some—as by Dr. Lee. Chaus-
sier  calls it Epichdrion: by others, it has  been
called Membra'na cadu'ea Huntcri, 3I.flocculed-
ta, M. cellulo'sa, M. sinuo'sa,  31. commu'nis,  31.
praexia'tene, Decidua externa, Tu'nica exterior
ovi,  T. cadu'ea, T. craaaa, Membra'na cribro'aa,
Membra'na  ovi mater'na, 31. muco'ea, Decidua
apongio'sa, Epio'ne, Placen'ta uteri succenturid-
tus, Subplacedta, Membra'na u'teri inter'na evo-
lu'ta, Nidamen'tum, Anhis'tous  membrane, (F.)
 Caduque, O. vraie, 3Iembrane caduque, Epione,
Pirione. Prior to the time of the Hunters, called
 Cho'rion apongio'aum, C. tomento'aum, fungo'aum,
reticula'tum,  ike.,  Tu'nica  fllamento'sa, Shaggy
 Chorion, Spongy Chorion, Ac.  Great diversity
has  prevailed, regarding this membrane and its
reflected portion.  It exists  before the germ  ar-
rives in the  uterus,—as it has been met with in
tubal and ovarial pregnancies;  and  is  occa-
sioned  by a new action, assumed by the uterine
vessels at the moment of conception.  Chaussier,
Lobstein, Gardien,  v"elpeau and others consider
it to be a sac, without apertures, completely li-
ning the uterus, and that when the ovum descends
through the tube, it pushes the decidua before it,
 and becomes  enveloped in it, except at the part
 destined to form the  placenta.  That portion of
the membrane, which covers the' ovum, forms  the
 3Icmbra'na decid'ua reflex'a, (F.) Caduque  refli-
 chie, 31embrane caduque reflichie,  according to
 them ;—the part lining the uterus being the De-
 cidua U'teri.  Toward?  the end of the fourth
month,  the  decidua rellexa  disappears.    The 
DECIDUOUS MEMBRANE
271
DECOCTUM
very existence of a Tunica decidua reflexa  has,
however, been denied.  This last membrane has
received various  names.  Dr. Granville, regard-
ing it as the external membrane of the ovum, has
termed it Cortex ovi.  It has also been termed
Invoht crura  membrana' ccum,  Membra'na   reti-
form'ia eho'rii, Jlembrn'ntt fllamcnto'aa, 31. ad-
veutit" in  and 31. craaaa,  Ovuline  and Decid'ua
protrdsa.  To the membrane which, according
to Bojanus  and  others, is situate between the
placenta and the uterus, and which he considers
t» be produced at a later period than the decidua
vera, he gave the name membra'na decid'ua se-
ro'tina.
   Histological researches  seem to show, that the
decidua  is an altered condition  of  the lining
membrane of the uterus, with a whitish secretion
filling the uterine tubular glands.  The decidua
reflexa is probably formed by the agency of nu-
cleated cells from the plastic materials thrown out
from the decidua uteri; in the same  manner  as
the chorion is formed in the Fallopian Tube  from
plastic materials thrown out from its lining mem-
brane.  That the decidua reflexa is  not a mere
inverted portion  of the decidua uteri is shown
by the fact,  that the  texture of  the two is by
no means identical.
   DErmuA Protrusa, Decidua reflexa.
   DECIDUOUS  MEMBRANE, Decidua (mem-
brana).
   DECIGRAMME, Decigram'ma, from decimus,
'the  tenth part/ and  ypauua,  'gramme.'   The
tenth part of the gramme in weight; equal to a
little less than two grains, French; 1.543 Troy.
   DECIMA'NA  FEBRIS,   from decern, 'ten.'
An intermittent,  whose paroxysms return every
10th day or every 9 days.  It is supposititious.
   DECLAMA'TION, Declama'tio, from de,  and
clamure, 'to cry out.'  The  art of depicting the
sentiments by inflections of the voice, accompa-
nied with gestures, which render the meaning of
the  speaker  more evident, and infuse  into the
minds of the auditors the emotions with which
he is impressed.   Declamation  may become the
cause  of disease: the  modification, produced  in
the pulmonary circulation,—accompanied by the
great excitement, sometimes experienced,—is the
cause  of many morbid affections ; particularly of
pneumonia, haemoptysis, and apoplexy.   In  mo-
deration, it gives a healthy excitement to the
frame.
■   DECLIN,  Decline.
   DECLINATIO, Decline.
   DECLINE,  Declindtio,  Inclindtio, Decre-
men'tum, Remis'sio, Parac'me, Paracma'sia,  (F.)
Dielin, from de, and  clinare,  ' to bend.'  That
period of a disorder  or paroxysm, at which the
symptoms begin to  abate in violence.  AVe speak,
also, of the decline of life, or of the powers,  (F.)
Dielin de Vage, L'age  de  dielin, when the  phy-
sical and moral faculties lose a littlo of their ac-
tivity^and energy.  See Phthisis, and Tabes.
   DECLIVE, (F.) Decllvia,  from de, 'from/
and clivus,  ' acclivity.'  Inclining downwards.
This epithet is applied to the  most depending
part of a tumour or abscess.
   DECOCTION, Decoc'tio,  from deeoquere, 'to
boil/ (de and coquere,) Epae'aia, Apoz'esis, Zesia,
Hcpae'ais, Aphepaia, (F.) Dicoction.  The opera-
tion of boiling certain ingredients in a fluid, for
the  purpose  of  extracting the parts  soluble  at
that  temperature.  Decoction,  likewise, means
the product of this operation, to which the terms
Decoctum, Zcma, Aphepse'ma, Ap'ozem, Apoz'ema,
Hcpse'ma, Chylua and Epse'ma, have been ap-
plied according to ancient  custom, in  order  to
avoid  any confusion between the operation  and
its product;—as praparatio  is used for the act
of preparing; praparatum, for the thing prepared.
  Decoction of  Aloes,  Compound,  Decoctum
aloes  compositum — d. of  Bark,  Decoctum Cin-
chona?— d. of Barley, Decoctum hordei — d. of
Barley, compound, Decoctum hordei compositum
— d. Bitter,  Decoctum amarum — d. of Cabbage
tree  bark, Decoctum  geoffrseae inermis — d. of
Cassia, Decoctum cassiae—d. of Chamomile,  De-
coctum anthemidis nobilis  — d. of Cinchona,  De-
coctum  Cinchonae — d. of Cinchona,  compound
laxative, Decoctum kinae  kinae  compositum et
laxans— d.  of  Colomba,  compound,  Decoctum
Calumbae  compositum — d. of Dandelion, Decoc-
tum Taraxaci—d. of Dogwood, Decoctum Cornus
Florida?—d. of  Elm bark,  Decoctum ulmi—d. of
Foxglove, Decoctum digitalis—d. de Gctyac com-
poaie, Ac, Decoctum  de Guyaco compositum —
d. of Guaiacum,  compound,  Decoctum Guaiaci
compositum — d. of Guaiacum, compound purga-
tive, Decoctum  de  Guayaco compositum — d. of
Hartshorn, burnt, Mistura cornu usti—d. of Hel-
lebore, white, Decoctum veratri — d. of Iceland
moss, Decoctum cetrarias — d. of Liverwort,  De-
coctum lichenis — d. of Logwood, Decoctum  haa-
matoxyli—d. of Marshmallows, Decoctum althaeae
— d. de 3Iuuve  composie, Decoctum malvae com-
positum— d. of Oak bark, Decoctum querclls —
d. d'Orge, Decoctum hordei—d. d'Orge composie,
Decoctum hordei compositum—d. of Pipsissewa,
Decoctum chimaphilae — d. of Poppy, Decoctum
papaveris—d. of Quince seeds, Decoctum cydoniae
— d. de Quinquina composie et laxative, Decoc-
tum  kinae kinae compositum et laxans — d. de
Sulsnpareille composie, Decoctum sarsaparillae
compositum — d. of Sarsaparilla, Decoctum  sar-
saparillae— d. of Sarsaparilla, compound, Decoc-
tum sarsaparillae compositum—d. of Sarsaparilla,
false,  Decoctum araliae nudicaulis—d. of Squill,
Decoctum scillae—d. of Uva ursi, Decoctum uvae
ursi — d. of  the AAroods, Decoctum  Guaiaci com-
positum — d. of AVoody nightshade,  Decoctum
dulcamara;—d.  of Zittmann, Decoctum Zittmanni.
  DECOCTUM, Decoction — d. Album, Mistura
cornu usti.
  Decoctum Al'oes  Compos'itum, Balsam  of
Life, Compound Decoction  of Aloes.  (Ext. glyc.
%iv,potass, subcarb. *"")ij, aloes spicat. ext.: myrrha
contrit,:  croci stigmat. aa %], aqua Oj.   Boil to
fgxij : strain, and add tinct. card. c. f£iv. Pharm.
L.)  The  gum  and extractive  are dissolved in
this preparation.  The alkali is added to take up
a little of the  resin.   The tincture  prevents it
from  spoiling.   It is gently cathartic.  Dose,
f gss to § ij.
  Decoctum Althai'a:, D.  althaa officina'lis:
Decoction  of 3Iarsh-malloios, (F.)  Dicoction de
Guimauvc. (Rad. althaa sice. ^iv. vvar.passar.
"sjij, aqua, Ovij.  Boil to Ov. Pour off the clear
liquor. Pharm. E.)  It is  used as a demulcent.
  Decoctum Ama'rum; Bitter Decoction.  (Rad.
gent, ^j,  aqua  Oijss.   Boil for  a quarter of an
hour; add species amara  ""jij-   Infuse  for  two
hours and filter, without expressing. Pharm. P.)
It is tonic  Dose,  fsjss to *§ij.
  Decoctum Anthe'm'idts  Nob'ilis, D. Chama-
me'li; Decoction of Cham'omile.   (Flor. anthe-
mid. nobil. *|j,  sem. carui giv, aqua Ov.  Boil
for fifteen minutes  and strain.  Pharm. E.)   It
contains bitter  extractive  and essential oil,  dis-
solved in  water.  It is used, occasionally, as a
vehicle for tonic powders, pills. Ae., and in fo-
mentations and glysters;  but for the last pur-
pose,  warm  water  is  equally efficacious.  The
Dublin college has a compound decoction.
  Decoctum Ara'lia: Nupicau'lis:  Decoction
of False  Sarsaparilla.  (Ara I ice nudicaul. ^vj,
aqua  Oviij.  Digest for four hours,  and then boil 
DECOCTUM
272
DECOCTUM
to four pints: press out and strain the decoction.
Former Ph. U. S.)  It is used as a stomachic,
but it is an unnecessary and laborious prepa-
ration.
  Decoctum Cassia;; Decoction of Cassia.  (Cas-
sia pulp. *"jij, aqua Oij.  Boil for a few minutes,
filter without expression, and add syrup, violar.
""""j, or manna pur. """jij.  (Pharm. P.)  It is lax-
ative, in the dose of ^vj.
  Decoctum  Cetra'ria:, Decoction of Iceland
3Ioss.   (Cetrar. ^ss,  aqua Oiss.   Boil to a pint,
and strain with compression.   Ph. U. S.)  Dose,
f^iv to Oss, and more.
  Decoctum  Chamaimeli, Decoctum anthemidis
n.obilis.
  Decoctum Chimaph'ila:, Decoction ofPiipsis'-
sewa.  (Chimaph. contus. """"j,  aqua Oiss.  Boil to
a pint, and strain.  Pharm. U. S.)  Dose, f^iss.
  Decoctum Cincho'na:, Decoctum Cinchona, D.
Oor'ticis Cinchona; Decoction of Cinchona,  D.
of Bark, Decoctum Kina Kina.  (Cinchon. cort.
contus. ^j, aqua Oj.   Boil for ten minutes, in a
slightly covered  vessel, and strain  while hot.
Pharm. U. S.)  It contains quinia and  resinous
extractive, dissolved  in water.  Long coction ox-
ygenates and precipitates the extractive.   It can
be given, where the powder does not sit easy,
Ac.   Dose, f^j to §iv.
  The Pharmacopoeia of the  United States has a
Decoctum Cinchona  flava, Decoction of  yellow
bark, and a Decoctum Cinchona rubra, Decoction
of red bark, both of which are prepared as above.
  Decoctum Colom'ba: Compos'itum; Compound
Decoction of Colombo.  (Colomb. contus., quassia,
aa Q), cort. aurant. Zji rhej pulv. "**)j, potassa
carbonat.  "^ss,  aqua  "jfxx.   Boil to  a pint, and
add tinct. lavand. f3ss. Former Ph. U. S.)  Given
as a tonic,  but not worthy an officinal station.
  Decoctum Commune pro Clystere, D. malva?
compositum—d. Cornu cervini, Mistura cornu usti.
  Decoctum  Cornus  Flor'ida:,  Decoction  of
Dogwood.  (Cornus Florid,  cont. "jjj,  aqua  Oj.
Boil  for ten  minutes  in  a covered vessel, and
strain while hot.   Pharm. U. S.)   Dose, f^iss.
  Decoctum Cydo'nia:, Mueildgo Sem'inis Cy-
do'nii JIuli, 31. Sem'inum Cydonio'rum;  Decoc-
tion   or JIu'cilage of Quince  seeds.   (Cydonia
sem. 3'j» aqua Oj.  Boil for  ten minutes  over a
gentle fire, and strain. Pharm. L.)  It is merely
a solution of mucilage in water, and is used as a
demulcent.
  Decoctum Daphnes Meze'rei, Decoctum 3Ie-
ze'rei, Decoction of 31eze'reon. (Cort. rad. daphn.
mezerei, """jij, rad. glycyrrh. cont. ^ss, aqua Oiij.
Boil  over a gentle fire to Oij, and strain.)  The
acrimony of the mezereon and  the  saccharine
mucilage of the liquorice root are imparted to the
water.  It is somewhat stimulant, and has been
used  in secondary  syphilis; but is devoid of
power.  Dose f"§iij to ^vj.
  Decoctum Diaphoreticum, D. Guaiaci compo-
situm—d. pro Enemate, D. malvae compositum.
  Decoctum Digita'lis, Decoction of Fox-glove.
(Fol. digit, sice """"j, aqua q. s. ut colentur f^viij.
Let the liquor begin to boil over a slow fire, and
then  remove it.   Digest for fifteen minutes, and
strain.  Pharm. D.)   It possesses the properties
of the plant.   Dose,  f Jij to "^iij.
  Decoctum Dulcama'ra:, Decoction of  Woody
Nightshade.   (Dulcamara  cont.  "**;j, aqua Oiss.
Boil to Oj, and strain.  Pharm. U. S.)   This  de-
coction has been  considered diuretic and diapho-
retic, and has  been  administered extensively in
skin  diseases.  It is probably devoid of efficacy.
   Decoctum pro Fomento, D. papaveris.
   Decoctum Geoffraj'a:  Inerm'is; Decoction
of Cabbage- Tree Bark.   (Cort. geoffr. inermis in
pulv. ^j, Aqua Oij.   Boil  over  a slow  fire to a
pint, and strain.  Pharm. E.)  It is  possessed
of anthelmintic, purgative, and narcotic  proper-
ties, and has  been chiefly used for the  first of
these purposes.   Dose,  to children,  f£ij — to
adults, fjjss to 5'j.
  Decoctum Guaiaci  Compos'itum, D.  Guaiaci
officina'lis  compos'itum, Decoctum  Ligno'rnm, D.
de Guyaco  compos'itum, D. sudor if icum,  D.  tliu-
phoreticum ;  Compound decoction of Guaiacum,
Decoction of the Woods.   (Lign.  guaiac. rasur.
Siij, yVifcr. sice, vitis vinifer. ^ij, rad.  lauri. sns-
safr.  concis.,  rad. glycyrrh.  aa  5J,  aqua  0*
Boil the Guaiacum and raisins over a slow fire to
Ov:  adding the  roots towards  the  end, then
strain.  Pharm. E.)   It is possessed of stimu-
lant properties, and has been given in  syphilitic,
cutaneous, and rheumatic affections.   The resin
of the guaiacum is, however, insoluble in water,
so that  the guaiac wood in it cannot be supposed
to possess much,  if any, effect.  The Parisian
Codex has a
   Decoctum de Guyaco Compos'itum et Pur-
gans, (F.) Decoction de Gayac Composie et Pur-
gative ; Compound purgative Decoction of Gua-
iacum.  (Lign. guaiac. rasp., rati, sarsap. aa **";j,
potass,  carbonat. gr. xxv.   Macerate for twelve
hours, agitating occasionally,  in water Oiv, until
there remain Oiij.   Then  infuse in it fol. senna
gij, rhej £j, lign. sassafr., glycyrrh. rad. aa """''j>
sem. coriand.  £j.  Strain  gently,  suffer it to
settle, and pour off the clear supernatant liquor.
The title sufficiently indicates the properties of
the composition.
   Decoctum Ha:matox'yli, Decoction of Log-
wood.   (Hamatoxyl. rasur.  ^j, aqua  Oij.  Boil
to a pint, and strain.   Pharm. U.  S.)
   Decoctum Hellebori  Albi, D.  veratri — d.
Kinae kinae, D. Cinchonae.
   Decoctum  Hor'dei, Decoctum Hordei Dis'-
tichi, Ptis'ana  Hippocralica, Tipstt'ria,  Tap-
su'ria,  Aqua Hordea'ta, Hydrocrlthe,  Barley
 Water,  Decoe'tion of Barley,   (F.)  Decoction
d'Orge,  Tisane Commune.   (Hord.  3;ij, Aqua
Oivss.   Wash the barley well, boil for a few
minutes in water  Oss: strain  this, and throw it
away, and add the remainder, boiling.  Boil to
Oij, and strain. Pharm. L.)  It is nutritive and
demulcent, and is chiefly used as a common drink,
and in glysters.
   Decoc'tum  Hordei Compos'itum,  Decoctum
pectora'le, Ptisana commitnis;  Compound De-
coction  of Barley, (F.)  Dicoction d'Orge  com-
  fosie.  (Decoct, hord. Oij,  earica frnct. concis.
  ij, glycyrrh. rad. concis. et contus. 3;ss, uvarum
pass, demptis  acinis. ^ij, aqua Oj.  Boil to Oij,
and strain. Pharm. L.)  It has similar proper-
ties to the last,
   Decoctum  Kina: Kina: Compos'itum et
Laxans, Dicoction de  quinquina  composie  et
laxative;  Compound  lax'ative decoction  of  Cin-
chona.   (Cort. cinchon. ^j, aqua  Oij.  Boil  for a
quarter of an  hour, remove it from the fire;  then
infuse in it for half an  hour, fol.  senna,  soda
sulph. aa ■"Jij : add syrup de sennd f *|j.)  Its title
indicates its properties.
   Decoctum  Liche'nis,  Decoctum Liche'nis Is-
lan'dici; Decoction of Liv'erwort.  (Lichen gj,
aqua Oiss.  Boil to a pint, and strain. Pharm. L.)
It  consists of bitter  extractive and fecula, dis-
solved  in  water, and its  operation is  tonic and
demulcent.  Dose, f*";j to "|iv.    It is also nu-
trient, but hardly worthy of the rank  of an offi-
cinal preparation.
   Decoctum Lignorum, D. Guaiaci compositum.
   Decoctum  Malva: Compos'itum,  Decoctum
pro enem'ate, Decoctum commu'ne pro clyste're;
 Compound Decoction  of Mallow,  (F.) Dicoction
de Mauve composie.   (Malva exsicc. §j, anthe- 
DECOCTUM                273             DECUSSATION
 mid. flor. cxaicc. "§ss, aqua Oj.   Boil for fifteen
 minutes  and strain.)  It consists of bitter ex-
 tractive, and mucilage  in water,  and is  chiefly
 used for clysters  and fomentations.  It is un-
 worthy a place in  the pharmacopoeias.
    Decoctum Mezerei, D. daphnes mezcrei—d.
 Pcctorale, D. hordei compositum.
    Decoctum Papav'eris,  Decoc'tum  pro  Fo-
 meu'to, Fotus commu'nis; Decoction of Poppy.
 (Pnpav.  somnif. eapsul. concis. ^iv, aqua Oiv.
 Boil for fifteen  minutes, and strain.  Pharm. I.)
 It contains the narcotic principle of the  poppy,
 and mucilage in water:  is anodyne and emol-
 lient, and  employed as such in fomentation, in
 painful swellings, ulcers,  Ac.
    Decoctum Polygala: Senega;, D. Senegae.
    Decoctum Quercus  Alba:, D. Quercus  Rd-
 boris^ Decoction of White Oak Burk.  (Quercus
 cort. £},  aqua Oiss.  Boil to a pint, and strain.
 Pharm.  U.lS.)   It is  astringent, and used  as
 such, in injections, in leucorrhcea, uterine hemor-
 rhage, Ac, as well as in the form of fomentation
 to unhealthy ulcers.
    Decoctum Sarsaparil'la:, D. Smilacis  Sar-
 saparilla ; Decoction of  Sarsaparilla.   (Sarsa-
 parill. rad. concis. ^iv, aq. fervent. Oiv.   Mace-
 rate for  four hours, near the fire, in a lightly
 covered vessel;  then bruise the  root; macerate
 again for two hours; then boil to Oij, and strain.
 Pharm. L.)  It contains  bitter extractive, and
 mucilage in water; is demulcent,  and has been
 used, although  it is doubtful with what efficacy,
 in the sequelae of syphilis.  Dose, f^iv to Oss.
   Decoctum Sarsaparilla; Compos'itum ; Com-
 pound Decoction of Sarsaparil'la, (F.) Dicoction
 de Salsapareille Composie. (Sarsaparill. concis.
 et contus. "§ vj, Sassafr. Cort. concis., Lign. Guaiac.
 rasur., Rati. Glycyrrhiz. contus.  aa, ^j, 3lezerei,
 concis. *5'ij> Aqua Oiv.  Boil fifteen minutes, and
 Btrain.  Pharm. U.  S.)  This is considered to be
 possessed of analogous properties to the celebrated
 Lisbon. Diet-Drink, Decoc'tum Lusitan'icuin,yvhicii
 it resembles in composition.
   Decoctum  Suilla:; Decoction of Squill.
 (Scilla, 3»iij, juniper. £iv, Senega,  *"§ iij,  Aqua,
 Oiv.  Boil till one  half tho liquor  is consumed;
 strain, and add spirit of nitrous  ether, f^iv.
 Former Pharm.  U.  S.)  Dose, f^ss.
   Decoctum  Sen'ega:,  D. Polyg'ala Senega;
 Decoction of Senega.  (Seneg. cont. £j, aqua
 Oiss.  Boil to Oj, and strain.   Ph. U. S.)   It is
 reputed to be diuretic, purgative, and stimulant,
 and has been given in dropsy, rheumatism, Ac.
   Decoctum Smilacis Sarsaparilla:, D. sarsa-
 parilbe—d. Sudorifieum, D. Guaiaci compositum.
   Decoctum Tarax'aci, Decoction of Dandelion.
 (Taraxac. contus. ""jij, aqua Oij.   Boil to a pint,
 and strain.   Ph. U. S-)  Dose, f *"jiss.
   Decoctum Ulmi, D. Ulmi Campes'tris;  Decoc-
 tion of Elm Bark.  (Ulmi cort. recent, cont. Sjiv,
 aqua Oiv.  Boil to Oij, and strain.   Pharm. L.)
 It is a reputed diuretic, and has been  used in
 lepra and herpes; but, probably, has  no efficacy.
 Dose, f'oiv to Oss.
   Decoctum Uva;  Ursi,  Decoction of uva ursi.
 (Uva  ursi, 5J, aqua, f£xx.  Boil to  a pint  and
 strain.  Ph. U. S.)   Dose, f^iss.
   Decoctum Vera'tri, Decoctum Helleb'ori albi;
 Decoction  of White Hellebore.   (Veratri rad.
 cont. 5J. aqua Oij, spir. rec. f*""jij.  Boil the wa-  '
 tery decoction to Oj, and, when  it is cold, add  <
 tho spirit.  Pharm. L.)   It is stimulant,  acrid,
 and cathartic; but  is used only  externally.   It  ,
is  a  useful  wash  in  tinea capitis,  psora,  Ac.  1
Should it  excite  intonse pain on being applied, it  :
must be diluted.                                1
   Decoc'tum ZittmAN'ni,  Zittmann'a Decoction.  ]
A  most absurd  farrago,  extolled by  Theden in  ,
       18
  venereal diseases, the formula for which, accord-
  ing  to Jourdan,  " some blockheads have  lately
  reproduced among us as a novelty."  It is com-
  posed of sarsaparilla,  pulvis  stypticus, calomel
  and cinnabar, boiled in water with aniseed, fennel
  seed, and liquorice root.  A stronger and a weaker
  decoction were directed by Zittmann.  Formulae
  for its preparation are  contained  in  Jourdan's
  Pharmacopoeia Universalis;  and in Lincke's A'oll-
  st'andiges Recept-Taschenbuch.   Leipz., 1841.
    DECOLLEJIENT,  (F.) Deglutina'tio, Reglu-
  tina'tio,  (from de and colter,  'to  glue.')   The
  state of an organ that is separated from the sur-
  rounding parts, owing to destruction of the areo-
  lar  membrane which  united them.   The skin
  is dicollie, i. e.  separated  from the  subjacent
  parts, by a burn,  subcutaneous  abscess, Ac.
    DEC0LLE3IENT DU  PLACENTA is  the
  separation or detachment of the whole or a part
  of the placenta from the  inner surface of the ute-
  rus.   Dicollement, from  de, 'from/  and collum,
  ' the neck/ obtrunca'tio,  also means the separa-
  tion  of the head of the foetus from the trunk,  the
  latter remaining in the uterus.
    DECOLORA'TION,  Decolordtio, Diecolord-
  tio, from  de,  'from/ and colorare,  'to colour.'
  Loss of the natural colour;  Parachro'sis.   De-
 void of colour—Achromdsia.
   In  Pharmacy, any process by which liquids,
 or solids  in  solution,  are  deprived wholly or
 in part of their colour, — as by bringing them in
 contact with animal charcoal.
   DEC03IPOSEE,  (F.) from de, 'from/ and
 componere,  ' to compose.'  Decomposed, Disso-
 lu'tus.  An epithet, applied to the face when ex-
 tensively changed  in its  expression and colour;
 as in the  choleric  or moribund.
   DECORTICATION,   from  de,  'from/ and
 cortex, ' bark.'  An operation, which consists in
 separating the bark from roots, stalks, Ac.
   DECOS'TIS, Apleu'ros, from  de, priv., and
 coeta, ' a rib.'   One who has no  ribs.
   DECREMENTUM, Decline.
   DECREP'ITUDE,  Decrepitu'do,  ^Etas  de-
 crep'ita,  Ultima   senec'tus,  Senec'ta  decrep'ita
 seu extre'ma seu summa seu ultima, from decre-
 pitus, (de,  and crepare,  'to creak/) 'very old.'
 The  last  period of old  age,  and of human  life;
 which ordinarily occurs about the eightieth year.
 It  may, however,  be accelerated or protracted.
 Its character consists in the progressive series
 of  phenomena which announce  the approaching
 extinction of life.
   DECRETORII  DIES, Critical days.
   DECU'BITUS, from decumbere, (de, and  cum-
 bere,  'to  lie/) 'to lie down.'  Cuba'tio.  Lying
 down. Assuming the horizontal posture, cu'bitus
 supi'nus;  (F.)  Coucher.  Hord decubitus, 'at bed
 time.' The French say — Decubitus horizontal,
 sur le dos, sur le coti, for, lying in the horizontal
 posture, on the back or side.
  DECURTA'TUS, uttovpos, or pttovptfav, from
 de, and curtus, 'short/  'sbortened, curtailed/
 ' running to a point.' When applied to the pulse,
 it signifies a progressive diminution in the strengtb
 of the arterial pulsations, which,  at  last, cease.
 If the pulsations return and gradually acquire aU
 their  strength,  it is called Pulsus decurta'tus re-
 cip'rocus.—Galen.
  DECUSSA'TION, Decussa'tio, Chias'mos, In-
 crucia'tio, Intersec'tio, Intricatdra, from deenssis,
 that is, decern asses; also, the figure of the letter
 X.  Union in the shape of an X or cross. Ana-
tomists use  this term chiefly in the case of the
nerves — as the decussation  of the optic nerves,
which cross each other within the cranium. 
DECUSSORIUM
274
DEGREE
  DECUSSO'RIUM, from decutio, (de, and qua-
tio,) ' I shake down.' An instrument used by the
ancients, for depressing the dura mater, and faci-
litating the exit of substances effused on or under
that membrane.  It is  described by  Scultetus,
Pare, Ac.   See Meningophylax.
  DEDAIGNEUR, Rectus superior oculi.
  DEDENTITION, see Dentition.
  DEDOLA'TION, Dedola'tio,fromdedolare, (de,
and dolare,) 'to cut and hew with an axe.'  This
word  has been used by  surgeons  to express the
action by which a cutting instrument divides ob-
liquely any part of  the body, and produces a
wound with loss of substance.  It is  commonly
on  the head, that wounds by dedolation are ob-
served.  AVhen there was  a complete  separation
of a portion of the bone of the cranium, the an-
cients called it Aposceparnis'mua.
  DEERBERRY, Gaultheria, Vaccinium stami-
neum.
  DEERFOOD, Brasenia  hydropeltis.
  DEERS'  TEARS, Bezoar of the Deer.
  DEFAILLANCE, Syncope.
  DEFECA'TION, Defacdtio, from de, and facea,
'excrements.'   The act by which the  excrement
is extruded from the body.   Caca'tio, Excrc'tio
alvi, E. alvlna, E. facum alvina'rum, Dejec'tio
alvi,  Secea'aio,  Expul'sio vel Ejcc'tio  facum,
Apago'ge, Hypochore'sis, Ecchore'sis, Eccopro'sis,
Eges'tio. The faeces generally accumulate in the
colon, being prevented by the annulus at the top
of  the rectum from  descending freely into  that
intestine.   In producing evacuations, therefore,
in  obstinate constipation,  it is well, by means of
a long tube, to throw the injection into the colon,
as suggested by Dr. O'Beirne.
  In Pharmacy, defecation means the  separation
of  any substance from  a liquid in whicb it may
be  suspended.  See Clarification.
  DEFECTIO ANIMI, Syncope.
  DEFECTUS  LOQUEL.E, Aphonia —d. Ve-
neris, Anaphrodisia.
  DEFENSI'VUM, from defendere, (de, and/en-
dere,) 'to  defend.'  A  preservative or  defence.
The old surgeons gave this  name to  different
local applications, made to diseased parts, for the
purpose of  guarding them from  the  impression
of  extraneous bodies, and particularly from the
contact of air.
  DEF'ERENS, from defero, (de, and ferre,) 'I
bear away/ '  I transport.'
  Deferens,  Vas, Ductus seu Cana'lis deferens,
 Vibra'tor,  (F.) Conduit spermatique, Conduit di-
 firent, is tbe excretory canal of the sperm, which
arises from the epididymis,  describes numerous
 convolutions,  and with the vessels and nerves of
the testicle  concurs in the formation of the sper-
matic chord, enters the abdominal ring, and ter-
minates in the ejaculatory duct.
   DEFIBRINATION, see Defibrinized.
   DEFIB'RINIZED,  (F.) Diflbrini.   Deprived
 of  fibrin.  A  term applied to blood from which
 the fibrin  has been removed, as by whipping.
 The act of removing fibrin from the blood has
 been termed defibrination.
   DEFIGURATIO, Deformation.
   DEFLAGRA'TION, Deflagrdtio,  from  defla-
grare, (de,  and flagrare,  'to burn/)  'to set on
 fire.'  In pharmacy, the  rapid combustion of a
 substance with flame;  great elevation of tempe-
 rature; violent motion, and more or less  noise.
 Thus, we  speak of the deflagration  of nitrate,
 and of chlorate, of potassa, of gunpowder, Ac.
   DEFLECTENS, Derivative.
   DEFLECTIO, Derivation.
    DEFLORATION, Stuprum.
    Deflora'tion, Deflordtio, Devirgina'tio, Vir-
 gin'itas deflora'ta, from deftorescere, (de, and/?o-
reacere,) 'to shed flowers.'  The act of depriving
a female of her virginity. Inspection of the parts
is the chief criterion of defloration  having been
forcibly accomplished; yet inquiry must be made,
whether the injury may not have been caused by
another body than the  male organ.  Recent de-
floration is infinitely more easy of detection than
where some time has elapsed.
  DEFLUVIUM,  Aporrhcea —d. Pilorum, Alo-
pecia.
  DEFLUXIO,  Catarrh, Diarrhoea—d. Catarrha-
lis, Influenza.
  DEFLUX'ION, Deflux'io, Deflux'us,  Catar'-
rhyaia, Hypor'rhysis, Cutar'rhua. A  falling down
of humours from a superior to an  inferior part.
It is sometimes used synonymously  with  inflam-
mation.
  DEFLUXUS  DYSENTERICUS, Dysentery.
  DEFORMA'TION, Deformdtio, Cttcomor'ph in,
Cacomorpho'sis,  Dysmor'phe, Dysmor'phia, Dys-
morpho'sis, Deform'itas, Deflguru'tio, Disjiijuru'-
tion,  Deform'ity,  Inform'itas,  (F.) Difformiti,
from  de, and forma.  Morbid  alteration  in the
form of some  part of the body, as  of the head,
pelvis, spine,  Ac.   A deformity may be  natural
or accidental.
  DE'FRUTUM, (F.) Vin cuit,from  defrutare, 'to
boil new wine.' Grape  must, boiled  down to one-
half and used as a sweetmeat. — Plin. Columell.
Isidor.   See Rob.
  DEFUSIO, Decantation.
  DEGENERATIO, Degeneration — d. Adiposa
Cordis, Steatosis cordis.
  DEGENERA'TION, Degeneratio, Notheu'sis,
Nothia,  from degener,  'unlike one's  ancestors/
[de, and  genus, 'family,') Degen'eracy, (F.) Aba-
tardissement.  A change for the worse in the in-
timate composition of the solids or  fluids of the
body.   In pathological anatomy,  degeneration
means the change which occurs in the structure
of an organ, wben transformed into a matter es-
sentially morbid;  as a cancerous, or  tubercular,
degeneration.
  Digenirescence is, by the French  pathologists,
employed synonymously with Degeneration.
  DEGENERESCENCE, Degeneration —
d. Graisseuse du Foie, Adiposis hepatica—d. 67m-
nulie du Rein, Kidney, Bright's disease of the—
d. Noire, Melanosis.
  DEGLUTINATIO,  Dicollement.
  DEGLUTITIO, Deglutition—d. Difficilis, Dys-
phagia—d. Impedita, Dysphagia—d. Laesa, Dys-
phagia.
  DEGLUTIT"ION, Deglutit'io, Catap'osis,
from  de, and glutire, ' to swallow.'   The act by
which substances are passed from the mouth into
the stomach, through the pharynx and oesopha-
gus.  It is  one  of a complicated character, and
requires  the  aid  of a considerable number  of
muscles; the  first steps being  voluntary, the re-
mainder executed under spinal and involuntary
nervous  influence.
   DEGMUS, Dexis, Morsus, (F.)  3torsure, — a
bite in general, from Sokvw, ' I  bite.'  A gnawing
sensation about the upper orifice of the stomach,
which was once attributed to acrimony of the
 liquids contained in that viscus.
   DEGORGE3IENT, Disgorgement.
   DEC OUT, Disgust.
   DEGREE', from degri, originally from gradus,
 ' a step.'  A title conferred by  a college,—as the
 1 degree  of Doctor of Medicine.'  Galen used this
 expression  to indicate the qualities of  certain
 drugs.   Both he  and his  school admitted cold,
 warm, moist, and dry medicines, and four differ-
 ent ' degrees' of each of those qualities.  Thus,
 Apium was warm in the first degree, Agrimony 
DEGUSTATION
275
DELPHINIUM
in the second, Roche Alum in the third, and Gar-
lic in the fourth.   Bedegar was cold in the flrst,
the flower of tho Pomegranate in the second, the
Sempervivum in tho third, Opium in the fourth,
Ac.  The French use  the term degre to indicate,
1. The intensity of an affection : as a burn of the
first, second, third degree, Ac  2. The particular
stage of an incurable  disease, as the third degree
of phthisis, cancer of the stomach, Ac.
   DEGUSTA'TION,  Degustdtio, from de,  and
gnstttre, 'to taste.'  Gustation.  The appreciation
of sapid qualities by the gustatory organs.
   DEICTICOS, Index.
   DEIKONCUS, Bronchocele.
   DEJECTKDNESS, Depression.
   DEJECTIO  ALVI,  Defecation —d.  Alvina,
Excrement.
   DEJECTION,  from dejicere, dejectum,  (de,
and jacere,) 'to cast down.'  Dejec'tio, Subduc'tio,
Hypago'ge, Hypochore'sis, Hypecchore'sis, Apop'-
atue, Hi/pop'atus, Hypopltora.  The expulsion of
the faeces;—Ejec'tio,  Egea'tio. Also, a faecal dis-
charge  or stool,—generally, however, with alvine
prefixed,—as an alvine Dejection, Alvue vir'idia,
Dejectio alvina.   Also, depression of spirits.
   DE.IECTIONES NIGRvE, Melaena.
   DEJECTORIUM,  Cathartic.
   DELACHRYMATIO, Epiphora.
   DELACHRYMATIVUS, Apodacryticus.
   DELAPSIO, Prolapsus.
   DELAPSUS, Prolapsus—d. Palpebrae, Blepha-
roptosis.
   DELATIO, Indication.
   DELA YANTS, Diluentia.
   DELCROIX'S  DEPILATORY, see  Depila-
tory, Colley's.
   DELETE'RIOUS,  Delete'riue,  Pernicio'aua,
 (F.) Pevnicieux,  from SvXtw, 'I injure.'  That
which produces destructive disorder in the exer-
 cise and harmony of  the functions.
   DELETERIUM, Poison.
   DELIGATIO,  Deligation, Ligature, see Ban
 dage.
   DELIGA'TION, Dcliga'tio, Epideisis, Deli
 gatdra, Vul'nerum deliga'tio, Fascia'rum Appli
 ca'tio, Plaga'rum Vinctdra, Fascia'tio, from de-
 ligare, (de, and ligo,) 'to bind.'  The deligation
 of wounds formerly embraced the application of
 apparatus,  dressings, Ac, — the denomination
 Dcliga'tor Plaga'rum  being synonymous  with
 3Iedicus Vulnera'riua, and in derivation, with the
 AVundarzt, ' wound physician' or surgeon, of the
 Germans.  Deligation is hardly ever used now as
 an English  word.  In France, it is applied to the
 regular and methodical application of bandages,
 and to the ligature of arteries.
   DELIGATURA, Deligation.
   DELIQUES'CENT, Deliquea'cena,  from  deli-
 quescere,  (de, and liqueaccre,) 'to melt/ 'to dis-
 solve.' Any  salt which becomes liquid  by attract-
 ing moisture  from  the air.  The  deliquescent
 salts require to be kept in bottles, well stopped.
 Chlorido of lime, acetate of potassa, and carbonate
 of potassa,  are examples of such salts.  The an-
 cient chemists expressed the condition of a body,
 which had become liquid in this manner, by the
 word  Deliquium.
   DELIQUIUM ANIMI, Syncope.
   DELIBANS,  Delirious.
   DEL IRA N T,  Delirious.
   DELIRATIO, Delirium — d. Senum, see De-
 mentia.
   DEL IRE, Delirium—d. Crapuleux, Delirium
 tremens—d. Tremblant, Delirium tremens.
   DELIRIA,  Insanity.
   DELIR'IOUS.  Same etymon as  Delirium.
 Delirans,  Dellrus,  Excerebra'tus,  Alloch'oos,
Alie'nus, Parale'rus, Raving.  (F.) Dilirant. One
who is in a state of delirium.   Tbat which is at-
tended by delirium.  The French use the term
Fievre pernicieuse dilirante for  a febrile  inter-
mittent, in which  delirium is the predominant
symptom.
  DELIR'IUM, from  de, 'from/ and lira,  'a
ridge  between two furrows :'  Parac'ope, Phreni-
tis, Phledoni'a, Desipiedtia, Aphros'yne, Para-
lere'ma,  Paralere'sis,  Paralog"ia,  Phantdsia,
Paraphros'yne,  Emo'tio, Leros,  Parance'a,  Al-
loph'asis,  Delira'tio,   (F.)  Dilire,  Egarement
d'esprit,  Ac, Transport,  Idiosynchysie.   Stray-
ing from the  rules of reason ; wandering of the
mind.  Hippocrates used the word pavta, mania,
for delirium  sine febre,  and  the  Greek  words
given above for delirium cum febre.  In different
authors, also, we find the words, Paraph'ora, Pa-
raph' rotes, Paraphrene' sis,Paraphred ia,Phrene' -
sis, Phrenetiasis, Ac, for different kinds of deli-
rium.  Delirium is usually symptomatic.
   Delirium Ebriositatis, D. tremens — d. Epi-
leptic, see Epilepsy — d.  Furiosum, Mania—d.
Maniacum,  Mania—d. Potatorum, D. tremens—
d. Tremifaciens, D. tremens.
   Delirium  Senile, see Dementia.
   Delirium  Tremens, 3Ia'uia d Pottl, CEnoma'-
nia, 3fu'nia e temulen'tid, D. potato'rum, D. ebri-
osita'tis, D. tremifa'ciens, D.  vig'Hlans, Erethis'-
mus ebrioso'rum, Dipsomdnia,  3Ieningltis  seu
Phrenitis potato'rum, Tromoma'nia, Tromopara-
noe'a, Potoparance'a,  Pototromoparanoe'a, (F.)
Encephalopathie crapuleuse, Dilire tremblant, D.
crapuleux, Folie des Ivrognes.  A  state  of deli-
rium  and agitation, peculiar to those addicted to
spirituous liquors, with great sleeplessness. It is
preceded  by indisposition,  lassitude, watchful-
ness,  headach,  and anorexia; the delirium  and
tremors most commonly recurring in paroxysms.
It is caused by the habitual and  intemperate use
of ardent spirits or of opium or tobacco; or rather
by abandoning them  after prolonged use.   The
treatment is various.   Many have regarded sti-
mulants,  with  large doses  of opium to induce
rest, to be indispensable.  It is certain, however,
that the expectant system will often, if not gene-
rally, be successful; and, it  is probable, a cure
effected  in this manner will be more permanent
than  when produced by excitants.
   DELIRUS, Delirious.
   DELITESCENCE, see Repercussion.
   DELITESCENTIA, see Repercussion.
   DELIVRANCE, (F.)  An  expression, which,
in common language, signifies the action of deli-
vering, libera'tio, but in the practice of obstetrics,
means  the  extrusion  of  the  secundines, either
spontaneously or by the efforts of art.  This com-
pletion of delivery—partus secunda'rius, seeundi-
na'rum expul'sio vel extrac'tio,  is  produced by
the same laws  as the expulsion  of the  foetus.
Sometimes, the  after-birth follows the child im-
mediately ; at others, it is retained; and requires
manual interference  to remove it.  The following
are the chief cases in which this becomes  neces-
 sary. 1. Intimate adhesion between the placenta
 and paries of the uterus.  2. Spasmodic contrac-
 tion of the orifice of the uterus.  3. Hour-glass
 contraction.  4. Torpor or hemorrhage after  the
 expulsion of the child, and,—5. Insertion of the
 placenta at the orifice  of the  uterus.
   DELIVERY, FALSE, False  water.
   DELIVRE, Secundines.
   DELOCATIO, Luxatio.
   DELPHINIUM, from StXtpts, or StXtptv, 'a
 dolphin/ which the flowers resemble.  I).  con-
aolida  seu Seg"etum seu Versic'olor, Calcitra'pa,
 Conaol'ida Rega'lis, Branching  Larkspur, Stag. 
DELPHYS
276
DENGUE
gerweed.   Family Ranunculaceae.   Sex. Syst.   •
Polyandria Trigynia.  (F.) Pied d'alouctte  des   j
champs.  It has been employed as a vermifuge.
The flowers have  been  used in ophthalmia,  and
the seeds have the  same property as those of
Stavesacre.
  Delphinium Consolida, Delphinium — d. Se-
getum, Delphinium.
  Delphin'ium Staphisa'gria.  The systematic
name of the Staves''acre, Staphisagria,Phtheiroc'-
tonum, Phthei'rium,  Staphis, Pediculdriu,  (F.)
Staphisaigre,  Herbe aux  Poux, Dauphincllc.
The seeds have a disagreeable smell; a nauseous,
bitterish, hot taste;  and are  cathartic,  emetic,
and vermifuge : owing, however, to the violence
of their  operation, they are seldom given inter-
nally, and are chiefly used in powder, mixed with
hair powder, to destroy lice.  The active prin-
ciple of  this  plant has  been separated, and re-
ceived the name  Delphin'ia.    It is  extremely
acrid, and has been recently used, like veratria,
in tic douloureux, paralysis and rheumatism.   It
is used in the form of ointment,  or in solution in
alcohol,  (gr. x to  xxx, or more, to *§j,)  applied
externally.
   Delphinium Versicolor, Delphinium.
   DELPHYS, Uterus, Vulva.
   DELTA, Vulva.
   DELTIFORMIS, Deltoid.
   DELTOID,  Deltoi'des,  Delto'des,  Delto'ideus,
Deltiform'is, from the  Greek  capital letter  A,
 StXra, and  tiSos,  'resemblance.'  Sous-acromio-
 clavi-humiral  of  Dumas;  Sus-acromio-humiral
 of Chaussier.  A  triangular muscle  forming the
fleshy part of the  shoulder,  and covering  the
 shoulder-joint.  It extends from the outer third
 of the clavicle, from the  acromion and spine of
 the scapula, to near the  middle and  outer  part
 of the os humeri, where it is inserted by means
 of a strong tendon.   This muscle raises the arm
 directly upwards, when the shoulder is fixed, and
 carries it anteriorly or posteriorly, according to
 the direction of the  fibres, which are thrown into
 action.   If the arm be rendered immovable, the
 deltoid acts inversely and depresses the shoulder.
   DELUSION, Hallucination.
   DEM EL MUCA.  A name given by Prosper
 Alpinus to a disease, which,  he says, is proper
 to Egypt. He considers it to be inflammation of
 the brain ; but others describe it as a pernicious
 intermittent,
   DEMAGNETIZA'TION, Demagnetisdtio.
 The act of removing the condition of magneti-
 zation.
    DE3IANGEAIS0N, Itching.
    DEMANUS, Acheir.
    DJ^3IENCE, Dementia— d. Innie, Idiotism.
    DEMENTED, Insane.
    DEMEN'TIA, Amen'tia,  Fatditas, Ance'a,
 Anoe'sia, Deuterance'a, Ecnce'a,  Paranoia, Md-
 ria demena, No'dathenla,  Incohe'rency, Imbecil-
 ity,  Incoherent Ineanity; from de, 'from/ or
 'out of/ and mena,  'mind/ or 'reason.'  (F.) Di-
 mence, Bitise.  In  common parlance, and  even
 in legal language, this word is synonymous with
 insanity. Physicians, however, have applied it
 to those cases of unsound mind which  are cha-
 racterized by a total loss of the faculty of thought,
 or  by  such  an  imbecility of intellect  that  the
 ideas are extremely incoherent, there  being at
 the  same time a total  loss of the  power of rea-
 soning.  Mania  and melancholy are apt to end
 in this, if possible, more deplorable state. Dotage
 is the Dementia of the aged—3Io'ria demens lere'-
 ma, Lere'ma, Lere'sis, Lerus, Delira'tio Senum,
 Amen'tia Senilis,  Puerilitas, Delir'ium Senile,
  Anil'itas, Senile Insanity, Senile Dementia,  In-
  sanity of the aged,—a form of moral insanity, in
 which the whole moral character of the individual
 is changed.                               ,
   DEMI,  Semi—d. Bain, Semicupium—d. Epi-
 neux,  Semi-spinalis colli — d. Fpineux  du dos,
 Semi-spinalis dorsi — d.  Gantclet, Gantelet—d.
 Intcrosseux du pouce, Flexor brevis pollicis ma-
 nus— d. Lunairc, Semi-lunar — d. 3lembraneux,
 Semi-membranosus — d. Orbicularis, Orbicularis
 oris — d. Tendineux,  Semi-tendinosus.
   DEMISSIO ANIMI, Depression.
   DEMISSOR, Catheter.
   DEMODEX FOLLICULORUM, (Svpos, 'lard/
 and SvZ, 'a boring worm/) Acarus folliculorum.
   DEMONOMA'NIA,  Damonomania, Theomd-
 nia, Entheomdnia, from Satpwv, 'demon/ a spirit
 of good or evil, and pavia, ' madness.'  Religious
 insanity.  A variety of madness,  in which the
 person conceives himself possessed of devils, and
 is in  continual dread  of malignant spirits, the
 pains of hell, Ac.
   DEM'ONSTRATOR,  from demonstrare, (de
 and monstrare,) ' to show;' ' exhibit.'  One who
 exhibits.  The index finger.
   Dem'onstrator of Anat'omy.  One  who ex-
 hibits the parts of the human body.  A teacher
 of practical anatomy.
   DEMOTI'VUS  LAPSUS,  Repentina mors,
 from  demovere, (de arid  movere,)  'to move off/
 'remove,' and lapsus, 'a fall.'  Sudden death.
   DEMUL'CENTS,  Demulcen'tia, Involvedtia,
 Obvolvcn'tia, Lubrican'tia, from demulcere, (de
 and mulccre,)  'to soothe/ 'to  assuage.'  (F.)
 Adoucissants.  Medicines supposed to be capable
 of correcting certain acrid conditions imagined
 to exist in the humours.  Substances of a muci-
 laginous or saccharine nature belong to this class.
 Demulcents may act directly on  the parts with
 which they  come in  contact; but in other cases,
 as in catarrh, their effect  is produced by contigu-
 ous sympathy;  the  top of  the  larynx being
 soothed by them first, and indirectly the  inflamed
 portion of the  air-passages.  In  diseases of the
 urinary  organs,  they  have no  advantage over
 simple diluents. — See Diluents  and Emollients.
 The following are the chief demulcents ;—Acaciae
 Gummi;  Althaea? Folia  et Radix;  Amygdalae ;
 Amylum; Avenae Farina;  Cera; Cetaceum; Cy-
 .doniae  Semina;  Fucus  Crispus;  Glycyrrhiza;
 Hordeum;  Lichen;  Linum;  Olivae Oleum;  Sas-
 safras Medulla; Sesamum; Sevum; Tragacantha,
 and Ulmus.
    DEMUSCULA'TUS, from de, and  musculus,
  'a muscle.'  (F.) Dicharni.   Emaciated, devoid
  of  flesh.
    DENiEUS, Chronic.
    DENA'RIUS; a  Roman coin, equal in value
  to  about 10 cents, or 8  pence English.  It was
  marked with the letter X,  to signify 10  asses.
    Also, the 7th part of the Roman ounce.
■    DENDROLIBANUS, Rosmarinus.
    DENERVATIO, Aponeurosis.
    DENGU'E, Dingee, Dunga,  Dandy, Bouquet
■  and  Bucket Fever, Rheumatis'mus febri'lis, Scar-
i  latlna rheumat'ica, Exanthe'sis  arthro'sia, Plan-
i  ta'ria, Febris exanthemalica articula'ris, (F.) Gi-
t  raffe, Erup'tive  artic'ular fever,  E. rheumatic
■  fever.  A disease, which first appeared in the years
,  1827 and 1828, in the West  Indies, and in the
s  southern states  of North  America.  It was ex-
t  tremely  violent  in its symptoms, but  not often
-  fatal.  It usually commenced with great languor,
I  chilliness,  and  pain  in the  tendons about the
3  smaller  joints.  To these  symptoms  succeeded
-  burning  heat  and redness of the skin, pains in
,  the muscles of the limbs or in the forehead, with
,  vomiting or  nausea.  The  fever  continued  for
-   one, two or three days, and usually terminated
i  by copious perspiration.  In different  places, it 
DENIACH
277
DENTIFRICE
put on different appearances ; but seems in all to
have been a singular variety of rheumatic fever.
Tho usual antiphlogistic  treatment was adopted,
and successfully.
  DENIACH, MINERAL WATERS  OF.  De-
niach is a village in Swabia, at  the  entrance of
the Black Forest.  The  waters contain carbonic
acid,  carbonate  of  iron,  carbonate of lime, sul-
phate of magnesia,  and carbonate  of soda.
  DENIGRA'TIO, from denigrare,  (de, and ni-
ger,) 'to become black.'  The act of becoming
black, as in cases of sphacelus, sugillation, Ac.
  DENS, Tooth — d. Leonis, Leontodon taraxa-
cum.
  Dens  Pro'lifer.  A  term used by Bartholin
for a  supernumerary tooth,  which  appears to
grow upon a primitive or parent tooth.
  DENT, Tooth — d. de Saqesse,  see Dentition.
  DENTAGOGUM, Dentag'ra.
  DEN'TAGRA, Den'ticcps, Dcntar'pugn, Denti-
ddcum,  Dentic'ulum, Dentngo'gutn, DentilIis j'or-
fex, Forfex dentilrin, Odonthar'paga, Odon'ta-
gra, Odoutngo'gon,  from dens, ' a tooth/ and aypa,
'a  seizure.'  (F.) Davicr.   A tooth-forceps.
   DENTAL, Dentu'lis, Denta'rius,  Dentu'tus,
Denticula'tus, from dens, 'a tooth.'  That which
concerns the teeth.  See Dentiformis.
   Dental  AncnES,  (F.) Arcades dentairea, are
the arches formed  by the range of alveoli in each
jaw.
   Dental  Ar'teries are  those  arteries  which
nourish  the teeth.  They proceed from  several
sources.  The teeth  of the upper jaw, e. g., re-
ceive  their arteries  from the infraorbitar  and
superior alveolar,—themselves branches  of the
internal maxillary.  The teeth of the lower jaw
receive their  branches from the inferior  dental
or  inferior maxillary, which is  given  off by the
internal maxillary, and runs through the dental
canal, issuing at the  mental foramen, after hav-
ing given numerous ramifications to the  teeth
 and jaw.
   Dental Canals, (F.) Conduits dentaires, 3tax' -
illary canals.  The bony canals, through  which
the vessels and nerves pass to the interior of the
 teeth.
   Dental Car'tilage, Cartila'go dentu'lis.  The
cartilaginous elevation, divided by slight fissures,
on the biting margins of  the gums in infants,
prior to dentition.  It is a substitute for the teeth.
   Dental Cav'ity, (F.)  Caviti dentaire.  A ca-
vity in the interior of the teeth in which is situate
the dental pulp.
  Dental FoUiacIj-e, Follic'ulus Dentis, Cap'sula
dentis, (F.) Folliculc  dentaire.  A membranous
follicle, formed of a double lamina, in which the
teeth  are  contained before they issue from the
alveoli, and which, consequently, aids in the for-
mation of the alveolo-dental periosteum, and of
 the membrane that envelops the pulp of the teeth.
 The dental follicles are  lodged in the substance
 of  the jaws.
   Dental  Gangrene,  Caries Dedtium,  Odon-
 talg"ia cario'sa, Odontonecro'sis, Odontosphacel-
isis,  Odontosphaeclis'mus,  Necro'sis  Dedtium,
 (F.) Carie des Dents.  Gangrene or caries of the
teeth.  See Caries.
   Dental  Nerves, (F.) Nerfs dentaires. Nerves
which pass to the teeth.  Those of the upper in-
cisors and canine are furnished by  the infra-or-
bitar nerve, a branch  of the superior maxillary;
 and those  of the  molares  by the trunk  of the
 same nerve.  The  teeth of  the lower jaw receive
the nerves from the inferior maxillary, which, as
well  as  the superior maxillary,  arises from the
5th pair.
   Dental  Pulp, Pulpa seu Ndclcus seu Sub-
stantia  pulpo'sa  dentis, Germen dentdle,  (F.)
Pulpe  dentaire.   A pultaceous substance, of a
reddish-gray colour, very soft and sensible, which
fills the cavity of the  teeth.  It is well supplied
with capillary vessels.
  Dental Surgeon, Dentist.
  Dental Veins have a similar distribution with
the arteries.
  DENTALIS, Odontoid—d. Forfex, Dentagra.
  DENTA'LIUM, from dens, ' a tooth/ the dog-
like tooth shell.   A genus of shells in the shape
of a tooth.  They formerly entered into  several
pharmaceutical  preparations,  but were  useless
ingredients ;  consisting—like shells in general—
of carbonate of lime and gelatin.
  DENT ARIA, Anthemis Pyrethrum, Plumbago
Europaea.
  DENTARIUS, Dentist.
  DENTARPAGA, Dentagra.
  DENTATA VERTEBRA, Axis.
  DENTATUS, Dental.
  DENTELARIA, Plumbago Europaea.
  DENTELE ANTERIEUR PETIT,  Pecto-
ralis minor—d. Grand, Serratus magnus—d.Pos-
tirieur et infirieur, petit, Serratus posticus infe-
rior— d. Supirieur, petit,  Serratus posticus  su-
perior.
  DENTES, Teeth, see Tooth —d.  Angulares,
Canine teetb—d. Canini,  Canine teeth — d. Cla-
vales, Molar teeth—d. Columellares, Canine teeth
—d. Ctenes, Incisive teeth—d. Cuspidati, Canine
teeth — d. Dichasteres, Incisive teeth — d. Gela-
sini, Incisive teeth — d. Gomphii, Molar teeth—
d. Incisores, Incisive teeth—d. Lactei, see Denti-
tion—d. Laniarii, Canine teeth — d. Maxillares,
Molar teeth—d. Molares,  Molar teeth — d. Mor-
dentes, Canine teeth—d. Oculares, Canine teeth—
d. Primores, Incisive  teeth — d. Rasorii, Incisive
teeth — d. Sapientiae,  see Dentition — d. Serotini,
see Dentition—d. Sophroretici, see Dentition—d.
Sophronistae, see Dentition—d.  Sophronisteres,
see Dentition—d. Tomici, Incisive teeth.
  DENTICEPS, Dentagra.
  DENTICULA'TUM, (Ligamentum,) diminu-
tive of dens, ' a tooth.'  Ligamedturn denta'tum,
3lembrdna denta'ta.  A slender cord, situate be-
tween the anterior and posterior fasciculi of  the
spinal nerves, and  between the tunica arachnoi-
dea and pia mater.  It is attached  to the dura
mater, where that membrane issues from the cra-
nium, and accompanies the spinal marrow to its
inferior extremity.  It sends  off, from its outer
edge, about twenty slender processes, in the form
of  denticuli,  each of which passes outwards and
connects itself with the dura mater in the inter-
vals between the anterior and posterior roots of
the nerves.
  DENTICULATUS, Dental.
  DENTICULUM, Dentagra.
  DENTICULUS,  Crena.
  DENTIDUCUM, Dentagra.
  DENTIER,  (F.) from  dens, 'a tooth.'  Den-
ture.   A set  or row of teeth, mounted on metal
or  ivory, to be  adjusted to the alveolar margin.
Dentiers are simple or double.  To the latter, that
is, to the full set, the  name Rdteliers is given.
  DEN'TIFORM,  Dentiform'is, from  dens, 'a
tooth/ and forma,  'form.'  Resembling  a tooth
in shape.
   DENTIFORMIS, Odontoid.
  DENTIFRICE,  Dentifric"ium.   Remed'ium
dentifric"ium. Tooth powder, Tooth paste, Odon-
totrintma, Odontosmeg'met, from dens, 'a  tooth/
and fricare, 'to rub;' a name given to different
powders and pastes proper for cleansing the ena-
mel of the teeth, and removing the tartar which
covers  them.   Powdered bark  and charcoal,
united to any acidulous salt — as cream of tartar
—form one of the most common dentifrices. 
DENTINAL               27S              DEOBSTRUENT
  Electuaire ou Opiate Dentifrice, of the Codex,
consists of coral Jiv. cuttlefish bones and  cinna-
mon, aa Jij, cochineal Jss, honey Jx, alum gr. iv
or v.
  Poudre Dentifrice  of  the  Parisian  Codex is
composed of Bole Armeniac, red coral, [prepared,]
and  cuttlefish  bones, 5a gvj, dragon's blood ,5iij,
cochineal  Jj, creom o/ tartar Jix, cinnamon "yij,
cloves, gr. xij, well mixed.
  Charcoal, finely  powdered  and mixed with
chalk, forms as good a dentifrice as any.
  DEN'TINAL, Dentindlis, from dens, 'a tooth.'
Relating to the dentine of the teeth.
  DENTINE,  see  Tooth —d.  Secondary,  see
Tooth.
  DENTISCAL'PIUM, from dens, 'a tooth/and
scalpere,  'to  scrape.'   Odonto'glyphum.   This
word has been applied  to the instrument used
for scaling the  teeth; to the  tooth-pick,  (F.)
Cure-dent; and to the gum lancet,—the dichaus-
soir  of the French.
  DENT'IST, Dentis'ta, Odontidter, Denta'rius,
Dental Surgeon, Surgeon-Dentist.   One who  de-
votes himself to the study of  the diseases of the
teeth, and their treatment.
  DEN'TISTRY,   Odontotech'ny,  Odontiatri'a,
Odontotherapia,  Dental  Surgery.  The art of
the dentist.
  DENTITIO, Dentition—d. Difficilis,  Dysodon-
tiasis.
  DENTIT"ION, Dentil'io,  Denti'tis, Odonto-
phy'ia,  Teething,  Odontlasis, Odonto'sis, from
dentire, ' to breed  teeth.'  The exit of the teeth
from the alveoli and gums; or rather the pheno-
mena which characterize the different periods of
their existence.   The germs of the first teeth,
dentes lac'tei or milk teeth, (F.) dens de lait, are
visible in the foetus about the end of the  second
month;  and they begin  to be ossified from  the
end  of the third to that of the sixth month.  At
birth, the corona of  the incisors  is formed,  but
that of the canine is not completed; and the tu-
bercles of the molares  are not  yet all united.
Gradually the fang becomes  developed;  and at
about six or  eight months begins what is com-
monly called, the first dentil'ion, Odon'tia denti-
tio'nis lactadtium.   The two  middle incisors of
the lower jaw commonly appear first; and, some
time afterwards, those of the upper jaw; after-
wards, the two lateral incisors of the lower jaw ;
and tben those of the upper, followed by the four
anterior molares :  the canine or eye-teeth, at first,
those of the lower, and,  afterwards, those of the
upper jaw, next appear; and, subsequently  and
successively, the first 4 molares—2 above and  2
below, 1 on each side.   The whole number of
the  primary,  temporary, deciduous, shedding or
milk-teeth, (dentes tempora'rii,) (F.) Dents de lait,
is now 20.
   The eruption of the milk-teeth takes place, ap-
proximately, in the following order:
   Central incisors........6th to 8th month.
   Lateral incisors........7th to 10th  month.
   First molar............12th to 14th month.
   Canines...............15th to 20th month.
   Second molar..........20th to 30th month.

   The second dentition or shedding of the teeth,
odon'tia  dentitio'nis  pueri'lis, Dedentit'ion, be-
gins about the age of 6 or 7.  The germs or mem-
branous  follicles of these  second teeth—to the
number of 32—as well  as the rudiments of the
teeth themselves,  are visible,  even in the foetus,
with the exception of those of the small molares,
which do not appear till after birth.   They are
 contained in alveoli  of the same shape as those
 of the first  dentition.  Their ossification com-
mences at from 3 to 6 months after birth, in the
incisors  and  first  molares;  at eight or  nine
months, in  the canine; about three years, in the
molares, 3£ in the second great molares,  and
about 10 years in the last.   As the alveolus of  a
new tooth  becomes gradually  augmented, the
septum between it and that of the corresponding
milk tooth is absorbed, and disappears.  The root
of the milk tooth is likewise absorbed; its corona
becomes loose and falls out, and all the first teeth
are gradually replaced by  the  permanent teeth,
Den'tea serotini.   This second dentition becomes
necessary in consequence  of  the increased  size
of the jaws.  The new  teeth  have neither the
same  direction nor the same  shape as the  old;
and they are more numerous, amounting till the
age of 25,  (sooner or later,) to 28.   About  this
period, a small molaris appears  at the extremity
of each  jaw, which is called Dens sapien'tia or
wisdom tooth, Dens serot inus, Dens sophroreticus,
D.  sophronis'ta, D. sophronis'ter, (F.) Arriere-
dent, Dent  de  sagesse, making  the whole  number
of permanent  teeth 32.
  The eruption of the permanent teeth is remark-
able for its general regularity;  so that it consti-
tutes  an important means for  ascertaining the
age of the  individual during the early period of
life.
    First molars.................7th year.
    Central incisors..............8th year.
    Lateral incisors..............9th year.
    First bicuspids..............10th year.
    Second bicuspids............11th year.
    Canines....................12th year.
    Second molars...............13th year.

  The teeth of the lower jaw precede by a few
weeks those of the upper.
  During the  period of dentition, that is, of the
first dentition, the  infant is especially liable to
disease;—the  irritation, produced by the pressure
of the tooth on the superincumbent gum, some-
times occasioning pyrexia, convulsions, diarrhoea,
Ac, which  symptoms are often strikingly relieved
by  a  free division of the distended gum.   This
disordered  condition is called  Teething, Odon'tia
dentitio'nis, Odontlasis,  Odontalgia dentitio'nis,
Odaxis'mus.
  DENTITIS, Dentition.
  DENTIUM CORTEX, Enamel of the teeth—
d. Dolor, Odontalgia—d.  Nitor, Enamel of the
teeth ■— d.  Scalptura,  (Lancing  the  gums,) see
Gum lancet—d. A7acillantia, Odontoseisis.
  DENTO, from  Dens,  'a tooth.'   One whose
•teeth are prominent,
  DENTOIDEUS, Odontoid.
  DENTS BICUSPIDEES, Bicuspid teeth—d.
Col dea, Collum  dentium—d.  Cono'idea,  Canine
teeth—d. de Lait, sec Dentition—d. Mdchelieres,
Molar teeth—d. Moluires, Molar teeth—d. 3Iulti-
cuspidies,  Molar teeth, great—d. OEillieres, Ca-
nine teeth.
  DENTURE, Dentier.
  DENUDA'TION, Denuddtio, Gymno'aia, from
denudare,  (de, and nudare,) 'to lay bare.'  Con-
dition of a part, deprived of its natural coverings,
whether by wounds, gangrene,  or abscess.   It is
particularly applied to the bones, when deprived
of  their periosteum, and to the teeth when  they
lose their enamel or dental substance.
   DEOB'STRUENT, Deob'atruens,  Dephrac'ti-
cum, Deoppi'lana, Deoppilati'vum,  Ecphruc'tir.,
from de, and  obatruere, (ob, and struere,) 'to ob-
struct,'  (F.)  Diaobatrunnt, DisobstruetiJ) Disopi-
 latifi Desopilont.  Medicines given with the view
 of  removing  any obstruction.   The word  corre-
sponds to  aperient, in its general, not in its par- 
DERODORIZER
279
DEPURATORY
ticular sense.  It is now almost abandoned, and,
when used, conveys by no means definite ideas.
  DEODORIZER, Antibromic
  DEONTOIVOC Y, Dcontolog"ia; from ra Stovra,
'what is fitting or necessary,' and Xoyos, 'a de-
scription.'  A word  introduced  by Bentham  to
Bignify morals, or the science of duties.
  Med'ical Deontol'ogy, Deemtolog"ia med'ica,
(F.) Deontologie  medicu.le, 3Iedieul ethics,  3Ie-
dicul etiquette. The duties and rights of medical
practitioners.
  DEOPPILATIVUM, Deobstruent.
  DEPASCENS, Phagedenic.
  DEPAUPERATUS, Impoverished.
  DEPERDITIO, Abortion.
  DE/HRACTICUM, Deobstruent.
  DERI LA TIF, Depilatory.
  DEPILATIO,  Alopecia—d. Capitis, Calvities.
  DEPILA'TION, Depildtio, Dropacis'mus,3Ia-
de'sis, 3lad'isis, I'silo'sis, fromde, and pilus, 'hair.'
Los-  of hair, either spontaneously or by art,
  DEP'ILATORY,  Dcpilnto'rium, Dropax, Psi-
lo'thron, Ectilloticue, Epilnto'rium, (F.) Dipila-
toirc, Dipilutifi   Any thing which  causes the
loss of the  hair.   Depilatories  are, usually caustic
applications, in  which quicklime or some  other
alkaline substance, sulphuret of iron, Ac, enter.
  Depilatory,  ('olley's,  seems  to consist  of
quicklime and a portion of sulphuret of potassa.
  A pitch  plaster, Pitch-cap, is sometimes  used
as a depilatory.   It  of course pulls the hair out
by  the roots.
  Delcroix's depilatory, and Plenek's depilatory,
have a similar composition.
  DEPI'LIS, same etymon.   Devoid  of  hair.
Hairless.
  DEPLE'TION, Deple'tio, from depleo, < I un-
load.'  The  act of unloading  the vessels,  by
blood-letting and the different evacuants.  Also,
inordinate evacuation.
  DEPLE'TORY,  Depleting.  Having  relation
to depletion:—as 'a depletory or depleting agent.'
  DEPH'MA'TIO, Ptilo'sis, from deplumis, (de
and pluma,) ' without feathers.'  A disease of the
eyelids, in which they are swollen, and the eye-
lashes fall out.   Seo Madarosis.
   DEPOS'IT, Depoa'itum, from depono, (de and
pono, ' to lay or put/)  ' to lay or put down.'  (F.)
Depot.   Any thing laid  or thrown down.   In
physiology and pathology, a structureless  sub-
stance, separated from the blood  or other fluid,
as  the  typhous, tuberculous, purulent, melanic,
and diphtheritic deposits.
  Depos'it, Feculence.
  DEPOS'ITIA'H, Deposit!'vus, from deponere,
(de and ponere,)  to 'depose/ 'to put down.'   An
epithet used by Mr. Erasmus AVilson to express
that condition of the membrane in which plastic
lymph is exuded into the tissue of  the derma, so
as  to give rise to the production of small  hard
elevations  of  the skin, or pimples.   Under  "de-
positive inflammation of the derma," he comprises
strophulus, lichen and prurigo.
   DEPOT, Abscess, Sediment—d. Laiteuse  sur
la  Cuisse,  Phlegmatia dolens — d. de l Urine,  Se-
diment of  the urine.
  DEPR.AVATION,  Deprava'tio, from de and
prams, 'bad.'  Perversion, corruption;—as  de-
pravation  of the taste, Ac
  DEPREHENSIO, Diagnosis, Epilepsy.
  DEPRES'SION,  Deprea'aio,  Imprea'aio,  from
deprimerc, depressunt (de, and prcmere,) ' to  de-
press ;' Esphla'sis.   In  Anatomy, it  means  an
excavation, hollow, or fossa.  In  Surgery, it is
applied to a  fracture of  the  cranium, in which
the portions of fractured bone are forced inwards;
(F.)  Subgrondation, Entablement; called  also,
Catapi'esis, Campsis Deprcs'sio, Thlasis Depred-
aio.  Depreaaion, (F.) Abaiaaement, means Couch-
ing.—See Cataract,
  Depression also means dejection or dejectedneas
—Ademodiu, Ademo'ayne, Demis'sio animi.
  DEPRESSOIRE, Meningophylax.
  DEPRESS'OR, (F.) Abaieseur. Same etymon.
Several muscles have  been so termed, because
they depress the parts on which they act.
  Depressor Ala: Nasi,  D. la'bii  superio'ris
alaque  naai,  Incistvus me'dius,  31yrtifor'mis,
Depressor Labii superio'ris pro'prius, Constricto'-
res aldrum nasi ac depresso'res la'bii superio'ris,
31axillo-alrioli-nasal—part of the labialis, (Ch.,)
(F.) Abaisseur de I'aile du nez.   It arises from
the  superior  maxillary bone  immediately above
the  junction  of the  gums  with  the two incisor
and  canine teeth; and passes upwards to be in-
serted into the upper lip and  root of the ala nasi,
which it pulls downwards.
   Depressor An'guli Oris, Triangula'ris, De-
pressor labio'rum commu'nis, Depressor labiorum,
(F.) Sousmaxillo-labial,  3Iaxillo-labial (Ch.),
Abaisseur de  tangle des lelvres ou 3Iuscle  Trian-
gulaire.   A muscle, situate at the lower part of
the face.  Its form is triangular.  It  arises from
the outer oblique line on the lower jawbone, and
terminates in a point  at the commissure of the
lips, which it pulls downwards.
  Depressor La'bii Inferio'ris ; Quadra'tua,
Quadra'tus menti, Depressor labii inferio'ria pro'-
priua, — Mentonnicr-lnbial, 3Iento-labial (Ch.),
(F.) Carri du 3Ienton, Houppe du 3Ienton, Abaia-
aeur de  la le"vre infirieure.   A  small, thin, and
quadrilateral muscle, which arises  from the  ex-
ternal oblique line of the lower jaw, and ascends
to the lower lip, where it becomes confounded
with the orbicularis oris.  It  pulls the lower lip
downwards and outwards.
   Depressor Labii Superioris Proprius, D.
Alae nasi — d.  Labiorum  communis,  D. Anguli
oris—d. Oculi, Rectus inferior oculi.
   Depressor Pal'pebra: Inferio'ris. A fleshy
bundle,  which  forms  part  of  the  palpebralis
muscle.   Heister describes it separately, but it is
not  admitted now.
   DEPRESSORIUM,  Meningophylax.
   DEPRIMENS AURICULAE, Retrahens auris
— d. Maxillas  biventer, Digastricus — d. Oculi,
Rectus inferior oculi.
   DEPRIMENTIA, Sedatives.
   DEPURAN'TIA, from depurare, (de,  and pu-
ma,) 'to purify.'  (F.) Dipuratifs.   Medicines
were formerly so called, which were supposed to
possess the property of removing, from the mass
of blood or humours, those principles which dis-
turbed  their purity; and of directing them to-
wards some one of tbe  natural emunctories.  The
juices of what were  called anti-scorbutic herbs,
sulphur, and many other medicines, were ranked
under this class.
   DEPURATIFS, Depurantia,
   DEPURA'TION, Depura'tio.  Same etymon.
 Catharis'moa, 3Iunddtio.  In Pathology, depura-
tion has been used for  the process  by which na-
ture purifies the animal economy, either by the
agency of some  eruptive disease, or some sponta-
neous  evacuation, or by the  assistance of medi-
cine.  See Clarification, and  Depuratory.
   DEPURATIVE, Depuratory.
   DEP'URATORY.  Same etymon.  Depuratd-
rius, Depurative. That which causes depuration,
as the urinary and cutaneous depurations.  Ap-
plied,  also, to diseases, which have been consi-
dered capable of modifying the constitution ad-
vantageously, by acting on  the composition of
the  fluids — such as certain  eruptions, intermit- 
DERADEN                280               DERONCUS
tents,  Ac.   The word is, also, appropriated to
medicines and diet, by which the same  effect is
sought to be induced.
   DER'ADEN, from  Stpv, 'the neck/ and aSvv,
' a gland.'   A gland in the neck.
   DERADENI'TIS, from Stpv, 'neck;'  aSvv, 'a
gland;'  and itis,  denoting  inflammation.   In-
flammation of the glands of the neck.
   DERADENON'CUS, from  Stpv,  'the neck/
aSvv, ' a gland/ and oyKos, ' a swelling.'   Tume-
faction of the glands of the neck.
   DERANENCEPHA'LIA, from Stpv, 'neck/
and anencephalia, ' absence of brain.'   A mon-
strosity in which  only a small portion of  the
brain exists, resting on the  cervical vertebrae —
more properly derencepha'lia.
   DERANGED, Insane.
   DERANGEMENT, Insanity.
   DERBIA, Impetigo.
   DERENCEPHALIA, Deranencephalia.
   DERENCEPH'ALUS, from Stpv, 'the neck/
and KttpaXv, ' head.'  A monster whose  brain is
in the neck.—G. St. Hilaire.
   DERIS,  Cutis.
   DERIVANS, Derivative.
   DERIVATIF,  Derivative.
   DERIVATION, Deriva'tio, Deflec'tio, Paro-
cheteu'sis,  Antilep'sia,  Antia'paaia,  Revul'aion,
Cura derivati'va  seu revulso'ria, from  de, and
rivua, 'a river.'  When  a 'centre of fluxion' is
established in a part, for the  purpose of abstract-
ing the excited vital manifestations from some
other, a derivation is operated.
   The term Derivation has likewise been  ap-
plied to  the suction  power  of the  heart, — an
agency in the circulation of the blflod.
   DERIVATIVE, Deflec'tens, Deri'vans, Deri-
vato'rius, from  derivare, 'to drain  off.'  Antis-
pas'ticus, Revel'lent, Revulsive, Revulsi'vus, Re-
vulso'rius, (¥.)Dirivatif Rivulsif.  Same etymon.
A remedy, which by producing a modified action
in some organ or texture derives from the morbid
condition of some  other  organ or texture.  Re-
vellents are amongst  the most important reme-
dies :  they  include, indeed,  every physical and
moral agent, which is capable  of modifying  the
function  of innervation, and  therefore  almost
every article of the materia medica.  The follow-
ing is a list of the chief local Derivatives.
   1. Epispastics. — Acidum Aceticum, Acidum
Nitricum, Acidum Sulphuricum, Allium, Ammo-
nia, Ammoniacum, Asafoetida,  Cantharis, Capsi-
cum,  Galbanum, Olea Essentialia, Pix Abietis,
Sinapis, Calorie, Friction.
   2. Vesicants.—Ammonia, Argenti Nitras, Can-
tharis, Cantharis  Vittata, Hydrargyri lodidum
rubrum, Ranunculus, Sinapis, Caloric.
   3. Suppurants. — Acida Mineralia, Antimonii
et Potassae  Tartras, Cantharis, Mezereum  Pix
Abietis, Sabina, Tiglii Oleum, Fonticulus, Seta-
ceum.
   4. — Escharotics. — A. Erodents. — Acidum
Aceticum, Acida Mineralia, Alumen Exsiccatum
Argenti Nitras, Cupri Sub-Acetas, Cupri Sulphas^
Sabina, Saccharum Purissimum.—
   B. Actual  Cauterants. — Caloric,  White  Hot
Iron, Moxa.—
   C. Potential Cauterants.—Acidum Arseniosum
Acidum Nitricum, Acidum Sulphuricum, Anti-
monii  Murias, Argenti Nitras,  Calx,  Potassa
Potassa cum Calce,  Zinci Chloridum.
   DERIVATORIUS, Derivative.
   DERMA,  Cutis.
   DERMAD, see Dermal Aspect.
   DERMAL, Dermic, Dermdlis, Der'micua, from
Itpua, ' the skin.'  Relating or  belonging to the
skin.
   Dermal Aspect.  An aspect towards the skin
or external surface.—Barclay.  Dcrmad is  used
adverbially by the same  writer to signify 'to-
wards the dermal aspect.'
   DERMAL'GIA, Dermatal'gia, Dcrmatodyn'ia,
from Stppa, 'the skin/ and aXyos, 'pain.'   Pain
in the skin.   Neuralgia of the skin.  Rheumatic
Dermalgia or Rheumatiam of the akin is a form
of neuralgia, which is  referred, at times, to the
nervous trunks, muscles, Ac, but appears to  be
seated in the cutaneous nerves.
   DERMATAGRA, Pellagra.
   DERMATALGIA, Dermalgia.
   DERMATAUXE, Dermatophyma.
   DERMATIATRI'A, from Stppa, 'skin/ and
tarptta, 'healing.'  Healing of cutaneous diseases.
The treatment of diseases of the skin.  Diader-
miatrla, Dermatocratia.
   DERMATITIS, Cytitis, Erysipelatous inflam-
mation.
   DERMATOCHOLOSIS, Icterus.
   DERMATOCHYSIS, Anasarca.
   DERMATOCRATIA, see Dermatiatria.
   DERMATODES, Dermatoid.
   DERMATODYNIA, Dermalgia.
   DER'MATOID,  Dermatoldes,  Dermato'des,
Dermoi'des, Dermo'des, Dermoidrfrom Stppa, 'the
skin/ and tiSos, 'form.'  That which  is similar
to the skin.   This  name is given to different tis-
sues, which resemble the skin.  The dura mater
has been so called  by some.
  3Iorbi dermato'des, chronic cutaneous diseases.
  DERMATOL'OGY,  Dermatolog"ia, Dermol-
ogy, from Stppa, 'the  skin/ and Xoyos, 'a dis-
course.'  A discourse or treatise of the skin.
  DERMATOPATHIA, Cutaneous disease.
  DERMATOPERISCLERISMUS, Induration
of the cellular tissue.
  DERMATOPERISCLEROSIS, Induration  of
the cellular tissue.
  DERMATOPHY'MA, Dermataux'e, from Stppa,
' skin/ and tpvpa,  ' tumour.'  A tumefaction  of
the skin.'
  DERMATOPHYMATA VENEREA,  Condy-
lomata.
  DERMATORRHAG"IA, Dermatorrhce'a, from
Stppa,  'skin/ and  payv, 'rupture.'  A discharge
of blood from the skin.
  DERMATORRH05A, Dermatorrhagia.
  DERMATOSCLEROSIS, Callosity.
  DERMATOSES, Cutaneous diseases.
  DER31AT0SIES VEROLEUSES,  Syphi-

  DERMATOSPASMUS,  Horrida cutis.
  DERMATOTYLOMA, Callosity.
  DERMATOTYLOSIS, Callosity.
  DERMATOTYLUS,  Callosity.
  DERMIC,  Der'micus, Dermalicus,  Dermati-
nus, Dermatic,  Dermal, Dermdlis; from Stppa,
' skin.'  Relating to the skin.
  DERMITIS, Cytitis.
  DERMODES, Dermatoid.
  VERXlQ(i''RA'PH.Y,Dermograph'ia,fromSeppa,
'the skin/ and ypacpw, 'I  describe.'  An anato-
mical description of the skin.
  DERMOHiE'MIA, from  Stppa, 'skin/ and
'aifia, ' blood.'   Hyperaemia or congestion of the
skin.
  DERMOID, Dermatoid.
  DERMOLOGY,  Dermatology.
  DERMO-SKELETON, see Skeleton.
  DERMO-SYPHILIDES, Syphilides.
  DERMOT'OMY, Dermotom'ia, from Stppa, 'the
skin/ and rtpvtiv, 'to cut.'   The part of anatomy
which treats of the structure of the skin.
  DERODYMUS,  Dicephalus.
  DERONCUS, Bronchocele. 
                 DERTRON

  DERTRON.   This  word, which  is  used by
Hippocrates,  signified, according to some, the
omentum or peritoneum, but according to others,
the small intestine.  See Epiploon.
  DISARTICULATION,  (F.),  from  de,  and
articulus,  'ajoint.'  Disjointing.  A word used
to express the part of the operation, in amputa-
tion at an articulation, which consists in dividing
the ligaments, and separating  the articular sur-
faces.  The word has,  also, been used for  that
kind  of anatomical preparation,  the object of
which is to  separate the  different bones of the
skeleton, and especially those of the head.
  DESCALORINESES,  from de,  'from/ and
calory 'heat.'   A name given by Baumes to dis-
eases which are characterized by diminished heat.
  DESCEMET, MEMBRANE OF,  see Aqueous
Humour, and Cornea.
  DESCEMETI'TIS. A term improperly formed,
and really signifying 'inflammation of Descemet.'
Inflammation of the membrane of Descemet.
  DESCENDENS NONI, see Hypoglossus.
  DESCENSIO, Catabasis.
  D E S C E N S U S, Catabasis —d. Testiculorum,
Orchido-catabasis.
  DESGENTE, Hernia—d. de la 3Iatrice,  Pro-
cidentia uteri.
  DESECTUS, Castratus.
  DESENFL URE, Ditumescence.
  DESICCANTIA, Desiccativa.
  DESICCATIO, Draining.
  DESICCATION, Drying.
  DESICCATI'VA, Desicadtia, Siccan'tia, Ex-
siccutlva, from desiceare,  (de, and  siccare,) 'to
dry up.'   (F.)  Dissiccatifs.   Remedies, which,
when  applied externally, dry up the humours or
moisture from a wound.
  DESIPIENTIA, Delirium.
  DESIRE, Libido — d. Venereal, Appetite, ve-
nereal, see Libido.
  DES'MA, Des'me, Dea'mua. A bandage, a liga-
ment.  Hence :
  DESMATUR'GIA, from Stcua, 'bandage/ and
tpyov, ' work.'   The doctrine of the  application
of bandages.   Bandaging.
  DESMEDION, Fasciculus.
  D ESMEI rX, Ligamentous.
  DESMI'TIS, Dcsmophlogdsis, Deamophlog"ia,
from Stcpv, 'a ligament,'  and  itia, denoting in-
flammation.   Inflammation of ligaments.
  DESMOCHAUNO'SIS, from Stcpos, 'ligament/
and xavvu"n^> 'relaxation.'   Relaxation  of an ar-
ticular ligament.
  DESMODYN'IA, from Stcpv, 'ligament/ and
oovi"7, 'pain.'   Pain in the ligaments.
  DESMOG'RAPHY, Deamograph'ia, from Stc-
pos, ' a ligament/ and ypa<pv, ' a description.' An
anatomical description of the ligaments.
  DESMOID TISSUE, from Stcpos, 'aligament/
and ttSos, 'shape.')  Ligamen'toua  Tissue, Textus
desmo'aus.  This tissue is very  generally diffused
over the human body; has  a very close connexion
with the  areolar tissue, and is continuous with it
in divers  places.  It  constitutes  the ligaments,
aponeuroses, Ac.
  DKSMOL'OGY, Desmolog"ia, from Stcpos, 'a
ligament,' and Xoyos, 'a discourse/  'a treatise.'
That  part of anatomy which describes  the liga-
ments.
  PESMOPHLOGIA, Desmitis.
  DESMORRHEXTS, from Stcpos, 'a ligament/
and pvl'S, 'rupture.'  Rupture of  an  articular
ligament.
  DKSMOS. Ligament.
  DKSMOSUS, Ligamentous.
  DESMOT'OMY, Desmotom'ia, from Stcpos, 'a
ligament/ and  rcpittv,  'to cut.'  The  part of
;1            DETRUNCATION

 anatomy which  teaches the mode of dissecting
 the ligaments.
   DlSSOBSTRUANT, Deobstruent.
   DESOBSTRUCTIF, Deobstruent.
   DESOPILATIF, Deobstruent,
   DESORGANISATION, Disorganization.
   DESOXYGENESES,  from de,  and oxygen.
 M. Baumes includes under this title an order of
 diseases, which  he  considers dependent upon a
 diminution in the quantity of the oxygen neces-
 sary for the animal economy.
   DESPOTATS, (F.) Infirm soldiers, formerly
 charged with the office of removing the wounded
 from the field of battle : perhaps from deaportd-
 tor,  ' one who bears away.'  The class of Deapo-
 tata was introduced by Leo VI., at the commence-
 ment of the 9th  century.
   DESPUMA'TION, Deapumdtio, Apaphris'mos,
 Epaphria'moa, from deapumare, (de, and apuma,)
 'to skim/ 'to remove the  froth.' The separation
 of the froth  and other impurities, which rise, by
 the action of the fire, to the surface of any fluid.
   DESQUAMATION, Desquama'tio Cutis,  Ec-
 lep'isis,  Aposyr'ma,  Apolep'isis, Apolepis'mus,
 31oulting, from desquamare,  (de, and squama, 'a
 scale/) ' to scale off.'  Exfoliation, or separation
 of the epidermis, in the form of scales, of a greater
 or less size.  This  affection  is a common conse-
 quence of exanthematous diseases.
   DESQUAMATORIUS,  Exfoliative.
   DESSECHE3IENT, Atrophy, Draining.
   DESSICATIFS, Desicativa.
   DESTILLATIO, Coryza, Distillation—d. Pec-
 toris, Catarrh.
   DESTRUCTIO, Diaphthora.
   DESUDA'TIO,  Ephidrdsis, Sudam'ina,  Hi-
 dro'a, from desudare, (de, and sudare, 'to sweat.')
 Desudation means a profuse and inordinate sweat-
 ing, a mucksweat; but, most commonly, the term
 is applied to an eruption of small pimples, similar
 to millet seed, which appears chiefly on children,
 and is owing to want of cleanliness.
   DESY3IPHYSER, see Symphyseotomy.
   DETENTIO,  Catalepsy.
   DETERGENS, Abstergent.
   DETER'GENTS, from detergere,  (de,  and  ter-
 gere,  'to clean/) 'to cleanse.'  Detergen'tia,  De-
 terso'ria, Extcrgen'tia, Abstergedtia, Abstersi'va,
 Absterso'rin,  Abluen'tia,  Traumatica,  Smee'-
 tica,  Emundadtia,  Mimdificatira, 31undiflcad-
 t-ia, Rhyp'tica, Abster'sives, (F.) Ditersifs, Jlundi-
 flcatifs.   Medicines, which possess the power to
 deterge or cleanse  parts,  as wounds, ulcers,  Ac.
 They belong to the class of stimulants, or to that
 of emollients.
   DETERMINA'TION, Determina'tio, from de,
 and  terminus, ' a boundary.'  Strong direction to
 a given point; — as 'a determination of blood to
 the head.'
   DETERSIFS, Detergents.
   DETERSORIA, Detergents.
   DETERSO'RIUM, from detergere, 'to cleanse.'
 The  place, in ancient bathing  establishments,
 where the bather was cleansed and dried.
   DETESTATIO, Castratio.
   DE TORSE, Sprain.
   DETRACTIO SANGUINIS, Bloodletting.
   DETRI'TUS, from dcterere,  (de, and terere,)
 'to bruise or wear out.' The residuum, occupying
 the place of the organic texture of parts which
 have undergone disorganization.
   DETROIT ABD031INALE, Pelvis (brim)—
 d. Infirieur, Pelvis (outlet) — d. Perineal, Pelvis
 (outlet)—d. Supcricur, Pelvis (brim.)
   DETRONCA TION, Detruncatio.
   DETRUNCA'TION, Detrunca'tio, (F.)Ditron-
 cation, from de,  and truncus, ' a trunk.'   Separa-
2 
DETRUSION
282
DIABETES
tion of the trunk from the head of the foetus, the
latter remaining in the uterus.
  DETRU'SION, Detrdsio; same etymon as the
next.   The act of thrusting or forcing down or
away.  Applied by Dr. AValshe to lateral displace-
ment of the heart by extraneous pressure.
  DETRU'SOR URFNJE, Promisor, from de-
trudere, (de,  and trudere,)  'to thrust  down or
from.'  The muscular coat of the urinary bladder
was  formerly so called.   It  was,  also, named
Constrictor Yeslca Urina'ria.
  DETU3IESCENCE (F.), Detumescedtia, from
detumere,  (de, and tumerc,) 'to cease to swell.'  A
diminution of swelling.   This word has nearly
the same signification as the French word Disen-
filure.  The latter is, however, more particularly
applied to the diminution of oedema or anasarca;
the former, to the resolution of a tumour properly
so called.
  DEUNX.  The ancient name of a weight of 11
ounces, supposing the pound to consist of 12.
  DEURENS (FEBRIS,) Causus.
  DEUS  COPULATIONIS, Cupido.
  DEUTERAN03A, Dementia.
  DEUTERI'A, from Stvrtpos, 'the second.' Vo-
gel has used  this term for the symptoms produced
by  retention of the  secundines.  The word was
also applied, by the  Greeks, to a second or infe-
rior wine.
  DEUTERION, Secundines.
  DEUTEROPATHI'A, Hysteropathi'a, 3Iorbus
secunda'rius,  from Stvrtpos,  'the  second/ and
iraSos,  ' disease.' A secondary disease. One pro-
duced  by another, and of which it is only, in
some  measure, symptomatic, or the sympathetic
effect.
  DEUTEROS'COPY, Deuteroscop'ia, from Stv-
Ttoos,  ' the second/  and ckottsw,  ' I view.'  Se-
cond sight.   A fancied power of seeing future
things or events.
  DEUTO, Stvrtpos, 'second.'  A prefix denoting
two, or double,—as deutoxide, having two degrees
of oxidation.
  DEVEL'OPMENT,  Evolu'tio, from (F.) deve-
lopper, 'to  unfold.'  In  Physiology, it  means
growth or increase;  and in Pathology, its signi-
fication is similar.  By development of the pulse,
e. g. is understood an increase in its strength and
fulness.  Diseases of development,  3Iorbi evolu-
tio'nis, are such as are peculiar to  the period of
growth.
  'Taking  Developments.'   A term used  by
practical  craniologists to signify the act of mea-
suring prominences  of the  skull, which are  re-
garded by them as indioating the  size  of corre-
sponding  cerebral  organs.
  Development, Vesicle of, see Vesicle of De-
velopment.
  DEVERTICULUM, Diverticulum.
  DEVIA'TION, Devia'tio, from de, 'from/ and
via, ' the way.'  Out of the way.   By this word
is meant — a vicious curvature of the spine  or
other  bones; — faulty direction of the teeth  or
other  part; — the passage  of blood,  bile, urine,
milk, Ac, into vessels not natural to them.
   DEVIATION DES REGIES,  Menstruation
(vicarious.)
  DEVIL IN A BUSH, Nigella—d. Bit, Vera-
trum viride.
  DEVIL'S  BIT, Aletris farinosa,  Scabiosa suc-
cisa, Chamaelirium luteum — d. Bite, Liatris—d.
Dung, Asafcetida—d. Shoestrings,  Galega Virgi-
niana.
   DEVIRGINATIO,  Defloration, Stuprum.
   DEYOIEMENT, Diarrhoea.
  DEAVBERRY, AMERICAN, see Rubus caesiua
—d. Plant, Rubus  caesius.
  DEAVCLAWS, Crusta genu equina?.
  DEXIS, Degmus.
  DEXOCAR'DIA, from St^tos, 'right/ and Kap-
Sia,  ' the heart.'  A  case in which the heart is
found to beat on the right side.  It is met with
occasionally in pleurisy and pneumothorax.
  DEX'TANS.  A weight of 10 ounces, suppos-
ing the pound to consist of 12.
  DEXTERINA, Dextrine.
  DEXTRAD, from dexter, 'right-handed.'  A
term used adverbially by Dr. Barclay to signify
' towards the dextral aspect.'   See Mesial.
  Dextral Aspect, see Mesial.
  DEXTRAL'ITY,  from dexter, 'right.'  The
state of being on the right side.  Right-handed-
ness. The state of being right-handed.
  DEXTRIN, Dextrine, Dextrlnum, Dexteri'na,
British  gum,  from dexter, 'right-handed.'  So
called, from its refracting the rays, in the polari-
zation of light, more to the right  hand than any
substance known.   A  substance obtained by the
continued action of diluted  sulphuric acid upon
starch  at the boiling  point.   It is used in  the
treatment of fractures, by the  ' immovable appa-
ratus.'  The bandages are soaked in a solution,
in water, of the dextrine — previously moistened
thoroughly with tincture of camphor, to prevent
it from  leaking when the water is  added.  The
solution should be  of the consistence of molasses.
  DEXTRINUM,  Dextrine.
  DI, St, Sis, 'bis, twice, double.'  Hence, Dicro-
tus, Digastricus, Ac.
  DIA,  Sia, in composition, 'through,  asunder,
out of, separated.'  When prefixed to any thera-
peutical agent, it meant, in ancient pharmacy, a
preparation into which that agent entered.
  DIABEBOS, Astragalus, Malleolus.
  DIABETE, Diabetes—d. Chyleux, Chyluria—
d. Faux, see Diabetes—d. Insipide, see Diabetes
—d. Sucri, Diabetes (mellitus.)
  DIABE'TES, from Sia, 'through,'  and Patvw,
'I  pass.'   Urines profldvium, Hypjerdiurc'eis,
Sipho uri'na,  Urorrhag"ia, Polyu'ria,  Hydrops
ad malulam, H. 3Iutel'la, Polyure'sis, Uroze'mia,
 Ureorrhce'a,  Dip'saeos, Diurrlm'it  in  Urind, I).
urino'sa, (F.)  Diabete, Flux d Urine.  A disease,
characterized  by great augmentation and often
manifest alteration in the secretion of urine; with
excessive thirst, and progressive emaciation. Cul-
len has  described two species : — Diabetes insip'-
idus and  D. 3Ielli'tus; the former, (F.) Diabete
faux ou insipide, Diabete, being, simply, a super-
abundant discharge of limpid urine, of its  usual,
urinary taste: the latter, D. 3Ielli'tus, called, also,
Paru'ria  Mellita, Diabetes An'glicua,  D. verus,
Melitdria,  Glucosu'ria,  Glycyrrhce'a  urino'sa,
 Uroze'mia  melli'ta,  Saccharorrhce'a   urino'sa,
Phthisu'ria,  Uro-phthi'sis, Tabes  diurelicu  seu
diabe'tica, Dyapep'sia saccharig"enu,  Apoceno'-
aia Diabetes Mellitus, Sac'charine  diabetes,  (F.)
Diabete sucri, Hyperurorrhie  saccharine, Phthi-
surie sucrie, — falls under the definition given
 above.  The quantity  of urine, discharged in the
 24 hours, is sometimes excessive, amounting to
 30  pints  and upwards;  each pint  containing
 sometimes  2\ oz. saccharine matter.  This re-
 places the urea, which is not found in quantity
 in the urine of those  labouring  under diabetes.
 AVhere  the disease is  situate  is  not clear.  The
whole system of nutrition, however, seems to be
 morbidly implicated.  A part of  the urine must
be formed at the expense of the system, as the
egesta frequently  far exceed the solid and liquid
ingesta.   On  dissection, no morbid appearance is
met with, sufficient to enable us to fix on the seat
 of this distressing affection. 
DIABETIC
283
DLERESIS
  All the remedies that have been tried have
usually been found insufficient in D. 3lellitus.
  D. iuaip'idus, llyperure'sis aquo'sa, Hydrdria,
llydrure'sis, Rant via incon''tinens aquo'sa, Dia-
b'-'tis spdrius, Urorrhae'a, U'real Diabetes, (F.)
Polyurie, Ilypcrurrorrhie, Diabcde insipide, Faux
din'bhe,  which occurs in hysterical  habits, and
has, hence, been called D. hyater'icua, is of com-
paratively trifling moment.  Exclusive diet, and
attention to the state of the cutaneous transpira-
tion, which have sometimes produced good effects
in D. Mellitus, have most commonly failed.
  Diabetes Anglicus, see Diabetes — d. Chylo-
sus, Chyluria—d.  Insipidus, see Diabetes — d.
Lactea, Chyluria—d. Mellitus, see Diabetes—d.
Spurius,  see Diabetes — d. Ureal, see Diabetes—
d. Verus, Diabetes (mellitus.)
  DIABET'IC, Diabe'ticus. Same etymon.  Re-
lating to diabetes.
  Diabetic Sugar, Glucose.
  DIABOT'ANUM, from  Sia,  and  Qoravv,  'an
herb.' A medicine, prepared with herbs.—Galen.
  DIABROSIS, Erosion, Corrosion.
  DIABRO'TICUS, from eta, and PpwaKw, 'I eat
or corrode.' A substance, capable of causing ero-
sion of the part to which it is applied.  It ordina-
rily means a medicine, whose activity places it
between  escharotics and caustics. See  Corrosive.
   DIACAR'YON, from Sia, and Kapvov, 'a nut.'
Rob nucum.  The rob of nuts or of walnuts.
  DIACASSIA CUM MANNA, Confectio cassiae.
   DIACATHOL'ICON, Diacaihol'icum, from Sia,
and koSoXikos, 'universal.'  The name of a purge,
so called from its general usefulness.  It was an
electuary,  and composed of the pulp  of cassia,
tumurinds, leavea of aenna, root of polypody, flow-
era of the violet,  rhubarb root, aniseed,  sugar,
liquorice, and fennel.
   DIACAU'SIS, from Siokovw,  'I burn.' Exces-
tive beat.  Over-heating.
   DIACAUST'IC, Diacausticus.  Same etymon.
 That which is  caustic by refraction ; as a double
 convex  lens, which has been sometimes used for
 cauterizing an ulcer by directing the  sun's  rays
 upon it.
   DIACELTATESSON  PARACELSI,  Pulvis
 Cornachini.
   DIACHALA'SIS, from StaxaXattv, 'to be open
 or relaxed." Hippocrates uses this word for frac-
 ture of the bones of the skull;  or  for relaxation
 and separation of the sutures, in consequence of
 a wound of the head.—Hippocrates.
   DIACHALCIT'EOS,  from Sia,  and xaXlclT^>
 ' cbalcitis  or colcothar.'  A plaster, whose com-
 position is the  same as that  of the diapalma,
 except that, in place of the sulphate of zinc, a
 mixture of oil and colcothar is  substituted.
   DIACHEIRIS'MOS, Diacheir'isis, Tractdtio
 manua'ria, from Sia, and xuP>  'the hand."   The
 preparation, administration, and dispensing of
 medicines.—Hippocrates.
    DIACHORE'MA, Diachore'aia, from Staxwptw,
 ' I separate from.'  Every kind of excreted mat-
 ter  and excretion;  but more particularly the
 faices and alvine excretion. — Foesius, Gorraeus.
 See  Excrement.
    Diachorema Xysmatodes, see Ramenta intes-
 tinorum.
    DIACIIORESIS, Excretion.
    DIACHRISIS, Inunction.
    DIACHRIST'A. froui&a, and XP"°> '* anoint'
 Medicines, applied as abstergents to the velum
 palati,  the palate itself, the tongue, Ac.  Pro-
 bably gargles.—Paulus of-Egina.
    DIACH'YLON. Diach-'ylum, Emplas'trum di-
  ach'ylon, from Sta, and  \vXos,  'juice;' i. e. com-
posed of juices.  The plaster of this name was
formerly made  of  certain juices.  The term ia
now confined  to  the Emplastrum Plumbi  or
Lead Plaster.
  Diachylon cum  Gummi, Emplastrum gummo-
sum—d. Gommi, Emplastrum cum gummi-resinis
—d. Gum, Emplastrum gummosum—d. Magnum
cum gummi, Emplastrum galbani comp.—d. Sim-
plex, Emplastrum plumbi—d. White, Emplastrum
plumbi—d. Yellow, Emplastrum gummosum.
  DIACHYT'ICA,  from Sta,  and xva> '* Pour
out.'  Medicines which discuss tumours.
  DIACINE'MA,  from  Sta, and Ktvtw, 'I move.'
A slight dislocation. — Celsus, Galen.  A sub-
luxation.
  DIACLASIS, Refraction.
  DIACLY'SIS, Diaclys'mus,  from Sta, and k\v-
£ttv, ' to wash out.'   Rinsing or cleansing—espe-
cially of the mouth.
  DIACLY'SMA, Gargarism.
  DIACOCCYMELON, Diaprunum.
  DIACODION, Syrupus papaveris.
  DIACO'DIUM, Confcc'tioexCapit ibus Papav'-
eris, from  Sta, and  KwSta, 'a poppyhead.'  (F.)
Diacode.   The ancients had  various forms  for
preparing it.   The Syrup of Poppies—Syr'upus
Papav'eris seu Diaeo'dion — is  now substituted
for it.
  DIACOPE, Abscission, Dissection, Intersection.
  Diac'opE, Ed cope, from Sia,  and  kotttuv,  'to
cut.'  A  cut,  incision,  fissure,  or longitudinal
fracture.  When used,  since Galen, it generally
signifies an oblique incision, made in the cranium
by  a sharp instrument, without the piece being
removed.  It is not now employed.
  Diac'ope  Cra'nii,  Pracis'io seu Dissec'tio
 Cra'nii.  Opening the  head;  and separation of
the bones of the cranium.
   DIACOPR^E'GIA, from  Sta,  Koirpos,  'excre-
ment/  and ail;, atyos, ' a goat.'  A name given,
 in  Blancard's Lexicon,  to a medicine, composed
 of  goat's dung, which the ancients praised in dis-
 eases of the spleen, parotids, Ac
   DIACRISES, from Sta, and Kptvw, 'I separate.'
 A  class of diseases characterized by alterations
 of secretion.—Gendrin.
   DIACRIT'ICA SIG'NA.  Same etymon.
 Signs by  which  one disease  can be accurately
 discriminated  from another :—differencial diag-
 nosis.
    DIACYDONITES, Cydoniatum.
    DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA, Geofinea
 vermifuga.
    DIADE'MA, Fascia cap'itis,  Redimic'ulum,
 from StaStw,  (Sta,  and  Stiv, ' to bind.')   ' I sur-
 round.'  A sort of bandage; advised in headach,
 in  which  relaxation of the sutures  was appre-
 hended.—Forestus.
    DIADEX'IS,  Diad'oche,  3Ietatopto'sis,  from
 SiaStx»pat, (Sta, and Stxopat, ' to take or receive.')
 ' I transfer,'  ' I  succeed to.'   A transformation
 of a  disease  into  another,  differing from  the
 former both in its nature and  seat.
    DIADOCHE, Diadexis.
    DIAD'OSIS, from  StaSiSwpt, 'to  distribute.'
 In some  authors, it means the distribution of
 nutritive matter over the whole body, — in other
 words, nutrition; whilst, in others, it is  synony-
 mous with the remission or cessation of a disease.
    DLED03'US, from St, 'double/ and at<5oia, 'the
 parts of generation.'   A monster whose organs
 of generation and urinary bladder are double. It
 has only been observed in animals.
    DIURESIS, from Statptw, (Sta, and atptw, 'I
 take away/)  ' I divide/ 'I separate.'  A division
 or  solution of continuity. A surgical operation, 
               DUERETICUS              21

which consists in dividing any part of the body.
Hamorrhag"ia per dia'resin is hemorrhage ow-
ing to separation or division of vessels.
  Diaeresis Ungulas, Onychoptosis.
  DL&RETICUS, Caustic.
  DLETA, Diet—d. Lactea, Galactodiaeta.
  DLETE'MA  has the  same  signification  as
diet, with most authors.  Galen gives  it a more
extensive meaning, comprising, under it, what
constitutes Hygiene.
  DLETETICA, Dietetics.
  DIAGNOSE, Diagnosticate.
  DIAGNO'SIS, Digno'tio, Diagnos'tice, Depre-
hen'sio,  from Sta, and ytvooKw, ' I know.'  Discri-
mination, (F.) Diagnose, Diagnostique.  That part
of medicine whose object is the discrimination of
diseases, the knowledge of  the pathognomonic
signs of each.   It is one of the most  important
branches of general pathology.
  Diagnosis, Differential, see Diacritica signa.
  DIAGNOS'TIC, Discreti'vus, Diagnos'ticus ;
same etymon.   A symptom which is characteris-
tic of a disease.
  DIAGNOS' TICATE, — sometimes   diagnose.
To  discriminate one disease or phenomenon from
another.
  DIAGRYDIUM, Convolvulus scammonia.
  Diagryd'ium Cydonia'tum, from  diagrydium,
' scammony,' and cydonium,  ' quince.'   A phar-
maceutical preparation, obtained by inspissating
and drying, by means  of  heat, two parts of scam-
mony and one of quince juice.  It was formerly
used as  an energetic purgative.
  Diagryd'ium Glycyrrhiza'tum.   An analo-
gous preparation, containing extract of liquorice
in place of quince juice.
  Diagryd'ium Sulphura'tum.  Scammony,
which has been exposed to the vapour of burning
sulphur.   These diagrydia are not now used.
  DlALEIPSIS, Apyrexia, Intermission.
  DIALEIPYRA, Intermittent fever.
  DIALEMMA, Apyrexia.
  DIALEP'SIS, Intercep'tio, from StaXapfiavw, 'I
intercept.' — Hippocrates employs this word for
the interstices, or intervals, left between the turns
of a bandage.
  DIALIPSIS, Apyrexia, Intermissio.
  DIAL'YSIS,  Dissolu'tio, from Sta,  and Xvcts,
' solution.'   A  dissolution  or loss of  strength.
Resoldtio  vir'ium.    Weakness  of the limbs.
Also, a solution of continuity.
  DIA3IANT, Diamond.
  DIAMASTEMA, Masticatory.
  DIAM'BR^E SPE'CIES.   A name  given by
the ancients to powders, one of which bore  the
name — Spe'cies diam'bra  sine  odora'tis,—the
other, that of Spe'cies diam'bra  cum  odora'tis.
The former was composed of  cinnamon, angelica
root, cloves, mace,  nutmeg, galanga,  cardamom,
and numerous other substances;  the  latter, be-
sides, had ambergris and musk.  These powders
were used  as tonics, in cases of debility of the
stomach, and in certain nervous affections.
  DIAMNES, Enuresis.
  DI'AMOND, Ad'amas, from o, privative, and
Sapaw, 'I conquer.'  'Invincible;' (F.)  Diamant.
So called from its hardness.   It is the most pre-
cious of all stones, and was formerly conceived
to possess extraordinary cordial virtues.
  DIAMO'RUM,  Rob ex moris, from Sta, and
pwpov, 'a mulberry.'  An ancient syrup prepared
with honey and mulberry juice.   It was em-
ployed as a gargle in sore throat.—Galen.
  DIAAIOTO'SIS, from  poros,  'charpie/ 'lint.'
The introduction of lint into an ulcer or wound.
  DIANA, Argentum.
  DIANANCAS'MUS, from  Sta, and avayKa(,w,
               DIAPHRAGM

'I force.'   Coaptation, reduction of a fractured
or luxated limb.
  DIANOEMA, Imagination.
  DIAN'THUS  CARYOPIIYL'LUS, from Ais,
'Jove.'(?)  av%s,  'flower/  and  caryophyllum,
'the clove.'  Glove Pink.  Also  called  Curyo-
phyl'lum rubrum, Tu'nica, Tu'nica horten'sia, T.
rubra, Caryophyllus hortedsis, Clove July flower,
Gilliflower, Carndtion.  Order, Caryophylleio.
(F.) QZillet giroflie.   The  flowers  were  once
much used;  but  are now  only  employed  in
syrup, as a useful and pleasant vehicle for other
medicines.
  DIAPAL'MA,  Phcenic"ium Emplas'trum.  A
plaster composed of equal parts of litharge, olive
oil, axunge, water, a certain quantity of sulphate
of zinc dissolved in water, and white wax.   It is
classed  amongst the  topical,  desiccative,  emol-
lient, resolvent, detersive, and cicatrizing medi-
cines.   Mixed  with a quarter of its  weight of
olive oil, it acquires the consistence of an  oint-
ment, and forms the Cerate of Diapal'ma.
  DIAPASMA, Catapasma.
  DIAPEDE'SIS, Transuda'tio, Persuda'tio,
Persultdtio,  from  StatrvSaw,  ' I leap through.'
Exhalation, as of blood,  in the form of dew, at
the surface of  the skin, or of any membrane;
Mvcating of blood,  (F.) Sueur de Sang, Hamor-
rhag"ia per diapede'sin, Hamatopede'sis, Hami-
dro'sis.
  DIAPENSIA CORTUSA, S'anicula.  '
  DIAPENTES or DIAPENTE, from  Sta, and
TTtvrv, ' five.'  A medicine composed of five in-
gredients.   See Diatessaron.
  DIAPHffi'NICON, Diaphce'nix, 3Iedicamed-
tum ex Pal'mulis, from Sta, and cpoivtl;, ' a date.'
A drastic  electuary, of which  the date was the
chief excipient.
  DIAPHORE'SIS, from  Statpoptw,  (Sta, and
tpoptw, 'I convey/) 'I dissipate.' A greater de-
gree of perspiration than natural, but less than in
sweating.   Every kind of cutaneous evacuation.
  DIAPHORET'IC.  Same etymon; Diapnd-
icus, Diaphorelicus.   A medicine which  excites
diaphoresis.  Diaphoretics are very uncertain as
a class.  The following is a list of the most re-
puted :—Ammoniae Acetatis Liquor; Ammonias
Carbonas;  Antimonialis pulvis; Antimonii  et
Potassae Tartras; Antimonii  Sulphuretum  prae-
cipitatum;  Asclepias tuberosa; Camphora ; Con-
trayerva;  Dulcamara; Eupatorium perfoliatum;
Guaiaci Lignum ; Guaiacum ;  Ipecacuanha; Me-
zereum ;  Opium,  and its active principle Mor-
phia; Sarsaparilla; Sassafras; Serpentaria; Spi-
ritus .53theris Nitrici;  Sulphur; Xanthoxylum;
Caloric; Exercise, (active;) and Friction.
  The  epithet Diaphoretic has also been given,
by  some, to continued fever, accompanied with
constant perspiration.
  Diaphoretic, Mineral, Antimonium  diapho-
reticum.
  DIAPHORETICUM  JOVIALE,  see  Anti-
hectic
  DI'APHRAGM,  Diaphrag'ma,  Diaphrax'is,
Respirato'rium  Ventris, Discrete'rium, Phrenes,
Septum  transver'sum,  Diacrlmen  Thora'cia  et
Ventria, Diaceptum, Cine'tua,  Diazo'ma, Pra-
cinc'tue, Diazoa'ma, Diazos'tra, Hypezo'cus, Hy-
pozo'ma, Perizo'ma, Dissep'tum, Dissip'ium, Pra-
cor'dia, Succin'gens  membra'na vel  mus'culus,
Succinc'tus, Succinctu'ra, the  Midriff, from Sta,
' between/  and  tppaaaw, ' I close.'  A large, azy-
gous muscle; stretched transversely between the
thoracic and abdominal cavities, which  it sepa-
rates from each other; tendinous in the centre;
thin, almost circular, and unequally convex, up-
wards.  It is fleshy at its circumference, which
is attached to the  cartilago  ensiformis,  to the
14 
DIAPHRAGMA AURIS          281
last six ribs, to the  aponeurosis stretched from
the last rib to the transverse process of the first
lumbar vertebra; and, lastly, to the bodies of the
first three  or four lumbar vertebrae.  AVhen  it
contracts, its fibres become straight, the chest is
enlarged,  and  the abdomen diminished.   It  is
then an inspiratory muscle.  It may, also, dimi-
nish the capacity of the chest,  and be an  expira-
tory muscle.  This  muscle plays  an important
part in sighing, yawning,  coughing,  sneezing,
laughing, sobbing, crying, hiccoughing, singing,
vomiting, the excretion of the  faeces and urine,
the expulsion of the foetus, Ac.
  DIAPHRAGMA  AURIS, see Tympanum—d.
Cerebri, Tentorium — d. Narium, Septum-narium
d. Ventriculorum lateralium cerebri, Septum lu-
cidum.
  DIAPHRAGMAL 'GIA,  Diaphragmatalgia,
from  Statbpaypa, 'the  diaphragm/  and  aXyos,
'pain.'  Pain in the  diaphragm.
  DIAPHRAGMATALGIA, Diaphragmalgia.
  DIAPHRAGMAT'IC, Diaphragmal icus.  Be-
longing to  the diaphragm.   A name given  to
several vessels  and nerves.
  Diaphragmat'ic or Phrenic Ar'teries. These
are distinguished into superior and inferior. The
former, called,  also, supradiaphragmatic,  are two
in number, one on  each side.   They arise from
the internal mammary,  and descend along the
phrenic nerve,  to be distributed  on the upper
surface of  the  diaphragm.  The latter, or infra-
diaphragmatic, are also two in number.  They
arise from  the upper part of the abdominal aorta,
or from the  coeliac artery, and divide into two
principal branches, which are distributed  on the
lower surface of the  diaphragm and in its sub-
stance.
  The superior diaphragmatic veins follow the
same course as the  arteries, and  empty  them-
selves— the  right, into  the vena cava superior;
the left, into the corresponding subclavian vein.
The two inferior diaphragmatic veins open into
the vena cava inferior.
   Diaphragmat'ic   Her'nia,   Phrenic  Hernia,
Diaphragmatoce'le.   The abdominal viscera are
occasionally protruded  through the  diaphragm,
either through  some  of the natural apertures in
the muscle, or  through deficiencies,  or wounds,
or lacerations in it.
  Diaphragmat'ic  or Phrenic Nerves, Inter-
nal respiratory of Sir Charles  Bell, are  two in
number; one on  the  left side,  the other  on the
right.  They arise  from the  second and  third
nerves of the cervical plexus, about the  middle
of the neck, and receive two or three filaments
from  the  brachial plexus, after which they de-
scend into  the chest  at the sides of  the pericar-
dium, and  are distributed on the diaphragm.
  Diaphragmat'ic  Plex'uses are two in num-
ber ; one right, and the other left.  They arise
from the  upper part of the solar plexus, by a
small number of branches, which are distributed
to the diaphragm, following exactly the branches
of the inferior diaphragmatic arteries.
   Diaphragmat'ic Ring, (F.) Anneau diaphrag-
matique  of  Chaussier,  is a name given  to the
irregularly quadrilateral aperture  by which the
vena cava inferior passes through the diaphragm.
   DIAPHRAGMATITIS, Diaphragmitis.
   D1APHRAGMAT0CELE, see Hernia.
   DIAPHRAGMFTIS, from Statppaypa, 'the di-
aphragm,' and  itis,  a suffix denoting inflamma-
tion.  Diaphragmatltia, Inflamma'tio aepti trans-
ver'si, Paraphrenias, Emprcsma Pleuritis Dia-
phragmal ica,  Paraphrene'sis  Diaphragmal ica,
Inflammation of the Diaphragm.   The  terms,
Paraphrenias  and  Paraphrene'sis have been
 obtained from the Peripatetic  philosophy, which
5              DIARRHCEA

supposed the seat of the <ppvv, or soul, to be the
praecordia. The essential symptoms of diaphrag-
mitis are :—painful constriction around the prae-
cordia, with small, quick, laborious breathing.  It
is a rare disease.
  DIAPHRATTON HYMEN, Mediastinum—d.
Membrana, Mediastinum.
  DIAPHRAXIS, Diaphragm.
  DIAPH'THORA,  Destruc'tio, from  Sta, and
<p$ttptiv, 'to  corrupt.'  Corruption in  general;
more especially corruption of the foetus in utero.
Hippocrates.   Also,  corruption  of the  blood in
the stomach.—Galen.  See Abortion.
  DIAPHYLACTIC, Prophylactic.
  DIAPH'YSIS,  from Statpvw, 'I rise between.'
Interstit'ium, Diserimindtio : ' an interstice, in-
terval, division.'  Any thing  that separates two
bodies.   Also, the middle part or body of a long
bone, Corpus Oaaia.   One of the ligaments of the
knee.—Hippocrates, Pare.
  DIA'PIA.  ' Some lexicographers use this word
synonymously with Diapyesis or Suppuration,
others have employed it in opposition to Myopia.
  DIAPLASIS, Conformation, Reduction.
  DIAPLASMUS, Conformation, Reduction.
  DIAPNEUSIS, Perspiration.
  DIAPNOE, Perspiration.
  DIAPN03A, Perspiration.
  DIAPNOGENOUS  APPARATUS, see  Per-
spiration.
  DIAPNOICUS, Diaphoretic.
  DIAPOPHY'SES,  Transverse processes of the
vertebrae.
  DIAPORE'MA.   Anxiety, jactitation;  from
StaiToptw, ' I doubt.'
  DIAPRU'NUM, Diacoccyme'lon. A purgative
electuary, of which the pulps  of prunes and rhu-
barb formed  the  basis. By adding to the dia-
prunum simplex a 24th part of  powdered  scam-
mony, the Diaprdnum resolutivum seu compos'-
itum was formed.   It was more active than the
former.
  DIAPYEMA, Empyema, Suppuration.
  DIAPYESIS, Suppuration — d. Oculi, Hypo-
pyon.
  DIAPYET'ICA, Dyapye'mata, from  Statrvvpa,
Sta-irvvcis,  (Sta,  and  trvov,  'pus,') 'suppuration.'
Medicines which promote suppuration.
  DIAPYETICUS, Suppurative.
  DIAR^E'MIA,   (F.)  Diarimie, from Sid,
' through/ ptoj, ' I flow/ and 'atpa, ' blood.'  A
pathological  condition, said  to  be common  in
sheep, in which the globules of  the blood are di-
minished  in  quantity; the blood itself  thinner,
and  transuding through the  coats of the vessels
into the cavities.—Delafore.
  DIARE3IIE, Diaraemia.
  DIARIA, Ephemera.
  DIARRHAGE, Fracture.
  DIARRHCE'A, from Sta, 'through/ and ptw,
' I flow.'   Enterorrhce'a, Incontinentia alvi, Alvi
proflu'vium,  A. fluxus aquo'sus, Ventris proflit-
vium, Cceliorrhce'a,  Cceliol'ysis, Alvus cita, Caca-
to'ria, Coprorrhce'a, Catar'rhus intestina'lis, Alvi
 fluxus, Rheuma, Epiph'ora Alvi, Fluxus alvi nus,
Lax'itas alvi, Deflux'io, Lax,  Looseness, Purging,
 (F.) Diarrhie, Divoiement, Catarrhe intestinal,
Flux de Ventre, Cours de  Ventre,  Courante.  A
disease characterized by frequent liquid alvine
evacuations, and generally owing to inflammation
or irritation of the mucous  membrane of the in-
testines.  It  is commonly  caused by errors  in
regimen, the use  of  food noxious  by its quality
or quantity, Ac, constituting  the Diarrhce'a ster-
cora'ria,  D.  Crapulo'sa of writers.  It may  be
acute  or  chronic.   Many  varieties have  been
made by some nosologists—e. g.  mucous,—Diar-
rhce'a muco'sa, Blennoehe'sia, Blennoche'ziaj bi- 
DIARRHOISCHESIS
286
DIASTEMATOPYELIA
lious,—Bco-cholo'aia, Diarrhoe'a bilio'aa ; serous,
— Hydroche'zia, Hydrodiarrhce'a,  Orrhoche'zia ;
dependent upon the matters evacuated.  Diarrhoea
requires different treatment, according to its na-
ture.   If caused, as it often is, by improper mat-
ters in the intestinal canal, these must be evacu-
ated ; and the astringent plan of treatment must
not be adopted, unless the discharges seem kept
up by irritability of the intestines,  or unless they
are colliquative.   The indiscriminate use of as-
tringents is to be deprecated.
  A very fatal diarrhoea prevails  amongst the
native inhabitants of India, to which Mr. Tytler
has given the name Diarrhce'a hec'tica, because,
like hectic fever, it seems to obtain habitual pos-
session of the constitution, to operate upon  it
with scarcely any perceptible intermission, and,
in general, to defy the most powerful remedies.
  Diarrhoea Adiposa, Gras-fondure—d. cum
Apepsia, Lientery—d. Arthritica,  Coeliagra—d.
Biliosa, see Diarrhoea—d.  Carnosa, Dysentery —
d. Chylosa, Cceliac flux—d. Chymosa, Coeliac flux
—d. Crapulosa, see Diarrhoea—d.  Cruenta, Hae-
matochezia—d. Dyspeptica, Lientery — d. Hepa-
tica, Hepatirrhoea—d. Ingestorum, Lientery—d.
Lienteria, Lientery—d. Mucosa, see Diarrhoea—
d. Purulenta, Pyochezia—d. Sanguinolenta, Hae-
matochezia—d. Stercoraria, see Diarrhoea—d. in
Urina, Diabetes — d. Urinosa, Diabetes.
  DIARRHOIS'CHESIS, from Diarrhoea, and
exacts, 'arrest.'  Arrest of a diarrhoea.
  DIARTHRO'DIAL, Diarthrodia'lis. Relating
to diarthroses or movable articulations; as diar-
thro'dial  articulation.  Diarthro'dial cartilagea
or iucruating  cartilagea are the cartilages which
invest the articular extremities of bones.
  DIARTHRO'SIS, from StapSpow, (Sia, and
apdpow,) 'I  separate  the  limbs/  'I articulate.'
Dearticula'tio, Prosarthro'sis, Aparthro'sis, Ab-
articula'tio, Coarticula'tio, Perarticula'tio, Rotd-
tio, (F.)  Emboiture.   A  movable  articulation.
One which permits the bones to move freely on
each other in every direction, as in the case of
the shoulder joint.
  DIASATYR'ION, from Sta, and aarvptov, 'the
orchia  maa'cula.'   An  electuary,  of wbicb this
plant formed the basis. (?)—Myrepsus.  The an-
cients attributed to it the faculty of exciting the
organs of generation.
  DIASCINCI ANTIDOTUS,  Mithridate.
  DIASCOR'DIUM, from Sta, and cKopStov, 'the
water germander.'  An electuary,  so called be-
cause this plant  entered into  its  composition.
The Parisian codex has a formula for its prepa-
ration, under the title, Electua'rium opia'tum ae-
trin'gena  vel  diaacor'dium. (R. fol.  acord.  5iss,
roear. rubr., bietort. rad.,  gentiana,  tormentilla,
sem. berber. aa. "|ss, zingib., piper, long,  aa, *5ij,
cassia lignea, cinnamom., dictamn. Cretens., sty-
rac. calamit., galban., gum.  acacia aa (""";ss, bol.
oriental, prapar. J^ij, extract vinos opii. Zij, met.
rosat. prap. ft>ij, vin. hispan. Ibss: flat electua-
rium.)  In place of the styrax calamita, the bal-
sam of tolu or benjamin may be used.  The opium
is, in this  preparation, in the proportion of 1 to
184.  The diascordium is  employed in diarrhoea
and dysentery, as a tonic,  stomachic, and astrin-
gent.   The common dose is from  a scruple to a
.drachm and a half. See Pulvis cretae compositus.
  DIASOSTIC, Prophylactic.
  DIASPASIS, Divulsio.
  DIASPER'MATON. The ancient  name  of
two cataplasms,  composed of seeds. — Galen,
Paulus.
  DIASPHYXIS,  Pulse.  Also, a violent beat
of the pulse.
  DIASTAL'TIC,  DiastaVticus;  from  Sta,
'through/ and artXXw, 'I contract.'  An epithet
applied by  Dr. Marshall Hall to the reflex  or
excito-motory  system  of  nerves;  because the
actions they induce are performed ' through' the
spinal marrow  as their essential centre.
  DIASTALTICUS, Diastolic
  DIASTAS^E'MIA, (F.) Diastasimie, from St-
acTacts, 'separation/ and 'atpa, 'blood.' A patho-
logical condition,  characterized by a separation
of the elements of the blood globules ;—the fibrin
and albumen  separating also from the colouring
matter, whilst the fibrin  attaches  itself to the
valves of the heart.—Delafore.
  DIASTASE.  Same etymon as the next but
one.  A vegetable principle, allied in its general
properties to gluten, which appears in the  ger-
mination  of barley and  other  seeds and, by its
presence,  converts the  starch into sugar  and
gum.
  DIASTASE3IIE, Diastasaemia.
  DIAS'TASIS, from  Sta, and tcrvpt, ' to place/
'separation/ 'distance.'  Diaste'ma, Dissiden'tia.
A separation  of bones,  and  particularly of the
bones of the cranium, from  each other; of the
radius from the ulna, and the fibula from the
tibia.  The  ancients used this word to designate
the  three  dimensions of the body, — length,
breadth, and thickness; for the interval separat-
ing the patient from the physician; the swelling
of varicose veins; the jime at which some change
occurred in  disease, Ac.
  DIASTEMA, Diastasis, Interstice.
  DIASTEMATELYT'RIA,  from Stacrvpa, 'in-
terstice/ and tXvrpov, 'vagina.' An organic de-
viation, characterized by a longitudinal division
or fissure of the vagina.—Breschet.
  DIASTEMATENCEPHA'LIA, from Stacrvpa,
and tyKttpaXos,  'the brain.'  Anorganic deviation,
consisting in a longitudinal division of the brain.
—Breschet.
  DIASTEMA'TIA, from Stacrvpa.  A term em-
ployed by Breschet for  an  organic  deviation,
characterized by the presence  of  a fissure in the
mesial line of the body.
  DIASTEMATOCAU'LIA,  from Stacrvpa, and
kovXos, 'trunk.' An organic deviation, charac-
terized by a longitudinal  division of the trunk.
  DIASTEMATOCHEI'LIA, from Stacrvpa, and
XiiX°s> 'the  lip.'  An organic deviation, consist-
ing in a longitudinal division or fissure  of the lip.
  DIASTEMATOCRA'NIA,  from Stacrvpa, and
Kpavtov, 'the cranium.'  An  organic  deviation,
consisting in a  longitudinal deviation of the cra-
nium.
  DIASTEMATOCYS'TIA, from StacTvpa,  and
kvctis, 'bladder.'  An organic deviation, charac-
terized by a longitudinal division of the urinary
bladder.
  DIASTEMATOGAS'TRIA, from Stacrvpa, and
yacrvp, 'the stomach.'  An  organic  deviation,
characterized by a longitudinal division of the
stomach.
  DIASTEMATOGLOS'SIA, from Stacrvpa, and
yXwcca, 'tongue.'  An organic deviation, charac-
terized by a  longitudinal division or fissure of the
tongue.
  DIASTEMATOGNA'THIA, from  Stacrvpa,
and  yvados,  'jaw.'   An  organic deviation, cha-
racterized by a longitudinal division of the jaw.
  DIASTEMATOME'TRIA, from Stacrvpa, and
pvrpa, 'womb.'  An organic deviation, charac-
terized by a longitudinal  division or fissure of the
womb.
  DIASTEMATOPYEL'IA,  from Stacrvpa, and
TrueXoj, 'pelvis.'  An organic deviation, charac- 
DIASTEMATORACHIA
287
DICTAMNUS
terized by a longitudinal division or fissure of
the pelvis.
  DIASTEMATORA'CHIA, from Stacrvpa, and
paxts, 'spine.'  An organic deviation, characte-
rized by a longitudinal division or fissure of the
Bpine.
  DIASTEMATORIII'NIA, from Stacrvpa, and
ptv, ' the  nose.'  An organic deviation, characte-
rized by a longitudinal division of the nose.
  DIASTEMATOSTAPHYL'IA, from Siacrvpa,
and aratpvXv,  ' uvula.'   An  organic deviation,
characterized by  a longitudinal division of the
uvula.
  DIASTEMATOSTER'NIA, from Stacrvpa, and
ortpvov,  '  the sternum.'  An organic deviation,
characterized by a longitudinal division of the
sternum.
  DIASTEMENTER'IA,  from  Stacrvpa,   and
tvnpov,  ' intestine.'  An  organic deviation, cha-
racterized by a longitudinal division of the in-
testine.
  DIAS'TOLE, from StacrtXXw, (Sta  and crtXXw,
' I  send/) ' I dilate/ ' I open.'  Relaxdtio seu
Remis'sio cordis et  arteria'rum.   Dilatation of
the  heart and arteries,  when  the blood enters
their cavities.  It is  the opposite movement to
systole, in which the heart  and arteries contract
to send forth the blood.  Diastole and systole are,
consequently, successive movements.  Diastole,
Motas cordis diastalticus, occurs simultaneously
in the two ventricles.   The almost inappreciable
time, which elapses  between  the diastole  and
systole  has  been  called perisystole,  and  that
which succeeds  to   the  diastole, peridiastole.
AVhen we speak of the  contraction or systole of
the  heart, as well as of its  diastole or dilatation,
we mean  that of the ventricles.  This dilatation
is active.
  DIASTOLEUS, Dilator.
  DIAS'TOLIC,  Diastol'icus,  Diastal ticus;
same etymon.  Belonging to the  diastole of the
heart—as ' diastolic impulse of the heart.'
   Diastolic Impulse of  the Heart, see Im-
pulse, diastolic
  DIASTOMO'TRIS, from Stacropow, (Sta, and
CTopa, ' mouth.')  ' I dilate an aperture.' Dilat-
ing  instruments, such as the  different kinds of
specula for the mouth, anus, vagina,  Ac.
  DIASTREMMA,Distortion,Perversion, Sprain.
  DIASTROPHE, Distortion, Perversion, Sprain.
  DIAT'ASIS,  Disten'sio,  from  Siarttvw,  (Sia,
and rtivw,  ' I  stretch/) ' I  distend.'   Tension.
The reduction  of  a fracture by  extension and
counter-extension.
  DIATES'SARON, from Sia, and rtccapts, 'four.
An electuary, into the composition of which en-
tered four medicines; viz.  the  roots  of gentian,
aristolochia rotunda,  and bay-berries,  each, ^ij,
honey ftij.  The wbole  was  incorporated  with
extract  of juniper.   The  diapentes  is nothing
more than this electuary, mixed with two ounces
of ivory shavings.   The diatessaron is tonic, and
it was formerly employed in cases of stings and
bites of venomous animals.  It was  regarded as
emmenagogue, alexiterial, and alexipharmic
  DIATH'ESIS, from SiaTtQnpi, (Sta, and rtOvpi,
'to  place,')  'I  dispose.'   Disposition, constitu-
tion, affection of the body : predisposition to cer-
tain diseases rather than to others; — (F.) Immi-
nence morbide.   The principal diatheses,  men-
tioned by authors, are the cancerous, scrofulous,
scorbutic, rheumatic, gouty and calculous.
  Diathesis  H.emorrhoidalis,  see  Haemor-
rhoids—d. Hemorrhagic, Hematophilia—d. Ner-
vosa,  Nervous  diathesis — d. Rheumatic, see
Rheumatic — d. Sthenica,  Sthenia.
  DIATRAGACAN'THUS.  A  powder  com-
posed of gum tragacanth, ^ij, gum Arabic, *|j and
gij, starch, *§ss,  liquorice, ^iij, as much of the
seeds of the melon, and white poppy ; seeds of the
water-melon,  cucumber,  and  gourd,  and sugar
candy """"iij.  It was used as a demulcent.
  DIATRESIS,  Perforation.
  DIATRIMMA, Chafing.
  DIATRINSANTALON, see Diatrion.
  DIATRI'ON,  Diatri'um, from  Sia,  and rptts,
'three.'  A medicine composed of three ingre-
dients.  There were formerly two kinds.   The
first was called Diatri'um Pipe'reon spe'cies, and
was formed of black and long  pepper, aniseed,
thyme, and ginger.  It was highly  stimulating.
The second species was  known under  the name,
Diatrinsadtalon, Diatri'um Santalo'rum pulvis,
or Powder of the three Sanders.  They were con-
sidered diaphoretic.
  DIATRITA'RII.   The Methodists were  so
called, who pretended to cure all  diseases by
subjecting the patients to treatment every third
day.
  DIAT'RITOS. Relating to every third  day.
A means used by the Methodists to cure disease.
  DIAZOMA, Diaphragm.
  DIAZOSMA, Diaphragm.
  DIAZOS'TER, from Stafavvvpt, (Sta, and £wv-
vvpt, 'to gird/)  ' I surround.'  The twelfth ver-
tebra of the back, because  it corresponds to the
girdle, tyarvp.
  DIAZOSTRA, Diaphragm.
  DICEN'TRA  CANADEN'SIS,  Squirrel corn,
Colic weed.  Family, Fumariaceae. An indigen-
ous plant, growing from Maine  to  Wisconsin,
which  flowers in May,  the flowers having the
odour of hyacinths.  It has been given internally
in syphilis, and applied externally in syphilis and
gonorrhoea.
  DICEPHALIUM, Bicephalium.
  DICEPH'ALUS, Biceph'alus,  Derod'ymus et
lod'ymus, Janus, from  Si, 'double/ and KttpaXv,
'head.'  A monster with two heads.
  DICERAS RUDE, Ditrachyceras  rudis,  see
Worms.
  DICHALCON.  A weight,  equal  to.a third
part of the obolus.
  DICHOPHY'IA, from Stxa, ' double/ and tpvw,
' I grow.'  A disease of the hairs, in which they
split and grow forked.
  DICHROMOS, Verbena officinalis.
  DICIATRIA,  Medicine, legal.
  DICLIDOSTO'SIS, from SikXis, 'a double
door/ and octwcis,  'ossification.'   Ossification of
valves—as of the heart.
  DICLIS, Valve.
  DICOR'YTHUS, Dicrdnus, from St, 'double/
Kopvtpv, 'the crown of the head.'  A monster with
a double vertex or cranium.
  Dicoryphus Dihypogastrius, Hemipages.
  DICRANUS, Dicoryphus.
  DI'CROTUS, Bisfer'iens, from Sis, 'twice/ and
Kpvw,  ' I  strike.'   An epithet given to the pulse,
when it seems to beat twice as fast as usual.  It
is synonymous  with the term rebounding, the
artery rebounding after striking, so as to  con-
vey the sensation of a double pulsation.  It has
been  considered, and with truth, to  frequently
foretell hemorrhage.  In bad cases of typhus, it
certainly announces such a tendency.
  DICTAMNE, Dictamnus albus —a1, de Crete,
Origanum dictamnus.
  DICTAM'NUS  ALBUS,  from Dictamnus, a
town  in Crete ; D. Fraxinella, Fraxinella  Dic-
tamnus,  White  Fraxinella,  Bastard Dittany,
Fraxinella, (F.) Dictamne, Fraxinelle. The fresh 
DICTYITIS
288
DIET
 root has been considered nervine, anthelmintic,
 ammenagogue.  It is not used.
   Dictamnus Creticus,  Origanum  dictamnus—
 d. Fraxinella, Dictamnus albus.
   DICTYITIS,  Retinitis.
   DICTYON, Rete.
   DIDELPHYS, Dihysteria.
   DIDY'MAL'GIA, from StSvpoi,  'the testicles/
 and aXyos,  ' pain.'   Pain  in the testicles.
   DIDYMIS, Epididymis.
   DIDYMITIS, Hernia humoralis.
   DIDYTMOS, Gemellus.
   DIDYMUS, Testicle —d. Symphyogastrius,
 Gastrodidymus—d, Symphyohypogastricus, Hy-
 pogastrodidymus — d. Symphyoperinaeus, Pygo-
 didymus — d. Symphyothoracogastrius, Thoraco-
 gastrodidymus.
   DIECBOL'ION, from Sia, and wfiaXXw, 'I cast
 out.' A name given, by the  ancients, to a remedy
 which  they believed capable of producing abor-
 tion.
  DIERENBACH, MINERAL WATERS OF.
 Dierenbach is a city in Bavaria, two leagues from
 which is a sulphurous spring.
  DIERVIL'LA TRIF'IDA, Bush  honeysuckle.
 An indigenous plant of the Honeysuckle tribe—
 Lonicerae — whose flowers  appear from June  to
August.  It has been used  as a diuretic; and in
gonorrhoea and syphilis.
  DIES, He'mera, A  day,  (F.) Jour.  The day
is, properly, the  period during which the  solar
light illumines our  horizon : but commonly, also,
we designate by the word day the period of 24
hours or Nycihe'meron, which is  frequently di-
 vided into fopr parts—morning, midday, evening,
 and midnight,  In antiquity, great importance
 was attached  to the observation of days in dis-
 ease.  The  medical day is usually reckoned at
 24 hours,—universally in estimating the duration
 of a disease.  In  parts of the United States, it
 comprises only the time when the sun is  above
 the  horizon,  as regards the administration  of
 medicine, so that if a medicine be ordered to be
 taken four times a day,  it is understood to mean
 during the 12  hours of day.
   Dies  Caniculares, see Canicula—d. Contem-
 plabiles, Critical days — d. Contemplantes, Indi-
 cating days—d. Critici,  Critical days—d. Decre-
 torii, Critical  days — d. Indicantes, Indicating
 days—d. Indicatorii, Indicating days—d. Indices,
 Indicating days — d. Internuntii, Critical days—
 d. Judicatorii, Critical days—d. Radicales, Criti-
 cal days.
   DIET,  Dia'ta, Diate'ma, Ra'tio victus.   Ori-
 ginally, this word signified nearly the same thing
 as Hygiene  and  Regimen,  that is,  Diet was  the
 employment of every thing necessary for the pre-
 servation of health and life.  At the present day,
 it signifies a particular kind of food, and, at times,
 a privation of  food and drink;—abstinence.  To
 put any one upon diet, (F.) mettre quelqu'un d la
 diete, means to deprive him of his usual nourish-
ment :—milk diet means  a diet of milk, Ac.  See
Aliment, Dietetics, Hygiene, and Regimen.
  Diet  Scale.  Every  well regulated hospital
has certain  dietetic regulations.  The following
 Table of Dietary shows the particular regimen
selected for the sick, in certain hospitals.
DIET-TABLE  OF DIFFERENT  HOSPITALS  OF GREAT  BRITAIN,  IRELAND,  AND
                                THE  UNITED  STATES.

                                      I.  ENGLAND.
                                 London Hospitals.
                                    1. London Hospital.
r	common diet.	MEDDLE DEBT.	LOW DEBT.	MILK DIET.
	12 oz. Bread.			
	1 pint Porter, Men. i pint do., Women.		8 oz. Bread.	12 oz. Bread.
	Gruel. 8 oz. Beef, with Po-tatoes, thrice a week. 8 oz. Mutton, with	The same, except that 4 oz. of Meat shall be given in-	Gruel.	Gruel.
	Potatoes, twice a week.	stead of 8 oz.	Broth.	1 pint Milk.
				
	8 oz. Potatoes and			
	Soup,with vegeta-			
	bles,twiceaweek.			
	1 pint of Broth.	J	Gruel or Broth.	1 pint Milk.
				
	2. St	Bartholomew's Hospital.		
	COMMON diet.	BROTH DIET.	thin or fever diet.	MILK diet.
	Milk Porridge. 12 oz. Bread. 6 oz. Mutton or Beef. 1 pint Broth [with Peas or Potatoes, 4 times a week.] 2 pints Beer, Men. 1 pint, Women. 1 oz. Butter, twice a week.	Milk Porridge. 12 oz. Bread. 2 pints Broth. 1 pint Beer. 1 oz. Butter.	Milk Porridge. 12 oz. Bread. 1 pint of Milk, with Tapioca, Arrow root,Sago,orRice, as may be pre-scribed. Barley water.	Milk Porridge. 12 oz. Bread. 2 pts. Milk,with Ta-pioca, Arrow-root, Sago, or Rice, as may be prescribed. Barley water. 1 oz. Butter. Bread Pudding, three times a week, when ordered.
 
DIET                    289                   DIET
3.  St. Thomas's Hospital.
Daily.......J

Breakfast.....
Dinner.
Supper......
2 pints Beer;   14 oz.
  Bread.
Water Gruel.
Jib. of Beef when dress-
  ed, twiceaweek; 4oz.
  Butter,  or 6  oz. of
  Cheese, thrice a week;
  J  lb. Mutton  when
  boiled, thrice a week.
1 pt. Broth, 4 times a
  week.
12 oz. Bread.

1 pint Milk.
1 pint Milk, 4 times
  a week.
RicePudding, thrice
  a week.
1 pint Milk.
14 oz. Bread, 2 pints
  Beer.
Water  Gruel.
4 oz. Butter, 4 times
  a week; RicePud-
  ding  and  4 oz.
  of Butter, three
  times a week.
FEVER DIET.
12 oz. Bread; two
  pints Beer.
AVater Gruel.
I lb. Beef, for tea.
4.  St. George's Hospital.
\	extra diet.	ordinary diet.	fish diet.	FEVER DIET.	BROTH DIET.	MILK DIET.
	'l2 oz. Bread.	12 oz. Bread.	12 oz. Bread.	12 oz. Bread.	12 oz. Bread.	12 oz. Bread.
	Men.	1 pint Beer.		Barley AVater		
J 1	2 pints Beer. Women. IJ pint Beer.			ad libitum.		
Breakfast . \	1 pint Tea.	1 pint Tea.	1 pint Tea.	1 pint Tea.	1 pint Tea.	1 pint Tea.
	.} pint Milk.	£ pint Milk.	£ pint Milk.	£ pint Milk.	£ pint Milk.	£ pint Milk.
	12 oz. Meat,					
	roasted		4 oz. of plain	Arrow-root	1 pint Broth	IJ pint Rice.
	(weighed	One-half of	boiled white	Ac, must be	6 oz. light	Milk four
	with the bone	the meat al-	fish (as Whi-	specially di-	Pudding.	days.
Dinner.... -J	before it is	lowed for ex-	ting, Plaice,	rected.		
	dressed) four	tra diet.	Flounders, or			J lb. Bread or
	days,—boiled;	J lb. Potatoes.	Haddock.)			Rice Pudding
	three days. J					three days.
	lb. Potatoes.					
Supper.....	1 pint Gruel.	1 pint Gruel.	1 pint Gruel.	1 pint Tea.	1 pint Gruel.	J pint Milk.
	£ pint Milk.	£ pint Milk.	£ pint Milk.	£ pint Milk.	£ pint Milk.	
5. Guy's Hospital.
Daily
FULL DIET.
14 oz. Bread.
IJ oz. Butter.
1 qt. Table Beer.
8 oz. Meat, when
 dressed.
MIDDLE DIET.
12 oz. Bread.
IJ oz. Butter.
1 pt. Table Beer.
4 oz. Meat, when
 dressed, and
J pint Broth.
12 oz. Bread.
1 oz. Butter.
Tea and Sugar.
MILK diet.
12 oz. Bread.
1 oz. Butter.
2 pints Milk.
FEVER DIET.
6 oz. Bread.
1 oz. Butter.
Tea and Sugar.
Half a pound of Beef, (for Beef-tea,) or Arrow-
         root or Sago, when ordered.
For each Diet, Gruel or Barley-water, as required.
		6. Westminater Hospital.				
						
	FULL DIET.	MIDDLE DIET.	LOW DIET.		FEVER DIET.	DIET.
			Fixed.	Casual.		
	14 oz. Bread.	10 oz. Bread.	J lb. Bread.		i lb. Bread.	I lb. Bread. J lb. Meat. J lb. Potatoes. £ pint Milk. 1 pint Porter.
r	1 pint Milk	1 pint Milk	1 pint Tea,	—	1 pint Tea,	
Breakfast <	Porridge, or	Porridge, or	with Sugar		with Sugar	
	Rice Gruel.	thin Gruel.	and Milk.		and Milk.	
	* lb. Meat,	£ lb. Meat, roasted, boiled,	No fixed Diet	1 pint Broth,	Barley Water.	
	roasted, boiled,		for Dinner.	or J lbi of Bread, or Rice Pudding, or		
Dinner • • -	or chops.	or chops.				
	J lb. of Pota-	I lb. of Pota-		lpt. Beef Tea,		
	toes.	toes.		or a Chop, or Fish.		
f	1 pint Milk	1 pint Milk	1 pint Tea,	—	1 pint Tea,	
Supper..i	Porridge, or	Porridge, or	with Suuar		with Sugar	
1	Rice Gruel.	thin Gruel.	and Milk.		and Milk. !	
19 
DIET                   290                  DIET
7.  Middlesex Hospital.
Daily .. .. Breakfast. Dinner . ■ Supper . ■	DLZETA CARNIS, OR MEAT DIET.	DLBTA JUSCULI, OR SOUP DIET.	DL3STA LACTIS, OR MILK DIET.	DLETA SIMPLEX, OR SIMPLE DIET.	CANCER DIET.
	12 oz. Bread. 1 pint Milk. Physician's Patients. J lb. of Potatoes, 4 oz. dressed meat, (beef or mutton,) roast and boiled alternately, 4 days. 4 oz. Meat in Soup, 3 days. Surgeon'8 Patients. | lb. of Potatoes, 4 oz. dressed meat, (beef or mutton,) roast and boiled alternately. 1 pint Gruel alternately with 1 pint of Barley-water.	12 oz. Bread. 1 pint Milk. 1 pint Soup, made with 4 oz. Beef, alter-nately with 1 pint of Broth with Barley. 1 pint Gruel.	12 oz. Bread. 1 pint Milk. J pint of Milk with Rice-pud-ding, 4 days, and with Bat-ter-pudding, 3 days. J pint Milk or 1 pint Gruel.	6 oz. Bread. 1 pint Barley-water. 1 pint Gruel. 1 pint Gruel or Barley-wa-ter.	12 oz. Bread. J lb Meat. J lb. Potatoes. 1 pint Milk.
8. North London Hospital.
	FULL DIET.	MIDDLE DIET.	LOW DIET.	MTLK DIET.
	16 oz. Bread. £ pint Milk. J lb. Meat and J lb. Potatoes 4 days. 1 pt. Soup or Rice 3 days.	16 oz. Bread. £ pint Milk. 1- pint Soup or Rice.	8 oz. Bread. £ pint Milk. Oatmeal for Gruel.	17 oz. Bread. 2 pints Milk.
				
9.  King's College Hospital.
Breakfast... \	FULL DIET.	MIDDLE DIET.	MILE DIET.	LOW DIET.	FEVER DIET.
	1 pint Beer, or J pint Porter. 14 oz. Bread. 1 pt. Milk Por-ridge. J lb. Meat. J lb. Potatoes. 1 pt. Milk Por-ridge.	14 oz. Bread. 1 pt. Milk Por-ridge. £ lb. Meat. J lb. Potatoes. 1 pt. Milk Por-ridge.	1 lb. Bread. 1 pint Milk. 1 pint Milk. 1 pint Gruel.	8 oz. Bread. 1 pint Gruel. 1 pint Broth. 1 pt. Milk Por-ridge.	1 pint Gruel. 2 pints Barley-water. 1 pt. Milk Por-ridge.
10. Dreadnought Hospital Ship,
Breakfast... j	FULL DUET.	ORDINARY DIET.	LOW DIET.	MILK DIET.	FEVER DIET.
	1 pint Tea. 1 lb. Bread. £ lb. Meat. | lb. Potatoes. 2 pints Beer, (if ordered.) 1 pint Broth.	Ditto. Ditto. i lb. Meat. J lb. Potatoes. 1 pint Beer, (if ordered.) 1 pint Broth or Gruel.	Ditto. J lb. Bread. 1 pint of Beef Tea. 1 pint Gruel or Milk, (if or-dered.	Ditto. 1 lb. Bread. 1 pint Milk. 1 pint Milk.	Ditto. Gruel. Gruel or Bar-ley-water.
 
DIET                  291                  DIET
HOSPITALS.	ordinary diet.	low diet.
Liverpool.	Breakfast.—A pint milk porridge, breaded every morn'g. Dinner.—(1, 5, 71-) — Boiled beef and vegetables.—(2) —Rice, milk, and bread.—(3)—Stewed beef and po-tatoes.—(4)—Pea soup and bread.—(6)—Ale, gruel, and bread. . Supper. — A pint of broth and bread on Sunday and Thursday. A pint of milk and bread on the other days. Full Diet. — The same as the ordinary diet.	Consists throughout the day of milk porridge, common batter, or rice, pudding. The ale and beer are bought.
Bristol.	Breakfast.—On Sunday, Tuesday, Thursday, and Satur-day, milk porridge; Monday, Wednesday, and Fri-day, meat broth; 12 oz. of bread on meat days; 14 oz. on the other days. Dinner.—(1, 3, 5)—Three-fourths of a pound of meat, with vegetables; two pints of beer daily.—(2, 4, 6, 7) —A pint of gruel or pap. Supper.—A wine pint of gruel of meal broth on Sun-day ; 2 oz. of cheese for the men, one-fourth of an oz. of butter for the women, on Monday, Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday. Full Diet. — The patients have meat every day.	Breakfast.—A wine quart of milk porridge or milk. Dinner. — A wine quart of weak broth. Supper. — The same as breakfast, 14 oz. of bread, and barley-wa-ter for common drink. 20 bushels of malt, 15 lbs. of hops to 14 gals, of strong ale; 21 bush, of malt, and 12 pounds of bops, to 360 gals, of ale; 11 bush, of malt, 7 pounds of hops, to 360 gals, of small beer.
Birmingham. Revised 1819.	Breakfast.—To each man a pint and a half of milk por-ridge, with 4 oz. of bread added to it. To each wo-man or child, one pint of milk porridge without bread. To each patient 2 oz. of bread daily. Dinner.—(1, 3, 5)—To each man 8 oz. of baked or boiled meat; to each woman or child, 6 oz. To each patient, 6 oz. of vegetables, and one pint of beer daily.—(2)— To each man, a quart of rice or barley broth, made with a variety of vegetables ; to each woman or child, one pint and a half. —(4)—Twelve ounces of boiled rice or bread pudding. — (6) — Four oz. of boiled or baked meat, a pint of rice or barley broth, made with a variety of vegetables.—(7)—Six oz. of baked rice or bread pudding, or a pint of rice or barley broth, made with a variety of vegetables. Supjier.—A pint of broth,, milk porridge, or gruel. Full Diet. — Breakfast the same as in ordinary diet. Dinner, 6 oz. of boiled or baked meat, 6 oz. of vege-tables, 6 oz. of baked rice or bread pudding. Supper, the same as ordinary diet.	Breakfast.—The same as ordinary diet. Dinner.—A pint of broth or rice milk, 6 oz. of baked rice or bread pudding to each pa-tient every day. Supper. — The same as ordinary diet.
II. SCOTLAND.
Edinburgh.	Breakfast. — One mutchkin of porridge, three gills of milk or beer; or five and one-fourth ounces of fine bread, milk or beer. Dinner. — (1,4) — One chopin of broth, 8 ounces of butcher's meat boiled in the broth, or beef-steak; five and one-fourth ounces of bread.— (2, 5, 7) — A chopin of broth made of beef and bones, barley, groats, pota-toes, and vegetables; five and a-half ounces of bread. —(3, 6) — Potato soup, with beef and veal, or bones; bread as above. Supper.—As the breakfast each day. Full Diet.—At discretion.	At discretion.
Glasgow.	Breakfast. — Milk porridge, quantity not limited, with half a mutchkin of sweet milk, or one mutchkin of buttermilk or beer. Dinner.—(1) — Broth made of barley, vegetables, and the dripping of the meat roasted during the week, with a quartern loaf to a man, and half to a woman.— (2, 4)—Beef boiled : 8 oz. to the men, and 6 oz. to the women; a quartern loaf to a man, and half to a wo-man,—or vegetables.—(3, 6)—Broth, made with beef, barley, and vegetables; a quartern loaf to men, and half to women. — (5) — Potato soup, with cow heels, bones, Ac. — (7) — Six oz. of cheese to men, 4 oz. to women : bread as above. Sapper.—As the breakfast each day. Full Diet.—At discretion.	At discretion*
* The figures in parentheses denote the days of the week. 
DIET              292              DIET
III. IRELAND.
5. Hospitals of House of Industry.	Per diem.—Sixteen oz. of white bread, one quart of new milk, and one quart of buttermilk for whey. Full Diet. — Two ounces of bread per diem, one quart of broth, one quart of new milk.	One pint of flummery per diem, one quart of now milk, and one quart of buttermilk for whey.
Stephen's Hospital.	Breakfast—Half a pound of bread, one pint of milk. Dinner.—(1, 2, 3, 5, 7)—One quart bf soup, half a pound of bread, or two pounds of potatoes ; one pint of milk or beer. —(4, 6) —Twelve oz. of bread, one quart of sweetened gruel.	Daily, half a pound of bread, two quarts of new milk, and one quart of buttermilk.
Royal Hos-pital, Phoe-nix Park.	Breakfast.—One pint of oatmeal or rice gruel. Dinner.—Half a pound of meat, three-fourths of a pound of bread ; one pound of potatoes. Supper.—One pint of oatmeal or rice gruel. Full Diet. — Three-fourths of a pound of meat, one pound of bread, half a pound of potatoes, one quart of beer.	Breakfast.—Tea. Dinner. — Half a pound of bread made into pa-nada or pudding.
Richmond Hospital.	Breakfast.—One quart of stirabout, one pint of new milk. Dinner.—Bread, 8 oz.; soup, 1 quart. Supper.—Bread, 4 oz.; new milk, one pint. Full Diet.—Breakfast, bread, 8 oz.; new milk, one pint.—Dinner, bread, 8 oz.; mutton or beef, 8 oz.— Supper, bread, 4 oz.; new milk, one pint.	Breakfast. — Flummery, one pint; new milk, one pint. Supper.—Half a pound of bread, one pint of milk.
Belfast Hospital.	Breakfast.—One pint of stirabout, one pint of new milk. Dinner.—Half a pound of bread, one pint of new milk. Supper.—One pint of flummery, one pint of new milk. Full Diet.—Breakfast, one quart of stirabout, one pint of new milk.—Dinner, 2 lbs. of potatoes, one pint of milk.—Supper, one pint of flummery, one pint of new milk.	Per diem. — Quarter of a pound of bread, one quart of gruel, three pints of new milk, half a pint of flummery. Barley water at occa-sions.
Cork Fever Hospital.	Breakfast.—One half quartern loaf for every four, and one pint of new milk each. Under 12 years, half a quartern loaf for every eight. Dinner.—(1, 3, 5)—One pound of beef, and two pounds of potatoes. Under 12 years, half a pound of beef, and one pound of potatoes. — (2, 4, 6, 7) — Potatoes and milk. Supper. — One pint of milk and one of stirabout, for adults; half do. for children.	Breakfast. — One - fourth of a lb. of bread, with milk and water sweet-ened. Dinner. — Gruel, broth, wine, and porter, as or-dered by the physician.
IV. UNITED STATES.
Pennsylva-nia Hospi-tal, Philada.	Breakfast.—Tea, coffee, or chocolate, with sugar or mo-lasses and milk,and common baker's bread at discretion. Dinner.—Soup always; meat of two kinds—mutton and beef, generally—pork frequently; vegetables, accord-ing to the season; potatoes and rice, always. Supper. — Tea and bread: no butter allowed either to breakfast or supper, unless prescribed.	Gruel, gum water, barley water, and other1 arti-cles prescribed by the physician.
Philadel-phia Hospital, (Blockley.)	House Diet. — Arrow-root, gruel, sago, tapioca, rice, beef tea, beef essence, chicken water, rice water, bar-ley water, gum water, flaxseed tea, lemonade. (The diet on which the sick are placed on entering the house until otherwise directed.) Moderate Diet. — Tea, crackers, broth, rice, mush, milk, potatoes, Ac. Full Diet.—Bread, coffee, tea, white meat, mutton, beef, ham, eggs, butter, soup, potatoes, Ac.	The kind and quantity left to the physician. The House Diet may be regarded as low diet.
New Torh Hospital, N. York City.	Breakfast. — Bread and black tea, one ounce of tea to every six, and a pint of milk to every eight patients. Dinner.—Tuesdays, Wednesdays, Thursdays, and Satur-days, beef soup, with beef and potatoes, and bread. On Mondays, boiled rice, with one gill of molasses. Supper.—JDhe same as breakfast.	Special diet is directed by the attending phy-sician, and adapted to each case.
 
DIET  DRINK
293
DIGESTIBLE
  Tho Diet Scale of the British Navy allows from
31 to 35J ounces of dry nutritious matter daily;
of which 26 ounces are vegetable, and the rest
animal — 9 ounces of salt meat, or 4J ounces of
fresh.
  That of the Navy of the United  States is as
follows :—Three daya in the week—Pork, 16 oz.;
beans or peas, 7  oz.; biscuit, 14  oz.; pickles or
cranberries, 1 oz.; sugar, 2 oz.; tea, £ oz.;—40£
oz.    Two daya in the week — Beef, 16 oz.; flour,
8 oz.; fruit, dried, 4 oz.; biscuit,  14 oz.; tea and
sugar, 2£ oz.; pickles  or cranberries, 1 oz.; —
45£ oz.  Two daya in  the week — Beef, 16 oz.;
rice, 8 oz.; butter,  2 oz.; cheese, 2 oz.; biscuit,
14 oz.; tea and sugar,  2£ oz.;  pickles  or cran-
berries, 1 oz.;—45£ oz.
  In  the Edinburgh workhouse the  total  allow-
ance of dry food  is about 17 ounces —13 ounces
vegetable, and 4  ounces animaL   In the Edin-
burgh children's poor-house, the diet consists of
milk  and  porridge,  barley broth  and bread,
amounting  to 13  ounces of vegetable food to 4
ounces of animal.  These allowances have been
found ample  for the maintenance of health.  Per-
haps the case of the smallest quantity of food on
which life was vigorously supported was that of
Cornaro,—not more than 12 ounces a day, chiefly
of vegetable matter, for a period of 58 years.
  DIET DRINK.  A  decoction  or potion, va-
riously composed, and used in considerable quan-
tity, for the purpose of purifying the blood.  The
Decoc'tum Lusitan'icum  or Lisbon Diet-drink, is
one of the most celebrated.  See Decoctum Sar-
saparillae Compositum.
  DIETARY', TABLE  OF, see Diet Scale.
  DIETET'ICS,  Diatetice, Diatetica, 3Tedi-
cinn Diatetica ; same etymon.  (F.) Diititique.
A branch of medicine, comprising the rules to be
followed for preventing, relieving, or curing dis-
eases  by diet.  Dietetics is diet  administered ac-
cording to principle. It is an important part of
Hygiene. A well  regulated system  of diet has
great power in checking disease, and likewise in
preventing  it.  A proper knowledge of dietetics
is, indeed, as important as  that of the  Materia
Medica, strictly so called.
  Dietetics has been used,  also,  synonymously
with Hygiene.
  DIETETIQUE, Dietetics.
  DIETET'ISTS, Diatetis'ta.  Physicians who
apply only the rules of dietetics to the treatment
of disease.
  DIEU-LE-FILT, MINERAL WATERS OF.
The waters of Dieu-le-filt, in France, are chaly-
beate, and much sought after.
  DIEURYSMUS, Dilatation.
  DIEX'ODOS, from Sta, and tfaSos, 'an exit or
way out.' Di'odos.  Any opening by which  an
excretion takes place.
   DIFFERENTIAL  DIAGNOSIS,  see  Diacri-
 tica signa.
   DIFFICULTAS  INTESTINORUM,  Dysen-
 tery.
   DIFFLATIO, Perspiration.
   DIFFOR3IITE,  Deformation.
   DIFFUSED BLOAVING  SOUND, see Mur-
 mur, respiratory.
   DIFFU'SIBLE, (stimulants) from diffundere,
 (dis,  and fundere,  fuaum, 'to pour,') 'to pour
 apart or abroad.'  Those stimulating medicines
 are so called, which  augment the action of the
 vascular and  nervous systems in an acute but
 transitory manner.
   DIGAS'TRICUS, from Sis, 'twice,' and yocrvp,
 'a belly:'  Bivedter,  B.  Maxilla,  Dep'rimens
 3Iaxilla Bivedter, Bigas'ter, (F.) 3Iastoidohyo-
 ginien,  Maato'ido-ginien—(Ch.,)  Digaatrique,
 Abaisseur de la machoire infirieure.   The name
 Digastricus was formerly given to several mus-
 cles.  It is now restricted to  one  of the muscles
 of the superior hyoid region.  The digastricus is
 thick and fleshy at its extremities, thin and ten-
 dinous at its middle.  It is attached to the mas-
 toid groove of the temporal bone, and to a  fos-
 sette at the side of the symphysis menti.   Its ten-
 don passes through  an aponeurotic ring, which is
 attached to the os hyoides.
   The use of the  digastricus is  to depress  the
 lower jaw, or to raise the os hyoides, and to carry
 it forwards or backwards, as in deglutition.
   The strong double-bellied muscle, which forms
 the gizzard of birds, is also called Digastricus.
   Digastricus Cranii, Occipito-frontalis.
   DIGASTRIQUE, Digastricus.
   DIGERENTIA, Digestives.
   DIGES'TIBLE, Concoc'tue  hab'ilia.  Capable
 of being digested.  All food is not  equally  di-
 gestible, and  some of the most nourishing is the
 least so :—the fat of meat, for example.   Certain
 substances, again, are entirely rebellious.  The
 following table exhibits the time required for the
 stomachal digestion of different alimentary sub-
 stances, in a well-known case, which  fell under
 the care of Dr. Beaumont. The table is extracted
from the Author's Human Health, Philadelphia,
 1844.   The most digestible substances are taken
as the standard, which has been arbitrarily fixed
at 1,000; and accordingly, aponeuroais, the first
article in the  table,  requiring 3 hours,  whilst
 piga' feet soused, rice, Ac, require but one,  its
 digestibility,  compared with that of these  ali-
ments, is placed as 333 to 1000; and so of the others.
 It need scarcely be said, that all these  tabular
results apply, in strictness, to the individual con-
 cerned only; yet they afford useful comparative
 views,  which  with  exceptions  depending upon
 individual peculiarities, may be regarded as ap-
 proximations applicable to mankind in general. 
DIGESTIO                 294             DIGITAL  BLANC
Aliments.
Aponeurosis............
Apples, mellow.........
 Do.   sour, hard.......
 Do.   sweet, mellow ..
Barley.................
Bass, striped, fresh......
Beans, pod..............
 Do.  and green corn...
Beef, fresh, lean, rare....
 Do. do.   do.  dry
 Do.  do.   steak.......
 Do. with salt only.....
 Do. with mustard, fee-
 Do.....................
 Do. old, hard salted...
Beets...................
Brains, animal.........
Bread,corn ............
 Do,  wheat, fresh
Butterf.................
Cabbage, head..........
  Do.    with vinegar.
  Do..................
Cake, corn.............
 Do. sponge..........
Carrot, orange.........
Cartilage...............
Catfish, fresh...........
Cheese, old, strong.....
Chicken, full grown.
Codfish, cured dry......
Corn (green) and beans.
Custard................
Duck, domesticated ....
 Do.  wild.............
Dumpling, apple.......
Eggs, fresh............
 Do.    do.............
        do.............
        do.............
        do.............
        do............
Flounder, fresh........
Fowls, domestic.......
  Do.    do...........
Gelatin................
Goose, wild............
Heart, animal.........
Lamb, fresh...........
Liver, beefs, fresh.....
Do.
Do,
Do.
Do.
Form of
prepara-
 tion.
boiled
raw
do.
do.
boiled
broiled
boiled
  do.
roasted
  do.
broiled
boiled
  do.
fried
boiled
boiled
boiled
baked
baked
melted
raw
do.
boiled
baked
  do.
boiled
  do.
fried
raw
fricasseed
boiled
boiled
baked.
roasted
  do.
boiled
hard boiled
soft boiled
fried
roasted
raw
whipped
fried
boiled
roasted
boiled
roasted
fried
boiled
  do.
2 50
1 50
^-5 So;
. = »«
 £ ° o
I o C _
2 30
3 45
3
3 30
3
2 45
3 30
4
4 15
3 45
1 45
3 15
3 30
3 30
2 30
2
4 30
3
2 30
3 15
4 15
3 30
3 30
2 45
2
3 45
2 45
4
4 30
3
3 30
3
3 30
2 15
2
1 30
3 30
4
4
2 30
2 30
4
2 30
2
333
500
352
545
500
333
400
206
333
285
333
303
285
250
235
266
571
302
285
285
400
500
222
333
400
302
235
285
285
363
500
266
363
250
222
333
285
333
285
444
500
666
285
250
250
400
400
250
400
500
Aliments.
Marrow, animal, spinal
Meat and vegetables ..,
Milk..................
 Do....................
Mutton, fresh..........
  Do.    do...........
  Do.    do...........
Oysters, fresh..........
  Do.    do...........
  Do.    do...........
Parsnips...............
Pig, sucking.....'.....
Pigs' feet, soused.......
Pork, fat and lean.....
 Do. recently salted...
 Do.      do.........
 Do.      do.........
 Do.      do.........
 Do.      do..........
Potatoes, Irish.........
   Do.     do.........
   Do.     do.........,
Rice...................
Sago..................
Salmon, salted.........
Sausage, fresh.........
Soup, barley...........
 Do.  bean............
 Do.  beef, vegetables, and
       bread............
 Do.  chicken...........
Soup marrow bones......
 Do. mutton............
 Do. oyster..............
Suet, beef, fresh..........
 Do. mutton............
Tapioca.................
Tendon, boiled...........
Tripe, soused............
Trout, salmon, fresh ....
  Do.    do.............
Turkey, domestic.......
   Do.      do...........
   Do.   wild...........
Turnips, flat............
Veal, fresh..............
 Do.   do...............
Vegetables  and   meat
       hashed  .........
Venison, steak.........
Form of
prepara-
  tion.
boiled
hashed
boiled
raw
roasted
broiled
boiled
raw
roasted
stewed
boiled
roasted
boiled
roasted
boiled
fried
broiled
raw
stewed
boiled
roasted
baked
boiled
  do.
  do.
broiled
boiled
  do.

  do.
  do.
  do.
  do.
  do.
  do.
  do.
  do.
  do.
  do.
  do.
fried
roasted
boiled
roasted
boiled
broiled
fried

warmed
broiled
  * Pigs' feet soused, rice, and tripe soused, being the most digestible articles in the table, are estimated at 1000.
  t In the case of oils, and other substances of similar nature, which undergo little digestion in the stomach,
the time merely indicates the period that elapses before they are sent into the duodenum.
  DIGESTIO  DEPRAVATA,  Dyspepsia —d.
DifScilis, Dyspepsia — d. Laesa, Dyspepsia.
  DIGES'TION, Digealio, from  digere, 'to  dis-
solve';  Coctio,  C. Cibo'rum, Pep'aia, Digcs'tive
Proc"eas.  Digestion is a function, by means of
which alimentary  substances, when  introduced
into the digestive canal, undergo different altera-
tions.  The object of this is to convert them  into
two parts; the one, a reparatory juice, destined
to renew the perpetual waste  occurring in the
economy:  the other,  deprived of  its nutritious
properties, to be rejected from the body.  This
function is composed of a series of organic ac-
tions, differing according to the particular organi-
zation of the animal.   In man they are eight in
number, viz. 1. Prehension of food.  2. Mastica-
tion.  3. Insalivation.  4. Deglutition.  5. Action
of the stomach.   6. Action of the  small intestine.
7. Action of  the large intestine.  8. Expulsion of
the faeces.
   Digestion is also a pharmaceutical operation,
which consists in treating certain solid substances
with  water,  alcohol,  or other  menstruum,  at a
slightly elevated temperature,—in a sand-bath,
for example, or by leaving them exposed for some
time to the sun.
  DIGESTIVE.  See Digestives — d. Principle,
Pepsin—d. Process, Digestion.
  Digestive Texture.  The particular organic
condition  of substances which affeets their diges-
tibility.
  Digestive Tube, Canal, alimentary.
  Diges'tives, Digesti'va,  Digeren'tia;   same
etymon as Digestion.   (F.)  Digestifs.  A term
given, by surgeons,  to  substances, which, when
applied to a wound  or ulcer, promote suppura-
tion ;  such  as  the  ceratum  resina, warm cata-
plasms, fomentations, Ac.
  DIG"ITAL,  Digita'lis; from  digitus, 'a fin-
ger:'  having the shape of a finger;  digitated.
Belonging to the fingers.
  The Appen'dix vermifor'mis caci is  sometimes
called Dig"ital Appen'dix.
   Digital  Arteries, Veins, and Nerves are
those distributed to the fingers.
   DIGITAL BLANC, Clavaria. 
                  DIGITAL

  Digital Cavity, Adcyroid cavity, Cornu de-
tcen'dens ventric'uli latera'lis. The occipital por-
tion of the lateral ventricle of the brain.
  DIGITAL HU3IAIN, Clavaria.
  Digital Impressions are the slight  depres-
sions  observable on the inner surface of the bones
of the cranium, which correspond to the cerebral
convolutions.
  DIGITA'LE.  Same etymon.   (F.) Doigtier.
A finger stall.   The term Doigtier d'Asdrubali
has been  given to a small  iron instrument used
for  measuring  the dimensions of  the  pelvis.
Placed at the end of the index finger, it adds to
its length and enables it to reach the promontory
of the sacrum.
  DIGITALINE, see Digitalis.
  DIGITA'LIS, from digitus, 'a finger,' because
its flower  represents a finger; Digitdlis purpu'-
rea, Fox-glove,  Bac'charis, Bacchar, Baccar (?) ;
Family, Scrophularineae.   Sex. Syst. Didynamia
Angiospermia.  (F.) Digitate, Gants de notre dame,
Doigtier.   The leaves' of this  plant,  which are
indigenous in Great Britain, are powerfully seda-
tive, diminishing the velocity of the  pulse, diu-
retic,  aud sorbefacient.  In over-doses, Digitalis
causes vomiting, purging, dimness of sight, ver-
tigo, delirium, hiccough, convulsions, and  death :
—all  the symptoms, in short, which characterize
the acro-narcotic  class of poisons.  Its  active
principle has been called  Dig"italine.  It is a
hundred-fold stronger than the most active pre-
paration of digitalis.
  Digitalis has been administered in  inflamma-
tory diseases, phthisis,  active hemorrhage, drop-
sy,  Ac.; but although it is  a powerful  remedy, it
has not been as much employed as it probably
would have been in particular cases,  owing to
the  over-strained eulogiums, which many have
passed upon it in almost all diseases.   The ave-
rage dose is one grain, in the form of pill, which
may be repeated every six  or eight hours.
  Digitalis Minima, Gratiola officinalis.
  DIGITA'TION, Digita'tio, Produc'tio denta'ta,
Inser'tio denticula'ta, I. digita'ta.  A division into
processes  having the form of  fingers.  Several
muscles, as the serrati, exhibit digitations, similar
to those which the fingers form,when held separate.
  DIGITATIONES TUBARUM  FALLOPII,
see  Tube,  Fallopian.
  DIGIT"IUM.  Desiccation or atrophy of the
fingers.—Linnaaus.  Sauvages calls the same af-
fection Paronych'ia Digit"ium, see Paronychia.
  DIGITORUM TENSOR, Extensor brevis digi-
torum pedis.
  DIG" IT US,  Dac'tylos,  Finger, (F.) Doigt.
A name given to the prolongations which form
the extremity of the hand.  There are  five on
each  hand:  the  first,  the  thumb,  Anticheir,
Poller, 3Ianus parva mujo'ri adjdtrix, Dig"itus
primus, D. magnus, Pro'manus, (F.) Pouce ; the
second, the index; the third, D. midius,  Impu-
dlcus, (F.) Doigt du milieu, middle finger  or long
finger; the fourth, the ring finger, Annula'ris,
Puram'esos, (F.) Annulairc ; and the little finger,
Oti'tes, Dig"itus auriculn'ris,  (F.) Auriculaire,
Petit  doigt.  All of these  have three  phalanges,
except the first, which has only two.
  Digitus Annularis, Annular finger — d. Au-
ricularis, see Digitus—d. Index, Index—d. Indi-
catorius, Index — d. Magnus, Pollex, see Digitus
—d. Modius, seo Digitus.
  Dio"itus Pedis, Toe.  (F.) Orteil.  The toes
are five in number, and distinguished  nume-
rically, reckoning  from within  to without.  The
first is, also, called great toe, (F.I gros orteil; the
fifth,  the little toe, petit orteil. They have nearly
the same organization as the fingers.
5               DILUENTIA

   Digitus Primus,  Pollex, see  Digitus — d. Sa-
 lutatorius, Index — d. Secundus, Index.
   DIG'NATHUS; from Si, 'double,' and yvaBos,
 'lower jaw.'  A monster having two lower jaws.
 —Gurlt.
   DIGNOTIO, Diagnosis.
   DIHYPOGAS'TRIUS, from St, ' double,' and
 'vtroyacrptov,  'the  hypogastrium.'   A monster
 whose pelvis, together with the lower portion of
 the abdomen, is double.
   DIHYSTE'RIA, Dime'tra, Didel'phys, U'terus
 duplex, from Si,  'double,'  and 'vcrtpv, 'uterus.'
 The state in which there is a double uterus.
   DIJUDICATIO, Crisis.
   DILACERATIO,  Laceration.
   DILATANTS, Dilating  agents.
   DILATA TE UR, Dilator — d.  Antirieur du
 larynx, Crico-thyroid muscle — d. Postirieur du
 larynx, Crico-arytenoid, posterior.
   DILATATIO  BRONCHIORUM, Bronchiec-
 tasis— d. Ventriculi, Gastrectasis — d.  Intestino-
 rum,  Enterectasis.
   DILATA'TION, Dilatdtio, from dilatare,
 (latum facere,)  'to  enlarge;' Eurys'mus, Aneu-
 rys'mus,  Dieurys'mus.  Augmentation of the bulk
 of a body, occasioned by a  separation of some of
 its molecules.  Caloric has the property of dilat-
 ing all bodies.   In- Surgery, it means the acci-
 dental or preternatural augmentation of  a canal
 or opening; as in aneurisms, varices, Ac, or the
 process of enlarging any aperture or canal. AA*ben
 used  so  as to obtain a view of  parts,  as  by the
 speculum, it is termed Dioptris'mus.
   DILATATOIRE, Dilator.
   DILATATORIUM, Dilator.
   DILATATORIUS, Dilator.
   DILA'TING AGENTS,  Dilatan'tia, (F.) Di-
 latants.   Certain substances used  in surgery,
 either to  keep ''parts separate which have a ten-
 dency to  unite — as after opening an abscess, to
 prevent the edges of the incision from uniting;
 or to increase and dilate openings of canals, either
 when natural, or formed accidentally or  artifici-
 ally.  These  agents differ  from  each other: the
 chief are —prcjmrcd sponge tents,  gentian root,
 bougies, sounds, dried peas  for issues, Ac.
   DILA'TOR, Dilatato'rius, Diastoleus, (F.) Di-
 latateur  ou Dilatatoire.  A muscle, whose office
 it is to dilate certain parts ; such as the inspira-
 tory muscles, which dilate the chest.
   Dilator, Dilatatdrium,  (F.) Dilatateur. An
 instrument, used for dilating a wound, excretory
 canal, or other natural or artificial opening. When
 employed to obtain an inspection of internal
 parts, it  is termed Spec'ulum, Diop'tra or Diop'-
 tron.  There are several instruments of this kind,
 each taking its name from the part to which it is
 applied;  as Speculum Oris,  S. Nasi, S. Uteri, Ac.
   Dilator, Arnott's. A modification  of the old
 dilators for strictures of the urethra.  It  consists
 of a tube of oiled silk, lined with the thin gut of
 some small animal to make it air-tight, and fixed
 on the extremity of  a  small canula, by which it
 is distended  with air  or water,  from  a bag or
 syringe at the  outer end, whilst  a  stop-cock or
 valve serves to keep the air or water in, when
 received.  As soon as the bag is passed within
 the stricture or strictures,  as much air is to be
 injected  into it as the patient  can easily bear.
 The instrument is not much used.
   Dilatores Alarum Nasi, Compressor naris.
   DILL, Anethum graveolens.
   DILLYr, Anthemis cotula.
   DILUEN'TIA, from diluo, (dis, and luere.) 'I
 wash away.'   (F.) Dilayants.  Medicines which
 have  been conceived proper for  augmenting the
 fluidity of the blood and  other  animal  liquids.
 All aqueous  drinks  are diluents.  They  are ad-
2{ 
DILWEED
296
DIPLOPIA
ministered, with great advantage, in various dis-
eases. In fever, water, which is the most familiar
diluent, may be freely allowed; the only precau-
tion being to give it hot in the cold stage, cold in
the hot, and tepid in the sweating.   In diseases,
where it is considered necessary to abstract blood
largely, diluents should not be given too freely.
The abstraction of blood occasions activity of ab-
sorption, and the mass is speedily restored.   It
is  also obvious, that in cases of inflammation of
the mammae, in nurses, diluents should not  be
freely allowed, as they increase the  secretion of
milk, and add to the irritation. When demulcents
are exhibited in cases of urinary disease, they act
simply as diluents :  their mucilaginous portion is
digested in the stomach  and small intestine,—
the watery portion alone being separated by the
kidney.
   DILAVEED,  Anthemis  cotula.
   DIMETRA, Dihysteria.
   DINANT, MINERAL WATERS OF. Dinant
is  a  small  town, six leagues from  St. Malo, in
France, where are mineral waters, containing car-
bonate of iron, chloride of sodium, Ac.  They are
much esteemed.
   DINGEE, Dengue.
   DINICUS, Antidinio.
   DINKHOLD, MINERAL WATERS OF.  A
rich carbonated water, situate near  the junction
of the Lahn with the Rhine, in the duchy of Nas-
sau.   It contains sulphate of soda, chloride of
sodium, carbonate of soda, sulphate  of lime, car-
bonate of lime, and sulphate of magnesia.
   DINOMANIA, Tarantismus.
   DINUS, Arertigo—d. Scotoma, Scotodynia—d.
Vertigo, Arertigo.
   DIOBOLON, Scruple.
   DIOCRES, Pastil.
   DIODOS, Diexodos.         *
   DICECESIS, Dispensation.
   DIONCO'SIS, from Sta, and oyKos, 'a tumour.'
The Methodists applied this name  to a sort of
tumefaction or plethora, occurring either directly
from too great  a quantity of fluid circulating in
the system, or owing to  the  retention of  sub-
stances which ought to  be excreted.   It is  the
antithesis to symptosis.  See Intumescence.
   DIONYSIA'NUS,  from Atowcos, 'Bacchus,'
who is represented by the poets as wearing horns.
One who has long or horn-like excrescences.
   DIOXY'SIS'CUS, same  etymon.  One who has
a long horn-like excrescence on the frontal region.
—Arogel.
   DlOPHTHALMUS, Binoculus.
   DIOPTRA, Speculum,  see Dilator.
   DIOPTRISMUS, Dilatation.
   DIOPTRON, Speculum, see Dilator.
   DIORTHO'SIS,from,5i0f>S£U), 'I make straight.'
The reduction of a fractured or luxated limb.
   DIOSCOREA,  see Yam.
   Diosco'rea Aallo'sa,   Wild Yamroot; indi-
genous : Order, Dioscoriacese;  flowering in July.
A decoction of the  root  has been  prescribed in
bilious  colic.  It is  said  to be expectorant, dia-
phoretic, and, in large doses, emetic.
   DIOSCURI, Parotis.
   DIOSMA, D. crenata.
   Dios'ma  Cbena'ta> fr°m &°s> 'divine,'  and
oapv,  'odour.'  Baros'ma  crena'ta, Agaihos'ma
crena'turn,  Buchu Leaves, Diosma (Ph. U.  S.,
1842,  Buchu, 1851) Buckho, (F.)  Diosmie  cri-
nelie.   Nat.  Ord. Diosmeae.   A South African
plant, the powder of whose leaves is used by the
Hottentots to perfume their bodies.  It has been
employed in chronic affections of the bladder and
urinary organs in general.  It has also been given
in cholera.   It is often adulterated in commerce,
by the substitution of less potent plants of the
same  family, as Diosma serratifo'liu, and Eu~
pled rum serrula' turn.
  Diosma Serratifolia, D. crenata.
  DIOS3IEE CRENELEE, Diosma crenata.
  DIOS'PYROS LOTUS, apparently from Stos,
'divine,' and irvpos, 'wheat,' but why is not clear;
Faba  Graca, Indian Date Plum,  (F.) Plaquemi-
nier d'Europe.  This tree grows in some of the
southern parts  of Europe.   Its fruit is very as-
tringent, and has been recommended in dysentery
and hemorrhages.
  Dios'pyros Virginia'na, Lotus  Virginia'na,
Persim'mon.  A common tree in the middle parts
of the United  States.   The fruit, Persim'mons,
 Yellow Plums, Winter Plums, SeededPlums, whicb
is only eatable  after frost, (when it is tolerable,)
is sometimes made into cakes with bran.  These,
being dried in  an oven, are kept to make beer.
When bruised in water, fermentation takes place,
The unripe fruit is distressingly acerb and astrin-
gent.   The bark of the tree, Diospyros, (Ph. U.
S.,) is extremely bitter, and may be used where
bitters are indicated.
  DIOTA, Dyota,  from Sis, and ovs, genitive
ovtos,  'ear.'  Two-eared, two-handled. Applied to
a wooden  cup, lined with a composition of resin,
cinnamon, cloves, and ginger, to give more flavour
to beer. It was formerly much used in the north
of Europe.
  DIPHORUS, Diphrus.
  DIPHRUS,  Dlphorus, from Sis,  'two,'  and
tptpw,  ' I carry.' Properly a seat for two. A close
stool.
  Diphrus Maieu'ticus, Sella obstetric"ia.  An
obstetric chair.
  DIPH'RYGES; from Sis, and tppvyw, 'I tor-
refy.'   The  oxide of copper, more or less pure.
The ancients reckoned three kinds of diphryges,
which they used as astringents.
  DIPHTHERIA, Diphtheritis.
  DIPHTHERITE BUCOALE,  Stomatitis,
pseudomembranous.
  DIPHTHERI'TIS, Diphther'ia, Diphtheritic
Inflammation, Pellic'ular Inflammation, from St$-
dtpa,  'a membrane.'  A name given by M. Bre-
tonneau to a class of diseases,  which are charac-
terized by a  tendency  to the formation of false
membranes, and affect the dermoid tissue,—as the
mucous membranes, and even the skin.
  Diphtheritis op the Throat, Angina pellicu-
laris—d. Trachealis, Cynanche trachealis.
  DIPLASIASMUS, Duplication.
  DIPLECOIA, Double hearing.
  DIP'LOE, from SnrXow, ' I double.'   Diplo'sis,
Meditul'lium, 3Iedium Calva'ria Discri'men. The
cellular structure, which separates the two tables
of the skull from each other.  The ancients ap-
plied  the  term, also, to  the proper coat of the
uterus (?)—Rolfink, in Castelli.
  The Diploe has the same use  as the cellular
structure of bones in general.  See Cancelli.
  DIPLOGEN'ESIS, SittXoos, 'double,' andym-
cts, ' generation.'  An organic deviation, which is
owing to the union of two germs.
  DIPLOLEPIS  GALLJS TINCTORIA,  see
Quercus infectoria.
  DIPLO'MA.  Same etymon as Diploe. A letter
 or writing  conferring  some privilege; usually
applied to the document, certifying that a person
has obtained the title of Doctor. It was so called
because formerly written oi) waxed tables, folded
together.   Diploma is  also used in pharmacy for
 a vessel with double walls,—as a water-bath.
  DIPLO'PIA, from StnXoos, 'double,' and ottto-
 pat,  'I see.'  Visus Duplica'tus, Ditto'pin,  Dit-
 top'sia, Amphamphoterodiop'eia, Amphodiplo'pia,
 Double  Vision, (F.) Bevue.  An affection of the 
                 DIPLOSIS

Bight, in which  two distinct sensations are pro-
duced by the same object,  which consequently
seems double.   Sometimes  more than  two are
seen; but still the  disease is  termed Diplo'pia
and Suffdsio 31ultiplicans.  This affection arises
from  some derangement in the visual  axes, in
consequence  of  which,  the  images are not im-
pressed  on corresponding parts of tho retina of
each eye.  The  diplopia of  both eyes  has been
termed Amphodiplo'pia  and Amphoterodipldpin.
  DIPLOSIS, Diploe, Duplication.
  DIPLOSO'MA,   from SnrXoos, 'double,' and
awpa, ' body.'  The Diplosoma crena'ta is an im-
perfectly  described  entozoon,  which has been
passed from  the urinary bladder.  It varies in
length from  four to  six or  eight inches,  and  is
thinnest  in  the  middle, where it is  bent at an
acute angle upon itself, so  that the two  halves
hang  nearly parallel, and give to it an appear-
ance as if two worms had been tied together by
their  heads.   It has been confounded with the
S]>iroptera hominis.
  DIPNOOS, from  Sis, and ttvov, 'breath.'  Hav-
ing two  vent holes; Risplrus.  An epithet ap-
plied to wounds  which pass through  a part, and
admit the air at  both ends.—Galen.
  DIPROSO'PUS, Iriod'ymus et Opod'ymus, from
St,  ' double,'  and  trpocwtTov, ' countenance.'  A
monster having  a double face.
  Diproso'pus Diajdce'us, from Si, 'double,' and
rpocwirov,  'countenance;' and  St, 'double,' and
atSota, ' parts of  generation.'  A double monster,
in whom  the  duplication affects superiorly the
face, and  inferiorly the  anterior pelvic region.—
Barkow.
  Diproso'pus Dihypogas'trius, from St, 'dou-
ble,' and  rtpocwirov,  'countenance,' and  from Si,
' double,'  and 'viroyacrpiov, ' the hypogastrium.'
A double monster in wbom the duplication affects
superiorly the face,  and  inferiorly the lower part
of the body—four lower extremities being always
present;— Tetras' celus.
  DIPSA, Thirst.
  DIPS .A COS, Diabetes.
  DIP'SACUS  FULLO'NUM,  Herba  Car'dui
Ven'eris, Car'duus Ven'eris,  (F.) Cardere cultivi,
Chardon dfoulon, Chardon d bonnctier, has had
similar properties ascribed to it.  Both bave been
also regarded as stomachic.
  Dip'sacus  Sylves'tris, from Stipa,  'thirst,'
said to be so called  owing to the leaves being so
placed as to  hold  water.   Cultivated  Teasel,
(F.) Gardlrc.  The  roots of this European plant
are  diuretic and  sudorific. The water, which col-
lects at the base of  the  leaves, has been recom-
mended as an  eye-water.
  DIPSET'ICOS, from St^a, 'thirst.'  A remedy
believed  to be capable  of exciting  thirst.  See
Alterative.
  DIPSO'DES,  Sit'iens, Siticulo'sus, from Si<pa,
'thirst,' and ttSos, 'resemblance.' Thirsty.  Caus-
ing thirst.
  DIPSOMANIA, from Si-la, 'thirst,' and mania.
Really, thirst-mania.  Often, however, applied to
habitual  drunkenness and to  delirium tremens.
An  insatiable desire for intoxicating liquors.
  DIPSOP'ATHY, Dipsopathia,  from  <5i\la,
'thirst,' and irados,  'disease.'  A mode of treat-
ment, which consists in abstaining from drinks.
  DIPSO'SIS.  Same etymon.  3Iorbid  thirst.
The desire for drinking, excessive or impaired.
A genus in the class Cceliaca, order Enterica, of
Good.                ^ ,  ,    .     J  ^
  Dipso'sis  Avens,  Polydypsia — d.  Expers,
Adipsia.
  DI'PYGUS, from Si, 'double,' and wvyv, 'the
nates.'  A double monster, the duplication being
confined to the posterior portion of the lower end
of the trunk—the oocoygeal region.
7                 DISEASE

   DIPYRE'NON, from  Sis,  'twice,' and trvpvv,
 'a kernel.'  A spccil'lum or probe with two but-
 tons or kernels—one at each  end.
   DIPYRITES, Biscuit.
   DIPYROS, Biscuit.
   DIRCA PALUS'TRIS,  Leatherwood,  Swamp
 Leathencood,  Moosewood,   Swampwood,  Rope-
 bark, Bois de plomb, (Canada.)   An indigenous
 shrub,.which grows in  boggy woods and low wet
 places throughout the United States.  It is ana-
 logous  to mezereon, in its action, — six or eight
 grains of the fresh bark producing violent vomit-
 ing, preceded by a sense  of heat in the stomach,
 often followed by purging.  Applied to the skin,
 the bark vesicates.
   DIRECTOR, Itinera'rium, from dirigere, di-
 rectum, (dis, and regere, 'to rule/) 'to direct.' A
 Conductor. A grooved  sound  for guiding a^knife,
 in dividing any part; (F.) Sonde cannelie.
   Director Penis, Ischio-cavernosus.
   DIRIBITORIUM, Mediastinum.
   DIRT-EATING, Chthonophagia.
   DIRUPTIO, Rhexis.
   DIS, Di.
   DISC, see  Disk.
   DISCEPTUM, Diaphragm.
   DISCHARGE',  (elis,jand  charge,)  Ec'roe,
 Fluxus, Profldvium, (F.) Ecoulement. In patho-
 logy, an increased discharge  from any part, that
 naturally secretes  a fluid.
   DISCHROA, Dyschrcea.
   DISCREET', from  diseemere,  discretum, 'to
 separate.'  Disere'tus,  Intertinc'tus, Separated,
 (F.) Discret.  This  epithet is given to  certain
 exanthemata, in which the spots or pustules are
 separated from  each  other.   It is opposed to
 confluent.
   DISCRET, Discreet.
   DISCRE'TA  PURGA'TIO.  The  purgation
 or expulsion of some particular matter.
   DISCRETIVUS, Diagnostic.
   DISCRETORIUM, Diaphragm.
  . DISCRI'MEN,  Separation, Division.   A ban-
 dage, used in bleeding from the  frontal vein ; so
 called, because, in passing along the sagittal su-
 ture, it divides the head into two equal parts.
   Discrimen  Calvaria; Medium, Diploe — d.
 Narium, Septum N.
   Discrimen Nasi;  a  bandage, in the form of
 the letter X,  intended to  support the nose, in
 transverse wounds of the organ.
   Discrimen Thoracis et Ventris, Diaphragm.
   DISCUS PROLIGERUS, Proligerous  disc —
 d. Altellinus, Proligerous disc.
  DISCUSSIFS, Discutients.
   DISCUSSIO, Resolution.
   DISCUSSIVA, Discutients.
   DISCUSSORIA, Discutients.
  DISCU'TIENTS,  Discutien'tia, Resolven'tia,
 Discusslva, Discusso'ria, from discutere, 'to shake
 apart,' (dis, and quatere, 'to shake.')  (F.)  Dis-
 cussifs.  Substances which possess the power of
 repelling or resolving tumours.
  DISEASE', old French disaise;—from dis, and
 ease: 3Iorbus, Nosos, Nose'ma, Nosed ma, Nusus,
 Pathos, Pathe'ma, Lues, 3Ialum, Passio, JEgritd-
 do, JEgrota'tio, Vil'ium, Arrho's'tia, Arrhoste'ma,
 Arrhostedia,  Valetu'do adver'sa, 3Ialady, Com-
 plaint, Sickness, Distem'per.  (F.) 3Iuluiiie.  An
 opposite state to  that of health, consisting in a
 change either in  the position and structure of
 parts, or in the exercise of one or more of their
 functions, or in both.
  By some,  Disease is  applied to  structural
 change, whilst Disorder is restricted to functional
 derangement.
  The following table, essentially that of Dr. C.
 J. B. AA'illiams, comprises the chief elements of
 structural disease.
25 
DISECOIA
298
DISPENSATORY
f Increased—Hypertrophy,
 Diminished—Atrophy.
             ' Inflammation,
 Altered
Mechanism.
Diseased
Nutrition.
Contraction,
Dilatation,
Obstruction,
Compression,
Displacement,
Rupture, Ac.
Perverted. -
Induration,
Softening,
Transformation and Degeneration.
            ™  ,   A.        f Cicatrices,
            EuPlastl°.....j False membranes,
                            f Cirrhosis,
Deposits
Cacoplastic.
Growths
  Disease,  Blue, Cyanopathy — d. of Bright,
Kidney,  Bright's Disease of the — d. English,
Rachitis — d.  Extrinsic,  External  disease — d.
Family, see  Hereditary — d. Fungoid, Encepha-
loid—d. Gastro-enteric, Gastro-enteritis—d. Hoj-
mato-cerebriform, Encephaloid — d. Hereditary,
see Hereditary—d. Pretended, Feigned disease—
d. Simulated, Feigned disease—d. Surgical, Ex-
ternal disease.
  DISECOIA, Baryecoia.
  DISFIGURATION, Deformation.
  DISGORGE'MENT, (F.) Deejorgement, from
de, and gorge, 'the throat.'  An opposite condi-
tion to that  of Engorgement.  The discharge or
abstraction of a certain  quantity of fluid, which
had previously collected in a part;  as Disgorge-
ment of bile.  It also means particularly, a vomit.
  DISGUST', from de, and gustare, 'to taste.'
Cibi fastid'ium, Apositia, Asitia, Apocleisis,
Abomina'tio, Siccha'sia, Horror Cibo'rum, Loath-
ing.  An aversion for food.  (F.) Digout.  Dis-
gust is  not the same as Anorexia.  The latter is
only a want of appetite; the former' consists in
real repugnance for food.
  DISINFECTANT, Disinfec'tans,  from dis,
and  infect.  This term has been restricted by
some to agents that are capable of neutralizing
morbific effluvia; but  the  author includes under
it, also, antiseptics or agents that are  capable of
removing any  incipient or  fully formed  septic
condition of the living body, or of any part of it.
   DISINFECTING LIQUID,  SIR AVILLIAM
BURNETT'S, see Burnett's Disinfecting Liquid
— d. Liquid, Labarraque's, Liquor  sodse ehlori-
natae—d. Liquid of Ledoyen, see  Ledoyen's  dis-
infecting liquid.
   DISINFECTION,  Disinfec'tio.  The act of
destroying miasmata, with which the  air, cloth-
ing, Ac, may be infected.   Various means have
been proposed for  this purpose.  Those most
 commonly employed are :  — chlorine,  sulphurous
 and chlorohydric acid gases, vapours of vinegar,
 nitrous acid; and, what  is, perhaps, the most
 manageable of any, and  equally efficacious,—
 chlorinated lime, or any of the chlorides  of the
 alkalies.  It is questionable if any chemical ac-
 tion occur between  these  agents  and the mias-
 mata, whence results a compound which is harm-
 less.  Disinfection also includes the  action  of
 antiseptics.                         .
   Chlorine or Oxymuriat'ic Fumiga'tion,  Solu'-
 tio  alexite'ria Gaubia'na, Fumigdtio  antiloim'-
 ica Gau'bii, Alexite'rium chlo'ricum, Fumigdtio
  Guytonien'sis, is made by adding common  salt
 giij, to black oxide  of manganese  §j, sulphuric
                  IFibro-cartilage,
                  Gray tubercle,
                  Atheroma, Ac.
                 (" Yellow tubercle,
 Aplastic......< Calcareous
                 ( matter, Ac.
                 f Cysts,
f Nonmalignant. < Tumours,
                 ( Hydatids, Ac
I                 fCarcinoma,
[ Malignant.....■< Encephaloma,
                 (Melanosis, Ac.
acid 2;j, and water f^ij.  This may be carried
through an apartment, or be shut up in it.
  Nitrous Fumiga'tion, Alexite'rium Nitricum,
Fnmiga'tio Smythidna, may be formed by pla-
cing nitrate of potass £iv, and sulphuric acid gij,
in a saucer on hot sand.
  DISJUNCTI MORBI.  (From  dis, and jun-
gere, junctum,  'to  join.')   Disjoined diseases.
Fernelius has thus denominated diseases which
occupy different organs, and are not produced by
each other.
  DISK, BLOOD, Globules of the blood—d. In-
tervertebral, Intervertebral Cartilage—d. Prolige-
rous, see Proligerous Disk.
  DISLOCATIO  LIENISSEU  SPLENIS,
Splenectopia..
  DISLOCATION, Luxation.
  DISOD'ICUS,  from  Sis,   'twice,'  and  oSos,
'threshold.'   Having a double opening.
  DISORDER, see Disease.
  DISORGANIZATION, Organo'rum  destruc-
tio, (F.) Disorganisation.  A complete morbid
change  in the structure of  an organ,  or  even
total destruction-  of its texture.  In  sphacelus,
and sloughy ulcers, we have examples of this
change.
  DISPENSAIRE, Dispensary, Dispensatory.
  DISPEN'SARY, Dispensa'rium, from dispen-
dere, (dis and pendere, ' to weigh,') 'to take from
a weight or mass,' ' to  distribute.'  The shop or
place in which medicines are  prepared. Also, an
institution in which  the poor are furnished with
advice and  necessary medicines.   (F.) Dispen-
saire.  This word is also used by the French  sy-
nonymously with Dispensatory.
  DISPENSATION,  Dispcnsa'tio,  Dicece'sis,
Epineme'sis.   The composition and distribution
of  medicines  according  to   prescription.    In
France,  it is more commonly  applied  to  the
weighing, measuring, and arranging  of the  ar-
ticles, which have to enter into a formula, prior
to combining them.
  DISPENSATOR, Apothecary.
  DISPEN'SATORY, Dispcnsato'rium;   same
etymon.  Antidota'rium, Liber Pharmaceutics,
(F.) Dispensaire.   A book which  treats of the
composition of medicines.  A Dispensatory dif-
fers from a Pharmacopoeia, in containing the phy-
sical and medical history of the various substances;
whilst the Pharmacopoeia is  mainly restricted to
the mode of preparing them.  The Pharmacopoeia
too, is published  under the authority of, and by,
the members of a college or association ; whilst a
dispensatory contains the whole of the Pharma-
copoeia or Pharmacopoeias, with additions by the
author, under whose authority, alone, it Usually 
DISPLACED               299                DITTANY
appears.   The Pharmacopoeia, in other words, is
officinal;  the Dispensatory, generally, private.
Formerly, the words were used indiscriminately.
See Formulary, and Pharmacopoeia.
  DISPLACED, see Percolation.
  DISPLACEMENT, Percolation.
  DISPOSITION, Disposil'io,  from dis,  and
ponere, ' to put or  set.'  A  particular condition
of the  body, which  rendors  it  susceptible of
altering, suddenly, to a state  of health or disease;
— of improving,  or becoming changed  for  the
worse.  The  disposition to phthisis pulmonalis is
sometimes so strong, owing to  original conforma-
tion, that  the disease will make its  appearance,
notwithstanding every care.   See Diathesis.
  DISPUTATIO, Thesis.
  DISQUE  PROLIGERE, Proligerous Disk.
  DISRUP'TIO, from dismmperc, 'to break off.'
A puncture, which  interests  deep-seated parts.
  DISSECTING ANEURISM, see Aneurism.
  DISSECTIO, Dissection —d. Tendinum,  Te-
notomy.
  DISSECTION, Dissec'tio, from dissecare, (dis,
and secure, 'to  cut,')  'to cut open;' Diac'ope,
Sec'tio Anatontica, Practical  Anatomy, Necrot-
omy.   An operation, by which the different parts
of the dead body are exposed,  for the purpose of
studying their arrangement  and structure.   Dis-
section has received various names, according to
the organ concerned; — as Osteotomy, Syndcsmo-
tomy, Myotomy, Angiotomy,  Neurotomy, Desmot-
omy,  Ac.
  DISSECTOR,  Prosec'tor,  Pro'tomus, same
etymon.  (F.) Prosecteur. A practical anatomist.
One who  prepares  the  parts for the  anatomical
lecture.
  DISSEPIMENTUM  NARIUM,  Septum  na-
rium—d. Thoracis,  Mediastinum.
  DISSEPTUM, Diaphragm.
  DISSERTATION, INAUGURAL, Thesis.
  DISSIDENTIA, Diastasis.
  DISS1TIUM, Diaphragm.
   DISSOLUTIO  SANGUINIS, Hjemateclysis
—d. Ventriculi, Gastromalacia.
  DISSOLUTION, Dissoldtio, Dialysis, from
dissolvere, (dis, and solvere,) 'to loosen,' 'to melt.'
This word is in frequent use, in the writings of
the humourists.  It is employed, particularly, in
speaking of the'blood;—to designate, not its en-
tire  decomposition or putrefaction, but a diminu-
tion in its consistence.
  DISSOLUTION, Solution.
  DISSOL VANTS, Dissolventia.
  DISSOLVEN'TIA,  Solvents, (F.)  Dissolvants.
Medicines believed to be capable of dissolving
swellings, concretions,  Ac.  Discutients,  Resol-
vents.
   DISTAD ; from disto, (dis, and ato,) 'to stand
apart.'  Away from a centre.   Towards  the far
extremity.   In  anatomy, used  by Dr. Barclay
adverbially, to signify 'towards the distal aspect.'
   DISTAL ASPECT.  An aspect of a bone from
the trunk, or towards the extremity.—Barclay.
   DISTEMPER, Disease.
   DISTEMPERANTIA, Dyscrasia.
   DISTENSIO,  Diatasis, Tension, Tetanus —d.
Nervorum, Convulsion.
   DISTENSION DE LA  VESICULE  DU
FIEL. Turgescentia vesica1  felleaj.
   DISTICHI'ASIS, Distich'ia, Districh'ia,  Dis-
trichi'asis,  Distw'chia,  Distachlasis, from  Sis,
'double,'  and anxos. 'a row.' An increased num-
ber of eyelashes; some turned towards the eye,
and irritating the organ : whilst others preserve
their natural direction.—Galen, Paulus of jEgina.
Soe Entropion.
   DISTILLATIO  UTERI. Leucorrhcea.
   DISTILLA'TION. Ik st ilia'tio, Stalag'mos,from
deatillare, (de, and atillare,) 'to drop, little by lit-
tle.'  Catustalag'mos. An operation, by which—by
the aid of heat and in close vessels—the volatile are
separated from the fixed parts of bodies, with the
view of collecting the former, when condensed in
appropriate receivers. The ancients distinguished
distillation per  latua, per aacen'sum, and per de-
acen'aum, according to  the direction which  the
volatilized matters were made to  take.  In dis-
tillation per latua, the apparatus is so  arranged,
that the vapour passes horizontally through  a
succession of spaces before reaching the receiver.
Diatillation per aacenaum is the  ordinary method
by the still.  In diatillation per deacenaum, the fire
is applied above and around the top of the appa-
ratus ; and  it is so arranged  that the vapour
must pass downwards.  AArhen dry organic matter
is placed in an apparatus for distillation, and heat
is applied until all volatile matter is driven out,
the process is called dry or destructive distillation.
  Distillation, Destructive, see Distillation—
d. Dry,  see  Distillation — d. Per Ascensum, see
Distillation—d. Per Descensum, see Distillation—
d. Per Latus, see Distillation.
  DISTOCIA, Ditoc'ia, from  Sis, 'twice,' and
tokos, 'birth.'   Delivery of twins.
  DISTOECHIA, Distichiasis.
  DIST05CHIAS1S, Distichiasis.
  DIS'TOMA  HEPAT'ICUM, from  Sis, and
cropa, 'mouth.'  Faaci'ola hepat'ica,  Plana'ria
latiua'culu,  Faaciola   huma'na, F. lanceola'ta,
Gourd-worm, Fluke, Liver  Fluke, (F.) Douve,
D. du Foie.   An obovate, flat worm, an inch in
length,  and nearly an  inch  broad; sometimes
found in the gall-bladder of man, whence it oc-
casionally passes into the intestinal canal.  It is
one of the most common varieties  of worms, in-
festing the livers  of the sheep, goat,  ox, stag,
fallow-deer,  horse,  ass,  hog, hare, Ac. The treat-
ment is  like that required for other worms.
  Distoma  Oc'uli Huma'ni.   A  parasite  once
observed in the eye of  a child who had suffered
from lenticular  cataract.—Gescheidt.
  DISTORSIO, Distortion,  Sprain, Strabismus
—d. Oris, Canine laugh.
  DISTOR'TION, Distor'sio, Intor'sio, from dis-
torquere, (dis,  and torquere,) 'to  wrest aside.'
Diastrem'ma, Dias'trophe, Ligys'ma, (F.) Distor-
sion.  Usually applied  to the preternatural cur-
vature of a bone; as distortion of the spine, limbs,
Ac.  It  signifies,  also, a morbid state of the
muscles of the eye, constituting squinting or stra-
bismus.
  DISTORTOR ORIS, Zygomaticus major.
  DISTRIBUTORIA  LACTEA THORACICA,
Thoracic duct.
  DISTRICHIA, Distichiasis.
  DISTRICHIASIS, Distichiasis.
  DISTRIX, from Sis, 'double,'  and  Spif, 'the
hair.'  Trichio'sis  distriXj Fissu'ra capillo'rum.
Hairs of the scalp,  weak, slender, and splitting at
their extremities.
  DITOCIA, Distocia.
  DITRACHYCERAS, from Sts,  'two,' TpaXvs,
'rough,' and Ktpas, 'horn.'  A genus of intestinal
worms.   The Ditrachyc1eras rudis,  Dic'eras rude,
(F.) Bicorne rude.   This entozoon was first ob-
served in the evacuations of a female, by M. Sul-
zer of Strasburg.  It is of a fawn  colour, from 3
to 5 lines in length, with an oval head, flattened
and terminating in a point posteriorly;  contained
in a membranous sac,  and furnished, anteriorly,
with a bifurcated, rugous horn.  Laennec consi-
ders it a vesicular worm or hydatid.  See AA*orms.
   DITTANDER, Lepidium sativum.
   DITTANY,  Cunila  Mariana —d.  American,
Cunila Mariana—d. Bastard, Dictamnus albus— 
00         DODECAPHARMACUM
                 DITTECOIA               3i

d. of Crete, Origanum dictamnus—d. Mountain,
Cunila Mariana.
  DITTECOIA, Double hearing.
  DITTOPIA, Diplopia.
  DITTOPSIA, Diplopia.
  DIURESIS S T H E 'SIS, Diureticoasthe'sis,
Uresiasihe'sis;  from Stovpttv, 'to pass the urine,'
and atcdvcts, 'feeling.'  The  desire or want to
pass the urine.
  DIURE'SIS, from  Sta, 'through or by,' and
ovptw, 'I pass the urine.'  An abundant excretion
of urine.
  DIURET'IC,  Diurelieus,   Ischurelic,  same
etymon;  Ureticus, Urindlis.  A medicine which
has the property of increasing the secretion of
urine.  Diuretics act  by producing a discharge
of the watery and other parts  of the blood ;  and,
by such discharge, indirectly promote absorption
over the whole system.  Hence, they are em-
ployed in dropsy.  The following are the chief
Diuretics : — Cantharis; Cantharis Vittata; Po-
tassae Acetas;  Potassae Liquor; Cahinca;  Col-
chici Radix; Colchici  Semen;  Digitalis ; Diosma
Crenata; Juniperus;  Oleum Terebinthinse; Po-
tassae Nitras; Potassae Bitartras; Scilla;  Sodae
Sales, and Spiritus iEtheris Nitrici.
  DIURETICA, Arnica Montana.
  DIURETICO-.ESTHESIS, Diuresiaesthesis.
  DIVARICATIO,  Ectropion.
  DIVERSORIUM CHYLI,Receptaculum chyli.
  DIVERTICULA SPIRITUUM ANIMA-
LIUM, Ganglions, nervous.
  B1TERTICULUM, Devcrtic'ulum.   'A turn-
ing ;' from  divertere, (di, and  vertere,) ' to  turn
aside.'  A blind tube  branching  out  from the
course of a longer one.  An organ which is capa-
ble of receiving an unusual quantity of blood,
when  the  circulation  is obstructed or modified
elsewhere, is said to  act as a diverticulum.  Also,
a malformation  or diseased appearance of a part,
in which  it passes out of its regular course.  It
is  sometimes applied to such a condition of the
alimentary canal. Also, a hole to get out at.  A
by-passage.  See Ectrope.
  Diverticulum Nuc'kii.  The opening through
which the round ligaments of the uterus pass. —
Parr.
  Diverticulum Pharyngis, Pharyngocele.
  DIVI'DING, Div'idens,  from di or dis, and
the Hetruscan verb iduo, 'to part or portion.'
That which divides or separates.
  Dividing  Bandage,  Fas'cia div'idens,  (F.)
Bandage divisif, is a bandage  employed for the
purpose of  keeping parts separated from  each
other.  It is used particularly  to prevent impro-
per union;  as in cases of burns of  the neck  or
Other parts.
  DIVINATIO, Mantia.
  DIVISION, Divis'io, Dia'resis.  The acciden-
tal separation of parts naturally united; in other
words, a wound or solution of  continuity.  Most
frequently, however, it means an operation, which
consists in cutting certain parts, with the view of
fulfilling some therapeutical indication.
  DrVUL'SIO, Dias'pasis, from divellere,  (dis,
and vellere,) 'to pull asunder.'  A term used  in
Surgery, to express the rupture or laceration of
organs by external violence.
  Divulsio  Urina?,  Cloudiness of  urine. — See
Enasorema.
  DIXON'S  ANTIBILIOUS   PILLS, Pilulse
antibiliosae.
  DIYLISIS, Colatio.
  DIYLISMUS, Colatio.
  DIZZINESS, Vertigo.
  DOCCIONE,  MINERAL WATERS OF.  This
spring is at Lucca, in Italy.  It is a thermal saline.
  DOCII'ME, Soxpv-  A measure of the Greeks,
equal to about  four fingers' breadth :  Dactylo-
doch'me.
  DOCIMA'SIA, Docimas'tice, Doeimasiolog" in,
from SoKipafa, '  I try or prove the quality of any
thing.'  The act of assaying.
  Docima'sia  Medicamento'rum  ET ArENENO'-
rum.  The testing of medicines and poisons.
  Docima'sia Pulmo'num, D. Pulmondlis, Pne-
obiomantia, Pneuobiomantia, Pneobioman'tica.
Lung proof, Respiration proof.  Different proofs
to which the organs of respiration of a new-born
child are subjected, for the purpose of detecting
whether it has or has not respired after birth; in
other words, whether it was born alive or dead;
— Pneusiobiogno'sis, Pneusiobioa'cope.   These
consist,  chiefly, 1.  In testing them with water,
for the purpose  of seeing whether the lungs are
specifically heavier or lighter than  that fluid.
This is called Docimaaia Pulmonum. hydrostatica
or the Hydrostatic  Test.   If lighter, it would be
some evidence  that the  foetus had respired: 2.
In comparing 'the weight of the lungs with that
of the whole body; the weight of lungs in which
respiration has  taken place being nearly twice as
great.   This is  Docima'sia Pulmo'num Stalicu,
or Ploucquet's  Test; and, 3.  By measuring the
circumference of the thorax and lungs; and com-
paring their dimensions with those of an infant
which has not  respired.   This  is Daniels Test.
These tests, singly,  afford only probable  evi-
dence ; but when united, the deductions may be
more conclusive.
  DOCIMASIOLOGIA, Docimasia.
  DOCK,  BLOODY,  Rumex  sanguineus —d.
Blunt-leaved, Rumex obtusifolius — d. Cresses,
Lapsana—d. Sour, Rumex acetosa—d. Sour, bo-
real, Oxyria reniformis—d. AA*ater, Rumex hydro-
lapathum—d. AVild, sharp-pointed, Rumex acutus.
  DOCNA SURA, MINERAL AVATERS OF.
This spring is in the Krapach mountains.  The
water contains  sulphate  of  soda,  carbonate of
soda, chloride of sodium, carbonate of lime, silica,
and iron.
  DOCTOR, Med'icus, from  doctiis, 'learned;'
' un homme qui devrait etre docte.'   A Physician.
Frequently applied to any one who  practises me-
dicine;  although properly confined to him who
has received his degree of Doctor of Medicine.
  DOCTRINA  GALLIANA, Craniology—d. So-
teria, Medicina.
  DOCTRINE, MED'ICAL, Doctrina 3Ied'ica.
The  principles  or positions of any medical  sect
or master.  Medicine has been too full of doc-
trines.   One of the first was that  of Herodicus
of Selivraea, who recommended gymnastic exer-
cises in  disease.  The chief founders of doctrines
have .been Hippocrates, Serapion of Alexandria,
Philinus of Cos, Herophilus, Asclepiades, The-
mison of Laodicea,  Thessalus of Tralles, Soranus
of Ephesus, Leonides of  Alexandria, Athenasus
of Attalia, Archigenes of Apamaea,  Agathinus of
Sparta,  Galenus, Paracelsus,  John  Baptist van
Helmont,  Sylvius de le  Boe, Keill, Hamberger,
Pitcairne,  II. Boerhaave, J. E. Stahl, Frederick
Hoffmann, George Baglivi, Cullen, Darwin, John
Brown,  Beddoes, Girtanner, Reil, Rush, Rasori,
and Broussais.
  Doctrine, Physiological, Broussaism.
  DODDER, Cuscuta glomerata—d. American,
Cuscuta glomerate—d. of Thyme,  Cuscuta epi-
thymum.
  DODECADACTYLITIS, Duodenitis.
  DODECADACTYLON, Duodenum.
  DODECAPHAR'MACUM, from  SwStKa,
'twelve,' and ipappaKov,  'a medicine.'  An  an-
cient name given to all  medicines which con- 
DODECATHEON             301               DORONICUM
sisted of twelve  ingredients.  See  Apostolorum
Unguentum.
  DODECATH'EON, from SwSiko, 'twelve,' and
rt&vpt, ' I put.' An antidote, consisting of twelve
simple substances.—Paulus of .33gina.
  Dooecatheon, Sanicula—d. Plinii, Pinguicola
vulgaris.
  DODON.EA, Myricagale.
  Dodon.f.'a Thunbergia'na.  A shrub of the
Nat. Ord. Sapindaceie, which  grows at the Cape
of Good Hope.  A decoction of the root is used
as a gentle cathartic in fever.
  DODRANS, Spithama.
  DOliCIIOAK, Cynanche.
  DOGDAYS, (F.) Jours Caniculaircs.   During
these days, comprised between the  24th  of July
and the  2.'5d of August,  the  temperature of the
air  in Europe is generally high and oppressive.
They have  received this name from the  dogstar,
Canic'u/a,  Ytiptos, Si'rius — a very brilliant star
in the constellation of the great dog, which rises
and sets, at this time, with the sun.  It was for-
merly believed to be a period particularly unpro-
pitious to health ; that it was dangerous to purge
during it; and other phantasies were indulged in
regard to it.
  DOGGRASS,  Triticum repens.
  DOGMAT'IC,  from the  Greek  Soypa,  from
SoKtw, ' I think.'   Dogmulieus.  The name of an
ancient medical sect; so called, because its mem-
bers endeavoured, by reasoning, to  discover the
essence of diseases and their occult causes; whilst
the Empirics, their rivals, confined themselves
strictly  to  experience ; i. e., to the  observation
of facts.  The union of the two modes of inves-
tigation makes the rational physician.  These
sectarians are likewise called Dog'matists,  and
their doctrine Dog'matism.  The founders of the
sect were  Hippocrates,  Thessalus,  Draco,  and
Polybius ; and the most celebrated of its support-
ers were  Diodes of Carysta, Praxagoras  of Cos,
Chrysippus of Soli, Herophilus, Erasistratus, Ac.
  DOGS' BANE, Apocynum androsaemifolium—
d. Bane, bitter, Apocynum androsaemifolium.
  DOGS' GRASS,  Triticum repens.
  DOGS' STONES, Orchis mascula.
  DOGSTAR, Canicula.
  DOGTREE, Cornus Florida.
  DOGWOOD, Cornus Florida—d. Blueberried,
Cornus sericea—d. Female, Cornus sericea—d.
Florid, Cornus Florida—d. Great flowered, Cornus
Florida—d. Jamaica, Piscidia erythrina—d. New
England, Cornus sericea—d. Pond, Cephalanthus
occidentalis—d.  Silky-leaved,  Cornus sericea—
d. Virginian, male, Cornus Florida—d. Round-
leaved, Cornus circinata—d. Swamp, Cornus se-
ricea, Petela trifoliate.
  DOIGT,  Digitus — d.  Auriculaire,  Auricular
finger—d. 3Iilieu, see Digitus—d. Petit,  see Di-
gitus.
  DOIGTIER, Digitale,  Digitalis — d. d'Asdru-
bali, see Digitale.
  DOLABRA, Ascia, Doloire.
  DOLICHOCEPH'AL.E (GENTES); from So-
Xtx°s< 'long,'  and  KtwaXv, 'head.'   Longheads.
Nations of  men whose cerebral lobes completely
oover the cerebellum — as the Kelts, Germans,
negroes, Ac.—Retzius.
  DOL'ICIIOS,  from SoXtxos, 'long.'  A genus
of plants of the leguminous family.  It includes
a number  of species,  generally  indigenous in
India or America.  The Dolichos Lablab, or
Lablab,  is  found in Egypt.  (Prospero Alpini.)
Its fruit is  eaten there, like the haricot with us.
The Dolichos Sinen'sis, is eaten in China, and is
stored up as a provision  for long  voyages.  The
Dolichos Tubero'sus, (F.)  Pois  Patate  of Mar-
tinique, has  tuberous roots of the size of both
fists,  and has the consistence  and taste of tho
turnip.   The Dolichos Bulbo'sus of the AVest In-
dies resembles the turnip;—and from the Doli-
chos Soja, the Japanese prepare the well-known
sauce Soy, which they term Sooja.  The  most
important in medicine, is the
  Dol'ichos Pru'riens, Dolichos, Stizolo'bium,
3Iucu'na pru'riens, Negre'tia pru'riens, Cowhage,
Cowitch, Adsaria Pala.   Order, Leguminosae.
(F.) Pois d gratter.  The stiff hairs of the Doli-
chos Pods, called Dolichos  Pubes, D. Prurien'tis
pubes, Dolichi  Seta Legu'minum, Lanu'go Sili-
qua hirsu'ta, Mucu'na, (Ph. U.  S.,) are the parts
used  in medicine.  They excite  an intolerable,
prurient sensation when applied to the skin ; but
do not irritate the mucous membrane over which
they  pass,  when administered  internally.  The
Dolichos is  a mechanical  anthelmintic,  and is
useful in cases  of  ascarides lumbricoides, and
oxyures vermiculares.   Dose,  gr. v to x, of the
pubes, in molasses.
  3tucu'na prurlta, a distinct  species, but pos-
sessing similar  properties,  grows  in the  East
Indies.
  DOLOIRE (P.),  As'cia,  Dol'abra, 'a carpen-
ter's axe.' A Bandage en doloire is one in which
the turns are so  placed, that each one covers two-
thirds of that which is immediately beneath it.
It has received the name Doloire  from its repre-
senting the obliquity of the edge of the instrument
whose name it bears.  See  Bandage.
  DOLOR, Pain—d. Ani, Proctalgia—d. Capitis,
Cephalalgia—d.  Cephalicus, Cephalalgia—d. Co-
licus.  Colic—d. Crucians faciei, Neuralgia, facial
—d. Dentium, Odontalgia—d. Dentium a stridore,
Hasmodia—d. Faciei, Neuralgia, facial—d. Ischi-
adicus nervosus, Neuralgia femoro-poplitaea—d.
Lenis, Hypodynia—d. Mitis, Hypodynia—d. Ne-
phreticus, Nephralgia—d. Pectoris externus, Pleu-
rodynia—d. Pudendorum, Pudendagra—d. Rheu-
maticus et arthriticus, Rheumatism.
  DOLORES AD PARTUM, Pains, labour—d.
Intestinorum, Colic — d. Parturientis, Pains, la-
bour—d. Post partum, Pains, after—d. Puerpera-
rum, Pains, after—d. Rodentes, Pains, gnawing.
  DOMBEY'A   EXCEL'SA, Arauca'ria Dom-
bey'i.  A tree, which inhabits Chili, and furnishes
Domheya turpentine; a glutinous, milky-looking
fluid of a strong  odour and  taste.
  DOMES'TIC, Domes'ticus, from  domua,  'a
house.'  The term Domeatic or  Pop'ular Med'i-
cine, has been given to  treatises written  for the
purpose of enabling those who are not of the pro-
fession to treat diseases, which may occur in their
families,  without the necessity of calling  in  a
physician.  The term, likewise, signifies—Medi-
cine, when  thus practised.   It  is probable, that
such works have been attended with mischievous
as well as advantageous results.
  DOMINA'RUM AQUA.  A medicine described
by Myrepsus, which he considered emmenagogue.
  D031PTE-VENIN, Asclepias vincetoxicum.
  DOMUS  LEPROSARIA, Ladrerie.
  DONDO, Albino.
  DONESIS, Agitation.
  DORADILLA, Asplenium ceterach.
  DORCADIZON, Caprizans.
  DOREA, Hemeralops.
  DOREMA AMMONIACUM, see Ammoniac,
Gum.
  DORMITATIO, Somnolency.
  DORMITIO,  Sleep—d. Lucumoriana, see Lu-
cumorianus.
  DORONIC,  Doronicum pardalianches — d.
d'Allemagne, Arnica montana.
  DORONICUM ARNICA, Arnica montana—d. 
DORSAD
302
DOUCHE
Cordatum,  D. Pardalianches— d.  Germanicum,
Arnica montana—d. Officinale, D. Pardalianches
—d. Oppositifolium, Arnica montana.
  Doron'icum  Pardalian'ches,  D. Roma'num
seu Corda'tum seu Officinale, Roman Leop'ard's
Bane, (F.) Doronic,  3Iort aux Panthires.  The
root of this plant resembles Arnica 3Iontana in
its properties.
  DORONICUM ROMANUM, D. Pardalianches.
  DORSAD, see Dorsal Aspect.
  DORSAL, Dorsdlis, from dorsum, 'the back.'
Notia'us, Notal,  Tergal.   Relating to the  back
of the body, or of one of its parts ;  as the Dorsal
vertebra, nerves, Ac.; Dorsal artery of the tongue,
penis,  Ac.; Dorsal region of the foot, hand, Ac.;
Dorsal Consumption, Ac.
  Dorsal  Aspect.   An aspect towards  the dor-
sum or backbone.—Barclay.  Dorsad is  used by
the same writer adverbially, to signify ' towards
the dorsal aspect.'
  DORSAL, LONG, Longissimus dorsi.
  DORSALIS, Dorsal.
  Dorsa'lis Penis, (Nervus.)  The branch of
the internal pudic nerve,  which is distributed to
the upper  part  of the male organ; and to the
clitoris of the female.
  DORSO-COSTAL, Serratus posticus  superior
—d. Lombo-costal, Serratus posticus inferior—d.
Lombo-sacro-humiral, Latissimus dorsi—d. Sus-
acromien,  Trapezius — d.  Trachilon - occipital,
Complexus.
  DORSTENIA  BRASILIENSIS, Caa-apia.
  Dorstenia Contrayer'va,  called after Dr.
Dorsten;  Contrayer'va, Drake'na, Cype'rus lon-
gus, o'dorus seu Perua'nus,  Bezoar'diea Radix,
Dorste'nia  Housto'nii, Lisbon Contrayer'va, (F.)
Racine  de Chords,  R. de Dracke, Racine des
Philippines.  Family,  Urticeae.  Sex. Syst. Te-
trandria Monogynia.  A plant of.Soutb America,
whose root, Contrayer'va (Ph. U. S.), is aromatic,
bitter, and astringent. It has been given as a
tonic,  stimulant  and sudorific.  Dose, gr.  xij
to "^ss.
  Dorstenia  Cordipolia, D.  Brasiliensis — d.
Placentoides, D. Brasiliensis—d. Vitella, D. Bra-
siliensis.
  DORSUM, Notoa, Noton.  The back. 31etaph<-
renon, Tergum,  (F.)  Doa.   The posterior part of
the  trunk, extending from the inferior and poste-
rior region of the neck as far as the loins.  The
back of the foot, Doraum pedis, is the upper part
of that organ, opposite the sole: the back of the
hand, Dorsum manus,  the part opposed to the
palm.  In the same sense, we say Dorsum penia,
Doraum naai, for the upper part of those organs.
  Dorsum, Vertebral  column — d.  Mantis, Opis-
thenar.
  DORYCIMUM, Costus creticus.
  DOS, Dorsum.
  DOSE, Doais, Pra'bium. The quantity of any
substance, which ought to form part of a  com-
pound medicine, or ought to be exhibited singly,
to produce  a desired effect. Many circumstances
influence the doses of medicine.  Women require
smaller doses, as a  general  principle, than men.
Habit has a great effect, as well as climate, age, and
idioayncraay: all these, and other circumstances,
must be taken  into  account; and every general
rule on the subject will be found to have numer-
ous exceptions.  Some of the mechanical physi-
cians laid it  down as a rule, that the doses of
medicines must  always be as the  aquare of the
constitution I—A matter not easy of calculation.
  The  following Tables will exhibit an approxi-
mation to the proper doses (according to age) of
most substances.
Table of Doses according to Age.
Age 24
    la
    14
     7
     4
     3
     2
     1
Let the full dose be
will require
1
2-3ds.
half.
l-3d.
l-4th.
l-6th.
l-8th.
l-12th.
 1 drachm.
 2 scruples.
 i drachm.
 1 scruple.
15 grains.
10 grains.
'8 grains.
 5 grains.
  The table of doses, according to age, recommen-
ded by Dr. Thomas Young, differs in some respects
from the above.  Either affords a sufficient gene-
ral approximation.  His rule is, that
  For children,  under twelve yeara of age, the
doses of most medicines must be diminished in
the proportion of the age to the  age increased by
twelve:
                                         o
Thus, at two years, to l-7th; i. e., l-7th =
2+12
  At twenty-one the full dose is given.

  Doses, Broken.   When an agent is given in
small portions it is said to be in broken doses,—
refractis doaibua.
  DOSIOLOGIA, Posology.
  DOSIS, Dose.
  DOSSIL, Bourdonnet.
  DOTAGE, Dementia.
  DOTHIEN, Furunculus.
  DOTHIENENTERIA, Dothinenteritis.
  DOTHIENENTERIE, Dothinenteritis.
  DOTHINENTERIA, Dothinenteritis.
  DOTHIENTERI'TIS, properly Dothienenteri'-
tia, Dothienenter'ia, Dothinenter'ia, Enteritis pus-
tulo'aa,  Enterodoihie'nia, Helcenteri'tis, Follic-
ular Gastroenteritis,  from  SoSivv,  ' a pustule,'
and tvrtpov, 'intestine.'  (F.) Dothinentirite, Do-
thinentirie,Dothiinentirie,Dothiinentirite. An in-
flammation and ulceration of the glands or folli-
cles  of  Peyer and  Brunner, which  Bretonneau
considers to be the essence of  a large class of
fevers, particularly of those of  the typhoid cha-
racter.  See Typhus.
  DOTHION, Furunculus.
  DOTTRINA MEDICA ITALIANA, Contro-
stimulus, (doctrine of.)
  DOUBLE-CONSCIOUSNESS,  see Conscious-
ness, double.
  DOUBLE-HEARING, Dlpleco'ia,  Ditteco'ia,
Paraeu'sis  duplica'ta,  P. Imperfec'ta.   The  ac-
tion  of  the one  ear unaceordant with that of
the other:  sounds heard  doubly, and in different
tones or keys.
  DOUBLE-MONSTERS,  see Duplication.
  DOUCE A3IERE, Solanum  dulcamara.
  DOUCHE, (F.)  In Italian,  doccia; modern
Latin, ducia; Cataclys'mus, Douse.   This  term
is applied to a column of  fluid,  of a determi-
nate  nature and  temperature, let  fall  upon
the body.  Pumping is a variety of the Douche.
In using this kind of bath,  the fluid is directed
upon the part on which we are desirous of acting.
The douches descendantes are those in which the
fluid falls from a height, — the douches  oacendan-
tes, those administered in diseases of the uterus,
—the douches horizontals, where the fluid is im-
pelled horizontally,  Ac.  They may be cold or
warm, according  to circumstances.  The appa-
ratus consists of a  reservoir of water  having a
pipe or plug, by means of which the water can be
directed  as the  practitioner may  desire.   The
Douche communicates a considerable and peculiar
shock to the nervous system; and is one of the
most successful  means for  taming the  furious 
DOULEUR                303
maniac. It is, also, useful in chronic rheumatism,
stiff joints, Ac.
  Douches of air are, also, occasionally used, as
in cases of obstruction of the Eustachian tube by
mucus.   They are  sent  from an  air-press—of
which Deleau and  Kramer  have  invented one
each—through a catheter introduced through the
nose into  the tube.
  DOULEUR, Pain—d. de CSti, Pleurodynia—
d. dea Dents, Odontalgia—d.de VEstomae, Cardial-
gia—d. Nivralgique de I'Estomac, Cardialgia,—d.
Pulsative, see Throbbing.
  DOULEURS,Pains,labour—d. Conquaaaantea,
Seo Coni/uiissant.
  DOUSE, Douche.
  DOUVE, Distoma hepaticum — d. du  Foie,
Distoma hepaticum—d. Petite, Ranunculus flam-
mula.
  DRACHION, Pugillus.
  DRACHM,  Drachma,  Dram, (F.) Groa.  The
ancient name of a piece  of money, weighing the
eighth part of an  ounce.  At the  present day it
is used for this weight.
  DRACO MITIGATUS, Hydrargyri submurias
—d. Sylvestris, Achillea ptarmica.
  DRACOCEPH'ALUM CANARIEN'SE,
D.  3Io(iluv'icum, 3Iclia'aa  Tur'cica, Cedronelta
triphylla, 3Ielis'sa Cunaricnaia, Alpini Balaa-
mum, Turkey Balaam, Cana'ry Balaam, Balm of
Gilead Tree, (F.) Miliaae de Moldavie. A Turkish
and Siberian plant, which has an aromatic taste,
joined with an agreeable flavour.   It has been
used as a tonic
  DRACONTHiEMA, see Calamus rotang.
  DRACONTIUM, Dracunculus. See, also, Dra-
contium fcetidum.
  Dracon'tium Fce'tidum, Dracon'tium, Icto'des
fa'tidua,  Symplocar'pas foe'tida, Pothos foe'tida,
Arum Americdnum beta fo'lio, Pothoa Puto'rii,
Spathye1ma foe'tida, Skunk-cabbage, Skunk-weed,
Polecat-collard,  Cow-collard, Collard, Itch-weed,
Stink-poke, Swamp-cabbage, Pole'cat-weed, Hel-
lebore, Ellebore, Iriah cabbage.  Nat. Ord. Aroi-
dese.   .fee. Syat. Tetrandria Monogynia.   This
indigenous plant, as some of its names import, is
extremely fetid.   The property on  which its me-
dical virtues are dependent, resides in a volatile
principle,  which  is  impaired by long keeping,
especially in powder.  Dose, of the dried root,
Dracontium, (Ph. U. S.,)  ten to twenty grains. It
resembles  asafcetida and other fetid gums in its
properties; in other words, belongs to the class
of reputed antispasmodics.
  Dracontium Angustis'patha, Symplocar'pua
Angttstis'patha, Narrow-apathed Skunk-cabbage,
is possessed of similar properties.
   DRACUNCULUS. Dracon'tium, Vena 3Icdt-
nn  Ar'abum, Vena seu Gor'diua 31edinen'ais, Ver-
mic'ulus Capilla'ria, Dracun'culus Gordius, Fila'-
ria 3ledinen'sis  seu Gnineen'sia, 31alia Dracun'-
culus,  3Ialia Gor'dii, Helminthon'cus 3Iedinenaia,
3Iuscular  Hairworm,  Bichios,  Bicho, Guinea
 Worm or Threadworm, (F.) Dragonncau, Ver de
Guinie,  Ver Filaire, V. de  Midine, V. cutani,
 Veine de 3Iidine.  A genus of worms, frequently
met with  in Indian and African climes.   They
are  characterized by a  filiform body,  and are
smooth and nearly of equal thickness throughout.
The Guinea worm, when small, insinuates  itself
through the cutaneous pores, and penetrates into
the areolar membrane and between the muscles;
especially between those of the lower limbs, where
it occasions a tumour like a boil, which  subse-
quently suppurates, and the head of the worm
appears and emerges gradually.   The head must
then be seized, and the worm be cautiously rolled
round a  small cylinder of linen  or other sub-
stance.   Care must be  taken not  to break it, as
J                DRIBURG

 great pain and  obstinate suppuration  might be
 the consequence.
   Considerable  obscurity rests on  this subject.
 Some even deny that tbe cases of Dracunculus,
 on record, are really those of worms.
   Dracunculus Polyphyllus, Arum dracuncu-
 lus—d. Pratensis, Achillea ptarmica.
   DRAGEES, (F.) Almonds or dried preserves,
 covered with wbite sugar; Sugar-plums.
   DRAGEES DE KEYSER. A pharmaceuti-
 cal preparation, formerly  much celebrated in
 syphilis. It was composed of acetate of mercury,
 manna, atarch, mucilage and gum tragacanth.
   DRAGMA, Pugillus.
   DRAGMIS, Pugillus.
   DRAGON (F.), Dragon.   Some authors have
 given  this name to  opake spots  on the cornea,
 and to cataract.
   Dragon Claw, Scaly, Pterospora andromedea
 —d. Root, Arum triphyllum, Pterospora andro-
 medea—d. Turnip, Arum triphyllum.
   DRAGON'S BLOOD, see Calamus rotang.
   DRAGONNEAU, Dracunculus.
   DRAINING, Deaicca'tio, (F.) Dessichement.
 The act of drawing off  the water from marshes,
 for the purpose of destroying the unhealthy ema-
 nations which proceed from them.  It is  a weU
 known fact, that from marshes arise certain ema-
 nations or miasmata, with the nature of  which
 we are, however, totally unacquainted, but which
 are the fertile source of intermittents and other
 diseases.   Draining the soil and converting  it
 into arable land changes its character, and the
 malaria ceases to be given off. It has happened,
 however, that although  in some such situations
 intermittents have been got rid of, consumptions
 have taken their place.
   DRAITSCH  WATER,  Godesberg,  mineral
 waters of.
   DRAKENA, Dorstenia contrayerva.
   DRAPE A U, (F.) Vexil'lum, from drop, < cloth.'
 A bandage, used in wounds, Ac, of the nose, to
 keep the dressings in eitu.   It is  composed of a
 small triangular compress, having two openings
 at its inferior part, corresponding to those  of the
 nostrils.  It is  fixed by means  of a  bandage,
 passing from its superior angle over the head,
 and another  passing round the head, under the
 orbits, so as to join the first at the nape  of the
 neck.   Also,  Pterygion.
   DRAP FANON, see Fanon.
   DRASTIC, Draa'ticua, Cenotic, from Spaw, 'I
 operate strongly.'  Active.   An epithet given to
 purgatives, which operate powerfully; as elate-
 rium, oil of croton, Ac.
   DRAUGHT,  Hauatus.  A term  also applied
 by nurses  to the  sudden rush of blood to the
 mammae, occasioned in the mother by the sight,
 or even thought, of her infant, and which  occa-
 sions a greatly increased secretion of milk.
   Draught,  Black, see Infusum sennse compo-
 situm.
   DRAX, Pugillus.
   DREAM, Somnium—d. Waking, Hallucination.
   DRECHE, Malt.
   DREGS, Feculence.
   DREPANOIDES, Falciform.
   DRESS, Vestitus.
   DRESSER, from  (F.) dreaaer,  'to put right.'
 An hospital assistant, whose office it is  to  dress
 wounds, ulcers,  Ac.  He corresponds in function
 to the Elcve externe of the French hospitals.
   DRESSING,  Cura, Curd tio, (F.) Panaement.
 The methodical  application of any remedy  or ap-
 paratus to a diseased part.  Also, the remedy or
 apparatus itself.
   DRIBURG, MINERAL  WATERS OF. At 
04                DUALITY
              DRIMYPHAGIA             3(

Ae small town  of  Driburg, near Pyrmont, in
Germany, there are  nine  springs, which are rich
in saline ingredients, iron, and carbonic acid gas.
Their action on the  economy is like that of Pyr-
mont water.  They contain  chloride of sodium,
sulphate of magnesia, sulphate of lime, carbonate
of lime, carbonate of magnesia, carbonate of iron,
chloride of calcium, and chloride of magnesium.
  DRIMYTHA'GIA, from Sptpvs, 'acrid,' 'aro-
matic,' and tpayw, ' I eat,'  An aromatic and ex-
citing diet.
  DRIMYS WINTERI, Wintera aromatica.
  DRINK,from Sax.brencan,Poma,Po'tio,Potu8,
Bederage, (F.) Boisson. Every liquid introduced
into the alimentary  canal  for the purpose of re-
pairing the loss of the fluid parts of the body.
The necessity for its use is indicated by the sen-
sation of thirst.  Fluid, taken during a meal, aids
in the digestion of the food.  Some drinks are
exciting and tonic, as the  different varieties of
beer, wine,  and spirits, which we use at table.
In a therapeutical point of view, drinks are used
to appease the thirst  which prevails in febrile
affections, or to act as diluents in those and other
cases.
  The ordinary drinks, according to their chemi-
cal composition, are — 1. Water,  spring water,
river water, well water, Ac.—2. Juices and infu-
sions of Animal  and Vegetable substances, lemon
juice, currant juice, whey, tea,  coffee, mattee, Ac.
— 3. Fermented  Liquors, wines,  ale, beer,  cider,
perry.—4. Sjnrituous  Liquors, brandy, alcohol,
ether,  kirschwasser, rum, arack,  gin, whiskey,
ratafias, cordials, Ac.
  DRIVELLING, Slavering.
  DROGUE, Drug.
  DROGUIER, (F.)   Same  etymon as drug.
A collection of different simple medicinal sub-

  DROGUISTE, Druggist.
  DROIT DE VABD03IEN, Rectus abdominis
— d. Antirieur de la cuisse,  Rectus femoris — d.
Antirieur de la tete, Rectus capitis internus minor
d. Antirieur de la tete, grand, Rectus capitis in-
ternus major—d. Externe de iaeil, Rectus  exter-
nus  oculi — d. Infirieur de Vozil, Rectus inferior
oculi—d. Interne de la cuisse, Gracilis—d. Interne
de I'ceil, Rectus internus oculi—d. Latiral de la
tete, Rectus capitis lateralis — d.  Postirieur de la
tete, grand, Rectus capitis  posticus  major—d.
Postirieur de la tete, petit, Rectus capitis posticus
minor—d. Supirieur, Rectus superior oculi.
   DROP, Gutta.
   Drop, Ague, tasteless, Liquor arsenicalis—
d. Black, Guttae nigrae—d. Red, Ward's, see Vinum
antimonii tartarizati—d. Serene,  Amaurosis.
   DROPACISMUS, Depilation.
   DROPAX, Depilatory.
   DROPPED HANDS, see Hands, dropped.
   DROPS,  ABBE   ROUSSEAU'S, Laudanum
Abbatis Rousseau—d. Anodyne, Liquor morphi-
nas acetatis—d. Antiscorbutic, Marsden's, see In-
fusum gentianae compositum—d. Anti-venereal,
see  Tinctura ferri muriatis — d.  Chamomile, see
Anthemis nobilis—d. Dutch, Balsam of sulphur,
Balsam of Turpentine—d. Fit,  Spiritus ammoniae
fcetidus, see Fuligo—d. Golden, de la Motte's,
Tinctura seu alcohol sulfurico-ajthereus ferri—d.
Green's, see Liquor Hydrargyri  oxymuriatis—d.
Jesuit's, Tinctura benzoini composita—d. Laven-
der, Spiritus Lavandulae  compositus — d. Nitre,
Spiritus aetheris nitrici—d. Norris's, see Antimo-
nium tartarizatum—d. Norton's, Liquor Hydrar-
gyri Oxymuriatis—d. Pectoral,  Pectoral  drops,
Bateman's—d. Peppermint, Pastilli de mentha
piperita—d. Soot, see Fuligo—d. Wade's, Tinc-
tura benzoini  composita—d. White, Ward's, see
Hydrargyri nitras.
   Drops, Warburg's. A secret preparation used
in Demarara under the name of Warburg's Fever
Drops.   See Bebeeru.
   DROPSICAL, llydropicus.
   DROPSY, Hydrops—d. of the Belly, Ascites—
d. of the Brain,  Hydrocephalus—d. of the Cellu-
lar Membrane, Anasarca — d. of the Chest, Hy-
drothorax—d. of the Eye, Hydrophthalmia.
   Dropsy,  Fibrinous.   Dropsy  in  which  the
effused  fluid contains  fibrin.
   Dropsy,  General, Anasarca—d. of the Head,
Hydrocephalus—d. of the Lachrymal Sac, Fistula
lachrymalis, Lachrymal hernia — d. of the Peri-
cardium, Hydropericardium — d. of the Perito-
neum, Ascites — d. of the Pleurae, Hydrothorax
— d. AVater of, Serum of  Serous membranes — d.
AVind, Emphysema—d.  of the Womb,  Ilydro-
metra.
   DROPWORT,  Spiraea filipendula —d. Hem-
lock, OEnanthe—d. Water, Hemlock, (Enanthe—
d. Western, Gillenia trifoliata.
   DROSE'RA  ROTUNDIFO'LIA.  The  sys-
tematic name of the Sundew, Ros soils,  Droaio-
bolanon, Drdaium, Rorella, (F.) Rosaolia.  This
plant has a bitter, acrid, and  caustic taste.   It
has  been used as a rubefacient, and to  destroy
warts and corns.  It has, also, been  regarded as
a pectoral.
   DROSIOBOTANON, Drosera rotundifolia.
   DROSIUM, Drosera rotundifolia.
   DROSOMELI, Fraxinus ornus.
   DRUG, Mediearnedturn, (F.) Drogue.  A name
ordinarily applied to simple medicines,  but, by
extension,  to every substance employed in  the
cure of disease.  Menage derives it from  droga,
and this from the Persian droa, 'odour;' because
many drugs have a strong odour.  It is, doubt-
less, from the Teutonic trocken, Sax. origan, 'to
dry.'
   Drug.   To  prescribe  or  administer  drugs.
Most commonly, perhaps, to dose  to excess with
drugs.
   Drug Disease.  A morbid condition, which
is—or is presumed to be—caused or kept up by
the administration of drugs.
   Drug-grinder,  see  Pulverization — d. Mill,
see Pulverization.
   DRUGGIST,  Drugger, Dragster.   Same ety-
mon.  Pharmacopo'la,  Materialis'ta, Seplaaia'-
riua, Pharmacopai'ua, (F.) Droguiate.  One who
sells drugs.
   DRUM OF THE EAR, Tympanum.
   DRUM-SIEVE, see Cribration.
   DRUNKENNESS, Temulentia.
   DRYLNG,  Deaicca'tion,  Sicca'tio, Xcran'aia,
Auadsis, Desiccdtio, Exsiccdtio; same  etymon
as Drug.  Evaporation or removal of the super-
fluous humidity in a body.
   Drying  op  Plants,  Dcsicctttion  of Plants.
Those which are very succulent should be dried
quickly.  They must be spread upon lattice work,
covered from the light, and  exposed to the heat
of the  sun  or to that of  a stove,  not exceeding
110° Fahrenheit. The drying of  less succulent
plants  can  be effected at a lower temperature.
Flowers must be dried very carefully, excluding
light.   Seeds are dried in a place where there
is a free current of air.  Pulpy  fruits  may  be
exposed to  a gentle heat in a stove, which may
be gradually elevated.  Roots  may also be dried
in the stove: the tuberous require to be cut in
slices.
   DTHOKE, Frambcesia.
   DUAL'ITY,  Dualitaa, from duo, 'two.'  The
 state or quality of being  two.
   Duality  of  the  Mind, or Brain.   As  the
 organ  consists  of two hemispheres,  they have
I been regarded  by some  ais separately and dis- 
DUCKFOOT
305
DWARFISHNESS
 tinctly concerned in the mental and moral mani-
 festations.
   DUCKFOOT, sec Kyllosis.
   DUCKS FOOT, Podophyllum montanum.
   DUCT, ALIMENTARY, Canal, alimentary,
 Thoracic duct—d. of Bellini, Uriniferous tube—
 d. Nasal, Lachrymal duct—d. of Pecquet, Tho-
 racic duct — d. Vitelline, see Vesicula umbilicalis
 —d. of Wirsung, see Pancreas.
   DUCT 10  PRiEPUTII, Masturbation.
   DUCTOR  CANALICULATUS,  Gorget —d.
 Urinae, Ureter.
  _ DUCTUS, Canal, Meatus—d. Arteriosus, Arte-
 rial duct—d. Auris palatinus, Eustachian tube.
   Ductus  Bartholinia'nus, Bar'tholin's
 Duet, (F.) Canal de Bartholin.   The excretory
 duct of the sublingual gland.
   Ductus  Bellini ani,  Uriniferous  tubes
 — d. Biliarii, Pori biliarii — d. Botalli, Arterial
 duct — d. Choledochus, Choledoch  duct — d.
 Chyliferus, Thoracic duct — d. Cibarius, Canal,
 alimentary — d. Ferreini, Ferrein, canal of—d.
 Hepaticus, Hepatic  duct—d. Incisivus, Palatine
 duct (anterior) — d. Intestinalis,  Canal,  alimen-
 tary—d.  Lacteus, Thoracic duct—d. Lachryma-
 lis, Lachrymal duct—d. Lacrumalis, Lachrymal
 duct—d. Nasalis orbitio, Lachrymal or nasal duct
 —d. Nasalo-palatinus, Palatine duct (anterior)—
 d. ad Nasuin, Lachrymal or nasal duct—d. Nu-
 tritii, Canals, nutritive — d. Omphalo  mesenteri-
 cus, see Vesicula umbicalis—d. Pancreaticus,  see
 Pancreas — d. Pecqueti, Thoracic duct—d. Punc-
 torum lachrymalium, Lachrymal ducts—d. Rivi-
 niani, see  Sublingual gland—d. Rorifer, Thoracic
 duct.
   Ductus Saliva'lis Inpe'rior, Ductua Whar-
 tonidnus,  (F.) Canal de AVarthon.  The excre-
 tory duct  of the  submaxillary gland.
   Ductus Saliva'lis Supe'rior, Ductus Steno-
 nidn.ua, Steno's  Duct,  (F.) Canal de Stenon.
 The excretory duct of the parotid gland which
 opens into the mouth opposite the second upper
 molar tooth.
   Ductus Srmi-Circulares  Labyrinthi, Semi-
 circular canals—d. Serosi, Lymphatic vessels—d.
 Spirales cochlea}, Scalae of the  cochlea—d. Ste-
 nonianus,  Ductus  salivalis superior — d. Thora-
 cicus, Thoracic duct—d. Urinae, Ureter—d. Uri-
 narius,  Urethra—d. Uriniferi Bellini, Uriniferous
 tubes — d. Varicosi uteri, Tubse Fallopianae — d.
 Arenosus, Canal,  venous — d. Vitellarius, see Ye-
 sicula umbilicalis—d. A itello-intestinalis, see Ve-
 sicula umbilicalis — d. AValtheriani, see  Sublin-
 gual gland—d. AVhartonianus,  Ductus salivalis
 inferior.
  DUELECH, Dulech.
  DUEL'LA. The ancient name of  a  weight,
 which was equivalent to eight scruples.
  DUELLUM VENEREUM, Coition.
  DUG, Nipple.
  DULCAMARA, Solanum dulcamara,—d. Flex-
 uosa. Solanum dulcamara.
  DULCEDO AMORIS, Clitoris.
  DULECH,  Due'lech.  A  term  employed by
 Paracelsus and Van Helmont to designate a pre-
 tended tartarized substance, which forms in the
 human body, and produces acute pain, accompa-
 nied with  great danger.
  DULSE, Rhodomelapalmata—d. Pepper, Lau-
 rentia pinnatifida.
  DUMP.NESS, Mutitas.
  DUNBLANE.  MINERAL WATERS OF.
 The  springs  of Dunblane, in Scotland,  contain
sulphate of soda,  chlorides of sodium and cal-
cium, and  carbonate of iron.
  DUNG,  Fiinus — d. Cow's, Fimus Vaccse—d.
 Goose, Fimus anseris — d. Stone-horse,  Fimus
equinus.
      20
   DUNGA, Dengue.
   DUODENI'TIS,  Dodecadactylltia. A hybrid
 term, from duodenum, and itis, denoting inflam-
 mation.  Inflammation of the duodenum, charac-
 terized by white tongue, bitter taste, anorexia,
 fulness and tenderness in the region of the duo-
 denum, and often yellowness of skin, along with
 the ordinary signs of febrile irritation.
   DUODE'NUM,  Ventric'ulua Smcenturia'tus,
 Ec'physis seu Appen'dix seu ProeSt'su* Ventric'-
 uli, Portondrium, DodecadaC'tylon, (from SwStKa,
 'twelve,' and  SoktvXos, 'a  finger.)  The duode-
 num is the first part of the intestinal canal, com-
 mencing at the pyloric orifice of the stomach, and
 terminating in the jejunum.   Its length is about
 twelve fingers' breadth, and as it is only partially
 covered by the peritoneum, it is susceptible of
 considerable dilatation; hence its name Ventri-
 culus succenturiatus.  In the  duodenum, chylifi-
 cation takes place after the admixture of  the
 biliary and pancreatic fluids with the chyme.
   DUO-STERNAL.   B6clard thus names  the
 second osseous portion of  the sternum, which
 corresponds to the second intercostal space.
   DUPLICATION, (duo, 'two,' undplicare,  'to
 fold.')  Duplieu'tio, Duplic"itaa, Diplaaiaa'mus,
 Dipldaia.   A species of malformation or mon-
 strosity,  characterized  by the parts  concerned
 being doubled.  Double monatera.—Meckel.
   Duplication op the Fcetus, Evolution, spon-
 taneous.
   DU'PLICATURE, Duplicatdra, Reflection,
 from duplex, 'double,' 'twofold.'  The folding or
 reflection  of a membrane upon itself; as Dupli-
 cative ox reflection of the pleura, peritoneum, Ac.
   DUPON'DIUM.  A weight of four  drachms.
 —-Galen.
   DUR, Hard.
   DURA  MATER, Craaaa meninx, Dura meninx,
 Sclerome'ninx, 3teninx exte'rior, 31eninx sclera,
 31. pacheia of Galen, Dura membra'na cer'ebrum
 am'biens, Cuticula'ria membra'na, 31. dermato'des,
 Mininge, (Ch.)  It has been  called dura, because
 of its great resistance ; and mater, because it was
 believed to  give rise  to every membrane of the
 body.  (F.) Dure mire, Dure-taye (ParS.)  It is
 a fibrous semitransparent membrane, of a pearly-
 white colour, thick, and very resisting; lines the
 cavity of the cranium, and  contains the spinal
 marrow; protects the brain and  marrow;  and,
 by its various expansions—the faix cerebri, ten-
 torium, Ac,—supports the different parts of the
 cerebral mass.   The largest artery of  the  dura
 mater is the A. meninga'a me'dia.
  Dura Mater, Lateral  Processes op  the,
 Tentorium — d. m. Testis, Albuginea.
  DURATION OF LIFE, see Life—d. of Preg-
 nancy, see Pregnancy.
  DURE  31ERE, Dura mater.
  DURE^  TAYE, Dura mater.
  DUREE DE LA VIE, see Longevity.
  DURETE D'OREILLE,  Baryecoia—d.  de
 VOuie, Deafness.
  DURILLON, Callosity.
  DURUS, Hard.
 _ DUSTING BAG.  In pharmacy, a kind of
 sieve, which consists of a bag  made of lawn  or
 other like material, hung inside of a wide-mouthed
 bottle or tin canister, to the mouth of which it is
 secured.   The powdered substance  is put  into
 the bag, and the mouth being closed with a cover,
 the apparatus is shaken, and the finer particles
pass  into the bottle or canister.
  DUTROA, Datura stramonium.
  DWARF, Nanus — d.  Flag, Dis lacustris.
  DWARFISH, see Nanus.
  DWARFISHNESS, Nanosomus. 
DYCTOIDES
306
DYSENTERIC
   DYCTOIDES, Reticular.
   DYERS' BROOM, Genista tinctoria—d. Weed,
 Genista tinctoria, Reseda luteola.
   DYNAMETER, Dynamometer.
   DYNAM'IC, Dynaid icus,  (F.) Dynamique :
 same etymon. In Mechanics, Dynam'ics investi-
 gates the powers whereby bodies are put in mo-
 tion, and the laws  connected therewith.  In  Bi-
 ology, that which relates to the vital forces, Vital
 Dynamics,  the influences of agents on the or-
 ganism, which are ascribable to neither mecha-
 nical nor chemical causes, are sometimes termed
 dynamic.
   Dynamic Diseases, see Organic.
   DYNAMICS, VITAL, see Dynamic.
   DYNAMICUS, Dynamic.
   DYNAMIS, Faculty, Force.
   DYNAMOM'ETER,  Myodynamiom'eter, Myo-
 dynamometer, from Swapts, 'force,' ' vital power,'
 and ptrpov, ' measure.' An instrument, contrived
 by M. Regnier, for measuring the comparative
 muscular strength of man and animals.  It con-
 sists  of a spring,  which, when  pressed upon,
 causes a needle to move upon a portion of a circle,
 furnished with a scale of kilogrammes  and one
 of myriagrammes.   To  measure the strength of
 the bands, the two  branches of the spring are
 firmly grasped, and brought as near together as
 the force can carry them.  This effort makes the
 needle traverse,  and indicates, on  the  scale of
 kilogrammes, the strength of the  experimenter's
 hands.  A man, 25 or 30 years of age, exerts a
 force  commonly equal to 50 kilogrammes or 100
 pounds.
  The strength of the loins of a man, about 30
 years of age, as indicated by this instrument, is
 usually about 30 myriagrammes, or 265 pounds,
 which shows the weight he is capable of raising.
  From experiments made by Peron, in his voy-
 age, on 12 individuals of Van Diemen's Land, 17
 of New  Holland, 56 of the Island of Timor, 17
Frenchmen belonging to the expedition, and 14
Englishmen in the colony of New South Wales,
he found  their  comparative  strength, indicated
by the dynamometer, to be as follows:
Natives op	strength			
	of the arm.		of the loins.	
	Kilog.	lbs.	3Iyri.	lbs.
1. Van Diemen's Land. 2. New Holland. 3. Timor. 4. France. 5. England.	50.6 50.8 58.7 69.2 71.4	101.2 101.6 117.4 138.4 142.4	10.2 11.6 15.2 15.2	208.08 238.64 310.08 332.52
  Dynamometer or Dynameter, Medic"inal.
An instrument, invented by Dr. Paris, for the
purpose of showing the quantity of active matter
contained in a given weight or  measure of any
officinal compound, with the dose of any prepa-
ration, which will be equivalent  in strength to a
given quantity of any other of  the same class.
The instrument is more ingenious than useful.
  DYOTA,  Diota.
  DYS, Svs, in  composition, ' difficult, faulty:"
sometimes  privative;  mostly answering to the
particles dis, in, mis, or un, in English.  Hence:
  DYSiE'MIA, from Svs, 'with  difficulty,' and
'atpa,  ' blood.'  A morbid condition of the blood.
  DYSESTHESIA, Dyaaathe'sia,  from Svs,
'with difficulty,' and  atoSavopat, 'I feel.'  Ob-
scure, diminished, or even abolished sensation.
  Dysaisthesia Auditoria, Cophosis — d.  Gus-
 tatoria, Ageustia — d. Interna, Amnesia—d. 01-
 factoria, Anosmia.
   Dys.esthe'sia  Visua'lis,  Parov'aia.  Sense
 of sight vitiated or lost.
   DYS.ESTHESIS, Dysaesthesia.
   DYSANAGO'GOS,  from Svs, 'with difficulty,'
 and avayw, ' I bring up.'  That which is expecto-
 rated with difficulty.  An epithet given, by the
 Greek writers,  to the sputa, when expectorated
 with difficulty,  on account of their viscidity.
   DYSANNARRHOPHE'SIS^^sanarr^o^'Va/
 from  Svs,  'with difficulty,' and avappotpvcis,  'ab-
 sorption.'   Diminished absorption from  morbid
 causes.
   DYS'APHE, Dyaaph'ia, from  Svs, and  afv,
 'feeling.'   Morbid feeling.
   DYSAPULO'TUS, Dyaapu'lua, Dyaepuldticua,
 Dysulo'tus, from  Svs, and anovXow, ' to heal.'
 Healing with difficulty.
   DYSARTHRIAS,  Gout, irregular.
   DYSCATABROSIS, Dysphagia.
   DYSCATAPOSIS, Dysphagia.
   DYSCATAPO'TIA, from Svs, and  Karamvw, 'I
 drink.'  Difficulty of  swallowing liquids.  This
 term is recommended by Dr. Mead as a substitute
 for hydrophobia,  which means dread of  liquids.
 The dread seems to be partly caused by the diffi-
 culty of deglutition.
   DYSCHE'ZIA; from Svs, and xt&lv> '^° S° to
 stool.'  Difficult and painful defecation.
  DYTSCHR03'A,from Svs, 'with difficulty,' and
 XPoa or XPota> ' colour.'  Dischro'a.  Sickly and
unhealthy  colour  of the  skin.  Used synony-
mously with the macula of AVillan.
  DYSCHROMATOPSIA, Achromatopsia.
  DYSCHY310SEN, Chymoplania.
  DYSCINE'SIA, from Svs, 'with difficulty,' and
 kivcw,  ' I move.'   Difficulty or utter incapability
 of moving.—Galen.
   DYSCOILIA, Constipation.
  DYSCOPHO'SIS, from  Svs,  'with difficulty,'
 and Kotpow, ' I am deaf.'  A defect in the sense
 of hearing.—Hippocrates.
   DYSCO'RIA, Coremetamorpho'sis, from  Svs,
 and Kopv,  'the  pupil.'  Irregularity  of shape of
 the pupiL
   DYSCRA'SIA,  from Svs, and xpacts, 'tempera-
 ment.'  Intempe'ries, Distemper an'tia, Dys'crasy,
 A bad habit of body.
   Dyscrasia Scrofulosa, Scrofula — d. Tuber-
 culosa, see Tubercle.
   DYSCRASIACUM, Spanaemic.
   DYSCRASLE, Dysthetica.
   DYSCRASY, Dyscrasia—d. Bilious, Cholosis,
 Icterus.
   DYS'CRITOS,  from Svs, 'with difficulty,' and
 Kptais,  'judgment.'  That which it is difficult to
 judge of.—Hippocrates.
   DYSDA'CRIA, Dysdacrydsis, from Svs,  and
 SaKpvov, ' a tear.' A morbid condition of the tears.
   DYSDACRYOSIS, Dysdacria.
  DYSECCRIS'IA, from Svs, and tKKpicis, 'ex-
 cretion.'   Difficult or defective  excretion.
   DYSECOSA, Baryecoia, Deafness.
  DYSEL'CIA, Dysepuldtus,  from Svs,  'with
 difficulty,' and UXkos, ' an  ulcer.'  An ulcer diffi-
 cult to heal.—Hippocrates, Foesius.
  DYSEMESIA,  Vomiturition.
  DYTSENTERIA, Dysentery—d. Biliosa, Colo-
cholosis—d. Haematera, Dysentery—d. Hepatica,
Hepatirrhcea — d. Maligna, Enterocace — d. Pu-
trida, Enterocace — d.  Scorbutica, Enterocace —
d. Splenica, Melasna — d. Typhodes, Enterocace.
  DYSENTER'IC,  Dysenter'icus, Dysen'terus, 
DYSENTERIUM
307
DYSPATHIA
 same etymon as Dysentery.  Relating to dysen-
 tery.
    DYSENTERIUM. Dysentery.
    DYSEXTERONERVIA, Colic—d. Saturnina,
 Colica metallica.
    D Y S' E X T E R Y, Dyaenter'ia, Dyaenter'ium,
 Dysenter'ia hamate'ra, Difficul'tas intestino'rum,
 from Svs, and tvrtpov, 'an intestine;'  Dissoldtus
 morbus,  Diarrhte'a  curnosn, Colitis,  Colonltis,
 Coln-rectltis, Endorol'ttis, Esocolltis, Dejlux'us
 Dysenter'icus, Febris Dysenter'ica, Flumen dy-
 senter'icum,  Fluxus  dysenter'icua, F. cruedtua
 cum Tenes'mo, Rhenmotis'mus intestino'rum cum
 ulcere,  Tor'minu. Celsi,  Tor'mina,  B/ennenter'ia,
 3Iorbua dissoldtus, Sedes cruedta, Lues dysen-
 ter'icti, Bloody Flux ; Flux, (F.)  Flux dysenti-
 riquc, Flux de Sang. Inflammation of the mu-
 cous membrane of the large intestine; the  chief
 symptoms of which are:—fever, more or less in-
 flammatory,  with frequent  mucous  or bloody
 evacuations;  violent tormina  and  tenesmus.
 AVhen  the  evacuations do not  contain blood, it
 has been called Dysenter'ia alba or simple Dysen-
 tery.  The seat of the disease is, generally, in the
 colon and  rectum.   It occurs, particularly, dur-
 ing the summer and autumnal  months, and in
 hot climates more than in cold:  frequently, also,
 in camps and prisons, in consequence of impure
 air, and  imperfect  nourishment:  and is  often
 epidemic. Sporadic cases of dysentery are, gene-
 rally, easily managed; but when the disease oc-
 curs epidemically, it often exhibits great malig-
 nancy.  Generally, it yields to mild laxatives, as
 castor oil, combined with diaphoretic narcotics,
 such as  the pulvis ipecacuanha  compositus, and
 counter-irritants to the abdomen; but, at times,
 the inflammation runs on so speedily to ulcera-
 tion, that,, unless a new action be rapidly excited,
 death will be the consequence.  In such cases,
 mercury  must be  rapidly  introduced  into the
 system, and narcotics may be combined with it.
   The whole  management in acute dysentery
 must, of course, be strictly antiphlogistic.
   Dysentery, Bilious, Colocholosis.
   DYSF.PULOTICUS, Dysapulotus.
   DYSEPULOTOS, Dyselcia.
   DYSGALACTIA, Dysgalia.
   DY'SGA'LIA, Dysgalac'tia, from Svs, and yaXa,
 'milk.'   An unhealthy condition or depravation
 of the milk.
   DYSGENNE'SIA, from Svs, and  ytwvcts,  'ge-
 neration.'  Lesion of the generative  organs or
 functions.
   DYTSGEU'SIA,  Disgeus'tia, from  Svs,  and
 yevcts, ' taste.'  A morbid condition of the sense
 of taste.
   DYSILEMORRHCE'A, from Svs, 'atpa, 'blood,'
 and ptw,  ' to flow.'  Difficulty in the flow of blood,
 —according to some, of the hemorrhoidal  flux.
 Also, symptoms occasioned by its diminution or
 suppression.—Sagar.
   DY'SILE'MIA, from Svs,  and 'atpa, 'blood.'
 A  morbid condition of the blood.
   DYTSIIAPH'IA, Dysapllin, from Svs, and 'aipv,
 'touch.'   A morbid  condition of the sense of
 touch.
  DYSIII'DRIA, Dysi'dria, from Svs, and 'tSpws,
 'sweat.'   A morbid state of the perspiration.
  DA'SIA'TOS,  Svciaros,  from Sv$, 'with  diffi-
culty," and taopai,  'to heal:' Cura'tu diffic"ilis.
Difficult of cure.—Hippocrates.
  DY'SLALIA, Balbuties, Bradylogia.
  DYSLOCHI'A, Colica lochia'lis, Hysteral'gia
lochia'lis, from Svs, and Xoy^oj; 'relating to  par-
-  turition.'  Diminution or suppression of the lo-
  chial discharge.
     DA'SMASE'SIS, Dysmasse' sis, Brady masse'ais,
  from Svs, 'with difficulty,' and pocvcts, 'mastica-
  tion.'  Difficult or impeded mastication.
     DYSMEXIA, Dysmenorrhcea.
\     D YS3IENORRHEE, Dysmenorrhcea.
»     DYSMENORRHEA, .Ztysme'ni'a, Parame'nia
>  diffie"ilia, 3Ienorrhn'gia  stillati" tia,  Men'atrua
»  difficilia, 31. Doloro'sa,  Amenorrhoe'a diffic"ilis
■  seu partia'lis, 3Ienaee dolor if'ica,  Menorrha'gia
'  diffic"ilia, Menstrua'tio diffic"ilis, 31. dolorif-
'  ica,  Labo'rioua or Difficult 3tenstrudtion,  (F.)
>  Dysmenorrhie, 3Ienstruation difficile, Regies diffi-
  ciles, Strangurie menstruelle.   Catamenia passed
■  with great local  pain, especially in the loins :—
•  with sometimes a membranous discharge.   Dys-
  menorrhcea is very difficult of  removal, and pre-
•  vents conception.  In the married  female, if she
  should be able to pass one period  without  pain,
  and  subsequently become pregnant, the morbid
'•  action may be broken in upon by gestation, and
•  a perfect cure be obtained.  Change of air, soon
1  after marriage, will sometimes give occasion to
  this desirable result.   The affection generally de-
  pends  upon  erethism of the interior  of the
  uterus, called into action at each catamenial pe-
  riod.  The violence of the pain requires the libe-
  ral use of narcotics.
    DYSMNE'SIA; from Svs, 'badly,' and pwas,
  'memory.'  Defective memory.
    DYSMORPHE, Deformation.
    DYSMORPHIA, Deformation.
    DYSMORPHOSIS, Deformation.
    DYSNEPHRONERVIE, Nephralgia.
    DYSODES, Fetid.
    DYSO'DIA, Dysod'mia, Dyaoa'mia, Foetor,
  'fcetor,'  from Svs, 'badly,' and  o$w,  'I  smell.'
  (F.) Puanteur.  Sauvages has given this generic
  name to all diseases, characterized  by fetid ema-
  nations,  from whatever part proceeding;—from
  the mouth, nasal fossae, bronchia, stomach, axil-
  la?, groins, Ac.  Also,  a stench or stink, Paoa.
    DYSODMIA, Dysodia.
    DYSODONTI'ASIS, Dentil'io diff\c"ilia, from
  Svs, 'with difficulty,'  and  oSovnacts, 'dentition.'
  Difficult dentition.
    DYSONEI'ROS, from Svs, 'with difficulty,' and
  ovttpos, ' a dream.'  Insomnia, with  restlessness.
  _  DYSO'PIA,  properly  Dyaop'aia, Dyaora'sis,
  signifying 'shame,'  from  Svs,  'with  difficulty,'
  and onropai, ' I see.'  Difficulty  of seeing: obscu-
  rity of vision.
    Dysopia Dissitorum, Myopia.
    Dysopia  Latera'lis,  Parop'aia  latera'lis,
  Skue-sight, Sight aakew.   Vision only accurate
  when the object is placed  obliquely. This state
  is generally caused by some opacity of the  cornea.
    Dysopia Luminis, Nyctalopia — d. Proximo-
  rum, Presbytia.—d. Tenebrarum, Hemeralopia.
    DYSOPSIA, Dysopia.
    DYSORASIS, Dysopia.
    DYSOREX'IA,  Inappeten'tia, Appeti'tus de-
  flc"icns,  from Svs, 'with  difficulty,' and  optfe,
  ' appetite.'  Diminution of appetite.
   DYSOS'MIA,  from Svs,  'with difficulty,'  and
  ocpv, 'smell.'   Diminution of smell.
  _ DYTSOSPHRE'SIA, Dyaoaphre'aia, Dysoaphrd-
 sia, Dysphre'sis, from Svs, and oappvcts, 'the sense
 of smell.' A morbid state of the sense of smeU.
   DYSOSTOSIS;  from Svs, and ocrtov,  'a bone.'
 A  faulty conformation or  morbid condition  of
 bone.
   DYSPATHIA, see Serious. 
                DYSPEPSIA               31

  DYSPEPSIA, from Svs, 'with difficulty,' and
TTttiTw,  ' I  concoct.'   Limo'ais Dyapeji'sia, Ano-
rex'ia,  Apep'aia, Bradypep'aia,  Gastroatax'iu,
Diges'tio dcprardta, D. diffie"ilis, D. lasa, Gaa-
tro-ato' nia, Concoe'tio tarda, Stom'achi resold tio,
Cru'ditas,  Passio stomach'ica,  Indigestion, Diffi-
culty of Digestion.   A state of the  stomach,  in
which  its  functions  are  disturbed,  without the
presence of other diseases, or when,  if other dis-
eases  be present, they are of but minor import-
ance.   The symptoms of dyspepsia  are very va-
rious.  Those affecting the stomach  itself are :—
loss of appetite;  nausea; pain in the epigastrium
or hypochondrium; heart-burn ; sense of fulness,
or weight  in the stomach;  acrid or  fetid eructa-
tions ;  pyrosis, and sense of fluttering or sinking
at the pit of the stomach. The sympathetic affec-
tions are of the most diversified character. Dys-
pepsia, being generally of a functional nature, is
devoid of danger.  AVhen arising from disease of
the stomach itself, it  is, of course, more serious.
  It is usually dependent on irregularity of living;
either in the quantity or quality of the food taken:
and the most successful treatment is, to put the
patient on a diet easy of digestion ; to combat the
causes, where such are apparent; and, by proper
remedies and regimen, to strengthen the system
in every practicable manner. A great error exists
in regarding it  as always a disease of debility.
It is  often connected with an inflammatory or
subinflammatory condition of the mucous  lining
of the stomach,  and of course a very different
plan of treatment is  required  in the two  cases.
Dyspepsia is often attended with too great a se-
cretion of  the gastric acids; but, on other occa-
sions, they would appear to be too small in quan-
tity, so as to constitute  alkaline indigestion  or
neutral indigestion.
  Dyspepsia Chlorosis, Chlorosis  — d.  Hypo-
chondriasis,  Hypochondriasis — d. Pyrosis, Py-
rosis.
  DYSPEPSIODYNIA, Cardialgia.
  DYSPEPSODYNIA, Cardialgia.
  DYrSPEP'TIC,  Dyspep'ticus,   Dyspep'tus,
Apep'tic, Apep'ticua; same  etymon.   Having re-
lation  to dyspepsia,  as  'dyapeptic bread.'  One
who suffers from dyspepsia.
  DYSPEPTICUS, Dyspeptic
  DYSPEPTODYNIA, Cardialgia.
  DYSPEPTUS, Dyspeptic
  DYSPERMA'SIA, Dyspermatia'mua, from Svs,
'with difficulty,' and cireppa, 'sperm.'   Difficulty
—sometimes incapacity—of voiding  the sperm.
  DYSPERMATISMUS, Bradyspermatismus.
  DYSPHA'GIA, Dyacatabrdaia, Dyacatap'oaia,
Deglutil'io  diffi,c"ilia, D.  la'sa, D. impedi'ta,
from  Svs,  'with difficulty,'  and tpayw,  'I eat.'
Difficulty  of  deglutition.  Dysphagia is  almost
always symptomatic, either of inflammation or
of other disease  of the organs of deglutition, or
of incomplete  obstruction of the oesophagus,  by
some  obstacle within it, or by a neighbouring tu-
mour.   At times, it is produced by  spasm or pa-
ralysis  of the oesophagus.   The prognosis and
treatment vary according to the cause.
   Dysphagia Atonica, Pharyngoplegia.
   DYSPHA'GIA  Constric'ta, D. Pharyngea,  D.
(Esophagea, D.  Callo'sa, Strictdra Pharyn'gis
seu (Esoph'agi vera, S. CE. Callo'sa, Stenocho'-
ria GSsoph'agi,  (Esophagiarc'tia, Lamostendsis.
Stricture of the  pharynx and oesophagus is  an
affection which may be the result of pharyngitis oj
oesophagitis; but more frequently of malignant
disease in the parietes  of  the tube.  The only
remedy is the bougie.
   Dyspha'gia Inflammatoria, Oesophagitis —
d. Pharyngea, D. Constricta—d. CEsophagea, D.
                DYSTOCIA

Constricta — d. Spasmodica, 0"Jsophagismus— d.
Callosa, 1). Constricta — d. Paralytica, G5sopha-
goplegia, Pharyngoplegia—d. Nervosa, CEsopha-
gismus—d. Torpida, Pharyngoplegia—d. Globosa,
Angone—d.  Hysterica, Angone—d. Inflammato-
ria, Cynanche  tonsillaris — d.  Linguosa,  Para-
glossa—d. Ranula, Ranula—d. Uvulosa, Staphy-
lcedema—d.  Scirrhosa,  Lasmoscirrhus — d. Spas-
tica, ffisophagismus.
  DYSPHO'NIA, from Svs, and tpwvv, 'the voice.'
Difficulty of producing and articulating sounds:
voice imperfect or depraved. Apho'nia, (of some.)
  Dysphonia  Immodulata Nasalis, Rhinopho-
nia—d.  Immodulata palatina, Asaphia.
  DY'SPHOR'IA, Inquietu'do, Astdsia. Dissatis-
faction ;  restlessness;  suffering; indisposition;
from Svs, and tptpw, ' I bear.'
  Dysphoria  Anxietas, Anxiety — d. Nervosa,
Fidgets—d.  Simplex, Fidgets.
  DYSPHOTIA, Myopia.
  DYSPHRESIS, Dysosphresia.
  DYSPIO'NIA, from  Svs, and ttiwv,  'fat.'  A
morbid  condition of the adipous substance.
  DYSPLASMATIC, Cacoplastic
  DYSPLASTICUM, Spanasmic
  DYSPNCE'A, from Svs,  and  trvtw, 'I breathe.'
Pseudo-asthma, Amphipneu'ma, Rcspira'tio dif-
fic"His  seu brevis et rara, Brachypnce'a, Retentio
ae'rea,  Anhcla'tion, Short breath,  Difficulty  of
breathing, (F.) Conrte  Hatcine.  Dyspnoea may
be idiopathic or symptomatic.  The latter accom-
panies almost all thoracic diseases.   Urgent dys-
pnoea has been called amphipneu'ma, aptpt-vtvpa.
—Hippocrates.
  Dyspncea Convulsiva, Asthma — d. Hydro-
thoracica,  Hydrotborax — d.  Physothoracica,
Pneumotborax—d. Pinguedinosa, Pursiness — d.
Pneumatica,  Pneumothorax — d. Pyothoracica,
Empyema.
  DYSSIA'LIA,  from Svs, and ataXos, 'saliva.'
A morbid condition of  the saliva.
  DYSSYN'ODUS, Dyssyndsia, from  Svs, and
trvvoSos,  ' coition.'  Co'itus  diffic"ilis.   Difficulty
in coition.
  DYSSYNUSIA, Dyssynodus.
  DYSTHAN'ATOS,  from  Svs, and Savaros,
' death.' That which causes a slow and painful
death.   One who experiences this kind of death.
—Hippocrates, Galen.
  DYSTHELA'SIA, from Svs, and SvXafr, 'I give
suck.'   Inaptitude for suckling.
  DYSTHERAPEU'TOS, Difficiliter cura'bilis ;
from Svs, and Stpairtta, 'medical treatment.' That
which is difficult of cure.
  DYSTHE'SIA, from Svs, 'badly,' and n&nui, 'I
am situate.'  Dys'thesis,  Cachex'ia.  Morbid habit.
Bad humour.  Impatience in disease.—Erotian.
  DYSTHET'ICA, Cachex'ia, Cachexies; same
etymon.  A morbid condition of the blood or
blood-vessels; alone or connected  with a morbid
state of other fluids, producing a diseased habit.
The fourth order in the class Hamatica of Good,
including Plethora, Hamorrhagia, Ac.
  DYSTHYM'IA, from Svs, and  Svpos, 'mind.'
Depreaaion,  Deapondency.   A bad  sign  in acute
diseases.  Also, Melancholy.
  DYSTOCIA, 3Iogoatoc'ia, Bradytoc'ia, Reted-
tio  fcetua, from Svs, and  tokos, 'accouchement.'
A  laborious  accouchement, Labo'rioua  labour,
Parodyn'ia, morbid labour, difficult labour, Par-
tua diff%c"ilis.   See Laborious.
  Dystocia Abortiva, Abortion—d. Dyscyesis,
Pregnancy,  morbid—d. Dyscyesis  extra-uterina,
see Pregnancy, preternatural.
'8 
              DYSTfECHIASIS

  DYSTCRCIIVASIS,Hispid'itas, from Svs, 'bad,'
and  otoixos,  ' order.'  Irregular position of the
eye-lashes.—Forestus.
  DYSTON'IA, from Svs, and twos, ' tone.'  Mor-
bid condition of the tone of a tissue or organ.
  DYSTROPIITA,  from  Svs,  'with difficulty,'
and rpotpv, 'nourishment.' Imperfect or defective
nutrition.
  DYSULOTUS, Dysapulotus.
  DYSURE'SIA, Dysure'sis; from Svs, and ovpv-
ats, ' passing the urine.'  Defective secretion and
evacuation of the urine.
  EAGLE-STONE, .Mites.
  EAR, Auris, Ous, ovs, Ac'oe, Saxon, eape, (F.)
Oreille. The organ of audition. It is composed of
a series  of more  or less  irregular cavities, in
which the sonorous rays are successively received
and reflected, until they agitate the nerves which
aro destined to convey the impression to the brain.
Tho ear is contained partly in the substance of
the temporal bones; and a part projects  exter-
nally, behind the joint of the  lower jaw.   It may
be divided into three portions;—the outer or ex-
ternal ear, formed by the auricle and meatus au-
ditorius ; the middle ear, comprising the  cavity
of the tympanum and its dependencies;  and the
internal car, comprehending the three semicircular
canals, the cochlea and the vestibule; which, to-
gether, constitute the osseous  labyrinth.   AVithin
the cavity of this labyrinth are contained mem-
branes having nearly the shape  of the vestibule
and semicircular canals, but  not extending into
the cochlea.  These  membranes form the  mem-
branous labyrinth.   Between  the osseous and the
membranous  labyrinth is situate the liquor of
Cotunnius, and within the membranous labyrinth
is a fluid, termed, by De Blainville,  vitrine audi-
tive, from its supposed analogy to  the  vitreous
humour of the eye.  The form of the membranous
vestibule is not an exact imitation of the osseous
cavity, being composed of two distinct sacs, which
open into each other,—the  one termed the Sac'-
culus  restib'uli;  the other  Sac'culus.  Each sac
contains in its interior  a small mass of white cal-
careous matter resembling powdered chalk, which
seems to be suspended in the  fluid of the sacs by
means  of a number of nervous filaments pro-
ceeding from the auditory nerve.  These are the
otoconies and otolithes of Breschet.
  The auditory  nerve  is distributed to the cavi-
ties of the internal ear.
  EAR-DOCTOR,  Aurist —e.  Flap, Proptoma
auricularum.
  EAR-PICK,  Otog'lyphis,  Otog'lyphum, Coch-
lear auvicula're, Auriscalpium, (F.) Cure-oreillc.
A species  of small scoop, used for extracting
hardened cerumen from the meatus auditorius
externus;  or to  remove foreign  bodies  from the
ear.  If carelessly used, it is apt to excite inflam-
mation of the tube.
  EAR-SUBGEOX, Aurist—e. Surgery, Otiatria.
  EAR-TRUMPET, Tubas acus'ticas, Acus'ticum
Cornu, (F.) Comet acoustiquc. An instrument for
collecting sound and increasing its intensity, used
by those who are  hard of  hearing.  It is, com-
monly, a kind of cone, formed  of  silver, tin, or
elastic gum, the base of which is turned towards
the person who is speaking, and the apex placed
in the entrance of the meatus auditorius externus.
)                    EAU

   DYSU'RIA, Uri'na diffic"ilis excre'tio, from
Svs, 'with difficulty,' and  ovpov, 'urine.'  Stran'-
r/ury, (of some.)   Difficulty of passing the urine.
In this affection  the urine  is voided with pain,
and  a sensation  of heat in  some part  of the
urethra,   Dysuria is the first degree of retention
of urine.  It differs from strangury, in which the
urine can only be passed in drops and with great
straining.
   Dysuria  Calculosa,  Calculi,  vesical — d.
Irritata,  Calculi,  vesical — d. Mucosa,  Cystir-
rhcea.
  EARWAX, Cerumen.
  EARWIG, Forficula auricularia.
  EARTH  CLUB, Orobanche Americana — e.
Fuller's, Cimolia purpurescens — e. Gall, Vera-
trum viride—e. Heavy, Baryta—e. Japan, Cate-
chu—e. Lemnian, Terra Lemnia—e. Nut, Pignut,
Bunium balbocastanum—e. Ponderous, Baryta—
e. Saurian," Sami terra—e.  Sealed, Terra sigillata
—e Talc, Magnesia.
  EATABLE, Esculent.
  EAU, Water — e. d'Aix-la-Chapelle, see Aix-
la-Chapelle.
  EAU D'ALIBOUR.  This compound is made
of sulphate of zinc, and sulphate of copper, each
J5J; camphor,  ten  grains;  saffron, four grains;
water,  four  fluidounces.   Employed  in chronic
inflammation of the eyelids, and as a vulnerary.
  EAU  DE  L'A31NIOS,  Liquor amnii — e.
d'Amandes ameres, Aqua  amygdalarum concen-
trate.
  EAU  ANTIPUTRIDE  DE BEAUFORT.
Mineral lemonade prepared with sulphuric acid.
  EAU  D'AR3IAGNAC,  Tinctura  cinnamomi
composita—c. de Balaruc, Balaruc waters-;— e. de
Bariges, Bareges water — e.  de Binelli, Aqua
Binellii — e. Blanche,  Liquor plumbi subacetatis
dilutus — e.  de Bonferme,  Tinctura  cinnamomi
composita—e. de Bonnes, Bonnes, mineral waters
of—e.  de Bottle, see Ferrum tartarizatum—e. de
Bourbonne-les-Bains,  Bourbonne-les-Bains,  mi-
neral waters of—e. de Brocchieri, Aqua Brocchi-
erii — c. des Cannes,  see Melissa — e.  de Chaux,
Liquor calcis—e. de Chaux composie, Liquor cal-
cis compositus.
  EAU DE  COLOGNE,  Cologne water.  A cele-
brated perfume, so called from the place where it
is  made.  The following is one formula:  Oil of
bergamot, ^iij ;  Oil of lemon, ^ij ;  Oil of Laven-
der, Jiiiss ;  Oil ofneroli, ^iiss ; Oil of origanum,
%\] ;  Oil of rosemary, 5Jj ; Essence of vanilla,  ""Jy ;
Jlusk,  ten grains; Rectified spirit, Oxiij ; Rose-
water,  Oij ;  Orange-flower water, Oj.   Macerate
for fourteen  days, and filter.
  EAU DE CUIVRE A3I3IONIACALE, Li-
quor cupri ammoniati — e. Distillie, AArater, dis-
tilled — e. de Fontaine, AVater,  spring — e. des
Fontaines de la 3Iariguerie, Rouen, mineral wa-
ters of—e. contrc la Gangrene, Liquor hydrargyri
nitrici—c. de Goudron, see Pinus sylvestris—e. de
Goulard, Liquor plumbi subacetatis dilutus.
  EAUHE3IASTATIQUE DE TISSERAND.
'A hemastatic water reputed to possess the same
properties as the Aqua Brocchierii.   It may be
prepared by digesting dragon's blood, and turpen-
tine of the Vosges in water.
  EAU D'HUSSON,  Alnum colchici — e. dea
30
E. 
EAU
310
ECDEMIOMANIA
Hydropiques, Serum of serous membranes — e.
Hydrosulfurie simple, Hydrosulphuretted water.
  EAU DE JAVELLE, Bleaching liquid, Aqua
alknllna  oxymuriat'ica,  Labarraque's  Solution,
(Common  salt, Ibij ;  black oxide of manganese,
tt>j ;  water, Ibij.  Put into a retort, and  add, gra-
dually, oil of vitriol, Ibij. Pass the vapour through
a solution of subcarbonate of potassa 5 iij in water
§xxix,  applying heat towards the  last.  S. g.
1.087.)  It is stimulant, detergent, and antiseptic,
—applied externally.
  EAU DE LAG, Water, lake—e. de Luce, Spi-
ritus ammoniae succinatus—e. 3lagnisienne, Mag-
nesia, fluid—e. de 3Iarais, Water, marsh—e. 3Ii-
dicinale d'Husson, see Colchicum autumnale—e.
de 3Ier, Water,  sea — c. 3Iercurielle, Liquor hy-
drargyri nitrici—e. 31inirale, Water, mineral—e.
de 3Ionterossi, Aqua  Binellii—e. de  Naples, Na-
ples  water, factitious — e. de Neige, AVater, snow
—e.  de Pluie, Water, rain—e. de Potasse, Liquor
potassae — e. de Puit, AVater, well — e. de Rabel,
Elixir acidum Halleri—e. Rigale, Nitro-muriatic
acid—e. de Source, AVater, well—e. Styptique  de
Brocchieri, Aqua Brocchierii—e. Sucrie, Hydro-
saccharum — c.  Vegito-minirale, Liquor Plumbi
subacetatis dilutus—e. de Vichy,  Vichy water—
e. de Vie, Brandy—e. de Vie Allemande, Tinctura
jalapii composita — e. de Vie camphree, Spiritus
camphoraB.
  EAUX, LES, Liquor amnii — e. Hipatiques,
Waters, mineral, sulfureous—e.  3linirales artifi-
cielles, Waters, mineral, artificial — e. 3Iinirales
factices, Waters, mineral, artificial—e. 3Iinerales
ferrugineuses, Waters,  mineral, gaseous, Ac.—e.
Minirales gaseuses ou acidulea,  AVaters, mineral,
gaseous, Ac.—e. Miniralea salines, Waters, mine-
ral,  saline — e.  3Iinerales  sulfureuses,  Waters,
mineral, sulfureous—e. Sulfurics,  AVaters, mine-
ral, sulfureous.
  EBEAUPIN, MINERAL WATERS OF.  An
acidulous chalybeate, in the department of Loire
Infirieure, near Nantes.
  EBLOUISSE3IENT, Dazzling.
  EBRIECA'SUM.   A term employed  by Para-
celsus to denote a disturbance of the reason, simi-
lar to what occurs in drunkenness.
  EBRIETAS, Temulentia.
  EBRIOSITAS, Temulentia.
  EBULLITIO,  Ebullition, Strophulus -^e. Sto-
machi, Ardor ventriculi, Pyrosis.
  EBULLIT"ION, Ebullil'io, JEstuat"io,Anaz'-
esis,  Causis, from ebullire, ' to bubble up.'  Boil-
ing;   (F.)  Bouillonnement.   The motion of a
liquid, by  which it gives off bubbles of vapour,
by heat  or fermentation.   The  boiling  point  of
liquids varies according to the pressure to which
they  are subjected.  For  the point of ebullition
of different substances, see Heat.
  Ebullition is used  in France, in a vague man-
ner, for  every kind of transient eruption of  the
skin, occurring without fever or with a slight
febrile attack.
  EBIILUS, Sambucus ebulus.
  EBUR,  Ivory.
  EBURNIFICA'TION, Ebumifica'tio, from
ebur, ' ivory,' and fio,  ' to be made.'   An incrus-
tation of  the articular surfaces of bones with
phosphate of lime, which  gives them the white-
ness  and hardness of ivory.
  EC, (before a vowel, Ex,) tK, d-, 'out of, from,
of.'  Hence, Ecchymoma, Eclectic, Ac.
  ECAILLE, Scale.
  ECAILLES D'HUITRES, Ostreas testes.
  ECAILLEUX, Squamous.
  ECBALIA ELATERIUM, Momordica elate-
rium.
  ECBESOMENON, Eventus.
   ECBLOMA, see Abortion.
   ECBOLE, Abortion.
   ECBOLIC, Abortive.
   ECBOLICUS, Abortive.
   ECBOLIUM ELATERIUM, Momordica ela-
terium.
   ECBOLIUS, Abortive.
   ECBRAS'MATA, from tK^pa^w, 'I boil up.'
Ecchym'ata.  Hippocrates uses the word for cer-
tain burning eruptions.
   ECCATHARTICUS,  Cathartic
   ECCEPHALO'SIS,   Excerebrd tio,  Cephalo-
tontia, from tK, 'out/ and KttpaXv, 'head.'   The
removal  of the brain of the  child to facilitate
delivery.
   ECCHELYTSIS, Expectoration.
   ECCHORESIS, Defecation.
   ECCHY^LOMA, Succus expressus.
   ECCHYMATA, Ecbrasmata.
   ECCHY'MO'MA, Ecchymo'sis, Pelidno'ma, Pe-
lio'ma, Hypha'ma, Hypoa'ma, Hypoa'tniu,  from
tK, 'out of,' and xvti°s> 'juice,' 'humour;' Effn'-
sio,  Exsucca'tio,  Suffu'sio  san'guinis.  A  livid,
black, or  yellow spot,  Livor  sanguin'eus,  pro-
duced by  blood  effused into the areolar  tissue
from a contusion.   Spontaneous effusions, occur-
ring as the result of disease or after  death, are
called suggillations.
   Ecchymoma Arteriosum, see Aneurism — e.
Capitis  recens natorum,   Cephalasmatorna — e.
Hyponychon,  Hyponychon — e. Lymphaticum,
Phlegmatia dolens—e. Melasma, Melasma.
   ECCHYMOSIS, Ecchymoma.
   ECC1IYSIS, Effusion.
   ECCLISIS,  Luxation.
   ECCOPE,  Ec'tome,  Ectom'ia, from  ck,  and
kotttuv,  ' to cut.'   The act of cutting  out:  also,
a  perpendicular  division  of  the cranium  by a
cutting instrument..  See Entaille.
   ECCOP'EUS.   Same  etymon.  A knife or in-
strument for cutting.  An ancient instrument—
the raspatory—used in trepanning.
   ECCOPROSLESTHE'SIS, from tK, kottPos, 'ex-
crement,' and  atoBvais,  'sensation.'  The sensa-
sion or desire to evacuate the bowels.
   ECCOPROSIS, Defecation.
   ECCOPROT'IC, Eccoprolicu8,Ectoprolic, from
e£, 'out of,' and Konpos,  'excrement.'  Mild pur-
gatives or  laxatives, whose operation is confined
to simply clearing out the intestinal canal.
  ECCORTHAT'ICUS,  from  «, 'out of,'  and
Kopdaw, 'I collect.'  An ancient epithet for reme-
dies  to which  was  attributed the  property of
evacuating  collections of humours.
  ECCRINOL'OGY,  Eccrinolocj" ia,  Eccrisio-
log"ia, from tKKptvw, (tK, and Kptvw,) 'I separate,'
and Xoyos, ' a discourse.' A treatise on the secre-
tions.
  ECCRISIOLOGIA, Eccrinology.
   ECCRISION'OSI, Eccresiondsi, from tKKptais,
' excretion,' and  vocos,  ' disease.'   Diseases of
excretion.
   ECCRISIOS'CHESIS, from tKKptais,  'excre-
tion,' and cxtcts, ' retention.' Arrest or retention
of excretions;  or  of a critical evacuation.
   ECCRISIS, Excretion.
   ECCRIT'ICA.  Diseases  of the  excernent
function.   The 6th  class  in  Good's  Nosology.
Also, medicines that act on the excernent system.
   ECCYESIS, Pregnancy, extra-uterine—e. Ab-
dominalis,  Pregnancy,  abdominal — e.  Ovaria,
Pregnancy, ovarial—e. Tubalis, Pregnancy, tubal.
   ECCYLIO'SIS, from«,  'out of,' and kvXuiv,
'to turn round.'   3Iorbus evolutidnis.  A disease
of evolution or development.
   ECDEMIOMA'NIA, Ecdemion'osus, from enS*. 
              ECDEMIONOSUS

utta, ' I travel about,' and pavta, ' mania.' A mor-
bid desire to be travelling about.
  ECDEMIONOSUS, Ecdemiomania.
  ECDORA, from «, and Stpw, 'I flay.' Anad'-
ora,  Excoria'tio.   Excoriation in  general, but
more especially of the urethra.
  EC'DY'SIS, from ikSvw, (ck, and Svw,) 'I put
off.'  Moulting of the skin of animals.  Desqua-
mation.
  ECHALOTTE, Eschalotte, Al'lium Asealod-
icum, Cepa Ascalon'ica.  The shallot.  A species
of ajlium, employed in culinary preparations.
  ECHANCRURE (F.), Emnrgina'tio, Emargi-
natdra, Incisdra.  A French word, employed by
anatomists to designate depressions and notches
of various shapes, observed  on  the surface  or
edges of bones.
  ECHANCRURE  ETH3IOIDALE is on the
nasal bone, which unites with the ethmoid.  See
Ethmoid.
  ECIIANCR URE NASALE, Nasal Notch, be-
longs to the os frontis, and is articulated with the
bones of the nose.
  ECHANCRURE  PAROTIDIENNE is a tri-
angular space, comprised between the parotidean
edge of the inferior maxillary bone and the mas-
toid  process,  so called because it lodges the pa-
rotid gland.
  ECHANCRURE SOAPULAIRE, Notch, sca-
pular—i. Sciatique grande, see Sciatic Notch—i.
Sciatique petite, see Sciatic Notch.
  ECHARDE, Splinter.
  ECHARPE GRANDE, et E. 310YEN, see
Sling—i. de J. L. Petit, see  Sling—i. Petite, see
Sling.
  ECHAUBOULURES (F.), Sudam'ina,  Hi-
dro'u.   A word whose meaning is not fixed.   It
is applied to  any eruption on the surface of the
body, accompanied with pricking and other un-
easy sensations.
  EIHAUFFANTS, Calefacients.
  ECHAUFFE3IENS, Chafing.
  ECHAUFFEMENT (F.) Calefac'tio, Excale-
fac'tio, from  (F.)ichauffer, (calefacere,) 'to make
warm.'   Augmentation  of heat  in  the animal
economy; the  symptoms  of which  are a  more
than ordinary sensation of  heat, disposition  to
perspiration,  great thirst,  general indisposition,
flushed  countenance, Ac  It goes off by the use
of antiphlogisties and abstinence.  In the vulgar
language it is often used synonymously with con-
stipation,  and sometimes for simple gonorrhoea,
and for  chafing.
  ECHECOL'LON, from eXw, 'Ihave,' and koXXo,
'glue'  Echeeollum.   Any topical glutinous re-
medy.—Gomous, Galen.
  FCHELLES DU  LLMAgON, Scalse of the
cochlea.
  ECIIENEIS, Remora Hildani.
  ECHETROSIS. Bryonia alba.
  ECHID'NA OCELLA'TA, Brown  ten-inch-
long viper.   A most formidable viper in the
forests of Peru, the bite of which is so rapidly
fatal, that it  kills a strong man in two or  three
minutes.  Tschudi.
  ECIIIXA'CEA PURPU'REA,  Purple Cane-
flower, Black Sampson, of the Composite Family;
indigenous in Ohio and westward;  its dull pur-
ple flowers appearing in July.  The root is aro-
matic, and used popularly as a carminative.
  E( 'IIINE,  Vertebral column.
  ECHIXOCOCCUS  HOMIXIS, see Worms—
e. Hunianus,  Hydatid.
  ECIIINOPERMI. Porcupine men.
  EOHINOGLOSSUM,  Ophioglossum vulgatum.
1               ECONOMY

  ECHINOPHTHAL'MIA,from tXivos, 'a hedge-
hog,' and otpSaXpta, 'inflammation of the eye.'
Ophthalmia of the eyelids, in which the cilia pro-
ject like the quills of the hedgehog.
  ECHI'NOPS,  from  txivos,  'hedgehog,'  and
w\p,  'appearance.'   Grocodilion, Acanihalzuca,
Scabio'sa carduifo'lia, Spharoceph'ala ela'tior,
Echi'nopus,Echinops Spharoceph'alus.  The globe
thistle.   The root and seeds are  reputed to be
moderately diuretic.
  ECHINOPUS, Echinops.
  ECHINUS  SCANDENS, Allamanda.
  ECHOS, Sound, Tinnitus aurium.
  ECHOSCOPE, Auscultation.
  ECHOSCOPIUM, Stethescope.
  ECHTHYSTEROCYESIS, Pregnancy, extra-
uterine.
  ECLACTIS'MA, Eclamp'sis, Eclamp'sia, Epi-
 lamp'sis, Effulgescen'tia, from ekXokti^&j, ' I kick.'
 Epilepsy is often accompanied with flashings of
 light; and hence Hippocrates has  used the last
two words for epilepsy.   They have all been  ap-
plied to the convulsions of children.
  ECLAIRE,  Chelidonium  majus — e. Petite,
 Ranunculus ficaria.
  ECLAMP'SIA,  Convulsion : also, the convul-
sions of children, Eclump'sia infan'tum, Epilep'-
sia  acu'ta infan'tum,  E. febri'lis  infan'tum, E.
puerllis, (F.) Convulsions des Enfans, Eclampsie.
  Eclamp'sia  Gravida'rum  et  Parturien'-
TIUm;  Puerperal  Convulsions, (F.) Convulsions
des femmes enceintes et en couche.  Convulsions of
pregnant and parturient women.
  Eclampsia Infantum,  see Eclampsia—e. Nu-
tans, Convulsion, Salaam—e.Typhodes,Raphania.
  ECLA3IPSIE DES  ENFANS,  Eclampsia
infantum.
  ECLECTIC, (PHYSICIANS,) Eclec'tici
3Ied'ici,  from tKXtyw, 'I choose.'  A sect of phy-
sicians, who professed to choose, from other sects,
all  the opinions which  appeared to them best
founded.  Agathinus of Sparta, master of Archi-
genes  of Apamaea, in  Syria, was its reputed
founder; and Archigenes and Aretasus were its
greatest  ornaments.   The  doctrine was  called
Eclec'tism, Eclectis'mus,  Medici'na  eclec'tiea,
Eclectic  med'icine.  Every judicious  physician
must be an eclectic.
  ECLECTISM, see Eclectic.
  ECLECTOS, Eclig'ma, Elig'ma, Elix'is, Lam-
biti'vum, Linctus, Linctua'rium, from tKXixw, ' I
lick.'  (F.) Looch.   A medicine, of a thick,  sy-
rupy consistence, chiefly used to allay cough, and
consisting of pectoral remedies.  It was formerly
sucked from  the end  of a liquorice stick, made
into a kind of pencil; hence its name Linctua,
from lingere,  ' to lick.'  Although  the linctus is
usually exhibited in thoracic affections, it may
have tonic virtues combined with it.
  ECLEGMA ALBUM, Looch album—e. Gum-
moso-oleosum, Looch album.
  ECLEIPISIS, Exfoliation.
  ECLEPISIS, Desquamation.
  ECLEPISITREPANON, Exfoliative trepan.
  ECLIGMA, Eclectos.
  ECLIMIA, Boulimia.
  ECLIPSIS, Syncope.
  ECLISSE, Splint,
  ECLYSES, Adynamiae.
  ECLYTSIS, Exsolu'tio; from ikXvw, 'Iloosen.'
Resolution, prostration of strength; faintness.
  Eclysis Pnkumo-cardiaca, Asphyxia.
  ECMYZESIS, Exsuctio.
  ECNCEA, Dementia.
  ECOLE, School.
  ECON'OMY, CEcono'mia, from otKta, ' a house,'
a family,' and vtpw, ' I rule.'  By the term ant'.
31 
ECORCE
312
ECTOPIA
mal economy is understood,—the aggregate of the
laws which govern the organism.  The word eco-
nomy is,  also, used for  the  aggregate of parts
which constitute man or  animals.
  ECORCE, Cortex — e.  Cariocostine,  Canella
alba—i. de Saint Lucie,  Cinchonae Caribaeas cor-
tex— i. de. Winter, see  Wintera aromatica — 6.
Fausse de Winter, Canella alba.
  ECORCHURES, Chafing, Excoriation.
  EC0ULE3IENT, Discharge, Gonorrhoea—£
Blanc, Leucorrhcea — £.  de Sang par I'Inteetin,
Hasmatochezia.
  ECOUVILLON, see Ecouvillonnement.
  ECOUVILLONNE3IENT  (F.),  from  icou-
villon, ' a kind of  mop, the sponge of a gun.'  A
term used by the French therapeutists  for the
act of  cleansing or applying remedies to  a part
by means of a mop or brush fixed to the end of a
piece of whalebone.  Such  mop or brush is
termed Ecouvillon.
  ECPHLOGOSIS, Inflammation.
  ECPHLYSIS, Vesicula—e.  Herpes, Herpes—
e. Herpes circinatus, Herpes circinatus— e. Her-
pes exedens, Herpes exedens—e. Herpes miliaris,
Herpes phlyctasnodes—e. Herpes  zoster, Herpes
zoster—e. Pompholyx,  Pompholyx — e. Rhypia,
Rupia.
  ECPHRACTIC, Deobstruent.
  ECPHRAX'IS,  from  tKtppaccw, 'I remove ob-
struction.'   The action  of ecphractic or  deob-
struent remedies.
  ECPHRONIA, Insanity—e. Melancholia, Me-
lancholy.
  ECPHYAS, Appendix vermiformis caeci.
  ECPHYMA, Excrescence, Tumour—e.  Callus,
Callosity — e. Caruncula, Caruncle — e.  Clavus,
Corn — e. (Edematicum,  (Edema, Phlegmatia do-
lens— e.  Physconia,  Physconia— e. Trichoma,
Plica—e. Arerruca, Verruca.
  ECPHYMATA, Rubeola.
  ECPHYSE'SIS, Effla'tio, Effla'tua, from tKfv-
caw, ' I breathe through.'  Exsuffla'tio.  A quick
and forced expulsion of  air from the lungs.
  ECPHYSIS, Apophysis—e. Ventriculi, Duo-
denum.
  ECPIES'MA, from skttu^w, ' I compress.' Ef-
fractu'ru, Impac'tion, Deeea'sio.  A  fracture of
the cranium, with  depression of the fragments
 and compression of the  brain.
   ECPIES'MOS,  Expree'aio,  Ex'itua, Ecpiea'-
mon, same etymon.  Celsus uses these words to
 signify the forcing of the eye from the  orbitar
 cavity, with apparent but not real augmentation
 of the organ.   See Exopbthalmia.
   ECPLERO'MA, from «, and TrXtpow,  'I fill.'
 A  cuahion, a pad.  Hippocrates means, by this
 term,  a  small  pad or  ball of leather,  or other
 substance intended to fill the hollow  of the arm-
 pit ; used  probably in reducing luxations of the
 shoulder.
   ECPLEXIA, Stupor.
   ECPLEXIS, Stupor.
   ECPNEUMATOSIS,  Expiration.
   ECPNEUSIS,  Expiration.
   ECPNOE, Expiration.
   ECPTO'MA, Ecptdsia, Exeidedtio; from m-
 ttiittw, ' I fall out.'  This word has been  used in
 various senses. 1. Synonymously with luxation.
 2.  For the separation of gangrenous parts.  3.
 For the expulsion of the secundines.  4.  For the
 prolapsus of the womb: and 5. For intestinal or
 omental hernia, Ac.
   ECPTOSIS, Luxation.
   ECPY7CTICA,  Incrassantia.
   ECPY'EMA, Abscess, Suppuration, Empyema.
   ECPYESIS, Abscess, Empyema, Pustule—e.
Impetigo, Impetigo—e. Porrigo, Porrigo—e. Por-
rigo Crustacea, Porrigo larvalis—e. Porrigo favosa,
Porrigo favosa—e.  Porrigo  furfuracca, Porrigo
furfurans — e. Porrigo galeata, Porrigo scutulata
—e. Porrigo lupinosa,  Porrigo lupinosa—e. Sca-
bies, Psora.
  ECPYETICUS, Suppurative.
  ECPYISCONTUS, Suppurative.
  ECRE V1SSE, Crab.
  ECREX'IS, Ruptdra,  from tKpvywpt, 'to
break.'  Rupture, laceration.
  ECRHYTH'MUS, ck,  and pv$pos, 'rhythm.'
A term applied to the pulse, particularly when
irregular.—Galen.
  ECROE, Discharge.
  ECROUELLES, Scrofula —e. MisenUriques,
Tabes mesenterica.
  ECRYSIS, from cxptw, 'I run from.'  A dis-
charge.
  ECSARCO'MA,  from  tK, and oap%, 'flesh.'  A
fleshy  excrescence of  various kinds.  See  Fun-
gosity  and Sarcoma.
  ECSESMA, Eczema.
  ECSTASIS,  from t^tcrapat, 'I am beside my-
self.'   An ec'staay or trance,  Carua ec'ataaia, Cal-
ochus, Ex'stasia, Catalep''sia spu'via, Hyperplcxie,
(F.) Extase.  A state in which certain ideas so
completely absorb the mind, that the external
sensations  are  suspended, the voluntary move-
ments  arrested, and  even the  vital action  re-
tarded. In catalepsy, there  is, in addition, com-
plete  suspension of  the  intellectual  faculties.
This last  condition is in general described as
trance.  See, also,  luxation.
  ECSTROPHE, Exstrophia.
  ECTASIA, Aneurism—e. Venarum,  Varix.
  ECTASIS, Extension, Expansion.
  Ec'tasis I'ridis, is the extension or expansion
of the iris, which occasions diminution of the
pupil.
  ECTEXIS, Colliquation.
  ECTHETOBREPHOTROPHEUM, Brepho-
tropheum.
  ECTHLIM'MA, Exulcerdtio, from skSXiQw, 'I
express,'  'I bruise.'   Attrition.   Chafings, or
excoriations, produced by external violence.—
Hippocrates.
  ECTHLIPSIS, Expression.
  ECTHYMA or ECTHY'MA, from tsC-vw, 'I
break  out.'  Ecpye'sis, Phlysis ecthyma, Phlyzd-
cia  a'gria, Sca'bies  Vera,  Furudculi  aton'ici,
(F.) Dartre crustacie, D. fongueuse.  A cutane-
ous  eruption, characterized by large round pus-
tules, always distinct and seated upon an  indu-
rated  and highly inflamed base.   In the course
of a day or two the pustules  generally break, and
olive-brown incrustations are formed  whicb  ad-
here firmly to the skin.   These separate in about
a fortnight.  The  disease requires the antiphlo-
gistic  treatment.  Under the Ecthymntu, Vogel
has designated certain  hard, unequal tumours,
which appear  transitorily on the skin.  See Ef-
florescence, Exanthem, and  Pustule.
  ECTHYSTEROCYESIS,  Pregnancy, extra-
uterine.
  ECTILLOTICUS, Depilatory.
  ECTILMOS, Evulsion.
  ECTOME, Castration,  Eccope,  Entaille, Ex-
cision.
  ECTOMIA,  Castration, Eccope.
  ECTOMIUS, Castratus.
   ECTONION, Helleborus niger.
   ECTOPARASITES, Epizoa.
  ECTOP'IA,  Ectop'isis, Ectopismus,  Entoce'le,
from iktottos, ' out of 'place.'  Morbid displace-
 ment of parts.   See Luxation. 
ECTOPOCYSTICUS
313
EFFERENT
  Ectopia Ani, Proctocele.
  Ectopia Cordis, Cardianas'trophe.  Displace-
ment, dislocation,  or  unnatural position of the
heart.
  Ectopia Herniosa, Hernia.
  ECTOPOCYS'TICUS,  from  wroiros,  'out of
place,' and kvctis, ' bladder.'  A disease depend-
ent upon displacement of the bladder.
  ECTOPROTIC, Eccoprotic.
  ECTOZO'A, Extozo'a, Extozodria, (F.) Exto-
eoaires.  Parasitic animals that infest the exterior
of the body,—as lice.  A term which, like Hel-
min'thia errat'ica and Pseudohelmiilthes, is ap-
plied  to worms  or  larves of  insects that  have
been introduced into the intestinal canal by ac-
cident.  Animalcules, most frequently swallowed,
are the  hairworm, leech, grub of the fly, caddy
insect—Phala'na penguina'lis;  the larve of the
bee, the  spider,  the  triton polua'tria,  lacer'ta
aquatica, Ac In animals, bots are produced by
swallowing the ova of the cestrua or gadfly.   See
Ilelminthia erratica.
  ECTRIM'MA, from cKrpt(3w, 'I rub off.'  Ul-
ceration of the skin ; and particularly that which
arises from the  pressure of the bed on  different
parts of the body, after a protracted confinement.
—Hippocrates.
  ECTRODACTYL'IA; from tKrpwcis, 'abortion,'
and SaK-rvXos,' a finger.' A malformation, in which
one or more fingers or toes are wanting.
  ECTROMA, Abortion.
  ECTRO'MELES; from  tKrpwois, 'abortion,'
and ptXos, 'a limb.'  A genus of monsters, in
which the limbs are nearly or altogether deficient,
as in the ordinary cetacea.—J. G. St. Hilaire.
  ECTROPE,  Divertic'ulum, from  tKrpttrw, 'I
turn off,'  ' divert.'   Any duct by which  peccant
or morbific matter was supposed to be drawn off.
—Hippocrates.
  ECTROP'ION, same etymon.  Ectrop'ium,
Ever'aio palpebra, Blepharopto'sia Ectro'pium,
Blepharoto'aia,  Palpebra  infe'rior extror'aum
flexu, Divarica'tio  seu Reflex'io seu Rcclina'tio
palpebrarum, (F.) Eraillement dea Paupi&res,
Renveraemcnt dea Paupierea.   Eversion of the
eyelids,  so that they do not completely cover the
globe of the eye.  It happens more commonly to
the lower  than to the upper eyelid.  It may be
owing to the retraction of the skin, after the cure
of an ulcer, wound, or burn of the eyelid;  or it
may depend on tumefaction or relaxation of the
conjunctiva.  In the majority of cases,  removal
of a portion of the'conjunctiva will effect a cure;
but there are many  which defy the efforts of art.
The ancients called Ectropion of the upper eyelid
lagophthalmia.
  ECTROSIS, Abortion.
  ECTROSMOS, Abortion.
  ECTROT'IC, from  tKrpwpa, (sk, and nrpwcKw,
'I wound,') 'abortion.' Ectrolicua, Abortive. An
epithet  applied to  methods for preventing the
development or causing the abortion of  any dis-
ease—  as  of chancres by the use  of  caustic;
small-pox  pustules  by the use of mercurial oint-
ment, Ac.
  EOTYLOTICUS, Catheretic
  ECTYMPANOSIS, Tympanites.
  EC (ME UN, Frothy.
  ECUSSONS. ' Escutcheons or shields.' Plas-
ters spread upon the skin; or small bags—aacheta
—of the shape of escutcheons, filled with odorous
powders,  which  are applied on the skin.  See
Sachet.
  ECZEMA,  from «{ta>, 'I boil  out,'  'I effer-
vesce.' Eczes'ma, Ecses'mu, Pus'tula  ardens, Cy-
tis'ma,  Eczema,  Humid  Tetter,  Running Scall,
(F.)  Dartre squammeuse humide, D. vive, Gale
ipidimique. Heat eruption.  An eruption of small
vesicles on various parts of the skin, usually set
close or crowded together; with little or no in-
flammation around their bases, and unattended
by fever\
  Ec'zema Mercuria'lE, Ec'zcma rubrum, Ery-
the'mu  mercuridle, E. ichordsum, Hydrargyr'ia,
Hydrargyro'sis, Hydrargyri'asis, 3Iorbua mereu-
ridlis, 3Iercu'rial lepra.  A variety of eczema,
arising from the irritation of mercury. The  treat-
ment is chiefly palliative, consisting in ablution
with mucilaginous infusions or decoctions; mild
dressings, where the cuticle has exfoliated; avoid-
ing aU irritation ; keeping the bowels open; with
the use of sulphuric  acid  and cinchona.   The
Ec'zema Impetigino'dea,  Gall, or Grocer'a Itch, is
produced by the  irritation of sugar.
  Eczema of  the Face, at an advanced stage,
and  occurring in young children, has been de-
scribed under  the names Crueta lactea and Por-
rigo  larvalis.
  Eczema op  the Hairy  Scalp is often con-
founded with other affections,  under the names
Porrigo and Tinea, which are pustular, not vesi-
cular, in  their form.   It occurs during dentition,
and even afterwards, and the discharge is so pro-
fuse, that the head appears as if dipped in some
glutinous liquid.   By  and by, the secretion dries
into  crusts and mats the hair into little separate
tufts.  The scalp gives evidence of inflammatory
excitement, and  the lymphatic ganglions of the
neck are apt to become inflamed and suppurate.
  A variety of humid scalled head, in which the
humour* from .the  excoriated surface runs  down
upon the hairs, and encloses them in little silvery
pellicles or sheaths, has received the name Asbes-
tos ScalL
  Eczema Rubrum, Eczema mercuriale.
  ECZEMATO'SES, (G.) Eczematosen, same
etymon.  A family of diseases, in the  classifica-
tion  of Fuchs, including  morbid conditions  of the
cutaneous secretions—as of the perspiration, se-
baceous and  colouring  matters,  Ac, and  hence
many chronic  cutaneous affections.  His  subdi-
visions  are, ephidroaea,  amegmorrhoea, acarpa,
polycarpa and monocarpa.
  ECZESIS, Effervescens.
  ECZESMA, Eczema, Lichen tropicus.
  EDEMATOUS, Edematous.
  EDENTATUS, Edentulus.
  EDENTULI, Nefrendes.
  EDEN'TULOUS, Ededtutus, Edenta'tus, from
e, and dena, dentia, 'a tooth.' _, Ano'dua, Carena
dedtibua, Nodes, Nodus, (F.) Edenti.  One with-
out teeth.  This defect can only be remedied by
artificial means.   See  Nefrendes.
  EDERA, Hedera helix.
  EDIBLE, Esculent.
  EDUCATIO INFANTUM, Psedia,
  EDULCORA'TION, Glycan'aia, Edulcordtio,
from edulcorare,  (dulcis, 'sweet,')  'to sweeten,'
'to render mild.'  An operation, the object of
which is to deprive a  substance of its acrid and
disagreeable taste, or at least to disguise it.  Also,
the addition of a saccharine substance to a me-
dicine, whose taste  it  is  desirable to  modify
agreeably.
  EDULE, Comeatible.
  EDULIS, Comestible.
 _ EF'FERENT,^/*'/ere«», Centrifugal, Exod'ie,
from effero, (e, and ferro,) 'I carry,' 'transport.'
Conveying outwards,  as from the centre  to the
periphery.
   Vasa efferen'tia are those lymphatics, which
issue from the lymphatic glands to convey their 
EFFERVESCENCE
314
EISTHANTHEMA
lymph to the thoracic  duct; so called to distin-
guish them from those which pass to those glands,
and  which have  been  termed vasa  afferen'tia.
Also, nerves are so called that convey the ner-
vous  influence from  the  nervous centres to the
circumference.  See Afferent.
  At the upper  extremity  of  the mediastinum
testis, the ducts  of the rete testis terminate in
from 9 to 30 small ducts, called vasa efferentia,
which form the Coni  vaseulo'si.
  EFFERVES'CENCE,  Effervescedtia, Zesis,
Ec'zesis, from effervescere, (e, and fervescere,) 'to
grow hot.'  That agitation, which is produced by
the escape of gas through a liquid, independently
of the heat of the mixture;  such, for instance, as
results from the mixture of acetic acid and car-
bonate of potassa.
  In Pathology it has a similar signification.  It
expresses, in the language of the humourists, a
sort of ebullition in the fluids of the living body,
produced either  by elevation of temperature or
by the reaction on each other  of the principles
contained in the fluids in circulation.
  EFFETUS, Impoverished.
  EFFICA'CIOUS,  Ef'ficax,  from  efficere, (e,
and facere,) 'to accomplish.'  That which pro-
duces a great effect,—as ' an efficacious remedy.'
  3Iediclna efficax,  La  3Iideeine efficace, is a
term sometimes applied to surgery.
  EFFILA, Ephelides.
  EFFLATIO, Ecphysesis.
  EFFLATUS, Ecphysesis.
  EFFLORATIO, Exanthem.
  EFFLORES'CENCE, Efflora'tio, Effloresced-
tia,  from efflorescere, (e, andfloreacere,) 'to blow
as a flower.' Stribiligo, Ecthy'ma.   The conver-
sion of a solid substance into a pulverulent state
by  exposure to the air. In salts this is generally
owing to the loss of a part of their water of cry-
stallization.
  In Pathology, efflorescence has the same mean-
ing  as exanthema; and, in the nosology of Sau-
vages, the name is given to that order of diseases.
Sometimes, it  is confined to the cutaneoua blush,
the exanthe'sis of Good.
  EFFLORESCENCE ER YSIPELATEUSE,
Roseolas.
  EFFLORESCENTIA, Exanthem.
  EFFLORESCENTLE, Elivures.
  EFFLUVIUM, Emanation — e. Latrinarium,
Mitte—e. Palustre, Miasm,  Marsh.
  EFFLUXION, Abortion.
  EFFORT, (e,  and/om*s, 'strong.)   Nisus, Co-
na'tus, Yeira.  A muscular contraction of greater
or less strength, the  object of which is, either to
resist an external force, or to accomplish a func-
tion, which has become naturally  laborious:—
such are, the act of pushing away, or of drawing
a body toward us, and the more or  less painful
efforts used by the mother to cause the expulsion
of the foetus.  In France, the word effort is often
used synonymously  with hernia; and signifies,
likewise, the painful twitches of muscles, occa-
 sioned by over-exertion, or by the rupture of
 some of their fleshy fibres.  Sauvages calls Efforts
 des reins, Lumbdgo & nisu, the pain  in the loins
 occasioned by bearing too heavy a burden.
   EFFOR T,  Hernia—e. des Reins,  see Effort.
   EFFOSSIO, Exhumation.
   EFFRACTURA, Ecpiesma.
   Effractu'ra Cranii,  Enthla'sis Cra'nii, Frac-
ture of the Cranium, with depression.—ParS.
   EFFRENITATIO, Hypercatharsis.
   EFFUSIO, Effusion—e. Seminis Ejaculation.
   'E¥¥Y'SIO'N,Effu'sio,Ec'chysis, from ejfundere,
 (e, and fundere,)  'to pour out.'  (F.) Epanehe-
 ment, (Infiltration is  the term generally employed
for effusion into the areolar  membrane.)   The
pouring out of blood or of any other fluid into
the areolar membrane, or into the cavities of the
body.  The  effusion  of serum or of coagulable
lymph, for instance, is a common result of inflam-
mation of serous membranes.
  EG ARE, Wild.
  EGAREMENT D'ESPRIT,  Delirium, In-
sanity.
  EGER, MINERAL  WATERS OF THE.  In
the valley of the Eger, at the western extremity
of Bohemia, there  are  several acidulous springs.
One of the most frequented  of these is Franzens-
bad.
  EGE'RIA.  In  ancient mythology, a nymph
to whom pregnant females offered  sacrifices  ut
conceptus alvus facilius egeretur. By some, sup-
posed to have been identical with Lucina,
  EGESTA, see Excretion.
  EGESTAS, Want
  EGESTIO, Defecation, Dejection, Excretion.
  EGG-BRANDY, see Ovum.
  EGG PLANT, Solanum melongena—e. White
of, Albumen ovi.
  EGLANTIER DE  CH1EN, Rosa canina—e.
Sauvage, Rosa canina.
  EGOBRONCHOPHONY, see Egophony.
  EGOPHONE, Egophony.
  EGOPH'ONIC,  JEejophdnicus, (F.)  Egopho-
nique.   Same etymon  as the next.   Having the
character of, or relating to,  egophony.
  EGOPHONIQUE, Egophonic
  EGOPH'ONY, jEgophdnia, from aif, 'a goat,'
and tpwvv, 'voice.'  Caprilo'quium, Tragopho'nia,
Goat'a  Voice, Bleating  Voice, (F.)  Voix chevro-
tante,  V. igophonique,  V. de Polichinelle,  V. si-
nile, Pectoriloquie  chivrotante. Lae'nnec has de-
signated by this name, the kind of resonance of the
voice heard through the stethoscope, when we ex-
amine the chest of one  labouring under moderate
effusion into one of the pleurae. The voice, which
strikes  the  ear through the  cylinder, is  more
sharp and harsh than  usual, and tremulous and
broken, like that of the goat.  The patient him-
self is  called Egophone.  Bouillaud affirms that
the 'bronchial  and bleating voice,' (igobroncho-
phonie) is the principal symptom of pleuropneu-
monia,   Egophony exists,  however, in cases  of
hepatization where there is no pleural disease.
  EGREGOR'SIS, Vigilia, Viejtlia, Vigilan'tia,
 Vigila'tio, Vigilium, from  typtyoptw, ' I watch.'
Watchfulness.  A  morbid want of sleep.—Galen.
  EGRESSUS VENTRICULI,  Pylorus.
  EIDOS, ttSos, 'form, resemblance.'  The tt is
often changed  into w, at  the termination of a
word.  Thus, Hamato'i'des or  Hamate'des.
  EILAMIDES, Meninges.
  EILE'MA, from ttXtos, E'eus,  (ctXtw, 'I roll,')
' a convolution.'  Vogel has given  this name to
a fixed pain, occupying some portion of the in-
testinal canal, which the patient compares to the
sensation that would be produced by a nail driven
into the part.
   EILEON, Ileon.
   EILEUS, Heus.
   EILOID, (Tumour,) Eilo'i'dea, from eiXew,  'I
roll,' and ttSos, 'resemblance.' A morbid growth
 of the  cutis, coiled or folded.
   EILSEN, MINERAL WATERS OF.  Eilsen
is about six German miles from Hanover, at the
foot of the Harrelberg.  It has eleven  springs,
 of which seven are sulphureous and four chaly-
beate.
  . EISANTHE'MA, Exanihe'ma inter'num, En-
 tanthe'ma, from tis,  ' within,' and avdvpa,  ' efflo-
 rescence.'   An eruption on a  mucous membrane;
 —aphthae, for example. 
                  EISBOLE                 31.

  ETSPOLE, Attack, Injection.
  1".ISPXOE, Inspiration.
  EJACULATIO, Ejaculation — e. Seminis Im-
pedita, Bradyspermatismus.
  E.IACULA'TION, Ejncula'tio, from e, and ja-
culnre,—itself from jaccre, 'to throw.'  Gonobolin,
Gonobolis'mus, Ejuculatio seu Profu'sio seu Effd-
sio Sem'inia, Exputro'tio, Putra'tio, Spermob'ole.
The  emission of sperm.   The act, by which that
fluid is darted out through the urethra.
  E.IACULATOR.  Same etymon. That which
effects the  emission of sperm.  See Transversus
perinad.
  E.iaculator  Seminis, Accelerator urinae.
  EJACULATORY, Ejaculd tortus, Ejnc'ulana:
same etymon.  Concerned in the  ejaculation of
sperm.
  E.IACULATORY DUCTS Or CANALS, (F.) Conduits
ou Cunniix ejaculateitra, are  formed by the union
of the vasa deferentia with the ducts of the vesi-
culas seminales. They open at the lateral and ante-
rior parts of the verumontanum, and convey into
the urethra the sperm which is discharged from
tho vesiculae, as well as that which comes directly
from  the testicle by the  vas deferens.  Between
them there is often a depression, sometimes of a
large size, which is termed Utric'ulua, Vesica seu
resic'ula prostat ica  seu Sinua poeula'ria, which
has been regarded as the analogue to the uterus
in tho female,  and thence called U'terua maacu-
li'nua.
  EJECTIO, Excretion—e.  Faecum, Defecation.
  EJECTION, Ejee'tio, from ejicere, (e, and ja-
ccre,) 'to throw out or eject'  The excretion of
the faeces, urine, sputa, Ac.
  EL NISPERO, Sapota.
  ELABORATION,  Elabora'tio,  from  e, and
labm-nre. 'to work.'  This word is used, by phy-
siologists,  to signify the  various changes which
substances  susceptible of assimilation undergo,
through the action of living organs, before they
are capable of serving for nutrition. The food is
said  to be elaborated in the stomach  during  the
formation of chyme; the chyme is elaborated  in
the small intestine before it  is chyle,  Ac.
  ELiEA,  Olea Europaea.
  ELjEAGNUS,  Myrica  gale—e. Cordo, Myrica
gale.
  ELiEOCARPUS COPALIFERA, Copal.
  EL^EOM'ELI, from  tXaiov, 'oil,' and pt\t,
'honey.'   Dioscorides  means,  by this,  an oil
thicker than honey, and of a sweet taste, which
flows from the trunk of  a tree in  Syria.  It is
acrid and purgative;  and sometimes occasions
serious  symptoms, according to  that author.—
Gorraeus.
  EL.EOM'ETER, from  tXaiov, 'oil,' and ptrpov,
'measure.'  A very delicate glass hydrometer, for
testing  the purity of olive or almond oil, by de-
termining  their densities. The 0 or  zero of the
scale is the point at which the instrument floats
in the oil  of poppy seeds.   In pure  olive oil, it
floats at 50°, and the space between these points
is divided into 50 equal parts, and  numbered ac-
cordingly.  It floats at 38° or 38£° in pure oil of
almonds.
  EL.EON. Oil.
  EL.EOPH'AXES, from tXaiov, 'oil,' and fatvo-
uat,  ' I appear.'   That which has the appearance
of oil:  as  Urlna elaopltanes.
  EL.EO-SACCHARUM, from tXaiov, 'oil,' and
caKxap, 'sugar.'  O'leo-Sue'charum,  Balsamo-
Sac'charum.  A medicine, composed  of essential
oil and sugar.  It was made by pouring upon aft
ounce of sugar, reduced  to  an impalpable pow-
der,  jss or 3J  of an essential oil; the  mixture
3              ELECTRICITY

 being triturated until  the  two substances  were
 perfectly united.—Rolfink.
   ELAIN, see Pinguedo.
   ELAIS GUINEENSIS, see Cocos butyracea—
 e. Occidentalis, see Cocos butyracea.
   ELAN, Cervus alces.
   ELANOE3IENT, see Lancinating.
   ELAPHOBOSCUM, Pastinaca sativa.
   ELAPHRIUM ELEMIFERUM, see Amyris
 elemifera—e. Tomentosum, Fagara octandra.
   ELAPSUS, Luxation.
   ELAS'MA, from iXaww, 'I drive up.'  A clyster
 pipe.—Linden.
   ELASTES, Elasticity.
   ELASTICITY, Elaetic'Htaa, El ater, Elaa'tea,
 Elates, Via elaa'tica, Tone, Tonic"ity,  (F.) Con-
 tract iliti de Tissu, Contractiliti par difaut d'ex-
 tension, from tXavvw, ' I impel.'  The property by
 which certain  bodies return  to their proper size
 and shape, where these have been modified by
 pressure or otherwise.  It is possessed  by the
 dead as well as by the living solid.
   ELATE, Pinus picea—e. Theleia, Pinus rubra.
   ELATER, Elasticity.
   ELATERINE, see Momordica elaterium.
   ELATERIUM, Extractum elaterii, Momordica
 elaterium—e. Cordifolium, Momordica elaterium.
   ELATES,  Elasticity.
   ELATIN,  see Momordica elaterium.
   ELATINE, Antirhinum elatine—e.  Cymbala-
 ria, Antirhinum linaria/—e. Hastate, Antirhinum
 elatine.
   ELBOW, Sax, elbo<$a, from ell, and  bow; the
 bend of the ulna. Cdbitus,  Ancon, Peehys, Ulna,
 Umbo,  (F.)  Coude.    This  word,  abstractedly,
 means the angle formed  by the union  of two
 straight bodies. It is particularly applied to the
 articufation of the arm  with the forearm, and
 especially to the projection  formed  by the ole-
 cranon process at the posterior part of  the joint
   Elbow, Miners', see Miners' Elbow.
   ELCOMA, Ulcer.
   ELCO'SIS, Helco'sis, Elco'ma, Helco'ma, from
 'IXkos,  'an ulcer.'   Ulceration  in  general.  An
 ulcer.  A deep ulceration  of the cornea,  in con-
 sequence of a blow or of violent inflammation.—
 Galen, Pare\
   Sauvages applies  the term to a state of the
 body, in which there are numerous ulcerations of
 an obstinate character, complicated with caries,
 putrescency,  low fever, Ac.
   ELCUSTER, Embryulcus.
   ELDER,  Sambucus — e. Common, Sambucus
 Canadensis—e. Dwarf, Aralia hispida, Sambucus
 ebulus—e. Prickly, Aralia spinosa.
   ELECAMPANE, Inula helenium.
   ELECTRICITAS,  Electricity — e.  Animalis,
 Galvanism—e. Galvanica, Galvanism—e. Metal-
 lica, Galvanism.
   ELECTRICITY, Electric"itas, from vXtKrpov,
 ' amber,'—the substance in which it was first no-
 ticed.   Electricity is used medicinally as  an ex-
 citant.   It has been occasionally employed with
 success in paralysis, rheumatism, accidental deaf-
 ness, amaurosis, amenorrhcea,  Ac, but it is un-
 certain, and not much used; and the cases are not
 always clear in which it  could  be of service.
 It may be communicated by means of the electric
 bath — Bain Slectrique, as it has been  called;
 which consists  in placing the patient upon an
 isolated stool, and connecting him with the prime
 conductor, of which he thus becomes a  part. The
 fluid may be communicated by points, sparks, or
 by shocks, according to the required intensity.
   Electricity, Chemical, Galvanism — e. Con-
 tact, Galvanism — e. Magnetic, Electro-Magne-
 tism—e. Voltaic, Galvanism. 
ELECTRIFY
316
£levateur
  ELECTRIFY, from electric, and fio, 'I
make.'  (F.) Electriaer.   To produce the electri-
cal condition in a body, or to render it suscep-
tible of producing electrical phenomena.  It is
often used  to signify the act of communicating
the electric fluid to man.
  ELECTRISER, to electrify.
  ELECTRO'DES, from vXtKroov, ' amber,'_and
ttSos, ' resemblance.'  An epithet for evacuations,
which shine like amber.—Hippocrates.—Foesius.
  ELECTRO -MAG'NETISM,  Magnetic elec-
tric"ity.  An electro-magnetic  apparatus is occa-
sionally used in cases of paralysis. A convenient
form consists of a battery 'of six curved perma-
nent magnets, and an intensity armature, around
whose cylinders  1500  yards  of fine insulated
copper wire are coiled.   The  ends of  the wire
communicate respectively, with a pair of directors,
each of which holds a piece of sponge, dipped in
vinegar or a solution of common  salt.  When
the armature  is  rotated, and a portion of  the
body is interposed between the directors, a suc-
cession of shocks is received.
  ELECTROPUNCTURE^Zecrro^wncto-a'tfon,
Electrostix'is, Galvanopuncture.  The operation
of inserting two or more wires, and then connec-
ting them to the poles of the galvanic apparatus.
  ELECTROSTIXIS, Electropuncture.
  ELECTRUM, Succinum.
  ELECTUAIRE DENTIFRICE, Dentifrice.
  ELECTUA'RIUM, Electdrium; an Electuary,
from eligere, 'to make choice.'  (F.) Electuaire.
A pharmaceutical composition  of a soft consist-
ence, somewhat thicker than honey, and formed
of powders, pulps, extracts,  syrup, honey,  Ac.
In the London and American  Pharmacopoeias,
electuaries are called Confections.       r
  Electuarium de Aloe, Opiatum mesentericum
—e. Aperiens, Confectio  sennas—e. Aromaticum,
Confectio aromatica—e. Cassiae, Confectio cassias
—e. Cassias fistulas, Confectio cassias — e. Cassiae
sennse, Confectio sennas—e. Cassiae tamarindatum
seu lenitivum, Confectio cassiae — e. Catholicum
communas, -Confectio sennse—e. Cinchonas, Opia-
tum febrifugum—e. de Croco emendatum, Confec-
tio hyacinthi—e. Diaprunum, Confectio  sennse—
e. Eccoproticum,  Confectio sennas — e.  de  Kina
kina, Opiatum febrifugum — e. Laxativum, Con-
fectio cassiae — e. Lenitivum, Confectio  sennas —
e. Opiatum, Confectio opii — e. Scammonii, Con-
fectio Scammonias — e.  <s Scammonio, Confectio
scammonias — e.  Sennas,  Confectio sennas — e.
Sennas compositum, Confectio  sennas—e. Sennas
cum pulpis, Confectio sennas—e. Thebaicum, Con-
fectio opii.
  ELEENCEPHALE,  from  tXaiov, 'oil,'  and
cyKttpaXov, ' encephalon.'  A fatty matter  found by
Couerbe in the encephalic neurine.
  ELELISPHACOS, Salvia.
  EL'EMENT, Elemen'tum, from  ancient  eleo
for oleo, ' to grow,' (?) Princip'ium, P. Primiti-
vum, Stochei'on.   A simple, ultimate constituent
or principle in the human body, which forms  the
basis of a fibre  or tissue.  Also, a constituent of
a compound organ.  The inorganic  elements  are
simple principles. An  organic  element, proxi-
mate principle or compound of organization, re-
sults from the  union of certain inorganic  ele-
ments.  Oxygen,  hydrogen,  carbon, and azote,
are inorganic elements; fibrin, albumen, osma-
zome, Ac, organic elements.
  Elements, Organic,  Principles, immediate__
e. Sarcous, see Sarcous.
  ELEMENTARY CELL, see Cell.
  ELEMENTUM ACIDIFICUM, Oxygen.
  ELEMI, Amyris elemifera.
  ELENIUM, Inula helenium. .
  ELEOSELINUM, Apium petroselinum.
  ELEPHANTI'ASIS,  Elephanttu,  Elcphan-
tias'mus, Elephas,  Laz'ari morbus vel malum,
Phanid'eus morbus, Phymato'sis, Elephantiasis,
from  eXttpas, 'an  elephant'  Various affections
have been described under this name, by adding
an epithet.  It is ordinarily and generically ap-
plied  to a condition, in which the skin is thick,
livid, rugous, tuberculate, and insensible to feeling.
  Elephantiasis of the  Antilles, Barba'doea
Leg, Glandular disease of Barbadoes, (F.) Jambes
de Barbade, is the Elephantiasis of many writers,
Bucne'mia.  It is characterized by the leg being
enormously tumid and  misshapen;  skin thick-
ened,  livid, and rugose, often  scaly;  scrotum,
arms, or other parts sometimes participating in
the affection.   The Bucne'mia Trop'ica, Cochin
leg, is an affection of this kind.
  Elephanti'asis  Arab'ica,  3taladie  glandu-
laire,  Ladrerie, Tyri'asis, Elephas, Elephanti'-
aaia,  E. In'dica, Elephantla Ar'abum, Lepra
Arabum, (of  some.)  In this  the tubercles  are
chiefly on the face and joints.  There is loss of
hair, except on the scalp; voice, hoarse and nasal;
and the disease is said  to be contagious and he-
reditary.   It most  frequently attacks the feet;
and gives the lower extremity a fancied resem-
blance to  the  leg  of  an elephant, whence its
name.  The seat of the disease seems to be in
the lymphatic vessels and glands, and in the sub-
cutaneous areolar tissue : the inflammatory con-
dition  of  which is  accompanied with  general
morbid  symptoms.   Medicine has  little or no
effect  on this loathsome complaint   See Lepra.
  Elephantiasis of Cayenne, 3Iul rouge de
Cayenne, seems to be a  variety of Lepra, charac-
terized by red and yellow spots, occupying  the
forehead, ears,  bands, loins, Ac, afterwards  ex-
tending and becoming scaly, with deformity of
the parts where they are seated, particularly of
the face; and ultimately producing cracks, ulcers,
caries, and sometimes death.
  Elephantiasis of the   Greeks, E.  Gracd-
rum, is probably the same disease as Lepra.
  Elephantiasis of India is characterized by
red, livid,  or yellowish spots, slightly prominent,
to which succeed indolent tumours, formed in the
areolar texture.  At a more advanced period the
phalanges swell, and become ulcerated; the bones
of the nose carious, the lips thickened, and.ema-
ciation gradually carries off the patient  It like-
wise belongs to lepra.
  Elephantiasis Italica, Pellagra.
  Elephantiasis  of Java is likewise a variety
of lepra, characterized  by large  white tumours
on the toes and fingers, resembling scrofulous tu-
mefactions.   These  tumours ulcerate, and  the
ulcerations spread from the extremities  towards
the trunk, destroying even the bones.  Amputa-
tion can alone  arrest its progress.   The disease
is often accompanied  by  alopecia, and by an
eruption of red  spots.
  ELEPHANTI'NUM EMPLAS'TRUM,  EXe-
tpavrtvov.  An  ancient  plaster, composed of 30
parts of ceruaa,  45 of wax,  oil ftss, water Ibj.—
Castelli.   Oribasius  and Celsus both mention a
plaster of  this name, but they are by no means
similar in  composition.
  ELEPHANTOMMA, Buphthalmia.
  ELEPHAN'TOPUS, (F.) Eliphantope; from
tXttpas, ' elephant,' and ttovs, ' foot'   One affected
with elephantiasis.
  ELEPHAS,  Elephantiasis, Ivory.
  ELETTARIA  CARDAMOMUM,  Amomum
cardamomum.
  ELEUTERIA, Croton cascarilla.
  ELEVATEUR, Elevator—£ Commun de Vaile 
ELEVATOR
317
ELIXIR
du nez et de la llvre supirieure, Levator labii su-
perioris alasque nasi—i. de l'(Eil, Rectus superior
oculi—i. de la Paupiire supirieure, Levator pal-
pebral superioris.
  ELEVA'TOR, from  elevare, (e, and levare,)
'to lift up.'  (F.) Elivateur.   A muscle, whose
function it is to raise the part into which it is in-
serted.  See Levator.
  Elevator,  Elevato'rium,  Vectis elevato'rius.
A name given to different surgical instruments
employed  for raising portions of bone  which
have  been depressed, for raising  and detaching
the portion of bone  separated  by the crown of
the trepan, and for removing stumps of teeth.
  Elevator Ani, Levator ani—e. Labii inferio-
ris, Levator labii inferioris — e. Labii superioris
proprius,  Levator labii superioris proprius — e.
Labiorum  communis, Levator anguli oris — e.
Oculi, Rectus superior oculi—e. Patientias, Leva-
tor scapulae— e. Scapulas, Levator scapulas — e.
Testiculi,  Cremaster—e. Urethras, see Transver-
sa perinaei.
  Elevator, Common.  This is a  mere lever, the
end of which is  somewhat bent and made rough,
in order that it  may less  readily  slip away from
the portion of bone which is to be raised.   The
instrument is  used, by forming a  fulcrum  for it,
either on  the  hand which holds  it, or upon the
fingers of the other hand; or by  making a fixed
point for it on the edge of the opening made with
the trephine.
  Elevator of  Louis differed from the last only
in the circumstance of the screw-peg being united
to the bridge by a kind of pivot instead of hinge,
so that greater extent of motion was permitted.
  Elevator of Petit consists of a lever mounted
on a handle, and straight throughout its  whole
length, except at its  very end, which is slightly
curved, in  order that it may be  more conveni-
ently put under the portion of bone intended to
bo elevated.  The lever is pierced at various dis-
tances from its  but-end with  several holes, in-
tended for the reception of a movable screw-peg,
fixed  on the top  of a kind of bridge.  This part
of tho instrument consists of an  arch, the ends
of which are long, and  covered with small pads,
and on its centre is  the screw-peg already men-
tioned.  By means of these holes  the arm of the
lever  can be lengthened at pleasure.
  Elevator, Trip'loid, Vectis triploi'des.  This
was so called from its consisting of three branches,
uniting above in  one  common trunk.   The latter
part was traversed by a long screw, having below
a kind of hook, and  above a handle for turning
it.  By turning the screw, the hook was drawn
up, and the bone thus elevated.
  The simple  lever  is the only one now used,
owing to the want of  facility and  advantages in
the use of the others.
  ELEVE EXTERNE, see House-surgeon—^.
Interne, House-surgeon.
  ELEVURES (F.), Efflorescentia.  A generic
name, including  all the exanthemata, in which
there is  tumefaction  of the tissue of the skin.
See Exanthem.
  ELIASTER, Hech.
  ELICIIRYSUM, Solidago virgaurea—e. Mon-
tanum, Antennaria dioica.
  ELICOIDES,  Capreolaris.
  ELIGMA, Eelectos.
  ELIQUATIO, Colliquation.
  ELIXA'TIO,  Epse'sis, from elixus, 'boiled,'
'sodden.'   This  word has  been  used  synony-
mously with Decoction.  The act  of boiling.
  ELIX'IR,  Isir, Ixir, Quelles,  Alex'ir.  The
etymology  of this word is  not clear.   Lemery
derives it from cXkw, 'I  extract;'  and also from I
 aXtfoi, ' I aid.'  Others believe it to be from Ara-
 bic, al-ecsir, or al-eksir, 'chymistry.'  An elixir
 is a  medicine  composed of various substances
 held in solution in alcohol.  The  name has been
 used, however, for preparations, which  contain
 no spirit of wine.
   Elixir  Ac"idum  Halleri  seu  Dippel'ii,
 Elixir Antipodag'ricum, E. Antinephreticum, E.
 Sulphd rico-ac" idum, Gutta ac"ida tod ica, Aqua
 Rabe'lii, Liquor ac"idus Halleri, 3Iistu'ra  sul-
 phd rico-ac" ida,  Either sulphdricus  ac"idus,
 Ac"idum sulphdricum  alcoolisa'tum, A. vitriol-
 icum vino'aum, Alcohol Sulphuricdtum,  A. Sul-
 phu'ricum, is a mixture of concentrated sulphuric
 acid and alcohol;—in the Eau de Rabel, of one
 part of the former to three  of the latter.  It is
 employed as an astringent in hemorrhages, Ac.
   Elixir Aloes,  Tinctura  aloes composita—e.
 Anthelminticum Succorum, Tinctura jalapii com-
 posita.
   Elixir,  Anti-Asthmat'ic, op Boerhaave.
 This elixir is composed of alcohol, aniaeed, cam-
 phor, orria, asarabacca root, calamus aromaticus,
 liquorice, and elecampane. It is given in asthma,
 in the dose of 20 or 30 drops.
   Elixir Antihypochondriacum, Tinctura cin-
 chonas  amara — e.  Antinephreticum, E.  acidum
 Halleri—e. Aperitivum, Tinctura aloes composita.
   Elixir, Antiscrof'ulous  of Peyrilhe; com-
 posed  of weak alcohol, subcarbonate of potassa,
 and gentian root.   It is administered in scrofula.
   Elixir, Boerhaave's, see Tinctura Aloes com-
 posita.
   Elixir,  Carminative, of Sylvius,  Tinctura
 carminativa Sylvii — e. Daffy's,  Tinctura sennas
 comp.—e. Danorum,  E. pectorale regis Danias—
 e. Fcetidum, Tinctura castorei composita — e. of
 Garus, Tinctura de croco  composite—e. Guaiaci
 volatilis, Tinctura  Guaiaci ammoniata — e. Jala-
 pas compositum, Tinctura jalapii composita — e.
 of L°ng Life, Tinctura aloes composita—e. de
 Longue vie, Tinctura aloes composita—e. d'Or de
 31. le Giniral de la 3Iotte, Tinctura seu Alcohol
 sulfurico - aethereus — e.  Paregoric, Edinburgh,
 Tinctura opii ammoniata—e. Paregoricum, Tinc-
 tura camphoras  composita—e. Pectorale dulce,
 E. pectorale regis Danias.
   Elixir Pectora'le Regis Da'nia?, Elix'irDa-
 no'rum, E.Ringelmadni, E. ex suceo Glycyrrhi'za,
 E. pectora'le dulce, E. I succo liquirit"ia: (Succ.
 glycyrrhiz. p. 1; Aq. Fanicul. p. 2. Alcohol am-
 moniat. p. 6. A formula in many of the Pharma-
 copoeias of continental Europe.)  AA'ith the addi-
 tion  of opium  it constitutes the Elixir ammoni-
 ato-opia'tum, Extractum theba'icum ammoniaca'le
 of some Pharmacopoeias.
  Elixir Proprietatis, Tinctura aloes compo-
 sita— e. Purgans, Tinctura jalapii composita—e.
 Radcliffe's, see Tinctura aloes composita—e. Rhej
 dulce, Vinum rhej palmati—e. Ringelmanni, E.
 pectorale regis Danias — e.  Roborans  AVhyttii,
 Tinctura cinchonas amara — e. Sacrum, Tinctura
 rhej  et aloes — e. Salutis, Tinctura sennas comp.
 — e. Squire's, see Tinctura camphoras composite
 —e. Stomachicum, Tinctura gentianae composita
 —e. Stomachicus spirituosus, Tinctura cinchonas
 amara — e. Stoughton's, see  Tinctura gentianae
 composita—e. ex Succo glycyrrhizas, E. pectorale
 regis Danias—e. ex Succo liquiritias, E. pectorale
 regis Danorum—e. Sulphurico-acidum, E. acidum
 Halleri — e.  Traumaticum,  Tinctura  Benzoini
 composita.
  Elixir A7it.e  of Mathi'olus;  composed  of
 alcohol and  22 aromatic  and stimulating sub-
stances.  It was formerly employed in epilepsy.
  Elixir of Aatriol, Sulphuric acid, dilute—-e.
Vitrioli, Sulphuricum  acidum aromaticum — e.
Vitrioli  acido-aromaticum, Sulphuricum acidum 
;18                EMBAMMA
                ELIXIRIUM               3

aromaticum — e. Vitrioli dulce, Spiritus aetheris
aromaticus, Sulphuricum acidum  aromaticum—
e. Vitrioli Edinburgensium, Sulphuricum acidum
aromaticum—e. Vitrioli Mynsichti, Sulphuricum
acidum aromaticum—e. of Vitriol, sweet, Spiritus
setheris aromaticus—e. Vitrioli cum tinctura aro-
matica, Sulphuricum acidum aromaticum—e. of
Vitriol, Vigani's, Spiritus astheris aromaticus—e.
Whyttii, Tinctura cinchonas amara.
  ELIXIRIUM ANTISEPTICUM DOCTORIS
CHAUSSIER, Tinctura cinchonae aetherea com-
posite.
  ELIXIS, Eclectos.
  ELIXIVIATION, Lixiviation.
  ELK, Cervus alces—e. Bark, Magnolia macro-
phylla— e. Tree, Andromeda arborea—e. Wood,
Andromeda arborea, Magnolia macrophylla.
  ELLEBORASTER,  Helleborus fcetidus.
  ELLEBORE, Dracontium fcetidum.
  ELLEBORISMUS, Helleborismus.
  ELLEBORUM ALBUM, Veratrum album.
  ELLEBORUS ALBUS, Veratrum—e. Niger,
Helleborus niger.
  ELLIPTIC, Oval.
  ELLYCHNIO'TOS, from sXXvxvtov,  'the wick
of a lamp.'  A sort of tent, used by the ancient
surgeons,  so called because it was  shaped like a
wick, or because it was made of a similar material.
 _ ELM, COMMON, Ulmus—e. Red, Ulmus Ame-
ricana—e. Rough-leaved, Ulmus Americana—e.
Slippery, Ulmus  Americana.
  ELMINTHOCORTON,  Corallina  Corsicana.
  ELO'DES, Held des, Paludal, Marshy, (F.) 31a-
ricageux.   Febris elo'des seu helo'des  seu palu-
do'sa,  Helop'yra, Hclopyr'etos,  from  'tXos, ' a
marsb,' and tiSos, 'resemblance.'  Marsh fever.
(F.) Fievre intermittente paludiennc, Fievre palu-
dienne.  Also, a kind of fever, characterized by
great moisture or sweating.
  ELOME, Orpiment.
  ELONGA'TION, Parathrdma, Elongdtio,
from elongare, (e, and longus,) 'to lengthen,' 'ex-
tend.'   An incomplete  luxation,  in which  the
ligaments  of an  articulation are  stretched  and
the limb lengthened, without total luxation.  The
word has also been used for the extension required
in the reduction of fractures and luxations, and
for the  increased length of limb, (F.) Allonge-
ment, in diseases and dislocations of the hip-joint
  ELUTRIATIO, Decantation, Elutriation.
  ELUTRIA'TION, Elutridtio; originally from
eluo, (e, and  luo, 'I  wash,')  'I  wash away, I
rinse.'   In pharmacy  a process  by which  the
finer particles of a powder are separated from the
coarser.  It consists in diffusing the powder in
water, allowing the larger  and heavier particles
to subside, and  decanting the liquor,  that  the
finer particles may subside.
  ELUVIES,  same etymon. An inordinate dis-
charge of  any fluid, and also the fluid itself.  In
the works of some authors it is particularly ap-
plied to the mucus which flows from the vagina
in cases of leucorrhcea.
  ELUXATION, Luxation.
  ELYTRATRESIA,  Colpatresia.
  ELYTREURYNTER, Speculum vaginas.
  ELYTRITIS, Colposis, Leucorrhcea.
  ELYTROBLENNORRHCE A, Leucorrhcea (va-
ginal).
  EL'YTROCE'LE, from  tXvrpov, 'a  vagina or
sheath,' and kvXv, ' a tumour.'  Vogel  has given
this name to vaginal hernia, Colpoce'le.
  ELYTRODES (tunica), Ateginal  coat of  the
testicle.
  ELYTR03DE'MA,  Coleoede'ma, Colpcede'ma,
from tXvrpov,  'a vagina or sheath,' and otSvpa,
' oedema.'   GMema of the vagina.
  ELYTROITIS, Colposis.
  EL'YTRON, from eXvw, 'I involve.' A sheath.
The vagina.   The  membranes which envelope
the spinal marrow are called elytra.
  ELY'TRON'CUS,  Elytrophy'ma, from tXvrpov,
' a vagina or  sheath,' and oyKos, ' a tumour.'  A
swelling of the vagina.
  ELYTROPAP'PUS  RHINOCERO'TIS.   A
South  African bush, Nut. Ord. Compositae,  the
whole  of which is bitter and resinous.  The tops
of the branches, infused in wine or brandy, make
excellent  bitters.  The tops  are  also given  in
powder to children affected with diarrhoea.
  ELYTROPHYMA, Elytroncus.
  ELYTROPTOSIS, Prolapsus vaginae.
  ELYTRORRHAGIA, Colporrhagia.
  ELYTROR'RHAPHY, Elytrorrhaph'ia; Col-
por'rhaphy, Kolpor'rhaphy;  from tXvrpov, 'the
vagina/ and patpv, 'a suture.'  The operation of
closing the vagina by suture in cases of prociden-
tia uteri.
  EM  and EN, tv, 'in, into, within.'   Also 'ex-
cess ;'—frequently used in this last sense by Dr.
Good.  A common prefix, generally answering to
the prefixes im and in, in English.   In composi-
tion, before /?, it,  tp, -d*, and p, the  v  is changed
into p; before y, k,  f, and x>  into 7 > before X,
into X,  and before p generally  into p.
  EMACIATE,  3Iaees'cere,  Tabes'cere,  (F.)
Amaigrir.  To lose flesh, to  become  lean,  to
waste away.
  EMACIA'TION,  Emacia'tio, from emaciare,
(e, and maceo, 'to be lean,) 'to grow lean.'  Ex-
tenua'tio, Ma'cies, 3Iacritu'do,  3Iacror,  3Iarco'-
res, Skeletia,  Leptysm'us, Leptyn'sis,  Pingued'-
inis diminu'tio, (F.)  Amaigrissement,  Maigreur,
That condition of the body, or of  a part of the
body, in which it  grows lean.  The state of one
who is  lean;—Leanness ;  lack'notes.
  E3IAIL  DES DENTS, Enamel of the teeth.
  EMAILLOTAGE (F.), from maillot,  'swath-
ing or swaddling clothes.'  The ' wrapping up,' or
' packing up' in dry or wet sheets, which  is prac-
tised in hydropathic establishments  to induce
sweating.
  EMANA'TION, Emana'tio, Efflu'vium, from
emanare, (e, and manare,) 'to issue  or flow from.'
The term is applied to a body which proceeds or
draws  its origin from other bodies; «uch as the
light which emanates from the sun; the  miasma
which arise from the putrid decomposition of ani-
mal or  vegetable substances, Ac.  See Miasm.
  EMAN'SIO MEN'SIUM, from e, and  manere,
'to  stay.'   This term has been applied to ame-
norrhcea or obstruction of the  menses before they
have been  established.  Some have  used  it  for
the retention which  occurs even after they have
been established.   The former is the general ac-
ceptation.            f
  EMARGINATIO,  Echancrure, Notch.
  EMARGINATURA, Echancrure, Notch.
  EMASCULA'TION,  Emascula'tio,  from emaa-
culare, (e,  and maaculua,  'a  male,') 'to render
impotent.'  The act  of removing or destroying
the generative organs of a male animal.
  EMASCULATUS, Castratus, Eunuch.
  EMBALM'ING, from  em, en, 'in,' and balaa-
mum, 'balsam.'   Bahama'tio, Smyrnis'mos,  Ce-
deia,  Pollinctu'ra, Necrocedia, Conditdra Ca-
dav'erum,  (F.) Embaument, Imbalaamation.  An
operation  which  consists  in  impregnating the
dead body with substances capable  of preventing
it from becoming putrid, and thus putting it in a
condition to be preserved.
  EMBAM'MA, Apobam'ma, Bamma, from  tp.
(SatiTw,' I immerse.'  A medicated pickle or sauce.
—Gorraeus. 
EMBARRAS               319                EMETINE
  E31BARRAS, Emphraxis.
  EMBARRAS GASTRIQUE (F.), Gastric dis-
order or  impediment,  Ootid vies gets'triea, Sordea
prim/trum  via'rum, Status gos'tricus.  Disorder
of tho stomach, in which there is loss of appetite,
with bitterness and clamminess of mouth, white
and yellow tongue, feeling of oppression in the
epigastrium, and sometimes pain in that region,
nausea  and bilious  or bitter vomiting; this state
being accompanied with headach, lassitude, and
pain iu the back and  limbs.
   EMBARRAS GASTRO-INTESTINAL, Gas-
tro-intestlnal disorder.  Slight gastro-enteritis,
according to the Broussaists, in which the symp-
toms of the Embarraa gaatrique and E. inteatinal
are united.
   EMBARRAS INTESTINAL, Intea'tinal dis-
ordcr.  The principal characters assigned to this
are :—tension of the abdomen, colic, borborygmi,
discharge of flatus per anum, constipation or diar-
rhoea, Ac.
   EMI1ARRURE, Engisoma.
   E3IBA UMENT, Embalming.
  _ EM BOl TFMENT (F.).  ' Encasing,' from em,
'in,'  and  boite,  'a  box.'  Enadelph'ia.  This
term has been applied to the theory of generation
which considers that the  germs are encased  in
each other in the  ovary of the female, in such
sort that they are developed in succession after
impregnation.   It is  the theory  of encaaing of
germa, or of monstrosity by inclusion.
   E3IBOiTURE, Diarthrosis.
   EM'BOLE,  from tpffaXXw,  'I put in place.'
Reduction of a luxated bone.  Reposil'io.
   EMBOLIMOS, Intercalary.
   EMBOLUM CEREBRI, Infundibulum of the
brain.
   E3IB0NP0INT,  (F.)  'In good point or
plight'  Bona cor'poris  habitu'do.  The  state
of the animal body when in full health.  Exces-
sive embonpoint constitutes corpulence and obe-
sity, and may become a morbid condition.
   E3IBONPOINT EXCESSIF, Polysarcia adi-
posa.
   EMBORISMA, Aneurism.
   EMBROCATIO,  Embrocation, Irrigation.
   EMBROCA'TION,   Embroca'tio, Embreg'ma,
Em'broche, Impldvium, from tpjiptx®, 'I sprinkle.'
A fluid application to be rubbed on any part of
the body.   It is often used synonymously with
liniment.   Originally it was  employed  in  the
sense of  Fomentation.
  Embrocation, Guestonian, see Oleum Terebin-
thinae rectificatum.
  EMBROCHE, Embrocation.
  EMBRYEMA, Embrocation.
  EM'BRYO, Em'bryon, from tv, 'in,' and (3pvw,
'  I grow.' Oye'ma.  The  fecundated germ, in the
early stages  of its development in utero.   At a
certain period of its increase, the  name foetus  is
given to  it, but at what period is not determined.
Generally, the embryo state is  considered to ex-
tend to the period of quickening.
  EMBRYOC'TONY, Foetus  trucida'tio,  from
tpffpvov,  ' the embryo,' and ktovos,  ' destruction.'
The act of destroying a foetus in utero, when in-
surmountable obstacles — as certain deformities
of the pelvis—oppose  delivery.
  EMBRYOG'RAPHY,  Embryogra'phia,  from
tpPpvov, 'the embryo,' and  ypatpv, ' a description.'
The part of anatomy which describes the embryo.
  EMBRYrOL'OGY, Embryolog"ia, fromtpfipvov,
'the embryo,'  and  Xoyos,  'a description.   The
doctrine of embryonic development.
  EMBRYONIC, Embryodicus,  (F.) Embryo-
nique, Embryonnaire; same etymon as embryo.
 Relating  or appertaining to an embryo: — as
 ' embryonic life.'
   E3IBBYONIQUE, Embryonic.
   E3IBRYONNAIRE, Embryonic
   EMBRYOTHLAS'TA,  Embryothlas'tes, Em-
 bryothlas'tum,  (F.) Embryotome, from tpfipvov,
 'the  embryo,'  and SXaw,  'I break.'   An instru-
 ment for  dividing the foetus piecemeal, in order
 to effect  delivery.  A crotchet  or other instru-
 ment, used, in  certain cases of laborious parturi-
 tion,  to break the bones of the foetus,  for the
 purpose of extracting them with greater facility.
 —Hippocrates, Galen.
   EMBRYOTOCIA, Abortion.
   EM BR YOT031E,  Embryothlasta.
   EMBRYOT'OMY, Embryotom'ia, fromcp(3pvov,
 'an embryo,' and rtpvttv, 'to cut.'  A division of
 the foetus into fragments, to extract it by piece-
 meal, when the narrowness of the pelvis or other
 faulty conformation opposes delivery.
   EMBRY'OT'ROPHY,   Embryotroph'ia,  from
 epppvov, ' the embryo,' and rpotpv, ' nourishment'
 Fcetal nutrition;  Cyolrophy.
   EMBRYUL'CIA, Embryusterul'cia, from  tp-
 (jpvov, ' embryo, foetus,' and iXkw, ' I extract,' ' I
 draw.'  A surgical operation, by which the foetus
 is extracted by means of appropriate instruments,
 when faulty conformation or other circunstances
 prevent delivery by the natural efforts.
   EMBRYUL'CUS, Elcus'ter, same etymon. An
 iron hook or crotchet, described by Fabricius ab
 Aquapendente, whicb  was  used to  extract the
 foetus in some cases of laborious labour.
   EMBRYUSTERULCIA,  Embryulcia,
   EMENDANS, Corrigent.
   E3IERAUDE, Smaragdus.
   EMESIA, Vomiturition.
   EMESIS, Vomiting.
   EMETATROPH'IA, from tptw, ' I vomit,' and
 arpotpia, ' want of nourishment'  Atrophy induced
 by vomiting.
   EMETIA, Emetine.
   EMET'IC, Emet'icum, Vomito'rium, Vom'itory,
 Vomit, Puke, from tpm, ' I vomit.'  A substance
 capable of producing vomiting.   (F.) Emitique.
 [This term is  also restricted by the French to
 tartarized antimony — the emetic, as it were, par
 excellence.']   Vomit if.
   Tartarized  antimony,   emetine,  ipecacuanha,
 and  sulphate   of  zinc, are  the chief emetics.
 They are valuable agents in disease, and may
 either act primarily on the stomach, or seconda-
 rily on other parts of the  system, — the  sym-
 pathy between  the stomach and other parts  of
 the body  being very extensive, and  an  impor-
 tant object of study.
   The following are the usual emetics: — Anti-
 monii et Potassas Tartras; Cupri Aeetas; Cupri
 Sulphas;  Emetina;  Gillenia;  Hydrargyri Sul-
 phas Flavus; Ipecacuanha;  Lobelia; Sanguina-
 ria; Scilla; Sinapis, and Zinci Sulphas.
   Emetic Root, Euphorbia corollata—e. Tartar,
 Antimonium tartarizatum—e.  AVeed,  Lobelia
 inflate.
   EMETICOLOGIA, Emetology.
   EM'ETINE,  Emetina, Emet'ia, Yom'itine.  A
 vegetable  alkali, discovered  by  M. Pelletier  in
 ipecacuanha, and to which  it owes its  emetic
 power.  It is obtained  from different ipecacu-
 anhas, but  chiefly from  psychotria  emet'ica,
 callicoc'ca ipecacuan'ha, and viola emet'ica.  It
 is in transparent scales, of a reddish-brown colour,
 almost inodorous, of a bitter, slightly acrid taste;
 is unchangeable in the air, soluble in water and
alcohol, and insoluble in ether.   Three grains of
impure emetia or one grain of pure are equal  to
18 of ipecacuanha.   See Ipecacuanha. 
E3IETIQUE               320                EMPHYMA
  E3IETIQUE,  Antimonium tartarizatum,
Emetic.
  EMETO-CATHARSIS,  see Emeto-cathartic
  EM'ETO-CATHAR'TIC,  Em'eto-cathar'ticus,
from tptros, 'vomiting,' and Ka&aprtKos, 'a purga-
tive.'  A remedy, which at the same time excites
vomiting and purging— Em'eto-cathar'sis.
  EMETOL'OGY,  Emetolog"ia, Emeticolog'Ha,
from tptros, 'vomiting,'  and Xoyos, 'a discourse.'
A treatise  on  vomiting, and on emetics.
  ~EWISEXCE, Eminedtia, Protuberad tia, Ex'-
oche, Exanthe'ma.  A projection at the surface
of a healthy or diseased organ.
  E3IINENCE  PORTE ANTER1EURE, Lo-
bulus anonymus — i. Porte postirieure, Lobulus
Spigelii—i. Sus-pubicnne, Mons veneris.
  E3IINENCES BIGE3IINEES, Quadrigemi-
na  corpora — e. Latirales, Corpora olivaria — e.
Pyramidales, Corpora  pyramidalia — e.  Vermi-
formes du cervelet, ATermiformes processus.
  EMINENTIA, Protuberantia — e. Annularis,
Pons varolii—e. Pyramidalis, Crista vestibuli—e.
Tympani,  Pyramid.
  EMINEXTIiE  BIGEMIN.E,  Quadrigemina
tubercula—e. Candicantes, Mammillary Tubercles
— e. Lenticulares,  Corpora  striata — e.  Magnas
cerebri, Thalami nervorum opticorum—e. Medi-
anas Interna?, Corpora  pyramidalia-—e. Olivares,
Corpora olivaria—e. Ovales Laterales, Corpora oli-
varia—e. Pyramidales, Corpora pyramidalia—e.
Quadrigeminas, Quadrigemina tubercula — e. Te-
retes, Processus teretes.
  E3IISSAIRE, Emunctory.
  EMISSA'RIA SANTORI'NI.  A name given
to some small veins, which communicate with the
sinuses  of the dura  mater,  by apertures in the
cranium.  Such  are  the parietal, posterior con-
dyloid, mastoid veins, Ac.
  EMISSIO, Emission — e. Seminis,  Sperma-
tismus.
  EMIS'SION,  Emis'sio, from emittere, (e, and
mittere,) 'to  send out,' 'drive out'  The act by
which  any matter  whatever is thrown from the
body.  Tbus, we say Emission of urine, Emission
of semen, Ac.
  E3IISSI0N SANGUINE, Bloodletting.
  EMMEN'AGOGUES, Emmenago'ga, Emmeni-
ago'ga, Ame'nia, from tppvva, 'the menses,' and
ayw, ' I drive,' or ' expel.' Men'agogues.  A name
given to medicines believed to have the power of
favouring the discharge of the menses.  There
is  probably  no  substance  which possesses this
power directly.  According to different condi-
tions of the  system, the most  opposite reme-
dies may  act as  emmenagogues.   Black helle-
bore, savin, madder,  polygala senega, and ergot,
are reputed  to be specific emmenagogues.  The
following  list comprises the chief  of them : —
Cunila  Pulegioides;  Helleborus Niger;  Mentha
Pulegium; Rosmarinus; Rubia; Sabina; Secale
Cornutum ;  Senega,  and Tanacetum.
   EMMENAGOLOG"IA, from tppvvaywya, and
Xoyos, ' discourse.'  A treatise of emmenagogues.
   EMMENIA, Menses.
   EMMENIAGOGA, Emmenagogues.
   EMMENOLOG"IA,  from  tppvva,  'menses,'
 and Xoyos,  'a discourse.'   A treatise  on men-
 struation.
   EMMENOLOG"ICAL, Emmenolog"icus: same
 etymon as the last  Relating or appertaining to
 menstruation.
   EMMYXIUM ARTICULARE, Hydrarthrus.
   EMOLLIENTIA, Emollients.
   EMOL'LIENTS,  Emollien'tia, Malthac'tica,
 Relaxadtia,  Epiceras'tica, 3Ialac'tica,  Lubri-
 can'tia, 3Ialacopce'a, 3Iolliedtia, from  emollire,
 (e, and mollire, ' to  soften.')  Substances which
relax and soften parts that are inflamed, or too
tense.  They are used both internally and exter-
nally : as the former, however, consist of muci-
laginous substances, they are generally reckoned
as demulcents: the latter, or proper emollients,
consist of  oils,  cataplasms,  fomentations,  Ac.
Oleaginous bodies, rubbed on a part,  act by di-
minishing its cohesion.   Fomentations, in cases
of internal inflammation, act probably through
contiguous sympathy.   The  following  are  the
chief emollients : — Adeps;  Amygdalae  Oleum;
Avenas Farina; Cera; Cetaceum; Linum; Olivsa
Oleum ; Sesamum; Tritici Farina, and Uimus.
  EMOLLITIES,  Mollifies—e. Morbosa, Molli-
fies—e. Ossium, Mollities ossium—e. Uteri Mor-
bosa, Hysteromalacia.
  EMOLLITIO, Mollities—e. Ventriculi, Gastro-
malacia.
  E3IONCTOIRE, Emunctory.
  EMOPTOE, Haemoptysis.
  EMOTIO, Delirium, Luxation,  Passion.
  EMO'TIONAL,  from emotio, (e,  'from,' and
moveo, motus, ' to  move.')  Relating to emotion
or passion independently of the will: — hence an
'emotional or instinctive impulse.'
  EMPASMA, Cataplasma.
  E3IPATE31ENT, from  empdter,  'to render
pasty or doughy.'  A non-inflammatory engorge-
ment, which retains, more or less, the impression
of the finger.
  EMPATHE'MA, Ma'nia a pathe'mate,  (F.)
Manie sans  dilire; ungovernable passion; from
tp, or iv,  ' in,' and ttoS-os, ' suffering.'  Fixed de-
lusion.
  EMPEIRIA, Experience.
  EMPETRUM, Herniaria glabra.
  EM'PHLYSIS, from tp, or tv, 'in,' and tpXvcts,
' a vesicular tumour or  eruption ;' Ich'orous Ex-
an'them.  An eruption of vesicular pimples, filled
progressively with an  acrid and colourless, or
nearly colourless,  fluid; terminating in scurf or
laminated scabs.  A genus in the order Exanthe-
matica, class Hamatica of Good.
  Emphlysis Aphtha, Aphthas, Stomatitis,  aph-
thous — e.  Erysipelas,  Erysipelas — e. Miliaria,
Miliary fever — e. Pemphigus,  Pemphigus — e.
Vaccina inserta, Vaccina—e. Varicella, Varicella.
   EMPHRACTIC, Emphracticus.
   EMPHRACTICA, Physconia.
   EMPHRACTICUS, Emphrac'tic, from tptppar-
tw, ' I close,' ' I obstruct.' Emplas'ticus, EmplaU
tom'enos.  Any substance which, when applied to
the skin, was presumed to close the pores.
   EMPHRAG'MA, same etymon.   Obturamed-
tum, Impedimen'tum.  Anything that obstructs.
Hippocrates uses this term to designate the ob-
stacle to delivery on the part of the foetus, when
the presentation is preternatural.
   Emphragma  Lachrymale, Fistula lachryma-
lis—e. Salivare, Ranula.
   EMPHRAX'IS, Obstruc'tio, Obturdtio, Oppi-
la'tio, Infarc'tus, Farctus, Partus. Same etymon.
' Obstruction.'  An Embarraa or repletion of ca-
nals or cavities by any substance, which is either
morbid from quantity or quality.
   Emphraxis Hepatis,  Hepatemphraxis.
   EMPHYMA,  Tumour—e. Encystis, Encystis
—e. Encystis atheroma, Atheroma — e. Encystis
ganglion, Ganglion, Testudo — e. Encystis  meli-
ceris, Meliceris — e. Encystis steatoma, Steatoma
—e. Exostosis ossea, Exostosis—e. Exostosis pe-
riostea, Node—e. Sarcoma, Sarcoma.—e. Sarcoma
adiposum, Adipose sarcoma—e. Sarcoma cellulo-
sum, Cystic sarcoma — e. Sarcoma  mammarum,
Mammary sarcoma — e. Sarcoma pancreaticum,
Pancreatic  sarcoma — e. Sarcoma  scirrhosum,
Scirrhous  sarcoma — e.  ^coma tuberculosum, 
EMPHYSEMA
321
EMPLASTRUM
Tuberculato sarcoma—e. Sarcoma-vasculosum,
Sarcoma, vascular.
  EAIPH YSE'.MA, from tptpvcaw, (tv, and tpvaaw,
'I blow,') 'I inflate.'  Injla'tio, Emjuicumato'sis,
Snrci'tes flatuo'ans, Emphyae'mu cellula're, Em-
phyae'ma pncumnto'sis, Physon'cus, Tumor flatu-
Icn'lus,  Piuumato'sis,  Injla'tioa,  Wind-dropsy,
(F.) Emphysbne.  This term is commonly applied
to any white, crepitant,  shining, clastic, indolent
tumour, caused by the introduction of air into the
areolar texture.  Injuries  of the larynx, trachea,
or lungs;  fractures of the ribs, or wounds pene-
trating the chest, are the most frequent causes of
this affection,  which is owing to the air escaping
from the air-passages and insinuating itself into
the  areolar  texture surrounding the wound.
There  are  some cases of emphysema, which are
owing  to internal causes; and hence a division
has  been  made into the accidental and sympto-
matic, and  the spontaneous and idiopathic.
  Emphysema Abdominis, Tympanites.
  Emphyse'ma of the Lungs,  E. Pulmo'num,
Asthma a'ereum  ab  Emphyse'mate Pulmo'num,
Pneiimato'sia Pulmo'num, Pneumonec'taaia, Pneu-
mec'taaia,   (F.)  Pncumoectaaie,  Empliyseme  du
I'oumon.   A considerable pressure or  contusion
of the chest,  or any violent concussion of the
lung, may  produce a laceration  in that viscus,
without injury being done to the parietes of the
thorax, and may give place to the infiltration of
air into the areolar  texture,  interlobular  emphy-
sema.  Laeunec has described another species of
emphysema of the  lungs,  Vesicular emphysema,
consisting in excessive dilatation of the air-cells,
some of which become as large as hemp-seed, ul-
timately break, and give rise to irregular vesicles
at the surface  of  the lung, some of which are as
large as a  hazel-nut.  Physical signs.  The tho-
rax  externally, generally or locally, appears un-
naturally convex and prominent.  The intercos-
tal  spaces  are widened, but  depressed.  The
inspiratory efforts are increased.  The sound on
percussion is morbidly clear,  but not tympanitic.
On auscultation, the inspiratory murmur is feeble
or  suppressed.  The expiration, which is  more
frequently audible  is prolonged,  laborious and
wheezing.   There are  no certain physical  sign's
which can distinguish  interlobular emphysema
from the vesicular.
   Emphysema Pectoris,  Pneumothorax—e.
Scroti, Physocele—e. Tympanites, Tympanites—
e. Uteri, Hysterophysis, Physometra.
   EMPHYSEM'ATOUS, Emphysemato'sus; same
etymon.  Relating or appertaining to emphysema.
   E3IPHYSEM1J, Emphysema—e. du Poumon,
Emphysema of the lungs.
   EMPIIYTUM THERMUM, Biolychnium.
   EMP'IRIC, Emplricus, from tptrtipta, (tv, and
rriipa,  'atrial,')  'experience.'  One who  follows
only experience. A sect of physicians, who re-
 jected all theory, and took for their guide expe-
rience alone.   It was opposed to the dogmatic
sect.  The Empiric  sect prevailed till near the
time of Galen.   Among its most eminent mem-
bers, after Philinus and  Serapion, were  Apollo-
nius, Glaucias, Bacchius of Tanagra, and Zeuxis,
both disciples of Herophilus,—Heraclides of Ta-
rcntum, Cleophantus, master of Asclepiades, Me-
nodotos of Nicomedia, and Theudas of Laodicea.
 They occupied themselves, chiefly, with discover-
ing the  properties of drugs, and did  important
service, in this manner, to medicine.
   At the present day. the word Empiric is only
taken  in a bad  sense, being  employed in nearly
the same signification as charlatan or quack.
   EMPIRICE. Empiricism.
   EMPIR'ICISM;  same etymon.  Empirica
Ars,  Emptrice,  (F.)  Empirisme.   Medicine
       21
founded  on experience.   It generally, at  the
present day, signifies quackery.
  E3IPIRIS31E, Empiricism.
  EMPLAS'TICUS.  Same etymon as the next
Also, a remedy which adheres, as a plaster, to the
surface, and in  this manner may  obstruct the
pores:  an emphractic
  EMPLASTRO-ENDERMIC, Endermic.
  EMPLAS'TRUM, from the  Greek tpTrXarrw,
(tv, and  irXaaattv,  'to form,') 'I spread  upon,'
(F.) Empldtre.  A solid and tenacious compound.
adhesive  at the ordinary heat of the human body.
Some of the plasters owe their consistence to wax
and resin: and others to the chemical union which
takes place between the semivitreous oxide of lead
and oil.  Most of them become too  consistent by
age.  AVhen such  is the case, they may  be re-
melted by a gentle heat, and oil be added to them.
  Emplastrum Adhassivum, Emplastrum resinas
— e. Adhassivum AVoodstockii, see Sparadrapum
Adhassivum — e. Alexandri, Alexandrine — e. de
Althaea, Unguentum de Althasa.
  Ebiplastrum Ammoni'aci, Ammoni'acum Plas-
ter, (Ammoniac, pur. ^v, acidi  acetici dil. Oss.
Dissolve  the ammoniac in the vinegar,and strain:
then evaporate the solution by means of a water
bath, stirring constantly until it acquires a proper
consistence. — Ph. U. S.)   It is used as a discu-
tient plaster.
  Emplastrum Ammoni'aci cum Hydrar'gyro,
Ammoniacum plaster with mercury  (Ammoniaci
Ibj, hydrarg. *§iij, olei oliv. %j,  sulphur, gr. viij.
Rub the mercury with the oil until the globules
disappear, then  add the ammoniac, previously
melted, and mix.  Ph. U. S.
  Emplastrum Andrea;  de Cruce, E. de pice et
resinis  glutinans—e. Anglicum, see Sparadrapum
adhassivum.
  Emplastrum Aromat'icum, Aromatic Plaster.
(Thuris §iij, cera flava  "fss, pulv. cort. cinnam.
gvj, ol. ess. Piment, ol. ess. Limon. aa "5'j. Melt
the frankincense and wax together, and strain;
then add, as it cools, the cinnamon, previously
rubbed with the oils, and form a  plaster.   Ph.
Dubl.)   Used as a stimulating plaster.
  A  spice plaster, made  by incorporating pow-
dered cinnamon and any other spices with melted
suet, has been used in cholera infantum.   It is
spread on leather qr linen, and is renewed twice
in the twenty-four hours.
  Emplastrum Asafce'tiida;, Asafoetida plaster,
E. antihyster'icum, (Emp. plumb., Asafozt., sing.
Ibj, Galban., Oera flava, aa fttss, Alcohol, dilut.
Oiij.  DisSJ^e the asafoetida and galbanum in
the alcohol,Jka water bath, strain while hot, and
evaporate to flke consistence of honey;  add the
lead plaster and.wax previously melted together,
stir 'khe mixture well, and evaporate to the proper
consisWie
too die ai^V.
*^Empla"
lank Hypoti
  E\plastr
dodi%.  (E\
Add the extr
in a water bath,
  Emplastrum
thar'ide, (Ph. U
plaster, (F.) Emp
tharid. (Ph. U.S.
together, and  foi
It is rubefacient i
  Emplastrum Can
tharidis vesicatorii  co
—e. Cephalicum, E. pi
  Emplastrum Ce^a:,
E. Altrahens.   (Gena
reaina flava R>j.  Melt
h.  U. S.)  Used as an antispas-
  e plaster.
   rahens, E. cerae—e. Auricu-
DON'na:, Plaater of Bella-
.^iij, Ext. Belladon. ^iss.
   ster, previously melted
  .—Ph. U. S.)
    ens, E. Pieia cum can-
    'a'cient plaster,  Warm
    auffant.  (Cerat. can-
     s abict. Ibiijss. Melt
     plaster.  Ph.  U. S.)
     nt.
     s, E. lyttae — e. Can-
     um, E. lyttae  comp.
       P-               \
       plex, Wax plaster\
      Sevi Prap. aa, ftiij, \
      together and strain. 
122              EMPLASTRUM
               EMPLASTRUM              3

Ph. L.)  It has been considered drawing.  It is
stimulating.
  Emplastrum Cicu'ta:, E. de Cicu'td, E. conii
macula'ti, Unguen'tum  sol idum de cicu'td, Hem-
lock plaster, (F.)  Empldtre de  Cigu'e.  (Resina
abiet. 960 p.  Cera flav. 640 p.  Picis alba, 448 p.
Ol. cicuta per decoct, praparat. 128 p.  Fol cicut.
recent. 2000 p.  Melt  the resins,  wax and oil;
add the cicuta leaves, and boil; strain and add,
after having dissolved it in vinegar of squills and
cicuta juice, gum  ammoniac.  500 p.  Ph. Par.)
It is  used as a discutient, especially to scirrhous
tumours.
  Emplastrum Citrinum, Unguentum de althasa
e. Commune, E. Plumbi—e. Commune cum  re-
sina, E. resinas—e. Conii, E. cicutas.
  Emplastrum Cumi'ni, Cummin plaster.  (Cumin.
semin., carui sem., lauri  bacc.  sing. ,"^iij,  picis
arida Ibiij, cera flava "f iij.  Melt the pitch and
wax together, then  add the  other  ingredients.
Ph. L.)  It is used as a warm,  discutient plaster.
  Emplastrum Diachylon, Diachylon, E. plumbi
—e. Divinum Nicolai, see Magnet—e. Emolliens,
Unguentum de althasa—e. Epispasticum, E. lyttas.
  Emplastrum Ferri, E. rob'orana, Iron Plaster,
Strength'ening Plaater.  (Ferri subcarb. ^iij, Emp.
plumbi, Ibij, Picis abietis, Ibss.  Add the sub-
carbonate of iron to the lead plaster and Bur-
gundy pitch previously melted together, and stir
constantly until they thicken upon cooling.—Ph.
U. S.)
  Emplastrum Ferri  Rubri,  E.  oxidi  ferri
rubri—e. Flavum,  Unguentum de althasa—e. ad
Fonticulos, Ceratum Galeni.
  Emplastrum  Gal'bani,  Galb'anum  plaster,
(Empl. liiharg. ibij, gum. galban. Ibss, cera flava
§iv.  Melt the galbanum before adding the plas-
ter and wax, then melt all together.  Ph.  D.)   A
stimulant and discutient.
  Emplastrum Gal'bani  Compos'itum. E.  li-
thar'gyri compos'itum,  Diach'ylon magnum cum
gummi, Compound galbanum plaster.  (Galb. pur.
gviij, Emp.  plumbi, ibiij,  tereb. vdlg. Jx,' abietis
resin, contus. ^iij.  Melt the galbanum and tur-
pentine together, then  mix in the  resin, and  af-
terwards the plaster, previously melted.  It is
stimulant and discutient.
  Emplastrum Glutinosum,  see  Sparadrapum
adhassivum—e. cum Gummatibus, E. gummosum.
  Emplastrum Gummo'sum,  Gam, plaster, Em-
plastrum lithar'gyri cum gummi, E. cum gummat-
ibus, E. e gummatibus resino'sis, E. Ox'ydi Plumbi
semi vitrei gummo'sum, Yellow diach'ylon,  Gum
diachylon, Diachylon cum gummi.  (Emp. oxid.
plumbi aemivitr. p. viii, g. resin, ammoniac,  g.
resin, bubon. galbani, cera flava, aa, p. i.  Ph. E.)
Properties and uses like the last.
  Emplastrum  e  Gummatibus  Resinosis,  E.
gummosum.
  Emplastrum cum Gummi-Resi'nis, (F.) Em-
pldtre de gomme risine, Diachylon gommi, Plas-
ter  of gum  resins.  (Emplastr.  simpl. p. 1600,
cera flava,  p. 96, picis alba, p. 96, terebinth,  p.
96.   Melt by a gentle heat, and add gum ammo-
niac, p. 32, bdellium 32, galban.  32, and sagape-
num, p. 32.  Dissolve in a sufficient quantity of
alcohol, evaporate to the  consistence of honey,
and mix carefully all together. Ph. P.) A discu-
tient.
  Emplastrum Hydrar'gyri, 3Iercdrial plas-
ter, Emplastr. lithar'gyri cum hydrar'gyro.  (Hy-
drarg. ^v.j, ol. oliv., resin, aa """jij, emplast.plumbi,
ibj.  Melt the oil  and  resin together, and when
cool rub the mercury with them till the globules
disappear; then gradually add the lead plaster,
previously melted, and  mix all. Ph. U. S.)  It is
stimulant, resolvent, and discutient.  Applied  as
a discutient  to venereal and other tumours.
  Emplastrum  Hydrar'gyri Compos'itum, E.
de hydrar'gyro compos'itum, E. de Vigo cam mer-
cu'rio emenddtum, Compound plaater of mer'cury.
(Empl. simpl.  p. I250, cera flava, p. 64, rcsinm,
p. 64.  Melt, and before it congeals  add pulv. g.
ammoniac, p.  20, bdellium, p. 20, oliban.  p. 20,
myrrh,  p.  20,  saffron, p. 12.   Mix carefully.
Take of mercury, p. 380, pure turpentine,  p. 04,
liquid and pure storax, p. 192.  Triturate  in an
iron mortar till the globules disappear: melt all
together, and before congealing add essential oil
of Lavender, p. 8.  Pharm. P.)   The same pro-
perties as the last.
  Emplastrum Ichthyocoll.e tela; inductum,
see  Sparadrapum  adhassivum — e. Irritans,  E.
lyttas — e. Lithargyri,  E. Plumbi—e. Lithargyri
compositum, E. galbani compositum — e. Lithar-
gyri cum gummi, E. gummosum — e. Lithargyri
cum hydrargyro, E. hydrargyri — e. Lithargyri
cum resina, E. resinas — e. Lithargyricum cum
resina pini, E. resinas.
  Emplastrum Lytta;, E. canthar'idis,  E. cun-
tharidis  vesicato'rii, Plaater  of the Spanish or
bliatering fly,  Blistering /'luster, Fly Plaster, E.
mel'oes vesicato'rii, E.  vesicato'rium,  E. epispas'-
ticum, E. e caniharid'ibus tpi spas'ticum solid'ius
et tenetcius Karens,  E. irri'tans,  E. rubefi'ans.
(Cantharides,  in  powder, Ibj, Emp.  cera  Ibiss,
adipis. prap. Ibj.  Melt the plaster and lard  to-
gether,  and as the mixture  becomes thick, on
cooling, sprinkle in the flies,  and mix.   Pharm.
L.)  This is the common blistering plaster.   Too
much heat must not be used  in  its preparation.
It requires to remain on six or eight hours before
its full effect  is induced, and it acts  sufficiently
well, provided even a piece of thin gauze or tissue
paper be placed between it and the  skin, whilst
absorption  of  the  flies  is thus prevented.   See
Blister.   The Blistering Plaster of the Pharma-
copoeia of the United States, Cera'tum Canthar'i-
dis,  is made as follows:—Cantharid.  in  pulv.
subtiliss., Ibj, cera flava, resina, aa §vij, 'adipis,
*§x.   To  the  wax, resin,  and lard,  previously
melted, add the Spanish flies, and stir the mix-
ture constantly until cool.
  Emplastrum  Lytta: Compos'itum,  E.  can-
thar'idis vesicato'rii compos'itum, E. mel'oes vesi-
cato'rii  compos'itum,  Compound plaster  of can-
thar'ides or Spanish flies. (Resin, liq. pini laricis.
p. 18, resina concret. pini abietis,  meloes veaicat.
aa. p. 12, cera flava, p. 4, eubacet.  cupri,  p. ij,
semin. sinapis  alb., fmet. pip. nigr. aa p. j.  Melt
the pitch and wax, then add  the turpentine, and
as these cool sprinkle in the other substances, in
the form of powder,  so as  to make a  plaster.
Ph.  E.)  The same properties as the last, but
more energetic and speedy in  its action.
  Emplastrum Meloes Vesicatorii, E. lyttae—
e. Meloes vesicatorii  comp., E. lyttas comp.—e.
Mucilaginosum,  Unguentum  de althasa,—e. Ni-
grum of Augsburg,  see Magnet.
  Emplastrum Norimbergen'se, E. ex ox'ido
plumbi rubro camphora'tum, Empldtre de Nurem-
berg, Nuremberg plaster.  (Oxid. ]i!umb. rubr. p.
300, ol. oliv. p. 600, aqua, q. s.   Boil until the
oxide is  dissolved,  and almost to dryness.   Re-
move the vessel from the fire and add yellow wax,
p. 500.  Put the vessel again on the fire, and
after the wax  is melted, add, before it congeals,
camphor, p. 24: mix. Ph. P.) It is considered
a desiccative,  and has been  employed  in gan-
grene.
  Emplastrum Nygmaticum, E. resinas.
  Emplastrum Opii, O'pium  Plaster.  (Opii in
pulv. """jij, Pieis abiet. ^iij ; emplastr. plumbi Ibj,
aq. bullient. f J^iv.  Melt together the lead plaster
and  Burgundy pitch;  then add the opium pre-
viously  mixed with  the water, and boil over a 
EMPLATRE                323                 EMPYEMA
gentle fire to the proper consistence.—Ph. U. S.)
11 is employed as an anodyne, and to give  sup-
port.
   Emplastrum Ox'idi Ferri  Rubri, E. Ferri
rubri, E. Rob'orans, Plaster of red oxide of  iron,
Strengthening piaster.  (Empl. oxid. plumb, semi-
ritr.  p. xxiv,  resina pin. p. vi, cera  flava, olei
olea  Kurop. sing. p. iij, oxidi ferri rubr. p. viij.
Rub the red oxide of iron with  the oil, and add
the  other ingredients melted.  Ph.  E.)  It  is
employed as a strengthening plaster.
   Emplastrum ex Oxido  plumbi remivitreo,
E. plumbi—e. Oxidi plumbi semivitrei, E. plumbi
—e. Oxidi plumbi semivitrei gummosum, E. gum-
mosum.
   Emplastrum Pikeniceum, Diapalma — e. ex
Oxido plumbi  rubro compositum, E. Norimber-
gense.
   Emplastrum Picis Burgun'dica:, Emplastrum
Picis, Burgundy I'itch  Plaster, Pitch  Plaster,
(Picis Burgund. lb vj ; cera flava, Ibss.--Ph. U. S.)
   Emplastrum Picis  Compos'itum,  E.  cephal'-
icum, Cephalic plaster, Compound pitch plaster.
(Rieis arid, ibij, abietis resina ibj, resina flava,
cera flora, aa, ^iv, myrist. ol. £}, ol.  oliv., aqua,
aa f?ij.  To  the pitch,  resin, and wax, melted
together, add the other matters and mix. Ph. L.)
It is stimulant and  rubefacient.  Sometimes  used
in headach, — applied to the temples.  See  De-
pilatory.
   Emplastrum Picis cum Cantharide, E. Ca-
lefaciens.
   Emplastrum de  Pice  et Resi'nis  Glu'ti-
NANS, E. Andrea de Cruee, Empldtre d'Andri de
la Croix, E. collet nt de  poix et de risines, Adlte-
aive plaster of pitch and  resins.   (Picis alba, p.
128, resin  elemi, p. 32, terebinth, pur. p. 16, ol.
laur. p. 16.  Melt with a gentle heat, and pass
through linen.   Ph. P.)  Used in contusions  and
fractures as a support.
   Emplastrum  Plumbi,  E. lythar'gyri, E. com-
mu'ne, E. diach'ylum, E. ox'idi plumbi  semivi-
trei, E.  ex oxido plumbi semivitreo,  Diach'ylon
simplex,  White Diach'ylon, Lead plaster,  Diach'-
ylon plaster.  (Plumbi oxid. semivitr. in pulv.  ft>v,
olei. oliv., cong., aqua Oij.   Boil together over a
slow fire, stirring constantly until the  oil  and
oxide of lead cohere.  Ph.  U. S.)
   Emplastrum  Polychrestum,  E. resinas.
   Emplastrum  Resi'na;, E. adhaalvum, E. li-
thar'gyri cum rcsi'nd, E.  reaino'sum, E. nygmal-
icum, Reain plaater,  Adhe'aive or Sticking plaster,
Emplastrum commu'ne cum reslna, E. Polychres'-
tum, E. lithargyr'icum cum reslna pini.   (Resin.
Ibss. emp. plumb. Ibiij.  Melt the plaster, with a
gentle heat, add the resin, and mix.   Ph. U. S.)
Employed in wounds and ulcers.
   Baynton'a adheaive plaater is made by melting
one pound of lead  plaster and six drachms of
resin together.
   Emplastrum  Rksixosum, E. Resinas — e.  Ro-
borans, E. Ferri (Ph. U. S.), E. oxidi  ferri rubri
—e. Rubefians, E. lyttae
   Emplastrum  Sapo'nis, E. sapondceum, Soap
plaster.   (Saponis  concia.  *|iv,  emplaat. plumb.
Ibiij.   Mix the soap with the melted plaster,  and
boil to a proper consistence.  Ph. U. S.)  It is a
mild discutient,  Applied to tumours, corns, Ac.
   Emplastrum Simplex, E. ceras—e. Spermatis
ceti, Ceratum cetacei.
   Emplastrum  Thuris, Frank'incense  plaater.
(Emp. lithargyri, Ibij, thuria, Ibss, oxid. ferri.
rubr. 3iij. Ph. D.,) Use:—the same as  the plaster
of red oxide of iron.
   Emplastrum  A'esicatorium, Blister, E. lyttas
— e. de A'igo cum mercurio  emendatum, E. hy-
drargyri compositum.
   EMPLATRE, Emplastrum—e. d'Andri de la
 Croix, Emplastrum de pice et resinis glutinans—
 e. de Cigu'e, Emplastrum cicutas—e. Collant de
 poix et de risines, Emplastrum de pice et resinis
 glutinans—e. de Gomme riaine, Emplastrum cum
 gummi-resinis — e. de Nuremberg, Emplastrum
 Norimbergense.
   EMPLATTOMENOS, Emphracticus.
   EMPNEUMATOSIS,  Emphysema,  Inspira-
 tion.
   EMP0IS0NNE31ENT, Poisoning.
   EMPO'RIUM, tptroptov,  (tp or  tv, and iropos,
 'a way,) 'a market or depot' The brain was so
 called, of old, because there all the mental affairs
 are transacted.
   Emporium Spirituum, Sensorium.
   EMPOSIS,  Imbibition.
   EMPREINTE, Impression.
   EMPRESIS, Empresma.
   EMPRES'MA,  Emprea'mus,  Empre'sis, from
 tptrpvSw,  ' I burn  internally.'    Inflammation.
 Ph/egma'tia membrano'sa et parynchymato'sa,
 Phlogis'tici, Febres continua  inflammato'ria, In-
 flamma'tio inter'na, Cau'ma, Inter'nal inflamma-
 tion.   A genus in tbe class hamatica, order p>hlo-
 gotica, of Good.
   Empresma Bronchitis, Cynanche trachealis—
 e. Bronchlemmitis,  Cynanche trachealis—e. Car-
 ditis, Carditis—e.  Cephalitis, Phrenitis—e. Cys-
 titis, Cystitis — e. Enteritis, Enteritis — e. Gastri-
 tis, Gastritis—e. Hepatitis, Hepatitis—e. Hyster-
 itis, Metritis—e. Nephritis, Nephritis—e. Orchitis,
 Hernia humoralis — e. Otitis, Otitis — e. Paristh-
 mitis, Cynanche — e. Paristhmitis tonsillaris ma-
 ligna, Cynanche maligna — e. Paristhmitis pha-
 ryngea, Cynanche  pharyngea — e. Paristhmitis
 tonsillaris, Cynanche tonsillaris—e. Parotitis, Cy-
 nanche parotidasa—e. Peritonitis, Peritonitis—e.
 Peritonitis mesenterica, Mesenteritis—e. Periton-
 itis omentalis, Epiploitis—e. Picis  cum Cantharide,
 E. calefaciens—e. Pleuritis, Pleuritis—e. Pleuritis
 diaphragmatica, Diaphragmitis—e. Pneumonitis,
 Pneumonia—e. Splenitis, Splenitis.
  EMPRESMUS,  Empresma.
  EM'PRION, from tv, and trptwv,' a saw.' Ser-
 rated.  Galen  has  given this name to the pulse,
 when the sensation produced  by  the artery under
 the fingers is analogous to that  which would be
 caused by the unequal teeth of a saw.
  EMPROSTHOCYRTOMA, Lordosis.
  EMPROSTHOT'ONOS, Emprosthoton'ia, En-
ta'sia  tetanus  anti'cus,  Tetanus  anticus, from
tp-trpoaStv,  ' forwards,'  and rttvw, ' I  stretch,' ' I
extend.'  A variety of tetanus, in which the body
is drawn forwards by  the permanent contraction
of the muscles.
  EMPSYCHO'SIS,  from tp^vXow, (tv, and
 >pvxv, 'life,') 'I animate,' 'I vivify.' A  word
 formerly used for the act of animating. The union
 of the soul with the body.
  EMPTOE, Hasmoptysis.
  EMPTOICA PASSIO, Haemoptysis.
  EMPTYSIS, Hasmoptysis.
  EMPTYSMA, Sputum.
  EMPYE, Empyema.
  EMPYE'MA, Empye'sis, Em'pye, from  tv, 'in,'
 and wov, 'pus.'  Aposte'ma empye'ma.  A  collec-
 tion of blood or pus, and, conventionally, of other
 fluid, in some  cavity of the body, and particu-
 larly in that of the  pleura,   Empyema is one of
 the terminations of inflammation of the  pleura,
 and is called, also, Pyotho'rax verus. Plettrorrhce'a
 puruledta, Diapye'ma, Ecpye'ma, Ecpye'sis, Em-
 pye'sis pec'toris, Pyo'sis pec'toris, Hydrotho'rax
purulen'tus, Dyspnoe'apyothorac"ica, Pneumo'nia
suppurato'ria,  Absces'sus pec'toris, A. Thora'cis,
Pleuraposte'ma, Pleuropye'sis, (F.) Pyopleurite. 
EMPYESIS
324
EMYS
 The operation for empyema properly means  the
 making of an opening into the thorax for the pur-
 pose of giving issue to the matter collected in
 the cavity  of the pleura, although it has been
 used for the operation required for the evacuation
 of any fluid  from the chest, or synonymously
 With Paracentesis thoracis.
   EMPYE'SIS;  same  etymon.   Suppuration.
 An eruption of phlegmonous  pimples, gradually
 filling with  a purulent fluid, and terminating in
 thick  scabs, frequently leaving pits  or  scabs.
 Pus'tulous Exan'them.  A genus  in the order Ex-
 anthematica, class Hamatica of  Good.   Seo Em-
 pyema.
   Empyesis Oculi, Hypopyon—e. Pectoris, Em-
 pyema—e. Variola, Arariola.
   EMPYMELIUM  POLYSARCIA,  Polysarcia
 adiposa.
   EMPYOCE'LE, from tv, 'in,' ttvov, 'pus,' and
 kvXv, ' tumour,' ' hernia.'  A tumour, formed by
 an accumulation of  pus in the  scrotum.  Diffe-
 rent diseases have  been described under this
 name, such  as suppuration of  the testicle,  empy-
 ema of the tunica vaginalis, accumulation of pus
 in  the cavity of a hernial sac, abscesses  of dif-
 ferent  kinds formed in the cellular texture of the
 scrotum, Ae.
   EMPYOM'PHALUS, from tv, 'in,' ttvov, 'pus,'
 and opipaXos, 'the navel.'  This word has been
 used to designate a suppurating tumour  at the
 umbilicus ; or, at times, umbilical hernia, the sac
 of which is  filled with  blood.
   EMPYOS, Purulent.
   EMPYREU'MA, from tptrvptvw,  (tv, and irvp,
 'fire,') 'I kindle.'  The burnt smell  and "acrid
 taste, which  volatile products—gaseous and liquid
 —contract, when animal or vegetable substances
 are decomposed by  a  strong  heat.  The  cause
 of this smell is seated in an oil, called empyreu-
 malic, which does not exist in  the substance sub-
 jected to the  operation, but is the result of its
 decomposition.  If the  empyreuma occurs when
 the organic substance is  placed in a still with a
 liquid, it is  owing to the solid matter touching
 the bottom of the vessel to which the fire is ap-
 plied.
  EMPYREUMAT'IC, Empyreumaticus: same
 etymon.  Belonging  to empyreuma, — as an em-
 pyreumatic odour.
  EM'PYROS, Febric"itans,  from  irvp, 'fire  or
fever.'   One who has fever.—Hippocrates.
  EMS, MINERAL  AVATERS  OF. Celebrated
 springs on  the  river Lahn,  duchy of Nassau.
 They are thermal (from 83 to  115°  Fahrenheit,)
and carbonated salines, containing carbonic acid,
bicarbonate  of soda, and chloride of sodium; and
are much used in gastric and intestinal  affec-
tions, Ac.
  EMUL'GENT, Emul'gens, from emulgere,  (e,
and mulgere,)  'to milk  out,'  'to draw out.'  A
name given  to the renal artery and vein, because
the ancients imagined  they milked, as it  were,
the urine through the kidneys.  See Renal.
  EMULSIN, see Amygdalin.
  EMUL'SIO,  Emulsion; same  etymon.   A
pharmaceutical preparation, of  a  milky-white
opaque appearance, which is composed of oil, di-
vided and held in suspension in water by means
of mucilage.   Emulsions have been divided into
the true and oily, and into the false or not oily;
the latter being composed of resinous substances,
balsams, or  camphor, rubbed  up with dilute al-
cohol, mucilage, or yolk of egg.
  Emulsio  Aca'cia:  Arab'ica:, Emul'sio Arab'-
ica ; Gum Ar'abic Emulsion.   (Nucleor. amygd.
comm. "**;j, aqua Ibijss,  mucilay. acac. 3;ij,  sacch.
J5iv.  AVhile beating the  decorticated almonds
 with the sugar and water, add tho mucilage. —
 Ph. E.)  Used in the same cases as the last.
   Emulsio Amyg'dala;, Lac amyg'dala,  Emul'-
 sio simplex, Amygdala'tum, 3/istu'ra amygdala,
 Emulsio sive Lac. Amygd ala'rum, Almond Emul-
 sion, Almond 3Iilk, (F.) Lait d'amandes. (Amyg-
 dal. dulc.  §ss; Acacia, in pulv. 3SS >  Sacehur.
 gij;  Aqua destillat. f^viij.   Macerate  the al-
 monds in water, and having removed their ex-
 ternal coat, beat them  with the  gum  Arabic and
 sugar, in a marble mortar, till they are thoroughly
 mixed; then rub  the mixture with the distilled
 water gradually added, and  strain. — Ph. U. S.)
 It is used as a diluent  and demulcent.
   Emulsio Antihysterica,  Mistura asafoetidae
 —e. Arabica, Emulsio  acacias Arabicas.
   Emulsio Cam'phora;,^'. Camphora'ta, 3Iiatdra
 Camphora; Camphor Emulsion. (Camphora ""*)jj
 amygd, com. decortic,  sacch. dur., aa  ^iv, aqua
 "fvj.— Ph. E.)  A  convenient  form for  giving
 camphor.
   Emulsio Guaiacina, Mistura guaiaci—e. Le-
 niens, Looch ex ovo.
   Emulsio O'lei Amygdala'rum ; Emulsion of
 Oil of Almonds, (Ol. amygd.  5j, gum  acac. pulv.
 ■"""ij, ayrup. 3;j,  aqua destill. 31V.  Mix.  A good
 pectoral or cough  mixture.
  Emulsio O'lei  Ric"ini ; Castor Oil Emulsion
 (Ol. ricini ^ss, vitelli ovi q. s., aqua destillat. ^j.)
 An aperient draught.
  Emulsio O'lei  Terebin'thina: ; Emulsion of
 Oil of Tur'pentine,  (Ol.  tereb.  rect.  ^ij. sacch.
 alb. ^ss. vitell. ovi j, emuls. amygd. vel aqua de-
 stillat. ^vj.  Mix.  In rheumatic and nephritic
 affections.   Dose f^iss.
  Emulsio  Oleosa, Looch ex ovo.
  Emulsio  Purgans  cum  Jala'pa;  Resi'na,
 Purging Emulsion with  Resin of Jalap.   (Ja-
 lapa resin, gr. xij. sacch. alb. """"'j.  Triturate for
 some time, and add gradually half the yolk of
 an egg; continue to triturate, adding  by degrees
 emula. aimpl. ^v, oq. flor, aurant. gij.—Ph. P.)
  Emulsio Purgans cum Scammo'nio; Purging
 Emulaion  with Scammony.  It is prepared  like
 the preceding,  substituting only  Scammony for
 the jalap.
  Emulsio  Simplex, E. Amygdalae.
  EMULSION, Emulsio —e. Almond,  Emulsio
 amygdalae—e. Camphor, Emulsio Camphoras—e.
 Castor oil, Emulsio olei ricini — e. Gum Arabic,
 Emulsio acacias Arabicas — e.  Huileuae, Looch ex
 ovo—e. of Oil of Almonds, Emulsio olei amygda-
 larum—e. of Oil of Turpentine, Emulsio olei tere-
 binthinas—e. Purging with resin of jalap,  Emul-
 sio purgans cum jalapas resina—e. Purging, with
 scammony, Emulsio purgans cum scammonio.
  EMUL'SIVE, Emulai'vua;  same etymon.  An
 epithet  given  to seeds whence oil  may be ex-
 tracted by expression;  such as almonds, apricots,
peaches, hemp,  rape, melons, gourds; those of
 the nut kind, and cucurbitaceous and cruciferous
plants in general.
  EMUNCTORIUM,  Emunctory —e.  Cerebri,
 Nasus.
  EMUNCTORY, Emuncto'rium, from emungere,
 (e, and mungere,) 'to drain off,' 'to  cleanse.'
 Emiaadrium, (F.)  Emonctoire, Emiaaaire.  Any
 organ whose office it is to give issue to matters
which  ought to be excreted.  The ancients be-
lieved that  some organs were more particularly
destined to serve as  emunctories  of others: the
nasal  fossae, for example, they believed to  be the
emunctories of the brain.
  EMUNDANTIA, Detergents.
  EMYS PALUS'TRIS, Salt Water  Ter'rapin.
 This species of turtle is found exclusively in salt
or brackish waters, near the sea shore, along the
whole Atlantic  coast.  It is much prized by the 
EN
3!
epicure, and is nutritious and tolerably easy of
digestion when dressed plain.
  EN, see Em.
  ENADELPHIA, Emboitement.
  EX.E.MA, ILemostatica.
  EN/EMOX, Styptic.
  E.N'jEORE'.MA, from tv, 'in,' and  atwpew, 'I
lift up,'  'that which hangs or  floats  in.'   The
Neph'e/e,  Nubee,  Sublimamen'tum, Sublima'tio,
Sublime, Suspedsum, S. Urlna, Suapen'aa, Nu-
bee'ulu or cloud, which is suspended in the  urine
as it cools.
  ENAMEL OF THE TEETH, Dedtium Nitor,
Cortex, Cortex  stria'ta,  Subatadtin filumento'sa
of Malpighi, S.  At/umnn'tiuii  dedtium, Crusta
Dedtium  adaman'tina,  Adamantine   substance.
The  substance which covers tho coronas of the
teeth, and which  has, also, been called the  vitre-
ous aubatance,  Subst/tn'tia vit'rea, (F.) Subatance
vitrie ou imaillee, Email des Dents.  The enamel
is of a milky-white colour, and sufficiently hard
to strike  fire  with steel.   Its  surface is  very
smooth and  polished,  and it  forms  a thicker
layer towards the part where the teeth come in
contact, and becomes thinner towards the cervix.
The fibres of the enamel  are perpendicular to the
surface of the teeth, on the ivory of which they
seem,  as it were, planted.  This  gives them a
velvety appearance, when  examined by the mi-
croscope.   The enamel has no blood vessels, and
is not renewed when removed.   It is  formed of
phosphate  of lime, and  a very small portion of
animal matter.
  ENANTHE'MA,  same etymon as  the  next
A name recently given to certain eruptions of the
mucous membrane,  as exanthema is to certain
eruptions of the skin.
  ENANTHE'SIS, from tv, 'in,'  and avStw, 'I
flourish.'  Rush cxan'thcin.  Eruption of red, level
or nearly level  patches, variously figured, irre-
gularly diffused, often confluent, and terminating
in cuticular exfoliations.  A genus in the  order
Exnnthematica, class Hamatica  of Cullen, inclu-
ding scarlet fever, measles, Ae.
  Exanthesis Rosalia, Scarlatina — e. Urtica-
ria, Urticaria.
  ENANTIOPATHIC, Palliative.
  ENARTHRO'SIS, Innrticula'tio,  Ball  and
Socket-joint, from tv, 'in,' and apSpwcts, 'an arti-
culation.'   A kind of diarthrodial articulation, in
which  the  head of a bone is received into the
cavity of another, and can be moved in all direc-
tions.  The joint  of the os femoris with the os-
innominatum is one of this character.
  ENAR'THRUM, from tv, 'in,' and apBpov, 'a
joint.'  A foreign body in a joint.
  ENAUSMA, Fomites.
  ENCAN'THIS, from tv,- 'in,' and kovBos, 'the
angle of the eye.'  A tumour, formed by an in-
crease in size, or a degeneration,  of the caruncula
lacbrymalis.  Any morbid  growth in  the  inner
angle of the eye.
   ENCANTnis Benig'na.  Simple excrescence of
the caruncula.  It commonly yields to astringent
collyria.
  Enoantiiis Fungo'sa.  A condition of the se-
milunar  fold and lachrymal caruncle, in which
they are the seat of morbid growths.
  ENCANTnis  Inflammato'ria.   Inflammation
with enlargement — swelling — of  the semilunar
fold and lachrymal caruncle.
  Encanthis  Malig'na has often a  cancerous
character, and requires extirpation before it has
attained anv considerable size.
  ENCARPOS, Pregnant.
  EXCASIXG. Emboitement.
  EXCATALEPSIS, Catalepsy.
5             ENCEPHALOID

  EXCATHIS'MA, Semicu'pium.  With the an-
cients Encathis'ma, tyKaStcpa, meant a vapour-
bath taken sitting.
  EXCAU'MA, fromtv, 'in,' and kovw, 'I burn.'
Epicau'mis, Epicau'sis,  Encau'sis.   A tumour
produced  by a burn.  A burn.   Also, an ulcer
of the transparent cornea, occasioning loss of the
humours.—Ae'tius, Gorrasus.
  ENCAUSIS, Burn, Encauma, Moxibustion.
  ENCAUSSE, MIXERAL WATERS OF.  En-
causse is  a village  in the  department of the
Haute-Garonne, which possesses several saline,
acidulous  springs.
  ENCA VURE, Argema.
  ENCEINTE, Pregnant.
  ENCENS, Juniperus lycia.
  ENCEPIIALALGIA,  Cephalalgia—e. Hydro-
pica, Hydrocephalus internus.
  ENCEPHAL'IC, Encephal'icus, from tv, 'in,'
and KttpaXv, 'the head.'   That which is situate in
the head.  A name given to several parts which
relate to the encephalon, as, the encephalic mem-
branes, muscles, Ac.
  EXCEPHALI'TIS: same etymon.  This term
has been used, by some nosologists, synonymously
with Cephalitis and Phrenitis. By others, it has
been appropriated to inflammation of the brain,
in contradistinction to that of the membranes.
  Encephalitis  Exsudatoria,  Hydrocephalus
internus — e. Infantum, Hydrocephalus internus
—e. Insolationis, Coup-de-soleil—e. Membranosa,
Meningitis—e. Peripherica, Meningitis—e. Pota-
torum, Delirium tremens.
  ENCEPHALIUM,  Cerebellum.
  ENCEPHALOCE'LE, from  tyKttpaXov,  'the
brain,' and kvXv, 'a tumour.'  Hernin Cer'ebri,
Fungus Cerebri, Cranioce'le, Hernia of the Brain.
This may be a congenital or accidental affection.
In  the former case, it is dependent upon tardy
ossification of the fontanelles or some faulty con-
formation.  In the latter,  it is owing to  some
considerable loss of substance in the parietes of
the cranium, produced by fractures, wounds with
a cutting instrument,  caries, the application of
the trephine,  Ac.  In slight congenital encepha-
locele, gentle pressure may be exerted upon the
protruded portion.  AVhen  the disease is of con-
siderable  extent, it is fatal.   In  accidental ence-
phalocele, similar means must be used for con-
fining  the tumour, and  preserving it from the
action of external bodies.
  ENCEPHALOCIIYSIS,  Hydrocephalus inter-
nus—e. Senilis, Apoplexy, serous.
  ENCEPHALODYNIA, Cephalalgia.
  EXCEPHALOH.EMIA,  Cephalsemia.
  ENCEPHAL0HE3IIE, Cephalasmia.
  ENCEPH'ALOID, Encephalo'ides, Ceph'aloid,
Cephaloides,   Cephalo'ma, from tyKttpaXov, 'the
brain,' and tiSos,  'resemblance.'  Laisnnec has
given the  term  Enceph'aloid   or  Cer'ebriform
matter to one of the morbid substances commonly
formed by scirrhous or cancerous tumours.  It is
either encysted, in irregular masses without cysts,
or infiltrated into the texture of the diseased or-
gan.  This name was given to it in consequence
of its resemblance, when fully developed, to the
medullary substance  of  the brain.   It  is  also
called Fungus medulla'ris,  F. Cancro'sus medul-
la'ris, Sarco'ma medulla're, Spongoid inflamma-
tion, Fungua  cerebrdlia, Cancer  cerebri for'me,
Cancer mollia, C. 3Iedulldris, Carcino'mo medul-
la're, C. Spongiosum,  Carci'nus spongidsus, 3Iye-
lo'ma, 3Iyclomy'ces, 3Iyclospon'gus, Tela acciden-
ta'lis medulla'ris, (F.) 3Iatiere ciribriforme, Cetr-
cinome mou et spongeux, Tumeur eneiphaloide,
Fongus midullaire, CarcinSme  sanglant,  Cancer
mou; 3Iilt-like tumour, 3Ied'ullary sarcoma, Gel- 
ENCEPHALOLOGIA           326               ENDERMIC
lular cancer,Fungoid disease, Hamatocer'ebriform
disease.   See Cancer.
  Encephaloid Tumour of the Lung, Phthisis,
cancerous.
  EXCEPHALOLOG"IA, from tyKttpaXos, 'the
encephalon,' and  Xoyos,  ' a description.'  A de-
scription of the encephalon.
  EXCEPHALOMALACIA, Mollities cerebri.
  EXCEPHALOMALAXIS, Mollities cerebri.
  ENCEPH'ALON,  Encepltalum,  Enceph'alus,
from tv, ' in,' and KttpaXv, the head.'  That which
is situate in the head.  This name has generally
been given to the brain, cerebellum, and mesoce-
phalon.   At times, it includes likewise the me-
dulla spinalis, when it is also called the Cerebro-
spinal axis and Neural axis.
  ENCEPHALOPATHI'A, from tyKttpaXos, 'the
encephalon,' and nados, ' disease.'   A disease of
the encephalon.
  Encephalopathy. Puerperalis, Mania,puer-
peral — e. Saturnina, see Enciphalopaihie satur-
nine.
  ENCEPHALOPATHY   CRAP ULEUSE,
Delirium tremens.
  ENCEPHALOPATHIE SATURNINE, En-
cephalopaihia Saturnina, from tyKttpaXos, ' the
encephalon,' -traQos, 'disease,' and saturnus, 'lead.'
Encephalic disorder occasioned by  the poison of
lead.
  EXCEPHALOPHY'MATA, Phymato'ses seu
Strumo'ses seu Tuber'cula cer'ebri.   Tubercles of
the brain.
  ENCEPHALOPHTHISIS,   see  Encephalo-
pyosis.
  ENCEPHALOPYO'SIS, from tyKttpaXos, 'the
brain,' and ttvov, 'pus.' Aposte'ma seu Absces'sus
seu Helco'sis cer'ebri.  Suppuration of the brain.
When accompanied  with  emaciation and hectic,
it is called Encephalopthisis.
  ENCEPHALORRHAGIA,  see AKoplexy.
  ENCEPHALOSCOPIA, Craniology.
  EXCEPHALOSEPSIS, Mollities cerebri.
  ENCEPHALOSIS  OF THE LIVER,  Hepa-
toscirrhus.
  ENCEPHALOSISMUS,  Concussion  of  the
brain.
  EXCEPHALOSTRUMOSIS, see Hydrocepha-
lus internus.
  ENCEPHALUM, Encephalon.
  ENCEPHALUS OPISTHIUS, Cerebellum.
  EXCEROSIS, Inceration.
  EXCHARAXIS, Scarification.
  EXCHEIRE'SIS, Enchire'sis, Enchei'ria, from
tv, and %£<p, 'the hand.'  Galen uses this term as
a part of the title to  one of his  works, which treats
of dissection.  It means the manual treatment of
any subject.
  ENCHEIRIA,  Encheiresis.
  ENCHIFRENE3IENT, Coryza.
  ENCHIRESIS, Encheiresis.
  ENCHOXDROMA, Chondroma.
  ENCHORIOXOSUS, Endemic.
  EXCHORIOS,  Endemic.
  ENCHRISTON, Liniment.
  ENCHYLOSIS, Extraction.
  ENCHYMA, Infusum, Plethora.
  ENCHYMO'MA,  Enchymo'sis,  from  tv,  and
Xvw, ' I pour.' By the ancients,  this word was
used to designate the sudden effusion of blood
into the cutaneous vessels which arises from joy,
anger, or shame; in  the last instance constituting
blushing.  It  differs  from enchymosis in there
being, in the latter, extravasation  of blood into
the  areolar texture, and  its being produced by
an  external cause;  a contusion, for example.—
Hippocrates.
   EN CH YSIS, Infusion.
  EN CLAVE E, Wedged.
  ENCLA VE3IENT, seo Wedged.
  ENCLUME, Incus.
  ENCLY'DAS'TICOS, intus fluc'tuans, from ty-
KXvSat,opat, ' to float in.'  Applied to liquids, e. g.
to serum, pus, Ac, contained in  any cavity.
  ENCLYSMA, Clyster, Enema.
  ENCQ'j'LIA, from tv, 'in,' and KoiXta, 'thebel-
ly.'   The abdominal viscera.  The entrails.
  ENCQilLIALGIA, Tormina—e. Inflammatoria,
Enccelitis.
  ENCQ3LFTIS, Enccelii'tis, Encoelialg"ia in-
flammato'ria, Inflamma'tio abdominttlis,  from
tyKotXia,  'the abdominal contents,' and itis, in-
flammation.   Inflammation of any of the abdo-
minal viscera,
  EXCOLPIS'MUS, from tv, 'in,' and  koXttos,
'the vagina.'  Injection or introduction  of any
thing into the vagina.
  EXCOPE, Diacope, Incision.
  ENCRANION, Cerebellum.
  EXCRANIS, Cerebellum.
  ENCRE, Atramentum.
  EXCY'ESIS, Fecundation, Pregnancy.
  EXCY'MON, Pregnancy.
  ENCYMOSIA, Fecundation, Pregnancy.
  ENCYSIS, Pregnancy.
  ENCYTST'ED,  Cystide  obduc'tus,  Sacca'tus,
Saccula'tus,   Sac'cated,  Sac'culated,  Pouched.
Enclosed in a kyst  or cyst, or  pouch ; from  tv,
'in,' and  kvctis, 'bladder.'  (F.)  Enkysti.  An
epithet given  to certain tumours, or solid or fluid
collections enclosed in  a particular envelope or
cyst.  They are movable and often elastic to the
touch.
  ENCYS'TIS,   Tumor  tunica'tus, T.  cys'ticus,
Emphy'ma  encys'tis.   Same  etymon.   Lu'pia,
Gladdula Avicedna, Nodus.  An  encysted tu-
mour.
  ENDAN'GIUM;  properly  Endangi'on, from
tvSov, ' within,' and ayytiov, ' a vessel.'   The se-
rous or lining membrane of vessels.
  ENDEICTICOS, Indicant.
  ENDEIXIOL"OGY, Endeixiolog"ia, from  tv-
Sti\is, ' indication,' and Xoyos, ' a discourse.' The
doctrine of indications.
  ENDEIXIS,  Indication.
  ENDEMIA, Endemic.
  ENDEM'IC, Endem'ical, Ende'mia, Regiond-
lis morbus, Endem'icus, from  tv, ' in,' and Svpos,
'the people;'  Encho'rios,  Enchoriou'osus, Yer-
nac'ulus seu Endemius mor'bus, Endemy.   A dis-
ease is said to be endemic,  or  to arise from ende-
mic" ity, (F.) endimicite, when it  is owing to some
peculiarity in a situation or locality. Thus, ague is
endemic in marshy countries ; goitre at the base
of lofty mountains, Ac.  Some  authors use the
term in the same sense as  epidemic.  We have
no  accurate  knowledge of the emanations or
other circumstances which give occasion  to en-
demic  affections.  AVe  seem to  know that some
emanation from marshy lands does produce  in-
termittents ; but we are ignorant of the nature of
such emanation.
  ENDEMIOITE, see Endemic.
  ENDEMICITY, see Endemic.
  . ENDEMIOL'OGY, Endemiolog"ia, from tvSv-
pta, ' an endemic,' and Xoyos, ■ a discourse.'  The
doctrine of endemic diseases.
  ENDEMY, Endemic
  ENDEPIDERMIS, Epithelium.
  ENDER'MIC,  Eudcr'micus,  Endermaticus,
Emplas'tro-endermic, from tv, 'in,' and Stppa, 'the
skin.'  An epithet given to the  method of treat-
ing  diseases  by placing the therapeutical agent
in contact with the  skin, especially after the  cu-
ticle has been removed; Endermism, Endermis'-
mus, Endermdsis, Meth'odus ender'mica  seu  en- 
ENDERMIS
327
ENEMA
 dermatica.  Morphia, strychnia, Ac, are often
 administered in this way.
   ENDERMIS, see Endermic.
   EX DERM ISM US, see Endermic.
   ENDKRMOSIS, see Endermic.
   EX'DESLS,  from tv,  'in,' and  Stw, 'I bind.'
 A  ligature,  bandage,  connexion.    Hippocrates
 has so termed the ankle-joint.
   EX DIVE, Cichorium endivia—e. Wild, Cicho-
 rium intybus.
   EX DI VIA, Cichorium endivia.
   EXDJXIS, Indication.
   EX DO, from tvSov, 'within.'  A common prefix,
 as in the following terms :
   ENDO-AORTI'TIS, from tvSov, 'within,' and
 aortitis,  'inflammation of the aorta.'  Inflamma-
 tion of the lining membrane of the aorta.
   ENDO-ARTERITIS.  see Arteritis.
   EXDOCAR'DIAC, Endocur'dial, Endocardi-
 acus : same etymon as the next.  Relating to the
 endocardium, or to the  interior of the heart; as
 ' endoeai-diac sound or  murmur,'—a sound pro-
 duced within the cavities of the heart, in contra-
 distinction to exocardiac or exocardial sounds or
 murmurs, which are induced by conditions of the
 external surface of the organ.
   ENDOCARDI'TIS, Carditis inter'na, Inflam-
 ma'tio superfic"iei inter'na cordis, Inter'nal Car-
 ditis, Injlumma'tion of the  internal membrane of
 the  heart,  from Endocardium, the lining mem-
 brane of the heart, and itis, inflammation.  In
 this  disease, the  heart's action is visibly  in-
 creased,  and very manifest to the  touch; the
 hand is  strongly repelled, and, at moments, is
 sensible of a trembling vibratory motion.  Per-
 cussion gives a  dull sound over a surface of seve-
 ral inches, owing, according to Bouillaud, to the
 inflammatory turgescence of the heart, and the
 engorged state  of its cavities.  On auscultation
 a bruit de soufflet  is generally heard, masking
 one or both sounds of the heart; and the ear is
 sensible of a metallic ringing with each systole
 of  the ventricle.   The  pulsations  are rapid as
 well as strong, and, with few exceptions, irregu-
 lar, unequal aud intermittent.   The pulse, by the
 way, does not always indicate the force or num-
 ber of the heart's contractions.
   EXDOCAR'DIUM, from  tvSov,  < within,' and
 KapSta, 'the heart'  The membrane that lines
 the interior of the heart.
  EXDOCHORION, see Chorion.
  EXD.OCOLITIS. Dysentery.
  ENDODONTI'TIS,  (F.)  Inflammation de la
 Pulpe dentaire, Inflammation of the Dental mem-
 brane, from tvSov, ' within,' oSovs, ' a tooth,' and
 itis, denoting inflammation.   Inflammation  of
 the lining membrane of a tooth.
   EXDO-EXTERTTIS, see  Enteritis.
   EXDOGASTRI'TIS, Esogastri'tis; from tvSov,
 ' within,' and gastritis, ' inflammation of the sto-
 mach.'   Inflammation  of the lining membrane
 of the stomach.
   EXDOGEX,  see Endogenous.
   EXDOG"EXOUS; from  tvSov,  'within,' and
 ytwaw,  ' I engender.'   A term first applied to
 plants—hence  called End'ogens—in which the
 new woody matter is deposited within the old
 and towards tho centre.   In  the animal, cells are
 often formed endogenously, or within the cells, as
 in the case of the sperm vesicles.
  E X D11 LA* AI PH.  Vitrine auditive.  >
  ENDOMETRITIS, from tvSov,  'within,' and
metritis,  'inflammation  of the  uterus.'
mation of the lininir membrane of the uterus.
  EXDONARTEHITIS, see Arteritis.
  EXDOSIS. Remission.
  ENDO-SKELETON, see Skeleton.
   ENDOSMOSE, Endosmo'sis,  Imbibil'io, Im-
 bibit'ion, from  tvSov, 'within,'  and wapos, 'im-
 pulse.'   A term  used by Dutroehet,  to  express
 the  action  by which  fluids pass from  without
 to within organic  membranes.   The action  of
 two fluids on each other, when  separated by a
 membrane.   The general conditions of the phe-
 nomena are: —firet, that they  should  have an
 affinity for  the  interposed  membrane;   and  se-
 condly, that they should have an affinity for each
 other, and be miscible.
   At the present day, endoamoae is generally used
 to signify the passage of the more transmissible
 fluid, whilst exoamoae signifies  that of the least
 transmissible.  The rapidity with which endos-
 mose is accomplished varies  according  to the
 nature of the septum or tissue and of the pene-
 trating body, and to the penetrability of the tissue.
   ENDOSMOT'IC, Endosmot icus ; same etymon.
 Belonging to endosmose:—as an ' endosmotic cur-
 rent'
   ENDOSTEPTIS, from tvSov, 'within,' ocrtov,
 ' a bone,' and itis,  denoting inflammation.  In-
 flammation  of the internal periosteum.
   ENDOSTEUM, Medullary membrane.
   ENDOUTERITIS, see Metritis.
   ENDUIT (¥.), from induere, 'to put upon,'
 'to put on.'  A coat; a fur. This term  is  often
 applied to a layer  of greater or less thickneas
 which covers the surface of  certain organs, and
 particularly of the tongue and the interior of the
 mouth.  The enduit is designated variously, ac-
 cording to its appearance,—enduit bilieux, jaune,
 blanc, Ac. — a bilious, yellow, white coat or fur,
 Ac.  It is at times  owing to the  evaporation of
 the watery portions of the secretions; at others,
 to a morbid condition of the secretions: — gene-
 rally, to both causes combined.
  ENDUIT CHOROIDIEN, see Choroid.
  ENDURGISSE3IENT,  Induration— e.  du
 Cerveau, Sclerencephalia—e. Rouge, see Hepati-
 zation—e. du Coeur, Cardiosclirosic—e. du Tissu
 cellulaire, Induration of the  cellular tissue.
  ENDYMA VENTRICULORUM, Ependyma
 ventriculorum.
  ENECHEMA,  Tinnitus aurium.
  ENECIA,  Synocha—e. Cauma, Synocha—e.
 Synochus Puerperarum, see Peritonitis—e. Syno-
 cbus, Synochus.
  EN'EMA,  from evtvpt, (tv,  and tvpt,) 'to inject'
 Clysma, Clysmus, Enclys'ma,  Lavamen'tum, Ldtio.
 An Injection, Clyster,  (F.)  Clystere,  Lnvement.
 A well-known form of  conveying medicine into
 the intestinal canal.  See Clyster.
  Enema Anod'yntm,  Enema O'pii; Adodyne
 Clyster, Starch and  Opium Clyster. (Gelat. amyli
 Oss, tinct. opii gtt. 40 vel 60.) Exhibited in cases
 of severe diarrhoea or dysentery.
  Enema Cathar'ticum;  Purging  Clyster.
 (JIanna 3J, decoct,  chamam. comp. ^x, olei oliv.
 §j, sulph. magnes. gss.  Ph. D.)
  Enema Commu'ne; Common Clyster, Domestic
 Clyster.  ( Water gruel, or molasses and water Oss
 or Oj ; add a little oil or lard, and a spoonful of
 common, salt.)  Given as a cathartic enema;  and,
 without the common salt, as an emollient.
  Enema Fcst'idum, Fetid Clyster; 31is'tttra asa-
 foetida pro  clys'mate, Clysma  tod icum et  anti-
 spasmod'icum seu in'citans et sedans, (F.) Lave-
 ment, antispasmodique.  (The last, with the addi-
 tion o/^ij of the tincture of asafatida.   Ph. D.)
 Given as an antispasmodic and anodyne.
  Enema  Nkotia'na:;  Tobac'eo Clyster.  This
 generally consists of from half a pint to a pint of
 the Infusum Tabaci. It is employed in cases of
 strangulated  hernia; but occasionally acts  as a
fatal poison when given in this way.  The smoke 
ENEPIDERMIC             328              ENSTROPHE
of tobacco is sometimes thrown up the rectum to
produce the same medicinal effects as the infusion.
  Enema Opii, E. anodynum.
  Enema  Terebin'thina; ;  Tur'pentine Clyster.
(Ol. tereb. fgiij, gruel Oss, one yolk of egg.  In-
corporate the turpentine with the yolk, then add
the gruel.)  To be administered in cases of asca-
rides, (oxyures.)
  ENEPIDERMTC,  Enepider'micus, from tv,
'in,'  £tti, 'upon,' and Stppa, 'the skin.'  An epi-
thet  given to the method of treating diseases,
which  consists in the application of medicines;
as plasters, blisters,  Ac, to the skin.
  ENEREISIS,  Compression.
  ENERGIA, Action, Force.
  EN'ERGY, Energi'a, from tvtpytw,  (tv, and
tpyov, 'action,') 'I act.'  Action. Acting power.
Also,  vigour; as the ' muscular energy;' the
'brain acts with energy.'
  ENERA'ATIO, Aponeurosis, Enervation.
  ENERVA'TION, Enerva'tio, from e, 'out of,'
and nervus, 'strength.'  The act of weakening—
the state of being weakened.  See Debility.
  ENERVATIONES TENDINEiE, Inscripti-
ones tendineas musculorum.
  ENERVITAS, Inertia.
  ENFANCE, Infancy.
  ENFANT, Infans—e. d Terme, see Foetus—e.
Ligitime,  see Legitimate.
  ENFL URE, Swelling, (Edema—e. des Jambes
et des cuissca de la femme accouchie, Phlegmatia
dolens.
  ENFONCE31ENT SCAPHOIDE, Scaphoi-
des fossa.
  ENGASTERION, Laboratory.
  ENGASTRIMISME,  see Engastrimyth.
  ENGASTRIMYSAIE, see Engastrimyth.
  ENGAS'TRIMYTH ;  Engastrimy'thus,  En-
glottogas'tor, Gastril'oquus,  Ventriloquus, Gas-
triloquist, Edrycles, Euryslltus, Enteroman''tis,
Gastroman'tis, from  tv,  'in,' yacrtp, 'the belly,'
and  pv&topat, ' I discourse.'   A  Yentriloquist.
(F.)  Ventriloepie, Gastriloque.   One who  pos-
sesses the art of  modifying his natural voice,  so
that  it seems to  come from a greater or less dis-
tance,  and from different directions.   It was for-
merly believed that  such persons spoke from the
belly;  hence their name.  It is an imitative art,
and  is  called Ventriloquism.   (F.) Engastri-
misme, Engastrimysme.
  ENGEISOMA, Engisoma.
  ENGELURE, Chilblain.
  ENGHIEN MONTMOREXCY,  MINERAL
WATERS OF.  A  hydrosulphurous water, four
leagues from Paris,  near Montmorency, which is
possessed of some celebrity.  It contains chloride
of sodium, chloride  of magnesium, sulphate  of
magnesia, sulphate of lime, carbonate of* magne-
sia, carbonate of lime,  silica,  sulphohydrate  of
lime and magnesia, sulphohydric acid, carbonic
acid and azote.
   ENGISO'MA,  Engeiso'ma,  Engizo'ma, from
tyytfa, 'I approximate.'   (F.) Embarrure.  A
species of fracture of the skull, in which a splin-
ter passes beneath the sound portion of the bone,
and  compresses the brain.—Galen.  Also, a kind
of instrument used in fractures of the clavicle.
   ENGLISH DISEASE, Rachitis.
   ENGLOTTOGASTOR, Engastrimyth.
   EXGOMPHOSIS, Gomphosis.
   EXGORGEMENT, from  en, 'in,' and gorge,
'the  throat'  An obstruction  occurring  in the
vessels of a part, giving rise to augmentation of
volume.  Congestion.
   ENGORGE3IENT DES 31E3IBRES  AB-
D031INAUXA LA SUITE DES COUCHES,
Phlegmasia dolens—e. Hepatic, Hcpatohasmia—
e. Laiteux des membres abdominaux, Phlegmatia
dolens.
  ENGOUE3IENT (F.), Obstmc'tio,  Iner'tia,
from  angere, 'to  choke.'   Accumulation in a
hollow organ, of the matters secreted  by it or
carried into it.  There is said to be Engoucmcnt
des bronches, when  the mucus accumulates in the
bronchia; and  Engouement  des  intestins,  when
the matters which  ought to pass through the in-
testines are detained; as in a case of strangulated
hernia.
  ENG0 UE3IENT DES P0 U3IONS, E. of the
lungs, in  Pathological Anatomy,  signifies that
state of the lungs,  in which a mixture of air and
thin fluid escapes from them  when cut into.
  ENGOURDISSE3IENT,  Torpor.
  ENGRENURE, Suture.
  ENH^EMATOSIS, Hasmatosis.
  ENIXA, Puerpera.
  ENIXIO F03TUS,  Parturition.
  ENIXUS  FCETUS, Parturition.
  ENKYSTE,  Encysted.
  ENKYSTE3IENT, Chatonnement.
  EXNEAPHAR'MACOS,  from  tvvta, 'nine,'
and tpappaKov,  'a medicine.'  A  medicine, com-
posed of  nine simple ingredients.   A pessary, so
formed. — Galen, Paulus.   The Antid'otus Hera-
cli'dis, described by Galen, and some plasters by
Ae'tius and Celsus, are, likewise, termed Ennea-
pharmaca.—Gorrasus.
  ENOR'MON, tvoppwv, Hormon, Im'petum fd-
ciens,  from tv, ' in,' and oppaw, ' I rouse, ' excite.'
A word used by Hippocrates in the same  sense
as  vital principle is by modern physiologists.
  ENOSIS, Insertion.
  ENOSTOSIS,  Entosto'sis,  from  tv,  'in,' and
ocrtov, 'a bone.'  A morbid  growth of bone in-
wards—the opposite to exostosis.
  ENRYTH'MOS,fromtv, and pv&pos, 'number.'
Having rhythm. An epithet  applied to the pulse
when its pulsations occur with some  degree of
order.  It is  opposed to Aryth'moa, and differs
from Euryihmoa, which signifies 'regular.'
  ENROUE3IENT, Raucedo.
  ENS.  A  being. Paracelsus meant,  by this
term, the power  exerted  by certain beings on
our body.  He speaks of the Ena.Dei,  the Ens
Astro'rum, the Ena natura'le,  the  Ens virtu'tis,
Ens morbo'rum, Ens de poten'tibus spirit'ibus, Ac.
These absurd denominations suggested to some
of the ancient chymists a name for certain chemi-
cal preparations.   The muriate of ammonia and
iron was called Ens martis;  the muriate of am-
monia and copper, Ens veneris; and Ens primum
was, with the alchymists, the name of a tincture
which they considered possessed of the power of
transmuting metals.
   Ens Martis, Ferrum ammoniatum—e. Veneris
Boylei, Ferrum ammoniatum.
   EN'SIFORM, Ensifor'mis, from  enaia,  'a
sword,' and forma, 'form.'   Sword-like.
   Ensiform Apoph'yses or  Proc"esses are the
lesser alas of the sphenoid bone.
   Ensiform Appen'dix  or  Car'tilage  is  the
xiphoid  appendix  of  the sternum, Ac.  See Xi-
phoid.
   ENSIFORMIS, Xiphoid.
   ENSI-STERNAL.   Relating  to the ensiform
process of the sternum.  B6clard gave this name
to the last osseous portion of the  sternum.  He
also called it t'os  ultimi-stemal.  See  Ultimo-
sternal.
   ENSOMATOSIS, Incorporation.
   ENSTALAX'IS, Instillation.
   EN'STROPHE, from tv,  'in,' and  crpttpw,  'I
turn.' Inversion of a part, as of the eyelids. 
ENTABLEMENT            329               ENTEROCACE
  ENTABLEMENT, Depression.
  ENTAILLE (V.), from en,  'in,' and  tailler,
'to cut'  Excia'io,  Ed cope,  Ec'tome.   A deep
wound made  by a sharp instrument  obliquely.
Entallies  and Taillades are, also, used to desig-
nate deep scarifications, made for the purpose of
producing a speedy digorgement of any tumefied
part;  such,  for  example,  as  are  made  in the
toiurno in certain cases of glossitis.
   EXTANTHEMA, Eisanthema.
   EXTASIA, Tonic spasm—e. Articularis, Con-
tracture — e. Loxia, Torticollis — e. Priapismus,
Priapismus—e. Systremma, Cramp—e. Tetanus,
Tetanus — e. Tetanus anticus, Emprosthotonos—
e. Trismus,  Trismus.
   ENTASIS, Tonic spasm.
   ENTAT'ICUS, Intensi'vus, from  evrttvw, 'I
make tense.'  A medicine which excites the ve-
nereal appetite.
   ENTELIPATIIIA, Nymphomania.
   ENTELMINTHA,  Worms.
   ENTENDEMENT, Intellect.
   ENTERAD'EXES, from tvrtpov, 'an intestine,'
 and aSvv, ' a g)and.'  The mucous glands of the
 intestines.  See Peyeri glandulas.
   ENTERADEXOG'RAPIIY,  Enteradenogrd-
 phia, from tvrtpov, 'intestine,' aSvv, 'gland,' and
 ypatpv,  ' a description.'  A description of the in-
 tostinal glands.
   ENTERADENOL'OGY, Enteradenolog"ia,
 from tvrtpov, 'intestine,' aSvv,  'gland,' and Xoyos,
 ' a treatise.'  That part of anatomy which  treats
 of the intestinal glands.
   ENTERAL'GIA, Enterodyn'ia, from tvrtpov,
 'intestine,'  and aXyos, 'pain.'  Pain in the intes-
 tines.  Colic.
   Enteralgia  Acuta, Enteritis — e. Inflamma-
 toria, Eoteritis—e. Saturnina, Colica metallica.
   ENTERANGEMPHRAXIS, Enterangi-
 emphraxis.
   ENTERANGIEMPHRAX'IS, Enteran-
 gemphrax'is,  from  tvrtpov, ' intestine,' ayx^,  ' I
 strangle,' and tptppaccw, ' I obstruct'  Obstruction
 of the vessels of the intestines.
   ENTERATROPH'IA, Atroph'ialnteatindrum,
 from tvrtpov,  'intestine,' and atrophia, 'want of
 nutrition.' Atrophy of the coats of the intestines.
   ENTERAUXE, from tvrtpov, 'intestine,' and
 av£v, 'increase.'  Hypertrophy  of the muscular
 coat of the  intestines.—Fuchs.
   ENTERECHE'MA, Son'itus inteatindlia. The
 sound of the movement of the intestines, heard
 by the stethoscope.
   ENTERECTASIS, Dilatdtio  Intestine'rum,
 from cvTtpov, ' intestine,' and tKracts,  ' dilatation.'
 Dilatation of the intestines, as in tympanites.
   EXTERELCO'SIS, Entcrhelco'sis, Enterdhel-
 co'sis, from tvrtpov,  'intestine,' and 'iXKwats, 'ul-
 ceration.'  Ulceration of intestines—Ulcera'tio
 intestina'lis, Ulccra inteatindlia.
   EXTERELESIA, Ileus.
   ENTERELOSIS, Heus.
   EXTEREMPHRAX'IS, Infarc'tus Inteatino'-
 ruin,  Incarcera'tio  inteatino'ruin  inter'na,  (F.)
 Etranglement dea Inteatina, E.  Inteatinale, from
 tvrtpov,  'intestine,' and  tptppa^is, 'obstruction.'
  Obstruction of the  Inteatinca  from accumulation
 of fieces  or otherwise.  Also, Enterangiemphraxis.
   EXTEREX'CHYTA, Enteredchytes,  from tv-
 rtpov, 'an  intestine,'  tv, 'in,'and ^tu, 'I pour.'
 Any surgical instrument for administering injec-
 tions.—Seultetus.
   ENTEREPIPLOCELE, Enteroepiplocele.
   EXTEREPIPLOMPHALOCE'LE,  from tvrt-
 pov, 'intestine,' t-iirAoov,  'omentum,'  tptpaXos,
'navel,' and kvXv, 'rupture.'  Hernia of the um-
bilicus with protrusion of the omentum and in-
testine.
  EXTERHELCOSIS, Enterelcosis—e. Nervosa,
Typhus (abdominal.)
  ENTERHYPERTROPH'IA, Hypertroph'ia in-
testino'rum, from tvrtpov,  ' intestine,' and hyper-
trophia,  'excessive nutrition.'  Hypertrophy of
the coats of the intestines.
  ENTER'ICA, from tvrtpov, 'an intestine.' Dis-
eases affecting the alimentary canal.  Order I.,
Class I.  (Caliaca,) of  Good.  Also,  medicines
affecting the alimentary canal.
  ENTERITE FOLLICULEUSE, see Typhus
—e. Typhohimique, Typhoid fever.
  ENTERI'TIS, from tvrtpov, ' an intestine,' and
itis, denoting  inflammation.  Inflammation of
the intestines. Empres'ma Enteritis, Intestino'rum
inflamma'tio,  lleo-colitis, Chordap'sus,  Cauma
Enteritis,  Enterophlog"ia, Enterophlogdsis,  Co'-
lica acuta, C. inflammato'ria, Ileus  inflammato'-
rius, Enteralgia  acu'ta,  E. Inflammato'ria, Fe-
bris intestino'rum, F.  iliaca inflammato'ria, En-
terop'yra, (F.) Entirite, Inflammation dea Inteatina.
The. essential symptoms  of this  disease  are :—•-
violent abdominal pain, increased on pressure;
with vomiting and inflammatory  fever. Enteritis
may affect both the peritoneal and the mucous
coat of the intestines; and, in violent cases, all
the  coats  may be implicated.  The structure of
the  mucous and peritoneal coats is different; so
are  their functions in health and disease.   The
inflammation  of the  serous coat, Sero-enteritis,
resembles  that  of the  cellular membrane;  the
inflammation of the mucous coat  that of the skin.
The former is usually, therefore, of a more active
character.  Inflammation of the  mucous  coat,
Eso-enteri'tia, Endo-enteritis,  3Iuco-enteritis,
3Iucou8  Enteritis, Phlegmymenitis  enter'ica, is
generally attended with diarrhoea, and its patho-
logy is identical with that of dysentery.   Inflam-
mation of the  peritoneal coat is, on the  other
hand,  generally attended with constipation.
   Enteritis of the peritoneal coat, for such usually
is the meaning of the word in  the abstract, re-
quires the most active treatment. Copious bleed-
ing, followed up by a large dose  of opium — and,
if the symptoms  be  not decidedly ameliorated,
repeating the bleeding and opium—warm fomen-
tations,  and blisters, are the chief agents to be
relied upon. Purgatives ought not to be exhibited
until the inflammation and spasm are  abated by
the use of the bleeding  and opium.  When the
physician  is  called early, this plan will  usually
succeed. Sometimes, Enteritis passes into a chro-
nic state,  requiring much  careful management.
Broussais  considered inflammation of the mucous
 coat of  the stomach and intestines as the proxi-
mate cause of the phenomena of fever.
   Enteritis  Arthritic a,  Cceliagra — e.  Colica,
 Colitis — e. Epiploitis,  Epiploitis — e. Follicular,
 Typhoid fever — e. Folliculosa, see Typhoid — e.
 Mesenterica,  Mesenteritis—e. Mucous, see Ente-
 ritis—e. Pustulosa, Dothinenteritis.
   EXTERO, from tvrtpov, 'an intestine,' in com-
 pound words signifies intestine,  as in the follow-
 ing:—
   ENTEROBRO'SIS, Enterorrhex'ia, P erf ord tio
 Intestino'rum, (F.) Perforation dea Inteatina, from
 tvrtpov,  'an intestine,'  and  fipwois, 'the act of
 gnawing.'  Perforation of the intestines.
   ENTEROCACE,  Dysente'ria pdtrida seu ty-
 pho'des seu scorbdtica seumalig'na, from tvrtpov,
 'an intestine,' and kokos, 'evil.'  Adynamic dy-
 sentery, accompanied by phenomena indicating a
 pseudo-membranous and gangrenous  state of the
 lining membrane of the large intestine. 
               ENTEROCELE              3.'

  ENTEROCE'LE, Hernia inteatindlia. from tv-
rtpov, ' an intestine,'  and kvXv, ' a hernia,' ' tu-
mour.'  Abdominal hernia, which  contains only
a portion of intestine,  is so called.
  ENTERO - CEPHALOPYRA  INFANTUM,
Hydrocephalus Internus.
  ENTEROCCE'LICUS, from tvrtpov, 'intestine,'
and KotXia, ' the cavity of the abdomen.' Relating
to the cavity of the abdomen.
  ENTEROCYSTOCE'LE, from tvrtpov, ' an in-
testine,' kvctis, ' a bladder,' and kvXv, ' a tumour.'
Hernia formed by the bladder  and a portion of
intestine.
  ENTERODAR'SIS, from tvrtpov, 'intestine,'
and Sapcts,  ' skinning.'  Excoriation of the mu-
cous membrane of the intestines.
  EXTERODOTHIENIA, Dothinenteritis.
  EXTERODYXIA, Enteralgia.
  EXTERO-EPIPLOCE'LE,   Enterepiploce'le,
Her'nia intestina'lis omenta'lis, from tvrtpov, ' in-
testine,' tTTttrXoov, ' the omentum,'  and  kvXv, ' tu-
mour.' Hernia, formed by intestine and omentum.
  ENTERO-EPIPLOM'PHALUS, from tvrtpov,
' intestine,' ttnirXoov, ' the  omentum,' and op<paXos,
'the  umbilicus.'  Umbilical hernia, containing
intestine and omentum.   Almost  all  umbilical
hernias are of this kind.
  ENTEROG'RAPHY, Enterogrdphia, from tv-
rtpov, ' intestine,' and ypatpv, '  description.'  The
part of anatomy which describes the intestines.
  ENTERO-HiEMORRHAGIA,Ha3matochezia.
  ENTEROHELCOSIS,  Enterelcosis.
  ENTERO-HYDROCE'LE,  from tvrtpov,  'in-
testine,  'vSwp, 'water,' and kvXv, 'tumour.'  In-
testinal hernia complicated with hydrocele.
  ENTERO-HYDROM'PHALUS, from tvrtpov,
'intestine,' 'vSo>p, 'water,' and optpaXos, 'the na-
vel.' Umbilical hernia, in which the sac contains,
along with a portion of  intestine, a quantity of
serum.
  EXTERO-ISCHtOCE'LE,  from tvrtpov,  'in-
testine,' taxtov,  'ischium,' and <rc;X>7,  'tumour.'
Ischialic hernia, formed  of intestine.
  ENTEROLITHI'ASIS,  from tvrtpov,  'intes-
tine,' and XiStaots, 'the formation of stone.'  The
formation of concretions in the intestines.
  ENTEROLITHUS, Calculi of the stomach and
intestines—e. Bezoardus, Bezoar—e. Scybalum,
Scybala.
  ENTEROL'OGY,  Enterolof'ia, from tvrtpov,
'intestine,' and  Xoyos, 'a discourse.'   The part
of anatomy which treats of the intestines.
  ENTEROMALA'CIA,   Enteromalax'is,  ( F.)
Ramollissement de llntestin, from tvrtpov, 'an in-
testine,' and paXaaaw,  'I soften.' Softening of the
mucous or other coats of the intestine.
  ENTEROMALAXIS, Enteromalacia.
  ENTEROMANTIS, Engastrimyth.
  ENTERO-MEROCE'LE, from tvrtpov, ' intes-
tine,' pvpos, ' the thigh,' and kvXv, ' tumour.' Cru-
ral bernia, formed of intestine.
  ENTERO-MESENTER'IC,  Entero-mesenter'-
icus.  Relating to the intestine and mesentery.
  ENTERO-MESENTER'ICA FEBRIS.   MM.
Petit and Serres have given  this name to the
typhoid form of adynamic fever, in which the in-
testines are  ulcerated, with enlargement  of the
corresponding mesenteric glands.   See Typhus.
  ENTERO-31ESENTERITE,  Tabes mesen-
terica—e. 3Iisentirite  typho'ide, see Typhus.
  EXTEROMOR'PHIA   COMPRES'SA.   One
of the algas, used by the Sandwich Islanders as
an esculent.
  ENTEROMPHALOCELE,  Enteromphalus.
            ENTEROSTENOSIS

  ENTEROMTIIALUS,.E»reJ-om^"W.>cr7(-,from
tvrtpov, ' intestine,' and optpaXos, ' umbilicus.' Um-
bilical hernia, formed of intestine.
  ENTEROMYCODORI'TIS, from tvrtpov, 'in-
testine,' pvKos,  'slime,' <5opa, 'skin,' and itis, de-
noting inflammation. Inflammation of the mucous
membrane of the intestines.
  ENTERON, Intestine.
  ENTEROPARAL'YSIS,  Enterople'gia, Pa-
ralysis  intestino'rum,  from tvrtpov,  'intestine,'
napaXvcts, 'paralysis.' Paralysis of the Intestines.
  ENTEROPARISAGOGE, Intussusccptio.
  ENTEROPATHI'A^nterop'otA.?/, from tvrtpov,
'intestine,' and nados, 'disease.'  Disease  of the
intestines in general.
  Enteropathi'a  Cancero'sA,  Entcroscir'rhus,
Enterosteno'sis scirrho'sa seu orgadica, Entero-
sarco'mia, Indura'tio seu Scirrhus seu Cancer seu
Oarcino'ma  Intestino'rum, (F.) Cancer des Intes-
tins.  Cancer of the Intestines.
  ENTEROPERIS'TOLE, Enterosphig'ma, Her-
nia inciu-ccru'ta, Incarcera'tio intestino'rum, from
evTtpov,  'intestine,'  and irtptoTtXXw, 'I contract'
Constriction or obstruction of the intestines, from
a cause which  acts either within the abdomen,
or without it, as in  strangulated hernia.
  ENTEROPHLOGIA, Enteritis.
  ENTEROPHLOGOSIS,  Enteritis.
  ENTEROPHTHI'SIS, from tvrtpov, 'intestine,'
and tpdtcts, 'consumption.'  Consumption  of the
bowels.   Consumption owing to suppuration in
the intestines.                         • v
  ENTEROPHYMATA,  Tubercula  intestino-
rum.
  ENTEROPLEGIA, Enteroparalysis.
  ENTEROPYRA, Enteritis.  Also, entero-me-
senteric fever.—Alibert.
  Enteropyra Asiatica,  Cholera — e. Biliosa,
Fever, Bilious.
  ENTERORRHAG"IA,  from tvrtpov, 'intes-
tine,' and payv, 'violent rupture.'   Hemorrhage
from the bowels.
  Entehorrhagia  Simplex, Hasmatochezia.
  •ENTERORRHA'PHIA, Enteror'rhaphe, from
tvrtpov, ' intestine,' and patpv, ' a suture.'  Suture
of the intestines, for the relief of injuries done to
them.
  ENTERORRHEU'MA, Rheumatis'mus Intesti-
no'rum,  from tvrtpov, ' intestine,' and ptvpa, ' de-
fluxion, rheumatism.'  Rheumatism of the intes-
tines.
  ENTERORRHEXIS, Enterobrosis.
  ENTER0RRH03A, Diarrhoea, Melasna.
  ENTERCSARCOCE'LE, from tvrtpov,  'intes-
tine,' o-apf,  'flesh,' and kvXv, 'a tumour.'  Intes-
tinal hernia, complicated with fleshy excrescence,
or rather sarcocele.
  ENTEROSARCOMIA,   Enteropathia  cance-
rosa.
  ENTEROSCHEOCE'LE, Enteroschoce'l.e, from
tvrtpov, 'an intestine,' ocxtov, 'the scrotum,' and
kvXv, 'tumour.'  Scrotal bernia consisting of in-
testine.
  ENTEROSCIRRHUS,   Enteropathia  cance-
rosa.
  ENTERO'SES, from tvrtpov, 'an intestine.'  A
class of  diseases, comprehending  all  those that
are seated in the intestines.—Alibert.
  ENTEROSPHIGMA, Enteroperistole.
  ENTEROSTENO'SIS, from tvrtpov, 'intestine,'
and crtvwcts, 'stricture.' Stricture or constriction
of the intestines.   See Ileus.
  Enterostenosis  Volvulus, Heus — e. Orga-
0 
ENTEROTOME              331                ENURESIS
nica, Enteropathia cancerosa — e. Scirrhosa, En-
teropathia cancerosa.
   ENTEROTOME, Enterot'omus,  from tvrtpov,
'intestine,' and rtpvw, 'I cut'  A name given by
J. Cloquet to an instrument for promptly opening
the intestinal canal through its  whole extent.  It
consists of a pair of scissors, one blade of which
is much longer than the other, and rounded at its
extremity.  This is passed into the  intestine.
   EXTEROTOMTA, Entcrotomy, same etymon.
In anatomy, it signifies dissection  of the  intes-
tines.  In surgery, it means an operation, little
used, which consists in  opening the intestines, in
order to evacuate the fascal  matters accumulated
in it; for example, in certain cases of hernia, ac-
companied  with  contraction  of  the intestinal
canal; in operations  for  an artificial anus, per-
formed on  the  new-born,  where the rectum is
imperforate or not existing, Ac.
   ENTEROTOMY, Enterotomia.
   ENTEROTYPHUS, see Typhus.
   ENTEROZOA, AVorms.
   ENTERYDROCE'LE, Enterohydroce'le, from
 tvrtpov, ' intestine,' 'vSwp, ' water,' and kvXv, ' rup-
 ture.'   Intestinal hernia with hydrocele.
   ENTIIELMINTHES, AVorms.
   ENTIIEOMANIA, Demonomania.
   ENTHLA'SIS, Esphla'sis, from tv,  'in,' and
 $Xaw, ' I  break.'   A fracture of the  cranium, with
 comminution, in which the  bone is depressed, or
 has lost its level.
   Enthlasis Cranii, Effractura Cranii.
   ENTITE, Entity.
   EN'TITYr, E n't itas, (F.) Entite, from ens, entia,
 'a being.'  The being  or  essence of anything.
 It has  been used somewhat vaguely, in modern
 French medicine more especially, to signify ap-
 parently  a general or essential disease, the nature
 and  seat of  which  cannot  be determined. —
 Nysten.
   ENTOCELE, Ectopia.
   Entoce'le Lentis.   Dislocation of the crys-
 talline into the anterior chamber of the eye.
   ENTOGONYAN'CON, from  evros,  'within,'
 yovv, 'the knee,'  and ayKwv, 'a bend.  Bending
 of the knees inwards.  The state of being knock-
 kneed, or in-kneed.
   ENTOHYALOID  MUSCE,  see Metamor-
 phopsia,
   ENTOXIA, Tension, Tonic spasm.
   ENTONIC, Enton'icus, from tv, denoting ex-
 cess, and tovos,  'tone.'   Having  great tension or
 exaggerated action.
   ENTONNOIR, Calix, Infundibulum — e.  du
  Ventricale  Moyen du Cerveau, Infundibulum of
 the brain.
   ENTOPARASITES, Worms.
   ENTOPHTHAL'MIA, from tvros, 'within,'and
  otpBaXpia, 'inflammation of the eye.'  Ophthalmia
  affecting the interior of the eye.
    EX'TOPHYTE, Entoph'yton, from evros, 'with-
  in,' and ipvrov, 'a vegetable.'  A vegetable pa-
  rasite.
    EXTOPIIYT'IC, Entophylicus, same etymon.
  Of or belonging to an entophyte, — as ' an ento-
  phvtic growth.'
    ENTORSE. Sprain.
    EXTOSTHETHIDIA, Entrails.
    EXTOST1IIA, Entrails.
    EXTOSTOS1S, Euostosis.
    EXT0T0RRH03A, Otirrhcea.
    EXTOTOZ.EXA. Ozena.
    EXTOXTOTSMI S,  Poisoning.
    EXTOXISMI'S, Poisoning.
    EXTOZOA,  AVorms.
    ENTOZOAIRES, Worms.
  ENTOZOARIA, Worms.
  EXTOZOOGEXESIS, Helminthiasis.
  EXTOZOON FOLLICULORUM, Acarus Fol-
liculorum.
  ENTRAILLES, Entrails.
  EX'TRAILS,  Splanchna, Encoz'lia, Vis'cere,
Entosthid'ia, Eutos'thia, Entoathethid'ia, Lnterd-
nea, from enteralia, a word of bad Latin, coming
from tvrtpov, 'intestine.'  It is used for the vis-
cera enclosed in the splanchnic cavities, and espe-
cially for those  in the  abdomen; Bowela, Guts,
(F.) Entrailles, Viscires.
  ENTRE-FESSON, Chafing.
  ENTRICHO'MA, from  tv, 'in,' and rptxupa,
'hair.'  The tarsal cartilage, and the edge of the
eyelids, in which the cilia are implanted.
  ENTROP'ION, Entrop'ium, from tv, 'in,' and
rpt-trw, ' I turn.' Inver'sio palpebra'rum, Capillit"-
ium,  Trichiasis, Introsuscep'tio  entropium, Ble-
pharelo'sis, Blepharopto'sis entropium, Tri'chia,
 Tricho'aia.  A name given to the  inversion or
turning inwards of the eyelids, so that the eye-
lashes are directed towards the globe of the eye;
irritate and inflame it, and give rise to the affec-
tion called  Trichi'aaia.
  The contact of the hair with the surface of tho
eye occasions  considerable irritation of the con-
 junctiva, which  is soon followed by chemosis,
ulceration of the eye, and  other symptoms, such
as fever, watchfulness, Ac.
  If the disease  be entropion, as above defined,
that is, dependent upon the inversion  of the eye-
lids, it must be remedied, — either by dispersing
the oedema  or swelling of the eyelids, or by cut-
ting outa portion of the skin.  When  the disease
is dependent  on  a vicious  direction of the cilia,
they must be  plucked out and the bulbs be cau-
terized.
  ENTROPIUM, Entropion.
  ENTYPOSIS,  see Glene.
  ENUCLEATION, Enucledtio, from enucleare,
 (e,  and  nucleus,)  'to take  out a kernel.'  This
term has been proposed for the operation of  re-
moving tumours, Ac, without cutting into them.
—Percy.
  The word is used in Pharmacy, for the opera-
tion of shelling  or removing the kernels of any
nut.
  ENULA  CAMPANA, Inula Helenium.
  ENU'LON, from tv,' in,' and ovXov,' the gum.'
 The inner part of the gums. The external part
was called ovXov, and that between the teeth appos-
—Pollux.
   ENURE'SIS, from tvovptw, (tv, and ovptw,) 'I
 void the urine in bed.'   Paru'ria iucon'tinens,
 Incontinentia uri'na, Excre'tio Urina involun-
 ta'ria,  3Iic'tio  involunta'ria,  E. inopportu'na,
 Uracra'tia, Urorrhce'a,  Perirrhoz'a, Strangdria,
 (Galen,) Anischdria,  Hyperure'sia,  Dium'nea,
 Involuntary diacharge  of urine, Incontinence of
 urine. This affection is most common in advanced
 life.  It may  depend on too great irritability of
 the bladder,  or  on  distension, or injury of  the
 fibres about  its neck, paralysis of  the  organ,
 Cysto-paral'ysis, Cysto-ple'gia, the presence of
 an irregularly shaped calculus  impacted in  the
 urethra  near  its  commencement; rupture of  the
 bladder and urethra; renal disease;  or on pres-
 sure exerted  on the bladder by the distended
 womb or by a tumour.  It often occurs after  dif-
 ficult labour,  but generally yields, in the course
 of a week or  ten days ;  the catheter being intro-
 duced twice a day in the mean time.
   The treatment must of course vary according
 to  the cause;  and when the affection,  on which  it
 is  dependent, cannot be removed, the discharge
 of urine may be prevented by exerting a degree 
ENVIE
332
EPICANTHIS
of compression on  the urethra, by means of ap-
propriate instruments; or a urinal  may be em-
ployed to receive the urine as it passes off.
  ENVIE, Hangnail, Malacia, Nasvus — e.  de
 Vomir, Nausea.
  EXYPXION, Somnium.
  EXYSTRON, Abomasus.
  ENZOOTIA, Enzooty.
  EXZOOTY, Enzoot'ia, (F.) Enzootic,  from  tv,
'in,' and £uov, 'animal.'  An endemic disease  at-
tacking animals.
  EP, EPH, EPI, ttr, tip, tin, 'upon,  above;' in
composition,  generally  means, ' augmentation,
addition, increase,  reciprocal action,  repetition.'
Hence *
  EPACMAS'TICOS, from tin, and  aKpafc, 'I
increase.'  An epithet applied  to fevers, Febres
epacmas'tica, whose symptoms go on augmenting
in violence, from the commencement to the ter-
mination.   Such fevers  are, also, caUed Epana-
didodtes.
  EPAGOGIUM, Phimosis, Prepuce.
  EPANADIPLOSIS, Anadiplosis.
  EPANALEPSIS, Anadiplosis.
  EPANASTASIS, Pustule.   The  formation  of
a tumour.  The breaking out of an  eruption —
Erup'tio exanthe'matis.
  EPANASTEMA, Exanthem, Swelling.
  EPANCHEMENT, Effusion.
  EPANESIS, Remission.
  EPANETUS,  Remittent —e. Hectica, Hectic
fever — e. Malignus flavus,  Fever, yellow — e.
Mitis, Remittent fever.
  EPANORTHOSIS, Restauratio.
  EPANTHEMA,  Exanthem.
  EPANTHISMA, Exanthem.
  EPAPHiE'RESIS,  from tTratpatptw,  'I take
away.'  Repetlta subla'tio vel evacua'tio.  A  re-
peated abstraction or evacuation. It was formerly
used  synonymously with repeated  bloodletting;
Phlebotom'ia itera'ta.—Galen.
  EPAPHRISMOS, Despumation.
  EPARMA, Tumour.
  EP ARSIS, Tumour.
  EPAULE, Humerus.
  EPENCRANIS, Cerebellum.
  EPENDYMA, Membrane.
  Epen'dyma Ventriculo'rum, En'dyma   seu
Indumedtum ventriculo'rum, from tin,  'upon,' and
tvSvw, ' I enter;' hence, tirtvSvpa, ' an  upper gar-
ment or cloak.'  The lining  membrane of  the
ventricles of the brain, formed by a prolongation
 of the pia mater, and probably also  of the arach-
noid.
  EPERON, Hippocampus minor—L des Ar-
 ieres, Spur.
   EPER VIER, Accipiter.
  EPERVIERE  DES MURAILLES, Hiera-
 cium murorum.
  EPHEBiE'ON,  from tm, 'upon,' and 'v$v,
 'pubes.'  The parts of generation: also, the re-
 gion of the pubes, as well as  the hair upon  the
 pubes.  It meant  likewise a part of the ancient
 gymnasium in which the rhetoricians, philoso-
 phers, Ac, disputed.
   EPHEBEUM, Mons veneris.
   EPHE'BIA, Ephebla, Pubertas.  Same ety-
 mon.  The age of  puberty.
   EPHEBOSYNE, Puberty.
   EPHEBOTES, Puberty.
   EPHE'BUS,  Pubens, Ruber, (F.)  PuUre,
 Ephi.be.  One who has  attained the age of  pu-
 berty.
   EPHEDRANA, Nates.
   EPHEL'CIS, from tm, 'upon,' and '{Kkos,  'an
 ulcer.  The crust or scab of an ulcer.
  EPHELIDE SCORBUTIQUE, Chloasma.
  EPHE'LIDES, from  tm,  'upon,' and 'vXtos,
'the sun.'  Epichro'sis,  3luc'u/a sola'ris, 3fac'-
ula fusca,  31. l.enticuldres,  Ephe'lis Icntic'nla,
Yitilig"ines, Phaci, Panniis lentieiila'ria, Lcntic'-
uln,  Lentigo, Ephelis Lentigo, Ephclis d sole,
Nigre'do d sole, Spilo'aia ephelia, jEstdtca, Effilo,
Frecklea, Sunburn, (F.) Tochea de roussure, Hole.
This term includes not only the yellow lentigines,
which appear on persons of  a fair skin, and the
larger brown patches,  which  also arise from ex-
posure to the  direct rays of the  sun, but also
those large dusky patches which are very similar
in appearance, but  occur on other parts of the
surface, that are constantly covered.  See Chlo-
asma. They do not extend farther than the skin.
Many  cosmetics have been recommended  for
their removal.  Simple spirituous lotions or weak
mineral acids, applied a few times in the day, are
as effectual as any other means.
  EPHELIS, see Ephelides — e. Lentigo, Ephe-
lides—e. d Sole, Ephelides.
  EPHELOTES, Leucoma.
  EPHEM'ERA, Dia'ria, from tin, 'during,' and
'vptpa, 'a day.'  That which continues  a day.
This epithet is given to diseases, and particularly
to fevers, which last only a day.—Febris dia'ria,
Ephemerop'yra,  Febris  simp/ex, F. Ephe'mera,
Febric'ula, Ephem'eral Fever, Di'ary Fever, Sim-
ple Fever.   The term prolonged  ephem'era  is
sometimes used for fevers, which cease after two
or three days' duration.
  Ephemera Anglica Pestilens, Sudor angli-
cus—e. Britannica, Sudor Anglicus—e. Maligna,
Sudor Anglicus—e. Mortifera, Plague—e. Pesti-
lentialis, Plague—e. Sudatoria, Sudor Anglicus.
  EPHEMEROPYRA, Ephemera.
  EPHEMERUS, Quotidian.
  EPHIALTES HYPOCHONDRIACA, Incubus
vigilantium—e. Nocturnus, Incubus—e. Vigilan-
tium, Incubus vigilantium.
  EPHIDRO'SES, (G.) Epbidrosen.   A divi-
sion of the family Ekzematosen of Fuchs,
comprising morbid varieties of sweating.
  EPHIDRO'SIS, from tm,  'upon,' and 'tSpow,
'I sweat.' Hidrdsis, Idrdsis.  A copious sweat
  Ephidrosis Profu'sa, E.  sponta'nea, E. idio-
path'ica, Hydropede'sis, Exsuddtio, Exuda'tio,
Hyperephidrdsis, Hyperhydrdsis, Hydrorrhea,
Hidropede'sis, (F.) Flux de Sueur. An excessive
sweating, including debility  and emaciation.   A
colliquative  sweat.  Such copious perspirations
are generally owing to debility of  the exhalants,
and require the  use of tonics, especially of  the
mineral acids, opium,  Ac.
   Ephidrosis,  Desudatio — e.  Cruente, Sudor
cruentus—e. Saccharata, Sudor dulcis.
   EPHIPPIUM, Pituitaria fossa, Sella Turcica.
  EPH'ODOS,  from  tm,'  'upon,'  and  'oSos,  'a
way,' ' a road or avenue to a place.' Hippocrates
uses this word in three senses :  1. For the vessels
or canals, which give passage to the excrements
of the body. 2. For a periodical attack or acces-
sion of fever; and 3. For the approach of similar
or dissimilar things  which may be useful  or hurt-
ful to the body.—Castelli.
   EPI, Spica.
   EPI'ALOS, Hepialos.  A  name given by the
ancients to fever, when the hot stage was  mingled
with irregular chiUs.  Also, the cold  stage  of
fever.
   EPIALTES, Incubus.
   EPIAMA, Lenitive.
   EPIAN, Framboesia.
   EPIBLEMA,  Catablema.
   EPIBOLE, Incubus.
   EPICANTHIS, Canthus. 
EPICAUMA
333
EPIDIDYMIS
  Epican'this, from tm, 'upon,' andvn'00?, 'the
angle of the eye.' A defective formation, in which
a fold of skin  passes from the root of the nose
over the inner canthus of the eye.
  EPICAR'PIUM, Pericar'pinm, from tm, 'up-
on,' and Kupttos, ' the wrist' An application made
to tho wrists or to the region of the pulse was so
called.
  EPICAUMA, Encauma.
  EPICAUSIS, Encauma.
  EPICERASTICA, Emollients.
  EPICHOLOS, Bilious.
  EPICIIORDIS, Mesentery.
  EPICHORION, Decidua.
  EPICHORIUM, Epidermis.
  EPICIIRISIS, Inunctio.
  EPICHRO'SIS, Spilo'sis, from tm, and ^pw/ia,
'colour.'  Simple discoloration of the surface.—
Good.  Ephelides.
  Epichrosis Spili, see Nasvus.
  EPICIIYSIS, Affusion.
  EPIC03'MASIS, from  tmKotpaopat, (tm,  and
Kotpaopat,) ' to  lie down to rest,'  'to sleep.'   De-
ed bitus ml dormien'dum et Dormil'io.   The po-
sition of sleeping, as well as sleeping itself.
  EPICOL'IC, from tirt, 'upon,' and kwXov, 'the
colon.'  The epicolic regions, regio'nes cpiicolica,
are those parts of the abdomen which correspond
to the colon.
  EPICOLLESIS, Agglutination.
  E PICON'DYLE, Epicoddtjlus, from tm, 'upon,'
and kovSvXos,  'a condyle.' A  name given, by
Chaussier, to an eminence at the outer part of the
inferior extremity of the  os humeri;  so  called,
because it is seated above the condyle.  The epi-
condyle  gives  attachment to the  outer  lateral
ligament of the elbow joint, and to  a very strong
tendon to which  several of the muscles  of the
posterior part of the forearm are attached.
  EPICONDYLO-CUBITALIS, see Anconeus—
e. Radial, Supinator radii brevis — e. Sus-mita-
carpien, see Radialis—e. Sus-phalangettien com-
mun,  Extensor digitorum communis—e. Sus-p>ha-
langettien du petit doigt, Extensor proprius minimi
digiti.
  EPICOPHO'SIS, from tm, 'upon,' and kw^wcis,
'deafness.'  Deafness  supervening on another
disease.
  EPICRA'NIUM, from tm, 'upon,' and Kpavtov,
'the cranium.'   A name given to different parts
seated on the cranium.  The skin, aponeurosis
between  the  occipital and frontal  muscles, and
the whole of the scalp, have been so called.  Portal
includes  under this name the occipito-frontalis
muscle, pyramidalis nasi, and superior and ante-
rior auricular muscles.  The pericranium.
  EPICRANIUS,  Occipito-frontalis.
  EPICRA'SIS, Contempera'tio, from tmKtpavvv-
pt, (tm, and Ktpavwpi, ' I mix,')  ' I temper.'  A
term used by the humourists for an amelioration
of the humours.  They called Cure by Epicrasis,
—per epicrasin, a mode of treatment by imagined
alteratives, which they supposed to be possessed
of the power of gradually  correcting the vitiated
humours.
  EPICROUSIS, Percussion.
  EPIOTEXIUM, Pubes.
  El'ICTETI MORBI, Acquired diseases.
  EP ICA'EM A. see Superfcetation.
  EPICYESIS. Superfcetation.
  EPICYLIUM. see Palpebra.
  EPTOYSTOTOAltA, see Lithotomy.
  EPIDEISIS. Deligation.
  EPIDEM'IC. Epide'mius,  Epideni icus, (F.)
Ejiideiniquc.   Same etymon as  Epidemy.  Ap-
pertaining to an epidemy.   An epidemy.
  Epidemic Constitution, Epidemy—e. Disease,
Epidemy—e. Influence, see Epidemy.
  EPIDEMICITE, see Epidemy.
  EPIDEMICUS, Epidemy.
  EPIDEMIOLOG"IA, from tm, 'upon,' Svpos,
'the people,' and Xoyos,  'a description.'  The
doctrine of epidemics.
  EPIDEMIQ UE, Epidemy.
  EPIDEMIUS,  Epidemy.
  EP'IDEMY,  Epidcm'ic,  Epide'mia,  Morbus
pub'licus, 31. popula'ris, E. cpitlem'icus seu epi-
de'mius, (F.) Epidimie; Epidcm'ic disease, Epi-
dem'ic influence, Epidem'ic constitution ; from tm,
' upon,' and Svpos, ' the people.'  A disease which
attacks at the same time a number of individuals,
and which  is depending upon  some  particular
constitutio aeris, or condition of the atmosphere,
with which  we  are utterly ignorant.  It differs
from endemic, the latter being owing to locality;
but it is obvious, that should a  particular epide-
mic constitution of the air—epidemid'ity, (F.) ipi-
dimiciti—exist along with a favouring endemic
condition, these combined influences may act in
the causation of several of those serious and fatal
complaints,  which at times  visit  a district, and
are never afterwards met with, or at least  not
until after the lapse of a considerable period.
  EPIDENDRUM VANILLA, see Vanilla.
  EPID'ERIS, Epider'rhis, Hypod'eris,  Hypo-
der'mis, Hypoder'rhis, from em, ' upon,' and Stpas,
'the skin.'  This word, with some, means  the
nymphas; with others, the clitoris;  with  others,
again, the prepuce of the clitoris.
  EPIDERMA, Epidermis.
  EPIDERMATIS, Epidermis.
  EPIDER'MIC, Epiderm'icus, Epidemiol, Epi-
dermdlis; same etymon as epidermis. Belonging
to the epidermis,—as
  EPIDERMIC CELLS, see Cell, epidermic.
  EPIDERMIDON'OSI, Epidermidonu'si, from
tmStppts,  ' epidermis,' and vocos, ' disease.'  Dis-
eases of the  epidermis.
  EPIDERMION, Epidermis.
  EPIDER'MIS,  Epider'mion, Epider'matis,
Epider'ma, Epicho'rium, Sum'mitas  cutis,  Cutic'-
ula, G. ex'timrt,   C. extre'ma,  Cutis extima,  O.
Biimma, C. ultima, Pellia  summa, PeUic'ula sum-
ma, P. supe'rior,  Lam'ina prima cutis, Opercu-
lum cutis, from  tm, 'upon,' and  Stppa, 'the true
skin.' Scarf-skin,  cuticle.  (F.) Surpeau, Cuticule.
A transparent,  dry,  thin membrane,  devoid  of
nerves and vessels, which  covers all the surface
of the body, except the parts that correspond to
the  nails.  It appears to consist  of minute scales,
placed one above  the other.  Chaussier considers
it to be formed and  reproduced by an excretory
action of the true  skin; to act like a dry varnish,
which prevents the immediate contact of bodies
with the nervous papillae,  and consequently to
deaden tactile impressions, which, without its in-
tervention, might be painful.   The Epider'mic,
Epider'meous, or Epidermoid (as Bichat called
it) System, in general anatomy, comprises three
parts.  1.  External  Epidermis.  2. Epidermis
spread over the  mucous  membranes.   3. The
Nails and Hair.
  Epidermis Lingua:, see Tongue.
  EPIDERRHIS, Epideris.
  EPIDERRHFTIS, Nymphitis.
  EPIDESIS, see Bandage—e.  Haemostasia, Li-
gature.
  EPIDESMIS, Epidesmus.
  EPIDESMUM, Epidesmus.
  EPIDES'MUS, Epides'mis, Epides'mum,Super-
liga'men, from tm, ' upon,' and Stw,  'I bind.'  A
Fascia, bandage or ligature, by  which dressings
are  secured.—Hippocrates.
  EPIDIDYMIS, from tm,  'upon,' and StSvpcf,
'a testicle.'  Epidid'ymus, Did'ymis,Paras'tata, 
!34               EPILEPSY
               EPIDIDYMITIS              3

Testic'ulus acceso'rius, Caput testis, Corpus vari-
co'sum seu varicifor'me  testis,  Supergemina'lis,
(F.) Corpus variqueux ou variciforme. That which
is placed upon the testicle.  A'small, oblong, ver-
miform, grayish body, lying along the  superior
margin of the testicle.  The  Epididymis is a
canal,  formed by the union of all the seminiferous
vessels folded  several  times  upon  themselves,
after having traversed the Corpus Highmorid-
num.   Its lower portion or tail,  Cauda vel globus
minor, is curved upwards, and is continuous with
the vas deferens; the opposite extremity is called
the head, globus major. The length of this canal,
folded  as itis upon itself and describing numerous
curvatures, is, according to Munro, 32 feet.
  EPIDIDYMITIS,  Parastatitis — e.  Blennor-
rhagic, Hernia humoralis.
  EPID'OSIS, from tm, 'upon,' and StSwpt, 'to
give.'  Augmentation, increase.  A word applied
to the natural increase of the body, or to the  in-
crease  of a disease.
  EPID'ROME, Epidrom'ia, Epiph'ora, from
tmSptpw,  (tm, and Sptpw,)  'I run upon.' An afflux
or congestion of humours.—Galen.
  EPIDROMIA, Epidrome.
 _ EPIFAGUS  AMERICANUS, Orobanche Vir-
giniana,—e. Virginianus,  Orobanche Arirginiana.
  EPIGJE'A REPENS, Trailing Ar'butus, Ground
Laurel, 31ayflower.   A small,  trailing plant,  of
the Family  Ericaceas,  which  grows in  sandy
woods, or in rocky soil,  especially in the shade
of pines.   Its flowers appear early  in spring, and
exhale a rich, spicy fragrance.  The leaves and
stems are prepared and used like uva ursi.
  EPIGASTRAL'GIA,  from  tmyacrpihv,  'the
epigastrium,' and aXyos, 'pain.'  Pain at the
epigastrium.
  EPIGAS'TRIC,  Epigas'tricus,  Epigas'trius,
from em,  ' upon,' and yacrvp, ' the stomach.' This
name has been given to several parts.
  Epigastric Ar'tery, Arte'ria epigas'trica,  A.
sua-pubienne, (Ch.)  It arises from the  external
iliac, on a level with the  crural arch; sometimes
by a trunk proper to it, at others by one  com-
mon to it and the Obturator artery.  It ascends
upwards  and inwards, behind the spermatic cord,
follows the outer edge of the rectus abdominis
muscle, and anastomoses, towards the umbilicns,
with the  internal mammary.  The epigastric ar-
tery anastomoses, also, with the obturator, sper-
matic, lumbar, and intercostal vessels.
  Epigastric Region, Regio epigas'trica, R. car-
diaca, R. stomach'ica, R. stomacha'lis, is the su-
perior region of the abdomen, comprised  between
the false ribs on  each side, and extending from
the lower surface of the diaphragm  to two fingers'
breadth above the umbilicus.  It is divided into
three parts, one middle, the epigas'trium, — and
two lateral, the hypochon'dria.
  Epigastric Vein follows nearly the same course
as the artery.
  EPIGASTRICUS, Epigastric.
  EPIGAS'TRIUM.  Same etymon.  The belly;
the epigastric region.
  EPIGASTRIUS, Epigastric.
  EPIGASTROCE'LE, from em, 'upon,' yacrvp,
'the stomach,'  and kvXv, 'a tumour.'   Hernia
formed by the stomach; Gas'troee'le.  This name
has been  given more especially to  hernia, which
occurs towards the upper part of  the linea alba
or in the epigastric region, whether formed  or
not by the stomach.
  EPIGENEMA, Epigenesis.
  EPIGEX'ESIS,  from em, 'upon,' and yeve«r<c,
' generation.'  A theory of conception, according
to which the new being is created entirely anew;
and receives at once from each parent the ma-
terials necessary for its formation.  Also, a new
formation.
   Epigenesis, as well as Epigenc'ma, or Epigen-
ne'ma, is, also, applied to any symptom occurring
during  a disease,  without changing  its nature.
An accessory symptom.  Epiginom'enoa,  Super-
ve'niens, has a similar acceptation.
   EPIGINOMENOS,  see Epigenesis.
   EPIGLOT'TIC, Epiglot'ticua: same etymon.
Relating to the epiglottis.
   Epiglottic Gland, Perigloltia, Caro glandu-
lo'aa.  A collection of small, glandular granula,
situate  in the  adipose, areolar texture at the
base of the anterior surface of the epiglottis, in a
triangular space, bounded anteriorly by the thy-
ro-hyoid  membrane and  thyroid cartilage.  It
pours out an unctuous and mucous fluid, which
lubricates  the  epiglottis, keeps  it supple  and
movable,  and prevents the larynx from being
irritated by the  constant passage of the air, in
the act of respiration.
   EPIGLOT'TIS, from tm, 'upon,' and yXwrrts,
' the glottis.' Epiglottic cartilage, Lig'ulu, Oper-
culum laryn'gis,  Lingua Ex'igua, Lidgula fla'tu-
la, Sablidguum, Superlig'ula.  A fibro-cartilage,
situate  at the upper part of  the larynx, behind
the base of the tongue.  Its form is oval; texture
elastic; thickness greater below than above, and
greater in the middle than at the sides.   By its
smaller extremity, which is the lower, it is at-
tached to the thyroid cartilage; its two surfaces
are covered  by  the mucous membrane of the
pharynx and larynx.   The  special  use of the
epiglottis would  seem to be to  cover the  glottis
accurately at the  moment of  deglutition, and,
thus, to assist in  opposing the passage of alimen-
tary substances into the air tubes.
  EPIGLOTTITIS, Inflamma'tio Epigloltidia,
(F.) Inflammation  de  t'Epiglotte, Angina epi-
glottide'a.  Inflammation of the epiglottis.
  EPIGLOT'TUM.  An instrument, mentioned
by Paracelsus, for raising the eyelids.   It resem-
bled the epiglottis in shape.
  EPIGLOU'TIS, from tm, 'upon,' and yXovros,
' the buttocks.'  The superior region  of the nates.
—Gorraeus.
  EPIGONATIS,  Patella.
  E PIG'ONE, Gone, Hypoph'yaia, Progen'iea,
Prolea,  Sob'olea,  Sub'olea, from em,  'upon,' and
yovv, 'sperm.'  Offspring.   Progeny.   Also, Su-
perfcetation.
  EPIGONION, Foetus.
  EPIGONIS, Patella.
  EPIGONON, Superfcetation.
  EPIGOUNIS, Patella.
  EPIGUNIS, Patella.
  EPILATORIUM, Depilatory.
  EPILEMPSIS,  Epilepsy.
  EPILENTIA, Epilepsy.
  EPILEPSIA, Epilepsy — e.  Acuta Infantum,
Eclampsia—e. Algetica, see  Algos — e. Febrilis
infantum, Eclampsia—e. Nocturna, Incubus — e.
Puerilis, Eclampsia infantum—e. Saltatoria, Cho-
rea— e. Uterina, Lorind matricis.
   EPILEPSIE, Epilepsy—e.  Utirine, Hysteria
—e. Vertige, see Epilepsia.
  EP'ILEPSY,  'ttpv vovcos, ctXvvata vovaos, Epi-
lepsia, Epilep'eie, Epilemp'sia, Epilen'tia, Sya-
pdaia Epilepaia, Catalcn'tia, Decidedtia, Paa'eio
cadiva, 31orbua comil'ialia,  31.  caddcua,  31.
Hercu'leua,  Heracle'ua morbua, 31. sacer,  M. aa-
tra'lia, 31. aidera'tua, 31. damoni'acua, 31. Sancti
Johan'nia, 31. foedua,  Hieradoaua, 31. pueri'lis,
Deprehedaio, Olonoa epilepj'aia, Hieran'oaoa, Pre-
hen'aio, Perdil'io, Epilep'tica pas'sio,  Morbua
magnus, M. Major, 31. Interlu'nius,  M. diitnus,
M. damo'nius, M. son'ticus,  31. seleni'acus,  M. 
EPILEPTIC
335
EPIPHORA
lunaticna, 31. menaa'lia, 31. deif'icus,  31. scelea'-
Uih, M. vitriolu'tua, 31. viridellua, 31. Sancti Vu-
lenti'ni, Malum cadu'cum, Analep'aia, Catapto'sis,
Insa'nia cad Ira, Apoplex' in parva, Cadu'ea pas'-
sio, Lues div'tnu, Vit"ium cadu'cum seu divinum
seu Hercu'Uum, Fulling sickness, (F.) 3Ial caduc,
3lul divin, Mul Saint-Jean, 31 dl de Terre, Haut-
mal.  The word is derived from tmXapfiavw, ' I
seize upon.'  It is  a disease of  the brain, which
may either be idiopathic or symptomatic, sponta-
neous or accidental, and which  occurs in parox-
ysms, with uncertain intervals  between.   These
paroxysms are characterized by loss of sensation
and convulsive  motions of the muscles.  Fre-
quently, the fit attacks suddenly; at other times,
it is preceded by indisposition,  vertigo, and  stu-
por.  At times, before tho loss  of consciousness
occurs, a sensation of a cold vapour is  felt, hence
called aura epilcp'ticu.  This appears to rise in
some part of  the body, proceeds towards the
head; and as  soon as it has reached the brain
the patient falls down.  The ordinary duration
of a fit is from  5  to 20 minutes.  Sometimes it
goes off in a  few  seconds; at  others, it  is pro-
tracted  for hours.  In  all cases, there is a loss
of sensation, sudden falling down, distortion of
tho eyes and face; countenance of a red, purple
or violet colour; grinding of the teeth;  foaming
at the mouth ; convulsions of the limbs ; difficult
respiration, generally  stertorous;  with,  some-
times, involuntary discharge of fasces  and urine.
After the fit, the patient retains not the least re-
collection of what has passed,  but remains, for
some time, affected with head-ach, stupor,  and
lassitude.
  The  disease is in the brain,  and is generally
organic; but it may be functional and symptom
matic of irritation  in other parts, as in the  sto-
mach, bowels,  Ac.  The prognosis,  as to ultimate
recovery, is unfavourable. It does not, however,
frequently destroy life, but is apt to lead to men-
tal imbecility.  Dissection  has  not thrown light
on  its pathology.
   To the attacks of epilepsy which are unaccom-
panied  by convulsions, as is sometimes the case,
the  French give the name Petit-mat, and Epi-
lepsie  Vertige.   AVhen furious mania succeeds to
a paroxysm, it is  termed 3Iania epileptica and
Epileptic Delirium.
  In the treatment, the cause   must  be  sought
after, and if possible removed.  In the  paroxysm,
but little can be done; but as the tongue is liable
to be injured by the teeth, the jaws may  be kept
open by putting a cork or piece of wood between
them.   If the fit has been brought on  by indi-
gestible food, the stomach  must be cleared.  It
is between the paroxysms  that the great effort
must be made.   Generally, there is considerable
irritability and debility  of the nervous  system,
and hence tonics have been found the  best reme-
dies.  Of these, perhaps the most powerful, in
epilepsy,  is the  argenti  nitras, given  regularly
and continued for months, if necessary.  Prepa-
rations  of iron, copper, and zinc, have also been
used, and vegetable tonics and antispasmodics in
general.  Counter irritants, as blisters,  moxa,
Ac may be employed,  if necessary, along with
this course.
   Unfortunately, in many cases, these means are
found insufficient, and all that  can be done is to
palliate, removing carefully the  exciting  causes;
such as the use of spirituous liquors, strong emo-
tions, violent  exercise,  Ac; and regulating the
diet.
  EPILEP'TIC, Epilep'ticus, Epiltp'tus, Lunat-
icus, Caddcana; same etymon.  One attacked
with epilepsy.  Any thing  relating to epilepsy;
us an epilep'tic  individual; an cpilep'tic symp-
tom.  Some authors also speak of epileptic reme-
dies.
  EPILEP'TOID, Epileptoides ; same etymon.
Resembling epilepsy—as ' epileptoid symptoms.'
  EPILO'Bll'M   AWfrUSTIFO'LIUM,   Great
 Willow herb.   An indigenous plant, Order, Ona-
graceas, which flowers in July.  The root is emol-
lient and slightly astringent,
  Epilobium Colora'ti m, Purple-veined  Willow
herb, has similar properties.
  Epilobium  Villo'sum, a South African  plant,
is used at the  Cape  of Good Hope as a domestic
remedy for cleansing foul ulcers.
  EPIM'ANES.  A name given  to  a  maniac
when in a paroxysm.
  EPIMELE'TAI, from tmpiXtopat, (tm, and
ptXw,)  'I  take care  of.'  A name by which  the
ancient Persians called the curers of wounds, who
followed their armies.
  EPIMOR'IOS, 'unequal;' from em,  and pttpw,
' I divide.' An epithet applied to the pulse when
unequal.—Galen.
  ERIN Alii). Spinacia—i. Sauvage, Chenopo-
dium bonus Henricus.
  EPINE, Spine—i. du Dos, Vertebral column
—i. Gutturalc, Nasal spine, inferior and posterior
— i. Sjiheno'idulc. Sphenoidal spine — i.  Vinette,
Oxycantha Galeni.
  EPINEMESIS, Dispensation.
  EPINEPH'ELOS, Nubilo'sus.  Presenting  a
cloud.   Applied to the urine.—Hippocrates.
  EPINEUX, Spinous — i.  du  Dos, grand, Spi-
nalis dorsi major : see Interspinals dorsi et lum-
borum— i. du Dos, petit, see  Interspinals dorsi
et lumborum.
  EPINGLE, Pin.
  EPINIERE, Spinal.
  EPINOTION, Scapula.
  EPINYCTIDES,  from em,  'upon,' and vv%,
'the night'  Eruptions which appear on the skin
in the night, and disappear in the day.  Pus'tula
livens et noc'tibus inquie'tans.—Pliny.
  EJPINYCTIS PRURIGINOSA, Urticaria.
  EPIONE,  Decidua.
  EPIPAROXYS'MUS.   A paroxysm  super-
added  to an ordinary paroxysm.
  EPIPASTUM, Catapasmum.
  EPIPE'CHU, tmirvx", from  tm,  'upon,' and
ttvxvs,  ' the elbow.'  The upper part of the elbow.
—Gorraeus.
  EPIPEPHYCOS, Conjunctiva.
  EPIPHiENOM'ENON, Post appdrens ; same
etymon.   Any kind of  adventitious  symptom
which  occurs  during the progress of an affection :
and which is  not as intimately connected with
the existence  of the disease as the symptoms
properly so called.
  EPIPHA'NIA, from em, 'upon,' and tpatvw, 'I
exhibit'  The external appearance of  the body.
—Castelli.
  EPIPH'LEBUS,  from em, 'upon,' and tpXtxp,
' a vein.'  An  epithet given to those whose veins
are very apparent,—Hippoc, Aretasus.
  EPIPHLEGIA, Inflammation.
  EPIPHLOGISMA, Erysipelatous inflamma-
tion.
  EPIPHLOGOSIS, Hvperphlogosis.
  EPIPH'ORA. Dacryndmn. Lnehryma'tio, De-
lachryma'tio, Rlachryma'tio, Stillicid turn lachry-
ma'rum, Oc'ulus lach'rymans ; from em^tpw, (em,
and tptpw,) 'I carry to.' AVeeping. (F.) Larmoie-
ment.   The watery  eye; — an  involuntary and
constant flow of tears upon the  cheek.  It is al-
most always symptomatic of some disease of the
lachrymal passages,  and occurs when the tears
cannot pass into the ductus ad nasum.   Occa- 
EPIPHYMATA              336           EPIPLOSCHEOCELE
sionally, it is owing to the  tears being secreted
in too great  quantity; as in certain cases of oph-
thalmia.   The treatment must of  course be di-
rected to the removal  of the cause.
   Epiphora, Epidrome,  Ophthalmia—e. Alvi,
Diarrhoea — e. Ptyalismus,  Salivation.
   EPIPHYMATA, Cutaneous diseases.
   EPIPHYSIS, Additamen'tum, from tm, 'upon,'
and tpvw, ' I  arise.'  Any portion of a bone, sepa-
rated from  the body  of the bone by a cartilage,
which becomes converted into bone by age.  The
epiphysis of the  foetus becomes the apophysis of
the adult.
   Epiphysis Cruris  Longioris Incudis, Os or-
biculare.
   EPTPHYTE,  Epiph'yton,  from tm, 'upon,'
and tpvrov,  -a plant.'  A parasite  derived  from
the vegetable kingdom.  Epiphytes  are divided
by Vogel into 1.  A'egetations in the  human fluids,
as the tor'ula cerevis'ia in vomited fluids and
fascal evacuations,  and the sar'cina ventric'uli,
2. Vegetations on the external skin  and its ap-
pendages, as in tinea favosa, mentagra, herpes
tonsurans and plica polonica, and,  3. Vegetations
on the mucous  membrane,—for example, in the
aphthas of children;  in the cicatrices of the mu-
cous membrane after  typhus, Ac.
   EPIPLASMA, Cataplasm.  Galen uses it es-
pecially  for an  application  of wheaten  flour,
boiled in hydrelaum,  and applied to wounds.
   EPIPLE'GIA, from tin, 'above,' and irXvyv,
' a stroke.   Paralysis of the upper extremities.
   EPIPLERO'SIS,  from  em,  'augmentative,'
and irXtipwais, 'repletion.'  Excessive repletion;
distention.
   EPIP'LOCE,  from tm,  'upon,'  and ttXikw, 'I
twine.'   Coition.  Entanglement.
   Epip'loce  Intestina'lis,  Gonglomerdtio in-
testino'rum.   Conglomeration of the intestines.
   EPIPLOCE'LE, from tTmrXoov, 'omentum,' and
kvXv, ' tumour.'   Eprip'loic her'nia, Zirba'lis her-
nia, Hernia omenta'lis, Omental hernia, (F.)Hcr-
nie de lipiploon.   Omental hernia is recognised
—but at times with difficulty—by a soft, unequal,
pasty  tumour, in  which no  gurgling sound  is
heard on pressing or reducing it.   It is less dan-
 gerous than hernia of the intestines.
   EPIPLO-ENTEROCE'LE, from emTrXoov, 'the
 omentum,' tvrtpov, 'intestine,' and/oyX?7, 'tumour.'
 Hernia, formed  by the epiploon and  a portion of
 intestine.   It is more commonly called En'tero-
 epiploce'le.
   EPIPLOENTEROOSCHEOCE'LE,  Epiplo-
 enteroschoce'le, from ttmrXoov, ' omentum,' tvrtpov,
 ' intestine,'  ocxtov, ' scrotum,' and (07X17, ' rupture.'
 Hernia with omentum and intestine in the scro-
 tum.
   EPIP'LOIC, Epiplo'icus.  Relating  to  the
 epiploon.
   Epiploic Appen'dages;  Appendic'ula  epi-
 plo'ica,  A. pinguedino'sa,  Fim'bria  carno'sa
 coli, SitTPtitemedta epiplo'ica.  Prolongations of
 the peifroneurn  beyond the surface  of the large
 intestine, which are analogous in  texture and
 arrangement to the epiploon.
   Epiploic  Ar'teries;  Arte'ria  Epiplo'ica.
 The arterial branches, which are distributed to
 the epiploon, and which are given off by the gas-
 tro-epiploicas.
    EPIPLO-ISCHIOCE'LE, from emTrXoov, 'the
 epiploon,' tcxtov, 'the ischium,' and  kvXv,  'a tu-
 mour.'  Hernia formed by the epiploon through
 the ischiatic notch.
    EPIPLOI'TIS,  from  tmnXoov, 'the omentum,'
 and itis, denoting inflammation.  Inflammation
 of the omentum;  Omentitis, Empresma perito-
nitis omenta'lis,  Omenti inflamma'tio, Eutrri'tis
epiploitis, Omente'sis.  A form of partial perito-
nitis.
  EPIPLOMEROCE'LE,  from   tmTrXoov,  'the
omentum,'  pvpos, ' the thigh,' and kvXv, ' a tu-
mour.'  Femoral hernia, formed by the epiploon.
  EPIPLOMPHALOCELE, Epiplomphalon.
  EPIPLOM'PHALON, Epiploom'phalon,  Epi-
plomphaloce'le, Hernia umbilica'lis, from emTrXoov,
' the omentum,' and optpaXos, ' the navel.'  Umbi-
lical hernia, formed by the epiploon.
  EPIPLOM'PHRASIS, from emTrXoov, 'the epi-
ploon,' and tpippaccw,  ' I obstruct'  Induration
of the epiploon.
  EPIPLOOCOMIS'TES, from tmTrXoov, 'the epi-
ploon,' and  Koptfa, 'I carry.'  One who has the
omentum  morbidly large.   Also,  one labouring
under epiplocele.
  EPIP'LOON, Epiploum, from tm, 'above,' and
TtXtw, 'I swim or float.'  Omen'turn, Rete, Retic'-
ulum ^ Dertron ; Zirbus,  Gad game,  Gangamum,
Operimen'tum intestino'rum, Saccus  epiplo'icus,
Sage'na.  The Caul.  A prolongation of the pe-
ritoneum, which floats above a portion of the in-
testines, and is formed of two membranous layers,
with vessels and fatty bands distributed through
it.  Anatomists have described several epiploons.
The uses of the omentum are but little known.
The chief one seems to be,  to  retain the viscera
in situ, and to give passage to vessels.
  Epiploon, Colic,  Colic  Omentum,  0. co'licum,
Third Epiploon or Omentum, is a duplicature of
the peritoneum,  situate along the ascending por-
tion of the colon, as far as its junction with the
transverse portion.  It is  behind the great epi-
ploon, and fills up the angle formed by the junc-
tion of the  ascending with the transverse colon.
Its two laminas are separated by colic arteries
and veins.
  Epiploon, Gastro-Colic, Great Omentum,
Omentum gastro-cdticum,  Omentum majus, Peri-
tona'um duplicdtum,  Rete  majus, Zirbus adipi-
nua, consists of  an  extensive duplicature, which
is free and floating on the folds of the intestines.
It  is quadrilateral, and longer on  the  left side
than on the right:—its base being fixed,  ante-
riorly, to the great curvature of the stomach;
and, posteriorly, to the arch of the colon.  It is
formed of two  laminas, each consisting of two
others.   In this epiploon a number of vessels is
distributed, and there is much fat.
   Epiploon, Gastro-Hepatic, Leaaer Omentum,
 Omentum  hep''ato-gaa'tricum, Omentum minua,
3Iembra'na macilen'tior, is  a duplicature of  the
peritoneum, which extends transversely from the
right side of the cardia to the corresponding ex-
tremity  of the  fissure of the liver,  and  down-
wards from this fissure to the lesser  curvature of
the stomach, the pylorus  and duodenum.   Be-
low it is the foramen or hiatua of Winslow;  and
between its laminas  are lodged  the biliary  and
 hepatic vessels. It contains but little fat.   H
 air be blown in at the foramen of Winslow,  the
 cavity of the omentum will be rendered percep-
 tible.
   Epiploon, Gastro-Splenic,  Gaatro-Splenic
 Omentum, 0. Goatro-aple'nicum.  A reflection of
 the peritoneum, which passes between the con-
 cave surface of the spleen and the stomach, from
 the cardiac orifice to near its great curvature, and
 which lodges the vasa brevia and splenic vessels
 between its laminae.
   EPIPLOSARCOM'PHALUS, from  tmTrXoov,
 'the epiploon,' oapf,  'flesh,' and  optpaXos, 'the
 navel.'  Umbilical hernia, formed of indurated
 omentum.
    EPIPLOSCHEOCE'LE, Epiptoschoce'le, from 
EPIPLOUM
337
EPISYNTHETIC
ctt(tXoov,  ' the epiploon,' oo-^tov, ' the  scrotum,'
and kvXv, 'tumour.'  Scrotal hernia, formed by a
displacement of the epiploon.
  EPIPLOUM, Epiploon.
  EPIPXOIA, Afflatus.
  EPIPORO'MA, from tmmopow, (em, and mopow,)
'I harden.'  A tophaceous concretion which forms
in the joints.  The callus of fracture.
  EPIR'RIIOE, Epirrhoe'a, from em, 'upon,' and
ptw, ' I flow.'  Afflux  or  congestion of humours.
—Hippocrates.
  EPIRRHCEA,  Epirrhoe.
  EPLSARCIDIUM, Anasarca.
  EPIS'CHESIS, Retention;  from  ewviu, 'I
restrain.'   A suppression of excretions.
  EPISCHET'ICUS;  same  etymon.   Sistena,
Rcp'rimena, Cdhibena.  ' Restraining.'  An agent
that  diminishes—secretion, for example.
  EPISCHIOX,  Abdomen, Pubes, Pubis os.
  EPISCOPALES VALVULE, Mitral valves.
  EPISEION, Pubis (os), Vulva,  Labium  Pu-
dendi, Tressoria.
  EPISEM A'SIA, from tmevpatvw, (tm, and avpa,
' a sign,) ' I afford some sign.'  Semu'sia.  It has
been  used synonymously with eign, and also with
tbe invasion of an attack of fever. See Annotatio.
   EPISIOOELE, see Hernia, vulvar.
   EPISIG"*DE'MA, from tmctiov, 'the labia pu-
dendi,' and otSvpa, ' oedema.'  Oedema of the labia
pudendi.
  EPISIOX, Episcion.
  EPISION'CUS,  Episiophy'ma, from tirurttov,
(modern,)  'the labium pudendi,' and oyKos, 'a
tumour.'   Tumor labidrum.  A swelling or tu-
mour of the labia pudendi.
  EPISIOPHYMA, Episioncus.
  EPISIORRIIAG"IA, from tmctiov, 'the labia
pudendi,' and payv, 'rupture.'  Hemorrhage from
the labia pudendi.
  EPISIOR'RHAPHY, Episiorrhapltia, from
emo-ttov, (modern,) 'the labium pudendi,' 'the
vulva,' and patpv, ' suture.'   An operation prac-
tised  in cases of prolapsus uteri, which consists
in paring  the opposing surfaces of the labia pu-
dendi, bringing them together  and uniting them
by suture, so as to diminish the outlet of the vulva.
  EPISOI'TIS, from  tmctiov, 'the labia pudendi,'
and ifi«, denoting ' inflammation.' Inflammation
of the labia pudendi.
  EPISPA'DlA ; Hyperspa'dia; same etymon
as the next.  The condition of an Epispadias.
  EPISPA'DIAS,  Epiapadia'ua,  Anaspddias,
Anaspadia'us,  Hyperspa'dias,  Hyperspddia'us,
from  em,  ' above,' and o-iraw,  ' I draw.'  The op-
posite to Hypospadias.  One  who has  a  preter-
natural opening of the urethra  at the upper part
of the penis.
  EPISPAS'TICS,  Epispas'tica,  Ves'icants,
Hclc'tica, (F.) Epispastiqttes; same etymon.  An
epithet for every  medicinal substance  which,
when applied to the skin, excites pain, heat,  and
more or less  redness, followed by separation of
the epidermis, which is raised up by effused serum.
Cantharides  and mustard  are  epispastics.   See
Blister and Derivative.
  EPISPAST1CUM, Blister.
  EPISPA STIQ (rES, Epispastics.
  EPISPASTUM, Catapasma,
  EPISPH^E'BIA, from tm, 'upon,' and aipaipa,
'a sphere.'  Some physiologists have applied this
term  to the different convolutions and sinuosities
presented by the  external surface of the brain.
  EPISPHAGISMOS. Signature.
  EPISTACTIS'CHESIS, from t-tarafc, <epis-
taxis,' and 10-Ynr, 'to restrain.'   Arrest of bleed-
ing from the nose.
       22
   EPISTAPHYLIXI, see Azygos Muscle.
   EPIS'TASIS,  Insidedtia, from  tm,  'upon,'
 and craw, ' I rest.'  A substance which swims at
 the surface of urine.   It is opposed to the hypos-
 tasis or sediment.  Epistasis has also been em-
 ployed synonymously with suppression.
   EPIS'i'AX'IS,  from  em, 'upon,' and ara^w, 'I
 flow drop by drop.'  Hamorrhag"ia activa na'-
 rium, H. naridea, H. na'rium, Epistax'is junio''-
 i-uin,  Epistax'is  artcrio'sa,  Hamorrhin'ia,  Ha-
 iiiorliinorrhag"ia, Hamatis'mus, Choanorrhag"ia,
 Rhinorrhaej"ia, Stillicid'ium seu Stilla'tio Sang'-
 uinis e nar'ibus, Hemorrhage from the pituitary
 membrane, Bleeding at the nose, Nosebleed, (F.)
 Himorrhagie nasale, Saignement du nez, Himor-
 rhinie.   This is one of the most common varie-
 ties of  hemorrhage;  the  organization of  the
 Schneiderian membrane being favourable to it,
 as  the blood-vessels are but slightly supported.
 It does not generally flow fr-om both nostrils, and
 is very apt to  recur.  Puberty is the period at
 which it is most common.  Its exciting causes
 are: — any thing that will induce local conges-
 tions,  as running, coughing, blowing the nose,
 Ac, provided  there be a predisposition to it.  A
 common case of epistaxis requires but little treat-
 ment, especially  if in a young person.   Light
 diet and a dose or two of the sulphate of magne-
 sia will  be sufficient.  In more severe  attacks,
 cold and  astringent washes of alum, sulphate of
 zinc,  weak sulphuric  acid, or creosote,  may be
 used, and the nostrils be plugged anteriorly; but
 if the bleeding goes on posteriorly, the posterior
 nares  must be plugged likewise,—tho patient
 being  kept with  the head raised.   The ll>\v of
 blood has been arrested by directing the pal'ent
 to stand up with  his head elevated, compressing
 the nostril whence the blood flows with the finger,
 raising the corresponding arm perpendicularly,
 and holding it in this position for about two mi-
 nutes.  A less vigorous circulation  through the
 carotids appears to  result  from  the increased
 force required to carry on the circulation through
 the  upper extremities when  raised. —Negrier.
 To  prevent the recurrence, strict diet must bo in-
 culcated.
   EPISTER'NAL, Episterna'lis, from tm, 'upon,'
 and o-repvov, 'the sternum.'  An epithet applied
 to two bones which form part of the sternum, and
 are situate upon its superior and lateral part.  In
 the young subject, they are attached to the ster-
 num by a synovial membrane, and a fibrous cap-
 sule.   They have somewhat the appearance of
 the pisiform bones, but are of a greater size.
   According to Professor Owen, the piece of a
 segment of an articulate animal, which is imme-
 diately above the middle inferior piece or sternum.
   EPISTHOT'ONOS,  from tmedtv, 'forwards,'
 and rttvw, 'I extend.'  A spasm of the muscles,
 drawing the body forwards.   The word empros-
 ihotonos is more commonly employed.
   EPISTROPHE, Relapse.
ft  EPISTROPHEUS, Axis.
   EPISTROPHUS^Axis.
   EPISYNAN'CHE, (em, and synanche or cynan-
 che,) Episynangi'na.   A Greek word, used by a
 modern  writer for spasm  of  the  pharynx,  by
 which deglutition is prevented, and the solid and
 liquid food driven back towards the mouth or
 nasal fossae.
   EPISYNTHET'IC, Episynthelicus, from tm-
 cvvrtSvpi, (tm, cw, and Ttdvpt.) 'to coUect, accu-
 mulate.'   The name of a medical sect, whose ob-
 ject it was to reconcile the principles of the Me-
 thodists with those of the Empirics  and Dogma-
 tists.  Leonides of Alexandria seems to have been
 one of the first partisans of this sect; of which
 we  know little. 
                  EPITASIS                3

  EPIT'ASIS, from em, and  rtiveiv, 'to extend.'
The period of violence of a fever, (Febris inted-
sio,) attack or paroxysm; sometimes it is used in
the same sense as epistasis, for 'suppression.'
  EPITELIUM, Epithelium.
  EPITHE'LIAL, Epithelia'lis;  same etymon
as epithelium.  Appertaining or relating to the
epithelium,—as ' epithelial cells,  or scales.'
  EPITHE'LIUM, Epite'lium, Epithe'lis, Ende-
piilerm'is, from tm, 'upon,' and $vXv,  'a nipple.'
The thin layer of  epidermis,  which covers parts
deprived of derma, properly so  called, — as the
nipple,  mucous  membranes,  lips,  Ac  Modern
histological  researches have  shown that it ex-
ists, in  different forms, pavement, cylinder and
vibratile or  ciliated epithelium.  Tesselatcd epi-
thelium  covers the serous and  synovial mem-
branes,  the lining of blood-vessels, and  the mu-
cous membranes, except where cylinder epithe-
lium exists.   It is spread over the mouth, pha-
rynx  and oesophagus, conjunctiva, vagina, and
entrance of the female urethra.   Cylinder epithe-
lium is found in the intestinal canal, beyond the
cardiac  orifice of  the stomach; in  the larger
ducts  of the  salivary glands;  in the ductus com-
munis  choledochus, prostate, Cowper's glands,
vesiculas seminales, vas deferens, tubuli uriniferi,
and urethra of the male; and lines the urinary
passages of  the female, from the  orifice of the
urethra  to the beginning of the  tubuli  uriniferi
of the kidneys.  In all these situations, it is con-
tinuous  with tesselated epithelium, which lines
the more delicate  ducts of the  various glands.
For the  uses of the ciliated epithelium, see Cilia.
  EP'ITHEM, Epitlicma or Epithe'ma, from em,
'upon,'  and TiSvpi, 'I  put'  This term is applied
to every .topical application which   cannot be
classed  either under ointments  or  plasters.
Three sorts of epithems have been usually dis-
tinguished, — the liquid, dry, and soft, which
comprise fomentations, bags filled with  dry sub-
atancea,  and  cotaplaama.
  EPITH'ESIS.   Same etymon.   The rectifica-
tion of crooked limbs by means of instruments.
  EPITHYM'I^E, from em,  'upon,' and dvpos,
' desire.' Morbid desires or longings.
  EPITHYMIAMA, Fumigation.
  EPITHYMUM,  Cuscuta epithymum — e. Offi-
cinarum, Cuscuta Europaea.
  EPITROCH'LEA, from em, 'upon,' and
rpoxoXta, ' a puUey.'  That which is situate above
a pulley.  Chaussier gives  this name  to the un-
equal, round  protuberance situate on  the inside
of the inferior extremity of the humerus above its
articular trochlea.   It is the  part usually called
the inner or lesser condyle of the humerus. From
it originate  several muscles  of the forearm, to
which it has given part of their names, according
to the system of Chaussier.
  EPITROCHLO- CARPI-PAL3IAIRE,  Pal-
maris longus—i. Cubito-carpien, see Cubital mus-
cles—e.  3Iitacarpien, Palmaris magnus—i. Pha-,
langinien commun,  Flexor sublimis perforatus—
i. Radial, Pronator radii teres.
  EPIZO'A,  (F.) Epizo'dires,  Ectoparasites, from
em, 'upon,' and $wov, 'an animal.'  Parasitic ani-
mals, which infest the surface of the body, or the
common integument.
  EPIZOO'TIA,  Epizooty.   Same  etymon.  A
disease  which reigns amongst animals.  It corre-
sponds,  in the veterinary art, to  epidemy in me-
dicine.
  EPIZOOT'IC, Epizo'dticus, same etymon. Re-
lating or appertaining to  an epizooty, — as an
' epizootic aphtha.'
  EP'OCHE, from tm, and eyw, 'to have or to
hold.' Doubt, suspension of judgment— Suspedsa
8               EQUITATION

 senten'tia.   Sometimes employed in  the  same
 sense as epischeaie or suppression.
   EPOCIIETEUSIS, Derivation.
   EPODE, Incantation.
   EPO'MIS,  Superhumera'le, from  em,  'upon,'
 and wpos,  'the  shoulder.'  The acromion.   The
 upper part of the shoulder.—Hippocrates, Galen.
   EPOMPHALICUM, Epomphalium.
   EPOMPHALION, Uterus.
   EPOMPHA'LIUM, Epomphalicum, from tm,
 ' upon,'  and optpaXos, ' the navel.'  A  medicine,
 which, when  placed upon the  umbilicus, moves
 the belly.—Paulus of iEgina.
   EPONGE, Spongia—e. d'Eglantier, Bedegar.
   EPOQUES,  Menses.
   EPOSTOMA, Exostosis.
   EPOSTOSIS, Exostosis.
   EPREINTES, Tenesmus.
   EPSEMA,  Decoction.
   EPSESIS,  Decoction, Elixatio.
   EPSOM, MINERAL AVATERS  OF.  Epsom
 is a town in Surrey, about 15 miles from London.
 The water is a simple saline;—consisting chiefly
 of sulphate of magnesia, which has consequently
 received the  name  of Epsom  Salts, though no
 longer prepared from the Epsom water.
   EPUISEMENT,  Exhaustion.
   EPU'LIS, from tm, 'upon,' and ovXov, 'the
 gum.'    Odon'tia  excres'cens,  Sarco'ma  epn'lia,
 Ulon'cus, Exerescedtiet gingiva. An excrescence
 on the gum, sometimes ending in cancer.
   EPULOSIS, Cicatrization.
   EPULOTICA, Cicatrisantia.
   EQUAL, uEqua'lis.  An epithet applied parti-
 cularly to the pulse and to  respiration. The pulse
 and  respiration  are  equal, when the pulsations
 and  inspirations which succeed each  other are
 alike in every respect.
   EQUILIB'RIUM,  from aquus, 'equal,'  and
 librare,  ' to weigh.'  In  medicine,  this  word  is
 sometimes  used to designate that state of organs,
 fluids, and forces, which constitutes health.
   EQUINA CAUDA,  see Cauda Equina.
   E QUI'NI A, from  equinus, 'belonging to a
 horse.'  Glanders, (F.) 31orve.  A dangerous con-
 tagious disorder, accompanied by a pustular erup-
 tion, which arises from inoculation with certain
 diseased fluids generated in the horse, the ass and
 the mule.  Two forms are met with, — E. mitia,
 contracted from horses affected with grease, and
 E. glandulo'aa, a dangerous and commonly fatal
 disease communicated to man, either in the acute
 or chronic  form, from the  glandered horse.   The
 veterinary surgeons make two varieties of the
 disease in the horse—Glandera, Ma'lici, 3Ialias'-
 mxis, 31dlie, Mails, Malleus; and Farcy glanders,
 Farcino'ma, 3Ialleus farcimino'sua, 31orbua far-
 cimino'sus,  Cachex'ia  lymphatica farcimino'sa,
 (F.) 3Iorve farcineuse:—the former affecting the
 pituitary membrane and  occasioning  a  profuse
 discharge  from  the  nostrils, with pustular erup-
|(aons or small  tumours, which  soon suppurate and
 ulcerate, being attended by symptoms of malig-
 nant fever and by gangrene of various parts : —
 the latter being  the  same disease, but  appearing
 in the shape of small tumours about the legs, lips,
 face,  neck, Ac. of the horse; sometimes very
 painful,  suppurating and  degenerating into foul
 ulcers.   They are often seen together.
   The mild cases require little treatment but rest;
 the more severe generally resist aU remedies.
   EQUISETUM ARVE*NSE,  Ac, see Hippuris
 vulgaris—e. Minus,  Hippuris vulgaris.
   EQUITA'TION, Equita'tio, IUppri'a,  Hippd-
 sia, Hipped sia,  from equua, 'a horse.' Horaebaek
 exerciae.   A kind of exercise, advisable in many
 diseases, although improper in others—in uterine 
EQUIVOROUS
339
ERGOTISM
 affections, for instance. It has been much recom-
 mended in phthisis pulmonalis.  It is less fatigu-
 ing than walking, and consequently more avail-
 able in disease.  But to prevent disease, where
 much exercise is required, the latter is preferable.
    EQUIVOROUS,  Euuiv'orus, Hippoph'agous,
 from eqmis, 'a  horse,'  and  voro,  'I devour.'
 Feeding or  subsisting on horseflesh.
    EQUIV'OCA L, Eqttiv'ocna, from aquus, 'equal,'
 and vox, 'voice.'   Those symptoms are occasion-
 ally so denominated which belong to several dis-
 eases.  Generation is said to be ' equivocal,' when
 it is, or seems to be, spontaneous.   See Genera-
 tion.
    EQUUS,  Hippus.
    ERARLE, Acer saccharinum.
    ERADICATION, Eradica'tio, from e, 'from,'
 and radix,  ' a root.'   The act of rooting out, or
 completely removing a disease.
    ERAD'ICATIArE,  E rad I cans: same etymon.
 Any thing possessed of the power of completely
 rooting out  a disease.
    ERAILLE3IENT DES PAUPIERES, Ec-
 tropiou.
    EREBINTHUS, Acer arietinum.
    ERECHTHI'TES IIIER ACIFO'LIA, Send do
 hicracifo'lius, Fircweed.  An indigenous  plant,
 Order, Composites, which flowers from July  to
 September.   It is said to be  an acrid tonic, and
 astringent, and in large doses emetic.
    ERECTILE  TISSUE,  Tela erec'tilis, from
 erigere, (e,  and rigere,)  'to  erect,'  'to become
 erect,'  A tissue, whose principal character is :—
 to be susceptible of dilatation, i. e. of turgescence
 and increase of size.   It is formed of a. collection
 of arteries and  veins,  intermixed with nervous
 filaments; which form, by their numerous  anas-
 tomoses, a spongy substance, whose areolas com-
 municate with  each  other.  Smooth muscular
 fibres have been detected in it.  This tissue  ex-
 ists in  the  corpora cavernosa of the penis and
 clitoris, at the lower and inner surface of the va-
 gina, in the spongy part of the urethra, the lips,
 nipples, iris, Ac  Sometimes it is developed  ac-
 cidentally, and constitutes a kind   of organic
 transformation.
   ERECTION,  Free'tio, Arrcc'tio;  same  ety-
 mon.  The state of a part, in which, from having
 been soft, it becomes  stiff, hard, and swollen by
 the accumulation  of  blood  in the areolas of its
 tissue, as in the case of the penis ;—Styma, Stysis.
   ERECTOR CLITORIDIS, Ischio-cavernosus
 —e. Penis, Ischio-cavernosus.
   EREMACAU'SIS,  from  tpvpos, 'waste,'  and
 Kavats, ' combustion.'  A term  applied by Liebig
 to  the slow combustion, oxidation,  or decay of
 organic matters in the air.
   EREMIA, Acinesia.
   ERETHILYTICUM  H.EMATOLYTICUM,
 Spamcmic.
   ER'ETHTSAI, Erethis'mus,  Erethis'ia, Irrita-
 medtiim, Irritdtio, from tpt$i$w, 'I irritate.'  Ir-
 ritation.  Augmentation of the vital  phenomena
 in  any  organ or tissue.  Orgasm.   Under  this
 name, Air. Pearson has described a state of the
 constitution produced by mercury acting on it as
 a poison.  He calls it 3Iercdrial Erethis'mus.  It
is  characterized  by great depression of strength;
anxiety about the pnecordia; irregular action of
the heart;  frequent  sighing; tremors; small,
quick, sometimes intermitting, pulse;  occasional
vomiting:  pale,  contracted  countenance, and
sense of coldness: but the  tongue  is seldom
furred, nor are the vital  and natural functions
much disturbed.   In this state any sudden exer-
tion may prove fatal.
  ERETHISM A. Rubefacient,                  1
  ERETHISMUS, Erethism,Irritation-e.Ebrio- I
-  sorum, Delirium tremens—e. Hydrophobia, Hy-
-  drophobia—e. Oneirodynia, Incubus, Paroniria__
-  e. Simplex, Fidgets.
j     ERETHISTICUS. Erethiticus, Rubefacient,
     ERETRIT'IC, Erethi.licus,Erethis'ticus.  Be-
,  longing or relating to erethism, — as " erethitic
'  phenomena," or phenomena of irritation.
     EREUGMOS, Eructation.
     EREUXIS, Eructation, Flatulence.
     ERGASMA, Myrrha,
     ERGASTERION SPIRITUS, Pulmo.
i     ERGASTERIUM, Laboratory.
     ERGOT, (F.) Ergot,  'a spur.'  Er'gota,  Seca'le
  cornu'turn, Clavus secaltnus, Clavus secdlis, Sper-
  iiioi:'i/in clavus, Mater seca'lis,  Calcar, Seca'lis
  mater, Seca'le luxu'rians, Ustila'go, Clavue silig"-
'  inis, Frumen'tum comu'tum, F. cornicula'turn, F.
•  luxu'riuns, F.  tur'gidum, F. temuledturn, Brizoc'-
  craa, (/) Mclanophy'ma, Spurred or Horned Rye,
,  the Spur, Homaeed, (F.) Seigle ergoti, Bli cornu.
■  Ergot is generally  considered  to be the  result of
  a disease in rye, occurring most frequently when
  a hot summer succeeds a rainy spring.   Decan-
  dolle, however, regards it  as  a  parasitic fungus,
  and calls it, Sclero'tium clavus; whilst LeveiHe*
  esteems it to be a fungus giving a coating to the
  diseased grain; the medical virtues residing in
  the coating. This parasitic fungus he calls Spha-
  ce'lia seg"etum. More recently, it has been main-
  tained,  that it is a diseased state of the grain oc-
  casioned  by the growth  of a fungus  not  pre-
  viously detected, to which the names Ergota'tia
  abortana seu abortifa'ciena, Oidium abortifa'ciena,
  Ergot-mould, have  been given.  It is found pro-
  jecting from among the leaves of the spike or
  ear;  and  is a long, crooked excrescence,  resem-
  bling the spur of a  cock; pointed at its  extremi-
  ties ; of a dark brown colour externally, and white
  within.
    This substance has been long used in Germany
  to act on the uterus, as its names Mutterkorn
  and Geb'arpulver (womb-grain, pulvis  partu-
  riens) testify.   Upwards of forty years ago,  it
  was recommended in this country, by Dr. John
  Stearns, of Saratoga County, New York, for ac-
  celerating parturition ; and since that period, nu-
  merous  testimonials have been offered in  its fa-
  vour.   Half a drachm  of the  powder is  gently
 boiled in half a pint of  water, and one-third part
 given every 20 minutes,  until proper pains  begin.
  Some recommend  the  clear  watery infusion •
 others advise  the powder;  others  the  oil,  and
 others the  wine. It is obvious,  that in  many
 cases the uterine efforts  would  return in the pe-
 riod which would necessarily elapse in the  admi-
 nistration  of ergot,  so that  several of the  cases,
 at least, of reputed  efficacy, may not have been
 dependent upon the assigned agent.  Ergot also
 possesses—it is affirmed—narcotic virtues,  which
 have rendered it useful in hemorrhagic and other
 affections of excitement.
   Bread, made of spurred rye, has been attended
 with the effects  described under Ergotism.
   ERGOT, Hippocampus minor.
   ERGOT-MOULD, see Ergot
   ERGOTA, Ergot.
   ERGOT.&TIA ABORTANS,  see Ergot — e.
 Abortifaciens, see Ergot.
   ER'GOTIN, Extrac'tum Er'gota, Extract of
 E''9°t, (F.) Ergotine, Extrait himostatique de
 Bonjean.   The extract  of ergot has been  found
 an excellent hemastatic in the dose of two grains
 several times a day.   It  has also been used  ex-
 ternally.
   ERGOTINE. Ergotin.
   ER'GOTISAI, Ergotia'mue, from ergota, 'ergot'
 3lorbus cerea'lis. Poisoning by ergot.  An  affec-
 tion produced  by the use of  spurred rye.  At
 times, the  symptoms are  limited  to vertigo, 
ERG0TIS31E CONVULSIVE      340
ERVUM
spasms, and convulsions. See Convulsio cerealis. j
Most commonly, there is torpor with numbness
of the hands  and feet, which waste away,  lose
sensation and the power of motion, and separate
from the body by dry  gangrene;  Ergotis'mus
Sphacelo'aua, Sphae"elus cerea'lis,  Nccro'sis ce-
rea'lis,  Gangra'na ustilagin'ea, Necrosis ustila-
gin'ea, Ergot or 3Iildeur mortification, (F.) Ergo-
tisme gangrineux, Gangrhie des Solonois, 3Ial de
Sologne.
  ERG0TIS31E CONVULSIVE, Convulsio ce-
realis.
  ERGOTISMUS,  Ergotism —e.  Spasmodicus,
Convulsio cerealis—e. Sphacelosus,  Ergotism.
  ERI'CA A'ULGA'RIS, Calldna  vulga'ris  seu
Erica, Common  Heath,  (F.) Bruyere   vu/gaire.
This has been regarded as diuretic and diapho-

  ERIC'ERON BELLIDIFO'LIUM, Robin's
plantain. An indigenous plant of the Composite
family; flowering in May.  It is said to possess
properties like the next.
  Erig"eron Philadel'phicum, Scabious, Ske-
visch, Philadelphia Flea-Bane,  Skevisch  Flea-
Bane,  Daisy,   Cocash,  Frostweed,  Fieldweed,
Squaio-iveed,  (F.)  Vergerette  de  Philadel.phie.
The plant has been used in decoction or infusion
for  gouty and gravelly complaints, and is said
to operate powerfully as a diuretic and sudorific.
  Erigeron  Canaden'se, Can'ada  Fleabane, is
considered to be allied in  properties to the above,
and the  same may be  said  of Erigeron Hetero-
phyl'lum, Sweet Sca'bious or various-leaved Flea-
bane ; all of which are in  the secondary list of
the Pharmacopoeia of the United States.
  ERIGERUM, Senecio.
  JSRIGNE, Hook.
  ERINE, Hook.
  ERIOCEPH'ALUS UMBELLULA'TUS, Wild
Rose'mary.  A South African shrub, Nat. Ord.
Compositas, which is diuretic, and  used by the
farmers  and  Hottentots, in various forms  of
dropsy.
  ERIOSPERM'UM LATIFO'LIUM.  A  South
African plant, the tuber  of which  is muculent,
and used externally in abrasions of the  skin, and
in superficial ulcers.  It is also employed by the
Mohammedans, in decoction, in amenorrhcea.
  ERIX, ep'f. This word signifies, in Galen, the
upper part of the liver.
  ERODENS, Caustic.
  ERODIUM MOSCHATUM, Geranium mos-
chatum.
  EROMANIA, Erotomania.
  ERON'OSUS, Eronu'sos, from irp, 'spring,' and
vocos  or vovcos, 'disease.'  A disease which ap-
pears chiefly in spring.
  EROS, Love.
  EROSIO,  Corrosion—e. et Perforatio sponta-
nea Arentriculi, Gastromalacia.
  ERO'SION,  Ero'sio,   Diabro'sis,  Anabro'sis,
Corro'sion, from erodere,  (e, and  rodere,) 'to  eat
away.'  The  action of a  corrosive substance, or
the gradual destruction of a part by a substance
of that kind.  It is often employed  in the same
sense as ulceration, apontaneoua eroaion.
  EROT'IC,  Ero'ticus, from tpws, 'love.'  That
which is produced by love; — as Erotic melan-
choly, E. delirium, Ac.
  EROTICOMANIA,  Erotomania.
  EROTION, Melissa.
  EROTOAIA'NIA, Eromdnia, 3Ia'nia erotica,
from tpws, 'love,' and pavta, 'mania.' A species
of mental alienation caused by love.  Erotic me-
lancholy is Love melancholy.  Some authors write
it Erotico-mania.  Also,  Nymphomania.
  ERPES, Herpes.
  ERRABUNDUS, Planetes.
   ERRAT'IC, Erraticus, Atac'tos, Alypos; from
crrare,  'to  err.'   Wandering,  irregular.   That
which disappears and recurs at  irregular inter-
vals.  This name is given to intermittents, Fcbres
errat'ica, which  observe  no type.  Most  com-
monly, it is  applied to pains or  to any diseased
manifestations which are  not fixed, but move
from one part to another, as in gout, rheumatism,
erysipelas, Ac.
   ERREUR  DE LIEU, Error loci.
   ER'RHINE, Errhi'num or Er'rhinum, Sternu-
tato'rium, Ster'nutatory,  Ptar'micum, Apophleg-
matiaana per nares, Nasa'le, from tv, ' in,' and
piv, ' the  nose.'  A remedy whose action is ex-
erted on  the Schneiderian membrane,  exciting
sneezing and increased discharge.  Errhines have
been  mainly  used as local  stimulants  in  head
affections.   The chief are : Asari  Folia, Euphor-
bias  gummi-resina, Hydrargyri  sulphas flavus,
Tabacum, and Veratrum  album.
   ERRHINUM,  Sternutatory.
   ER'RHYSIS, from tv, 'in,' and ptw, 'I flow.'
AVith  some, a draining of blood.   A trifling he-
morrhage.
   ERROR LOCI, Apoplane'sis,  (F.) Errcur de
Lieu.   A term, frequently used by Boerhaave to
express deviation of fluids, when  they enter ves-
sels not destined for them.  Boerhaave admitted
several orders of  capillary vessels, the diameters
of which  went on decreasing.  The largest re-
ceived red blood: those  which  came next re-
ceived only white : others only lymph ; whilst, the
last of all were destined for yet more subtle fluids
—for a kind of vapour.  AVhen the red globules
entered vessels destined  for the white,  or the
white those intended for the thinner fluids, there
was, according to the theory of  Boerhaave,  an
error  loci, the proximate cause of inflammation
and other mischiefs.  See Aberration.
  ERUCA, Brassica eruca, Sinapis—e. Barbarea,
Erysimum barbarea—e. Foetida, Brassica eruca—
e.  Sativa, Brassica eruca.
  ERUCTA'TION, Ructdtio, Ereug'mus, Er'yge,
Eructa' tio,   Ructus,  Ructa'men,  Ructun' tio,
Ereux'is,  Restagndtio,  Ruft, (N. of England,)
from  eructare,  (e, and  ructare, ' to  belch.')
Belching,  (F.) Rot, Rapport.   A sonorous emis-
sion, by the mouth, of flatus proceeding from the
stomach.  When so frequent as to occasion a dis-
eased  condition, this is termed Ructuo'sitas, 3Ior-
bus ructuo'sus.
  ERUGATORIA, Tetanothra.
  ERUGINEUX, vEruginous.
  ERUPTIO, Eruption—e. Exanthematis, Epa-
nastasis—e. Sanguinis, Hasmorrhagia.
  ERUP'TION, Erup'tio, from erumpere, (e, and
rnmpere,) ' to issue with violence,' ' to break out'
This word has several meanings.  1. The  sudden
and copious evacuation of any fluid from  a canal
or cavity;—of serum, blood,  pus,  Ac, for exam-
ple.  2. The breaking out of  an exanthem ;  and,
3,  the exanthem itself, whether  simply in the
form of a rash, or of pustules, vesicles, Ac.
  ERUPTION AN03TALE, Roseolas—e. Ro-
sace, Roseolas—e. A7iolet, Ionthus.
  ERUP'TIVE, Eruptivus.  That which is ac-
companied by an eruption.    Thus small-pox,
measles, scarlet ftver, miliaria, Ac, are eruptive
fevers.  The term eruptive disease is nearly sy-
nonymous with cutaneous disease.
  ERVA DE  SANCTA MARIA,  Arum Dracun-
culus.
  ERVALENTA, see Ervum.
  ERVUM, E. En-ilia, E. plica'tum,  Vid'ia er-
vilia, Or'obua, (F.) Lentille  Era  ou  Orobe.   In
times  of scarcity, the seeds have been made into
bread, but it is said  not to be wholesome.  The
meal was one much used in poultices : it was for- 
ERYGE
341
ERYTHEMA
merly called  Orob'ion, opofiiov.  Under the name
Eivalent'a, a secret preparation has been intro-
duced into Paris.  It is a vegetable powder, which,
when mixed with milk and soup and taken night
and morning, is said to have  succeeded in remo-
ving old  and obstinate obstructions!  Buchner
thinks it is bean-meal,  Ditterich, the meal of the
seed of Ervum Ervilia.—Aschenbrenner.
   Kuvum Ervilia, Ervum.
   Ervum Lens, Cicer Lena, Lena eaculen'ta,Phacoa,
the Lentil, (¥.) Lentille.  The seed, Phoce, Phd-
cea, Phacua, is  eaten in many places like peas:
they are flatulent and difficult of digestion.
   Ervum Plicatum, Ervum.
   ERYGE, Eructation.
   ERYNGIUM, see E. Aquaticum.
   Eilyn'gium Aquat'icum,  Water Eryn'go, But-
ton Snake Root.  Nat.  Order, Umbelliferas. This
root, Erydginm,  (Ph. U. S.,)  is nearly allied  to
tho contrayerva of the shops, and acts more espe-
cially as a sudorific.   It is  a secondary article in
the Pharm. U.  S.
   Eryngium Campes'trI,  E. vulga're,  Centum
Cup ita,  Lyridyium, Aater inquina'lia, Cupitu-
lum Mnrtia, Acua Ven'eris,  (¥.} Panicaut, Char-
don- Roland, is sometimes used for*E. maritimum.
   Eryngium Marit'imum  seu Mari'num.   The
Sen Holly or Eryngo, J'Ahe'rea Herba, (F.) Pa-
nicaut Muritimc.  Eryngo root has a slightly aro-
matic odour,  and  sweetish and warm taste.   It is
considered to be diuretic and expectorant, but its
powers are so weak, that it is scarcely ever used.
   Eryngium Vulgare, E.  Campestre.
   ERYXGO, SEA,  Eryngium maritimum — e.
AA"ater,  Eryngium aquaticum.
   ERYS'IMUM,  Erya'imum officina'le,  Sisyni-
br in in  officina'le,  Chama'plion. Hedge-mustard,
(F.) Vilar, Tortelle,  Herbe aux Chantres.  This
was, formerly, much used for its expectorant and
diuretic qualities.  The  seeds greatly resemble
mustard.
   Erysimum Alliaria, Alliaria,
   Erysimum Barba'rea,  E. lyra'tum, ^ff^abis
barba'rea, Sisymbrium barba'rea, Eru'ca barba'-
rea, Barba'rea, B. stric'ta, (F.) Herbe de Saintc
Barbe, has been ranked  amongst  the antiscor-
butic plants.  See Alliaria.
   Erysimum Cordifolium, Alliaria—e. Lyratum,
E. barbarea.
   ERYSIPELA'CEA. Same etymon as the next,
A family of eruptive diseases, comprising erysi-
pelas,  variola, rubeola, and scarlatina.
   ERYSIP'ELAS, from tpvw, 'I  draw in,' and
TTtXas,  'near.'  Febris erysipelato'sa, Febria  ery-
sipclu'cea, Erythrop'yra, Emphlysis Erysip'elas,
St. Anthony's fire, Ignis Sancti Anto'nii,  I. Colu-
mella, Hicropyr, icterit'ia rubra, Ignis sacer,
Rose, Rubea  icterit'ia, Yicinitra'ha, Vicinitrac'-
tus, Brunna, Lugtlus, (F.) Erysipele, Feu St. An-
toine, Feu sacri, 31 al Saint Antoine.   A  disease,
so called because it  generally extends gradually
to the  neighbouring parts.  Superficial inflamma-
tion of the skin, with general fever, tension and
swelling of the part; pain  and heat more or less
acrid ;  redness diffused, but more or less  circum-
scribed, and  disappearing when pressed upon by
tho finger, but  returning as soon as the pressure
is removed.  Frequently, 'small vesicles appear
upon the inflamed part, which dry up and fall
oil, under the form of branny scales.  Erysipelas
is, generally, an acute affection: its medium du-
ration  being  from 10 to 14  days.  It yields, com-
monly, to general refrigerant remedies.  Topical
applications  are  rarely serviceable.   At times,
when  the disease approaches the  phlegmonous
character, copious bleeding and other evacuants
may be required,  as  in many  cases of erysipelas
of the  face; but this is not commonly necessary.
In most cases, indeed, the general action seems
deficient, and it becomes necessary to give tonics.
  When erysipelas  is of a highly inflammatory
character, and  invades  the parts beneath,  it is
termed Erysip'etas phlegmono'des, (F.) Erysipele
phlegmoneux:  when  accompanied with  phlyc-
tenas, and the inflammation terminates^in  gan-
grene, Erysip'elas gangrandsum,  (F.) Erysipele
gangrineux;  and when  associated with infiltra-
tion of serum Erysip'elas cedemato'sum, (F.) Ery-
sipele cedemateux.
  Erysipelas Gangra;nosum, see Erysipelas —
e.  CEdematosum,  see  Erysipelas — e. Phlegmo-
nodes,   see  Erysipelas — e.  Periodica  nervosa
chronica,  Pellagra — e.  Phlyctenoides,  Herpes
zoster—e. Pustulosa, Herpes zoster—e. Zoster,
Herpes  zoster.
  ERYSIPELATODES, Erysipelatous.
  ERYTSIPEL'ATOUS,  Erysipelatd des,  Erysi-
pelatd sus.   Belonging to erysipelas; as an ery-
sijiclatous affection.
  Erysipelatous  Inflammation, Inflamma'tio
erysipelato'sa, Epiphlogis'ma, Cuti'tis, Dermati-
tis, is the character of inflammation which distin-
guishes  erysipelas, Erythe'ma erysipelato'sum.
  ERYSIPELE, Erysipelas — i. Ambulant, see
Ambulant — i.  Gangrineux,  see  Erysipelas — L
QHdemateux, see Erysipelas—i. Phlegmoneux, see
Erysipelas — i.  Serpigineux, see Serpiginous — i.
Pustuleux, Herpes zoster.
  ERYSOS, Erythema.
  ERYTHE'MA, from  epvdpatos, tpvdpos, 'red,
rose-coloured.'   Erythre' ma,  ( F. )  Erytheme.
This name  is,  sometimes,  given  to erysipelas,
especially when of a  local  character.  It is,
also, applied  to  the morbid redness  on  the
cheeks of the hectic, and on  the  skin  covering
bubo, phlegmon, Ac.  It forms  the  6th genus
of the  3d order,  Exanthemata,  of Bateman's
classification of cutaneous  diseases; and is de-
fined, "a nearly continuous redness  of some
portion  of the skin,  attended with  disorder of the
constitution, but not contagious.'  Many varie-
ties are  described by dermatologists,—for exam-
ple, E.  intertrigo, E. fugax,  E. papula'tum, E.
tubercula'turn, E. nodo'sum, E. lave, E. centrif-
ugum, E. margina'tum, and E. acrodydia.
  Erythema Acrodynia, Acrodynum—e.  Am-
bustio, Burn—e. Anthrax, Anthrax.
  Erythe'ma Centrif'ugum.  A  variety of ery-
thema attacking the  face, commencing with  a
small red spot, and spreading around, so as, at
times, to affect  the whole face.
  Erythema Endemicum, Pellagra — e.  a  Fri-
gore, Chilblain.
  Erythe'ma Fugax.   Patches  of erythema,
that sometimes appear on the body in febrile dis-
eases, teething children, Ac, and which are of
brief duration.
  Erythema Gangrainosum,  Anthrax—e. Icho-
rosum, Eczema mercuriale—e. Intertrigo, Chafing.
  Erythe'ma L.eve, (F.) Erytheme tiger.  Slight
erythema affecting the skin, as in  oedema.
  Erythe'ma Margina'tum, (F.)  Erytheme mar-
ginal.   A form  in which the prominent patches
of erythema are  distinctly separated from  the
skin at their margins.
  Erythema Mercuriale, Eczema mercuriale.
  Erythe'ma Nodo'sum, (F.) Erytheme noueux.
A more  severe form  of Erythema tuberculatum.
  Erythe'ma Papula'tum, (F.) Erytheme papu-
leux.  Patches of erythema, which  are at first pa-
pulated, appearing on the face, neck,  breast, Ac,
of females, and young persons more especially.
  Erythema Pellagrum,  Pellagra—e.  Pernio
Chilblain. 
ERYTHEMATOUS
342
ESSENCE
  Erythe'ma  Sola're.   A name given by the
Italians to Pellagra, owing to its  being  attended
with an eruption of small red spots or patches on
the parts that are exposed to the  sun.
  Erythe'ma  Tubercula'tum, E. tuberculo'sum,
(F.) Erytheme tuberculeux.  A form  of erythema
in which the patches are in small lumps.
  ERYTHEMATOUS, Erythematic, Erythema-
tosus,  Erythematicus, (F.) Erythimateux.  Ap-
pertaining or relating to Erythema.
  ERYTHE3IE, Erythema—i. Liger, Erythe-
ma laeve—i. 3Iarginal, Erythema marginatum—
i. Noueux, Erythema  nodosum  — i. Papuleux,
Erythema papulatum—i. Tuberculeux, Erythema
tuberculatum.
  ERYTHR.EA CENTAURIUM, Chironia cen-
taurium — e.  Chilensis,  Canchalagua,  Chironia
Chilensis.
  ERYTHRJEMIA,_Plethora.
  ERY'THRAN'CHE,   Angi'na  erysipelato'sa,
from tpvQpos,' red,' and ayx^, ' I suffocate.' Ery-
sipelatous or erythematous sore throat.
  ERYTHREMA, Erythema.
  ERYTHRINA MONOSPERMA, Butea fron-
dosa.
  ERYTHROCHGERAS, Cynanche  parotidasa.
  ERYTHRODANUM, Rubia.
  ER'YTHROID, Erythro'des, ErythroVdea.
Reddish.
  Erythroid  Coat.  Tu'nica eryihrddea.  Vagi-
nal coat of the testis.
  Er'ythroid Ves'icle, Veaic'ula Erythrdidea.
A vesicle of the foetus described  by  Pockels and
others.  It is  pyriform, and much  longer than,
although of the same breadth as, the  umbilical
vesicle.  Velpeau, AVeber, and others,  doubt its
being a physiological condition.
  ERYTHRONIUM, E.  Americanum.
  Erythro'nium America'num,  E. flavum, E.
dens cania, E. lanceola'turn, E.  longifo'lium, Com-
mon Erythro'nium,  Yellow  Snake-leaf,  Yellow
Adder's tongue,  Adder-leaf, Dog violet, Rattle-
snake violet,  Lamb's tongue, Scrofula root, Yel-
low  Snowdrop. This plant is possessed  of emetic
properties, but is rarely, if ever,  used.  The root
and herb, Erythro'nium,  (Ph. U. S.,) are in the
secondary list of the Pharmacopoeia of the United
States.
  Erythronium Dens Canis, E. Americanum —
e. Flavum, E.  Americanum — e. Lanceolatum, E.
Americanum—e. Longifolium, E. Americanum.
   ERYTHROPYRA, Erysipelas.
   ERYTHROSIS, Plethora.
  ES'APHE,  from tcatpaw, 'Itouch  with the fin-
gers.'   (F.)  Le Toucher.   The introduction of a
finger  or fingers into the vagina, for the purpose
of examining the condition of the uterus.  It is
employed to verify the existence or non-existence
of pregnancy  and its different stages;  to  detect
certain affections or faults of conformation in the
genital organs and pelvis;  and,  during  the pro-
cess of accouchement, to examine into  the pro-
gress of labour,  Ac.
   ESCA, Aliment,
   ESCARA, Eschar.
   ESC ARGOT, Limax.
   ESCHALOTTE, Echalotte.
   ESCHAR, Es'chara, Es'char,  a slough, a crust
or scab.  The crust  or disorganized portion, ari-
sing from the mortification of  a  part, and which
is distinguishable from the living  parts  by its
colour, consistence, and other physical properties.
The inflammation which it excites  in  the conti-
guous parts, gives occasion to a  secretion  of pus
between the living  and dead parts, which ulti-
mately completely separates the  latter.
   ESCHARA, Vulva.
  ESCIIAROT'IC, Esehanoiicnm,  from taxapa,
'eschar.'   Any substance,  which, when  applied
upon a living part, gives rise to an eschar, such
as caustic  potassa:  the  concentrated  mineral
acids, Ac.
  Escharotic Poison, see  Poison.
  ESCHELLOHE, MINERAL  AVATERS  OF.
This water rises  at the foot of a mountain near
the convent of Etal in Bavaria. It is a sulphuro-
saline.
  ESCHID'NA  OCELLA'TA. A very poisonous
viper, which inhabits  the sugar-cane fields  of
Peru.  Its bite is almost instantaneously fatal.
  ESCORZONERA, Scorzonera.
  ESCRE VISSE, Crab.
  ESCULAPIAN, Medical.
  ES'CULENT,  Esculen'tus, Edible,  Eatable,
from e«ca,  'food.'  (F.)  Comestible.  Such plants
or such  parts of plants or animals as may  be
eaten for food.
  ESO, taw, 'within.'   A prefix which signifies
an affection of an internal part; as Esoenteritis,
inflammation of the inner membrane of the intes-
tines:— Esogastri'tis, inflammation of the inner
membrane of the"stomach,  Ac.
  ESOCHAS, Esoche.
  ES'OCHE, Fs'ochas.  A tumour—as a hemor-
rhoid—within the anus.
  ESOCOLITIS, Desentery.
  ESODIC, Afferent.
  ESOENTERITIS, see Enteritis.
  ESOGASTRITIS, Endogastritis.
  ESOTER'IC,  tcwrtpos,  'interior,'  from  taw,
'within.'   Private; interior; in contradistinction
to Exoter'ic, public,  exterior.  Hence, we speak
of ' eaoteric and exoteric  causes of disease.'
  ESOT'ERISM, MED'ICAL.  Same etymon as
Esoteric.   A term used  by M. Simon, in his De-
ontologie midieale, for that esotery, or mystery
and secresy, with which  the practitioner performs
his  daily duties,  and which,  he conceives, he is
compelled  to adopt by  the prejudices and igno-
rance of his patients.
  ESP ACES INTERCOSTAUX, see Costa.
  ESPECE, Powder, compound.
  ESPECES VULNERAIRES, Falltranck.
  ESPHLA'SIS, from us, 'inwards,' and tpXaw,
' I break, bruise,' Ac.  A fracture of the skull by
comminution, the fragments being  depressed.
See Depression,  and Enthlasis.
  ESPRIT, Spirit—e. d'Ammoniaque, Spiritus
ammoniae—e. d'Anis, Spiritus anisi — e. de Cam-
phre, Spiritus camphoras—e. de Cannelle, Spiritus
cinnamomi — e.  de Carvi, Spiritus carui — e. de
Gcni&vre compoai, Spiritus juniperi compositus—
e.deLavande, Spiritus lavandulas—e. de Lavande
compoai, Spiritus lavandulas  compositus — e. de
3Ienthe poivrie,  Spiritus menthas piperitas—e. de
3Iuscctdc,  Spiritus  myristicas—e. de Pouliot, Spi-
ritus pulegii—e. de Raifort compoai, Spiritus ar-
moracias compositus —  e.  de Romorin, Spiritus
rosmarini—e. de  Yin dilayi,  Spiritus tenuior—e.
de Vin reetifii, Spiritus  rectificatus.
  ESPRITS ANI31AUX, Nervous fluid.
  ESQUILLE,  Splinter.
  ESQUINANCIE, Cynanche, Cynanche ton-
sillaris.
  ESQUINE, Smilax China.
  ES'SENCE, Essen'tia, corrupted from existen-
tia,  'standing out.'(?)  By some, used synony-
mously with volatile oil;  by others, with simple
tincture. The oil of peppermint is the oil obtained
by distillation;  the essence, the oil diluted with
spirit  See Tinct. olei menthas.
  Essence op Bardana, Hill's, Tincturi guaiaci
ammoniata,—e. of Coltsfoot, see Tinctura benzoini
composite — e. of Musk, Tinctura moschi—e. of 
ESSENCES
343
ETHMYPHITIS
Mustard Pills,  Whitehead's, see Sinapis—e. of
Mustard,  AVhitehead's, see Sinapis — e. of Pep-
permint, Tinctura olei menthas piperitas—e. of
Spearmint, Tinctura olei menthae viridis — e. of
Sprin-e, see Pinus Abies.
  ESSENCES, Olea volatilia.
  ESSENTIA,  Essence,  Tincture — e. Abietis,
see Pinus abies — e.  Aloes, Tinctura aloes — e.
Absinthii amara, Tinctura A.  composite—e. Ab-
sinthii composite, Tinctura A. composita—e. An-
timonii seu stibii, Vinum antimonii tartarizati —
e. Antiseptica Huxhami, Tinctura cinchonas com-
posita—e. Aromatica, Tinctura cinnamomi com-
posita—e. Castorei, Tinctura castorei—e.  Catho-
lica purgans Rothii, Tinctura jalapii composita—
e. de  Cedro, Oleum cedrinum — e. Chinas, Tinc-
tura cinchonas composite — e. Cinnamomi, Tinc-
tura cinnamomi—e. Neroli, see Citrus aurantium
— e.  Corticis  Peruviani  antiseptica Huxhami,
Tinctura cinchonas  composita — e. Corticis Peru-
viana composita, Tinctura cinchonas amara.
  ESS EN'TIAL, Essentia'lis.  The word essential
has been applied to the immediate or active prin-
ciples of vegetables, which were believed to be
endowed with the properties of the plants from
which they were extracted.  Essential oil was so
called because it was regarded as the only imme-
diate principle  which was essential.  This expres-
sion is retained.  Essential salts are true salts or
extracts which  exist, ready formed, in vegetables;
and which are obtained by distillation, incinera-
tion,  or some other process.
  An essential- disease is synonymous with a ge-
neral disease » that is, one not depending on any
local  affection ;—not symptomatic.  See Entity.
  ES'SERA, Es'sere, Sora, Saire, Save, 3Iorbus
porcinus, Rosa saltans,  Urtica'ria  porcelldna,
(F.) Ampoulea,  Porceloine.  A species of cutane-
ous eruption, consisting of small, reddish  tuber-
cles  over the  whole body,  accompanied by a
troublesome itching.  It seems to be a variety of
lichen or urticaria,   See Lichen tropicus.
   ESSIEU, Axis.
   ESSOUFFLEMENT, Anhelatio.
   ESTHEMA, Vestitus.
   ESTHESIS^Vestitus.
   ESTIIIOMENE, Esthiomenus.
   ESTHIOM'EXUS, Eatiom'enua, from tcQtw,  'I
eat.'   Ex'edens.  (F.) Esthiomene.   That which
devours or eats away.   Certain ulcers and erup-
tions—Dartres rongcantes—are so called.
   ES'TIVAL,  sEstlvua; happening in summer,
belonging to summer.  This epithet is  given  to
summer diseases, so called because they reign  at
that  season,  and appear  to depend on the influ-
ence exerted by it on the animal economy.  In
the  United States, the term  aummer disease  or
 complaint means disorder of the bowels, as diar-
 rhant. cholera morbua, Ac.
   ESTO31 AC. Stomach.
   ESULA CYPAR1SSIAS,  Euphorbia cyparis-
 sias — e.  Alajor, Euphorbia palustris — e. Minor,
 Euphorbia cvparissias.
   ES CRIES, Hunger.
   ESURIGO,  Hunger.
   ESURITIO, Hunger.
   ESYC1IIA.  Aeinesia.
   ETAGE,  Stage.
   ETA IN, Tin — i. de Glace, Bismuth—e\  Gria,
 Bismuth.
   ETAT GRANULEUX DU REIN, Kidney,
 Bright's Disease of the.
   ETERNUE3IENT, Sneezing.
   ETESTICULATIO, Castration.
   ETHER, .Ether, .Ether sulphuricus—e. Acetic,
 see .Ether.
   Ether,  Chloric,  Chloroform.   Under  the
 names  concentrated chloric  ether and  strong
chloric ether, a compound of pure chloroform and
nearly absolute  alcohol — in  the proportion  of
one-third of the former to two-thirds of the latter
__has been used as an anassthetic by inhalation, in
the same cases as sulphuric ether and chloroform.
It is properly an alcoholic solution  or tincture of
chloroform.
  Ether,  Chlorohydric,  Chlorinated,  see
.Ether muriaticus—e. Chlorohydrique chlore, see
iEther muriaticus.
  Ether, Compound.  A preparation consisting
of a solution of chloroform in sulphuric ether,.which
has been used as an anassthetic by  inhalation, in
the same cases as chloroform.
  Ether, Hydrochloric, see .Ether—e; Hydro-
cyanic, .Ether hydroeyanicus—e. Muriatic, JEther
muriaticus—e. Nitric, see ."Ether—e. Nitrous, see
either—e. Phosphoric, see .Ether—e. Rectified,
^ther  sulphuricus — e.  Sulphuric,  either sul-
phuricus— e. Terebinthinated,  iEther  terebin-
thinatus.
  ETHEREAL, .Ethereal.
  E THE REE, .Ethereal.
  ETHEREOUS, .Ethereal.
  ETHERINE, HYDROCYANATE OF, ."Ether
hydroeyanicus—e. Muriate of, iEther muriaticus.
  ETHERIZA'TION, JEtheriaa'tio.  The aggre-
gate of phenomena induced by the inhalation of
ether.
  E'THERIZED, JStherisa'tus. Presenting the
phenomena induced by the inhalation of ether.
  ETHICS, MEDICAL, Deontology, medical.
  ETHIOPIAN, see Homo.
  ETHIOPS, see ^Ethiops.
  ETHISIS, Filtration.
  ETIIISMUS, Filtration.
  ETH'MOID, Eihmo'des, Eihmdi'des, Eihmdi'-
deus, from vQpos, 'a  sieve,'  and  t«5oj,  'form.'
Shaped like a sieve.
  Ethmoid Bone, Os ethmo'ideum, Os multiforme,
Os  spongiosum,  Oa apongo'i'dea, Oa  cribro'sum, Oa
eribrifor'me,  Oa cu'bicum, Os  crista'tum, Os fora-
minulen'turn,  Os colifor'me, Os colato'rium, (F.)
Os cribleux.   One of the eight bones which com-
pose  the cranium; so called, because its upper
plate is pierced  by a considerable number of
holes.  The ethmoid bone is situate at the ante-
rior, inferior, and middle part of the base of the
cranium.  It seems to  be composed of a multitude
of thin, fragile, semi-transparent laminas, which
form more or  less spacious cells, called the Eth-
moidal labyrinth or cells, distinguished into ante-
rior and posterior.  These communicate with the
nose, and are lined  by a prolongation of  the
pituitary membrane.   The ethmoid bone is con-
stituted of compact tissue, and is surrounded by
the Ethmoid suture.   It is articulated with  the
frontal and sphenoidal bones, the cornua spheno-
'idalia, the superior maxillary bones, the palate
bones, the ossa  turbinata inferiora,  the vomer,
the proper bones of the  nose, and the lachrymal
bones.
   ETHMOID'AL,  Ethmoiddlis.  Belonging to
the ethmoid bone; as, Ethmoidal cells, E. suture,
 Ac.  The Ethmoidal apoph'ysis or process is  the
advanced part of the sphenoid bone, which articu-
lates with the ethmoid.   The ethmoidal arteries
are two in number, the anterior of which arises
from the ophthalmic artery.  The origin of.the
other varies.  The Echancrure ethmo'idale of the os
frontis receives the ethmoid bones.  The Ethmoi-
dal veins correspond to the arteries.
   ETIIAIOSYXE, Habit.
   ETHMYPHE, Cellular tissue.
   ETIIMYPHI'TIS, Inflamma'tio tela cellulo'sa,
from vBpos, 'a sieve,' 'vtpv, 'texture,'  and itis,  de-
noting inflammation.  Inflammation of the cel-
lular membrane. 
           ETHMYPHOTYLOSIS          3<

  ETHMYPHOTYLOSIS, Induration of the cel-
lular tissue.
  ETHOS, Habit
  ETHULE,  CYANURET OF, iEther.
  E THESE, .Ethusa cynapium—e. 3Ieum, JEthu-
sa meum.
  ETHYLE, CHLORIDE  0F, .Ether muri-
aticus.                             A
  ETIOLA'TION, Blanching, (F.) Etiolement.
That state of plants which occurs in consequence
of privation of light, when they become pale and
watery.  In pathology, it is sometimes used to
denote the paleness  produced in  those persons
who have been  kept  long  without light; or a
similar paleness, the result of chronic disease.
  ETIOLE3IENT, Etiolation.
  ETIOLOGY, iEtiologia.
  ETIQUETTE, MEDICAL,  Deontology, me-
dical.
  ETISE,  Hectisis—i. 3Iisentirique, Tabes me-
senterica.
  ETOILE, Stella.
  ETONNEE, Stunned.
  ET0UFFE3IENT, Suffocation.
  ETOURDISSEMENT, Vertigo.
  ETRANGLE3IENT, Strangulation, Hysteria
—e. des Inteatina, Enteremphraxis.
  ETRIER, Stapes.
  ETRON, Abdomen, Hypogastrium.
  ETRON'CUS, from  vrpov,  'the lower belly,'
and oyKos,  ' a tumour.'  A tumour of the lower
belly.
  ETUVE, Stove—i. Humide, Bath, vapour.
  ETUVER, to Foment.
  EU,  tv, ' good, proper,' when prefixed to words.
Hence:
  EUiE'MIA,  from tv,  'well,' and 'atpa, 'blood.'
A good condition of the blood.
  EUiESTHE'SIA, from  tv, 'well,' and atc9vcts,
' perception.'  Vigorous perception.  A good con-
dition of the perceptive faculties.
  EU^ESTHE'TOS.  Same etymon.   One whose
senses are in full vigour.
  EUANALEP'SIS,  from tv,  'good,' and ava-
Xrjip's, 'recovery.' Rapid restoration to strength.
  EUAXTIIEMON, Anthemis  nobilis.
  EUCALYPTUS RESINIFERA, see Kino.
  EUCHRQS'A,  from tv,  ' good,' and xPota> 'c0"
lour.'   A good or healthy colour of the skin. A
good appearance of the surface.
  EUCHYM'IA, from tv,  'well,'  and  x^oj,
'juice.'  A good state of the humours.
  EUCRA'SIA, from tv, 'well,' and Kpacts,  'tem-
perament'  A good temperament.
  EUDIAPNEUS'TIA, from tvSiaTrvtvcros, 'one
who breathes well.'  Easy transpiration.
  EUECTICA (medicina) Gymnastics.
  EUEL'CES,  from  tv,  'well,' and  "tX/coj, 'an
ulcer.'   One in  whom  wounds and  ulcers are
readily healed.
  EU'EMES,  Euem'etos, from eu,  'well,' and
tptw,  ' I vomit'   That  which readily  excites
vomiting.   One who vomits with facility.
  EUETHES, Benign.
  EUEX'IA, from tv, 'well,' and 'tl-is, 'constitu-
tion^  A good constitution.
  EUFRAISE, Euphrasia officinalis.
  EUGE'NIA CARYOPHYLLA'TA, called after
Prince Eugene. Garrophyl'lus, Caryophyllus aro-
maticus, Myrtus caryophyllus.  The Indian tree
which  affords the clove.  Order, Myrtaceas.   The
Clove,  Caryophyllus, C. aromaticua, is the unex-
panded bud, (F.) Girofle, Girofle,  Girophle.  Its
14             EUPATORIUM

 odour is strong, aromatic,  and peculiar; taste,
 pungent and acrid.  Like all substances, whose
 virtue depends upon essential oil, it is stimulant
 and  carminative.   It is generally used as a cor-
 rigent to other remedies, and in cases where sub-
 stances containing the essential oils are demanded.
 The  oil, (F.) Huile  de Girofle—Oleum caryophyl'-
 li, Oil of Clovea—has the properties of the cloves.
   EUGION, Hymen.
   EULOPHIA, see Salep.
   EUNUCH,  Eunu'chus, from  twv, 'the bed/
 and txin, ' I keep.'   Hemian'drua, Hemianor, Hc-
 mianthro'pua,  Semimaa, Semimaa'culna, Semirir,
  Thlo'dias, Thla'sias, Thlib'ias, Castra'tus, Gallus,
 Exeastra'tus, Evira'tus, Emascula'tus, Spado, Ex-
 sec'tus, Extcsticula'tus, Extom'ius, Senlivir, Semi-
 masculdtus.   One  whose organs  of generation
 have been removed, or so altered, that he is ren-
 dered incapable of reproducing his species, or of
 exercising the act of venery.   Eunuchs  were
 common with the ancient  Romans.  In Italy,
 this  horrible  mutilation still takes place to im-
 prove the voice; and in the East, eunuchs have
 the surveillance of  the seraglio.
   EUNUCHISMUS, Castration.
   EUNUCHIUM MECONIS, Lettuce.
   EUNUCHUS, Castratus,  Eunuch.
   EUODES, Beneolentia.
   EUONYMUS, Quassia simarouba.
   Euon'ymus  America'nus, Strawberry  bush,
 Strawberry tree, Burning bush,  Indian arrow-
 wood.  A shrub of the Nat. Ord% Celastraceas,
 Sex.  Syst. Pentandria  monogynia,  which,  like
 the next, is found throughout the United States
 and Canada;  flowering from May to June.
   Euon'ymus  Atropurpu'reus, Burning  bash,
 Spindle tree, Indian Avrow wood,  flowers from
 June to July.
   From these varieties of Euonymus the Wahoo
 or Whahoo bark is said to be obtained. It is diu-
 retic, antiperiodic,  tonic, and a hydragogue ca-
 thartic,  and has been used in dropsy in  infusion,
 in the proportion of an ounce to a pint of water.
   EUPATHI'A, Euphor'ia, from tv, 'well,' and
 TraSo?, ' suffering.' A disposition for being affected
 by pain easily.  Also, a good state of health.
   EURATOIRE D'AVICENNE,  Eupatorium
 cannabinum—e. Percefeuille, Eupatorium perfo-
 liatum.
   EUPATORIUM, Eupatorium perfoliatunL
   Eupato'rium Ageratoi'des, White Snakeroot;
 indigenous; flowering in August and September;
 has the same properties as Eupatorium perfo-
 liatum.
   Eupato'rium  Cannab'inum, called after Mi-
 thridates  Eupator,  Eupato'rium,  E. Arab'icum
 seu  Japon'icum  seu  trifolia'tum,   Cannab'ina
 aquatica, Hemp agrimony, Eupatorium of Avi-
 cenna, Herb  of Saint Cunegonde, Trifo'lium cer-
 vi num,  Orig'anum aquaticum,  (F.)  Eupatoire
 d'Avicenne.   Family, Synanthereas;  Sex. Syst.
 Syngenesia  asqualis.  The  juice  of this  plant
 proves violently emetic and purgative, if taken
 in sufficient quantity.   It  has  been considered
 diuretic, cathartic and emetic.
   Eupatorium Connatum,  E.  perfoliatum — e.
 Guaco,  Guaco—e. Japonicum, E. Cannabinum—
 e. Mesues, Achillea ageratum.
    Eupatorium  Perfolia'tum,  E.  Conna'tum,
 Eupntorium—(Yh. U. S.)   (F.)  Eupatoire perce-
 feuille ; Boneaet, Thor'oughwort, Thor'oughstem,
  Thor'ougwox,  Vegetable  antimony,  Cross u-ort,
 Agueweed, Fevcrivort, Indian sage,Joe-pye, Teazel,
 Sweating jdant, is a plant which grows in  low,
 wet meadows  throughout the United States.  It
 is considered to be stimulating, tonic, emetic, pur-
A 
EUPEPSIA
345
EUSTACHIAN
gatlve, diuretic,  and sudorific.  Dose, gr. xv. of
the powder, as a gentle purgative.
  Eupatorium, Purple-stalked, E. purpureum.
  Eupatorium  Purpu'reum,  3Iohawk  tassel,
Pulple-stalked Eupato'rium,  Trumpet  weed,  is
used in similar cases, as well as
  Eupatorium Sessilifo'lium, Upland Boneset,
and
  Eupatorium Teucrifo'lium, Wild horehound,
Germander-leaved horehound.
  Eupatorium Trifoliatum,  E. Cannabinum.
  EUPEP'SIA, from tv, 'well,' and TreTrraj, 'I di-
gest'  A good digestion.  The antithesis to dys-
pepsia.
  EUPEP'TIC, Eupep'tus,  Eupep'ticus.   Same
etymon.   Relating to a good digestion.  One en-
dowed with a good digestion.
  EUPHLO'GIA, from tv, 'well,' and tpXtyw,  'I
burn.'  Mild inflammation.  Variola.
  EU'PIIONY,  Eupho'nia,  from tv, 'well,' and
ipwvv, ' voice.'  An agreeable or regular voice.
  EUR HOB BE CYPRES, E. cyparissias — e.
des 3Iurais, E. palustris—e. Vomitive,  E. ipecac-
uanha.
   EUPHOR'BIA CAPITA'TA, Caa cica.   Ord.
Euphorbiaceas.   A Brazilian  plant,  which  is
strongly  astringent and  not  poisonous.   It  is
considered to be one of the best remedies for the
bites of serpents.  It is,  also, called  Colubri'na
Lusitutt ica.
   Euphorbia  Corolla'ta, Large flowering
spurge, 3/i/kiveetl,  Snakes'  milk,  Ipecacuan'ha,
Hippo, Picac, Ip'ecac, 31 ilk purslain, Purge root,
Emetic  root, Bowman's root, Apple root, Indian
Physic, has similar properties to  the  last.   The
dose of the root is the same.
  Euphorbia Cyparis'sias, Ea'ula minor seu
Cyparissias,  Euphor'bia  Cypressi'na,   Tithyid-
alua Cyparia'aia.  The  Cypress spurge, (F.) Eu-
phorbe cypres.  This, like most of the spurges,
is very  acrimonious.  Amongst the  rustics,  it
was formerly called poor man's rhubarb, and was,
consequently, a laxative.  It is not used.
   Euphorbia Cypressina, E. Cyparissais.
  Euphorbia Hypericifo'lia.  A native of the
United States.   It is astringent and tonic.  Used
in infusion—f.^ss to Oj of boiling water.  Dose,
a tablespoonful.
  Euphorbia Ipecacuan'ha,  Anisophyllum Ipe-
cacuanha, Ipecacuanha spurge, (F.)  Euphorbe
vomitivi'.  This species  of spurge is common  in
the  southern and  middle parts of the United
States.  The root is a powerful emetic, in the
dose of from five to fifteen grains :  twenty grains
act as a cathartic likewise. In  large doses, it acts
as a narcotico-acrid.
   Euphorbia Latii'yris. The systematic name
of  the plant which affords  the lesser  catapu'tiu
seeds, Catapu'tia minor, Caper spurge,  Lath'yris,
 Gar'den  spurge,  Caper plant,  3Iole-plant,  Ti-
 thym'alus latifo'lius seu   la'thyris, Galurhce'us
 Lath'yris. The seeds possess cathartic properties,
 and  an  expressed oil of  the seeds— O'leum Eu-
 phor'bia Lathyr'idis — has been given as a ca-
 thartic in the dose of six  to twelve drops.
   Euphorbia   Officina'rum.  The   systematic
 name of the plant which  affords the Euphorbium,
 Euphorbia gummi-resi'na, Gummi euphorbia, in
 greatest abundance.  The euphorbium is an  in-
 odorous gum-resin, in  yellow  tears, which have
the appearance of being worm-eaten.  It enters
into  the  composition of  some plasters, and has
been used as an  errhine.
   Euphorbia  Palds'tris, E. panicula'ta,
 Greater spurge, Es'ula major,  Tithynlalus palus'-
 tris.  Galarhce'us  palus'tris, 3Iursh spurge, (F.)
 Euphorbe des marais.  The  juice is  given, in
Russia, as a common purge.  It is used, too, as
an irritant in tinea, warts, Ac.
  Euphorbia Palustris and E. A'illosa, or E.
Pilo'sa have been  brought forward as preven-
tives  of  hydrophobia — the bitten part  being
washed with a decoction, and, at the  same time,
the decoction being taken internally.
  Euphorbia Paniculata, E. palustris.
  Euphorbia Paral'ias, Tithym'alus paralias,
Sea spurge.   This is violently cathartic and irri-
tating, and is seldom used.
  Euphorbia Pilosa, see Euphorbia palustris—
e. Villosa, see Euphorbia palustris.
   705" All the spurges  are vesicant and rubefa-
cient, when applied externally.
  EUPHORBIUM, Euphorbia officinarum.
  EUPHORIA, Eupathia.
  EUPHRAGIA, Euphrasia officinalis.
  EUPHRA'SIA, E. Officina'lis seu 3Iidima seu
Imbrica'ta, Ocula'ria, Euphrdgia, Ophthalmica,
Eyebright, (F.) Eufraise, Casse-Lunette.  It has
been recommended in diseases  of  the eye, but is
unworthy of notice.
  EUPLAS'TIC, Euplas'ticus:  from tv, 'weU,'
and nXaaow,  ' I form.'   Having the capacity of
becoming organizable in a high degree, — as in
false membranes resulting from acute inflamma-
tion in a healthy person.
  EUPLEURUM SERRULATUM, Diosma cre-
nata.
  EUPNCE'A,  from  tv,  'well,' and  irvtw, 'I  re-
spire.' Freedom or facility of respiration.
  EURHYTH'MIA, from tv, ' well,' and pvSpos,
'rhythm.'  Regularity of the pulse.
  EURIBALI, Juribali.
  EURODES, Carious.
  EURODON'TICUS, from tvpos, 'caries,' and
oSovs,  ' a tooth.'  Suffering from carious teeth.
  EURUS, tvpvs, 'mould,  putrefaction,' 3Iucor,
Caries.   Corruption of the humours.
  EURYCHORIA, Sinus.
  EURYCLES, Engastrimyth.
  EURYCLITUS, Engastrimyth.
  EURYSMUS, Dilatation.
  EURYTH'MIA, Euryth'mus,  from tv, 'well,'
and pvQpos, 'rhythm.'  Regularity of pulse, both
as regards quantity and quality.
  EUSAR'CUS, from tv, well,' and aap%, 'flesh.'
One who is fleshy, robust, muscular.
  EUSEMI'A,  from eu, 'well,' and avpttov, 'a
sign.'  A collection of good signs.
  EUSPLANCH'NIA,  from  tv,  'well,'  and
o-TrXayyvov,  'a viscus.'   A  healthy state of  the
viscera.
  EUSTACHIAN  TUBE,  Tuba Eustachia'na,
Syridga, Syrinx, 31ea'tus cacus, Tuba Aristotel-
ica, Ductus auris palatlnus,  Iter a Paldto ad
Aurem, (F.)  Trompe ou  Conduit d'Eustache, Con-
duit guttural de I'oreille—Ch.   This  tube was so
called from its  discoverer,  Eustachius.  It is
partly bony and partly  cartilaginous : extending
from  the cavity of the tympanum to the upper
part  of the pharynx.   Its length is  about two
inches;  the  bony portion which  belongs  to  the
temporal bone, is about  three-fourths of an inch
long.  It is  lined, internally,  by a  prolongation
of  the lining  membrane of the pharynx.   Its
nerves are furnished by the palatin branches of
the ganglion of Meckel, and its  vessels  proceed
from those of the pharynx and velum pendulum.
The use  of the tube seems to be, to permit  the
renewal  of air  in the cavity of the tympanum.
   Eusta'chian A'alve,  Valve  of Eusta'chius,
  Valvule  d'EustaeJii ou  a"Eustache.   A membra-
nous, semilunar fold, which corresponds to  the
opening of the vena cava inferior into the right
auricle of the heart 
EUSTHENIA               346              EXAMBLOSIS
  EUSTHENI'A,  Vigor, Exuberan'tia, from tv,
'well,' and cdtvos, 'strength.'   Flourishing, exu-
berant health.—Hippocrates.
  EUSTOM'ACHUS,  from tv, 'weB,'  and cro-
uaxos,' stomach.'   Digesting rapidly.  Having a
good stomach.
  EUTAX'IA, from tv, '-well,' and raccw, 'I ar-
range.'  Euthe'sia.  A well-ordered constitution,
in which every part has its proper relation.  The
ready return of a rupture, or of a luxated bone.
  EUTHANA'SIA, from eu, 'well,' and 6avaros>
'death.'  An easy  death.
  EUTHESIA, Eutaxia.
  EUTHYENTERON, Rectum.
  EUTHYENTEROSTENOMA, Stricture of the
Rectum.
  EUTHYM'IA, An'imi tranquil'litas, from  tv,
'well,' and Svpos, ' mind.'  Tranquillity of mind.
A good  state  of the mental faculties.
  EUTHYPNOE,  Orthopncea.
  EUTHYPN03A, Orthopncea.
  EUTOCIA, fromeu,'well,' androKoy, 'delivery.'
An easy labour. Fecundity.
  EUTROPH'IA,  from eu,  'well,'  and rpotpv,
' nourishment.'   A good state of nutrition.
  EUTROPH'IC, Eutroph'icus, same etymon. A
term introduced into medical terminology, by the
author,  for an agent whose action is exerted  on
the system of nutrition, without necessarily oc-
casioning  manifest increase of any of the secre-
tions.
  The chief eutrophics are,—mercurials, the pre-
parations of iodine, bromine, cod liver oil,  the
preparations of gold  and silver, sulphur, sugar,
and sarsaparilla.
  EUZOODYNAMIA, Sanitas.
  EVACUANTS,  Evacuadtia, from e, and va-
cuare, 'to empty.'  (F.) Evacuatifs.  Medicines
are so called  which occasion a discharge by some
emunctory;  such as purgatives, emetics, Ac.
  EVACUATIFS, Evacuants.
  EVACUATIO, Evacuation,  Excretion.
  EVACUA'TION.   Same etymon.   The dis-
charge  of any matter whatever by the natural
passages or by an artificial opening.
  EVANOUISSE3IENT, Syncope.
  EA^AN  ROOT, Geum  Virginianum.
  EVAPORA'TION,  Evapora'tio,  Vapora'tio,
Exhala'tio, from e, and vaporare, ' to  emit a va-
pour.'  Transformation  of a  liquid into vapour,
in order to obtain the fixed matters contained in
it dry and separate from the liquid.  When the
vapour  is received in a proper vessel and con-
densed, the process is called distillation. Evapo-
ration produces cold, and this is one of the pro-
cesses .by which the body is cooled, through the
evaporation of the perspiratory fluid.
   EVAUX, MINERAL AVATERS OF.  Evaux
is situate in Auvergne,  in France.  The waters
 are hydrosulphurous and thermal.
   EVENTRA'TION,  Eventra'tio, Hypogastro-
rix'is, from e, ' out of,' and venter, ' the belly.' A
 tumour, formed by a general relaxation of the
 parietes of the abdomen, and containing  a great
 part  of the  abdominal viscera.  Also,  ventral
 hernia, or that which occurs in any other way
 than through the  natural openings of the abdo-
 minal parietes. Lastly, any very extensive wound
 of the abdominal parietes, with issue of the greater
 part  of the intestines.
   EVENTUS, from  e,  'out of,' and venire,  'to
 come.'   Apobainon,  Apobesoidenon,  Ecbesom'-
 enon, Termindtio  morbi.  The event or issue of a
 disease, either favourable or unfavourable.
   EVERLASTING,  DHECIOUS, Antennaria
 dioica.
  EVERRICULUAL  Specif htm.   A sort of
sound or scoop, used for extracting sand or frag-
ments of stone or clots of blood from the bladder,
after or during the operation of lithotomy.
  EVERSIO PALPEBRiE, Ectropion.
  EVIGILATION, see Sleep.
  EVIL, THE, Scrofula—e. King's, Scrofula.
  EVIRATIO, Castration.
  EVIRATUS, Castratus, Eunuch.
  EVISCERATION, Exenterismus.
  EVOLUTIO, Development — e. Spontanea,
Evolution, spontaneous.
  EVOLU'TION, SPONTANEOUS, Ver'sioseu
Evolu'tio sponta'nea, from e, and volvere, ' to roll.'
Sponto'neous  ver'aion, Sponta'neoua expul'aion,
Duplication of the faetua.   A term, applied, by
Dr. Denman, to what he considered to be a spon-
taneous turning of the foetus in utero, in an arm
presentation, in consequence of powerful uterine
contractions forcing out the breech and feet, whilst
the arm recedes.  It is now usually considered
to be  a doubling of the foetus,  so that the arm
changes its  position but little, whilst the breech
is forcibly expelled before  the upper extremity;
—the case  becoming similar to a breech presen-
tation.
  Evolution, A'esicle of, Vesicle of develop-
ment.
  EVOMITIO, Amounting.
  EVONYMUS, Euonymus.
  E VUL'SION, Avulsion, Evul'sio, from evellere,
(e. and vellere,) ' to pluck out'  Apotilmoa, Ec-
til'mos, Tilmos.   The  action  of  plucking out;
forcible extraction.  (F. )  Arrochement.  This
word  is oftener used by the French than by the
English surgeons, for the act of extracting certain
parts, the presence of which is injurious,—as the
teeth, Ac.
  EX  MARIBUS, Castratus.
  EXACERBATIO, Exacerbation, Paroxysm.
  EXACERBA'TION, Exocerbdtio, Exosperd-
tio, Excrescen'tia, from exacerbare, (ex, and acer-
bus,)  'to provoke.'   (F.) Ridoublement.   An in-
crease in the symptoms of a disorder. Often used
synonymously with paroxysm.
  EXACUM SPICATUM, Coutoubea alba.
  EXiEMATOSIS, Hasmatosis.
  EX.EMIA, Anasmia.
  E X.EM OS, Exanguious.
  EX.E'RESIS,  from ef,  'out of,'  and atptw, 'I
take away.'  A surgical operation, which consists
in  drawing,  extracting, or removing, from  the
human body, every thing that is useless, noxious,
or  extraneous.  It  is a generic term, which in-
cludes extraction, evulsion, evacuation, excision,
ablation, amputation, Ae.
  Exairesis, Extraction.
  EXAGION.  The sixth  part of an  ounce :—
four scruples.—Actuarius.
  EXAGGERATED, Exaggerdtus, CE.)Exageri.
Heightened.  Increased by expression.  An epi-
thet for sounds  heard on  auscultation and per-
cussion; when much increased — Hypereche'sia,
Hyperechc'ma.
   EXAL'MA, from ef, out of,'  and aXXopai, 'I
leap.'   Exalaia.   Hippocrates calls thus the dis-
placement of the vertebrae.
   EXALSIS, Exalma, Leap.
   EXALTA'TION OF THE VITAL FORCES,
Exdltdtio vi'rium.   This  expression has been
used,  by modern  pathologists,  to  designate a
morbid increase in the action  of organs,  and
partly that  which occurs in an  inflamed  organ.
Some use exaltation of the vital forces,  and in-
flammation, synonymously.
   EXAMBLOMA,  Abortion.
   EXAMBLOSIS, Abortion. 
                  EXAMEN                34

  EX'AMEN RIGORO'SUM.   'Rigorous exa-
mination.'   An examination  of a Candidate for
the degree  of Doctor of Medicine in  the Prussian
Universities, which, like  the  Tentamen medicum,
is conducted in Latin, and takes place before the
medical faculty on all branches of medicine.
  EXANASTOMOSIS, Anastomosis.
  EXAXASTROPHE, Convalescence.
  EXAXGI'A, from t^ayyt^w, (ef, and ayyos, 'a
vessel,')  ' I evacuate from a vessel.'   Exungei'a.
An enlargement  or rupture of a  blood-vessel,
without external opening.  A genus in the order
Dystlieiica,  class  Hamntica  of  Good.  It com-
prises aneurism and varix.
  Exanoia Aneurisma,  Aneurism.
  EXAN'GUIOUS,  Exa'mos, Exsan'guis, from
ex,  out of,' and sanguis, ' blood.' One  who seems
bloodless;  as  a female, who has suffered largely
from uterine hemorrhage.
  EXANIA, Proctocele.
  EXANIMA'TION, Exanima'tio, from ex, 'out
of,' and anima, 'the spirit'   This word has two
acceptations.  Sometimes, it means real  death,
corresponding with tho Greek Savaros, mors.  At
others, it signifies apparent death, corresponding
with the Greek a\J.u^io, eicd-u^ta, ikXvcis, Ani'mi
deli qui am.
  EXAX'THEAI, Exanthe'ma, Anthe'ma erup'tio,
Epnnthe'ma, Efllorcsccn'tin, Exnnthis'ma, Ecthy'-
ma, Epunnstc'ma, Epanthe'ma, Epanthia'ma, Ef-
flortltiu, from t^avStw, (tf, and avOtw,) 'I flourish.'
A rash. (F.) Elective.  Under this-term, is com-
prehended,  by some, every kind of eruption, of
which  the  skin is  the seat,   Others comprehend
by  it  those eruptions that are accompanied by
fever, Febrea exanthemat'ica: including,  under
tho head of the major exanthemata, those which
attack  a person but once in  his life,  and which
aro communicated by  specific  contagion ;  and,
under  the  minor  exanthemata, those  which are
not marked by these characteristics.  Small-pox,
measles,  cow-pox, Ac, belong to the major:—
chicken-pox, herpes, lichen,  Ac, to the minor.
The general acceptation of Exanthem is,  how-
ever, a more or less vivid, circumscribed, or dif-
fuse redness of the skin,  which diminishes or
disappears  transiently under  the pressure of the
finger.
  Exanthem, Carbuncular, Anthracia—e. Icho-
rous, Einphlysis — e.  Pustulous, Empyesis — e.
Rash, Enanthesis.
  EXANTHEMA, Eminence—e. Internum, Eis-
anthema.
  Exanthe'ma Iod'icum. An eruption of dark-
red definite spots, of various sizes, spreading over
the  whole body, without the formation of scales,
and disappearing  only after a long time, which
seems to be produced occasionally by  the use of
iodine.
  Exanthema Miliaria, Miliary fever—e. Pes-
tis. Plague,—e. Antivariolosum, Vaccina—e. Se-
rosum, Pemphigus—e. Strophulus, Strophulus—
e. Urtieatum, Urticaria—e. Vaccina, Vaccina—e.
Varicella., ATaricella.
  EXAXTIIEMAT'ICA.  Same etymon. Erup'-
tivc fevers.   Cutaneous eruptions, essentially ac-
companied with fever; — the third  order in the
class Hamatica of Good.
  EXANTHEMATIS'CHESIS, Exanthematos'-
chesis, from t£av6vpa, 'exanthem,' and (o^tiv, 'to
withhold.'   Suppression of a  cutaneous eruption.
  EXANTHEMATOL'OGY,£ranf"*emato"'o0"ia,
from t^avdvpa, 'exanthem,'  and Xoyos, 'a dis-
course.'  The doctrine of cutaneous eruptions.
  EXANTIIEAlATOPHTHAL'MIA.OyoMacro'-
ia  exanthematicn,  from t^avdvpn,  ' exanthem,'
and oipdaXpta, 'inflammation of the eye'   Oph-
1              EXCITATION

 thalmia in the course of, or succeeding to, a cu-
 taneous eruption.
   EXANTHE31E INTESTINALE, see  Ty-
 phus.
   EXANTHESIS, see Efflorescence—e. Arthro-
 sia, Dengue, — e. Roseola, Roseola—e. Rubeola,
 Rubeola.
   EXANTHISMA, Exanthem.
   EXAXTHROPIA,  Misanthropia.
   EXAPSIS, Inflammation.
   EXARAG'MA,  from t^apaccw, 'I tear away,'
 ' I break.'   Collision,  violent fracture or friction.
   EXARCHIA'TER.  Chief of the archiatri or
 chief of physicians, a  title, like that of Comes Ar-
 chiatro'rum, given to the chief  physician of an
 emperor or  king.  Archiater appears to have
 meant, at times, the same thing.
   EXARMA, Swelling.
   EXAR'SIO.  A burning heat.
   EXARTEMA, Amuletum.
   EXARTERI'TIS,  Exurterittis, from ef, 'out
 of,' and  arteria, 'an artery.'   Inflammation of
 the outer coat of an artery.
   EXARTHREMA, Luxation, Sprain.
   EXARTHROMA, Luxation.
   EXARTHROSIS, Luxatio, Sprain—e. Pareti-
 ca, see Pareticus.
   EXARTICULATIO,  Amputation,  joint,
 Luxatio.
   EXARYSTS. Exhaustion.
   EXASPIRATIO, Exacerbation.
   EXCECARIA AGALLOCHA, Agallocfium.
   EXCALEFACTIO, Echauffement.
   EXCARNA'TION, Excama'tio, from ex,  and
 caro,.'flesh.' A mode of making anatomical pre-
 parations, which consists  in separating injected
 vessels from the parts in which  they are situate.
 This is done by means of corrosion by an acid or
 by putrefaction.
   EXCASTRATIO, Castration,  Eunuch.
   EXCATHISMA, Bath, half, Semicupium.
   EXCEREBRATIO, Eccephalosis.
   EXCEREBRATUS, Delirious.
   EXCERNENT, Secreting.
   EXCIDENTIA, Ecptoma.
   EXCIP'IENT, Excip'iens, from excipere,  (ex,
 and capere,)  'to receive.' (F.) Intermede.   A
 substance,  which,  in  a  medicinal prescription,
 gives form and consistence to it, and serves as a
 vehicle or medium for  the exhibition of the other
 ingredients.
   EXCIPULA,  Cup.
   EXCISIO, Entaille.
   EXCIS'ION, Excis'io, from excidere, (ex,  and
 cadere,) ' to cut off.' Ec'tome.  A surgical opera-
 tion, by which parts of a small size are removed
 with a cutting instrument.
   EXCITABIL'ITY, Excitabilitas. Irritability.
 The faculty, possessed by living  beings, of being
 sensible to  the action of excitants.   The doctrine
 of excitability forms  an important  part of the
 Brunonian  system.
   EXCITANT, Stimulant.
   EXCITATION, Excitrttio, Excite'ment; same
 etymon; from excitare,  (ex, and citare,) 'to  ex-
 cite.'   The act of exciting; .the state of an organ
 or organs  excited.  Excitement is, sometimes,
 used  synonymously  with augmented arterial
 action.  The effect of the  exciting powers acting
 on the excitability, according  to Brown, consti-
 tutes excitement. Cullen used the term to express
 the restoration of the energy and action of the
 brain,  which had  been interrupted  by sleep or
 some  debilitating cause,—a state opposite to that
 of collapse.   Not unfrequently it is employed in
 the sense of excessive action, —  Super-excita'tio,
 (F.) Sur-excitation.
34 
EXCITED DISEASES
348
EXFOLIATIVE
  EXCITED DISEASES, Feigned diseases.
  EXCITO-MOTIOX, see Excito-motory.
  EXCI'TO-MO'TORY.  An epithet  applied by
Dr. Marshall Hall to a division of the nervous
system—comprising the gray matter of the spinal
marrow, with the afferent and efferent nerves con-
nected with it; — all of which  are concerned in
reflex actions ; or. those by which impressions are
transmitted to  a centre, and reflected  so  as to
produce muscular  contraction without sensation
or volition.   See Nerves.
  The term excito-motion has also been employed
to signify motion no matter how excited, by the
reflex nerves or  by volition—C. J. B. Williams.
  EXCORIATIO, Ecdora.
  EXCORIATION,  Excoria'tio,  Excoriatdra,
Am'yche, from ex, and corium, 'skin.' (F.) Ecor-
chure.   A slight wound, which removes only the
skin.
  EXCORIATURA, Excoriation.
  EXCREA'TION,  Excredtio, Exscrea'tio,
Scredtus, Rasca'tio,  from  ex,  and screare, 'to
spit.'  Act  of spitting.  (F.)  Orachement.  See
Exspuitio.
  EX'CREMENT, Excremen'tum, Retrimedtum,
Excre'tum,  Excre'tio,  Perito'ma,  Diachore'ma,
Apllcdos, Aphodeu'ma, Apocho'reon,  Apoc'risis,
Ardas, Ar'dalos, from excernere, (ex, and cernere,)
'to separate,' 'cleanse.' Every thing, which is eva-
cuated from the body of an animal by the natural
emunctories, as  superfluous; such as the fascal
matters, the urine, perspiration, nasal mucus, Ac.
Generally, however, the term is restricted to the
fascal evacuations ;—Purgamenta, Hedra, Sedes,
Faces, Stercus,  Cacce, Spalile,  (especially when
liquid,) Dejec'tio alvina,  O'nera alvi, Sordea ven-
tris, Hypochore'ma, Cce'lia, Hypoehore'sis, Merda,
Merdus, Catarrhex'ia, Coproa, Scor.
  Excrement, Human, Stercus  humanum.
  EXCREMENTIT"IAL, Excrementil'ioua, Ex-
crementit"iua, (F.) Excrimenteux, Excrimentitiel.
That which  is similar  to excrement,  and forms
part  of it.   Excrementitial humours or parts are
those destined to be evacuated as incapable of
administering to the nutrition of the body.
  EXCREMENTO-RECREMENTIT"IAL,i*x-
cremento - recrementil'ious.   Animal  fluids, in-
tended to be partly absorbed and partly rejected.
  EXCRES'CENCE, Excreacedtia,   Ecphy'ma,
Phymato'eia, Hypersarcdsis, Sarcophy'ia,  Caro
excres'cens,  from excreacere, (ex,  and creacere,)
'to grow outwards.'   (F.) Exeroiasance.  A tu-
mour, which forms at the surface of organs, and
especially on the skin, mucous membranes, or
ulcerated surfaces.  Excrescences differ in size,
shape,  cause,  Ac, and  each requires  its   own
treatment.   Warta, condylomata, polypi, hemor-
rhoida, belong to this head.
  EXCRESCENTIA,  Exacerbation,  Protube-
rance, Tumour — e. Carnosa, Sarcoma — e.  Fun-
gosa, Fungosity—e. Gingivae, Epulis—e. Vesicas
urinarias carnosa, Cysthypersarcosis.
  EXCRETA, see Excretion.
  EXCRETIO,  Excretion, Excrement—e. Alvi-
na, Defecation—e. Fascum alvinarum,  Defecation
—e.  Urinas involuntaria,  Enuresis.
  EXCRETION, Excre'tio, Ec'crisis, Evacud-
tio, Ejec'tio, Expulsio,  Eges'tio,  Diachore'sis,
from excernere,  (ex, and  cernere,) 'to separate.'
The  separation or throwing off of those  matters,
Excre'ta, Eges'ta, Ion'ta, Apiodta, from the body
of an animal, which  are supposed to  be useless,
as the urine, perspiration, and fasces.
  EX'CRETORY, Excreto'rius;  same  etymon.
An Excretory vessel or duet  is one which trans-
mits the fluid secreted by a gland, either exter-
nally or into the reservoirs into which it has to
be deposited.   The  existence  of  an excretory
duct was regarded as a distinctive character of
the glands properly so called.
  Excretory  Organ means any one charged
with the office of excreting : thus, the skin  is
said to be an excretory organ, because through
it the perspiration takes place.
  EXCRETUM,  Excrement.
  EXCROISSANCE, Excrescence.
  EXCUTIA VENTRICULI,  Stomach Brush.
An instrument, composed of iron  or brass wire,
at one of the  extremities of which is a pencil of
bristles.   Some ancient authors  proposed this to
extract foreign bodies from the oesophagus, as
well as to cleanse the  stomach of viscid and tena-
cious matters adhering to it,
  EXECHEBBONCHUS, Bronchocele.
  EXECHEGLUTI,  Exischioi.
  EXEDENS, see Herpes exedens.
  EXELCOSIS,  see Ulceration.
  EXELCYS'MOS,  from e£, 'from,' and  tXicvw,
'I draw.'  Extraction.  Also the act of breaking
out into ulcers.
  EXELCYSMUS, Extraction.
  EXENTERATION, Exenterismus.
  EXEXTERIS'MUS,  Exenter'isis, Exenterd-
tio,  Exenteration, Eviscera'Hon,  Unbow'elling,
Viscera'tion, from t£, ' out of,' and tvrtpov, ' an
intestine.'  The operation of disembowelling or
eviscerating.
  EXERA'MA, from  i&paw, ' I throw out'  Any
thing cast out.  Vomiting; or the matter vomited.
—Hippocrates.
  EX'ERCISE, Exercita'tio, Exercil'ium, Asce'-
sis,  Gymna'sion, from  exercere, 'to  work.' Every
motion of the body arising  from  the contraction
of muscles subjected to the will.  Also, the action
of any organ whatever.   Exercise  may be active
or passive.  The  passive are referred  to,  under
the  head of Gestation.   The chief active exer-
cises are:—walking, running, dancing, hunting,
fencing, playing at ball, cricket, racket, quoits,
swimming, declamation,  singing, Ac.   Exercise
is  an  important  prophylactic,  particularly for
those disposed to  be plethoric.  It improves the
digestion;  augments  the secretions; and, when
used in moderation, gives strength to the  body;
but when carried to excess, produces debility and
disease.
  EXERRHO'SIS, from t£, 'out of,' and ptw, 'I
flow.'  The discharge which takes place by in-
sensible perspiration.
  EXFCETATION, see Pregnancy.
  EXFOLIATION,  Exfolidtio, Desquama'tio,
Eelep'isis, from ex, and folium, 'a leaf.'  By this
is meant the separation of the dead portions of a
bone, tendon, aponeurosis, or cartilage, under the
form of lamellae or small scales.   Exfoliation is
accomplished  by the instinctive  action of the
parts, and its  object  is to  detach  the dead por-
tions from those subjacent, which are  still alive.
For this purpose the latter throw out fleshy gra-
nulations, and a more or less abundant suppura-
tion occurs, which tends  to  separate the exfoli-
ated part, — now become an  extraneous body.
The ancients distinguished exfoliation into sensi-
ble and insensible, according as the dead portions
of bone were detached in fragments of greater or
less size, or in very thin pieces, and in an almost
insensible  manner.   AArhen the dead  part em-
braces  all or almost all the substance of a bone,
it takes the name Sequestrum.
  EXFO'LIATIVE, Exfoliativa, Desqaamatd-
riua.   That which takes away by leaves or scales.
The torm has been applied to certain medicines,
which  were regarded as proper  to hasten  exfo-
liation, such as alcohol, oil of turpentine, tincture
of myrrh, Ac.
  Exfo'liative Trepan, Eclepiaitrep'anum. An 
EXHALAISON              349            EXOPHTHALMIA
ancient raspatory, or instrument for scraping ex-
foliating portions of bone.
  EXHA LA I SON, Exhalation.
  EXIIA'LANT, Exha'lent, Exha'lans, from ex-
halare, (ex., and halare, 'to breathe,') 'to exhale,'
'throw out'
  Exiialant  Vessels,  Vaaa  exhalan'tia,  are
very minute, and rise from the arterial capillary
system.  They are situate in every tissue  of the
body, and on the surface of the mucous and  se-
rous membranes and skin ;  on which each pours
its  particular  fluid.  Bichat distinguished three
sets.  1. The external, terminating on the mucous
and external dermoid system, where they pour
the matter of perspiration.  2.  The internal, com-
prising those  of  the  areolar and medullary tis-
sues, and of synovial surfaces; and, 3. The nutri-
tive exhalants, which vary in  each  organ  where
they are found, and preside  over  the phenomena
of composition and increase of every part of the
body.   The exhalants are the antagonists of the
absorbents.   They are  imaginary  vessels, inas-
much as they cannot be detected.
   EXIIALATIO, Evaporation.
   EXHALATION,  Exhaldtio; same etymon.
Anathymi'nsis, Apopnedaie, (F.) Exhalniaon.   A
function,  by virtue of which  certain fluids, ob-
tained from the blood, are spread, in the form of
dew, in the areolae of the different textures, or at
the surface of membranes ;  either for the sake of
being thrown  out of the body, or to serve certain
purposes.  The sweat is a liquid,  excrementitioua
exhalation;  the  serous  fluid of the  pleura,  a
liquid,  recrcmentitious exhalation.
  Exhalation is, also, applied  to that which ex-
hales from any body whatever, organic or inor-
ganic,  dead or living.
  Exhalation, Pulmonary, see Perspiration.
  EXHAUSTION, Exar'ysis, Vires exhaust a,
from cxhtturire, (ex, and haurire,) 'to draw out'
(F.) Epaisscmcnt.  Loss of  strength, occasioned
by excessive evacuations, great fatigue or priva-
tion of  food, or by disease.
  EXHIL'ARANT,  Exhil'arans, from ex, and
hilaro, ' I make merry.'  An  agent that exhila-
rates or enlivens.
  EXHUMATION,  Exhumdtio,  Effos'sio, from
ex, and humus, 'the ground.'  The  disinterment
of a corpse.   The circumstances  which  render
this  necessary are: — 1.  Judicial  investigations
relative to the body of the person inhumed.  2.
The  removal of a body  from one  cemetery  to
another; and, 3. The  evacuation of cemeteries
or sepulchral vaults.   The operation is attended
with much unpleasant smell and annoyance, and
requires the  use of disinfecting agents, of which
the most powerful is chlorinated lime.  See Dis-
infection.  The putrid effluvia from animal sub-
stances are not, however, found to excite endemic
disease.
  EXIDIA AURICULA JUD.E, Pezizaauricula.
  EXISCHIUM.  Same etymon as  the  next.
Prominence of the hips.
  EXIS'CHIUS, Exis'chus,  from  t£,  'out of,'
and tc\tov, ' the ischium.'  A luxation of the  os
femoris.  Those with large nates,  and prominent
hips, were formerly called Exis'chioi and Exeche-
glu'ti.
  EXITU'RA.  According to  some, any abscess
which  discharges.  Paracelsus  calls thus  every
kind of putrid excrement.
  EX'ITUS, from exire, 'to go out'  The outer
termination or exit of a canal.  The termination
of a disease.
  EXO ARTERITIS, see Arteritis.
  EXOCARDIAC, see Endocardiac
  EXOCARDIAL. see Endocardiac.
  EX0CARD1TIS, Pericarditis.
   EXO'CIIAS, Exo'che, from t£w, 'without,' and
 e^a>, 'I have.'  A soft tumour—as a hemorrhoid
 —without the anus.  An outward pile.
   EXOCIIE, Eminence, Exochas.
   EX0CH0R1OX, see Chorion.
   EXOCOLITIS, see Colitis.
   EXOCULATIO, from ea:, ' out of,' and oculus,
 ' an eye.'  Want of eyes. AVant of vision.  Blind-

   EXOCYSTE, Exocys'tis, from t\, 'out of,' and
 kvctis, ' the bladder.'  A prolapsus of the bladder
 into the urethra.  Also called Prolap'sus vesica,
 Aklopto'sis vesica, (F.) Renversement de la vessie.
   Exocys'te Noelia'na.   Protrusion of the in-
 ner membrane of the bladder.  So  called  from
 M. Noel, who first accurately described it.
   Exocys'te Solingenia'na.   Protrusion of the
 neck of the bladder.  Called after M. Solingen,
 who first accurately described it.
   EXOSDESIS, Swelling.
   EXODIC,  Efferent.
   EXOG"ENOUS, from e£, 'out of,'  and  ytvvaw,
 'I engender.'  A term first applied  to plants —
 hence called Ex'ogens—in which  the wood in-
 creases by annual additions to the outside.
   In animal anatomy, processes which shoot out
 from every part are termed exogenoua.
   EXOGENS,  see Exogenous.
   EXOGOGE,  Extraction.
   EXOGONYAN'CON,  from  tfa,  'outwards,'
 yovu,  'the knee,' and ayKwv, 'an elbow.'  Bowing
 of the knees outwards.
   EXOINE, Exoene, from ex,  ' out of,' and ido-
 neua,  'fit,' or rather from  exonerare, 'to  exone-
 rate.'  In France, a certificate of excuse, exemp-
 tion, or dispensation, given to  those  summoned
 to appear before a court of justice, and who are
 unable to do so.
   EXOLCE,  Extraction.
   EXOLUTION, Syncope.
   EXOMETRA, Prolapsus uteri.
   EXOMOIOSIS, Assimilation.
   EXOMPHALOCELE, Exomphalus.
   EXOM'PHALUS, Exumbilicd tio,  Exom'pha-
 loce'le, Om'phaloce'le, Hernia umbilica'lis,  Om-
 phalex'oche, Omphalopropto'sis,  Prolap'sus umbi-
 lici, (F.) Hemic ombilicale, H.  du  nombril,  Um-
 bilical hernia, from ef, ' out of,' and optpaXos, ' the
 navel.'  Hernia occurring  at the  navel.   This
 affection happens more frequently in infants, and
 takes place by the  umbilical ring.  In adults, it
 occurs more commonly in females than in  males;
 and, when it does so, the sac passes  in the  vici-
 nity of the umbilicus.  The organs, found in this
 kind of hernia, are  particularly,—the  epiploon,
 the jejunum, the arch of the colon,  and some-
 times the stomach.  The tumour is,  in general,
 round, and presents all the characters of hernia.
 It is,  commonly, readily reducible, and not  sub-
 ject to strangulation.  It must  be  reduced,  and
 retained by an elastic bandage, made  in the  form
 of a girdle, and furnished with a pad at its middle
 part.  When  strangulated,  the  stricture may be
 divided upwards and towards  the left side.
   EXONCO'MA, Exonco'sis, from  e£, and oyKos,
 'a tumour.'  A large, prominent tumour.  Used,
 by Galen, for protuberance  of the vertebras  after
 luxation.
   EXONCOSIS, Exoncoma —e. Linguas, Glos-
 soncus.
  EXOXEIROGMUS, Pollution, nocturnal.
  EXONEIROSIS, Pollution, nocturnal.
  EXONEURISM,  Magnetism, animal.
  EXOPHTHAL'MIA, Ptosis seu Prolap'sus seu
 Procidentia Oc'uli  seu Bulbi Oculi,  Exorbitis'-
mus,  Ophthalmoce'le,  Ophthalmopto'sis,  Oculi
 totiusprominedtia. from e|, 'out of,'  and  otpSaX-
pios, 'eye.'  (F.) Procidence de  Fail.   A protru- 
EXOPHTHALMU;
350
EXPERIMENT
sion of the eye  from its orbit, occasioned by an
abscess or tumour in the areolar texture of the
orbit; by exostosis  of the parietes of the orbit,
Ac.  In exophthalmia,  the  eye  is pressed for-
wards ; the eyelids  are raised and separated,  so
that they can no longer cover the eye and defend
it from  the action  of extraneous bodies: it be-
comes inflamed, and the sight is disturbed or de-
stroyed.  The treatment of course depends upon
the cause.
  Exophthal'mia  Fungo'sa, Sarcosis bulbi—e.
Sarcomatica,  Sarcosis bulbi.
  EXOPHTHALMUS, same etymon. One whose
eyes  are very prominent.  The opposite to Coe-
lophthalmus.
  EXORBITISMUS, Exophthalmia.
  EXOBAIIA,  Papula—e. Lichen, Lichen — e.
Prurigo, Prurigo—e. Strophulus, Strophulus.
  EXORTUS UNGUIUM, see Nail.
  EXOSIS,  Luxation.
  EXO-SKELETON, see Skeleton.
  EXOSMA, from  ef,  'out  of,' and wBtw, 'to
move.'  A luxated or dislocated limb or  organ.
  EXOSMOSE, Exosmo'sis,  Transudation,  from
t\, 'out of,' and wcpos,  'impulse.'   The  opposite
to Endosmose.  The act by which substances
transude from  within to without an  animal  or
other membrane.
  EXOSMOT'IC, Exosmolicus: same  etymon.
Belonging to Exosmose: — as an exosmotic cur-
rent.
  EXOSSATIO, Exostosis.
  EXOSTEMMA  CARIB.EA, Cinchonas  cari-
basas cortex.
  EXOSTOMA, Exostosis.
  EXOSTOSE, Exostosis — e. des Dents, Exos-
tosis dentium—e. Sous-ungiale, see Subunguial.
  EXOSTO'SIS, Hyperosto'aia, Emphy'ma, Ex-
ostosis os'sea, Exosto'ma, Eposto'ma, Eposto'sis,
Osteo'ma, Osto'ma, Osteoph'yta, Exosaa'tio,  Oaaia
Eminedtia,  (F.) Exoatose, Osteophyte ;  from  eif,
'out of,' and ocrtov, 'a bone.'  An osseous tu-
mour, whieh'forms at the surface of bones,  or in
their cavities.   Various  kinds have been enume-
rated.   Ivory Exosto'sis ;  E. eburnie  ;—rthat
which has  the appearance  and consistence  of
ivory.   Lam'inar  Exosto'sis ;  E. Laminie ; —
that which is formed of laminas in superposition
or of distinct filaments.  The Spongy Exosto'sis
is that whose structure is analogous to the spongy
tissue of bones.  Exostoses are sometimes distin-
guished into  the true, which seem to be a projec-
tion of the osseous  substance, and which  have the
same organization and hardness as that substance;
and  the false or osteo-sarcoma.  Exostosis may
depend on syphilis, scrofula, rickets, gout, Ac.
In such cases, it is important to get rid of the
primary disease.
   Those exostoses, which occur within the bones,
have, by some, been called Enostoses.
   Exostosis, Spina ventosa,
   Exostosis Dentium, (F.) Exoatose  des Dents.
Exostosis of the teeth.
   Exostosis Steatomatodes, Osteosteatoma,—e.
 Subunguial, see Subunguial.
   EXOTERIC, see Esoteric.
   EXOT'IC, Exo'ticus,  from tfw, 'without' That
which comes from abroad. Plants or drugs which
are procured from  abroad are so  called.  It is
 opposed to indigenous.
   EXOTICADE'NIA, from Exotic, and a.5eu, ' I
 dislike.'  Aversion for exotic drugs.
   EXOTICH.EMATOSIS, Transfusion.
   EXOTICOMA'NIA.  The opposite to exotica-
 denia.  Fondness for exotic remedies.
   EXOTICOSYM'PHYSIS, from I'mnw, 'fo-
 reign,'  and  ovptpvots, 'a growing  together.'  A
union or growing together  of foreign bodies, as
of a foreign body with the human.
  EXPAXSIO/Expansion —e. Musculosa, Pla-
tysma inyoides.
  EXPAN'SION,  Expadsio,  from  cxpandere,
(ex and pandere, 'to open,') 'to spread out'  A
prolongation or spreading out, presented by cer-
tain organs. Thus, we say an ap>oneurotic expan-
sion, Ac.
  EXPATRATIO, Ejaculation (of Sperm.)
  EXPECTANT, Expec'tans, from  expectare,
(ex and spectare, 'to look,')' to wait'  That which
waits : — as Expectant 3Iedicinc, — La 31idecine
expectante.  See Expectation.
  EXPECTATION, Expcetu'tio; same etymon.
The word expectation has been applied, in medi-
cine, to that method, which consists in observing
the progress of diseases, and removing deranging
influences, without prescribing active medicines,
unless  such  shall be imperiously  required.  It
consists, in fact, in  leaving the disease  almost
wholly  to  the  efforts of nature, and  has  been
termed  the art of curing diseases by expectation
or waiting—Ars sanan'di cum expectatio'ne.
  EXPECTORANT, Expec'toratire, Expec'to-
rans,  Anacathar'ticus,  Ptys'magogue,  from ex,
' out of/ and pectus, ' the  breast.'  A medicine
capable of facilitating or provoking expectoration.
There is probably no such thing as a direct ex-
pectorant.  They all act through the system, or
by impressions made on parts at a distance, which,
through the medium of general, continuous, or
contiguous sympathy, excite the secretory vessels
of the  air-passages into action.   The  following
are the  chief  reputed expectorants :—Ammonia-
cum ; Asafoetida; Galbanum; Ipecacuanha; My-
roxylon; Myrrha; Inhalations of  Iodine,  Stra-
monium,  Tar,  Burning Wool,  Tobacco,  Ac;
Scilla;  Senega, and Tolutanum.
  EXPECTORATIO, Expectoration — e.  San-
guinis,  Hasmoptysis — e. Solida, Cynanche tra-
chealis.
  EXPECTORATION, Expectora'tio, Ecchel-
ysis, Bex hu'mida, Anap'tysis, Prop'tysis, Stetho-
cathar'sis, Anacathar'sis, Anabex'is, same  ety-
mon.   The act of expelling from the chest mat-
ters or secretions there  collected or existing.  It
is, likewise, used for the expectorated matter.
   EXPECTORATION DE SANG, Hasmop-
tysis.
   Expectoration,  Prune-juice, see Prune-
juice.
   EXPECTORATIVE, Expectorant.
   EXPELLENS, Expulsive.
   EXPE'RIENCE, Experiedtia, Peira, Empei-
ra, from e£, and Treipa, ' a trial.'  A knowledge of
things  acquired  by observation.  In  medicine,
this knowledge can be obtained both  by the prac-
titioner's own  experience, and by that obtained
from tradition and from books.  To profit by ex-
rience  requires a mind capable of appreciating
the proper relations between cause  and  effect;
 and hence it happens, that false experience, Ex-
 peri ed tia fallax, is extremely common ; and that
 a man had better, in  many instances, trust to
 that which he has learned from others, than to his
 own fallacious  observation.
   The  union of accurate observation by the phy-
 sician with that handed down by medical writers
 constitutes perfect experience, so far as it is at-
 tainable in any individual  case.
   EXPERIENCE, Experiment,
   EXPERIMENT,  Experimen'turn; same ety-
 mon.   (F.) Expirience.   A trial, made on the
 bodies  of men  or animals,  for the purpose of de-
 tecting  the effect of a remedy, or of becoming
 better acquainted with  their structure, functions,
 or peculiarities.  In a more general sense, it 
EXPERS
351
EXTENSOR
means any trial  instituted with the intent of be-
coming better acquainted with  any thing.   By
experiments on living animals, we have obteined
much valuable information in the various depart-
ments of medicine;  but particularly  in physi-
ology and toxicology.
   Experiment of  Mariotte, see Mariotte.
   EXPERS  XUPTIARUM. Virgin.
   EXPERT, (¥.) Exper'tus, from ex, andperitus,
' skilled.' Skilful or of good experience. A  phy-
sician, charged with the  duty of making a report
upon any case of legal medicine.
   EXPIRATION, Expira'tio, Exspirdtio, Ec'-
pnoe,  Eepneumutu'sis,  Ecpneu'sis, Apopneu'sis,
Apop'noe, Apopnve'a, from exspirare,  (ex, and
spirare,) 'to breathe out.'   The act of expelling
from the chest, the air received  in during respi-
ration.
   EX'PIRATORY,  Expiratidni inser'viens.
Relating or appertaining  to  expiration.   The
expiratory muscles are all those which contribute
to diminish the cavity of the chest, for the pur-
pose of expelling the air contained in  the lungs,
or of producing expiration.  These muscles are,
chiefly, the intercostals, triangularis stcrni, qua-
dratus lumborum,  serratus  posticus  inferior, the
oblique  and recti  muscles  of the abdomen, the
sacro-lumbalis, Ac.
   EXPLORATIO, Exploration — e. Abdominis,
Abdoininoscopia.
   EXPLORATION,  Exploru'tio, Recognit'io,
from explorare, ' to search into.'  The  act of ob-
serving  and attentively  examining or  investiga-
ting every thing connected with a case of disease.
The word is chiefly  used in  this sense by the
French practitioners.
   EXPLORATOR,  CHEST.   An  instrument,
proposed by Dr. B. Babington  for exploring the
chest  in  cases of  empyema.   It consists  of  a
needle, contained in  the smallest sized canula.
This is passed between  the ribs  into the chest.
The needle is then withdrawn, and the escape of
fluid indicates the nature of the case.
   EXPLORATORIUM, Sound, Specillum.
   EXPRES'SION, Exprea'aio, Ecpiea'moa, Ec-
thlip'aia, from ex, ' out of,' and premere, ' to press.'
The act of compressing  a substance, for the pur-
pose of separating from it the fluids which it con-
tains.  Also, the  manner in which impressions
made  upon us are depicted;  especially in the
traits of the countenance.
   Expression op  Sweat,  (F.) Sueur  d'expres-
aion, is a term given  to  the passive perspiration
observable in very  debilitated individuals.
   EXPULSIO, Excretion—e.Fascum, Defecation
—e. Foatfls, Parturition.
   EXPULSION,  SPONTANEOUS,  Evolution,
spontaneous.
   EXPUL'SIVE, Expel'lena, Expulao'rius,  from
expcllere, (ex, and pellere,)  ' to  drive away.'
   An  expulsive  bandage, (F.) Bandage expulsif,
is one constructed  with  the view of compressing
a part, from which we are  desirous of expelling
pus, serum, Ac.  Certain medicines were formerly
called expulsivcs, which were  believed  to  have
the  power of driving the humours towards the
skin ;—as diaphoretics,  and sudorifics.
   EXPULTRIX, see Vis Expultrix.
   EXSANGUINITY, Anasmia.
   EXSANGUTS, Exanguious. Exsanguis is
used by Ausonius for one exhausted by venery;—
as sanguis meant  sperm as well as blood.   See
Sperm.
   EXSARCOMA.  Sarcoma.
   EXSCREATIO, Excroation.
   EXSECTIO ATRILIUM. Castration.
   EXSECTUS. Castratus, Eunuch.
   EXSICCATIO, Drying.
   EXSICCATIYA, Desiccativa.
  EXSOLUTIO, Eclysis.
  EXSPIRATIO,  Expiration.
  EXSPUIT"IOX, Exspuil'io, Spuit'io,  Spu-
ta'tio, Anachremp'sis, Apochremp'sis, Chreiiip'sis,
Ptysis, Anacine'ma, Anucine'sis, (F.) Sputation,
from ex, 'out of,' and spno, 'I spit'   Rejection
of the matters accumulated in the pharynx and
larynx;  spitting.
  EXSTASIS, Ecstasis.
  EXSTIRPATIO, Extirpation.
  EXSTROPH'IA, Ex'strophy, Ec'strophe, from
tf, ' out of,' and crpcipv, ' turning.'   Extrover'sio,
Extrover'sion.  Eversion or turning out of a part
—as of the eyelids.  A term  used  by M. Chaus-
sier  for certain displacements  of organs, and
especially of the urinary bladder.
  Exstroph'ia or  Ex'strophy of the Bladder,
(F.) Renversement  de la  Vessie,  is a  faulty eon-
formation, in which  the organ opens above the
pubes ;  so that in the hypogastric region there is
a red, mucous surface, formed by the inner coat
of the bladder; on which two prominences are
distinguishable, corresponding to  the  openings
of the ureters.
  EXSUCCATIO, Ecchymoma.
  EXSUCTIO, Suc'tio, Ecmyze'sis, from ex, 'out
of,' and succus, 'a juice.'   The action  of sucking.
  EXSUDATIO, Ephidrosis.
  EXSUFFLATIO, Ecphysesis.
  EXTEMPORA'NEOUS, Extempordneus, Ex-
tempordlis,  from ex, and tempore,  ' out  of time.'
Those prescriptions are called ' extemporaneous,'
or 'magistral,' which are made on the spot, and
composed according to the prescription of the
physician.
  EXTENSEUR   C03I3IUN DES DOIGTS,
Extensor digitorum  communis — e. Commun des
orteils, Extensor communis digitorum pedis — e.
Court du Pouce, Extensor pollicis brevis—e. Long
du pouce, Extensor longus pollicis — e. Petit des
orteils,  Extensor  brevis  digitorum  pedis — e.
Propre du petit doigt, Extensor proprius minimi
digiti — e. Propre  de FIndex, Extqpsor proprius
indicis.
  EXTENSIBILITY,  Extensibil'itas.   A  pro-
perty, possessed by certain bodies, of being capable
of extension or elongation.
  EXTEXSIO, Extension, Tetanus.
  EXTEN'SION,  Exten'aio,  Tasis, Ec'tasis, Ca-
tatasis, Analasis, from extendere, (ex,  and ten-
dere,) 'to stretch out.'  An operation  in surgery,
in which either with the hands alone, or by straps,
a fractured  or luxated limb  is pulled strongly,
to restore it to its natural position.   .It is the op-
posite of Counter-extension.
  EXTENSOR.  Same etymon.  (F.) Extenseur.
A muscle, whose office is to extend certain parts.
  Extensor Brevis Digito'rum ¥ wis,Ped'icus,
Caleanco-phalanginien commun, of Dumas:  (F.)
3Iuscle pedieux, 3Iuacle petit extenseur des orteils,
Colcanio-aua-phalangettien commun—(Ch.) Carri
du pied;  Short Extensor of the Toes.  A muscle,
situate on the dorsal region of the foot.  It arises
from the external  surface of the calcaneum, and
at the anterior edge of a ligament, which unites
that bone to the astragalus.  Anteriorly, each of
its divisions terminates by a small tendon, which
is fixed successively, at  the superior part of the
posterior  extremity of the first phalanx of the
great toe, and to the second and last phalanges
of the next three toes.  Its use is  to extend the
first four toes, and to direct them a little outwards.
  Extensor Carpi Radialis  Brevis, see Radi-
alis — e. Carpi  radialis longus, see Radialis — e.
Carpi ulnaris, see Cubital muscles.
  Extensor  Commu'nis  Digito'rum  Pedis, E.
Longus  Digitorum  Pedis,  E.  Digitorum longus,
Peronio-tibi-sus-phalangettien commun, Cnemodac-
lyla'us, Pironio-sus-phalangettien  commun,  (F.) 
                 EXTENSOR

Extenseur commun des Orteils.  This muscle, also,
is  situate at the anterior part of the leg.  It is
long,  thin, flattened, simple,  and fleshy  above,
and divided into four tendons below.   It  arises
from the outer tuberosity of the tibia and the  an-
terior surface of the fibula, and is  inserted into
the superior part of the  posterior  extremity of
the second and  third phalanges  of  the  last four
toes.   It  extends the  three phalanges of these
toes.
   Extensor Digito'rum  Commu'nis,  Extensor
digitorum communis manus cum extenso're pro'-
prio auricula'ris, Digito'rum Tensor;  (F.) Epi-
condylo-sus-phalangettien commun—(Ch.,)—Com-
mon Extensor of the Fingers, Extenseur commun
des Doigts.   A long,  flattened  muscle;  simple
above, and divided into four portions inferiorly.
It is situate at the posterior part of the forearm;
arises from the external tuberosity of the hume-
rus ; from the  aponeurosis of the forearm, and
from the aponeurotic septa situate between it and
the neighbouring muscles,  and is inserted at the
posterior  surface of the second and third pha-
langes of the last four fingers.  This muscle ex-
tends the phalanges of the last four fingers upon
each  other,  and upon the metacarpal bone.   It
can, also, extend the hand on the forearm.
   Extensor Digitorum  Longus, E. communis
digitorum pedis — e. Longus digitorum pedis, E.
communis digitorum pedis—e. Proprius hallucis,
E. proprius pollicis pedis—e. Indicis, E. proprius
indicis—e. Internodii ossis pollicis, E. longus pol-
licis — e. Primi  internodii, Abductor longus pol-
licis.
   Extensor Pol'licis Brevis, Exten'sor minor
pollicis mantis, E. primi  interna'dii, E. pol'licis
primus,  E.  Secuddi interno'dii, (Douglas,) E.
secuddi interno'dii ossis pol'licis; (F.) Cubito-sus-
phalangien du pouce,—(Ch.,) Court extenaeur du
pouce.  Seated at the  posterior and inferior part
of the forearm.   It is  thin, long, and broader at
its middle than at the extremities.  It arises from
the posterior surface of the ulna and the  inter-
osseous ligament, and is inserted behind the  su-
perior extremity of  the  first phalanx  of  the
thumb.  It extends the thumb, and aids in supi-
nation.
   Extensor Pol'licis  Longus ; Extensor major
pollicia  manus, Extensor secuddi interno'dii,
Extensor pollicis aecun'dua, Extenaor ter'tii inter-
no'dii (Douglas,) Extenaor interno'dii ossis pol'-
licis,  (F.) Cubito-sus-pholangettein  du  pouce,—
(Ch.,) 3Iuscle  long extenseur du  pouce.   This
muscle is long, flat, and fusiform;  and  is  seated
at the posterior part of the  forearm.   It  arises
from the posterior surface of the ulna and the in-
terosseous ligament, and is inserted at the pos-
terior part of the superior extremity of the first
phalanx of the thumb.  It extends the last pha-
lanx of the thumb upon the first.
   Extensor Pro'prius In'dicis, E.proprius pri-
mi dig"iti manus, E. In'dicis, Indicu'tor, Exten-
sor secuddi interno'dii iddicis pro'prius, (F.) Cu-
bito-sus-phalangettien de  I'lndex,—(Ch.,) Exten-
seur propre  de I Index.  This muscle is long and
thin;  broader in the middle than at the extremi-
ties ;  and is situate at the posterior part of  the
forearm.  It arises from the posterior surface of
the ulna, and is inserted at the posterior part of
the upper extremity of the second and third pha-
langes of the index-finger.  It extends  the three
phalanges of the index-finger; and has, besides,
the  same uses  as  the other  extremities  of  the
fingers.
 ^Extensor Pro'prius  Min'imi  Dig"iti, (F.)
Epicondylo-aua-phalangettien  du petit  doigt, —
(Ch,,) Extenaeur propre du petit doigt. Situate on
2                 EXTRA

 the inside of the Extenaor communis digito'rum.
 It arises  from the external condyle  of  the  os
 humeri and the aponeurotic septa seated between
 it, tho  extensor  communis digitorum, and  the
 extensor  carpi ulnaris ; and is inserted into the
 last two phalanges of the little finger.   Its use is
 to extend the little  linger, and even  the hand
 upon the  forearm.
   Extensor Pro'prius Pol'licis Pedis, E.jn-o-
 prius Hallucis, E. Longus (Douglas), E. pollicia
 longus, Peronio-sus-phuluugien du pouce, I'ironeo-
 sus-phdlangettien du pouce,—(Ch.)  This muscle
 is situate  at the anterior part of  the leg.  It is
 fleshy, broad,  flat  above; small  and tendinous
 below.  It arises from the anterior part of the
 middle third of the fibula, and is inserted into the
 posterior  part  of the superior extremity  of  the
 last  phalanx of the  great  toe.   It extends  the
 last  phalanx of the great toe upon the first, and
 the first upon the first metacarpal bone.
   Extensor Primi Internodii, E. pollicis brevis
 — e.  Secundi internodii, E. pollicis brevis, Ex-
 tensor longus pollicis — e. Secundi internodii in-
 dicis proprius, E. proprius indicis—e. Tertii inter-
 nodii, E.  longus  pollicis — e. Tertii  internodii
 indicis, Prior annularis — e. Tertii internodii  mi-
 nimi  -digiti,  Abductor minimi digiti — e. Ossis
 metacarpi pollicis manus,  Abductor longus pol-
 licis—e. Pollicis longus, E. proprius pollicis pedis
 —e. Pollicis  secundus, E. longus pollicis—e. Mi-
 nor pollicis mantis, E. pollicis brevis—e. Primus
 pollicis, Abductor longus pollicis.
   Extensor Tarsi Magnus, E.  Tarsi surdlis.
 A name given, by some anatomists, to the gas-
 trocnemius and soleus combined.
   Extensor Tarsi Minor,  Plantar muscle.
   EXTENUATIO, Emaciation.
   EXTERGENTIA,  Detergents.
   EXTER'NAL  DISEASES,  Extridsic Dis-
 eases, 31orbi extrin'seci, Surgical  diseases, (F.)
 3taladies  extemes.  Those diseases which occupy
 the surface of the body, and form  the  object of
 surgical pathology, requiring, generally, external
 means, or surgical operations.
   EXTERN AT. The post or office of an externe.
   EXTERNE, see House-surgeon.
   EXTERNUS AURIS, Laxator tympani —e.
 Mallei, Laxator tympani.
   EXTESTICULATUS, Castratus, Eunuch.
   EXTINCTIO,   Death —e. Hydrargyri, Ex-
 tinction of Mercury — e. Mercurii, Extinction of
 Mercury.
   Extinctio Vocis, (F.) Extinction de roix. The
 French use this term for cases in which the voice
 is not wholly suppressed, but produces only fee-
 ble sounds:—Incomplete aphonia.
   EXTINCTION  OF MER'CURY,  Extinc'tio
 3Iercu'rii vel Hydrar'gyri.   Trituration of mer-
 cury with lard or other substance, until the me-
 tallic globules disappear.   The mercury is then
 so divided, that it  forms a black powder, gene-
 rally considered to be  a protoxide of mercury,
 but, perhaps, erroneously.
   EXTIRPATIO, Extirpation—e. Linguas, Glos-
 sosteresis — e. Testiculorum, Castratio.
   EXTIRPATION,   Extirpa'tio, Exstirpdiio,
 Abla'tio,  Apha'resis, from  extirpare, (ex, and
 stirps,) 'to root out'  The complete  removal or
 destruction of any part, either by cutting instru-
 ments or  the action of caustics.   Thus, we speak
 of the extirpation  of cancer, polypus, encysted
 tumour, Ac.
   EXTOMIUS, Eunuch.
   EXTOZOA, Ectozoa.
   EXTOZOAIRES. Ectozoa.
   EXTOZOARIA, Ectozoa.
   EXTRA - PEL VIO - P UBI-  TR 0 CHANTlt-
 RIEN, Obturator externus.
35 
EXTRACT                 353
  EXTRACT,  Extractum —e. of Aconite, Ex-
tractum aconiti—e. of Aconite, alcoholic, Extrac-
tum aconiti alcoholicum — e. Alcoholic, see Ex-
tractum— e. of Aloes, purified, Extractum aloes
purificatum—e. of Bark, Extractum cinchonas—
e. of Bark, resinous, Extractum cinchonae resino-
suin—e. of Belladonna, Extractum belladonnas—
e. of Belladonna, alcoholic, Extractum belladon-
nas alcoholicum — e.  of Bittersweet,  Extractum
dulcamara — c. of Broom-tops, Extractum cacu-
minum genistas — e. of Butternut,  Extractum ju-
glandis — c of Cascarilla, resinous,  Extractum
cascarillae resinosum — e. of Chamomile, E. an-
theinidi-—e. of Cinchona, Extractum cinchonas—
—c. of Colchicum, acetic, Extractum colchici aceti-
cum — e.  of Colocynth, Extractum coloeynthidis
e. of Colocynth, compound, Extractum coloeyn-
thidis compositum — e. of Cubebs, fluid, Extrac-
tum cubebas fluidum—e. of Dandelion, Extractum
taraxaci—e. of Elaterium, Extractum elaterii—e.
of Ergot,  Ergotin—e. Ethereal, see Extractum—
e. of Gentian, Extractum gentianae — e. of Hem-
lock, Extractum cicutae — e.  of Hellebore, black,
Extractum hellebori — e. of  Hemlock, alcoholic,
Extractum  conii   alcoholicum — e. of Henbane,
Extractum hyoscyami—e. of Henbane, alcoholic,
Extractum  hyoscyami alcoholicum — e. of Hops,
Extractum humuli—e. of Jalap, Extractum jala-
paB — e. of  Lettuce, Extractum lactucas — e. of
Liquorice, Extractum glycyrrhizae — e. of Log-
wood, Extractum  hasmatoxyli — e. of Mayapple,
Extractum podophylli—e. of Meat, saponaceous,
Osmazome — e. of Oak-bark, Extractum corticis
quercus—e. of white Poppy,  Extractum papave-
ris — e. of  Quassia,  Extractum quassias — e. of
Quinia,  Extractum quinias — e. of Rhatany, Ex-
tractum kramerias — e. of Rhubarb,  Extractum
rhei — e. of Rhubarb,  fluid, Extractum rhei flui-
dum — e.  of Rue,  Extractum rutas —e. of Sarsa-
parilla, Extractum sarsaparillas—e. of Sarsaparil-
la,  fluid, Extractum sarsaparillae fluidum — e. of
Savine, Extractum foliorum sabinse—e. of Senna,
fluid, Extractum   sennas fluidum — e. of Spige-
lia  and  Senna, Extractum spigelias et sennas—e.
of Stramonium, Extractum stramonii — e. of Va-
lerian, Extractum valerianas  — e.  of Wormwood,
Extractum cacuminum absinthii.
  EXT PACT IF,  Extractive.
  EXTRACTION,  Extrac'tio,  Exa'resia,  Ex-
ogo'ge,  Exolce, Exelcya'mua,  Enchylo'aia,  from
extrdlicre, (ex, and trohere,) 'to draw out'   The
act of removing  an  extraneous substance from
any part of the body.   Thus,  a splinter is said to
be extracted.  It  is, also, applied to the removal
of certain parts.   The cataract is said to be ex-
tracted : a tooth is extracted,  when carious, Ac
  EXTRACTIVE, (F.) Extractif.  Same  ety-
mon.   A  peculiar, immediate  principle,  which
has been admitted  in extracts.   Thus,  bitter
extractive is the   immediate  principle of bitter
vegetables,  Ac.
  EXTRACTUM, Extract,  Ecchylo'ma,  ( F.  )
Extrait.   An extract is prepared by evaporating
vegetable solutions, till a  tenacious  mass is ob-
tained.   When prepared from an infusion or de-
coction, it is called a watery, — from ether, an
ethereal,—and from alcohol, an alcoholic or a spi-
rituous extract.  Both  kinds contain all the prin-
ciples of the vegetable, that are  soluble  in the
menstrua with which they are prepared; but the
volatile parts are dissipated, and some of the
fixed parts  are decomposed; the  proper extrac-
tive is oxygenized, and the  virtues of the vege-
table substance consequently  altered or destroyed.
Extracts are hard, soft, or fluid:  the  consistence
of  the soft  being such as to retain  the pilular
form without the addition of a powder.  A patent
was taken out many years ago, by a  Mr. Barry,
      23
t               EXTRACTUM

of London, for preparing them in vacuo;  and, as
the temperature is much lower than in the ordi-
nary  method, the virtues  of the plant are less
altered,  and the extracts  are  generally  green.
Extracts are also prepared by  displacement or
percolation.  They have, likewise,  received dif-
ferent names,  according to their  predominant
principle. The gummy or mucous, or mucilaginoue,
are those which are mainly composed of gum or
mucilage.  Gum tragacanth may be considered a
pure  gummy  extract.   Gelatinoua extracts  are
those composed especially of gelatin; resinous
extracts, those of a resinous character; extraeto-
reainoua, those composed of extractive or colour-
ing matter  and resin;  gum-reainoua, those  con-
taining  gum  and resin;  and  aapondceoua or
aapondceoua aaline, those containing a  notable
quantity of saline substances and a resinous mat-
ter, so  combined with mucus and other soluble
substances, that they cannot be  separated.
   Extractum  Absin'thii. Cacu'minum,  Extract
of Wormwood.  (A decoction defecated and eva-
porated.)  The flavour is dissipated along with
the essential oil.  It is a bitter  tonic.  Dose, gr.
x to Qj, in pill.
   Extractum Aconi'ti, Extract of Aconite, Suc-
CU8 spissa'tus aconiti napelli, (from the inspissated
juice without defecation.)  It is esteemed to be
narcotic and diuretic; and has been given in the
cases referred to  under Aconitum.  Dose, gr. j,
gradually increasing it.
   Extractum Aconi'ti Alcohol'icum, Alcoholic
Extract of Aconite.  (Aconit. in pulv.  crass, ibj ;
Alcohol, dilut. Oiv.  Moisten the  aconite  with
half a pint of diluted alcohol: let it stand for 24
hours:  transfer it to a displacement  apparatus,
and gradually add the  remainder of the diluted
alcohol.  When the last portion of this has pene-
trated the aconite, pour in from time  to  time
water sufficient  to  keep  the  powder covered.
Stop  the filtration when the liquid which passes
begins  to produce a precipitate, as  it falls, in
that  which has already passed.  Distil off the
alcohol, and evaporate to a proper consistence.—
Ph. U. S.)
   Extractum  Al'oes  Purifica'tum, Pu'rified
extract of aloes.   ( The gummy part extracted by
boiling water, defecated and inspissated.)   Dose,
gr. v to gr. xv.
   Extractum  Anthem'idis, E. anthemidis no'-
bilis, E. chamame'li,  E. florum.  chamame'li, Ex-
tract  of Cham'omile. The volatile oil is dissipated
in this preparation.  It is a pure, grateful bitter,
and  is  tonic and  stomachic.  Dose, gr. x to gr.
xx, in pills.
   Extractum Asparagi, see Asparagus.
   Extractum Belladon'na:,  Succus spissa'tus
atropa belladon'na, Extract of Belladon'na, (an
expressed juice inspisaated.)    Properties  same
as those  of the plant.  Dose,  gr. i, gradually
increased.   It dilates the pupil  when  applied to
the eye.
   Extractum Belladonna; Alcohol'icum, Al-
coholic  extract  of Belladonna.   (Prepared like
the extractum aconiti alcoholicum.—Ph.  U. S.)
   Extractum Cannabis, see Bangue.  •
   Extractum  Cascaril'la; Resino'sum,  Res'-
inoua extract of cascarilla. (Cort. cascarilla, in
pulv. crass. Ibj;  Sp. vini rect. Ibiv.   Digest for
four days; then decant and strain; boil the resi-
duum in ten pints of  water to two; filter and
evaporate the decoction, and distil the tincture
in a retort, till both are  thickened; then mix and
evaporate to a pilular consistence.)  Dose, gr. x
to gr. xx, in pills.
   Extractum  Catharticum, E.  Coloeynthidis
compositum — e. Catechu,  Catechu — e. Chamra-
meli,  E. Anthemidis—e. Cicutse, E. Conii. 
EXTRACTUM
354
EXTRACTUM
  Extractum Cathol'icum, (F.) Extrait Catho-
lique.  This epithet is given to pills composed of
aloes, black hellebore, and colocynth, resin of
jalap, and scammony.  See, also, Extractum co-
loeynthidis compositum.
  Extractum Cincho'na:, Extract of Cincho'na,
E. Cor'ticis  Peruvia'ni, E. Cincho'na 3Iolle,  E.
of Bark.  (A decoction evaporated.)  The  active
principles are similar  to  those of the  bark in
substance; but it is not so effectual — owing to
the chymical change induced in the drug during
the boiling.  AVhen reduced, by drying, to a state
fit for being powdered, it is called  the Hard Ex-
tract of Bark, Extrac'tum  Cor'ticis Peruvia'ni
durum,  E. Cincho'na durum.  Dose, gr. x to *5ss.
   Extractum Cinchona;  Resino'sum,  E. Cin-
chona  lancifo'lia, E.  Cinchona  Rubra resino'-
sum, Res'inous Extract of Bark,  E. Cincho'na
Resi'na.  The aqueo-spirituous extract contains
both the extractive and resin of the bark.  Dose,
gr. x to xxx.
   Extractum Cinchona of the Pharmacopoeia of
the United States, (1842,) is  directed to be  pre-
pared  as follows: — Peruvian Bark, in  coarse
powder, Ibj;  Alcohol, Oiv;  Water, a sufficient
quantity.  Macerate the Peruvian bark with the
alcohol for  four days; then filter by a displace-
ment apparatus,  and when the liquid ceases to
pass, pour gradually on the bark water sufficient
to keep its surface covered.  When the filtered
tincture measures four pints, set it  aside, and
proceed with the filtration until six pints of infu-
sion are obtained. Distil off the alcohol from the
tincture and evaporate the infusion till the liquids
are respectively brought to the consistence of thin
honey; then  mix and evaporate to form an ex-
tract.—Ph. U. S.
   Extrac'tum Col'chici  Ace'ticum, Ace'toua or
Ace'tic Extract of Colchicum.  (Colchic. rad. in
pulv. crass. Ibj, Acid. acet. f"fiv, Aqua q. s.  To
the acid add a pint of water, and mix this with
the root  Put the  mixture in a percolator,  and
pour on water until  the  liquid that passes  has
little or no  taste.  Evaporate to a proper consist-
 ence.   Ph.  U. S.)  Dose, gr. j to gr. iij.
   Extractum Colocyn'thidis, Extract of Colo-
 cynth. . A cathartic,  in the dose  of from gr.  v
 to '"Jss.
   Extractum Colocyn'thidis Compos'itum, Ex-
 tractum Caihar'ticum, E.  Cathol'icum,  E. Quer-
 ceta'ni, Compound Extract of Colocynth.  (Colo-
 cynth. pulp, concis. ^vj, Aloea pulv. Sxij, Scam-
 mon. pulv.  "jjiv,  Cardamom, pulv.  3jj,  Saponis
 §iij, Alcohol, dilut. cong.   Macerate the  pulp  in
 the spirit at a gentle heat for four days; strain :
 add the aloes and scammony;  then distil off the
 spirit and mix in  the cardamom  seeds.  Ph. U.
 S.)  It is  a  powerful cathartic, and is used  in
 obstinate visceral obstructions, Ac.   Dose, gr.  vj
 to ,"5ss.
    Extractum Coni'i, E. Cicu'ta, Succua cicuta
 spissa'tus,  Extract of Hemlock, Succus spisaatus
 conii  maeula'ti.   (Expreeaed juice inapiaaated
 without  defecation.)   Employed in the  same
 cases as the conium.  Dose, gr. iij to "i")j.
    Extractum  Conii  Alcohol'icum,  Alcoholic
 Extract of Hemlock.  (Prepared like  the Ex-
 tractum aconiti alcoholicum.—Ph. U. S.)
    Extractum Convolvuli Jalapa?, E. jalapse—
 e. Corticis Peruviani, E.  Cinchonas.
    Extract'um Cubeb'a:  Flu'idum, Fluid Ex-
  tract  of  Cubebs.   (Cubebs exhausted by  ether
  through percolation, and  the solution evaporated.
  Ph. U. S.)
    Extractum Dulcama'ra:, Extract of Bitter-
  sweet.  (Prepared by displacement  from bitter-
  sweet in coarse powder.—Ph. U.  S.)
    Extractum Elate'rii, Elate'rium, Extract of
Elaterium.   (The fecula of the expreaeed juice.)
It is violently cathartic, hydragogue, and some-
times emetic.   Dose, gr.  ss. every hour till it
operates.
  Extractum Ergot.e, Ergotin.
  Extractum Genis'ta: Cacu'minum, Extract of
Broom  Topa.  Diuretic and  stomachic.   Dose,
Jss to 3J.
  Extractum Gentia'na:, Ext. Gentia'na lu'tea,
Ext.  Radi'cis Gentia'na,  Extract  of  Gen'tian.
(The evaporated decoction.)   Prepared also by
displacement — Ph. U. S.)  Properties like those
of Gentian.  Dose, gr. x to Jss.
  Extractum Glycyrrhi'za: ;  Extract of Li-
quorice, Succus Glycyrrhi'za  inspisea'tua, Succus
Liquiril'ia.  (The evaporated decoction.)  It ia
demulcent, taken ad libitum.
  Refined Liquorice, which is sold in the form
of  cylinders,  is made by gently  evaporating a
solution of the pure extract of liquorice with half
its  weight of gum Arabic, rolling  the mass and
cutting it into lengths, and then polishing, by
rolling them together in a box.
   Extrac'tum  Gram'inis,  ' Extract of Grass.'
An extract prepared from Triticum repene.   It is
considered by the Germans  to be  a mild  tonic;
and is  greatly used, especially in  convalescence
from fever.  It is probably devoid of aU injurious
properties, and as probably totally inefficacious.
   Extractum Ha:matox'yli, E.  Hamatox'yli
 Campechia'ni, E. Scobis  Hamatox'yli, Extract
 of  Logwood.  (The evaporated decoction.)   It is
 astringent.  Dose, gr. x to 3J-
   Extractum Radi'cis Helleb'ori Nigri, Ext.
 of Black  Hellebore  root,  E.  Hellebori  nigri.
 (The evaporated decoction.)  In large doses, this
 is cathartic; in smaller, diuretic, resolvent (?) and
 emmenagogue (?).  Dose, as  a cathartic, gr. x to
 "**)j ;  as an emmenagogue, gr. iij to gr. x.
   Extractum Hellebori, of the Pharmacopoeia
 of  the  United  States (1842), is  prepared from
 Black Hellebore, in coarse powder, like the Ex-
 tractum aconiti alcoholicum.
   Extractum  Hu'muli,  Extract  of hops,  (the
 evaporated  decoction.) It is tonic, anodyne (?),
 diuretic (?).  Dose, gr. v to """"j.
   Extractum Hyoscy'ami,  Extract of Henbane,
 Succua apiaadtua Hyoacyami nigri, Succ.  Spiaa.
 Hyoacyami.  (The expreaaed juice, inspissated
 without defecation.)   Its virtues are narcotic.
 Dose, gr. v to ^ss.
    Extractum Hyoscyami Alcohol'icum, Alco-
 holic Extract of Henbane.  (Prepared from leaves
 of Hyoscyamus, in coarse powder, like the Ex-
 tractum aconiti alcoholicum.—Ph. U. S.)
    Extractum  Jala'pa:, E. Convolvuli Jaitpa,
 E. Jala'pii,  Extract  of Jalap, E. Jala'pi.  (A
 apirituoua tincture diatilled ;  and  an aqueoua de-
 coction evaporated ;  the reaidua being mixed toge-
 ther : kept both soft  and hard.)  It is cathartic
 and hydragogue.  Dose, gr. x to  ^j.
    Extractum Jalap.*: of the  Ph. U. S. is pre-
 pared like  the Extractum cinchonas, Ph. U. S.
    Extractum  Jalapa:  Resino'sum, 'Res'inous
  Extract of Jalap.   This  is cathartic.
    Extractum  Juglan'dis,  Extract of Butternut.
  (Prepared  by  displacement from butternut, in
  coarse powder.—Ph.  U. S.)
    Extractum  Krame'ria;, Extract of Rhatany.
  (Prepared by  displacement from rhatany, in
  coarse powder.—Ph. U. S.)
    Extractum  Lactu'ca:,  Extract  of  Lettuce,
  Succus spissa'tus Lactuca  sativa.   (Leaves of
  fresh  lettuce Ibj ; beat them in  a stone  mortar,
  sprinkling them  with water;  then express the
  juice and evaporate, without allowing it to sub-
  side until it acquires a proper degree of consist- 
EXTRACTUM
355
EXTRANEOUS BODY
  ence.)   It is said to be narcotic and diaphoretic.
  Dose, gr. iij to gr. x.
    An extract is, sometimes, made from the  juice
  of the wild  lettuce, Lactuca viro'sa, which is re-
  garded as diuretic.
    Extractum Martis Aceticum, Ferri Acetas__
  e. Nucis Vomicae, see Stxychnos nux vomica.
    Extractum O'pii, E. Opii aqudsum, E.  The-
  ba'icum, Extract of Opium, E. Opii gummo'sum,
  Lad da num opia'tumeea simplex, Opium eola'tum
  seu depurdtum.  (A  watery solution  defecated
  and evaporated.)  Dose, gr. ss to  gr. v.
    Extractum Panchymago'gum.  A drastic me-
  dicine, composed of colocynth, bruised with  its
  seeds ;  senna bruised; black hellebore  root,  Aqa-
  ric, Scammony, in powder, Extract of  Aloes, and
  Pointer of Diarrhodon.
    Extractum  Papav'eris,  E. Papav'eris  eom-
  nif'eri, E. Papaveris albi, Extract of white poppy.
  (The decoction evaporated.)  It possesses nearly
  the same virtues as opium, but is weaker. Dose,

    Extractum Pip'eris Flu'idum, Fluid Extract
  of Black Pepper. (Blackpepper exhausted by  ether
  through percolation, the solution evaporated, and
  the piperin in  crystals  separated  by expression.

    Extractum  Pooophyl'li,  Extract  of 3Iay-
  iijiplc.   (Prepared from podophyllum,  in coarse
  powder, in the same manner as the Extract of
  cinchona.—Ph. U. S.)
    Extractum Purgans, see Hedera helix — e.
  Quercetani, E. Coloeynthidis compositum.
    Extractum  Quas'sia:, Extract of  Quaeaia.
  (Prepared by displacement from Quassia rasped.
  —Ph. U. S.)
    Extractum Cor'ticis Quercus, Extract of oak
  bark.  (The decoction evaporated.)  It is astrin-
  gent and tonic.
    Extractum Qui'nia;, Quinia sulphas  impu'rus.
  This is  made by evaporating the  liquor poured
  off the crystals of sulphate of quinia to the con-
  sistence of a pilular mass.   Twenty-four grains
  will generally arrest an intermittent
    Extractum Rhei, Extract of  Rhubarb.  (A
 solution in diluted alcohol evaporated.)  Uses
 like those  of the powdered root.   Dose, gr. x
 to  Jss.
   Extractum Rhei flu'idum, Fluid Extract of
 Rhubarb.   (Rhej in pulv. crass. ||viij,  Sacehar.
 *§v, Tinct. Zingib. f^ss,  01. fcenicul.,  01. anis.
 aa  n\,iv;  Alcohol, dilut. q.  s.  Digest  the rhu-
 barb, mixed with an  equal bulk of coarse sand,
 with  gxij of  the  diluted alcohol  for 24 hours.
 Put the mass into the percolator, and  pour on
 diluted alcohol until  the liquid  that passes  has
 little odour or taste of rhubarb; evaporate to f J v;
 dissolve it in the  sugar, and mix the tincture of
 ginger and oils.   Ph. U.  S.)
  Extractum Ru'dii, Extract of  Radius, (F.)
 Extrait  de Radius.   Pills made  of colocynth,
 agaric, scammony,  roots of black hellebore and
 jalap, socotrine aloes,  cinnamon,   mace,  cloves,
 and alcohol.
  Extractum Ruta? Graveolen'tis, E. folid-
 rum Ruta, Extract of Rue, Extractum Ruta.  (A
 decoction evaporated.)  Tonic,  stomachic. The
 volatile oil being dissipated in the boiling, this is
 not a good preparation.   Dose, gr. x to  *5j.
  Extractum Folio'rum Sabi'na:, Extract  of
 Savine.  (A decoction evaporated.)   Tonic. The
 same remarks may be made on this preparation
 as on the last  Dose, gr. x to ^ss.
  Extractum Sarsaparil'la;, Extract of Sar-
saparil'la.  (A  strained decoction  evaporated.)
Virtues the same as those of the powdered root.
Dose, gr.  x to 3J.   Extractum Sarsaparilla of
the  United  States Pharmacopoeia is prepared
  from Sarsaparilla, in coarse powder, like the Ex-
  tractum aconiti alcoholicum.
    Extractum  Sarsaparilla: flu'idum, Fluid
  Extract of Sarsaparilla.  (Sarsaparill. concis. et
  contus. ^xvj, Glycyrrhiz. contus., Sassafr.  rad.
  contus., aa §ij,  3tezerei concis. gyj,  Sacehar.
  §xij, Alcohol,  dilut.  Oviij.   Macerate,  with the
  exception of the sugar, for 14 days; express and
  filter; evaporate  to f5xij;  and  add  the sugar.
  Ph. U.  S.)
    Extractum  Saturni,  Goulard's, Liquor
  plumbi subacetatis—e.  Scobis hasmatoxyli, E.
  hasmatoxyli.
    Extractum Senna; flu'idum,  Fluid Extract
  of Senna.   (Senna  in pulv.  crass.  Ibijss;  Sac-
  char. ^xx;  01. Fcenicul.  f 5Jj ;  Sp. dEther. com-
  pos. f£ij;  Alcohol, dilut. Oiv.  Mix  the senna
  and diluted  alcohol; let the mixture stand for 24
  hours;  put  it into  a percolator,  and gradually
  pour on water mixed with one third its bulk of
  alcohol, until a gallon and a  half of liquid shaU
  have passed; evaporate to fjf xx;  add the sugar,
  and, when it is dissolved, the  compound spirit of
  ether, holding the oil in solution.
   Extractum Spige'lia; et Senna;  flu'idum,
 Fluid Extract of Spigelia and Senna.  (Spiqel.
 in pulv. crass. Ibj;  Senna in pulv. crass, ^vj;
 Sacehar. Ibiss; Potass,  carbon, gvj;  Ol. Carui,
  Ol. Anisi, aa, f^ss; Alcohol, dilut. q. s.  Pour
 on the spigelia and senna  Oij  of diluted alcohol;
 let it stand for 48 hours; place it in a percolator,
 and pour on gradually diluted alcohol until half
 a gallon has passed:  evaporate to a  pint; add
 the carbonate  of  potassa; and afterwards  the
 sugar, previously triturated  with  the oils, and
 dissolve.  Ph. U.  S.)
   Extractum Stramo'nii, E. Stramo'nii folio'-
 rum,  Extract of Stramo'nium, Extract of  Stramo-
 nium leaves.  (The expressed  juice inspissated.)
 The  Extractum  Stramonii Sem'inis, Extract of
 Stramonium  Seed, is made from  the "powdered
 seed  by means of  diluted alcohol,  and with  the
 aid of the percolator;—the solution being evapo-
 rated.  Ph.  U. S.  Used as a narcotic in asthma
 and other spasmodic affections.  Dose, gr. ij to gr. x.
   Extractum Tarax'aci,  Ext. Herba et Radi'-
 cis Tar ax'ad,  Extract  of Dandeli'on.   (The
 strained  juice evaporated.) It  has  been consi-
 dered deobstruent, laxative, and  diuretic.  Dose,
gr. x  to &.
   Extractum Thebaicum, E.  Opii.
   Extractum Valeria'na:,  Extract of  Vale'-
rian.  (An expressed decoction  evaporated.) The
virtues of the valerian being dependent upon  its
essential oil, this is an objectionable preparation.
Dose, gr. x to """'j.
  A fluid extract of  Valerian, Extractum Vale-
ria'na flu'idum, has been introduced into the last
edition of the Pharmacopoeia U. S.  (1851).  It is
prepared by  exhausting the valerian by ether and
alcohol, through the percolator, and evaporating.
  There are some other extracts in the American
and other Pharmacopoeias, but they are prepared
in the  ordinary mode, and possess merely the
virtues  of the plants.  They are besides, gene-
rally, of an unimportant character.
  EXTRAIT, Extract—e. Alcoholique de noix
vomique, see Strychnos nux vomica—e. des Fruits,
Rob—e. Himostatique de Bonjean,  Ergotin.
  EXTRA'NEOUS BODY,  from  extra, 'with-
out'  Corpus extra'neum, C. exter'num, C. alie'-
num,  (F.) Corps Stranger.  Any solid, liquid, or
gaseous substance,  inanimate or animate, pro-
ceeding from without, or formed  in  the body;
and which constitutes  no part of the body, but
occupies, in the substance of the textures, or some
of the cavities, a place  foreign to it 
EXTRAVASATION            356                   FACE
  EXTRAVASA'TION, Extravasdtio, from ex-
tra, ' out of,' and vasa, ' vessels.'  Escape of a
fluid—extravasa'tum—from the vessel contain-
ing it, and infiltration or effusion of the fluid into
the surrounding textures.
  EXTRAVASATUM, see Extravasatio.
  EXTREM'ITYT, Extrem'itas; from  extremus,
'the outermost;'  the end  or termination  of  a
thing.  The limbs, acrote'ria, have been so called,
— as the upper and  lower extremities.  It  has
been, also, used to express  the last moments of
life; as  when we  say, a patient is in ' extremity,'
(F.) le malade est d Fextrimiti, d toute extrimiti.
See Membrum.
  EXTRINSIC, Extrin'secus. That which comes
from without.   This term has been used for mus-
cles, which surround  certain organs and attach
them to the neighbouring parts; in order to dis-
tinguish them  from other  muscles, which  enter
into the intimate composition of these  organs,
and which have been named intrinsic.  Thus,
there are extrinsic  and intrinsic muscles of the
tongue, ear, Ac.
   EXTROVERSIO, Exstrophia.
   EXTUBERANTIA, Protuberance.
   EXTUBERATIO,  Protuberance.
   EXTUMEFACTIO, Swelling.
   EXTUS'SIO, from ex,  and tussis, 'a  cough.'
'I  cough with expectoration.'
•   EXU'BER, from ex, 'out of,' 'devoid of,' and
ubera, ' breasts ;'  Apogalac'tos.  ' A child which
has been weaned.'
   EXUDATION  CORPUSCLES,  see Corpus-
cles, exudation.
   EXULCERATIO, Ecthlimma, Ulceration —e.
Uteri, Hysterelcosis—e. Ventriculi, Gastrelcosis.
   EXUMBILICATIO, Exomphalos.
   EXUSTIO, Cauterization.
   EXUTORIUM, Fonticulus.
   EXUTORY, Fonticulus.
   EYE, Sax. eaj, Teuton. Auge, O'culus, Ops,
Omma,  Ophthalmos, Illos,  Op'tilos (Doric,) Vi-
so'rium Org'anum, (F.) OHil.   The eye  is the im-
mediate organ of vision. It is seated in the orbit,
while its dependencies, called by Haller Tutam'-
ina Oc'uli, occupy the circumference of the ca-
vity, and are composed of the eyebrows, the eye-
lids, cilia, glands of Meibomius, Ac.  The  Ball,
Globe, or Bulb of the Eye, Bulbus Oc'uli, is co-
vered anteriorly  by the tunica conjunctiva;  is
moved by six muscles, four straight, two oblique,
and is constituted of membranes, as the sclerotic,
cornea,  choroid, tunica Jacobi, retina,  iris, hya-
loid, and, in the foetus, the membrana pupillaris;
and of  fluids, called  Humours,  or 31edia, — the
aqueous, crystalline, and vitreous.  The eyeball
is invested with a membranous tunic, which sepa-
rates it from the other structures of the orbit, and
forms a smooth, hollow surface, by which its mo-
tions are facilitated.   This  investment has been
  FAB A, Phaseolus, Vicia faba — f. iEgyptiaca,
Nymphasa  nelumbo — f.  Cathartica,  Jatropha
curcas — f. Crassa, Sedum telephium — f. Febri-
fuga, Ignatia amara—f. Grasca, Diospyros lotus
— f. Indica, Ignatia amara — f. Major,  Vicia
faba — f. Pechurei,  Tetranthera  Pechurim — f.
Pechurim, Tetranthera pechurim — f. Purgatrix,
Ricinus communis — f. Sancti  Iguatii, Ignatia
amara —f.  SuLlla,  Hyoscyamus — f.  Vulgaris,
Vicia faba.
called cellular capsule of the eye, oc'ular capsule,
tu'nica vayina'lis oc'uli, vag"inal coat, and sub-
mus'cular fascia of the eye.   The vessels of the
eye proceed from  the  ophthalmic artery. _ The
nerves, except  the optic, are chiefly furnished
from the ophthalmic  ganglion.   The following
are the dimensions, Ac, of the organ, on tho au-
thority of Petit, Young, Gordon,  and Brewster:

Length of  the  antero-posterior diameter of
  the eye,..............................0.91
Vertical chord of the cornea,...........• • • 0.45
Versed sine of the cornea,................0.11
Horizontal  chord of the cornea,...........0.47
Size of pupil seen through the cornea, 0.27 to 0.13
Size of pupil diminished by magnifying power
  of cornea to,  from...........---0.25 to 0.12
Radius of the anterior surface of  the crystal-
  line,.................................0.30
Radius of posterior surface,...............0.22
Principal focal  distance of lens,...........1.73
Distance of the centre of the optic nerve from
  the foramen centrale of Sb'mmering,......0.11
Distance of the iris from the cornea,.......0.10
Distance of the iris from the anterior surface
  of the crystalline..............•.......0.02
Field of vision above a horizontal line, 50° \ -j^go
Field of vision below a horizontal line, 70° j
Field of vision in a horizontal plane,.......150°
Diameter of the crystalline in a woman above
  fifty years of age,.....................0.378
Diameter of the cornea,.................0.400
Thickness of the crystalline,.............0.172
Thickness of the cornea,................0.042

  Eye, Apple, see Melum — e. Balm, Hydrastis
Canadensis—e.  Bright, Euphrasia officinalis, Lo-
belia— e. Cat's, amaurotic, see Amaurotic—e.
Cellular capsule of the, see Eye — e. Drop, Tear.
  Eye Glass, Scaphium oculare,  see  Specta-
cles.  Also, a glass adapted for the application
of collyria to the eye.
  Eye, Gum of the, Chassie—e. Lashes, Cilia—
e. Lid, Palpebra—e. Lid, Granular, Trachoma—
e. Melon, see Melum—e. Purulent, Ophthalmia,
purulent, of infants — e. Salve,  Singleton's, Un-
guentum Hydrargyri nitrico-oxydi; Eye-salve,
Smellome's, see Cupri subacetas—e. Sight of the,
Pupil.
  Eye Stone.   The shelly operculum  of small
tUrbinideas.  Used at Guernsey to get things out
of the eyes.  Being put into the inner corner of
the eye, under the eyelid, it works its way out
at the outer corner, and brings  out any foreign
substance with it.—Gray.
  Eye Teeth,  Canine  teeth—e.  of Typhon, Scil-
la—e. Water, Collyrium—e. Water, common, Li-
quor zinci  sulphatis cum camphora — e. Water,
blue, Liquor  cupri ammoniati — e.  Watery, Epi-
phora,—e. White of the, see Sclerotic.
  FAB.3"!, Onisci aselli.
  FABAGELLE, Zygophyllum fagabo.
  FABARIA CRASSULA, Sedum telephium.
  FABRICA ANDROGYNA, Hermaphrodeity.
  FACE, Fades, Vultus, Voltus, Prosdpon, (F.)
.Face.  The face is the anterior part of the head.
It is formed  of 13  bones,  viz. the two superior
maxillary, the  two malar, the two ossa nasi, the
two oaea unguis, the vomer, the two ossa spongiosa
inferiora,  the two palate bones, and the inferior
F. 
FACE
357
FAGUS
maxillary, without including the frontal portion
of (he os frontis, and the 32 teeth, which may be
considered  to  form part  of  it.  Its  numerous
muscles are chiefly destined for the  organs of
Bight, hearing,  taste,  and smell.   Its  arteries
proceed from the external carotid: its veins end
in  the jugular,  and its nerves draw their origin
immediately from the brain.
   Tho face  experiences  alterations  in  disease,
which it is important to attend to.  It is yellow
in  jaundice, pale and  puffy in dropsy ; and its
expression is very different, according to the seat
of  irritation, so  that, in infants, by an attention
to  medical phyaiognomy, we can often detect the
seat of disease.
   Hippocrates  has well  depicted  the  change
which it experiences in  one exhausted  by long
sickness, by great evacuations, excessive hunger,
watchfulness, Ac, threatening dissolution. Hence
this state has been called Fariea  Hippocral'ica,
Faciea Cadaver'ica, F. Tortudlie.  In this, the
nose is pinched; the eyes are sunk; the temples
hollow; the ears  cold, and retracted; the skin
of  the forehead tense,  and dry; the complexion
livid; the lips pendent, relaxed, and cold, Ac.
   The term Face  (F.) is likewise given to one of
the aspects of an  organ; thus, we say, the supe-
rior face of the  stomach.
   FACE, INJECTiE, see  Vultueux—f.  Vul-
tueuae, see Vultueux.
   FACET', (F.) Facette. Diminutive of Face. A
small face.   A  small, circumscribed  portion of
tho surface of a bone, as the articular facette of
a bone.
  FACHINGEN,   MINERAL  WATERS  OF.
These springs are at no great distance from those
of  Geilenau, and  two  miles north  of AVisbaden.
They contain free carbonic acid ; carbonate, sul-
phate, and phosphate of soda; chloride of sodium,
carbonate of lime, magnesia, and iron.
  FA'CIAL, Facia'lis.  Belonging to, or  con-
nect eil with, the face.
  Facial Angle,  see Angle, facial.
  Facial Artery,  La'bial artery, An'gular or
external max'illary artery, A.  palato-labial—
(Ch.)  is a branch of the external carotid, which
rises beneath the  digastricus,  and is distributed
to  almost every part of the face.  It furnishes
the inferior palatal, submental, auperior labial,
inferior labial, and dorsalis nasi.
  Facial Line,  see Angle, facial.
  Facial Nerve, Portio dura of the  7th pair,
Ramus du'rior  sep'tima conjugatio'nis, Sympa-
th el icus minor,  Res'piratory nerve oj' the face,
Par sep'timum sive faddle, Commu'nicans faciei
nervus.  This nerve arises from the inferior  and
lateral part of the tuber annulare, in the groove
which separates it  from the medulla oblongata,
external to the corpora olivaria, and by the  side
of the auditory nerve. It issues from the cranium
by  the meatus  auditorius  internus; enters the
aqueduct of Fallopius; receives a branch of  the
Vidian nerve'; forms a gangliform swelling—Intu-
mcsccdtia gangliform'is;—sends off filaments to
the internal muscles of the malleus and  stapes;
furnishes, according to many  anatomists, that
called Chorda Tympani;  makes its exit at  the
foramen stylo-mastoideum, and divides into two
branches—the temporo-facial, and cervico-facial.
On  the face it is termed, Pes anaerlnua, Plexus
nervorum anseri'nus.  See Portio AVrisbergii.
  Facial Ati:in,  Palato-labial—(Ch.,) arises be-
tween  the skin  and frontalis  muscle, and bears
the  name V. Frontdlis, (F.)  Veine frontale ou
V. Priparate.  It then descends,  vertically, to-
wards  the greater angle of the  eye, where it is I
called  Angula'ria ;  and  afterwards  descends, i
obliquely, on the face, to  open into the internal j
 jugular, after  having received  branches, which
 correspond with those of the facial artery.   It is
 only in the  latter part of its course that it is
 called Facial Vein.  Chaussier caUs the external
 carotid artery, Facial Artery.
   FA'CIENT, faciena, 'making,' from facio,  'I
 make.'  A suffix,  as in Calefacient,  Rubefacient,'
 Ac, 'warm making,' 'red making.'
   FACIES,  Face — f. Cadaverica,  see Face — f.
 Concava pedis, Sole—f. Hippocratica, see Face—
 f. Inferior pedis, Sole—f. Tortualis, see Face.
   FACTICE, Factitious.
   FACTITIOUS, Factit'ius, (F.) Factice,  from
 facere,  'to  make.'  Artificial.   That which  is
 made by art, in opposition to what  is natural  or
 found already existing in nature.  Thus, we say,
 factitioua  mineral watera, for artificial  mineral
 waters.
   FACULTAS, Faculty—f.Auctrix, Plastic force
 —f. Formatrix, Plastic force — f. Nutrix, Plastic
 force—f. Vegetativa, Plastic force—f. Zotica, Vis
 vitalis.
   FACULTATES NATURALES, see Function.
   FA'CULTY, Facultas, Dy'namis, Power, Vir-
 tue.  The power of executing any function or act.
 The collection of the intellectual faculties consti-
 tutes the understanding.  AVe say, also, vital fa-
 culties for vital properties,  Ac.
   F.ECAL,  Stercoraceous—f. Retention, Consti-
 pation.
   F.ECES, Plural of Fax; Feces,  Chersa, 'the"
 dregs of any thing.' Fec'ulence, (F.) Feces.  The
 alvine evacuations are so called;  (F.) Garderobes;
 the excrements, lmpurita'tes alvina, Facal mat-
 ter.   See Excrement.
   Faeces Indurataj, Scybala.
   F.ECOSITAS, Feculence.
   FiECULA, Fecula.
   F.ECULENTIA, Feculence.
   F.ECUNDATIO, Fecundatio.
   F.ECUNDITAS, Fecundity.
   FJEX, Feculence.
   FAGA'RA OCTANDRA, Elaph'rium tomen-
 to'sum,  Am'yris tomento'sum, from fagus,  ' the
 beech,' which it resembles.  The systematic name
 of the plant, which affords Tacamaha'ca, a  resi-
 nous  substance, that exudes  from the tree Taca-
 mahaca, which has a  fragrant, delightful smell,
 was formerly in high estimation, as an ingredient
 in warm, stimulating plasters, and was given in-
 ternally, like the  balsams  generally.  The  East
 India  Tacamahac, Bal'samum  Vir'ide,  O'leum
 3Iar'ia, Bal'samum Cal'aba, Balsamum maria,
 Baume vert, is yielded  by Calophyllum inophyl-
 lum seu Balsama'ria Inophyllum.
  The name  Tacamahac is also given to a resin
 furnished by Pop'ulus balsamif'era  seu tacama-
 ha'ca, which  grows in the northern parts of Ame-
 rica and Siberia.
  Fagara  Piperi'ta,  (F.) Fagarier  poivri; a
 native of Japan, possesses the qualities of pepper,
 and is used as such by  the Japanese.  It  is,  also,
 employed as a rubefacient cataplasm.
  FAGARASTRUM  CAPEN'SE.   Nat.   Ord.
 Xanthoxyleas.  A  South African plant, the  fruit
 of which is known to the Colonists as wild  Car-
 damom; and, on account of  its  aromatic quali-
 ties, is prescribed in flatulency and paralysis.
  FAGARIER POIVRE, Fagara octandria.
  FAGOPYRUM,  Polygonum fagopyrum.
  FAGUS, F. sylvatica.
  Fagus Casta'nea.   The systematic name of
 the Chestnut  Tree; Casta'nea, C. vulga'ris,  Cas-
 ta'nea vesca,  Lo'pima,  3Iota, Glans Jovis Theo-
 PHRASTI, Ju'piter's Acorn, Sardidian Acorn; the
 Common Chestnut, (F.) Chatagnier commun.  Fa-
mily, Amenteceae.   Sex. Syst. Monoecia Polyan- 
FAIBLESSE              358              FALSIFICATION
rfria.  The Chestnut,  Casta'nea nux, (F.) Cha-
taigne, is farinaceous and nutritious, but not easy
of digestion.
  Fagus Castanea Pu'mila.   The Chidcapin
or Chinquapin, Castanea Pumila, (F.) Ckataignicr
nain.  The nut of this American tree is eaten
like the chestnut.  The bark, Castanea, (Ph. U.
S.) has been used in intermittents.
  Fagus Purpurea, F. sylvatica.
  Fagus Sylvat'ica.  The systematic name of
the Beech, Fagus, F.  sylves'tris seu purpu'rea,
Oxya, Balan'da,  Valan'ida;  the Beech  Tree,
(F.) Hetre.  The Beech-nut or Beech-mast,  (F.)
Faine, affords an oil,  by expression, which is of
a palatable character, and is eaten in some places
instead of butter.  It  has  been supposed to be a
good  vermifuge, but  it is no better  than  any
mild oil.
  Fagus Sylvestris,  F. Sylvatica.
  FAIBLESSE, Debility.
  FAI3I, Hunger—/. Canine, Boulimia—/. de
Loup, Fames lupina.
  FAINE, see Fagus  sylvatica.
  FAINTING, Syncope.
  FAINTING-FIT, Syncope.
  FAINTISHNESS, see Syncope.
  FAINTNESS, Languor, Syncope.
  FAIRBURN, MINERAL WATERS OF.  The
mineral  waters  at this place,  which is in the
county  of  Ross, in Scotland, are sulphureous,
and frequented.
  FAISCEA U, Fasciculus —/. Intemidiaire de
 Wrisberg,  Portio  Wrisbergii—/. Petit, Fasci-
culus.
  FALCADINA, Scherlievo.
  FAL'CIFORM,  Falcifor'mis,  Drepandi'dea,
from falx, 'ascythe,' and forma, 'shape.'  Having
the shape  of a scythe.  This term has been ap-
plied to different parts.  See Falx, and Sinus.
  Falciform Expansion  of the Fascia Lata
is the scythe-shaped reflection of the fascia  lata,
which forms, outwards and upwards, the opening
for the vena saphasna, and is attached to the
crural arch by its superior extremity, forming
the anterior paries of the canal of the same name.
  FALLACIA, Hallucination.
  Fallacia  Optica.  An optic illusion.
  FALLOPIAN TUBE, see Tube, Fallopian.
  FALLTRANCK,Faltranck(G.),literally,
a drink  againat falls.   A vulnerary.  It  is a
mixture of several aromatic and slightly astrin-
gent plants, which  grow chiefly  in  tho  Swiss
Alps, and hence the name—Vulniraire Suiaec—
given to such dried  plants cut into  fragments.
They are called, also, Eaplcea Vulneraires, and
Thi Suisse. AVithin the present century, in  Eng-
land, a kind of vulnerary beer was often  pre-
scribed, in  country practice, in all cases of in-
ward bruises. It bore the name Cerevis'ia nigra,
or black beer, and was formed by infusing certain
reputed vulnerary herbs in beer or ale.
  The infusion of the Falltranck is aromatic, and
slightly agreeable, but  of no use in the cases for
which  it has been particularly recommended.
  FALMOUTH, CLIMATE  OF.   The climate
of  Falmouth in Cornwall, England,  resembles
that of Penzance: and, like  it, is in many re-
spects, a favourable retreat  for the phthisical
during the winter months.
  FALSA VIA, False  passage.
  FALSE, Falsus,Nothua,Pseudo, Spu'rious, Bas-
tard, (F.) Faux, Fausae.  This epithet has been
frequently added to peripneumony, pleurisy, Ac,
to designate a disease  similar to these, but less
severe.  Most commonly, a  severe  catarrh or
pleurodynia has received the name.   See  Peri-
pneumonia notha.
  False Passage, FdlaaVia, (F.) FauaaeRoute.
An accidental passage, made in surgical opera-
tions, and particularly in introducing the cathe-
ter.  The catheter is sometimes passed through
into the rectum.
  False Waters, Hydrdlladte, Falae Delivery.
Water, which sometimes  collects  between  the
amnion and chorion, and is commonly discharged
before the birth of the child.
  We say, also, False Ribs, False  Rhubarb, Ac.
  FALSETTO VOICE, see Voice.
  FALSIFICATION,  Adultera'tio, from falsus,
'false,' axidfacerc, 'to  make.'  A fraudulent imi-
tation or alteration of an aliment or medicine by
different admixtures. 31anga'nium, Manganisa'-
tio.  It  is  synonymous with adulteration and
sophistication.
TABLE OF COMMON FALSIFICATIONS OF  SOME  OF THE MOST USEFUL
                                 DRUGS, Ac.
Medicines.	Adulterations.	Mode of Detection.
Acacia; Gummi. Acetum Destilla-tum. Acidum Muriati-cum. ----Nitricum. < ---- Sulphuri- _ CUM. ----Citricum. •	,	* G. S. is clammy and tenacious. The A. G. is perfectly soluble in water, and its solution limpid. Acetate of barytes causes a white precipitate. By evaporating it, the residuum deflagrates, when thrown on burning charcoal. ' Supersaturate with ammonia — a blue colour is produced. Sulphuretted hydrogen causes a dark precipitate. ' Deposites by evaporation the salts it may con-tain ; precipitates with solution of hydrochlo-rate of baryta if it contains sulphuric acid. ' The presence of chlorine is indicated by a preci-pitate with nitrate of silver: that of sulphuric | acid by the same result with hydrochlorate of i. baryta. f The presence of muriatic and nitric acid is indi-cated by the smell, when the acid tested is { strongly heated. f Their presence is indicated by forming a granu-1 lar sediment in a concentrated solution of a [ neutral salt of potassa.
	r 3Iuriatic and Sulphuric Acids. Muriatic and Nitric Acids. Tartaric and Oxalic Acids.	
 
FALSIFICATION             359             FALSIFICATION
MEDICINES.
Adulterations.
Mode of  Detection.
IEther Rectifica-
  tus.

Aqua Ammonia.
Ammonia;    Carro-
  nas.
Carbonic Acid ,
Ammoniacum.
Ammonii Sulphure-
  tum.
Argenti Nitras.
Absenicum Album.

Balsamum Peruvi-
  an um.

Capsicum.
Cayenne Pepper.
Castoreum.
Caator.
Cera Flava.
Yellow Wax.
Cera Alba.
White  Wax.
Cinchona.
Bark.
Coccus.
Cochineal.
Colomba.
Copaiba.
Balsam of Copaiva.
Too dilute.               Tbe S. G. detects this.
Sulphuric Acid........   By acetate of baryta.  Precipitate white.
 .,  , .                 f AVith phosphorus a milky instead of limpid solu-
                           tion is formed.
                         A precipitation  occurs on adding a solution of
                           muriate of lime.
                         It should be capable of complete volatilization
                           by heat.
                         The Gutta Ammoniaci are white, clear, and dry
                         The lump Ammoniacum, lapia Ammoniaci, is often
                           adulterated with common resin.
                         It ought to be entirely volatilized by a red heat
                         Imparts a foBated texture, and is not vaporizable
 ,     .                  f A smell of garlic is emitted when thrown on live
.Arsenic...............\      ,    , °
                        {   coals, Ac.
                         Are not vaporizable.
                         The solution assumes a blue colour, when super,
                           saturated with ammonia.  It may be suspected
                           when the salt deliquesces.
                         The adulteration with nitrate  of potassa is easily
                           recognized by the fracture of a stick of it, which
                           is radiated when pure, and  granular if adulte-
                           rated ;  or by precipitating a solution  of  the
                           salts with a sufficient quantity of muriatic acid,
                           and evaporating  the clear liquor: the nitrate
                           of potassa or  other salts will remain.
r.....
 Lead.
 Arscn\
 Manganese and Iron.

 Copper...........



 Nitrate of Potassa.
■ Chalk, Sulphate of Lime,  f Not volatizable by heat.
   &ulphate oj Baryta.
Not easily detected.
Smell and taste wiU generally detect the fraud.
Crocus.
Saffron.
A mixture of Resin and
   aome Volatile Oil, with •
   Benzoin.
Chloride of Sodium.....  This disposes it to deliquesce.
                        f Digest in acetic acid, and add a solution of sul
Red Lead.............•<   phuret of ammonia — a dark-coloured precipi-
                        (,  tate will be produced,
A mixture of dried blood, (
   gum ammoniac,  and a
   little real caator, atuffed
   into the scrotum of a
   goat.
e,  ,,    j,      ,       f May be suspected when the cake is brittle  and
Earth or Peasmeal.....j  c£lour ^.^

d  .                    f Put it in cold alcohol, which will  dissolve the
      .................|   resin, without acting on the wax.
                        (Is known  by the greater softness and unctuosity,
Tallow  ...............<   and its smell when melted.   Turmeric is gene-
                        ts  rally added in this case to obviate the paleness
White Lead...........  Melt the wax,  the oxide will subside.
Tallow  ...............  The cake has not its ordinary translucency.
This is variously adulte-
  rated, but generally with
  the   Carthagena  and
  other inferior barks.
Pieces of dough formed f
  in moulds, and coloured 1 Throw it into water, the adulteration will appear,
  with cochineal.         (
                         The true is distinguishable from the false Colomba
                           by adding to an infusion of the root, a few drops
                           of solution of sulph. iron, which gives to the
                           infusion of the false Colomba a greenish black
                           colour;  but produces no change in the other.
                         If it does notretain its spherical form when dropped
                           into water, its adulteration may be inferred.
                         Mix one part of strong liquid ammonia of 22°,
                           with three parts of copaiba.  If pure, the mix-
                           ture will, in a few minutes, become transparent;
                           if not, it will remain opake.
                         Affords an unpleasant  odour when   thrown on
                           live coals.
Can only be detected by practice, and examining
  into  the  quantity of quinia  or cinchonia it
  contains.
  Fibres of smoked Beef..

■j Petals of the  Calendula
   officinalis, and Cartha-
{  mus Tinctorius.
Infuse the specimen in hot water, and the diffe-
  rence will be perceptible. 
FALSIFICATION             360             FALSIFICATION
Medicines.
Adulterations.
Mode of  Detection.
Cubeba.
Cubebs.

Cusparia;  Cortex.
Angustura Bark.
Guaiaci  Resina.
Reain of Guaiacum.
Hydrargyri Chlo-
 ridum Mite.
Calomel.
Hydrargyri   Oxi-
 dum Rubrum.
Red Precipitate.
Hydrargyri  Sul-
 phuretum Rubrum'

Hydrargyri   Sul
 phuretum Nigrum. '

Iodine.

Jalapa;  Radix.
Jalap Root.
Magnesia.
Magnesia; Subcar-
 bonas.
Carbonate of Magne-
f Turkey  Yellow Berriea, (
i   or the dried fruit of the -j  Detected by attentive examination.
(   Rhamnus Oatharticua.  (_
                         C The epidermis of the true Cusparia is character
                         ■j    ized by being covered with a matter resembling
                         (   the rust of iron.
Fdlae  Angustura  s
  timea aold for it.
' „       „   .            f Detected by the turpentine smell emitted when
 Common Ream.........j   ^^ up(m ho(. £ ^
Manna.
Morphia et  ejus
 Sales.
Morphia   and  its
 Salts.
Moschus.
Musk.
Olea Destillata.
Eaaential Oils.
Oleum Ricini.
Castor Oil.
                        ( Add to the tincture a few drops of spirit of nitre,
3Ianchineel Gum.......-J   and dilute with water;  the guaicum is precipi-
                        (   tated—the adulteration floats in the white striae.
                         A precipitation will be produced by the carbonate
                           of potass, from a solution made by boiling the
                           suspected  sample with  a small  portion of mu
                           riate of ammonia in distilled  water; or,  the
                           presence of deuto-chloride of mercury is indi-
                           cated, by warming gently a small quantity of
                           calomel in alcohol, filtering and adding to the
                           clear liquor some  lime-water, by which  a red-
                           dish  yellow  precipitate  is  afforded.   AVhen
                           calomel is rubbed with a fixed  alkali, it  ought
                           to become intensely black, and  not exhibit any
                           orange hue.
                         Digest in acetic acid: add sulphuret of ammonia,
                           which will produce a dark coloured precipitate
                           It should be totally volatilized  by heat.
Corrosive Sublimate, and
  Subnitrate of Bismuth.
Red Lead ,
Red Lead .
Ivory Black
Plumbago, Charcoal, and
  Oxide of 3Ianganese.

Bryony Root, spurious or
  false Jalap Root, and
  Liquorice Root.

Lime.................
Sulphuret of Lime.

Chalk...........
Gypsum...............

A factitious article, con-
  sisting  of  honey  or
  sugar, mixed with scam-
  mony, is sometimes sold
  for it.
Digest in acetic acid, and add sulphuret  of am-
  monia,—a black precipitate will be produced.

Throw a suspected portion on hot coals—the re-
  siduum  will detect the fraud.

The tests of its  purity are — that it is perfectly
  soluble in ether. Heated on a piece of glass or
  porcelain, it sublimes without residuum.
Bryony root is of a paler colour, and less compact
  texture, and  does not easily burn at the flame
  of a candle. Liquorice is detected by the taste.
Detected by the solution in dilute sulphuric acid
  affording a precipitate with oxalate of ammonia.
Gives off  when moistened, the  smell of sulphu
  retted hydrogen.
Detected by adding dilute sulphuric acid to  the
  suspected substance, when, if chalk be present,
  there will be  a white insoluble precipitate.
Boil in distilled water, and test the solution by a
  barytic  and oxalic  reagent.


The colour, weight, transparency and taste detect
  it.
Dried Blood.
Asphaltum............

Fine particlea of Lead .,

Fixed Oils............
Alcohol...............

Olive or Almond or Pop-
  py Oil.
 ' Morphia and  its salts, when  placed in  contact
   with nitric  acid, are coloured red; with  per
   salts of iron, blue.  They are perfectly soluble
   in warm alcohol, and  acidulated warm water
   When  morphia  is mixed with narcotina, the
   adulteration is ascertained by mixing them with
   sulphuric ether,  which dissolves the narcotina,
   without sensibly affecting the morphia.
 ' The bag must not  appear to have been opened.
 This may be suspected, if it emits a fetid smoke
   when inflamed.
 Discovered  by its  melting and running, before it
   inflames.
 ^ Rub with water. The metallic particles will subside.
j Touch writing paper with it, and hold it before
1  the fire : fixed oil leaves a stain of grease.
j Add water.   A milkiness and  increase of tempe-
{  rature occurs.
 f Alcohol  S. G. -820 will mix with  any proportion
j  of castor oil, whilst it dissolves very little of
 (.  the others. 
FALTRANCK              361                FARCTURA
Medicines.
Adulterations.
Mode op Detection.
Opium.
POTASSII lODIDUM.
Iodide of Potaaaium.
Quinia; Sulphas.
Sulphate of Quinia.

Strychnia: et ejus
 Sales.
Strychnia  and   ita
 Solta.
Zinci Oxydum.
Flowera of Zinc.
Extract  of   Liquorice,
  Bullcta   and   Stones
  aometimea in it; Ex-
  tract of Poppy, ofChe-
  lidonium  majus;   G.
  Arabic, G. Trag&canth,
  Linseed   Oil,   Gow'a
  Dung.

Chloridea  of  Potaaaium
  and Sodium, Nitrate of
  Pota8sa.
Mannite.
Brucia.
' Choi
: wm
ik.......
ie Lead.
  The best opium is covered with leaves  and the
    reddish capsules of a species of Rumex.  The
    inferior kinds have cajssules adherent.  It is bad
    when  soft and friable, when intensely black or
    mixed with many impurities, and when sweet.
    The quantity of morphia affords the best test,

 : The adulteration is ascertained by precipitating a
    solution of the salt with nitrate of silver, and
    treating the precipitate with ammonia, which
    dissolves the chloride of silver, without acting
    upon the iodide  of this metal.
( Leaves no residue  when submitted to calcination:
■J   is perfectly soluble in  warm  alcohol, and  in
(   water  slightly acidulated with  sulphuric acid.

  They are free from brucia when no colour is pro-
    duced by contact with nitric acid.

  Sulphuric acid excites an effervescence.
  Sulphuric acid forms an insoluble sulphate of lead,
   FALTRANCK, Falltranck.
   FALX.  Anatomists  have given this name to
several membranous reflections having the shape
of a falx or scythe.
   Falx Cerkbel'li, (F.) Faux du cervelet, Falx
minor, Septum median du cervelet (Ch.,) Septum
Cerebelli, Proces'aus falcifor'mis Cerebelli, Sep-
tum  Parvum occipita'le, is  a triangular process
of the dura mater opposite  the internal occipital
protuberance.  Its base  is attached to the middle
of the tentorium, and its top or apex bifurcates,
to proceed to the sides of the foramen  magnum.
Its convex surface is towards the cranium, and
its concave in the fissure or groove, which sepa-
rates the two lobes of the cerebellum.
   Falx Cer'ebri, Septum  Cerebri, Falx major,
Vcr'tical supe'rior longitddinal proc"ess, 31edia-
sti'num cerebri, (F.) Faux du cerveau, Repli longi-
tudinal de la meninge, (Ch.,) Proces'sus falcifor-
mis  dura matris.  The  greatest process of the
dura mater.  It extends from the fore to the hind
part  of the skull, on  the median  line; is  broad
behind, and narrow before, and is lodged in the
groove which separates  the  hemispheres   from
each other—the interlobular fissure.  At its supe-
rior part is situated the longitudinal sinus (supe-
rior,) and at its lower, corresponding to the edge
of the scythe, the inferior longitudinal sinus. Its
anterior extremity is attached to the crista  galli;
its posterior is continuous with the tentorium ce-
rebelli, and contains the straight sinus.
   Falx Major,  Falx cerebri — f. Minor,  Falx
cerebelli.
   Falx of the  Peritoneum, Great, Falx peri-
tonc'i  max'ima,  (F.)  Grande faux du  piritoine,
Faux de la  Veine Ombilicale, Falx of the  umbi-
lical vein, is a reflection  of the peritoneum, which
ascends from the umbilicus to the anterior and
inferior surface of the liver.
  Falcks of the Peritone'um, Lesser, Falces
Peritone'i min'ima, (F.)  Petiteafaux du piritoine,
are the lateral ligaments of the liver and the re-
flections which the  peritoneum forms, raised  up
by the umbilical arteries.
  Falx of  the   Umbilical Atein, Falx,  great,
of the Peritoneum.
  FAAIEL'ICA  FEBRIS, from fames,  'hunger.'
Fever  accompanied  with insatiable  hunger.
Sylvius.
  "FAMELICUS, Hungry.
   FAMES, Hunger — f.  Bovina,  Boulimia — f.
 Canina, Boulimia.
   Fames Lupi'na, Lycorex'ia, (F.) Faim de Loup.
 Authors have described, under this name, a kind
 of boulimia, or depravation of the digestive func-
 tion, in which the patient eats voraciously, and
 passes his food, almost immediately afterwards,
 per anum.
  FAMEX, Contusio.
  FAMIGERATIS'SIMUM  EMPLAS'TRUM,
 from fama,' fame,' and gero, ' I wear.'  A plaster,
 extolled in ague, and made of aromatic, irritating
 snbstances.   It was applied to the wrist.
  FAMILIARICA SELLA, Close stool.
  FAMILY DISEASES,  see Hereditary.
  FAMIS, Contusio.
  FAMIX, Contusio.
  FANCULUM, Anethum.
  FANCY MARK, Nasvus.
  FANG, Radix.
  FANON (F.)  from  (G.) Fahne, 'a banner,'
 'ensign,'  'standard.'  Fer'ula,  Lec'tulua atra-
 mideua, Thor'ulus  atramideua.   A splint of  a
 particular shape, employed in fractures  of  the
 thigh and leg to  keep the bones in contact.
  The Fanona were divided into true and falae.
  The true consists of a cylinder of straw, strongly
 surrounded with a cord or riband, in the centre
 of which a stick  is  usually placed  to  ensure its
 solidity.   The false consists of a thick piece of
 linen, made flat like a compress, and folded at
 the extremities.  It was placed between the frac-
 tured limb and the true fanon.  The Drap-fanon
 is a large piece of common cloth placed between
 the fractured limb, in which the fanons or lateral
 splints are rolled.
  FANTOM, Phantom, from tpavracpa, 'a spectre.'
 (F.) Phantdme, Fantome, 31annequin, Man'nekin.
 This word has two  acceptations.  It means  the
 spectres and images which  the imagination  pre-
 sents  to the  sick, when asleep  or awake; and,
 also, the figure on which  surgeons practise  the
 application of bandages, or the accoucheur  the
 manual part  of midwifery, — Phanto'ma  obstet-
 rid'ium.
  FARCIMINALIS  MEMBRANA  seu TU-
 NICA, Allantois.
  FARCINOMA, Equinia.
  FARCTU'RA,  Fartu'ra; from  farcire,  'to
stuff.'   The operation of  introducing medicinal 
FARCTUS
362
FASCIA
substances into the cavities of  animals or of
fruits, which have been previously emptied.
  FARCTUS, Emphraxis.
  FARCY GLANDERS, see Equinia.
  FARD, Paint.
  FARDEAU, Mole.
  FARFARA, Tussilago—f. Bechium, Tussilago.
  FARI'NA, Al'phiton, Crimnon, Al'eton, Aled-
ron, Ale'ma, from far, ' corn,' of which it is made.
Meal or flour.  The powder, obtained  by grind-
ing the seeds of the gramineous, leguminous, and
cucurbitaceous plants in particular.  It is highly
nutritious, and is much used, dietetically as well
as medicinally.
  Leath's Alimen'tary Farina, or Homapaih'ic
Farindeeous Food, is said  to consist principally
of  wheat flour, slightly baked, and sweetened
with sugar,  together with potato flour and a very
small quantity of Indian corn meal and tapioca.
  Farina Amygdalarum, see Amygdala.
  Farina,  Compounded, Baster's, is  said to
consist of wheat flour,  sweetened  with  sugar.
  Farina, Nutritious, Maidman's, is  said to
consist of potato flour, artificially coloured  of a
pink or rosy hue, the colouring matter being pro-
bably rose pink.
  Farina Trit'ici,  wheaten flour;  F. Seca'lis,
Rye flour or meal;  F. Hordei, Barley meal; F.
Avendcea, Oat meal, Ac.   See Amylum.
  Farina:  Resolvent'es, (F.) Farines Risolu-
tives.  This name was formerly given  to a mix-
ture of the farina of four different  plants; the
lupine, Lupinus albus, the Ervum Ervilia,  the
 Vicia faba, and the Barley, Hordeum distichum.
They were recommended to form  cataplasms.
  FARINA'CEOUS, Farina'ceus, Farino'aua,
(F.) Farineux, 3Iealy.  Having the  appearance
or nature of farina.  A term given to all articles
of food which contain farina.  The term Farina-
cea includes all those substances,  called cerealia,
legumina, Ac, which contain farina, and are  em-
ployed as nutriment.
  Hard'a farinoceoua food is fine wheat flour,
which has been subjected to some heating process.
Braden'a farinoceoua food is said to  be wheat
flour, baked.
  In Pathology, the epithet farinaceous,  (F.) fa-
rineux, is applied  to certain eruptions, in which
the epidermis exfoliates in small particles similar
to farina.
  Farinaceous  Food, Braden's,  see  Farina-
ceous—f. Food, Hard's, see Farinaceous—f. Food,
Homoeopathic, see Farinaceous.
  Farinaceous Food, Plumbe's, is  said to con-
sist principally of bean or pea flour,  most  pro-
bably the former, with a little Tacca arrowroot,
some potato flour,  and a very  little  Maranta
arrowroot.
  Farinaceous Food, Prince Albert's, "for
infants and invalids of all ages,"  is said to con-
 sist entirely of wheat flour, slightly baked.
  FARINARIUM, Alica.
   FARINES RESOLUTIVES,  Farina resol-
 ventes.
   FARINEUX, Farinaceous.
   FARINOSUS, Farinaceous.
   FARRIER,  Hippiater.
   FART, Sax. 1'apC, from Teut fahren, 'to go:'
 —fart,'a voyage.'  (G.) Furz. Bdcllus, Bdolus,
 Bdelyg'mia, Bdelyg'mus,  Porda,  Physa, Physe,
 Flatus,  Crep'itus, (F.)  Pet.  A sonorous or other
 discharge of wind from behind.  A low word,
 but of respectable parentage.
   FARTURA, Farctura.
   FARTUS, Emphraxis.
   FAS'CIA, from fascis,  'a bundle.'   Liga'tio,
 Ligatdra,  Alligatu'ra,  Anadea'mus,   Vin'cula,
 Spar'ganon, Epides'mos, Vinctu'ra.  A bandage,
fillet, roller, ligature.  The  aponeurotic expan-
sions of muscles, which bind parts together, aro,
likewise, termed Fasciae : — Aponeuroaea,  Peri-
mya'ia.  See, also, Taenia.
  Fascia  Aponeurotica Femoris,  Fascia lata
aponeurosis — f. Capitalis, Bonnet dHippocrate,
Capelina — f. Capitis, Diadema—f. Cooperi,  F.
Transversalis.
  Fascia,  Crib'riform,  Faacia  Cribrifor'mis.
The sieve-like portion of the fascia lata; so called
from its being pierced by numerous openings for
the passage of lymphatic vessels.
  Fascia   Denta'ta,  Corps godronni of Vicq
d'Azyr. A band of gray matter seen beneath
the taenia  hippocampi on raising it up, which
runs along the inner border of the cornu ammonis.
It is, as it were, crenated by transverse furrows.
  Fascia Digitalis, Gantelet—f. Diophthalmica,
Binoculus — f.  Dividens,  Dividing bandage — f.
Heliodori, T bandage.
  Fascia Ili'aca, Iliac aponeurosis.  An apo-
neurosis which  proceeds from  the tendon of the
psoas minor, or which arises  from the anterior
surface of  the  psoas magnus, when the  former
muscle does not exist.  It is attached, externally,
to the inner edge of the crest of the ilium, below,
and anteriorly—on one side, to the crural arch,
sending an expansion to the  fascia transversalis;
and on the  other, continuous with  the  deep-
seated  lamina of the fascia lata, which forms the
posterior paries of the crural canal.  Within and
behind, the fascia iliaca is attached to the brim
of the pelvis, and is continuous with the aponeu-
rosis, which M.  Jules Cloquet has called Pelvian.
The iliac aponeurosis covers the iliac and psoas
muscles, which  it separates from the peritoneum.
  Fascia Inguinalis, Spica.
  Fascia  Lata.  A name given  by anatomists
to an aponeurosis, and to a muscle.
  Fascia  Lata Aponeurosis, Fascia aponeu-
rotica fem'oris,  Vagina fem'oris, Crural  or
Fem'oral Aponeurosis,  is  the most extensive in
the body,  and envelopes  all the muscles of the
thigh.   Above, it is attached to the outer edge of
the ilia; before, it arises from the  crural arch by
two distinct laminas, separated by the femoral
vessels, and becoming  confounded a little below
the part where the  great vena saphasna opens
into the crural  vein.  Of these two laminas, the
one is more anterior and thicker than the other,
and may be  considered as a prolongation of the
aponeurosis of  the external  oblique.  It  is inti-
mately united to Poupart's ligament.  The other,
which  is thinner,  is behind, and deeper seated,
and, after its union with the former, proceeds to
be inserted into'the pubis.   Inferiorly, the fascia
lata becomes confounded with the tendon of the
triceps, and is attached to the external tuberosity
of the tibia.  The use of the fascia lata, like that
of  other aponeuroses, is to strengthen the action
of the muscles, Ac.
   Fascia Lata Muscle,  Tensor  vagi'na fem'o-
ris, Fascia'lis, 3Iembrano'sus, Mus'cuius aponiuro'-
sj'svel faacia lata, 3Iua'cuius fern''oria membrand-
aua, (F.) llio-aponivroai-fimordl, Ilio-aponivroti-
fimoral—(Ch.), Tenseur de Faponivrosefimorale.
A muscle,  situate at the upper and outer part of
the thigh.  It  arises, above, from the outer part
of  the anterior and  superior spine of the ilium;
and is inserted, below, between the two  laminas
of  the fascia lata, which it  stretches and raises
when it contracts.
   Fascia,  Obturator, see Pelvic aponeuroses—
f. Pelvic,   Internal,  see Pelvic aponeuroses — f.
Pelvic, Lateral, see  Pelvic aponeuroses—f. Pel-
vic, Superior, see Pelvic aponeuroses.
   Fascia  Pro'pria.   A layer of areolar tissue
derived from the sheath of the femoral vessels,— 
                  FASCLE                 3(

or according to some from the cribriform fascia.
It is one of the coverings of femoral bernia, and
is generally pretty dense about the neck of the
hernia; but thin or even wanting on its fundus.
  Fascia Rkpkns, Spica—f. Scapularis, Scapu-
lary — f. Sculteti, Bandage of separate strips—f.
Semicircularis, Taenia semicircularis—f.  Spiralis,
Ascia—f. Stellate, Stella — f. Submuscular, see
Vaginal, (of the eye.)
  Fascia, Subperitone'al, Subperitoneal apo-
neurosis. A thin tendinous layer on the outer
surface of the  peritoneum.
  Fascia Superficia'lis, Superficial aponeurd-
$is of the abdomen and thigh, (F.) Aponivroae su-
perficielle de labdomen et de la cuisse.   A very
thin aponeurosis, which covers the muscles and
aponeuroses of the  abdomen; passes before the
crural arch, to which it adheres with some degree
of force; sends a membranous sheath, which sur-
rounds  the  spermatic cord; and  is continuous
with the dartos, which it assists in forming.  The
fascia superficialis presents, beneath the  crural
arch, very distinct fibres, whose direction  is pa-
rallel to the fold of the thigh.   It is applied over
the fascia lata aponeurosis, and is attached, inter-
nally, to the ascending ramus of the ischium, near
the root of the corpus cavernosum.  Before the
descent  of the testicle from the abdomen, the
fascia superficialis is very manifestly continuous
with the Gubernaculum testis.
  Fascia Tformis, T bandage—f. Tortilis, Tour-
niquet.
  Fascia Transversa'lis, F. Cooperi.  An apo-
neurosis, which separates the transversalis mus-
cle from the peritoneum in the inguinal region.
It arises above the  posterior edge of the  crural
arch, where  it seems to be continuous  with the
aponeurosis of the greater oblique muscle. Above,
it is lost in the areolar tissue at the internal  sur-
face of the transversalis abdominis.   Within, it is
continuous with the  outer edge of the tendon of
the rectus muscle and Gimbernat's ligament; be-
low, it is continuous  with the aponeurosis of the
greater oblique, and  receives an expansion from
the Fascia Iliaca.  Towards its middle and a little
above the crural arch, the fascia transversalis has
the wide orifice of a canal, which is occupied,  in
the female, by the round ligament of the uterus;
and, in man, furnishes an expansion, that serves
as a sheath to the spermatic vessels.
  FASCLE,  Swathing clothes—f. Ligamentosas
Coli, seo Colon.
  FASCIALIS, Fascia lata muscle, Sartorius—f.
Longus, Sartorius—f. Sutorius,  Sartorius.
  FASCIARUM APPLICATIO, Deligation.
  FASCIATIO, Deligation, see Bandage—f. Cu-
cullata, Couvrechef.
  FASCICULI  INNOMINATE   Two large
bundles of fibres in  the  interior of the medulla
oblongata, behind the corpora olivaria, and more
or  less apparent between those bodies  and the
corpora restiformia.   They ascend, and become
apparent in the fourth ventricle, under the name
Fascic'uli seu Proces'sus ter'etes.
   Fasciculi, Median Posterior,  of  the  Me-
dulla  Oblongata,  Funiculi graciles—f. Muscu-
lorum,  see Muscular fibre—f. Pyramidales,  Fer-
rein, pyramids of—f. Teretes, Processus teretes,
see Fasciculi innominati—f. Teretes Cordis, Co-
lumna' carneae.
  FASCICULUS,  Phacel'lus, Pha'celns, Fas'-
ricle, from fascis,  'a bundle;' Desmc'dion,  'a
small bundle.'  In Anatomy, it is employed  in
this sense; as " a fasciculus of fibres." (F.) Fais-
ceau  ou Petit Faisceau,  Trousseau.  In  Phar-
inn<:y, it means manip'ulus, Cheirople'thes, Xc,9°-
nXvSvs, 'a handful:'—Musa Brassavolus says,—
as much as can be held in two fingers.
3                 FATTY

   Fasciculus Cuneatus, Reinforcement, fascicu-
 lus of—f. of Reinforcement, Reinforcement, F. of.
   FASCINOSUS, Membrosus.
   FASCINUM, Penis.
   FASCIOLA, Bandelette—f. Cinerea, Tubercu-
 lum cinereum—f. Hepatica, Distoma hepaticum
 —f. Humana, Distoma hepaticum—f. Lanceolate,
 Distoma hepaticum.
   FASELUS, Phaseolus vulgaris.
   FASTID'IUM, abridged from fatis tadium.
 Fastidiousness, Squeamishness, or  the condition
 of a stomach that is readily affected with nausea.
   Fastidium Cibi, Asitia, Disgust.
   FASTIGIUM, Acme.
   FASTING, from Sax. rasrran, Limo'sis expers
 protrac'ta,  Anorex'ia mirab'ilis, Ine'dia, Jejd-
 nium.  Loss or  want of appetite,  without any
 other apparent affection of the stomach; so that
 the system can  sustain  almost  total abstinence
 for  a long  time  without faintness.  Some won-
 derful cases of this kind are on record.  See Ab-
 stinence.
   FAT,  Pingue'do, Pim'ele, Piar,  Pieiron, Li-
 pos, Stear,  Adeps, Sevum, Sebum, Corpus adipo'-
 sum, Axun'gia, Fat,  (F.)  Graisse:  from G. and
 A. S. Fett.  A soft, white,  animal substance;
 inodorous;  insipid; oily;  inflammable, easy  to
 melt; spoiling in the air, and becoming  rancid
 by union with oxygen :  almost insoluble in alco-
 hol; insoluble in water;  soluble  in fixed oils.
 Fat is formed of the immediate principles, stearin,
 margarin and olein, all of which are regarded  as
 salts composed  of stearic, margaric  and oleic
 acids, and  a common base, to  which, from its
 sweetish  taste,  the  name Glyc"erin  has been
 given.  To  these are, almost always,  joined an
 odorous and a colouring principle. Glycerin, Gly-
 ceri'na, has been introduced into the last edition
 of the Pharmacopoeia of the U. S. (1851), in which
 it is directed to  be prepared as follows:—Lead
 plaster, recently prepared and yet  fluid ; boiling
 water, of each a gallon; mix: stir briskly for  15
 minutes ; allow it to cool and pour  off the liquid.
 Evaporate until  it has the s. g. 1.15,  and pass
 slowly through it a current of sulpho-hydric acid
 until a black  precipitate  is no longer thrown
 down.  Filter and  boil until the  sulpho-hydric
 acid is driven off, and evaporate the liquid until
 it ceases to  lose weight.  Glycerin is a colourless
 or straw-coloured syrupy fluid;  s. g. 1.25.   It is
 soluble in water and in  alcohol,  but not in ether.
 It is used in the  form of lotion, composed of half
 an ounce to ten fluidounces of water, in cutaneous
 diseases, as psoriasis, pityriasis, lepra and ichthy-
 osis.  It forms a kind of varnish,  and might  be
 useful in cases of burns.
   Fat is found in a number of animal tissues, and
 is very  abundant in the neighbourhood  of the
 kidneys  and in the epiploon.  It is generally fluid
 in the cetacea;  soft, and of a strong smell in the
 carnivora;  solid, and inodorous in the ruminat-
 ing animal; white, and abundant in young ani-
 mals ; and  yellowish in old.   It generally forms
 about a twentieth part of the weight of the human
 body.  The fat, considered physiologically, has,
 for its function, to protect  the organs ; maintain
 their temperature; and to  serve for nutrition  in
 case of need; as is observed in torpid animals.
   Fat, Corpulent—f. Cells, Fatty vesicles — f.
 Mackaw, see Cocos butyracea.
   FATIGATIO, Copos.
   FATIGUE, Copos.
   FATTY,  Adipo'aus, Adipa'tus, Pimel'icus, Pi-
 melo'des, Sax. fasc; past participle of yeoan,  to
 feed, Ad'ipous,  Pinguid, Pinguid'inous.   Rela-
 ting to fat.   Resembling or containing fat.  The
 cellular membrane has  been called fatty or adi-
 pous; from an opinion that, in its areolas, the fat is 
FATUITAS                364                 FEBRIS
deposited.   The  areolar  membrane, however,
merely lodges, between its lamellae and filaments,
the vesicles in which the fat is contained.
  Fatty Lig'ament, Ad'ipous  ligament.   This
name has been given to a reflection of the  syno-
vial  membrane of the knee joint, which passes
from the ligamentum  patellas towards the cavity
that  separates the condyles of the femur.
  Fatty Membrane, Adipoua membrane,  Adi-
poua tiaeue.   The subcutaneous areolar tissue, or
that  containing the fatty or adipous vesicles.
  Fatty Ves'icles,  Adipous vesicles,  Sac'culi
adipo'si, Fat cells.  This name is given to  small
bursas or membranous vesicles which enclose the
fat, and  are found situate in  the areolas of the
areolar  tissue.   These  vesicles  vary much  in
size.   Generally, they are  round and globular;
and,  in certain subjects, receive vessels which are
very apparent.   They form so many small sacs
without  apertures, in the interior of which are
filaments arranged like septa.  In fatty subjects,
the adipous vesicles are very perceptible, being
attached to the areolar tissue  and neighbouring
parts by a vascular pedicle.  Raspail affirms that
there is  the most striking analogy between the
nature of the adipose granules  and  that of the
amylaceous grains.
  Fatty Vessels, Adipous vessels.  The vessels
connected with the  fat.   Some anatomists  have
called Adipous canals, (F.) Conduits adipeux, the
vessels to which they attribute the secretion of fat.
  Fatty Degeneration of the Liver, Adiposis
hepatica,—f. Liver, Adiposis hepatica.
  FATU'ITAS, Mordsis,  Stultit'ia, Stupor men-
tis, Amen'tia;  from fatuus,  'foolish.'  Mental
imbecility.  Idiotism.  Dementia. One affected
with fatuity is said to be fatuous.
  FATUOUS, see Fatuity.
  FAUCES,  Isthmus, Pharynx, Throat.
  FAUCETTE VOICE, see-Voice.
  FAUNO'RUM LUDIB'RIA.   The sports  of
the Fauni.  Some authors have called thus the
incubus; others, epilepsy.
  FAUSSE, False.
  FAUSSE  COUOHE (¥.),  Vanum partu'rium.
Some authors have used this  term for the expul-
sion  of different bodies constituting false concep-
tions ;  such as moles, hydatids,  clots of  blood,
Ac.  Most accoucheurs  use  the term  synony-
mously with abortion.
  FAUSSE  POSITION (F.),  False position.
The French use this term, in vulgar language, to
indicate any attitude in which torpor, tingling,
and  loss of power over the motion of a part,  are
produced by too strong  contraction  or painful
compression.
   FAUSSE ROUTE, False  passage.
   FAUST I'NI PASTIL'LI,  Faustinus's Lo-
zenges.   These were once celebrated.  They were
composed of burnt paper,  quicklime, oxide of ar-
senic, sandarach, lentils,  Ac.
   FA UX, False —/. du  Cerveau, Falx cerebri —
f. du Cervelet, Falx  cerebelli—/. Grande  du pi-
ritoine, Falx, great, of the peritoneum—/. Petite
du piritoine, Falx, lesser, of  the peritoneum—f
de la Veine ombilicale, Falx, great, of the perito-
neum.
   FAVEUX, Favosus.
   FAVIFORMIS, Favosus.
   FAVO'SUS.  Similar to a honeycomb.   Favi-
form'ia, Fovoua, from fovua, cerion, 'a honey-
comb.'   (F.) Faveux. An epithet given to a spe-
cies of  porrigo.  Cerion, Favua; means  also a
state of ulceration, resembling a honeycomb.
   FA'VULUS ; diminutive of favua, ' a honey-
comb.'   Favuli is used by Dr. Morton, of Phila-
delphia, for the honeycomb-like depressions in the
lining membrane of  the  stomach—the  stomach-
cells of Messrs. Todd and Bowman.
  FAVUS, Porrigo, Porrigo favosa, see Favosus.
  FEATHERFEAV, Matricaria.
  FEBRIC'ITANS,  Feb'riena, Enip'yros.  One
attacked with fever; from febricitare, 'to have a
fever.'
  FEBRICITATIO, Feverishness.
  FEBRICOSUS, Feverish.
  FEBRICULA, Fe'vcret.  Diminutive of fe-
bria,  'fever.'  A  term employed to express a
slight degree of fever.  Ephemera.
  FEBRICULOSITY, Feverishness.
  FEBRIENS, Febricitans, Feverish.
  FEBRIFACIENT, see Feverish.
  FEBRIF'EROUS, Feb'rifer, from  febris, 'fe-
ver,'  and fero, ' I carry.'   Fever-bearing,  as a
febriferous locality.
  FEBRIFIC, see Feverish.
  FEB'RIFUGE,  Lexipyreticus, Lexipyr'etus,
Pyrelicua, Alexipyrelicua, Antifebri'lis,  Antipy-
retic, Febrif ugus, from febris, ' a  fever,' and
fugare, ' to drive away.'  A medicine which pos-
sesses the  property of abating or driving away
fever.
  FEBRIFUGUM LIGNUM, Quassia.
  FE'BRILE, febri'lis.  Relating to fever,  aa
febrile movement, febrile pulse, Ac.
  FEBRIS, Fever — f. Acmastica, Synocha — f.
Acuta, Synocha—f. Acuta continua, Synocha—f.
Adeno-meningea,  Fever,  adeno-meningeal — f.
Adeno-nervosa, Plague—f. Africana, Fever, Afri-
can—f. Agrypnodes, see Agrypnodes and Agryp-
nos—f. Alba, Chlorosis—f. Algida, see Algidus—
f. Amatoria,  Chlorosis, Hectic fever—f. Ame-
ricana, Fever, yellow—f. Amphemera, Quotidian
—f. Amphimerina hectica, Hectic fever—f. Am-
phimerina latica, Latica (febris)—f.  Ampullosa,
Pemphigus*—f. Anabatica,   Continued fever—f.
Angiotenica,  Synocha — f. Anginosa,  Angina
— f. Annua, see Annual diseases—f.  Anomala,
Fever, anomalous—f. Aphonica, Fever,  aphonic
— f. Aphthosa, Aphtha — f. Apoplectica, Fever,
apoplectic—f. Ardens, Synocha—f. Arte promota,
Fever, artificial—f. Arthritica, Gout—f. Asodes,
Fever, bilious, see Asodes—f. Assidua, Continued
fever—f. Asthenica,  Fever, asthenic, Typhus—
f. Asthmatica, Fever, asthmatic—f. Ataxo-adyna-
mica, Fever, ataxo-adynamic—f. Abodes, see Aso-
des—f. Biliosa, Fever, bilious—f. Bullosa, Pem-
phigus— f. Cardialgia, Fever,  cardialgic — f, Ca-
tarrhalis, Catarrh—f. Catarrhalis epidemica, In-
fluenza— f. Caumatodes, Synocha —  f. Causodes,
Synocha—f. Cephalalgia, Fever, cephalalgic—f.
Cephalica, Fever, cephalic—f.  Cholepyretica, Fe-
ver, bilious — f. Cholerica, Fever, bilious, Fever,
choleric — f. Chronica, Fever, chronic—f. Coal-
terna, see Coalternas febres—f. Colliquativa, Fe-
ver, colliquative—f. Comatodes, Fever,  apoplec-
tic — f. Communicans, see  Subintrantes F. — f.
Confusa, see Confusas  febres — f. Continens, Ty-
phus— f. Continens non putrida, Synocha — f.
Continens  putrida, Typhus—f. Continua inflam-
matoria, Empresma—f. Continua putrida, Syno-
chus—f. Continua putrida icterodes Caroliniensis,
Fever, yellow—f. Continua non putris,  Synocha
—f. Continua sanguinea, Synocha,—f. Convulsiva,
Fever,  convulsive — f. Crymodes, see Crymodes,
and Algid fever—f. Culicularis, Miliary  fever—f.
cum  Delirio, Fever,  delirious — f. Depuratoria,
Fever, depuratory—f.  Deurens, Synocha—f. Di-
aphoretica, Fever, diaphoretic—f. Diaria, Ephe-
mera— f. Duodecimana, Fever, duodecimane — f.
Dysenterica, Dysentery—f. Elodes, see Elodes—
f. Elodes icterodes,  Fever, yellow—f. Enterica,
see Typhus — f. Enteromesenterica,  Entero-me-
senteric — f. Epacmastica,  see Epacmasticos — f.
Ephemera, Ephemera—f. Epidemica cum angina,
Cynanche maligna—f. Epileptica, Fever, epileptic
—f. Erotica, fever, erotic—f. Erratica, Fever, ano- 
FEBRUA
365
FEE
malous, Fever, erratic, see Erratic  and Planetes
—f. Erronea, see Planetes—f. Erysipelacea, Ery-
sipelas—f. Erysipelatosa, Erysipelas—f. Esserosa,
Miliary fever — f. Exquisite, Fever, regular — f,
Exantheinatica articularis, Dengue—f. Famelica,
see Famelica Febris—f. Flava,  Fever, yellow—f.
Flava Americanorum, Fever, yellow—f. Gangras-
nodes, Fever,  gangrenous—f. Gastrica, Fever, bi-
lious, Fever, gastric—f. Gastrico-biliosa, Fever,
gastric—f. Gastro-adynamica, Fever, gastro-ady-
namic — f. Hasmoptoica, Fever,  hasmoptoic — f.
Hebdomadana, Octana—f. Hectica, Hectic fever
— f. Hectica  infantum,  Tabes  mesenterica — f.
Hectica maligna nervosa, Typhus mitior—f. He-
mcresia, Quotidian—f. Hemitritasa,  Hemitritasa—
f. Hepatica, Fever, bilious—f. Hepatica inflam-
matoria, Hepatitis — f. Horrifica, see Algidus—f.
Horrida, see Algidus — f. Humoralis, Fever, hu-
moral—f. Hungarica, Fever, Hungaric—f. Hydro-
cephalica, Hydrocephalus internus — f. Hydro-
phobica, Fever, hydrophobic—f.  Hysteretica, see
Postpositio—f. Hysterica, Fever, hysteric—f. Ic-
terica, Fever, icteric—f. Iliaca inflammatoria, En-
teritis—f. Infantum  remittens,  Fever, infantile
remittent—f. Inflammatoria, Synocha—f. Inten-
sio, Epitasis — f. Intermittens, Intermittent fever
— f. Intermittens cephalica larvata, Cephalalgia
periodica—f. Intestinalis ulcerosa, see Typhus —
f. Intestinorum, Enteritis — f. Irregularis, Fever,
anomalous—f. Lactea, Fever, milk — f. Larvata,
Fever, masked—f. Lenta, Fever, infantile remit-
tent, Hectic fever, Synochus — f. Lenta nervosa,
Typhus  mitior, Fever, nervous—f. Lenticularis,
Miliary fever—f. Lethargica, Fever, apoplectic—
f. Lochialis, Fever, lochial — f. Lymodes,  fever,
singultous — f. Lyngodes, Fever, singultous — f.
Maligna, Fever, malignant — f. Maligna biliosa
Americas, Fever, yeUow—f. Maligna cum Sopore,
Typhus—f. Maligna flava Indias  occidentalis,
Fever, yellow—f. Marasmodes, Hectic fever, Ma-
rasmopyra—f. Meningo-gastricus, Fever, gastric
—f. Mesenterica, Fever, adeno-meningeal, Fever,
mesenteric—f. Methemerina, Quotidian—f. Mili-
aris, Miliary fever—f. Minuta, Fever, syncopal—
f. Morbillosa, Rubeola—f. Mucosa, Fever, adeno-
meningeal—f. Mucosa Verminosa,  Fever, infan-
tile remittent — f. Nautica pestilentialis,  Typhus
gravior—f; Nephritica, Fever, nephritic—f. Ner-
vosa, Fever, nervous—f.  Nervosa epidemica, Ty-
phus—f. Nervosa enterica, see  Typhus—f. Ner-
vosa exanthematica,  Typhus — f. Nervosa gas-
trica,  see Typhus — f. Nervosa mesenterica, see
Typhus—f. Nervosa petechialis, Typhus—f. Neu-
rodes, Fever, nervous—f. Nocturnus, see  Noctur-
nal—f. Nonana,  Fever,  nonane—f. Nosocomio-
rum, Typhus gravior—f. Nycterinus, see  Noctur-
nal—f. Octana, Fever octane — f. Oscitans, Osci-
tant  fever—f.  Paludosa,  see  Elodes—f.  Pan-
nonica,  Fever,  Hungary — f.  Pemphingodes,
Pemphigus — f. Pemphygodes,  Pemphigus — f.
Pempta, Quintan—f. Periodica,  Fever,  periodic
—f. Perniciosa, Fever, pernieious—f. Pestilens,
Plague—f.  Pestilens  maligna, Typhus gravior
— f. Pestilentialis, Fever, pestilential — f.  Pesti-
lentialis Europas, Typhus gravior—f.  Petechialis,
Typhus  gravior—f. Phthisica, Hectic fever—f.
Planetes, see Planetes—f. Pleuritica, Pleuritis—f.
Podagrica, Gout—f. Polycholica, Fever, bilious—
f. Pneumonica, Fever, pneumonic, Pneumonia—
f. Puerperalis  biliosa, Metrocholosis—f.  Puerpe-
rarum,  Puerperal fever—f.  Puncticularis.  Mili-
ary fever, Typhus gravior—f. Puerperalis, Fever,
puerperal — f. Purpurate rubra et  alba  miliaris,
Miliary fever—f. Purulenta,  Fever, purulent — f.
Putrida, Typhus  gravior—f.  Putrida nervosa,
Typhus mitior — f. Quartana, Quartan — f. Quer-
quera, see Algidus—f. Quinta, Quintan—f. Quin-
tana,  Fever,  quintan. Quintan — f.  Quotidiana,
Fever, quotidian, Quotidian—f. Regularis, Fever,
regular—f. Remittens,  Remittent fever—f. Re-
mittens infantum, Fever, infantile remittent—f.
Rheumatica inflammatoria, Rheumatism, acute—
f. Rubra, Scarlatina—f. Rubra pruriginosa, Urti-
caria—f. Sanguinea, Synocha—f. Sapropyra, Ty-
phus  gravior —f.  Scarlatinosa,  Scarlatina — f.
Scorbutica, Fever,  scorbutic — f. Semitertiana,
Hemitritasa—f. Septana, Fever,  septan—f. Ses-
quialtera, Hemitritsea—f. Sextana, Fever, sextan
— f. Simplex, Ephemera, Fever, simple—f. Sin-
gultosa,  Fever, singultous—f. Soporosa, Fever,
apoplectic — f.  Stercorals, Fever, stercoral — f.
Sthenica,  Synocha—f.  Stomachica inflammato-
ria, Gastritis—f. Subintrans, Fever, subintrant—
f. Sudatoria, Fever, diaphoretic, Hydropyretus,
Sudor anglicus—f. Syncopalis, Fever,  syncopal—
f. Syphilitica, Fever, syphilitic—f. Tabida, Fever,
colliquative, Hectic  fever — f. Tertiana, Fever,
tertian, Tertian fever—f.  Tonica,  Synocha—f.
Topica, Neuralgia, facial—f. Toxica,  Fever, yel-
low— f. Tragica, Fever, tragic — f. Traumatica,
Fever, traumatic]—f. Tropica, Fever, yellow—f.
Typhodes, Typhus—f. Urticata, Urticaria—f. Ute-
rina, Metritis—f. Araga, Fever,  anomalous,  see
Planetes—f. Variolosa, Variola—f. A"erminosa,
Fever, infantile remittent, F. verminous, Helmin-
thopyra—f. Vernalis, Fever, vernal—f. Vesicu-
laris, Miliary Fever, Pemphigus—f. Virginum,
Chlorosis.
  FEB'RUA ;  from februo, ' I  purge.'  In an-
cient mythology,  a goddess who presided over
menstruation.
  FECAL, Stercoraceous.
  FECES, Fasces.
  FECONDATION, Fecundation.
  FECONDITE, Fecundity.
  FECULA, Fa'cula,  diminutive of fax, 'lee.'
An immediate principle of vegetables, composed
of hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon.  It  exists  in
several plants, and has different names, accord-
ing to that which furnishes it.   AArhen extracted
from wheat or barley, it is called starch, Am'y-
lum.  When from Gycas circina'lis, Sago ;—from
Orchis mo'rio,  Salep.  AVe say, also,  Fecula of
the Potato, Bryony,  Arum, 3Ianioc, Ac.
  Fecula, Green.  This name is given to a green,
solid matter, of variable character, which is be-
lieved  to be resinous, and which renders turbid
several kinds of juices, extracted from vegetables.
It is, also, called Chlorophyll.
  Fecula  Amylacea,  Amylum — f.  Marantae,
Arrow-root—f. Tapioka, see Jatropha manihot
  FECULENCE, Faculedtia, Facos'itas, Fax,
Lemma, Fa'ces, Lee,  Deposit,  Dregs.  In Phar-
macy, feculent, albuminous, or other substances,
which  are deposited from turbid fluids.
  FECULENT, Faculen'tus,  Hypolrygus, Try-
go'des.   ' Foul, dreggy, excrementitious;' as a
feculent fluid, feculent evacuations, Ac.
  FECUND, Fecun'dus, Facuddus, (F.) Fieond.
Same etymon as the next.  Fruitful, Prolific.
  FECUNDATION,  Facunddtio,  Impregnd-
tion,  Impragna'tio,  Ingravida'tio, Pragndtio,
Gravida'tio, Pragna'tus, Fructified tio, Cye'sis,
Encye'sis, Encymdsia, Procredtion,  (F.) Ficon-
dation.  The act by which, in organized beings,
the material furnished by the generative organs
of the female, unites with that prepared by those
of the male, so  that a new being results.
  FECUN'DITY, Eutoc'ia,  Facun'ditas, Pro-
ductiv'itas, (F.) Ficonditi.  The  faculty of repro-
duction, possessed by organized bodies.
  It has been estimated that throughout a coun-
try, taking one marriage with  another, not more
than 4 children are the result;  and in towns only
35 children to 10 marriages.
  FEE, Sostrum. 
FEET
366
FEIGNED DISEASES
  FEET, BURNING OF THE.  A singular ca-
chectic disease, described by Mr. Malcolmson as
occurring in  India, the  prominent symptom of
which was a sense of burning in the feet.
  FEGARITE,  Cancer aquaticus, Stomatitis,
pseudo-membranous.
  FEIGNED  DISEASES,  Morbi dissimuldti
seu simula'ti seu cela'ti seu infitia'ti seu pseuda'
lei, Sim'ulated  diseases,  Pretend'ed
                                            (F.) 3faladies dissimulies, 31. simulies, 31. fcintei,
                                            31. supposies.  The tricks employed, by impos-
                                            tors, to induce a belief that they are  attacked
                                            with diseases when they are not.  These are ge-
                                            nerally assumed by beggars to obtain alms; by
                                            criminals to escape punishment;  and by soldiers
                                            to be exempt from duty.
                                               The  following table exhibits the chief feigned
                                            diseases, with the means of detection.

A  TABLE OF FEIGNED,  PRETENDED, SIMULATED, OR EXCITED DISEASES OR
                                DISQUALIFICATIONS.
Diseases, Ac.
How Feigned.
How Detected.
1. Abortion.
2. Abstinence.
3. Amaurotic
  Blindness.
4. Apoplexy.
5. Cachexia, Anae-
mia, and Debility.

6.   Excretion  of
    Calculi.

7. Cancerous  Ul-
      cer.
8. Catalepsy.
9. Chorea.
10. Contraction of
  Joints in  Gene-
  ral.
11. Contraction of
  the Fingers.
12. Convulsions.
By staining  the  clothes and body
  with borrowed blood.
By applying the  extraot of bella-
  donna or  datura stramonium to
  the eye.

By falling down as if deprived of
  sensation and consciousness.

Using substances to make the face
  appear pale and livid.  Indulging
  freely in wine,  and privation of
  sleep prior to examination.

Putting sand, pebbles, Ac, into the
  urine.
By gluing on a portion of a spleen
  with the smooth side to the skin,
  leaving on the outside the  ap-
  pearance of an ulcerated surface.

By seeming to be suddenly motion-
  less, the joints remaining flexible, ,
  and external objects making no
  impression.
By assuming the convulsive motions
  of a part which characterize cho-
  rea.
13. Opake Cornea.
14. Cutaneous Dis-
  eases.
' Produced by the application of a
   strong acid, by acrid powders, as
   quicklime, Ac.
 Some articles of diet will bring on
   urticaria or nettle-raah, in parti-
   cular individuals, as  shell-fish,
   bitter  almonds,  Ac.   By acrids,
   acids, or any irritants applied to
   the surface.  An ointment of tar-
   tarized antimony causes a painful
   pustular eruption.  See Porrigo,
   in this list.
By constant and minute attention.
Amaurosis is characterized by dila-
  ted pupil.  Where  these  sub-
  stances  have  been  applied, the
  effects will go off in ten days or a
  fortnight.
By powerful stimulants; an electric
  shock; application of hot water,
  sternutatories, actual cautery, Ac.
By examining if the pulse be strong,
  and the skin  hot, and whether
  there  be loss  of appetite  or of
  strength, or swelling of the limbs.
By the aid of chymistry.  We are
  acquainted with  the  chymical
  composition of urinary calculi.
By noticing whether there be signs
  of cachexia, and by attentive ex-
  amination of the part.

By powerful stimulants, as recom-
  mended under apoplexy. Letting
  fall a drop of boiling water on the
  back.   Proposing to  use the ac-
  tual cautery, and seeing whether
  the pulse rises.
By examining the patient whilst he
  may imagine himself unobserved,
  and seeing whether  the convul-
  sive motions  go on.  By anaes-
  thetics. (?)
Mode of discrimination sometimes
  so obscure as to deceive the most
  practised and attentive.
Introduce a cord between the fin-
  gers and the palm of the  hand,
  and gradually apply  weights so
  as to expand the fingers. Confine
  him so that he cannot obtain his
  food without using his clenched
  band.
When feigned, they do not present
  the rigidity of muscles or the ra-
  pidity of action  which characte-
  rize the real.   The mode of de-
  tection must  be the same  as in
  epilepsy.

The existence of the opacity can be
  detected by attentive observation.
By careful examination on the part
  of practitioner and nurse. 
FEIGNED DISEASES          367          FEIGNED  DISEASES
Diseases, Ac.
How Feigned.
How Detected.
15.Deaf-Dumbness.
16. Deafness.
17. Death.

18.   Debility,  see
  Cachexia.

19. Deformity.
20. Delivery.
21. Diarrhcea.
22. Dropsy.
23. Dysentery.
24. Epilepsy.
25. Fever.
26. Fistula in Ano. ■
27. Fractures.
It may be assumed or excited by
  putting a pea in the ear, or by
  inserting irritants, so as to induce
  inflammation and temporary loss
  of function.


Some persons possess  the power of
  suspending or moderating the ac-
  tion of the heart.
After enlargement produced artifi-
  cially, a subsidence of the tume-
  faction ; the parts being moisten-
  ed by borrowed blood, and the
  child  of  another substituted  as
  the female's own.
Said to have been caused by a mix-
  ture of vinegar and burnt cork. (?)
  May be occasioned by the use of
  any of the purgative roots, Ac.
May be feigned, like pregnancy, by
  wearing  pads.  The anasarcous
  condition of the lower limbs has
  been caused by applying a liga-
  ture round them.   By inflating
  the cellular membrane of the ab-
  domen.
May be feigned, like  diarrhoea, by
  adding a little blood to the eva-
  cuations, or by introducing a soap
  or some more irritating supposi-
  tory.


The foaming of the mouth has been
  produced by keeping a piece of
  soap in it.
By  various stimulants,  as  wine,
  brandy,  pepper;  swallowing  a
  small quantity of tobacco, or in-
  troducing it into the anus.  Flour
  or chalk used  to  whiten  the
  tongue.  Redness of skin, caused
  by friction with a hard brush.

By  making an incision  near  the
  verge of the anus, and introducing
  into it  an Acrid tent, such as  the
  root of white hellebore, Ac.
There is generally nothing but  the
  man's own testimony.   He com-
  plains of pain in the part; if frac-
  ture  of the skuU be feigned, he
  states,  perhaps, that he becomes
  deranged on tasting liquor.
The really deaf and dumb acquire
  an expression of countenance and
  gestures which it is difficult to
  assume.
Make a noise  when not expected,
  and see if the countenance varies
  or pulse rises.  Put to sleep by
  opium, and then fire a pistol close
  to the ear,  when he  may
  thrown off his guard.   Examine
  the ear to see if any trick 1
  been played  there.
If suspected, the plan recommended
  under  apoplexy will  be  found
  most efficacious.
Examine the part and its articula-
  tion, naked,  and compare it with
  the opposite.
Can only be positively detected by
  examination par vaginam.   Soon
  after delivery, the vagina will be
  relaxed and  the lochial discharge
  be flowing in greater abundance,
  the shorter  the  time  that may
  have elapsed since delivery.
When diarrhoea is feigned  by the
  lower classes, inspect  the linen;
  if clean, the bowels  are probably
  not much out of order. Let every
  individual have  a close stool of
  his own ;  and inspect the evacua-
  tions, taking care that one suffer
  ing under the disease does not
  lend his evacuations to another.

Can be detected by attentive exa-
  mination.  There will be a want
  of  that  leucophlegmatic  habit
  which  accompanies  and charac
  terizes  dropsy.
Same rules as under diarrhoea.
'  Sensation in epilepsy is totally abo-
   lished.   If  any remain,  disease
   probably feigned. Incontractility
   of pupil, which occurs in epilepsy,
   cannot be feigned.  Same means
   to be used as in feigned apoplexy.
'  This deceit is  generally developed
   by a day or two's examination.
   Where flour or chalk has  been
   used to whiten the tongue, the
   line  of demarcation between the
   whitened  part and the clean,
   healthy margin of the tongue, is
   too well marked to escape obser-
   vation.
By careful examination.
By attentive examination. 
FEIGNED DISEASES
368
FEIGNED DISEASES
Diseases, Ac.
How Feigned.
How Detected.
28. Rematemesis.
29. Hemoptysis.
30. Hemorrhoids.

31. Heart,Diseases
  of, see  Palpita-
  tion.
32. Hepatitis.
33. Hernia.

34. Hydrocele.
35. Hydrocepha-
  lus.
36. Hysteria.
37. Insanity.
38. Jaundice.
39. Lameness.
40. Menstruation.
41. Myopia.
  Short-Sightedneaa.
42. Ophthalmia.
43. Ozaina.
By drinking the blood of some ani-
  mal, or using some coloured li-
  quid, and then throwing it up.
By secreting bullock's blood for the
  purpose of colouring the saliva;
  making  small  incisions in the
  mouth; using bole armeniac or
  paint of vermilion.
By introducing bladders of rats or of (
  small fish partly into the rectum. •
The  linen  has  also been stained
  with borrowed blood.
By cutting off the supply of the fluid
  and careful examination.

Blood from the lungs is frothy and
  light-coloured. Mouth and fauces
  must be carefully inspected, and
  the individual be observed.
The means are obvious.
In the same manner as hydrocele;
  — by inflation.
By puncturing the skin of the scro-
  tum, and inflating the  cellular
  membrane.
By opening the integuments of the
  head, near the vertex, e. g. and
  blowing in air.
By colouring the skin with an infu-
  sion of turmeric  or tincture of
  rhubarb. Clay-coloured stoo?s pro-
  duced  by taking daily a small
  quantity of muriatic acid.  High-
  coloured urine by rhubarb taken
  internally.

By keeping the limb in a contracted
  state, and resisting any efforts to
  move it.

By staining the clothes and body
  with borrowed blood.
Excited by a variety of acrid  and
  corrosive substances applied to
  the eye; as lime, Ac.
A portion of black muslin, spread
  over the cornea.  The eyelashes
  are  sometimes  extracted,  and
  caustic applied to excite  disease
  in the palpebras.
By impregnating a piece of sponge
  with some offensive juices or oils,
  mixed with decayed  cheese, and
  putting the imbued sponge  into
  the nostrils.
Unless the person be a well-educated
  impostor, acute inflammation of
  the liver will be detected by the
  absence of marks of strong in-
  flammatory action.  Chronic liver
  diaeaae is, frequently, not charac-
  terized  by  well-marked  symp-
  toms,  and hence, when assumed,
  is difficult of detection.

The detection is easy.

        Do.
        Do.

Does not easily resist the applica-
  tion  of strong  sternutatories to
  the nostrils.  Attentive examina-
  tion necessary.
The expression of countenance can-
  not easily be feigned.   Nor can
  the affection be kept up so long
  as in real mental alienation.  The
  individual cannot do so long with-
  out food, sleep, Ac.
The  eyes cannot  be coloured,  al-
  though smoke has been used for
  this purpose.  The skin must be
  washed to remove the colouring
  matter if any exist, and the sup-
  ply of acid  and rhubarb be pre-
  vented.
By two persons taking hold of the
  individual and  moving rapidly
  along with him; and when they
  are tired, having relays.   The
  impostor will generally give in.

By cutting off the supply.

Present an open  book, and apply
  the leaves close to the  nose.  If
  it cannot be  read distinctly, when
  thus  placed,  or  when glasses
  proper for short-sightedness  are
  used, the disease is feigned.
When ophthalmia is thus excited,
  its  progress  is  ordinarily very
  rapid, arriving at its height within
  a few hours. 
FEIGNED DISEASES
369
FEIGNED DISEASES
Diseases,  Ac.
How Feigned.
How Detected.
44. Palpitation.





45. Pains,





46. Shaking Palsy.


47. Paralysis.
48.  PnTnisis  Pul-
  monalis.
49. Polypus  Nasi.  -
50. Porrigo.
  Scalled Head,
White hellebore, given in the dose
  of 10  or 12 grains, and repeated,
  will occasion general indisposi-
  tion, and undue action of the heart.
51. Pregnancy.
52.  Prolapsus Ani.

53. Prolapsus Ute-
  ri.
54.  Pulse,  Weak-
  ness  or Defect
  of.
55.  Chronic Rheu-
  matism.
    See Pain.

56.  Scrofula.
57. Scurvy.
58. Stammering.
 Individuals with  long necks and
   contracted shoulders have  simu-
   lated  phthisis,  by covering  the
   chest with blisters, cicatrices of
   issues, Ac, and by taking  drugs
   which cause paleness.
 By  introducing the  testicle  of- a
   young cock,  or the kidney of a
   rabbit, into  the nostril, and  re-
   taining it there by means of a
   sponge fastened to it
By applying nitric acid to the head,
   after  protecting  the face  with
   fatty substances ; but the chronic
   state is imitated by the use of
   depilatories of different kinds ap-
   plied  sometimes in patches, so
   as to resemble the Porrigo de-
   calvana.
By wearing pads, and assuming the
   longing after  particular articles
   of diet, Ac.
By aportion of the intestine of the ox,
  in  which a sponge  filled with a
  mixture of blood and milk is placed.

By a similar fraud.

By ligatures applied to the corre-
  sponding arm.
Cut off the supply.


The detection is here often difficult.
  The non-existence of pain cannot
  be proved, and great pain may be
  present without any appearance
  externally.
The imposition is  more frequently
  detected by inconsistencies  and
  contradictions   in  the patient's
  history of the case, than in  any
  other manner.
May be suspected, if the person be
  in  an ordinary  state of vigour.
  Try violent remedies and means,
  recommended under Chorea.
Violent remedies are here required.
  Cold  affusion,   actual  cautery,
  electric shocks,  Ac.
By attentive examination  of the
  symptoms.
By exciting ulcers below the angles
  of the jaw.

By covering the  teeth  with  wax,
  and then applying acid, corrosive
  substances to the  gums.
By the absence of the  areola; the
  presence of a pad ; and, if neces-
  sary, by examination pervoginam.
By examining whether the arteries
  of the two arms beat alike;  and
  if a ligature be placed on the arm.
By examining  the  general  habit,
  and  observing whether the ulce-
  rations be glandular, and the dis-
  charge of a scrofulous character.
By examining  the  general  habit;
  whether  debilitated,  cachectic,
  and possessing the usual general
  signs of scorbutus.
Simulators  of this defect generally
  state, that it is connate, or ascribe
  it to a fit of apoplexy or severe
  fever.  AVhere  the  organs  of
  speech were perfect, and the mo-
  ral evidence of the previous ex-
  istence of the infirmity was not
  satisfactory, the French authori-
  ties used to confine the soldiers,
  and not supply them with  food,
  until they called  for it  without
  stammering.
24 
FEL                   370                 FEMUR
Diseases, Ac.
How Feigned.
How Detected.
59.  Stricture  of )
  the Urethra.    }
60. Swelling of the  f
  Legs.             j

61. Syncope.
62. Tympany.
63.  Ulcer of  the
  Ear.
64.  Ulcers of the
  Legs, Ac.
65. Bloody Urine. ■
3. Incontinence of
 Urine.
67. Varicose Veins.
By ligatures round the thighs.

Ligatures are sometimes  used to
  prevent the pulse being felt.  By
  applying lotions to the  face to
  make it pale.
Persons have possessed the power of
  swallowing air, so as to distend the
  stomach, and simulate tympany.
By introducing a tent, imbued with
  blistering plaster  into the  ear,
  and  repeating the application,
  until the tube becomes ulcerated,
  and a discharge of puriform mat-
  ter is established. The fetid smell
  is imitated, by dropping into the
  ear &  mixture  of  empyreumatic
  oil, asafoetida,  and old  cheese.
  Also, by introducing a little honey
  into the meatus.
By corrosives, or  irritants.   Some-
  times  by abrasion, by  rubbing
  sand on the shin-bone. At others,
  they are pretended, by gluing on
  a piece of spleen or the skin of a
  frog.
The fruit of the Indian Fig (Cactua
  opuntid) colours the urine as red
  as blood.  Cantharides will cause
  it.  Blood may also be procured
  and mixed with the urine.
By a ligature, placed tightly round
  the limb.  They may be  excited
  in this manner, or aggravated if
  already existing.
By passing a bougie.

Examine the limbs uncovered.
By  using sternutatories.  By the
  absence of some of the symptoms
  of syncope.  Examine the naked
  arms.  Wash the face.
By careful examination.
Artificial ulcers have, usually,  a
  more distinct margin,  and are
  more readily healed than others;
  the latter being generally  indi-
  cative  of  an impaired constitu-
  tion.
By  making the patient pass his
  urine in the presence of the phy-
  sician,  and examining the vessel
  before and after.   By cutting off
  the supply of any substance, which
  could cause the appearance.
Difficult, at times, of detection.  Give
  the person a full dose of opium,
  and  introduce the catheter when
  he is asleep.  If there be urine,
  the incontinence is feigned.

By examining the limb.
  FEL, Bile—f. Anguillas, see Bile—f. Bovinum,
Bile of the Ox — f. Bovis, see Bile — f. Naturas,
Aloes—f. Tauri, see Bile — f. Terras, Liidus Hel-
montii—f. Ursi, see Bile—f. Vitri, see Vitrum.
  FELDSCHEEREN, Bathers.
  FELINEUS, Bilious.
  FELLEUS, Biliary,' Bilious.
  FELLIDUCUS, Cholagogue.
  FELLIS OBSTRUCTIO,  Icterus —f. Super-
fusio, Icterus—f. Suffusio, Icterus.
  FELON, Paronychia.
  FELTING, from Anglo-Saxon relc, cloth  or
stuff made without weaving.  Tangling.  A term
applied to the hair when  inextricably interlaced,
as occurs occasionally in women from inattention.
  FELURE DE GLASER, Fissure, glenoid.
  FELAVORT, Gentiana lutea.
  FEMALE, Fcem'ina, Gyne, (F.) Femelle, from
<pvw, ' I generate.' (?)  In animals, the one that
engenders and bears the young.  It is, also, used
adjectively;—as, the Female Sex, Ac.
  Female Parts, Vulva.
  FE31ELLE, Female.
  FEMEN, Thigh, Vulva.
  FEMINES'CENCE, Fcemineacen'tia, from fa-
mina, ' a female.'   The possession or assumption
of certain  male characteristics  by the female. —
Mehliss.
  FE3I3IE EN COUCHE, Puerpera.
  FEM'ORAL,jFTemom'f*!s,from/emi(r, 'the thigh-
bone.'  Belonging or relating to the  thigh;  as
Femoral artery, Femoral hernia, Ac See Crural.
  FEMORALIS, Triceps cruris.
  FEMORO-CALCANIEN PETIT, Plantar
muscle—f. Popliteal, great, Sciatic nerve, great—
f. Popliti-tibial, Poplitasus muscle.
  FEM'ORO-TIB'IAL,  Femoro-tibia'lia.  Be-
longing to the femur and tibia.  The Femoro-
tibial articulation is the knee-joint.
  FEMUR, 3Ierua, 3Ie'rium, Oa fem'oris.  The
thigh bone. (F.) L'os de la Cuisse. The strongest
and longest of all the bones of the body, extend-
ing from the pelvis to the  tibia, and forming the
solid part of the thigh. The femur is cylindrical,
slightly curved  anteriorly, unsymmetrical and
oblique downwards and  inwards. The body of
the bone is prismatic, and has, behind, a  promi-
nent ridge, the linea aspera.
                         ' Head supported on a
Processes.
 Upper or
  Pelvic
Extremity.
             Inferior or
               Tibial
             Extremity.

  The femur ossifies from five points: — one on
each process of the pelvis extremity; one in the
   column or neck.
 Great trochanter.
 Lesser trochanter.
'External condyle.
 Internal condyle.
 External tuberosity.
 Internal tuberosity. 
Ft3IUR  COL DU             371             FERRI ACETAS
body of tho bone; and two on the condyles.  It
is  articulated with the pelvis, tibia, and patella.
Sec Thigh.
   FEMUR COL DU,  Collum femoris—f. Mo-
ventiuin Septimus,  Iliacus internus—f. Moven-
tium sextus, Psoas magnus—f. Summum, A'ulva.
   FENESTRA.  A window.  (F.) Fcnetre.  Ana-
tomists have given  this name to  two apertures,
situate  in the inner paries of the cavity of the
tympanum.   The one  of  these is the Fenestra
01 a'lis, F. vestibuldris, Fora'men ovu'le.  It is
oval-shaped; situate at the base  of the stapes,
and corresponds with the  cavity of the vestibule.
The other is the Fenestra rotudda, F. Cochlea'-
ria, Fora'men rotun'dum.  It is closed by a fine,
transparent membrane, called 31embra'na  Tym-
pani seeun'dnrin, 1'y mpnnum minus seu secundd-
rium, 31embra'na fenestra rotun'da,  and corre-
sponds to the inner scala of the cochlea.
   Fenestra Oculi, Pupil.
   FI'JNESTRAL,  Fenestra'tus,  from fenestra,
'a window.'  (F.) Fenetri et Fenestri.   Ban-
dages, compresses,  or plasters with small perfo-
rations or openings, are so called.  The openings
prevent the detention of the discharge.
   FENESTRATUS, Fenestral.
   FENESTRE, Fenestral.
   FEN EIRE, Fenestra.
   FENETRE, Fenestral.
   FENNEL, Anethum—f. Dogs', Anthemis co-
tula—f. Flower, Nigella—f. Hog's, Peucedanum
— f. Sweet, Anethum — f. Water, Phellandrium
aquaticum.
   FENO UIL, Anethum-—/. d'Eau, Phellandrium
aquaticum—f. 3lurin, Crithmum  maritimum—f.
dc Pore, Peucedanum—f. Puant,  Anethum  gra-
veolens.
   FENTE,  Fissure—/. Oapillaire, see Pilatio —
/. Glenoidule, Fissure, glenoid—-/. Orbitaire. Or-
bitar  fissure —/. Orbitaire infirieure, Spheno-
maxillary fissure—/. Sphino-maxillaire, Spheno-
maxillary fissure—/.  Sphinoidale,  Sphenoidal
fissure.
   FENUGREC, Trigonella fcenum.
   FEXUGRECK, Trigonella fcenum.
   FER, Ferrum—/. Acitate de, Ferri acetas—/.
Carbonate de, Ferri protocarbonas —/.  Chaud,
Pyrosis—/. Hydrate de, tritoxide de, .Etites—/.
lodure de, Ferri iodidum, see  Iodine—/. Lactate
de, Ferri Lactas —/. Limaille de,  Ferri limatura
/. Peroxide de, Ferri subcarbonas—/. et de Po-
taaae, tartrate de, Ferrum  tartarizatum —/  et de
Potaaaium,  cyanure de, Potassii  Ferrocyanure-
tum—/. et de Potassium, protocyanure de, Potas-
sii Ferrocyanuretum—/. Rid ait par Fhydrogene,
Ferri  pulvis—/.  Sulphate de, Ferri Sulphas —
/. Sulphure de, Ferri  Sulphuretum—/.  Tannate
de, Ferri tannas—/. Valirianate de, Ferri Vale-
rianas.
   FERALIS PEDICULUS, see Pediculus.
   FERINE, Feri'nus; 'savage,  brutal';'  The-
rio'des.  A  term,  applied to  any malignant or
noxious disease.  In France it is used only when
joined to Toux; Toux firine, a  dry, obstinate,
and painful  cough.
   FERMEXT, Fermedtum, (quasi fervimentum,)
Zyma, Zymo'mu, Leven, (F.)  Livain.  The Ia-
trochymists applied this name to imaginary sub-
stances,  Fermedta mor'bi, to which they  attri-
buted tho power of producing disease, by exci-
ting a fermentation in  the humours.
   FERAIENTATION. Fermenta'tio, Zymdsis,
sFstua'tio, Causis, Brasmoa.  An intestinal move-
ment, occurring spontaneously in a liquid; whence
result certain substances, that did not previously
exist in it
  The chemical physicians attributed all diseases
to an imaginary fermentation of the humours.
  Fermentation, Putrefactive, Putrefaction.
  FERMEXTUMCEREVISLE.Yest—f. Morbi,
Ferment—f. A'entriculi, Gastric juice.
  FEKX, BUSH, Comptonia  asplenifolia — f.
Cinnamon,  Osmunda  cinnamomea — f. Eagle,
Pteris aquilina — f. Female, Asplenium filix fce-
mina, Pteris aquilina—f. Gale, Comptonia aspleni-
folia—f. Male, Polypodium filix mas—f. Meadow,
Comptonia asplenifolia—f. Rock, Adiantum pe-
datum—f. Root, Polypodium vulgare—f. Sweet,
Adiantum pedatum,  Comptonia asplenifolia—f.
Sweet, shrubby, Comptonia asplenifolia.
 ' FERNAMBUCO AVOOD, Cassalpinia eehinata.
  FERRAMEXTUM,  Side'rion, Instrumen'tum
fer'reum.    Any  surgical  instrument  made of
iron.   By the vulgar, in France, the word ferre-
ments  means  the instruments  used  in difficult
labours.                           *
  FERRARIA, Scrophularia aquatica.
  FERRATUS, Chalybeate.
  FERREIN, Canal of,  Ductus Ferreini.   A
triangular channel, which Ferrein supposed  to
result from the approximation of the free edges
of the eyelids applied to the globe of the eye;
and  which he considered adapted for  directing
the tears towards the puncta lachrymalia, during
sleep.  The canal is, probably,  imaginary.
  The same name is likewise given to the corti-
cal canals,—the first portions of the uriniferous
ducts, whilst stiB in the cortical substance of the
kidney.
  Ferrein, Pyr'amid  of, Pyr'amis Ferreini.
Each of the papillae of the kidney, according  to
Ferrein, consists  of,  at least,  700 subordinate
cones or pyramids.  To these last the names 'py-
ramids of Ferrein,' Pyram'ides rcna'lcs Ferreini,
Fascic'uli pyramida'les, have been given.
  FERRI ACETAS, Extrac'tum martis ace'ti-
cum, Ace'ticum martia'le, Ac"etute of Iron, Iron
Liquor, (F.) Acitate  de fer.   A  preparation of
the Dublin Pharmacopoeia, made by digesting 1
part  of carbonate  of iron in 6  parts of acetic acid
for three  days, and filtering.   Dose, as a tonic
and astringent, TT\v to Tn"Lxx,  in water.
  Ferri .Erugo, F. Subcarbonas—f. et Ammo-
nias murias, Ferrum ammoniatum—f. Ammonio-
chloridum, Ferrum ammoniatum.
  Ferri et Alu'mina; Sulphas, Sulphate of Iron
and Alumina,  is made by treating bicarbonated
solution of soft iron and  carbonated solution of
pure  washed  alumina, with sulphuric  acid.   It
has been recommended  as a valuable astringent
Dose, from five to ten grains.
  Ferri Ammo'nio-citras, Ammonia ferro-citras,
Ferrum ammoni'aco-cit'ricum,  Ammonio-citrate
of iron, Citrate of ammonia and iron.   Prepared
by adding ammonia to citrate of iron, so as  to
neutralize the  excess of acid.   Dose, gr. v. to gr.
viij.   A Potassio-Citrate and a Sodio-Citrate
of Iron  have also been  introduced; and a Ci-
trate of the Magnetic Oxide of Iron prepared
by combining the  magnetic oxide with citric acid.
  Ferri Ammonio-tartras, Ammonio-tartrate of
Iron.   This salt  is best made by dissolving  to
saturation freshly precipitated hydrated oxide of
iron  in a solution of bitartrate  of ammonia, and
evaporating to dryness.  It is very soluble.  The
dose is five grains or more in  pill or solution.
  Ferri Arsenias, Arseniate of Iron—f. Borus-
sias,  Prussian blue—f. Bromidum, see Bromine
—f. Carbonas, F. subcarbonas—f. Carbonas Sac-
charatum, see  F. Protocarbonas—f. Carbonatum,
Graphites—f.  Carburetum, Graphites.
  Ferri  Citras,  Citrate of Iron.  Two citrates
of iron are prepared—the Sesquicitrate or Citrate
of the Sesquioxide ; and the Citrate of  the Prot- 
FERRI
FERRI
oxide.   The former  is officinal in the Ph. U. S.
They resemble, in their medical  properties,  the
tartrate and the lactate of the metal.
  Ferri Cyanuretum, Prussian blue—f. Deuto-
carbonas fuscus, F. subcarbonas—f. Deutoxydum
nigrum, .Ethiops martial—f. Ferrocyanas,  Prus-
sian blue — f. Ferrocyanuretum, Prussian blue —
f. Hydriodas, F. lodidum—f. Hydrocyanas, Prus-
sian blue—f. Hypercarburetum, Graphites.
  Ferri Io'didum,  F.  lodure'turn, F.  Hydrio-
das, Iodide, loduret  or Hydriodate of Iron. (F.)
lodure de fer, (lodin. *""jij, Ferri rament. ^j,  Aq.
destillat. Oiss.)  Mix the iodine with  a pint of
the distilled water, in a porcelain or glass vessel,
and gradually add the iron filings, stirring con-
stantly.  Heat the mixture gently until the liquid
acquires a light greenish colour; then filter, and,
after the liquid has  passed,  pour  upon  the filter
half a pint of the  distilled water, boiling hot.
When  thi» has  passed, evaporate the  filtered li-
quor, at a temperature not exceeding 212°, in an
iron vessel, to dryness; keep the dry iodide in a
closely stopped bottle.  (Ph. U. S.)
  Ferri Ioduretum, F. lodidum.
  Ferri  Lactas, Lactate  of Iron, Lactate of
Protox'ide of Iron,  (F.)  Lactate  de Fer.  Pre-
pared by digesting in a sand-bath, at a low tem-
perature, diluted lactic acid with iron filings.  It
is employed in the same cases as the precipitated
subcarbonate of iron, and especially in  chlorosis.
Twelve grains of the lactate may be given in the
24 hours, in the form of lozenges.
  Ferri Limatu'ra Purifica'ta, Pu'rifled Iron
Filings:—purified by means of the magnet,  for
internal use.  The filings are, also, called Ferri
Scobs, F. Ramen'ta  et  Fila,  Martis Limatu'ra,
Spec'ulum In'dicum, Ferri  in pulverem resohl-
tio,  (F.) Limaille de Fer.  They are considered
to possess  the  general properties of iron: — the
iron becoming oxidized.
  Ferri et Magne'sia:  Citras, Citrate of iron
and magne'sia, is  prepared  by dissolving  hydra-
ted oxide of iron in  a solution of citric  acid, satu-
rated with carbonate of magnesia,  and evapora-
ting to dryness.   It is soluble in water, and does
not constipate.  Dose from  four grains  to fifteen,
in solution.
  Ferri  Nitras, see Tinctura Ferri muriatis —
f. Nitratis Liquor,  see Tinctura Ferri muriatis
—  f.  Oxidum  Fuscum,  F.  subcarbonas — f.
 Oxidum Nigrum,  Oxydum ferri nigrum — f. Oxi-
 dum hydratum, Ferrum  oxydatum hydratum—
 f. Oxidum rubrum,  Colcothar, Ferri subcarbonas
 —f. Oxidum hydratum, Ferrum  et Oxydum hy-
 dratum—f. Percyanidum, Prussian blue.
  Ferri  Phosphas, Phosphate  of Iron,  (Ferri
 Sulphat. £v,  Soda  Phosphat. "jjvi, Aqua, cong.
 Dissolve the sulphate of  iron and phosphate of
 soda, severally, in four pints  of the water; then
 mix the solutions, and set  the mixture by,  that
 the powder may  subside; lastly, having poured
 off the supernatant liquor,  wash  the  phosphate
 of iron with water, and dry it with a gentle heat.
 —Ph. U. S.)   Dose, 5 to 10 grains as a chaly-
 beate.  Rarely used.
   Ferri Pila, F. limatura—f. et Potassas tartras,
 Ferrum tartarizatum—f. Potassio-citras, see Ferri
 ammonio-citras—f.  Potassio-tartras, Ferrum tar-
 tarizatum.
   Ferri  Protocarbo'nas, Protocarbonate  of
 Iron,  (F.)  Carbonate de  Fer.  The protocarbo-
 nate of iron, thrown down  from a solution of the
 sulphate of iron by the carbonate of soda, readily
 attracts oxygen and becomes converted into the
 sesquioxide.  To prevent this, it  may be asso-
 ciated with honey and sugar, and the mixture be
 reduced by evaporation to  a pilular consistence.
 The mass constitutes the Ferruginous Pills, Pi-
lules ferrugincuses, of A"allet, Valid a Pills.  See
Pilulas Ferri Carbonatis.   The Edinburgh Phar-
macopoeia contains the Ferri Car'bonas Suceha-
ra'tttm, Sac'eharine Carbonate of Iron, prepared
in this manner.   It  is the  Ferrum Carbon'icum
Saccharatum of Klauer.
  The protocarbonate is given in the same dis-
eases  as the lactate of iron; ten or fifteen grains
in the course of the twenty-four hours.
  Ferri Protosulphas Viridis, F. Sulphas—f.
Prussias, Prussian blue.
  Ferri Pulvis,  Fer riduit, F. riduit par Ihy-
drogene,  Ferrum  metal'licum,  Powdered  iron;
prepared by passing a stream  of hydrogen gas
over the sesquioxide of iron, contained in an iron
or porcelain tube heated to low redness.  It is
very liable to become oxidated, and must be kept
in a  dry, well-stopped bottle.   It has been pre-
scribed in anaemic, and  especially in  chlorotic
cases. The ordinary dose is two grains three times
a day, in pill made with sugar and gum.  A for-
mula for its preparation is given in the last edition
of the Pharmacopoeia of the United States (1851).
   Ferri et Qui'nia: Citras, Citrate of Iron and
Quinia, formed  by the  union  of four parts  of
citrate of iron and one part of  citrate of quinia,
has been prescribed in cases where a combination
of these tonics is indicated.
   Ferri Ramenta,  F. limatura — f. Rubigo,  F.
Subcarbonas—f. Scobs, F. limatura—f. Sesquiox-
idum, F. subcarbonas prascipitatus.
   Ferri Sesquinitratis, Liquor,  see  Tinctura
Ferri muriatis—f. Sodio-tartras, see Ferri et am-
monio-citras.
   Ferri Subcar'bonas,  F. Car'bonas,  Ferrum
pracipita'turn,  Chalybis  Rubigo  praparu'ta,
Ferri Rubigo.   (The last two  terms, as well  as
Ferru'go, are applied to the  subcarbonate or rust,
jErdgo Ferri, Cacaferri, formed by the action
of moist air on  metallic  iron.)   A protoxide  of
iron,  oxidized by the decomposition of water; the
carbonic acid being attracted from the air.  Dose,
gr. v  to "Jss and more.
   Ferri  Subcarbonas may  be precipitated from
sulphate of iron by carbonate of soda.   The fol-
lowing is the formula of the  Pharmacopoeia of the
United States: — Ferri sulph. §viij; soda carb.
§ix;  aqua bullient. cong.   Dissolve the sulphate
of iron and carbonate of soda  severally in four
pints of  the water, then  mix the solutions, and,
having stirred the  mixture, set it by that the
powder  may  subside: having poured off  the
liquor, wash the  subcarbonate with hot  water,
wrap it in bibulous paper, and dry with a gentle
heat.   It  is, also,  called  Ferri  sesquiox'idum,
 Ox'idum ferri fuscum,  Ox'idum ferri  rubrum,
Deuto-car'bonas Ferri fuscus, Crocus martis ape'-
riens, Sesquioxide or peroxide of iron,  (F.) Per-
oxide defer, Safran de 31ars aperitif.
   Ferri Sulphas, Sal 31artis,  Vitriolum 3Iartis,
 Vitriolum Ferri,  Ferrum  Vitrioldtum, Sulphas
vel Protosulphas Ferri vir'ielis, Oalcadinum, Cal-
eator, Cal'cotar, Ohalcodthum,  Calcite'a, Atra-
medtum  suto'rium,  Vitriol,  Vitriolum  viride,
An'ima Hep'atis, Sulphate of Iron,  Green Vitriol,
 Copperas,  (F.) Sulfate de fer.   The Pharmaco-
poeia of the United States directs it to be made
by the action  of sulphuric acid ^xviij, on iron
wire, cut in pieces, ^xij—water, a gallon—evapo-
rating, crystallizing, and drying the crystals on
bibulous paper.   This salt is inodorous, and of a
strong styptic taste.  The crystals are light green,
transparent, rhomboidal;  and soluble in two parts
of water.  It is  tonic and anthelmintic.  Dose,
gr. j. to vj and more.
   Ferri Sulphas Calcinatum, Colcothar.
   Ferri Sulphure'tum, Sulphuret of Iron, Iron
pyrites, (F.) Sulfure  de fer;  may be  made  by 
FERRICUS  HYDRAS            373             FEU AOTUEL
heating one part of sublimed aulphur, over three
parts of iron filings in a crucible until  the mass
begins to glow.  It is employed as a ready means
for obtaining hydrosulphuric acid gas by the ad-
dition of sulphuric or chlorohydric acid.
   Ferri Tannas, Ferrum tadnicum, Tannate of
Iron, (F.) Tannate defer.  This salt is usually ob-
tained by adding a solution of a salt of sesqui-
oxide of iron, as the persulphate, to a decoction
of nut-galls.  It is possessed of tonic and astrin-
gent properties, and has been extolled especially
in chlorosis.
   Ferri  Tartarum,  Ferrum tartarizatum — f.
Tritoxyduin, Colcothar.
   Ferri Valeria'nas,  Ferrum  Valeria'nicum,
 Valerianate of  Iron, (Fr.) Valirianate de fer.
Formed by the action of valerianic acid on oxide
of iron.  It is a dark brick-red powder, insoluble
in water, and has been given in hysteria compli-
cating chlorosis.  Dose, from two to four grains.
   FERRICUS  HYDRAS, Ferrum oxydum hy-
dratum.
   FERRUGINEUS, Chalybeate.
   FERRl'i' INOUS, Chalybeate.
   FEURUGO, Ferri subcarbonas,  Ferrum oxy-
 datuin hydratum.
   FERItUM, 3Iars, Side'ros, Metal'lum hemato-
 poietic urn, Iron, (F.) Fer.  A metal of a bluish-
gray colour; fibrous texture; brilliant  and fine-
grained fracture.  Specific gravity 7.600 to 7.800 ;
hard, ductile, malleable, and magnetic.   The me-
dicinal virtues of iron are tonic;  producing fetid
eructations,  when it  takes  effect,  owing to  its
meeting with acid in the stomach, which oxidizes
it, and causes  the  evolution of hydrogen gas.
When given in the metallic state, the filings are
chiefly used; but the oxides and salts  are  most
commonly employed.
   Ferrum  Ammoniacale,  F.  ammoniatum — f.
Ammoniaco-citricum, Ferri ammonio-citras.
   Ferrum  Ammonia'tum, Mu'rias  Ammo'nia  et
Ferri, Ferri ammo'nio-ehlo'rid urn, Flores martid-
les,  Flores salis ammoni'aci martia'les,  Ens  mar-
tis,  Ens  Ven'eris Boy'lei, Sal martis muriaticum
aublimdtiim, Sal ammoni'acum murtia'le,  Ammo'-
nium muriaticum martia'tum seu martiale, Aroph
Paracelai, Calen'dula minera'lea, Ferrum ammo-
niaca'le, Ammo'niated Iron,  Ammo'nio-chloride
of Iron, (F.) 3Iuriate d ammoniaque et defer.   A
mixture of the hydro-chlorates of ammonia and
iron. (?)  (Ferri Subcarb. ^iij; acid muriat. f 5.x :
amnion, muriat. tbijss ; aq. destillat. Oiv.   Mix the
subcarbonate with the acid in a glass vessel and
digest for two hours; then add the muriate, previ-
ously dissolved in distilled water, and having fil-
tered the liquor, evaporate to dryness.   Rub to
powder.—Ph. U. S.)  Dose, gr. iij. to gr.  xv.
   Fbrrum  Borussicum, Prussian blue—f. Car-
bonicutu Saceharatum, Ferri protocarbonas — f.
 Oyanogenatum,  Prussian  blue — f. Hasmatites,
 Hematites—f. Magnes attractorium, Magnet—f.
Metallicum, Ferri pulvis.
   Ferrum  Oxvda'tum Hydra'tum, Ferri  Oxi-
dum Hydra'turn (Ph. U.S.), Ferru'go,  Hydras
Fer'ricus,  Hydro-oxide of Iron, Hydrated Oxide
^of Iron, Hydrated  peroxide  of  Iron,  Hydrated
 Trito.vide of Iron.  11 may be prepared  by taking
a solution  of sulphate of iron, increasing  its dose
of oxygen  by heating it with nitric acid, and pre-
cipitating the oxide by adding pure ammonia in
excess, washing  the  precipitate,  and keeping  it
moist.
   The following is  the formula  adopted by the
Pharmacopoeia of the United States : Ferri Sulph.
t""*"iv  : acid, sulphuric, f Jiiiss; acid, nitric, f £""vi,
vel q. s., Liq. ammonia q. S., aqua Oij.  Dissolve
the  sulphate of  iron in the  water, and having
 added the sulphuric acid, boil the solution : then
 add the nitric acid in small portions, boiling  the
 liquid for a minute or two after each addition,
 until the  acid  ceases to produce a dark colour.
 Filter the liquid, allow it  to cool, and add  the
 liquor ammonias in excess, stirring the mixture
 briskly; wash the precipitate with water, until the
 washings  cease to yield a precipitate with chlo-
 ride of barium, and keep it close in bottles with
 water sufficient to cover it.
   It has been brought forward, of late, as an an-
 tidote to arsenic; and many cases of  its efficacy
 have been published.
   From 10 to  20 parts of the hydrated  oxide
 would seem to be more than sufficient to convert
 1 part of arsenious acid into the basic salt of iron.
   Ferrum Oxydulatum Hydrocyanicum, Prus-
 sian blue—f. Potabile, F. tartarizatum—f. Prasci-
 pitatum, Ferri subcarbonas.
   Ferrum Tannicum, Ferri tannas.
   Ferrum Tartariza'tum, Tartras Potas'sa et
 Ferri,  Tar'tarum Ferri, Ferri et Potassa Tartras,
 (Ph. U. S.) Tar'tarus chalybedtus, 3Iars solu'bi-
 lis, Tartras kalico-fer'ricus, Chalybs tartarizd-
 tus,  Tartarus martia'lis,  Ferri potassio-tartras,
 Tartras Potas'sa ferrugino'sus, Ferrum potab'ile,
 Globus martia'lis, Glob'uli Tar'tari martia'les seu
 martia'les solu'ti seu martia'ti seu tartra'tis ferri
 et lixiv'ia, Boli 3Ieirtis, Pyri martia'les, Tartar-
 ized Iron, Tartrate of Potassa and Iron, (F.) Tar-
 trate de potasse et de fer, Boule de 3Iars, Bottle de
 Nancy,  B. de 3Iolsheim, B. d'Acier.   (Ferri sub-
 earb. 5*jiij, Acid,  muriat. f £x;  Liquor Potassa,
 Ovss; Potass. Bitart. ^ vijss, Aqua destillat. cong.
 iss.  Mix the subcarbonate of iron and the muri-
 atic acid,  and digest for two hours; pour the so-
 lution  into  a gallon  of the distilled water; set
 aside for  an hour, and pour off the  supernatant
 liquor.  To this add the liquor potassa:;  wash the
 precipitate  formed frequently with water, and,
 while yet moist, mix it with the bitartrate  of po-
 tassa and half a gallon  of the distilled water.
 Keep the  mixture at the temperature  of 140° for
 30 hours,  frequently stirring; filter the solution,
 and  evaporate  by means of a water bath, at the
 same temperature, to dryness. — (Ph. U. S.)   It
 is one of the mildest of the salts of iron, and not
 unpalatable.  Dose, gr. x. to gss.
   The  Tinctdra  3Iurtis Aperitlva,  Tincture of
 Ludwig; Alcohol cum Sulpha'te Ferri tartarisd-
 tits; Tinctura  3Iartis  Glauberi is, essentially, a
 solution of this salt.   It  is also called Eau de
 Boule, and is used in contusions.
   Helvetius's Styptic was composed of the filings
 of iron and tartar, mixed to a proper  consistence
 with French brandy.  It was called in  England
 Eaton'a Styptic;  but this is now formed of Sul-
 phate of Iron.
   Ferrum Valerianicum, Ferri valerianas — f.
 Altriolatum, Ferri sulphas—f. Aritriolatum ustum,
 Colcothar—f. Zooticum, Prussian blue.
   FERTILITY, Fecundity.
   FER'ULA, Fanon, Palette, Splint—f. Africana,
 Bubon galbanum—f. Asafoetida, see Asafoetida—
 f. Graveolens, Anethum graveolens — f. Opopo-
 nax, Pastinaca  opoponax — f.  Persica, see  Saga-
 penum.
   FERUS, Homicidal.
   FESSES, Nates.
   FESSIER, Gluteal—/,  67ra)»o*, Glutseus maxi-
 mus—/. 3Ioyen, Glutasus medius—/.  Petit, Glu-
 tasus minimus.
   FETID, Foe'tidua,  Dyso'des, Caco'des, Bromo'-
 sus, Graveolens.  Having a bad smell.
   FETUS, Foetus.
   FEU ACTUEL, Cauterium—/. Persique, Her-
[ pes  zoster, see Anthrax—/. Potential, see Caute- 
FEUX DE DENTS            374                  FEVER
rium-—/. Sacri, Erysipelas—/. St. Antoine, Ery-
sipelas—■/. Sauvage, Ignis sylvaticus—-/. Volage,
Ignis sylvaticus.
  FEUX DE DENTS,  Strophulus—/. Volages,
Porrigo larvalis.
  FEVE, ATicia faba—/. de Carthccgene, Habilla
de Carthagena—f.d Cochon, Hyoscyamus—/
Epaisse, Sedum telephium—f. des 31arais, Alcia
faba—/. de Sainte Ignace, Ignatia amara—/. Pur-
gatifi Ricinus communis.
  FEVER,  Febris, from  feritas, 'wildness,' or
from fervor, ' heat,' or from februo, ' I purify :'
Pyr, Pyr'etos,  irvptTos, (F.) Fievre*   One of the
most frequent and dangerous affections to which
the body is liable.  A person has  an attack of
fever, when he is affected with rigors, followed by
increased heat of skin, quick pulse,  languor, and
lassitude. Rigors, increased heat, and frequency
of pulse have each been assumed as the  essential
character of fever.  It is not characterized, how-
ever, by any one, but  depends upon the coexist-
ence of many symptoms.   Fevers have been usu-
ally divided into idiopathic or essential, and into
symptomatic.  The idiopathic arise  without any
obvious local cause.   The symptomatic  are de-
pendent upon local irritation.  Idiopathic fevers
may be divided into  three classes:  1. Those at-
tended with distinct paroxysms : — intermittents.
2. Remittent and continued fevers: and, 3. Fevers
complicated with eruptions or the  exanthema-
tous.   These divisions admit of great variety,
owing to climate, season,  soil, age, Ac.  All ages
and climates are liable to fever; and its exciting
causes are very numerous.  These causes may be
common; as irritations in the intestines;  external
injuries,  stimulants, Ac; or they maybe  specific;
as miasmata, contagion, Ac.   The greatest diver-
sity has prevailed regarding the theory  of fever.
Its  primary seat has  been placed  in the brain,
mucous membrane of the  stomach and intestines,
skin, nerves, blood-vessels, liver, vena cava, pan-
creas,  Ac.   It would seem, however,  that al-
though, in fever, the whole of the  functions are
morbidly impressed, the arguments  in favour of
the impression being first made on the nervous
system  and  the  system of nutrition  are the
strongest.  The exciting  cause of fever, whatever
it may be,  produces  an  irregular action  in the
system of nutrition, which is soon conveyed to the
rest of the system, owing to  the extensive sym-
pathy  which exists between every part of the
body; and it is probable, that all those  local in-
flammations and congestions are the  consequence,
rather than the cause, of this disordered condi-
tion of the system.  The general  character of
fever is  clearly shown by examination  of the
blood.  AVhen  fever is devoid of  inflammatory
complication, the quantity of fibrin is in no case
augmented.   It frequently remains in the healthy
proportion, and at times  diminishes to an extent
not met with in any other acute disease.  The
alteration of the blood in fevers, which  consists
generally in a diminution of the fibrinous element,
is the reverse of what occurs in inflammation.
  Many phenomena of fever are influenced by
that periodicity, which we notice in the execution
of several of the functions  of the body.  The
types  of intermittents are strong  evidences of
such an  influence.
  In the treatment of fever, it is important, 1. To
bear in mind its tendency, particularly in the case
of the exanthemata, to run a definite course, and
terminate in restoration to health.   2. The dispo-
sition  to local determination or hyperasmias: —
the most frequent cause of the fatal termination
of fever; a circumstance requiring the  vigilant
attention of the physician.  3. That the symp-
 toms must be attentively studied, in order to de-
 duce, as far as possible from them, the indications
 of cure.   Lastly, attention  must be paid to the
 prevalent epidemic.  There are particular seasons
 in which  fevers are very malignant; and others
 in which  they are as mild;  circumstances which
 necessarily have an  effect upon the treatment.
   Fever and Ague, Intermittent Fever—f. Ac-
 climating, F. strangers'.
   Fever, Ade'no-Meninge'al,  Febris ade'no-
 meningea, Febris mescntcr'ica (Baglivi,) 3torbus
 muco'aue, Febria muco'aa;  3Iucoua fever, Gustro-
 duodenop'yra, Pitditous Fever, Catur'rhal Fever,
 Phlegmap'yra,  Phlegmop'yra,  Phlegmutop'yra,
 Gastro-Bronchitis.   Fever, accompanied  with
 considerable mucous secretion; especially  from
 the digestive tube.
   Fever, Adynam'ic, Febris adynam'iea, Asthe-
 nicop'yra, Asthenicopy'retus, Asthenop'yra, Asthe-
 nopyr' etus.  Fever attended with great prostra-
 tion of the vital  powers—as  Typhoid and Typhus
 fever.
   Fever, African, Febris Afirica'na.   The ma-
 lignant bilious remittent fever, which prevails on
 the Western Coast of Africa.
   Fever, Algid, see Algidus.
   Fever, Anom'alous, Febris  anom'ala, F. er-
 ralica, F. irregula'ris,  F. vaga.   A  fever, whose
 progress and type are irregular.
   Fever, Aphon'ic, Febria  apho'nica.  A variety
 of intermittent,  in which the voice is lost during
 the paroxysm.
   Fever, Apoplec'tic, Febria apoplec'tica, Com'-
 atoae Fever, Febria comato'dea, F. Let.har'gica,F.
 soporo'sa.   An  intermittent or continued fever,
 attended with apoplectic symptoms.
   Fever, Articular Eruptive, Dengue—f. Ar-
 ticular rheumatic, Dengue.
   Fever, Artific"iAL, Febris artificidlis, Febria
 arte promo'ta.  Fever  produced designedly by
 the internal or external use of stimulants.
   Fever, Asthen'ic,  Febria  aathedica.  Fever
 accompanied with debility.  It may include every
 variety of fever under certain circumstances, but
 is generally appropriated to typhus.
   Fever, Asthmat'ic, Febris asthmaliea.  A
 pernicious intermittent, accompanied with symp-
 toms of asthma.
   Fever, Ataxo-adynam'ic ; Febris atax'o-ady-
 nam'ica.   Fever characterized by symptoms of
 ataxia and adynamia.
   Fever, Barcelona, Fever, yellow — f.  Bas-
 tard, Illegitimate fever.
   Fever, Bil'ious, Febris  bilio'sa,  F. polychol-
 ica, Sydochus bilio'sa, F. aso'des,  F. choler'ica,
 F. gas'trica, F.  hepat'ica, Oholep'yra,  Cholepyr'-
 etus, Hepatogastrocholo'sis,  Febris cholepyretica,
 Enterop'yra bilio'sa, Choloze'mia febri'lis.   The
 common remittent fever of summer and autumn ;
 generally supposed  to be  owing to,  or connected
 with, derangement of the biliary system.
   Fever, Bilious  Remitting,  Yellow, Fever,
 yellow — f. Bladdery, Pemphigus.
   Fever, Boa Vista.  A malignant  bilious re-
 mittent  fever, greatly  resembling  yellow fever,
 which was very fatal  at Fernando Po,  and in
 ships in its waters, in the year 1845.
   Fever, Bona.  A  malignant  paludal  fever,
 which prevailed amongst the troops of the garri-
 son at Bona in Algeria, from 1832 to 1835.
   Fever, Bone, see Inflammation — f. Bouquet,
 Dengue — f. Brain,  F. cerebral, Phrenitis — f.
 Brain, water, Hydrocephalus internus—f. Bucket,
 Dengue—f. Bulam,  Fever, yellow—f. Camp, Ty-
 phus gravior.
   Fever, Cardial'gic, Febris cardialgica.  A
I variety of pernicious  intermittent,  accompanied
I with violent cardialgia during the paroxysm. 
FEVER                  37
  Fever, Cardit'ic.  Intermittent fever, accom-
panied with pain at the heart
  Fever, Catarrhal, F. adeno-meningeal.
  Fever,  Cephalal'gic, Febris cephalalgia.
A pernicious intermittent, accompanied with in-
tense pain of the  head.   Also, intermittent ce-
phalalgia.
  Fever, Cephal'ic, Febris cephalica.   A fe-
brile affection of children—intermediate between
the acute form of active cerebral congestion and
the chronic form — which is attended by fever,
pain in  the head, disorder, or more generally
constipation of the bowels, and a train of pheno-
mena often supposed to be premonitory of an at-
tack of hydrocephalus.—Mauthner.
  Fever, Cer'ebral, Brain fever.   Fever,  ge-
nerally of an ataxic character, in which the brain
is considerably affected.
  Fever, Childbed, Fever, puerperal, Puerperal
Fever —f. Childbed, Low, see Peritonitis.
  Fever, Chol'eric, Febris choler'ica.   A  va-
riety  of pernicious  intermittent, accompanied
with symptoms of cholera morbus.
  Fever, Choleric,  of Infants,  Cholera  in-
fantum.
  Fever, Chronic, Febris chron'ica.  Some  au-
thors apply this name to protracted fevers; others
to hectic fever.
  Fever, Colliq'uative, Febris tab'ida,  Febris
colliquati'va.  Fever,  characterized  by   rapid
emaciation, copious evacuations, and rapid pros-
tration of strength.
  Fever, Comatose, F. apoplectic.
  Fever, Conges'tive, Febris congestiva.  Fe-
ver  accompanied by obscure symptoms;  or by
great  oppression and  depression; in which it is
difficult—and often impossible-1—to induce reac-
tion.  Congestive fevers occur in various  parts
of this country, especially in the fall; and they
are  very common in India.  The term congestive
fever is  often used in some parts of the south of
the United States very indefinitely — to include
winter typhus, and  typhoid fevers, typhoid pneu-
monia, as well as intermittents and autumnal re-
mittents.—Dickson.
  Fever, Continent, see Continent and Con-
tinued fever — f. Continual, see  Continued fever
— f. Continued, common, Synochus.
  Fever, Convul'sive,  Febris convulsiva.   A
pernicious intermittent or remittent, accompanied
by convulsions.
  Fever, Delir'ious, Febris cum delir'io, (F.)
Fivere dilirante.  A pernicious intermittent, cha-
racterized by delirium in the paroxysms.
  Fever, Dep'uratory,  Febris depurate'ria.
A fever, to which was  attributed the  property of
purifying the  blood;  or which indicated, that
such a supposed depuration had  occurred.
  Fever, Diaphoret'ic, Febris  diaphoretica,
Febris  sudato'ria.  A pernicious intermittent,
with excessive sweating during the fit.
  Fever, Diary, Ephemera.
  Fever, Diges'ttve.  The chilliness, followed
by increased heat and quickness of pulse, which
frequently accompanies digestion.
  Fever, Double, (F.) Fievre double ou doublie.
An  intermittent, which has two paroxysms in a
given time, instead of one.
  Fever, Double-Quartan.   A fever,  whose
paroxysms occur two days in succession, and fail
tho  third day; the  first paroxysm resembling the
4th  ; and the second the 5th.
  Fever, Double-Quotidian.   An intermittent,
whose paroxysms return twice every day at cor-
responding hours.
  Fever, Double-Tertian. An intermittent,
whose  paroxysms  return  every day; the first
5                 FEVER

 corresponding with the 3d, the second with the
 4th, and so on.
   Fever, Duodec"imane, Febris duodecima'na.
 A supposititious intermittent, whose paroxysms
 recur on the 12th day, or every 11 days.
   Fever, Uvnamic, Synocha—f. Endemial, Re-
 mittent F. — f. Endemic, Remittent F. — f. En-
 dcmical, Remittent F.—f. Enteric, see Typhus—
 f. Ephemeral,  Ephemera.
   Fevkij.^Eptlep'tic, Febris epilep'tica.  A va-
 riety of pernicious  intermittent, accompanied
 with attacks of epilepsy.
   Fever, Erot'ic,  Febris  erotica, (F.) Fievre
 d'amour.  A chronic fever,  occasioned by unpro-
 pitious love.
   Fever, Errat'ic, see Erratic — f. Eruptive,
 Exanthematica — f. Eruptive, articular, Dengue
 —f. Exacerbating, Remittent Fever.
   Fever, Fainting, of Persia.  A singular and
 fatal epidemic, presenting some points of analogy
 with cholera,  which prevailed at Teheran in the
 autumn of 1842.
   Fever,  Gan'grenous,  Febris gangranddes.
 Fever, accompanied by gangrene of various parts,
 and especially of the limbs  and genitals.  Senae
 describes an intermittent of this kind.
   Fever, Gastral'gic.  An intermittent accom-
 panied with acute burning lacerating pain at the
 stomach.
   Fever, Gastric, Febris gas'trica, F. gas'trica
 bilio'sa,  Gastrocholo' sis,  Hepatogastrocholo' sis,
 Stomach'ic fever, Syn'ochus Bilio'sa.   A name,
 given by some to  bilioua fever, which  has  ap-
 peared to them to be dependent on an affection of
 the stomach. Also, called 3Ienin'go-gaatric fever,
 Febria meningo-gaa' trica, Meningo-gaatrltia, Hor-
 veat fever, (F.) Fievre de la 3Ioiaaon, F. 31eningo-
 gaatrique.
   Fever,  Gastro-Adynam'ic, Febria  gaatro-
 adynam'ica.  A fever, in  which  the  symptoms
 of bilious fever are joined with those of adynamic
 fever.
   Fever,  Gastro-Angioten'ic.   A fever, in
 which  the symptoms  of bilious are united with
 those of inflammatory fever.
   Fever, Gastro-Atax'ic.  A fever, in which
 the  symptoms of bilious fever are  united with
 those of ataxic fever.
   Fever, Gibraltar, Fever, yellow—f. Harvest,
 F. Gastric—f. Hasmagastric, F. yellow.
   Fever, Ha:mop'toic, Febria Hamopto'ica.  A
 variety of masked intermittent, in which periodi-
 cal hasmoptysis is the chief symptom.
   Fever, Hay, Catarr'hua astlvus,  Summer Ca-
 tarrh, Hay Asthma, Rose Catarrh, Summer Bron-
 chitis. ^ A catarrh to which  certain persons  are
 subject in summer, and which has been ascribed
 in England to  the effluvium of hay, but this is
 not  the  probable  cause.  It is a catarrh with
 sneezing, headach, weeping,  snuffling and cough,
 with, at times, fever and general discomfort.  It
 is not uncommon in this country.   It disappears
 spontaneously, — to recur  on subsequent years
 about the same period.
   Fever, Hebdom'adal. A  supposititious fever,
 whose paroxysms return weekly, and on the same
 day.
   Fever, Hectic, see Consumption, and Hectic
 Fever.
   Fever, Hepat'ic or Hepatal'gic.   A perni-
 cious intermittent, with violent pain in the right
 hypochondrium.
   Fever, Hill.  A  modification of remittent,
 occurring in the hilly districts of India.
   Fever, Hospital, Typhus gravior.
  Fever, Hu'moral, Febria humora'lia.   Fever,
in which an alteration or deterioration of the hu-
mours is suspected. 
FEVER                  376                 FEVER
  Fever, Hux'gary,  Febria Hungar'ica seu
Pannodiea  seu  3lorbue Ungar'icus,  Cephalod-
oeus,  Vermia cerebri,  (F.) Fievre Hongroiae ou
de  Hongric.  An  epidemic  typhus,  common
amongst the soldiers in barracks, in Hungary.
  Fever, Hydrophob'ic, Febria hydrophob'ica.
Pernicious intermittent with dread of liquids.
  E'ever, Hyster'ic, Febria hysterica.  Hyste-
ria, accompanied by fever.   Hysteria, occurring
with each paroxysm of intermittent.
  Fever, Icter'ic, Febris icter'ica.  Fever, ac-
companied by jaundice.  Some intermittents ex-
hibit this complication at each paroxysm.
  Fever, In'fantile Remit'tent, Febris infan'-
tum remit'tens, F. vermino'sa, (of many), Spurious
worm fever,  Remittent fever of children,  F. muco'-
sa  vermino'sa, Hee'tica  infadtills, Febria lenta.
A fever occurring in childhood, which  often as-
sumes many of the characters of hydrocephalus.
It  appears  generally to be  dependent upon  a
morbid condition of the stomach and bowels.
  Fever, Inflammatory, Synocha.
  Fever, Insid'ious.   Fever,  which,  at  first,
seems devoid of danger, but subsequently becomes
of a more or less malignant character.
  Fever, Intermittent, see Intermittent fever
—f. Jail, Typhus gravior—f. Jungle, see Jungle
fever — f. Lenticular, Miliary fever—f. Irritative,
Irritation, morbid.
  Fever, Lo'chial, Febris lochidlis.  That ac-
celeration of the circulation which sometimes
occurs during the discharge of the lochia.
  Fever, Lung, Catarrh, Pneumonia.
  Fever, Malig'nant, Febria malig'na.  Fever
which makes its approaches insidiously, and sub-
sequently becomes formidable.  Any fever which
exhibits a very dangerous aspect.  Typhus gra-
vior.
  Fever,  Malig'nant  Pestilential,  Fever,
yellow — f.  Marsh, Elodes (febris.)
  Fever, Masked, Febria larvdto,  (F.) Fievre
larvie, Dead Ague, Dumb Ague.  Anomalous in-
termittent, the paroxysms of  which have not the
regular stages.
  Fever, Meningo-gastric, Fever gastric
   Fever, Mesenteric, Febris mesenter'ica.   A
name  given, by Baglivi,  to  a  species of  fever
which  appears to have belonged  either to the
mucous or bilious.
   Fever, Milk, Febris lac'tea,  (F.)  Fievre de
lait ou laiteuse, F. lactie; Galactop'yra, Galac-
topyr'etus.  The fever, which precedes  or accom-
panies the  secretion of milk in women recently
delivered.' It comes on  generally about the third
day after delivery,  and is characterized by quick
pulse;  increased heat; redness  of face; diminu-
tion or  temporary  suspension of the lochial dis-
charge ; tumefaction and tension of  the breasts.
It  commonly terminates in  twenty-four  hours,
and often with  profuse perspiration.  It requires
the use of antiphlogistics, with dry diet.
   Fever, Mixed, Synochus—f. Mucous, F. ade-
no-meningeal.
   Fever Nephrit'ic, Febris nephrilica.  Inter-
mittent fever, accompanied with nephritic pain
 during the paroxysm.
   Fever, Nervous, Febris nervo'sa seu neuro'-
 des, Febris lenta nervo'sa, Neurop'yra, Neuropyr'-
 etus.  A variety of Typhus; the Typhus mitior
 of Cullen.  By  many, however, it  is esteemed a
 distinct disease.  See Typhoid fever.
   Fever,  Nervous,  with  Exanthematous
 Eruption,  Typhus.
   Fever, Niger.  A malignant  fever, of the
 bilious  remittent kind, which proved fatal  to
 many in the expeditions sent out by the British
 government to  explore the Niger, in  the  years
 1841-2, and previously.
  Fever, Non'ane, Febria nona'na.  A supposi-
titious fever, whose paroxysms recur every ninth
day, or every eight, days.
  Fever, Oc'tane, Febria octdna. An intermit-
tent, whose paroxysms recur every eighth day.
  Fever,  Paludal, Intermittent — f. Paroxys-
mal, Remittent fever — f. Periodic, Intermittent.
  Fever,  Period'ical, Febris  period'ica.  An
intermittent or remittent fever.
  Fever Pernic"ious, Febris pcrnicio'sa.  In-
termittent fever, when  attended with great dan-
ger, and which  destroys the majority of those
affected by it in the first four or five  paroxysms;
sometimes in the very first.
  Fever,  Pestilen'tial,  Febris pestilent!a'lis.
The Plague.  Also a severe case of typhus.  The
yellow fever and sweating sickness have, like-
wise, been thus designated.
  Fever,  Pestilential, of Cattle,  Murr — f.
Pituitous,  F. adeno-meningeal.
  Fever,  Pleurit'ic.  An intermittent or re-
mittent, accompanied with inflammation of the
pleura.
  Fever,  Pneumon'ic, Febris pneumodica. An
intermittent, accompanied with  inflammation of
the lungs.   Also, pneumonia.
  Fever,  Poison, see Poison.
  Fever,  Pseudo.  Irritation,  morbid.
  Fever, Puer'peral, Febrispuerperdlis,Child-
bed fever,  (F.) Filvre puerpirale.  This  name
has been  given  to several acute  diseases, su-
pervening  on delivery.  It means,  generally,  a
malignant  variety of peritonitis, which  runs its
course very rapidly, and passes into  a  typhoid
condition,  unless  met, at the very onset, by the
most  active depleting  measures.  By the  gene-
rality of practitioners, it is esteemed to  be  emi-
nently contagious;  some, however,  deny that it
is so.  See Peritonitis, and Puerperal fever.
  Fever, Puerperal Adynamic or Malignant,
see Peritonitis.
  Fever, Puking,  Milk sickness.
  Fever, Pu'rulent, Febris purulen'ta. Fever,
which accompanies suppuration.
  Fever, Putrid, Typhus gravior.
  Fever,  Quintan, Febria quintdna.   A fever,
whose paroxysms return every fifth day.   It is
seen rarely, or never.
  Fever,  Quotidian,  see Quotidian — f. Red
Tongue, see Typhus.
  Fever,  Reg'ular, Febria reguldria  seu ex-
quiai'ta.  An intermittent whose paroxysms fol-
low a determinate type.  It is opposed to atypic.
Sometimes opposed to anomaloua.
  Fever, Remittent, see  Remittent Fever — f.
Remittent,  infantile, see Fever, infantile remit-
tent— f. Remittent of children, F. infantile re-
mittent — f. Rheumatic, Rheumatism, acute — f.
Root, Triosteum perfoliatum.
  Fever,  Scorbu'tic, Febria  scorbutica.  The
febrile movement, which sometimes accompanies
scorbutus or scurvy.
  Fever, Seasoning, F.,  strangers'.
  Fever, Sec'ondary. A febrile condition, which
recurs in  certain affections after having ceased;
such as the secondary fever, which  comes on at
the time  of  the maturation  of the variolous
pustules,  or as  the eruption of scarlatina, Ac,
disappears.
  Fever,  Septan, Febris aeptdna.  An inter-
mittent, whose paroxysms recur every  six days,
and consequently on the seventh.
  Fever,  Sextan, Febria aextdna.  A  fever,
which recurs every five days, and consequently
on  the sixth.
  Fever, Ship, see Typhus.
  Fever, Simple, Febria Simplex.  Simple fever
is that which has no predominant character— 
FEVER
377
FIBRE
bilious, inflammatory, or nervous; and which is
unaccompanied  by any local determination, hy-
peremia, or complication.  It may be continued,
remittent, or intermittent.
  Fever, Simple Continued.  This is the most
favourable form of continued  fever,  and has a
tendency to  wear itself out, provided only  the
ladentiu be  avoided.   The prognosis is conse-
quently favourable, and the treatment  simple;
consisting  in perfect repose of body and mind,
abstinence,  and relieving  tho  thirst  by  cold
drinks.
  Fever,  Singul'tous, Febria  aingulto'sn  seu
tygmo'dea seu lyngo'dea.   Fever,  accompanied
with singultus or hiccough.
  Fiver, Spotted, Typhus gravior.
  Fever, Ster'coral, Febria atercordlia. Fever,
produced by an accumulation of fasces in the in-
testines.
  Fever, Stomachic, Gastric Fever.
  Fever, Strangers', Acclimating or Seaaoning
fever.   Yellow, or remittent fever, which is  en-
demic  in certain places, and to which strangers
are especially liable.
  Fever, Subcontinual, Remittent Fever.
  Fever, Subintrant, Febria aubidtrana.   An
intermittent, in which one paroxysm is scarcely
finished before the other begins.
  Fever, Sweating, Sudor Anglicus.
  Fever, Syn'copal, Febria ayncopdlia, F.  mi-
nn'tu,  (F.) Fievre ayneopale.   A variety of per-
nicious intermittent, in which  there  is, in every
paroxysm, one or more faintings.
  Fever, Synochoid, Synochus.
  Fever, Syphilit'ic, Febria ayphilitica. Fever,
accompanying syphilis, or supposed to be owing
to a syphilitic taint.
  Fever, Ter'tian,  Febria  tertidna.  A fever,
whose  paroxysm returns on the third day, and
consequently every two days.
  Fever,  Trag"ic,  Febria  Trag"ica.   A  low
fever, in which the patient declaims like an actor
during the delirium.
  Fever, Traumat'ic, Febria traumatica.   The
fever,  which supervenes on wounds or great sur-
gical operations.
  Fever, Typhoid, see Typhus — f. Typhoid, of
India, Cholera—f. Typhous,  Typhus.
  Fever, Ver'minous, Febria vermino'aa, Hcl-
minthop'yra,  Worm fever.   Fever, produced by
the presence of worms  in the  digestive  tube, or
accompanied by their expulsion.
  Fever, A'ernal, Febria verndlia.  An inter-
mittent or other fever occurring in the spring.
Vernal intermittents were  formerly  considered
Balubrious.
             " An ague in the spring
              Is physic for a king."
   Fever, Vesicular, Pemphigus.
   Fever, AVal'cheren, Gall-aickneaa.   The re-
mittents and intermittents  to which the British
troops were exposed, who were attached to the
 expedition to AValcheren, in  1809.
   Fever, AVater  Brain,  Hydrocephalus inter-
nus— f. Winter, see Tongue,  black — f. Worm,
 Verminous F.—f. AVorm, spurious, Fever, infau-
 tile remittent.
   Fever, Yellow,  Febris flava, F. seu Peatia
America'na,  Cholo'sis America'na, Ochxotyphus,
 Loimocholo'sis, F. flava Americano'rum, Pesti-
 len'tia hamagas'trica, Pestis occidenta'lis seu in-
 tertrop'ica,  Vom'itiu niger, Epan'etus  malignus
 flavus, Remittens ictero'des, Tritaoph'ya Ameri-
 ca'na,  Typhus ictero'des, F.trop'icus, F.contin'ua
pdtrida ictero'des Carotiniensis, F. Elo'dca icte-
ro'dea, Febris malig'na bilio'sa Amer'ica,  Ochrop'-
yra, Sydoehus  ictero'des, Fie~vre matelote, Febris
malig'na flava Iddia  Occidenta'lis, Ende'mial
Causus of the West Indies, Causus trop'icus en-
dent icus, Bilious remitting yellow fever, 3Inlignant
pestilential fever, Fievre jaune d'Amirique, Fievre
gastro-adynamique, Typhus miasmatique ataxique
putride jaune,  T. jaune, Vomito prieto,  Vomito
negro, 3Iul de Sium, Fievre de la Barbade, F. de
Stain, F. Ictirique, F. Gastro-hipatique,  Hama-
qas'tric Fever or Pes'tilence, Black, vomit, Febris
tox'ica,  Febris trop'ica, Typhus d'Amirique, Bu-
lam Fever, Gibraltar Fever, Barcelona Fever.   A
very acute and dangerous  febrile affection;  so
called, because  complicated, in its second stage,
with jaundice,  and accompanied by vomiting  of
black matter.  Sauvages, Cullen, and others re-
gard it as a  variety of typhus; and  Pinel, as a
species of gastro-adynamic, or bilious putrid fever.
It occurs, endemically, only within the tropics;
but it has been met with  epidemically in the
temperate regions. Broussais regards the disease
as gastro-enteritis,  exasperated by atmospheric
heat;  so that  it runs through its stages with
much greater rapidity than the gastro-enteritis
of our climates.  The yellow colour of the  skin,
according to  him,  is owing  to the inflammation
of the small intestine,—and especially of the duo-
denum,— augmenting the secretion of the liver,
and at  the same time preventing its discharge
into the duodenum.  The pathology of this affec-
tion, as well as  its origin, is  still unsettled.  The
treatment must generally be of the most active
nature at the onset; consisting in bleeding largely,
and exhibiting mercury, so as to excite a new
action, if possible; — the other symptoms being
combated according  to general principles.   It
must vary, however, according to the epidemic.
  FEVERBUSH,  Laurus benzoin, Prinos.
  FEVER DROPS, AVarburg's, see Bebeeru.
  FEVERET,  Febricula.
  FEArERFEW, Matricaria,
  FE'VERISH, Fe'veroua, Feb'riena, Febrieo'aua,
(F.) Filvreux, from febria, 'fever.'   That which
causes fever  or is  febrifdeient or febrif'ic;  as
feverish food, feverish diathesis,  Ac.  Also, the
state of one labouring under fever, Feversiek.
  FE'VERISHNESS, Febricita'tio, Febrieulos'-
ity.  The state  of having fever.  A slight febrile
disorder.
  FEVEROUS, Feverish.
  FEA7ERR00T, Pterospora andromedea.
  FEVERSICK, see  Feverish.
  FEVERTREE, Pinckneya pubens.
  FEVERAVOOD, Laurus benzoin.
  FEA^ERAVORT, Eupatorium perfoliatuw, Tri-
osteum.
  FIBER, Castor fiber.
  FIBRA, Fibre — f. Aurea, Coptis — f. Nervea,
Nerve-fibre—f. Sanguinis, Fibrin.
   FIBRiE ARCIFORMES, see Arciform.
   FIBRE, Fibra,  Is, Ctedon, Filum.  An  organic
filament, of a solid consistence, and more or less
extensible, which  enters into  the composition  of
every animal and vegetable texture.  The simple
or elementary fibre of the ancients, from  a parti-
cular assemblage and arrangement of which every
texture of the  body was conceived to be consti-
tuted, seems  entirely ideal. The moderns usually
admit,  with  Haller and Blumenbach,  three ele-
mentary fibres or tissues.  1.  The cellular or lami-
nated, formed chiefly of thin plates, of a whitish
colour and extensible, which  seems to consist of
concrete gelatin.  2. The nervous, pulpy, or med'-
ullary, formed  of a soft  substance, contained  in
a  cellular  sheath,  and  consisting  of albumen
united to a fatty matter.  3. The muscular, com-
posed of round filaments, of a grayish or reddish
colour, and formed of fibrin.  Chaussier has added
to these the albugineous fibre, but it seems  to 
                  FIBRIL

differ from the cellular fibre  only in greater con-
densation of the molecules.  See Fibrous.
  A very smaU or ultimate fibre is called a Fibril,
Fibril'la.
  Fibre, Albugineous, see  Albuginea.
  FIBRES, CONVERGING.  Nervous  fibres,
whose office it is  to'associate different portions
of the nervous centres with each  other.  They
form the Commissures.
  Fibres, Diverg"ing. The fibres composing the
columns of the medulla oblongata, which separate
in their progress to the periphery of the cerebrum
and cerebellum.—Gall and Spurzheim.
  Fibres, Remak.  Fibres  described by Remak
as peculiar to the sympathetic nerve, but which
Valentin considers to be neurilemma, and to con-
sist of fibro-cellular bundles.
  FIBRIL, see Fibre.
  FIBRILLA, Fibril — f. Muscularis, Muscular
fibre.
  FI'BRIN or Fib'rin, Fibrine, Fibri'na,  Fi-
brlne, Fibra san'guinis, 3Iate'ria fibro'sa, Lym-
pha plas'tica.  An immediate animal principle
—solid,  white, and inodorous;  insipid; heavier
than  water;  without  action  on the vegetable
blues:  elastic,  when moist;  hard  and  brittle
when dry.  It enters into the composition  of the
chyle and the blood, and forms the chief part of
the muscles of red-blooded animals.   In  certain
diseased actions,  Fibrin  or Coagulable  lymph,
gluten, is  separated from the blood, and is found
in considerable quantity on the surfaces of mem-
branes,  and in the cavities of  the  body.  See
Liquor Sanguinis.
  Fibrin is likewise a proximate principle of
vegetables, and differs but little in chemical com-
position  from animal fibrin;  nor  does it differ
much from albumen and casein.  It is, however,
more  organizable than either.  Albumen appears
to be  converted into fibrin, when  it  becomes emi-
nently adapted for the formation of living  tissue.
  Fibrin is very nutritious.
  FIBRINATION,  Fibrina'tio.  The  act  of
adding fibrin to the blood.  The  opposite to defi-
brination.
  FIB'RINOUS, Fibrino'sus. That which is com-
posed of fibrin, or has the appearance of fibrin.
  FIBRO-CARTILAGE, Fibro-cartildgo.  An
organic tissue, partaking of the nature  of the
fibrous  tissue, and of  that  of cartilage.   It is
dense, resisting, elastic, firm, supple, and flexible.
Fibro-cartilages are distinguished into,—1. Mem-
braniform, or those which serve as moulds  to cer-
tain parts, as the alas nasi and eyelids.  2. Vagi-
niform, or those  which form sheaths for the
sliding of tendons. 3. Inter articular, those  which
are met with in  the moveable articulations.  4.
Uniting, (F.) Fibro-cartilages d'union, which form
a junction between two bones, as the symphysis
pubis.  Fibro-cartilages are sometimes formed
adventitiously, as the result  of a morbid process
in different organs.
  Fibro-Cartilages, Tarsal, see Tarsus.
  FIBROMA, Tumour, fibrous.
  FIBRO-MUCOUS, Fibro-mucdsus.  Possess-
ing the nature of fibrous and of mucous mem-
branes.  A term  applied to fibrous membranes,
which are intimately  united  with  other  mem-
branes of a mucous nature, as the pituitary mem-
brane, the membrane of the urethra, Ac.
  FIBBO-SEROUS, Fibro-serdaua.   Possessing
the nature of fibrous   and  serous membranes.
Membranes, composed  of a fibrous, and a serous
sheet, intimately united : — as the Dura Mater,
Pericardium, Tunica albuginea teatie, Ac.
  FI'BROUS, Fibro'aua.  Composed of  fibres.
Certain membranes, as the  dura mater,  perios-
5                  FIDERIS

teura, ligamentous capsules of the joints, Ac, are
fibroua.  The fibroua system  of Bichat includes
the  system of organs formed  by the albugineous
fibre of Chaussier.  It comprises, particularly,
the periosteum and perichondrium ; the articular
capsules and  ligaments; the tendons; the dura
mater, pericardium,  tunica sclerotica, tunica al-
buginea testis, outer membrane of tho spleen,
Ac.   Under simple fibrous tissues, certain writers
have classed the white and yellow fibrous tissues,
and areolar tissue.   Both the yellow and the
white may be detected in the areolar tissue.  The
white is said to exist alone in ligaments, tendons,
fibrous membranes, aponeuroses, Ae.  The yellow
exists separately in  the middle coat of the arte-
ries, the chordas vocales, ligamentum nuchas of
quadrupeds,  Ac.  It differs  from the white in
possessing a high degree of elasticity.
   Fibrous Growth, Tumour, fibrous — f. Matter
of the Brain, see Cerebrum — f. Membranes, seo
Membranes, fibrous.
   FIB'ULA,  Cruris  ra'dius, Canna  minor, Os
per'one, Perone'um, Fad'ile minus, Sura, Arun'do
minor, Fistula Cruris, Tib'ia midima, Os tib'ia
minus,  'a  clasp.'  The splinter bone of the leg.
(F.) Pironi.   The long, small bone, situate at
the outer part of the leg.  The superior or tibial
extremity of the fibula is rounded and forms the
caput or head.  It is articulated with the tibia.
Its inferior or tarsal extremity is broader than
the superior.  It is articulated with the tibia and
astragalus, and forms the malleolus externus or
uter ankle  by means of its coronoid process.
The body  of  the  bone  has three faces, having
more or less prominent  edges.  It is separated
from the tibia by the interosseous  space, and is
developed by three points of ossification; one at-
the body, and one at each extremity. It prevents
the foot from turning outwards.
   FIBULAD, see Fibular Aspect.
   FIBULAR, Peroneal.
   Fibular Aspect.  An aspect towards the side
on which the fibula is situated.—Barclay.   Fib'-
ulad is used by the same writer adverbially, to
signify ' towards the fibular aspect.'
   FIBULATIO, Infibulatio.
   FIC, Ficus.
   FICAIRE, Ranunculus ficaria.
   FICARIA,  Scrophularia aquatica—f. Commu-
nis,  Ranunculus ficaria — f. Banunculoides, Ra-
nunculus ficaria—f. Verna, Ranunculus ficaria.
   FICATIO, Ficus.
   FICOSA EMINENTIA, Ficus.
   FICUS,  Syce, Sy'cea,  Sycum,  Syco'aia, Syco'-
ma, Ficdtio, Fico'aua Tumor, Fico'sa eminedtia,
3Iaris'ca, (F.) Fie.  A fleshy excrescence, often
soft  and reddish, sometimes  hard and scirrhous,
hanging by  a peduncle,  or  formed  like a fig;
occurring on the eyelids, chin, tongue, anus, or
organs  of  generation.   The  fici seated on the
last-mentioned parts are generally of a syphilitic
character.
   Ficus, F. Carica.
   Ficus Car'ica, F. commu'nis.  The systematic
name of  the fig  tree;  (F.)  Figuier.   Carica,
Ficus, Ficus  vulga'ris, Ficus commu'nis, Syce,
cvkv, (F.) Figue: the fig — Ficua, (Ph. U. S.) —
is a pleasant fruit when ripe; as well as when
dried in the  state in which  it is  found  in the
shops.  It is used, at times, in place of a cata-
plasm ; especially in gum-boils.
   Ficus Communis,  F. Carica — f. Indias  grana,
Coccus  cacti — f. Indica,  Musa paradisiaca, see
Caoutchouc and Lacca—f. Religiosa, see Lacca.
   FIDERIS, MINERAL WATERS OF.  These
waters, in the Canton of the  Grisons,  are strong,
acidulous,  and alkaline  and  possess all the vir-
tues of the class.
37 
FIDGETS
379
FIOLE
   FTDGETS.   Of doubtful etymology.   Dya-
 phor'in simplex, I). nervo'aa, En this'mna simplex,
 Titubtttio, (F.)  Fritillement.  General  restless-
 ness and troublesome uneasiness of the nerves
 and muscles; with  increased sensibility, and in-
 ability of fixing the attention, accompanied with
 a perpetual desire of changing the position.  See
 Agtireuient des Nerfs.
   FIDICIXALES,  Lumbricales manus.
   FIEL, Bile.
   FIELDAVEED,  Anthemis  cotula,  Erigeron
 Philadelphicum.
   FIEVRE,  Fever—/. d'Accis,  Intermittent
 fever—f. Adynamique, Typhus—f. Algide,  see
 Algidus—/.  d'Amour, Fever, erotic—f. Angeio-
 tiniqne, Synocha—/. Annuel/e, see Annual Dis-
 eases—/.  Ardent,  Ardent  fever,  Synocha—/.
 Ataxiqiu;  Typhus —  /'. de  la  Barbade, Fever,
 yellow—/. Bulleuse, Pemphigus—/. des Camps,
 Typhus gravior—/. Catarrhale, Catarrh—/. Ca-
 tarrhale  ipidemique, Influenza—/.  Ciribrafe, Ce-
 rebral fever—/. Ciribrale des Enfans,  Hydroce-
 phalus internus—/. Choliriquc, Choleric fever—
 /. de Consumption,  see Consumption—/. Conti-
 nentc in/lammatoire,   Synocha —/.  Dilirante,
 Fever, delirious —/. Double,  Fever, double —/.
 Doublie, Fever, double—/.  Entiro-mesentirique,
 Typhoid fever—;/'. Etique, Hectic fever—/. Gastro-
 adyiiamique,   Fever, yellow—/.  Gastro-hipa-
 tique. Fever, yellow—/. Hcctiqtic,  Hectic fever
—/. de Hongrie, Fever, Hungaric—f. d'Hdpitul,
Typhus   gravior —/.  Ictirique, Fever,  yellow—
/ In/lammatoire, Synocha—/. Intermittente, In-
termittent fever—f. Intermittente paludienne, see
Elodes—/. Irritative,  Synocha—f. Jaune d'Ami-
rique. Fever,  yellow—/. Lactie, Fever, milk—/.
de Luit, Fever, milk—-f. Laiteuse, Fever, milk —
 /. Larrie,  Fever, masked—/. Lenticulaire, Ty-
phus gravior—-/. du Levant, Plague —/. des 31a-
 rais — Intermittent Fever—/. 3Iatelote, Fever,
 yellow—;/*. 3Ieniiu/o-gnstrique, Fever, gastric—/.
 3lese.ntirique, see  Typhus —/. de  la  31oisson,
 Fever, gastric—-/. Morbilleuse, Rubeola—/. Ner-
 vense. Typhus mitior  —/. Nosocomiale, Typhus
 gravior—-/. Ortiie, Urticaria—/. Oscitante, Osci-
 tant fever—■/. Paludienne, see Elodes —/. Pirio-
 diqae, Intermittent fever—/ Piripneumonique,
 Pneumonia-^/'. Pemieiease dilirante, see Delirious
—/. Pleuritique, Pleurisy—f. des Prisons, Typhus
gravior—/. Rneumonique,  Pneumonia—/ Pour-
prie, Scarlatina—/. Puerpirale, Fever, puerpe-
ral, see Peritonitis—/.  Quarte, Quartan—/. Quo-
tidienne,  Quotidian—/ Ritnittente, Remittent
fever—/. Rhumatismale,  Rheumatism, acute —
/. Rouge, Roseolas,  Scarlatina—f. Sanguine, Sy-
nocha —/. Semiticrcc, Hemitritasa —/.  de Siam,
 Fever, yellow—/. Suante, Sudor Picardicus—/.
 Syncopate, see Fever syncopal, and Syncopal—-/.
 Tierce, Tertian fever,/.  Typho'ide, see Typhus —
 /. Visiculaire, Pemphigus.
   FIEVRE UN, Feverish.
   FIG, INDIAN, Cactus opuntia.
   FIGUE, see Ficus carica.
   FIGUIER, Ficus earica—/. d'Inde,  Cactus
 opuntia.
   FIGURA  VENOSA, Circulus venosus.
   FIGURATIO, Imagination.
   FIGURE,  Countenance.
   FIGURE,  (F.)   An epithet for a compressive
bandage,  applied over  the  head after bleeding
from the frontal vein.   It has also been called
bandage  royal.
  FIGAVORT, Scrophularia nodosa — f. Water,
greater,  Scrophularia aquatica.
  FILACEOUS, Filamentous.
  FILA  NERVEA. Nerve-fibres.
  FIL'AMENT, Filum, Filamen'tum, from filum,
 'a thread.'  This word  is  used synonymously
 with fibril; thus, we say, a nervoua or cellular
 filament or fibril.  Also, the glairy, thread-like
 substance, which forms in the urine in some dis-
 eases, and which depends on a particular secre-
 tion from the mucous membrane of the urinary
 passages.
   FILAMENTOUS, Filamento'aua.  Filaceous;
 threadlike; filiform.  Containing threadlike sub-
 stances,  as the tunica filamentoaa or decidua:
 —Filamentous  urine; urine containing thread-
 like substances.
   FILAMENTUM, Frasnum.
   FILARIA GUINEENSIS, Dracunculus —£
 Hominis bronchialis, see  Worms—f. Medinensis,
 Dracunculus—f. Oculi, see Worms.
   FILBERT, Corylus avellana.
   FILELLUM, Frasnum.
   FILET (DE LA  LANGUE,) Frasnum—/. de
 la Verge, Frasnum penis—/. Operation du, see
 Frasnum.
   FILETUM, Frasnum linguas.
   FILICULA,  Polypodium  filix  mas—f. Dulcis,
 Polypodium vulgare.
   FIL'IFORM, Filiform' is, from filum, 'a thread,'
 and forma, 'form;' having the shape of a thread;
 as  the filiform papilla of the tongue.  See Pa-
 pillas.
   FILING, Limatio.
   FILIPENDULA,  Spiraea  filipendula.
   FILIUS ANTE PATREM, Tussilago.
   FILIX FffiMINEA, Pteris aquilina —f. Flo-
 rida, Osmunda regalis—f. Mas, Polypodium filix
 mas — f. Non ramosa dentate, Polypodium filix
 mas — Nymphasa, Pteris aquilina — f. Pinnate,
 Polypodium filix mas—f. Veneris, Adiantum pe-
 datum.
  FILLE, Girl.
  FILLET, Fascia, Laqueus.
  FILTRATION, Filtra'tio, Percoldtio,  E'thi-
sis,  Ethis'mns.    A  pharmaceutical  operation,
which consists in passing a  fluid through a filter
or strainer, for the purpose  of clarifying it.  In
ancient physiology, it meant the  action by which
the different humours of  the body are separated
from the mass of the blood.
  FILTRUM.   A filter.   Any porous material;
such as sand, some kinds of freestone, powdered
charcoal, pounded glass, flannel, unsized paper,
 Ac, through which a fluid is passed for the purpose
of separating it  from the matters  suspended in it.
  FILUM,  Filament — f. Musculare, Muscular
fibre—f. Tasniaforme, Tasniola.
  Filum Termina'le.  A slender ligament, pro-
longed from the nervous sheath, formed by'the
spinal pia mater, which descends  through the
 centre  of the cauda equina, and is attached to
the dura mater, lining the canal of the coccyx.
  FIM'BRIA, Parar'ma. A band ; a fringe ; as
the fimbria or fimbriated  extremity of the  FaBo-
pian tube.
  FIMBRIA  CARNOS.E COLI,  Epiploic ap-
pendages — f. Tubarum  Fallopii, see Tube, Fal-
lopian.
  FIMUS, Bor'borus, Onihus, Stercus.  Dung:
 excrement.
  Fimus  seu Stercus An'seris, Goose-dung, was
 applied  as a poultice to the feet in malignant
 fever.  See Chenoeoprus.
  Fimus  Equi'nus, Stercus  equi non  castra'ti.
 Stone horse-dung, was once thought anti-pleuritic.
  Fimus  Vacca;, Cow-dung,  was  employed as  a
 cataplasm, especially in gout,
  FINCKLE, Anethum.
  FINGER, Digitus—f.  Ring, Annular finger—
f. Stall, Digitale.
  FINIS ASPER.E ARTERIA, Larynx.
  FIOLE, Phiala. 
                     FIR                    3'

  FIR, MOSS, UPRIGHT, Lycopodium selago
—f.  Scotch, Pinus  sylvestris — f. Spruce, Nor-
way,  Pinus abies — f.  Tree,  silver,  European,
Pinus picea—f. Yew-leaved, Pinus abies.
 _ FIREDAMP, Hydrogen, carburetted—f. Per-
sian, Anthracion—f. St. Anthony's, Erysipelas—
f. Weed, Erechthites hieracifolia,  Seneeio.
  FIRING, Cauterization.
  FISHSKIN, Ichthyosis.
  FISH-TONGUE.  An instrument — so called
from its shape—used by some dentists for the re-
moval of the dentes sapientias.
  FISSICULATIO, from fissiculare, 'to cut off,'
'open,' 'make incisions.'  An old word for an
opening made with  a scalpel.
  FISSIPARITE, see Generation.
  FISSIPAROUS,  see  Generation.
  FISSURA, Fissure—f. Capillorum, Distrix—f.
Contrajacens, Contra-fissura—f. Cerebri longitu-
dinalis, Fissure,  longitudinal, of the Brain — f.
Magna vulvas, see Rima — f. Pilaris, Trichismus.
  Fissu'ra Longitudina'lis, Ante'rior et Pos-
te'rior.  Two vertical fissures  in the  median
line, in front of, and behind, the  medulla oblon-
gata, which divide it superficially into  two sym-
metrical lateral columns.
  Fissura Transversa Magna  Cerebri, Fis-
sure, transverse, of  the Brain.
  FISSURE, Fissu'ra, Schisma, Scissdra, Rhege,
Rhegma, Rhegmus,  from findere, 'to cleave;' a
long and narrow cleft or opening in  a bone —
Rhage, payv, Ceasma, Ktacpa.  (F.) Fissure, Fente.
  Fissure has various acceptations.   1. A frac-
ture,  Catag'ma fissu'ra, in  which the  bone  is
cracked, not separated,  as in fracture.  2. A nar-
row, long, and superficial solution of continuity,
around the external  openings  of the  mucous
membranes.  A sort of chap,  observed  on the
hands,  particularly  on the  callous  hands, of
workmen, in  certain mechanical employments.
3. Small, chapped ulcerations, sometimes noticed
in young children, owing to the contact of the
fasces and urine with the fine delicate skin of the
thighs, nates, and genital organs.  4. Clefts of a
more or less deep  nature, occurring on the ge-
nital organs in the vicinity of the anus,  in those
labouring  under syphilis.   These  are usually
called rhagades.  See Monster.
  Fissure  of Bichat, Fissure, transverse, of
the Brain—f. Capillary, see Pilatio.
  Fissure, Central.   The aggregate  of the ca-
vities or ventricles  of the brain.   Meckel consi-
ders this but one  cavity in the form of a cross.
  Fissure of  Glaser, Fissure,  glenoid — f. of
Glaserius, F. Glenoid.
  Fissure, Glenoid, Fissure of Glaser or Glase'-
rius,  (F.) Fissure ou Scissure  de Glaser, Fente
glenoidale  ou Filure de Glaser, divides  the gle-
noid cavity of the temporal bone into  two parts,
and gives passage to the chorda tympani, Ac.
  Fissure of  the Helix.  A small vertical fis-
sure of the helix of the  ear, a little above the
tubercle for the attachment of the attrahens aurem
muscle.
  Fissure, Infraorbitar, Suborbitar fissure.
  Fissure, Longitudinal,  of the Brain, Fis-
su'ra -cer'ebri longitudina'lis.   The space which
separates the two hemispheres of the brain.
  Fissure, Orbitar, see Orbitar fissure—f. Or-
bitar, inferior,  Spheno-maxillary fissure — f. Or-
bitar, superior, Sphenoidal Fissure.
  Fissure of  Rolan'do.  A transverse fissure
placed between two superior cerebral  convolu-
tions, which are  met with  above the fissure of
Sylvius.
  Fissure, Semilu'nar.  A notch at the ante-
rior edge of the cerebellum, where it  receives
0                FISTULA

fibres which connect it to the cerebellum and
mesocephalon.
   Fissure of Syl'vius, Fissu'ra vel Fossa 3Iag-
na Sylvii.  A deep, narrow sulcus, which ascends
obliquely backwards from the temporal ala of the
sphenoid bone, near to the middle of the parietal
bone, and which parts  the anterior and  middle
lobes of the cerebrum on each side.
   Fissure of Sylvius, A*entricle, fifth.
   Fissure of the Tragus. A fissure on the an-
terior surface of the  tragus of the ear.
   Fissure, Transverse  of  the Brain, Great
transverse fissure, Fissure of Bichat, Fissu'ra seu
Rima  transvcr'sa magna cer'ebri.   A  fissure,
which passes beneath and behind the edge of the
middle lobe of the brain, and extends  beneath
the hemisphere of one  side to the same point of
the opposite side.
   FIST, A. S. J."y?'c, trvypv, Pygme, Pugnus, (F.)
Poing.   The clenched hand.
   FISTULA,  Syrinx, Syridga, Aulas—when of
a small size, Aulis'cos.  A solution of continuity,
of greater or less depth and sinuosity;  the open-
ing of which is narrow, and the disease kept up
by an altered texture of  parts, so that  it is  not
disposed to  heal. A fistula is incomplete or blind,
when it has but one opening;  and complete when
there are two, the one communicating with  an
internal cavity, the other  externally.  It is lined,
in its whole course, by a membrane, which seems
analogous  to mucous  membranes.   Incomplete
fistula  may be internal or external.  The former
are those which open internally ;  the latter those
which open externally.  External incomplete fis-
tula are kept  up by caries or necrosis of bones,
by extraneous  bodies in  any of  the living tex-
tures, or by purulent cavities, the walls of which
have not become united.  Internal incomplete fis-
tula generally  soon  become complete,  since the
discharge that  escapes from them into the cavi-
ties  into which they open, has a constant ten-
 dency to make its way outwardly, and soon oc-
 casions  ulceration of the integuments.  Fistulas
have received  different names, according to the
 discharge which they afford, and the  organs in
 which they are seated, — as lachrymal,  biliary,
 salivary, synovial,  urinary — Fis'tula  uri'na,
 U'rias.  The great object of treatment, in fistu-
lous sores, is to bring on  an altered condition of
the parietes of the canal,  by astringent or stimu-
lating injections, caustics, the knife, pressure, Ac.
 Those which are dependent  on  diseased bone,
 cartilage, tendon, Ac, do not heal until after the
 exfoliation of the diseased part.   Fistulas of ex-
 cretory ducts are  produced either by an  injury
 of the duct itself or by the retention  and accu-
mulation of the fluids to which they have to give
passage.  Thus, Fis'tulu  lachryma'lis,  Dacryo-
syr'inx, Emphrag'ma lachrymdle, Hgdrops sacci
 lachryma'lis, Dropsy of the lachrymal  sac, com-
 monly proceeds from the  obliteration of the nasal
 ducts, or from atony of  the lachrymal sac; which
 circumstances prevent the tears from passing into
 the nostrils.
   Fistula in Ano, Archosyr'inx, generally occurs
from some  mechanical  pressure  or impediment.
 The principal indication in the treatment of these
 fistulas of the excretory canals being to put a stop
 to the constant discharge of the secretions, Ac,
 through the preternatural channel, the fistulous
 passage is at times laid open, and a communica-
tion established with the natural excretory canal;
at others, strong pressure is employed  to procure
its obliteration.
   Fistula  Belliniana, Uriniferous tube—f. Ci-
balis,  Oesophagus—f.  Cruris,  Fil-ula—f. Durao
matris, Sinus of the  dura mater—f. Lachrymalis,
see Fistula—f. Nervorum, Neurilemma—f. Sacra, 
F1STULES STERCORAIRES      381
FLEXOR
 Medulla spinalis, Vertebral column—f. Spiritalis,
 Trachea—f. Urinaria, Urethra—f. Ureterum re-
 num, see Calix—f. Urinas, see Fistula—f. Ventri-
 culi, O-'sophagus.
   FISTULES STERCORAIRES,, see Sterco-
 raceous.
   FISTULOUS, Fistuldsus, Syring"icus, Syrin-
 go'ihts.  Relating to, or resembling, a fistula;  as
 ' a fistulous opening.'
   FIT-ROOT, Monotropa uniflora.
   FITS, NINE DAY, Trismus nascentium.
   FIVE FINGERS,  Panax  quinquefolium.
   FIXATIO  MOXOXfEA, Melancholy.
   FIXED, Fixua,  from flgere, 'to fasten.'  A
 body not capable  of  being volatilized by fire is
 said to be fixed.  Thus, we say fixed oils, in con-
 tradistinction to volatile oils.
   FIXEN, MINERAL AVATERS OF.    This
 spring is four leagues from AValdsassen, in Bava-
 ria.  It contains carbonic acid, holding in solu-
 tion carbonates  of lime and  magnesia, chlorides
 of lime  and  magnesia, carbonate of  soda and
 silica,   In Bavaria, it replaces the Seltzer water.
   FIXI DENTES. The teeth of the second den-
 tition.
   FLABELLA'TTON, Flabclldtio, from flabel-
 lare, to  agitate the air.  An operation recom-
 mended  by Ambrose Pari,  which consists  in
 keeping  fractured  limbs  cool,  as well as the
 dressings surrounding them,  by the renewal of
 the  air around them, either by the use of a fan,
 or the repeated change of position of the  parts
 affected.
   FLABELLUM  ET  VENTILABRUM  COR-
 DIS, Pulmo.
   FLACCID'ITY, Flaccid'itas, from  flaccidus,
 'flabby,' 'soft'  Softness of a part, so as to offer
 little resistance on pressure.
   FLAG, BLUE, Iris versicolor — f. Dwarf, Iris
 lacustris — f. Myrtle,  Acorus  calamus — f. Root,
 Acorus calamus.
   FLAGELLATIO, Mastigosis.
   FLA3IRE, Iris Germanica—/. Bdtard, Iris
 pseudacorus.
   FLAMROISE, Ignis sylvaticus.
   FLAME, VITAL, Vital principle.
   FLAM.MA, Fleam—f. Cordis, Biolychnium—f.
 Vitalis, Biolychnium.
   FLA3I3IE, Fleam—/. Vitale, Vital principle.
   FLA313IETTE, Fleam.
   FLAMMON, Lachesis rhombeata.
   FLAA1AIULA, Fleam, Ranunculus ficaria — f.
 Cordis, Biolychnium—f. Jovis, Clematis recta —
 f.  Vitalis, Animal heat, Biolychnium, Vital prin-
 ciple.
   FLANCKS, Flanks.
   FLANKS, R'ia, Ilea, La'gones, Lap'ara, Ce-
 neo'ncs, (F.) Flancs, Les ties.   The regions of the
 body which extend, on the sides, from the  infe-
 rior margin of the chest to the crista ilii.
   FLAP,  (F.) Lambeau. A portion of the  soft
 parts of the body separated from those beneath,
 but still attached by the base.  Hence there may
 be 'flap wounds,'  (F.)  Plaica d lambcaux,  and
 'flap operations,' (F.) Operations d lambcaux.
   Flap Operation of Amputation, Amputation
 ei  lambcaux.
   FEAT TOP, Vernonia Neveboracensis.
   FLATUARTUS, Alehymist.
   FLAT'ULEXCE, Flatuledtia, Flatus, Flotu-
os'itas, Airiflux'us, Pneumato'sis  vcntric'uli et
Pn.  enter'ica.  Pneumatosis,   Bdes'ma, Hyper-
pneus'tia,  Clydon,  Physa, Polyphy'sia, Limo'sia
Fhitus, Ercux'is,  Bombus,  Flatuos'ity,  Wind,
 Wind'ineaa, Ventos'ity,  Vapour, (F.)   Ventoaiti,
Flotuositl.   Emission  of wind by the mouth or
anus, or accumulation of wind in  the  digestive
tube.
   FLATULENT. Windy.
   FLATULENTIA, Flatulence.
   FLATUOSITE, Flatulence.
   FLATUOSITY, Flatulence.
   FLATUS, Crepitation, Flatulence—f. Furiosus,
 Ambulo-flatulentus—f. Spinas, Spina ventosa.
   FLAVEDO  CORTICUM  CITRI,  see Citrus
 medica.
   FLAVOUR, from (E.) flairer, 'to smell.'  The
 quality of a sapid body, which is appreciated by
 the taste and  smell  combined, and  more espe-
 cially by the latter.  Some physiologists consider
 that flavour is  effected through the smell alone.
   FLAVUS, Yellow.
   FLAX, COMMON, Linum usitatissimum—f.
 Purging, Linum catharticum—f. Seed, see Linum
 usitatissimum—f. Seed tea, Infusum lini compo-
 situm—f. Toad, Antirhinum linaria.
   FLEA, COMMON, Pulex irritans.
   FLEABANE, GREAT,  Conyza squarrosa—f.
 Ararious-leaved, Erigeron heterophyllum—f. Bane,
 Canada,  Erigeron Canadense — f. Philadelphia,
 Erigeron Philadelphicum — f. Skevish, Erigeron
 Philadelphicum.
   FLEAM,  Flamma,  Flam'mula,  Schaste'rion,
 Fosso'rium,  Phlebotomum.   A  surgical  instru-
 ment used for the operation of phlebotomy.  (F.)
 Flamme,  Flammette.  It consists of a small me-
 tallic box, containing a spear-pointed cutting in-
 strument, which, by means of a  spring, can be
 forced into the vein.   It is much used in Ger-
 many  and some other European countries, and is
 not unfrequently  employed in America; but  is
 scarcely ever seen in France or Great Britain.
   FLEAAVORT, Plantago psyllium.
   FLECHISSEUR,  Flexor—/. Court commun
 des orteils,  Flexor brevis  digitorum  pedis—/
 Court  du petit doigt, Flexor parvus minimi digiti
 —/ Court du petit orteil, Flexor brevis minimi di-
 giti pedis—/. Profond des doigts, Flexor  profun-
 dus perforans—/. Sublime des doigts, Flexor sub-
 lines perforates—/. Superficiel des doigts, Flexor
 sublimis perforates—f. Court du gros orteil, Flexor
 brevis pollicis pedis—/. Grand commun des orteils,
 Flexor longus digitorum pedis  profundus perfo-
 rans—/.  Long  commun des orteils, Flexor longus
 digitorum pedis profundus perforans—/. Long du
 gros orteil, Flexor longus pollicis pedis—/. Court
 du Pouce, Flexor brevis pollicis munus.
   FLECTENS PAR  LUMBORUM,  Quadratus
 lumborum.
   FLEGMEN,  Flemen.
   FLEMEN, Flegmen.   A  tumour  about the
 ankles.  Also, a chap on the feet and  hands.
   FLERECIN, Gout.
   FLESH, Caro, Sarx, (F.) Chair.  Every soft
 part of an animal  is  so named; but more parti-
 cularly the  muscles, which are called muacular
 flesh.
   Flesh, Proud, Fungosity.
   FLETUS, Lachrymatio.
   FLEURS, Flowers, Menses—/*. Blanches, Leu-
 corrhcea—/. de 31\iacade, Mace—/ de  Soufre,
 Sulphur sublimatum.
   FLEXIBILITY, Flexibilitaa, from flcctere,
 'to bend.'  Capability of being bent.   A physi-
 cal property of  the tissues, which varies greatly
 according to the structure.  The tendons exhibit
 this property in a marked manner.
   FLEXIO, Campsis, Flexion.
   FLEX'ION, Flex'io. Cumpe, from flectere, 'to
bend.'  The state of  being bent.  The action of
a flexor muscle.
   FLEXOR. Same  etymon.  (F.) Fliehisscur.
A  muscle, whose office it is to bend certain parts.
   Flexor Brevis  Digito'rum Pedis Perfora'-
tus,  F. Sublimis,  Flexor brevis, Flexor digito'-
rum brevis sive perforatus pedis, Perfora'tus  seu 
FLEXOR
382
FLEXOR
flexor secun'di  interno'dii  digito'rum pedia,
Cdlcanio - aoua - phalangettien  commun,— Calca-
nio - 80ua -phalanginien commun, — (Ch.)   (F.)
3Iuscle court flichiaaeur commun dea  orteila.  A
muscle, placed at the  middle of the  sole of the
foot.   It is narrower  and thicker behind  than
before, where it is divided into four portions.  It
arises from the posterior part of the inferior sur-
face  of the os calcis, and is inserted at  the  infe-
ferior surface of the second phalanx  of the last
four  toes.   It bends the second phalanges of the
toes  on the first,  and the  first on the metatarsal
bones; in this manner augmenting the concavity
of the vault of the foot.
  Flexor  Brevis Minimi Digiti, F.  parvus mi-
nimi digiti.
  Flexor Brevis Min'imi Dig"iti Pedis, Pord-
thenar minor, (F.) Court flichiaaeur du petit orteil,
Tarso-sous-phdlangien du petit orteil — (Ch.)  A
muscle, situate at the  anterior and outer part of
the sole of the foot. It arises from the posterior
extremity of the fifth metatarsal bone, and is in-
serted into the posterior part of the first phalanx
of the little toe, which  it bends.
  Flexor  Brevis  Pol'licis  Manus, Flexor se-
cun'di interno'dii,  Thenar, Flexor primi et se-
cun'di ossis pol'licis,  (F.)  Court flichisseur du
pouce, Carpophalangien  du pouce — (Ch.) Demi-
interosseux  du pouce.  A muscle, situate at the
outer part of the palm  of the hand.   It is di-
vided  into  two  portions  by the  tendon of the
Flexor longus pollicis.  It  arises from the  os
magnum,  the anterior annular ligament of the
carpus and the third metacarpal bone  ;  and is
inserted into the superior part of the first  pha-
lanx of the thumb, and into the two ossa sesa-
moidea at  the articulation of the first phalanx
with the first metacarpal bone.   Its use is to bend
the first phalanx of tKe thumb on the first meta-
carpal bone, and the latter upon the trapezium.
  Flexor Brevis Pol'licis Pedis, Flexor brevis,
Flexor hallucis vel brevis pol'licis, (F.) Tarso-
phalangien  du pouce,  Court flichisseur du gros
orteil,  Tarso-sous-phalangettien du premier orteil
— (Ch.)  Itis situate  at the anterior and inner
part of the sole of the foot; is thin and narrow
behind, thick and divided into two portions be-
fore.  It arises from the inferior part of the os
calcis and the last  two cuneiform bones, and is
inserted at the inferior part of the base of the
first  phalanx of the great toe, and into the two
sesamoid bones of the  corresponding metatarso-
phalangian articulation.  It bends the first  pha-
lank of the great toe on the first metacarpal bone.
  Flexor  Carpi Radialis, Palmaris magnus —
f. Carpi ulnaris, see Cubital (muscles)—f. Hallu-
cis, F. brevis pollicis pedis —f. Hallucis longus,
F. longus pollicis pedis.
  Flexor Longus Digito'rum Pedis Profun-
dus Per'forans ; Per'forans seu Flexor profud-
das,  Perodactyle'us,  Peronodactylius,   Perono-
dactylia'ua, Peronedoctyl'iua, Flexor digito'rum
longua sive Perforona pedia, Perforans seu Flexor
tertii internodii digito'rum pedis; (F.) Tibio-pha-
langettien—(Ch.), Grand ou long flichiaaeur com-
mun dea orteila.  A muscle, situate at the poste-
rior and deep-seated part of the leg. It is broader
at its middle than at its extremities, the inferior of
which is divided into four portions.   It arises
from the posterior  surface of the tibia, and its
tendons are attached to the posterior part of the
lower surface of the three phalanges  of the last
four  toes.   It bends the three phalanges on  each
other, and  the toes on the metatarsus, and ex-
tends the foot on  the leg.
  The Accesso'riu8 Flexo'ria Longi  Digito'rum
Pedia, Cnro quadra'ta  Sylvii,  C. acccaao'ria,
Massa car'nea Jaco'bi Sylvii, Plantdris verus,
(F.) Accessoire du  long flichisseur commun  del
orteils, Carrie, is a small muscle of the sole of the
foot, which passes  obliquely from the  os calcis
to the outer edge of the flexor longus, whose force
it augments, and corrects its obliquity.
  Flexor Longus Pol'licis Manus, Flexor lon-
gus pollicis, Flexor tertii interno'dii, Flexor  ter-
tii internodii sive longis'simus pollicis;  (F.) Ra-
dio-phalangettien du pouce, — (Ch.)  Situate at
the anterior  and profound  part of the forearm.
It arises from the upper three quarters of the an-
terior surface of the radius and interosseous liga-
ment, and is inserted, by a  tendon, into the  an-
terior surface of the last phalanx of the thumb.
It bends the second phalanx of the thumb on the
first; the first on the corresponding metacarpal
bone, and this upon the radius.  It  can, also,
bend the hand on the forearm.
  Flexor Longus Pollicis Pedis, Flexor Hal-
lucis vel Pollicia longua, (F.) Peronio-phalangien
du groa orteil, Long flichisseur du gros orteil, Pi-
ronio-sous-Phalangettien du pouce,—(Ch.)  It is
situate at the posterior and  profound part of  the
leg.  It arises from the posterior surface of  the
fibula and the interosseous  ligament, and is  in-
serted, by means of a long tendon, into the infe-
rior part of the first phalanx of the great toe.  It
bends the third phalanx on the  first,  and this
upon the corresponding metatarsal bone. It aug-
ments the concavity of the  sole of the  foot, and
extends the foot on the leg.
  Flexor Parvus Min'imi Dig"iti,  Abduc'tor
minimi digiti, Hypoth'enar Riola'ni, Flexor bre-
vis minimi digiti manlls, Hypoth'enar minimi, di-
giti, (F.) Carpo-phalangien du petit doigt—(Ch.),
Court flichisseur du petit doigt.   It arises from
the anterior annular ligament of the carpus and
the process of the os unciforme, and is inserted at
the inner side of the superior extremity of  the
first phalanx of the little finger.   It bends  the
first phalanx of the little finger.
  Flexor Perforans, F. profundus perforans—
f. Perforates, F. sublimis  perforates—f. Primi
internodii, Opponens pollicis—f. Primi internodii
digitorum  manus,  Lumbricalis  manus — f. Primi
et secundi ossis pollicis, F. brevis pollicis manus.
  Flexor Profun'dus Per'forans, F. Profun-
dus, F.  Per'forans, F. Per'forans vulgo profun-
dus, Flexor ter'tii interno'dii digito'rum manus
vel Per'forans mantis; (F.) Cubito-phalangettien
commun — (Ch.,) Flichisseur profond  des doigta.
A thick,  flat, long muscle, seated beneath  the
Flexor aublimia perforatua.  Its upper extremity
is simple, and arises from the anterior surface of
the ulna and from the interosseus ligament.  Its
inferior  extremity terminates by four tendons,
which, after having passed  through the slits in
the aublimia,  are inserted into the anterior sur-
face of the last phalanges of the four fingers.   It
bends the third phalanges on the second, and, in
other respects, has the same use  as the flexor
sublimis perforates.
  Flexor Secundi Internodii Digitorum Pedis,
F. brevis digitorum pedis—f. Tertii internodii, F.
longus pollicis manus—f. Tertii internodii digito-
rum mantis, F. profundus perforans—f.  Tertii in-
ternodii digitorum pedis,  F. longus  digitorum
pedis profundus perforans — f. Ossis  metacarpi
pollicis, Opponens pollicis — f. Perforates pedis,
F. brevis digitorum pedis—f. Sublimis, F. brevis
digitorum pedis.
  Flexor Subli'mis Perfora'tus, F.  Perford-
tua, (F.)  Flichiaaeur aublime ou  anperficiel des
doigta, Epitroklo-phalanginien commun, — (Ch.)
It is a  thick, flat, muscle,  seated  at the anterior
part of the forearm.  Its upper extremity, which
is simple, arises from the internal condyle of the
os humeri; — from the coronoid process of  the 
FLIXWEED
383
FLUSH
ulna, and from the anterior  edge  of the radius.
Its lower extremity  divides into  four tendons,
which slide under the anterior  annular ligament
of the  carpus, and are inserted into the second
phalanges of the last four fingers, after having
been slit to allow the tendons  of the flexor pro-
fundus to pass through them. This muscle bends
the second phalanges on the first; these on the
carpal bones, and the hand on  the forearm.
   FLEXURA, Curvature—f. Sigmoidea, Sigmoid
flexure.
   FLIXWEED, Sisymbrium sophia.
   FLOCCI, see Villous membranes.
   FLOOCILATION, Carphologia.
   FLOCCILEGIUM, Carphologia.
   FLOCCTTATIOX, Carphologia.
   FLOCCORUM VENATIO,  Carphologia.
   FLOCCULI, see A'illous membranes.
   FLOCCULUS; diminutive  offloccus, 'a lock
of wool'—Pneumogaa'trie lob'ule, Lob'ulua pneu-
mogaa'tricua.   A iong  and slender  prominence,
extending from  the side of the vallecula around
the corpus restiforme to the  crus cerebelli, lying
behind the filaments of the pneumogastric nerves.
   FLOR DE 3IISTELA, see Mistura.
   FLORENCE, CLIMATE  OF.  This agreeable
Italian city is by no means a favourable residence
for tho  phthisical invalid.   Sir James Clark af-
firms, indeed, that he does  not know any class
of invalids  for whom Florence offers a  favourable
residence.  It is subject to sudden vicissitudes
of temperature,  and to cold, piercing winds du-
ring the  winter and spring.
   FLORES BENZOES,  Benjamin, flowers  of—
f. Boracis, Boracic acid—f. Macidos, see Myristica
moschata—f. Macis,  Mace—f. Martiales, Ferrum
ammoniatum—f. Salis ammoniaci martiales, Fer-
rum ammoniatum.
   FLORIDA, CLIMATE OF, see Saint Augus-
tine.
   Florida, Waters of.  Near Long Lake, in
Florida,  United States, which communicates with
 St. John's River by a small creek, there is a vast
fountain of hot mineral water, issuing from  a
bank of the river.  From its odour it would seem
to be sulphureous.
   F LOR ION, Influenza.
   FLOS, Anthoa. A flower.  Also,, the finest and
noblest part of a body, and virginity.
   Flos,  Jovis, Crocus—f. Salis, Soda, subcarbo-
nate  of—f.   Sanguineus  monardi,  Tropasolum
majus — f.  Trinitatis, Alola tricolor — f. Virgini-
tatis. Hymen.
   FLOUR, COLD, Pinoli.
   Flour, Patent, Jones's.  A farinaceous pre-
paration, which  is said to consist of wheat-flour,
with tartaric acid and carbonate of soda.
   Flour, Potato, see Solanum tuberosum.
   FLOAVER DE LUCE, Iris  Germanica.
   FLOAVERS, Flores, (F.) Fleurs.  The ancient
 chymist s gave this name to different solid  and
 volatile  substances obtained by sublimation. The
 term is  not yet entirely banished from chymical
 and medical language, as Flowers of Benjamin,
 Flowers of Sulphur,  Ac.
   Flowers, Menses.
   Flowers, FourCarmin'ative, Qualuor flores
 carminati'vi, were chamomile,  dill, fever-few, and
 melilot
   Flowers, Four Cordial, Qualuor flores cor-
 dia'l<s, were formerly, borage,  bugloss, roses, and
 violets.
   FLUCTUATIO, Fluctuation—f. Aurium, Tin-
 nitus aurium.
   FLUCTUATION,  Fluctua'tio, from fluctus,
 'a wave;'  Undula'tio, (F.) Ondulation.  The un-
 dulation of a fluid  collected  in any  natural or
 artificial cavity, which is felt by pressure or by
percussion, properly practised—peripheric fluctu-
ation.  In ascites,  the fluctuation is felt by one
of the hands being  applied to one side of the ab-
domen, whilst the  other side is struck with the
other hand.  In abscesses, fluctuation is perceived
by pressing on the tumour, with one or two fingers
alternately, on opposite points.
  Fluctuation Peripheric, see Fluctuation—f.
Rhonchal, see Rhonchal — f. by Succussion, see
Succussion.
  FLUELLEN, Antirhinum  elatine.
  FLUELLIN, Veronica.
  FLUEURS, Menses—/.  Blanches,  Leucor-
rhcea.
  FLUID, Flu'idus, from /were,.' to flow.'   The
human body is chiefly  composed of fluids.  If
one, weighing 120  pounds, be thoroughly  dried
in an oven,  the remains  will be found not to
weigh more than 12 or 13 pounds; so  that the
proportion of fluids  to liquids in the body  is
about 9 or 10 to 1.

   Table of  Fluids  of the Human Body.
1.  Blood.
2.  Lymph.
3.  Exhaled or
  Perspiratory.
4.  Follicular.
5.  Glandular.
 Transpiration of the mucous,
   serous, and synovial mem-
   branes ; of the areolar mem-
   brane ; of the adipous cells ;
   of the medullary membrane;
   of the interior of the thyroid
   gland; of the thymus; supra-
   renal  capsules ;  eye;  ear ;
   vertebral  canal, Ac.
' Sebaceous humour of the skin;
   cerumen ; gum of the  eye ;
   mucus of the mucous glands
   and  follicles;  that of  the
   tonsils, of the  glands of the
   cardia, the  environs of the
   anus,  the prostate, Ac.
Tears; saliva; pancreatic fluid;
   bile; cutaneods transpiration;
   urine; fluid of the glands of
   Cowper;  sperm;  milk;  of
   the  testes  and mammas  of
   the new-born child.
  Fluid, Cephalo-rachidian, Cephalo - spinal
fluid—f. Cephalo-spinal, Cephalo-spinal fluid—f.
Cerebro-spinal,  Cephalo-spinal fluid—f. of Scar-
pa,  Vitrine auditive—f. Subarachnoidean, Cepha-
lo-spinal fluid. x
  FLUIDE SE3IINAL, Sperm.
  FLUIDUM NERVEUM,  Nervous  fluid —f.
Cerebro-spinale, Cephalo-spinal fluid.
  FLUKE, Distoma hepaticum—f. Liver, Disto-
ma hepaticum.
  FLUMEN  DYSENTERICUM,  Dysentery.
  FLUMMERY, (Scotch) Sou ens.  A preparation
of oatmeal, which forms a light article of food
during convalescence.  It may be made as fol-
lows :—Take  of oatmeal or groats,  a quart.  Rub
with two quarts of hot water,  and let the mixture
stand until it becomes sour; then add another
quart of hot water, and strain through a hair sieve.
Let it  stand  till a white sediment is deposited;
decant, and wash the sediment with cold water.
Boil this with fresh water till it forms a mucilage,
stirring the whole time.
  FLUOR, Flux—f. Albus Intestinorum, Coeliac
flux—f. Albus malignus, Gonorrhoea impura—f.
Muliebris, Leucorrhcea — f. Muliebris non Galli-
cus, Leucorrhcea — f.  Sanguinis pulmonum, Has-
moptysis—f. Sanguinis vesicas, Cystorrhagia.
  FLUSH, Flushing, (F.) Rongeurs; from  (G.)
Fliessen,  'to flow.  The redness produced by
accumulation of blood in the  capillaries  of the 
FLUX
384
FCETUS
face; as the sudden 'flush' or 'blush of emotion :' '
the 'flush of hectic'
  FLUX, Fluxua, Proflu'vium, Fluor, from fluere,
'to flow.'  A discharge.  Rhysia.F In nosology,
it  comprises a  series  of affections, the principal
symptom  of which is  the  discharge  of a  fluid.
Generally it is employed for dysentery.
  Flux, Bilious, Fluxus bilio'sus.  A discharge
of bile, either  by vomiting  or  by stool,  or by
both, as in cholera.
  Flux, Bloody, Dysentery—/. de Bouche, Sa-
livation—/. Bronchique, Bronchorrhcea—/ Dy-
sentirique, Dysentery—f. Hemorrhoidal, see Has-
morrhois—/. Hipatique, Hepatirrhcea—f.  Men-
strual, Menses —/. Muqueux, Catarrh —/. Mu-
queux de Festomac,  Gastrorrhcea—/. 3Iuqueux de
la vessie,  Cystirrhcea — f. Root, Asclepias  tube-
rosa —/. Salivaire, Salivation —/ de Song, Has-
morrhagia, Dysentery—f. Sebaceous, Stearrhcea
—/ de Sperme,  Spermatorrhoea:—/ de Sueur,
Ephidrosis — f. AVeed, Sysimbrium  sophia —/.
d'Urine, Diabetes—/. de Ventre, Diarrhoea.
  FLUXIO, Fluxion —f. Alba, Leucorrhcea — f.
Arthritica, Gout—f. Vulvas, Leu ".orrhoea.
  FLUX'ION,  Flux'io,  Afflux na   A  flow of
blood or other humour towards any organ with
greater  force  than  natural.  A determination.
Thus  we  say,  in  those  disposed to apoplexy,
there  is a fluxion or determination of blood to
the head.
  FLUXION CATARRHALE, Catarrh—/, sur
les Dents, Odontalgia.
  FLUXION DE POITRINE, (F.)  By this
name, the French often understand acute pulmo-
nary  catarrh, or pleurisy, but most  commonly
peripneumony.
  FLUXUS, Discharge—f. Alvinus, Diarrhoea,—
f. Chylosus, Coeliac flux—f. Cceliacus, Cceliac flux
— f. Cceliacus per Renes, Chyluria — f. Cruentus
cum tenesmo, Dysentery — f. Dysentericus, Dy-
sentery—f. Hepaticus, Hepatirrhcea, see Hepate-
ros—f. Lientericus, Lientery—f.  Lunaris, Menses
—f. Matricis, Leucorrhcea—f. Menstrualis,  Men-
struation— f. Menstruus, Menses—f. Muliebris,
Leucorrhcea—f. Salivas, Salivation—f. Splenicus,
Melasna — f.  Venereus, Gonorrhoea impura — f.
Ventriculi, Gastrorrhcea.
   FLYTRAP, Apocynum androsasmifolium.
   FOC'ILE.   This name was formerly given to
the bones of the leg, as well as  to those of the
forearm.
   Focile Majus, Tibia — f. Inferius seu majus,
Ulna—f. Minus,  Fibula—f. Minus seu superius,
Radius.
   FCECUNDATIO, Fecundation.
   FCECUNDITAS, Fecundity.
   FCECUNDUS,  Fecund.
   FCEDI COLORES, Chlorosis.
   FCEMEN, Perinasum.
   FCEMINA, Female.
   FCEMINESCENTIA, Feminescence.
   FCENICULUM, Anethum—f. Aquaticum, Phel-
landrium aquaticum—f. Erraticum, Peucedanum
silaus — f. Marinum,  Crithmum maritimum — f.
Officinale, Anethum — f. Porcinum, Peucedanum
—f. Vulgare, Anethum.
   FCENUGREEK, Trigonella fcenum.
   FCENUM CAMELORUM, Juncus odoratus—
f. Grascum, Trigonella fcenum.
   FCETAB'ULUM. An encysted abscess.—Mar-
cus Aurelius Severinus.
   FCETAL, Faitdlis.   Relating  to the foetus.  A
name, given to the parts connected with the foetus.
Thus we say — the foetal surface of the placenta,
in contradistinction to the uterine  or  maternal
surface.
   Fcetal  Circulation differs from that of the
adult in several respects.   Commencing with the
placenta, where itprobably undergoes some change
analogous to what occurs in tho lungs in extra-
uterine existence, the blood proceeds by the um-
bilical vein as far as the liver, where a part of it is
poured into the vena porta; the other proceeds into
the vena cava inferior; the latter, having received
the suprahepatic veins,  pours  its blood into the
right auricle.  From the right, auricle, a part of
the blood  is sent into the right ventricle ; the rest
passes directly through  into the left auricle, by
the foramen  ovale.  AVhen  the right  ventricle
contracts, the blood  is sent into the pulmonary
artery; but as the function of respiration  is not
going on, no more blood passes to the lungs than
is necessary  for  their nutrition; the remaindor
goes directly through the ductus arteriosus into
the aorta. The blood, received by the left auricle
from  the  lungs,  as  well  as that  which passed
through the  foramen ovale, is transmitted into
the left ventricle; by the contraction of which it
is sent into the aorta, and by means of the um-
bilical arteries, which arise from the hypogastric,
it is returned to the placenta.
  Fcetal  Head.  The  diameters of this at the
full period are as follows:—1.  The Biparietul or
transverse, extending from one parietal protube-
rance to the other, and measuring 34 inches.   2.
The Temporal,  from one temple  to another, 3 '
inches.  3. The Oecipito-mental, from the occiput
to the chin ; the greatest of all, 5 inches. 4. The
Occipito -frontal  or  antero - posterior, 4J  or  4J
inches.  5. The Cervico-bregmatic, from the nape
of the neck to the centre of the anterior fonta-
nelle.  6.  The Fronto-mental, from the forehead
to the chin, about 34 inches.  7. The  Trachelo-
bregmatic, from the front of the neck to the ante-
rior fontanelle, 3£ inches.   8. The  Vertical dia-
meter, from the vertex to the base of the  cranium.
  Fcetal  Nutrition, Cyotrophy.
  FCETATION,  Pregnancy.
  FCETICIDE,   Fceticid'ium, from foetus,  and
cadere, ' to kill;'  Aborticid'ium.  Criminal abor-
tion.
  FCETIDUS, Fetid.
  FGETOR, Dysodia—f. Oris, Breath, offensive.
  FCETUS, Fetus,  Cye'ma, Onus  ventris, Sar'-
cina,  from fao,  'I  bring  forth.'  The unborn
child.  By Kvvpa, Cye'ma, Hippocrates meant the
fecundated, but  still imperfect, germ.   It corre-
sponded with the term embryo, as now used;
whilst svfipvov, ' embryo,' signified the foetus at a
more advanced  stage of  utero-gestation.  The
majority  of anatomists apply to  the  germ the
name  embryo, which it retains until  the third
month of gestation,  and with some until the pe-
riod of quickening;  whilst foetus is applied to it
in  its latter stages.  The terms  are,  however,
often used  indiscriminately.  When the ovule
has been  fecundated in the ovarium, it proceeds
slowly towards, and  enters the uterus, with which
it becomes ultimately connected by means of the
placenta.   When first seen, the foetus has the
form of a  gelatinous  flake, which some have com-
pared to an ant,  a grain of barley, a worm curved
upon itself,  Ac.  The  foetal increment is very
rapid in the first, third, fourth, and sixth months
of  its formation, and at the end of nine months
it  has attained  its  full  dimensions — Enfant  d
terme. Generally, there is but one foetus in utero;
sometimes,  there are  two;  rarely  three.  The
foetus presents considerable difference in its shape,
weight, length,  situation in the womb, propor-
tion of its various parts to each other, arrange-
ment and texture of its organs, state of its func-
tions at different periods of gestation, Ac.   All
these differences are important in an obstetrical
and medico-legal point of view.  The  following 
FOIE
385
FONTANELLA
table exhibits the length and weight of the foetus
at different periods of gestation, on the authority
of different observers.  Their discordance is stri-
king.   It is proper  to  remark,  that the Paris
pound — Poid de 3Iarc — of 16 ounces, contains
9216 Paris grains, whilst the avoirdupois contains
only 8532.5 Paris grains, and that the Paris inch
is 1.065977 En»li-h inch.
At 30 days, 2 months, 3 " 4 " 5 " 6 " 7 " 8 "	Beck.	Maygrier.	Geanvtlle.	Beck.	MAYGRIER.	Granvtlle.
	Length.			Weight.		
	3 to 5 lines 2 inches 34 5 to 6 " 7 to 9 " 9 to 12 " 12 to 14 " 16 "	10 to 12 lines 4 inches 6 " 8 " 10 " 12 " 14 " 16 "	1 inch 3 inches 9 inches 12 " 17 "	2 ounces 2 to 3 " 4 to 5 " 9 or 10 " 1 to 2 lbs. 2 to 3 " 3 to 4 "	9 or 10 grains 5 drachms 24 ounces 7 or 8 " 16 " 2 pounds 3 " 4 "	20 grains 14 ounces 1 pound 2 to 4 " 4 to 5 "
   Pcetus i\ Fcetu, Cryptodidymus.
   Fcetus Suptimes'tris. A seven months'foetus.
   Fietus Zephyrius, Mole.
   FOIE, Liver—/  d'Antimoine, Oxidum stibii
 sulphuretuni—file Soufre, Potassas sulphuretum.
   FOE IA  APAL.AC'HINES,  see  Ilex  Para-
 guensis—f. Pcragua\ Ilex Paraguensis.
   FOLIACEUM  ORNAMEXTUM,  see  Tuba
 Fallopiana.
   FOEIE,  Insanity—/. des Ivrognes, Delirium
 tremens.
   FOLLETTE, Influenza.
   FOL'LICLE, Follic'ulus, Cystis, diminutive of
 Follis, a bag.  See Crypta.
   Follicles, Ciliary, Meibomius,  glands of—
 f. of De Graaf, Folliculi  Graafiani—f. of  Lieber-
 kiihn, see  Intestine — f.  Palpebral, Meibomius,
 glands of—f. Solitary, Brunner's glands—f. Syno-
 vial, Bursa; mucosas.
   FOLLICULAR, Follic'ulous, Follic'ulose, Fol-
 liculo'sus, from ' follicle.'  Relating or appertaining
 to a follicle,—as 'follicular inflammation,' inflam-
 mation affecting crypts or follicles.
   FOLLICULE, Crypta—/. Ciliaire, Meibomius,
 gland of—/'. Dentaire, Dental follicle—/. Palpi-
 bral,  Meibomius, gland of.
   FOLLICULES DE GRAAF,  Folliculi Graaf-
 iani.
   FOLLICULI GRAAFIA'NI,  Ova seu  O'vula
 Graafia'na, Follicles  or  Vesicles of De  Graaf,
 Ova'rian  vea'iclea,  (F.)  Folliculea  ou Viaiculea
 de Graaf  Small spherical vesicles in the stroma
 of the ovary, which have two coats; the outer
 termed  ovicapsule and tunic of the ovisac; the
 latter ovisac and membra'na propria; visicule
 ovulifere of M. Pouchet.   They exist in the foe-
 tus.   The ovum—ovule of some—is contained in,
 and formed by, them.
   Folliculi  Rotundi   et  Oblongi  Cervicis
 Uteri, Nabothi glandulas—f. Sanguinis, Globules
 of the blood—f. Sebacei, Sebaceous  glands.
   FOLLICULOSE GLAND, Crypta.
   FOLLICULUS, Vulva.
   Follic'ulus A'eris, Air-chamber.  A space at
 the larger ond of the  bird's  egg, formed by a se-
 paration of the two layers of the sheB membrane,
 which is inservient to  the respiration of the young
 being.
  Folliculus Dentis. Dental Follicle—f. Fellis,
 Gall-bladder—f. Genitalis, Scrotum.
  FOMENT, Fore're, (F.) Etuver, Basainer.  To
apply a fomentation to a part.
  FOMENTATION,  Fomcntdtio, Fotua, Py'ria,
 Thermaa'ma, Chlias'ma,  ^Eone'sis, Perfu'sio, As-
 per'sio, Fomen'tum, (quasi fovimentum,) from fo-
vcre  ' to bathe.'  A sort of partial bathing, by the
 application of cloths which have been previously
 dipped in hot water, or in some medicated decoc-
 tion.  They act, chiefly, by virtue of their warmth
 and moisture, except in the case of narcotic fomen-
 tations, where some additional effect is obtained.
   A dry fomentation is a warm, dry application
 to a part;—as a hot brick, wrapped in flannel;—
 a bag, half filled with chamomile flowers made
 hot, Ac.
   Fomentation Herbs, Herba pro fotu.   The
 herbs, ordinarily sold under this title by the Eng-
 lish apothecary, are — southernwood, tops  of sea
 wormwood, chamomile flowers, each two parts; bay
 leaves, one  part,  jfiijss of these to Ovj of water.
   FOMENTUM, Fomentation.
   FOMES  MORBI, Fomes mali.  The focus or
 seat of any disease.  (F.) Foyer.
   Fomes Ventriculi, Hypochondriasis.
   FOM'ITES, from fomes, ' fuel, any thing which
 retains heat.'  Enaus'ma, Zop'yron.  A term ap-
 plied to substances which  are supposed to retain
 contagious  effluvia; as woollen goods, feathers,
 cotton, Ac.
   FONCTION, Function.
   FOA^D, Fundus.
   FONDANT, Solvent.
   FONGIFOR3IE, Fungoid.
   FONGOIDE, Fungoid.
   FONGOSITE, Fungosity.
   FONGUS,  Fungus—/. Midullaire, Encepha-
 loid.
   FONS, Fontanella—f. Lachrymarum, see Can-
 thus—f. Medicatus, Water, mineral—f. Pulsans,
 Fontanella—f. Pulsatilis,  Fontanella—f. Saluta-
 rius, AVater, mineral—f. Soterius, Water, mineral
 —f. Vitalis,  Centrum vitale.
  FONSANGE,  MINERAL WATERS  OF.
 Fonsange is  situated  near  Nismes  in  France.
 The water is sulphuretted.
   FONTA'NA, CANAL  OF.  A canal of a tri-
 angular shape, at the inner  side  of the ciliary
 circle; partly formed by the groove at the inner
 edges of the cornea and sclerotica.
   FONTANEL'LA.  A fontanel; — diminutive
 of fons, ' a  fountain.'  Fons pulsatilis, Eons pul-
 sans, Vertex palpitans, Fons, Bregma, Fontic'u-
 lus, Lacu'na, 3Iould.  The opening of the head.
 A name, given to a space occupied  by a cartilagi-
 nous membrane, in the foetus  and new-born child,
 and situate  at the union of the angles of the bones
 of the cranium.  There are six fontanels. 1.  The
great or sincip'ital or anterior, situate at  the
 junction of the  sagittal  and  coronal  sutures.
2. The small or bregmat'ic or posterior, situate at
the part where the posterior and superior angles
of the parietal bones unite with the upper part
of the os occipitis.   3. The two sphenoidal, in the 
PONTES                  386          FORENSIC ANATOMY
temporal fossas; and, 4. The two mastoid, or of
Casserius, at the union of the parietal, occipital,
and temporal bones.
  FONTES, see Fons —f. Medicati Plumbarii,
Plombieres, mineral waters of—f. Sulphurei ca-
lidi, AVaters, mineral, sulphureous.
  FONTICULE A POIS, sfee  Fonticulus.
  FONTICULUS, Fontanella, Exuto'rium, Ex'-
utory, Issue, (F.) Fonticule, Cautere.   A small ul-
cer produced by art,  either by the aid of caustics
or of cutting  instruments;  the discharge  from
which is kept up with a view to  fulfil certain the-
rapeutical indications.  The Pea issue, (F.) Fon-
ticule d pois, is kept up by means of a pea placed
in it.  This pea, (F.) Pois d cautere, is sometimes
formed  of wax; at  others, the young,  blasted
fruit of the orange is employed.  The common
dried garden pea answers the purpose. The  seton
is also an issue.
   FOOD, Aliment—f. Farinaceous,  see  Farina-
ceous—f. of the Gods, Asafoetida.
   Food, Prince op AVales's. A farinaceous pre-
paration, which is used in the same cases as ar-
row-root, is said to  consist entirely of potato-
flour.
   FOOL'S STONES, MALE, Orchis mascula.
   FOOT, Pes—f. Flat, see Kyllosis—f. Griffon's,
Gryphius pes.
   FOOTLING CASE. A presentation of the foot
or feet in parturition.
   FORA'MEN,  Trema,  from  foro, T  pierce.'
Aulos, (F.) Trou.  Any cavity, pierced through
and through.  Also, the orifice of a canal.
   Foramen Alveolare Anterius, see Palatine
canals—f. Alveolare posterius, see Palatine canals
— f. Amplum  pelvis, Obturatorium foramen—f.
Aquasductus Fallopii, F. stylomastoideum—f. Au-
ditorium externum, see Auditory canal, external
— f. Auditorium internum,  see Auditory canal,
internal — f. of Bichat, see  Canal, arachnoid—f.
of Botal, see Botal foramen—f. Cacum ossis max-
Maris superioris, see Palatine canals.
   Foramen Caicum  of the Medul'la Oblon-
gata or of Vicq. d'Azyr; (Fr.) Trou borgne.  A
tolerably deep fossa  at the  point where  the me-
dium furrow at the  anterior surface of the me-
dulla oblongata meets the pons.
   Foramen Cecum of the  Tongue, see Caseum
foramen, and Tongue — f.  Carotid, see Caro tica
foramina.
   Fora'men Centra'le et Limbus Lu'teus Ret'-
ina;.   The central foramen and yellow apot of the
retina ; discovered by Sommering.  31ac'ula ld-
tea,  (F.) Tache jaune.  It is situate about two
lines to the outside of the optic nerve, and in the
direction of the axis of the  eye.
   Foramen Commune Anterius, Vulva—f. Com-
mune posterius, see Anus—f. Condyloid, see Con-
dyloid—f. Conjugations, see Conjugation—f. Eth-
moideum, Orbitar foramen, internal—f. Incisivum,
see Palatine canal — f. Infraorbitarium, see  Sub-
orbital- canal — f.  Infrapubianum,  Obturatorium
foramen—f. Jugulare, Lacerum posterius foramen
—f. Lacerum in basi cranii, Lacerum posterius
 foramen — f. Lacerum inferius, Sphenomaxillary
 fissure—f. Lacerum  superius,  Sphenoidal fissure
 —f. Magnum, see  Occipital bone—f. Mastoid, see
 Mastoid foramen—f. Mental, see Mental foramen.
   Foramen of Monro.  An opening behind the
 anterior pillar of the fornix, somewhat above the
 anterior commissure, by which  the third ventricle
 communicates with the lateral  ventricle.
   Foramen of Morgagni, see Caseum  foramen
 and Tongue—f. Obturatorium, Obturator foramen
 — f. Oculi, Pupil — f. Oodes, Ovale  foramen — f.
 Orbitarium internum, Orbitar foramen, internal—
 f. Orbitarium superius, Orbitar foramen, superior,
 F. supraorbitarium—f. Ovale, Botal foramen, Fe-
nestra ovalis, Obturatorium foramen, Ovale fora-
men—f. Palatinum anterius, see  Palatine canals
—f. Palatinum posterius, sec Palatine canals—f.
Palato-maxillare, see Palatine canals—f. Rotun-
dum, Fenestra rotunda—f. Spheno-spinosum, Spi-
nale foramen—f. Thyroideum, Obturatorium fora-
men—f. of AVinslow, Hiatus  of AYinslow.
  Foram'ina Thebe'sii.  Openings resembling
vascular orifices, found  below the orifice  of the
vena cava superior in the right auricle, which are
supposed to  be the openings of veins.
  FORATIO, Trepanning.
  FORCE, from fortis, 'strong.'  Via, Potedtia,
Energla, Dy'namis, Cratos.  Any power  which
produces an action.  Those powers which are in-
herent in organization are called vital, forces.  We
say, also, organic, force, and muscular force, to
designate that of the organs in general, or of the
muscles in  particular.  To  the  latter the word
DynamiSjSvvapts, corresponds ; and the absence of
this force is termed adyndmia.  The vital forces
have  to be  carefully studied by the pathologist.
The doctrine of diseases is greatly dependent on
their  augmentation or  diminution;  freedom or
oppression,  Ac.
  Force of Assimilation, Plastic force—f. Cata-
lytic, see Catalysis—f. of Formation, Plastic force
—f. Germ, Plastic force — f. Metabolic, see Meta-
bolic force—f. of Nutrition, Plastic force — f. of
Vegetation,  Plastic force — f. Vital, Vis vitalis—/.
Vitale,  Vis vitalis.
  FORCE-REAL, MINERAL  AVATERS  OF.
The name of a mountain,  situate  four leagues
from Perpignan in France.  The water is  chaly-
beate.
  FORCEPS, quasi,ferriceps, fromferrum,  'iron,'
and capio,  ' I take.'  Pincers, Lttbis,  Vulsella.
An  instrument  for removing bodies, which  it
would  be inconvenient or impracticable to seize
with the fingers.   (F.) Pinces, Pincettes.   There
are various  kinds of forceps, 1. The ordinary
kind, contained in every dressing-case,  for re-
moving lint, Ac. from wounds or ulcers. (F.) Riu-
cea  d anneaux.  2.  Dissecting or Lig'ature  or Ar-
te'rial Forceps, (F.) Pincea d diaaectiou, P.  d liga-
ture, to lay hold of delicate parts.  3. Polypus
Forcepa, Tooth  Forcepa, Forcepa of 3Iuseux for
laying hold of the tonsils or other parts to be re-
moved.  4.  The  Bullet Forcepa,  Strombulcus,
(Fr.)  Tireballe.   5.  The  Lithotomy Forcepa,
Litholabon,  Lithogo'gum,   Tenae'ula,  Volaella,
which  resembles the Craniotomy Forcepa,  (F.)
Tenettea.
  Forcepa is also an instrument used by obstetri-
cal practitioners to embrace the head, and bring
it through the pelvis.  It consists of two branches,
blades or levers; one of which, in the case of the
abort forcepa, is passed over the ear of the child,
and the other opposite to the former, so that the
blades may lock.  AA'hen the head is securely in-
cluded between the blades, the operation of ex-
traction can be commenced.  See Parturition.
   Forceps, see Corpus callosum—f. Anterior, see
Corpus  callosum — f. Arterial,  see Forceps — f.
Bullet, see  Forceps—f.  Craniotomy, see Forceps
—f. Deceptoria, see Forceps — f. Lithotomy, see
Forceps—f. of Museux, see Forceps—f. Polypus,
see Forceps—f. Tooth, see Forceps.
   FORD'S   BALSAM  OF HOREHOUND, see
Balsam of horehound.
   FOREARM, Antibrdchium, Pygme, Para infe-
rior brdchii, Cdbitus, (F.) Avant-bras.  The part
of  the  upper extremity, comprised between the
arm and the hand.  It is composed of two bones
—radius and ulna—and 20 muscles.
   FOREHEAD, Front,
   FORENSIC  ANATOMY,  see Anatomy —£
I Medicine, Medicine, legal. 
FORES
387
FOSSES
  FORES, Genital organs.
  FORKSKIN, Prepuce.
  FORFEX, Scissors—f. Dentaria, Dentagra.
  FORF1CULA  AURICULA'RIA, Earwig.  An
insect of the Order Orthoptera, which occasion-
ally enters the meatus auditorius externus, and
excites  intense pain.  It may be destroyed by
tobacco-smoke, or by oil  poured into the meatus.
  FORGES, MINERAL AVATERS OF. Forges
is  situate four leagues from Gournay, in the  de-
partment  of Seine  Inferieure, France.  There
are three  springs,  which are  acidulous  chaly-
bcates.  These are called Royal, Reiuette, and Car-
dinal, in honor of Louis  XIII., Queen Anne of
Austria., and Cardinal Richelieu, who used them.
  FORMATIVE, Plastic.
  FORMl'CA, 3Tyrmex.   The ant  or pismire.
(F.) Fourmi. It contains an acid juice and gross
oil, which were  formerly extolled  as  aphrodi-
siacs.  The chrysalides of the animal arc said to be
diuretic and carminative; and have been used in
dropsy.  2. Also the name of a black wart, vcr-
ru'cu  formica'ria, with  a broad  base and cleft
surface; so called because the pain  attending it
resembles the biting of an ant, pvppvKta, myrme'-
cia. — Forestus.  3. A  varicose tumour on  the
anus and glans penis.  4. Also, miliary herpes.
  Formica  Ambulatoria, Herpes  circinatus —
f. Corrosive, Herpes exedens.
  FORM'ICANT, 31 yrme'cizon, Formlcans, from
formica,  'an ant.'   (F.)  Fourmillant.  An  epi-
thet given to the pulse, Pulsus formlcans, when
extremely  small, scarcely perceptible,  unequal,
and communicating a sensation like  that  of the
motion of an ant through a thin texture.
  FORMICATION,  Formica'tio,  Myrmecias'-
mus, Jli/rmeci'usis,  Jfyrmecis'inus, Myrmeco'aia,
Stupor formlcans.   Same etymon.  (F.)  Four-
millement.   A pain,  compared  with  that  which
would be caused by a number of ants  creeping on
a part.
  FORMIX, Herpes csthiomenus.
  FOR'MULA. from forma, 'a form.'  (F.) For-
mule,  Ordonnance.  The receipt for the formation
of a compound medicine; a prescription.
  FORM'ULARY, Formula'rium, Codex medica-
menta'rius, Narthe'cia, Narthe'cium, Nurthex.  A
collection  of medical formulas or receipts.
  FOR3IULE, Prescription.
  FORMYL,  PERCHLORIDE  OF.  Chloro-
form.
  FORNIX, 'an arch or vault.' For'nix cer'ebri,
Cant era, Fornix trilaleras, Psalis,  Psalid'ium,
Testu'do cer'ebri, Arena medulla'ris, (F.) Trigone
cirebral— (Ch.,) Voiite  d trois piliers, Triangle
3Iedullaire.  A  medullary body in   the  brain,
below the corpus callosum and above the middle
ventricle,  on the median line.  This body, which
is curved  upon itself, terminates anteriorly by a
prolongation, which constitutes its anterior pillar
or cm a, (F.) Pilier antirieur, and posteriorly by
two similar prolongations, called posterior pillare
or crura.   See Achicoluin, and Vault.
  Fornix  Cerebri, Fornix.
  FORPEX, Scissors.
  FOR TIF I ANT,  Corroborant, Tonic.
  FOR TRA I TUBE, Hy stcralgia.
  FOSSA, Fo'vea, fromfodio, 'I dig.'  Scamma.
A cavity of greater  or less depth, the entrance to
which is always larger than the base.  The fossas
of bones have been called simple, when they belong
to one  bone only,  as the parietal fossa;  and
compound,  (F.)  Fosses composies,  when several
concur  in  their formation, as the orbitar fossa,
temporal fossir, Ac
  Fossa Amyg'daloid. Amyg'daloid excava'tion.
The  space  between the  anterior  and  posterior
pillars of the  fauces, which is occupied by the
tonsils.
  Fossa Amyn'ta;.  A kind of bandage, used in
fractures of the nose;  so called, by Galen, from
Amyntas  of Rhodes, its inventor.  It consisted
of a long band, applied round the head, the turns
of which crossed at'the root of the nose.
  Fossa Canina, Canine fossa.
  Fossa Cerebel'li, (F.) Foaae ciribelleuae. The
inferior occipital fossa, which  lodges  the corre-
sponding portion of the cerebellum.
  Fossa Corona'lis, Coro'ndl or frontal fossa.
A depression on the orbitar plate of  the frontal
or coronal bone, which supports the anterior lobe
of the brain.
  Fossa Coronoi'dea, Cor'onoid fossa.  A cavity
before the inferior extremity of the humerus, in
which the coronoid process of the ulna is engaged
during the flexion of the forearm.
  Fossa Cotyloidea, see Cotyloid.
  Fossa,  Digas'tric, Fossa digas'trica.  A deep
groove  on the mastoid portion of the temporal
bone, which gives origin to the digastric muscle.
  Fossa Ethmoida'lis, Ethmoid fossa.   A shal-
low gutter on the upper  surface of  the cribri-
form  plate  of the ethmoid bone,  on which  is
lodged  the  expanded portion of the olfactory
nerve.
  Fossa Genu, Poples.
  Fossa Guttura'lis, Guttural fossa.   The de-
pression which forms the  guttural region of the
base of the  cranium, between  the foramen mag-
num and posterior nares.
  Fossa Hyaloidea,  see  Hyaloid (Fossa) — f.
Iliac,  see Iliac fossas — f.  Infra-orbitar, Canine
fossa—f. Infra-spinous, see Infra-spinata fossa.
  Fossa Innominata.  The space  between the
helix  and  antihelix of the  ear.
  Fossa, Ischio-rectal, Perineal fossa—f. Ju-
gularis, Jugular fossa--f. Lachrvmalis, Lachrymal
fossa — f.  Magna  Muliebris,  Vulva — f. Magna
Sylvii, Fissura Sylvii.
  Fossa, Mental, Fossa mentdlis.  A small de-
pression  on each side of the  symphysis on the
anterior surface of the body of the  maxilla infe-
rior, for the attachment of muscles.
  Fossa Navicularis, Navicular fossa.
  Fossa  Occipitalis, Occip'ital fossa.   The
occipital fossas are four in number ;  the  superior
or cerebral, and the inferior or cerebellous. They
are  separated by a groove, which lodges the late-
ral  sinus.
  Fossa Ovalis, see Ovalis fossa — f. Palatina,
Palate—f. Perinasi, Perineal fossa—f. Pituitaria,
Sella  Turcica.
  Fossa Poplite'a,  Poplite'alfosaa.   The hol-
low of the ham;—the popliteal region.
  Fossa Scaphoides, Navicularis fossa—f. Sub-
orbital Canine fossa.
  Fossa, Subpyram'idal, F. subpyramiddlis.  A
deep fossa under the pyramid  and behind the fe-
nestra rotunda in the middle ear, remarkable for
its  constancy,  and pierced by several foramina at
the bottom.
  Fossa Supra-sphenoidalis, Pituitaria fossa—
f. of Sylvius, Ventricle, fifth—f. Umbilicalis, see
Liver.
  Fossa:  Cerebra'les, Cer'ebralfossa.   Fossas
or excavations at the base of the cranium.  They
are nine in number;  three occupy the  median
line, and three are placed at each side. They are
distinguished into anterior, middle, and posterior.
  Foss.u  Digitales, see Impression.
  FOSSE  BASIL AIRE,  Basilary  fossa—/.
Sous-ijdneuse, Infra-spinata fossa—/.  Sus-ipi-
neuac. Fossa supra-spinata.
  FOSSES COA'DYLOIDIENNES, Condylo- 
                 FOSSETTE

idea foramina—f. Nasales, Ouverturespostirieures
des, Nares, posterior.
  FOSSETTE,  (F.) Diminutive of fossa.  Scro-
bic'ulua, Both'rion.   Several  depressions are so
called.  A dimpled chin, Fossette du menton, con-
sists in a slight depression, which certain persons
have on the chin.  2. A dimple of the cheek,  (F.)
Fossette des joues, a depression which occurs on
the cheeks of certain persons when they laugh.
Scrobic'ulus cordis,  Anticar'dion,  Pracor'dium,
(F.) Fossette du cozur.  The depression  observed
on a level with the xiphoid cartilage at the ante-
rior and inferior part of the chest.  It is, also,
called pit of the  stomach, (F.) Creux de Festomae.
  FOSSETTE,  Fos'sula, A'nulus, Bothrium, is
also a small ulcer of the transparent cornea, the
centre of which  is deep.
 ^FOSSETTE  ANGULAIRE DU  QUATRI-
E3IE VENTR1CULE, Calamus scriptorius—/.
dw Coeur,  Scrobiculus cordis.
  FOSSORIUM, Fleam.
  FOSSULA, Argema, Fossa, Fossette, Fovea.
  FOTHERGILL'S PILLS, see Pilulas aloes et
coloeynthidis.
  FOTUS, Fomentation—f. Communis, Decoctum
papaveris.
  FOU, Insane.
  FOUGERE FE3IELLE, Asplenium filix foe-
mina, Pteris aquilina—f. Grande, Pteris aquilina
—f. 31dle, Polypodium filix mas.
  FOULURE, Sprain.
  FOUNDLING HOSPITAL,  Brephotropheum.
  FOURCHE, (F.),fourche,  'cleft;' from furca,
' a  fork.'   Apoate'ma Phalan'gum,   A  French
provincial term for small abscesses which form on
the fingers and hands of working-people.  Also,
an  instrument, invented by  M. J. L. Petit, for
compressing the ranine artery in cases of hemor-
rhage from that  vessel.
  FO URCHETTE', Furcilla, a little fork. Fur'-
cula.  A surgical instrument used for raising and
supporting the tongue,  during  the operation of
dividing the frasnum.
  Fourchette,  in  anatomy, is,  1.  The  posterior
commissure of the labia majora, called also, Fra-
num and  Fur'cula Labio'rum.  2.  The  cartilago
ensiformis: so called from its being  sometimes
cleft like a fork.  Also, the semilunar  notch at
the  superior  or  clavicular  extremity of  the
sternum.
  FOUR3II,  Formica.
  FOUR31ILLANT, Formicant.
  F0URMILLE3IENT, Formication.
  FOUSEL OIL, see Oil, fusel.
  FO'VEA, diminutive, Fove'ola, from fodio, 'I
dig.'  Bothroa.  A slight depression.    Foa'aula.
The pudendum muiiebre; see Vulva.   Also,  the
foeaa navicularia.  A vapour-bath for the lower
extremities.
  Fovea Axillaris, Axilla —f.  Elliptica,  see
Crista Vestibuli — f. Hemisphasrica,  see  Crista
Vestibuli — f. Laerymalis,  Lachrymal  fossa — f.
Oculi, Orbit — f. Semi-elliptica, see Crista Vesti-
buli — f. Sulciformis, see Crista Vestibuli.
  FOVEOLA, Fovea.
  FOXBERRY, Arbutus uva ursi.
  FOXGLOVE, Digitalis.
  FO YER, Fomes morbi.
  FRACTURA,  Fracture —f.  Dentis,  Odonto-
clasis.
  FRACTURE, Fractu'ra, from frangere, frac-
tum, 'to  break,' 'bruise.'  Catag'ma,  Catag'ma
Fractu'ra, Catax'ia, Claais,  Claama, Agme, Ag-
ma, Diar'rhage.  A solution of continuity  in a
bone, Osteoc'laais. A simple fracture is when the
bone only is  divided.  A compound fracture is a
division of the bone with a wound of the integu-
8                FR.&NUM

 ments commnnicating with the bone,—the bone,
 indeed, generally protruding.  In  a, com'minuted
 fracture,  Alphite'don,  aXtpirviov,  Carye'don  Ca-
 tag'ma, Kapvvoov Karaypa, the bone  is broken  into
 several pieces; and  in a complicated fracture
 there  is,  in addition  to the  injury done  to the
 bone, a lesion  of some considerable vessel,  ner-
 vous trunk, Ac. Fractures are also termed trans-
 verse,  oblique,  Ac, according to their direction.
 The treatment of fractures consists, in general, in
 reducing the fragments when displaced; maintain-
 ing them when reduced; preventing the  symp-
 toms, which may be likely to arise;  and combating
 them when they occur. The reduction of fractures
 must be effected by extension, counter-extension,
 and coaptation. The parts are kept in apposition
 by position, rest, and an  appropriate apparatus.
 The position must vary according  to the kind of
 fracture.  Commonly, the fractured limb is  placed
 on a horizontal or slightly inclined plane, in a
 state of extension; or rather in  a middle state
 between extension and flexion, according to the
 case.
   FRACTURE EN RAVE, Raphanedon.
   Fracture  of the  Radius,  Barton's, Bar-
 ton's Fracture.  A  term applied to a fracture of
 the lower extremity  of the  radius, which com-
 mences at the articular surface, and extends up-
 wards for an inch or more, to terminate  on the
 dorsal aspect.   Owing to the extensor muscles
 drawing up the separated portion of  the bone,
 and with it the carpus, a deformity results, which
 has been  confounded with simple dislocation. In
 consequence of the fracture having been well de-
 scribed by Dr. John  Rhea Barton, of Philadel-
 phia, it is often called  after him.
   FRACTURES PAR  RESONNANCE, see
 Contrafissura.
   FR.ENA EPIGLOTTIDIS, Glosso-epiglottic
 ligaments — f. Morgagnii, F. of  the  Valve of
 Bauhin.
   Fraina of the Valve of Bauhin, (F.) Freins
 de la valvule de Bauhin.  A name  given by Mor-
 gagni to the projecting lines formed by the junc-
 tion of the extremities of the two lips of the ileo-
 coscal valve.   They are also called Frana and
 Retinae'ula Morgagdii.
   FRENULUM, see  Frasnum, Bride — f. Clito-
 ridis, Frasnum clitoridis—f. Labiorum, Fourchette
 —f. Novum, Taenia semicircularis.
   Fra:'nulum A~eli Medulla'ris Anterio'ris.
 A narrow slip, given off by the commissure of the
 encephalic testes, which strengthens the junction
 of the testes with the valve of Vieussens.
   FRiENUM, Fre'num; (F.) Frein,  'a  bridle.'
 Fra'nulum, Filel'lum, Filamen'tum.   'A small
 bridle.'  A bridle.  Names given to several mem-
 branous  folds, which  bridle  and retain  certain
 organs.
   Frainum Clitor'idis,  Fra'nulum Clitor'idis,
 (F.)  Frein du Clitoria.   A  slight duplicature
 formed by the union of the  internal portions of
 the upper .extremity of the nymphae.
   Fradnum Glandis, F. Penis.
   Fraenum Labio'rum,  (F.) Frein des  Uvres.
 There are two of these; one for  the  upper, the
 other for  the lower lip.  They unite these parts
 to  the maxillary bone, and are  formed  by the
 mucous  membrane of  the  mouth.   Also, the
 Fourchette.
   Fra:num Lingua:,  Fra'nulum  seu  Vin'culum
 Lingua,  Glossodes'mus,  File'turn,   (F.) Filet ou
 Frein de la langue,  is  a triangular  reflection,
 formed by the mucous membrane  of the  mouth,
 and situate between  the inferior  paries  of that
 cavity and the  inferior  surface of the tongue.
 When the frasnum extends as far as  the extre- 
FRAGARIA
389        FRAXINUS AMERICANA
mity of the tongue, it cramps its movements, in-
terferes with sucking, Ac.  This inconvenience
is  remedied by carefully snipping it with a pair
of scissors.  The French call this Fopiration  du
filet.
   Fra:num Penis, F. seu Fra'nulum seu Vin'cu-
luni Rra/ni'tii, F. Glandis,  Cynodes'mion, Cyno-
tlea'mus, Viu'eulum  (Inni'num, (F.) Filet ou Frein
de In  verge,  is a membranous reflection which
fixes the prepuce to the lower part of the glans.
When too short, it prevents "the  prepuce from
sliding over tho glans.
   Fralnum Pra:putii, F.  Penis.
   FRAGA'RIA, from frogro,{I smell sweetly.'
The  Struu-berry, Frngttria vesca seu vulga'ris
seu semper-florens,  Chama'batos, (F.) Fruisier.
Tho fruit is agreeable and wholesome, and the
roots have been used as tonic and slightly diure-
tic.  Tho fruit is the Fragrum, Kopapov of the an-
cients ; (F.)  Praise.
   Frag aria Anserina,  Potentilla anserina—f.
Pentapbyllum, Potentilla reptans—f. Tormentilla
officinalis, Potentilla tormentilla.
   Fraga'iua  Aarginia'na,  Wild  Strawberry.
An indigenous plant, which  has astringent leaves.
   'FRAGILE VITREUM,  Fragilitas ossium.
   VRAGIL'ITAS^tuptibi/'itas, from frango,  'I
break.'   Fragility, Brittleness.   The state  of
being easily broken or torn.
   Fragil'itas  Os'sium, Osteopsathyrosis, Brit-
 tleness of the bones, Friability of the bones, Pa-
ras'tia frag" ilia, Frag"He vitreum.  Pathologists
have given this name to the extreme  facility with
which bones break in certain diseases of tho  os-
seous  texture.  It is owing to a deficiency of the
animal matter.
   FRAGMENT,  Fragmen'tum, Frogmen,  Ra-
nted turn, from frangerc, 'to break.'   The French
use this term for the  two  portions of a fractured
bone; thus,  they speak of  the auperior and the
inferior fragment.
   Fragments,  Prec"ious.  A name  formerly
given, in  Pharmacy, to  the garnet, hyacinth,
emerald, sapphire and topaz.  The Arabs falsely
attributed to them  cordial and alixiterial proper-
 ties.
   FRAG ON, Ruscus.
   FRAGUM. see Fragaria.
   PRAISE, see Fragaria.
   FRAISIER, Fragaria.
   FRAMBCE'SIA, Framba'sia, Lepra fungif-
era, from Framboise, (F.)  'A raspberry.' Syptt-
ilis In'dica, Anthra'cia ru'bula, Thymio'sis, Thy-
mio'sis seu Lues In'dica, Variola Amboinen'sis,
Lepra fungif'cra,  Scroph'ula 3Iolucca'na.   The
 Yaws, Epian, Pian.   A disease of the  Antilles
 and of Africa,  characterized by tumours, of a
 contagious  character, which resemble strawber-
 ries,  raspberries, or champignons; ulcerate, and
 are accompanied by emaciation.  The Pian, for
 so the Indians call it, differs somewhat in  Ame-
 rica and Africa.
    Pian of  Amer'ica, Frambai'sia  America'na,
 Antlira'ciu  Bu'bula  Americana,  occurs under
 similar circumstances with the  next, and seems
 to be transmitted  by copulation.  The  tumours
 have  a similar form,  and  are  greater in propor-
 tion  to  their paucity.  In  some cases they are
 mixed with ulcers.
   Pian of  Guillen. Frambai'sia Guineen'sis, An-
 thra'cia Ru'bula Guineen'sis, is common amongst
 the negroes, especially in childhood and youth.
 It begins by small spots,  which appear on diffe-
 rent parts, and especially *-o tho organs of gene-
 ration and around the anus; these  spots disap-
 pear,  and  are  transformed into  an  eschar, to
 which an excrescence succeeds, that grows slowly,
 and has the shape  above  described.
  The treatment is  nearly the same in the two
varieties.  The tumours will yield to  mercurial
friction, when small.  AVhen large, they must be
destroyed by caustic.  In both cases, mercury
must be given to prevent a recurrence.
  An endemic disease resembling yaws was  ob-
served in the Feejee Islands  by the medical offi-
cers of the United States' Exploring Expedition.
It is called by the natives Dthoke.
  Frambcesia Illyrica, Scherlievo — f. Scotica,
Sibbens.
  FRA3IB0ISE, Rubus idaeus.
  FRANCOLIN, Attagen.
  FRANCES SYNOVIALES, Synovial glands.
  FRANGULA ALNUS, Rhamnus frangula.
  FRANKINCENSE,  COMMON,  see   Pinus
abies—f. True,  Juniperus lycia.
  FRANZENSBAD,  FRANZBAD, or FRANZ-
ENSBRUNN,  MINERAL  AVATERS OF.   A
celebrated water at  Eger,  in  Bohemia,  which
contains sulphate of soda, carbonate of iron, and
carbonic acid gas.   The springs  are also called
Franzensbrunnen.
  FRAPPER, Percuss.
  FRASERA CAROLINTENSIS, see Calumba
—f. Officinalis, see Calumba—f. AValteri, see Ca-
lumba.
  FRATER UTERINUS, see Uterinus frater.
  FRATERNITAS, Adelphixia.
  FRATRATIO, Adelphixia.
  FRAXINELLA  DICTAMNUS,  Dictamnus
albus—f. AVhitc, Dictamnus  albus.
  FRAXINUS AMERICA'NA, White Ash; and
  Fraxinus Quadrangula'ta, Blue  Ash, indi-
genous ; have bitter  and astringent barks,  and
have been used as antiperiodics.
  Fraxinus Apetala, F. excelsior—f. Aurea, F.  '
excelsior—f. Crispa, F. excelsior;—f. Excelsa, F.
excelsior.
  Frax'inus Excel'sior.  The systematic name
of the  Ash tree, Frax'inus,  Omits seu  Fraxinus
aylves'tris, Fr. apetala seu au'rea seu crispa seu
excelsa sen pen'data seu verraco'sa, Bume'lia seu
3Iacedon'ica Fraxinus, Bumelia.  Ord. Oleaceas.
(F.) Frene.   The fresh bark  has a moderately
strong,  bitterish taste.  It has been said to pos-
sess resolvent and diuretic qualities, and has been
given in intermittents.  The seeds, called  Birds'
tongues,  Lingua avis, Ornithoglos'sa,  have been
exhibited as diuretics, in the dose of  a drachm.
Its sap  has bean extolled against  deafness.
  Fraxinus Florifera, F. ornus—f. Macedo-
nia, F. excelsior.
  Fraxinus Ornus,  Fraxinus me'lia seu pani-
cula'ta seu florifera,  Ornus mannif era seu rotun-
difo'lia.  The systematic name of  the tree whence
manna flows. This substance is also called Manna
Calabri'na,  Ros Culubri'nua, Aerom'eli, Droaont-
eli, Drysom'eli, 3tcl a'e'rium, Succua orni concre'-
tus.  In Sicily, not only the Fraxinus Ornus, but
also the F. rotundifolia and F. excelsior are regular-
ly cultivated for the purpose  of procuring manna,
which is their condensed juice. In the Ph. U. S.
it is assigned to Ornus Europaa.   Manna is  in-
odorous, sweetish, with  a very slight degree of
bitterness; in friable  flakes,  of a whitish or pale
yellow colour;  opake, and soluble in  water and
alcohol.  It is laxative, and is used as  a pur-
gative for children, who take  it  readily on  ac-
count of its sweetness.  More generally it is em-
ployed  as an adjunct  to other purgatives.  Dose,
§ss  to  5*j.   Its immediate principle is  called
Mannite or 3Iannin.  This has been recommended
by Magendie as  a  substitute for  manna.  Dose,
■"Jij, for children.
  Fraxinus Paniculata, F. ornus—f. Quadran-
gulata,  see  F.  Americana — f. Rotundifolia, F.
ornus. 
FRAYEUR
390
FROISSE3IENT
  FRAYEUR NOCTURNE, Panophobia.
  FRECKLES, Ephelides.
  FREEMAN'S  BATHING SPIRITS,  see Li-
nimentum saponis compositum.
  FREIN, Frasnum—/. du  Ctitoria, Frasnum.
clitoridis—/ de la Langue, Frasnum linguas—/
des Levres, Frasnum laborium—/. de la Verge,
Frasnum penis.
  FREINS DE LA VAL VULE DE BA UHIN,
Frasna of the valve of Bauhin.
  FREINAVALDE,  MINERAL WATERS  OF.
These springs are in Brandenburg, twelve leagues
from Berlin.  They contain chloride of sodium,
sulphate of magnesia, chloride of magnesium, sul-
phate of lime, carbonates of lime and magnesia,
iron, Ac, and are used in asthenic diseases.
  FRE3I1SSE3IENT, Shuddering.
  FRE3IISSEMENT  CAT AIRE  (F.), 'Cat's
purr.'  Purring Tremor.   Laennec has given this
name to the  agitation which is sensible to the
hand, when applied on  the precordial region,
and which he considers a sign of  ossification or
other contraction of the auriculo-ventricular open-
ings.  The name was chosen  by  him from the
analogy of the sound to the purring of a  cat.
  FRE MITUS, Bruissement, Fremissement, Shud-
dering.
  The Pec'toral  or Vocal Frem'itus,  Pectoral Vi-
brdtion, Tactile  vibration, is an obscure  diffused
resonance of the voice,  which is  felt when the
hand is applied to the chest.
  FRENA, Alveolus.
  FRENE, Fraxinus  excelsior—/. Epineux,
Xanthoxylum clava Herculis.
  FRENULUM, see Frasnum.
  FRENUM, Frasnum.
  FRET, Chafing, Herpes.
  FRETILLE3IENT, Fidgets.
  FRICATIO, Friction.
  FRICA.TORIUM, Liniment.
  FRICE, Fricum,  Frico'nium.    A medicine
which the ancients employed under the  form of
friction.   They distinguish the Price siccum and
F. molle.—Gaubius.
  FRICONIUM, Frice.
  FRICTA, Colophonia.
  FRICTIO, Friction —f. Humida, see  Friction
—f.  Sicca, see Friction.
  FRICTION,  Fric'tio,  Frica'tio,  Analribe,
Ana trip'sis, Trypsis,  Chirnp'siu,  from  fricare,
'to rub.'   The action of rubbing a part of the
surface of the body more or less  forcibly,  with
the hands, a brush,  flannel, Ac, constituting Xe-
rotrib'ia, Xerotrip'sis, Fric'tio sicca or dry fric-
tion ; or with ointments, liniments, tinctures, Ac,
constituting moist friction, Fric'tio hu'mida.  It
is a useful means for exciting the action of the
skin.
   Friction Sound,  Bruit de frottement.
   FRICTRIX,  Tribade.
   FRICTUM, Liniment.
   FRICUM, Frice.
   FRIGEFACIENTIA,  Refrigerants.
   FRIGID, Fricfl'idus, (F.)  Froid:  same ety-
mon  as Frigidity.  Cold.  Not easily moved to
sexual  desire ;  Imbellis ad vederem.  Impotent.
   FRIGIDARIUM, Bath, cold.
   FRIGID'ITY, Frigid'itas,  from  frigidum,
 'cold.'   A sensation of cold.   Also, impotence,
and sterility.  Frigidity of the stomach is a state
 of debility of that  organ, imputed to excessive
 venery,—the Anorex'iaexhausto'rumot Sauvages.
   FRIGIDUS,  Frigid.
   FRIGORIFTC,  from frigus, 'cold,'  and/o,
 ' I make.'  That which has the power of produc-
 ing cold.  The best Frigorific  Mixtures are
 the  following.   Their effects are owing to the
rapid absorption of heat when  solids pass into
the liquid state.

      Frigorific Mixtures with Snow.
Therm, falls.
  r
     to—5°
to—12°


to—18°
  to—25°
fronH .12°
  to—23°
from+32°
  to—27°
from+32°
  to—30°
from+32°
  to—40°
from+32°
  to—50°
from+32°
  to—51°
        3Iixturcs.
Snow,  or  pounded  ice, two
  parts by weight;
Chloride of Sodium.......  1.
Snow or pounded ice......  5. ]
Chloride of Sodium.......2. j
Mur. of Ammonia.........  1.1
Snow or pounded ice......24. j
Chloride of Sodium.......10.)
Muriate of Amim^iia......  5. j
Nitrate of Potash.........  5. )
Snow or pounded ice......12. j
Chloride of Sodium.......  5. "I
Nitrate of Ammonia.......  5. )
Dilut. Sulph. Acid........2.)
Snow....................3. j
Concentr. Mur. Acid.......  5. )
Snow...................  8. J
Concentr. Nitrous Acid....  4.1
Snow...................  7. |
Chloride of Calcium.......  5.)
Snow...................  4. J
Crystall. Chloride of Calcium 3.)
Snow...................  2.)
Fused Potash.............4. j
Snow...................  3. )
  Frigorific  Mixtures  may also be made by the
rapid solution of salts, without the use of snow or
ice.  The salts must be finely powdered and'dry.

     Frigorific Mixtures without Snow.
        31ixtures.                 Therm, falls.
Mur. of Ammonia........... 5. A    from+50°
Nitrate of Potash........... 5.  Y      to—10°
AVater......................16.
Mur. of Ammonia........... 5.
Nitrate of Potash........... 5.
Sulphate of Soda............ 8.  j
AVater......................16. J
Nitrate of Ammonia......... 1.  )
AVater...................... 1.  j
Nitrate of Ammonia......... 1.
Carbonate of Soda.......... 1.
AVater...................... 1..
Sulphate of Soda........... 3. }
Dilut. Nitrous Acid.......... 2. )
Sulphate of Soda........... 6.
Mur. of Ammonia........... 4.
Nitrate of Potash........... 2.
Dilut.  Nitrous Acid......... 4.
Sulphate of Soda............ 6.
Nitrate of Ammonia......... 5.
Dilut.  Nitrous Acid......... 4.
Phosphate  of Soda.......... 9.
Dilut.  Nitrous Acid......... 4.
Phosphate  of Soda..........  9.
Nitrate of Ammonia.........  6.
Dilut.  Nitrous Acid.........  4.
Sulphate of Soda............  8. j
Muriatic Acid..............  5. J
Sulphate of Soda............  5. )
Dilut.  Sulphuric Acid.......4. j
from+50°
  to+10o

from+50°
  to+ 4°
from+50°
  to— 7°
from+50°
  to— 3°

from+50°
  to—10°


from+500
  to—14°
from+50°
  to—12°

from+50°
  to—21°
from+50°
  to— 0°
from+50°
  to— 3°
  FRIGUS, Cold—f. Tenue. see Rigor.
  FRISSON, Rigor.
  FRISSONNEMENT, Horripilation.
  FROGLEAF, Brasenia Hydropeltis.
  FROG TONGUE, Ranula.
  FROGS'  SPAAVN, Sperma ran arum.
  FROID,  Cold, Frigid—/. Glacial, Ice-cold.
  FROISSE3IENT, (F.) 'Rubbinjr, bruising.'
  FROISSE31ENT PUL3IONAIRE, Bruit de
froissement  pulmonaire,  Pulmonary  crumpling 
FR0LE31ENT
391
FUCUS
sound.  A name given by M. Fournet to a respi-
ratory sound, which communicates to the ear the
sensation of the rubbing (froisscment) of a tex-
ture compressed against a hard body.   It is by
no means well defined.
  FROLEMENT, (F.)   'Grazing or touching
lightly.'
  FR()LEMENT PERICARDIQUE, Bruit de
frlttement piricurdique.   Rustling noise of the
pericardium. A sound resembling that produced
by the crumpling of  a piece of parchment or of
thick silken stuff, accompanying the systole and
diastole of the heart.  It indicates roughness of
tho pericardium induced by disease.
  FROM AGE, Cheese.
  FROMENT, Triticum.
  FR ONCEMENT,  Corrugation.
  FRONCLE, Furunculus.
  FRONDE, Funda.
  FRONT, Frons, 3Ieto'pon, Forehead,  Brow.
That part of the visage, which extends from one
temple to  the other,  and is comprised in a verti-
cal direction, between the roots of the hair and
the superciliary ridges.
   FRONTAL, Fronta'lis.  Relating or belong-
ing to the  front.   This name has been given  to
several parts.  AVinslow, Sommering, and others,
call the anterior part of the  occipito-frontalis—
the frontal muscle or fronta'lia, 31 usculo'aa Frontis
 Cutem movens substan'tia Par (Vesalius).
   Frontal Artery, A.  supra-orbita'lis, is given
off by the ophthalmic, which is itself a branch of
the internal carotid.  It makes its exit from the
skull at the upper part of the base of the orbit,
and ascends the forehead between the bone and
the orbicularis palpebrarum ;  dividing ■ into three
or  four branches, which are distributed to the
neighbouring muscles.
   Frontal Bone, Os frontis,  Os corona'le, Os in-
verecudduin, 3Ieto'pon, Oa puppie, Oa Ratio'nis.
A double bone in  the foetus, single in  the adult,
 situate at the base  of the  cranium, and at the
 superior part of the face.   It forms the vault
 of  tho orbit;  lodges  the  ethmoid  bone in  a
notch  at  its middle part; and is  articulated,
besides, with the sphenoid, parietal,  and nasal
bones, the ossa unguis, superior maxillary, and
malar bones.
   Frontal Furrow extends upwards from the
frontal spine, and becomes gradually larger in its
course, to  lodge the upper part of the superior
longitudinal sinus, and to give attachment to the
 falx cerebri.
   Frontal Nerve,   Palpibro-frontal — (Ch.,)  is
 the greatest of the three branches of the ophthal-
 mic  nerve,—the first division of the 5th  pair.
 It proceeds along the superior paries of the orbit,
 and divides into two branches: — the  one, inter-
 nal, which makes its exit from the orbitar fossa,
 passing beneath the pulley of the oblique muscle:
 —the other, external, issuing from the same ca-
 vity, by the foramen orbitarium  superius.
   Frontal Protu'berance,  Frontal  tuberosity,
 Tuber fronta'le,  Suggritddium  supercilio'rum.
 The  protuberance of the frontal bone above the
 superciliary arch.
   Fuoxtal Si'nuses,  Fronta'les Sinus,  3leto-
padtra,  Prosopadtra,  Sinus Supercilia'res,   S.
 pituita'rii frontis, Cavern'a frontis, are two deep
 cavities in the substance  of the frontal bone,
 separated from each other by a medium septum,
 and opening, below, into the anterior cells of the
 ethmoid bone.
   Frontal Spine,  Crista inter'na, is situate  in
 the middle of the under part of the bone, and is
 formed by the coalescence of the inner tables for
 the attachment of the falx cerebri.
  Surgeons have  given the name Fronta'lis to
a bandage or topical application to the forehead.
Such  have, also,  been called rpoptTuimSia and
avaKoXXvpara.
  Frontal Tuberosity, Frontal protuberance.
  FRONTA'LE, from /ro»i«, 'the forehead.'  A
medicine applied to the forehead.
  FRONTALIS ET OCCIPITALIS, Occipito-
frontalis.
  Frontalis Verus, Corrugator supercilii.
  FRONTODYMIA, see Cephalodymia.
  FRONTO-ETHMOID  FORAMEN,  Caecum
foramen—/  Nasal, Pyramidalis nasi—/. Sour-
cilier, Corrugator supercilii.
  FROSTBITE,  Congelation.
  FROSTWEED, Erigeron Philadelphicum, He-
lianthemum Canadense.
  FROSTWORT, Heliantbemum Canadense.
  FROTH'Y, from Gr. atppos, 'froth.' (?)   Spu-
mo'sus,  (F.) Spumeux,  Ecumeux, Mousseux.   An
epithet given to the fasces or sputa, when  mixed
with air.
  FROTTE3IENT, see Bruit de frottement.
  FROTTE3IENT GLOBULAIRE.   A name
given by M.  Simonnet, to the pulse in aortic re-
gurgitation,  when it  is jerking, and, in  well
marked cases, appears as if the blood consisted
of several little masses, which passed in succes-
sion under the finger applied to the artery.
  FRUCTIFICATIO,  Fecundation.
  FRUCTUS HOR^SI, Fruit, (summer)—f. Im-
maturus, Abortion.
  FRUGIV'OROUS,  Frugiv'orus, from fruges,
'fruits,' and voro,  'I eat.'   One that eats fruits.
  FRUIT, Fructus, from frui; 'to enjoy.' Carpos.
In  botany, the seed with its enclosing pericarp.
In  a medical  sense it may be defined  to be:—
that part of a plant which is taken as food.  The
effects of fruits on the  body, in a medical as well
as a dietetical point of view, are various.   They
may be distinguished into classes : for, whilst the
 Cerealia,  for  example, afford  fruits, which are
highly  nutritious, the Summer  Fruits  (Fructus
Hora'i,)  which  include strawberries,  cherries,
currants, mulberries, raspberries, figs, grapes, Ac,
are refrigerant and grateful, but afford little nou-
rishment.
  FRUIT-SUGAR, Glucose.
  FRUMENT, Frdmenty, Fur'menty, from fru-
mentum, 'wheat' or 'grain,' quasi frugimentum;
from fruges,  'fruit.'   Pottage  made of  wheat.
Food made of wheat boiled in milk.
  FRUMENTUM.  Same etymon.  Sitos.  Any
kind of grain from which  bread was  made;—
especially wheat.
  Frumentum, Triticum—f. Corniculatum, Ergot
—f. Cornutum, Ergot — f. Luxurians, Ergot — f.
 Temulentum, Ergot—f. Turgidum, Ergot.
   FRUSTRATOIRE, (F.)  Any liquor, taken
 a short time  after eating, for the purpose of as-
 sisting digestion  when difficult.   Sugared  water,
 eau sucree, or water with the addition of  a  little
 brandy, or some aromatic substance, is commonly
 used for this purpose.
   FRUTEX BACCIFER BRAZILIENSIS, Caa-
 ghivuyo—f. Indicus spinosus, Cara schulli.
   FUCUS, F. vesiculosus, Paint.
   Fucus Amyla'ceus, Jaffna 3Ioss, Ed'ible 3fosa,
 Ceylon 3Ioaa,  Plocdria caddida, Gracila'ria li-
 chenoi'dea, Spharococ'cus lichenoi'des, Gigartlna
 lichenoi'dea,   Fitcua licheno'i'dea,  3lurine  Moas.
 This moss belongs to the natural order Algas. It
 was introduced  some years ago  into England,
 from India.  It is white, filiform and fibrous, and
 has the usual odour  of  sea-weeds.  Its medical
 properties are similar to those of Irish moss.
   Fucus, Bladder, F. vesiculosus.
  Fucus  Crispus, Lichen Carrageen, Chondrus, 
                    FUGA                   3

Ch. crispus, Spharococ'cus crispus, Ulva crispa,
Ohondrus polymor'phus, Irish mosa, Carrageen or
Corrigeen moea, (F.) 3Iouaae d'Irlande, 31. perlie.
This Fucus, of the Natural Family Alga, is found
on the coasts of England, Ireland, AVestern France,
Spain,  and Portugal,  and as far  as the tropics.
It is also a native of the United States.   In Ire-
land, it is used by the poor as an article of diet.
As met with in America, it is of a light yellow
colour, and resembles plates of horn, crisped and
translucent.  An agreeable  jelly is obtained from
it by boiling it in water or milk,  which forms  a
good article  of diet in consumptive cases.   Its
properties are indeed exactly like those  of  the
Iceland 31oss.
  Fucus Helminthocorton, Corallina  Corsica-
na — f. Inflates, F.  vesiculosus — f. Lichenoides,
F. amylaceus — f. Saccharine,  Rhodomela  pal-
mate.
  Fucus Vesiculo'sus, F. infldtus, Hal'idrys
vesiculo'sa, Quercus 3Iuri'na, Fucus, Bladder Fu-
cus,  Sea. Oak, Sea Wrack, Yellow Bladder Wrack,
(F.) Varec viaiculeux, Chene marin.  It has been
said to be  a useful assistant to sea-water, in the
cure of disorders of the glands.  AVhen the wrack,
in fruit, is  dried, cleaned, exposed to  a  red-heat
in a crucible with a perforated lid, and is reduced
to powder, it forms the sE'thiops vegetal)'ilia—
the Pulvia Querela 3Iarlna of the Dublin Phar-
macopoeia^—which is used, like the burnt sponge,
in bronchocele  and  other  scrofulous swellings.
Its efficacy  depends  on  the  iodine it contains.
Dose, gr. x to *>*)ij, mixed in molasses or honey.
See Soda.
  FUGA D^EMONUM, Hypericum perforatum.
  FUGA'CIOUS, Fugax, from fug ere,  'to  fly.'
An epithet given to  certain symptoms,  which
appear and  disappear almost immediately after-
wards ; as a fugacioua redneaa,—a, fugacious swel-
ling, Tumor fugax, Ac.
  FUGAX, Fugacious.
  FUGE, fromftgo, 'I expel,'  'an expeller.' A
common suffix.  Hence, Febrifuge, Vermifuge, Ac
  FU'GILE, Fugil'la.   This term has  several
acceptations. It means, 1. The cerumen  of  the
ear.  2. The  nebulous suspension in, or deposi-
tion  from,  the  urine. 3. An abscess near  the
ear.—Ruland and Johnson. 4. Abscess in general.
  FUGILLA, Fugile.
  FULGUR, Astrape.
  FULIG"INOUS, Fuligino'sus, Lignyo'des,(¥.)
Fuligineux, from fuligo,  'soot.'   Having the co-
lour of soot.  An epithet given to certain parts,
as the lips, teeth, or tongue, when they assume  a
brownish colour, or rather, are  covered with  a
coat of that colour.
  FULI'GO, Lignys,  Soot,  (F.) Suie, Ac  Wood-
soot, Fuligo Ligni,  consists of volatile alkaline
salt, empyreumatic oil, fixed alkali, Ac.   A tinc-
ture, Tinctu'ra Fulig"inia,  prepared from it,  has
been recommended as a powerful antispasmodic
in hysterical cases.  (Fulig. lign. 5ij; potaaa.
subcarb. Ibss; ammon. muriat. 5j; aqua fluviat.
Oiij. Digest for three  days.)  This tincture bears
the name Soot drops and  Fit  drops.  An oint-
ment of soot has been used in various cutaneous
diseases.
  Fuligo Alba  Philosophorum,  Ammoniae mu-
rias.
  FULIGO'KALI, from  fuligo, 'soot,' and kali,
'potassa.'  This is  an analogous  preparation to
anthrakokali; soot  being used in the place of
coal.  It is  employed in the same  diseases. AVhat
might be regarded as a weak solution of fuligo-
kali  has been used for many years in Philadel-
phia, under the names medical lye, soot tea, alka-
line solution,  and dyapeptic lye.
  FULLERS' EARTH,  Cimolia purpurescens.
                FUNCTION

  FULMEN, Aslrape.
  FUL3IICOTON, see Collodion.
  FULNESS, Reple'tio,  Platitude, Pletho'ra,
Reple'tion.  The state of being filled.   Also, a
feeling of weight or distention in the stomach or
other part of the system.
  FUMA'RIA, Fumdrin officina'lia seu media,
Fumua  terra, Capnoe,  Herba  melancholif'uga,
Fu'mitory, Common Fu'mitory,  Fumiter'ra,  So-
la'men Scabioeo'rum, (F.) Fumetcrre. The leaves
are extremely succulent, and have a bitter, some-
what saline,  taste.  The  infusion of the  dried
leaves and the expressed juice of the fresh plant
have been extolled for their property of clearing
the skin of many disorders of the leprous kind.
  Fuma'ria Bulbo'sa, F. cava seu major, Borck-
hauaedia cava, Capno'i'dea cava, Aristolochi'a fa-
ba'cea seu cava seu vulga'ris rotun'da, Coryd'alis
bulbo'sa seu cava seu tubero'sa, Capnor'chia.  The
root of this plant was formerly given as an emmena-
gogue and anthelmintic.  (F.) Fumeterre  bulbeuae.
  Fumaria Cava, F. bulbosa—f. Major, F. bul-
bosa—f. Media, Fumaria—f. Officinalis, Fumaria.
  FUMETERRE, Fumaria.
  FUMIGATIO,  Fumigation — f.  Antiloimica
Gaubii, see Disinfection — f. Guytoniensis,  see
Disinfection—f. Smythiana, see Disinfection.
  FUMIGA'TION, Fumigdtio,  from fumua,
'smoke.'  Suffi'tus, Suffil'io, Suffumina'tio, Suf-
fumig"ium, Suffimen'tiim, Apocapnis'mus, Thymi-
a'ma, Epithymia'ma,  Hypothymia'ma,  Hypothy-
mia'sis, Thymia'sis, Cuj)iiis'mos, Hypoeupuis'mos,
Hypalmus,  Hypatmis'mus, Anatliymittsis.   An
operation, the object of which is to fill a circum-
scribed  space with gas or vapour;  with the in-
tention  either of purifying the air, of perfuming
it, or of charging it with a substance proper for
acting upon a part of the surface of the human
body.   Hence, fumigations  have been  distin-
guished into aqueous,  aromatic, sulphureous, mer-
curial, disinfecting, Guytonian, Ac.   Benzoin ge-
nerally  constitutes the  chief ingredient in  the
Fumigating Pastilles, to which any variety of
odoriferous substances may be added.   The  fol-
lowing is one formula:
  R. Benzoin. "£]; cascarilla,  *">ss >' myrrh. Qj ;
ol. myrist., ol. caryojth. aa gtt. x; potassa nitrat.
"Jss; carbon,  lign. ^vj ;  mucil. trag. q. s.
  Fumigation, Chlorine, see Disinfection — f.
Nitrous, see  Disinfection — f. Oxymuriatic, see
Disinfection.
  FUMITERRA,  Fumaria.
  FUMITORY, Fumaria.
  FUMUS ALBUS,  Hydrargyrum—f.  Citrinus,
Sulphur—f. Terras, Fumaria.
  FUNAMBULATIO, from funis, ' a cord,'  and
ambulate, ' to walk.'  An  exercise with the an-
cients, which  consisted in scaling ropes.
  FUNCTION, Fune'tio, Ae'tio, (F.) Function;
from fungor,  ' I act,' ' perform.'  The  action of
an  organ or  system of  organs.  Any act, neces-
sary for accomplishing  a vital phenomenon.  A
function is a special office in the animal economy,
which has as its instrument, an organ or appara-
tus of organs.  Thus, respiration  is a  function.
Its object is the conversion of venous  into arte-
rial  blood, and its instrument is the lungs.   The
ancient physiologists divided the functions  into
vital, animal, and natural.  They called vital func-
tions those which are essential to life, as  innerva-
tion,  circulation, respiration ; animal functiona,
those which belong to the  enceiihalon;  viz.: the
functions of the intellect, the affections of the mind,
and the voluntary motions; and  natural func-
tiona, Facultdtea  seu Actio'nes naturelles, those
relating to assimilation, such  as the actions of the
abdominal viscera, of the absorbent and exhalant
vessels,  Ac.   Bichat  divided the  functions  into
)2 
FUNCTIONAL DISEASES        393          FURIA  INFERNALIS
 those which relate to the preservation of the in-
 dividual, and those that relate to the preservation
 of the  species.  The former he subdivided  into
 animal  and organic.   The animal  functions or
 functions of relation are those of the intellect,
 sensation, locomotion,  and voice.   The organic
 functions include digestion, absorption, respira-
 tion, circulation, secretion, nutrition, and calori-
 fication.  The functions, whose object is the  pre-
 servation of the species—the organic, nutritive, or
 vegetative functions—are all those that relate to
 generation ; — such as  conception, gestation, ac-
 couchement,  Ac.   Each  of these admits of nu-
 merous  subdivisions in  a  complete  course of
 Physiology ;—for so the doctrine of the functions
 is called.
   FUNCTIONAL DISEASES, see  Organic  Dis-
 eases.
   FUNDA,  Spheddone, ^F.)  Fronde.  A  band-
 age, composed of a fillet or long compress, cleft
 at its extremities to within about two  inches of
 its middle.   It is used in diseases of the nose and
 chin, and especially in  cases of fracture of the
 lower jaw.   In such case it has, also, been called
 3le.ntonniere,  because placed beneath the  chin;
 from (F.) 3lenton, 'the  chin.'
   FUNDAMENT, Anus—f. Falling  down of the,
 Proctocele.
   FUNDAMENTAL,  from  fundare,  'to  lie
 deeply.'  Some anatomists  have called the sa-
 crum Os Fundamenta'le, because it seems to serve
 as a base to the vortebral column.  The sphenoid
 bone has likewise been  so denominated, from its
 being situate at the base of the cranium.
   F END US, (F.) Fond.  The base of any organ
 which ends  in a neck, or has an external  aper-
 ture ; as the  Fundus vesicas, F. uteri, Ac.   Also,
 tho Vulva.
   Fundus Vagina;, Laquear vaginas.
 _  FUNES CORDIS, Columnas  carneas—f. Semi-
 circulares, Semicircular  canals.
   FUNGIFORM PAPILLA, see Papillas of the
 Tongue.
   FUN'GOID, Fungoi'des, 3Iyco'des, Fungifor'-
 mis, Fudgiform, (F.) Fongo'ide,  Fongiforme, from
 fungua, 'a mushroom,'and  ttoos, 'resemblance.'
 That which  has the shape of, or grows in  some
 measure like a mushroom, as the fungoid or fun-
 giform papillas of the tongue.
  Fungoid Disease, Encephaloid.
  FUNGOS'ITY, Fungoa'itoa,  Caro luxu'rians,
 C.fungo'sa, Eesarco'ma, Proud Flesh, Hypsersar-
co'ma, Hypsersarcdsis, (F.) Fongositi.  The qua-
lity of that which is fungous :—fungous excres-
cence, Excrescen'tia fitngo'sa.  The  fungosities
which arise  in wounds  or ulcers are easily  re-
 pressed  by gentle compression,  dry lint, the sul-
 phas cupri, or other gentle caustics.  At times,
 the more powerful are necessary, and sometimes
 excision  is required.
   FUNGUS,  3Iyccs, (F.) Fongus, Champignon.
 The mushroom order of plants; class Cryptoga-
 mia, in the Linnasan system. In Pathology,  the
 word is  commonly used  synonymously with fun-
 gosity, myco'sis.   M. Breschet  has proposed to
 restrict  the  term fungosity to vegetations which
 arise on denuded surfaces, and to apply  the term
 fungus  to the tumours which form  in  the sub-
 stance of the textures, without any external ulce-
ration.   Fici and  warts, for example, would be
fungi of  the skin.
  Fungus Albus  Saligneus, Dasdalea suaveo-
lens—f. Articuli, Spina ventosa—f. Bleeding, Has-
matodes  fungus — f. Cancrosus  hasmatodes, Has-
matodes  F.—f. Cancrosits medullaris, see Ence-
phaloid—f. Cerebralis, see Encephaloid—f. Cere-
bri, Eucephaloeele—f. Chirurgorum, Lyeoperdon
—f. Cynosbati, Bedcguar—f. Hasmatodes, Hasma-
 todes fungus—f. Igniarius, Boletus igniarius—f.
 Laricis, Boletus laricis—f. of Malta, Cynomorion
 coccineum—f. Medullaris, see  Encephaloid—f.
 Melanodes, Melanosis—f. Melitensis, Cynomorion
 coccineum—f. Petrasus marinus, Umbilicus mari-
 nus—f. Quercinus, Boletus igniarius—f. Rosarum,
 Bedeguar — f. Salieis, Dasdalea suaveolens — f.
 Sambucinus, Peziza auricula.
   FUNIC  BELLOWS'  SOUND,  see Bellows'
 Sound, funic.
   FUNICULI GUAC'ILES, Posterior 3Ie'dian
 Columns or Fascic'uli of the  medulla oblonga'ta.
 Along  the posterior border of each corpus resti-
 forme,  and separated from it by a groove, is a
 narrow white cord, separated from  its fellow  by
 the fissura longitudinalis posterior.  The  pair of
 cords are the funiculi graciles.  Each funiculus
 forms an enlargement—processus clavatus—at its
 upper  end, and is then lost  in the corpus resti-
 forme.
   Funic'uli Sil'iqua;.  Longitudinal fibres seen
 in the groove which separates the corpus  olivare
 from the corpus pyramidale and corpus restiforme.
 They enclose the base of the corpus olivare,—those
 which lie on its inner side forming  the funic'ulus
 inter'nus ; and those on its outer side the funicu-
 lus externus.
   FUNICULUS, Cord—f. Externus, see Funiculi
 siliquas — f.  Internus, see Funiculi siliquas — f.
 Spermaticus, Spermatic cord—f. Tympani, Chorda
 tympani.
   Funic'ulus  Umbilicalis, Funis umbilica'lis,
 Intestin'ulum, Vidculum  umbilica'le,  Umbilical
 cord, Navel string, diminutive of Funis, 'a cord.'
 (F.) Cordon  ombilicale.   A cord-like substance,
 which extends from the placenta to  the umbilicus
 of the foetus.  It is composed of the chorion, am-
 nion, an albuminous secretion called the Jelly of
 the Cord, cellular substance, an umbilical vein,
 and two umbilical arteries.   The former conveys
 the blood from the  placenta to the foetus — the
 latter return it.  All these parts are surrounded
 by a  sheath — Invest itu'ra seu  Vagi'na funic'uli
 umbilica'lis.   Its  usual length is from 16 to 22
 inches.
  Funiculus Varicosus, Cirsocele.
  FUNIS, Cord, Laqueus—f. Argenteus, Medulla
 spinalis—f. Hippocratis, Achillis tendo—f. Umbi- ,
 licalis, Funiculus umbilicalis.
  FUNNEL, see Infundibulum.
  FUR, Enduit.
  FURCELLA, Fur'cula; diminutive of j'urea,
 'a fork.'  The upper  part of the  sternum, the
 clavicle.  The Fourchette.
  Furcella Inferior, Xiphoid  cartilage.
  FURCHMUHL, MINERAL  WATERS  OF.
 These Bavarian springs contain carbonic acid,
 sulphuretted hydrogen, carbonates  of  lime  and
 soda; chlorides of lime and magnesium,  oxides
 of iron  and magnesium, Ae.
  FURCILLA, Fourchette.
  FURCULA, Furcella, Clavicle, Fourchette.
  FUREUR UTERINE, Nymphomania.
  FURFUR, Bran, Pilyron, Aeh'yron, Apobras'-
 ma, Lemma, Cantabru'no,  (F.) Son.   The  decoc-
 tion is sometimes employed as an emollient.
  FURFURA, Scarf.
  FURFURA'CEOUS, from furfur,  'bran.'
 Scurfy,  Canicdceous, Pithyrlnus, Pityroides, Pi-
 tyro'des.  Resembling bran.  A name given to
 eruptions, in which the epidermis is detached in
 small scales  resembling bran. Also, a bran-like
 sediment observed at times in the urine;— Urina
 furfura'cea, Sedimcn'tuin  Urina pityroides.
  FURFURATIO, Porrigo, Pityriasis.
  FURFURISCA, Pityriasis.
  FU'RIA INFERNA'LIS.  A kind of vermi-
form insect, scarcely  two lines long, common in 
               FURIBUNDUS              3

Sweden, which flies  about and stings both man
and  animals, exciting the  most  excruciating
torture.
  FURIBUNDUS, Maniodes.
  EURIOSUS,  Maniodes.
  FURIOUS, Maniodes.
  FURMENTY, Frument.
  FURNAS,  MINERAL  AVATERS  OF.  A
thermal chalybeate water in St. Michael's, Azores,
which  contains  carbonic acid, and  carbonate of
iron.
  FURONCLE, Furunculus.
  FURONCLE GUEPIER. A malignant boil,
 Wasp's nest boil, which  generally  attacks the
nape and region of the neck, and  rarely others
than old people.  Hence it has been called Old
People's boil.
  FUROR, Mania—f. Brevis, Rage—f. Mania,
Mania—f. Uterinus, Nymphomania.
  FURROAV,  MENTO-LABIAL,   see  Mento-
labial furrow.
  FURUNCULI ATONICI,  Ecthyma—f. Ven-
triculus, see Furunculus.
  FURUN'CULUS, from furiare, 'to make mad.'
Chi'adua,  Chioli, Doth'ien, Doihion, Furun'culua
suppurato'riua, F. Verus, F. benig'nus, Phymafu-
run'cuius, Absces'sus  nuclea'tus, a furuncle,  a
boil, a  bile. (¥.) Furoncle, Froncle, Clou. A small
phlegmon, which appears  under the form of a
conical, hard,  circumscribed  tumour, having its
seat in the dermoid texture.  At the end  of an
uncertain period, it becomes pointed, white or
  The Greek G, V, with the ancient Greek phy-
sicians, signified an ounce.—Rhod. ad Scribonium.
  GABALLA, Cabal.
  GABELLA, Mesophryon.
  GABIR'EA, ya(iipta.  A fatty kind of myrrh,
mentioned by Dioscorides.
  GiEOPHAGIA, Geophagism.
  GiEOPH'AGUS, from yata,  ' earth,' and tpaytn,
' I eat.'  One who eats earth.
  GAGEL, Myrica gale.
  GAGUE SANG, Caque-sang.
  GAHET,  Cagot.
  GAIAC, Guaiacum.
  GAILLET ACCROCHANT, Galium aparine
—g. Crochant, Galium aparine—g. Jaune, Galium
verum—g. Vrai, Galium verum.
  GAINE, Vagina or sheath—g. de FApophyse
stylo'ide, Vaginal process of the temporal bone—
g. de la veine porte, Vagina or  sheath of the vena
porta.
  GALA, yaXa, genitive yaXaKros, milk; hence :
  GALACTACRA'SIA, from  yaXa,  'milk,' and
aKpaoia, ' imperfect mixture.'   A morbid mixture
or constitution of the milk.
  GALACTACRATIA, Galactia.
  GALACT^E'MIA, from yaXa, yaXaKros, 'milk,'
and 'atpa, ' blood.'  A condition of the blood in
which it contains milk.
  GALACTAGOGA, Galactopoietica.
  G ALACTAPOSTEMA, Mastodynia apostema-
tosa.
  GALACTIA,  Galactirrhoz'a,  Galactorrhoe'a,
from yaXa, ' milk.'  Lactis redundadtia, Polyga-
lactia, Galactoze'mia.  A redundant flow of milk,
either in a female who is suckling, or in one who
is not.  It may occur without being provoked by
suckling.  AVhen to a great extent, it sometimes
causes wasting; Tabes lac'tea, T. nutri'cum.  Dr.
4          GALACTOPHAGOUS

yellow, and gives exit to pus  mixed with blood.
When  it breaks,  a  small,  grayish,  fibrous masfl
sometimes appears,  which  consists of dead areo-
lar tissue.  This is called the  Core, Setfast, Ycn-
tric'ulua seu Nucleus Furudculi, (F.) Rourhillon.
The abscess does not heal until after its separa-
tion. The indications of treatment  are,—to dis-
cuss by  the application  of  leeches and  warm
fomentations ;—or, if this  cannot be done, to en-
courage  suppuration by warm, emollient cata-
plasms. When suppuration is entirely established,
the part may be opened or suffered to break, ac-
cording to circumstances.
   Furunculus Gangrainosus, Anthrax—f. Ma-
lignus, Anthrax.
   FUSEE PURULENTE, (F.)  The long and
sinuous route which pus takes, in certain  cases,
in  making its way to the surface.   These Fusiea
almost always form beneath the skin between  the
muscles; or along  aponeuroses, bones, tendons,
Ac.
   FUSEL  OIL, see Oil, fusel.
   FUSIBLE, see Fusion.
   FUSIBILITY, see Fusion.
   FUSION, Fu'sio, 3Ielting, Liquefaction; from
fundere, fusum,  ' to melt.'  In  chymistry,  the
transition of a solid body into a liquid by the aid
of heat.  Substances capable of such transition
are said to be fusible ;  or to be possessed of fusi-
bility.
   FUSTIC TREE, Cladastris tinctoria.
   FUTUTOR, Tribade.
Good uses Galac'tia, in his Nosology, for ' morbid
flow or deficiency of milk,' Galactacratia.
  GALACTICUS, Lactic.
  GALACTIFER, Galactophorous.
  GALACTINE, Casein.
  GALACTINUS, Lactic
  GALACTIRRHCEA, Galactia.
  GALACTIS, Galaxias.
  GALACTIS'CHESIS, Galactos'chesis, Lactis
reten'tio, from yaXa, 'milk,' and  tc^ttv, 'to re-
strain.'  Retention or suppression  of milk.
  GALACTITES, Galaxias.
  GALACTOCATARACTA, Cataract, milky.
  GALACTO'DES, from yaXa, 'milk,'  and ttSos,
'resemblance.' In Hippocrates, the term signifies
milkwarm, and likewise a milky colour,  as of the
urine—urina galacto'des.
  GALACTODLETA, Dia'ta lac'tea, from yaXa,
'milk,' and <5iaira, 'diet.'   A milk  diet.
  GALACTODIARRHCEA, Coeliac Flux.
  GALACTOGANGLION, Milk knot.
  GALACTOH^E'MIA, Galactha'rnia, from yaXa,
'milk,' and 'atpa, 'blood:' Lactis  sanguinolcn'ti
Excre'tio.  The secretion of bloody or bloodlike
milk.
 _ GALACTOMASTOPARECTOMA,  Mastody-
nia apostematosa.
  GALACTOM'ETER, Lactom'eter, from yaXa,
'milk,' and ptrpov,  'measure.'  An instrument
for appreciating  the quantity of cream  in milk.
It is a kind of graduated separatory or iprouvette
—the degrees on the scale  indicating the  thick-
ness of the layer of cream that forms on the sur-
face of the milk.
  GALACTON'CUS, Tumor lac'teus, from yaXa,
'milk,' and oyKos, 'a swelling.' A  milk tumour.
  GALACTOPH'AGOUS,  Galactoph'agus,  Lac-
tiv'orus,  sometimes  used  substantively ,•  from
G. 
GALACTOPHORA             395               GALEOPSIS
yaXa, 'milk,'  and tpayu>,  'I  eat.'   That which
feeds on milk.  A name given to certain people,
with whoin  milk appears to constitute the chief
nourishment.
  G ALACTOPIIORA, Galactopoietica.
  GALACTOPH'OROUS, Gulue'tifer, Lac'tifer,
Lactiferous, from yaXa,  ' milk,' and tptpio,  ' I
carry.'  That which carries milk.
  GALACTOPH'onous  or Lactif'erous Ducts,
arc those which convey the milk, secreted by the
mammary gland, towards the nipple, where their
external orifices are situate.  The Lacteala have
also been so called.
  GALACTOPH'ORUS. Some accoucheurs have
given this name to an instrument intended to  fa-
cilitate sucking, when the faulty conformation of
tho  nipple prevents  the child  from laying hold
of it.
  GALACTOPH'YGUS, from  ydXa, 'milk,' and
ipcvyttv, 'to shun.'  That which arrests or disperses
the secretion of milk.  Hence Galactoph'yga 3Ie-
dicamen'ta.
   (i ALACTOPLA'NIA, 3Ietaa'taaie seu Aberrd-
 tio seu Viee extra'drdindria lactia, Galoctorrhce'a
 erro'nea, from yaXa,  'milk,' and irXavv, 'wander-
 ing.'  Extravasation of milk  into  the  areolar
 membrane.  Secretion of milk elsewhere than
 from the breasts.
   GALACTOPLERO'SIS, from yaXa, 'milk,' and
 irXvpwcts, 'repletion.'   Redundance  of milk.
   GALAOTOPOEA, Galactopoietica.
   GALACTOPOESIS, Galactosis.
   GALACTOPOIESIS, Galactosis.
   GALACTOPOIET'ICA, Galactoph'ora, Galac-
tago'ga, Galactopoe'a, from yaXa, 'milk,' and noitio,
' I make.'  Substances, to which has been attri-
buted the property of favouring the  secretion of
milk and augmenting its quantity.
  GALACTOPO'SIA, from  yaXa,  'milk,' and
ttocis,  ' drink.'  The  drinking  of milk.  Treat-
ment of a disease by means of milk.
  GALACTOP'OTES, Galactop'otua, Lacti'potor.
Same  etymon.  A drinker of  milk.   One sub-
jected to a milk diet.
  GALACTOPYRA, Fever, milk.
   GALACTOPYRETUS, Fever, milk.
  GALACTORRHEA,  Galactia —g. Erronea,
Galactoplania — g.  Saccharata, Saccharorrhcea

  GALACTOSACCHARUM, Saccharum lactis.
  GALACTOSCHESIS, Galactischesis.
  GALACTO'SIS, Galactopoie'sis,  Galactopoe'-
sis,  Sccre'tio  lactis,  from  yaXaKropat, ' I am
changed into milk.'  The secretion  or formation
of milk.
  GALACTOT'ROPHE,  Galactotroph'ia,  from
yaXa,  ' milk,' and rpotpv, ' nourishment.'   Nou-
rishment by means of milk.
   GALACTOZE'MIA,  from yaXa,  'milk,' and
 <*»;fua,  ' loss.'  Loss of milk.  Also, Galactia.
   GALACTU'CHOS,  from  yaXa,  'milk,'  and
 t)(iiv,  ' to have.'  Suckling.  Giving milk.
   GALACTURIA, Chyluria.
   GALANGA, Maranta galanga.
   GALANGAL, Maranta galanga.
   GALAXGALE, Cyperus longus.
   GALARH(EUS LATHYRIS, Euphorbia la-
 thyris—g. Palustris, Euphorbia palustris.
   GALARIPS, Allamanda.
   GALAXIA, Thoracic duct.
   GALAX'IAS,  Galacti'tes, Galac'tis.  A milk
 stone. A  stone  supposed to  be capable of pro-
 moting the secretion of milk.
   GALBANUM,  see Bubon galbanum—g. Long-
 leaved, Bubon galbanum.
    GAL'BULUS,  from galbus, 'yellow.'  A kind
of congenital jaundice, in which the yellow colour
continues through life.  It is  rather a defect in
colour than a disease.—A'ogel.
  GALE, Myrica gale—g. Odorant, Myrica gale
—g. Sweet, Myrica gale.
  GALE, Psora—gr. Canine,  Psoriasis— g. Epi-
dimique, Eczema — g. Miliaire,  Psoriasis —g.
Seche, Lichen, Psoriasis.
  GA'LEA.  A  helmet, from yaXv, 'a  cat; of
the skin of which it was formerly made.  A name
given to the amnios, and, also, to the bandage of
Galen.  In Pathology, it indicates a headach
affecting the whole head.  See, also, Caul.
  Galea Aponeurot'ica Cap'itis, Ga'lea ten-
din'ea Santori'ni, 'Ga'lea  cap'itis, 31embra'na
epicrdnia.    The  tendinous  expansion  which
unites the  frontal and occipital portions of the
occipito-frontalis muscle.
  GALEAMAUROSIS, Amaurotic cat's eye.
  GALEAN'CON, Galian'con,  from  yaXta, 'a
cat,' ' a weasel,' and ayKoiv, ' an elbow.'  Muste-
la'neus.  One who has two short arms.
  G A L E AN' T H R 0 P Y, Galeanthro'pia, from
yaXv, 'a cat,' and avSpwnos, 'a man.'  A variety
of melancholy in which the patient believes him-
self changed into a cat.  An  affection  similar to
lycanthropy and cynanthropy.
  GALE'GA, G. officina'lis seu vulga'ris seu Per'-
sica, Ruta capra'ria,  Goats  Rue, (F.) Rue de
chevre,  Faux  Indigo.  It is  slightly aromatic,
and was once used as a sudorific and  alexiterial
in malignant fevers, Ac
  Galega  Persica, Galega.
  Galega  Virginia'na,  Tephro'sia Virginia'na,
Turkey Pea, Hoary Pea, Devil's shoestrings, Vir-
ginia Goat's rue or cat-gut, is  used in some parts
of the United States  as an  anthelmintic.  The
decoction of the root is given.
  Galega  Vulgaris,  Galega.
  GALENE, Graphites.
  GALENEA,  Graphites.
  GALEN'IC,  Galen''ical, Gated icus, Galdnius,
from Galenus. That which relates to the doctrine
of Galen or to Galenism.  Used, substantively, for
drugs that are not chymieal.
  Galenic Medicine, Galenism.
  GA'LENISM, Galedic medicine.  The doc-
trine of Galen.
  GA'LENIST, Galenis'ta,  Galenis'tes.  A fol-
lower of the doctrine of Galen.
  GALENIUS, Galenic.
  GALEOBDOLON,  Galeopsis.
  GALEOPDOLON,  Galeopsis.
  GALEOPSIS, Lamium album.
  Galeop'sis,  Galiop'sis, GaleoVdolon, Galeop'-
dolon, La'mium rubrum,  Urtica iners  magna fce-
tidis'sima,  Stachys faltida,  Hedge nettle,  (F.)
 Ortie morte des bois.  This  plant was formerly
reckoned a vulnerary and anodyne.
  Galeopsis  Angustifolia, G. grandiflora—g.
Dubia, G. grandiflora.
   Galeop'sis Grandiflo'ra, 67. Ochroledca seu
 la'danum seu angustifo'lia seu  du'bia seu pros-
 tra'ta  seu villo'sa,   Tetrahit  longiflo'rum,  G.
 Seg"etum, Herba Sideri'tidis. This plant is re-
 garded in  Germany as a bitter resolvent.  It  is
 the basis, also, of a celebrated nostrum, the Blan-
 kenheimer  Tea,  called, likewise, Lieber's pectoral
 and phthisical herbs  (Liebersche  Brust
 oderAuszehrungs-Krauter,) which has
 enjoyed great  repute in  pectoral  complaints.
 The tops  of the plant  are  given in decoction,
 ("§j, boiled in a pint of water for a quarter of an
 hour.)  This quantity to be taken in  a day.
   Galeopsis Ladanum, G. grandiflora—g.Ochro-
 leuca. G. grandiflora—g. Prostrate,, G. grandiflora
 —g. Segetum, G. grandiflora. 
GALEROPIA
396
,  GANGLIFORM
  Galeop'sis  Versic'olor, is possessed of the
same virtues.
  Galeopsis Villosa, G. grandiflora.
  GALEROPIA, Oxyopia.
  GA'LIA.  An ancient composition, in which
galls were an ingredient; the 67a*'a pura.  There
was, also, a Galia aromatica, moscha'ta vel mus-
ca'ta, which consisted of a mixture of several
perfumes, such as musk.
  GALIANCON,  Galeancon.
  GALIOPSIS, Galeopsis.
  GALIP.EA FEBRIFUGA, Cusparia febrifuga
—g. Officinalis, see Cusparia febrifuga.
  GALIPOT, see Pinus sylvestris.
  GA'LIUM, Gallium, (from yaXa,  'milk,' be-
cause some species curdle milk.)   G. verum.
  Galium Album, G.  Mollugo.
  Ga'lium Apari'ne,  G. infestum seu aparinoV-
dcs seu br achy carp' on seu scaber'rimum, Valan'tia
apari'ne, Aparine  his'pida,  Aparine,  Lappa,
Philanthro'pus, Ampelocar'pus, Omphalocar'pus,
Ixus,  Asphari'ne, Asper'ula, Goose-grass,  Clea-
ver's bees, Cleavers,  Goose-share,  Hayriff.   Fa-
mily, Rubiaceas.  (Sex. Syst. Tetrandria Monogy-
nia.  (F.) Gaillet accrochant, G. crochant, Grat-
teron.  The  expressed juice has  been given as
an  aperient diuretic in incipient  dropsies; also,
in cancer.
  Galium Aparanoides, G. aparine.
  Ga'lium Asprellum, Rough bed-straw, Rough
ladies' bed-straw:  indigenous; has  the  diuretic
properties of most of its genus.
  Galium Brachycarpon, G. aparine—g. Cau-
casicum, G.  verum.
  Galium Circai'zans, Wild Liquorice, 3Iaster
of the Woods.  An indigenous plant, which flow-
ers from June to August.   It is demulcent and
diuretic,  and is a popular domestic remedy.
  Galium Infeste, G. aparine — g. Luteum, G.
verum.
  Galium Mollu'go,  Galium album seu  Tyro-
led se, Greater ladies' bed-straw, Alys'sum Plin'ii,
(F.) Cailhlait blanc.   The herb and flowers have
been used, medicinally, in epilepsy.
  Galium Odoratum, Asperula odorata—g. Sca-
berrimum, G. aparine.
  Ga'lium   Tincto'rum,  an  American  species,
closely allied in properties to G. verum.
  Galium Tyrolense, G. mollugo—g. Tubercu-
latum, g. Verum.
  Ga'lium  Verum, Ga'lium, 67. lu'teum seu Cau-
ca'sicum seu  tubercula'turn, Ladies'  bed-straiv,
Cheese-rennet, Bed-straw,  Cleavewort,  Goose-
grass,  Savoyan, Clabber-grass, 3Iilksweet,  Poor
Robin, Gravel-grass, (F.) Gaillet jaune,  67. vrai,
Vrai Gaillelait.   The tops were used in the cure
of epilepsy.   The leaves and flowers possess the
property of curdling milk.
  GALL,  Bile,  see  Eczema   impetiginodes,
Quercus  infectoria, and Vitrum — g. of the earth,
Prenanthes—g. Nut, see Quercus  infectoria—g.
of the Ox, see Bile—g. Sickness, Fever, Walche-
ren—g. Turkey, see Quercus infectoria.
   GALL-BLADDER,  Vesic'ula  fellis,  Ohol'e-
cyst, Choleeys'tis, Follic'ulus fellis, Cystis fellea,
 Vesica fellea, Vesic'ula bills. Vesica bilia'ria,
Follic'ulus fel'leus, Cystis choled'ochus, (F.) Vi-
sieule dufiel ou Viaicule biliaire, Riaervoir de la
bile.  A membranous, pyriform reservoir, lodged
in a superficial depression at the inferior surface
of the right lobe of the liver. It receives, by the
hepatic and cystic ducts,  a portion of  the bile
secreted by the liver, when the stomach is empty,
which becomes in it more acrid, bitter, and thick.
It receives  an artery, called the cyatic.  Its veins
empty into the vena porta.  Its nerves come from
the hepatic plexus, and its lymphatic vessels join
those of the liver.
  GALLA, see Quercus infectoria—g. Maxima
Orbiculata, see Quercus infectoria.
  GALL,E QUERCl"*S, see Quercus infectoria—
g. Tinctorias, see Quercus infectoria,—g. Turcica;,
see  Quercus infectoria.
  GALLATURA, Molecule.
  GALLI GALLINACEI CAPUT, Gallinaginis
caput.
  GALLINAG"INIS CAPUT, Galli gallindcei
Caput,  Caput  gallina' ceum,  Verumonta'num,
Criata urethra'lia, Crite  urithrdle, — (Ch.,) from
Gdllinago,  ' a  woodcock.'  An  oblong, rounded
projection,  formed by the  mucous membrane in
the spongy portion of the urethra,  at the  sides
of which the ejaculatory ducts open.
  GAL'LIPOT.   Perhaps from gala, ' finery.' (?)
A pot painted  and glazed or merely glazed, and
commonly used to hold medicines.
  GALLITRICHUM, Salvia sclarea.
  GALLIUM, Gallium.
  GALLSTONES, Calculi, biliary.
  GALLUS, Eunuch.
  GALREDA, Gelatin.
  GALVANISATION,  Galvanization.
  GAL'VANISM,  Galvanis'mus,  Electric" itas
anima'lis, E. Galvan'ica  vel metallica,  Irrita-
men'tum  metallo'rum vel metal'licum,  Vol'taism,
Volta'ic  or Chemical or Contact Electricity.  A
series of phenomena, consisting in sensible move-
ments, executed  by animal parts, which are en-
dowed with irritability, when placed in connex-
ion  with  two metallic plates of different nature,
between  which a communication is established
by direct contact or by means of a metallic wire.
Galvanism  has been employed medicinally in the
same cases  as electricity, and especially in neu-
ralgic affections.   It is often applied in tho  form
of plates,—" 3Iansford's plates."  In asthma, for
example, a  small blister, the size of a dollar, may
be  placed  on the neck  over the course  of the
phrenic and pneumogastric nerves, and another
on the side, in the region of the diaphragm. One
metal is placed mediately or immediately over the
vesicated surface on the neck, and another over
that in  the side.  They are  then connected by
means of a wire.  The new nervous impression,
in this way induced, is often signally beneficial.
  GALVANIZATION,  Galvanisa'tio, (F.) Gal-
vanisation.  The act of affecting with galvanism.
  GALVANOPUNCTURE,Electropuncture.
  GAMBA, Patella.
  GAMBARUS, Crab.
  GAMBIER, see Nauclea gambir.
  GAMBOGIA,  Cambogia.
  GAMMARUS, Crab.
  GAM'MATA  FERRAMENTA.   Cauteries,
having the shape of the Greek letter T; which
were used for cauterizing herniae.
  GAMMAUT.  The Italians, according to Scul-
tetus, gave this  name to a kind of  crooked bis-
touri, used  for opening abscesses.
  GAMMISMUS, Psammismus.
  GAMPHE, Gena.
  GAMPHELE, Gena, Maxillary Bone.
  GANGAME, Epiploon.
  GANGAMUM, Epiploon.
  GANGLIA  CEREBRI POSTICA, Thalami
nervorum opticorum—g. Formative, see Ganglion
— g. Hemispherical, Hemispheres  of the  brain
— g. of Increase, see Ganglion — g. Nervorum,
Ganglions,  nervous, see  Ganglion — g. Sensory,
see Sensory ganglia.
  GANGLIAR,  Ganglionic.
  GANG'LIFORM, Gang'lioform, Ganglifor'mis.
Having the shape of a ganglion.  A name gene-
rally  given to a knot-like enlargement, in the
course of a nerve. 
GANGLIOLUM
397
GANGRENE
   GANGLIOLUM, Diminutive of ganglion.  A
 small ganglion.
  _GANG'LION, Gaug'lium, 'a knot.'   A name
 given to organs differing  considerably from each
 other  in  size, colour, texture, functions,  Ac.
 They  are divided into  glandiform, lymphatic,
 and nervous.   1.  Glandiform, ganglions,  called
 also  adenoid, vascular, and  sanguineous  gang-
 lions, blind,  nporic, and vaacular glanda, glandu-
 la spuria, Ac, are organs of whose functions we
 are, in general, ignorant; and which  have the
 appearance of glands.  They  are  formed of ag-
 glomerated  globules, pervaded by blood-vessels,
 surrounded  by areolar membrane, and contain a
 milky or yellowish fluid.  To this class belong the
 spleen, thymus, thyroid, and supra-renal glands.
 2. Lymphatic ganglions. See Conglobate.  .",. Ner-
 vous ganglions,  Ganglia  seu  Nodi seu A'od'uli
 Nervo'rum,  Gnnglio'nes,   Tumo'rea seu  Plexua
 gang! i of or idea, Rlexua glundifor'mea, Tuber'cula
 nodo'sa Nervo'rum, Divertic'ula spirituum ani-
 ma'Hum,  Ganglia of increase, Fond alive gang'lia.
 Enlargements or knots in the  course of a nerve.
 They belong, in general, to the system of the
 great sympathetic.  One exists on the posterior
 root of every spinal nerve, and on one cerebral,—
 the 5th.  Bichat regarded them as so many small
 brains, or centres of nervous action, independent
 of the encephalon, and intended  exclusively for
 organic life.  Being formed by the union of the
 cerebral  and spinal nerves, they may  send out
 tho influence of both these nervous centres to the
 parts to which the  nerves proceeding  from them
 are distributed.  Ganglia  are chiefly composed of
 vesicular neurine;  and appear to  be concerned
 in the formation and dispensation of nerve power.
   Ganglion..  Same etymon.   Emphy'ma encys'-
 tis ganglion.   A globular, hard, indolent tumour,
 without change in  the colour  of the skin;  of a
 size varying  from that of a pea, to that of an egg,
 and always  situate in the course  of a tendon.
 The tumour is formed of a viscid, albuminous
 fluid, contained in a cyst of greater or less thick-
 ness.  The cyst is sometimes  loose; but in the
 majority of cases it communicates, by. a narrow
 footstalk, with the  sheath of a tendon, or even
 with the synovial capsule  of a neighbouring arti-
 culation.   The  causes  are  generally unknown.
 The treatment consists in compression, percussion,
 the use of discutients, extirpation, or incision.
   Ganglion  Abdominale, G. semilunar—g. Ade-
 noid, G. glandiform — g.  of Andersch, Petrous
 ganglion — g. Annular, see Ciliary ligament—g,
 of Arnold, Oticum  ganglion — g. Auricular, Oti-
 cum G.—g. Azygous,  see  Trisplanchnic nerve—
 g. Cardiac, Cardiac  ganglion —.g. Carotic or Ca-
 rotid, see Carotid or  Carotic nerve — g. Caver-
 nous, see  Carotid or Carotic nerve—g. Cerebelli,
 Corpus dentatum—g. Cerebral,  anterior, Corpora
 striata —g. Cerebri Anterius, Corpora striata —
 g. Cerebral infirieur,  grand, Thalami nervorum
 opticorum—g. Cerebral, posterior,  Thalami ner-
 vorum opticorum—jr. du Cervelet, Corpus denta-
 tum — g.  Ciliare, Corpus dentatum—g. Ciliary,
 Ophthalmic  ganglion — g. Corpuscles, see Neu-
 rine.
   Ganglion  of Ehrenritter, Ganglion nervi
 glosso-pharynge' i supe' rius, G. jugula're supe'rius,
 G. Ehrenritteri seu 3Iullcri. A reddish-gray mass
 on the glossopharyngeal nerve in the  foramen
 lacerum, above the  ganglion of Andersch.
   Ganglion  of  Gasser,  Gan'glium  seu Gan'-
glion  Gasseri, Moles gangliform'is, Intumescen'-
tia gangliform'is seu semi tuna'ria, Ta'nia nervo'-
sa Halleri.  A semicircular knot on the 5th pair
of nerves,  before its division into three branches.
   Ganglion,  Glandiform, see Ganglion__g.
Globules, see  Neurine—Impar,  see Trisplanchnic
 nerve—g. Jugulare superius, G. of Ehrenritter—g.
 Laiteux, Milk-knot—g. of Laumonier, see Carotid
 or Carotic nerve—g. Lenticular, G. ophthalmic—
 g. Lymphatic,  Conglobate  gland—g.  3/axillo-
 tympnnique, Oticum G.—g. of Meckel, Spheno-
 palatine G. — g. Mulleri, G. of Ehrenritter — g.
 Nasopalatine,   see Nasopalatine  ganglion — g.
 Nervi glosso-pharyngei superius, G. of Ehrenrit-
 ter— g. Ophthalmic, see Ophthalmic ganglion —
 g. Optic, Quadrigemina tubercula—g. Orbitar, G.
 ophthalmic—g. Oticum,  Oticum G.—g. Petrosal,
 see Petrous ganglion.
    Ganglion of the Pneumogas'tric  A gan-
 glionic structure in the pneumogastric as it passes
 through the foramen lacerum posterius.
    Ganglion of Ribes. A nervous ganglion upon
 the anterior communicating artery of the brain,
 and to be  found at the point of junction of  the
 right and  left trunks of the sympathetic.
    Ganglion, Sanguineous, G. glandiform — g.
 Sensory,  see  Sensory ganglia — g. Solare,  G.
 semilunare—g. Sphenoidal, Sphenopalatine gan-
 glion—g.  Splanchnicum,  G.  semilunare—g.  Su-
 pirieur du cevveuu (grand,) Corpora striata — g.
 of the  Superior Laryngeal Branch, see Pneumo-
 gastric nerves—g. Sur renal, G. semilunare — g.
 Thyroid, see Trisplanchnic nerve — g. Transver-
 sum, G. semilunare—g. Vascular, G. glandiform
 — g. Vertebral, see  Trisplanchnic  nerve—g. de
 Vieussens, Cceliac plexus.
   GANGLIONARY, Ganglionic.
   GANGLIONES GANGLIOFORMES,  Gan-
 glions,  nervous.
   GANGLION'IC, Ganglion'icus, Gan'glionary,
 Gan'gliar.  Relating to ganglia.   Nerves are so
 called in the course of which  ganglions are met
 with; as the greater part of the branches of  the
 great sympathetic or trisplanchnic, the posterior
 roots of the spinal nerves, Ac   Ganglionics,  ac-
 cording to  Dr. Pereira, are agents, which affect
 the ganglionic or great sympathetic system  of
 nerves,(?)—as stimulants and sedatives.
   Ganglionic  Nerve, Trisplanchnic nerve—g..
 Nervous System, see Trisplanchnic nerve.
   GANGLIONITIS,  Gangliltis, from yayyXtov,
 ' a ganglion,' and itia, denoting  inflammation.
 Inflammation of a nervous  ganglion.  Sometimes
 used for inflammation  of a  lymphatic ganglion.
   Ganglionitis  Peripherica  et Medullaris,
 Cholera.
   GANGLIUM, Ganglion—g.  Gasseri, Ganglion
 of Gasser.
 _  GANGR^l'NA ALOPECIA, Alopecia—g. Ca-
 ries, Caries—g. Nosocomiorum, Hospital gangrene
 —g. Oris, Cancer aquaticus—g. Ossis, Spina ven-
 tosa—g. Ossium, Caries—g. Pottii, see Gangrene,
 and Gangrene  of old people—g.  Pulmonum,
 Necropneumonia — g.  Senilis,  Gangrene of  old
 people — g. Sphacelus, Sphacelus — g. Tonsilla-
 rum, Cynanche maligna — g. Ustilaginea, Ergo-
 tism—g. Vaginas, Colpocace.
   GANGRiBNESCENTIA, Gangrasnosis.
   GANGR.ENICUS, Gangrenous.
   GANGR.ENODES, Gangrenous.
   GANGRuENOPS'IS, Cancer aquaticus; also,
 gangrenous inflammation of the eyelids, Blepha-
 ri'tia gangrano'aa.—Siebenhaar.
   GANGRiENO'SIS,  Gangraneacedtia,  from
 yayypatva,  'gangrene.'   The state of being gan-
 grenous or  of becoming gangrenous.
 .  GANGR.ENOSUS, Gangrenous.
   GANGRENE, Gangra'na, Cancre'na,Hot mor-
 tification, (F.) Gangrene, G.  Chaude, Asphyxie des
 parties.  Privation of life or partial death of  an
 organ.  Authors have generally  distinguished
mortification into  two  stages;  naming the first
incipient or gangrene.   It is attended with a sud-
den diminution  of feeling in the part affected; 
GANGRENE
398
GAS
livid discoloration; detachment of the cuticle,
under which a turbid fluid is effused ;  with crepi-
tation, owing  to  the  disengagement of air into
the areolar texture.  AVhen the part has become
quite black, and incapable of all feeling, circula-
tion, and life, it constitutes the aecond atage, or
mortification, and is called aphac"elua. Gangrene,
however, is  frequeutly used synonymously with
mortification, — local aaphyxia being  the  term
employed for  that condition, in which  the parts
are in a state of suspended animation,  and, con-
sequently, susceptible of resuscitation. AVhen the
part is filled with fluid entering into putrefaction,
the affection is called  humid gangrene, (F.)  Gan-
grene humide:  on the other hand, when it is dry
and shrivelled, it constitutes dry gangrene; (F.)
Gangrene seche.  To this class belongs the gan-
gra'na senilis, 67. Pottii, Presbyosphoc" elus, or
apontaneoua gangrene  of old people, which rarely
admits of cure.  Whatever may be the kind of
gangrene, it may be caused by violent inflamma-
tion, contusion, a burn, congelation, the ligature
of a large arterial trunk,  or  by some internal
cause inappreciable to us.
   The treatment, both of external and internal
gangrene, varies according  to the causes which
produce it.  Gangrene from excessive inflamma-
tion is obviated by antiphlogistics; and  that from
intense cold by cautiously restoring the circula-
tion by cold frictions, Ac.  AVhen  the  gangrene
has  become  developed,  the separation of the
eschars must  be  encouraged by emollient appli-
cations, if there be considerable reaction; or  by
tonics and stimulants, if  the reaction be insuffi-
cient.
   Gangrene,  Hospital, see Hospital, Gangrene
—g. of the Lungs, Necropneumonia.
   GANGRENE DE LA  BOUCHE,  Cancer
aquaticus — g. Chaude,  Gangrene — g. Froide
Sphacelus—g. Humide, see Gangrene—g. Slche,
see Gangrene—g. Hopital, Hospital gangrene —
g. du Poumon, Necropneumonia—g. dea Solonoia,
Ergotism.
   GANGRENOUS, Gangra'nicua,Gangrano'sus,
Gangrano'des. Affected with or relating to gan-
grene.
   GANJAH,  Gunjah.
   GANTELET  (F.), Chirothe'ca, Fas'cia digi-
ta'lis,  Gauntlet;  from (F.) gant,  'a glove.'  A
sort of bandage  which envelops the hand and
fingers, like  a glove. It is made with a long
roller, about  an  inch broad;  and is applied so
that the fingers  are covered to their tips, when
it is called Gantelet entier ou complet.  The Demi-
gantelet  includes only the hand and base of the
fingers.  Both bandages are used in fractures and
luxations of the  fingers, burns of the  hand, Ac.
 See Chirotheca.
   GANTS DES DA3IES, Condom—^. de Notre
Dame, Digitalis.
   GAPING, Yawning.
   GARANCE, Rubia.
   GARCIN'IA CAMBO'GIA, G. gutta, Cambogia
gutta, Mangosta'na Cambogia.   A tree of Ceylon,
 Family Guttiferas, which affords a concrete juice
 similar to Gamboge.
   Garcinia Gutta, G. Cambogia.
   Garcin'ia  Mangosta'na, Mangosta'na  Gar-
 cin'ia.   The systematic name of the 3Iangos'tan
 or 3Iangous'tan tree,  3Iangosta'na.  It grows in
 great abundance in Java and the Molucca islands.
 The fruit, which  is about the size of an orange, is
 delicious, and is eaten  in almost every disorder.
 The  dried bark is used medicinally in  dysentery
 and tenesmus; and a strong decoction has been
 much esteemed in ulcerated sore throat.
   GARDE-3IALADE, Nurse.
   GARDEROBE, Artemisia abrotanum.
  GARDEROBES, Faeces.
  GARDINER'S ALIMENTARY PREPARA-
TION, see Oryza.
  GARDOUCHES, A'esiculas seminales.
  GARETUM, Poples.
  GARGALISMUS, Gargalus.
  GAR'GALUS,  Gar'gale, Gargalis'mus,  Titil-
la'tio,  Irrita'tio,  Pruritus.   Titillation, irrita-
tion, itching.  Also, masturbation;  and, rarely,
animal magnetism.
  GARGAREON, Uvula.
  GARGARISATIO, Gargarism.
  GAR'GARISM,  Gargaria'mus,  Gargaris'ma,
Anagargalic'ton,  Gargaris'mum, Col/u'tio, Dia-
clys'ma, Anagargaris'ton, Anugargarism'us, Ana-
conchylis'mus, Anaconchylias'mus, Titillamcn'tum,
from yapyapifa,  ' I  wash the mouth.'  A gargle.
Any liquid medicine, intended to be retained in
the mouth,  for a certain time, and to be thrown
in contact with the  uvula, velum pendulum, ton-
sils,-Ac.  For this purpose, the liquid is agitated
by  the  air  issuing  from the larynx, the head
being thrown back.  Gargles are employed  in
cynanche tonsillaris and  other  diseases of  the
fauces, and are made of stimulants, sedatives,
astringents, refrigerants, Ac, according to  cir-
cumstances.
  The process is termed gargling, gargarisa'tio.
'  The term colluto'rium or collutorium oris is ge-
nerally restricted to a wash for the mouth.
  GARGET, Phytolacca decandra.
  GARGLE, Gargarism.
  GARGLING, see Gargarism.
  GARGOUILLE3IENT,  Borborygmus, Gur-
gling.  See Rdle muqueux.
  GARLIC, Allium—g. Hedge, Alliaria.
  GAROSMUM, Chenopodium  vulvaria.
  GAROU  BARK, Daphne gnidium.
  GARRETUM, Poples.
  GARROPHYLLUS, Eugenia caryophyllata.
  GARROT  (¥.),  from garotter, 'to tie fast.'
A small cylinder of wood,  used for  tightening
the circular band, by which the arteries of a limb
are compressed, for the purpose of suspending
the flow  of  blood in cases of hemorrhage, aneu-
rism, amputation, Ac.
  GARROTILLO,  Cynanche maligna.
  GARRULITAS,  Loquacity.
  GARU'LEUM BIPINNATUM.  A South Afri-
can plant,  Nat. Ord. Compositas ; known under
the name Snakeroot, from its reputed effects as
an  antidote to the bites of venomous  serpents.
The root is a great favourite with the Boers in
chest diseases—as  asthma—and in affections in
which a free secretion from the mucous membrane
of the bronchia is indicated.  It has diaphoretic
properties,  and  acts  as a  diuretic in gout  and
dropsy.  It  is given in decoction or tincture.  Dr.
Pappe thinks the root ought to have a place in
the Materia Medica.
   GABUM, yapov.   The  ancient Bomans gave
this name to a kind of pickle made by collecting
the ,liquor  which flowed  from  salted and half-
putrefied fish. It was used as a condiment.—The
 Geoponics, Humelberg on Apicius, Martial, Ac.
   GAS,  see Gaz — g. Ammoniacale, Ammonia—
g. Animale sanguinis, G. sanguinis—g. Azoticum,
Azote — g.  Azoticum oxygenatum, Nitrogen, ga-
seous oxide of—g. Hepaticum, Hydrogen,  sul-
phuretted — g.  Hydrogenium sulphuretum,  Hy-
 drogen, sulphuretted—g. Intoxicating, Nitrogen,
gaseous  oxide of—g. Laughing, Nitrogen, gaseous
oxide of—  g. of the Lungs,  Gas, pulmonary—g.
Nitrous, dephlogisticated, Nitrogen, gaseous oxide
 of—g. Oxygenated muriatic acid, Chlorine — g.
 Oxymuriatic acid, Chlorine—g. Palustre, Miasm, 
GASCARILLA              399           GASTRO-ARTHRITIS
marsh — g. Paradise, Nitrogen, gaseous oxide of
—g. Sulphuris, Sulphurous acid.
  GASCARILLA, Croton cascarilla.
  GASTEIN,  MINERAL  WATERS OF.
GuBtein  or Gasteiner Wildbad is in the Noric
Alps, Austria.  The waters are thermal.  Temp.
1011° to  118° Fah.  They contain sulphate of
soda, chloride of sodium, chloride of potassium,
carbonate of  soda, carbonate of lime, magnesia,
manganese, iron, Ac.
   GASTER,  yacrvp.  The abdomen.  At times,
but rarely, the uterus.  Also, the stomach, in
particular; Heine :
   GASTERALGIA, Gastralgia.
   GASTERANAX.   A name  given by Dolasus
to  a hypothetical vital principle, corresponding
to  the Archasus of  Aran  Helmont,  the  seat of
which he placed in the lower belly.  See Bithni-
malca.
   GASTERANGEMPHRAXIS,  Gasterangiem-
phraxis.
   GASTERANGIEMPHRAX'IS, Gasterangem-
phrnx'is, Gaateremphrax'ia.   Obstruction of the
pylorus, from yacrvp, 'stomach,'  ayYw,  'I stran-
gle,' and tptppaacoi, ' I obstruct.'—Vogel.  Also,
and properly,  obstruction or congestion of the.
vessels of the stomach.
   GASTERASE, Pepsin.
   G ASTER ASTHENI'A,/mice/"'•f«*seuAro«'m
seu Lax'itas ventric'uli; from yacrvp, 'stomach,'
and aaOivtia, 'debility.' Debility  of the  stomach.
   GASTERECIIE'MA,  Son'itus stomach'icus;
from yacrvp, ' the stomach,' and  VXW1) ' sound.'
Sound presumed to be heard on auscultating  the
region of the stomach.
   G A S  T E R E M PIIR A XIS,  Gasterangiem-
phraxis.
   GASTERHYSTEROTOMY,Cassarean Section.
   GASTRAS'MIA; from  yacrvp,  'the  stomach,'
 and 'atpa, 'blood.'   Determination  of  blood to
the stomach.
   GASTRALGIA, Cardialgia.
   GASTRANEURYSMA, Gastrectasis.
   GASTRATROPH'IA, from yacrvp,  'the sto-
mach,' and arpotpta,  'wasting.'   Atrophy of the
stomach.
   GASTRECTASIS, Gastrecta'sia, Gaetraneu-
rya'ma, Dilata'tio ventric'uli : from yacrvp,  'the
stomach,' and  tKracts, 'dilatation.'   Dilatation
of the stomach.
   GASTRELCOBROSIS,  Gastrobrosis  ulcerosa.
   GASTRELCO'SIS, Ulcera'tio seu Exulcera'tio
seu Ul'cera ventric'uli, fromyaarvp, 'the stomach,'
and 'iXkucis,  ' ulceration.' Ulceration of the sto-
mach.   AVhen accompanied with hectic, it  con-
 stitutes  Gastrophthisis, Gastroph'thoe.
   GASTRELYTROTOMIA, see  Cesarean  Sec-
 tion.
   GASTRENCEPIIALO'MA, Gaatromyelo'ma,
 Gastromyelo'siSjGastroencephalo'sis; from yacrvp,
 'the stomach,' and  tyKttpaXos,  'the brain.'  En-
 cephaloid of the stomach.
   GASTRENCHYTA, Stomach pump.
   G ASTRENTERIC. Gastroentericus.
   GASTRENTERITIC, Gastroenteritic.
   0 ASTRENTEROMALA'CIA, Gastrenteroma-
 lax'is, from yacrvp, ' stomach,' tvrtpov, ' intestine,'
 and paXaxta, 'softening.'  Softening of the sto-
 mach and intestines.
   GASTREPATICUS, Gastrohepatic.
   GASTREPATIT1S,  Inflamma'tio vcntric'uli
 et  hep'atis ;  from yacrvp,  ' stomach,' and  'virap,
 'liver.'   Inflammation of the stomach and liver.
   GASTREPIPLOICIS, Gastroepiploic.
   GASTRERETHIS'IA; from yacrvp, 'sto-
mach,' and tpt0i""ci>, 'I irritate.'  Irritation of the
stomach.
  GASTRIC, Gas'tricus; from yacrvp, 'the sto-
mach.'  Belonging or relating to the stomach.
  Gastric Ar'teries are three in number, Ar-
te'ria gastro-epiplo'ica dextra, A. gastro-epiploi'-
ca sinia'tra, and A. corona'ria ventrical!.
  Gastric Juice, Succus gas'tricus,  3I,n'atmum
seu Fermentum  Ventric'uli,  (F.) Sue Gaatrique,
Gastric Acid.  A fluid, secreted from  the mucous
membrane of the stomach.  As met  with, it is a
mixture of the fluids secreted by that organ with
those of the supra-diaphragmatic  portion of the
alimentary canal.  Owing to such admixture, the
most contrary properties have been  assigned to
it.  That  such a fluid is secreted, which concurs
powerfully in digestion, is  evident  from many
considerations, and has  been positively proved
by the author and numerous others. It was found
by him to  contain, in man, chlorohydric and acetic
acids.  The gastric fluid in cases of sudden death
sometimes corrodes and perforates the stomach:
giving  rise to interesting  questions in medical
jurisprudence.
  Gastric  Nerves.  The two cords  by which
the pneumogastric nerves terminate, and which
descend on the two surfaces  of the stomach ; as
well  as the filaments of the  great sympathetic,
which accompany the gastric vessels.
  Gastric  Plexus, Plexus  corona'rius ventri'-
■culi.   A nervous net-work, formed  by the solar
plexus.  It accompanies the  Arteria  coronaria
ventriculi, and passes along the lesser  curvature
of the stomach, to which it gives branches.
  Gastric  A'eins follow  the same  distribution
as the arteries, and open into the  Vena porta ab-
dominia.
  GASTRICISM, Gaatricia'mua,' from  yacrvp,
'the  stomach.'  A name by which is designated
the medical theory, that refers all, or almost all,
diseases to an accumulation  of saburras in the
digestive  passages.
   GASTRILOQUE, Engastrimyth.
   GASTRILOQUIST, Engastrimyth.
   GASTRILOQUUS, Engastrimyth.
   GASTRIMARGUS, Glutton.
   GASTRINUM, Potash.
   CASTRTSMUS, Gluttony, see Saburra.
  GASTRIT'IC,  Gastrit'icus; same etymon as
the rest.  Relating to gastritis.
  GASTRITIS, from yacrvp, 'the stomach,' and
itis, denoting inflammation.   Vcntric'uli inflam-
ma'tio, Cauma gastritis, Empres'ma gastritis, In-
flamma'tio gastritis, Cardialgia inflammato'ria,
Febris  stomach'ica inflammato'ria, Inflamma'tio
ventric'uli,  I. stom'achi, Phleg'mone ventric'uli,
Inflammation of the stomach, (F.) Inflammation
de  FEstomae,  Gastrite,  Catarrhe  gaatrique.   A
disease, characterized by pyrexia; great anxiety;
heat  and  pain ib the  epigastrium, increased by
taking  any thing into the stomach ; vomiting
and hiccup.  Gastritis  may either be  seated in
the  peritoneal or mucous coat.  It is  most fre-
quently in the latter—Eaogctatri'tia, Endogaatri'-
tia, Gastromycoderi'tia, — being excited directly
by  acrid  ingesta.  It  requires the  most active
treatment: — bleeding,  blistering, fomentations,
diluents,  Ac  Some degree  of inflammation of
the mucous coat of the stomach was considered by
the followers of Broussais to be present in almost
all  fevers;  and the  various  forms of  dyspepsia
have been supposed by  some to be nothing more
than chronic endogaatri'tis.
  Gastritis Arthritica, Coeliagra.
  GASTRO-ARTHRITIS, Gout—g. Ataxia,
Dyspepsia—g. Atonia,  Dyspepsia—g. Bronchitis,
Fever, adenomeningeal—g. Entirite intense, Sy- 
GASTROBROSIS              400          GASTROPERIODYNIA
nocha—g. Entirit.c, with nervous affection of the
brain, see Typhus—g. Enteritis, follicular, Dothi-
nenteritis ; see Typhus.
  GASTROBRO'SIS, P erf ord tio ventric'uli,
Gastrorrhcx'ia,  (F.)  Perforation  de  FEstomae;
from yacrvp, ' the stomach,' and (Spaais, ' the act
of gnawing.'  Corrosion  and perforation of the
stomach.
  Gastrobro'sts Ulcero'sa,  Gastrelcobro'sis.
Destruction and perforation of the coats of the
Btomach by ulceration.
  GASTROCE'LE, from yaavvp, 'the belly,' and
keX»7, ' a tumour.'  Hernia of the stomach, Hernia
vcntric'uli, (F.)  Hernie de lEstomae.   Hernia,
formed by the stomach through the upper part
of the linea alba:  a disease,  the existence  of
which has been doubted by many.  See Epigas-
trocele.
  GASTRO-CEPHALITIS; from  yacrvp, 'the
stomach,' KttpaXv, ' head,' and  itis, denoting in-
flammation.  Inflammation of the stomach and
head,—a not uncommon  concomitant of certain
malignant fevers.
  GASTROCHOLOSIS, Fever, gastric.
  GASTROCNEME, Sura.
  GASTROCNEMIA, Sura.
  GASTROCNE'MII,  from yacrvp, 'the belly,'
and Kvvpv, ' the leg.'  The name of the two fleshy
masses which occupy the posterior and superficial
part of the leg, Gemelli; (F.) Gastroenimiens, Ju-
mcaux de la jambe, Bifimoro-calcaniens—(Ch. :)'
the two constituting the Gastrocne'mius exter'nus,
of English anatomists.   These muscles are dis-
tinguished into internal and external, which are
distinct above, but united  at  their inferior  ex-
tremity.   They are  long,  flat, and thick; and
arise—the former from the posterior part of the
outer condyle of tho  femur; the latter, from the
posterior part of the  inner condyle of the same
bone.  The aponeurosis,  which  unites  these
muscles below, joins with that  of the Solaris, and
forms with it, a lar    tendon,  which, under the
name Tendo-AchiV   is inserted at the posterior
part of  the calcaneum.  These muscles extend
the foot on the leg, and the  leg  on  the foot. They
can, also, bend the leg and the  thigh reciprocally
on each other.   For  the Gaatrocnemiua internua,
see Soleus.
  GASTROCNEMIUM, Sura.
  GASTR0CO3LIACUS, Coeliac.
  GASTR0C03LICUS, Cceliac.
  GASTROCOLIC, see Epiploon, gastrocolic.
  GASTROCOLICA, Cardialgia.
  GASTROCOLITIS, from yacrvp, 'stomach,'
and kwXov, 'colon.' Inflammation of the stomach
and colon.
 _ GASTROCOLPOTOMIA, see Cassarean sec-
tion.
  GASTRODID'YMUS,   Did'ymua,  Symphyo-
gaa'triua,  Psod'ymua; from yacrvp, 'the belly,'
and  SiSvpos, ' a twin.'  A monstrosity in which
twins are united by the abdomen.
  GASTRODUODE'NAL,  . Gaatroduodena'lia;
from yacrvp, ' stomach,' and duodenum.  Relating
to the stomach and duodenum.
  GASTRODUODENOPYRA, Fever,   adeno-
meningeal.
  GASTRODYNE, Cardialgia.
  GASTRODYNIA,  Cardialgia —g. Flatulenta,
Colica flatulenta.
  GASTROENTERIC,  Gastroenter'icus,  Gas-
treuter'ic, Gastrenter'icus, from yacrvp, 'the sto-
mach,' and cvTtpov, 'intestine.' Relating to the
stomach and inte-tine.
   GASTR OENTERITE,  Gastroenteritis.
   GASTROENTERIC! C, Gastroenterilicus,
Gustrenteritic,  Gaetrentcriticus; same  et3'inon
as the next.  Relating to gastroenteritis.
  GASTROENTERITIS, Inflamma'tio ventric'-
uli et Intestino'rum, (F.)  Gastro-enterite, Gastro-
cnter'ic diaeaac, from yacrvp, ' the stomach,' tvrt-
pov, 'an intestine,' and itis,  a suffix denoting in-
flammation.  Inflammation of the stomach and
small intestine.  According to Broussais,  the
essential fevers of  authors are  gastro-enteritis,
simple, or complicated.
  GASTROEPIPLOIC,  Gastro-epipldicus, Gas-
tr epiplo'icus,  from yacrvp,  'the stomach,' and
tttmXoov,  ' the epiploon.'  That  which relates to
the stomach and epiploon.
  Gastroepiploic Arteries, or Gastric inferior,
are two in  number, and distinguished into right
and left.   The  right, also called Gastro-heputic,
Gas'trica inferior dextra, Gastro-epiplo'ica dex-
tra, is furnished  by the  hepatic artery.  It de-
scends behind the pylorus, and passes from right
to left, along the great curvature of the stomach.
It gives  branches to the pancreas,  duodenum,
stomach, omentum majus, and terminates by an-
astomosing with  the  Gastro-epiplo'ica sinis'tra,
Gas'trica sinis'tra,  Gas'trica infe'rior sinis'tra.
This — the left — arises from the splenic artery.
It is of considerable magnitude,  and passes from
left to right, along  the  great curvature of the
stomach, distributing its  branches more particu-
larly to the stomach and  omentum majus.  It
terminates  by joining the right gastro-epiploic.
  Gastroepiploic Ganglions are the lymphatic
ganglions or glands,  situate  towards the great
curvature of the stomach, between the two ante-
rior laminas of the omentum majus.
  Gastroepiploic Veins are distinguished, like
the arteries,  into right  and left.  They empty
themselves;—the former, into the superior me-
senteric : the latter, into the splenic vein.
  GASTROHiEMORRHAGIA, Hasmatemesis.
  GASTROHEPAT'IC, Gastro-hepalicus, llep'-
ato-gas'tricus, Gastrepal icus ; from  yacrvp, 'the
stomach,' and  'vxap,  'the  liver.'   Relating  to
the stomach  and iiver.  This  name has been
given to  several organs.  See Epiploon, gastro-
hepatic, Ac.
  GASTROHYSTEROTOMY, Cassarean section.
  GASTROLIENALIS,  Gastrosplenicus.
  GASTROLITHI'ASIS, from  ya^p, 'the sto-
mach,' and Xtdtacis, 'formation  of stone.'  The
formation of concretions, gastrol'iihi, in the sto-
mach.
  GASTROMALACIA, Gastromalaxia.
  GASTROMALAX'IA,  Gastro-maldda,  Gas-
tr*tmalaco'sis, 31alaeogas'ter, 3Ialax'is ventric'uli,
Dissolu'tio   ventric'uli,   Emollit'io  ventric'uli,
Pa.  dophlogo'sis  ventric'uli resolutlva  et colli-
quati'va, 31etamorpho'sis  ventric'uli gelatinifor'-
mis, Ero'sio et  perfora'tio sponta'nea ventric'uli,
Resold tio et diabro'sis ventric'uli, (F.) Ramollisse-
ment de  FEstomae, from yacrvp, 'the stomach,'
and paXa^ts,  ' softening.'   Softening of  the  sto-
mach, induced  at times by the gastric secretions
after death,—Resolu'tio ventric'uli autopeptica.
   GASTROMANTIS, Engastrimyth.
   GASTROMETROTOMIA, Cassarean section.
   GASTROMYCODERIS, see  Stomach.
   GASTROMYCODERITIS, see Gastritis.
   GASTROMYELOMA, Gastroencephaloma.
   GASTRONOSUS, Gastropathia.
   GASTROPARAL'YSIS, Gastrople'gia, Paral-
ysis ventric'uli; from yacrvp, ' the stomach,' and
napaXvcts, 'paralysis.'  Paralysis of the stomach.
   GASTROP'ATHY,  Gastropathia,  Gastrod-
osus, Gastronu'sus,  from  yacrvp, ' the stomach,'
and -nados,  ' disease.'  Disease of the stomach.
   GASTROPERIODYN'IA;  Sool  (India.)   A 
GASTROPHRENIC
401
GELASINI
 violent periodical neuralgic pain at the pit of the
 stomach, not uncommon in llindoostan.
   GASTROPHRENIC, Guatro-phredicus, from
 yncTtip,' the stomach,' and tpptvts,' the diaphragm.'
 Belonging to the stomach and diaphragm.
   Gastrophrenic Ligament is a reflection of the
 peritoneum, which descends from the inferior sur-
 face of the diaphragm to the cardia.
   (i ASTROPIITI1 IS IS, Gastrelcosis.
   GASTROPIIT1IOE, Gastrelcosis.
   GAKTROPLEGIA, Gastroparalysis.
   GASTROR'APHY, Gastrorrhdphia, Gastror'-
 rhaphe,  Sutu'ra abdomiuu'lia, from yacrvp,  'the
 belly,' and pafv, 'a suture.'   The suture used for
 uniting wounds penetrating tbe abdomen, when
 they are  too extensive or too unequal to be kept
 in contact by  position, adhesive plaster, or ap-
 propriate bandages.  The interrupted and quilled
 sutures are those chiefly employed.
   GASTRORRHAGIA, Hasmatemesis.
   GASTRORRHEXIS, Gastrobrosis.
   GASTR0RRHO3'A,from yacrvp, 'the stomach,'
 and pta>, 'I flow.'  Blcnnorrhoe'a seu Fluxus  ven-
 tric'uli, (F.) Flux muqueux de Festomae, Catarrhe
 stomaeal.  A morbid condition of the stomach,
 which consists in the  secretion  of an excessive
 quantity of mucus from the lining membrane of
 tho stomach.  Also,  Celiac flux.
   GASTROSCIR'RHl'S, Indura'tio  ventric'uli
 scirrho'sa, Scirrhus  seu carcino'ma ventric'uli.
 Scirrhous induration or cancer of the stomach.
   GASTROSCOPIA, Abdominoscopia.
   GASTRO'SIS.  A generic'name for  diseases
 which are seated in the stomach.—Alibert.
   GASTROSPLE'NIC, Gastrosple'nicus, Gastro-
 lienu'lis, from yacrvp, 'stomach,'  and cttXvv, 'the
 spleen.'  Relating to stomach and spleen.
   GASTROSTENOSIS,  Stricture  of the  sto-
 mach.
   Gastrostenosis  Cardi'aca  et  Pylor'ica ;
 from yacrvp, 'the stomach,' and artvos, 'narrow.'
 Narrowness of the cardiac and pyloric orifices of
 tho stomach from cancer of that  organ.
   GASTROT'OMY,  from yacrvp, 'the belly,' and
 ropv,  'incision.'   Several  different operations
 have  been so called.  1. The Cassarean  Section.
 2. An incision  made into the abdomen for  the
 purpose of removing some internal strangulation
 or volvulus; or to reduce hernia, Laparotomy:
 and, 3. The opening  made in  the stomach, to re-
 move a foreign body which has passed  into it
 through the oesophagus.
  GASTRYPERNEU'RIA,  from yao-^p, 'sto-
 mach,' 'virtp, ' above,' and vtvpov, ' a nerve.' Mor-
 bidly  increased  activity  of  the  nerves  of  the
 stomach.
   GATEAU FEBRILE, Ague cake.
   GATTILIER, Vitex.
  GAIIDIA FCEDA, Masturbation.
  GAULTHE'RIA, 67. seu Gualthe'ria procum'-
 bens, Guutie'ra  repens,  3Iountain  Tea,  Partridge
 Berry, Berried Tea, Grouseberry, Deerberry, Spice
 berry, Tea berry,Red berry, Wintergreen,Rcd berry
 Tca,Ground berry, Ground ivy, Ground holly, Hill
 bevvy. Box berry, Chequer berry.   An^American
 plant, which is one  of the principle articles of
 the materia medica of some Indian tribes.  The
infusion of tho  leaves is stimulant and anodyne,
and is said to have  been used, with advantage,
in asthma.  The oil—Oleum Gaultheria,  Ph.
 U. S.,—is used, chiefly on account of its pleasant
flavour, to cover the taste of other medicines.
  GAUNTLET, Gantelet.
  GAUQUAVA, Smilax China.
  GAUTIERA  REPENS, Gaultheria.
      26
1.  Irrespirable
     gazes.
   GAY FEATHER, Liatris spicata.
   GA YAC, Guaiacum.
   GAYLUSSACIA RESINO'SA, Vnecidium re-
 sino'sum,  Black. Huckleberry.   An  indigenous
 plant, whose fruit is sweet and agreeable.
   GAZ, Gas, Air.  Van Helmont first designated
 by this  name, — the  etymology of which is  un-
 known,— the carbonic acid developed in  the vi-
 nous  fermentation.  Afterwards, the  term  was
 appropriated to every permanently elastic fluid;
 that is, which preserves its aeriform state at all
 temperatures :  and ultimately it was extended to
 all  aeriform bodies; — which were divided into
 permanent and non-permaent gazes.   The latter
 are generally termed vapours: — they return to
 the liquid state, when a portion of their caloric is
 abstracted.  The permanent gazes, or gazea pro-
 perly  so  called, are numerous,  and may be di-
 vided into four sections with  regard to their
 effects on the animal economy.

                   f  Carbonic acid, ammoniacal
                   J   gaz,  muriatic  acid  gaz,
                      deutoxide of azote, nitrous
                   [   acid gaz, and chlorine.
 2. Neqativehi dele-  f TT ,
   .  ■     J       < Hydrogen, azote.
   tertoua gazea.     {
                   ( Oxygen, protoxide of azote,
 3. Positively dele- J   carburetted hydrogen car-
   terioua gazea.    ]   bomo oxide, sulphuretted
          J            hydrogen, and arsemuret-
                   [   ted hydrogen.

   It is proper to remark that the term respiroble
 has  been very  differently employed by different
 writers.   Sometimes it has meant the power of
 supporting life when applied to the blood  in  the
 lungs.  At others,  all gazes have been deemed
 irrespirable, which  are incapable of being intro-
 duced  into the lungs by voluntary efforts,—with-
 out  any relation  to their  power  of maintaining
 vitality; and this is perhaps the best sense. The
 gazes were, at one time, employed in medicine,
 under  great expectations, — especially by the en-
 thusiastic Beddoes;  but they are now  scarcely
 ever had recourse to.   They differ, considerably,
 in their, effects  on the animal economy.   Some,
 as o%gen, are exciting;  others, as  azote, de-
 press%ig; whilst others, again, as the Protoxide
 of azote  or laughing gas, produce the most sin-
 gular effects.
  Gaz, Pul'monary, 6?az of the lungs.   A name
■given to the expired air; which contains—besides
 common air, an increase of carbonic acid, water,
 and  some animal matter.
  Gaz Sang'uinis, Gaz anima'le sadguinis, Hal'-
 itus  sadguinis,  Aura san'guinis, Hamalmus.
 The halitus,  or vapour,  given   off by freshly
 drawn  blood.
  GAZELLE, Antilopus.
  GEANT, Giant.
  GEBARPULVER, Ergot.
  GEDE'OLA.   The convex part of the liver.—
 Du Cange.
  GEILNAU, MINERAL AVATERS OF.  Geil-
 nau is  a village in the grand duchy of Nassau, at
 no great distance from Frankfort.  The waters
 contain carbonic acid,  carbonate, sulphate, and
 phosphate of soda, chloride of sodium, carbonate
 of lime, magnesia, and iron.
  GEISMAR, MINERAL WATERS OF.   The
 mineral waters of Geismar, in Bavaria, are aci-
 dulous  chalybeates.
  GEISUM, Geison.  The  part  of the frontal
bone over the eyes.
  GELAPPIUM, Convolvulus jalapa.
  GELASINI DENTES, Incisive teeth. 
GELASMUS
402
GENERATION
  GELASMUS, Canine laugh.
  GEL'ATIN, Gelatine, Gelatina, Galreda, from
(F.) Gelie,  'gelly or jelly.'  An immediate ani-
mal principle.   It is semitransparent, insipid, in-
odorous, insoluble in cold water, very soluble in
hot, which it thickens,  and transforms into gelly
on cooling.  Gelatin is a very nutritious sub-
stance ;  and, when dissolved in a  considerable
quantity of water, forms an emollient fluid, much
used in  therapeutics, but  not the most easy of
digestion.
  Gelatin of AVharton, Gelatina Whartonia'na,
Jelly of tee Cord.. A soft, dense, fluid, gelatinous
substance, which envelops  the umbilical cord, and
is conceived, by some, to be inservient to the nu-
trition of the foetus.
  GELATINA  AQUATICA,  Brasenia hydro-
peltis.
  GELATIO, Congelation.
  GELEE, Gelly.
  GELLY. Jelly, Jus gela'tum,  Gelu, Jus  coagu-
la'tum, (F.) Gelie.   A substance of a soft con-
sistence,  tremulous,  and  transparent, which  is
obtained by an appropriate treatment, from ani-
mal and vegetable matters: hence the distinction
into animal and vegetable jelly.  The former  is
merely a concentrated  solution  of gelatin, left to
cool.
  Vegetable Jelly is found in the juice of the cur-
rant, mulberry, and of almost all acid fruits, when
ripe.  It is of itself colourless, but almost always
retains a little colouring matter of the fruit which
has furnished it.  It has  an agreeable  taste;  is
scarcely soluble in cold water,  but boiling water
dissolves it readily : the jelly is, however,  almost
all deposited on cooling. If this aqueous solution
be boiled  for a long time, it becomes analogous
to mucilage, and loses the property  of being jel-
lied on cooling.
  GELSEMI'NUM  NIT'IDUM, Yellow  Jes'sa-
mine.   The flowers, root,  Ac, of this shrub, are
narcotic, and the effluvia from the former are said
sometimes to induce stupor.
  GELU, Gelly.
  GELUS, Risus.
  GEMELLI,  Gastrocnemii,  Ischio-trochanteri-
anus,  Testicles.
  GEMEL'LUS, Gem'inus, Did'ymus, ' a twin.'
(F.) Jumeau, Jumelle, Bcsson, Bessonne.  One of
two children, twins, born  at the .same accouche-
ment, or gestation.  Also, relating to twins, as
" a twin conception."
  Gemellus Mus'culus. Cowper applies this
name to the long portion of the triceps brachialis
united to the inner portion.
  GEMINI, Ischio-trochanterianus, Testicles.
  GEMINUM  CENTRUM SEMICIRCULARE,
Taenia semicircularis.
  GEMINUS,  Gemellus.
  GEMIPOMA, Mamma.
  GEMISSE3IENT, see Moaning.
  GEMMA, Granulation—g.' Oculi, Crystalline.
  GEMMATION, GENERATION BY, see Ge-
neration.
  GE3I3IIPARITE, see  Generation.
  GEMMIPAROUS, see  Generation.
  GEMUR'SA, a  corn;  also a name given  by
the ancients to a disease seated  between the toes;
—the nature of which  is unknown to us.
  GEN,  Gen'esis,  'generation,' from ytwaoi, 'I
make.'  Hence Hydrogen, Osteogeny, Ac
  GENA.   The Cheek, Genya,  Parela, Gamphe,
Gamphe'le, Gnathoe, Gnathmus,  3tala, (F.) Joue.
The cheeks form the lateral parts of the mouth.
Externally, they have no precise limits: they are
continuous, above, with the lower eyelid;  below,
they descend as far as the base of tho jaw; before,
they terminate at the alse  nasi, and at the  com-
missures of the lips;  and  behind,  at  the ear.
Their thickness varies, according  to the degree
of fatness of the individual.  They are formed of
three layers ; — one dermoid, another muscular,
and the third mucous.
  GENCIVES, Gingivae.
  GENEI'AS, Land go prima,  Rrobar'bium. The
downy hairs, which first cover the cheek.   Also,
a bandage which passes under the chin.
  GENEION, Beard, Mentum.
  GENERAL ANATOMY, see Anatomy.
  GENERALE, Influenza.
  GENEBATIO, Generation—g. iEquivoca, see
Generation — g. Calculi, Lithia—g. Homogenea,
see Generation—g. Primigena, see Generation—
g. Primitiva, see Generation — g. Originaria, see
Generation—g. Spontanea, see Generation.
  GENERATION, Generdtio,  Gen'esis, Genne'-
sis, Gone, Gonus, Proerea'tio, Procreation, Breed-
ing, from yevw, or ytvvau, ' I engender.'  Under
this  name physiologists comprehend the aggre-
gate of functions,  which concur, in organized
beings,  towards the production of  their  kind.
The act of generation means  the union of the
sexes.   See Coition.  The writers  of  antiquity
believed, that all organized bodies are produced
either by what is termed univ'ocal or regular ge-
neration, Homogen 'esis, genera 'tio homogen 'ea,
propaga'tio, which  applies to  the  upper classes
of animals  and vegetables, or by spontaneous ge-
neration, Autogodia, heterogedesis, generatio he-
terogcn'ea,   aquiv'oca,  primitiva,  primig"ena,
origina'ria,  spontdnea,  spontipariti  (DugeSs),
which  they considered applicable  to  the  very
lowest classes only, as the mushroom, the worm,
the frog, Ac.  There are still many distinguished
naturalists who consider that  beings low in the
scale of animality, are produced in the latter
way.   Spontaneous generation and equivocal ge-
neration have been regarded by many to be sy-
nonymous.  Others, however,  mean by sponta-
taneous generation, the production of anew  being
from the mere combination of inorganic elements ;
whilst by equivocal generation they understand
the  evolution of a new  being from organized
beings dissimilar to themselves, through some ir-
regularity in their functions, or through the inci-
pient decay or degeneration of their tissues.  As
to the mode in which regular generation is ac-
complished, there have been  many views.  Ac-
cording to the doctrine of Hippocrates, and of the
ancient philosophers, the ovaries  of the female
furnish a prolific fluid, similar to that of the  male;
and the foetus results from the  mixture of the two
seeds in copulation.  Steno and others conceived,
that the ovaries contain ova, which are not de-
veloped until vivified by the male sperm.  Bonnet
and Spallanzani believed  in the pre-existence of
germs, created  since the origin of  the world, but
encased in  each  other, and becoming developed
in succession;  whence  it would  follow that the
ovary  of the first  female must have  contained
the germs of all subsequent generations : and that
the number of these germs must  go on always
diminishing, until ultimately extinct.  This was
the system of the evolution of genua.  According
to Leeuenhoek, the ovaries  do not contain eggs,
but  vesicles destined  to receive  animalcules;
which, in his view, live in the  sperm. Thousands
of these animalcules are thrown into the uterus
during copulation, and the most expeditious and
vigorous reaches the ovary, after having scattered
and destroyed its competitors.  Buffon — admit-
ting the hypothesis of the two seeds — supposed
that they were formed of molecules proceeding 
GENEROUS               403                 GENITAL
from every part of the body of each parent; and
that, by a kind of elective  affinity, those which
were furnished by the head, the trunk, or the ex-
tremities  of the male  parent, could  only unite
with those proceeding from the same parts of the
female.  Before him, Maupertuis, admitting, with
many of the ancient philosophers, the system of
 Epigenesis, and adopting, as regarded the  com-
position of the sperm, a theory analogous to that
of Bufibn, had supposed that the molecules, ca-
pable of being organized, were attracted towards
 a centre;  that the nose  attracts the two eyes;
 the body, tho arms; the arms, the hands, Ac,
 nearly  as the particles of a salt, dissolved in a
 liquid,  arrange themselves in  regular  crystals
 around  the  same nucleus.  These  and  various
 other systems have been successively  proposed
 and abandoned,  and the mystery of generation
 remains impenetrable.
   Tho simplest kind of reproduction does not re-
 quire sexual  organs.  The  animal separates into
 several fragments, which form so many new indi-
 viduals.  This is Fissip'arous generation, Fissi-
 parism, 67. from fission,  (F.) Fissipariti, Scieai-
 pnriti.  Gemmip'oroua generation, (F.) Gemmipa-
 riti, consists  in the formation of buds, sporules or
 germs  on some part of the  body, which at a par-
 ticular period drop off and form as many new
 individuals.  In Orip'aroua generation, (F.) Ovi-
 puritc, the egg is hatched out  of the body.  In
 ovovivip'arous  generation,  the   new  being  is
 hatched  in the excretory passages.  In  vivip'a-
 rous generation, the new individual is born under
 its appropriate form;  and  in marsdpial or w«r-
 supiute  generation,  the young being, born at a
 very early stage of development, is received and
 nourished in  a mnrsupiam or pouch.   In alternate
 generation, the young not  only do not resemble
 the parent at birth, but remain dissimilar during
 their whole life, so that their relationship is not
 apparent until a succeeding generation.  Thus,
 the cercariaundergoes achangeinto the distoma.
    All the acts comprising the function of genera-
 tion in man may be referred to  five great heads.
 1.  Copulation.   2.  Conception  or  fecundation.
 3. Geatation  or  Pregnancy.  4.  Delivery or Ac-
 couchement:  and, 5. Lactation.
    Generation, Act of, see Generation—g.  Equi-
 vocal, see Generation—g. by Fission, see Genera-
 tion—g. Fissiparous, see Generation—g. by Gem-
 mation, seo  Generation — g. Gemmiparous,  see
 Generation — g. Marsupial, see  Generation — g.
 Organs of, female, see Vulva—g. Oviparous, see
 Generation—g. Regular, see Generation—g. Spon-
 taneous, see Generation—g. Univocal, see  Gene-
 ration—g. Alviparous, see Generation.
    GEX'EBOUS, Genero'aua.  A name  given to
 wines which  contain a great quantity of alcohol.
    GENESIOL'OGY, Geneaiolog"io,  from ytvtcts,
 'generation,' and Xoyos, 'a discourse.'  The doc-
 trine of  generation.
    GENESIQUE, LE, Appetite, venereal.
    GEXESTS, Generation.
    GENET, Spartium scoparium—g. d Balai,
  Spartium scoparium—g. dea Teinturiera, Genista
 tinctoria.
    GEXETHLIACUS,froniytvt0X(of,'natal,"per-
 taining to nativity.'  A name given by the an-
  cients  to certain astrologers, who, from  the state
 of the heavens at tho time of the birth  of  an in-
 dividual, predicted his future character and the
  events of his life.
    G EXET'lOA, from ytvtcts, 'origin,' 'rise.' Dis-
  eases of the sexual functions:  the  5th class in
  Good's Nosology.  Also, agents  that act on the
  sexual organs.—Pereira.
    GEXET1COS, Genital.
  GENEVA, Gin—g. Hollands, see Spirit.
  GENEVRIER, Juniperus communis.
  GENGIVITE, Ulitis.
  GENI, Genian.
  GE'NIAN,  Genidnua,  Ge'nial,  from  ytvttov,
'the chin.'  The Genian apoph'ysis or Process,
(F.) Apophyse genienne ou geni, is situate at the
posterior part of the symphysis  nienti, and  is
formed of four small tubercles.
  GENICULATUM, see Corpora geniculate.
  GENIE, Ge'nius.  The French sometimes ap-
ply this term to diseases nearly synonymously
with nature; as Ginie inflammatoire, G. bilieux,
G. adynamique.  Some  use it in the same sense
as type ; Ginie intermittent.  The unwonted pre-
dominance of any mental faculty is also so called.
  GENIEN, Genian.
  GENIEVRE, Gin,  Juniperis communis (the
berry.)
   GENI'OGLOSSUS,  Genio-hyoglos'sus,  from
ytvttov, 'the chin,' and  Xywaoa,  'the  tongue.'
3tesoglossus,  3Ieaoglot'tna. Nonus  lingua mus'cu-
ius.  The name of  a flat,  triangular  muscle,
which extends from the genian apophysis to the
inferior surface  of the os hyoides and tongue,
which it carries  forward.
   GENIOHYODES, Geniohyoideus.
   GENIOHYOGLOSSUS. Genioglossus.
   GENIOHYOIDES, Geniohyoideus.
  GENI'0HY0IDEUS,6re!i/o/iyo'rfe8,67enio"iyo'i'-
des, Mcnto-bicorn'rus, from ytvtiov, 'the chin,' and
'vottivs, 'the os hyoides.'  A muscle which arises
from the geniam apophysis, and is inserted at the
anterior part of  the body of the os  hyoides.   Its
use is to  raise the os hyoides, and carry it for-
wards.  It may, also,  contribute to depress the
lower jaw in contracting towards the os hyoides.
  GENI'O-PHARYNGE'US,  from ytvttov,  'the
chin,' and tpapvyi, ' the pharynx.'  A name given,
by  some anatomists, to a bundle  of fibres which
passes from the  lower jaw to the sides of the pha-
rynx, and forms part of the constrictor pharyngis
superior.
  GEN'IPA OBLONGIFO'LIA, Huito.  A plant
of Peru, with the juice of which the Indians paint
their legs, to protect them against  the  stings  of
insects.
   GENIPI  ALBUM,  Artemisia  rupestris— g.
Blanc, Artemisia rupestris — g. Verum, Achillea
atrata.
   GENISTA, Spartium scoparium—g. Canarien-
sis, see Rhodium lignum — g. Hirsute,  Spartium
 scoparium—g. Seoparia, Spartium scoparium.
   Genis'ta Suino'sa In'dica, Bahel Schulli.  An
 oriental tree, a decoction of the roots of which is
 diuretic   The leaves  boiled in vinegar have the
 same effect.—Ray.
   Genis'ta  Tincto'ria,  Genisto'i'des  tincto'ria,
 Spar'tium tincto'rium, Dyers' broom, Dyers' weed,
 Green weed, Wood waxen, (F.) Genet  des Teintu-
 riera.  A shrub cultivated in this country and in
 Europe.  The flowering tops and seed have been
 used in medicine.  It has the  same properties as
 Spartium scoparium.
   GENISTOIDES TINCTORIA,  Genista tinc-
 toria.
   GENITAL, Genita'lis, Geneticos.   Same ety-
 mon as Generation.   That which belongs to ge-
 neration.
   Gen'ital  Organs, Sex'ual Organa, Puden'da,
 Natura'lia, Natdra, -Eda'a, 3Ie'zea, 3Ie'aa,  3Id-
 rfon, Genital parte,  Nolle porta, Natural parts,
 Private porta,  Priv'itiea, Privy  jmrta, Privy
 Members,  the Parts,  Pars, Pars corporis  seu
 obaca'na,  Forea, Partea genitdtea seu genera-
 tio'ni inservien'tes, P. obsca'na, 3Ie'dea,  Yered-
 da, Pedes, Inguen, Genita'lia, Gennet'ica, Gymna, 
GENITALE                 404             GENYANTRITIS
Membra puden'da, Or'gana generatio'ni inser-
vientia, (F.) Organes ginitaux, Parties ginitales,
P.  honteuses,  P. ginitoires, P. nobles,  P. sex-
uelles, P. naturelles, Les Parties.  The parts that
are inservient to the reproduction of the  species.
These are very different in the male and female.
In  man, they are numerous;  some secreting the
sperm, as the  testicles and their  appendages;
others retaining it, as the vesiculas  seminales;
and another for carrying it into the organs of the
female,—the penis.  In the female, the parts of
generation form an  apparatus, perhaps more com-
plicated than that of the male.  Some are incer-
vient to copulation, as the vulva,  vagina, Ac.;
others to conception and the preservation of the
product for a determinate time, as the uterus and
its appendages; whilst others concur in the  ali-
mentation of the infant after birth, as the mammas.
  GENITALE, Sperm—g. Caput, Glans.
  GENITALIA, Genital organs — g.  Viri, Pudi-
bilia.
  GEN'ITO-CRURAL NERVE, Nervus gedito-
crura'lis,  Subpu'bial  nerve, Inter'nal idguinal
nerve.  A branch  of the  second lumbar nerve,
which passes  through the psoas muscle, and,  ap-
proaching the femoral arch,  divides into  two
branches,—an internal, scrotal, or gen'ital, nervus
spermaticus seu pudeddus  exter'nus, and an  ex-
ternal or femoral cutaneous  branch, lumbo-ingui-
nalis.
  GENITU'RA.  That which is fecundated  or
engendered in  the  maternal womb.   This word
has been used synonymously with embryo, foetus,
and infant. Also, the sperm; and the penis.  See
Gone.
  GENIUM,  Mentum.
  GENNESIS, Generation.
  GENNETICA, Genital Organs.
  GENNETICOCNES'MUS, from ytvvvriKos,
'genital,' and  Kvvcpos, 'itching.' Itching of the
genital organs.
  GENNETICON'OSI, Genneticonu'si, from
ytvvvTtKos, 'genital,' and  voaos,  'disease.'  Dis-
eases of the genitals.
  GENOA, CLIMATE OF. The climate of this
Italian city and its vicinity has been often select-
ed as favourable for the phthisical valetudinarian
during the winter;  but it is now admitted to be
decidedly improper for  pulmonary affections,
being subject to frequent and rapid changes  of
temperature,  and to dry  cold winds from  the
north, alternately with warm  moist winds from
the south-east.—Sir James Clark.
  GENONU'SI, Morbi  sexUs, from ytvos, 'sex,'
and vovcos, ' disease.'  Sexual diseases.
  GENOS, Sex.
  GENOU, Genu.
  GENOUILLES, (Corps,) Corpora geniculate.
  GENRE, Genus.
  GENSAXTG, Panax quinquefolium.
  GENTIA, Gentianina.
  GENTIAN, Gentiana lutea, Triosteum — g.
Blue, Gentiana catesbasi—g. Catesbian, Gentiana
catesbaai — g. AVhite, Laserpitium latifolium — g.
Southern, Gentiana catesbasi — g. White,  Trios-
teum—g. Yellow, Gentiana lutea, see Calumba.
  GENTIANA, G.  lutea — g. Alba, Laserpitium
latifolium — g. Cachenlaguen, Chironia Chilensis
—g. Centaurium, Chironia centaurium.
  Gentiana  Catesba/i ;   67.  Catesbia'na,  Blue
Gentian, U.  S., Catesbian  Gen'tian, Southern
Gentian, Bluebells, Bitterroot.   It is a pure  and
simple bitter, and the root may be used wherever
that of the Gentiana lutea is proper.
  Gentia'na Chirayta, 67. Chirayi'ta, Henrice'a
Pharmacear'cha, Swer'tia, Chirayi'ta, Agatho'tee
chirayi'ta, Ophe'lia chira'ta, Chiret'ta, Chirayi'-
 ta, Chirae'ta.  A native of India, which has been
 much  employed in  that  country, in dyspepsia,
 and as an  antiperiodic  in  intermittents.  It is
 preferred by some to sarsaparilla, where the lat-
 ter is considered to be indicated, — as after large
 quantities of mercury have been taken, or  where
 profuse salivation has been induced.   It has also
 been advised in atonic leucorrhcea.   It yields its
 virtues to alcohol and water.
   Gentiana Crinita, see G. quinqucflora—g. Ge-
 rardi,  Chironia centaurium.
   Gentia'na  Lu'tea.   The  systematic name of
 the  officinal gentian;  Gentia'na, Gentia'na ma-
 jor, G. velerum, Gentia'na rubra, Swer'tia lu'tea,
 Aste'rias  lu'tea, Yellow Gentian, Felwort.  Orel.
 Gentianeas.   (F.)  Gentiane jaune.   This is a
 plant common in the mountains of Europe.  The
 root is almost inodorous, extremely bitter, and
 yields  its  virtues to ether, alcohol, and water.  It
 is tonic and stomachic; and  in large doses, ape-
 rient.   Dose, gr. x. to £)ij. It is most frequently,
 however, used in infusion or tincture.
   Gentiana Major, G. lutea—g. Peruviana, Chi-
 ronia Chilensis.
   Gentia'na Quinqueflo'ra, Five-Jlowcred Gen-
 tian; and Gentia'na Crini'ta, Fringed Gentian,
 indigenous,  are possessed of like virtues.
   Gentiana Rubra, G. lutea — g. Veterum, G.
lutea.
   GENTIANE  JAUNE, Gentiana lutea.
   GENTIANl'NA, Gentianine,  Gentianin, Gen-
tia'nia, Gentia.  A supposed neutral substance,
obtained from gentian,  and,  by some,  presumed
to be its active principle.  It is not so.
   GENTILITIUS,  Hereditary.
   GENU, Gony, yow, (F.) Genou.  The articula-
tion of the leg  with the thigh ;—the Femoro-tibial
or knee-joint, the knee.  It is the most compli-
cated in the body, and is formed  by  the inferior
extremity of the femur, the superior extremity
of the  tibia, and the rotula.  The articular sur-
faces of the bones are covered by layers of carti-
lage— more or less  thick—and  by the synovial
membrane of the articulation.  The soft parts of
this joint are,—the ligamentum patella, two late-
ral ligaments,  distinguished  by the names  inter-
nal and external; a posterior ligament, Ligamcd-
tumposticum  Winslow'ii ; two crucial ligaments,
—the one anterior, and the  other posterior; two
interarticular  fibro-cartilages; some  albugineous
fibres, which form an imperfect capsule, Ac.  The
knee receives  its  arteries from the femoral and
popliteal.   They bear the name articular.  Its
veins have the same distribution as  the arteries,
and discharge  their blood into the saphena and
crural.  Its nerves  are  furnished by the sciatic,
popliteal, and  crural.  The joint is protected by
the tendons and muscles which surround it.
   The  French  use the term Articulation en  genou
for a joint, in which  the head of a bone is received
into a bony  cavity of another, where it rolls and
moves  in all directions.
   Genu Corporis Callosi, see Corpus callosum.
   GENUGRA, Gonagra.
   GENUINUS,  Legitimate.
   GENUS, (F.)  Genre.  A collection or group of
species, analogous  to each other, and which can
be united by  common  characters.  When a spe-
cies cannot be referred to  a known genus, it con-
stitutes a distinct one.
   Genus Curationis, Ratio medendi.
   GENYANTRAL'GIA, from ytvtiov, 'the max-
illa,' avrpov, 'the antrum, and aXyos, 'pain.'  Pain
in the  antrum of Highmore.
   G ENYANTRITIS, from ytvtiov,' the maxilla,'
avrpov, ' the antrum,' and itis, denoting influmma-
 tion.   Inflammation of the antrum of Highmore, 
GENYANTRUM
405
GEUM
  C.ENA'ANTRUM. Antrum of Highmore.
  GKNYOCYNANCHE, Cynanche parotidaea.
  GEXA'S, ytvu$, ' the jaw ;'  also the  chin.  See
Gena.
  GEOFFRjE'A INER'.MTS,  G. racemdaa seu
Piao'nis sen Jnmnicrn'aia, Vouacap'ouu America'-
na, Geoffra'a, Geoffroy'tt, Cabbaef'ium,  Cabbage
Tree, CoUUnge liu'rk Tree, Worm-Bark Tree, An-
tli'ru inendia seu racemo'sa.  Nut. Ord. Legu-
minos:r.  Sex. Syst.  Diadelphia Decandria.  The
odour of the bark is very unpleasant.  It is an-
thelmintic  and  cathartic.  Dose of the powder,
dit0 B'J-
  Geoffr/F.a Jamaicensis, G. inermis—g. Piso-
nis, G. inermis—g.  Racemosa, G. inermis.
  Gkoffr.k'a  Si'rinamf.n'sis, Andlra Surina-
medais,  has similar properties.
  Huttenschmidt has separated their active prin-
ciples, to which be has  given the names Jamai-
cine and Surinnmine.  They are all alkaline.
  Geoffraia Vermif'uga, Andira ibai, Arriba,
Skolemdra Fcrnambucenaia; a South American
plant has  a fruit,  the  almond of which, called
angiline, has a reputation  at Rio Janeiro  as  a
vermifuge.  Dose, a grain to fifteen; or it  may
bo given in infusion.
  GEOFFROYA, Geoffrasa  inermis — g. Jamai-
censis, G. inermis.
  GEOG'RAPHY, MED'ICAL,  Geogrdphla
3Ied'iea.  The  description of the surface of the
globe as regards the influence of situation on the
health, vital functions, and  diseases of its inha-
bitants— vegetable and  animal; but principally
on those of man.
  GEOPH'AGISM,  Gcophag"ia,  Gaophacf'ia,
from yv,  ' earth,' and tpayta, ' I eat.'  The  act or
practice of eating earth.   See Chthonophagia.
  GERA30LOG"IA, Geratolog"ia,  from yvpas,
' old age,' and Xoyos, ' a discourse.'  The doctrine,
or a description, of old age.
  GER'ANIS,  from  ytpavos, 'a crane/ which it
resembled.  A bandage, used by the ancients in
cases of fractured clavicle.   Some  authors attri-
bute it to Hippocrates; others, to Perigenes.
  GERA'NIUM, same etymon, because its pistil
is long, like the bill of the  crane.  The Crane's
Bill.
  Geranium Fcetidum, G. Robertianum—g. Ma-
culatum, see Geranium, and  G. Moschatum.
  Geranium Moscha'tum ; Erod'ium  3Ioscha-
tum,  (F.) Bee  de  grue  musqui.   A European
plant, esteemed to be excitant and diaphoretic.
  Geranium Noveboracense, G. Maculatum—
g. Purpureum, G. Robertianum.
  Geranium Robertia'num ;  G. foe'tidum seu
purpdreum, Stinking Crane's Bill, Herb Robert,
(F.) Herbe d  Robert,  Bee  de  Grue Robertin.
This plant was, at one time, used as an antispas-
modic and slight stimulant,  as well as for an ex-
ternal application  in various painful sores and
inflammations.
   Most of the species of geranium have been used
as  astringents.  In some  of  the northwestern
parts of the United States, the root of the 67era-
nium macula'tum—Gera'nium, (Ph. U. S.) — 67.
 N'li-eboraecdae, Spotted  Cranc'a Bill, Crowfoot,
Alum root, Tormentil, Stork bill—is called Racine
d R< i-i/itet,  after a person  of that name.   It is
highly extolled by the AVestern Indians as an an-
tisyphilitic
   GEE AS. Senectus.
   GERM. Germcn, Blaste, Blaste'ma.  The rudi-
ment of a new being, not yet developed, or which
is still adherent to the mother.
   Germ Force, Plastic  force.
   GER.AIANDER,  COMMON,  Teucrium  cha-
masdrya—g. Creeping, Teucrium chamasdrys—g.
Marum, Teucrium marum — g. Small, Teucrium
chamasdrys—g. AVater, Teucrium scordium.
  GERMANDREE  AQUATIQUE, Teucrium
scordium — g.  31aritime,  Teucrium marum — g.
Officinale, Teucrium chamasdrys — g. Scorodone,
Teucrium scordium.
  GER3IE FAUX, Conception, false.
  GERMEN, Germ, Sperm — g. Dentale, Dental
Pulp—g. Falsum, Mole—g. Spurium, Conception,
false.
  GERMINAL  CELL, see Cytoblast—g. Mem-
brane and Vesicle; see  Molecule — g. Nucleus,
see Molecule—g. Spot, see Molecule—g. Vesicle,
see Molecule.
  GERMS, DISSEMINATION OF, Panspermia.
  GEROBOS'CIA,  Gerontoboa'cia, from  yvp*s,
'old age,' and (Sockv, 'food.'  Nourishment or
maintenance proper for the aged.
  GEROCOMEUM, Gerocomium.
  GEROCO'MIA,  Gerocom'ice,  Gerontocom'ice,
from ytpoiv, 'an aged person,' and Kopttv, 'to take
care of.' The part of medicine whose  object is
the preservation of the health of the aged: — the
hygiene of old people.
  GEROCOMICE, Gerocomia.
  GEROCOMI'UM,  Gerocome'um,   Presbyodo-
chi'um,  Gerontocomi'um, Gerotrophe'um, same ety-
mon.   An hospital for the aged.
  GEROFLE, see Eugenia caryophyllata.
  GEROFLEE JAUNE, Cheiranthus  cheiri.
  GERONTATROPHIA, Marasmus senilis.
  GERONTOBOSCIA, Geroboscia.
  GERONTOCOMICE,  Gerocomia.
  GERONTOCOMIUM, Gerocomium.
  GERONTO'PIA, from  yvpas,  'old age,' and
urd/, ' the eye.'   AVeakness of sight of the aged.
  GERONTOTOXON, Gerotoxon.
  GERONTOXON, Gerotoxon.
  GEROTOX'ON,  Gerontox'on,  Gerontotox'on,
3Iac'ula cor'nea arena'ta, Arcus senilis; from
ytpoiv,  ' an  old person,'  and rol-ov, ' a bow.'  A
bow-shaped obscurity at the under margin of the
cornea,  common to old people.
  GEROTROPHEUM, Gerocomium.
  GEROTROPHIA, Geroboscia.
  GERSA, Plumbi subcarbonas—g. Serpentariae,
see Arum maculatum.
  GESTA, 'things done,' from  gerere, gestum,
' to do,' ' carry.'  A Latin term, introduced by
Halle into medical language, to designate, among
the objects which  belong to hygiene, the  func-
tions which  consist in the voluntary  movements
of muscles and  organs.   In the  class 67e«fa are
found sleep, the  waking  state, movements or loco-
motion,  and rest.
  GESTATION, Gesta'tio, Phora, from gestare,
' to carry.'   The time during which a female who
has conceived  carries the embryo in her uterus.
See Pregnancy.  Gestation, likewise, signifies the
bearing or carrying of an individual; a kind of
exercise easier than that in which he moves by
virtue of his own  powers. Thus,  we speak of
gestation on horseback, in a carriage,  Ae.
  Gestation,   Protracted.   Pregnancy  pro-
tracted  beyond the usual period.  See Pregnancy.
  GESTICULATION,  Gesticddtio, same ety-
mon.    The  act of making many  gestures:   a
symptom in disease, which indicates great  ence-
phalic  erethism.   It is  met  with  in numerous
affections.
  GETHYL'LIS SPIRA'LTS. A South African
plant,  Nnt.  Ord.  Amaryllideas,  the orange-co-
loured fruit of which  has a peculiar fragrance.
An infusion in spirit or tincture is used in  flatu-
lence and colic.
  GEUM, G. rivale—g. Caryophyllatum, G. ur- 
GEUMA
406
GINGLYMUS
■ g. Nutans, G. rivale — g. Palustre, G.
banum
rivale.
  Geum Rivale,  G. palua'tre seu nutans, 'Caryo-
phyllu'tu aquatica seu nutans, Benedic'ta sylves'-
tris,  Water ovens, (F.) Benotte aquatique, B. des
Ruissaux.  Family,  Rosacea?.  Sex. Syst.  Ico-
saudria Polygynia.   The  root  of this plant,
Geum (Ph. U.  S.),  is astringent.  It has been
much extolled in  the cure of intermittents, diar-
rhoea, hemorrhage, Ac.
  Geum  Urbanum, 67. caryophylldturn, Caryo-
phylla'ta, C. vulga'ris seu urba'na, Caryophyl'lus
vulga'ris, Sanamun'da,  Lagophthalmus, Caryn-
phylla, Janamun'da, Common ovens, Herb Ben-
net, Herba benedic'ta, (F.) Benoite.  The root of
this plant has a smell not unlike that of cloves.
Taste bitterish, austere; virtues yielded to water
and alcohol.  It has been used in intermittents,
dysentery, chronic diarrhoea, debility, Ac Dose,
gss to 3J of the powder.
  Geum  Vernum, Western  early ovens,  has the
same properties as
  Geum Virginia'num, White avens, Avens, Evan
root, Choc'olate root, Bennet,  Throat root, Cure-
all,  (F.) Benoite de  Virginie, is  common from
Maine to Carolina  and Kentucky, flowering in
June and July.  It has the same medical proper-
ties as Geum  rivale.
  GEUMA, Taste.
  GEUSION'OSI, from ytvas, 'taste,' and voaos,
' disease.'  Geusiondsi.  Diseases of the organ
or sense  of taste.
  GEUSIS,  Taste.   Rarely,  the  root of  the
tongue—Radix lingua.
  GEUTHMOS, Taste.
  GEZIR, see Pastinaca opoponax.
  GEZ1T, Cagot.
  GEZITAIN, Cagot.
  GHERKIN,  see Cucumis sativus.
  GHITTA JEMOCO, Cambogia.
  GIALAPPA, Convolvulus Jalapa.
  GIANT, Gigas, (F.) Giant.  One much above
the ordinary  stature.
  GIBBA, Hump.
  GIBBER,  Hump.
  GIBBEROSITAS, Gibbositas.
  GIBBOS'ITAS, Gibberos'itas,  Cypho'sis, Rha-
chio-cypho'sis, from (F.)  Gibbenx,  (L.) Gibbus,
' something arched or vaulted ; prominent.'  Gib-
bos'ity, Gib'bousness, Curvature of the spine, Hy-
bo'ma.   A symptom which  occurs in  different
diseases ; particularly in rickets and caries of the
vertebras.  See Hump.
  Gibbositas Cariosa, Vertebral disease.
  GIBBOUSNESS, Gibbositas.
  GIBBUS, Hump—g. Pottii, Vertebral disease.
  GIBLETS.   According  to  Minsheu,  from
 Gobbet, Goblet; but, according to  Junius,  from
 (F.) Gibier, 'game.'  The word seems to be the
old (F.)  Gibelez, Gibelet, Ac, i. e. Gibier, (L.) Ci-
 barium, food, (F.) Abattis.   It means, generally,
the parts which are cut off from a goose  before it
is roasted.  Also, the extremities of fowls,  such
 as the head, wings,  feet; to which are sometimes
 added, the liver,  gizzard, Ac.  Soup, made  from
 these, is moderately nutritious.
  GIDDINESS,  A'ertigo.
   GIDDY, ATertiginous.
   GIGANTEUS.'Gigantic.
   GIGANTESQUE, Gigantic.
   GIGANTIC, Gigante'us, Giganto'des, (F.) Gi-
 gantesque. Relating to one much above the  or-
 dinary stature.
   GIGANTODES, Gigantic
   GIGARTINA  HELMINTHOCHORTON, Co-
 rallina Corsicana—g. Lichenoides, Fucus amyla-
 ceus.
  GIGARUS SERPENTARIA, Arum dracun-
culus.
  GIGAS, Giant.
  GILARUM, Thymus serpyllum.
  GILE AO, BALM OF, see Amyris opobalsamum.
  GILET DE FORCE, AVaisicoat, strait.
  GILL, Glecoma hederaceum.
  Gill-go-by-ground, Glecoma hederaceum.
  GILLA THEOPHRASTI, Zinci sulphas —g.
Vitrioli, Zinci sulphas.
  GILLE'NIA STIPULA'CEA. Small-flowered
In'dian Physic has the same properties as
  Gille'nia Trifolia'ta,  Spira'a  trifolia'ta,
Common Gille'nia, Indian Physic, Western Drop-
wort, Indian Hippo, Ip'ccac, Bowman's root, Mea-
dow sweet, Beuumont root.  Nut. Orel. Rosacea1.
Sex.  Syst. Icosandria Pentagynia.  The  root of
this shrub,—Gille'nia, (Ph. U. S.)—which grows
plentifully  in  the  United States, is  a safe and
efficacious emetic, in the dose of about 30 grains.
It resembles ipecacuanha in its properties.
  GILLIFLOWER, Dianthus caryophyllus.
  GIM'BERNAT'S  LIGAMENT.   A  fibrous,
triangular expansion, which is detached from the
posterior and inner part of the crural arch, and is
inserted into the crest of the pubis.  This liga-
ment forms the inner part of the superior aper-
ture of the  crural  canal.  It is one of the most
frequent causes of strangulation in crural hernia.
  GIN, Hollands, Gene'ra, (F.) Genievre.   This
spirit, which is distilled from  corn and juniper
berries, or   from  some  substitute  for them, is
largely used in Great Britain ;  and  is extremely
detrimental, to the lower classes particularly.  It
possesses the properties of other spirituous liquors,
but is, in popular medicine, more used than other
varieties, in cases of colic or intestinal  pain of any
kind.   See  Spirit.
  Gin  Drinker's  Liver, Liver,  nutmeg — g.
Liver, Liver, nutmeg.
  GINGE3IBRE, Amomum zingiber.
  GINGER, Amomum zingiber—g. Beer powder,
see Amomum zingiber—g. Indian, Asarum cana-
dense— g. Jamaica, concentrated essence of, see
Amomum zingiber — g. Preserved, see Amomum
zingiber—g. Wild,  Asarum Canadense.
  GINGIBRA'CHIUM, from gingiva, 'the
gums,' and  brachium, ' the arm.'  A  name given
to the  scurvy, because the gums and arms are
chiefly affected by it.  It has,  also,  been  called
Gingipe'dium, because  the  lower  limbs are in
many cases the seat of scorbutic spots. See Por-
phyra nautica.
  GINGIPEDIUM,  see  Gingibrachium,  Por-
phyra. nautica.
  GINGI'ViE, from gignere, ' to beget,' because
the teeth are, as it were, begotten  in them. (?)
The  gums,  ovXa, U'la, Carnic'ula, (F.) Gencives.
The  portion of the mucous membrane of the
mouth which covers the maxillary bones to the
level  of the alveolar arches.   The gums are
formed of a red tissue, more or less solid, and of
a fibro-mucous nature, which adheres strongly to
the necks  of the teeth, and transmits, between
the roots and their alveoli, a  very  thin expan-
sion,—the alveolo-dcntnl periosteum.   The gums
fix the teeth and contribute  greatly to their soli-
dity.  In the aged, after the loss of the teeth,
they become fibrous and very solid,  and are  in-
servient to mastication.
   GINGIVA'LIS, Uleticus, U'lieus; from gin-
giva, 'the  gums.'   Relating to the gums.
   GING'LYMOID,  Ginglymdideus,   Ginglymo'-
des,  from yiyyXvpos, 'a ginglymus,' and E«5of, 're-
semblance.  Resembling a ginglymus or hinge.
An epithet applied  to joints which  resemble a
hinge, as a ginglymoid joint.
   GIN'GLYMUS,  Car din amen'turn,  Cardo,  'a 
GINSENG
407
GLANDULA
hinge.'  (F.) Charnierc, Articulation en charniire.
A species of diarthrodial articulation, which only
admits of motion in two directions, like a hinge,
—as the knee-joint or elbow-joint.
   GINSENG,  Panax quinquefolium — g. Blue,
Caulophyllum  thalictroides — g.  Yellow, Caulo-
phyllum thalictroides—g. Horse, Triosteum—g.
White, Triosteum.
   Ill RAFF E.  Dengue.
   GIRARD ROUSSIN, Asarum.
   GIRDLE, Cingulum.
   (URL.  This seems,  formerly, to  have been
an appellation common to both sexes.   Many
etymologists deduce the word from the Su. Goth.
Karl, 'a man.'  It means a young female, (L.)
Fi/ta, from  ^iXtiv, 'to love.'  (F.) Fille.
   GIROFLE, see Eugenia caryophyllata.
   GIROFLEE JAUNE, Cheiranthus cheiri.
   GISSA, Cynanche parotidaea.
   GIZZARD, Ventriculus callosus.
   GLABELLA, Mesophryon.
   GLABELLAD, sec Glabellar.
   GLABEL'LAR, from glabella, 'the space  be-
the eyebrows.'  An epithet for an aspect towards
the glabella.—Barclay.   Glabellad is used adver-
bially by the same writer to signify ' towards  the
glabellar aspect.'
   GLABRITIES, Calvities.
   GLACE,  Ice.
   G I, AC I ALE,  Mesembryanthemum  crystalli-
num.
   GLACIALIS HUMOR, Crystalline.
   GLACIES, Ice.
   GLADIOLUS, Machasrion—g. Casruleus,  Iris
Germanica.
   Gladi'olus  Commu'nis, 67.  vulga'ris,  Victo-
ria'lia rotun'da,  Comflag, Victoria'lis feminea,
(F.) Glayeul.  The root of this plant has been
considered aphrodisiac.  Applied in cataplasm, it
has been extolled against scrofulous tumours.
   Gladiolus Luteus, Iris pseudacorus—g. Vul-
garis, G. communis.
   GLADIUS, Penis.
   GLA.AIA, Lippitudo,  Chassie.
   GLAND,  Gladdula,  Gran'ditto,  from glana,
'an  acorn, a kernel.'   Aden.   The ancient ana-
tomists gave this name to a number of organs of
a  texture generally soft, and a  shape more or
less globular, but differing greatly in their nature
and  functions.   They applied it,  for instance, 1.
To those organs which  separate from the blood,
any  fluid whatever.  AVhen  such  organs were
composed of several lobules,  united by common
vessels,   they  received  the  name conglomerate
glanda,  as the parotid, pancreas,  Ae.  2.  To the
reddish  and spongy, knot-like bodies, which are
met with in  the course of the  lymphatics. These
they  called  conglobate  glanda; — see Ganglion
(lymphatic;) and 3dly and lastly, to various other
organs,  whose intimate texture and functions are
still unknown, as the  Pineal  gland, Pituitary
gland. Glands of I'uechioni, Thyroid gland, Thy-
mus gland.  Supra-renal glands,  Ac.  Chaussier
restricts  the word gland  to those softish, granular,
lobatcd organs, composed of vessels, and a parti-
cular texture, of which there are in the  human
body, the lachrymal, salivary, and mammary, the
testicles,  the liver, pancreas, and kidneys.   These
permanent glands, or glands with permanent ducts,
are all destined to draw from  the blood the mole-
cules necessary for the  formation of new fluids;
and  to convey these fluids externally, by means
of one or more excretory ducts.   Several glands
besides their excretory ducts,  have especial reser-
voirs, in which the fluids, secreted by them, col-
lect, remain  for a  greater or less space of time,
and  undergo slight modifications before being
evacuated; — such  are, the gall-bladder  for. the
liver, the urinary  bladder for the  kidneys, Ac.
Each gland has  an organization peculiar  to it,
but we know not the intimate nature of the  glan-
dular texture. — Malpighi believed that the ves-
sels terminate in small, solid masses, to which he
gave  the name—-glandular grains or acini.  In
these, he considered, the excretory duets originate.
Ruysch thought that the  glands are entirely vas-
cular, and that the excretory ducts are  immedi-
ately continuous with the vasa afferentia, Ac. The
best view, perhaps, is, that the exhaling or secre-
ting vessel is distributed on the animal membrane,
which forms the blind extremity of the excretory
duct, and that the secretion is effected through
it by  means of cells.
  The term glande (F.) is sometimes appropriated
to the tumour formed by inflammation or engorge-
ment of a lymphatic ganglion.
  GLAND, Glans—g. Accessory, of the Parotid,
see Parotid — g. Globate, Conglobate gland — g.
Prostate, Prostate—g. Salivary, abdominal, Pan-
creas.
  GLANDAGE,  Adenophyma.
  GLANDE,  Gland — g. Thyrdide, see Thyroid
gland.'
  GLANDERS, Equinia—g. Farcy, see  Equinia.
  GLANDES BROA~CHIQUES,Bronchia\
glands—g. Conglobies, Conglobate glands—g. de
Croissance, AVaxing kernels—g. de 3Ieibomius,
Meibomius, glands of.
  GLANDIFORM CORPUSCLE,  Acinus —g.
Ganglion, see  Ganglion.
  GLANDIUM, Thymus.
  GLANDS, see  Quercus Alba — g. Accessory,
Cowper's glands—g. Aggregate, Peyeri glandulas
—g. Agminated, Peyer's glands—g. Aporic, Gan-
glions, glandiform—g. Blind, Ganglions, glandi-
form — g. Diapnogenous, see  Perspiration — g.
Havers's,  Synovial glands — g.  of Bartholinus,
Cowper's glands of the female—g. Cowper's, see
Cowper's glands—g. of Duverney, Cowper's glands
of the female — g. Lenticular,  Lenticulares glan-
dulas—g. Lieberkiihn's, Lieberkiihn's glands, see
Intestine—g. Miliary, Sebaceous glands—g. Oil,
Sebaceous glands—g. Permanent, see Gland—g.
Peyer's, Peyeri glandulas — g. Renal, Capsules,
renal — g. Sebaceous, see Sebaceous  glands — g.
Solitary,  Brunner's glands—g. Sudoriparous, see
Perspiration—g. Sweat, see Perspiration.
  Glands, Temporary,  Glands without perma-
nent  orifices.  Glands, that consist  of  a single
primary vesicle or saeculus, which,  having ela-
borated a secretion  in its  interior,  bursts, dis-
charges it, and disappears.   Peyer's glands, and
the Graafian vesicles afford examples of these.
  Glands of Tyson,  Sebaceous glands of Tyson
— g.  Arascular, see  Ganglion — g.  of A'esalius,
Bronchial glands—g.  of "Willis, Albicantia corpo-
ra, Mamillary tubercles.
  GLANDULA,  Gland—g.  ad Aures, Parotid—
g. Avicennas, Encystis — g.  Bartholiniana, Sub-
lingual gland — g. Basilaris, Pituitary gland—g.
Colli, Tonsil—g. Innominate Galeni, Lachrymal
gland — g. Lachrymalis,  Lachrymal gland — g.
Mucosa,  Conglobate gland — g.  Pinealis, Pineal
gland—g. Pituitosa, Pituitary gland—g. Rivini-
ana,  Sublingual gland — g.  Salivalis  abdominis
Pancreas — g. Socia  Parotidis, see Parotid — g
Thymus, Thymus—g. Thyreoidea, Thyroid gland
  Glandular Agminate, Peyeri glandulas — g,
Articulares,  Synovial  glands — g.  Assistentes
Prostate — g.  Brunneri,  Brunner's  glands — g
Cervicis uteri, Nabothi glandule — g. Duras ma-
Iris,  G. Pacchioni — g. Duras meningis, G. Pac-
chioni — g. in Agmen congregatas intestinorum,
Peyeri glandulas — g. Intcstinales, Peyeri glan-
dulas— g. Meibomianas, Meibomius, glands of—
g. Mucosas coagminatas intestinorum, Peyeri glan-
dulae—g. Muciparas racematim congestse intesti- 
GLANDULAIRE
408
GLOBULE
norum,  Peyeri glandulaa — g. Myrtiformes, Ca-
runculas myrtiformes — g. Odoriferas Tvsoni, see
Sebaceous glands —g. Pcyeriauw, Peyeri glan-
dulas — g. Plexiformes, Peyeri G. — g. Prostatas
mulierum, see Corpus  glandulosum  mulierum —
g. Sebaceas  ciliares, Meibomius, glands  of—g.
Solitarias,  Brunner's glands — g. Spurias, Peyeri
glandulas, Ganglions, glandiform—g. Sudoriferas,
see Perspiration—g. Suprarenales, Capsules, re-
nal— g. Tysoni, Sebaceous glands of Tyson—g,
Utriculares,  Utricular Glands — g.  Vasculosas,
Conglomerate  glands — g. Aresalianas, Bronchial
   GLANDULAIRE, Glandular.
   GLAND'ULAR,  Glandularis,  Glandulo'sus,
 (F.) Glandulaire, Glanduleux.  Having the ap-
 pearance, form, or texture of Glands; as a glan-
 dular body, a glandular texture, Ac.
   Glandular Substance of the Kidney, see
 Kidney.
   GLANDULE  OF MALPIGHI, see  Corpora
 Malpighiana.
   GRANDULEUX, Glandular.
   GLAND ULO'SO-CARNE US.   Ruysch gives
 this epithet to fleshy excrescences which he found
 in the bladder.
   GLANDULOSUS, Glandular.
   GLANS, ('an  acorn.')  Balanus, Cyttaros,
 Cuspis,  Caput,  C. Penis, Genitdle  caput,  (F.)
 Gland.  The extremity of the penis  and of the
 clitoris.   The glans penis is of a conical, slightly
 flattened  shape.   It is  continuous with the ure-
 thra, which opens at  its apex;  and  is circum-
 scribed by a projecting  edge, called the Coro'na
 glandis.^  It is  covered by a thin mucous mem-
 brane ; is furnished, at  its base, with sebaceous
 follicles, called gladdula odorif'era Tyso'ni, the
 secretion  from which is termed Smegma prepu'-
 tii;  and can, almost always, be  covered by the
 reflection of the skin, called the prepuce. Lastly,
 it is  formed of a spongy texture, susceptible of
 being thrown into erection.
   Glans, Bronchocele, Pessary, Suppository.
   Glans  Clitor'idis is  smaller.  It is imper-
 forate, and likewise covered with a sort of  pre-
 puce formed by  the mucous membrane of  the
 vulva.
   Glans Jovis Theophrasti, Fagus  castanea—
 g. Ulnas, Olecranon—g.  Unguentaria,  Guilandina
 moringa, Myrobalanus.
   GLAREA, Gravel.
   GLASS, Vitrum.
   GLAUBER'S  SALTS, Soda, Sulphate of.
   GLAUCEDO,  Glaucoma.
   GLAUCO'MA, from yXavKot,  'sea-green.'
 Glauco'sis, Glaucc'do, Catarac'ta glauea, Oe'ulus
 ca'sius, Ca'sius,  Phtharma glaucdma, Parop'sis
 glauco'sis,  Apoglaucdsis.   Amongst  the older
 pathologists, this word was used synonymously
 with  cataract.  It is now  ordinarily  applied to
 opacity of the vitreous humour or of  the tunica
 hyaloidea, which  manifests  itself by  a grayish
 or greenish spot,  apparent through  the  pupil'
 The  diagnosis is generally difficult; and the  dis-
 ease is almost always incurable.
   Glaucoma Woulhousi, Cataract.
   GLAUCOSIS, Glaucoma.
   GLAYEUL,  Gladiolus vulgaris—g. Puant
 Iris fcetidissima.                              '
   GLECHO'MA  HEDERA'CEUM,  G. hirsd-
 tum, Heder'ula, Chamacle'ma, C. hedera'cea  Ca-
 lamin'tha hedera'ccu, Calamidta hitmil'ior Cha-
macis'sus, Hed'era terrea'tria, Ncj/cta  glecho'mu
Panaee'a pec'toria, Ground-ivy, Gill, Gill-go-by-
ground, Alehoof, Robin runaway, (F.) Lierre  ter-
reatre, Terrette.   This plant has  a strong smell,
and  a bitterish,  somewhat aromatic,  taste.   It
has been considered expectorant and tonic.
    OLECnON, Mentha pulegium.
    GLECHOXITIS.  AVine, impregnated  with
  the Glechou, yXv^tov, mantha pulegium, or penny-
  royal.
    GLECOMA HIRSUTUM, G. hederaceum.
    GLEET, see Gonorrhoea.
    GLEME, Chaaaie, Lippitudo.
    GLENE, yXvvv.  The pupil.  The anterior part
  of the eye.  The eyeball.   The eye. According
  to some,  the  crystalline lens.   Also, a glenoid
  cavity.
    OLENITIS, Phacitis.
    GLENOID, Glene.
    Gle'noid, Glenoid'al, Glenoida'lia, Glendi'dea,
  Gleno'dea,  Gleno'ideua, from  yXvvv, 'the pupil,'
 and ttoos,  'resemblance.'   (F.)  Glendide, Gleno'i-
 dale. Any shallow, articular cavity, Glene, which
 receives the head  of a bone;  such as,  1. The
 glenoid cavity  or/ossa of the  scapula, Fossa gle-
 no'idea,  Omocotyle, Acetab'uhtm hu'meri, Cav'i-
 tas hu'meri  gleno'ides, Entypo'sis,  is situate  at
 the anterior angle of the  scapula; and is  arti-
 culated with the head of  the humerus.  2. The
 glenoid cavity or fossa of the temporal bone.  It
 is seated between the two roots of the zygomatic
 process, and receives the  condyle of the lower
 jaw.
   Glenoid Lig'ament, (F.) Ligament Glindidien,
 is  a fibro-cartilaginous ring or bourrelet, which
 seems formed by the expansion  of the tendon of
 the long head of the biceps brachialis,  and sur-
 rounds  the glenoid cavity of the scapula,  the
 depth of which it increases*.
   GLENOIDALE, Glenoid.
   GLISCHRAS'MA, Glis'chrotes, from yXtcypat-
 voi, (yXia,  'glue,') T become glutinous.'   Lentor,
 viscidity.—Hippocrates.
   GLISCHROCH'OLUS, fromyXicXm, 'viscid,'
 and x°Xv, 'bile.' An epithet for excrement which
 is glutinous and bilious.
   GLISCHROTES,  Glischrasma.
   GLISOMARGO,  Creta.
   GLOBE, Bandage (head)—g. of the Eye, see
 Eye—g. Flower, Cephalanthus occidentalis.
   GLOB UL AIRE   PURGATIVE,  Globularia
 alypum.
   GLOBULA'RIA AL'YPUM,  G/obuldria,
 3tontpel'lier Turbith, (F.)  Globulaire purqutive,
 Turbith blanc.  The leaves of this plant are bit-
 ter, and have been  used in intermittents and in
 constipation.  See Alypon.
   GLOB'ULE, Glob'ulus, Spha'rion, Spha'rula.
 A small globe.
   Globules of  the Blood,  Blood  globules,
 Blood-corpuscles,  Blood-disks,  Blood-vesicles,
 Glob'uli,  Vesic'ula,  Spha'rula  seu Follic'idi
 sadguinis, (F.) Globules  du sane/, are small, cir-
 cular  bodies, which  are  particularly observable
 when the transparent parts of cold-blooded  ani-
 mals are examined by the aid of the microscope-
 and are met with in the blood  of all  animals!
 They are circular in the mammalia,  and elliptical
 in birds  and cold-blooded  animals; are flat  in
 all animals, and generally composed of a central
 nucleus  enclosed  in a membranous  sac.  Che-
 mically, they consist of hasmatin and globulin—
 hamato-globulin.

           Size of  the  Globules.

 Sir E. Home and Bauer, with)  1.1700th part of
  colouring matter,    .     .   j     an inch.
E.ller>      ....    1.1930
Sir E. Home and Bauer, with-1
  out colouring matter,
Miiller,
Mandl,
1.2000
1.2300 to 1.3500
1.2625 to 1.3150 
GLOBULE
409
GLOSSOGRAPnY
Ilodgkin, Lister, and Rudolphi,
Sprcngel,   ....
Cavallo,    ....
Donne,    ....
Jurin and Gulliver,
Blumenbach and Senae,
Tabor,     ....
Milne Edwards,  .
AVagner,   ....
Eater,     ....
I'p'vost and Dumas, .
Ilallcr, AVollaston, and Weber,
Young.....
1.3000
1.3000 to 1.3500
1.3000 to 1.4000
1.3150 to 1.3280
1.3240
1.3330
1.3600
1.3900
1.4000
1.4000 to 1.6000
1.4056
1.5000
1.6060
   GLOBULE D'ARANTIUS,see  Sigmoid
valves—7. du Suuq. Globule of the blood.
   GLOBULES, GANGLION, see Neurine —g.
Chyle, see Chyle — g. Lymph, see  Lymph — g.
Milk, see Milk—g. Mucous, see Mucus—g. Pus,
sec Pus—g. Pyoid, see Pus.
   GLOBULI ARTERIARUM  TERMINI, see
Acinus—g. Sanguinis, Globules of the blood—g.
Tartari  martiales,  Ferrum  tartarizatum—g. Tar-
trates ferri et lixivias,  Ferrum tartarizatum.
   GLOB'ULIN, Glob'aline, Blood ca'scin.  The
colourless substance that remains after the ab-
straction of the  colouring  matter of the blood-
corpusclo.   It is a peculiar  albuminous principhs.
The globulin of Berzelius  consists of the enve-
lopes of the  blood globules, and of the part of
their contents that remains after the extraction
of the hasmatin.   Lecanu  regards it as identi-
cal with  albumen; aiul, according to Mulder, it
belongs  to the combinations of protein.
  The term  globulin  is  likewise given  by M.
Donne to small granulations appertaining to the
chyle, which are observable  in the blood with the
microscope.   They are small white roundish, iso-
lated or irregularly agglomerated grains; of about
the 1-300 of a millimetre in  diameter,  and are re-
garded by M. Donne as the first  elements of the
blood globules.  They are  the white  granulated
corpuscles of Mandl.
   GLOBULUS  ARANTII, see  Sigmoid valves
—g. Nasi, see Nasus—g. Sanguineus, Punctum
salicns—g. Stapedis Ossis, Os orbiculare.
  GLOBUS HYSTERICUS, Nodus Hystericus,
Ad gone, Anad'rome.  A sensation,  experienced
by' hysterical persons, as if a round body were
rising from the abdomen towards the larynx, and
producing a sense of suffocation.
  Globus Major, see Epididymis — g.  Minor,
see Epididymis — g. Martialis, Ferrum  tartari-
zatum.
  Globus Uteri'nus. A term applied by accou-
cheurs to the round tumour, formed by the uterus
in the lower part  of the abdomen, immediately
after delivery.
  GLOMERATE,  Conglomerate.
  GLOM'ERULE, Glomerulus; from glomus, 'a
clew of  thread.'  A ball  or clew, formed by an
agglomeration of vessels; as Glomerule of Malpi-
ghi; seo Corpora Malpighiana.
   GLOSSA, Glotta, 'the tongue.'  The power of
speech.   Speech.  Hence:
   GLOSS AGRA, Glossalgia.
   GLOSSAL'GIA, Glos'sagra, from yXuiaoa, 'the
tongue,' aud aXyos. ' pain.'  Pain in the tongue.
  GLOSSAX 1ST 11 I'M, Glosaanoch'eua, Glossad-
ochuin, from yXwaaa,  'tongue,' and  avtytiv, 'to
hold up.'  An instrument  for holding up  the
tongue.
  GLOSS ANCONEUS,  Glossanisehum.
  GLOSSAXOCHUM, Glossanisehum.
  GLOSS ANTIIR AX, Pestisglossan'thrax, from
yXtocaa,  'the  tongue,' and  av$pat-, 'a carbuncle.'
Carbuncle of the tongue.  A  disease more common
in cattle  than in man.
  GLOSSEPIGLOTTIC, Glossepiglol ticus. Re-
lating to the tongue and epiglottis, as Ligamed-
tum gl.ossepiqlotticum.
  GLOSSIANUS, Lingual muscle.
  GLOSSITIS, from yXiocca, 'the tongue,' and
itis, a suffix denoting inflammation.   Glosson'cus
inflammato'rius, Angi'na lingua'ria  seu lingua'-
lis, Inflamma'tio  Lingua, Inflammation of the
tongue, (F.) Inflammation de  la Langue.  When
confined to the mucous membrane, it is of slight
importance.  That which affects the whole of the
tongue is a serious disease, and requires the vigo-
rous use of antiphlogistics.   It is rare.
  GLOSSOC'ACE, from yXwaaa, 'the tongue,' and
kokos,  ' evil.'   Ulceration  of the tongue,  with
symptoms of adynamic fever.
  GLOSSOCARCINO'MA, Gloaaoacir'rhua, Car-
cino'ma  Lingua, from yXtaaaa, 'the tongue,' and
KapKivmpa, ' cancer.'   Cancer of the tongue.
  G L 0 S S O CAT'O C H U S, Glossocat oche, from
yXuicaa, 'the  tongue,' and Kart^w, T arrest.' Lin-
gua Deten'tor, Spec'ulam Oria, (F.) Abaisseur de
la langue.  An instrument, the invention of which
is attributed to Paulus of iEgina, and which was
employed to depress  the tongue, in order to exa-
mine diseases of the fauces.  It was composed
of two branches ; one of which had, at  its extre-
mity, a plate  for depressing the tongue; whilst
the other, shaped like a horse-shoe, was  applied
under the chin.  The finger, or the handle of a
spoon,  or a spatula, is now alone used in similar
cases.   See Catagoglossum.
  GLOSSOCE'LE, from yXoicaa, 'the  tongue,'
and  kvXv,  'hernia,'  'tumour.'   Hernia of the
Tongue,  Paraglos'se, Prolajisus lingua, Glosso-
megis'tus, Glossopto'sis.   Projection of the tongue
from the mouth.  It depends,  generally, on an
inflammatory swelling  of the organ.  At times,
however, a chronic glossocele, or sort of cedema-
tous  engorgement, is met with; which  proceeds
to a great length, and deforms the dental arches,
the lips, Ac.  Inflammatory glossocele  must be
combated by  antiphlogistics.  In the  eedematous
kind, such  as is sometimes  caused by  excessive
salivation, the  infiltrated  fluid may be pressed
back by the hand of  the practitioner, to get  the
tongue behind  the teeth; and it may be kept
there by a piece of gauze  tied over  the  mouth.
The chronic, elongated kind sometimes requires
amputation of a portion of the organ.
  GLOSSOCOMA, Glossospasmus.
  GLOSSOC'OMON, Glossoc'omum,  Glossocomi-
on,  from yXwcca, 'the tongue,'  and Kpttvo, 'to
guard.'   The ancients gave this name to a small
case for holding the tongues of their wind-instru-
ments.   By extension, it was applied to the box
or cradle in which fractured limbs were kept.  AVe
find, in the ancient writers, a Glossocomon of Hip-
pocrates, of Nymphodorus, Galen, Ac.
  GLOSSODESMUS, Fraenum linguae.
  GLOSSO-EPIGLOTTICUS.   That which be-
longs to the tongue and epiglottis.  Some anato-
mists have so denominated certain fleshy fibres,
which pass from the base of  the tongue towards
the epiglottis.  These muscles are more evident
in some of the mammalia than in man;  and their
use seems to  be,—to  raise the epiglottis, and to
remove  it farther from the glottis.  Santorini,
who described them after Eustachius, calls them
Retracto'res Epiqlot'tidis.
  GLOSSO-EPIGLOTTIC  LIG'AMENTS,
Frana epiglottidis.  Three folds of mucous mem-
brane, which  connect the anterior surface of the
epiglottis with the root of the tongue.
  GLOSSOG'RAPHY,Glossogrdphia, from yW-
ca, ' the tongue,' and  ypaipv, ' a description.'  An
anatomical description of the tongue. 
               GLOSSO-HYAL              4

  GLOSSO-HYAL.  A name given, by Geoffroy
Saint-Hilaire,  to the posterior  cornua of the os
hyoides.
  GLOSSOL'OGY,  Gloaaolog" ia,  from  yXioaca,
' the tongue,' and Xoyos, ' a treatise,' ' a discourse.'
A treatise on the tongue.
  GLOSSOL'YSIS, Glossople'gia,  Paralysis lin-
gua,  I'.  Nervi  hypoglossi,  from  yXiocca,  ' the
tongue,' and Xvcts,  ' solution.'   Paralysis of the
tongue.
  GLOSSOMANTI'A, Progno'sis ex lingua, from
yXwaca, ' the tongue,'  and  pavrtta,  ' divination.'
Prognosis from the  state of the  tongue.
  GLOSSOMEGISTUS, Glossocele, Paraglosse.
  GLOSSON'CUS, from yoiXcca, 'the tongue,'and
oyKos,  ' tumour.'  Exonco'sis lingua.  Swelling
of the tongue.
  Glossoncus Inflammatorius, Glossitis.
  GLOSSO-PALATINUS,  Glosso-staphylinus—
g.  Pharyngeal, Pharyngo-glossal.
  GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL, Glosso-pharyngeus
—g. p. Nerve, Pharyngo-glossal nerve.
  GLOSSO-PHARYNGEUS, Glossopharyngeal,
from yXiocca, 'the tongue,' and  tpapvyt-, 'the pha-
rynx.' Belonging to the tongue and pharynx.
Some  anatomists thus designate  certain fleshy
bundles, which arise from the lateral parts of the
base of the tongue,  and are inserted into the pa-
rietes  of the pharynx.   They  form  part of the
constrictor pharyngis superior.
  GLOSSOPLEGIA, Glossolysis.
  GLOSSOPTOSIS, Glossocele.
  GLOSSOSCIRRHUS, Glossocarcinoma.
  GLOSSOSCOP'IA, from yXiocca, 'the tongue,'
and cKoirtu), ' I view.'   Inspection of the  tongue
as an index of disease.
  GLOSSOSPAS'MUS, Glossocdma, Spasmus
lin'gua, from yXutoaa, 'the tongue,' and ctraapos,
' spasm.'   Cramp or spasm of the  tongue.
  GLOSSOSPATHA,  Spatula  pro ore,  from
yXuaoa, ' the tongue,'  and  aitaQv,  ' spatula.'  A
spatula for pressing down  the  tongue to enable
the fauces to be examined.
  GLOSSO-STAPHYLPNUS, fromyXuaaa, 'the
tongue,' and araipvXv, 'the uvula.'   Glossopalati'-
nus, Pala'to-glossus, Constric'tor Isthmi Fetu'cium.
A  small, thin, narrow, and long  muscle, which
arises from the base of the tongue, and is insert-
ed at the inferior and  lateral part of the velum
palati, in the anterior pillar of which it is situate.
Its use is to  contract the isthmus faucium, by de-
pressing the venum palati, and  raising the  base
of the tongue.
  GLOSSOSTERE'SIS, Lingua extirpa'tio, from
yXoiaaa, 'the tongue,'  and  artpvcts,  'privation.'
Extirpation of the tongue.
  GLOSSOSTROPH'IA,  from yXuaaa, 'tongue,'
and crpttpoi,  ' I turn.'   Doubling of the point of
the tongue upwards and backwards, — said to
have been a mode of suicide. (?)
  GLOSSOT'OMY,  Glossotom'ia,  from  yXoicca,
' the tongue,' and rtpvttv,' to cut.'   Dissection of
the tongue.  Amputation of the tongue.
  GLOSSYPERTROPH'IA,  from yXwaca, 'the
tongue,' 'v-rtp, ' over,' and rpttpttv, ' to nourish.'
Hypertrophy or supernutrition of  the tongue.
  GLOTTA, Glossa, Tongue.
  GLOTTIS, yXwTTts, (also, the  mouth-piece of a
flute,') Lig'ula. A small oblong aperture, in the la-
rynx, comprised between the chorda vocales. It is
narrow, anteriorly; wider, posteriorly; and is ca-
pable of being modified by muscular contraction,
as  may be required by the voice.  It is  by the
chordae vocales, that voice  is  produced.  The
                 GLUTEAL

glottis is nearly an inch long in the adult malo:
less in the female and child.
  Glottis is, by  some,  used synonymously with
ventricle of the larynx: with others, it includes
tho whole  of the larynx.
  Glottis, Lips of the, Thyreo-arytenoid  liga-
ments.
  GLOUGLOU D'UNE BOUTEILLE, Gurg-
ling.
  GL 0 UTER ON, Arctium Lappa—g. Petit, Nan-
thium.
  GLOUTIUS, Gluteal—g. Maximus et extimus,
Glutasus maximus—g. Secundus et medius, Glu-
tasus medius—g. Tertius et intimus, Glutasus mi-
nimus.
  GLOUTON, Glutton.
  GLOW  AVORM, Cicindela.
  GLUANT, Glutinous.
  GLUCOSE, from yXvKvs, 'sweet.' Grape sugar,
Fruit sugar, Starch sugar, Diabetic sugar, Honey
sitgar.  A variety of sugar, that occurs naturally
in many vegetable juices,  and in honey.  Com-
pared with cane sugar, it is much less soluble in
water, and less disposed to crystallise; and, when
injected into the blood-vessels, does not pass off
to the like extent by the kidneys.
  GLUCOSURIA, Diabetes mellitus.
 - GLUE BONE, Osteocolla.
  GLUE FISH, Iehthyocolla.
  GLUTEUS MAGNUS,  G. major —g. Major,
G. Maximus.
  Glutai'us  Max'imus, Gluta'us  major, 3Iaxi-
mus et ex'timus  glodtius,* G. magnus,  Bio-sacro-
fimoral;  Sacro-fimoral, (Ch.,) (F.) Muscle grand
feasier.  This muscle is situate  at the posterior
part of the pelvis, and at the upper and posterior
part of the thigh.  It is large, thick, and quadri-
lateral; and is attached, above, to the posterior part
of the crista  ilii, to the part of the ilium  com-
prised between the  crista  and  the upper curved
line, to the posterior surface of the sacrum,  coc-
cyx, and great sacro-sciatic ligament;  and below,
it terminates by a broad  aponeurosis, which is
inserted into the rugged  surface  that descends
from  the trochanter major to the linea aspera of
the femur.  This muscle extends the thigh on the
pelvis, and rotates the thigh outwards.  It ia
greatly concerned in station and progression.
  Glutas'us Me'dius, Glodtius Secun'dus et 316'-
diua, (F.) Ilio-trochantirien : Grand Ilio-troehan-
tirien, (Ch.,) 3Ioyen Fessier.  This muscle is si-
tuate  in part beneath the preceding; it is broad,
very  thick, radiated, and  triangular; attached,
above, to the  crista ilii, and to  the part of the
outer  surface  of that bone comprised between the
three  anterior  fourths  of its crista, its  upper
curved line, and its lower; and below, it ends by
a tendon, inserted at the upper edge of the great
trochanter.  It is an abductor  of the thigh; but
can turn the thigh  outwards or inwards, accord-
ing as its  posterior or inferior  fibres  are thrown
separately into contraction.
  Glutaj'us Min'imus,G^Hro;1'usminor,Ilio-ischii-
trochantirien, Ter'tius  et In'timua  Glodtius (F.)
Petit  Fessier; — Petit Rio-troehantirien (Ch.)
This muscle, which is situate beneath the preced-
ing, is flat, triangular, and with radiated fibres.
It is  attached, above, to the external surface of
the os ilii, from  the inferior curved line to the
acetabulum; and, below, is inserted into the an-
terior part of the great trochanter.  It has the
same uses  as the preceding.
  Glutaius Minor, G. minimus.
  GLUTEAL,  Glou'tiua, Gluta'ua, from yXovros,
'the nates,' or  'buttocks.'  (F.) Feaaier.   That
which belongs or relates to the nates.  This name
has been given to many parts which compose the
nates.
10 
                  GLUTEN

  Gluteal Aponeurosis.  The upper and back
part of the femoral fascia.   In it is a remarkable
opening, called the gluteal arch, for the passage
of the gluteal vessels ami nerves.
  Gluteal Arch, see Gluteal aponeurosis.
  Gluteal Artery, Paste'rior  Iliac  Artery,
(F.) Artire fessilre, is one of the largest branches
of the hypogastric.  It makes its exit from the
pelvis at  the upper part of the  superior sciatic
foramen ;  gains the posterior part of the pelvis,
and divides into two branches; — the one super-
ficial, tho other deep-seated. The last subdivides
into three secondary branches,  whose ramifica-
tions arc  distributed particularly to the Glutai,
Longissimus Dorsi, Sncro-lumbahs, Ac, and anas-
tomose  with the sciatic and internal  circumflex
arteries.
  Gluteal Nerve, (F.) Nerf Fessier, is a large
branch, furnished by  the 5th  pair  of  lumbar
nerves.   It is  chiefly  distributed to  the glutasi
muscles.
  Gluteal Vein, (F.)  Veine fessilre, follows the
same march as the artery of the same name.
  GLUTEN,  Gldtinum,  Lentor,  'glue, paste.'
Vetf'etable Gluten, Veg"etable Ca'scin.  An im-
mediate principle of vegetables.  It is soft, of a
grayish  white, viscid consistence, and very elastic
Exposed to the air, it becomes hard, brown, and
fragile ; and, in moist air, putrefies.  Water and
alcohol  do not dissolve  it.   It is soluble in vege-
table, and in weak mineral acids, at a high tem-
perature.   The farinas, in which  it is  found, are
those preferred for the-preparation of bread;  on
account of  the property it has  of making the
paste rise.  It is  a compound of protein,  and
hence has been ranged amongst the "proteina-
ceous alimentary principles" by Dr. Pereira.  By
washing wheaten  dough with a stream of water,
tho gum,  sugar, starch  and vegetable albumens
are removed: the  ductile, tenacious, elastic, gray
mass left is the gluten, common gluten, Beccarids
gluten.  Rare gluten is the soluble portion  on
boiling  common gluten in alcohol.
  Glutun Articulorum, Synovia—g. Beccaria's,
see Gluten — g. Bread, see Bread, gluten — g.
Common, see Gluten—g. Pure, see Gluten.
  GLITI, Nates.
  GLUTIA, Nates, Quadrigemina corporp
  GLUTINANS,  Agglutinant.
  GLUTINATIF, Agglutinant.
  GLUTINATIO, Agglutination.
  GLUTINEUX,  Glutinous.
  GLUTINOUS,  Glutindsus,   Collo'des, from
gluten,  'paste,  glue.'  (F.) Glutineux,  Gluant.
An epithet given  to substances  taken from the
animal or vegetable kingdom, and endowed with
unusual  viscidity.  The  decoctions of  marsh-
mallows, and figs, and the jelly of hartshorn, arc
said to be glutinous.
  GLUTINUM, Gluten.
   GLUT 01, Nates.
  GLUTTON, same etymon as the next.   67a«-
trimar'gua. Hel'luo, 3Iundo, Gulo'aua, Lurco, (F.)
Glouton, Gourmand, Goulu.  An  excessive eater.
  GLUTTONY, from glutio, 'I swallow,' gluttue,
'tho gullet.'  Limo'sia Helluo'num, Gaatria'mus,
(F.)  Gouvmamlise.  Excessive  appetite,  owing
often to habitual indulgence.
  GLUTTUS. Oesophagus.
  GLUT US, Trochanter major.
  GLYCANSIS, Edulcoration.
  GLYOAS'MA, from  yXvms, 'sweet.'  A sweet
wine, prepared from must.—Linden.
  GLYCERATON, Glycyrrhiza.
  GLYCERIN, see Fat,
  GLA'CIPICROS, Solanum dulcamara.
  GLYCISIDE, Paeonia.
1               GOACONAX

   GLYCYPHYTON, Glycyrrhiza.
   GLYCYRRHI'ZA,  from yXvicvs, 'sweet,' and
 pifa, 'a root.'  Glycyrrhi'za  Glabra  seu Lavis,
 Liquorit"ia Scytltica, Glycera'ton, Glycypltyton,
 Liq'uorice, Lic'orice, Adip'sos, Alcacas, Al'imos,
 (F.) Riglisse.  Ord.  Leguminosas.  Sex. Syst.
 Diadelphia Decandria.  The root of this southern
 European plant is inodorous ; has a sweet taste;
 is mucilaginous;  and leaves, when unpeeled, a
 degree of bitterness in the  mouth.  It is used as
 a demulcent, and chiefly in catarrh. The extract,
 made from it and sold  in  the shops, is known
 under  the name Spanish Liquorice or Liquorice
 Juice, (F.) Jus de Riglisse.
   Pectoral Balsam of Liquorice—a quack prepa-
 ration— is said by Dr. Paris to consist chiefly of
 Paregoric Elixir, strongly  impregnated with Oil
 of Aniseed.
   GLYCYRRHOE'A,  from yXvKvs, 'sweet,' and
 pto>, 'I flow.'  A discharge of saccharine  fluid
 from the system.
   Glycyrrhcea Urinosa, Diabetes mellitus.
   GLYSTER  HERBS,  Herba pro  Enem'ate.
 The herbs ordinarily sold by the English apothe-
 cary under this title, are: — mallow leaves, one
 part; chamomile flowers, one part.  (3iss to  Oj
 of water.)
   GNAMPSIS, Curvature.
   GNAPHALIUM DIOICUM, Antennaria
 dioica.
   Gnaphalium Margarita'ceum;  Cudweed, Life
 everlasting.   An indigenous  plant, growing  in
 woods  and fields, and flowering in August.  Its
 virtues  are  not defined, and the  same may  be
 said of
   Gnaphalium  Polyceph'alum ;  Sweet-scented
 Life everlasting.
   GNATHALGIA, Neuralgia maxillaris.
   GNATHANCYLO'SIS, from yvados, 'the jaw,'
 and ayKvXwcis, ' stiffness  of joint.'  Ancylosis of
 the lower jaw.
   GNATHITIS, Inflamma'tio gena, from yvados,
 ' the cheek, the jaw.'  Inflammation of the cheek
 or upper jaw.
   GNATHMUS, Gnathus.
   GNATHOCEPH'ALUS, from yvados, 'the jaw,'
 and KttpaXv, 'head.'  A monster who has no head
 visible externally, but exhibits voluminous jaws.
 —G. St. Hilaire.
   GNATHOCYNANCHE, Cynanche parotidasa.
   GNATHONEURALGIA,  Neuralgia  maxil-
 laris.
   GNATHOPLASTICE,  from  yvados, 'cheek,'
 and nXaariKos, 'formative.'  The formation of an
 artificial cheek.
   GNATHOPLE'GIA,   Gnathoparal'ysis,  from
 yvados,  and ttXvyv, ' a stroke.'  Paralysis of the
 cheek.  Gnathoparalysis is employed by Fuchs
 to_ signify paralysis of the lesser portion of the
 trifacial nerve, which supplies  the  muscles  of
 mastication.
   GNATHORRHAG"IA, from yvados, and 'pvy-
 wpt, ' to burst forth.'  Hemorrhage from the in-
 ternal  surface of the cheeks.
   GNATHOSPASMUS,  Trismus.
   GNATHUS, Gnathmus,  from kvoio,  'I scrape,
 rub.'  The cheek, the jaw.  Also, the part of the
 jaws in which the teeth are fixed.—Hippocrates,
 Foesius.  See Bucca, Gena, and Maxillary Bone.
   GNESIOS, Legitimate.
   GNOME, Intellect.
   GNOSIS,  yvojets, 'knowledge.'  A  common
 suffix, as in  Diagno'sis, Progno'sis, Ac.
   GOACONAX, see Toluifera balsamum.
41 
GOATS' BEARD
412
GOMPHOSIS
  GOATS' BEARD, COMMON, Tragopogon.
  GOATS' MILK,  see Milk, goats' —g.  Milk,
artificial, see Milk, goats'—g. Thorn, Astragalus
verus.
  GO RE LET E3IETIQUE, Goblet, emetic.
  GOBLET, EMETIC, Poc'ulum  emet'icum, Ca-
lix  vomito'ria, (F.) Gobelet imitique.  A vessel,
made by pouring melted antimony into a mould.
By putting wine into this and allowing it to stand
some time, it acquires the property of producing
vomiting.  This kind of emetic has  been long
rejected, as the practitioner could never be certain
of the  dose he exhibited.
  GODESBERG,  MINERAL WATERS  OF.
These waters at  Godesberg, a German mile from
Bonn,  are  an efficacious, acidulous  chalybeate,
formerly known by the name,  Draitsch Water.
They contain chloride of sodium,  carbonate of
soda, carbonate  of lime, carbonate of magnesia,
and carbonate of iron.
  GODFREY'S  COR'DIAL.  A celebrated nos-
trum, for which Dr. Paris has given the following
formula. Infuse  "fix of sassafras and of the seeds
of carraway, coriander, and anise, each ^j, in
six  pints of ivater.  Simmer the mixture until re-
duced to K)iv: then add Ibvj.of treacle, and boil
the whole for a few minutes.   When cold, add
"""{iij  of tincture of opium.  The  following form is
recommended by a committee of the Philadelphia
college of Pharmacy.  Tinct. Opii, Oiss;  Syrupi
Nigri,  Oxvj ; Alcoholia, Oij ; Aqua, Oxxvj ; Car-
bonatia Potoaaa, ^ijss; Olei Saasafras, f^Jiv, M.
It is anodyne. ,
  GODRONNE, (Canal,)  Cana'lia Pctitia'nus,
Couronne ciliaire,  Canal de Petit, Canal gou-
dronni, Canal or Builular Canal of Petit.  Petit
gave this name  (from (F.)  godron, 'a  plait or
fold,') to the semicircular canal, formed by the
tunica hyaloidea around the edge of the  crystal-
line ; because it appears, as it were, plaited or
festooned.
  GOGGLE-EYE, Strabismus.
  GOITRE, Bronchocele — g.  Leaf, see Lami-
naria.
  GOITRE STICKS.  In  South  America the
stems of a seaweed are so  called, because they
are chewed by the inhabitants where goitre pre-
vails.—Royle.
  GOIT'ROUS, (F.) Goitreux.   Relating or ap-
pertaining  to goitre.  One  affected  by Goitre or
Bronchocele,—Goitred.
  GOLD, Aurum, Ohryaoa, Sol,  Rex metallo'rum,
(F.)  Or.   A solid, yellow,  very brilliant, hard,
very ductile, malleable,  tenacious, and heavy
metal;  found in nature, either in its native state,
or combined with a little silver, copper, or iron.
S. g. 19-25.
  Muriate of Gold, Chloride of Gold, Auri Chlo'-
ridum,  A. Terchldridum, A. Mu'rias, A. Chloru-
re'turn, Aurum 3Iuriat'icum,A.Chlora'turn, A. Oxy-
duldtum muriaticum, A. Sali'tum, (F.) Chlorure
dor, 3Iuriate dor,  Hydro-chlorate dor has  been
admitted into the  Pharmacopasia of the United
States,  and into that of Paris, Ac.  The formulas,
however, differ.  That of the United States is a
muriate with two bases; and is prepared, accor-
ding to the form of Dr. Chrestien, by dissolving
the  gold in a mixture of nitric and muriatic acids,
and adding chloride of sodium  to the residuum
after evaporation;  then redissolving and evapo-
rating slowly to dryness.  The  Parisian formula
for  the  3Iuriate dor, 3Iurias  seu  Chlorure'tum
Auri, consists in simply dissolving the gold in
the  acids, and evaporating  to  dryness.  It has
been recommended as an antisyphilitic in old, re-
bellious, venereal affections, exostoses, and in ve-
nereal, scrofulous or cancerous glandular enlarge-
ments.   Dose, gr. l-8th to gr. ss, rubbed on the
tongue or gums.   Internally, one-sixteenth of a
grain, in pill.
  A"arious other preparations, as the Cy'anide or
Tercy'anide,  (Auri Gyan'idum, A. Cyanure'tum,
A. Tercyan'idum, (F.) Cyanure  d'or;) the metal-
lic gold in a state of division (Aurum metal'licam,
Pulvis Auri, (F.)  Or divisi,) obtained by amal-
gamating gold with  mercury  and driving the
latter off by heat; and in the form of filings (Au-
rum lima'turn; the Chloride, of Gold and Sodium,
(Aurum muriaticum natrona'tum, A. muriaticum,
A. chlora'tum natro'natum, Chlore'turn Au'ricum
Chlore'to  na'trii,  3lu'rias  Ailrico-na'tricum,
Chlorure'tum auri et natrii, jSo'dii auro-terchlo'-
ridum, Hydrochlorate  or muriate of Gold and
Soda, (F.)  Chlorure d'or et de Sodium, Hydro-
chlorate ou muriate d'or et de Soude;  the Nitro-
muriate  of Gold,  (Aurum  Nitrico-mariulicum,
Auri  nitromu'rias, (F.)  Nitromuriate  d'or;) the
Oxide of Gold, (Auri  Ox'idum, Aurum Oxidd-
tum, Auri terox'idum, Perox'ide  of gold, Auric
acid,  (F.) Oxide d'or); and the Iodide of Gold,.
(Auri lo'didum, A. lodure'turn, (F.) lodure d'or,)
have been  employed in  the like affections, and
with similar results.
  Gold-Beater's Skin.  The  intestina recta of
the ox, which have been beaten quite smooth, for
the manufacture of gold leaf.   Used as a defen-
sive dressing for slight cuts, Ac.
  Gold,  Chloride of, see  Gold—g. Cyanide of,
see Gold—g.  Hydrochlorate of,  see Gold—g. Io-
dide of,  see Gold — g. Muriate  of, see Gold — g.
Nitro-muriate of, see Gold—g. Oxide of, see Gold
—g. Peroxide of, see Gold—g. Tercyanide of, see
Gold—g. and Sodium, Chloride of oxide of, see
Gold—g. and Soda, hydrochlorate of, see Gold—
g. and Soda, muriate of, see Gold.
  Gold Leaf, Aurum folia'turn, Aurum in libel'-
lis.   Used to gild pills and to plug carious teeth.
  Gold Thread,  Coptis.
  GOLDEN  ROD,  Solidago  virgaurea — g. r.
Rigid, Solidago rigida — g. Seal, see  Calumba,
Hydrastis Canadensis.
  GOLDENS, Chrysanthemum leucanthemum.
  GOLDWASSER, see Spirit.
  GOLFE, Sinus—g. de la Veine jugulaire, see
Jugular veins.
  GOLUNCHA, Menispermum cordifolium.
  G03I3IE, Gumma, Gummi—g. Adragant, Tra-
gacanth — g. Ammoniaque, Ammoniac  gum — g.
Arabique, Acacias  gummi — g. Astringente de
Gamble,  see  Butea frondosa — g.  Caragne, Ca-
ranna—g. Carane, Caranna—g. de Gaiac, Guaia-
cum—g.  Gutte,  Cambogia—g. de Lierre, see He-
dera helix—g. du Pays, Gummi nostras—g. Si-
raphique, Sagapenum.
  GOMPHI'ASlS, Gomphiaa'mua, from yoptpos,
'a nail.' A disease of the teeth, and particularly of
the molares; looseness of the teeth in their sockets.
Agomphidaia.  Pain in the teeth.  Odontalgia.
  GOMPHIASMUS, Gomphiasis.
  GOMPHIOI, Molar teeth.
  GOMPHOCAR'PUS  CRISPUS.    A South
African plant, the root of which, formerly known
to the Dutch apothecaries  as Radix Aschpiadis
crispa, is extremely bitter and acrid; and, on
account of its diuretic virtues, a decoction or in-
fusion of it has been advised in various kinds of
dropsy.   A tincture of it is said to be valuable
in colic.
  GOMPHOMA,  Gomphosis.
  GOMPHO'SIS, Cardinamedturn,  Clava'tio,
Gompho'ma, Coagmenta'tio, Inclavdtio, from yop-
<pos, ' a nail.'  Engompho'sis.  An immovable ar-
ticulation, in which one  bone is  received into
another,  like a nail or peg  into its hole.  Gom-
phosis is  only met with in the articulations of the 
                  GOMPHUS

teeth with tho alveoli.   It is, also, called Articu- I
lation /mr implantation.
  GOAIPHI'S. Clavus.
  GOXAORASIA, Spermatorrhoea.
  GONACRATIA, Spermatorrhoea.
  GON'AGRA, Gon'yugru, from yow, 'the knee,'
and aypa,'a prey.' "That which attacks the knees."
Gout in the knees.  Paracelsus calls it Gedugra.
  GONAL'GIA, from yovu, 'the knee,' and aXyos,
'pain.'   Rain in the knee.   Gonyalgia.  This is
almost always produced by gout.  It may, how-
ever, depend on some other disease, either of the
knee or of another part—particularly of the hip-
joint.
  GONARTHRITIS,  from  yow,  'the knee,'
apdpov,  'joint,' and  itis, denoting inflammation.
Inflammation of the knee-joint.
  GOXARTIIROCACE, Gonocace.
  GONAURA, see Sperm.
  CONDOLE 0CULA IRE. Scaphium oculare.
  GONDRET'S  AMMONIACAL  CAUSTIC,
I'nminitdc de Gondret—g. Counter-irritant, Pom-
made tic Gondret.
  GONE, Gonos, Genitu'ra.  The semen; (hence,
gonorrhoea)—the uterus, offspring.  Hippocrates.
See Epigone and Generation.
  GOXEOYSTIDES, Vesiculas seminales.
  GONECA'STl'TIS,  Inflamma'tio vesicula'rum
semindlium, from  yovv, 'sperm,' kvctis, 'bladder,'
and itis, ' denoting inflammation.' Inflammation
of the vesiculas seminales.
  GONEPCEUS, Spermatoposus.
  GONEPOIETICUS,  Spermatoposus.
  GO NFL EMENT, Swelling.
  GONGRONA, Bronchocele.
  GONGROPHTHISIS, Pthisis pulmonalis.
  GONGYLIDIUM, Pilula.
  GOXGYLION,  Pilula.
  GONGYLIS, Pilula.
  GONIOM'ETER, Goniom'etrum; from yuvta,
' an angle,' and ptrpov,  ' a measure.'  An instru-
ment for measuring angles.
  A ' Facial Goniometer' has been invented by
Mr. Turnpenny, of  Philadelphia, which is well
adapted for measuring the facial angle.
  GONOBOLIA, Ejaculation,  spermatic.
  GONOCACE, Gonnrthroc'uee, from yovv, 'the
knee,'  and  kokos, ' evil.'    Tumor  genu  albus.
AVhite swelling of the knee.  Hydrarthus.
  GONOCELE, Spermatocele.
  GOXOI'DES, from yovv, 'seed,' and ttSos, 'ap-
pearance.'  Genitu'ra sintitis.  Similar to sperm.
Sperniatoid, Spermatoides, Spermato'des. A term
appropriated  to any substance which resembles
sperm.
   GOXOPOIETICUS,  Spermatoposus.
   GONORRHEE BATARDE, Gonorrhoea
spuria.
   GONORRHOEA.   Erroneously called  from
yovv, 'sperm,' and ptu, ' I flow,' because the older
writers believed it to be a flux of semen.  Blen-
norrhag" ia, Blennorrhce'a, Blennure'thria, Phal-
lorrhtx'a, 3ladorrhoe'a,  3l.viri'lis, Catar'rhus Go-
norrhoe'a,  C. ure'thra, Urethritis, Inflamma'tio
we'three,  Urethral'gia,  Profldvium  muco'sum
ure'thra, Blennorrhce'a urethra'lis, Catarrhusure-
thra'/is, (F.) Eeoulement, Urethrite, Uritritc. An
inllammatory discharge of mucus from  the mem-
brane of the urethra in both sexes ; and from that
of the prepuce in  man, and the vagina in woman.
It may be excited spontaneously, or by irritants
applied directly to the membrane ; but is, usually,
produced by impure connexion.  Two great va-
rieties have been generally reckoned.—1. Gonor-
rhoea  Pura  vel Benig'na.  That  which does
not follow an impure connexion; (F.) Eehauffe-
3             GONORRHOEA

meat,  Blennorrhag" ia   benigna,   Caulorrhae'a
beniq'na,  Catar'rhus  Ure'thra, Gonorrhoe'a ca-
tarihu'lis, 67. non contagiosa : — aud  2. Gonor-
rhoea Impu'ra, malig'na, contagiosa, syphilitica,
et virulcitla;  Fluor albus malig'nus,  Fluxus ve-
ne'reus, Blennorrhce'a luo'des, 3Iyxio'sis,  Lues
gonorrhdica,  Scroph'ula gonorrhdica, Tuber'-
cula gonorrhdica, Clap,  (F.) Chaudepisse ;  that
which is the  result of impure commerce.   The
French, also,  distinguish the Chaudepisse seche,
or that unaccompanied with discharge; and the
Chaudepisse ehordic, Gonnorrhaa corda'ta, or
that accompanied with  chordee,  and which, of
course, occurs only in the male.  It is the kind
that  most frequently engages the attention of
the practitioner, and is characterized  by mucous
discharge from the urethra or vagina,  intermixed
with specific matter, and accompanied by burn-
ing  pain  on micturition. It is decidedly infec-
tious.  It is,  however,  a distinct  disease  from
syphilis, and never produces it.  Its  duration is
various, but the inflammatory symptoms usually
subside in four or five weeks ; leaving generally
behind more or less of the gonorrhoea mucosa or
gleet.  Gonorrhoea of every kind, attended with
any inflammatory symptoms, is best  treated by
the antiphlogistic regimen;  avoiding  every kind
of irritation, and keeping the body cool by small
doses of salts, and the urine  diluted by the mild-
est fluids.   After  the inflammatory  symptoms
have subsided, cubebs, or the balsam  of copaiba,
exhibited  in the dose of a teaspoonful,  three times
a day, will be found effectual:  indeed, during the
existence of the inflammatory  symptoms, it often
affords decided relief. Injections are rarely re-
quired.
  Sometimes, gonorrhoea affects the glans; when
it is  called  Gonorrhoea Spu'ria, 67. Balani, Ba-
lanoblennorrhae'a,  Balannorrhce'a,  Balani'tis,
Blennorrhag"ia spu'ria vel  notha, (F.) Blennor-
rhagie du gland, Gonorrhie bdtarde, Fausse Blen-
norrhagie.  It requires only cleanliness and cool-
ing lotions.
  Some other varieties of gonorrhoea have been
enumerated, but they are of little moment.
  In consequence  of repeated attacks of gonor-
rhoea, or of the debility  induced by a single at-
tack, it not  unfrequently happens, as  already re-
marked, that  a constant, small discharge occurs,
or remains  behind, after all danger of infection
is removed.   The great difference between it and
gonorrhoea  is, that it is  uninfectious.  The dis-
charge consists of globular particles, contained
in a slimy mucus, and is generally devoid of that
yellow colour which characterizes the discharge
of gonorrhoea virulenta.   It is unattended with
pain,  scalding,  Ac.  To this  state  the names
 Gleet, Gonorrhm'a muco'sa, Blennorrhce'a chrod-
ica, Blennorrhea, Ac,  have been given.  It  is
 commonly a  disease of some  duration, and de-
 mands the  use of the copaiba, astringent injec-
 tions; and, if obstinate,  the introduction of the
 bougie.
   Gonorrhoea Balani,  G. spuria — g. Benigna,
 Leucorrhcea—g. Catarrhalis, G. pura  — g. Chor-
 data, Chordee.
   Gonorrhoea Dormien'tium, G.  Oneirog'onos.
 The seminal discharge which occurs during sleep,
 and is occasioned by Ubidinous dreams.  See Pol-
 lution.
   Gonorrhoea Laxo'rum, 67. libidino'sa, Sper-
morrhce'a aton'ica, consists of a pellucid discharge
from the urethra, whilst  awake, without erection
of the penis, but with venereal  thoughts.
  Gonorrhoea Laxorum, Pollution, G. libidinosa
—g. Mucosa, (gleet,) see Gonorrhoea—g. Noncon-
tagiosa, G. pura — g. Notha inveterate, Leucor-
41 
GONOS
414
GOUT
rhoea — g. Oneirogonos, G. dormientium,
tion—g. Vera, Pollution, Spermatorrhoea.
  GONOS, Gone.
  GONOSTROMA, Proligerous disc.
  GONY, yow, Genu, 'the knee;' hence:
  GONYAGRA, Gonagra.
  GONYALGIA, Gonalgia.
  GONYC'ROTUS,  from yow, 'the knee,' and
Kportia,  ' I  strike.'  One who is knock-kneed, or
in-kneed.  See Entogonyancon.
  GONYON'CUS,  from  yow,  'the knee,' and
oyKos, ' a tumour.'  A swelling of the knee.
  GOODYE'RA  PUBES'CENS,  Tussa'ca  reti-
culata,  Satyr'ium,  Ncotlia,  Rattlesnake  leaf,
Rattlesnake'Plantain,  Networt, Netleaf, Scrofula
weed.   An indigenous plant, used empirically in
scrofula — the fresh leaves being applied to the
sores.  It is employed by the Indians.
   GOOSEFOOT,  Chenopodium anthelminticum
— g. Angular-leaved, Chenopodium bonus Hen-
ricus—g. Stinking, Chenopodium vulvaria.
   GOOSEGRASS, Galium aparine, G. verum.
   GOOSESHARE, Galium aparine.
   GOOSESKIN, Horrida cutis.
   GORDIUS MEDINENSIS, Dracunculus.
   GORGE,  Throat—g. Grosse, Bronchocele — g.
 Mai de, Cynanche.
   GORGERET,  Gorget — g. Lithotome, Gorget,
 lithotomy—g. d Repoussoir, see Gorget.
   GORGET, from (F.) gorge, 'the throat.'  Ca-
 na'lis canalicula'tus, Ductor canalicula'tua, (F.)
 Gorgeret.  An instrument  representing  a long
 gutter, in the shape of a throat, which is espe-
 cially employed in the operations of lithotomy
 and fistula in ano.
   Gorget, Cutting, see  Gorget, and Lithotomy.
   Gorget, Lithot'omy, (F.) Gorgeret Lithotome,
 Cutting Gorget, is the one  used in the  operation
 for  the stone, for the purpose  of dividing the
 prostate and the neck  of  the bladder, so as to
 enable the surgeon to introduce  the forceps and
 extract the stone.   At the end of this gorget is a
 crest or beak, which fits the groove of the staff,
 and admits of the gorget being passed along it
 into the bladder.   Besides  cutting, there are also
 blunt gorgets, intended to be introduced into the
 wound — their concavity serving as  a  guide  for
 the forceps into the bladder.
   The chief modifications in the gorget have been
 made by Andouillet, Bell, Blicke, Bromfield, Cline,
 Desault, Foubert, Hawkins, Larrey, Lefevre, Mi-
 chaelis, Thomas, Ac.
   Gorget for  Fistula  in  Ano consists of a
 semi-cylindrical  wooden staff, four inches long,
 without including the handle, and furnished with
 a wide groove.  This is introduced into  the rec-
 tum, to prevent  the  point of the bistoury from
 injuring the intestine, when the internal orifice
 of the fistula is deeply situate, and it is desirable
 to  perform the  operation by incision.   This  in-
 strument, invented by Marchettis, has been mo-
 dified by Percy, Runge, Ac.
    Desault invented an instrument for conducting
 the wire by the anus, in the operation for fistula
 by ligature.  He called it Gorgeret d repoussoir.
    GORGO'NEI  FONTES. Fountains described
  by Libavius as containing water which possessed
  a" petrifying property; probably, water holding
  in  solution supercarbonate of  lime.
     GORGOSSET, Pyrosis.
     G OSIER, Pharynx,  Throat.
     GOSSUM, Bronchocele.
     GOSSYP'IUM, Gossyp'ium Herbdceum; Gos-
  sip'ion Xylon, Xylum,  Bombax, Cotton,  (F.) Co-
  ton.   Family,  Malvaceae.   Sex.  Syst. Monadel-
  phia Polyandria.  The seeds  of the Cotton Tree,
  Gossip'ium arbor'eum, have been administered in
coughs, on account of the mucilage they contain.
The cotton wool is used in medicine for making
moxas, Ao.
  GOTIUM, Bronchocele.
  GOUDRON, see Pinus sylvestris.
  GOUET, Arum maculatum.
  GOUETRE, Bronchocele.
  GOULARD'S LOTION, see Lotion, Goulard's.
  Goulard AVater, Liquor plumbi subacetatis
dilutus.
  GOULU, Glutton.
  GOURD, Cucurbita — g. Bitter, Cucumis colo-
cynthis—g. Bottle, Cucurbita pepo.
  GOURD AVORM, Distoma hepaticum.
  GOUR3IANDISE, Gluttony.
  GOUR31E,  Porrigo  larvalis.   Vulgarly, in
France, any cutaneous eruption.
  GOUSSE, Legumen.
  GOUT,  Arthritis,  Arth'ragra, Arthralgia,
3Iorbus domino'rum, 31alum articulo'rum, 3Iorbua
articulo'ria, Gutta, Arthro'sia Podagra,  Podal-
gid, Podagra, Arthriticua verue, Arthritis Po-
dagra,  Podagra Arthri'tis, Flux'io arthrilica,
Febria  arthrilica,  F.  Podag'rica, Arthrodyn'ia
podag'rica, Cauma  podag'ricum, Flerecin, Gaa-
tro-arthri'tia,   3Iiaopto'choa,  (F.) Goutte.   The
gout was formerly regarded as a  catarrh, and re-
ceived its name from (F.) goutte, (L.) gutta, 'a
drop;' because it was believed to be produced by
a liquid, which distilled,  goutte  d goutte,  ' drop
by drop, on the diseased part.  This name,  which
seems to have been first used  about  the year
1270, has been admitted into  the different lan-
guages of Europe.   Gout is  an inflammation of
the fibrous and ligamentous  parts of the joints.
It almost  always attacks,  first,  the great toe;
whence it passes to the  other smaller joints, after
having produced, or been attended with, various
sympathetic effects, particularly  in the  digestive
 organs : after this, it may attack  the greater ar-
ticulations. It is an affection which is extremely
 fugitive,- and variable in its recurrence.  It may
 be acquired or hereditary.  In the former case,  it
 rarely appears before the age of thirty-five; in
 the  latter, it is frequently observed earlier.  It  is
 often difficult to distinguish it from  rheumatism.
 A combination is, indeed, supposed to exist some-
 times ; hence called Rheumatic gout.  During the
 paroxysm or  fit, a  burning, lancinating pain  ia
 experienced in the affected joint, attended with
 tumefaction, tension, and redness.  One or more
 joints may be attacked, either at the same time
 or in succession; and,  in either  case, the  attack
 terminates  by resolution in a few days.   This  is
 the  Arthri'tis acu'ta, inflammato'ria vel reguld-
 ris, Regular gout, Arthro'sia pod'agra regula'ris,
 Arth'ragra legitima seu vera seu  genulna seu
 norma'lis, (F.) Goutte riguliere chaude.  At other
 times, pains in the joints exist, of  more  or less
 acute character; the swelling being without red-
 ness. These pains persist, augment, and diminish
 irregularly, without exhibiting intermission, and,
 consequently, without having distinct paroxysms.
 The disease is then called  aton'ic,  asthen'ic, im-
 perfect or  irregular gout,  Chronic  67., Arthri'tis
 atodica vel asthedica, Arthro'sia Podagra lar-
 va'ta, Dysarthrias. It is, also,  commonly called
 in France Goutte froide, Goutte  blanche.   It may
 appear primarily,  or succeed attacks of  regular
 gout.
   Gout does not always confine itself to the joints.
 It  may attack the internal organs: when  it is
  called Arthritis aber'rana seu erralica  seu pla-
 net ica, Arth'ragra anom'alu, Pod'agra aber'rans,
  Vare'ni, Wandering, misplaced, or anomalous gout,
  (F.) Goutte vague.
   Retrograde gout, Arthritis retrog'rada, Poda-
 gra retrog'rada, Arthro'sia Podagra complica'ta, 
GOUT
415
GRANULATION
Rece'dent, mispla'ced gout, (F.) Goutte remontie,
67. mnlplaeee, 67. rentrie,  is when it  leaves the
joints suddenly and attacks some internal organ,
as the stomach, intestines, lungs,  brain, Ac.
   Gout is  also  called, according to the part it
may  affect, Podagra,  Gonagra,  Chiragra,  Ac.
It may  be acute or chronic, and may give rise to
concretions, which are chiefly composed of urate
of soda.  See Calculus, (arthritic.)  It may, also,
give  occasion to nodosities, when it is called Ar-
thritis nodo'su, (F.) Goutte nouie.
   The treatment is  of  the antiphlogistic kind,
and  the local disorder should be but little inter-
fered with.  Colchicum seems to have great power
over the disease.  It forms the basis of the Eau
midicinale  d'llusson, a  celebrated French gout-
remedy. The bowels must be kept regular  by
rhubarb and magnesia;  and a recurrence of the
disease be prevented by abstemious habits.
   Gout, Diaphragmatic, Angina pectoris.
   Gout, Paper, so called, Charta antiarthrilica,
Chart a  antirheumaticn, is made  by spreading a
very thin layer  of a mixture of  an ethereal  or
spirituous extract of the bark of mezereon root,
with wax, spermaceti,  and oil, over the surface
of paper.
   Gout, Rheumatic, see Rheumatism, acute—g.
Weed, Ligusticum podagraria.
   GOUT, Taste.
   GOUTTE,  Gout, Gutta — g.   Blanche, Gout
(atonic)—g. Froide, Gout (atonic)—g. 31alplacie,
Gout (retrograde)—g. Nouie,  Gout (with nodosi-
ties) — g. Riguliere, chaude, Gout (regular) —g.
Remontee, Gout (retrograde)—g. Rentrie, Gout
(retrograde)—g.  Roae, Gutta rosea—g. Scieitique,
Neuralgia femoro-poplitasa—g. Sereine, Amauro-
sis—g. Ynquc. Gout (wandering.)
  GOUTTEUX, Arthritic, Podagric.
  GOUTTIERE (F.), Collie"ia.  A gutter in a
bone, like that used for carrying off rain.  Some
of these cavities  are intended to facilitate  the
sliding of tendons, such as the Gouttiere Bicipi-
tale  or llieip'itul groove.  Others, as  the Gout-
tiere  aagittale or Sagittal groove, lodge blood-
vessels  and especially veins.   Others, again, are
merely intended for the support of certain organs;
as the Gouttiere baailaire orBas'ilary fossa, which
supports the medulla oblongata.
  GOUTTIERE BASIL AIRE, see Gouttiire—
g. Bicipitale, Bicipital  groove—g. Lacrymale,
Lachrymal  groove—g.  Sacri, Sacral groove —
g. Sagittale, see Gouttiere.
  GOUTY  RHEUMATISM,  see  Rheumatism,
acute.
  GOUVERNAIL DU  TESTIGULE,  Guber-
naculum testis.
  GOWLAND'S  LOTION,  see  Lotion, Gow-
land's.
  GOAVN, RED, Strophulus—g.  Yellow, Icterus
infantum.
  GRACILARIA LICHENOIDES, Fucus amy-
laceus.
   GRACILIS,  Macer,  3lacilen'tus.    Slender,
lean.  Also, the slender Rectus inte'rior fem'oris
sive   Gvnc"ilis  interior,  Sous -pubio-criti-tibial,
Soas-pabio-pretibial (Ch.), Droit ou grele interne
de la cuisse.  This muscle is situate at the inside
of the  thigh.  It is thin  and very long; and
arises from  the  descending ramus of  the pubis,
to he inserted at the inner and  inferior part of
the tuberosity of the tibia.  It bends the leg and
causes abduction of the thigh.  See Grele.
  Gracilis. Anterior,  Rectus femoris.
  GRAD'UATE, Gradua'tus, from gradus,  'a
step,' 'a degree.'  In medicine, one who has at-
tained a degree, evidenced by a diploma—usually,
the degree of doctor.
  GR-EA, ypata.  The pellicle, which forms on
 milk. The folds of skin round the umbilicus. An
 old woman.
   GRAIN,  Granum; the 60th part of a Troy,
 and the 72d part of a Poids de marc drachm.
   Grain, Oily, Sesamum orientale.
   GRAINE D'ECARLATE, Coccus cacti — g.
 31usc, Hibiscus abelmoschus—g. de  Turquie, Zea.
 mayS — g, d'Aspic, see Phalaris Canariensis — g.
 de Poradis, Amomum grana  paradisi — g.  de
 Perroquet, Carthamus  tinctorius  (seed) — g.  de
 Sonti, see Pilulas aloes et kinas kinae.
   GRAISSE, Pinguede — g. de 3Iouton, Sevum
 — g. d'Oie,  Adeps anserina — g. Oxyginie, Un-
 guentum  acidi nitrosi — g. de Pore, Adeps pras-
 parata.
   GRAMEN .EGYPTIACUM, G.  Crucis cype-
 rioidis—g. Caninum, Triticum repens.
   Gramen Crucis Cyperioi'dis, Gramen jEgyp-
 tiacum, JEgyp'tian Cock's foot grass.  The roots
 and plants  possess the virtues of the Triticum
 repens,  and have been recommended in  the ear-
 lier stages of dropsy.   They were, formerly, con-
 sidered to possess many other properties.
   Gramen Dioscoridis, Triticum repens—g. Ma-
 jor, Sarsaparilla Germanica—g. Orientale, Juncus
 odoratus—g. Repens, Triticum repens — g. Ru-
 brum, Sarsaparilla Germanica.
   GRAMIA, CHASS1E, Lippitudo.
   GRAMINIVOROUS, Graminiv''orus,fromgra-
 men, ' grass,' and voro,  ' I eat.'  Feeding or sub-
 sisting on grass.
   GRAMMARIUM, Scruple.
   GRAMME, ypappv.  An ancient weight, equi-
 valent to  the 24th part of an ounce, or to  24
 grains, or a scruple, avoirdupois. At the present
 day, the gramme is  equal in weight to a cubed
 centimetre of water; or  to 18  grains, poids  de
 marc—15.434 grains, Troy.
   Gramme, Iris, Line.
   GRANA,  Hemicrania — g. Molucca,  Croton
 tiglium — g. Moschi, Hibiscus abelmoschus — g.
 Orientis, see Menispermum cocculus — g. Tiglii
 seu Tiglia, see Croton  tiglium — g.  Tilii, Croton
 tiglium.
   GRANADILLA, APPLE-SHAPED, Passiflo-
 ra maliformis.
   GRANATI RADICIS CORTEX, see  Punica
 gran ate m.
   GRAND DORSAL, Latissimus dorsi.
   GRANDEB'ALiE.   The hair which grows  in
 the arm-pits.
   GRANDINOSUM OS, Cuboid.
   GRANDO, Chalaza.
   GRAND ULA, Gland.
   GBANIAr'OROUS, Graniv'orua, from granum,
 ' a grain,'  and voro, ' I  eat.'  Feeding or subsist-
 ing on grain or seeds.
   GRANTRISTUM. Anthrax.
   GRANULA SEMINIS, see Sperm.
   GRANULAR DEGENERATION or DISOR-
 GANIZATION  OF  THE KIDNEY,  Kidney,
 Bright's disease of the—g. Conjunctiva, Trachoma
 —g. Eyelid, Trachoma—g. Liver, Cirrhosis—g.
 Tin, see Tin.
   GRANULATED LITER, Cirrhosis.
   GRANULATION, Granuldtio, from granum,
 'a grain.'   Gemma,  (F.)  Bourgeon, B.  charntt,
 Granulations are the reddish, conical, flesh-like
 shoots, which form at the surface of suppurating
 wounds and ulcers.   They are the product of in-
 flammatory excitement, and  may  be produced
 in indolent ulcers, by exciting the parts by pro-
 per stimulants.  They  form the basis of the ci-
catrix.
  Granulation  is, likewise,  a name given by
the modern French  physicians  to  an  organic 
             GRANULATIONS             41

lesion, consisting in the formation of small, round,
firm,  shining, semi-transparent tumours, of the
size and shape of millet-seed, or of a pea; which
are met  with in the  lungs  particularly, and in
considerable  quantity; often without  materially
interfering with their functions.
  In pharmacy, granulation is a process by which
a metal is reduced  to  fine grains, by  melting it,
and  causing  it, whilst liquid, to pass  through a
kind of sieve into  a vessel of water,—as in the
making of shot: — or by shaking or rubbing the
melted metal in an appropriate box or vessel,—
as in  the formation of granular tin or  granulated
zinc.                     ,   ,
  GRANULATIONS CEREBRALES,  Glan-
dulas Pacchioni.
  Granula'tions  Mtl'iary, or Miliary tu'ber-
cles, are  the  small, transparent grains, of varia-
able size, from that of a  millet-seed to that of a
grain of hemp,  which are  presumed to be the
primitive state of tubercles.
  GRAN'ULE,  Gran'ttlum; diminutive  of gra-
num,  ' a grain.'  A small grain; a small compact
particle; a cytoblast.
  Gran'ules Sem'inal,  Gran'ula sem'inis.   Mi-
nute, rounded, granulated bodies, observable in
the semen, which are,  in all  cases,  much  less
numerous than the spermatozoids.   See Sperm.
  GRANVILLE'S LOTION, see Lotion, Gran-
ville's counter-irritant.
  GRAPE, see Vitis  vinifera — g. Sea-side, see
Kino.
  Grape-Cure, (F.) Cure du raisin, (G.) Trau-
bencur.   A  mode of medication in  Germany,
which consists in  the use of the grape for both
meat and  drink;  nothing more at the farthest
being allowed than a piece of  dry bread.  This
diet is continued for weeks.  Its effects are alto-
gether revellent, and resemble in many respects
those of hydropathy.
  Grapes, Dried, Uvas  passas.
  GRAPIIIDOIDES, Styloid.
  GRAPHIfcflaHMk|loid.
  GR A P HIOIDES, rfyloid.
  --GJ^PHIS'CUS, Grophis'cus Dioclis. An in-
^wAt invented by Diodes for extracting darts.
It is cnsscribed by  Celsus.
  GRAPHITES,  Plumba'go, Supercarbure'turn
Ferri, Carbure'turn Ferri, Ferri Carbona'tum, F.
Supercarbure'turn,   Carbo minera'lis,  Galene'a,
Gale'ne,  Carburet  of iron, Black lead, Wad,  (F.)
Crayon noir,  Plombagine.  This substance has
been esteemed slightly  astringent  and desicca-
tive.  It  has been advised by AVeinhold in the
cure of herpes.
   GRAPHOIDES, Styloid.
   GRAPHOSPASMUS,  Cramp, writers'.
   GRAS DES  CADAVRES, Adipocire — g. de
Jambe, Sura—g. des Cimetieres, Adipocire—g. de
Jambe, Sura.
   GRAS FONDURE (¥.),Diarrhce'aadipdsa,
literally,  molten grease.   A species of diarrhoea,
referred to by old writers; accompanied with great
emaciation, and in which the evacuations contain
fat-like matter.  According to Sauvages, the Graa-
fondure differs from colliquative diarrhoea in not
being attended with hectic fever.
   GRASS, Asparagus—g. Bitter, Aletris farinosa
—g. Blue-eyed, Sisyrinchium Bermudianum—g.
Brome, Bromus ciliatus—g. Brome, soft, Bromus
ciliatus—g. Canary, cultivated, Phalaris Canari-
ensis—g. Couch, Triticum repens—g.  Dog, Triti-
cum  repens — g. Egyptian  cock's foot, Gramen
crucis cyperioides — g.   Goat's,  Scorzonera—g.
Knot, Polygonum aviculare — g.  Lily, Sisyrin-
chium Bermudianum —  g. Physic,  Sisyrinchium
Bermudianum—g. Scurvy, Sisyrinchium Bermu-
6              GRAVIDITAS

 dianum—g. Sweet, Acorus Calamus—g. A'ipors',
 Scorzonera—g. Yellow-eyed, Xyris bulbosa.
   GRASSET,  (F.j  The anterior region  of the
 thigh, bounded below by the patella.
   GRASSEYE3IENT (P.), Sonus blasus, Rota-
 cis'mus, from (F.) gras, 'thick.'  ' Speaking thick.'
 According to Sauvages, a vicious pronunciation
 of the letter r.  They who speak thick, like the
 inhabitants of Newcastle, in England, or of Havre,
 in France, have difficulty in pronouncing the r,
 and they frequently substitute for it the letter I;
 but  this does not  properly constitute Grusscyc-
 ment.   It  consists in  this: that, in words  in
 which the letter r is joined to another consonant,
 a  sort of burring  or  guttural rolling is  heard,
 nearly like that produced by gargling.  See Ro-
 tacism.
  ■GRASUS, Cinabra.
   GRATELLE, Psoriasis.
   GRATIA DEI, Gratiola officinalis.
   GRATIOLA CENTAURIODES, G. officinalis.
   Gratio'la  Officina'lis,  Digitdlis min'ima,
 Gra'tia Dei, Gratiola  Centaurio'ides, Hedge  hys-
 sop, Herb of Grace.  It is a native of the South
 of Europe.  (F.) Herbe au pauvre homme.  The
 plant is inodorous; taste strong, bitter, nauseous.
 It is possessed of anthelmintic, purgative, emetic,
 and diuretic properties.  Dose, ten grains.
   GRATTERON,  Galium aparine.
   GRATTOIR, Raspatorium.
   GRAVAT1F, Heavy.
   GRAArE, Serious—g. Plant, Datura sanguinea.
   GRAVED 0, Catarrh, Coryza—g. Neonatorum,
 Snuffles.
   GRAVEL, Lith'ia rena'lis oreno'sa, Lithi'asis
 nephritica, L. rena'lis, (F.) Gravelle.   A disease
 occasioned by small concretions, similar to sand
 or gravel, Gla'rea,  (F.) Gravicr, which form  in
 the  kidneys, pass  along the  ureters to the blad-
 der, and are expelled with the urine.  These con-
 cretions, which  are  commonly composed of uric
 acid and an animal matter, are deposited  at the
 bottom of the vessel, immediately after the excre-
 tion of the urine;  and, by  their hardness and
 resistance  under the  finger, differ considerably
 from the ordinary sediment of that liquid.  A
 vegetable diet and alkaline  drinks are the best
 prophylactics.   See Calculi, Urinary.  A fit of
 the  Gravel, Nephrol gia calculo'sa seu areno'sa,
 Co'lica nephritica,  is the excruciating suffering
 induced by the passage of gravel from the kidney
 to the bladder.   It  can only be relieved by anass-
 thetics, opiates, the warm bath, Ac.
   When  the  deposit  is  in  fine  particles,  it is
 termed Sand, Are'na,  Are'nula, Psam'ma, Psam-
 mus.
   Gravel Grass,  Galium verum.
   Gravel, Pileous or Hairy, (F.) Gravelle pi-
 leuae.  A species of gravel containing  hairs, phos-
 phate of lime,  ammoniaco-magnesian phosphate,
 and a little uric acid.—Magendie.
   GRAVELEUX, Calculous.
   GRAVELLE, Chalaza,  Gravel —#. Pileuse,
 Gravel,  pileous.
   GRAVEOLENS, Fetid.
   GRAVID, Pregnant.
   GRAV'IDINE; from gravidua,  'pregnant,'
 gravis, 'heavy.'  A  sediment in  the  urine  of
 pregnant women,  which  by  its decomposition
 gives rise to the pellicle kyestein. It differs from
 albumen, casein and gelatin.—Stark.
   GRAVIDITAS,  Fecundation, Pregnancy —g.
 Abdominalis,  Pregnancy, abdominal — g.  Extra-
 uterina, see Pregnancy—g. Extra-uterina in Ova-
 rio, Pregnancy, ovarian — g. Extra-uterina Se-
 cundaria,  Metacyesis — g. Interstitialis,   Preg-
 nancy, interstitial—g. Molaris, Mole—g. Spuria, 
GRAVIER                417             GROUND BERRY
  Pregnancy, false—g. Tubaria, Salpingo-cyesis—
  g. Uteri substantia,  Pregnancy, interstitial—g.
  Uterina, Pregnancy.
    GRAVIER, Gravel.
    GRAVIMETER, Areometer.
    GRAVIS, Heavy.
    GRAVITY, SI'ECIF'IC, Gravitaa apecif'ica,
  (F.) Resanteur spicifique.  The relation between
  the weight of a body  and its bulk; thus, suppos-
  ing four bodies to be of the  same  size, but to
  weigh, one four, another three, another two, and
  the fourth one; the specific gravity of the first
  will be four times  greater than that of the last.
  The specific  gravities  of different  bodies are,
  therefore,  as  the  weights, bulk  for bulk.  For
  solids,  and liquids, water is taken  as  the  unit;
  atmospheric  air for the gases.   Thus, water  is
  1.000;  mercury  at   the  common  temperature,
  l'i.58.  Whence, we conclude mercury is between
  thirteen and fourteen times heavier than water.
    GRAY MATTER  OF THE BRAIN, Cortex
  cerebri, sec Neurine.
    GREASE, from (F.) Graiaae, 'fat.'  A specific
  inflammation, affecting  the  skin of the heels of
  the  horse, which  is  especially interesting from
  the  circumstance, that  the matter, if inserted
  under the  cuticle  of  an  unprotected individual,
  may give rise to an affection—grease-pox, vari-
  ola  equina—which  preserves the  person  from
  small-pox. (?)
    Grease, Barrow's, Adeps  suilla — g. Goose,
  Adeps  anserina — g.  Molten,  Graa-fondure — g.
  Pox, see Grease.
    GREEXHEART, see Bebeeru.
   GREENHOAV'S  TINCTURE  FOR  THE
  TEETH, Spiritus armoraciae compositus.
   GREEN SICKNESS,  Chlorosis.
   GREEXWEED, Genista tinctoria.
   GRELE (F.), Gmc"ilia, 'long and thin.'  This
  epithet  is given by the French to various parts,
  as the
   Apophyae Grele du 3larteau, the slender apoph'-
  ysis  or process of the malleus, a long process
  situate  at the anterior part of the  neck of the
  malleus, which passes out by the fissure of Gla-
  serius.  It  is also called  the Apoph'ysis of Rau,
  although it was  already known to Fabricius ab
  Aquapendente and to  Cascilius  Follius.
   GRELE,  Chalaza—g. Interne de la Cuisse,
  Gracilis.
   GRE3IIL OFFICINALE, Lithospermum offi-
 cinale.
   GREMIUM, Arulva.
   GRENADE, Influenza.
   GRENADIER, Punica granatum.
   G RE NAD IN, see Punica granatum.
   GREa\ IERS, Aresieula' seminales.
   GRENOUILLE, Rana esculenta.
   GRENOUILLETTE, Ranula.
   GREOULX, MINERAL WATERS OF.  Sul-
 phuretted springs in the department of Basses-
 Alpes, France.
   GRESSURA, Perinasum.
   GRESSUS, AValking.
   GREVEURE, Hernia.
   GRIELUM,  Apium petroselinum, Smyrnium
 olusatrum.
   GRIFF, see Mulatto.
   GRIFFO. see Mulatto.
   GRINOEMENT DES  DENTS, Brygmus.
   GRINDERS,  Alolar teeth —g.  Asthma,  see
Asthma,  grinders'—g. Rot, Asthma, grinders'.
   GRINDING  MILL, see Pulverization.
   GRIPES, Tormina, Colic.
  Gripes. AVatery.  A popular name for a dan-
gerous disease of infancy, common in England, |
 which does not differ essentially from the cholera
 infantum of this country.
   GRIPIIOSIS, Onychogryphosis.
   GRIPPE (¥.), from gripper, 'to gripe,' 'catch
 hold of.'  A vulgar name for several catarrhal
 diseases, which have  reigned epidemically;  as
 the influenza.
   GRIPPE, Pinched.
   GRITS,  Groats, (Sax.) Srucca;  (G.) Gries,
 'gravel, grits.'
   GRIT GRUEL, Water gruel.   This is  made
 as follows :—Take three ounces  of grits ; wash
 them well in cold  water, and,  having poured off
 the fluid, put them into four pints of fresh water,
 and  boil slowly until the water is reduced one-
 half; then  strain  through a sieve.   It is a good
 demulcent, and is employed also as a vehicle for
 clysters.
   GROAN, see Suspirium.
   GROATS, German  Grutze; Grutum, Ave'na
 excortica'ta; (F.) Gruau, Oatmeal, ( Yorkshire.)
 Oats, hulled, butunground, (Lancashire.) Hulled
 oats, half ground.  Oats that have the hulls taken
 off;  Grits.   AVhen crushed,  they  are  termed
 Embden groats.  In America, fine hominy is called
 Grits, and wheat  prepared  in the  same way is
 likewise so designated.   It is also called wheaten
 hominy.
   Groats, Cracow, Semolina.
   GROG-BLOSSOMS, Gutta rosea.
   GROG-ROSES, Gutta rosea.
   GROMAVELL, Lithospermum officinale.
   GROOArE, Furrow, Sulcus, (F.) Rainure. Ice-
 landic, grafa, Sax. jrayan, ' to dig.' A channel
 or gutter, in a bone or surgical instrument.   See
 Coulisse.
   Groove, Primitive, Primitive streak or trace,
 Nota primitiva.   A bright streak  in the  long
 axis of the pellucid part of the area germinativa,
 after it presents a central pellucid and a periphe-
 ral opake part,  and passes from the round to the
 pear shape.
   GROOA'ED.  Same etymon. Sulca'tus, Strid-
 tus,  Canalicula'tus, (F.) Canneli  ou Caneli  ou
 Canaliculi; Canaliculated. Having a small chan-
 nel or gutter.
   GROS, Drachm— q. Cou, Bronchocele.
   GROSEILLIER NOIR,  Ribes nigrum— g.
 Rouge, Ribes rubrum.
   GROSSE GORGE, Bronchocele.
   GROSSESSE,  Pregnancy — g. Abdominale,
 Pregnancy, abdominal— g. Afattale, Pregnancy,
 afcetal—g. Bigiminale, Pregnancy, bigeminal__
 g.  Complexe, Pregnancy, complex—g. Composie,
 Pregnancy, compound — g. Contre-nature, Preg-
 nancy, extra-uterine—g. Fausse ou  apparente,
 Pregnancy, false—g. Foetale, Pregnancy, fcetal—
g.  Gazo-hystiriquc,  Pregnancy, gazo-hysterie —
g. Himato-hystirique, Pregnancy, hemato-hyste-
ric—g. Hydro-hystirique, Pregnancy, hydro-hys-
       g. Inter-extra-utirine,  Pregnancy, com-
 teric -
 plex—g. Ovarienne, Pregnancy, ovarial—g. Sar
 co-hystirique, Pregnancy, sarco-hysteric—g. Sar-
 cofmtale, Pregnancy, sarcofoetal—g. Simple, Preg-
 nancy, solitary—g. Solitaire, Pregnancy, solitary
 — 9- Trigiminale, Pregnancy, trigeminal—g.
 Triple, Pregnancy, trigeminal—g. Tuba ire,  Preg-
 nancy, tubal—g. Utiro-abdominale, Pregnancy,
 utero-abdominal—g. Utiro-ovarienne, Pregnancy,
 utero-ovarian—g. Utiro-tubaire, Pregnancy, ute-
 ro-tubal.
   GROSSULARIA NIGRA, Ribes nigrum —g.
 Non spinosa, Ribes nigrum — g.  Rubra, Ribes
 rubrum.
  GROUILLE3IENT D'ENTRAILLES,  Bor-
borygmus.
  GROUND  BERRY,  Gaultheria — g. Holly, 
               GROUNDSEL                4

Gaultheria—g. Ivy, Gaultheria—g. Nut, Arachis
hypogea, Pignut—g. Pine, Teucrium chamaepitys
—g. p. French,  Teucrium iva.
  GROUNDSEL, Senecio.
  GROUSEBERRY, Gaultheria.
  GROAVTH, from Dutch groeyen, Crescentia,
Anaplo'sis, Anaptyx'is, (F.) Croissance.   The de-
velopment of the body; particularly in the direc-
tion of its height.  Also, any adventitious tissue;
thus, we speak of a morbid growth or formation.
  GRUAU,  Groats.
  GRUB, Larve,  see Ectozoa.
  GRUEL,  GRIT, see Grits—g. AVater, see Ave-
na, and Grits.
  GRUFF, from Teutonic ge, and ruh, 'rough.'
In pharmacy, the coarse  residue, which  will  not
pass through the sieve in pulverization.
  GRU3IEAU, Coagulum.
  GRUMOUS,  Grumdsus, from grumus, 'a clot.'
Clotted.
  GRUMUS, Coagulum.
  GRUTUM.  ' Groats.'  Grutum 3Iilium, Mil-
ium.  A hard white tubercle of the skin, resem-
bling, in size and appearance, a millet-seed.   It
is confined to the  face.  See, also, Groats.
  GRYPH'IUS  PES.  The Griffon's foot,  (F.)
Pied de Griffon.  An instrument  of which Am-
brose Pare' speaks, which  was used for extracting
moles from the uterus.
  GRYPHOSIS, Onychogryphosis.
  GRYPO'SIS, from ypvirow, ' I incurvate.'   In-
curva'tio. Curvature or crookedness in general.
Crookedness or incurvation of the nails.  See
Onychogriposis.
  GRYPOTES, see Grypus.
  GRYPUS. One who has a crooked or aquiline
nose.  The condition is termed Gry'potes.
  GUA'CO,  Hua'co.  The name of a plant, Eu-
pato'rium Guaco,  described by Humboldt  and
Bonpland under the name 3lika'nia Guaco, which
grows in  the valleys of  Madalena, Rio-Cauca,
Ac, in  South Ameriea.  The negroes  use the
juice against the bites of poisonous reptiles ;—
both in the way of prevention and cure.  It has
been, of late, brought forward as  a remedy in
cholera.
  GUAIAC, see Guaiacum.
  GUAIACI LIGNUM, see Guaiacum —g. Re-
sina, see Guaiacum.
  GUAIACINE,'see Guaiacum.
  GUAI'ACUM, 67. Officina'le ; G. America'num,
Lignum vita, L. sanctum, L. benedic'turn, Palua
sanctus,  Lignum  Iddicum,  Hagiox'ylum,  (F.)
Gayac,  Gaiac.   The resin — Guaiaci Reslna,
Guaiac, (F.) Resine ou Gomme de Gaiac—and the
wood—Guaiaci  lignum — are both used in medi-
cine. Their odour is slightly fragrant; taste warm
and bitter, of the resin more so than of the wood.
The resin is  concrete, brittle; colour, externally,
greenish; internally grayish.  Water dissolves
about one-tenth; alcohol  95 parts.  It  is soluble,
also, in liquor potasaa 15 parts, liquor ammonia
38 parts.  The powder is  whitish, but changes to
green in the air.  The base of the guaiacum is  a
peculiar resin, called Guaiacine.
  Guaiacum is  stimulant and diaphoretic;  and
in large doses, purgative.   It is administered in
chronic rheumatism,  gout,  cutaneous  diseases,
and  the  sequelae of syphilis.  Dose of resin, gr.
v to xx:—to purge, gr. xx to xl.
  GUALTHERIA, Gaultheria.
  GUANO, — according  to Tschudi,  properly
Huanti,—is formed of the excrements of different
kinds of marine birds—mews, divers, sheerbreaks,
Ac, but especially of the Sula variega'ta.  It is
found in enormous layers  in the South  American
islands of the Pacific, and is used as manure.
8                 GUMMA

   GPARANA, Paullinia.
   GUARAPO.  A fermented liquor made,  in
 Peru, of sugar-cane pulp and water.  It is a very
 favourite beverage of the negroes.—Tschudi.
   GUARD (for a bed,) Alise.
   GUARERBA ORBA, Momordica elaterium.
   GUAVA APPLE, Psidium pomiferum.
   GUAYAVA, Psidium pomiferum.
   GUBERNAC'ULUM DENTIS,  (Gubemacu-
 lum, ' a rudder.')   A cord, which passes from the
 follicle of the permanent tooth along a small long
 canal behind the alveolus of the  milk tooth, and
 becomes continuous  with the gum.   The guber-
 naculum has been supposed to direct the perma-
 nent tooth outwards. The canal has been termed
 Iter dentia.
   GUBERNACULUM TESTIS, 67. t. Hnnteri,  Ligtl-
 men'tum auapenadrium Teatia, (F.) Gouvemail du
 tcsticule. A triangular, fibro-cellular cord ; which,
 in the foetus, arises from the ramus of the ischium
 and the skin of the scrotum, and proceeds  to the
 posterior part of the testicle, before  this  organ
 issues from the abdomen.   It has been supposed
 to be a continuation of the fascia superficialis
 with muscular fibres from the  internal oblique
 muscle, which pass upwards to the testis when
 in the abdomen; and by their contraction draw
 the testis down, and ultimately form  the crevas-
 ter muscle.
   GUEPE, Wasp.
   GUERISON, Cure.
   GUERISSABLE, Curable.
   GUI, Viscum album.
   G'UILANDI'NA MORIN'GA, Hyperanthe'ra
 moringa.  A plant, which  affords  the Ben nut,
 and the lignum nephriticum.  It is also  called
 3Iorin'ga Ole'if'era seu Zeyladica seu Nux ben
 seu Pterygoaper'ma.   The  nut  Ben,  Glana  un-
 guentdria, Ben Nux, Balanua Myrep'aiea, Sait-
 dalum caru'leum,  Oily  Acorn or Ben nut, is a.
 West India nut which  furnishes an oil, O'leum
 Balani num, that does not become rancid by age,
 and is hence used by perfumers.  It is purgative.
   The wood of the Guilandina is called Lignum
 Nephriticum, and has been used in decoction, in
 affections of the urinary organs.
   GUI31AUVE, Althasa—g. Veloutie, Hibiscus
 abelmoschus.
   GULA, (Esophagus, Pharynx.
   GUL.E IMBECILLITAS, Pharyngoplegia —
 g. Principium, Pharynx.
   GULLET, Oesophagus.
   GULOSUS, Glutton.
   GUM  ANIME, Anime — g. Arabic, Acacias
 gummi — g. Bassora, Bassora gum—g. British,
 Dextrin — g. Butea,  see Butea frondosa — g. Ca-
 ranna, Caranna — g. Dragon, Tragacantha—g.
 Elastic, Caoutchouc — g.  Falling  away of the,
 Ulatrophia — g. Hemlock, see Pinus Canadensis
 — g.  Indigenous,  Gummi  nostras — g. Juniper,
 Sandarac—g. Orenburg, see Pinus larix—g. Red,
 Strophulus—g. Resin, Gummi resina—g. Sanda-
 rach, Sandarac—g.  Seneca, Acacias gummi — g.
 Senega,  Acacias gummi—g. Shrinking of the,
 Ulatrophia—g. Sweet, Liquidambar styraciflua—
 g. Tragacanth, Tragacanth—g. Tree, brown, see
 Kino—g. White, Strophulus—g. Yellow, Icterus
 infantum.
   Gum-Lancet, Dentiacal'pium,  Odontog'lyphon,
 (F.) Dichauasoir.  An instrument for separating
 the gum from the cervix of the tooth, prior to
 extraction.  It is formed much like a fleam. The
 operation itself is called Lancing the gums, Ded-
 tium scnlptu'ra, (F.) Dichaussement.
   GUMBOIL, Parulis.
   GUMMA, (F.) Gomme.  An  elastic tumour,
 formed in the periosteum, occupying particularly 
GUMMI                  419                 GUTTA
 the  cranium and ^ternum, and produced by the
 syphilitic virus, when it has been long in  the con-
 stitution.  It is so called, because, when  opened,
 it contains a matter like gum.
   GUMMI,  Cottimi, Koppt, (F.) Gomme.   An  im-
 mediate principle of vegetables.  It is  a solid,
 uncrystallizable, inodorous substance, of a mawk-
 ish  taste, unchangeable in  the air, insoluble in
 alcohol, but soluble in water, with which  it forms
 a mucilage.  It is obtained  from various species
 of miiiioaa and primus; and consequently there
 are  many varieties  of gum.  They  are  used in
 medicine as  demulcents, emollients, and relax-
 ants, particularly in catarrh, intestinal irritations,
 Ac.; and in  Pharmacy, they are employed in the
 formation of emulsions, pills, Ac.
   Gummi Acacia: Arabica;, Acacias gummi — g.
 Acanthinum, Acachu gumini—g. Adstringens  Fo-
 thergilli, Kino—g. Ammoniacum, Ammoniac—g.
 Anime, Anime—g. Arabicum, Acacias gummi—g.
 Astragali Tragacanthas, Tragacantha—g. Bogia,
 Cainbogia—g.  Brclisis,  Caranna—g. Copallinum,
 Copal—g. Elasticum, Caoutchouc—g. Euphorbias,
 see Euphorbia officinarum—g. Gamandras,Cambo-
 gia—g. Gambiense, Kino—g. de Goa, Cambogia—
 g. Gutta, Cambogia—g. Hederas, see Hedera helix
 —g.  de  Jemu,  Cambogia—g. Juniperi, Sandarac
 —g. Laccas, Lacca — g. Ladanum, see Cistus cre-
 ticus—g. Lamac, Acacias gummi—g. Laricis,  see
 Pinus larix—g. Leucum, Acacias gummi.
   Gummi Nostras, (F.) Gomme du Pays;  Indig"-
 enoua Gum.   These generic  names  are given to
 several species  of gum, which flow spontaneously
 from certain indigenous fruit trees, — such as the
 almond,  cherry, peach, apricot, Ac.   The  indige-
 nous  gums have nearly the same  properties as
 gum Arabic;  but they are inferior to it.
   Gummi Orenburgense, see Pinus larix—g. Pa-
 naris, see Pastinaca opoponax—g. ad Podagram,
 Cambogia.
   Gummi-Resina, Gum-Resin.  A milky juice,
 obtained by making  incisions into the branches,
 stalks and roots of certain vegetables.  Gum-re-
 sins  are  compounds of resins, gum, essential oil,
 and different  other vegetable matters. They are
 solid, opake, brittle, of a strong odour, acrid taste,
 variable  colour,  and are heavier  than  water.
 AVater dissolves a part of them, and  alcohol an-
 other ; hence proof spirit is the proper menstruum.
 The  generality of the gum-resins  are powerful
 stimulants to  the whole or to parts of the  econo-
 my.   The chief are  asafcetida, gum ammoniac,
 euphorbium, galbanum, camboge, myrrh, olibanum,
 opoponax, scammony, aloes, Ac.
  Gummi Rubrum Adstuingens Gambiense, Ki-
 no, see Butea Frondosa—g. Seneca, Senegal gum
 — g. Senega,  Senegal, gum—g.  Senegalense, Se-
 negal, gum — g. Senica, Senegal, gum — g. Sera-
 piouis, Acacias  gummi — g.  Thebaicum, Acacias
 gummi — g. Tragacantha, Tragacantha—g. Ura-
 lense, see Pinus larix.
   GUA1MIDODES, Mucilaginous.
   GUMMIODES, Mucilaginous.
   GUMMOSUS, Mucilaginous.
   GUMS. Gingivas.
  GUN-COTTON, see Collodion —g. c Ethereal
 solution of, Collodion.
  GUNJAH, see Bangue.
  GUNNER A   PERPEN'SA.   A   South Afri-
 can plant, Nat.  Ord. Urticaccre ; the decoction of
 which is  taken  as a domestic remedy by the farm-
 ers, as a tonic in dyspepsia.  A tincture has been
usod in gravel.   An infusion of the  leaves is de-
mulcent,  and is  employed in pulmonary affections.
 The leaves are applied fresh, to  cure wounds and
ulcers.
   GURGITELLO, MINERAL WATERS OF.
 A thermal spring in the isle of Ischia.   Temp, at
 its source, 176° Fah.   It contains carbonic acid,
 carbonates of lime, magnesia, iron and soda, sul-
 phates of lime and soda, chloride of sodium and
 silica.
   GURGLING.  ' Gushing with noise,' as water
 from a bottle.  (F.) Gargouillement, same etymon
 as gargle.   The rhonchus or rdle heard  on aus-
 cultation when there is a cavity in the lungs con-
 taining pus.   It is the ' cavernous rattle or rhon-
 chus,' Rale caverneux.  The size of the  bubbles
 heard varies, and  hence the rhonchus has been
 called  cavernous and cavern'ulous, (F.) Rdle ca-
 vernuleux.  If the cavern be large, this rale wiU
 nearly resemble the gurgling of a bottle (glouglou
 dune bouteille;) if, on the contrary, the  cavern
 be small,  it will  not differ from the rdle mu-
 queux.
   GURGULIO, Penis, Uvula.
   GUSTATIF, (Nerfi) see Lingual nerve.
   GUSTATION, Degustation, Taste.
   GUSTATORY NERVE, see Lingual  Nerve.
   GUSTUS, Taste—g. Depravatus, Parageustia.
   GUT, Intestine—g. Blind, Caseum.
   GUTS, SLIPPERINESS OF THE, Lientery.
   GUTTA, Apoplexy, Cambogia, Gout — g. Ga-
 mandras, Cambogia — g. Gamba,  Cambogia — g.
 Opaca, Cataract.
   Gutta.  A Drop, Stalag'ma, Alun'sel,  Stilla,
 (F.) Goutte.  A  quantity of  liquid, generally va-
 lued, in pharmacy, at the weight of a grain. The
 weight, however,  varies according to different
 circumstances, as  the degree  of tenacity  of the
 fluid, and the extent of moist surface to which the
 suspended drop is attached before it falls; and it
 was  found by Mr. Alsop to be influenced by the
 size of the bottle, and the angle of inclination at
 which it was held during the  operation of drop-
 ping.  The following  are some of his results as
 to the number of drops required  to measure a
 fluidrachm, when dropped from a large and a smaU
 bottle.
                       From a large From a small
                            bottle.    bottle.
 (f"5J) Diluted sulphuric acid... .24 drops 84 drops
    Scheele's hydrocyanic acid 35.....  70
    Distilled water.......... .31.....  54
    Solution  of ammonia.....40.....  48
    Tincture of opium........84.....135
    Rectified spirits.........100.....130
    Tincture of chloride of iron 100.....150

  Gutta Percha.   The concrete juice of a tree
—Isonan'dra gutta—which is indigenous  in Sing-
apore and its vicinity,  and belongs to the Natural
order Sapotaceas.  Plunged  in boiling water  it
softens, when it may be moulded like caoutchouc
to any form, which it retains on cooling.   Splints
and other instruments have been made of it.
  Gutta Rosacea Syphilitica, Crown of Venus.
  Gutta Rosea,  Gutta  Roadcea,  Ion'thus co-
 rymb'ifer, Cruata serpigino'sa, C. prurigino'aa,
 Acne roaa'cea, Roae'ola acno'aa, Thylaciltia, Bac-
 chia,  Butiga,  Carbuneled Face, Rosy Drop  or
 Whelk, Copper-nose, Bottle-nose,  Grog-blossoms,
 Grog-roses, (F.) Couperose, Goutte Rose,  Bour-
geons, Dartre pustuleuse couperose.  An eruption
 of small, suppurating tubercles, with shining red-
ness, and an irregular granular appearance of the
 skin  of the part of the face which  is affected.
 The  redness  commonly  appears  first at the end
 of the nose, and then  spreads on both sides.  It
is  often produced  by  hard  drinking.  Its cure
must be attempted by regular regimen, and cool- 
GUTT.E                 420                  GYRUS
ing means internally: weak spirituous or satur-
nine lotions externally.  The affection is usually
very obstinate.
  Gutta Serena, Amaurosis.
  GUTTLE ABBATIS  ROUSSEAU, Laudanum
abbatis Rousseau—g. Ammoniaci, see Ammoniac
gum—g. Acidas tonicas, Elixir Acidum Halleri—
g. Nervinas, Alcohol sulfurico-asthereus ferri.
  Gutta;  Nigra;, Ace'tum o'pii,  Common Black
Drop.  (Opii *§viij, acer?' destillat. Ibij, Infuse.)
  The celebrated Black Drop, Lad caster or Qua-
ker's Black Drop, may be made as follows.  Take
half a pound of opium sliced ; three pints of good
verjuice, (juice of the wild crab,)  one and a half
ounce of nutmegs, and half  an ounce of  saffron.
Boil to a proper thickness, and add a quarter of a
pound of sugar, and two spoonfuls of yeast.  Set
the whole  in a warm place, near the fire, for six
or eight weeks; then place it in the open air un-
til it becomes a syrup.   Lastly, decant, filter, and
bottle it up, adding a little sugar  to each  bottle.
One drop is equal to three of  laudanum;  and it
is  nearly  devoid of all the  unpleasant  exciting
effects  of  the latter.  An analogous  formula is
contained  in  the  Pharmacopoeia  of the  United
States under the name Ace'tum opii, Vinegar of
Opium.
  GUTTALIS  CARTILAGO,  Arytenoid Carti-
lage.
  GUTTERIA, Bronchocele.
  GUTTUR.  The throat;  the larynx;  the
trachea.
  Guttur Globosum, Bronchocele—g. Tumidum,
Bronchocele.
  GUTTURAL,  Gutturdlis,  from guttur, 'the
throat.'  Relating or belonging to the throat.
  The Superior Thyroideal  Artery is sometimes
called Guttural Artery.
  A Guttural Cough is  one  occasioned by irrita-
tion of the larynx or trachea.
  A Guttural Sound is one produced, as it were,
in the throat.
  GUTTURIS  OS, Hyoides os.
  GUTTURNIA, Arytenoid cartilages.'
  GYMNA,  Genital Organs.
  GYMNASION, Exercise.
  GYMNA'SIUM, from yvpvos, 'naked.'  Palaa'-
tra.  An establishment amongst the ancients, in-
tended for bodily exercises, as wrestling, running,
Ac.; a term now used  in Germany, more espe-
cially for an academy or higher school.
   GYMNAST, Gymnas'tes,  Gymnaa'ta; same
etymon.   The manager of a gymnasium.  One,
whose  profession it is to prevent or cure diseases
by gymnastics.
   GYMNASTICS, Gymnas'lica, 31edici'na gym-
naa'tica seu euectica, Somacelica.  Same etymon.
That part of hygienic medicine which treats of
bodily exercises.  It is called  3Ied'ical  Gymnas-
tics.  The ancients had also Athletic Gymnastics,
and Military Gymnastics.  Herodicus, of Seli-
vrasa, first proposed gymnastics for the  cure of
disease.
   GYMNODO'DUS CANADEN'SIS, Coffee
 Tree, 3Iahogany, Niekar  Tree, Bondue.  An in-
digenous tree, which grows  from  Ohio to Louisi-
ana.  The leaves are cathartic, and said to con-
tain cytisin.  The seeds are a good substitute for
coffee.
  GYMNOGRAMME  CETERACH, Asplenium
ceterach.
  GYMNOSIS, Denudation.
  GYNjE'CANER,  from yovv, 'a woman,' and
avvp, ' a man.'   Vir effamindtus.  An effeminate
man.
  GYNjECEA, Gynasceia.
  GYNZECEI'A, Gynaci'a, Gynace'a, from ywv,
'a woman.'  The catamenia; — the lochia.   The
diseases of women in general.—Hippocrates, Ga-
len, Foesius.
  GYN^ECEUM, Antimonium, Vulva.
  GYNjECE'US, from ywv, ' a woman.'  Belong-
ing to women.  Female.  Feminine.
  GYNiECIA, Gynasceia, Menses.
  GYNjECOLOG"IA,  Gynecology,  from  ywv,
'a woman,' and Xoyos,  'a description.'  The doc-
trine of the nature,  diseases, Ac. of women.
  GYrNiECOMA'NIA, from ywv, 'woman,' and
pavta, 'mania,' 'rage.'   That species of insanity,
which  arises  from  love for women.  Some  have
used the word synonymously with nymphomania.
  GYN&COMASTUS,   Gynacomas'thus,  from
ywv, 'woman,' andpacros, 'abreast.' A man whose
breasts are as large as  those of a woman.—Galen,
Ingrassias.
  A considerable enlargement of the breasts of a
female was formerly called Gynacomas'ton.
  GYN.ECOMYSTAX,from ywv, 'woman,'and
pvcra^, 'the  beard.' The hair on the pubes of
women.—Rolfink.
  GYNiECOPHO'NUS,  from  ywv,  'a  woman,'
and tptiivv, 'voice.'  A man who has an effeminate
voice.
  GYNANDRIA, Hermaphrodeity.
  GYNANDRUS, Gynanthropus.
  GYNANTHRO'PUS,  Gynan'drue.  An  her-
maphrodite who belongs more to the male than
to the female sex.
  GYNATRE'SIA, from ywv, 'a woman,' and
arpvTos, 'imperforate.'   Closure or imperforation
of the  external parts of generation of the female.
  GYNE, Female.
  GYNECOLOGY, Gynascologia.
  GYNIDA,  Hermaphrodite.
  GYNOARIUM, Ovarium.
  GYNOPLASTIC, Gynoplaa'ticua,  from  ywv,
'a woman,' and trXaccw,  ' I form.'  The gynoplas-
ty operation is employed for opening or dilating
the closed or contracted genital openings of the
female.
  GYPSY-WEED, Lycopus sinuatus, and L. Vir-
ginicus.
  GYRI CEREBRI,  Anfractuosities (cerebral,)
Convolutions (cerebral,)—g. Cochleae, Scalas of
the Cochlea.
  GYROMIA VIRGINICA, Medeola Virginica.
   GYROPHLE, see Eugenia caryophyllata.
   GYROPHORA, see Tripe de Roche.
   GYRUS, Anfractuosity, Convolution.
   GYRUS FORNICATUS,  'Arched  convolu-
tion.'  A large  convolution of the  brain,  which
lies horizontally on the corpus callosum, and may
be traced forwards and backwards to the base of
the brain, terminating by each* extremity at the
fissure  of Sylvius.   The surface of the  hemi-
sphere, where it comes in contact with the corpus
callosum, is bounded by it. 
HAB-EL-KALIMBAT           421            HjEMATEMESIS
H.
   HAB-EL-KALIMBAT, Pistacia terebinthus.
   HABBI, Ilugenia Abyssinica.
   IIABE'NA.  A Bridle, Telamon.  A bandage
 for uniting the lips of wounds;  which, in many
 instances, replaced the suture.—Galen.
   HABEX..E OF THE PINEAL GLAND, see
 Pineal gland.
   IIABIL'LA  DE   CARTHAGE'NA,  Bejuio,
 Carthage'nu Bean, (F.) Five de Carthagene.  A
 kind of bean of South  America, famed as an ef-
 fectual antidote for the poison of all serpents, if a
 small quantity bo eaten immediately.
   HABIT, Habitu'do, from habere,  'to have or
 to  hold;'  Assuctddo,  31 os,  Uaue,  Conauetddo,
 Ethoa,  't%is,  Ilf.xia,  Ethmoa'yne, (F.)  Habitude,
 Accoutamance.   Habit is the aptitude for repeat-
 ing certain acts : — or, a facility,  which results
 from the frequent repetition of the same act.  It
 is, according to vulgar expression, ' a second na-
 ture.'  Habit may predispose to  certain diseases,
 or it may protect us  against them.   It ought not
 to be lost sight of, in attending  to  the progress
 of disease, or of its treatment.
   Habit  of  Body,  Conatitdtio,  Hab'itua, Hab'-
 itua  Cor'poria, Cutas'tosis,  Hexis, Epiphanla,
 (F.)  Habitude extirieure, Habitude  du  corps.
 The  aggregate of the physical  qualities of the
 human body.
   HABITUDE, Habit — h. du Corps,  Habit of
 body—h. Extirieure. Habit of body.
   liABITUDO, Habit.
   HABITUS, Habit of body —h. Apoplectieus,
 Apoplectic habit—h. Corporis, Habit of body.
   HACHICH, see Bangue.
   IIACHISCIl, Bangue.
   HACKBERRY, Celtis occidentalis.
   UMM.A, 'atpa, 'atparos, 'blood.'
   II.E.AIACHROINE, Hasmatine.
   H.EMACHRO'SES, ( (G.) Ham achrosen,)
 from 'atpa, 'blood,' and xpwats, 'coloration.'  A
 family of  diseases in which the blood has its co-
 lour different from usual, as in purpura and cya-
 nosis.—Fuchs.
  H^EMACY'ANIN,  from  'atpa,  'blood,' and
 kvovos, 'blue' A blue colouring matter, detected
 by Sanson in healthy blood, and in bile by some
 chemists, but not by  others.
  ILEMADON'OSUS, from 'atpa, 'blood,' and
 tocos, ' a disease.'  Hamatangiodosus, Hamatan-
 giondsus, Hamatangio'sis. Disease of the blood-
 vessels.
  lLEMADOSTO'SIS, from  'atpa, 'blood,' and
 ocTuicts, ' a bony tumour.'  Ossification of the
 blood-vessels.
   II.EMADYNAMETER, Hasmadynamometer.
  II .E .AI A D Y N A M 0 M' ETER, Hamatodyna-
 montcter,  Hamadynetm'eter, Hamom'eter, Hama-
 tontctcr, (F.) Hemadynametre, Himometre; from
 'atpa, 'blood.' Svvapts, 'power,'  and  pnpov, 'a
 measure.'   An instrument  for  measuring the
 force of the blood in the vessels.   It consists of
 a bent glass  tube, the  lower bent part of which
 is  filled with mercury.   A brass head  is fitted
 into the artery, and a solution of carbonate of soda
 is interposed  between the mercury and the blood,
which is allowed to enter the tube for the  pur-
 pose of preventing its coagulation.  The pressure
of the blood on the mercury in  the  descending
portion of the bent tube causes the metal to rise
in the ascending portion;  and the  degree to
 which it rises indicates the pressure under which
 the blood moves.
   H.EMAGASTRIC  PESTILENCE, Fever,
 yellow.
   H/EMAGOGUM, Pasonia.
   ILEMAGO'GUS, from 'aipa, 'blood,' and ayu>,
 'I drive  off.'  A medicine which promotes the
 menstrual and hemorrhoidal discharges.
   HjEMAL, from 'atpa, 'blood.'  Relating to the
 blood or blood-vessels.
   Ha:mal Arch.  The arch formed by the pro-
 jections anteriorly from the body of the vertebrae
 of the ribs and sternum.   It encloses the great
 blood-vessels.—Owen.
   Haimal Axis, Aorta—h. Spine, Sternum.
   1LEMALO'PIA, Hasmophthalmia, Hasmalopis.
   H^EMALOPIS, Hasmophthalmia.
   H/EAIALOPS, Hasmophthalmia.
   H.EMANTHUS COCCIN'EUS.  A beautiful
 South African plant, Nat. Ord. Amaryllideas, the
 bulb  of which  is employed as  a diuretic.   It is
 given as an oxymel in asthma and dropsy.  The
 fresh  leaves are  antiseptic, and applied to foul,
 flabby ulcers, and in anthrax.
   ILEMAPERITONIRRHAG"IA, (F.) Hima-
 piritonirrhagie;  from 'aipa,  'blood,' irtpirovatov,
 ' peritoneum,' and payv, ' a violent rupture.'  An
 exhalation of blood into the peritoneum.
   H.EMAPHiE'IN, Hamatopha'um, Hamopha'-
 um, from 'atpa, ' blood,'  and tpatos, ' of  a dusky
 colour.'  A  term applied  by Simon to the brown
 colouring matter of the blood, supposed by some
 to be  nothing more than hasmatin modified by an
 alkali.
   IL&MAPH'OBUS,  Hamoph'obus, from 'atpa,
 'blood,' and tpo(3os, ' dread.' One who has a dread
 of blood :—who cannot look at it without fainting.
   H^MAPOPHYSES,   Costal  cartilages,  see
 Costa.
   HM'SlA'PO'R'IA,Hamatapor'ia,Hamatoporia,
 Oligoha'mia, Oliga'mia, from 'atpa, 'blood,' and
 atropos, ' poor.'  Paucity of  blood.   See Anasmia.
   H.EMAPTYSIS, Hasmoptysis.
   HJBAIAS, 'atpas, gen. 'atpaSos.  A blood-vessel.
   H.EMASTATICA, Hasmatostatica.
   H.ExAIASTAT'ICE, from 'atpa, 'blood,' and
 toTvpt, 'I remain,' 'reside.'  A science, which
 treats of the strength of  the blood-vessels; Hy-
 mastalics.
   H.EMATANGIONOSUS, Hasmadonosus.
   HiEMATANGIOSIS, Hasmadonosus.
   HiEMATAPORIA, Hasmaporia.
   ILEMATAPORRHOSIS, Cholera.
   H.EMATEC'LYSIS, Hamotex'ia, Hamotex'is,
 Hamatosep'sis, San'guinis dissoldtio; from 'aipa,
 'blood,' and  tKXvcis, 'loosening.'  Dissolution of
 the blood.
   HiEMATEL^EUM, see Blood.
   H^EMATEM'ESIS, from 'atpa, 'blood,' and
 tptta, ' I vomit.'   Vom'itus cruen'tus, Hamorrhd-
 gia Hamatem'esis, Vom'itus seu Vomit"io  Sad-
 guinia,  Gaatrorrhag"ia,  Gaatro - hamorrhog"ia,
 Hamorrhag"ia ventric'uli, Hamorrhoe'a ventric'-
 uli, Vomiting of  Blood,  (F.)  Himatimese, Vo-
 missement  de sang.  Hasmatemesis is  generally
 preceded by a feeling of oppression, weight, and
 dull or pungent pain in the epigastric and in the
hypochondriac regions; by anxiety, and,  occa-
sionally, by  syncope.  Blood  is then passed by
vomiting,  and sometimes, also, by stool, — the 
HEMATENCEPHALUM          422       HEMATODYNAMOMETER
blood being generally of a grumous aspect.  H;u-
matemesis may be active  or  passive,  acute  or
chronic.   The blood effused proceeds, almost al-
ways, from a sanguineous exhalation at the sur-
face of the  mucous mambrane of the  stomach.
It is often observed in  females whose menstrual
seeretion  is irregularly performed.  It  is not of
much danger, except when connected  with dis-
ease of some of the solid viscera of the abdomen.
On dissection of those who have died from pro-
tracted hasmatemesis,—for the  aoute kind is com-
paratively devoid of danger,—the mucous mem-
brane of the stomach is found  red and  inflamed,
or  black,  and  the vessels  considerably dilated.
Complete  abstinence from food; rest;  the hori-
zontal  posture; bleeding, if the hemorrhage  be
active;  cold, acidulous drinks,  Ac, constitute the
usual treatment.
  HEMATENCEPHALUM, Apoplexy.
  HEMATEPAGOGE, Congestion.
  HEMATERA, Hepatirrhcea.
  HEMATERUS,  Sanguine.
  HiEMATERYTHRUM,  Hasmatin.
  HEMATEXOSTOSIS, Osteosarcoma.
  HEMATH1DROSIS, Sudor cruentus.
  HiEMATHORAX, Hasmatothorax.
  HEMATIASIS, Hasmatonosus.
  HEMAT'ICA, from 'atpa, 'blood.'  Diseases
of the sanguineous function :—the third class  in
the nosology of Good.   Also, medicines that act
on the blood.—Pereira.
  Haimatica Doctrina, Hasmatology.
  HEMATICUS, Sanguine.
  HEMATIDROSIS, Sudor cruentus.
  HiE'MATIN, Hamatina, Hem'atine, Hama-
tosin, Hem'atosine,  Hamater'ythrum, Hamer'y-
thrum, Zoohem'atin, Hemaehro'in, Cru'orin, Ru-
brin, Glob'ulin of some ;  from atpa, 'blood.'  The
red colouring matter of the blood.  It resides  in
distinct  particles or globules, and, in  the opi-
nion of some observers, in the envelope of the
globules.  It appears to be of  a peculiar charac-
ter, and one that has  not  yet been  determined
by the chemist.  That the colour of the blood is
not owing to the peroxide of iron which it con-
tains, is shown by the fact mentioned by Scherer,
that he  removed the iron  by acids, and  yet a
deep red  tincture was formed  when alcohol was
added to the residuum.
  HjEMATIN'IC, Hamatin'icus: from  hamatin,
'the red colouring matter of the blood.'  An agent
that augments the number of red corpuscles of the
blood.—Pereira.
  HEMATINUS, Sanguine.
  HEMATIS'CHESIS,  Hamis'chesis, Hamo-
cryph'ia, from 'atpa, ' blood,' and ic^ttv, ' to sup-
press.'  The retention or suppression of  a natural
or artificial flow of blood.
  HEMATISMUS, Epistaxis, Hasmorrhagia.
  HvEMATISTH'MUS, from  'aipa, 'blood/ and
tcdpos, 'pharynx.' Hemorrhage into the  pharynx.
  HAEMATITES, .EfemaeItis,from 'atpa, 'blood.'
Resembling blood.  Lapis Hamati'tes.   A beau-
tiful ore of iron, called  also, Bloodstone, O'chrea
rubra, Ox'ydum fer'ricum crystallizdturn  nati-
vum, Ferrum Hamatites.  When finely levigated,
and freed  from the grosser parts,  by  frequent
washings  with  water, it has been long recom-
mended in hemorrhage, fluxes, uterine  obstruc-
tions, Ac, in doses of from one  scruple to three or
four.  Also, a vessel that contains blood, 'atpart-
rts <pXt4>.
  HiEMATMUS, Gaz sanguinis.
  HiEMATOCATHARTICA, from 'atpa, 'blood,'
and Kadapats, 'purification or purgation.' Reme-
dies for purifying the blood.
  HEMATOCELE, from 'aipa,  'blood,'  and
kvXv, 'tumour.' A'tumour formed by blood.  By
some, this  term has been applied to a tumour
formed by blood, effused into tho areolar texture
of the scrotum. Others have used it for tumours
arising from effusion of blood into the tunica va-
ginalis :—hasmatocele, according to them, differ-
ing from hydrocele, only in  the character of the
effusion.— Heister.  Others, again, have applied
it to  effusions  of blood into the interior of the
tunica albuginea itself. — Richter.  The first is
the usual  acceptation.   It  is  most commonly
caused by wounds  or contusions ; and requires
the use of antiphlogistics, discutients,  Ac.  Some-
times it is necessary to evacuate the effused blood.
  Ha:matocele Arteriosa, Aneurism.
  HEMATO-CEREBRIFORM DISEASE, En-
cephaloid.
  HEMATOCHE'ZIA, from 'atpa, 'blood/ and
Y_c£<o, ' I go to stool.' Sedes cruen'ta, Catarrhex'is
vera, Enterorrhag"ia simplex, Diarrhce'a cruenta
seu sanguinolen'ta, Ha'mato-diarrha'a, Hamor-
rhag"ia  intestino'rum,  En'tero- hamorrhag"ia,
(F.) Himorrhagie  des inteatina, Eeoulement de
sang par Vlntestin.  Discharge of blood by stool.
See Melasna.
  HEMATOCHYSIS, Hasmorrhagia.
  HEMATOCCE'LIA, from 'atpa, 'blood/ and
KotXia, ' the cavity of the abdomen.'   Effusion of
blood into the abdomen.
  HEMATOCOL'PUS, from 'atpa, 'blood/ and
koXitos, 'vagina.'  Effusion of blood into the va-
gina.  Accumulation of blood owing to  occlusion
of the vagina.
  HEMATOCYANOSIS,  Cyanopathy.
  HEMATOCYSTE, Hasmatoma saccatum.
  HEMATOCYST'IS, from 'aipa, 'blood/ and
kvctis, 'bladder.'  Hemorrhage into the bladder.
  HiEMATO'DES,  Hamato'i'des,  Sanguin'eus,
Ha'matoid, He'matoid, from 'aipa, ' blood/ and
ttvos. ' appearance.'  That  which contains blood,
or has the character of blood.
  II.ematodes  Fungus, Hamatomy'ces, Fungus
cancro'sus hamato'des, 3Iela'na fungo''aa carcino'-
dea, Angidiospodgua, Angiomy'cea, Hamatoapod-
gua, Tumor j'ango'sua sanguin'eus seu  anom'alus,
Spon'goid  inflammation,  Pulpy or  3Ied'ullary
Sarco'ma,  Carcino'ma  Hamato'des,  Carcino'ina
Spongio'sum, Bleeding Fungus, Soft Cancer, (F.)
Cardnorne sanglant, 11ematoncic fongdide. An ex-
tremely alarming carcinomatous affection, which
was first described, with accuracy, by Mr. John
Burns, of Glasgow.  It consists in the develop-
ment of cancerous tumours, in which  the inflam-
mation is accompanied with violent heat and pain,
and with fungus and bleeding excrescences.  Even
when the  diseased part is extirpated, at a  very
early period,  recovery rarely follows;  other or-
gans being generally implicated at the same time.
Fungus hasmatodes  was the term first applied to
the disease by Mr. Hey of Leeds.  Mr. J. Burns
called it Spongoid inflammation, from  the spongy,
elastic feel, which peculiarly characterizes it, and
continues even  after ulceration has taken place.
The disease has, most frequently, been  met with
in the eyeball, the upper and lower extremities,
testicle and mamma; but it occurs in the uterus,
ovary, liver, spleen, brain, lungs, thyroid gland,
and in the hip and shoulder-joint.
  Some French surgeons designate, by this name,
those tumours which were  formerly termed anor-
males,  caverneusea,  variqueitses, called  Ereetilea
by Dupuytren,  Hematoncies, by Alibert, and Te-
langiectasia by Gr'afe.
  HEMATODIARRHCEA,  ILematochezia.
  HEMATODYNAMOMETERHaomadynamo-
meter. 
             HEMATOGASTER            4!

  nEMATOGASTER, from 'atpa, 'blood/and
yaoTvp, 'stomach.'   Effusion of blood into the
stomach.
  HE.MATOG ENETICA, ILnraatopoietica.
  HEMATOGLOBULIN,  see Globules of the
blood.
  HE.AIATOGRA'PHIA, Hamatog'raphy, from
'atpa, ' blood,' and ypa<pv,  'a description.'  A de-
scription of the blood.
  HEMATOID, Hasmatodes.
  ll.VAWTOL'OQY,Hematology,Hamatolog"ia,
Hamat'ica doctri'na, (F.) Hematologic, from 'atpa,
' blood/ and  Xoyos,  ' a discourse.'  That part of
medicine which treats of the blood.
  Hematology, Patholog"ical, (F.)Himatolo-
gie pathologique.   Observation of the blood to
detect its varying characters in disease.
  HEMATOL'YSES,  (G.) Ham atoly sen,
from  'atpa, 'blood/ and Xvcts, 'solution.' An
order of diseases in which there  is diminished
coagulability  of the  blood.—Fuchs.
  HEAIATOLYTICUM,  Spanasmic.
  1 LE M ATO'M A, Thrombus, Tumor sanguin'eus.
A bloody tumour, especially of the scalp  of the
new-born.
  Haimato'ma Sacca'tum.  An encysted tumour
containing blood—Hamatocys'te.
  HEAIATOMANTI'A, from 'atpa, 'blood/ and
pavrtta, ' divination.'  Judgment of disease from
tho appearance of the blood.
  HEMATOMATRA, Metrorrhagia.
  H E M A T 0 M E T A CH YSIS, Transfusio san-
guinis.
  HEMATOMETRA, Metrorrhagia.
  HEMATOAIAIA,  Hasmophthalmia.
  HEMATOMPHALOCE'LE,  Hamatom'pha-
lum, Hamatompha'lua, from 'atpa, 'blood/ optpaXos,
'the navel/ and(c»A«7, 'a tumour.' Umbilical her-
nia, the sac of which encloses a bloody serum; or
which has, at its  surface, a number of varicose
veins ;  constituting  Varicom'phalua.
  HEMATOMPHALUM, Hasmatomphalocele.
  1I.EMAT0MYCES, Hasmatodes fungus.
  HEMATON'CUS, (F.)  Himatoncie, from 'atpa,
' blood/ and oyKos, '  a tumour.' Alibert has given
this name to the Navi mater'ni, Varicoae tumours.
He admits three varieties :—the H. fongo'ide, H.
framboiaie, and H.  tubereuae.
  HEMATON'OSUS, Hamatioaia, Hamatopa-
thi'a, Hamopathla, from 'aipa, 'blood/ and voaos,
'disease.' A disease  of the blood. Blood-disease.
  H.EAIATOPATHIA, Haematonosus.
  HEMATOPEDESIS, see Diapedesis.
  HEAIATOPERICAR'DIUM, from 'atpa,
'blood,' and irtptKapotov, 'pericardium.'  Effusion
of blood into the pericardium.
  IT.EAIATOPHEUM, Hasmaphasin.
  II .EMATOPHIL'IA, Hamophilia, Hamorrho-
philiu, Idiosyncra'sia hamorrhag"i<a, from 'aipa,
' blood/ and tptXtia, '  I love.'  A hemorrhagic dia-
thesis.
  ITEAIATOPHLEBESTASIS.  Sudden sup-
pression of a hemorrhage; — from  cracis 'atparos
tpXtllwv, ' suppression of the blood of the veins.'—
Galen.
  H.lLAIATOPHOB'IA,.r7a:mo^oo'ia,from 'atpa,
' blood/ and /polios* ' dread.'  Dread or horror at
the sight of blood, producing syncope, Ac.
  HEAIATOPHTIIALAIIA, nasmopthalmia.
  1I.EAIATOPHTHORES,  (G.)  Hamatoph-
thoren: from 'atpa, 'blood/ and tpdopa, 'corrup-
tion.'   An  order of  diseases in the classification
of Fuchs, in which the blood is materially altered
in its composition, as in typhus.
3            HEMATOXYLON

   HEMATOP'ISIS, (F.) Himatopisie.  M. Ca-
 puron, of Paris, has applied the term Himatopisie
 utirine, from analogy with Hydropisie utirine, to
 a collection of blood which sometimes takes place
 in the uterus, when, owing to faulty conforma-
 tion, the exit of the menstrual flux is prevented.
   HEMATOPLA'NIA, Hamatoplane'aia,  from
 'atpa, ' blood/ and 7rAavi7,  ' wandering.'   A vica-
 rious hemorrhage.
   Haimatopla'niaMenstrua'lis, Menstruation,
 vicarious.
   HEMATOPLETHORA, Plethora.
   HEMATOP03A, Hasmatopoetica.
   HEMATOPOESIS, Hasmatosis.
   HEMATOPOET'ICA, Hamatopw'a, Hamato-
 genet'ica,  'bloodmakers/ from 'atpa, 'blood/ and
 irottu, 'I make.'  Agents that favour hasmatosis.
 Iron  was called by the ancients metal'lum hama-
 topoeticum.
   HEMATOPOIESIS, Hasmatosis.
   HEMATOPORIA, Hasmaporia.
   HEMATOPS,  Hasmophthalmia.
   HEMATOPSIA, Hasmophthalmia.
   HE.MATOPTYSIA, Hasmoptysis.
   HEMATOPTYSIS, Hasmoptysis.
   HEMATORRHACHIS, Apoplexia myelitica.
   HEMATORRHAGIA, Hasmorrhagia.
   HEMATORRHCEA, Hasmorrhagia.
   HEMATORRHOSIS,  Cholera.
   HEMATORRHYSIS,  Hasmorrhagia.
   HEMAT0SCHE0CE'LE,.r7<Bmo*cAeoce7e,.ff<E-
 matoe'eheum, from 'atpa, 'blood/ ocxtov, 'scrotum,'
 and kvXv,  'rupture.'  Effusion of blood into the
 scrotum.
   HEMATOSCHEUM, Hasmatoscheocele.
   HEMATOSCOP'IA, Hamoacop'ia,(F.)Himor-
 rhoacopie, from 'atpa, 'blood/ and aKoirtoi, 'I view.'
 An examination of blood  drawn.
   HEMATOSEPSIS, Hasmateclysis.
   HEMATOSIN, Hasmatin.
   HEMATO'SIS,  Examato'sis,  Enhamato'sis,
 Hamatopoie'sia, Hamatopoe'aia, Procrea'tio san-
 guinis; Decarboniza'tion, Atmospheriza'tion  of
 the blood; Sanguiflca'tion; from  'atpa, 'blood.'
 The transformation of the venous blood and chyle
 into arterial  blood by respiration.   Called, also,
 Aera'tion, Arterializd tion of the blood.  Forma-
 tion of blood in general.
   HEMATOSPILIA, Purpura hemorrhagica.
   HEMATOSPONGUS,  Hasmatodes fungus.
   HEMATOSTAT'ICA,  from 'atpa, 'blood/and
 ctotikv, ' statics.'  Ischa'mia, Hamastalica, Ha-
 matostatics, Hamostalics, Ena'ma, (F'.) Hematos-
 tatiques, Himastatiques, Himostatiques. The doc-
 trine  of the motion of the blood in living bodies.
 Also, remedies for stopping blood.—Catastaltica.
   HEMATOSTEON, from  'atpa, 'blood/ and
 ocrtoiv, ' a bone.' Effusion of blood into the bones
 or joints.
   ilEMATOSYMPHORESIS, Congestion.
   HEMATOSYNAGOGE, Congestion.
   HEA1ATOTELANGIOSIS, Telangiectasia.
   IIEMATO'TIS, Hama'tus, from 'atpa, 'blood/
 and ovs, gen. wtos, 'the ear.'  Effusion of blood
 into the inner ear.
   HEMATOTHO'RAX,  Hamathdrax,  Hamo-
 tho'rax, Hamop'tysia inter'na, Pleurorrhoe'a san-
 guiiiea, Pneumorrhag"ia  inter'na, Hemorrhag"ic
 Pleu'risy, Pleural hem'orrhage, from 'atpa, ''blood/
 and dwpa!;,  ' the chest.'  Extravasation of blood
 into the chest.
   HEMATOX'YLON  CAMPECIIIA'NUM,
 Aca'cia Zeylodica, Logwood.   The part of the
 tree, used in medicine, is  the wood, Hamatox'yli
 Lignum, Lignum  Campechen'se, L. Campechia'- 
HEMATURESIS             424              HEMOPTYSIS
num, L. Campesca'num, L. In'dicum, L. Sappan,
L. Brasilia'num rubrum,  L. caru'leum, (F.) Bois
de Campeche.  Family, Leguminosas.  Sex. Syst.
Decandria Monogynia.  Logwood is almost ino-
dorous ; of a sweetish, subastringent taste; and
deep red colour.  Its virtues are extracted both
by water and alcohol.  It is astringent and tonic,
and is used in the protracted stage of diarrhoea
and dysentery.
  HEMATURESIS,  Hasmaturia.
  HEMATU'RIA,  Hamature'sis,  from  'atpa,
'blood,' and ovptio, 'I make urine.'   Voiding of
blood by urine.  Hamorrhag" ia hamatdria,  H
ex viris urina'riis, Hamure'sis, Hamu'ria, 3Iictio
cruen'ta, 31.  Sanguin'ea, 3Iictus Cruen'tus seu
Sanguineus, Hamorrha'a via'rum urinaria'rum,
Sanguis in Urina, Bloody urine, (F.) Pissement
de Sang, Himaturie.   Hemorrhage from the mu-
cous membrane of the urinary  passages.   Like
other hemorrhages, it may be active or paasive.
It may proceed from the  kidneys, bladder, or
urethra.  The essential symptoms are : — blood,
evacuated by the urethra; preceded by pain in
the region of the bladder or kidneys, and accom-
panied by faintness.   AVheneesoever it proceeds,
hasmaturia usually takes place by exhalation.
Rupture of vessels is by no means common in the
mucous membranes.   Active  hamaturia  requires
general or local blood-letting;' diluent and cool-
ing drinks;  absolute rest,  and the  horizontal
posture.  The chronic kind is more troublesome.
It requires acidulated or aluminous  drinks; cha-
lybeates and tonics in general. AVhen hasmaturia
is excessive, cold injections may be thrown into
the rectum or into  the vagina of women, and  to-
pical applications be made to the perinasum.
  Hasmaturia Cystica, Cystorrhagia—h. Ejacu-
latoria,  Spermatocystidorrhagia — h.  Seminalis,
Spermatocystidorrhagia—h. Stillatitia, Urethror-
rhagia.
  HEMATUS, Hasmatotis.
  HEMAXIS, Blood-letting.
  nEMENCEPHALUS, Apoplexy.
  HEMERYTHRUM, Hasmatin.
  HEMIDROSIS, see Diapedesis.
  HEMISCHESIS, Hasmatischesis.
  HEMITIS, from  'atpa, 'blood/ and  itia, a
suffix denoting inflammation.  Inflammation of
the blood.   (F.) Himite.  The  alteration  of  the
blood  that occurs in inflammatory diseases. —
Piorry.
  HEMO-ARTHRITIS, Rheumatism, (acute.)
  HEMOCARDIORRHAG"IA, Apoplex'ia cor-
dia, Apoplexy of the  heart,  from 'atpa,  'blood.'
Kapita. ' the heart,' and 'pvyvvpt, ' I break forth.'
Effusion of blood into the substance of the heart.
  HEMOCERCH'NOS.  This term has  received
two  acceptations, owing to  the different  senses
in which Ktpxvos is employed; signifying, some-
times, hiaaing;  at others,  dry.   Consequently,
the  Hellenists have  translated the  compound
word, at times, by spitting of blood, with hissing
in the  throat; at  others, by evacuation  of dry
Hltl'ttGrS.
   HEMOCRYPHIA, Hasmatischesis.
   HEMODES, Sanguine.
   HEMO'DIA, Hamodias'mua, Hemo'dia, He-
betu'do seu Stupor Dedtium, from 'atpwotio, ('aipa,
'blood/ and oiovs, 'a tooth/) ' I  have pain in  the
teeth.'  Pain in the teeth,—and more especially
Agaeement, or the setting on  edge of those bodies
by acid or acerb substances.  It  is also  called
 Odon'tia Stupo'ria, Odontal'gia hamo'dia, Dolor
dedtium d strido're,  Cutaplex'ia, Odontamblyog'-
mua, Odonthyperasthe'sis, Tooth-edge.
   HEMODIASMUS, Hasmodia.
   HEAIOIDES, Sanguine.
   HEMOPATHIA, Hasmatonosus.
  HEMOPERIOAR'DIUM, Pericarditis exstt-
dato'ria, from 'atpa, ' blood/ and pericardium.
Effusion of blood into the pericardium.
  HEMOPERITONE'CM,  from 'atpa, 'blood/
and nipiTuivatov, 'peritoneum.'  Effusion of blood
into the peritoneum.
  HEMOPEX'IE,  (G.)  Ilamopexien,  from
'atpa, 'blood,' and  nvfrs, 'coagulation.'  An order
of diseases in which there  is increased  coagu-
lability of the blood.—Hyperino'sis san'guinis.—
Fuchs.
  HEMOPHEUM, Hasmaphein.
  HEMOPHILIA, Hasmatophilia.
  HEMOPHOBIA, Hasmatophobia.
  HEMOPHTHAL'MIA,  Hamatophthal' mia,
Hamatop'sia, from 'atpa,  'blood,' and  otpdaXpos,
'eye.'  Hamalo'pia, Hamalo'pis, Ha'malops. Ef-
fusion of blood into the eye.   AVhen the extrava-
sation is external, it is called H. exter'na, Hypos-
phag'ma and Hamalops  externus; when internal,
Hamophthalmia inter'na, Hydrophthal'mus cru-
en'tus, Hypoch'ysis hamato'des, Hamatom'ma, and
Ha'malops intcr'nus.  A blood-shot eye.
  HEMOPLANIA MENSTRUALIS,  Menstru-
ation, vicarious.
  HEMOPLETHORA, Plethora.
  HEMOPROCTIA, Hasmorrhois.
  HEMOPTOE,  Hasmoptysis — h. Laryngea et
Trachealis, Tracheorrhagia.
  HEMOPTOSIS, Hasmoptysis.
  HEMOPTYSIS, from 'atpa, 'blood/  and™^
' I spit.'   Spitting of blood,  Hamorrhag"ia Ha-
mop'tysis,  Hamap'tysis,  Hamatoptys'ia, Hama-
top'tysis, Emp'toe,  Emop'toe, Empto'ica pas'sio,
Hamoptys'mus, Hamopto'sis, Sputum sang'uinis,
San'guinis fluor pulmo'num, Emopto'ica pas'sio,
Hamotis'mus, Hamorrhce'a pulmona'lis, Cruen'ta
exspui'tio, Hamorrhag"ia pulmo'nis, Pas'sio ha-
mopto'ica, Rejec'tio sang'uinis e pulmo'nibus, Ex-
pectora'tio sang'uinis, Hamorrhag"ia Bron'chico,
Pneumorrhag"ia,Pneumonorrhug"ia,Pncumonor-
rhce'a, Bronchorrhag"ia,  Emj/tysis, Hamop'toe,
Sputum eruen'tum,  (F.)  Hemoptysie,  Crachement
de sang,  Expectoration  de  sang.  Hemorrhage
from the  mucous membrane of the lungs; cha-
racterized by the expectoration of more or less
florid and frothy blood.   It is generally preceded
by cough; dyspnoea; sense  of heat in  the chest,
Ac.  It is important  to discriminate between
hasmoptysis, produced by some accidental cause
acting irregularly  or periodically on the lungs;
and  that which is, as it  were, constitutional, and
dependent on some organic affection of  the lungs,
or some faulty conformation of the chest.  These
two  varieties differ as much in  their  prognosis
and method of treatment, as in their causes.  Con-
stitutional hasmoptysis is a serious disease, almost
always announcing phthisis  pulmonalis. The  ac-
cidental variety is chiefly dangerous by frequent
recurrence, or too great loss of blood.
  The general causes of hasmoptysis are the same
as those of other kinds  of hemorrhage.  It has,
besides, particular causes; such  as too great  ex-
ercise of the lungs ; — loud speaking, playing on
wind instruments,  breathing  acrid vapours,  Ac.
It usually occurs  between puberty and the  age
of 35.   A sudden and terrific kind of hasmoptysis
is sometimes met  with;  consisting  in a  great
afflux  of blood to  the  lungs.   This  has  been
called Pulmonary Ap'oplexy, Apoplex'ia pulmo-
na'lis, A. pulmo'num, Pneumorrhaej"ia,  Infarc'tus
hamorrhag"icus pulmo'num, (F.) Ajjoplcxie pul-
monaire,  Himoptysie foudroyante, Hemorrhagic
interstitielle du  Poumon.  Infiltration of  blood
into the air-cells may occur without any hasmop-
tysis.
  Physical signs.  Percussion may not always
aid us in hasmoptysis,  but generally  a circum- 
HEMOPTYSMUS
425
HEMORRHOIDAL
scribed  dulness will  bo perceived.   The inspira-
tory murmur, on auscultation, is feeble or absent,
locally ; and is replaced by bronchial respiration
and bronchophony.  A fine liquid crepitus is de-
tected around  the affected part; and in the larger
tubes, near the spine, a liquid bubbling rhonchus
is usually heard.  The  value of these signs is de-
termined by the nature of the expectoration. The
treatment of hasmoptysis must be like that of in-
ternal hemorrhage in general.
  Haimoptysis Interna, Hasmatothorax—h. La-
ryngea et Trachealis, Tracheorrhagia—h. Phthi-
sis, Phthisis pulmonalis.
  HEMOPTYSMUS,  Hasmoptysis.
  HEMORMESIS,  Hyperasmia.
  HEMORRIIACHIS, Apoplexia myelitica.
  HEMORRHAGE, Hasmorrhagia.
  HEAIORRHAG"IA,  from  'atpa, 'blood/and
pvyvvpt, ' I break forth.'  San'guinis proflu'vium
copio'sum, Sunquijlux'ns, Hamatoch'ysis, Aimor-
rhoe'a, llamorrhtr'a, ILrmutorrliuif'in, Hamatis'-
mus, Hamatorrhae'a, Hamator'rhysis, Hamorr'hy-
eis, Pro/lit vium seu  Promp'tio seu Eruptio san-
guinis,  Profu'sio Sang'uinis,  Hem'orrhage, Ha-
morrhage,  Bleeding, Loss of blood, Rupturing,
bursting, or breaking of a blood-vessel, (F.) Hi-
morrhagie ou  Ilimorhngie, Perte de sung,  Flux de
sang.   Any discharge  of blood from vessels des-
tined to contain  it; with or without rupture  of
their coats.  Hemorrhages may be spontaneous or
traumatic:  the first  belong to the domain of me-
dicine,  the latter to that of surgery.  They may,
also,  be internal  or external;  general—as  in
scurvy—or local. The  hemorrhages  by exhalation
—those which chiefly  interest  the physician—
have been classed, by Pinel, as follows : — 1. He-
morrhage of the  3Iucous 3Iembranes; Epistaxis,
Haemoptysis,  Hasmatemesis, Hasmorrhoids, Has-
maturia. Uterine Hemorrhage.   2. Hemorrhage
of the Tissues; Cutaneous, Cellular, Serous, Sy-
novial.
   Hemorrhages have generally been distinguished
into active and passive: in other words, into those
dependent upon augmentation of the organic ac-
tions, and those  dependent upon debility.  Ac-
cording to Broussais, no spontaneous hemorrhage
is passive; all are active, — that is, produced by
increased action  and excess of irritation of  the
blood-vessels: they  may occur with debility, but
not from debility.   He  calls  those only passive
hemorrhages,  which are  owing to an external
lesion of  the  vessels.   Hemorrhages have been,
by some, divided into constitutional, or those de-
pending on original conformation: — accidental,
or  those produced  by some adventitious cause;
supplementary, or those which succeed others;
symptomatic, critical, Ac.
   AVhen hemorrhage takes place into any tissue,
or  is interstitial, it receives the name, with many,
of  apoplexy.
   Active Hemorrhage,  Hemorrhag"ia activa,  H.
arterio'sa,  Cauma  hamorrhag" icum,  Angeior-
rhag"iu, Occurs chiefly in the young and pletho-
ric  Good living;  the use of fermented  liquor—
excessive exercise,  or too sedentary a life, may
perhaps be ranked as predisponent causes.  It is
commonly preceded by heaviness and pulsation
in  the part, — owing  to the afflux  of  blood and
consequent, hyperasmia, — and by coldness of the
extremities.  The blood, evacuated, is generally
of  a florid red.  In  such active hemorrhages, the
great indications of treatment will be,  to dimi-
nish  plethora where it exists, and to lessen the
heart's action.  Bleeding, purgatives, and cold,
will be the chief agents.
   Passive Hemorrhage, Hamorrhag"ia passiva,
H. Veno'sa, Profu'sio, P. hamorrhag"ica, occurs
in  those of  weak constitution; or who have been
debilitated by protracted disease, poor diet, long
watching, excessive evacuations, Ac.
  The  direct causes may be: — previous  active
hemorrhage; scorbutus, or any  thing capable of
inducing atony  or  asthenic  hyperasmia of the
small vessels.  These hemorrhages are not pre-
ceded by excitement or by any signs of local de-
termination.  They are  usually accompanied  by
paleness of the countenance;  feeble pulse ; faint-
ing,  Ac.  The indications of treatment will be :—
to restore the action of the small vessels and the
general tone of the system : hence the utility of
styptics and  cold externally; and of tonics and
astringents,  creosote, mineral acids, Ac, inter-
nally.   Hemorrhage also occurs from mechanical
hyperasmia,  as when hasmoptysis  is produced by
tubercles in the lungs;  hasmatemesis by disease
of some of the solid viscera of the abdomen, Ac.
   In Traumatic Hemorrhages, or those which are
the consequences of wounds of arterial or venous
trunks, the blood is of a florid red  colour, and
issues  by jets and pulses, if  it  proceed  from  an
artery; whilst it is  of a deeper red, issues slowly
and  by a continuous flow, if from  a vein.  If the
capillary vessels be alone divided, the  blood is
merely effused at the surface of the wound.   Of
the means used for arresting these traumatic he-
morrhages, some act mechanically as abaorbents,
ligature, and compreaaion; others  chymically, as
fire, caustics, creaaote, aatringents,  Ae.
   Haimorrhagia Activa Narium, Epistaxis —
h. Bronchica, Hasmoptysis—h. Cerebri, Apoplexy
—h. per Cutem, Sudor cruentus — h. per Diasre-
sin, see Diasresis—h. perDiapedesin, Diapedesis—
h. Faucium, Stomatorrhagia — h. Gingivarum,
Ulorrhagia—h. Hasmatemesis, Hasmatemesis—h.
Hasmaturia, Hasmaturia — h. Hasmoptysis, Has-
moptysis—h. Hepatica, Hepathasmorrhagia — h.
Hepatis, Hepatorrhagia — h. Intestinorum, Has-
matochezia—h. Mucosa, see Hasmorrhois—h. Na-
bothi,  see Parturition—h. Narinea, Epistaxis—h.
Narium, Epistaxis—h.  Oris,  Stomatorrhagia—h.
Penis, Stimatosis—h. Pulmonis, Hasmoptysis—h.
Benum, Nephrorrhagia—h. Universalis, Purpura
hasmorrhagica — h. Uterina, Metrorrhagia — h.
Ventriculi,  Hasmatemesis —  h.  Aresicas,  Cystorr-
hagia.
   HEMORRHINIA, Epistaxis.
   HEMORRHINORRHAGIA, Epistaxis.
   HEMORRHCE'A, from 'aipa, 'blood/ and ptta,
' I flow.' Hamorrhag"ia, Loss of blood.  Some
writers have proposed  to restrict this  name to
passive hemorrhages.
   Ha;morrhcea  Petechialis,  Purpura hasmor-
rhagica—h. Pulmonalis, Hasmoptysis—h. Uterina,
 Metrorrhagia — h.  Vasorum hasmorrhoidalium,
Hasmorrhois — h. A'entriculi, Hasmatemesis — h.
Viarum urinarium, Hasmaturia.
   HEMORRHOIDAL, Hemorrhoidal, Hamor-
rho'ida'lis, Hamorrho'ideus.   Relating to hemor-
rhoids ; as  hemorrhoidal flux,  hemorrhoidal  tu-
 mours, Ac.
   Hemorrhoidal Arteries have been  distin-
 guished into auperior, middle,  and inferior.   1.
 The first is the termination  of the inferior me-
 senteric artery, which assumes the name auperior
 hemorrhoidal, when it reaches the upper and pos-
 terior  part of the rectum.  2. The middle hemor-
 rhoidal is furnished by the hypogastric or inter-
 nal  pudic   It ramifies on the inferior and ante-
rior part of  the  rectum.  3. The  inferior hemor-
 rhoidal arteries are branches of the  internal
pudic, furnished to the inferior part of the rectum
and to the muscles of the anus.
   Hemorrhoidal Nerves. These emanate from
the  sciatic and  hypogastric plexuses ; and cover
the rectum with their numerous filaments. 
HEMORRHOIDALES          421
   Hemorrhoidal A'eins follow the same distri-
 bution, and generally empty themselves into the
 lesser mesenteric.  Some of them assist  in  the
 formation of the hypogastric vein.
   Hemorrhoidal Vessels,  Vasa seda'lia,  are
 those vessels which are distributed to the rectum
 —the seat of hemorrhoids.
   HEMORRHOIDALES  NODI, Hasmorrhois.
 -  HEMORRHOIDES,  see  Hasmorrhois — h.
 Cascas, see Hasmorrhois — h. Fluentes,  Hasmor-
 rhois—h. Furentes, see Hasmorrhois — h. Maris-
 cosas, Hasmorrhois — h. non  Fluentes,  Hasmor-
 rhois—h. Oris, Stomatorrhagia.
   HEMOR'RHOIS, Aimor'rhdis, Asclepias'mus,
 from 'atpa, 'blood/ and ptio, 'I flow.' Aimor'rois,
 Proc'tica Maris'ca, 3Iaris'ca, Proctalgia Ha-
 morrhdida'lis,  Morbus Hamorrhoidalia,  Pilea,
 (F.) Himorrho'idea.  The essential symptoms of
 this affection are : — Livid and painful tubercles
 or excrescences, (Hemorrhoid'ol Tumour a,) usu-
 ally attended with a discharge of mucus or blood,
 (Hemorrhoid' olflux, Proctorrhoe' a, Hamoproc' tia,
 Hamorrhce'a  vaaorum hamorrhdiddlium,  (F.)
 Himaproctie.)  The most common causes of piles
 are a sedentary life;  accumulation  of  fasces in
 the rectum ;  violent efforts at stool; pregnancy,
.Ac.  The precursory symptoms are:—pains in
 the loins; stupor of the lower limbs;  and  un-
 easiness in the abdomen and  rectum, with more
 or less gastric, cerebral, and indeed general dis-
 order ; — constituting the Diath'eaia Hamorrhoi-
 da'lia, 3Iotus seu Turba  Hamorrhoida'lia, and
 Moli'men Hamorrhoiddle, of most of  the writers
 of Continental Europe.  To these symptoms fol-
 low one or more round, smooth, renitent, painful,
 pulsating, and erectile tumours, around the mar-
 gin of the anus, or within the anus;  some pour-
 ing out blood  occasionally.  After having  re-
 mained, for a time, tense and painful, they gra-
 dually shrink and disappear.   .The chief symp-
 toms, occasioned by hemorrhoidal tumours, when
 much inflamed,  are;—constant pain, liable, how-
 ever, to  exacerbations, and  obliging the patient
 to preserve the horizontal posture, and to become
 augmented by the least pressure, or by the pas-
 sage of the fasces.
  Haemorrhoids have generally been distinguished
 into — Hamorrhoidea  Fluen'tea seu  31ariseo'aa,
 Proc'tica 3Iaria'ca cruen'ta,  Bleeding  or Open
 Pilea; and  into H. non fluen'tea, Proc'tica Ma-
 ria'ca caca, Hamorrhoidea caca seu furen'tea,
 Hamorrhoida'lea nodi, Shut or blind piles.  They
 have, also, been divided into  internal or occult,
 and external, according to  their situation; and
 into accidental or constitutional.
   Hemorrhoidal Tumours are  extremely trouble-
 some, by their disposition to frequent recurrence;
 and they are apt to induce  fistula; otherwise,
 they are devoid of danger.   When anatomically
 examined, they  are found not to consist in a  va-
 ricose dilatation of the veins of the rectum;  but
 to  be formed of a very close, spongy,  texture;
 similar to that which surrounds the orifice of  the
 vagina;  and to be erectile, like it.  They  are
 surrounded by a delicate membrane, and have no
 internal cavity.  The treatment, in mild cases of
 hemorrhoidal tumours, is simple. Rest;  the  ho-
 rizontal  posture;  the  use  of  mild laxatives,  as
 sulphur, castor  oil, and emollient glysters, will
 be sufficient.   If they be much inflamed, leeches
 may  be  applied; and  warm cataplasms  or cold
 lotions, according to circumstances, be prescribed,
 with abstinence, and cooling drinks. Afterwards,
 an ointment,  composed of  powdered galls and
 opium, may afford relief.   It  is  in the relaxed
 kind, that such ointment, and  the internal use of
 Ward's Paste, can alone be  expected to afford
6    •      nEMOTELANGIOSIS

 much benefit.  If, after repeated attacks, the tu-
 mours remain  hard and  painful, and  threaten
 fistula, they may be removed.
   By Hemorrhoidal Flux, Fluxus hamorrho'ida-
 lis,  Proetorrhag"ia, is meant the  hemorrhage
 which takes  place from the rectum, owing to he-
 morrhoids.  It is a common affection. The quan-
 tity of blood discharged is various: at  times, it
 is very trifling; at others, sufficient to induce
 great debility, and  even death.  It is announced
 and accompanied by the same symptoms, as pre-
 cede and attend hemorrhoidal tumours.  Like
 other hemorrhages  it may be  active or  passive ;
 accidental or constitutional.   The prognosis is
 rarely unfavourable.  The affection may, almost
 always, be relieved by properly adapted means.
 These resemble such as are necessary in hemor-
 rhages in general.  Perfect quietude, — mental
 and corporeal, light diet, cooling drinks;  bleeding
 if the symptoms indicate it; astringents, (if the
 disease  be protracted and passive,) such as  the
 Tinctura  Ferri  Chloridi;  aspersions  of   cold
 water on the anus: astringent injections; plug-
 ging and compression. Such will be the principal
 remedial agents. When the hemorrhage has be-
 come habitual or is vicarious, some caution  may
 be required in checking it; and, if inconvenience
 arise from a sudden suppression, its return  may
 be solicited by the semicupium, sitting over warm
 water; aloetic purgatives, glysters, irritating sup-
 positories, Ac;  or leeches may be applied to the
 anus.
   To the internal bleeding pile, a soft, red, straw-
 berry-like elevation of the mucous membrane,
 Dr. Houston, of Dublin, gives  the name vascular
 tumour.   For its removal he recommends the ap-
 plication of  nitric acid, so as to produce slough-
 ing of its surface.
   Some authors have described a species of Leu-
 eorrha'a Ana'lis or whitish discharge from  the
 anus, which often attends ordinary hasmorrhoids.
 This they have called Proctica maris'ca muco'sa,
 Hamor'rho'is alba,  Hamorrhag"ia muco'sa,  Leu-
 eor'rhois, Ac.  It requires no special mention.
   Haimorrhois ab Exania, Proctocele—h. Pro-
 cedens,  Proctocele.
   HEMORRHOIS'CHE SIS, from 'atpoppois,
 'hamorrhois,' ptio, 'I flow/ and  ta^tio, 'I  restrain.'
 Retedtio fluxus hamorrho'ida'lis.  Suppression or
 retention of the hemorrhoidal flux.
   HEMORRHOPHE'SIS, Abaorp'tio aang'uinia,
 from 'atpa, 'blood/ and potpaw, 'I sip up.'  Ab-
 sorption of blood.
   HEMORRHOPHILIA, Hasmatophilia.
   HEMORRHOSCOPIA, Hasmatoscopia.
   HEMORRHYSIS, Hasmorrhagia.
   HEMOSCHEOCELE, Hasmatoscheocele.
   HEMOSCOPIA, Hasmatoscopia.
   HEMOSPASIA, see Hasmospastic.
   HEMOSPASTIC,  (F.) Himospasique,   from
 'aipa, ' blood/  and ottau>,  ' I  draw.' ^.n  agent
 which draws or  attracts blood to a part;  as a
 cupping-glass.   The operation  is termed Hamos-
 pa'sia, (F.) Himospasie.  It is generally applied
 to a process by which the air is exhausted over a
 considerable  surface, as over one or more of the
 extremities, by an  appropriate pneumatic appa-
 ratus.
   HEMOSTASIA, .H<2>mos'ta«j«, Epielesis, Sad-
 guinis stagna'tio,  (F.) Himostasie,  from  'atpa,
 'blood/ and  cracts, 'stagnation.'  Stagnation of
 blood.  This name has, also, been given to  any
 operation, the object of which is to arrest the flow
 of blood.
   HEMOSTATICS, Hasmatostatica.
   HEMOTELANGIOSIS, Telangiectasia. 
ILEMOTEXIA
427
HALMYRODES
  HEMOTEXIA, Hasmateclysis.
  HE MOT EXIS, Hasmateclysis.
  HEMOTHORAX, Hasmathorax.
  HEMOTISM US,  Hasmoptysis.
  HEMOT'ROPHY, Hamotroph'ia ; from 'atpa,
'blood/  and  rpotpv,  'nourishment.'  Excess  of
sanguineous nourishment.—Prout.
  HEMURIA, Hasmaturia.
  HEMURESIS, Hasmaturia.
  HEAIVDOR, Serum of the blood.
  HEREDITARIUS, Hereditary.
  HESITATIO, Balbuties.
  HEVEA (J UIANENSIS, see Caoutchouc
  HAGARD, Haggard.
  HAGE'NIA ABYSSIN'ICA, Brayera anthel-
midtica, Bank'sia Abyssin'ica.  An  Abyssinian
tree of the family Rosaceas;  Sexual system, Ico-
sandria Digynia, which the natives plant round
their habitations, as  an ornament.   The infusion
or decoction of its flowers  is employed by them
as an anthelmintic,  especially in  cases of tape-
worm.  It is  called, there, Cusso  or Kosso, and
Habbi.
  HAGGARD,  (F.) Hagard.  The French use
the term Air  hagard, OSil hagard, 'Haggard
air,' 'Haggard eye,'  for a physiognomy, in which
there is  at once an  expression of  madness and
terror.
  HAGIOSPERMUM, Artemisia santonica.
  HAGIOXYLUM,  Guaiacum.
  HA IL, Chalaza.
  HAIR, Sax. hasp, Crines, Pilus, Thrix, Pile,
(F.) Poil. A  conical, corneous substance, the free
portion or shaft, scapus, of which issues to a greater
or less distance  from the  skin,  to  the tissue  of
which it adheres by a bulb, Bulbus pili, seated in
the  areolar membrane,—where alone it is sensi-
ble.  The hair receives various names  in different
parts — as Beard, Cilia, Eyebrowa, Hair of the
head (Capilli,) Ac
  Hair, Falling off of the, Alopecia—h. Mat-
ted, Plica—h. Muscular, Dracunculus—h. Plaited,
Plica — h. Trichomatose, Plica — h. Worm, Seta
equina, see Ectozoa.
  HAIRY, Pileous.
  HAL, Salt.
  HALATION, Hala'tium; diminutive of 'aXs,
'salt.'   A  pungent  remedy, with  the ancients,
which contained salts.
  HALCHEMI'A.   The alchymists so called the
art  of fusing  salts: from 'aXs, 'salt/ and ££&>,  'I
pour out.'—Libavius.
  HALCYON, Alcyon.
  HALCYONIUM ROTUNDUM, Pila marina.
  HALE, Ephelides.
  HALEINE, Breath—h. Courte, Dyspnoea.
  HALELE'ON, Halela'um,  from  'aXs, 'salt/
 and tXaiov, 'oil.'  Oleum Sali  mixtum.   A mix-
 ture of oil and salt, for removing swellings of the
 joints.—Galen.
  HALETERATION, Alteration.
  HALF-CASTE, Half-Cast, see Caste.  A term
 applied, in India, to the offspring of a Hindoo
 and a European.  Since, extended  to the offspring
 of mixed races. The subjoined list from Tschudi's
 Travels  in Peru, 1838 —1842, shows  the parent-
 age of the different varieties  of half-casts, and
 also the proper designations of the latter, as ob-
 served in South America.
          Parents.              Children.
 White Father nml Negro Mother,  Mulatto.
 White Father ami Indian Mother,  Meztizo.
 Imtian Father and Ne^ro Mother,  Chino.
 While Father and Mulatta Mother, Uuarteron.
                            ("Creole (only distin-
                             guished  from  the
White Father and Mestiza Mother ■{ white by  a  pale
                            | brownish complex-
                            ion.)
White Father and China Mother,  Chino-blanco.
White  Father and Cuarterona I auinter0i
  Mother.......................\
White Father and Gluintera Mo- I Wnite
  ther...........................(
Negro Father and Mulatta Mother,Zambo-negro.
Nero Father and Meztiza Mother.Mulatto oscuro.
Nero Father and China Mother,  Zainbo chino.
Negro Father and Zamba Mother, j l^black™ (PCT"
Negro Father and Cuarterona or j Mulatto (rather
  (luintera Mother..............\ dark.)
Indian  Father and Mulatta Mo-  Cnina.oscuro,
  ther,..........................(
.  ,.    „ ,      . », ..   ..  C Mestizo-claro (fre-
Ind.an  Father and Meztiza Mo-> q„enl|y  very heali.
  ther...........................(liful.)
Indian Father and China Mother,  Chino-cholo.
Indian  Father and Zamba Mo- I Zambo.claro<
  ther..........................I
Indian Father with China-chola j Indian (with rather
  Mother.......................( short frizzy hair.)
Indian Father and Cuarterona or j Meztizo (rather
  Quintera Mother,.............( brown.)
Mulatto Father and Zamba Mo-  Zambo  (a misera-
  ther......................../ ble race.)
Mulatto Father and Meztiza Mo- j Chino  (of  rather
  ther,........................t clear complexion.)
Mulatto Father and China Mother,Chino(ratherdarkJ
   See Mulatto.
   HALICA, Alica.
   HALICACALUM, Physalis.
   HALICES, Pandiculation.
  HALIDRYS   VESICULOSA,  Fucus  vesicu-
losus.
  HALINA'TRUM, Halinitrum, Haloni'trum;
from 'aXs, 'salt/ and natrum or natron.   A name
given by the ancients  to subcarbonate of soda,
containing  a little  subcarbonate of  ammonia,
which is found, ready-formed, on the plaster of
damp walls, in places inhabited  by man  or ani-
mals.  Also, Potassas nitras.
  HALINITRUM,  Halinatrum.
   HALINUS, Saline.
   HAL'ITUOUS, Halituo'sus, from halitus, 'va-
pour.'  (F.) Halitueux.  The skin is said to be ha-
litueuse, when covered with a  gentle  moisture.
The  vapour,  exhaled in  all the  cavities  of the
body,  so long  as the blood is  warm, is  caUed
Halitus.  The  odorous vapour, exhaled by the
blood itself whilst warm,  is called Halitus  Sad-
guinis.
   Halitus, Breath — h.  Oris Fostidus,  Breath,
offensive—h. Sanguinis, Gaz sanguinis.  See Ha-
lituous.
   HALL,  MINERAL  WATERS OF.   The
springs of Hall, in Upper Austria, contain iodine.
   HALLUCINATIO HYPOCHONDRIASIS,
Hypochondriasis—h. Vertigo, Vertigo.
   HALLUCINA'TION,.ffa«uetWtfo, .ffa"Wna'-
tio, Falla'cia, Illu'sio sensus, Socor'dia, Alu'sia,
Blu'sio,  Allucina'tio, Parora'sis, Somnia'tio in
statu vig'Hli, Ido'lum, Waking dream, Phadtaam,
from dllucinari, ' to err;' ' to be deceived.'  A
morbid error in  one or more of the senses.   Per-
ception of objects, which  do not in fact exert any
impression on the external senses.  Hallucination
or delusion almost always, if not always, depends
on disorder of the brain,  but is not  an index of
insanity, unless  the patient believes  in the exist-
ence of the subject of the haUucination.
   HALLUS,  Pollex pedis.
   HALLUX, Pollex pedis.
   HALME, Muria.
   HALMYRO'DES, Salsugino'sus, Salsusig"i-
nous, from'aXpvpis, ('aXpv, 'sea-water,"aXs, 'salt,')
' a salt Bquor/ saltish.  An  epithet given to any 
HALMYRUS
428
HARMONY
affection, in which the heat feels pungent under
the finger of the physician.—Hippocrates.
  HALMYRUS, Saline.
  HALO, Areola.
  Halo  Signa'tus.  The impression made by
the ciliary processes on the anterior surface of the
vitreous humour.  So called from  its consisting
of a circle of indentations.—Sir C. Bell.  Called
by  Haller,  Stria ret'ina  subject a  ligamen'to
cilia'ri.
  HALODERE'UM,from 'aXs, 'salt/ and Stpatov,
'a  collar/  (Stpv,  'neck.')  Colldrium  sali'num.
A collar of salt applied to the neck, as in cases
of croup.
  HALOGENE, Chlorine.
  HALOIDUM  OXYGENATUM, Potassas mu-
rias hyperoxygenatus.
  HALONIITIS, Induration of the cellular
tissue.
  HALONITRUM, Halinatrum.
  HALOPE'GE, from  'aXs, 'aXos,  'salt/   and
wvyvt 'a spring.'  Mineral waters whose chief in-
gredient is  common salt—chloride  of sodium.
  HALOS, Areola.
  HALOT'YLE,  Cul'citasali'na, from 'aXs, 'salt/
and tvXv, ' a bolster.'  A bolster or pillow of salt
recommended in croup.
  HALS, 'aXs,' salt;' hence Halogene, Haloid, Ac.
  HALTE'RES.   Pieces of lead  held  in  the
hands by the ancients to assist them in leaping.
  HALUCINATIO, Hallucination.
  HALYCODES, Saline.
  HALYCIS MEMBRANACEA,  Bothriocepba-
lus latus—h. Solium, Tasnia solium.
  HAM, Poples.
  HAMAME'LIS VIRGINIA'NA, H. Virgin'i-
ca, U7fc/t hazel,  Winter witch hazel,  Snapping
Hazelnut, Winter bloom.  The bark of this  tree,
which is a native of the  United States, is some-
what bitter and  sensibly astringent; but it has
not been much used.  A cataplasm of the inner
rind of the bark is said to have been found effica-
cious in painful inflammation of the eyes.
  HAMARTHRITIS,  Holarthritis,  Catholar-
thri'tis,  Arthri'tis  universa'lis, from 'apa,  ' at
once/ and apdptrts, 'gout.'  Gout in all the joints.
Universal gout.
   HAM'MA, Nodus, 'a tie/   A knot, used for
retaining bandages on  any part. — Hippocrates.
A truss.
   HAMPSTEAD,  MINERAL  WATERS  OF.
These waters, situate  in the  neighbourhood  of
London, are a good chalybeate.
   HAMSTRING, To, see Hamstrings.
   HAMSTRINGS, (F.)  Jarretiers.  The strings
or  tendons of the ham.
   The Hamstring Muscles are the biceps femo-
ris, whose tendon forms the outer hamstring ; and
the semimembranosus,  semitendinosus,  gracilis
and  sartorius,  whose tendons  form  the  inner
hamstring.
   ' To hamstring' means to cut the strings or ten-
 dons of  the ham.
   HAMULAR PROCESS, see Hamulus.
   HAM'ULUS.  Diminutive oihamus, 'a hook/
 A  hook or crook : Ancia'tron,  Also, any hook-
 like process; as the hamulus or hamular process
 of the pterygoid process.
   Hamulus Lamina; Spiealis, see Lamina spi-
 ralis.
   HAMUS, see Hamulus.
   HANCHE, Haunch.
   HAND, Manus.
   HANDS, DROPPED, Hand-drop, Wrist-drop.
 A popular term for the paralysis of the hand, in-
 duced by the action of lead.
    HANGERS,  Crusta genu equina?.
  HANGNAIL,  (F.) Envic  A  portion of epi-
dermis, detached so as to tear the integument in
the vicinity of the finger nails.
  HANNEBANE, Hyoscyamus.
  HAPANTIS'MUS,  Badly formed  from Tray,
or 'airas, ' all.'   Oblitera'tio comple'ta.  The mat-
ting or growing together of organic parts.
  HAPHE, 'atpv, 'feeling, touch.' Hence:
  HAPHON'OSI,  Haphonu'ei,  from  'atpv, 'the
touch.'  31orbi tactHs.   Diseases of the sense of
touch.
  HAPLOACNE, Acne  simplex.
  HAPLOPATHI'A,  from 'a-nXos, 'simple/and
itados, ' disease.'  Morbua simplex.  A simple or
uncomplicated affection.
  HAPLOTOM'IA, Simplex sec'tio, Incis'io sim-
plex,  Opera'tio simplex,  from 'attXos, ' simple,' and
ropv,  ' incision.'  A simple incision.
  HAPSIS, Touch.
  HAPTODYSPHOR'IA,  Tactus dolorif'icus;
from  'atpv, ' touch/ and  hvatpopos, ' difficult to  be
borne.'   Painful to the touch.
  HAPTOT'ICA, Haptotice, from 'a<pv, ' touch/
The doctrine of the phenomena of touch.
  HARD, (G.) hart, Durus, Scleros, (F.) Dur.
That  which offers much  resistance.  In anatomy,
the hard parts are those which compose the  os-
seous basis of the body;  in other words, the skele-
ton.   See Pulse, hard.
  HARD'S FARINACEOUS FOOD, see Fari-
naceous.
  HARDESIA, Hibernicus lapis.
  HARDHACK, Spiraea tomentosa.
  HARE-LIP, Lagochilus,  Lagos'toma, Lagod-
tomum, Lagen'tomum, La'bium Lepori'num, Olo-
pho'nia Labii Loba'ta, Lepori'num rostrum, (F.)
l?ec de Lievre.  A fissure or perpendicular divi-
sion of one or both lips.  It has been so called,
in consequence of the upper lip of the hare being
thus  divided.  Hare-lip is generally congenital ;■
at other times it is accidental, or produced by a
wound, the edges of which have not been brought
into contact, and have  healed separately.  It is
simple, when there is but one division; double,
when there are two; and complicated, when there
is, at the same time, a division or cleft of the su-
perior maxillary bone and of the palate—Cleft or
fls'sared palate, Wolf's jaw, Rictus lupi'nus; or
a projection of the teeth into the separation of the
lip.
   In the Hare-lip operation, there are two indi-
cations to  be fulfilled.   First, to pare, with  the
knife or scissors, the  edges of the cleft, and, af-
terwards, to  preserve them in  contact; in order
to  cause adhesion.   This  last object is  accom-
plished  by means of pins, passed through  the
 edges of the division; in  other words,  by the
 twisted  suture.   The projecting teeth  must, of
 course, be previously removed.   If there be sepa-
 ration of the palate, it will become less and  less
 after the union of the lip, or the operation of sta-
 phyloraphy may be performed upon it.
   Hare's  Ear, Bupleurum  rotundifolium — h.
 Eye, Lagophthalmia.
   HARGNE, Hernia—h. Anivrysmale, Cirsom-
 phalus.
   HARICOT, Phaseolus vulgaris—h. Grand de
 Perou, Jatropha curcas.
   HARMALIA, Aliment.
   HARMONY, Harmo'nia, Harmos, primarily
 from apw, ' I adjust.' Anatomists have called Su-
 ture  by Harmony or simply Harmony, False or
 superficial suture, Sutu'ra os'sium spiu'ria, Com-
 pa'ges os'sium per lin'eam sim'plicem, an immov-
 able  articulation,  in  which the depressions  and
 eminences, presented by  the bony surfaces, are
 but  slightly marked; so that it might be pre- 
HARMUS                429                  HEART
sumcd that the junction of the bones took place
by simple apposition of their surfaces.   An in-
stance of harmony occurs  in the union of the
superior maxillary bones with each other.
  HARMUS,  Articulation, Harmony.
  HAR'ROAVGATE, MINERAL AVATERS OF.
The villages of High  and Low Harrowgate are
situate in the  centre of the county of York, near
Knarcsborough, twenty miles from York, and
fifteen from Leeds.  Here are several  valuable
sulphurous and chalybeate springs.  The sulphu-
reous springs contain chloride of sodium, chloride
of calcium, chloride of magnesium, bicarbonate
of soda, sulphohydric acid, carbonic acid, carbu-
retted hydrogen,  and azote.   The  chalybeate
apringa contain protoxide of  iron, chloride of so-
dium, sulphate of soda, chloride of calcium, chlo-
ride of magnesium, carbonic acid, azote,  and oxy-
gen.  For the former, Harrowgate is celebrated
and frequented.
   Harrowgate  Salts, Artificial, are much
employed, and not unfrequently by those  who
drink the genuine water, for the purpose of in-
creasing its aperient power.  They may be made
as follows :—Sulph. Potass, cum  Sulph. ■"Jvj ; Po-
taaa. biturt. *"jj ; 3Iagnes. Sulph.  in pulv. ^vj. M.
The usual dose is  a teaspoonful, in a small tum-
blerful of tepid water,  early in the morning.
   Harrowgate  AVater,  Artificial,  may be
formed of common salt, ^v; water, Oiij; impreg-
nated with the gas from sulphuret of potass, and
sulphuric acid, aa §iv.  The following  form has
also been recommended.   R. Sulphat. Potass.
cam  sulph. (Ph. Ed.)  """"j;  Potass, bitart.  "5ss;
31agnes.  sulphat. "Jy* ;  Aqua destillat. Oij.  One-
half to be taken for a dose.
   HARTFELL,   MINERAL  WATERS  OF.
Hartfell  Spa is about  five miles from Moffat, in
Scotland.  The water  is a  chalybeate, and is
much used.
   HARTSHORN, Cervus, Cornu cervi, Liquor
 cornu cervi — h. Red,  Spiritus  lavandulas com-
 posites— h. and OU, Linimentum ammonias car-
 bonatis.
   HARTS' TONGUE, Asplenium scolopendrium.
   IIARTWORT  OF MARSEILLES, Seseli tor-
 tuosum.
   HASCHICH, see Bangue.
   HASTA, Penis —h. Nuptialis, Penis—h. Vi-
rilis, Penis.
   HASTELLA, Splint.
   HASTINGS, CLIMATE OF.   This place has
 the reputation of being one of the mildest and
 most sheltered winter residences on the  south
 coast of  England.  Owing  to its low situation,
 and the height of the neighbouring cliffs,  it is
 protected  in  a great  degree from  all  northerly
 winds ; and hence is found a favourable residence
 generally for invalids  labouring under diseases
 of the chest.
   HASTULA REGIS, Asphodelus ramosus.
   HATFIELD'S TINCTURE, see Tinctura Gua-
 iaci ammoniata.
   HAUNCH, Coxa,Coxeddix, oftheLatins; ayxv,
 or toxtov, of the Greeks; Ancha, Ischion, Osphys,
 Hip, Cossa, (F.) Hanche. The region of the trunk
 which is formed by the lateral parts of the pelvis
 and  the  hip-joint, including the soft parts.  In
 women,  on account of the  greater width of the
 pelvis, the haunches  are more  marked and pro-
 minent than  in men.
   HAUSTEL'LATE,  Haustelldtus, from haurio,
 haustus,  T drink up.' An  epithet for  the struc-
 ture of mouth, which  is adapted for drinking or
 pumping up liquids.   Insects, which possess that
 kind of mouth, are so  named.   Ehrenberg refers
 tho fancied spermatozoon to the haustellate en-
 tozoa.
  HAUSTUS, Po'tio, Potiun'cula.  A Draught.
A  liquid medicine, which can  be taken at a
draught.
  Haustus Niger, see Infusum sennas eompo-
Bitum.
  HAUT 3IAL, Epilepsy.
  HAVAN'A or HAVAN'NAH, CLIMATE OF.
The climate  of Cuba  is often  selected for  the
phthisical invalid during the winter months, and
so far as regards elevation  and comparative equa-
bility of  temperature, it is more favourable for
those of weak  lungs  than that of the United
States.  The  mean annual temperature is high
(78°), but the difference between the mean tem-
perature  of the warmest and coldest months is
twice as great as at Madeira.
  HAAV, BLACK, Viburnum prunifolium.
  HAWKNUT, Bunium bulbocastanum.
  HAAVKWEED, VEINY, Hieracium venosum.
  HAWTHORN,  WHITE, Mespilus oxyaean-
tha.
  HAY, CAMEL'S, Juncus odoratus—h. Asthma,
Fever, Hay.
  HAYRIFF, Galium  aparine.
  HAZEL, BEAKED, Corylus rostrata—h. Crot-
tles, Lichen pulmonarius—h. Nut, snapping, Ha-
mamelis  Virginiana — h. Nut tree, Corylus avel-
lana—h. AVitcb, Hamamelis Virginiana.
  HEAD, Sax. heajrob, heafb, heaved;  the past
participle of hea)Tan, '  to heave up.'  Caput, Ce-
phale, Cy'be,  (F.)  Tete.  The  head forms  the
upper extremity of the body, and tops the  skele-
ton.  It consists of the cranium  and face.  The
first, which comprises all the superior and  poste-
rior part, has the encephalon in its cavity: the
latter forms only the anterior part, and serves as
the receptacle for the greater part of the organs
of the senses.
  Head, AVater in the, Hydrocephalus.
  Head  Ach,  Cephalasa,  Cephalalgia — h. Ach,
intermittent, Cephalalgia periodica—h. Ach, sick,
Cephalasa spasmodica.
  HEADY, same etymon as Head.  (F.) Capiteux.
That which inebriates readily.   An epithet, ap-
plied to wines, which possess this quality.
  HEAL-ALL,  Collinsonia Canadensis, Prunella
vulgaris, Scrophularia  nodosa.
  HEALING, Curative—h. Art, Medicine.
  HEALTH,  Sanitas.
  HEALTHY, Salutary.
  HEARING, HARDNESS OF,  Deafness —h.
Perverse, Paracusis perversa.
  HEART, Sax. heone, Germ. Herz, Cor, Cear,
Cer, Car'dia, Ktap, Knp, KapSta,  (F.) Coeur.  An
azygous  muscle,  of  an  irregularly  pyramidal
shape; situate obliquely and a little to the left
side, in the chest;—resting on the diaphragm by
one of its surfaces:—suspended by its base from
the great vessels ;  free and movable in the rest
of its extent, and surrounded by the pericardium.
The right side of the  body of the heart is thin
and sharp, and  is called 31argo acu'tus: the left
is  thick  and round, and  termed 3Iargo obtdsus.
It  is hollow  within, and contains  four  cavities;
two of which, with thinner and less fleshy walls,
receive the blood from the lungs and the rest of
the body, and pour it into two others, with thick
and very fleshy parietes, which  send  it  to the
lungs and  to  every part of the  body.   Of these
cavities, the  former are called auricles, the latter
ventricles.  The right  auricle and right ventricle
form the Pulmonic or right or anterior heart, (F.)
 Coeur du poumon,  C. du  sang noir,  C.  droit, C.
antirieur:  and the left auricle and ventricle, the
syatemic, corporeal, left, or aortic heart, (F.) Coear
du corps, C. gauche, C. aortique ou C. rouge.  In
the adult,  these are totally distinct from each
other, being  separated by a partition; — the sep- 
E30                   HEAT
HEART
turn  cordis.   Into the  riirht auricle, the  venae
cavas,—superior and inferior,—and the coronary
vein, open.   The pulmonary artery arises from
the right ventricle;  the  four pulmonary  veins
open  into the left auricle, and the aorta arises
from the left ventricle.
  The mean weight of the heart, in the adult,
from  the twenty-fifth to the sixtieth year, is, ac-
cording to Bouillaud,  from eight  to nine ounces.
The  dimensions, according to Lobstein and Bouil-
laud, are as  follows : —  Length, from  base  to
apex, five inches six  lines;  breadth, at the base,
three inches; thickness of the walls  of  the left
ventricle, seven lines; at a finger's breadth above
the apex, four lines; thickness of the walls of the
right ventricle, two and a quarter lines; at  the
apex, half a line; thickness of right auricle, one
line; of the left auricle, half a line.  The  heart
is  covered,  externally, by a very thin, membra-
nous reflection from the pericardium.  The mus-
cular structure of which it is constituted is much
thicker  in  the parietes of the ventricle than in
those of the auricles.   Its cavities are lined by a
very delicate membrane, the endocardium, which
is  continuous with the inner membrane of  the
arteries, as regards the left cavities, and with that
of the veins, as regards the right.  Its arteries—
the coronary—arise from the commencement of the
aorta. Its nerves proceed,  chiefly, from the pneu-
mogastric and the cervical ganglions of the great
sympathetic.  The heart  is the  great agent  in
the circulation.  By its contraction, the blood is
sent  over every part of the body.  Its action does
not seem to be directly owing to nervous influ-
ence received from the brain or  spinal marrow,
or from  both.  The  circulation may, indeed, be
kept up, for some time, if  both  brain and spinal
marrow be destroyed.
  When  the ear  is applied to  the chest, a dull,
lengthened sound is heard, which is synchronous
with  the arterial pulse.   This is instantly  suc-
ceeded by a sharp, quick sound, like that of the
valve of a bellows or the  lapping of a dog, and
this is followed by a period of repose.  The first
sound appears to be mainly produced by the con-
traction of the ventricles;  the second, by the re-
flux  of the  blood against the semilunar valves.
These are what  are  called the  Sounds of  the
Heart.  Dr. C. J. B.  Williams  thinks that the
word lubb-dup  conveys  a  notion  of the  two
sounds.   The Beating or  Impulse of the heart,
Heart-stroke, against the parietes of the  chest is
mainly caused, perhaps, by the  systole of  the
heart, which tends to  project it forwards.  It is
doubted, however, by some, whether the impul-
sion  be  produced by  the  dilatation or the con-
traction of the ventricles.
  The following table exhibits the different ac-
tions of the  heart, and their coincidence  with its
sounds and impulse. It presumes, that the period
from the commencement of one pulsation to that
of another is divided into eight parts; and if the
case  of a person, whose pulse  beats sixty times
in a minute, be taken, each of these parts will
represent the eighth of a second.

            Eighths of a Second.
Last part of the pause,... 1.. Auricles contracting;
                            ventricles distend-
                            ed.
First sound andimpulse,. 4. .Ventricles  contract-
                            ing; auricles dilat-
                            ing.
Second sound,.........2. .Ventricles dilating;
                            auricles dilating.
Pause,................1. .Ventricles dilating;
                            auricles distended.
   The heart is subject to different organic dis-
eases; the chief of which  are  aneurism, contrac-
tion of the apertures, and rupture of its parietes.
  Hkart, Atrophy  of the, Atroph'ia  seu Ari-
du'ra  Cordis,  Phthisis Cordis, Curdiatroph'ia,
Acardiotroph'ia.  A condition of the organ  in
which there is diminution  in the thickness of the
parietes of the whole organ.
  Heart, Beating of the, see Heart. — h. Dila-
tation of the, see Aneurism—h. Displacement  of
the, Ectopia Cordis — h. Fatty, Steatosis cordis.
  Heart, Hy'pertrophy of the, Hypertroph'ia
Cordis, Hypercor'dia, Hypersarco'sis Cordis, Hy-
percardiotroph'ia, Cardiaux'e, Aneurys'ma cor-
dis acti'vum  (Corvisart),  Cor bovi'nnm,  (F.) Hy-
pertrophic du Coeur.  Supernutrition of the mus-
cular parietes of the heart, which are thicker than
usual; the cavities being  generally diminished.
The physical signs which  indicate it are the fol-
lowing. In cases of long standing, the prascordial
region is generally prominent;  the pulsations  of
the heart are visible  over  a greater extent than
natural;  and  a marked vibration  is communi-
cated to  the hand  when  placed on the cardiac
region.   The  dull sound  on percussion is  more
extensive than natural;   and on  auscultation
there is  a permanent  increase of the force and
extent of the heart's  action; there is no increase,
however, of frequency, and the rhythm is regular.
The pulse is generally strong, full, and hard.
  Heart, Hypertrophy  with Dilatation of
the,  Active an'eurism, Eccen'tric hy'pertrophy.
In this affection, the pulsations can be seen and
felt over  a larger space, and the apex is more  to
the left and lower down than natural.  The im-
pulse is  less steady, but  at times more violent
than that which accompanies simple hypertrophy.
Percussion gives more distinct evidence of the en-
largement, the sound being more extensively dull.
On auscultation, the  impulse is  often violent, but
irregular: in extreme cases, it produces the sen-
sation of  a large mass of flesh rolling or revolving
beneath the ear.  The pulse is strong,  full, and
vibratory.  The shock of the  heart's action  is
often  transmitted to the whole person, and to the
bed on which the patient is lying.
  Heart, Concentric Hypertrophy of the, Car-
diarctie,  is when the parietes augment at the ex-
pense of  the cavities.
  Heart, Impulse of the, see Heart—h. Neu-
ralgia of  the, Angina Pectoris—h. Rupture of the,
Cardiorrhexis — h. Sounds of the, see Heart—h.
Stroke, see Heart.
  HEART'S EASE, Viola tricolor.
  HEARTS, LYMPH, Lymphatic hearts — h.
Lymphatic,  Lymphatic hearts.
  HEARTBURN, Ardor  ventriculi, Cardialgia.
  HEARTAVORT, Laserpitium album.
  HEAT, past participle of Sax. hascan,  'to make
warm.'   Color,  Therma,  Stppv.  (F.)  Chaleur.
The  material cause, which produces the  sensa-
tion—or the particular sensation itself—produced
by a body of an elevated temperature, on our or-
gans, especially on the organs of touch. Modern
chymists have given the  name  Calo'ric  to  the
principle, whatever may be its nature,  which is
the cause of heat.   When we touch a body of a
temperatnre  superior to  our own,  a portion  of
caloric passes  from  the body to the hand, and
produces the  sensation of heat.  If, on the con-
trary, we touch a body of a temperature inferior
to our own, we  communicate a portion  of our
caloric to it, and experience the sensation of cold.
Our  own sensations are but imperfect indexes of
temperature.  Two men  meeting at  the middle
of a mountain,—the one ascending, the other de-
scending,— will  experience different  sensations.
The one ascending, passes from a warmer to a 
HEAT
431
HEAT
colder atmosphere; — the one descending from a I
colder to a warmer.
  The chief instrument for measuring heat, used I
in medicine, is the  thermometer.   Of this  there |
Fall.	Reau.	Centig.	Fah.	Reau.	Centi»;.
0	0	0	0	0	0
212a	80.00	100.00	148	51.55	64.44
211	79.55	99.44	147	51.11	63.88
2106	79.11	08.88	146	50.66	63.33
209	78.06	98.33	145	50.22	62.77
208	78.22	97.77	144	49.77	62.22
207	77.77	97.22	14::	49.33	61.66
200	77.33	96.66	142//	48.88	61.11
205	76.88	96.11	141	48.44	60.55
2DI	76.44	95.55	140	48.00	60.00
20:5	76.00	95.00	139	47.55	59.44
202	75.55	94.44	138	47.11	58.88
201	75.11	93.88	137	46.66	58.33
200	74.66	93.33	136	46.22	57.77
199	74.22	92.77	135	45.77	57.22
198	73.77	92.22	134	45.33	56.66
197	73.33	91.60	133/i	44.84	56.11
190c	72.88	91.11	132	44.45	55.55
195	72.44	90.55	131	44.00	55.00
194	72.00	90.00	130	43.55	54.44
191!	71.55	89.44	129	43.11	53.88
192	71.11	88.88	128	42.66	53.33
191	70.66	sx.33	127	42.22	52.77
190	70.22	87.77	126	41.77	52.22
1*9	69.77	87.22	125	41.33	51.66
l.VS	69.33	86.66	124	4n.ss	61.11
1ST	68.88	86.11	123	40.44	50.55
ISO	68.44	85.55	122	40.no	50.00
IS;")	68.00	85.00	121	:f.i.r„")	49.44
1S4	67.55	84.44	120	39.11	48.88
is:j	67.11	83.88	119	3S.00	48.33
182	66.66	83.33	118	3.S.22	47.77
181	66.22	82.77	117	37.77	47.22
ISO	65.77	82.22	116	37 .33	46.66
179	65.33	81.66	115	30.XS	46.11
178d	64.88	81.11	114	30.44	45.55
177	64.44	80.55	113	36.00	45.00
176	64.00	80.00	112	35.55	44.44
175	63.55	79.44	111	35.11	43.88
174e	63.11	78.88	HOi	34.66	43.33
173	62.66	78.33	109	34.22	42.77
172	62.22	77.77	108	33.77	42.22
171	61.77	77.22	107	33.33	41.60
170	61.33	76.66	106/	32.88	41.11
109 .	60.88	76.11	105	32.44	40.55
108	60.44	75.55	104fc	32.00	40.00
167/	60.00	75.00	103	31.55	39.44
166	59.55	74.44	1022	31.11	38.88
165	59.11	73.88	101	30.66	38.33
164	58.66	73.33	100TO	30.22	37.77
163	58.22	72.77	99	29.77	37.22
162	57.77	72.22	98ra	29.33	36.66
161	57.33	71.66	97	28.88	36.11
160	56.88	71.11	96	28.44	35.55
159	56.44	70.55	95	28.00	35.00
158	56.00	70.00	94	27.55	34.44
157	55.55	69.44	93	27.11	33.88
156	55.11	68.88	92	26.66	33.33
155	54.66	68.33	91	26.22	32.77
154	54.22	67.77	90	25.77	32.22
153	53.77	67.22	89	25.33	31.66
152	53.33	66.66	88	24.88	31.11
151	52.S8	66.11	87	24.44	30.55
150	52.44	65.55	86	24.00	30.00
149	52.00	65.00			
  a Water boils (Barom. 30 inches.)
  b Heat of a stove, borne by Dr. So-
lander.
  C Heat of a stove, borne for 10 mi-
nutes by Sir Joseph Banks and Dr.
Solander.
  d AVater simmers.
  e Alcohol boils.
  / Very pure ether distils.
  a Bees' wax molts.
  h Spermaceti melts.

   To reduce  Centigrade degrees to those of Fah-
renheit, multiply  by 9, divide by 5, and add  32:
thus, 40° Cent. \' 9 -{- 5 + 32 = 104° Fahr.  To
reduce Fahrenheit's degrees  to those of Centigrade,
subtract 32, multiply by 5, and divide by 9: thus,
I are three kinds: — that of  Fahrenheit, that of
| Reaumur, and that of Celsius or the Centigrade.
I The following Table exhibits the correspondence
I of these different thermometric scales.
Fah.	Reau.	Centig.	Fah.	R6au.	Centig.
0	0	0	0	0	0
85	23.55	29.44	22	— 4.44	— 5.55
84	23.11	28.88	21	— 4.88	— 6.11
83	22.66	28.33	20m	— 5.33	— 6.66
82	22.22	27.77	19	— 5.77	— 7.22
81o	21.77	27.22	18	— 6.22	— 7.77
80	21.33	26.66	17	— 6.66	— 8.33
79	20.88	26.11	16	— 7.11	— 8.88
78	20.44	25.55	15	— 7.55	— 9.44
77	20.00	25.00	14	— 8.00	—10.00
76p	19.55	24.44	13	— 8.44	—10.55
75	19.11	23.88	12	— 8.88	—11.11
74	18.66	23.33	11	— 9.33	—11.66
73	18.22	22.77	10	— 9.77	—12.22
72	17.77	22.22	9	—10.22	—12.77
71	17.33	21.66	8	—10.66	—13.33
70	16.88	21.11	Iv	—11.11	—13.88
69	16.44	20.55	6	—11.55	—14.44
68	16.00	20.00	5	—12.00	—15.00
67	15.55	19.44	4	—12.44	—15.55
66	15.11	1S.S.8	3	—12.S8	—16.11
65	14.66	18.33	2	—13.33	—16.66
64	14.22	17.77	1	—13.77	—17.22
63	13.77	. 17.22	0	—14.22	—17.77
62	13.33	16.66	— 1	—14.66	—18.33
61	12.88	16.11	— 2ui	—15.11	—18.88
60	12.44	15.55	— 3	—15.55	—19.44
59	12.00	15.00	— 4	—16.00	—20.00
58	11.55	14.44	— 5	—16.44	—20.55
57	11.11	13.88	— 6	—16.88	—21.11
56	10.66	13.33	— 1x	—17.33	—21.66
55	10.22	12.77	— 8	—17.77	—22.22
54	9.77	12.22	— 9	—18.22	—22.77
53	9.33	11.66	—10	—18.66	—23.33
52	8.88	11.11	-Hy	—19.11	—23.88
51	8.44	10.55	—12	—19.55	—24.44
50?	8.00	10.00	—13	—20.00	—25.00
49	7.55	9.44	—14	—20.44	—25.55
48	7.11	8.S8	—15	—20.88	—26.11
47	6.66	8.33	^16	—21.33	—26.66
46	6.22	7.77	—17	—21.77	—27.22
45	5.77	7.22	—18	—22.22	—27.77
44	5.33	6.66	—19	—22.66	—28.33
43	4.88	6.11	—20	—23.11	—28.88
42	4.44	5.55	—21	—23.55	—29.44
41	4.00	5.00	—22	—24.00	—30.00
40	3.55	4.44	—23	—24.44	—30.55
39	3.11	3.88	—24	—24.88	—31.11
38	2.66	3.33	—25	—25.33	—31.69
37	2.22	2.77	—26	—25.77	—32.22
36	1.77	2.22	—27	—26.22	—32.77
35	1.33	1.66	—28	—26.66	—33.33
34	0.S8	1.11	—29	—27.11	—33.88
33	0.44	0.55	—30	—27.55	—34.44
32r	0.00	0.00	—31	—28.84	—35.00
31	—0.44	—0.55	—32	—28.00	—35.55
30s	—0.88	—1.61	—33	—28.88	—36.18
29	—1.33	—1.66	—34	—29.33	—36.66
28*	—1.77	—2.22	—35	—29.77	—37.22
27	—2.22	__2.77	—36	—30.22	—37.77
26	—2.66	—3.33	—37	—30.66	—38.23
25	—3.11	—3.88	—38	—31.11	—38.88
24	—3.55	—4.44	—394:	—31.55	—39.44
23	—4.00	—5.00	-r-40	—32.00	-40.00
                     s Milk freezes.
                     t Vinegar freezes.
                     u Strong wine freezes.
                     v A mixture of one part of alcohol
                   and throe of water freezes.
                     w Cold at the battle of Eylau, 1S07.
                     x A mixture of equal parts of al-
                   cohol and water freezes.
                     y A mixture of two parts of alco-
                   hol and one of water freezes.
                     z Melting point of quicksilver.

■   104° Fahr. — 32 X 5 -^ 9 = 40°  Cent.   To re-
:   duce Riaumur's degrees to those of Fahrenheit,
)   multiply by 9, divide  by 4, and add 32 : thus, 32°
,   Riaum. X 9 -~ 4 + 32 = 104°  Fahr.   To reduce
,   Fahrenheit's degrees to those of Reaumur, subtract
  1 Temperature  at which liquids
are often drunk.
 j Heat observed in Scarlatina.
  k Temperature of the common hen.
  I Temperature of arterial blood. [?]
  m Temperature of venous  blood.
Phosphorus melts.
  n Ether boils. 0 Nitric ether boils.
  p Muriatic ether boils.
  q Medium temperature of the
globe.           r Ice melts. 
HEATH                 432                 nEDERA
32,  multiply by 4, and divide by 9:  thus, 104°
Fahr. — 32 X 4 -"- 9 = 32 Riaum.   To  reduce
Riaumur's  degrees to those of Centigrade, multi-
ply by  5, and  divide by 4:  thus 32°  Riaum.
X 5 ~ 4 = 40°  Cent. ; and, lastly, ro reduce  Cen-
tigrade degrees to those of Riaumur, multiply by
4, and divide by 5 : thus, 40° Cent. X 4-*- 5 = 32°
Riaum.
  The human body can  bear a high degree of
heat diffused in the atmosphere.  There are cases
on  record,  where  air  of  400° and upwards, of
Fahrenheit's  scale, has been  breathed with  im-
punity for a short time.  It  can likewise with-
stand very severe cold.  In the expedition of
Capt. Back to the Arctic  regions, the thermome-
ter  was as low as —70° of Fahr.   Excessive heat
disposes the  body to  gastric  and intestinal dis-
eases, and particularly to inflammation  and en-
largement of the liver; hence, the frequency of
such  affections within the torrid  zone.  Heat is
often used therapeutically :  the actual cautery, at
a white heat, disorganizes the parts  to which it
is applied : a lesser degree  occasions violent in-
flammation. Heat higher than that of the human
body is  excitant; of a  lower degree, sedative.
Excessive cold  acts as a powerful sedative — in-
ducing  sleep, the  tendency to which, after  long
exposure, becomes irresistible. See Cold. Many
of the topical applications — as cataplasms — act
wholly by virtue of their warmth and moisture.
  Heat, Ardor vene'reus,  Pruritus, (F.)  Cha-
leur des Animaux, Rut, is the  -periodical  sex-
ual  desire  experienced by animals, — CEstrua'-
tion.  It is supposed by  some to be owing to the
periodical maturation  and  discharge of ova, —
Ovula'tion.
  Heat, Acrid, see Acrid — h. Animal,  see Ani-
mal Heat.
  Heat, Inter'nal,  (F.)  Chaleur interne, is a
sensation of heat felt by  the patient, but not sen-
sible to the touch.  External heat, (F.) Chaleur
extirieure,  that  which  can  be  felt by others.
Heat, Ardor, is called moiat, (F.) haliteuae, when
accompanied with moisture,  like that felt  after
bathing; dry, (F.) slche, when the skin has not
its ordinary softness.  It is called acrid and pun-
gent, (F.) acre  et mordicante, when it conveys a
disagreeable tingling to the fingers.  The French
employ the terms  nervous heat and erratic  heat,
Chaleur nerveuse and Chaleur errntique, for that
which comes by flushes, alternating  with chills,
and which  moves rapidly from one part to ano-
ther.  M. Double has used the term septic heat,
(F.) Chaleur septique, for that which  produces a
pungent sensation on  the hand, similar to that
of  the  acrid heat, but milder and more  uniform,
and which is accompanied with feebleness and
frequency of pulse, &c.
  Heat, Prickly, Lichen tropicus.
  HEATH, COMMON, Erica vulgaris.
  HEAUTOPHONICS, see Autophonia.
  HEAA1NESS, Somnolency.
  HEAVING, Vomiturition.
  HEAVY,  Gravis,  (F.)  Gravatif,  from  Sax.
heajran, 'to  heave.'  An epithet given to any
pain which  consists in a sensation of weight or
heaviness, or is accompanied  by  such sensation.
   HEBDOMADAL CYCLE, see Cycle.
  HEBDOMADARIA, Octana.
  HEBE,  'vPv,  Juren'ta,  Juven'tae, Juven'tua,
Horo.   In antiquity, the goddess  of  puberty.
The  word  has been  employed  to designate,  1.
The  first hair that grows on the pubes, 2. The
pubic region, and 3. Puberty.
  HEBETES,  Adolescens.
   HEBETOR, Adolescens.
   HEBETUDO  ANIMI,  Imbecility —h.  Den-
tium, Hasmodia—h. Visus, Amblyopia, Caligo.
  HEBRADENDRON  CAMBOGIOIDES,  see
Cambogia.
  HEBREWS,  MED'ICINE OF THE.  Medi-
cine seems to have been  at a very low ebb with
the ancient Hebrews.   Of anatomy they knew
nothing.   Their phyaiology  was  imperfect and
filled with superstitions; and  their therapeutica
unsatisfactory.  Hygiene appears to have  been
most attended to.  Of the other departments of
medicine we cannot judge of their knowledge.
  HECATOMA PALUSTRIS, Ranunculus sce-

  HECATOMPHYLLUM, Rosa centifolia.
  HEC'TEUS, 'tKTtvs.  A Greek measure, con-
taining about 72 chopines or pints.
  HECTIC  FEVER, Febria hec'tica, Heeticop'.
yra, Hecticopyr'etoa, Hec'tica, Amphimer'ina hec'-
tica, Febris phthis'ica, Syntecop'yra,  Synlccticop'-
yra, Febria  morasmo'des, 3Iurusinop'yra, Febris
tab'ida, Lcucopyr'ia, Epan'etus  hec'tica, Febris
lenta, F. amphinter'ina hec'tica, Febris omuto'ria,
Chloro'sis amato'ria, (F.)  Fievre Hectique,  F.
Etique, from 't\ts, 'habit of body;' because in
this disease  every part of the body is emaciated;
or, perhaps, from  iktvkw, ' I consume,' ' I am ex-
hausted.'  The name of a slow, continued, or re-
mittent fever, which generally accompanies the
end of organic  affections, and has been esteemed
idiopathic, although  it is probably always symp-
tomatic.  It is  the fever of  irritation and  debi-
lity ; and is characterized by  progressive  ema-
ciation, frequent pulse, hot skin, — especially of
the palms of the  hands  and soles of the feet, —
and,  towards the end,  colliquative sweats and
diarrhoea.  Being symptomatic,  it  can  only  be
removed by getting rid of the  original affection.
This is generally difficult and almost hopeless in
the disease, which it most commonly accompa-
nies,—consumption.
  HECTICA, Hectic Fever—h. Infantilis, Fever,
infantile remittent.
  HECTICOPYRA, Hectic fever.
  HECTICOPYRETOS, Hectic fever.
  HEC'TISIS, (F.) Etisie.  Same etymonv The
state of those who have  hectic  fever.
  HECTOGRAMME, Hectogram'ma, from W-
rov, 'a hundred,'  and ypappa.  A measure of 100
grammes, i. e.  3 ounces, 1 drachm, and 44 grains,
Troy.
  HECTOLITRE.   A  measure  containing 100
litres or 26.42  wine pints.
  HECUSIUS, Voluntary.
  HEDEO'MA, Hedeo'ma pulegioides, Cunila
pulegioides, 31elis'sa pulegioides,  Pennyroyal,
Tickweed, Stinking Balm, Squawmint.  Sex. Syst.
Diandria Monogynia;  Nat. Ord. Labiatas.  An
indigenous  plant, common  in all  parts of  the
United States,  and which, where it  is abundant,
perfumes the air for a considerable  distance.   It
is employed in the same cases as the mints and
the English pennyroyal.  In popular practice it
is used as an emmenagogue.
   The O'leum  Hedeo'ma (Ph. U. S.) or Oil of
Pennyroyal is used as a stimulating carminative,
dropped on sugar.   Dose, 2  to 6 drops.
   HEDERA ARBOREA, H.  Helix.
   Hed'era Helix,  Hed'era arbo'rea, Bac'chica,
 Cissos, Ktccos,  Cittos, kittos, Ed'era, Corymbe'tra,
 Corym'boe,  Ivy,  (F.) Lierre.   The taste of ivy
leavea is bitter, styptic,  and nauseous.   They are
not used in medicine.  According to Haller, they
were recommended in Germany against the atro-
phy of children ;  and the common people of Eng-
land sometimes apply them to running sores and
to keep issues open.  The berries were supposed,
by the ancients, to have an emetic and purgative
quality; and  a watery extract  was made from 
HEDERULA               433            HELLEBORISMUS
  them, called by Quercetanus Extractum purgans.
  From the stalk of the tree  a resinous juice  ex-
  udes, in warm climates, culled Gummi Hed'era,
  (F.)  Gomme de  licrre, Resine  de  lierre.  It is
  posscssid of tonic and astringent properties,  but
  is not used.
    Hkiikha Terrestris, Glecoma hederacea.
    HEDERULA, Glecoma hederaceum.
    IIEDISARUM ALHAGI, Agul.
    HEORA,  'tipa, 'tipv, 'a vestige,' 'a seat.'   A
  Beat.  A fracture of the bones of the cranium, in
  which tho trace  of the fracturing instrument is
  still  perceptible.   It was, also,  used by the  an-
  cients, for the anus, tho  breech, excrement, a
  privy, a night-chair, and  for the bottom of an
  abscess.
    IIEDROCELE, Proctocele.
    HED YCH'ROUM, from 'nSvs, 'sweet,' and xPoa<
  'colour.' A remedy of a pleasant colour. Applied
  to certain trochs, the chief constituent of which
  was Theriac.
    HEDYPIIO'NIA, from 'vSvs, 'sweet,' and ipiovv,
  'voice.'  Sweetness  of voice.
    HEDYPNEUS'TUS, Hedyp'nous, from 'vSvs,
  ' sweet,' and  itvtu, ' I breathe.'  Breathing sweet-
  ly or softly.  Smelling sweetly.
    HEDYPXOIS  TARAXACUM, Leontodon  ta-
  raxacum.
    HKDYSARUM ALHAGI, Agul.
    HEDVSMA, Condiment.
   UEKL, see Calcaneum.
   IIELCENTERITIS, Dothinenteritis.
   HELCO'DES, Ulcerated, Ulcerous.
   IlELCOL'OGY, Hclcolog"iu ; from 'iXkos, 'ul-
 cer,' and Xoyos, ' discourse.'  The doctrine of,  or
 a treatise on,  ulcers.
   HELCOMA,  Ulcer.
   HELCOPHTHAL'MIA, Ophthalmia ulcero'sa.
 Ophthalmia with ulceration.
   HEL'COS,  from 'iXkos, 'an ulcer.'  Hence:
   HELCOSIS,  Elcosis, Ulceration — h. Cerebri,
 Encephalopyosis—h. Laryngis, Phthisis laryngea
 —h. Pulmonalis, Phthisis pulmonalis—h. Rena-
 lis, Ncphrelcosis — h. Uteri, see Metrophthisis —
 h. A'csicic, Cystophthisis.
   HELCOSTAPHYLO'MA; from 'iXkos, 'ulcer,'
 and ara<pvXu>pa,  'staphyloma.'  Staphyloma end-
 ing in ulceration.
   HELCOXERO'SIS, from  UXkos,  'ulcer,' and
 l-vpwais, ' dryness.'   The drying of an ulcer.
   HELCTICA, Epispastics.
   HELCUS, Ulcer.
   HELCYD'RION, Helcyd'rium, 'tXKvSptov,  Ul-
 cus'culum, a small  ulcer, a superficial ulceration
 of the  cornea.—Galen, Paulus, Foesius.
   HELCYS'TER,  from  'tX™, 'I draw.'   An
 iron hook  or  crotchet for extracting the foetus.
 See Crotchet.
   HELENIUM, Inula helenium.
   Helen'itjm Autum.va'le, False Sunflower,
 Sneezewort,  Sneezeweed, Swamp  Sunfloioer,  Yel-
 low  star, Ox-eye.  An  indigenous  herb, with
 large  golden-yellow  compound  flowers, which
 appear in August.  All its parts  are bitter and
 somewhat acrid, and  when  snuffed up the  nos-
 trils in powder are powerful sternutatories.
  HELIAN'THEAIUM  CANADEN'SE, Cistus
 Canadcn'sis,  Frostwort,  Frostweed,  Rock-rose.
 An herbaceous plant, having large yeUow flow-
 ers, which grows in all parts of the United States,
 and flowers, in the Middle States, in June.   It
 has an  astringent, slightly aromatic, and bitterish
 taste.   It  has boen prescribed in scrofula, but
 probably is nothing more than an aromatic tonic.
  I-Jklian'themum Corymbo'sum, Rock  rose, an
indigenous plant, is used in the same cases.
       28
    HELIASIS, Astrabolismus, Insolation.
    HELICH'RYSUM  NUDIFO'LIUM, Caffer-
  tea.  A South African plant,  Nat. Ord. Compo-
  sitas, which is demulcent, and, in the form of in-
  fusion, is recommended in catarrh, phthisis, and
  other pulmonary affections.
    Helichrysum  Serpyllifo'liiw,  Hottentot's
  tea, and Helichrysum Auricula'tum have simi-
  lar virtues.
    HELICTA, Age.
    HEL'ICINE, Helic"inus, Helico'i'dea, Helico'-
  dea, from  helix, 'the  tendril of the vine.'  Re-
  sembling the tendril of the vine.
    Helicine Arteries of the penis, as described
  by J. MUller,  are short vessels given off from the
  larger branches, as well  as from the finest twigs
  of the artery of the organ: most of those come
  off at a right  angle, and  project into  the cavity
  of the  spongy substance, either terminating ab-
  ruptly  or swelling out into a club-like process
  without again subdividing.   Almost  all these
  vessels  are bent like a horn, so that the end de-
  scribes  half a circle or somewhat more.  They
  have a great  resemblance to the  tendrils of the
  vine, whence  their name.  A minute  examina-
  tion of  them, either with the lens  or the micro-
  scope, shows  that, although they  at  all  times
  project  into the venous cavities  of the corpora
  cavernosa, they  are not entirely naked, but are
  covered with a delicate membrane, which, under
  the microscope, appears granular.
   HEL'ICIS  MAJOR.   A muscle of the ear,
 which originates from the anterior, acute part of
 the helix, upon which it  ascends and is inserted
 into the helix.   It pulls the part into which it is
 inserted a little downwards and forwards.
   Helicis  Minor.  This muscle originates from
 the under and fore part of the helix, and is  in-
 serted into the  helix, near the fissure in the carti-
 lage, opposite the concha.  Its use is to contract
 the fissure.
   HELICOIDES, Helicine.
   HELICOTRE'MA, from '£X«|, 'helix, cochlea,'
 and rpvpa, ' a foramen.'  The hole by which the
 two scaias of the cochlea communicate at the apex.
   HELIGMUS, Convolution.
   HELIKIA, Age.
   HELIONOSIS, Insolation.
   HELIOSIS,  Astrabolismus, Insolation.
   HELIOTROPE, Heliotropium Europasum,
   HELIOTROPION, Cichorium intybus.
 . HELIOTRO'PIUM  EUROPIUM,  H.  erec-
 tum seu  canes'cens  seu supi'num,  Verruca'ria,
 The He'liotrope,  (F.) Toumesol, Herbe  aux ver-
 mes.  This plant is considered to possess  aperient
 properties ; and to be capable of destroying cuta-
 neous excrescences;  hence one of its names.
   HELIX, Capre'olus, from ttXttv, 'to  envelop,'
 ' surround.'  The fold is thus called, which forms
 the outer circumference or ring of the external ear.
   Helix, Limax.
   Helix Poma'tia.  A large kind of snail, trans-
 ported from the south of Europe to England by
 Sir Kenelm Digby, for  his lady when  in a de-
 cline.  It was considered highly restorative.
   HELLEBORASTER, Helleborus fcetidus —h.
 fcetidus,  Helleborus fcetidus.
   HELLEBORE, Dracontium fcetidum—h. Ame-
 rican, A"eratrum viride—h. Black, Helleborus niger
 —-h. Blanc, Veratrum album—h. N~oir, Helleborus
 niger—h.Stinking,Helleborus fcetidus—h. Swamp,
 Veratrum viride—h. White, Veratrum album.
  HELLEBORIS'MUS, Elleboris'mus.  The me-
thod of treating disease, amongst the ancients, by
hellebore.  This comprised not only the choice,
preparation, and administration of the medicine,
but, likewise, the knowledge and employment of 
HELLEBORUS
434
HEMICRANIA
preliminary precautions and remedies proper for
aiding  its action, and  preventing the pernicious
effects which it might occasion.
  HELLEBORUS, II. niger—h. Albus, Veratrum
album — h. Grandiilorus, H. niger — h. Trifolius,
Coptis.
  Helleb'orus Fce'tidis, Helleboras'ter, H. foe' -
tidus, Elleboraster, Stinking Hellebore or Bear's
foot, Setterwort, (F.) Hellibore ou Ellibore fitide,
Pied de  Griffon.   The leaves of this plant .are
said to be anthelmintic.   The smell of the  fresh
plant is extremely fetid, and the taste bitter and
acrid.  It usually acts as a cathartic.
  Helleborus  Niger,  H. grandiflo'rus, Elleb'-
orus niger, 3Ielamp>o'dium, 3Ielanorrhlzum, Ec'-
tomon, Black Hellebore, 3Ielampode, Christinas
Rose, (F.) Hellebore noir. The root of this Eu-
ropean plant—Helleborus, (Ph. U. S.)—has  a dis-
agreeable odour,  and bitter, acrid taste.   It  is
possessed of cathartic properties, and has been
recommended as an emmenagogue.  It has been
given in mania, melancholia, dropsy, suppressed
menses, <fcc.   Dose, gr. x to *"")j, as a cathartic.
  HELLECEBRA, Sedum.
  HELLENIA GRANDIFLORA, Costus.
  HELMET-FLOWER, YELLOAV, Aconitum
Anthora.
  HELMET  POD, Jeffersonia Bartoni.
  HELMINS, Plur.  Helmin'thea seu Elmin'thes,
from  'iXptvs, ' a worm.'  A worm; an entozoon:
—hence:
  HELMINTHAGOGUE, Anthelmintic.
  HELMINTHI, Worms.
  HELMINTHIA,  Helminthiasis — h.  Alvi,
Worms.
  Helmin'thia Errat'ica.  Worms, introduced
by  accident and without finding a proper habita-
tion in  the stomach  or intestines ; producing
spasmodic colic,  with severe tormina, and oc-
casionally vomiting or dejections of blood; the
12th genus of the  order Enterico, class Cceliaca,
of  Good.
  Helmnthia  Podicis, AVorms.
  HELMINTHI'ASIS, from 'tXptvs, ' a worm.'
A  generic name  for the condition  which gives
occasion to the presence of intestinal worms.  It
is,  also,  called  Helmin'thia,  Vermina'tio, 3Iorbua
vermino'aua, Statua vermino'sus, Sdbur'ro  vermi-
no'sa, Scoleciaaia, Scolece'aia,  Entozoogedeaia,
Paraaitia'mua inteatindlia,  Worm diaeaae, Inver-
mindtion. See Worms.
   HELMINTHIC, Anthelmintic.
   HELMINTHOCHORTUM, Corallina   Corsi-
 cana.
   HELMINTHOCOLICA, Colica verminosa.
   HELMINTHOCORTON,  Corallina Corsicana.
   HELMINTHOL'OGY, Helmintholog" ia, from
 'tXptvs, ' a worm,'  and Xoyos, ' a description.'  A
 treatise  on worms.
   HELMINTHONCUS, Malis —h.  Medinensis,
 Dracunculus.
   HELMINTHOP'YRA, Helminthopyr'etoa, Fe-
 bria vermino'sa, from  'tXptvs, ' a worm,' and 7rt;p,
 'a fever.'  Fever occasioned by worms.  See
 Fever, verminous.
    HELA1INTHOPYRETOS, Helminthopyra.
    HELMIXTHUS GORDII, Seta equina.
    HELODES,  Elodes.
    HELONIAS DIOICA, Chamaslerium luteum—
 h.  Lutea, Chamaslerium luteum—h. Officinalis, see

    HELOPYRA, Elodes (febris.)
    HELOPYRETUS,  Elodes (febris.)
    HELOS, Clavus, Marsh.
    HELO'SIS,  Helo'tis: from  ttXia,  «I  turn.'
 Eversion of the eyelids, and convulsions of the
 muscles of the eyes.  Plica Polonica.  Strabismus.
    HELOTIS, Helosis, Plica.
  HELPS, Clavus, Helos.
  HELXINE, Parietaria.
  HEMACHROIN, Ilasmatin.
  HE31 ADYNA3IETRE, Hasmadynamometor.
  HE3IAPERITONIRRUAGIE, Hamupcrito-
nirrhag"ia;  from'atpa, 'blood,' pcritonaum, and
pvywpt, 'I break forth.'  Hemorrhage into the
peritoneum.
  HE3IAPROOTIE, Hasmorrhois.
  HE 31 AST A TIQ UES, Hasmatostatica.
  HE3IATIDROSE, Sudor cruentus.
  HEMATIN, Ilasmatin.
  HE31A TO-ENCEPHALIE, Apoplexy.
  HEMATOID, Hasmatodes.
  HE3IATOLOGIE, Hasmatology.
  HEMATOLOGY, Hasmatology.
  HE3IAT03IYELIE, Himorrhagie de  la Mo-
elle Epiniere.
  HEMATONCIE, Hasmatoncus, see Hasmato-
des fungus—h. Fongo'ide, Hasmatodes fungus.
  HEMATOPISIE, Hasmatops.
  HE31 A TORRHACHIS, Apoplexia myelitica.
  HEMATOSIN, Hasmatin.
  HEMERA, 'vptpa, 'a day.'  Dies.  Hence:
  HEMERALOPIA, see Nyctalopia.
  Hemeralo'pia,  from 'vpipa, ' the day/  and
otTTopat, ' I see.'  Hameralops, Dyso'pia tenebra'-
rum, Caligo tencbra'rum, Parop'sis Noctif'uga,
 Visas  diur'nus, Nyctalo'pia, (of some,) Nyctoty-
phlo'sis, Amblyo'pia crepuscula'ris, Cacitas crcs-
puscula'ris seu noctur'na, A'cies diur'nu, Day-
sight, Day-vision, Hen blindnesa, Night blindnesa,
(F.) Vue diume, Aveuglement de  Nuit.  A  dis-
ease, in which the eyes enjoy the faculty of see-
ing, whilst the sun is above the horizon,  but  are
incapable of seeing by  the aid of artificial light.
Its causes are not evident.  The eye, when care-
fully examined, presents no alteration, either in
its membranes or humours.
  HEM'ERALOPS, Dorea. One labouring under
hemeralopia.  Also, Hemeralopia.
  HEMERATYPHLOSIS, Nyctalopia.
  HEMERODROMA,  (febris) Ephemera.
  HEMEROPATHI'A; from 'vptpa,' a day,' and
irados,  ' an affection.' A disease, which continues
only a day; or, which is only  observed during
the day.
   HEMI, 'vpt, 'vptcvs,  'half,' 'semi.' Hence:
   HEMIAMAUROSIS, Hemiopia.
   HEMIANDRUS, Eunuch.
   HEMIANOR, Eunuch.
   HEMIANTHROPIA, Mania.
   HEMIANTHROPUS, Eunuch, Maniac.
   HEMIAZYGA,  (Vena) see Azygos vein.
   HEMICEPHAL^A, Hemicrania.
   HEMICEPHAL/EUM, Sinciput.
   HEMICEPHALIUM, Sinciput.
   HEMICEPHALUM, Sinciput.
   HEMICEPH'ALUS, Semiceph' alus, from 'vpt,
 'half,' and KttpaXv, 'head.'  One who has half a
 head.
   HEMICRA'NIA, Hemicephala'a,  3Iigrdna,
 Grana, Hcmipa'gia, Hemipe'gia, Heterocra'nia,
 31onopa'gia, Monope'gia, Cephala'a Hemicrdnia,
 Hemipathi'a, 3Iegrim, from  'vptcvs, 'half,'  and
 Kpavtov, 'cranium.'  (F.) Migraine.  Pain, con-
 fined to one half the head.  It is almost always
 of an intermittent character;—at times,  continu-
 ing only as long as the sun is above the horizon;
 and hence sometimes  called Sun-pain,—and ia
 cured by cinchona, arsenic, and the  remedies
 adapted for intermittents.
   Hemicrania IniopATHicA, Neuralgia, facial.
   HEMIDES'MUS IN'DICUS, Periplo'ca  /»'- 
HEMIDE.-'MUS
435
HEPAR
  dira, Ascle'pias Rscudosar'aa, Sarsaparil'la In'-
  dica, Nannori, Indian Sarsaparilla.  A Hindoos-
  tanee  plant,  the  root of which has a peculiar
  aromatic odour, and a bitterish taste.  It is used
  in India, as a substitute for sarsaparilla.
    HI MIDIAPHORE'SIS,  Trnnspirn'tio  Uni-
  lat'orn ; from 'vpt, 'half,' and vtatpopvats, 'perspi-
  ration.'  Perspiration of one half the body.
    HI'MIEC'TOX, Ilemiee'tcm,  Semiaex'tum.   A
  vessel capable of containing :'0 chopines or pints,
  and in which fumigations were made in diseases
  of the uterus and vagina.—Hippocrates.
    HEMIM'ELES, from 'vptovs, 'one half,' and
  ptXos,  'a limb.' A genus of monsters, in which
  the upper or lower extremities are very defective
  — mere stumps,—and the fingers and toes are en-
  tirely wanting or very imperfect.—G. St. Hilaire.
   HE.AIIMCE'RIOX, from  'vptevs, and poipa, 'a
  part.' ' One half.'—Foesius.  Also, half a drachm.
  —Erotian.
   HEAl'IXA.  A  Greek measure, answering to
  the Cotyle, kotvXv,  i.  e. one  half the sextarius, or
  about half a pint, English.
   HEM lOBOL'ION, Hemiob'olon. Half the obo-
  lus.   A weight of about five grains.—Gorraeus.
   III'MIO'UOX.   A weight of 12 drachms, or
  oz.  1£.—Oalen.  See Sescuncia.
   III'AIIO'PIA, Ileiuiop's'ts,  Hemioplasis,  Sitf-
  fdsio dimid'ions,  Viaus diniidio'tus, 3tetrmor'yge
  Hippoc'ratis, Heiniamauro'sis, Amaardsis dimi-
  din'tu, from 'vptevs, 'one half/ and o-nropat, 'I see.'
  Depraved vision, in which the person sees only
  one half of an object.
   IlE.MTOPIASis. Hemiopia.
   HH.MIOPSIS, Hemiopia.
   HEM I l'A'G ES,  Dicor'yphus dihypogaa'trius,
  Oc'topua synapheocejih'alus, from  'vpt, 'half/ and
  nvyvvpt, ' I fasten.'  A monstrosity,  in  which
  twins are united from the navel to the vertex.—
  I. G. Saint  Hilaire.
   HEA1IPAGIA. Hemierania.
   IIE AI IP A TULA, Hemierania.
   HEM IPEGIA, Hemierania.
   HEMIPHO'NIA, from 'vpt, 'half/ and iptavv,
 ' voice.'  Great weakness of voice.
   IIEMIPLE'GIA. Hemiplcx'iu,  Paralysis, He-
 miplegia, Semiplc'gia, Semi-sidera'tio, from 'vpt-
 evs, 'one half/ and  vXvccoi, or rX^rru, 'I strike.'
 Paralysis of one side of the body.  See Paralysis.
 One so palsied is said to  be hemipleg"ic, semi-
 side ra'tus.
   Hemiplegia Facialis, Paralysis, Bell's.
   HEAIIPLEXIA,  Hemiplegia.
   nEMIPKOSUPLEGIA, Paralysis, Bell's.
   HEMISPHiERJE CEREBRI, Hemispheres of
 tho brain.
   HEMISPHERE, Hcmispha'ra, Hemispha'ri-
 um, from 'vptevs, ' one half/ and atpaioa, 'a sphere.'
 One half of  a sphere or of a body  having a sphe-
 roidal shape.
  Hemispheres op the  Brain,  Hemiapha'ra
 cer'ebri. Hemispherical  gadglia,  are  the  upper
 spheroidal portions  of the brain, separated from
 each other by the falx cerebri.
  HEAllSPUERICAL GAXGLIA, Hemispheres
 of the brain.
  11E31 ITE, Hasmitis.
  IIKMITRIT.U'A, (FEBRIS,)  F. Semi-terti-
 a'na, Febris  sesquial'tcra, (F.) Semi-tierce, Fievre
 demitiercc.   A semi-tertian  fever, so called  be-
 cause  it soems to possess both the characters of
the tertian and  quotidian intermittent. — Galen
 Spiirelius.
  IIEM 1UXCIA, Hemiuncion.
  HEAHUN'CION,  Hcmiun'cia, Scmun'cia, Se-
miudcia.  Half an ounce.
    HEMLOCK,  Conium  maculatum — h. Ameri-
  can, Cicuta maculate—h. Bastard, Chasrophyllum
  sylvestre—h. Common,  Conium maculatum__h.
  Dropwort, QSnanthe — h. Gum, see Pinus Cana-
  densis— h.  Pitch, see  Pinus Canadensis — h.
  Spruce, Pinus  Canadensis—h. AVater, American
  Cicuta  maculate—h. AYater, fine-leaved,  Phellan-
  drium aquaticum—h. AY ater, Cicuta aquatica—h.
  Wild, Cicuta maculate.
    HEMOCARDIOPLASTIES, see Polypus.
    HEMODIA, Hasmodia.
    HE3I0-ENCEPHAL ORRHA GIE, Apoplexy.
    HE3I0HEPA TORRHAGIE, Hepatorrhagia.
    HE3I03IETRE, Hasmadynamometer.
    HE31031YEL ORRHA GIE, Apoplexy, spinal.
    HE3IOPTYSIE, Hasmoptysis — h. Foudroy-
  ante. see Hasmoptysis.
    HEMORRHAGE, Hasmorrhagia—h. Acciden-
  tal, see  Hasmorrhagia—h. Active, see Hasmorrha-
  gia—h. from the Bladder, Cystirrhagia—h. Con-
  stitutional,  see  Hasmorrhagia — h. Critical, see
  Hasmorrhagia—h. by Exhalation, see Hasmorrha-
  gia—h. External, see Hasmorrhagia—h.  General,
  see  Hasmorrhagia — h. from the Intestines, Me-
  lasna—h. Internal, see Hasmorrhagia—h. Inter-
  stitial, Apoplexy—h. Local, see Hffimorrhagia—
  h. of the Mucous Membranes,  see Hasmorrhagia
  —h. Passive, see Hasmorrhagia—h. from the Pi-
  tuitary Membrane, Epistaxis—h. Pleural, Hasma-
  tothorax—h. from  the Skin, Sudor cruentus—h.
  Spinal,  Apoplexy,  spinal —h.  Spontaneous, see
  Hasmorrhagia — h. Supplementary, see Hasmor-
  rhagia—h. Symptomatic, see Hasmorrhagia—h. of
  the Tissues,  see Hasmorrhagia—h. Traumatic see
  Hasmorrhagia—h. Uterine,  Metrorrhagia
   HEMORRHAGIC PLEURISY, Hasmatotho-
 rax.
   HEMORRHAGIE  BUCCALE, Stomatorrha-
 gia— h.  Ciribrale, Apoplexy—h. du Foie, Hepa-
 torrhagia— h. Interstiticlle, Apoplexy—h. Inter-
 stitielle du Poumon, Hasmoptysis — h. des Intes-
 tins,  Hasmatochezia— h.  de la  3Iatrice,  Metror-
 rhagia—A. 3Iiningie, Apoplexy, meningeal—h.
 de la 3Ioelle  ipiniere,  Apoplexia myelitica — h.
 Nasale,  Epistaxis—A. de la Vessie, Cystirrha°-ia
   HEMORRHAGIP'AROUS,  (F.)  Himorrhagi-
 pare, from hamorrhagia,  'hemorrhage/ and pa-
 rire,  'to  bring forth.'  That which gives occasion
 to hemorrhage:  thus, softening of the  neurine
 may be hemorrhagiparous.
   HEMORRHINIE, Epistaxis.
   HEMORRHOIDAIRE, (F.) One who is sub-
 ject to hemorrhoids.
   HEMORRHOIDES, Hasmorrhois —A. Aveu-
 gles, Cascas hasmorrhoides.   See Hasmorrhois.
   HEMORRHOSCOPIE, Hasmatoscopia.
   HEMOSPASIE, Hasmospasia.
   HE3IOSPASIQUE. Hasmospastic.
   HE3IOSTASIE, Hasmostasia
   HE MO ST A TIQ PES, Hasmatostatica.
   HEMP, INDIAN,  Apocynum  cannabinum,
 Bangue— h. AYild, Ambrosia trifida.
   HEMPSEED, see Cannabis sativa.
   HENBANE, Hyoscyamus.
   HEXBIT, Lamium amplexicaule.
   HEN-BLINDNESS, Hemeralopia.
   HENNE, Lawsonia inermis.
   HENRICEA P1IARMACEARCHA, Gentiana
 chirayita.
  HENRICUS RUBENS, Colcothar.
  HEPAR, 'wrap, 'genitive/ 'vtraros, 'liver.'  A
 name  for substances resembling liver in appear-
 ance.  The ancient name for the liver of sulphur
Hepar sulphuris; which  is sometimes a com-
pound of sulphur and  potassium;  at  others of
sulphur and potassa. See  Potassae sulphuretum. 
HEPATALGIA
436
HEPATITIS
  Hepar Adulterinum, Spleen.
  Hepar  Antimonia'tum is a compound of a
Bulphuret of antimony and an alkali.   See Oxy-
dum stibii sulphuretum.
  Hepar Martia'le. A compound of sulphuret
of potass and an oxide of iron.
  Hepar  Sanguinis, see Blood — h. Sinistrum,
Spleen — h. Sulphuris salinum, Potassas sulphu-
retum—h. Sulphuris volatile, Ammonias sulphu-
retum—h. Uterinum, Placenta.
  HEPATAL'GIA,   Hepatodydia,  Neuralgia
he'patis,  Colica  hepatica, from  'v^ap,  'liver,
and aXyos, 'pain.'  Pain in the liver.  Neuralgia
of the liver, (F.) Nivralgie du Foie.
  Hepatalgia Calculosa, Colica hepatica—h.
Petitiana,  Turgescentia  vesiculas  felleas — h.
Phlegmonoides, Hepatitis.
  HEPATAPOSTE'MA, from 'wrap,  'the liver,'
and aitoarvpa,  ' an abscess.'  Abscess of the liver.
  HEPATARIUS,  Hepatieus.
  HEPATATROPH'IA, Atropliia seu Aridu'ra
he'patis, from 'v^ap, ' the liver/  and atrophia,
' atrophy.' Atrophy of the liver :—a general con-
comitant of Cirrho'sis he'patis.
  HEPATAUXE,  Hypcrtropllia he'patis, (F.)
Hyperhe'patotrophie, Hypertrophic du foie.  Hy-
pertrophy of the  liver.
  HEPATECHE'MA,  Soditus hepatieus, from
'wrap,  ' liver/ and 'vxt^t  ' sound.'  Sound ren-
dered  by the liver on percussion.
  HEPATEMPHRAX'IS,  from  'v-ap,  'liver/
and tpitpacau), 'I obstruct.'  Emphrax'is hepatis,
Hepatic obstruction.—Ploucquet.
  HEPATENCEPHALO'MA, Hcpatomyelo'ma,
Fungus he'patis  medulla'ris, from 'vtrap,  ' liver/
and tyKttpaXos, ' encephalon.'   Encephaloid of the
liver.
   HEPATE'RUS,  Hepatieus,  Jecora'rius.   A
variety of diarrhoea, Fluxus hepatieus.—Gorrasus.
   HEPATIL"EMORRHAG"IA,  Hamorrhag"ia
 hepat'ica,  Hepatorrhag"ia, Apoplex'ia hepatica,
 (F.) Himorrhagie  du foie,  Himohepatorrhagie,
from 'wrap, 'liver/ and  'aipoppayta, 'hemorrhage.'
 Hemorrhage from the liver.
   HEPAT'IC, Hepatieus, Hepata'rius, Hepate'-
 rus, Hepatoides, Hepatddes,  Jecora'rius, from
 'wrap,  ' the liver.'   Belonging or relating to or
 resembling liver.
   Hepatic Ar'tery, Arte'ria Hepatica. One of
 the three branches  given off by  the coeliac.  It
 passes towards the inferior surface of the liver;
 where it divides into two branches, a right  and
 a left, which  proceed towards the corresponding
 parts  of that organ.  The right branch gives off
 the cystic artery.   Before  dividing, the  hepatic
 artery sends  off two considerable branches,  the
 A. pylorica and  Gastro-epiploica dextra.
   Hepatic Duct,  Ductus hepatieus, (F.) Canal
 hipatique,  is  about three  fingers'  breadth in
 length, and of the size of a quill.  It is formed
 by the union  of the biliary ducts, and joins  the
 cystic duct at a very acute angle,  to form  the
 ductus choledochus.  Its  function is to convey
 the bile from the liver towards the duodenum.
   Hepatic Plexus, Plexus hepatieus, consists
 of nervous filaments, sent by the coeliac plexus
 to  the liver, which accompany the hepatic artery.
   Hepatic Veins,  Supra-hepatic  Veins, Vena
 cava  hepat'ica, (F.) Peine* sua-hipatiquea, Intra-
 lob'ular veina, do not  follow the course of  the
 arteries of the same name.  They arise in  the
 substance of the liver; converge  towards   the
 posterior margin of that viscus,  and open  into
 the vena cava inferior.  They convey away  the
 blood carried to the liver by the hepatic artery
 and vena porta.
  HEPAT'ICA.  Medicines believed to bo ca-
pable of affecting the liver.
  Hepatica, H. triloba — h. Americana, II. tri-
loba—h. Fontana. Marchantia polymorpha — h.
Nobilis, H. triloba—h. Stellate, Asperula odorata.
  Hepatica Tril'oba, H. America'nu, Ancmo'ne
hepat'ica seu nob'His, Herba trinita'tis, Hepat'ica,
Hepatieus fl'os, Trifo'lium hepaticum, Trifo'lium
au'reum, Liverwort,  Livcrwced,  Trefoil,  Noble
Liverwort,  Herb Trin'ity,  (F.)  Hipatique ilea
jardins.   This plant—.Hepat'ica (Ph. U. S.)-—is
a gentle astringent, but not possessed  of much
virtue.
  HEPATICULA, Hepatitis,  chronic.
  HEPATICUS, Hepateros —h. Flos, Hepatica
triloba.
  HEPATIFICATIO, Hepatization.
  HEPATIQUE ETOILEE, Asperula odorata
—h. dea Fontninea, Marchantia  polymorpha—h.
dea Jardina, Hepatica triloba.
  HEPATIRRHffi'A, Fluxus hepatieus, Dysen-
ter'ia hepat'ica, Diarrhce'a hepat'ica, Hcpator-
rhce'a, Hepatocholorrhce'a, Hepatodysenter'ia, He-
patorrhag"ia,  Hamate'ra, Aimate'ra,  (F.) Flax
hipatique,  from 'v^"p,  ' the liver/ and ptw, ' I
flow.'  A species of diarrhoea in which the ex-
creted matters  seem to come from the liver, or
are much mixed with bile.
  HEPATIS  EMUNCTORIA, Inguen—h. Sus-
pensorium,  Ligament, suspensory, of the liver.
  HEPATISATIO,  Hepatization — h.  Pulmo-
num, Hepatization of the  Lungs.
  HE PA TISA TION, Hepatization — h. Grise,
see Hepatization—h. Rouge, see  Hepatization.
  HEPATITES VENA,  Cava vena.
  HEPATI'TIS, Empres'ma  hepatitis, Cauma
hepatitie,   Inflamma'tio he'patis, I. Jecino'ris,
Febris  hepat'ica inflammato'ria,   Hepatalgia
phlegmonoides, 3Iorbus jecino'ris, Ilepatophleg'-
mone, Inflammation of the liver, (F.) Hipatite,
Inflammation  du foie,  Pilce (Provincial).   It
may be seated  either in the peritoneal covering,
Sero-hepati'tia, or in the  substance of the liver,
or in both,  Puro-hepatltia, and may be acute or
chronic.  The peculiar symptoms are :—pain in
the  right hypochondrium,  shooting to the back
 and right  shoulder, and increased  on pressure;
 difficulty of lying  on the  left  side;  sometimes
 jaundice with cough, and  synocha.   Its termi-
 nation  is generally by resolution : — in tropical
 climates it  often runs on  to suppuration, Jec'oris
 vom'ica,  Hepatitis   apostemato'sa,  the abscess
 breaking either externally, or forming a commu-
 nication with the intestines or chest, or breaking
 into the cavity of the abdomen.  The causes are
 those of inflammation in general.   Heat predis-
 poses to  it; hence  its greater  frequency in hot
 climates.   On dissection of those who have died
 of it, the liver has been found hard and enlarged;
 colour of a deep purple ;  or the membranes have
 been more or less vascular; or adhesions, or tu-
 bercles, or  hydatids, or abscesses, or biliary cal-
 culi  maybe met with.   The treatment must be
 bold.   Bleeding, general and local, fomentations,
 blisters, purgatives, and  the  antiphlogistic regi-
 men.   In hot  climates especially, a new action
 must be excited by mercury as  early as possible.
   Hepatitis  Apostematosa, see Hepatitis.
   Hepatitis,  Chronic, Hepatitis chrodica, In-
 flamma'tio he'patis lenta, Hepatitis occulta, He-
 patic'ula, Subinflamma'tio he'patis, (F.) Chrono-
 hipatite,  Chronic liver disease, is not as common
 as  is  believed.  It  may be suspected  from the
 existence  of   the symptoms above  mentioned,
 when in a  minor degree; enlargement, constant
 dull pain in the region of the liver; sallow coun-
 tenance ;  high - coloured urine ;  clay - coloured 
HEPATIZATION
437
HERBA
faeces, Ac.   The great object  of treatment is to
excite a new action by mercury and  counter-
irritants, and to keep the liver free by cathartics.
   Hepatitis Cystica, Cholecystitis—h. Occulta,
II. chronic.
   HEPATIZA'TION, Hepatisdlio, Ilepatifica'-
tin,  from 'wrap, 'the liver.'   Conversion  into a
liver-like substance.  Applied to the lungs when
gorged with effused matters, so that they are no
longer pervious to the air ;—1 lepatiadtio pulmo'-
nam,  Carnijica'tio  pulmo'num.  In  such state,
they are said to be hepatized.
   Hepatization,  Red, (F.) Hipatiaation rouge,
Endureissement rouge, Rumollissement rouge, cha-
racterizes the first stage of consolidation of  the
lungs in pneumonia.
   Hepatization, ('ray, (F.) Hipatiaation grise,
Induration grise, Rumollissement gris, Infiltration
purulcnte, characterizes the third stage, or stege
of purulent infiltration.
   HEPATIZOX, Chloasma.
   HEPATOC ACE, from 'vtrap, 'liver/ and kokos,
'evil.'  Gangrene of the liver.
   HEPATOCE'LE, from 'vTrap, 'the liver/ and
 Kr/Xi/, 'a tumour;'  Her'nia  hepatica ; Hernia of
 the  liver.  The liver has  never been found  en-
 tirely out of the abdominal cavity.  Increase of
its bulk, or injuries of the parietes of the abdo-
men, have been the sole cause of the protrusions
which  have been  occasionally met with, espe-
cially in infants, in whom  tho upper part of  the
linea alba is very weak, and indeed scarcely seems
to exist. Sauvages has distinguished twQ species
of hepatocole : — the  ventral (in the linea alba),
and the umbilical or hepatomphalum.
   II EPAT0CH0L0RRH03A, Hepatirrhcea.
   HEP ATOCO'LICUM. A ligament of the liver,
described by Haller, as passing from the gall-
bladder and contiguous sinus  portarum,  across
the  duodenum to  the colon.   Another, termed
Hepato-rcnnl, descends from the root of the liver
to the kidney.   They are both peritoneal.
   HEPATOCYSTIC, Hcputoeys'ticua,  Cystide-
pctticus, from 'wrap, 'the liver,' and kvctis, 'blad-
der.'  Relating to the liver and gall-bladder.
   Hepatocystic  Duct,  Ductus hcpatocyslicus.
The choledoch  duct.
   HEPATODYXIA,  Hepatalgia.
   HEPATODYSEXTERIA, Hepatirrhcea.
   HEPATOGASTRIC, Gastrohcpatic.
   HEPATOGASTROCHOLOSIS, Fever, bilious,
Fever, gastric.
   HEPATOGRAPHY, Hepatogrdphia ; from
'wrap,  'the  liver/  and ypatpv, 'a  description.'
Tho part of anatomy  which describes the liver.
   IIEPATOH.E'MIA, Hyperemia he'patis, He-
patic Engorgement, (F.) Hyperimie du Foie, from
'v~'<p, 'the liver,' and 'atpa, 'blood.' Sanguineous
congestion  of the liver.
   HEPATODES. Hepatic.
   HEI'ATOIDES,  Hepatic.
   HEPATOLITIII'ASIS, from 'wrap, 'the liver/
and Xtdiaas,' formation of stone.'  The formation
of concretions,  Hepatol'ithi, in the liver.
   HEPATOL'OGY,  Hcpatolog"io,  from  'vrrap,
'the liver/ and Xoyos, 'a discourse,' 'treatise.'  A
treatise on  the liver.
v   U'EPATOAl ALA'CIA, 3Ialaco'sis he'patis, (F.)
Rnmollisaeinent du Foie.  Softening of the liver.
   IIEPATOMYELOMA, llepatencephaloma.
   HEPATOX'CUS, from  'vtrap,' the liver/and
oyKos, 'a tumour.'   Tumefaction of the liver.
   HEPATOPAREC'TAMA,  from  'v*ap, 'the
liver.'  and   vaptKrapa, ' considerable extension.'
Excessive enlargement of the liver.
   HEPATOPATHI'A, from 'vtrap,  'liver/ and
rados, ' suffering.' Liver-Diaeaae.  Disease of the
liver.
   HIPATOPATHIE  CANCEREUSE,  Hepa-
 toscirrhus—h. Tuberculeuec, Hipatostrumoaie.
   HEPATOPHLEGMONE, Hepatitis.
   HEPATOPHTHI'SIS, Phthiaia hepatica, from
 'wrap,  ' the Bver/ and 00ioj, ' I consume.'  Con-
 sumption from suppuration of  the liver.
   HEPATORRHAGIA, Hepatirrhcea, Hepathae-
 morrhagia.
   HEPATORRHEX'IS, from Wp, 'liver/ and
 pv&s, ' rupture.'   Rupture of the liver.
   HEPATORRHCEA, Hepatirrhcea.
   HEP A TOSARC03HE, Hepatoscirrhus.
   HEPATOSCIR'RHUS,  from  'vtrap,  'liver/
 and cKtppos,   'cancerous  induration.'  Scirrhus
 he'patis, Encephaldsis of the liver, Carcinoma of
 the liver, (F.)  Hipatosarcornie,  Hipatopathie can-
 cireuse,  Cancer da  Foie.  Scirrhus or Cancer of
 the liver.
   HEPAT0STRU3I0S1E, Tuber'cula he'patis,
 (F.) Tubercules  du Foie, Hipatopathie tubercu-
 leuae; from 'virop, 'the  liver/ and  atruma, 'a tu-
 mour/ ' a scrophulous tumour.'  Tubercle of the
 liver.
   HEPATOT'OMY,  from Vap, 'the liver/ and
 Ttpvta, ' I cut.' Dissection of the liver.
   HEPIALOS, Epialos.
   HEPS, see  Rosa canina.
   HEPSEMA, Decoction.
   HEPSESIS, Decoction.
   HEPTAL CYCLE, see  Cycle.
   HEPTAL'LOX  GRA\rEOLENS,  Hogwort,
 Bear's fright.  An indigenous plant, which has
 a fetid porcine smell; and is said to be used by
 the Indians as a diaphoretic, cathartic,  &e.
   HEPTAPHAR'MACUM, from Wa, 'seven/
 and tpappaKov,  'aremedy.'  A medicine  composed
 of seven substances; cerusse, litharge, pitch, wax,
 colophony, frankincense, and bullock's fat.  It was
 regarded as laxative, suppurating and healing.
   HEPTAPHYLLUM, Tormentilla.
   HEPTAPLEURON,  Plantago major.
   HERACLEUM,  see  II. lanatum — h. Branca,
 II. spondylium.
   Heracle'um Spondyl'ium, H. Bran'ca,Branca
 ursi'na, B. German'ica,  Spondyl'ium, Sphondyl-
 ium, Cow Paranep, All-heal, (F.) Berce,  Branc-
 uraine  bdtarde, Fuusse  Acanthe.   Family, Um-
 belliferas.  Sex. Syst.  Pentandria Digynia.  The
 root of this plant has a strong, rank smell;  and
 a pungent, almost  caustic taste.   It  has  been
 given  as a tonic, stomachic  and  carminative;
 both in powder and in decoction.  The Russians,
 Lithuanians, and Poles obtain from its seeds and
 leaves, by fermentation, a very  intoxicating spi-
 rituous liquor, which they call  Parst.
  The root of  Heracle'um Lana'tum, 3Iasterwort,
 Cow parsnep,—Heracle'um (Ph. U.  S.)—-is in the
 secondary list of the Pharmacopoeia of the United
 States.
  HERACLEUS MORBUS, Epilepsy.
  HERB, Herba, Botane.  Any ligneous plant
 which loses its stalk during the winter.
  Herb  Christopher, Actasa spicata.
  Herb-Doctor, Botan'ical Doctor, Botan'ical
physic"ian.  One who treats diseases altogether
 by herbs; as the—so called—" Thompsonians."
  Herb  of Grace, Gratiola officinalis—h. Mas-
 tich, common,  Thymus mastichina— h. Mastich,
 Syrian,  Teucrium marum—h. Robert, Geranium
 Robertianum — h. of Saint Cunegonde, Eupato-
 rium cannabinum—h. Sophia, Sisymbrium sophia
 —h. Trinity, Hepatica triloba.
  HERBA, Herb — h. Alexandrina, Smyrnium
 olusatrum—h.  Althasas,  Pelargonium cucullatum
— h. Anthos,  Rosmarinus — h. Benedicta, Geum
urbanum—h. Britannica, Rumex hydrolapathum
— h. Canni, Artemisia santonica — h. Cardiaca,
Leonurus cardiaca — h. Cardui veneris,  Dipsacus 
t38                  HERNIA
                   HERB2E                  4

fullonum—h. Dorea, Solidago virgaurea—h. Fo-
bs, Nepeta—h. Genipi, Achillea atrata—h. Ignis,
Lichen  pyxidatus — h. Melancholifuga, Fumaria
—h. Militaris, Achillea millefolium — h. Papilla-
ris, Lapsana — h. Paralyseos, Primula veris — h.
Paralytica, Primula veris—h. Patas lapiinv, Leo-
nurus cardiaca — h. Pulicaris,  Plantago psyllium
— h. Quercini,  Lichen plicatus — h. Sacra, Ver-
bena  officinalis — h. Salivaris, Anthemis  pyre-
thrum— h. Sideritidis, Galeopsis  grandiflora—h.
Tabaci, Nicotiana tabaeum — h. Trinitatis, Ane-
mone hepatica, ATiola tricolor—h. Areneris, Adi-
antum pedatum — h. Arentis, Anemone  Pulsatilla
— h. Vitri, see Salsola kali—h. Zazarhendi, Ori-
ganum.
  HERB.E PRO  EXEMATE, Glyster herbs —
h. pro fotu, Fomentation herbs.
  HERBALIST, Herborist.
  HERBA'RIUM, from herba, a plant.   A col-
lection of plants.  Generally applied to a collec-
tion of dried plants — Hortus siccus.   In Phar-
macy, a plant that is used entire.
  HERBARIUS, Herborist.
  HERBE, Herb—h. au Cancer,  Plumbago Eu-
ropasa — h.  aux  Chantres, Erysimum — h. aux
Charpentiers, Justitia  pectoralis — h. aux Chats,
Nepeta, Teucrium marum — h. au Coq, Tanace-
tum balsamita — h. au Cuillers, Cochlearia offici-
nalis— h. aux Ecrouelles, Scrophularia nodosa—
h. aux Ecus, Lysimachia nummularia—h. & Eter-
nuer, Achillea ptarmica,—h. aux Gueux, Clematis
vitalba—h. d la Houette, Asclepias Syriaca — h.
d'lvrogne, Lolium temulentum—h. aux 3Inmdies,
Lapsana — h. aux 3Iouches, Conyza squarrosa —
h. au Pauvre homme, Gratiola officinalis — h. aux
Perles,  Lithospermum officinale — h. d  Pisser,
Pyrola  umbellate — h. d la Poudre de  Cliypre,
Hibiscus abelmoschus—h. aux  Poux, Delphinium
staphisagria — h. aux Puces commune,  Plantago
psyllium — h. d  Robert, Geranium Robertianum
— h. de Sainte  Barbe, Erysimum barbarea — h.
Sni-nte  Christophe, Actasa  spicata — h. de Saint
Etienne, Circasa  lutetiana—h. de Saint Jean, Ar-
temisia vulgaris—h. de Saint Roch, Inula dysen-
terica—h. aux Sorciers, Circasa lutetiana—h. aux
Vermes, Heliotropium  Europasum.
  HERBIVOROUS,  Herbiv'orus,  from  herba,
' grass/ and voro, ' I eat.'   An epithet applied to
animals which feed on herbs.
  HER'BORIST, Herba'rius.  One who deals in
useful plants.  An Herb'alist or Herb'arist.
  HERBORIZA'TION, Herba'rum, inquisit'io.
An excursion? made with  the  view of collecting
plants.   Such excursions  are directed  by the
Apothecaries' Company of London, for  the use
of their apprentices, ke.
  HERBS, FIVE CAP'ILLARY, Quinque herba
capilla'res, were, anciently, hart's tongue; black,
white, and golden maiden-hair, and spleenwort.
  Herbs, Five Emol'lient, Quinque herba einol-
lien'tea, were, anciently, beet, mallow,  marsh-
mallow, French mercury, and violet.
  HERCULES ALLHEAL, Pastinaca opoponax.
  HERCULEUS MORBUS, Epilepsy.
  HEREDITAIRE, Hereditary.
  HERED'ITARY, Hareditdriua, Hereditd-
riua,  Gentilit"iua, Sym'phytoa,  Syn'genea,  (F.)
Hiriditaire, from harea, 'an  heir.'  An  epithet
given to diseases, communicated  from progeni-
tors.  Such diseases may exist at birth;  or they
may supervene at a more or less advanced period
of existence.  Hereditary diaeaaes, 3Iorbi heredi-
tdrii,  (F.) 3Ialadiea  hiriditairea, often  prevail
amongst several  members of a  family,   or are
family diaeaaea or complaints.
  HERMAPHRODE'ITY, Hermaphrodis'ia,
Hermaphroditis'mus, Hermaphrodis'mus, Fab'rica
androg"yna, Androgyn'ia, Gynaddria, Hermapli-
rodism;  from 'Eppvs, 'Mercury,' and AippoStrv,
'Venus.'  Appertaining to Mercury and Venus.
Union of the two sexes in tho same individual.
  1IERA1APHR0DISIA, Hermaphrodeity.
  HERMAPII'RODITE.  Same etymon.  Her-
maphrodltus,  Gynida, Androg"ynus.  One  who
possesses the attributes of male and female : who
unites in himself the two sexes.  A term, applied
to an animal or plant which is, at the same time,
both male and female. True hermaphrodites are
only met with in the lower degrees of the animal
scale, amongst the zoophytes, mollusca, or gaste-
ropoda.  The individuals of the human species,
regarded as hermaphrodites, owe this appearance
to a vicious conformation of the genital organs;
a kind of monstrosity, which renders them unfit
for generation, although an attentive examination
may exhibit the true sex.  Hermaphrodites have,
likewise, been described, which, instead of uniting
the attributes of both sexes, cannot be considered
male  or female.  These  have been called neutral
hermaphrodites.
  HERMAPIIRODITISMUS, Hermaphrodeity.
  HERMAPHRODITUS,  Hermaphrodite.
  HERMET'ICA  DOCTRI'NA, Hermetiea ars,
(F.) Hermitique.   The  doctrine of  Hermes,  a
celebrated  Egyptian  philosopher, who is con-
sidered the father of alchemy.  That part of
chymistry,  whose object was the pretended trans-
mutation of the  metals.
  HERMODAC'TYLUS, Dactyle'tus, An'ima ar-
ticulo'rum,  from  'Eppvs, ' Mercury/ and SoktvXos,
'a finger;'   or rather from Hermus,  a river in
Asia,  upon  whose banks  it grows, and SoktvXos,
'a, date;' or from 'Eppvs, 'Mercury/ and SoktvXos,
'a date;' (F.) Hermoduetylc, Hcrmoductc ou ller-
modate.  The root of the Hermodactyl was for-
merly used as a cathartic.  By some, it is sup-
posed  to be identical with  the Iris tubero'sa.
The best testimony seems to be in  favour of its
being a variety  of the colchicum,— Col'chicum
Illyr'icuin.
  HER3IODATE, Hermodactylus.
  HERMOPH'ILUS, from  'Eppvs,  'Mercury/
and tptXos, ' a lover.'   One who is fond of mercury
as a medicine.
  HER'NIA,  Ramex, Ruptdra,  R.  hernio'sa,
Crepatu'ra, Eetop'ia hernio'sa,  Cele, Rupture,
Burst, (F.)  Hargne, Descente,  Effort, Grevcitee,
Rompeure.   Any tumour, formed by the displace-
ment  of a viscus or a portion  of a viscus, which
has escaped from its natural cavity by some aper-
ture and projects externally.   Hernias have been
divided into,—1. Hernia of the Brain; Encepha-
locele; 2.  Hernia  of the Thorax; Pneumocele;
3. Hernia of the Abdomen.
  Abdom'inal  Hernia are  remarkable for their
frequency,  variety,  and the  danger  attending
them.  They are produced by the protrusion of
the viscera, contained in the abdomen, through
the natural or accidental apertures in the parietes
of that cavity.  The organs, which  form them
most  frequently, are the intestines  and the epi-
ploon. These hernias have been divided, accord-
ing to the apertures by which they escape, into:
  1. Inguinal or Supra-Pu'bian Hernia.  These
issue by the inguinal  canal:  they are called Bu-
bonoce'le, when  small;   and Scrotal Hernia of
Oscheocele, in man, when they descend into the
scrotum; — Vulvar Hernia or Puden'dal or Ld-
bial Hernia, Epiaioce'le, in women,  when they
extend to the labia majora.  2. Crural or Fem'-
oral Hernia, 3fe'roee'le, when they  issue  by tho
crural canal. 3. Infra-Pdbian Hernia, (F.) Her-
nie aoua-pubienne, O'ddeoce'te, Her'nia foram'inia
ovdlis,  when  the  viscera escape  through the
opening, which gives passage to the infra-pubian 
HERNIA
43!
vessels.  4. Ischialic Hernia; when it takes place
through  the sacro-sciatic  notch.   5.  I.'mbilical
Hernia,  Exom'phaloa,  Omphuluce'le; when it oc-
curs at the umbilicus or near it.  6. Epigus'tric
Hemia ;—occurring through the linea alba, above
the umbilicus.   7. Hypogaa'tric or Infra-umbil-
icul Hern in, Ceelioce'/e, IIypogaatrocc'le, — when
it occurs through the linea alba below the umbi-
licus.  8. Perina'al Hcrnin, 311 soscelocele, Her'-
nia perina'i, Perinaoce'le, Pi.rincoce'le—when it
takes place through the levator ani, and appears
at the perineum.  9. Vag"inal Hernia, Coleoce'le
seu FJytrocele — through the parietes of the va-
gina.   10.  Diaphragmal ic  Hernia,  Diaphrag-
matoce'le; when it passes through the diaphragm.
   Hernias are likewise distinguished,—according
to the viscera  forming them, — into Enteroce'le,
Epiploce'le, En'tero-epip/oee'le, Gaetroce'le,  Cye-
toee'le, Heputoee'le, Splenoce'le, &c.
   When a hernia  can be restored  to its natural
cavity, by the  aid  of  pressure, &c, properly ap-
plied, it is said to be reducible. It is, on the  con-
trary, irreducible, when adhesion, bulk, <fcc, op-
pose  its return.  AVhen the aperture, which  has
given passage  to the hernia, occasions  more or
less constriction on  the protruded portion,  the
hernia is said to be incarcerated or strangulated:
and,  if the constriction be  not removed,  consti-
pation, hiccough,  vomiting,  and all  the  signs of
violent inflammation, followed by gangrene, su-
pervene,  with  alteration of the  features, small
pulse, cold extremities, and  death.
   The therapeutical  indications are, — 1. Aa re-
gards reducible hernia:— to replace the viscera
in the abdomen by the taxis; and to retain them
there  by tho  use of a trusa, which, if properly
adapted, may effect a radical cure. 2. Aa regards
irreducible hernia: — to support  the tumour by
an appropriate suspensory  bandage.  3.  Aa re-
garda atrangnlated hernia: — to have recourse to
the  taxis;  blood-letting ;j warm  bath;  tobacco
glysters ; ice to the tumour; and, if these  should
not succeed, to perform an operation, which con-
sists in dividing the covering of the hernia,  and
cutting  the aponeurotic  ring, which causes  the
strangulation;—reducing the displaced viscera,
unless their diseased  condition  should require
them to be retained without;—dressing the wound
appropriately;—restoring the course of the fasces
by means of gentle glysters ;—preventing or com-
bating inflammation of the abdominal viscera;—
conducting the wound to cicatrization, by  appro-
priate means ;  and afterwards supporting  the ci-
catrix by a bandage.
   The word hernia was also  used, of old, for  the
scrotum, and, not unfrequently, for  the testicle.
   Hernia, Aneurismal, Cirsomphalus— h. Ar-
teriarum, see Aneurism—h. of the Bladder, Cys-
,tocele—h. Bronchialis, Bronchocele—h. Carnosa,
Sarcocclc — h. of  the Cerebellum, Parencephalo-
cele—h. Cerebri, Encephalocele.
   Hernia, Conoen'ital, Hernia congen'ita,  is a
protrusion of some of the contents of the abdomen
into  the'Tunica vaginalis testis, owing to a want
of adhesion between  its sides, after the descent
of the testicle.
   Hernia Cornea:, Ceratocele — h. Crural,  Me-
rocele — h. Epiploic,  Epiplocele — h. Femoral,
Mcrocele — h.  Foraminis Ovalis, see Hernia —
h. Gutturis, Bronchocele — h.  Hepatica,  Hepa-
tocele.
   Hernia Humora'lis, Empres'ma Orchitis,  Di-
dy in it is. Orchitis, Orchidi'tis, Inflamma'tio tes'-
tium, Inflamma'tion of the  Testicle,  Swelled  Tes-
ticle, Hernia  Ven'eris, Orchioce'le,  Orchidoce'le,
Orchidodcus, (F.) Inflammation da  testicule,  Or-
chite.  Swelling and inflammation of the testicle is
a common symptom of gonorrhoea—Chaudepisse
9                 HEROIC

 tombie dans les Bourses; but it may arise from
 external injuries, or from other causes.   It is a
 disease, which cannot be mistaken, and the treat-
 ment must obviously be  strongly antiphlogistic,
 supporting the testicle during the treatment, and
 for some time afterwards: methodical compres-
 sion has  also been found useful.  The disease is
 not generally of a serious character, going off as
 suddenly as it comes on.   As it affects the epidi-
 dymis more especially, when supervening  on go-
 norrhoea  or blennorrhcea, it is sometimes termed
 blenorrhag"ic epididymitis.
   Hernia Incarcerata,  Entero-peristole — h.
 Inguinalis, Bubonocele—h. Intestinalis, Entero-
 cele—h. Intestinalis omentalis, Entero-epiplocele
 —h. Iridis, Ptosis Iridis — h.  Ischiatica, Ischio-
 cele—h. Lienalis, Splenocele.
   Her'nia Litt'rica, H. e Divertic'ulo Intesti'ni.
 Hernia first described by Littre, in which the in-
 testinal canal proper is not included in the hernial
 sac, the protruded portion of intestine consisting
 of a digital prolongation of the ileum, which Littre
 concluded was formed by the gradual extension
 of a knuckle of the bowel, that had been engaged
 in the inguinal canal.
   Hernia of the Liver, Hepatocele—h.  Omen-
 tal, Epiplocele — h. Parorchido-enterica,  Paror-
 chido-enterocele — h. Perinasi, see Hernia — h.
 Pharyngis, Pharyngocele—h. Phrenic, Diaphrag-
 matic hernia—h. Pinguedinosa Scroti, Liparocele
 — h. of the  Pleura, Pleurocele — h. Pleurica  et
 pulmonalis, Pleurocele — h. Pudendal, Pudendal
 hernia—h. Sacci lachrymalis, Lachrymal hernia,
 Mucocele—h. Scrotalis, Scrotocele—h. Seminalis
 scroti, Spermatocele — h. of the  Stomach, Gas-
 trocele—h. Suprapubian, n. inguinal—h. of the
 Tongue,  Glossocele — h. Umbilicalis, Epiplom-
 phalon, Exomphalos — b. Umbilici Aquosa, Hy-
 dromphalum—h. Urachi, Uromphalus—h. Uteri,
 Hysterocele — h. A"aricose, Cirsocele — h. Vari-
 cosa, Atericocele — h. Venarum, Varix — h. Ve-
 neris, Hernia humoralis—h. A'entosa, Physocele
 — h. A'entral,  see A'entral — h. Ventriculi, Gas-
 trocele—h. ATesicos  Urinarias,  Cystocele—h. Zir-
 balis, Epiplocele.
   HERNIAIRE, Hernial, Herniaria glabra.
   HER'NIAL, Hernia'rius, (F.) Heminire. Be-
 longing  to, or concerning hernia: — as Hernial
 Bandage, Hernial Sac, &e.
   The (F.) Hernii, is applied to a part enveloped
 in a hernial sac.  (F.) Hemieux, Cele'ta, Celo'tes,
 Rup'tured, Burst,  Bursten, means one affected
 with hernia; and Chirurgien heminire,  one who
 devotes himself to the treatment of hernia.
   HERNIA'RIA  GLABRA,  H. vulga'ris seu
 hirsu'ta seu alpes'tris seu an'nua seu cine'rea seu
 frutico'sa, 3Iilligra'na, Em'pctrum, Rupture-wort,
 from hernia, 'rupture.' (F.) Herniairc, Tarquette,
 Hemiole. This plant, which, as its name imports,
 was formerly considered efficacious in the  cure
 of hernia, seems destitute of all virtues.
   HERNIARIUS, Hernial.
   HERNIE CIIARNUE, Sarcocele—h.del'Epi-
 ploon, Epiplocele—h. de lEstomae, Gastrocele—
 h. Inguinale,  Bubonocele — h. du Nombril, Ex-
 omphalos—h. Ombilicale,  Exomphalos—h. de  la
 Vessie,  Cystocele.
   HERNIE, Hernial.
   HERNIEMPHRAG'MUS,  Herniemphrax'is,
 from hernia, and tpippaypos, 'obstruction.'  The
 mechanical obstruction of a hernial canal for the
 radical cure of the hernia.
   HERNIE UN, Hernial.
   HERN 10LE. Herniaria glabra.
   HERXTOTOMY. Celotomia.
   HERO'IC,  Herdicus, Hero'ius, Hero'us, from
 'ripiiis, 'a hero.'  An epithet applied to remedies
 or practice of a violent character. 
HERPEDON
440
HEUCIIERA
  HERPEDON, Herpes.
  HERPEN, Herpes.
  HERPES, Erpes, Herpe'don, Herpen, Serpens,
from  'tptru,  'I  creep;'  because it creeps and
spreads about the skin; Ecphly'sia Herpes, Cy-
tis'ma  Herpes,  Tetter,  Fret,  (F.)  Dartre,  Olo-
phlyctide. '  A vesicular disease, which, in most
of its forms, passes through a regular course of
increase, maturation, decline, and termination in
from  10 to  14 days.   The vesicles  arise  in dis-
tinct, but irregular clusters, which  commonly ap-
pear in quick succession, and near  together,  on
an inflamed base ; generally attended with heat,
pain, and  considerable  constitutional  disorder.
The term, like all others which refer to cutaneous
diseases, has not been accurately defined.  The
aneients had three varieties:  the miliary, Kty-
Xptotos: vesicular, <pXvKTatvu>Svs,  and  ero'ding,
tcSioptvos.   Bateman has the following varieties :
1. Herpes Phlyctajno'des, Herpes milia'ris, Ec-
phly'sis Herpes 31ilid ris, (¥.)Dartre phlycteno'ide,
in which the vesicles are millet-sized ;  pellucid ;
clusters commencing on an uncertain part of the
body, and being progressively strewed over the
rest of  the  surface;  -succeeded by fresh crops.
2. Herpes  Zoster, Zoster, Zona ig'nea, Z. serpi-
gino'sa, Ignis Per'sicus, Cinzillu, Sacer ignis, Ec-
phly'sis Herpes zoster, Herpes peria'celia, Eryaip'-
elaa zoster,  Erysip'elaa phlyctanoldea,  E. puatu-
lo'aa,  Zona, Cir'cinus, Perizojma,  (F.) Ceinture,
 C. dartreuse, Feu Persique, Erysipele pustuleux,
Shingles, in which the vesicles are pearl-sized;
the clusters spreading round the body like a gir-
dle ;  at times confluent, and occasionally pre-
ceded  by constitutional irritation. 3. Herpes
 Circina'tus, Formi'ca ambulatdria, An'nulus re-
 pens,  Herpes Serpigo,  Serpigo, Ecphly'sis Her-
pes Circina'tus, Ringworm,  Vesie'ular Ringicorm,
consisting of vesicles with a reddish base, uniting
in rings; the area of the rings slightly discoloured,
 often  followed  by fresh crops.  4. Herpes La-
bia'lis, and  5. Herpes Praiputia'lis,  Aphtha
 prapu'tii,  Uleus'cula  prapu'tii,  appearing,  re-
 spectively,  on the lips and prepuce. 6. Herpes
 Iris, Iris, Rainbow-ivorm, occurring in small cir-
 cular patches, each of which is composed of con-
 centric rings of different colours.   To these may
 added, Herpes Ex'edens, Ecphly'sis Herpes ex'-
 edens, Herpes eathiom'enua, H. depias'cens, H.ferus,
 H. estiom'enus, H. ferox, Darta excoriativa  seu
 malig'na, Lupus vorax, Formica eorrosi'va, For-
 mix, Pap'ula fer a, Ul cerative Ringworm, Nir'les,
 A'gria, (F.) Dartre rongiante, in which the vesi-
 cles  are hard;  clusters thronged; fluid dense,
 yellow or reddish, hot, acrid, corroding the sub-
 jacent skin, and spreading in  serpentine trails.
   All the  varieties demand simply an antiphlo-
 gistic treatment, when attended with febrile irri-
 tation.   The herpes  circinatua,  alone,  requires
 the use of astringent applications  which have the
 power of repressing the eruption.
   Herpes Depascens, H. exedens — h. Esthio-
 menus, H. exedens—h. Estiomenus, H.  exedens
 —h.  Farinosus, Pityriasis—h. Ferox,  H. exedens
 —h.  Ferus,  H. exedens—h. Furfuraceus, Pityri-
 asis— h. Furfuraceus  circinatus,  Lepra, H. exe-
 dens— h.  Miliaris, H. phlyctasnoides — h. Peris-
 celis,  H. zoster — h. Serpigo, H.  circinatus — h.
 Tonsurans, Porrigo decalvans.
    HERPET'IC, Herpelicus, (F.) Dartreux. Pos-
  sessing the nature of herpes.
    HERPETOG'RAPHY, Herpetograph'ia, from
  'tpvvs,  'herpes/  and ypatpv, 'a description.' A
  description of the different forms of herpes.
    HERPE'TON,  Herpelicon, from  'tptruv,  'to
  creep.'  A creeping eruption or  ulcer. — Hippo-
  crates.
  HERPYLOS. Thymus serpyllum.
  HERRENSCIIAVAND'S SPECIFIC, see Spe-
cific of Herrenschwand.
  HESPERIS ALLIARIA, Alliaria.
  HETERADELPIPIA,from 'tripos, 'other,' and
aStXtpos, ' a brother.'   A double monstrosity, in
which  the components of the double bodies  are
very unequal, and of which one portion may be
regarded as the stem or trunk, to which another
organized part, or even a whole body, less deve-
loped than itself,  is affixed like a parasite.
  HETEROCHRONIES, Hetcroclttonus, from
'trtpos, ' other/ and xPov°s> ' time.'   Relating to
difference of time.
  Pulsus heterochrodicus.  A  pulse  of varying
rhythm.  An irregular or intermittent pulse.
  HETEROCHYMEU'SIS, from 'trtpos, 'other/
and xvpzwtS) 'mixture.'  A state of the blood in
which it contains other matters  than in health,
as urea, bile, &c.
  HETEROCLITE, see Homology, and Tissues.
  HETEROCRANIA, Hemierania.
  HETEROCRIN'IA, from 'trtpos,  'other/  and
Kpivw, 'I separate.'  Modification in the situation
of secretions.—Andral.
  HETEROGENESIS, see Generation.
  HETEROLALIA,  Heterophonia.
  HETEROLOGOUS TISSUES, see Tissues.
  HHTEROMORPH' ISM, Heteromorphis' mus,
from 'trtpos,  ' other/  and popipv, ' shape.' A de-
viation from the  natural shape of parts.
  HETEROMORPHOUS, see Homology.
  HETEROPATHIC, Allopathic.
  HETEROPHO'NIA, from 'trtpos, ' other/ and
<pb)vv,  'voice.'  A cracked or  broken voice.  A
change of the voice or speech—Heteroldlia.
  HETEROPIITHAL'MIA, from 'trtpos, 'other/
and o<p$aXpos, 'eye.'  A difference  in the  two
eyes, — as when  one squints, or is of a different
colour.
   HETEROPLAS'TY, Heteroplas'tice, Hetero-
pla'sia, from 'trtpos, 'other/ and TrXaaaoi, 'I form.'
Irregular plastic or formative operations, that do
not admit of exact classification.
   HETEROPROSO'PUS, from 'trtpos, 'different/
and trpocoitrov, ' countenance.'   A monster having
two faces.—Gurlt.
   HET'EROPUS, from 'trtpos, ' other/ and irovs,
 ' foot.'  One who has one foot different from the
 other.
   HETEROREXIA, Malacia.
   HETERORRHYTH'MUS, from 'trtpos, 'other,'
 and pvdpos,  'rhythm.'  Having another rhythm.
 An  epithet given to the pulse, when it is such,
 in any individual, as is usually felt at  a different
 age.                                         •
   HETEROS, from 'trtpos, 'the one of two/ 'the
 other.'  Hence:
   HETEROSARCO'SES, from 'trtpos,  'other,'
 and capi, 'flesh.'-  A class of diseases'which con-
 sist in the formation of accidental tissues.—Gen-
 drin.
   HETEROTAX'IA, (F.) Hiterotaxie, from 'trt-
 pos,  and ra^is,  'order.'  A malformation, which
 consists  in  the  general transposition of organs.
 A change in the relation of organs.
   HETEROTOP'IA,  from  'trtpos,  'other/  and
 tottos, 'place.'   A deviation from the natural po-
 sition of parts.
   HETRE, Fagus sylvatica.
   HEUCIIERA, see  H. cortusa — h. Acerifolia,
  H.  cortusa.
    Heuche'ra Cortu'sa, H. America'nu, H. Ace-
  rifo'lia,  H. Vis'cida, Cortu'sa America'na, Alum 
HEUDELOTIA              441                  HILON
 Root, Amer'ican Sddicle, Ground-maple,  Cliff-
 weed, Split-rock.  The root — Heuchera (Ph. U.
 S.)—iB a  powerful astringent, and is  the basis
 of a cancer powder.  The American Indians ap-
 ply the powdered root to wounds, ulcers, and
 cancers.  It is said to have been sold for col-
 chicum.
    Heiciiera Viscida, II. cortusa.
    HEUDELOTIA AFRICANA, see Bdellium.
    HEVEA GUIANENSIS,  see Caoutchouc.
    HEXAGIUM, Sextula.
    HEXATHYRIDIUM VENARUM.seeWorms.
    HEXIS, 'tits.  Habit, habit of body, constitu-
 tion.   Hence, hectic, cachectic, &c.
    HIA'TUS,  from  hiare, 'to gape/ 'to open.'
 A foramen or aperture.  Mouth.  The vulva.
 Also, yawning.
    Hiatus Diaphrag'matis Aor'ticus,  Semicir'-
 culus exscu/pi'tus.  The opening in the diaphragm
 for tho passage of the abdominal aorta.
    Hiatus  Fallopii,  see Aquasductus Fallopii—
 h. Occipito-pitreux,  Lacerum posterius foramen
 —//. Spltino-pitrcux, Lacerum anterius foramen.
    Hiatus  of Winslow, Fora'men of Winslow.
 An opening—situate behind the lesser omentum,
 and behind the vessels and nerves of the liver—
 which forms  a communication between the peri-
 toneal cavity and that of the omenta.
    HIBER'NICUS LAPIS,  Teg'ula Hiber'nica,
 Arde'sia Hiber'nica, Harde'sia,  Irish Slate.  A
 kind of slate or very hard stone, found in differ-
 ent parts of Ireland, in masses of a bluish-black
 colour, which  stains  the hands.  It has  been
 taken, powdered, in spruce-beer, against inward
 contusions.
    HIBISCUS, Althasa.
    Hibis'cus Abelmos'chus,  Abelmoe'chua  mos-
 cha'tus.  The name of the plant, whose seeds are
 called  Grana 3Ioschi or 3Iuakeeed.  It is the Bel-
 mus'chits, Abelmos'chus, Granum 3Ioschi, Ketmia
 jEgyptinca, 3toschus Ar'abum, ^Egyp'tia moschd-
 ta, liamix moscha'ta, Alce'a, Alcen Ind'ica, Alcea
 jEgyptinca Villo'aa, Abelmoach, Abelmuak, 3Iuak-
 mnl/oiv, (F.) Graine de 3Iuac, Herbe d la poudre
 de Chypre, Ambrette, Guimauve vcloutec.   It is
 indigenous  in Egypt and the Indies.  The  seeds
 are chiefly used as  perfumes; and especially in
 the formation of Cyprua Powder.
    Hibis'cus Popule'us, Balimbdgo.   A  small
 Molucca tree.   The fruit is full of a juice similar
 to camboge.  The root is emetic.   It is used in
 chronic diarrhoea, colic, dyspepsia, &c.
    HICCOUGH, Singultus.
    HICCUP, Singultus.
    HICK'ORY. The name  of several American
 trees  of the genus Carya; Order, Juglandaceas.
 The leaves  are usually aromatic; and are reputed
 to be antispasmodic (?). The bark of those species
» that have  bitter nuts, as Carya ama'ra and C.
 porcina, is somewhat astringent.  Some of them
 bear fruit that is much esteemed, as Carya oliva-
  formis, Pecan' or Peccad nut,  and  C. sulca'ta,
 Shellbark..
    HIDDEN SEIZURES.   An  expression em-
 ployed by Dr. Marshall Hall for obscure  ence-
 phalic and spinal attacks, of an epileptoid cha-
 racter for  example, which may be immediately
 owing to trachelismus.
    HIDRISCIIESIS, Hidroschesis.
    HIDROA, Desudatio, Echauboulures, Hydroa,
 Sudamina.
    HIDRON'OSUS. Hidrondsus, from 'tSpus,
 'sweat,' and vocos, 'a disease.' A disease accom-
 panied by violent sweats. Sudor Anglicus.
    HIDR OX US US, Ilidronosus.
    HIDROPEDESIS. Ephidrosis.
    HIDROPHOROS, Sudoriferous.
    HIDROPOETICUM, Sudorific.
  HIDROPYRA, Sudor Anglicus.
  HIDROPYRETOS, Sudor Anglicus.
  HIDRORRHO'A, Ephidrosis.
  HIDROS, 'iSpm, Sudor, 'sweat.'  Hence—Hi-
dropyra, Hidrosis, &C.
  HIDROS'CHESIS, Hidris'chesis, Retedtio su-
dd ris,  from 'tSpus, 'sweat/ and octets,  'reten-
tion.'  Suppression of perspiration.
  HIDRO'SIS, Hidrdsis,  Suddtio, from 'tSpus,
'sweat'  Sudation, Sweating, Ephidrosis.
  HIDROTERIOX, Achicolum.
  HIDROTERIUM,  Sudorific.
  HIDROTICUM, Sudorific.
  HIDRO'TIUM, Diminutive of 'tSpws, 'sweat/
A gentle sweat or perspiration.
  HIDR0T0PO3UM, Sudorific.
  HIEBLE, Sambucus ebulus.
  HI'ER A DIACOLOCYN'THIDOS, from 'upos,
'holy.'  Hiera of Colocynth.  An electuary,  com-
posed of 10 parts of  colocynth, as much agaric,
germander, white horehound, steechas: — 5  parts
of opoponax, as much sagapenum, parsley, round
birthwort root,  and white pepper: — 4 parts of
spikenard, cinnamon, myrrh, and saffron; and 3
pounds, 3 ounces, and 5 drachms of honey.
  Hiera of Colocynth, H. Diacolocynthidos—
h. Logadii, Hiera picra.
  Hiera Picra,  from  'itpos,  'holy/ and irtKpos,
'bitter.'  Holy bitter, Pulvis aloeticus, formerly
called Hiera loga'dii, when  made into an electu-
ary with honey.  It  is now kept in the  form of
dry powder;—prepared by mixing socotrine aloes
one pound, with 3 ounces of canella alba.   See
Pulvis  aloes cum canella.
  Hiera Syrinx, A'ertebral column, Epilepsy.
  HIERACI'TES, 'ttpaKirvs, from 'itpa£, 'ahawk/
Lapis Accip'itrum.  The ancient name of a pre-
cious stone, believed to be  capable of arresting
the  hemorrhoidal flux.—Pliny, Galen, Paulus.
  HIERACIUM LACHENALII, H. murorum.
  Hiera'cium Muro'rum,  H.  Lachenalii,  Pul-
mona'ria Gall'ica, Auric'ula mu'ris major,  (F.)
Eperviere des murailles, Pulmonaire desFrancais.
A European plant, which is  a slight tonic.
  Hieracium Oleraceum, Sonchus oleraceus.
  Hieracium Pilosel'la.  The systematic name
of the  Auric'ula 3Iuris, Pilosel'la,  P. Alpina,
3fyoso'tis,  3Iouse-ear, (F.)  Piloselle, Oreille de
Souris.  This plant contains a bitter, lactescent
juice, which has a slight degree of astringency.
The roots are more powerful than the leaves.
  Hiera'cium Veno'sum, Rattlesnakeweed, Veiny
Hawkweed, indigenous, has  similar  properties.
  HIERANOSUS, Chorea, Epilepsy.
  HIERAX, Accipiter.
  HIEROBOTANE,  Verbena officinalis.
  HIEROGLYPH'ICA, from 'upos, 'holy/and
yXvtpio,  'I carve.'  A name  given  to  the  signs
employed in medicine; and, also, to the  folds in
the  hands, feet, and forehead, which afford chi-
romancy its  pretended oracles.
  HIEROPYR, Erysipelas.
  HILL'S BALSAM OF HONEY,  see  Balsam
of Honey, Hill's—h. Essence of Bardana, Tinctura
guaiaci ammoniata.
  HILLBERRi^, Gaultheria.
  HILL FEVER, see Fever, hill.
  HILON, (F.)Hilum, improperly Hilus.  A name
given by some writers to a small blackish tumour,
formed by the protrusion of the iris through an
opening in the transparent cornea, so called  from
its comparison with the hile  or black mark pre-
sented by the vicia faba at one of its extremities.
In Botany, the Hile or Hilum is the cicatricula
of a seed, which indicates the place  by. which it
was  attached in the  cavity  of the pericarp.  It
is the umbilicus of the seed.  The fissure of the 
*
                   HILUS                 4

spleen,  kidney,  &c, is, also,  sometimes called
Hilus.
  HILUS, Hilon.
  Hilus Liena'lis, Incisu'ra licndlis.  The con-
cave part of the spleen.
  Hilus Rena'lis,  Incisu'ra rena'lis.  The con-
cave part of the kidney.
  HIMANTOMA, see Himas.
  HIMANTOSIS, Himas.
  HIMAS, 'tpas,' a thong of leather.' The uvula;
likewise, elongation, and extenuation of the uvula.
It is also called Himanto'sis, Himanto'ma.  See
Staphylcedema.
  HIMEROS, Libido.
  HIP, Haunch—h. Bone,  Ischium—h. Disease,
Coxarum morbus—h. Joint, Coxofemoral articu-
lation—h. Tree, Rosa canina.
  HIP'PACE,  'ttriraKv,  from  'ttrtros;  'a horse.'
Ca'seus Equlnus. A cheese prepared from mare's
milk.
  HIPPANTHRO'PIA,  from 'ttrtros, 'a horse/
and av&piotros, ' a man.'  A variety of melancholy,
in which the patient believes himself changed to
a horse.  The Greek word 'iirtrav&pmtros, means
the fabulous Centaur.
  HIPPASIA, Equitation.
  HIPPEIA, Equitation.
  HIPPEUSIS, Equitation.
  HIPPlATER, Hippidtros, Med'icus equa'rius.
A farrier.  A horse doctor.  Used also for one
who treats the diseases of other domestic  animals;
Veterina'rius, 31ulomed'icus, 3Ied'icus Vcterind-
riua, Zoi'dtrus.
  HIPPIATRI'A,  Hippialrica,   Hippiatrice,
3Iedietna equa'ria, from 'ttrtros, 'a horse/ and
tarptKv,  'medicine/ (F.) Hippiatrique. A science,
whose object is the knowledge of the diseases  of
the horse. It is  sometimes made to include  other
domestic animals.  See Veterinary art.
  HIPPIATRIQUE,  Hippiatria.
  HIPPIATRUS, Hippiater.
  HIPPO, Euphorbia corollata—h. Indian, Gil-
lenia trifoliate.
  HIPPOCA3IPE  GRANDE, Cornu ammonis.
  HIPPOCAMPUS MAJOR, Cornu ammonis.
  Hippocam'pus Minor, Pea hippocam'pi minor,
Pes hippopotami minor, Unguis, U. Avis, U. Hal-
leri,  O'erea,  Collie'ulus ca'vea posterio'ris ventri-
culo'rum lat era'Hum, fJalcar a'vis, Udciform Em'-
inence,  (F.) Ergot, Eperon.  A medullary tubercle
or projection, observed in the posterior cornu of
the lateral ventricle  of the brain.
  HIPPOCENTAUREA CENTAURIUM, Chi-
ronia centaurium.
  HIPPOCRAS, Claret.
  HIPPOCRATES, CAP OF, Bonnet d'Hippo-
crate—h. Sleeve, Chausse.
  HIPPOCRAT'IC, Hippocral icus. Relating to
Hippocrates, or concerning his doctrine,—asHip-
pocratic doctrine, Hippocratic face, &c.
  HIPPOC'RATIST.   A partisan of the Hippo-
cratic doctrine.
  HIPPOGONYOLEPUS,  Crusta genu equinas
  HIPPOLAPATHUM, Rumex patientia.
  HIPPOLITHUS, Bezoard of the horse
  HIPPOMARATHRUM,  Peucedanum silaus.
  HIPPOPATHOL'OGY, Hippopatholog" ia,
from 'itrtros, 'a horse, traSos,  'a disease/ and  Xoyos,
'a discourse.'   The science of the diseases  of
the horse.  Pathology of the horse.
  HIPPOPHAGOUS, Equivorous.
  HIPPOPUS, see Kyllosis.
  HIPPOS, Equus.
  HIPPOSELINUM,  Smyrnium olusatrum.
  HIPPOSTEOL'OGY,  Hipposteolog"ia,  from
'nr-os,  'a horse,' ocrtov, 'a bone/ and Xoyos,  'a
discourse.'   Osteology of the horse.
               HISTOGEXIA

  HIPPOT'OMY,  Hippotom'ia,  from 'uriros, 'a
horse/ and rtpvttv, 'to  cut.'   Anatomy  of the
horse.
  HIPPU'RIA, from 'it-kos, 'a horse/ and ovpov,
'urine/ because the urine contains hippuric acid,
which is found in the urine of tho horse.   A pa-
thological condition, in which there is an excess
of hippuric acid in  the urine.
  HIPPURIC ACID, see Acid, hippuric.
  HIPPU'RIS VULGA'RIS,  from  'ttrtros, 'a
horse/ and ovpa, 'a tail.'  The systematic name
of the Horse's Tail, 31are's Tail, Equise'turn mi-
nus,  Equise'tum, (F.) Prele, Presle, Asprelc.  It
is an astringent, and frequently used, as tea, by
the vulgar, in diarrhoea and hemorrhage.  The
same virtues are attributed to the Equise'tum ar-
ven'se, fluviatile, limo'sum, &e.
  HIPPUS,  Equus, Nictdtio,  from  'ttrtros,  'a
horse.'  A disease  of the eyes, in which, from
birtb, they perpetually twinkle, like those of a
man  on horseback. (?) Also, a tremulous condition
of the iris, which occasions repeated alternations
of contraction and dilatation of the pupil; Iri-
dotromus, Tremor I'ridis.
  HIPS, Sax. heopa.  The fruit of the dog-rose,
Rosa Cani'na: chiefly used as a confection. See
Confectio  Rosas Caninas.
  HIRCIS'MUS,  Hircus, Hirquus,  from  hircus,
'a goat.'  Stinking like  a goat:—applied espe-
cially to the odour  of the secretions of the axilla.
  HIRCUS, Canthus (greater),  Hircismus, Tra-
gus—h. Alarum, Cinabra.
  HIRQUITALITAS, from hircus, 'a goat/ Pa-
rapho'nia pdberum. Goat's voice. See Egophony.
  HIRQUUS, Hircus,  Canthus (greater), Hircis-
mus, Tragus.
  HIRSU'TIES, Das'yma, Das'ytes, Trichdsis,
Hirsu'ties, Hair'inesa.  Growth of hairs on extra-
neous parts, or, superfluous growth on parts; as
in cases of bearded  women. — Good.
  HIRU'DO,  The Leech, Sanguisdgn, Bdella.
In medicine, the  Hint do 3Iedicina'lis, Bdella
3Iedicina'lia,  or 3Iedicindl Leech, (F.) Sangatte,
is employed.   In  the  United States, H. dec'ora
is used.   The leech lives in fresh water, and
feeds on the  blood of animals, which it socks,
after having pierced the skin with its three sharp
teeth.  This habit  has been taken advantage of,
to produce local blood-letting.  In applying the
leech, the  part must be wiped dry; and if there
be difficulty in making it suck,  a  little  milk or
cream may be  applied.   When satiated, it will
drop off, and by applying a little salt or vinegar
to its head it will  disgorge the  blood.  A good
English leech will  take about half an ounce of
blood, including that which  flows by fomenting
the part subsequently.  The American takes less.
  Hirudo Artificialis, Antlia  sanguisuga—h.
Decora, see Hirudo — h. Medicinalis, Hirudo.
  HIRUNDINARIA,  Asclepias  vincetoxicum,
Lysimachia nummularia.
  HIRUN'DO, Chelidon, from harendo,  'stick-
ing;' because  it  sticks  its  nests  against the
houses.  (?)  The  Szoallaw.   The  nests  of the
swallow were once  employed  as rubefacients,
boiled in vinegar.
  HISPANICUM  VIRIDE, Cupri subacetas.
  HISPIDITAS, Dysteechiasis, Phalangosis.
  HISPIDULA, Antennaria dioicum.
  HISSING  RESPIRATION, see Rdle aibilant.
  HISTIOLOGY,  Histology.
  HISTODYAL'YSIS, from 'tcros,  'organic tex-
ture/ and StaXvcts, ' dissolution.'  A morbid dis-
solution of the tissues.
  HISTOGEN'IA, Hietog"eny, from 'tcros, 'the
organic texture/ and ytvtcts, 'generation.'  The
formation  and development of the organic textures.
2 
HISTOLOGIC
443
H0MO30ZYGY
  HISTOLOGIA, Histology.
  HISTOLOC'ICAL, Hiatolog"icua.  Same ety-
mon as the next.   Relating to histology.  Ap-
plied, also, at times, to the natural transforma-
tions  that  occur in the tissues in the embryo, in
contradistinction to morphological, which applies
to tho alterations in the form of the several parts
of the embryo.
   HISTOL'OGY, Hiatolog"ia, Hiatiology,  Hia-
tiolog"iu,  from 'tcros,  'the  organic texture/ and
Xoyos, 'a description.'  Anatomy (general).  The
term  is, also, more particularly appropriated to
the minute anatomy of the tissues. See Anatomy.
   HISTON'OMY,  Hiatonom'ia, from 'tcros" the
organic texture/ and vopos,  'law.'  The aggregate
of laws, which preside  ovor  the  formation and
arrangement of the organic tissues.
   IHS'TORYr,  MED'ICAL, Hiatdria 3Iedictna.
A narration of  the  chief circumstances, and the
persons connected with them, in the progress of
medicine.
   HIST'OS, 'tcros, ' the organic texture.'  Tex-
tu'ra seu  Tela org ad ica.
   HISTOT'OMY, Hietotom'ia from 'tcros, 'orga-
nic texture/ and ropv, ' incision.'  Dissection of
the tissues.
   IIIArE  SYRUP,  Syrupus scillas composites.
   HIA'ES,  Cynanche trachealis, Urticaria, Arari-
cella.  In Scotland, according to Dr.  Jameson,
Hives or Hyves means any eruption of the  skin,
proceeding  from an internal cause;  and, in Lo-
thian, it is  used to denote both the red and the
yellow gum. In the United States, it is vaguely
employed:  most frequently,  perhaps,  for Urti-
caria.
   Hives,  Bold, Urticaria.
   HOARSEXESS,  Raucedo.
   HOB-NAIL  LIVER,  Cirrhosis of the liver.
Liver, nutmeg.
   HOCK, Poples.
   HOG-LICE,  Onisci aselli.
   HOGWORT, Heptellon graveolens.
   HOLANENCEPHA'LIA, from 'oXos, 'entire/
and anencephalia,  'absence of brain.'   Entire
absence of brain,—the same as Anencephalia.—
G. St. Hilaire.
   HOLARTHRITIS, Hamarthritis.
   HoLCE,  'oXkv, 'a dram.'—Galen.
   HOL'CIMOS, 'oXKtpos, from 'oXkv,  ' a weight/
A tumour of the liver.
   HOLCUS SORGHUM, Panicum Italicum.
   HOLERA, Cholera.
   HOLLANDS, Gin.
   HOLLY, AMERICAN, Ilex opaca —h. Com-
mon, Ilex aquifolium—h. Dahoon, Ilex vomitoria
— h. Ground, Pyrola maculate — h. Ground, Py-
rola umbellate—h. Sea,  Eryngium maritimum.
   HOLLYHOCK,  COMMON, Alcea rosea.
   HOLMES WEED, Scrophularia nodosa.
   HOLMICOS, Alveolus.
   HOLMOS, Mortar.
   HOLOCYROX,  Teucrium chamaspitys.
   HOLONARCO'SIS, from <o\os, 'whole/ and
 vapKwois' 'stupor.'   Narcosis of the whole body.
 Torpe/'actio universalis.
   IIOLOPHLYCTIDES, Phlyctasna.
   HOLOSTEUM ALSINE, Alsine media.
   HO LOST E US. Osteocolla.
   HOLOTETANUS,  see Tetanus.
   HOLOTOX1A, Holotonicus, Tetanus.
   llOLOTON'IGUS, 'oXos, 'the whole/  and tuvio,
 'I stretch.'  Holoton'ia.  A spasm of the whole
 Lodv.  A variety of tetanus.—Sauvages.
   HOL'YAYELL,   MINERAL AYATERS  OF.
 Holywell is a town in AYales, and takes its name
 from the famous well of St.  AA"inifred.  It is a
 simple cold water, remarkable for its purity.
   HOMAGRA, Omagra.
  HOMEOPATHY, Homoeopathy.
  HOMERDA, Stercus humanum.
  HOME'RIA COLLI'NA.  A poisonous South
African plant, Nat. Orel. Irideas, the bulb of which
acts  as a violent acro-narcotic, producing fatal
results very speedily.
  HOMESICKNESS, Nostalgia.
  HOMICI'DAL, Traculedtus,Ferua, from homo,
' man/ and eado, ' I kill.' Pertaining or relating
to homicide or the killing of man.
  Homicidal Insanity, Homicidal 3Ionoma'nia,
(F.) 3Ionomunic homicide.   Insanity, with an ir-
resistible impulse to destroy life.
  HOMILIA, Coition.
  HOM'INY.   A  word of Indian derivation.
Maize or  Indian corn hulled and coarsely broken.
It is prepared for food by being mixed with water
and boiled. ■
  Hominy, Wheaten, see Groats.
  HOMIOSIS, Homoiosis.
  H03I3IE, Homo.
  HOMO, (F.) Homme, Man,—the chief and most
perfect of the mammalia;  in Greek, avSpuiros,
Anthro'p>oa, from ova,  'upwards, and  rpttrw, 'I
turn / because man, alone, of all  animals, pos-
sesses the natural power of standing erect.   He
is, also,  the  only animal whose  incisor teeth,
wedged  in a projecting jaw, are absolutely ver-
tical.  Man is especially distinguished from other
mammalia by the faculty, which he possesses, of
classing  his  ideas;  comparing them with each
other; and connecting, representing, and trans-
mitting them by signs and articulate sounds.  He
possesses, in  the highest degree, all  the attributes
of intelligence, — memory, judgment, and imagi-
nation.   He  inhabits all countries, — the burning
regions of the torrid zone, and the chilling at-
mosphere of the polar climes.  In different situa-
tions, he  presents, in his figure, colour, and sta-
ture, differences which have caused mankind to
be divided by naturalists into races or varieties.
The  number of such races  can only be approxi-
mated.   Blumenbach admits five, the Caucaaian,
Ethiopian, 3Iongolian,  3laluy,  and American.
Every division must necessarily be arbitrary, and
the  individuals composing  each variety are far
from being alike.
  Homo Alatus,  see Alatus.
  Homo  Cauda'tus, ' Tailed man.'  A fabulous,
tailed variety of the human species, 'incolaorbis
antarctici/ admitted by Linnasus, although he is
uncertain whether  to  rank them  with men or
apes!
  Homo  Fatuus, Idiot.
  HOMOED'RUS,  from opov,  'together/ and
tSpa, ' seat.'   Having the same seat.  3Iorbi ho-
moedri:—diseases that have the same seat.
  H0MO30M0RPH0US, see  Homology.
  HOM030PATII, Homosopathist.
  H0MO30PATHTC,  Homaopath'icua, Homce-
op'athea.  Relating to homoeopathy.
  HOMGEOP'ATHIST, Ho'meeopath,  Homoeo-
path' icus, Homoeopathis'ta, Homoeopathis'tes. One
who believes in homoeopathy.
  HOMiEOP'ATHY, Homceopathia, Ara homoe-
opath'ica, Homeop'athy, from  'opotos, 'like/ and
rraSos,  'affection.'   A  fanciful doctrine,  which
maintains, that disordered actions in the human
body are to  be cured  by inducing other disor-
dered actions of the same  kind, and this to be
accomplished by infinitesimally small  doses, of-
ten of apparently inert agents;  the deeillionth
part of a grain of charcoal, for example,  is an
authorized dose.
  HOMffiOZ'YGY", from 'opotos. 'like/ and $vyow,
'I join   together.'  (F.) Soi-pour-soi.   The law 
44             HORSE CANE
               HOMOETHNIA              *

of association of organs, by which like parts ad-
here to like parts.—Serres.
  HOMOETHNIA, Sympathy.
  HOMOGENESIS, see Generation.
  HOMOIOPATHIA,  Sympathy.
  HOAIOIO'SIS, Homidsis,  from'opotoio, 'I re-
semble/ 'I assimilate.'  An elaboration of the
nutritious  juiee, by which it becomes proper for
assimilation.
  HOMOLINON, see Apolinosis.
  HOM'OLOGUE, Homol'ogua,  same etymon as
homology.  A term applied to the same organ in
different animals under every variety of form and
function.
  HOMOL'OGY, from 'opotos, 'like/ and Xoyos,
'a description.'  The  doctrine of similar parts.
Thus, the two  sides  of the  body are  said to be
'homologous.'  Homol'ogoua, homomorph'oua, or
homoeomorph'oua tissues, are those that resemble
others ; in opposition to heterologoua, heleroclite,
or heteromorph!ous,  which are new formations.
Homology seems now  to be accepted as the de-
signation of the doctrine or study, the  subject of
which is the relations of the parts of animal bo-
dies.—Owen.
  HOMOMORPHOUS, see Homology.
  HOMONOPAGIA, Cephalalgia.
  HOMOPH'AGUS, from 'topos, 'raw/ and tpayw,
' I eat.'  One who eats raw flesh.
  HOMOPLAS'TY, Homoopld sia, from 'opotos,
' like/ and trXaaaia, ' I form.'  The formation of
homologous tissues.
  HOMOPLATA, Scapula.
  HOMOT'ONOS, jEqua'lia, from 'opos, 'equal/
and rovos, ' tone.' That which has the same tone.
A continued  fever,  whose symptoms have  an
equal intensity during the whole course  of the
disease, has been so called.  See Acmasticos, and
Synocha.
  HONESTY, Lunaria rediviva.
  IIONEAYORT, FIELD, Sison amomum.
  HONEY, Met— h. Balsam of, Hill's,  see Mel-
fa. Bloom,  Apocynum  androsasmifolium — h. of
Borax, Mel boracis—h. Clarified, Mel despumatum
— h. Prepared, Mel prasparatum — h. of Roses,
Mel rosas—h. of Squill, compound, Syrupus scillas
compositus.
  HONEYCOMB BAG, Reticulum.
  HONEYSUCKLE, BUSH, Diervilla trifida.
  HONEY SUGAR, Glucose.
  HONGLANE, Coptis teeta.
  HONOR CAPITIS, see Capillus.
  HONORARIUM, Sostrum.
  HONTEUX, Pudic.
  HOODAVORT, Scutellaria, lateriflora.
  HOOK, Sax. hoce, hooc, Dutch, hoeek, Un,
cus,  Und'inua, Anc'yra,  (F.) Erigne, Airigne ovf
Erine. An instrument, consisting of a  steel wire,
flattened at the middle, and having the extremi-
ties  crooked  and pointed.  Some hooks are fur-
nished with a handle at one extremity—the other
having one or two hooks ;—constituting the single
or double hook.   The hook is used by anatomists
and  surgeons to lay hold of, and raise up, certain
parts, the dissection of which is delicate, or which
would slip from the fingers.
   The Tenaculum is a variety of the hook.
  Hook, Blunt, Ich'thya, Ich'thye, Onyx, Unguis
ferr'eua.  An instrument  which is  passed over
the  flexures  of the joints to assist in bringing
down the foetus in parturition.
  HOOP TREE, Melia azedarach.
   HOOPER'S  PILLS, Pilulas Aloes et Myrrhas.
   HOOPING-COUGH, Pertussis — h. Roche's
Embrocation for, see Roche.
   HdPITAL, Hospital.
   HOPLOCHRIS'MA, from 'otrXov, 'a weapon/
and  xPlauat  'salve.'   Unguen'tum  arma'rium,
Arm'atory  Unguent.  A salve  which  was sup-
posed to cure wounds by sympathy,—the instru-
ment with which the wound was inflicted being
anointed with it.
  HOPLOMOCH'LION, 'o-XopoxXtov, from 'otrXov,
'a weapon/ and poxXos, ' a lever.'  The name of
an iron machine or apparatus, which embraced the
whole body like armour.  A figure of it is given
by Fabricius ab Aquapendente.
  HOP PILLOAV,  see Humulus lupulus —h.
Plant, Humulus lupulus.
  HOQUET, Singultus.
  HORA, Hebe.
  HORyEA, Menses.
  HOR.EOTES, Maturity.
  HORDEI MALTUM, Malt.
  HORDE'OLUM, diminutive of Hordeum, 'bar-
ley.' Orde'olum, Poa'thia, Sclerophthalmia, Cri-
the, Crithid'ion, Cry the,  Stye,  Sty an,  (F.)  Or-
gelet,  Orgeolet.  A small, inflammatory tumour,
of the nature of a boil, which exhibits itself near
the free edge of the eyelids, particularly near the
inner angle of the eye.
  HOR'DEUM, Or'deum, Crithe.  The seeds of
Hordeum vulga're,  or Scotch Barley, are ranked
amongst  the  Cerealia.   (F.) Orge.   They afford
a mucilaginous decoction, which is employed as
a diluent and antiphlogistic.   The  seeds of the
Hordeum dis'tichon, H.  astivum, Zeoc'riton dis'-
tichum, and H. hexaa'tichon possess  similar pro-
perties.   Barley is freed from its shells in mills,
forming the Hor'deum munda'tum seu decortica'-
turn- seu excorticdturn; and, at times, is rubbed
into small, round grains, somewhat  like pearls,
when it is called Hordeum perldtum, Pearl Bar-
ley, (F.) Orge perli, and forms the Hordeum denu-
talum seu perlatum, the Hordei sem'ina tu'iiicia
nuddta, of the pharmacopoeias, — Hordeum (Ph.
U. S.)
  Hordeum Causticum, Veratrum sabadilla—h.
Decorticatum, see Hordeum—h. Denudatum, see
Hordeum — h. Excorticatum, see Hordeum — h.
Galacticum, Oryza—b. Mundatum, see Hordeum
—h. Perlatum,  see Hordeum.
  HOREHOUND,  Marrubium —h.  Black, Bal-
lota foetida — h. Germander-leaved,  Eupatorium
teucrifolium — h. Stinking, BaRota  foetida — h.
AVater, Lycopus sinuatus, Lycopus Virginicus—■
h. Wild, Eupatorium teucrifolium.
  HORME, Instinct.
  HORMINUM, Salvia horminum — h. Colora-
tura, Salvia horminum—b.  Sativum, Salvia hor-
minum.
  HORMON, Enormon.
  HORN, Cornu.
  HORNSEED, Ergot.
  HORNY EXCRES'CENCES, Lepido'aia, Ich-
ihyi'asis cornig"era, Cor'nua cuta'nea, (EijCornes
de la Peau.  Certain excrescences,  which occa-
sionally form on some part of  the skin, and  re-
semble, in shape, the horns of an animal.
   Horny Substance, see Tooth.
   HORRENTIA, Horripilation.
  HOR'RIDA  CUTIS, Goose-skin,  Cutis anse-
rina, Dermataspasmus.  A state of  the skin ac-
companying the rigor of an intermittent.
   HORRIPILA'TION,  Horripila'tio,  Horror,
Horren'tia,  Phrice,  Phricas'mus,  Phriciasis,
Phri'cia, from horrere,  ' to bristle  up/ and pilus,
'hair.'  (F.) Horripilation, Frissonnement.  Ge-
neral chilliness, preceding fever, and accompanied
with bristling of the hairs over the body.
   HORROR, Horripilation —h. Ciborum, Dis-
gust for food.
   HORSE BALM, Collinsonia Canadensis.
   HORSE CANE, Ambrosia trifida. 
            HORSE CHESTNUT

  nORSE  CHESTNUT, jEsculus hippocasta-
num.
  HORSE CRUST,  Crusta genu equinas.
  HORSEFLY AVEED, Sophora tinctoria.
  HORSEMINT, Ambrosia trifida,  Monarda coc-
cinea and M. punctata — h. Sweet, Cunila ma-
riana.
  HORSE RADISH, Cochlearia armoraeia.
  HORSE'S TAIL,  Hippuris vulgaris.
  HORSEAVEED, Ambrosia trifida, Collinsonia
Canadensis.
  IIORTULUS  CUPIDINIS, Vulva.
  HORTUS, Vulva —h. Siccus, Herbarium.
  IIOS'PITAL, primarily from hoaj)ea, 'a guest.'
Nosocom lum,  Adynatocomturn, Adynatodochi'-
um,  Xenodoce'um, Xenodoche'urn, Infirm'ary, In-
flrnutrium, Infirm a to'rium, Noaodochl urn, Vale-
tudiua'rium, (F.) Hopital.  An establishment for
the reception of the sick, in which they are main-
tained  and treated  medically.  Hospitals we're
first instituted about the end of the 4th century;
a period  at which the word voaoKopttov was  em-
ployed, for the  first time, by St. Jerome.  They
may be <jei\eral, receiving all cases;  or special,
admitting only the subjects of certain  diseases.
   Hos'pital  Gangrene, Phageda'na  gangra-
no'su,  Putrid or Malignant  Ulcer,  Gangra'na
Nosocomidrum seu Nosocomia'lis, Sphad'elus no-
socoinia'lis, Hos'pital Sore, Gangra'na contagid-
sa, Putrc'do,(~F.)Pourriture OU Gangrene d'hdpi-
tal.  Gangrene,  occurring in  wounds or ulcers,
in hospitals the  air of which has been vitiated
by the  accumulation of patients, or some other
circumstance.  Hospital gangrene—many differ-
ent varieties of which are met with, and always
accompanied or preceded by fever — commonly
commences with suppression of the suppuration
of the  wound, which becomes covered with- a
grayish and tenacious sanies.  The gangrene
then manifests itself.  It extends from the centre
of the ulcerated surface towards the edges; these
become swollen, painful, and  everted; and the
patient dies with  all the signs of typhus.  The
treatment must be varied according  to circum-
stances.  Sometimes, it requires the  use  of sti-
mulating,  acid,  caustic,  and antiseptic applica-
tions;   with, occasionally, the  actual  cautery,
aided by  the exhibition of tonics,  internally: —
at others, the antiphlogistic regimen and emol-
lient applications may be necessary.
  Hospital, Leper, Ladrerie.
  HOSTIARIUS, Pylorus.
  HOT  SPRINGS,  see  Virginia, mineral  wa-
ters  of.
  HOUBLON, Humulus lupulus.
  HOUGH, Poples.
  HOUNDS' TONGUE, Cynoglossum.
  HOUPPE NERVE USE, see Papilla — h. du
3Icnton, Depressor labii inferioris,  Levator labii
inferioris.
   HOURGLASS  CONTRACTION  OF  THE
UTERUS, see Chaton.
   IIOUSELEEK, Sempervivum  tectorum — h.
Small,  Sedum.
   HOUSEMAID'S  KNEE,  see  Knee, house-
maid's.
   HOUSE-PUPIL,  see House-Surgeon.
   HOUSE-SURGEON, Resident Surgeon.  Usu-
ally a senior house-pupil or graduate, who attends
in an  hospital, to every accident and disease, in
the  absence of  the  attending  physician or  sur-
geon.^  It answers,  in  the British hospitals, to
the  Eleve interne or Interne of the  French.  The
Eleve externe or  Externe is  a less advanced pu-
pil ; from whom Jntcrnes are chosen.  In ordi-
dinary  schools.  Elite externe  means a day-scho-
lar: whilst Eleve interne means a boarder.
>               HUMERUS

  HOUX, Hex aquifolium—h. Petit, Ruscus —
 h. Apalachine, Ilex vomitoria.
  HUACACACHU, Datura sanguinea.
  HUACO, Guaco.
  HUANU, Guano.
  HUCKLEBERRIES,  see  Gaylussacia, and
 Vaccinium.
  HUCKLEBONE, Ischion.
  HUDSON'S  PRESERA'ATUVE FOR THE
 TEETH AND  GUMS, see Tinctura Myrrhas.
  HUILE, Oil—h. dAbsinthe, Artemisia absin-
 thium (oil of) — h. d'Acajou,  see Anacardium
 occidentale.
  HUILE AC0UST1QUE (F.), Oleum  acus'ti-
 cum, Acoustic oil.   An oil for deafness, prepared
 of olive  oil, ^ij; garlic,  ox-gall, and bay-leaves,
 each  "Jj; boiled for a quarter of  an  hour, and
 strained.
  HUILE HA3IANDES, Oleum  amygdalarum
 — h. d'Aneth, see Anethum graveolens — h. Ani-
 mate,  Oleum animale — h.  Animate de  Dippel,
 Oleum animale Dippelii — h. Animalisie  par in-
 fusion, Oleum animalizatum per infusionem—h.
 d'Anis, see Pimpinella anisum — h. Aromatique,
 Oleum animalizatum  per infusionem — h. d'Au-
 rone, Artemisia abrotanum (oil of)—h.  de Cacao,
 Butter of cacao — h. de Cade, see Juniperus oxy-
 cedrus — h. de Carvi,  Carum (oil) — 7*. de Cidrat,
 Oleum cedrinum — h. de petits Chiens,   Oleum
 animalizatum per infusionem — h. de  Come  de
 Cerf, Oleum animale Dippelii—h. de Foie de 3Io-
 rue, Oleum Jecoris  aselli — h. de Gabion, Petro-
 lasum—h. de Girofle, see Eugenia carvophyllata
 — h.  de Laurier,  Unguentum lauriniiin—-h. de
 Lin,  see  Linum usitatissimum —  h. de L is, see
 Lilium candidum — h. de 3Iorelle, see Solanum—
 h. de 31orue,  Oleum jecinoris aselli—h. de Noix,
 see  Juglans  cinerea — h.  d'QSillette, Papaver
 (oil)—h. de Ricin, see Ricinus communis — h. de
 Succin, see Succinum — h. Verte, Balsam, green,
 of Metz—h. de Yin douce, Oleum asthereum.
   HUILES  AN 131 ALES, Olea  animalia — h.
 Empyreumatiques,  Olea empyremnatica — h. Es-
 se ntielles, Olea volatilia — h.  Fixes ou  Grasses,
 Olea fixa — h. Fugaees, Olea fngacia—h. 3Iidi-
 einales, Olea medicinalia—h.  Yolatiles, Olea vo-
 latilia.
   HUIT DE CHIFFRE.  Figure of 8.  A ban-
 dage in which  the turns are crossed in the form
 of the figure 8.   Such is the bandage  used after
 bleeding from the arm.
   HUITO, Genipa oblongifolia.
   HUITRE, Ostrea.
   HUM, VENOUS, Bruit de diable.
   HU3IBLE, Rectus inferior oculi.
   HUMECTAN'TIA. A name formerly given
 tp drinks, which appeared to possess the property
 of augmenting the fluidity of the blood.
   HU'MERAL, Humera'lis. That which  belongs
 to, or is connected with,  the arm or humerus.
   Hu'meral Ar'tery, Arte'ria humera'lis, see
 Brachial artery.
   HU3IER0-CUBITAL, Brachialis anterior —
 h. Sus-mitacarpien, see Radialis—h. Sus-radial,
 Supinator radii longus.
  ^HU'MERUS, Sca'pula, Omos, Annus, (F.)
 Epaule.  The most elevated  part of  the arm.
 The  bones, which concur in forming  it, are: —
 the scapula, head of the  humerus, and the clavi-
 cle, united together by strong ligaments,  and co-
 vered by numerous muscles.
   Hu'merus, Os hu'meri, Os bra'chii, Os adju-
 to'rium,  Os brachidle, Bra'chium, Lacer'tus,  is
 the cylindrical,  irregular bone  of the arm; the
 upper extremity of which has a hemispherical head
 connected with the scapula; and two tuberosities
 or tubercles,  a greater and leaser, for the attach-
44 
HUMEUR
446
HYALOID
ment of muscles, between which is the Bicip'ital
groove or Fossa.  At the inferior  extremity may
be remarked — the inner condyle, the outer con-
dyle; the small head, which is articulated with
the radius; the trochlea articulated with the ulna,
&c.  The humerus is developed by seven  points
of ossification : — one for  the body; one for the
head; one for the greater tuberosity; one for the
trochlea; one for the epitrochlea; one for the epi-
condyle; and another for the lesser head.
  Humerus Summus, Acromion.
  HU31EUR  AQUEUSE,  Aqueous humour —
h. Crystalline, Crystalline — h. Hyalo'ide, Corpus
vitreum.
  HU3IEURS FRO IDES, Scrofula.
  HU3IIDE RADICALE, Humidum radicale.
  HUMIDUM NATIVUM, H. radicale—h. Na-
tivum Articulorum, Synovia—h. Primigenium,
H. radicale.
  Hc'midum Radica'lE, Hu'midumprimige'nium
seu  Nati'vum seu Semina'le,  Radical 31oisture,
(F.) Humide radicale.   Names formerly given  to
the liquid which was conceived to give flexibility
and  proper consistence to  the different organic
textures.
  Humidum Seminale,  H. radicale.
  HUMILIS, Rectus inferior oculi.
  HUMILUS, Humulus lupulus.
  HUMOR, Humour—h. Albugineous, Aqueous
humour—h. Articularis, Synovia—h. Ceruminous,
Cerumen—h. Doridis,  AVater, sea—h. Genitalis,
Sperm—h. Glacialis, Crystalline, Corpus vitreum
— h. Hyalinus seu Hyaloides, Corpus vitreum —
h. Lacteus, Milk—h. Lachrymalis, Tear—h. Me-
lancholicus, see Mercurialis—h. Mercurialis, see
Mercurialis—h. Morgagnianus, Morgagni, humor
of—h. Ovatus, Aqueous humour — h. Oviformis,
Aqueous humour—h. Pericardii, see Pericardium
— h. Purulentus, Pus—h. Seminalis, Sperm—h.
Venereus, Sperm — h. Vitreus, Corpus vitreum.
  HU'MORAL, Humordlis,  from humere, 'to
moisten.'  Proceeding from, or  connected with,
the humours.
  HU'MORISM,  Hu'moral Pathology, Patho-
log"ia humera'lis.  A  medical theory,  founded
exclusively on the parts which the humours were
considered to play in the production of  disease.
Although traces of this system may be found  in
the most remote antiquity, the creation, or, at all
events, the  arrangement of it may be attributed
to Galen, who enveloped it in metaphysical sub-
tleties relating to the union between the elements
and the four cardinal humours.
  HU'MORISTS. The  Galenical physicians, who
attributed all diseases to the depraved state of the
humours, or to vicious juices collected in the body.
  HUMOUR,  Humor, Hygra'sia, Hygre'dot^
Hygrum.  Every fluid substance of an organize*
body; — as the blood, chyle, lymph,  Ac.  The
Humours, xvli0l>  Chymi, Humo'res, differ consi-
derably as to number and quality in the different
species of organized beings; and even  in the
same species, according to the state of health or
disease.   The ancients reduced  them to four;
which they called car'dinal humours:—the blood,
phlegm, yellow bile, and atrabilis or black bile.
A modern classification of the humours is given
under Fluid.
   HUMP.  Perhaps from umbo, ' the boss of a
buckler.'  Hunch,  Gibber, Gibbus, Gibba, Tuber,
 (F.) Bosse.  A prominence, formed by a devia-
tion of the bones of the trunk.   Commonly, it is
formed by the spine or sternum, and is seated at
the  posterior or anterior part of the trunk.   It
may, also, be produced by deviation of the ribs
 or  pelvis.   The  spine  may be  curved in three
 principal  directions.   1. Backwards,  the most
 common case; this the ancients called  Kvtpdiots,
Cypho'sis, Gibbos'itas.  2. Forwards, XopSwots, Lor-
do'sis,  Rccurva'tio : and, 3.  Laterally, okoXoiiois,
Scolio'sis, Obstipa'tio.  Most currutures occur at
a very early age, and  are  caused by scrofula,
rickets, <fec. ;  and,  not unfrequently,  they are
accompanied by caries of the vertebras. See Arer-
tebral disease.
  HU'MULUS LU'PULUS, Ldpulus, L. scan-
dens seu commu'nis seu salicta'rius, Hamulus, Con-
vol'vulus peren'nis, the Hop-plant.  Nat. Ord. Ur-
ticeas.  (F.) Honblon,  Vigne du nord.  Its cones
or strobiles, Hdmuli  strob'ili (Ph. L.), Hamulus
(Ph. U. S.), have a fragrant odour; and a bifter,
aromatic taste, depending on a peculiar principle,
named Lu'pulin,  extractive and  essential oil,
which  maybe extracted,  equally,  by "water  and
spirit, from the dried strobiles.  The hop is em-
ployed as a tonic and hypnotic, and enters into
the composition of ale and beer.
  The Hop pillow,  Pulvinar Hdmuli, has long
been used for  producing sleep.
  HUNCH, Hump.
  HUNGARICA FEBRIS, Fever, Hungary.
  HUNGER,  Anglo-Saxon, hun&ep, Fames, Li-
mos, Peine, Peina, Esu'ries, Jeju'nium, Jcju'nitas,
Esurit'io,  Esuri'go,  (F.) Faim.   The  necessity
for  taking food. Hunger is an internal sensation,
which  some authors  have attributed to the  fric-
tion between  the  sides of the stomach in its
empty state; others,  to the compression of the
nerves, when  the organ is contracted;  others, to
the action of the gastric juice, &o.  It is dictated
by the wants of the system: — farther  we know
not.  See Appetite.
  HUNGER-CURE,  Limotherapeia.
  HUNGRY,   Famelicus, Li uncus,  Limo'des;
same etymon.   Affected with hunger.
  HURA  BRASILIEN'SIS,  Asaacou,  Assad),
Ussacu. A Brazilian tree,  of the  Family Euphor-
biaceas, which, in the form of the extract of the
bark, is  esteemed a  specific in leprosy. It is,
also, given in elephantiasis, and  as an anthel-
mintic.
  HYACINTH, AVILD, Scilla esculenta.
  HYACINTHUS  MUSCARI,  Bulbus vomi-
torius.
  HYvENAN'CHE GLOBO'SA. An arborescent
shrub of South Africa, Nat.  Ord. Euphorbiaeeas,
the  fruit  of which, pounded, is  used to destroy
hyasnas and other beasts of prey, and seems to
contain strychnia.
  HYALEUS, Hyaline.
  HY'ALINE, Hyalinus, Hyale'us,  Vitreus,
 Vitreous.   Glassy.   Resembling glass.
  Hyaline Substance, Cytoblastema.
  HYALI'TIS, Inflamma'tio tu'nica hyalo'idea,
from hyaloid,  and itis,  denoting  inflammation.
Inflammation of the hyaloid membrane of the eye.
  HY^'ALOID, Hyalo'des, Hyalo'ldes, from 'vaXos,
' glass,' and ttSos, ' resemblance.'  Vitriform; re-
sembling glass.
  Hyaloid Canal, see Hyaloid membrane.
  Hyaloid Fossa, Fossa Hyalo'idea, is a  cup-
like excavation in the vitreous humour, in which
the crystalline is imbedded.
  Hy'aloid Membrane, Tu'nicaHyaloiden,3Iem-
bra'na Arachno'idea,  T. vitrea,  is  the  extremely
delicate  membrane, which forms the exterior co-
vering of the vitreous  humour,  and transmits
within it prolongations, which divide it into cells.
Fallopius discovered  this membrane, and gave  it
the name Hyaloid. On a level with the entrance
of  the optic  nerve  into the  eye, the  hyaloid
membrane has been described as forming, by re-
flection,  a cylindrical canal,  which pierces the
vitreous  humour  from behind to before, as  far as
the posterior part of the crystalline.   See Canal,
hyaloid. 
HYALONIXIS
447
HYDRARGYRI
  nYALONIXIS, see Cataract.
  HYALONYXIS, see Cataract.
  HYALOS, Vitrum.
  HYANOIIE, Cynanche tonsillaris.
  HYBnMA, Gibbositas.
  HYBRID, (F.) Hybride, from the Greek, 'vfipis,
'vflptSos, ' mongrel.'   A being born of two differ-
ent species, — as the mule.   The term is applied
to plants as well  as to  animals.  The result is
termed Hybridity.  Hybrid is often, also, used to
designate words which are formed from two dif-
ferent languages, — as uter-irts, for inflammation
of .the uterus, in place of metritis.
  HYBRIDITY, see Hybrid.
  HYDARTHROSIS, Hydrarthrus.
  HYDARTHRUS,  Hydrarthrus.
  HY'DATID,  Hy'dutis, Bulla,  Aqu'ula,  Hy-
dro'a,  Ilydrocys'tis,  Hygrocys'tis, Tania hyda-
liifenn, Echinococ'cus huma'nus,from 'vSuip, 'wa-
ter.'  This  name was long  given to every  en-
cysted tumour which contained an aqueous and
transparent  fluid.   Many  pathologists, subse-
quently,  applied  it  to vesicles,  softer than  the
tissuo of membranes, more  or less  transparent,
which  are developed within organs, but without
adhering to their tissue.  It  is  by no means clear
that these formations are really entozoa.  They
have been  found in  various parts of the body;
sometimes in the uterus, occasioning signs nearly
similar to those of pregnancy, but being sooner
or later expelled.   The expulsion is generally at-
tended with more or less hemorrhage.  See Ace-
phalocystis.
  Hydutis, Aqu'ula, Phlycta'nula, Verru'ca Pal-
pebra'rum,  Milium, also, meant a small, transpa-
rent tumour of the eyelids.—Galen, C. Hoffmann.
  HYDATIDES CERVICIS UTERI, Nabothi
glandulas.
  HYDATIDOCE'LE, Hydatoce'le, from 'vSarts,
'hydatid/ and kvXv, 'a tumour.'   Oscheocele
containing hydatids ; the Oscheoce'le hydatido'sa,
Hydatidoscheoce'le of Sauvages.
  UYDATIDOIDES, Hydatoid.
  HYDATIDO'MA,  from 'vSans,  'hydatid.'   A
tumour caused by hydatids.
  IIYDATIDOSCIIEOCELE,  Hydatidocele.
  HYDATINUS,  Hydatoid.
  HYDATIS FLNNA, Cysticercus cellulosas.
  HYDATIS'MUS,  from  'vSuip,  'water.'  The
noise caused by the fluctuation of pus contained
in an abscess.—Aurelian, Foesius.
  IIYDATOCELE Hydatidocele,  Hydrocele.
  HYDATOCH'OLOS, from 'vStop, 'water/  and
£0X17, ' bile.'   Aquoso-bilious.   An epithet given
to evacuated matters when mixed with water and
bile.—Hippocrates, Foesius.
  HYDATODES, Aqueous.
  HY'OATOID, Hydato'i'des,  A'queous, Aquo'-
sus, Hydato'des, Hydalinns, Hydatido'dea, Hy-
datido'i'dea,  from  'v&wp, 'water/ and  ttSos,  're-
semblance.'   AYatery. Resembling water.  This
name has been given to the  membrane  of the
aqueous  humour; and,  also, to the aqueous hu-
mour itself.   1'iiium hydato'des ; wine and water.
  HYDATONCUS, Anasarca,  CEdema.
  HYDATOPO'SIA, from  'vStop, 'water/  and
toitis, 'drinking.   AVater-drinking ;—hence
  HYDATOP'OTES.  A water-drinker.
  HYDERICUS, Hydropic.
  HYDERODES, Hydropic.
  IIA'DERONCUS, Anasarca,  QMema.
  HYDEBOS, Anasarca, Hydrops.
  HA'DOR,  'vSuip, and Hydas, 'vSas,  'genitive/
'vSutos, ' water.'   Hence:
  HYDRACHNIS. see Varicella.
  HYDRADEN, Conglobate gland.
  HYDRADENI'TIS,/»/?amma'rio<jr"'anc(M?a'r«m
lymphatica'rum, from  Hydraden,  'a lymphatic
gland/ and itis, denoting inflammation.  Inflam-
mation of a lymphatic gland.
  HYDRjE'DUS, from 'vSuip, 'water/ and atcoia,
' genital organs.'  QMema of the female organs.
  HYDREMIA, Hydroasmia.
  HYDRAGOGA, Hydragogues.
  HYDRAGOGIA, Hydragogues.
  HYDRAGOGICA, Hydragogues.
  HY'DRAGOGUES, Hydrago'ga, Hydrago'gia,
Hydrago'gica, Hydrop'ica, Hydrotica, Aquidd-
co, from  'vStop, 'water/ and ayoi, 'I expel.' Me-
dicines believed to be capable of expelling serum
effused into any part of the  body.   These are
generally cathartics or diuretics.
  HYDRAGOGUM BOYLEI, Argenti nitras.
  HYDRALLANTE,  False Waters.
  HYDRALMiE, Waters, mineral (saline).
  HYDRAM'NIOS,   from  'vSiop, 'water/ and
'amnios.'  An excessive  quantity of the liquor
amnii.
  HYDRANGEA ARBORES'CENS, Wild Hy-
dradgea, Bissum.  An indigenous plant, which
flowers in July.  The leaves are said to be tonic,
sialagogue, cathartic, and diuretic.
  HYDRANGEITIS, Angeioleucitis.
  HYDRANGIA, Lymphatic vessels.
  HYDRANGIOGRAPHIA,   Angeiohydrogra-
phy.
  HYDRANGIOTOMIA, Angeiohydrotomy.
  IIYDRARGYRANATRIP'SIS, Hydrargyren-
trip'sis, from 'vSpapyvpos, 'quicksilver/ and ava-
rpivlij, 'rubbing in.'   The rubbing in of a prepa-
ration of quicksilver:—Hydrargyrotrip'sis.
  HYDRARGYRENTRIPSIS, Hydrargyrana-
tripsis.
  HYDRARGYRI ACETAS, Hydrargyrus ace-
tates—h. Bichloridum, H. oxymurias—h.  Bicya-
nidum, H. cyanuretum—h. Biniodidum, H. iodi-
dum rubrum—h. Binoxydum, H. oxydum rubrum
—h. Bisulphuretum, H. sulphuretum rubrum—h.
Borussias, H.  cyanuretum — h. Bromidum, see
Bromine — h. Calx alba, Hydrargyrum prascipi-
tatum—h. Chloridum, H. submurias—h. Chlori-
dum corrosivum, H. Oxymurias — h. Chloridum
mite, H. submurias.
  Hydrar'gyri Cyanure'tum, H. Borus'sias, H.
Bicyadidum, Hydrar'gyrum Cyanogendturn, H.
Hydrocyad icum, Prussias Hydrar'gyri, Cyan'u-
ret or Prassiate of Mercury, (F.) Cyanure lie 3Ier-
cure.  (Ferri Ferro-cyanuret. t""jiv; Hydrarg.oxid.
rubr. ijiij, vel q. s.;  Aqua destillat. Oiij.  Put
the ferro-cyanuret and three ounces of the oxide
 tf mercury, previously powdered and thoroughly
 lixed together, into a glass vessel, and pour on
two pints of the distilled water.   Boil the mix-
ture, stirring constantly; and if,  at  the  end of
half an hour, the blue color remains, add small
portions of the oxide of mercury, continuing the
ebullition until the mixture becomes of a yellow-
ish colour; then filter through paper.  AVash the
residue in a pint of the distilled water, and filter.
Mix the solution and evaporate till a pellicle ap-
pears, and set the liquor aside, that crystals may
form.   To purify  the  crystals, subject it to re-
solution,  evaporation,  and crystallization. — Ph.
U. S.)  This  preparation has been  strongly re-
commended as  a powerful antisyphilitic,  and  is
admitted into the  Parisian codex.   Twelve  to
twenty-four grains may be  dissolved in  a quart
of distilled water, and three or four spoonfuls of
the solution be taken daily, in a glass of any ap-
propriate liquid.
  Hydrargyri Deuto-iodidum, H. lodidum ru-
brum. 
HYDRARGYRI
418
HYDRARGYRI
  Hydrargyri Deuto-ioduretum, see Iodine—
h. Hyperoxodes, Hydrargyri nitrico-oxydum.
  Hydrargyri  Iod'idum, H. Protoiodidum seu
Proto-iodure'tum seu Subiod idum, Hydrargy-
rum Ioddtum flavum, Iod'idum seu lodure'tum
hydrargyro'.sum,  Hydrar'gyrum  iodidula'tum,
Protoiodure''turn mercu'rii, I'odide or Protiodide
of 3Iercury,  (F.) Protlodure de 3Iercure, (Hy-
drarg. Jj, lodin. ""Jv, Alcohol q. s. . Rub the mer-
cury and iodine together, adding sufficient alco-
hol to form a soft paste, and continue the tritura-
tion till the globules disappear.  Dry the iodide
in the dark, with a gentle heat, and keep it in a
well-stopped  bottle, the light excluded. — Ph. U.
S.)   For properties and doses, see Iodine.
  Hydrargyri,  Iodidum  Chloridi,  Mercury,
iodide of chloride of.
  Hydrargyri Iodidum  Rubrum,  H. Biniod'-
idum seu Deuto-ioclidum  seu Deuto-iodure'tum
seu Period'idum, Hydrarg'yrum ioddtum rubrum
seu  Biioda'turn seu Perioddtum,  lode'tum seu
Iod'idum Hydrargyr'icum, Deuto-iodure'tum mer-
cu'rii, Red I'odide, Bini'odide, Deut'iodi.de  and
Perlodide of 3Iercary, (F.) Deutiodure ou Peri-
odure de 3Iercure.  (Hydrarg. corros. chlorid. 3J,
Potassii lodid.  Jx, Aqua destillat. Oij. Dissolve
the  chloride  in a pint and a half, and  the iodide
of potassium  in half a pint of distilled  water, and
mix the solutions.  Collect the precipitate on  a
filter, and, having washed it with distilled water,
dry it with a moderate heat,  and keep it in  a
well-stopped  bottle.—Ph.  U. S.)  For properties
and doses, see Iodine.
  Hydrargyri Murias basi Oxydi imperfecti,
H. oxymurias—h. Murias corrosivum, H. oxymu-
rias— h. Murias dulcis sublimates, H. submurias
—h. Oxygenates, H. Oxymurias—h. Murias  spi-
rituosus liquidus, Liquor hydrargyri oxymuriatis
—h. Murias suboxygenatus prascipitatione para-
tus, Hydrargyrum precipitatum.
  Hydrargyri Nitras,  Nitras Hydrar'gyri in
crystallos concre'tus, Nitrate of 31ercury.  It is
employed in  syphilis; and, externally, in fun-
gous, obstinate  ulcers.
  It is used in  the formation of the  Soluble Mer-
cury of Hahnemann.
  An acid nitrate of mercury, Liquor Hydrar'-
gyri supernitreltis,  Solution  of supernitrate of
mercury, Solution of supernitrate of deutoxide of
mercury, made by dissolving four parts of mercury
in eight of nitric acid, and evaporating the solu-
tion to nine parts, has been used as a caustic in
malignant ulcerations and cancerous affections.
   Ward's White Drops,—a once celebrated anti-
scorbutic nostrum,—were prepared by dissolving
mercury in nitric acid, and adding  a solution of
carbonate of ammonia ; or, frequently, they con-
sisted of a solution of sublimate with carbonate of*
ammonia.
  Hydrargyri Ni'trico-oxydum, Hydrargyrus
nitra'tus ruber,  3Iercdrius corrosivus ruber, Mer-
curius pracipitdtus corrosivus, 31. pracipita'tua
ruber, Arcdnum corallinum, 3Iercurius coralli-
nua, Pulvia pridcipia, Pracipita'tua ruber, Ox'-
ydum hydrar'gyri fiomple'tum, 0. hydrargyr'icum,
Panace'a mercu'rii  rubra,  Pulvia  Joan'nia  de
 Vigo, Oxo'des hydrargyri rubrum, Hyperoxddes
hydrargyri, Ox'ydumhydrar'gyri nitricum, Oxy-
dumhydrargyri rubrum per ac" idum nilricum, Hy-
drar'gyri oxydum rubrum, (Ph.  U. S.) Nitric ox-
ide of mercury, Red precip'itate, (F.) Oxide ni-
trique de mercure.  (Hydrarg. ^xxxvj ; Acid, ni-
tric, f^xviij; Aqua Oij.   Dissolve the mercury
with  a  gentle heat, in the acid and water pre-
viously  mixed,  and evaporate to dryness.  Rub
into powder, and heat in a very shallow vessel
till  red  vapours cease to rise.—Ph. U. S.)  It is
a stimulant and escharotic, and used  as such in
foul ulcers, being sprinkled  on the part in fine
powder, or united with lard into an ointment.
  Hydrargyri  Oxodes  Rubrum, Hydrargyri
nitrico-oxydum — h. Oxydi murias ammoniacalis,
Hydrargyrum pr;ecipitatum — h. Oxydulum ni-
grum, H. Oxydum cinereum.
  Hydrargyri  Oxydum  Cine'reum, Oxydum
hydrargyri nigrum, sEthiops per se, Mcrcdrius
niger 31oacdti, Oxydum bydrargyro'aum, Oxydum
hydrargyr'icum  pracipita'tum,  Oxyd'ulum hy-
drar'gyri  nigrum,  Pulvis  mercuria'lis  cine'reus,
Mercurius cine'reus, Turpe'thum nigrum, 3lcrcu-
rius pracipita'tus niger, Gray or Black oxide of
3Iercury,  (F.) Oxide  de mercure cendri,  Oxide
gris ou noir de  mercure,  Protoxide de mercure.
This oxide is made in various ways.  It may be
formed by boiling submuriate of mercury in lime
water.   The dose of this Pulvis Hydrargyri cine-
reua is from two to ten grains.  There are four
other  preparations  of it  in estimation, viz: —
Plenck's solution, made by rubbing mercury with
mucilage.   2. By rubbing equal parts of  sugar
and mercury together. 3. A compound of honey
or liquorice  and purified mercury.  4.  The blue
pill and ointment.  All these possess  the usual
properties of mercury.
  The Hydrargyri Oxidum Nigrum of the Ph. U.
S. is made as follows : — Hydrarg.  Chlorid. mit.,
Potassa, aa, giv, Aqua Oj.  Dissolve the potassa
in the water,  allow the dregs to subside, and pour
off the clear solution.   To this add the chloride,
and stir constantly till the black oxide is formed.
Pour off the  supernatant  liquor, wash the black
oxide with distilled water, and dry with a gentle
heat.
  The  Mercurius  solu'bilis  of Hahnemann is
formed from a black oxide of mercury.  It is the
31ercuriua aolu'bilia Hahnemon'ni seu oxydum hy-
drargyri nigri median'te  ammo'nid ex protoni-
tra'te hydrar'gyri pracipita'tum.   It is used in
the same cases as the Hydrargyri  oxydum cine-
reum.
  Hydrargyri  Oxydum  Nigrum, H. oxydum
cinereum — h. Oxydum nigrum mediante ammo-
nia et protonitrate hydrargyri prascipitatum, see
H. oxydum cinereum—h.  Oxydum nitricum, Hy-
drargyri nitrico-oxydum.
  Hydrargyri  Oxydum  Rubrum, H. Binox'y-
dum, 3Iercuriua  calcindtua,  Hydrar'gyrus  calci-
natus,  (F.) Oxide  de  3Iercure rouge, Red oxide
of mer'cury.   (Made  by precipitation from a so-
lution of bichloride of mercury by solution of
potassa.)  See Hydrargyri nitrico-oxydum.
  It is  stimulant and escharotic; and, in  large
doses, emetic.  Owing to the violence of its ope-
ration, it is seldom given internally.
  Hydrargyri  Oxydum  Rubrum  per Acidum
Nitricum, Hydrargyri nitrico-oxydum—h. Oxy-
dum saccharatum, Hydrargyrum saceharatum —
h. Oxydum sulphuricum, Hydrargyrus vitriolatus.
  Hydrargyri Oxymu'rias, H. Chlo'ridum Cor-
rosivum, (Ph. U. S.)  H. Bichldridum, Hydrar'-
gyrus muria'tus, 3Iu'rias  hydrargyri corrosivus,
Murias  hydrargyri  oxygena'tus, Sublima'tus cor-
roaivua, Mercuriua corroaivua, 3Iercurius corroai-
vua sublima'tua,  Hydrargyri permu'riaa,  Super-
mu'riaa hydrargyri, 3Iurias hydrargyri basi ox-
ydi imperfec'ti,  Murias hydrargyri corrosivum,
(F.) Deutochlorure de  mercure, Bichloride de mer-
cure, 3luriate oxygini de mercure, Sublimi corro-
aif; Bichlo'ride  of mercury, Oxymuriate of mer-
cury,  Corroaive  aublimate, Corroaive muriate of
mercury.  (Hydrarg.  Ibij, Acid.  Sulphur.  Ibiij,
Sodii Chlorid. Ibiss.   Boil the mercury with the
sulphuric  acid until the  sulphate  of mercury is
left dry.  Rub this, when  cold, with the chloride
of sodium, in an earthenware mortar; then sub-
lime with a gradually increasing heat.—Ph. U. 6.) 
HYDRARGYRI
449
HYDRARGYRUM
 It is used as an antisyphilitic stimulant in vene-
 real  complaints,  old  cutaneous  affections, Ac.
 Gr. iij to Oj of water is a good gargle in venereal
 sore-throats, or an injection in gonorrhoea.   Ex-
 ternally, it is  applied in cases of tetter,  and to
 destroy fungus, or stimulate old ulcers.   Dose,
 gr.  1-10 to gr. 1-8, in pill, once in twenty-four
 hours.  White of egg is the best antidote to it,
 when taken in an overdose.
   HvDRAiKiVRi Periodiih.m, U. Iodidum rubrum
 —h. Permurias, Hydrargyri oxymurias—h. Pro-
 to-iodidum, H. Iodidum—h. Proto-ioduretum, H.
 Iodidum—h. Proto-tartras, H. tartras — h. Prus-
 sias, II. cyanuretum—h. Saccharum vermifugum,
 Hydrargyrum  saccharatum — h.  Subchloridum,
 H. Submurias—h. Subiodidum, H. Iodidum.
   Hydrargyri Submu'rias, H. Chlor'idum, H
 Subchloridum, 11. Chlor'idum mite (Ph. U. S.),
 Calom'clas, Calonteli, Hydrar' gyrurAmmtiat'icum
 mite,  C.  Torqueti, Draco mitigdtus, Submu'rias
 hydrargyri mitis,  Submu'rias Hydrargyri subli-
 ma'tum, 3lercu'rius dulcis, 31. dulcis sublimit tus ;
 — when  precipitated,  31. dulcis precipita'tus,—
 Punuce'a3Iercuria'lis (when nine times sublimed),
 3turias hydrargyri dulcis sublima'tus, 3Iercurius
 sublimutus duleis, 3lereu'rius Zo'ticus Hartmanni,
 Aq'uila,  3Ianna  3Ietallo'rum, Paneliymugo'gum
 mincra'le, P. Quercetdnus,  mild Chloride, proto-
 chloride, submuriate, subchloride, or mild 31uriate
 of 3Iercury, Oal'omel, (F.) 3tcrcure dottx, Proto-
 chlorure  de mercure.   Mild chloride of mercury
 is thus directed to be prepared in the Pharmaco-
 poeia of the United States :—3Iercury, ibiv; Sul-
 phuric Acid,  Ibiij; Chloride  of  Sodium,  Ibiss;
 Distilled water, a  sufficient quantity.   Boil two
 pounds of the  mercury with the sulphuric acid,
 until the sulphate  of mercury is  left dry.   Rub
 this, when cold, with the remainder  of the mer-
 cury, in an earthenware mortar, until  they are
 thoroughly mixed.  Then add the  chloride  of
 sodium, and rub it with the other ingredients till
 all tho globules disappear: afterwards  sublime.
 Reduce the sublimed matter to a very fine pow-
 der, and wash it frequently with boiling distilled
 water, till the washings afford no precipitate upon
 the  addition of liquid ammonia;  then dry  it.
 Properties.  Antisyphilitic  and sialagogue:  in
 large doses, purgative.  Dose:—one or two grains
 given at night gradually excite ptyalism.   Gr. v
 to xx, purge.   Children bear  larger doses than
 adults.
  The Black Wash,  Lo'tio Hydrar'gyri  nigra,
 is formed of calomel, """"i*;  Lime-water, Oj.  Used
 for syphilitic sores.
  Hydrargyri  Submurias Ammoniatum,  Hy-
 drargyrum prascipitatum—h. Subsulphas flavus,
 Hydrargyrus vitriolatus — h. Subsulphas peroxi-
 dati, Hydrargyrus vitriolatus — h. Sulphas, Hy-
 drargyrus vitriolatus,  H. S. flavus, Hydrargyrus
 vitriolatus.
  Hyi'RARgyri Sulphure'tum Nigrum, H. sul-
 phure'tum cam  sulphure, Hydrargyrus  vel mer-
 curius cum aul'phure,  JEthiopa minerdlis,  Hy-
 drargyrua e aul'phure, Pulvis hypnolicua, JEthiopa
 narcoticus, (F.) Sulfure de mercure noir, Black
 sulphuret  of mercury, Sulphuret of mercury with
sulphur, Ethiops mineral.  (Hydrarg.,  Sulphur,
 5a, Ibj. Rub together till the globules disappear.)
 Used chiefly in scrofulous and cutaneous affec-
tions.   Dose, gr. x to gss.
  Hydrargyri Sulphure'tum Rubrum, H. Bi-
sulphurctum, Hydrargyrus  sulphura'tus  ruber,
Midiumpurum, 31inium Gra.co'rum, 3Iugnes Epi-
 lepsia, Ammion, Purpuris'sum, Cinnab' oris, 3Ier-
 curius Cinnabari'nus,  Cinab'aris, Cinaba'rium,
 Bisulphuret or Red Sulphuret  of  31ercttry,  Cid-
 nabar, Vermilion, (F.)Sulphure de31ei\-ure rouge,
 Cinabre.  (Hydrarg. ^xl; Sulphur. 5 viij.  Mix
 the mercury with  the  sulphur  melted over the
 fire; and as soon as the mass begins to swell re-
 move the vessel from the fire, and cover it with
 considerable force  to prevent combustion.  Rub
 the mass into powder and sublime.  (Ph. U. S.)
   It is  an  antisyphilitic, but is chiefly used in
 fumigation  against venereal ulcers  of the nose,
 mouth, and throat:—£i$ being thrown on a red-
 hot iron.  This preparation is the basis of a nos-
 trum, called Boerhaave's Red Pill.
   Hydrargyri Supermurias, H. oxymurias.
   Hydrargyri Tartras, H. Proto-tartras, Tar-
 trate of mercury.  Antisyphilitic.  Dose, one or
 two grains twice a  day.
   Hydrargyri  et Arsenici Iodidum,  Arsenic
 and Mercury, iodide of.
   Hydrar'gyri et Qui'nia; Proto-chlo'ridum,
 Protoehloride  of 3Iercury and Quinia.  A com-
 bination of mild chloride of mercury and quinia,
 administered in obstinate cutaneous  diseases.
   HYDRARGYRIA,  Eczema mercuriale.
   HYDRARGYRI'ASIS, Hydrargyrdsis, Mer-
 curialis'mua,  from 'vSpapyvpos,  'mercury.'   A
 disease induced by the use  of mercury; 3Iorbus
 3Iercurid lis.  Poisoning by  mercury.  Eczema
 mercuriale.
   HYDRARGYRICUM, Mercurial.
   HYDRARGYRIUM,  Mercurial.
   HYDRARGYROSIS, Eczema mercuriale, Hy-
 drargyriasis.
   HYDRARGYRO-STOMATITIS,  see Saliva-
 tion, mercurial, and Stomatitis, mercurial.
   HYDRARGYROTRIPSIS,  Hydrargyra-
 natripsis.
   HYDRAR'GYRUM, Hydrar'gyrus, from 'vSoip,
 ' water/  and apyvpos, ' silver;' 3lercdriua, Argen-
 tum vivum,  A. mo'bile, A. fuaum,  A. fugiti'vum,
 A. liq'uidum, 3Iiaaadan, Fumus albus, Area arca-
 no'rum,  Da'dalus,  3Iater metallo'rum, Mercury,
 Quicksilver, (F.) 3Iercure,  31. cru,  Vif Argent.
 A fluid, brilliant metel; of a slightly bluish white
 colour; fluid above—39° of Fahr. and under 656°.
 S. g., when  liquid, 13.568  (Cavendish); easily
 oxydized.  Metallic quicksilver does not act on
 the body,  even when taken  into the stomach.
 When oxydized and combined with acids, it acts
 powerfully.   It has been exhibited  in cases of
 constriction of the bowels and in intussusception,
 from a notion that it must certainly pass through
 the bowels by its gravity.  The water, in which
 mercury has been boiled, has been recommended
 as a vermifuge; but it probably enjoys no such
 property, as chemical tests  do" not  exhibit the
 presence of the metal.   When the crude metal is
 distilled  in an  iron retort, it forms the Hydrar'-
 gyrum purified turn.
   "rTTDRARGYRUM  AMMONIATO-MrRIATICUM,  H.
 prascipitatum—h. Biiodatum, Hydrargyri iodidum
 rubrum—h. Biiodatum  cum kalio iodato, Potassii
 hydrargyro-iodidum—h. Cyanogenatum, Hydrar-
 gyri cyanuretum.
   Hydrargyrum cum Creta (Ph. U. S.), Hy-
 drargyrus cum creta, 3Iercurius alkalisa'tus, 3fer-
 cury with chalk, (F.)3Iercure avec la craie, Jdthi-
 ops alcalisa'tus.  (Hydrarg. """"iij ;  Creta prapa-
 rat.  gv.  Rub them together till the globules
 disappear.   Ph. U. S.)   A protoxide  of mercury,
 formed by trituration with carbonate of lime.  It
 is somewhat uncertain;  and consequently  not
 much employed as a mercurial. It possesses the
 properties of the black  oxide of mercury, and
 may be  advantageously exhibited in  cases  of
 diarrhoea in  children,  dependent  upon  acidity
 and vitiated secretions. Dose, gr. v to ^ss, twice
a day, in any viscid substance.
  Hydrargyrum cum Magne'sia" of the  Dublin
Pharmacopoeia resembles it in properties. 
HYDRARGYRUS             450     HYDRENTEROMPHALOCELE
  Hydrargyrum Hydrocyanicum, Hydrargyri
cyanuretum—h. Iodatum, Hydrargyri iodidum—
h. Iodatum cum chlorido Mercurii, Mercury, io-
dide of chloride of— h. Iodatum flavum, Hydrar-
gyri iodidum—h. Iodatum rubrum, Hydrargyri
iodidum rubrum — h. Iodidulatum, Hydrargyri
iodidum — h. Muriaticum Mite, Hydrargyri sub-
murias—h. Periodatum, Hydrargyri iodidum ru-
brum.
  Hydrargyrum Praicipita'tum, H. ammonia'-
turn (Ph. U. S.), Hydrargyrum ammonia'to-muri-
aticum, Hydrar'gyri ammo'nio-chlo'ridum, 3Ier-
curius cosmelicus,  3Iu'rias oxidi hydrargyri am-
moniacdlis, Submu'rias ammoniaco-hydrargyr'-
icus, Calx Hydrargyri alba, Submu'rias Hydrar-
gyri ammoniatum,  S. H. Pracipita'tum, Murias
hydrargyri sub-oxygend tus pracipitatid ne pard-
tus, Pracipita'tum  album,  Ammo'nio-chloride of
Mercury,  White precip'itate of 3Iercury, White
precipitate, Calcina'tum majus Pote'rii, (F.) Sous-
muriate de mercure precipiti ou Pridpiti blanc.
(Hydrarg.  chlorid.  corros. ^vj ; aqua destillat.
cong., Liquor ammonia, fgviij.   Dissolve  the
chloride in the water, with the aid of heat, and
to the  solution, when cold, add the solution of
ammonia,  frequently stirring.   Wash  the preci-
pitate till it is tasteless, and dry it.—Ph. U. S.)
  A peroxide, combined with muriatic acid and
ammonia,  forming a triple salt.  It is  used in
powder, to  destroy vermin;  and, united  with
lard, for the same  purpose, as well as in scabies
and some other cutaneous  affections.
  Hydrargyrum Sacchara'tum, JE'thiops sac-
chara'tus,  31ereu'rius aacchara'tua, Ox'idum hy-
drargyri eacchara'tum,  Sae'charum hydrargyri
vermif'ugum. A mild mercurial formula in seve-
ral of the Pharmacopoeias  of continental Europe;
formed by triturating one part of mercury with
two  of white eugar.  It is used in the venereal
affections of children.
  HYDRARGYRUS, Hydrargyrum.
  Hydrargyrus Aceta'tus, Sperma mercu'rii,
Terra folia'ta mercurii, 3Iercurius acetdtua, Hy-
drargyri Ace'taa, Aeetaa  vel Proto-ace'taa Hy-
drargyri,  Ac"etate of mercury.  This was  the
basis of Keyser's pills,  and was once much cele-
brated in the cure of the venereal disease.  The
dose is  from three to five grains, but it is not
much used.
  The  formula for Keyser's  anti-venereal  pills
was as follows:—Hydrarg. Acet. £iv;  Manna,
§xxx; Amyl. """jij;  Muc. G. Trag. q. s. into pills
of gr. vj each.  Dose, two pills.
  Hydrargyrus Calcinatus,  Hydrargyri oxy-
dum rubrum—h. cum Creta, Hydrargyrum cum
creta, — h. Muriatis, Hydrargyri oxymurias — h.
Nitratus ruber, Hydrargyri nitrico-oxydum.
  Hydrargyrus Phosphora'tus, Phosphurei'ted
mercury.   This preparation  has been  recom-
mended in  cases of inveterate venereal ulcers,
but is now scarcely used.
  Hydrargyrus Sulphuratus Ruber, Hydrar-
gyri sulphuretum rubrum — h. cum Sulphure,
Hydrargyri sulphuretum nigrum—h. e Sulphure,
Hydrargyri sulphuretum nigrum.
  Hydrargyrus \titriola'i'us, Turpe'thum mi-
nera'le, 3Iercurius  emeticus flavus, Calx mercurii
vitriola'ta, 31ercurius caus'ticus flavus, M. lu'teus,
Hydrargyri sulphas, H. S.  flavus (Ph. U. S.), Sub-
sulphas Hydrargyri flavus,  Oxydum hydrargyri
sulphu'ricum, Subsulphas hydrargyriperoxida'ti,
 Turbith min'eral, (F.) Sous-sulfate de mercure ou
turbith  miniral.  (Hydrarg.  ^iv; Add. Sulph.
§vj. Mix in a glass vessel, and boil in a sand-
bath till a  dry, white mass remains.   Rub this
into powder,  and  throw  it into boiling water.
Pour off the liquor, and wash the yellow, preci-
pitated powder repeatedly with hot water; then
dry it—Ph. U. S.)  Two grains of this mercurial
act on the stomach violently.  It is sometimes
recommended as an errhine in amaurosis.
  HYDRARTHRON, Hydrarthrus.
  HYDRARTHROS, Hydrarthrus.
  HYDRARTHROSIS, Hydrarthrus.
  HYDRAR'THRUS, Hydarthrus, Hydrar'thrus
synovia'lis, Hydrops  articulo'rum,  Hydrarthron,
Hydrar'thros, 3Ielice'ria, Spina vcnto'sa of Rhazes
and  Avicenna, Arthri'tis Hydrar'thros,  Hydar-
throsis,  Hydrurthro'sis, Emmyx'ium  artieula're,
Tumor albus,  White swelling ; from 'vSu)p,  'water,'
and  ap&pov,  'a joint.'  (F.) Tumeur  blanche,  T.
lymphatiquc dea articulations.  The French sur-
geons apply the term Hydrarthrus to dropsy  of
the articulations. White swelling is an extremely
formidable disease.  It may attack  any one  of
the joints; but  is most commonly met  with  in
the knee, the haunch, the foot, the  elbow, and
generally occurs in scrofulous children.  It con-
sists, at times, in  tumefaction, and softening  of
the soft parts and ligaments, which surround the
joints;  at others,  in  swelling and caries of the
articular extremities  of bones;  or  both  these
states may exist at the same time.   The treat-
ment consists in the employment of counter-irri-
tants ; the use of iodine internally and externally,
&c.  Also, Synovia.
  HYDRAS'PIS EXPAN'SA, Great freshwater
Tortoise.  On the sandy banks of rivers in Peru
this animal buries its eggs, from which the Indians
extract oil. Its flesh supplies well-flavoured food.
— Tschudi.
  HYDRASTIS, H. Canadensis.
  Hydras'tis Canaden'sis, Hydrastis, Warnera
Canadedsis, Hydrophyll'um verum, Yellow Root,
Orange  Root,. Yellow  Puccoon,  Ground Rasp'-
berry, Yellow Paint, Golden Seal, In'dian Paint,
Eyebalm.  It  is used in Kentucky as a  ' mouth
water/ and as an outward application in wounds
and local inflammations.
  HYDRELJE'ON,  Hydrola'um,  from 'vSuip,
'water/  and tXaiov,  'oil.'  A mixture of water
and  oil.
  HYDRELYTRON, see Hydrocele.
  HYDREMA,  OMeina.
  HYDRENCEPHALITIS,  Hydrocephalus in-
ternus.
  HYDRENCEPHALIUM, Hydrocephalus in-
ternus.
  HYDRENCEPHALOCE' LE,  Hydrocephalo-
ee'le, from 'ti^cop,  'water/  tyKttpaXos,  'the ence-
phalon/ and kvXv,  ' rupture, protrusion.'  A mon-
strosity in which there is a fissure of the cranium,
the  integument of the head being present, and
forming a hernial sac in which the brain lies out-
side the skull—the sac containing a large quan-
tity of serous fluid.   Also, Hydrocephalus chro-
nicus.
   HYDRENCEPHALON,  see   Hydrocephalus
chronicus.
   HYDRENCEPH'ALOID, from 'vStop, ' water/
tyKttpaXos, 'the  brain/ and ttSos, 'resemblance.'
Resembling hydrencephalus.  Hydrencepk'aloid
dieeaae,  Spu'rioua hydroeeph' alus, Pseudo-ence-
phalitis.  Disorders of the bowels, and exhaus-
tion in children, are at times attended with hy-
drencephaloid symptoms.
   HYDRENCEPHALUS, Hydrocephalus inter-
nus.
   HYDRENTEROCE'LE",  from 'vSup,  'water,'
tvrtpov, 'intestine/ and kvXv, 'a tumour.'  Intes-
tinal hernia, the sac of which encloses fluid.
   HYDRENTEROMPHALOCE'LE, Hydrente-
rom'phalus,  from  'vSiap, ' water/ tvrtpov,  ' intes-
tine,' optpaXas, 'umbilicus/  and kvXv, 'rupture.'
Umbilical hernia with intestine and water in  the
sac. 
HYDRENTEROMPHALUS        451            HYDROCEPHALUS
  H Y D R E N TEROMPHALUS,  Hydrenterom-
phalocele.
  HYDREPIGASTRIUM, see Ascites.
  DYDREPIPLOCE'LE,  from  'vSwp,  'water/
tmtrXoov,  'omentum/ and kvXv, 'rupture.'  Omen-
tal  hernia, with water in the sac.
  HYD R E PIP LOM'PHALUS,  Hydrepiplom-
phaloce'le, from 'vSiap, ' water/ £iri7rXoov, ' omen-
tum/ and optpaXos, 'umbilicus.'  Umbilical her-
nia, with omentum and water in the sac.
  HYDRETRUM, Ascites.
  HYDRI AS IS, Hydrosudotherapeia.
  HYDRIATER, see Hydropathic.
  HYDRIATRIA, Hydrosudotherapeia.
  HYDRIATRICA ARS, Hydrosudotherapeia.
  HYDRIATRICUS, see  Hydropathic.
  HYDRIATRUS, see Hydropathic.
  HYDRIODAS KALICUS,  see Potassas  hy-
driodas.
  HYDRIODIC ACID, see Acid, hydriodic.
  HYDRO 'A,  Hidro'a,  Aqu'ula, Boa, Planta
noctis, from 'vStop, ' water.'  An affection, which
consists  in an  accumulation of water or  serous
fluid under  the epidermis.  Some have used hy-
dro'a synonymously with  sudamina; others with
pemphigus.   In the  first  case,  it has generally,
however, been written  hidro'a,  from  'iSpus,
'sweat,'  and in the latter hydro'a.  See  Hydatid.
   IIYDROvE'MIA, Hydra'mia; from 'vSwp, 'wa-
ter/ and 'atpa,  ' blood.'  Anasmia.  The state of
the blood in which the watery constituents are in
excess.
  // YDR OAEROPLEURIE,  Hydropneumo-
thorax.
  HYDROA'RION,   Hydrdoph'oron,  HydroW-
rium, Hydroova'rium, Hy'drops ova'rii, Ascites
ovarii, A. sacca'tua, (F.) Hydropiaie  de lovoire,
from 'vSiop, 'water/ and waptov, 'ovarium.' Dropsy
of the  ovarium.
   HYDROATA, Sudamina.
   HYDROBLEPH'ARON, Hy'dropa Palpebra,
Blepharoede'ma aquo'aum,  QMe'ma  palpebrd-
rum.   An oedema or watery swelling of the eye-
lids ; from 'vSwp, 'water," and pXttpapov, 'eyelid.'
   HYDROCARDIA, Hydropericardium, see Pe-
ricardium.
   HYDROCATARRHOPHE 'SIS, Hydrocatar-
rhopltia, from  'vSiop, 'water/ and Karappotpttv, 'to
sip up.'  Absorption of water from without.
   HYDROCE'LE, Hydropa Scroti, H. teeticuld-
rum, Hydroacheoce'le, Hydatoce'le, Hydroa'cheum,
Hydror'chia, Hydroachionie, (Alibert,) from 'vStop,
'water/ and  kvXv, 'a tumour.'   A term gene-
rally applied to a collection  of  serous fluid in
the areolar texture of the scrotum or in some
 of  tho coverings,  either of the testicle or sper-
 matic cord.  To the first of these varieties the
 names — External Hydrocele,  H. cedemato'dea,
 (F.) H.  par infiltration have been given;  and to
 the second, those  of Hydroce'le inter'na, H. tu'-
 nica vagina'lis tea'tia, Hydrel'ytron, (F.) H. par
 (panchement.   When the  collection occurs in the
 envelope of the testicle,  it is called H. of the
 tunica vaginalia; and the  epithet congenital is
 added, when the interior of the membrane,  in
 which it is situate, still communicates freely with
 tho cavity of the abdomen.  AVhen it exists in the
 spermatic cord, it is called encyated, or diffused
 Hydrocele of the spermatic cord,  as the case may
 be.  The tumour  of the distended scrotum is ob-
 long: greater below than  above; indolent and
 semi-transparent.   AVhen it becomes inconve-
 niently  large, the  fluid  may be evacuated by
 puncturing  with  a  trocar, but, as  it collects
 again, this  operation  can only be  considered
 palliative.  The radical cure consists, usually, in
 injecting, through the canula of the trocar, which
 has been left in, after puncturing, some irritating
liquid, as wine.   This is kept in the tunica vagi-
nalis  for a few  minutes, and  then withdrawn.
The coat inflames;  adhesion takes place, and the
cavity is obliterated.
  Hydrocele of the  Neck.  A tumour, filled
with a watery fluid,  occupying some portion of
the neck.
  Hydrocele Peritonaii, Ascites — h. Spinalis,
Hydrorachis.
  HYDROCENO'SIS,  from 'vSiop, 'water/  and
Ktvojais,  'evacuation.'   The evacuation of water
morbidly accumulated in the body.
  HYDROCEPHALE, Hydrocephalus.
  HYDROCEPHALE AIGUE, Hydrocephalus
internus.
  HYDROCEPHALICS, Hydrocephalus inter-
nus.
  HYDROCEPHALIUM, Hydrocephalus.
  H Y D R 0 C E PHALOCELE, Hydrencephalo-
cele.
  HYDROCEPHALOECTASIE, Hydrocepha-
lus chronicus.
  HYDROCEPHALUS,  Hydroeeph'alum,  Hy-
drocra'nia,  Hydrocra'nium,  Hydrocephal'ium,
Hydroeeph'ale,  Hydropa  Cap'itia, H.  Cer'ebri,
from  'vSuip,  ' water,'  and KttpaXv, ' the  head.'
 Water in the head,  Dropay of the head, Dropsy
of the brain.  A collection of water within the
head.  It may be internal or external.
  Hydrocephalus  Acutus,  H.  internus — h.
Acutus senum, Apoplexy, serous—h. Adnatus, see
H. chronicus—h. Congenitus, see H. chronicus—
h. Externus, H. chronicus — h. Meningeus, H.
internus.
  Hydrocephalus  Chron'icus, Hydrencepha-
loce'le, Hydrops Cap'itis, Hydrocephalus exter-
nus, (F.) Hydrociphale, Hydrociphaloectasie, of
some, may exist at birth.  Hydrenceph'alon, Hy-
drocephalus  congen'itus seu adna'tus commonly
commences at  an  early period of existence, and
the accumulation of fluid gradually produces dis-
tension of the brain, and of the skull, with sepa-
ration of the sutures.  It commonly proves fatal
before puberty.
  Hydrocephalus Externus, CEde'ma cap'itis,
 Cephalaede'ma of some, is a mere infiltration into
the subcutaneous cellular tissue of the cranium.
  Hydrocephalus  Inter'nus,  Hydroeeph'alus
acu'tus, H. meninge'us, Hydrops cer'ebri, Ence-
phalalgia hydro]]'ica, Encephalitis exsudato'ria,
Encephalitis seu  3Ieningi'tis  Infan'tum, Morbus
cerebra'lis Whyttii,  En'tero-cephalop'yra Infan'-
tum, Hydrophlogo'sis Ventriculo'rum cer'ebri, En-
 cephaloch'ysis,  Phrenic'ula hydrocephalica, Hy-
 drenceph'alus, Hydrencephali'tis, Hydrencephal-
 ium,  Hydrocephali'tis, Hydromeningi'tis, Febria
 Hydrocephalica, Apoplex'ia hydrocephalica, Ca-
 rua hydroeeph'alus, Water Brain Fever, (F.) Hy-
 drociphale aigue,  Fievre ciribrale dea Enfona, is
 generally seated, according to modern observers,
 in  the  meninges and  surface  of the encephalon,
 and  is a tuber'eular meningi'tia, Meningi'tia tu-
 berculoma,  Encephalostrumo'eis, (F.) 3Iiningite
 tuberculeuae ou granuleuse.  It  is observed par-
 ticularly in  childhood.  Its march is extremely
 acute and often very rapid; admitting, generally,
 however, of division  into three stages. The symp-
 toms of theirs* stage  are those of general febrile
 irritation, with head-ach, intolerance of light and
 sound, delirium, &c.   Those of the second, which
 generally denote that the inflammation has ended
 in effusion, are, great slowness of pulse, crying out
 as if in distress, moaning, dilated pupil, squint-
 ing,  <fec; and lastly, in the third  stege — pro-
 found stupor, paralysis, convulsions, involuntary
 evacuations, quick  pulse,  and frequently death.
 The  disease is  of uncertain duration; sometimes, 
HYDROCHAMAIMELUM
452
HYDROGEN
destroying in two  or three days; at others, ex-
tending to two  or  three weeks.  The prognosis
is unfavourable. The treatment must be active
during the  stage of excitement, — precisely that
which is necessary in phrenitis.  In  the second
stage, the indication is;—to promote the absorp-
tion of the  effused  fluid.   This  must be done by
counter-irritants, and mercury, chiefly.   On dis-
section, water is generally found  in the ventricles,
or at the base of the brain; or there are evidences
of previous vascular  excitement, as effusions of
coagulable lymph, &c.
  Hydrocephalus  Spurius, Hydrencephaloid,
(disease.)
  HYDROCHAMAIMELUM, Infusum anthemi-
dis.
  HYDROCHEZIA,  Diarrhoea serosa.
  HYDROCHLORATE D'OR, see  Gold.
  HYDRO CHLORINAS NATRICUS, Soda,
muriate of.
  HY'DROCHOLECYSTIS,   Turgescentia vesi-

  HYDROCH'YSES, (G.)Hydrochysen,from
'u<5u>p, ' water/ and  xv(ns> ' effusion.'  A family of
diseases, according to the classification of Fuchs,
in which there is a sudden effusion of serous fluid,
as in serous apoplexy; hydrocephalus, <fec.
  HYDROCIRSOCE'LE, Hygrocirsoce'le, Hy-
groce'le,  from 'vSuip,  'water,'  Ktpcos, 'varix,'and
kvXv, 'tumour.'  A tumour, formed by the vari-
cose distention of the veins of the spermatic cord,
and by the accumulation  of serous fluid in the
areolar texture of the scrotum.
  HYDR0CO3LIA,ji.scites.
  HYDROCOT'YLE  CENTEL'LA.  A South
African plant, the roots  and stalks of which are
astringent; and used in diarrhoea and dysentery.
  Hydrocotyle Umbellatum, Acaricoba.
  HYDROCRANIA, Hydrocephalus.
  HYDROCRANIUM, Hydrocephalus.
  HYDROCRITHE, Decoctum  Hordei.
  HYDRO CYANTC ACID, Ac"idum Hydrocy-
an'icum ; from  'vSwp, ' water,' and kvovos, ' blue.'
Prussic Acid, Ac"idum  Prus'sicum,  A.  Borus'-
sicum,  A. Zooticum, A. Zobtin'icum, Cyanohy'-
drie Acid, Cyanhy'dric Acid,  (F.) Acide Hydro-
cyanique ou Prussique.   This  acid  exists in  a
great variety of native combinations in the vege-
table kingdom,  and imparts to them certain pro-
perties, which have  been long known  and es-
teemed;  as in the bitter almond, Cherry laurel,
leaves of the Peach tree, kernels of fruit, pips of
apples, &c.  AA'hen concentrated, it is liquid, co-
lourless,  of a strong smell and taste, at first cool,
afterwards burning.  Its s. g.  at 7°  centigrade, is
0.7058.   It is very volatile, and enters into ebul-
lition at 80° Fahr.  It speedily undergoes de-
composition, sometimes in less than an hour, and
consists of a peculiar gazeous  and highly inflam-
mable  compound of  carbon and azote, to which
the name Cyan'ogen  has been assigned; and of
hydrogen, which acts as  the acidifying principle:
hence its name  Hydrocyanic acid.  In the  Phar-
macopoeia of the United States, (1851,)  two for-
mulas for the preparation of the Ad'idum hydro-
eyadicum dilu'tum — Ac"idum  hydrocyadicum,
Ph. U. S. of 1842 — are given;  the one from the
Ferro-cyanuret of Potassium; the other from the
Cyanuret of Silver.   According  to Magendie, the
acid, prepared after  Scheele's method — the one
in common use—is of irregular medicinal power:
he, therefore, recommends Gay Lussac's  acid,
diluted with 6 times  its  volume, or 8.5  times its
weight of distilled  water, for medicinal purposes,
and this he calls Medic"inal  Prussic Acid.  Dr.
Ure has  proposed, that the specific gravity should
indicate  that which is proper for medicinal exhi-
bition; and, after comparative experiments of the
gravity of the acids, obtained by different  pro-
cesses, he states, that the acid, usually prescribed,
is of s. g. 0.996 or 0.997.  Great caution is, how-
ever, necessary.  One  drop of pure prussic  acid
may instantly destroy, and the animal  show
hardly any traces of irritability, a few moments
after death.  It has been advised in laryngeal
phthisis,  in pulmonary phthisis, pulmonary in-
flammation and irritation, djrspepsia, uterine affec-
tions, hectic cough, cancer, chronic rheumatism,
and mania, and as a local remedy in impetiginous
affections;  but, although possessed  of powerful
sedative  properties, it is so unmanageable and
the preparation so uncertain, that it is not much
used. Tho Dose of Scheele's Acid, or of the 3Ie-
dicinal Prussic Acid, is from a quarter of a  drop
to two drops.
  HYDROCYS'TIS,  from  'vSu>p, 'water/  and
kvctis, ' a bladder.'  A cyst  containing a watery
or serous  fluid.   An  hydatid.  Also,  saccated
ascites.
  HYDRODERMA, Anasarca.
  HYDRODES, Aqueous.
  HYDRODIARRH03A, Diarrhoea, serous.
  HYDR03DEMA, CEdema.
  HYDRO-ENCEPHALORRHEE, Apoplexy,
serous.
  HY'DRO - ENTERO -EPIPLOCE'LE,  Hydro-
epiplo-enteroce'le ;  from  'vSoip,  'water/  tvrtpov,
'intestine/ and  ttrttrXoov,  'omentum.'  Entero-
epiplocele,  the sac  of which contains a  serous
fluid.
  HYDRO-ENTER O-EPIPLOM'PHALUM,
from 'vSwp,  'water/ tvrtpov, 'an intestine/ ttn-
trXoov, 'the  caul/ and optpaXos, 'the navel.'   Um-
bilical hernia, the sac of which contains intestine,
epiploon, and serum.
  HYDRO-ENTEROM'PHALUM, Ilydrcnte-
rom'phalum; from 'vSiop, 'water/ tvrtpov, 'an in-
testine/ and optpaXos,  'the  umbilicus.'  Hernia
umbilicalis,  the sac of which contains intestine
and serum.     •
  HYDRO-EPIPLOCE'LE, from 'vSwp, 'water/
ttrt-Xoov,  'omentum/ and kvXv, 'a tumour.'  Her-
nia, formed by omentum, the sac of  which  con-
tains serum.
  HYDRO-EPIPLO-ENTEROCELE,  Hydro-
entero-epiplocele.
  HYDRO-EPIPLOMPH'ALUM,  from  <vSwp,
'water/  ttrttrXoov, 'the omentum/ and optpaXos,
'the umbilicus.'  Umbilical hernia,  the  sac  of
which contains epiploon and serum.
  HY'DROG'ALA, from 'vSop, 'water/ and yaXa,
' milk.'   A mixture of water and milk.
  HYDROGASTER,  Ascites.
  HY'DROGEN, Hydrogen'ium, Inflam'mable
air, Phlogis'ton, Princip'ium hydrogeneticum, P.
liydrolicum, 3Iephi'tia inflammab'ilis, (F.) Hy-
drogene, from  'vSiap, ' water/ and ytvvaia, ' I pro-
duce.'  This gas,  when  breathed, proves  fatal
from containing no oxygen.  When diluted with
two-thirds  of atmospheric air, it occasions  some
diminution  of muscular power  and sensibility,
and a reduction of the force of the  circulation.
It has been respired in catarrh, hasmoptysis, and
phthisis.
   Hydrogen, Carburetted, Inflammable air,
Fire damp, of miners — obtained by passing the
vapour of  water over charcoal,  at the tempera-
ture of ignition, in an  iron tube—has been found
possessed of similar properties, when  diluted, and
has been used in like  cases.
   Hydrogen, Protoxide of, Water.
   Hydrogen, Sulphuretted, Hydrosulph'uric
acid, Hydrothion'ic add, Hydrothi'on,  Gaz he-
paticum, Gaz hydrogen'ium sulphura'turn, Me-
phitis hepatica, (F.) Acide hydrosulfurique, may
be disengaged from any of the sulphurets by the 
HYDROGEN ATION            453            HYDROPHOBIA
 addition of a strong acid.   It is a violent poison,
 but has been recommended to be inhaled, diluted,
 to allay the increased irritability which occasion-
 ally exists after diseases of the lungs.   See Hy-
 dro-sulphuretted Water.
   HYDROGEXATION, see Hydroginlses.
   IIYDR O GENE, Hydrogen.
   HYDROG12NESES. Baumes gives this name
 to diseases which he fancifully considers to de-
 pend upon disturbed hydrogenation.  In it he in-
 cludes intermittent and remittent fevers.
   HYDROGENO - SULPHURETUM  AMMO-
 NIAC^E  LIQUID CM, Ammonias sulphuretum.
   HYDROGLOSSA,  Ranula.
   HYDROGRAPHY, see Hydrology.
   HYDROHEMIE,  Anasmia.
   HYDROIIYMENI'TIS, Orrhohymeni'tis, from
 'vSmp, ' water/ 'vpvv,  ' a membrane,' and iri*, de-
 noting inflammation.   Inflammation of a serous
 membrane.
   HYDROLjEIIM. Hydrelason.
   HYDROLAPATHUM,Rumexhydrolapathum.
   HYDE oLATA, Aquas destillates.
   H YDR Of, ATS, Aquas  destillatse.
   DYDROLES, see* Hydrolica.
   IIYDROL'ICA,  (F.) Hydroliques, from 'vSwp,
 'water.'  AYatery solutions of the active princi-
 ples of medicinal agents.  Those prepared by so-
 lution or admixture  are termed, by the French,
 Hydrolia; those by distillation, Hydrolata.
   HYDROLIQUES, Hydrolica.
   HYDROL'OGl', Hydrolog"ia, from 'vSwp, 'wa-
 ter/ and Aoyoc, 'a discourse.' A treatise on water.
 By the  term .Medical Hydrology is meant that
 part of physics,  whose object is the study of wa-
 ter, considered as it respects medicine ; and, con-
 sequently, embracing that of  mineral waters.
 Medical Hydrocf raphy comprises  the study of the
 influence exerted by the sea or by navigation on
 the health of man.
   It YD ROLO TIF, Lotion.   •
   HYDROAIA'NIA,  from 'vSwp,  'water/  and
 pavta, 'mania.'  A name  given  by Strambi to
 pellagra, in which the patient has a strong pro-
 pensity to drown himself.
   HYDRO-MEDIASTI'NUM, Hydrops  media-
 stlni.  Effusion of serous fluid into the mediasti-
 num.
   UY'BROMETj,Hydrom'eli, from 'vSiop, 'water/
 and ptXt, 'honey.'  Aqua mulsa,  Meliti'tis, 3Iul-
 sum, 3Ielic'ratum, 3Iellic'ratum, Braggart, 31cdo.
 A liquid medicine, prepared with  an ounce and a
 half of honey and a pint  of tepid  water.  It is
 used as a demulcent  and  laxative, and is gene-
 rally known under  the names Simple hy'dromel,
 Vinous hy'dromel, 3Icad, Hydrom'eli vino'sum. It
 is a drink made  by fermenting honey and water,
 and is much used in some  countries.
   HYDROMENINGITIS, Hydrocephalus inter-
 nus.
   HYDROMETER, Areometer.
   HYDROME'TRA,  Hydrome'tria, Hyster'ites,
 Hystera'dc'ma, Hydrops u'teri, from 'vSmp, 'water/
 and pvrpa, ' the womb.'  Dropsy of the womb.  A
 disease characterized by circumscribed protuber-
 ance in the hypogastriura,—with obscure fluctu-
 ation, progressively enlarging, without ischury or
 pregnancy.  If it ever occur, it must be a rare
 disease.
   HYDROM'PHALUM.  Hydropa umbilica'lis,
 Exoniphalus aquo'sus, Her'nia umbilici aquo'sa,
 from 'vSiap, 'water,' and optpaXos,  'the navel.'  A
 tumour, formed by the accumulation of serum in
 the sac of umbilical  hernia; or simply by disten-
sion of the navel in cases of ascites.
  HYDROMYRIN'GA, Hydromyrinx.  Hydrops
tym'pani,  from 'vSap, 'water/ and  myringa  or
myrinx,' the membrana tympani.'  Dropsy of the
 drum of the ear; giving rise to difficulty of hear-
 ing,—Di/seca'n liydrop'ica.
   HYDROMYRINX, Hydromyringa.
   HYDRONCUS, Anasarca, ffidema.
   HYDRONEPHRO'SIS,  (F.)  Hydroniphrose,
 Hydrorenale distenaion, from 'vStop, 'water/ and
 vtippos,' kidney.' An accumulation in the kidney,
 owing to the obstruction of the tubes of the pa-
 pillas.— Rayer.
   HYDRONOSUS, Hydrops.
   HYDRONUSUS,  Hydrops.
   HYDROOPHORON, Hydroarion.
   HYDROOVARIUM, Hydroarion.
   HYDROPATHTC, Hydropaih'ieua, Hydriat'-
 ricus, from 'vSwp, 'water/ and  trados,  'disease/
 Relating to hydropathy or the water-cure,— as a
 hydropathic physician, Hydri'dter, Hydri'dtrus.
   HYDROPATHY, Hydrosudotherapeia.
   HYDROPEDE'SIS,  from 'vSup,  'water/  and
 trvSaoi, ' I break out.'  Ephidrdaia.  Excessive
 sweating.
   HYDROPEGE, Water, spring.
   HYDROPELTIS PURPUREA, Brasenia hy-
 dropeltis.
   HYDROPERICARDIA, Hydropericardium.
   HYDROPERICARDITIS,Hydropericardium.
   HATDROPERICAR'DIUM, Hydropericar'dia,
 Hydropericardi'tia, from 'vSoip, ' water,' and peri-
 cardium;  Hydropa  Pericardii,  Hydrocar'dia,
 Dropsy of the pericetr'dwm, (F.) Hydropiaie  du
 Piricarde.  This is not a common disease.  PaL
 pitations; irregular or intermitting pulse; exces-
 sive dyspnoea,  amounting  often to  orthopncea,
 and dulness over a large space on percussion, will
 cause  the pericardium to be suspected. The treat-
 ment  is that of dropsies in general.  It is, usu-
 ally, however, of the active kind.
   HYDROPERIONE, from 'vSwp, ' water/ xtpt,
 ' around/ and wov, ' an egg, or  ovum.' The sero-
 albuminous substance, secreted by the lining of
 the uterus prior to the arrival of the impregnated
 ovum  in that cavity. — Breschet.
   HYDROPERITONEUM, Ascites.
   HYDROPERITONIE, Ascites.
   HYDROPHAL'LUS, from 'vSap,  'water/ an<fc? -
 ipaXXos, 'the  male organ.'  QMema of the male
 organ.
   HYDROPHIMOSIS,  Phimosis cedematodes.
   HYDROPHLEGMASIA TEXTUS CELLU-
 LARIS, Phlegmasia alba.
   HYDROPHLOGOSIS VENTRICULORUM
 CEREBRI, Hydrocephalus internus.
   HYDROPHOB'IA, Paraphob'ia, Parophob'ia,
 Phobodip' son, Pheu'gydron, Pheugophob'io, Cy-
 nolya'ao, Cynolys'sum, Morbus hydrophob'icus seu
 hydroph'obus, Lycadche, Lyean'chis, Aerophobia,
 Phrenitis latrana, Lytta, Lyaaa, Lyasa cani'na,
 Pantophob'ia, Rabies cani'na, Erethis'mus hydro-
 phobia, Clonos hydrophobia, Hygrophobia, Aqua
 metus, Canine madness, (F.) Rage; from  'vSwp,
 ' water/ and tpojios, ' dread.'
   The term Rabies  is more appropriate for the
 aggregate of symptoms resulting from the bite
 of rabid animals.  Hydrophobia literally signifies
 a  ' dread of water /  and, consequently, ought  to
 be applied to one of the symptoms of rabies, rather
 than to the disease itself. It is a symptom which
 appears occasionally in  other nervous affections.
 Rabies is susceptible of spontaneous development
 in the  dog,  wolf, cat, and fox, which can thence
 transmit it to other  quadrupeds or to man; but
 it  has  not been proved  that it  can supervene,—
 without their having been previously bitten, — in
 animals of other species; or that the latter can,
 when  bitten,  communicate  it to  others.   Many
facts induce the belief, that the saliva and bron-
chial mucus are the sole vehicles of the rabid vi-
rus; the effects of which upon the economy some- 
HYDROPHOBUS             454
times appear almost immediately after the bite,
and are, at others, apparently dormant for a con-
siderable period.   The chief symptoms are — a
sense of dryness and constriction of the throat;
excessive  thirst;  difficult deglutition; aversion
for, and horror at,  the sight of liquids as well as
of brilliant objects; red,  animated  countenance;
great nervous irritability; frothy saliva; grinding
of the teeth, <fcc. Death most commonly happens
before the fifth day.  Hydrophobia has hitherto
resisted all  therapeutical means.  Those  which
allay irritation are obviously most called for.  In
the way of  prevention,  the  bitten part  should
always be excised, where practicable; and cau-
terized.
   In some cases, symptoms like those which fol-
low  the bite of a rabid animal are said to have
come on spontaneously.  This affection has been
termed nervous or spontaneous hydrophobia.
   HYDROPHOBUS, Lyssodectus.
   HYDROPHTHAL'MIA, from  'vSap, 'water/
and   otpSaXpos, 'the  eye.'   Hydrophthai'mus,
Dropay of the  eye,  Hydropa Oc'uli, Buphthalmua,
Zobphthal'mus, Oc'ulus Bovi'nua, Oculua Bu'bulus,
Oculus Elephadtinus, Ophihalmoptdsis, Parop'-
sis Staphylo'ma simplex, (F.) Hydrophthalmie,
Hydropisie de I'ceil.   This affection is caused, at
times, by an increase in the quantity of the aque-
ous,  at others, of the vitreous, humour.  In the
former case, the iris  is  concave anteriorly, and
pushed backwards : — in the latter, it is convex,
and  pushed forwards.  Most commonly, the dis-
ease  seems  to depend on both humours  at the
same time.  Hydrophthalmia sometimes  affects
both  eyes;  at others, only  one.  Children are
more exposed  to  it than adults or old persons.
The  treatment  must vary according to the cause ;
its longer or  shorter duration; greater  or less
extent, &c.  Hence, according to circumstances,
hydragogue medicines, purgatives, general and
local blood-letting, blisters,  setons, moxa, cup-
ping-glasses, fomentations, collyria, and fumiga-
tions of  different  kinds, have been  employed.
When all means  fail,  and the disease continues
to make progress, the fluid may be evacuated, by
a  puncture  made with a cataract  needle  at the
lower part of the transparent cornea.
   Hydrophthalmia,  Conical,  Staphyloma of
the cornea.
   HYDROPHTHAL'MION. Same etymon. An
oedematous swelling of the conjunctiva in hydro-
pic persons.
   HYDROPHTHALMUS, Hydrophthalmia—h.
Cruentus, Hasmophthalmia.
   HYDROPHYLLUM VERUM, Hydrastis Ca-
nadensis.
   HYDROPHYSOCE'LE, Hydropneumatoce'le,
from 'vSojp,  'water/ tpvca, 'wind/ and kvXv, 'a
tumour.'  Hernia, which contains  a serous fluid
and  gas.
   HYDROPHYSOME'TRA, from 'vSoyp, 'water/
<pvcau>, ' I inflate/ and pvrpa, ' the womb.'  A mor-
bid  condition  of the womb, in which both fluid
and  air are contained in it.
   HYDROP'IC, Hydrop'icus, Hy'phydros, Hy-
der'icus, Hyderddes, Drop'sical, (F.) Hydropique.
One labouring under dropsy.  Relating to dropsy.
Also, an antihydropic, and a hydragogue.
   HYDROPIPER, Polygonum hydropiper.
   HYDROPISIA, Hydrops.
   HYDROPISIE, Hydrops —7L du Bas-ventre,
Ascites—h.  Ciribrale  suraigue, Apoplexy,  serous
— h. de VCEil, Hydrophthalmia — h. de I'Ovaire,
Hydroarion—h. du Piricarde, Hydropericardium
— h. des Pllvres, Hydrothorax — h. de Poitrine,
Hydrothorax—h. de la Visicule du Fiel, Turgcs-
centia vesicas  feUeas.
HYDROPS
  HYDROPISIS, Hydrops—h. Vera, Anasarca.
  HYDROPISMUS, Hydrops.
  H YDR OP LEUR IE, Hydrothorax.
  HYDROPNEUMATOCELE, Hydrophysocele.
  HYDROPNEUMON, Hydropneumonia.
  HYDROPNEUMO'NIA, Hydropnedmon,
(Ede'ma pulmo'num chron'icam, Hydropa pulmo-
num cellulo'aua,  Anaaar'ca pulmo'num, Hydrops
pulmonum, from 'vSoip, 'water/ and trvtvpiav, 'the
lung.'  Dropsical infiltration of the lungs.  See
(Edema of the lungs.
  HYDROPNEUMOSAR'CA, from  'vboip, 'wa-
ter/ trvtvpa, ' wind, air/ and cap!;, ' flesh.' An ab-
scess, containing water, air, and  matters similar
to flesh. — M.  A. Severinus.
  HYDROPNEUMOTHO'RAX,^rfroae>ojt)?e«-
rie, from 'vSoip,  'water/ trvtvpiav, 'the lung/ and
Otapal;,  'the chest.'  Pneumothorax with effusion
of blood into the chest.  See Pneumothorax.
  HYDROPOI'DES, from 'vSwp, 'water/ and
trottio,  ' I make.' An epithet  for watery  excre-
tions, such as sometimes take place in hydropics.
  HYDROP'OTA,  Hydrop'otea, Potdtor Aqua,
from 'vSiap,  'water/ and tropis, ia drinker.'  A
water drinker.   One who  dmiks jpnly water, or
drinks it in an extraordinaryf,qua§tity.
  HYDROPS,  from 'vSuip,  'water/  Plegma'tia,
Hy'deroa, Affec'tua  hyderd des, Hy&rop'iaia, Hy-
dropia'ia, Hydropia'miMmLHydrofflsia, Hydror-
rhoe'a,  Hydrorrhoe,  Hycworrhoits, Pdlyhy'dria,
Hydron'oaua, Hydronu'sus, Dropsy, (F.) Hydro-
pisie.  A preternatural  collection of a  serous
fluid in any cavity of j$ie body, or in the areolar
texture.  Whpn the cellilar texture of the whole
body is more or less filled with fluid, the disease
is called ^.naaar'ca  or Leucoplegma'tia; — and
when this variety is local or partial, it is  called
OSde'ma.  The chief dropsies, designated from
their seat, are: — Anaaarca,  Hydrocephalua, Hy-
drorachitis, Hydrothorax, Hydropericardium, Aa-
citea, Hydrometra,'Hydrocele, &e.
  Encysted Dropsy, Hydropa sacca'tus, inearce-
ra'tus vel cys'ticus, is that variety in which the
fluid is enclosed in a sac or cyst \. so that  it has
no  communication with the surrounding  parts.
Dropay of  the Ovarium, Hydrops Ova'rii, Asci-
tes  Ova'rii, Ascites  sacca'tus,  is an  instance of
this variety.
  Dropsy maybe active or passive.   The former
consists in an increased action of  the exhalants,
so that those vessels pour  out much  more fluid
than is absorbed: the latter arises from  a state
of atony of,the'absorbent vessels, which  allows
of an accumulation  of fluid.  It may also  be me-
chanical, or produced by obstructions to the cir-
culation, as in cases of  diseased liver.   Active
dropsy, occurring accidentally in a sound  indivi-
dual, generally  ends favourably.   That  which
supervenes on  other diseases,  or is symptomatic
of some internal affection, is rarely curable.
  The treatment consists in the use  of all those
remedies which  act on the various secretions: so
that, the demand being increased, the supply will
have to be increased accordingly;  and in this
manner some of the collected fluid may be taken
up  by the absorbents.  To this end  bleeding, if
the dropsy be very active;  purgatives, diuretics,
sudorifics,  sialogogues, &c,  are  the remedies
chiefly depended upon.
  Hydrops Abdominis, Ascites — h. Abdominis
aereus, Tympanites—h. Abdominis saccatus, see
Ascites — h.  Anasarca, Anasarca — h. Anasarca
acutus, see Anasarca — h. Articulorum,  Hydrar-
thrus—h. Ascites, Ascites — h. Capitis, Hydroce-
phalus—h. Capitis, Hydrocephalus chronicus—h.
Cavitatis columnas vertebralis, Hydrorachis — h.
Cellularis artuum, QMerna — h. Cellularis totius 
HYDROPSIA
455
HYDROTIS
 corporis, Anasarca—h. Cellulosus, Anasarca—h.
 Cerebri, Hydrocephalus, Hydrocephalus internus
 —h. Cutuneug, Anasarca—h. Cysticus, see Asci-
 tes, and Hydrops—h. Glottidis, QMema of the
 Glottis—h. Incarcerates,  see Hydrops—h.  In-
 tercus, Anasarca — h. Leucophlegmatias,  Leuco-
 phlegmatia—h. ad Matulam, Diabetes—h. Medi-
 astini, Hydromediastinum — h. Medullas spinalis,
 Ilydrorachis — h. Matellas, Diabetes — h. Oculi,
 Hydrophthalmia—h. Ovarii, Hydroarion, see Hy-
 drops—h. Palpebral, Hydroblepharon—h. Pecto-
 ris, Hydrothorax—h. Pericardii, Hydropericardi-
 um— h. Pleuras,  Hydrothorax — h. Pulmonis,
 Hydrothorax — h. Pulmonum, Hydropneumonia,
 OMenia of the Lungs — h.  Pulmonum cellulosus,
 Hydropneumonia — h. Saccatus, see  Hydrops —
 h. Sacci lachrymalis, Fistula lachrymalis — h.
 Scroti, Hydrocele—h. Siccus et flatulentus, Tym-
 panites— h. Spinas, Ilydrorachis—h. Spinas ver-
 tebralis, Ilydrorachis—h. Subeutaneus, Anasarca
 —h. Telas  cellulosas, Anasarca—h. Testiculorum,
 Hydrocele — h. Thoracis, Hydrothorax — h.  Tu-
 barum Fallopii, Hydrosalpinx—h. Tympani, Hy-
 dromyringa—h.Tympanites, Tympanites—h. Um-
 bilicalis, Hydromphalum — h. Uteri, Hydrometra
 — h. Vesicas felleas,Turgescentia vesiculas felleas.
   HYDROPSIA,  Hydrops.
   HYDROPYR'ETOS, from  'vSwp, 'water/and
 trvptros,  'fever;'  Febria  audato'riu.  Fever with
 sweating.   Hidropyretos would be more proper;
 from 'iSptar, 'sweafe'   See Sudor Anglicus.
   HYDRORA'CHIS,  from 'vSoip, 'water/  and
 paxts, 'the  spine.'  Hydmjrrha'chis, Hydrora-
 chi'tie,  Hydrorrhdchia,  3lyelftch'ysis, Hydropa
 Cavitdtia Columna  Vertebra'lis,'*^ Spina verte-
 bra,'lis, ^ Hydrops medulla  spina'lia,  Hydroce'le
 spindlis, Hydrorachi'tis spino'sa, Hydrops spina.
 An  effusion of serum, often owing to inflamma-
 tion of the spinal membranes — myelitis exsuda-
 ti'va—and forming a soft, frequently transparent,
 tumour,  constituted of  the  membranes  of  the
 spinal marrow, which  are distended and project-
 ing  backwards from the vertebral canal, the pos-
 terior paries of which, when the affection  is con-
 genital,  is  wanting  to a certain extent — Spina
 bifida,  Atelorachid'ia,  Hydrora'chis dehis'cens
 seu  congen'ita, Schistorrha'chis,  Spinola. The
 disease is often accompanied with paralysis of the
 lower extremities.  It is congenital, and  situate
 in the lumbar or sacral regions.   It is almost al-
 ways fatal: — the tumour rupturing,  and death
 occurring instantaneously.  On dissection, a sim-
 ple separation or complete absence of the spinous
 processes of the vertebras is perceived, with, at
 times, destruction or absence of spinal marrow.
 The treatment is the  same as in  hydrocephalus
 chronicus; and, as in  it, advantage seems occa-
 sionally to  have been derived by puncturing with
 a fine needle.
   Hydrorachis Dehiscens,  see Ilydrorachis.
   HYDRORACHITIS, Hydrorachis.
   HYDRORC1IIS, Hydrocele.
   HYDRORENALE DISTENSION, Hydro-
 nephrosis.
   HYDRORRHACHIA, Hydrorachis.
   HYDRORRHACHIS,  Hydrorachis —h. Con-
 genita, see  Hydrorachis — h. Dehiscens, see Hy-
 drorachis.
  HYDRORRHAGIE. Apoplexy, serous.
  HYDRORRHOE, Hydrops.
  HYDRORRHtEA. Hydrops.
  HYDRORRHOUS.  Hydrops.
  HYDR0RTH0PNO3'A,  from  <vSu>p, 'water/
and  opOotrvota, ' difficulty  of breathing, except in
the erect posture.'   Orthopncea, owing to a col-
lection of water in the  chest.
  HYDROSAC'CHARUM,   Aqua  sacchara'ta,
(F.)  Eau sucree.  Sugared water.
   HYDROSAL'PINX, Hydrops tuba'rum Falld-
 pii; from 'vSoip, ' water/ and aaXiriy%, ' a tube/
 Dropsy of the Fallopian tube.
   HYDROSAR'CA, from 'vSiap, 'water/ and <rap|,
 ' flesh.'  A tumour containing a fluid, as well as
 portions of flesh.  Also, Anasarca.
   HYDROSARCOCE'LE,  from  'vSoip, 'water/
 cap\, ' flesh,'  and kvXv, ' a tumour.'  Sarcohydro-
 ce'le.  A tumour, formed by  a sarcocele, compli-
 cated with dropsy of the tunica vaginalis.
   HYDROSCHEOCE'LE,  Oscheocele  aquo'sa,
 from 'vSmp,  'water/  ocxtov,  'the scrotum/  and
 kvXv,  'rupture.'  A collection of water in  the
 scrotum. Hydrocele.
   HYDROSCHEONIE, Hydrocele.
   HYDROSCHEUM, Hydrocele.
   HYDROSIS, Hidrosis.
   HYDROSTATIC  TEST OF INFANTICIDE,
 see Docimasia.
   HYDROSUDOPATHY, Hydrosudotherapeia.
   HYDROSUDOTHERAPEI'A,  Hydropathy,
 Hydropathia,  Hydrosudop'aihy, Hydri'asis, Ars
 hydrialrica, Hydriatri'a,  Water cure, (G.) Was-
 sercur, from 'vSoip, 'water/ sudo, 'I sweat/ and
 Otpatrtvw, ' I remedy.'  A badly compounded word,
 formed to express the mode of treating diseases
 systematically  by cold water, sweating, &c.
   HYDROSULPHURET'TED AVATER,  Aqua
 hydrosulphura'ta simplex, Aqua hepat'ica,  (F.)
 Eau hydrosulphurie simple.   (Sulphuret of  iron
 1000  parts,  sulphuric acid 2000 parts, distilled
 water 4000 parts; add the water to the acid,  and
 put the sulphuret of iron into a retort, to  which
 a Wolff's apparatus of five or  six vessels is adapt-
 ed ; the last containing about an ounce of potassa,
 dissolved in  a quart of water.  Pour the diluted
 acid gradually  on the sulphuret, and, ultimately,
 throw away the water in the last vessel. Ph. P.)
 It is  stimulant, diaphoretic, and deobstruent, (?)
 and is used in rheumatism, diseases of the skin, <fcc.
   It has been, also., called Ac"idum Hydroihiod -
 icum  liq'uidum.
   HYDROSULPHURETUM AMMONIACUM
 AQUOSUM,  Ammonias sulphuretum—h. Ammo-
 niacum,  Ammonias sulphuretum.
   HYDROTHION, Hydrogen, sulphuretted.
   HYDROTHO'RAX, from  'vSo>p, 'water/  and
 0o)pa|, 'the chest.'  Hydrops  Thora'cis, Hydrops
 pec'toris, Hydrops pulmo'nis,  H. pleura,  Ste-
 thoch'ysis, Plenrorrhce'a lymphatica, PI. sero'sa,
 Dyspnos'a et Orthopnoe'a hydroihorac"ica,  (F.)
 Hydropisie de  Poitrine, H. des Plivres, Dropsy
 of the Chest.  Idiopathic hydrothorax, termed by
 Laennec Hydropisie des plevres, Dropsy  of the
 Pleura, — by Piorry, Hydropleurie,— is a rare
 disease, and  difficult of diagnosis.  It generally
 exists only on one side, which, if the fluid effused
 be considerable, projects more than  the  other.
 Dyspnoea, and  fluctuation perceptible  to the  ear,
 are characteristic symptoms.   When the chest is
 examined with the  stethoscope, respiration is
 found to be wanting every where, except at  the
 root of the lung.  The sound is also dull on per-
 cussion.
   Effusion into the chest, as  a result  of inflam-
 mation of some thoracic viscus, is as common as
 the other is rare.  It is usually a fatal symptom.
 It has been called symptomatic hydrothorax.
   In hydrothorax, the course of treatment proper
 in dropsies in general, must be adopted.  Diure-
 tics seem, here, to be especially useful; probably
 on account of the great activity of pulmonary  ab-
 sorption.  Paracentesis can rarely be serviceable.
  Hydrothorax  Chylosus,   Chylothorax — h.
Purulentus, Empyema.
  HYDROTICA, Hydragogues.
  HYDRO'TIS, from 'vSop,' water,' and ovs, gen. 
HYDRURESIS               456           IIYMENOGRAPHY
 ihtos, 'the ear.'  Dropsy of the ear.  Properly,
 an accumulation of mucous or  muco-purulent
 matter in the middle ear.
   HYDRURESIS, Diabetes.
   HYDRURIA, Diabetes, see Urine.
   HYERES.  This small town, agreeably situ-
 ate on the declivity of a hill, about two miles from
 the Mediterranean, and twelve from Toulon, is the
 least exceptionable residence in Provence for the
 pulmonary invalid.  It is in some  measure pro-
 tected from the northerly winds;  but not  suffi-
 ciently so from the mistral to render it a very
 desirable residence for the phthisical.—Sir James
 Clark.
   HYGEA, Hygiene, Sanitas.
   HYGEIA, Sanitas.
   HYGEISMUS, Hygiene.
   HYGEOLOGY, Hygiene.
   HYGIANSIS, Sanitas.
   HYGIASIS, Sanitas.
   HYGIASMA, Medicament.
   HYGIAS'TICA  DOCTRI'NA.   The doctrine
 of health.  The doctrine of the restoration of
 health.
   HYGIASTICUS, Salutary.
   HYGIEA, Sanitas.
   HYrGIEIA, Hygiene, Sanitas.
   HYGIEINUS, Salutary.
   HYGIEIOLOGIA, Hygiene.
   HYGIENE  (¥.), (generally  Anglicised,  and
 pronounced hygeene) from 'vyitta, ' health.'   Hy-
 giene, Hygeia'mua, Hygiei'ne, Hygie'aia, Hygieia;
 Hygie'a,  Hygei'a, Hygiene, Hygiedica, Conaerva-
 tiva medicina,  Hygeolog"ia, Hygieiolog"ia,  Hy-
 geology, Hygiol'ogy ; from 'vyivs, ' healthy.'  The
 part of medicine whose object is the preservation
 of health.  It embraces a knowledge of healthy
 man, both in society and individually, as well as
 of the objects used and employed by him, with
 their influence  on  his constitution and organs.
 See Regimen,  trr   Y-'  -.  <      .  ,„,r^,,VA -
  HYrGIEN'IC, (F.) Hygiinique.  Same etymon.
 Relating  to Hygiene — as ' hygienic precautions,
 hygienic rules/  &e. &c.
  HYGIENICS, Hygiene.
  HYGIENIQUE, Hygienic.
  HYGIE'NIST.   One  who  understands  the
 principles of hygiene.
  HYGIERUS, Salutary.
  HYGIESIS, Hygiene.
  HYGIOLOGY, Hygiene.
  HYGRA, from 'vSoip, 'water/  or 'vypos, 'hu-
 mid.'   Liquid plasters;—Hygremplas'tra.
  HYGRASIA, Humour.
  HYGRECHE'MA, from 'vypos, 'humid/  and
 txipa,  ' sound;' Son'itua flu'idi.  The sound of
 fluid, heard by auscultation, or otherwise.
  HYGREDON, Humour.
  HYGREMPLASTRA, Hygra.
  HYGROBLEPHAR'ICI, from 'vypos,' humid/
 and PXttpapov, 'eyelid;' Hygrophthalmici.   The
 excretory ducts of the lachrymal gland have been
 so called.
  HYGROCATARAC'TA; from 'vypos, 'humid/
 and KOTapoKrvs, 'cataract;'  Catarac'ta liq'uida.
 Liquid or fluid cataract.
  HYGROCELE, Hydrocirsocele.
  HYGROCOLLYRIA, see Collyrium.
  HYGROCYSTIS, Hydatid.
  HYGROL'OGY, Hygrolog"ia, from 'vypos, 'hu-
mid/ and Xoyos, ' a discourse.'  The anatomy of
the fluids of the body.
  HYGRO'MA, from 'vypos, 'humid.' Tumor cys'-
 ticua aero'aua, Cya'tis aero'aa.  Dropsy of the bursas
mucosas.
  HYGROM'ETRY,  Hygrometria, Hygroacd-
 pia; from 'vypos, 'humid/ and pvrpov, 'measure/
 The part of physics which concerns the measure-
 ment  of the dryness or humidity of tho  atmo-
 sphere.  It is probable, that  diseases are as  fre-
 quently caused  by the varying moisture  of the
 atmosphere as by changes in its weight or tem-
 perature.  The  hygrometer ought, consequently,
 to form part of  every apparatus for medical me-
 teorological observations.
   HYGRON,  Liquor.
   HYGROPHOBIA, Hydrophobia.
   HYGROPHTHAL'MIA, from 'vypos, 'humid/
 and otpdaXpta, 'inflammation of the eye.'  Oph-
 thalmia with much lachrymation.
   HYGROPHTHALMICI, Hy^roblepharici.
   HYGROPISSOS, see Pinus'sylvestris.
   HYGROSCOPIA, Hygrometry.
   HYGROTES, Humour,  Liquor.
   HYGRUM, Humour.
   HY'LE, <vXv,  31ate'ria, 'Matter.' Wood. Ma-
 teria Medica;  also, the Philosopher's stone.
   Hyle Iatrice, Materia Medica.
   HYLISIS, Colatio.
   HYLISMUS,  Colatio.
   HY'LISTER,  Colatorium.
  HYLOPH'AGOUS,  from  'vXv, 'wood/ and
 tpayu), 'I eat.'   One that feeds upon the  young
 shoots of trees,  roots,  &c.  Hylophagous  tribes
 yet exist in  some parts of Africa.
  IIYMASTATICS, Hasmastatice.
  HYMEN,  'vpvv, which signifies  'marriage/
 'nuptial song/ 'membrane or pellicle.'  Clana-
 trum seu Floa seu Sigillum seu Cuatddia seu Co-
 lum'na seu Zonavirgina'tis, Flos virgina'lis, Vir-
ginia, Oir'cuius  membrandsus, Bucton, Interscp'-
 tum  virgina'le,  Cento virgina'lis, Argumedtum
 Integritdtis, Munimedtum seu Zona  Castittltis,
Pannic'ulus  hgmena'us  seu virgina'lis, Eugion,
 Valvula vagi'na, 31embran'ula luna'ta vagina,
 Virginal membrane. The semilunar, parabolic,
 or circular fold, situate  at the outer orifice of the
 vagina in virgins, especially  during youth, and
prior to menstruation.   This membrane is ordi-
narily ruptured by the  first venereal  act, and is
 effaced by accouchement; some irregular flaps
remaining, to which the name Carun'cula  3/yr-
tifor'mes has been  given by reason of  their  re-
semblance to the leaves of  the myrtle.  Many
circumstances of an innocent character may oc-
casion a rupture or destruction of this membrane.
It is often, indeed,  found absent in children soon
after birth; whilst it may remain entire  after co-
pulation.  Hence the presence of the hymen does
not absolutely prove virginity; nor does its ab-
sence prove incontinence;  although its  presence
would be primd facie evidence of continence.
  Hymen, Membrane—h. Diaphatton, Mediasti-
num.
  HYMEN^EA,  see Copal—h.  Courbaril, see
Anime.
  HYMEN'ICA  AMENORRHGE'A.   Amenor-
rhcea occasioned  by closure of the hymen.
  HYMEN'ICUS, Ilyrneno'des, from  'vpvv, 'hy-
men/ &c.  Relating to  the hymen.  Also, mem-
branous.
  HYMENI'TIS, from 'vpvv, 'a membrane/ and
itis,  denoting  inflammation.   Membranous in-
flammation.  Inflammation of an internal mem-
brane.
  HYME'NIUM,  3Iembran'ula, diminutive  of
'vpvv, ' a membrane.' A fine, delicate membrane.
  HYMENODES, Hymenicus.
  HYMENOGANGLIITIS, Cholera.
  HYMENOG'RAPHY, Hymenogrdphio,  from
'vpvv,  'a membrane/ and ypatpta, 'I describe.'
That part of anatomy whoseobject  is the descrip-
tion pf the different membranes. 
HYMENOLOGY              45!
  HYMENOL'OGY,  Hymenolog"ia, from 'vpvv,
'a membrane/ and  Xoyos, 'a  description/  A
treatise on the membranes.
  IIY M E N 0 R' RHAPHY, Hymenorrha'phia ;
from 'vpvv, 'the hymen/and patpv, 'a suture.' A
form of elytrorrhaphy, in which the operation is
performed in tho natural situation of the hymen.
  IIYMKNOT'OMY, Ilymenotom'ia, from 'vpvv,
' a membrane/ and  rtpvio, ' I cut/ ' I  dissect.'
The part of anatomy which treats of the dissec-
tion of the membranes.  The term has also been
applied to the incision of the hymen, practised in
certain cases of imperforation of the vagina, in
order to give exit to the blood retained  and ac-
cumulated in the cavity of the uterus.
  HYMNIUM, Amnios.
  HYO:  in  composition, an abridgment of Hy-
oides, os.
  HYOBASIOGLOSSUS, Basioglossus.
  IIYOCHONDROGLOSSUS, Hyoglossus.
  HYODEOGLOSSUS, Hyoglossus.
  HYODEOTHYREODES, Thyreohyoideus.
  HYODES, Hyoides.
  H Y O-EPIGLOT 'TICUS,  Hyodepiglol ticus.
Belonging to the os hyoides and epiglottis. Some
anatomists have given  the name Hyo-epiglottie
ligament to a bundle of condensed areolar tissue,
which passes from the posterior part of the body
of the hyoid bone to the base of the epiglottic
fibro-cartilage.
  HYO-GLOSSO-BASI-PHAR YNGIEN,
Constrictor pharyngis.
  HYOGLOS'SUS, Hyodeo-gloaaua, Hyo-chondro-
gloaaua, Hypailogloaaua, Cer'ato-gloaaua of Douglass
and Cowper : Bosio-Cerato-Chondro-gloasua.  A
large, thin, quadrilateral muscle, situate at the
anterior and  superior part of the  neck.  Its in-
sertions at three different points of the os  hyoides
permit it to be divided  into three portions:—the
flrst,  (Cerato-gloaaua of Albinus)  is attached to
the great  cornu of the  os hyoides: the second,
(Basio-glossus of Albinus,) arises from the supe-
rior part of the body of the same bone;  and the
third, (Chondro-glossus of Albinus,) arises from
the lesser cornu and the cartilage, situate between
the body and the greater cornu.  The fibres of
these three bundles  are inserted into the lateral
and inferior  parts of the tongue.  This muscle
depresses the base of the tongue, or raises the os
hyoides, when the tongue is fixed.
  HYO-THYREOIDEUS, Thyreo-hyoideus.
  HYO-THYROID, Thyreo-hyoid.
  HYOID BONE, Hyoides, os.
  HYOI'DES, OS, Os Bicor'ne, Os hypseldi'des,
Os Lambdoi'des,  Os  Gulturis,  Os Lingua,  Os
Lingtta'le,  UpsiloVdes,  Ypsilo'ides.  The Hyoid
Bone; from the Greek v, and ttSos, 'shape.'  Hy-
oi'deus, Hyo'des.  The hyoid bone is a very mo-
vable, osseous arch;  of a parabolic shape; con-
vex before,  and suspended horizontally in the
substance of  the soft parts of  the neck, between
the base of the tongue and  the  larynx.  This
bone, separated entirely from the rest of the  ske-
leton, is composed of five distinct portions,  sus-
ceptible of motion on each other.  The first, and
most central, is the body of the hyoid, Ossic'ulum
me'dium  Hyo'i'dis, which  affords  attachment to
several muscles; the two others are lateral, and
bear the name of branches or greater  cornua.
The last two  are smaller, situate above the other,
and are known under the name lesser cornua and
styloid cornua, the Osaa  pisifor'mia lingua'lia
of Si'mmering.  The os hyoides is ossified from
five points.
  Hyoides Primes. Sterneo-hyoideus.
  HYOIDEUS, Hyoides.
7              HYPEREMIA

  HYOIDIS  QUARTUS  MUSCULUS, Omo-
hyoideus.
  HYOSCY'AMUS, from 'vs, 'a swine/ and
Kvapos, 'a bean.'  Faba auil'la, Bengi, Jusquin-
mus, Hyoscyamus  niger seu agres'tis, Apollinet-
ris, Alter'cum, Ag'one, Alter can'genon, Henbane,
Poison  Tobac'co,  Stinking nightshade, (F.) Jus-
quiaume,  Feve a Cochon, Hannebane, Potilie.
The leaves and seeds are the parts used in medi-
cine.  Their  odour is narcotic and peculiar;
taste insipid and mucilaginous.  The virtues are
yielded to proof spirit.  Hyoscyamus is narcotic,
anodyne, antispasmodic, and slightly stimulant.
 It is used as  a substitute for opium, where the
latter disagrees; and is applied, externally, as a
 cataplasm  in  cancer and glandular  swellings.
 Dose, gr. iij to x of the powder.
   Hyoscyamus Agrestis, Hyoscyamus.
   Hyoscyamus Albus, White Henbane, possesses
 similar virtues.
   Hyoscyamus Luteus, Nicotiana rustica — h.
 Niger, Hyoscyamus — h. Peruvianus, Nicotiana
tabacum.
   Hyoscyamus Scopolia, Scopoli'na atropoVdea.
 The herb  and root of this plant, which grows in
 Hlyria, Hungary, Croatia, Gallizia, and Bavaria,
are used in the same cases as belladonna.  Dose
of the powder, half a grain.
   HYPACTICUS, Cathartic.
   HYPJE'MIA, from 'vtro,  'beneath/ and 'atpa,
' blood;' Oliga'mia, Oligoha'mia, Ana'mia.  De-
ficiency of blood.—Andral.  Also, extravasation
of blood.
  HYPAGOGE, Dejection.
  HYPAGOGUS, Laxative.
  HYPALEIM'MA, Hypalim'ma, Hypaleip'tum,
Hypalip'tum,  from 'vtraXtttpo),  ' I anoint.'   An
ointment or liniment to be rubbod or spread on
a part.
  HYPALEIPTRIS, Hypaleiptrum.
   HYPALEIP'TRON, Hypaleip'trum, Hypaleip-
tria, Hypoliptrum,  Specil'lum, Spatha.  A sort
of spatula for spreading ointments.—Hipp.
   HYPALEIPTRUM, Hypaleiptron.
   HYPALEIPTUM, Hypaleimma.
   HYPALIMMA, Hypaleimma.
   HYPALIPTRUM, Hypaleiptron.
   HYPAMAURO'SIS, from  'vtro,  'under/ and
amauroaia; Amauro'aia imperfec'ta.   Imperfect
amaurosis; Meramauro'aia.
  HYPAPOPLEX'IA, from 'vtro, 'under/  and
apoplexia.  An incomplete attack of apoplexy.
  HYPATMISMUS, Fumigation.
  HYPATMUS, Fumigation.
  HYPAUCHE'NIUM, from 'vtro, 'under/ and
avxvv,  'the neck.'  A pillow or cushion for the

  HYPECCHORESIS, Dejection.
  HYPECCHORETICUS, Laxative.
   HYPELATUS, Cathartic,  Laxative.
   HYPENANTIOMA, Allopathy.
  HYPENANTIOSIS, Allopathy.
  HYTE'NE,  'uTnji/j?.  The beard which grows
under  the  chin, according  to  some.  Also, the
upper lip.—Vesalius.  See Mystax.
  HYPER, 'vtrtp,  'above/ 'in excess.'  Hence:
  HYPERACU'SIS,  Qxyecoia,  Hyperac'oe,
Phthongodyapho'ria, from 'vtrtp, 'above/ and okov,
'audition.'   Excessive sensibility of the organ
of hearing.
  HYPERADENO'SIS, Hyperadeno'ma, Hyper-
troph'ia glandula'rum, from  '«7r£p,  'in  excess/
and aSvv, ' a gland.'  Hypertrophy of a gland.
  HYPEREMIA,  Hyperha'mia, Hamorme'sis,
(F.)  Hyperimie, Angiohimie, from 'vtrtp, 'above/ 
HYPER.EMIC
458
HYPERnORA
and 'atva, 'blood.'  Preternatural accumulation
of blood in the capillary vessels, more especially
local plethora;  congestion.—Andral.  Various
forms of hyperasmia are admitted by  patholo-
gists,— for example, the active or sthenic;  as in
the phlegmasias, — the asthenic or passive, from
weakness of vessels ; the cadaveric, or that whioh
forms immediately before or after death; and the
hypostatic, which occurs in depending parts.
  Hypera;mia Abdominis, Cceliasmia—h. Activa,
Inflammation—h. Capitis, Cephalasmia—h. of the
Brain, Stethaemia—h.  Cerebri, Cephalasmia—h.
Pectoris, Stethaemia—h. Pulmonum,  Stethasmia
—h. of the Lungs,  Stethasmia—h. Hepatic, He-
patohasmia.
  HYPERiE'MIC, Hypera'micus,  Conges'ted,
Bloodshot.  Affected with hyperasmia.
  HYPERESTHESIA, Hyperassthesis—h. Lin-
guas, Hypergeustia—h. Olfactoria, Hyperosphre-
sia—h. Plexus cardiaci, Angina pectoris.
  HY*TER,ESTHE'SIS, Hyperasiha'sia, Oxy-
asthe'sia, (F.) Hyperesthisie, from 'vtrtp, 'above/
and ataSvcts, ' the faculty of feeling.'  Excessive
sensibility, impressibility, or passibility.
  HYPERiESTHET'ICA,same etymon. Agents
that are conceived to augment general sensibility
—as strychnia, brucia, <fcc.  Pereira.
  HYPERANTHERA MORINGA, Guilandina
moringa.
  HYPERANTHRAXIS, see Cholera.
  HYPERAPH'IA, Oxyaphe, Oxyaph'ia, from
'vtrtp,  'in excess/ and 'aipv, 'touch.'  Excessive
acuteness of touch.
  HYPERAPHRODIS'IA, from 'vtrtp, 'in ex-
cess,  and KtppoStTv,' Venus.'  Excessive venereal
desire
  HYPERASTHENI'A, from 'vtrtp, 'in excess/
and acdtvtta, 'weakness.'   Excessive debility.
  HYPERAUXE'SIS, from 'vtrtp, 'over/ 'above/
and  avlveas,  'augmentation.'  Hyperepid'osis.
Excessive increase or enlargement of a part;—as
Hyperauxe'sis Ir'idis, an excessive enlargement
of the iris, so as to stop up the pupil.
  HYPERBOL'IC (attitude),  from 'vtrtp, 'above,
over/ and fiaXXai, 'I throw.' 'Excessive.' Galen,
by this term, designates certain extraordinary at-
titudes, in which the limbs and vertebral column
are in a state of complete extension or flexion.
  HYPERBO'REAN, from 'vtrtp, 'beyond/ and
Poptas, ' the north wind.'   A race of men found
at the extreme north of the two continents, in the
vicinity of the polar circle.  It includes the Thi-
betans, Ostiaks, Kamtschadales, Laplanders, Sa-
moiedes, Esquimaux, <fcc.
  HYPERBU'LIA, from* 'vtrtp, 'in excess/ and
QovXv, ' will.'   Ungovernable will or volition.
  HYPERCARDIA, Heart, hypertrophy of the.
  HYPERCARDIOTROPHIA, Heart, hypertro-
phy of the.
  HYPERCATAPINO'SIS, from 'vtrtp, 'in ex-
cess/  and Karatrivtiv, 'to sip up.'  Excessive acti-
vity of absorption.
  HYPERCATHAR'SIS, Hyperine'sis, Hyperi-
nos, Superpurga'tio, Effrenita'tio, from 'vtrtp, ' in
excess/ and Kabapcts, 'purgation.'  Superpurga-
tion.
  HYPERCENO'SIS, from 'vtrtp, 'in excess/ and
Ktvoiats,  'evacuation.'   Excessive evacuation, as
of blood, bile,  &c.
  HYPERCERASIS, Staphyloma of the cornea.
  HYPERCERATOSIS, Staphyloma of the cor-
nea.
  HYPERCHOLIA, Polycholia.
  HYPERCINE'SIA, Hypercine'sis,  from 'vtrtp,
'above, over/ and kivvcis (kiviu, 'I move/) 'mo-
tion.'   Excessive  motion.   Under the term hy-
percinesis, Romberg includes the spasmodic neu-
roses.
  Hypercinesia  Nervosa,  see  Irritable — h.
Uterina, Hysteria.
  HYPERCINESIS GASTRICA, Hypochondri-
asis.
  HYPERCONJONCTIVITE, see Ophthalmia.
  HYPERCORYPHO'SIS, from  'vtrtp, 'above/
and  Kopvtpv, 'the vertex;'  the  extreme point of
anything.   The lobes  of the  liver and lungs.—
Hippocrates.
  HYPERCRIN'IA, Hyperdiae'risis,  Chymoze'-
mia, from  'vtrtp, 'above/ and Kptvia, 'I separate.'
A morbid increase  in  the  quantity of the secre-
tions.
  HYPER'CRISIS, same  etymon. Superexcre'-
tio, Superevacua'tio. An excessive crisis, or eva-
cuation; a flux. — A very  violent, critical effort,
or too copious critical  evacuations.—Galen.
  HYPERCYESIS, Superfcetation.
  HYPERDERMATO'SIS, Hyperdermato'ma,
Hyperdermo'sis, Hyperdermo'ma, from 'vtrtp, ' in
excess/ and Stppa, 'skin.'  Hypertrophy  of the
skin.
  HYPERDIACRISIS, Hypercrinia.
  HYPERDIURESIS, Diabetes.
  HYPERDYNAMIA, Hypersthenia.
  HYPERDYNAMIC,  Hyperdynam'icns, from
'vtrtp, 'in  excess/ and Swapts,  'strength.'  Ap-
pertaining to or having the characters of hyperdy-
namia,  or excessive strength—of the vital powers
more especially.
  HYPERECHEMA,  see Exaggerated.
  HYPERECHESIS,  see Exaggerated.
  HYPEREM'ESIS,  Hyperemes'ia;  Vom'itus
profit'sus,  from vtrtp,  'in  excess/ and tptw, 'I
vomit.'  Excessive vomiting after  an emetic.
  HYPERE3IIE,  Hyperasmia — h. du Cerveau,
Cephalohasmia—h. Cerebrate, Cephalohasmia —
h. du Foie, Hepatohasmia—h. de la Moelle ipi-
niere, Hypermyelohasmia—h. des  Poumons, Ste-
thasmia.
  HYPERENCEPHALOTROPHIE; from
'vtrtp, 'in  excess/  tyKttpaXov,  'the encephalon/
and  rpotpv,  ' nourishment.'  Hypertrophy of the
encephalon.—Piorry.
  HYPERENCEPH'ALUS, from 'vtrtp, 'above/
and  KttpaXv, 'the head.'  A monster whose ex-
cessive brain  is  situate in the  skull.
  HYPERENDOS3IOSE, Inflammation.
  HYPERENERGI'A,  from 'vtrtp, 'in excess,'
and  tvtpytta,  'activity.'  Excessive activity, as
of the nervous system.
  HYPEREPHIDROSIS, Ephidrosis.
  HYPEREPIDOSIS, Hyperauxesis.
  HYPERERETHIS'IA,  from 'vtrtp, 'in excess/
and  tptOtfa, '  I excite.'  Excessive irritability.
  HYPERES'IA,  'vtnptcta,  'a ministry.'  This
word is sometimes  applied to  the organs;—when
it means function.
  HYPERESTHESIE, Hyperassthesis.
  HYPERETRIA, Midwife.
  HYPERGEN'ESIS,  from  'vtrtp, 'in excess/
and  ytvtcts, ' generation.'  The excess of forma-
tive  power, which gives  occasion to monstrosities
by excess  of parts.
  HYPERGEUS'TIA,  Hypergeu'sis, Hypera-
sthe'sia lingua, Oxygen'sia, from 'vtrtp, 'above/
and  ytvans, 'taste.' Excessive sensibility of the
organ of taste.
  HYPERH.EMATOSIS, Inflammation.
  HYPERHEMIA, Hyperasmia.
  HYPERHEPATOTROPHIE, Hepatauxe.
  HYPERHIDROSIS,  Ephidrosis.
  HYPERHO'RA, from 'vtrtp, 'in excess,' and 
HYPERICUM               459                 HYPHE
'iiipa, 'time.'  Premature development of the body,
or of «ome part.
  HYPERi'OI'M  BACCIF'ERUM,  Arbus'cula
gummifera, lirnzilienlsis, Caa-opia.  A Brazilian
tree, whose bark admits a juice, when wounded,
which resembles gamboge.
  Hypericum Officinale, H. perforatum — h.
Officinarum, II. perforatum.
  Hypericum Perfora'tum, Hypericum, H. offi-
cina'le seu officiuu'rum seu vufgu're seu Virgin'i-
cum, Fuga Da'monum,  Androsa'mum, Co'rion,
Perforated or Common St. John's Wort, (F.) Mil-
lepertuis ordinaire.  It  is aromatic and  astrin-
gent, and enters into a number of aromatic  pre-
parations ;  and, amongst others, into the Fall-
trancks.  The Oil  of St. John's  Wort,   O'leum
hyperici, Rul'sumiun hyperici sim'plex, is made
by infusing ^iv. of the flowers in a quart of olive
oil.  It is vulnerary.
  Hypericum Virginicum,  H. perforatum — h.
Vulgare, 11. perforatum.
  HYPERIDROSIS,  Ephidrosis.
  HYPERINESIS, Hypercatharsis.
  HYPERINOS, Hypercatharsis.
  HYPERINO'SIS, Hyperplasia, from 'vtrtp,
'above/ and 15, tvos, 'flesh.'  The condition of
the blood in which it contains an increase in the
proportion of fibrin, a decrease of the corpuscles in
proportion to the excess of fibrin, and an increase
of the  fat, — as in  inflammation.   In proportion
to the increase of the  fibrin and fat, and the de-
crease of the corpuscles, the whole solid  residue
will  be diminished.  Also, morbidly  increased
muscular activity.—Siebenhaar.
  HYPERLYMPIPIA, (F.)Hyperlymphie; from
'vtrtp, 'in excess/ and lympho. Excessive  forma-
tion  or accumulation of lymph.
  HYPER3IETROHE31IE, Metrohasmia.
  HYPERMNE'SIA,  from 'vtrtp, 'in excess/ and
pvaopat, ' I recollect.'  Excessive memory.
  HYPERMYEOLOHE'MIA,  (F.)  Hyperimie
de la 3lo'elle Epinilre, Congestion sanguine rachi-
dienne,  from 'vtrtp,  'in excess/ pvtXos, 'marrow/
and  'atpa,  'blood.'  Hyperasmia  of the spinal
marrow.
  HYP ERNE PHROTROPHIE, from 'vtrtp,
'in excess/ vttppos,  'kidney/ and rpotpv, 'nourish-
ment.'   Hypertrophy  of the kidney.
  HYPERNEU'RIA, from 'vtrtp, 'in excess/ and
vtvpov,  ' a nerve.'   Excessive nervous activity.
  HYPERNEURO'MA, same etymon.  Morbid
development of the neurine or nervous masses.
  HY P E R 0 - PHARYNGEUS, Palato-pharyn-
geus.
  HYPERO'A, from  'vtrtp,  'upon/ and  toov, 'a
high place.'  The palatine arch,—the base of the
cranium.
   Hyperoa, Palate.
   HYPEROt'TIS,  Inflamma'tio pala'ti, Angina
Palatina, (F.) Inflammation du Palais; from hy-
peroa,  'the palate/ and itis,  a suffix denoting in-
flammation.   Inflammation of the velum palati.
   HYPEROOCHAS'MA, from  'vntpua, 'the pa-
late, and xaalia> ' an  opening;' Lycos'toma, Pa-
la'turn fissuin.  Fissure  of the palate.
   HYPEROPSIA, Oxyopia.
   HY'PEROS, Pilum.
   HYPEROSMIA, Hyperosphresia.
   HYPEROSPHRE'SIA, Hyperos'mia,  Hyper-
asthe'sia olfacto'ria, Olfac'tua aedtus, from 'vtrtp,
and oaippvas, 'sineU.'  Excessive acuteness  of
smell.
   HYPEROSTOSIS, Exostosis.
   HYPERPATHI'A, from 'virtp, 'in excess/and
 xaOos,  'suffering.'   Excessive sensibility in dis-
 ease.
  HYPERPHLEBO'SIS, from 'vtrtp, 'in excess/
and ipXtip, 'a vein.'   Too great development of
the venous system ; predominant venosity.
  HYPERPHLEGMASIA, Hyperphlogosis.
  HYPERPHLOGO'SIS, Epiphlogo'eis, Hyper-
phlegma'aia, Inflamma'tio peraedta, from 'vtrtp,-
' above/ and ipXoyaats, ' inflammation.'  A high
degree of inflammation.
  HYPERPHRENIE, Mania.
  HYPERPIMELE, see Polysarcia.
  HYPERPLASMA, Hyperinosis.
  HYPERPLEXIE, Ecstasis.
  HYPERPNEUSTIA, Flatulence.
  HYPERPRESBYTIA, Presbytia.
  HYPERSARCHIDIOS, Physconia.
  HYPERSARCO'MA,  Hypersarcdsia, Hyper-
aarx'is, from 'vtrtp, ' above/ and <rapf, ' flesh.'  A
soft fungous excrescence, especially such as ap-
pears upon ulcerated parts. — A fungosity.
  HYPERSARCOSIS,  Excrescence, Fungosity,
—h.  Cordis, Heart, hypertrophy of the.
  HYPERSARXIS, Hypersarcoma.
  HYPERSPADIAS, Epispadias.
  HYPERSPASMIA, Convulsion.
  HYPERSPLENOTROPHIE, Splenoncus.
  HYPERSPONGIA, Spina ventosa.
  HYPERSTHENIC,  Hyperdynamia, Hyper-
zoodyna'mia, Status  inflammato'rius verus; from
'vtrtp,  'beyond/ and adivos,  'strength.'  Super-
excitement.  A morbid condition, characterized
by over-excitement of all the vital phenomena.
  HYPERSTHENIC, Stimulant.
  HYPERSTHENICUS, Active, Stimulant.
  HYPERTONIA,  'vtrtp, 'beyond/ and rovos,
' tone.'  Excess of tone in parts.  It is opposed
to atony.
  HYPERTROPHiE'MIA, from 'vtrtp, 'above/
rpotpv, 'nourishment/ and 'atpa, 'blood.' A state
in which the plastic powers of  the blood are in-
creased.
  HYPERTROPHIA CEREBRI, Phrenauxe—
h. Cordis, Heart,  hypertrophy of the — h. Glan-
dularum, Hyperadenosis—h.  Hepatis, Hepatauxe
—h. Intestinorum, Enterhypertrophia—h. Lienis,
Splenoncus — h. Splenis, Splenoncus — h. Uteri,
Metrauxe — h. Vesicas urinarias, Cystauxe.
  HYPERTROPHIE DU  CCEUR, Heart, hy-
pertrophy of the — h. du Foie,  Hepatauxe—h. de
la Rate,  Splenoncus — h. du Corps Thyro'ide,
Bronchocele.
  HYPERTROPHIED, see Hypertrophy.
   HYPERTROPHOUS, see  Hypertrophy.
  HY'PERTROPHY, Hypertropllia, from 'vtrtp,
'beyond/ and rpotpv, 'jiourishment.'   The state
of a part in which the nutrition is performed with
greater activity; and which, on that account, at
length acquires unusual bulk.  The  part  thus
affected is said to be hypertrophied or hypertro-
phous.
   HYPERURESIS, Enuresis —h. Aquosa,  Dia-

   HYPERURORRHEE, Diabetes—h. Saccha-
rine, Diabetes (Mellitus.)
   HYPERZOODYNAMIA, Hypersthenia.
   HYPEX'ODOS, 'vrrtl-oSos, from 'vtro,  'beneath/
and t\oSos, 'passing out.' An alvine discharge
or flux. — Hippocrates.
   HYPEZOCUS, Diaphragm, Pleura.
   HYPHA, Texture.
   HYPHEMA, Ecchymoma.
   HYPILEMATO'SIS,  from  'vtro, 'under/ and
'aipaTu>cis, 'sanguification.'  Morbidly diminished
hasmatosis. — Sanguiflca'tio debil'ior.
   HYPHEMOS, Subcruentus.
   HYPHE, Texture. 
HYPHYDROS
460
HYPOC03LIUM
   HYPHYDROS, Hydropic.
   HYPINO'SIS, Hypoplas'ma, from  'vtro,  'un-
 der/ and if, tvos, 'flesh.'  The condition of the
 blood in which the quantity of fibrin is frequently
 less than in health, or if it amounts to the usual
 quantity, its proportion to the blood corpuscles
 is less than in health : the quantity of corpuscles
 is either absolutely increased or their proportion
 to the fibrin is larger than in healthy blood; the
 quantity of solid constituents  is also frequently
 larger than in health.  Such is the condition of
 the blood in fevers, hemorrhages, and polyasmia.
 — Simon.
   HYPNiESTHESIS, Somnolency.
   HY'PNIA'TER, (F.)  Hypniatre, from 'vtrvos,
 'sleep/ and tarpos, 'a physician.'  A name given
 to deluded or designing persons who have affirmed
 that they were able, during their 'magnetic sleep,'
 to diagnosticate disease and its appropriate treat-
 ment.
   HYPNIC, Hyp'nicus, from 'vtrvos, 'sleep/  An
 agent that affects sleep. — Pereira.
   HYPNOBATASIS, Somnambulism.
   HYPNOBATES, Somnambulist.
   HYPNOBATESIS, Somnambulism.
   HYPNOBATIA, Somnambulism.
   HYPNO'DES, 'vtrvo>Svs, from 'vtro, 'under/ and
 'vtrvos, 'sleep.'  One in a state o'f slumber or som-
 nolency.
   HYPNODIA, Somnolency.
   HYPNOLOG"ICA, Hypnolog"ice.   The  part
 of hygiene which treats of sleep.
  HY'PNOL'OGY, Hypnolog'Ha, from 'vtrvos, and
 Xoyos, 'a discourse.'  Same etymon.  A treatise
 on sleep.  The doctrine of sleep.
  HYPNONERGIA, Somnambulism.
  HYPNOPOEUS, Somniferous.
  HYPNOS, Sleep.
  HYPNOSIS BIOMAGNETICA, Sleep, mag-
 netic.
  HYPNOTIC, Somniferous.
  HYPNOTISM, Somnambulism, magnetic;  see
 Magnetism, animal.
  HYPNOTIZED, see Mesmerized.
  HYPO, 'vtro, 'under/ 'sub.'   In composition.
  Hypo, Hypochondriasis.
  HYPOiEMA, Ecchymoma.
  HYPOXEMIA, Ecchymoma.
  HYPOBLEPH'ARUM, from 'vno, 'under/ and
 (IXttpapov, ' eyelid.'   Tumefaction under one or
 both eyelids.  Also, an artificial eye, placed un-
 der the eyelids.
  HYPOCAPNISMA, Suffimentum.
  HYPOCAPNISMUS, Fumigation.
  HYPOCARO'DES, Subsopora'tus, from 'vtro,
 ' under/ and Kapos, ' a heavy sleep.'   One who is
 in a state approaching carus. — Hippocrates.
  HYPOCATHAR'SIS, from 'vtro, 'beneath/ and
 KaSapcis, 'purgation.'  Too feeble purgation.   A
 word opposed to hypercatharsis.
  HYPOCATHARTICUS, Laxative.
  HYPOCAUS'TUM, from 'vtro, 'beneath/  and
 Katio, ' I burn.'  A name given  to a  stove, or any
 such contrivance, to  sweat in.  Also, a furnace
in any  subterraneous place,  used  for  heating
baths : — 'vtroKavarov, Balnea'rium,  Vapora'rium.
  HYPOCEPHALiE'UM, from 'vtro, 'under/ and
KttpaXv, 'head.'  A pillow for the head.
  HYPOCERCHA'LEON,  from  'vtro,  and  KCp-
X"Xtos, ' hoarse.'  Roughness of the  fauces affect-
ing the voice. — Hippocrates.
  HYPOCHLORETUM SULPHUROSUM, Sul-
phur, chloride of.
  HYPOCHLOROM'ELAS, sub-pal'lide nigri-
cans, from 'vtro, xXupos, 'green/ and ptXas, 'black.'
 A term applied to one whose skin is pale, with a
 blackish hue. — Hippocr., Galen.
   HYPOCHOILION, Abdomen.
  _ HY'POCHONDRE,  Hi/pochoddrium, Subear-
 tilagin'earn, Re'gio Hypochoudrlara, lli/pochod-
 driac Region, from 'vtro, 'under/ and ftovSpos, 'a
 cartilage.'   Each lateral and superior region of
 the abdomen is  so called, because it is bounded
 by the cartilaginous margin of  the false  ribs,
 which forms the base  of the chest.  There is a
 right and a left hypochondrium.
   HYPOCHON'DRIAC, Hypochondriasis, Hy-
 pochondriacal, Va'poury, Va'pourish, (F.) Hypo-
 chondriaque.  Same  etymon.   Belonging to hy-
 pochondriasis.   One  labouring under hypochon-
 driasis.
   HYPOCHONDRIACISMUS.Hypochondriasis.
   HYPOCHONDRIALGIA, Hypochondriasis.
   HYPOCHONDRIAQUE, Hypochondriac.
   HYPOCHONDRIASIS. Same  etymon. Ahl-
 sia hypochondriasis, 3forbua hypochondri'acus, 31.
 Reaiccato'riua, M. Ructtto'sus, 3Ialum hypochon-
 dri'acum, Hallucindtio hypochondriasis,  llypo-
 chondriacis'mus, Hypochondricis'mus, Dyspep'sia
 hypochondriasis, Pas'sio hypochondriaca, Affe.c'-
 tio hypochondriaca, Anathymlasis, Hypercine'sis
 gastrica, Splenes, Melancholia nervea, 3I.flatud-
 sa, M. hypochondri'aca, Suffoca'tio hypochondri-
 aca, 3Iorbus flatuo'sus, 31. erudito'rum, Fomes ven-
 tric'uli, Hypochondrism, Hypo, Spleen,  Vapours,
 English Malady, Low Spirits,  (F.) Hypochon-
 drie, Maladie imaginaire, 31aladie Anglaise, Af-
 fection vaporeuse, Vapeurs.   This  disease is pro-
 bably so called,  from the circumstance of some
 hypochondriacs having felt an uneasy sensation
 in the hypochondriac regions.  The disease seems
 really to be, as Pinel has classed it, a species of
 neurosis, and of  mental alienation, which is ob-
 served in persons who in  other respects are of
 sound judgment, but who reason erroneously on
 whatever concerns their own health.  Hypochon-
 driasis is  characterized by disordered digestion,
 without fever or local lesion ;  flatulence; borbo-
 rygmi; extreme  increase of sensibility; palpita-
 tions ;  illusions  of the senses;  a  succession of
 morbid feelings, which appear  to simulate the
 greater part of  diseases;  panics; exaggerated
 uneasiness of various kinds; chiefly in what re-
 gards the health, <fcc.  Indigestion has usually
 been considered  the  cause of hypochondriasis.
 They are, unquestionably, much connected with
 each other: but  there is every reason to believe,
 that  the  seat of the  affection is really, though
 functionally, in the brain.  The disease almost
 always appears at the adult age, most commonly
 in irritable individuals; and, in those exhausted,
 or rather in the habit of being  exhausted,  by
 mental labour,  overwhelmed  with domestic or
 public affairs, &e.
  The  treatment is almost entirely moral.  The
 condition of the digestive function must, however,
 be accurately attended to.
  HYPOCHONDRICISMUS, Hypochondriasis.
  HYPOCHONDRISM, Hypochondriasis.
  HYPOCHOREMA, Excrement.
  HYPOCHORESIS, Dejection, Defecation, Ex-

  HYPOCHORETICUS, Cathartic.
  HYPOCHYMA, Cataract.
  HYPOCHYROSIS, Baryecoia.
  HYPOCHYSIS H^MATODES,Hasmophthal-
mia.
  HYPOCISTIS, Cytinus.
  HYPOCLEP'TICUM,  from  'vtro, 'beneath/
and KXttrrio,  'I  steal.'  A  chymical vessel, for-
merly used for separating oil from  water.
  HYPOC03LIS. Palpebra inferior.
  HYPOCOELIUM, Abdomen. 
HYP0CG3LUM
461
HYPOPEDIUM
   HYPOCCELUM, Hypocoilon, Palpebra inferior.
   IIY POCO VLOX,Hypocce'lon, Hypocce'turn, Hy-
 poc'ylum, from  'turo, ' under/  and koiXov, ' a ca-
 vity.'  A cavity situate  under the lower  eyelid.
 The lower eyelid itself.
   HYPOCOPHOSIS, Baryecoia, Deafness.
   IIYPOCRA'NIUM (AposTEMA),from 'vtro, 'un-
 der/  and xpavtov, ' the cranium.'   A collection of
 pus between  the cranium and dura mater.
   HYPOCA'LUM, Hypocoilon, Palpebra inferior.
   HYPOCYSTEOTOMIA, see Lithotomy.
   HYPODERIS, Epideris.
   HYPODERMAT'OMY',%podcrmaroTO'ia,from
 'vtro,  'under/ Stppa, ' the skin/  and ropv, 'inci-
 sion.'  The  section of subcutaneous parts,  as of
 tendons and muscles.
   HYPODERMIS, Clitoris, Epideris.
   HYPODERRHIS, Epideris.
   HYPODESMA, Bandage.
   HYPODYNAMIC, Adynamic.
   HYPODYN'IA, from 'two, 'under/ and oSwv,
 'pain.'  Dolor mitis seu lenis.  A slight pain.
   HYPOGALA, Hypopyon.
   HYPOGASTRAL'GIA, from 'vtroyairpiov, 'the
 hypogastrium/ and aXyos, 'pain.'  Pain in the
 hypogastrium.
   HYPOGASTRIC, Hypogas'tricus.  Relating
 or belonging to the hypogastrium.
   Hypogastric Artery, A. Rlaca inter'na, A.
 Hi'acaposte'rior, A.pelvienne—(Ch.), is the  more
 Internal  of the two branches into which the pri-
 mary iliac divides.  It  descends into the cavity
 of the pelvis, and gives off a considerable number
 of branches, which arise, at times, separately; at
 others, by common trunks.   These branches are,
 1. The posterior, i. e. the ilio-lumbar arteries, la-
 teral, sacral, and  gluteal.  2.  The anterior, i. e.
 the umbilical, vesical, and obturator.  3. The in-
 ternal, the middle hemorrhoidal arteries, uterine,
 and vaginal in women.  4. The inferior, i. e. the
 ischiatic arteries, and internal pudic.
   Hypogastric  Gan'glion.  A large nervous
 ganglion, described  by Dr. Robt. Lee  as seated
 on each side  of the cervix uteri, immediately be-
 hind the ureter; which receives the greater num-
 ber of the nerves of the hypogastric and sacral
 plexuses, and distributes branches to the  uterus,
 vagina, bladder, and rectum.
   Hypogastric  Operation of Lithotomy, (F.)
 Taillc hypogustrique.   The high  operation,  or
 that practised above the pubes.
   Hypogastric Plexus, Plexus sous-misentirique
 of AVinslow, is situate at the lateral and posterior
 parts of the rectum and the bas fond of the blad-
 der.  It  is formed by the sacral nerves and the
 inferior mesenteric plexus, and gives off numerous
 filaments, which accompany the arteries that pass
 to the rectum and genital organs.
   Hypogastric Vein furnishes  nearly the  same
 branches.
   HYPOGASTRION, Abdomen, Hypogastrium.
   HYPOGAS'TRIUM, Hypogas'trion, from 'vtro,
 'under/  and  yacrvp, 'the stomach  or  belly;'
 Etmn. vTP3V,  Venter imus, V. j'arvus, Aqualic'-
 ulus, Sumen, Rumen.  The  lower part of  the ab-
 domen.  The  Hypogastric  region, Re'gio hypo-
 gas''trica seu hypogas'tria, which  extends as high
 as three  fingers'  breadth beneath the umbilicus,
 is divided into  three  secondary regions — one
 middle or pubic,  and two lateral or inguinal.
   HYPOGASTROCE'LE,  from  'vtro, 'under/
 yacrvp, 'the  stomach or belly/ and kvXv, 'a tu-
 mour.'  Hernia in the hypogastric region, occur-
 ring through  the  separated fibres of the lower
 part of the linea  alba.   See Hernia, hypogastric.
   IIYPOGASTRODID'YMUS,  Did'ymus Sym-
phyohypogaa'tricua, Ischiopdges,  from 'vtro,  'un-
 der/ yacrvp, ' the belly/ and StSvpos, ' a twin.' A
 monstrosity in  which twins are united by the
 hypogastrium.—Gurlt.
  HYPOGASTRORIXIS, Eventration.
  HYPOGLOSSA, Hypoglottides.
  HYPOGLOSSIA, Hypoglottides.
  HYPOGLOSSIADENI'TIS, from Wo, 'under/
 yXoicca, 'tongue/ aSvv,  'a gland/ and itia, deno-
 ting inflammation.   Inflamma'tio glanduldrum
 sublingua'lium.   Inflammation of the sublingual
 gland.
  HYPOGLOSSIDIA,  Hypoglottides.
  HYPOGLOSSIS, Ranula.
  HYPOGLOSSIUM, Ranula.
  HYPOGLOSSUM, Ruscus  hypoglossum,  Ra-
 nula.
  HYPOGLOS'SUS,  from  'vtro,  'under/  and
 yXuood, ' the tongue.'  That which is under the
 tongue.
  Hypoglossus, Hypoglossal Nerve, Nerf Hypo-
 glosse ou Grand Hypoglosse, Hypoglossien (Ch.),
 Lingual N., Gustatory N.,  Lingua'lis 3Ie'dius, is
 the ninth pair of nerves of many anatomists.  It
 arises by ten or twelve very fine filaments from
 the grooves, which separate the corpora pyrami-
 dalia from the  C.  olivaria; issues from the cra-
 nium by the foramen condyloideum anterius; and
 divides, near the  angle  of the jaw, into  two
 branches; the one, the cervicdlis descendens or
 descen'dens  noni.   It forms,  with the cervical
 plexus, a large  anastomotic arch, and furnishes
 branches to several of  the  muscles of the neck.
 The other, the lingual branch, is the continuation
 of the principal trunk, and gives its numerous
 filaments to the muscles of the  tongue and pha-
 rynx.  The ninth pair  communicates motion to
 the muscles to which it is distributed.
  HYPOGLOTTIA, Hypoglottides.
  HYPOGLOTT'IDES, (PILULiE,) Hypoglos'-
 sia, Hypoglot'tia,  Hypoglos'sa, Hypoglotta, Hy-
 poglossid'ia, Pilula sublingua'les.  Pills placed
 under the tongue to dissolve there.
  HYPOGLOTTIS, Ranula.
  HYPOGLU'TIS, from 'vtro, 'under/ and yXov-
 tos, 'the nates.'  The  lower and projecting part
 of the nates. —  Gorrasus.
  HYPOGNATHADEN, Submaxillary gland.
  HYPOGNATHADENI'TIS,.Hyjoosiafatfeni'rVs,
 from hypognatliaden, the submaxillary gland, and
 itis, denoting inflammation. Inflammation of the
 submaxillary gland.
  HYPOLEPSIOMANIA, Melancholy.
  IIY'PO'MIA,  from 'vtro, 'under,  and upos, 'the
 shoulder.' The projecting part of the shoulder.—
 Castelli, Galen.
  Hypomia, Axilla.
  HYPOMNESIS, Memory.
  HYPONARTHECIE, Hyponarthe'cia,  from
 'vtro, ' under/ and vapQvZ, ' a splint.' A term used
 by M. Mayor for his mode of treating fractures
 by position  only, — the limb resting upon a pro-
 perly cushioned board or splint.
  HYPONEU'RIA, from 'vxo, 'Under/ and vtv-
 pov,  'a nerve.'   Morbidly diminished  nervous
 energy.
  HYPON'OMOS,  Ulcus subtus depas'cena,  from
 'vtro, ' under/ and vtpto, ' I feed.'  A deep fistula
 or ulcer.
  HYPON'YCHON, from 'vtro, 'under/ andovuf,
 'the nail.'  Eechymdma Hyponychon.   Effusion
 of blood under a nail.
  HYPOPATHI'A, Subaffec'tio, from 'vtro,  'un-
 der/ and trados,  ' disease."'   A disease of a slight
 character.
  HYPOPATUS, Dejectio.
  HYPOPE'DIUM, from 'vtro, 'under/ andirouj,
' the foot/   A cataplasm for the  sole of  the foot 
HYPOPHASIS              462           HYPOXYS  ERECTA
  HYPOPH'ASIS, from 'vtro, 'under/ and tpatvto,
' I appear.'  The state of the eyes in which the
white only is seen through the opening  of the
eyelids. — Hippocrates.
  HYPOPHLEGMASIA, Subinflammatio.
  HYPOPH'ORA, from 'vtro, ' under/ and tptpu,
' I carry;'  Ulcue einuo'aum seu fiatulo'eum. A fis-
tulous ulcer.— Galen.  A dejection.
  HYPOPHTHALMIA, Hypopyon.
  HYPOPHTHAL'MION,  from  'vtro, 'under/
and otpSaXpos, ' the eye.'  That part under the eye
where oedema generally commences in chronic
diseases and in cachexia. — Hippocrates.
  HYPOPHYSIS, Cataract, Epigone —h. Cere-
bri, Pituitary gland.
  HYPOP'ITYS   LANUGINO'SA,  American
Pine-aap, Falee Beech-dropa, Birda' Neat.  Indi-
genous ; flowering from June to August.  Order,
Ericaceas.  Used as a nervine in the form of the
powdered root.
  HYPO'PIUM,  from  'vtro,  'under/  and uxp,
'eye.'   The part of the  face under the eye: — a
black eye.
  Hypopium Os, Malas os.
  HYPOPLASMA, Hypinosis.
  HYPOPLAST^E'MA, from 'vtro, 'under/ trXao-
tikos, 'formative/ and 'atpa, 'blood.' Diminished
plasticity of the blood.
  HYPOPLEURIUS, Pleura.
  HYPOPO'DIA,  Supplanta'lia,  Suppeda'nea,
from 'vtro,  'under/ and trovs,  'the foot.'  Reme-
dies, as  sinapisms, which are applied under the
foot.
  HYPOP'YON,  Hypop'yum,  Hypophthal'mia,
Pyophthalmia, Empye'aia seu Diapye'aia Oc'uli,
 Oc'ulua puruledt.ua,  Lunella, Hypog'ala, Hypo-
pyum lac'teum, Pyo'aia, Abscessus Oc'uli, Parop'-
sis  Staphylo'ma purulentum; from 'utto, 'under/
and trvov,  'pus;'  because  the pus is  under the
cornea.  This name  has been given to small ab-
scesses between the laminas of the cornea, as well
as  to different purulent collections in the cham-
bers of the eye; hence, some pathologists have
distinguished  Hypop'yon of  the chambers from
Hypop'yon of the Cor'nea.  In abscesses of the
 chambers, the purulent matter is mixed with the
 aqueous humour, which it renders turbid; and is
 deposited  particularly at the lower part of the
 eye;  forming behind the cornea a kind of whitish
 crescent,  that rises more or less before the pupil,
 and closes it entirely or in part.   It requires the
 use of local and general antiphlogistics, and sor-
 befacicnts. At times, it is necessary to puncture
 the cornea and evacuate the pus.
   HYPOPYUM LACTEUM, Hypopyon.
   HYTORIN'ION,  Hyporrhin'ium,  from  'vtro,
 ' under/ and  piv,  ' the  nose.'   That part of the
 beard which grows beneath the nose.   The mus-
 taches.  Also, the upper lip.
   HYPORRHYSIS, Defluxion, Prolapsus.
   HYPOSA'PRUS, Subputris,Putres'cens. Grow-
 ing putrid. Slightly putrid.
   HYPOSAR'CA, from 'vtro, 'under/ and oapl,
 'flesh.'  Hyposarcid'ius, Anasarca.  In LinnS's
 and in Cullen's Nosology, it is synonymous with
 Physconia.
   HYPOSARCIDIUS, Anasarca, Hyposarca.
   HYPOSARCO'SIS, from  'vtro, 'under/ and
 aapxoicts,  'a  fleshy  growth.'   A small,  fleshy
 growth: —a wart.
   HYPOSIAGONARTHRI'TIS, from W, 'un-
 der,  ctayiav, ' the jawbone/ apdpov, ' a joint,' and
 itis, denoting inflammation ;  Inflamma'tio artic'-
 uli maxilla inferio'ris.  Inflammation of the joint
 of the lower jaw.
   HYPOSIALADENITIS, Hypognathadenitis.
  HYPOSPA'DIA, from 'vtro, 'under/ and ctrau),
' I draw.'  A malformation, in  which the canal
of the urethra, instead of opening at the apex of
the glans, terminates at its base, or beneath the
penis, at a greater or less distance from the sym-
physis pubis.  AVhen the orifice of the urethra is
very near the  root of the  penis, the scrotum is
divided,  as  it were, into  two  great labia;  and
this malformation has often been taken for a case
of hermaphrodism.   Hypospadias  is ordinarily
incurable; and an idea has been entertained that
it is the  cause of impotence.   It is not  exaotly
so; but it renders impregnation less probable.
   HYPOSPA'DIAS, Hypospadia'us, Hypospad'-
icua.  One affected with hypospadia.
   HYPOSPHAG'MA,  from 'vtro,  'under/  and
ctpafa, ' I kill.'  The coagulated blood, which is
collected when an animal is killed and used for
food.  Also, an effusion of blood, especially under
the conjunctiva.
   Hyposphagma, Hasmophthalmia.
   HYPOSTAPHYLE,  Staphylcedema.
   HYPOSTAPHYLITIS,  Staphylcedema.
   HYPOS'TASES, from 'vtro, < under/ and craats,
' the act of placing.' Morbid depositions in the
body.
   HYPOSTASIS, Sediment.
   HYPOSTAT'IC, Hypoatalicua, from 'tiiro, 'un-
der/ and cracts, 'stagnation.'  Relating to hy-
postases,  sediments  or depositions.
   Hypostatic Hyperai'mia.   A  congestion of
blood in  the vessels of a part  caused by its de-
pending position.
   HYPOSTEMA, Sediment.
   HYPOSTHENIC, Contrastimulant.
   HYPOS'TROPHE, 'vtrocrpotpv, 'change' of po-
sition/ from 'vtro, and crptiput, '  I turn.'  Act of a
patient turning himself. Also, a relapse or return
of a disease. — Hippoc, Foesius.
   HYPOSYPH'ILIS,  from 'vtro,  'under/  and
Syphilis.  A mild form of syphilis.
   HYPOTH'ENAR, Sub'vola,from 'vtro, 'under/
and $tvap, 'the palm of the hand  or sole of the
foot.' Hgpothenar Eminence.   The fleshy projec-
tion of the palmar surface of the hand, which cor-
responds with the little finger, and  is supported
by the fifth  metacarpal bone.   This eminence is
formed of four muscles : the Palmaria brevia, Ad-
ductor minimi digiti,  Flexor  brevis minimi di-
giti,  and Opponens  minimi digiti.  The name
Hypothenar has also been  given to different mus-
cles of the hand.  The Hypothenar min'imi digiti
of Riolan comprehended the  Abductor, Flexor
 brevis and Opponens minimi digiti ;  and his mus-
cle, Hypothenar pol'licis, corresponded to the Ab-
 ductor, and a portion of the Flexor brevis pollicia.
 Winslow called muacle petit hypothinar ou hypo-
 thinar du petit doigt, the Adductor minimi digiti.
   Hypothenar Minimi Digiti,  Flexor parvus
 minimi digiti—h. Minor metacarpeus, Abductor
 minimi digiti—h. Riolani, Flexor parvus minimi
 digiti.
   HYPOTHETON, Suppositorv.
   HYPOTHYMIAMA, Fumigation.
   HYPOTHYMIASIS, Fumigation.
   HYPO'TIUM, (Emplaatrum;) from 'vtro, 'un-
 der/ and ovs,' the ear.'  Emplaatrum ouricula're ;
 a plaster applied behind or under the ear.
   HYPOTROPE, Relapse.
   HYPOTROPH'IA,from 'vtro, 'under/ and rpoipv,
 ' nourishment.' Scanty nourishment, or nutrition.
   HYPOTROPIASMUS, Relapse.
   HYPOTRYGUS, Feculent.
   HYPOUTRION, Abdomen.
   HYPOX'YS EREC'TA, Stargrass; indige- 
HYPOZOMA               46:
noug;  Order, Amaryllidaceas.  The root is eaten,
and has been used as a vulnerary;  and in chronic
ulcers  and agues.
   HA'POZO'MA, from 'vtro, 'under/and fawvpt,
'I bind round;' Membrana succin'gens. A mem-
brane or septum, as the mediastinum, diaphragm,
&c.
   HYPPOCRAS, Claret.
   HYPSELOGLOSSIJS, Basioglossus.
   HYPS I LODES, OS, Hyoides, os.
   HYPSILOGLOSSUS, Hyoglossus.
   HYPSOPHO'NUS, from 'v^os,'high/andtpoivv,
'voice.'   One who has a clear loud voice.
   HYPSOSIS,  Sublimation.
   HYPTIASMA, Supination.
   UYPTIAS'MOS, from 'vtrria^, 'I lie with the
face upwards.'  Lying in a supine  posture.  Also,
inversion of the stomach, as in nausea, regurgi-
tation, or vomiting. — Hippocr., Galen.
   HYPU'LUS,  from  'ujro, and ovXv,  'cicatrix.'
Imperfectly cicatrized.
   Ulccra Hypu'la.  Ulcers healed at the top, but
not at the bottom.
   HYRA'CEUM.   A substance  found in  the
Cape Colony, which Thunberg and other travel-
lers mistook for a kind of bitumen ; but, accord-
ing to Dr. Pappe, it is obtained from the urine of
the  Klipdas or Hyrax  Capensis, which,  when
passed, is thick and of a glutinous nature.  The
animal is in the habit of evacuating the urine at
ono  spot, where its aqueous parts evaporate in
the  sun — the  more  tenacious adhering to  the
rock and hardening.
   In smell, and medical properties, it most re-
sembles castor,  which, according to Dr. Pappe, it
may replace.  It is used by the Cape farmers in
nervous and spasmodic affections.
   HYRAX CAPENSIS, see Hyraceum.
   HYRTOCHEILIDES, Labia pudendi.
   HYSSOP,  Hyssopus—h. Hedge, Gratiola offi-
cinalis.
   HYSSOPI'TES.  Ancient name of  a wine, of
which hyssop was the chief ingredient, and which
Dioscorides extolled in  chronic inflammation of
the chest.  It was regarded as diuretic and em-
menagogue.
   HYSSO'PUS, from the Hebr. Azob, Cassi'la,
Hysaopus officina'lis, Common hyssop. It has been
chiefly used  as an aromatic, stimulant, and pecto-
ral, in the form of infusion.
   HYSTERA, 'voTtpa/vaTtpv,'theuterus.' Hence:
   IIystera,  Secundines.
   HYSTERAL'GIA,  Hysterodyn'ia,  (F.) For-
traiture, from  'vartpa,  ' the uterus/ and aXyos,
'pain.'  Pain in the uterus.  Irritable uterus, (F.)
Neoralgie de I'uterus.   Hippocrates uses  the epi-
thet Hysteral'ges, vcrtpaXyvs, for any thing that
excites uterine  pain; and, especially, for vinegar.
   IIysteralgia Catarrhalis, Metrorrheuma—
h. Galaetioa, Phlegmatia alba dolens—h. Lochi-
alis, Dyslochia—h. Rheumatica, Metrorrheuma.
   HA'STERATRE'SIA, from 'vartpa, 'the ute-
rus/ and arpvros, 'imperforate.'   Imperforation
of the  os uteri.
   HYSTERELCO'SIS,from 'vcrtpa, 'uterus/ and
'tXKos, ' an ulcer.'  U'teri exulcerd tio, U'teri ulcus.
Ulceration of the uterus.
   HYSTERELOSIS, Hvsteroloxia.
   HYSTEREAIPHYSEAIA, Physometra.
   HASTE' RIA, H. vaga, Hystericis'mus,Hysteris-
mus, Hysterias, Hysteri'asis, Hystcropathi'a, Hy-
pcrcinc'aia uterina, H. hyste'ria, Uteri adsced-
sus, Sufl'oca'tin  hysterica, S. uterina, S. 3Iulie'-
ruin,  Asthma u'teri,  Prafoca'tio  matri'ds  seu
uterina, Syspa'sia hysteria, 3Ialum hyater'icum,
M. hystericohypochondri''acum, Vapo'res uteri'ni,
3            HYSTEROLOGY

Affec'tio hyster'ica, Pasaio hyaterica, 3Iorbus hy-
stericus, Strangula'tio uterina, S.  Vulva, Va-
pours, Hyater'ica, Hyateric flt, (F.) Hyatirie, Mai
de 31 ere, 31aladie imaginaire, Faaaion hyatirique,
Suffocation utirine, Etranglement, Epilepaie uti-
rine,  Vapeurs, 3Ietux de Nerfs, from 'vartpa, 'the
uterus.' A species of nenrosis, classed amongst the
spasmi  by Sauvages and Cullen, and in the Niv-
roaea de la giniration, by Pinel.  It received the
name of hyateria, because it was reputed to have
its  seat in the uterus.  It generally  occurs  in
paroxysms; the principal characters of which con-
sist in alternate fits of laughing and crying, with
a sensation as if a ball set out from the uterus
and ascended towards the stomach, chest, and
neck, producing a  sense of strangulation.  If the
attack be violent, there is, sometimes, loss of con-
sciousness (although the presence of conscious-
ness generally distinguishes it from epilepsy) and
convulsions.  The  duration of the attacks is very
variable.  It appears to be dependent upon irre-
gularity of nervous distribution in very impressi-
ble persons, and is not confined to the female;
for well marked cases of hysteria are occasionally
met with in men.  During the fit, — dashing cold
water on the face;  stimulants applied to the nose
or exhibited internally, and antispasmodics form
the therapeutical agents.  Exercise, tranquillity
of mind, amusing and agreeable occupations con-
stitute the prophylactics.  See Mania, dancing.
  Hysteria Cataleptica, Catalepsy*—h.  Vaga,
Hysteria.
  HYSTERIAS, Hysteria.
  HYSTERIASIS, Hysteria.
  HYSTERICA, see Hysterical.
  HYSTERICAL, Hystericus, Vdpourish, Vd-
pouring, (F.) Hyste'rique.  Same etymon as hys-
terical.  Relating to, or affected with hysteria.
  The word hysterica was used by Martial for a
female affected with nymphomania or with strong
sexual desires.
  HYSTERICISMUS, Hysteria.
  HYSTERICS, Hysteria.
  HYSTERIE, Hysteria.
  HYSTERISMUS, Hysteria.
  HYSTERITES, Hydrometra.
  HYSTERITIS,  Metritis, Hydrometra.
  HYSTEROCARCINOMA, Metrocarcinom*.
  HYSTEROCE'LE,  from 'vartpa,  'the womb/
and kvXv, 'hernia.'  Hernia uteri, Hernia of the
womb.  This is a rare disease.  The womb may
protrude through the inguinal or the crural  canal,
or through the lower part of the linea alba.
  Hysterocele Nuda, Prolapsus uteri.
  HYSTEROCOLICA, Colica uterina.
  HYSTEROCNES'MUS; from 'vcrtpa, 'uterus/
and Kwcpos, ' itching.'  Pruritus of the uterus or
genitals.
  HYSTEROCYESIS, Pregnancy.
  HYSTERO-CYSTIC, Hys'terocys'ticus,  from
 'vcrtpa, 'the uterus/  and kvctis,  'the  bladder.'
Relating to the uterus and bladder.  Some au-
thors have called Hyatero-cyetic Retention of urine,
that which is caused by the compression of the
bladder by the uterus, during pregnancy.
  HYSTERO-CYSTOCE'LE, from  'vcrtpa, 'the
womb/ kvctis, ' the  bladder/ and kvXv, ' a tumour.'
Hernia of the uterus  complicated with displace-
ment of the bladder.
  HYSTERODYNIA, Hysteralgia.
  HYSTER03DEMA, Hydrometra.
  HY'S'TEROID, Hystero'des, Hysteroides, from
'hysteria,' and ttSos, 'resemblance.'  Resembling
hysteria;—as a hysteroid disease, symptom, &e.
  HYSTEROL'OGY, Hysterolog"ia, from 'vartpa,
'the uterus/ and Xoyos, 'a description.'  A trea-
tise on the sound and morbid uterus. 
              HYSTEROLOXIA            46-

  HYSTEROLOXTA,  Hyaterelo'ais,  Oliq'uitas
u'teri, Situs obltquus uteri, Flexio seu Yersio in-
comple'ta uteri, Inclindtio uteri, 3Ietrolox'ia, 3Ie-
trocamps'is, Uterus obllquus, U. Inclindtus; from
'vcrtpa,  'the  uterus/ and  Ao£o$,  'oblique.'  An
oblique  position of the uterus, occurring during
pregnancy.  Anteversion of the  uterus, Hystero-
lox'ia anterior, Anteversio uteri,  Prondtio uteri,
Venter propendens ; and Retroversion of the ute-
rus,  Hysterolox'ia posterior, Retrover'sio uteri,
Reflex'io uteri completa, are varieties.
  HYSTER0MALA'CIA,.%sreromaZaco'8is,.%-
steromalaco'ma, 3Ietromalaco'sis, 3Ietromalaco'ma,
Malaco'sis uteri, Emollil'ies uteri morbosa, Pu-
trescen'tia u'teri grav'idi, from 'vcrtpa, 'the ute-
rus/ and paXaKia, ' softness.'  Softness of the ute-
rus during pregnancy, which renders it liable to
rupture in labour.
  HYSTEROMALACOMA, Hysteromalacia.
  HYSTEROMANIA, Nymphomania.
  HYSTEROMOCHLIUM, Lever.
  HYSTERON'CUS, from 'vcrtpa,  'the uterus/
and oyKos, ' tumour.'  Tumor uteri.  A tumour of
the uterus.
  HYSTERO-PARAL'YSIS,  from 'vcrtpa,- 'the
uterus/ and 7rapaAuo-i5, 'paralysis.'  Paralysis of
the uterus.
  HY"STEROPATHI'A, from 'vcrtpa,  'the  ute-
rus/ and trados, ' suffering.' Disease or suffering
in the uterus.  Also, hysteria,  and deuteropathia.
  HYSTEROPHYSE, Physometra.
  HYSTEROPH'YSIS, from 'vcrtpa,  'the  ute-
rus/ and tpvav, ' wind.'  Distention of the uterus
with air;  Emphysema uteri.
  HYSTEROPLEGIA, Hysteroparalysis.
  HYSTEROPOLYPUS, Metropolypus.
  HYSTEROPSOPHIA, Physometra.
  HYSTEROPTO'SIS, from 'vcrtpa, 'the womb/
and irrtaots, 'fall;' Prolapsus uteri.  Also Inversio
uteri, Anae'trophe uteri.   In  a  general sense, a
protrusion of any of the genital  organs or of ex- |
  IAMA, Medicament.
  IAMATOLOGY, Materia medica.
  IAMATOSYNTAXIOLOGIA, see Prescrip-
tion.
  IAMATOSYNTAXIS, see Composition.
  IAMATOTAXIOLOGIA, see Prescription.
  IASIMOS, Curable.
  IASIS, Curation.
  IATERIA, Medicina.
  IATERIUS, Medicinal.
  IATRALEIP'TICE, latraliptice (Ara), Iatra-
leiptic  method; same etymon.   The method  of
treating diseases adopted by the Iatraleiptes, —
that is, by friction chiefly.
  IATRALEP'TES, Iatraleip'tea,Iatralip'ta, Ia-
troleip'tea, 3Ied'icua  Unguenta'riua; from tarpos,
'a physician/ and aXtt^ia, 'I anoint.'  One who
treats diseases by unguents, frictions, and by ex-
ternal means generally.   Prodicus, a disciple of
.^Esculapius, was the chief of the Iatraleptes.
  IATRALIPTES, Iatraleiptes.
  IATRALIPTICE, Iatraleiptice.
  IATREUSIOLOG"IA, from tarptvets, 'the ex-
ercise of the  art of  healing/ and Xoyos,  'a de-
scription.'   The doctrine  of the exercise of the
healing art.-—Reil.
  IATREUSIS.  The exercise of the healing art.
4             IATROTECIINA

crescenccs from them into the genital  passages;
^Edoptoaia.
  Hysteroptosis, Prolapsus  uteri — h. Vaginas
prolapsus, Prolapsus vaginas.
  HYSTERORRHAGIA SANGUINEA, Me-
torrhagia.
  HYSTERORRHEXIS, Uterus, rupture of the.
  HYSTERORRHOSA, Metrorrhagia—h. Mu-
cosa, Leucorrhcea.
  HYSTEROSALPINX, Tube, Fallopian.
  HYSTEROSCIRRHUS,  Metroscirrhus.
  HYS'TEROSCOPE, from 'vcrtpa, 'the uterus/
and cKotrtia,  ' I view.'   A metallic mirror, used in
inspecting the state of the  os uteri for throwing
the rays of a taper to the bottom of the speculum
uteri. — Colombat de l'lsere.
  HYSTEROSTOMA, Os uteri.
  HYSTEROSTOMAT'OMUS, from 'vcrtpa, 'the
womb/ cropa,  ' orifice/ and rtpvttv, ' to cut.'   An
instrument invented by Coutouly for dividing  the
os uteri, when it is important to  deliver immedi-
ately, as in  cases of convulsions.
  HYSTEROSTOMIUM, Os  uteri.
  HYSTEROTOM'IA, Hyaterolomy.   Same ety-
mon as Hysterotomus.  Cassarean section.  Also,
dissection of the uterus.
  HYSTEROTOMOTOCIA, Cassarean section.
  HYSTEROT'OMUS, from 'vcrtpa, 'the womb/
and rtpvttv,  ' to cut.'  An instrument for dividing
the womb through the vagina.   It is  a kind of
Biatouri cachi, and is intended to divide the cer-
vix uteri.
  HYSTREMPHYSEMA,  Physometra.
  HYSTRIASIS, Hystriciasis.
  HYSTRICI'ASIS, Hyatri'aaia, Hya'trix, Hya-
tricia'mua,  Ceroatro'sis, Tricho'aia  aeto'aa, from
'vcrtpti,  'a  hedgehog  or porcupine.'   A disease
of the hairs, in which  they stand erect like  the
quills of the porcupine.
  HYSTRICISMUS, Hystriciacis.
  HYSTRIX, Hystriciasis.
  HYVES, Hives.
  IATRIA, Medicine.
  IATRICE, Medicina.
  IATRI'NE, Medicina.   Also, a female practi-
tioner of medicine; a midwife.
  IATRI'ON, Iatre'on,  Patron.   The house or
office of a physician or surgeon.  Also, the phy-
sician's fee or honorarium.
  IATROCHEMIA, Chymiatria.
  IATROCHYMIA, Chymiatria.
  IATROGNOM'ICA,/atrogrnom'ice/ from tarpos,
'a physician/ and ytvocKia, 'I know.'  A know-
ledge of medical objects. — Hufeland.
  IATROLEIPTES, Iatraleiptes.
  IATROLOG"IA, Iatrology,  from wrpoj,  'a
physician/ and Xoyos, ' a description.' A treatise
on physic  and physicians.
  IATRO - MATHEMATICAL  PHYSICIANS,
Iatromoihematid.  Mechanical  physicians.
  IATROMECHANICI, Mechanical physicians.
  IATRON, Iatrion.
  IATROPHYSICS,  Physics, medical.
  IATROS0PHIS'TA,from tarpos, 'aphysician/
and coiptcTvs, ' one skilled  in  an  art or science.'
A learned, or theoretically educated physician.
  IATROTECH'NA, latrotech'nes; from  tarpes,
I. 
IATROTECHNICE
465
IDEA
' a physician,' and rtxvv, ' art.'  A practical phy-
sician or surgeon.
  IATROTECHNICE,  Medicina. Therapeutics.
  IATHCS,  Physieian; also, a surgeon.
  I BE RIS, Lepidium iberis.
  Ibe'ius  Ama'ra, Bitter candytuft, (F.) Passe-
rage.  A small  herbaceous plant, Ord. Cruciferae,
indigenous in  Europe,  which  was employed, of
old, in gout, rheumatism, &c. The seeds have been
used, in the dose of one to three grains, in asthma,
bronchitis, dropsy, and  hypertrophy of the heart.
It is said to possess acro-narcotic properties;  but
it is  not much used.
  Iberis  Bi'iisa Pastoris,  Thlaspi bursa — i.
Oampestris, Thlaspi  campestre — i. Sophia, Car-
damine pratensis.
  IBICCIBA,  Bceuiba, Becuiba nux.  A species
of nut from Brazil, the  emulsive kernel  of which
is ranked amongst balsamic remedies.
  IBIS, tfiis.   A bird held sacred  by the Egyp-
tians.   AVhen sick, it is asserted that it  was wont
to inject the water of the Nile into its fundament:
whence, according to Langius, was learned  the
use of glysters.
   IBISCIIA MISMALVA, Althasa.
   IB ISC US, Althasa.
   IBIXU.AIA,  Saponaria.
   ICE, Sax.  ir, Gldcies, Frozen water, (F.) Glace.
Iced water is much  used internally, as the best
refrigerant in  fever.  It is, also, applied exter-
nally,  in cases  of external  inflammation, as well
as in phrenitic  and hernial affections, &c.
  ICE-COLD,  Icy cold, (F.) Froid glacial.   A
very strong morbid  sensation of cold, compared
by the  patient  to that which would be produced
by the application of pieces of ice.
  ICELAND,  MINERAL  AVATERS OF.  Hot
springs are found in every part of Iceland.  The
most noted of these is one called Geyser, two
days' journey  from  llecla, and  near  Skalholt.
The  diameter  of the basin is 59  feet; and  the
height to which the water is thrown is often more
than 100.  The heat of the water is 212°.
   ICE-PLANT,  Mesembryanthemum  crystalli-
num, Monotropa uniflora.
  ICIINUS, tXvos. The foot. The sole of the foot.
The heel.
  ICHOR, i;fu>p,  Ichos.   The serum of the blood,
Sanies, Sordes, Virus,  Pus  malig'num, Tabum.
A thin, aqueous, and acrid discharge.
  ICHOROIDES, Ichorous.
   ICH'OROUS,  Ichoro'sus, IchoroVdes, Sanio'-
sus,  Sdnious.  Belonging to or resembling ichor.
  ICIITHYA,  Hook, blunt.
   ICIITHYOCOL'LA,  from tX$vs, 'a fish/ and
koXXo,  ' glue.'  Colla Pis'cium, fsinglass, Fish-
glue, (F.) Ichthyocolle, Colic de Poisson.  A name
given  to the dried fish-bladder of the Acipenser
huso, and  other species of acipenser, which is al-
most wholly composed of gelatin, and is employed
in medicine in the formation of nutritive jellies.
It is, also, occasionally used in anatomical injec-
tions.  The English  Court Plaster is made with it.
   ICHTHYOPH'AQISTS, Ichthyoph'agi, from
tX$vs>  'a  fish/ and  tpayw, 'I eat.'  People who
feed habitually on fish;—generally the most un-
civilized of mankind.
   ICHTHYOPHAGOUS, Piscivorous.
   ICHTHYOSE, Ichthyosis.
   ICHTIIYO'SIS, from tX^vs, 'a fish/ from  the
resemblance of the scales to those of a fish.  Le-
pido'sis Ichthyi'asis, Lepra Ichthyo'sis, Lepido'-
eis Ichthyo'sis, Alvaras nigra (Arab.),  Impetigo
excorticati'vu,  (F.)  Ichthyose;  Fishskin, Porcu-
pine Disease.  A permanently harsh, dry, scaly,
and, in some cases, almost horny texture of  the
integuments of the  body,  unconnected with  in-
ternal disorder.  Willan and  Bateman have two
       30
varieties, /. simplex and I. cornea.   Alibert has
three, the /. nacrie  or pearly, the /. cornie, and
the /. pellagre or Pellagra.
  Ichthyosis Pellagra, Pellagra.
  Ichthyosis Seba'cea,  Seba'ceous Ichthyo'sis.
A morbid incrustation  of a concrete sebaceous
substance upon the surface of the epidermis, con-
founded, according to  Mr. E. AVilson, with ich-
thyosis, to which it  bears a close  resemblance.
In  many cases there is neither redness nor heat,
nor is the affection often accompanied by consti-
tutional symptoms.
  ICHTHYOTOX'ICUM, from tX3vs,  'a fish/
and toI-ikov, 'a poison.'  Fish poison.
  I'CTCA ARACOUCHI'NI.   Aracouchini is a
balsam, extracted by incision, from this tree in
Guyana^  The Galibis use it for healing wounds.
  Icica Icicariba, see Amyris elemifera.
  ICTERE,  Icterus — i. Bleu, Cyanopathy — i.
des Nouveau-nis,  Icterus infantum — i.  Noire,
Melasna.
  ICTERIC  FEVER,  REMITTING,  see Re-
lapse.
  ICTERICUS, Antiicteric.  Also, relating to,
or resembling Icterus,—Ictero'des.
  ICTERITIA ALBA, Chlorosis—i. Flava, Icte-
rus—i. Rubea, Erysipelas—i. Rubra, Erysipelas.
  ICTERODES, Ictericus.
  ICTERUS, Ic'terus flavus, I. verus, from iktis,
a species of weasel, whose eyes are yellow (?)
3Iorbus arcua'tus vel arqua'tus, Auru'go, Auri'go,
3Iorbus rcgius, Morbus lute'olus, Cholelith'ia icte-
rus, Choliha'mia, Chola'mia,  Cholopla'nia, Cho-
lo'sis, Dermatoeholo'sis, Suffu'sio aurigino'sa seu
fellis seu bill's, leteritia flava, Ileus flavus, I. Ic-
tero'ides,  Cachex'ia icter'ica, Fellis suffu'sio, Fel-
lis obstruc'tio, F. Superfu'sio, Bilious Dyscraay,
Jaundice, Yellowa, (F.) icreVe, Jonniaae, Bile ri-
pandue.  A  disease, the  principal  symptom of
which is yellowness of the  skin and eyes, with
white fasces and high-coloured urine.  It admits
of various causes; in fact, any thing which can
directly or  indirectly obstruct the  course of the
bile, so that it is taken into the mass of blood and
produces the yellowness  of surface ; — the bile
being separated by the kidneys, causes yellowness
of urine, and its being prevented from reaching the
intestine occasions the pale-coloured fasces.  The
prognosis, in  ordinary cases,is favourable;—when
complicated  with hepatic disease, unfavourable.
The treatment is simple: — an  emetic or purga-
tive, given occasionally so as to elicit the  return
of the bile to its ordinary channels; light tonics;
unirritating diet; cheerful company, See.
  Icterus Albus, Chlorosis.
  Icterus Infan'tum,  /. Neonato'rum, Padict-
erua, Auri'go neophyto'rum, Yellow gum,  Yellow
gown,  (F.) Ictere dea nouveou-nia,  is a common
affection and frequently dependent upon obstruc-
tion of the choledoch duct by the meconium.  It
requires time; and castor oil,  occasionally.
  Icterus Melas, Melasna — i. Neonatorum, I.
infantum—i. Niger, Melasna.
   Icterus  Saturni'nus, Lead  jaundice.  The
earthy-yellow hue in saturnine cachexy.
   ICTODES F03TIDUS, Dracontium fcetidum.
   ICTUS.   'A  stroke or blow;' Plege, Plaga,
Ictus soli's,  a stroke of the sun.  See Coup  de so-
ldi.  Ictus, also, means the pulsation of an artery,
and the sting of a bee or other insect.
   Ictus, Blow—i. Cordis et arteriarum, Pulse —
i. Sanguinis, Apoplexy—i. Solis, Coup de soldi.
  IDE'A, Idea, Ido'lum, Ideach (? Paracelsus)
(F.) Idie.   The image or  representation  of an
object in the mind;  from tiSta,  'I see.'
  Ide'a, Fixed or Predominant, I'dea flxa,
Ideopeg'ma.  Tension of the mind on one notion;
often observed in insanity. 
                  IDEACH

  I'dea Morbi.  Knowledge or idea of a disease.
  IDEACH, Idea.
  IDEAGENOUS, Sentient.
  IDE'AL, Idea'lis.  Mental, notional, fancied.
  3Iorbi  ideates.   Ideal diseases.  Diseases of
the imagination.
  IDEE, Idea.
  IDENTITY (PERSONAL), Idedtitas, from
idem, ' the same.'   Sameness.  It is sometimes a
question  in  legal medicine to decide upon per-
sonal identity :  that is, whether an individual be
the same he represents himself to be.   Physical
marks form the great criteria.
  IDEOL'OGY, Ideolog"ia, from  ttSta, 'I see/
and Xoyos, ' a  discourse.'  The science of  ideas.
Intellectual philosophy.
  IDEOPEGMA, Idea, fixed.
  IDEOSYNCHYSIE, Delirium.
  IDIAN03A, Idiotism.
  IDIOCRASIS, Idiosyncrasy.
  IDIOCTONIA, Suicide.
  IDIO-MIASMATA, see Miasm.
  IDIOPATHI'A,  Idiopathel a,  Protopathi'a,
Pro'prius affectus,  3Iorbus idiopath'icus seu pro-
prius seu primdrius seu protopath'icus seu ori-
gina'lis, 31 alum prima'rium, from tStos, 'peculiar,
proper/  and tra%s, 'an affection.' A primary
disease;  one not depending on any other.
  IDIOPATH'IC,  Pro'prio hab'itu seu Constitu-
tio'ne pro'prid pendens, Idiopath'icus, Idiop'a-
thes.  Primary affections and their symptoms are
so denominated.
  IDIOPTCY, Achromatopsia.
  IDIOPTS, see Achromatopsia.
  IDIOSYNCRASIA, Idiosyncrasy—i. Hasmor-
rhagica, Hasmatophilia—i. Olfactoria,  Parosmia.
  IDIOSYNCRASY, Idioc'rasy, Idiosydcraaia,
Idiosyncrdsia, Idiotroph'ia, Idioc'rasis, Idioayn-
cria'ia, from tStos,  'peculiar/ cvv, 'with/ and
Kpaais, 'temperament.'   A peculiarity  of consti-
tution, in which one  person is  affected by an
agent which, in numerous others, would produce
no  effect. Thus shell-fish, bitter almonds, pro-
duce urticaria in some, by virtue of their idiosyn-
crasies.   Others faint at the sight of blood, &c.
  ID'IOT,  Idio'ta, ' foolish, stupid,  ignorant.'
Now used for  one who is fatuous, or who does
not possess sufficient intellectual faculties for the
social condition, and for preserving himself from
danger, — Homo fat una.  In law, one who has
been without understanding  from his  birth, and
whom the law  presumes to be never likely  to at-
tain any.
  IDIOTIA, Idiotism.
  ID 10 TIE, Idiotism.
  ID'IOTISM, Idiotia'mua,  Idioti'a,  Idiance'a,
Imbecil'litaa mentis; 3Io'ria demens, Anoe'a, 3td-
ria, Moro'aia, Meio'ais, Fatditos, Amen'tia, Stu-
pid'itas,  Vecor'dia, Imbecillitas Inge'nii, Idiocy,
Id'iotey, Fatdity.   (F.) Dimence inuie, Idiotisme,
Idiotie.   Same etymon.  A  species of unsound
mind, characterized by more or less complete ob-
literation of the intellectual and  moral faculties.
It may supervene on  mania and  melancholia,
when it is termed Dented tia, but more commonly
it depends upon original conformation.  It may
also,  be  symptomatic of organic disease  of the
brain, which has come on after birth.   Idiotism
exists in  various degrees.  Some idiots are mere
automata, exhibiting scarcely any  sensibility to
external impressions;  others are capable of arti-
culating a few  words, and possess certain mental
emotions to a limited extent,  The physiognomy
is usually vacant, step unsteady, and articulation
imperfect or broken.  The affection is  almost al-
ways incurable; but it may often be palliated.
  1DIOTIS3IE, Idiotism.
  IDIOTROPHIA, Idiosyncrasy.
6                  ILEO

  IDOLUM, Hallucination, Idea.
  IDROSIS, Ephidrosis.
  IF, Taxus baccata.
  IFFIDES, Plumbi subcarbonas.
  IGDE, Mortar.
  IGDIS, Mortar.
  IGNA'TIA  AMA'RA, Strychnos  Igna'tii, Ig.
 natia'na Philippin'ieu.  The  systematic  name
 of the plant which affords St. Ignatius's  Bean,
 Faba In'dica,  Faba Sancti Igna'tii, Fuba febrif-
 uga,  (F.) Ignatie, Feve de Saint  Igntae.  The
 seeds are bitter and poisonous, containing Strych-
 nia ; which  see.
  IGNATIE,  Ignatia amara.
  IGNAA*TA,  Inertia — i. seu  Ignavitas partium
 genitalium,  Impotence.
  IGNIS, 'fire.'* Hence:
  Ignis Actualis, Cauterium—i. Animalis, Ani-
 mal heat.
  Ignis Cal'idus.  'A hot fire.'  A violent in-
 flammation, about to degenerate into gangrene.
  Ignis Columellas, Erysipelas.
  Ignis Frig"idus.  'A cold fire.'   Sphacelus.
  Ignis Naturalis, Animal heat.
  IfiNis Persicus, Anthrax, Herpes zoster — i.
 Philosophicus, Phosphorus — i.  Potentialis, see
 Cauterium—i. Sacer, Erysipelas, Herpes zoster—
 i. Sancti Antonii, Erysipelas.
  Ignis Sapien'tium.  The ancient name for the
 heat of horses' dung.
  Ignis Sylvat'icus, I. sylves'tris,  I. volaticus,
 I. vola'grius, Stropllulus sylves'tris,  S. volaticus,
■(F.) Feu sauvage, F. volage, Flamboiae.  Proba-
 bly, the Porrigo larvdlia or Crusta lactea of in-
 fants.  Also, a transient redness of  the face and
 neck, sometimes observed in hysterical and chlo-
 rotic females.
  Ig,nis Sylvestris,  I. sylvaticus — i. Vitalis,
 Animal heat—i. Volagrius, I. sylvaticus—i. Vo-
 laticus, I. sylvaticus.
  IGNIVOROUS, Pyropbagus.
  IGNYE, Poples.
  IGNYS, Poples.
  ILAPHIS,  Arctium lappa.
  ILEA, Flanks.
  ILECH, Y'lech, lleias, Bias'ter,  Ylidter, Eli-
 as'ter, Ilias'trum, Iletados, Ilei'doa, Ilei'adum,
 Illaelua.  Terms used  by Paracelsus  to  desig-
 nate the first  matter: — the beginning of every
 thing.
  ILEIADOS, Hech.
  ILEIADUM,  Ilech.
  ILEIAS,  Ilech.
  ILEIDOS,  Ilech.
  ILEI'TIS;  from ileum, 'the intestine  ileum/
 and itis, a suffix denoting inflammation.  Inflam-
 mation of the ileum.
  ILEO-CHOLOSIS, Diarrhoea, bilious.
  IL'EO-COLIC, Ileo-colicus.   Relating  to the
 ileum and colon :—as the ileo-colic valve or valve
 of Bauhin.
  ILEO-COLITIS, Enteritis.
  ILEO-DICLIDITE,  see Typhus.
  ILEO-LUMB AR, Ileo-lumbdlia, Rio-lumbdris.
 Belonging to the ilium and lumbar  region.
  Ileo-lumbar Artery, Bio-lumbar artery, Ri-
 aco-mua'cular, (Ch.) is given off by the hypogas-
 tric, opposite the base of the sacrum.  It ascends
 behind the  psoas muscle, and divides into two
 branches;—an aacending and a tranaverae, which
 give off numerous ramifications to the neighbour-
 ing parts.
  Ileo-lumbar  Ligament, Ilio-lumbar  Lig'a-
 ment,  Ilio-lumbo-ver'tebral  ligament,  Vertebro-
 iliac  ligament, is a broad, membraniform, trian-
 gular ligament, extending horizontally from the
 transverse process of the 5th lumbar vertebras to
46 
ILEON
467
ILIASTRUM
the upper and posterior part of the iliac crest. It
unites the vertebral column with the pelvis.
   IL'EON,  Ileum,  E it eon, Ilium,  futestlnum
circum voidturn, from ttXttv, 'to turn/ 'to twist/
Anatomists  have given this name to  the longest
portion  of  the  small  intestine, which  extends
from the jejunum- to the caseum.  It was so
called,  from its forming a considerable number
of convolutions.
   ILEOPYRA, see Typhus.
   ILEOSIS, Ileus.
   ILEO-TYPHUS, see Typhus.
   ILES, Flanks.
   IL'EUS,  Eileoa,  from  uXno,  'I twist or con-
 tract.'   Co'lica  Ileua,  Entcrclc'sia, Eatere/o'sis,
 Colica spasmod'ica, Ileus apaamod'icua, Cliordup'-
 sus, Passio Iliaca, Iliac Passion, Volvulus, Red -
 sis, Miscre're mei, Coavolrulus, Tormcu'tuin, In-
 tcreep'tio Intestino'rum, Enterosteno'sis volvulus,
 (I'M  Colique de 3Iiserieovdc,  C. de 3Iiserere.  A
 disease, characterized  by deep-seated pain of the
 abdomen, stercoraceous vomiting,  and obstinate
 constipation.   It is occasioned by hernia or other
 obstruction to the passage of the  fasces through
 a part of the intestinal canal, Enferosto'aia.  The
 term Ileus has been applied to various  affections
 —to simple nervous colic,  intussusception, and to
 strangulation of the small intestine, &c.  Ararious
 remedies have been employed ;—the majority for
 the purpose of procuring alvine evacuations,—as
 purgatives, in draught, pill, or glyster;  supposi-
 tories,  tobacco  glysters;   pure mercury; leaden
 bullets;  antispasmodics and  narcotics;  blisters
 to the epigastrium ;  ice by the mouth, or injected
 into the rectum.  Some of these have, occasion-
 ally, succeeded, — especially the tobacco glyster,
 and ice to the tumour, where the disease has been
 occasioned  by strangulated hernia.   It  is very
 dangerous.
   Ileus Flavus, Icterus—i. Icteroides, Icterus
 —i. Inflammatorius, Enteritis.
   ILEX AQUIFO'LIUM. The systematic name
 of the  Common Holly, Aquifo'lium, Agrifo'lium,
 (F.) Houx, H. commun ou  Chine vert.  The leaves
 of this plant have been recommended as tonic,
 astringent,  and antiseptic, and have been  pre-
 scribed in atonic gout; intermitients ; dyspepsia,
 &c.  Il'icine, the active principle,  has  also been
 advised.  It  is obtained  by dissolving the alco-
 holic extract  of the leaves of the holly in water,
 and  successively treating  it with  the subacetate
 of lead, sulphuric acid, and  carbonate of lime.
 The filtered and evaporated product is then dis-
 solved in alcohol; and the mixture filtered and
 evaporated in shallow vessels.
   Ilex Cassine, Ilex vomitoria.
   Ilex Major.  From the berries of this  tree,
 called by the Spaniards  Bellotaa, a juice may be
 expressed,  which  forms  a  slightly  astringent
 emulsion with water, and has been recommended
 by some Spanish physicians in humid cough, hae-
 moptysis, &c.
    Ilex Mate, Hex paraguensis.
    Ilex Op Co a, American Holly, grows through-
 out the Atlantic portion of the United States.  It
 is said to possess the same properties as the Eu-
 ropean variety.
    Ti.ex Paraguf.n'sis, Vibur'num lariga'tum seu
 Cassinoides, Cassine Perag'ua seu Carolinia'na,
 I. 3Iate ; a  native of Paraguay,  which  affords
 the celebrated 3Iattee, or 3Iate, Folia Apalachi-
 nca seu Pcr'ogua, is drunk in place of the Chinese
 tea by the  people of Paraguay.
    Ilex Vomito'ria,  Hex Casi'ne, Cassi'na, Da-
 hoon holly,  Apalach'ine   Gallia, South-Sen  Tea,
 Fv'ergrcen  Cassine,  Cassee'na, Yaupon,  Yopon,
 (F.) Thi des Apalaches, Houx Apalaehine, Apa-
 lachine, Thi de la 31er du Sad.  A tree, indige-
nous in the southern parts of the United States.
The leaves, when dried, are aromatic, stimulant,
stomachic, and expectorant, and are used as a
tea.   AVhen fresh, they are emetic and cathartic.
  ILIA, Flanks.
  ILIAC, Iliacus, from Ilia,  'the flanks.'  Re-
lating to, or connected with, the flanks.
  Iliac  Arteries, Arte'ria Iliaca.  This term
has been given to several arteries. The Primary
Iliacs, (F.) A. Iliaeptea primitivea,—Pelvicruralea,
(Ch.) arise from the bifurcation of the  aorta, op-
posite the body of the 4th lumbar vertebra, and
descend, in a divergent manner; until, opposite
the  sacro-iliac symphysis, they divide into two
considerable trunks,—the internal Iliac or hypo-
gastric (which see) and the external  Iliac—Por-
tion Iliaque de la crurale, (Ch.)  This proceeds
from the saero-iliac juncture as far as  the crural
arch, when it  assumes the name Femoral Artery.
Before  passing  under the arch it gives off  two
pretty considerable  branches, — the Epigastric,
and the  Circumflexa Ilii.  This last, which is
called, also, anterior Iliac by some anatomists,—
 Circonflexe de VIlium; (Ch.) leaves  the external
iliac at  the crural arch.  It ascends  along the
outer edge of the iliacus muscle, and divides into
two branches—an internal and an external.
   The Iliaca  Inter'na 3Iinor vel Ilio-lumbalis is
a small artery, which sometimes arises from the
hypogastric : at others, from the beginning of the
gluteal.   It is sent, chiefly, to the psoas and Uia-
cus internus muscles.
  Iliac  Crest,  Crista Ilii, is the upper margin
of the ilium.  (F.) Crete Iliaque.  It is very thick,
and curved like the Italic S.  It affords attach-
ment to  the broad muscles of the abdomen.
  Iliac Fossa: are two in number;  the internal,
the depression presented by the ilium on its inte-
rior, and at the upper part in which the Iliacus
internus is lodged :—and the external, an excava-
tion on the outer surface of the  same bone, occu-
pied by  the Glutai muscles.
   Iliac  Muscle,  Internal, Iliacus internus
3Iuscle,  Iliacus,  Biaco-trochantirien (Ch.);  Fe-
mur moven'tium sep'timus, Iliac  muscle, is situate
in the fossa iliaca, and at the  anterior and supe-
rior part of the thigh.  It is broad,  radiated, tri-
angular  ; and is attached, above, to the two upper
thirds Of the fossa iliaca, and to the  internal part
of  the iliac crest:—below, it terminates by a ten-
don, which is common to it and the psoas mag-
nus, and is fixed into the lesser trochanter.  When
this muscle contracts, it bends the pelvis on the
thigh, and conversely.  It is also a rotator of the
thigh outwards,  and prevents  the trunk  from
falling backwards.
   Iliac Passion, Ileus,
   Iliac Regions, Regio'nes ili'aca, lnadia, are
the sides of the abdomen  between the ribs  and
the hips.
   Iliac Spines, Spinous Proc"esses of the Rium,
 are four in number.   They are distinguished into
 anterior and  posterior.   Of the anterior,  one  is
 superior.  It  bounds  the crista ilii anteriorly, and
 affords origin to the sartorius muscle.  The other
 is inferior, and receives the tendinous origin of
 the rectus femoris.
   The  two Posterior Iliac Spines  are divided,
 like the anterior, into superior and inferior. They
 afford insertion to strong ligaments, which unite
 the ilium' with the sacrum.
   ILIACO-TROCHANTERIEN, Hiacus inter-
 nus.
   ILIACUS,  I. internus—i. Externus, Pyramid-
 alis.
   ILIADUS. Hech.
   ILIASTER. Ilech.
   ILIASTRUM, Ilech. 
ILINGOS                468               IMPACTION
   ILINGOS, Vertigo.
   ILI0-ABD031INAL, Obliquus internus abdo-
 minis—i. Aponivrosi-fimoral, Fascia lata muscle
 —i. Costal, Quadratus lumborum—i. Cresti-tibial,
 Sartorius — i. Femoral, Coxo-femoral—i. Hypo-
 gastrics (nervus), Musculocutaneous  nerve, su-
 perior— i.  Inguinal, Musculocutaneous nerve,
 inferior — i. Ischii-trochantirien, Glutasus mini-
 mus— i. Lombo-costo-abdominal,  Obliquus  in-
 ternus abdominis—i. Lumbalis, Ileo-lumbar, see
 Iliac arteries—i. Lumbi-costal, Quadratus lumbo-
 rum—i. Lumbo-vertebral ligament, Ileo-lumbar-
 ligament.
   IL'IO-PECTINEA, belonging to the ilium and
 to the pecten or pubis.
   Ilio-pectineal  Eminence  is  so called from
 being formed by the junction of the ramus of the
 ilium with that of the pubis.   It affords attach-
 ment to  the psoas minor.
   Ilio-pectinea  Linea, Linea  innomina'ta, is
 the projecting line or ridge of the ilium and  pu-
 bis, which forms part of the brim of the pelvis.
   ILIO-PRE TIBIAL, Sartorius.
   Ilio-Psoi'tis, from Ilium,  'the  ilion/ \poas,
 'the loins/ and  itis, denoting inflammation.  In-
 flammation of the ilium and psoas muscle.
   ILIO -PUBO- COSTO-ABD03IINAL, Obli-
 quus externus abdominis—i. Rotulien, Rectus fe-
 moris—i. Sacral, Sacro-iliac—i. Sacral articula-
 tion, Sacro-iliac articulation — i. Sacro-femoral,
 Glutasus  major — i. Scrotal nerve, Musculocuta-
 neous, superior — i. Trochantirien, Glutasus me-
 dius— i.  Trochantirien petit, Glutasus minimus.
   IL'ION,  Ilium, Ileum,  Haunch bone.   The
largest of the three bones which constitute  the
 os innominatum in the foetus and child.   It was
probably so called  from its seeming to  support
the intestine ilion ; or, perhaps, because its crest
is  curved upon itself, from tiXtui,  ' I  twist/ ' I
roll.'  This  portion of the os innominatum is
usually so  called in the adult.  The posterior
surface is called  Dorsum, the internal  Venter.
The  upper  semicircular edge  is the  Criata or
Spine, at the anterior part of which is the ante-
rior  and. auperior spinous process; and,  below,
the anterior and inferior spinous process.  At the
back part of the spine are two  spinous  processes,
the posterior and superior, and posterior and in-
ferior.   See Iliac.
  ILITHYI'A,  'EtXttdvia, Luclna,  Juno  Lucina.
 The  goddess who  presided over parturient fe-
males, with the  Greeks and  Romans.
  ILIUM, Ileum, Ilion.
  ILKESTON,  MINERAL WATERS  OF.
Hkeston  is in Derbyshire, England, about eight
miles from Nottingham.  The water  contains car-
bonates  of  lime and soda, chloride of calcium,
sulphate  of magnesia, sulphate of soda, carbonic
acid, sulphohydric acid, and a. little iron.
  ILLACHRYMATIO, Epiphora.
  ILLECEBRA, Sedum—i. Major, Sedum tele-
 phium.
   ILLECEBRUM VERMICULARE,  Sedum.
   ILLEGITIMATE, Illegitimus, from it, in, 'ne-
gation or opposition/ and legitimus, 'legitimate;'
from lex, legis, ' law.'  That which is contrary to
law : which has not  the conditions required by
law,—as an illegitimate birth—one out of wedlock.
  Illegitimate or Bastard Eevers  are  those
whose progress is anomalous.
  ILLICIUM  ANISA'TUM,  Yelloio-fiowered
Anise, An'iseed  Tree, Star Anise, Ani'eum stella'-
tum, Anisum Sinen'ae, Semen Badian,  (F.) Ania
de la Chine, A. itoili, Badiane.  Fam. Magno-
liaceas.   Sex. Syat. Polyandria Polygynia.   The
seeds are used like the aniseed. The same tree is
 supposed  to  furnish the aromatic bark, called
 Cortex Anisi Stella'ti,  Cortex Lurola.
  Illicium Anisatum is said to furnish much of
 the so called Oil of Anise, used in  tho United
 States.
  Illicium Florida'num,  Florida Anise  Tree,
 Star Anise, Sweet Laurel.   An evergreen shrub,
 the bark, leaves, &c, of which have a  spicy odour
 like anise, and might be used for it.
  Illicium Parviflo'rum, a  shrub  of the hilly
 regions of Georgia and Carolina, has a flavour
 closely resembling that of sassafras root.
  ILLINITIO, Inunction.
  ILLITIO,  Inunction.
  ILLITUS, Inunction.
  ILLOS, Eye, see Strabismus.
  ILLO'SIS, lid sis, from iXXos, 'the  eye.'  Dis-
 tortion of the eyes.   Strabismus.
  ILLUSIO  SENSUS, Hallucination.
  ILLUSION,  Hallucination.
  ILLUTAMENTUM, see Illutatio.
  ILLUTA'TIO,  from il, in, 'upon/  and latum,
 'mud.'  A word used, by  the ancients, for  the
 act of covering  any part of the body with mud,—
 illutamedturn — with therapeutical views.
  ILOSIS, Illosis.
  IMAGINA'TION, Imagina'tio,  Figurdtio,
 Phanta'sia, Dianoe'ma,  from imago,  'image.'
 The faculty of  forming in the mind an assem-
 blage ef images and combinations of ideas which
 are not alwajs in  connexion with external  ob-
 jects.
  I3IBALSA3IATION, Embalming.
  IMBECIL'ITY,  Imbeeillitas, Stupid'itaa, He-
 betu'do an'imi.  Weakness, especially of the in-
 tellect; incoherency; Imbecil'litas mentis.
  IMBECILLIS,  Infirm.
  IMBECILLITAS INGENII, Idiotism, Imbe-
 cility— i.  Mentis, Idiotism, Imbecility — i. Ven-
 triculi, Gasterasthenia.
  IMBELLIS AD  VENEREM, Frigid.
  IMBER'BIS,  Imber'bus, Agcneios, Apo'gon,
 from im, in, 'negation/ and barba, 'beard.'  One
 devoid of beard.
  IMBIBITIO, Absorption, Imbibition.
  IMBIBIT"ION,  Imbibil'io, Emp'osis, Endos-
 mose, Aspiration, from imbibere (in, and bibere),
 ' to  drink,  to imbibe.'  The action,  by which a
 body becomes penetrated by a liquid.  See En-
 dosmose.  Many of the phenomena of absorption
 are  owing to imbibition.
  IMBREX NARIUM, Septum narium.
  IMBRICARIA SAXATILIS, Lichen saxatilis.
  IMMERSUS, Subscapularis muscle.
  IM'MINENCE, Immincdtia, from im, and ma-
 nere, ' to stay.'  Staying over, or upon ; impend-
ing.   Some authors have  designated,  by  this
 term, the  period which precedes the  invasion of
 a disease; when certain indications  foretell its
approach.
  I3I3IINENCE 3I0RBIDE,  Diathesis, Predis,
position.
  IMMISSIO CATHETERIS, Catheterismus.
  IMMISSOR,  Catheter.
  IMMOBILITAS, Acinesia—i. Pupillas, Amau-
rosis.
  IMMODERANTIA,  Intemperance.
  IMMODERATIO, Intemperance.
  IMMOVABLE APPARATUS, see  Apparatus,
immovable.
  IMMUTANS, Alterative.
  IMPACTION, lmpae'tio, from impingere (in,
and pangerc), ' to strike against'  A  fracture of
the  cranium, ribs, or sternum, with depression of
some of the fragments and projection of others
 externally.  See Ecpiesma. 
IMPATIENS
469
INCARCERATION
  IMPA'TIENS  BALSAMI'NA, Balsam weed,
Touch-me-not. This probably resembles the other
species in its properties.
  Impa'tikns Fulva and  I. Pal'lida,  Touch-
me-not, Jewel weed, Balsam weed, Slippers, Cel-
andine, Quick-in-the-hand, Wcath'ercoeks.  Indi-
genous plants, having tender, juicy, almost trans-
parent stems, and yellow flowers, which appear
in July and August.  It is found in low, moist
ground, in every part of the Union.   The pro-
perties are probably the same as those of
  Impa'tiens Noli-me-tan'gere of Europe,which
has an acrid taste, and acts as an emetic, cathar-
tic, and diuretic.
  IMPEDIMENTUM,  Emphragma.
  IMPERATO'RIA,  /.  Ostrdthium,  Selinum
ostru'thium, S. Imperato'ria, Angel'ica officina'lis,
Astruthium,  Ostruthium, Astran'tin, Magistrad-
tiu,  3lnsterwort, (old  F.) Austruche.  The roots
of this plant were formerly considered divinum
remedium. They are merely aromatic and bitter,
and are not used.
  Imperatoria Sylvestris, Angelica sylvestris.
  IMPERFORATE. Atretus.
  IMPERFORATE,   Imperforation — i.  Ani,
Atresia  ani  adnata,  Proctatresia — i. Pupillas,
Synezizis — i. Uteri, Metratresia.
  IMPERFORA'TION, from im,  'in/ per,
'through',and/orare, 'to bore.'Imperfora'tio,Atre''-
sin,  Atretis'mus, ('np'etus.  Absence of  a natural
aperture; as, of the mouth, anus, vulva, nostrils,
&c.  It is congenital, being dependent upon faulty
conformation.
  131PERFORATION DE L'ANUS, Atresia
ani adnata.
  IMPE'RIAL. A pleasant, cooling drink, formed
of bitartrate of potassa, ^fss; one lemon, cut into
slices; white sugar, Ibss; and water,  Oiij.  Let
the mixture stand for half an hour, and strain.
  IMPETIGINOSITAS, Impetigo.
  IMPETl'GO, from t'mpeto, ' I infest.' Impeti-
ginos'itas, Darta,  Dcr'bia, Iin'pctus,  Peti'go,  Ee-
pye'eia impetigo, Phlyaia impcti'go, Lepra squam-
mo'sa, Running Seall or Tetter, Crusted Tetter,
Pustular  or  Humid Tetter, Seall, Cowrap, (F.)
Dartre, D. crustacie, D.  crolitteuse, Lepre humide,
3Iilitagre. A word used in various acceptations.
AYith some writers it is synonymous with itch. In
others, it  means a variety of herpes.   Sauvages
employs  it as a generic term,  under which he
comprises syphilis, scorbutus, rachitis, elephanti-
asis, the itch, tinea, scrofula, Ac.  It forms, also,
a genus  in  the class Cachexia  of  Cullen.  In
Bateman, it  is  the first genus of the 5th order,
Pustula,  and is defined — the humid or running
tetter; consisting of small pustules, denominated
Psydracia.  It is unaccompanied by fever;  not
contagious, or communicable by inoculation.  He
has  five   species: — the  I. flgurdta, I. sparaa,
I. erysipelato'des,  I. acab'ida, and /.  rodens.  See
Psoriasis.
  Impetigo Excorticativa, Ichthyosis — i. Fi-
gurata, Porrigo lupinosa — i. Pellagra, Pellagra
— i. Ulcerate, Zerna.
  IMPETUM  FACIENS. Enormon.
  IMPETUS, Impetigo, Paroxysm.
  IAIPL1CATIONES  RETICULARES NER-
A'ORl"M, Plexus nervorum.
  IMPLICIT! MORBI, Impliea'ti seu compli-
edti 3Iorbi.  Diseases, which exist in an organ;
and  produce,  concurrently, disorders  in other
organs.
  IMPLUA'IUM,  Embrocation,  Bath, shower.
  IAIPOSTIU'ME, Abscess.
  IAI'POTENCE, Acratia, Impoten'tin, I. gene-
ran'di, Agenne'sia, Agen'nesis, Igna'via  seu lg-
tuiv'itas puvtium genitu'littm, (F.) Impuissance;
from im,  'priv.,' and ootens, 'able.' Loss of power
 over One or more of the members.  Commonly, it
 means want of sexual vigour; incapacity for co-
 pulation; and  chiefly  on  the part of the male.
 Asty'sia, Astyph'ia, Asynddia, Adynamia viri'lis.
 It has, also, been used synonymously with steri-
 lity.  Impotence may be absolute or relative,  con-
 stitutional  or local, direct  or  indirect, permanent
 or temporary.
   IMPOTENTIA, Adynamia, Impotence—i. Ge-
 nerandi, Impotence.
   IMPOVERISHED, Effe'tus, Depaupera'tus,
 (F.) Appauvri.  'Having become  poor/ origi-
 nally from (L.) pauper, 'poor.'  The Humorists
 applied this epithet to a humour, deprived  of a
 part of its constituents, and  particularly to the
 blood.  This fluid was considered to be impove-
 rished when it was pale, without the proper con-
 sistence, and  abounding in  serum.  It was, on
 the contrary,  rich, in their  opinion, when  of a
 scarlet  colour; possessing consistence; when  it
 coagulated promptly, and the quantity  of serum,
 compared with that of the clot, was by no means
 considerable.
   IMPR^EGNATIO, Fecundation, Pregnancy.
   IMPREGNATION, Fecundation, Pregnancy.
   IAIPRESSIBILITY, GREAT, Hyperassthesis.
   IMPRES'SION, Impres'sio (in, and premere,
 pressum, 'to press'), Pros'bole, (F.) Empreinte.
 A more  or less deep indentation which certain
 organs  seem to make on others.   Inequalities
 observable on  the bones, which  appear to be
 made by the subjacent organs.
   Impres'sions Dig"ital, Impressio'nes digita'ta
 cra'nii, Fossa digita'les, are  the depressions of
 various forms, observable at the inner surface of
 the cranium, which look, at first view, as if they
 were made with the fingers.
  IMPU'BER, Impu'bes, Impu'bis, Ane'bus,  Ca-
 pilla'tus, from in,  'negation/ andpubertas,  'pu-
 berty.' (F.) Impnibere.  One who has not attained
 the age of puberty.
  IMPUBES, Impuber.
  IMPUDICUS, see Digitus.
  131 PUISSANCE,  Impotence.
  IMPULSE, DIAS'TOLIC, Back stroke of the
 heart.  A jog or stroke which has been termed
 the 'back stroke/ felt at the  end of each pulsa-
 tion, and which would seem to be owing to the
 refilling of the ventricles.
  Impulse of the Heart, see Heart.
  IMPURITATES ALVINA, Easces.
  INANIA, Iliac regions.
  INANITIATED, see Inanitiation.
  INANITIA'TION, Inanitidtio, same etymon.
 The act of  being exhausted for want of nourish-
ment. One so exhausted is said to be inanitiated.
  INANIT"ION, Inanil'io, Inan'itas, from ina-
nire, ' to empty.'  Ceno'sis.  Exhaustion  for want
of nourishment.  To die from inanition is to die
from exhaustion.
  INAPPETENTIA, Anorexia, Dysorexia.
  INARTICULATIO, Enarthrosis.
  INAURA'TION, Inaurdtio, from in, and au-
 rum, 'gold.'  The gilding of pills or boluses.
  INCANTAMENTUM, Charm.
  INCANTA'TION,  Incanta'tio,  Incantamed-
 tum, Ep'ode,  from in,  and cantare, 'to  sing/ —
 for example, a magical song.   A mode of curing
 diseases by charms, &c., defended by Paracelsus,
 A"an Helmont, and others.
  INCARCERA'TIO, Chatonnement, Incarcera-
 tion— i. Intestinorum interna, Enteremphraxis
 — i. Intestinorum, Enteroperistole.
  INCARCERATION, Incarcerdtio,  from in,
 ' in/ and career, ' prison.'  Hernia is said to be
 incarcerated.  Hernia  incarcera'ta, when, owing
 to constriction about the neck of the hernial sac
 or elsewhere, it cannot be reduced with facility. 
INCARNANS               470                 INCUBUS
Incarceration is sometimes used in the same sense
as strangulation.
  ISCAR'S AXS,Incar>iati'vu8,Sarco'ticus,Stal'-
ticua, Plero'ticua, Anaplero'ticus, Sarcotic, from
in,  and caro, camie,  'flesh.'  Medicines, which
were fancied  to promote the regeneration of the
flesh.  Certain  bandages and sutures have, also,
been so called.
  INCARNATIO,  Incarnation — i.  Unguium,
Onychogryphosis.
  INCARNA'TION, Incarndtio, same  etymon.
Growth of flesh or granulations.
  INCARNATUS, Carneous.
  INCEN'DIUM,  from incendere  (in, and can-
dere), 'to burn.' Pyrca'a, trvpKata, Causis, Phlo-
go'sis.   A burning fever or any burning heat. —
Incen'dium febrile, Incen'sio. — "Willis.  Inflam-
mation, Phlegmon.
  Incendium Spontaneum, Combustion, human.
  INCENSIO,  Incendium.
  INCENTIVUM, Stimulant.
  INCERA'TION, Incerdtio,  Encero'sis,  from
cera, ' wax.'  The act of incorporating wax with
some other body; or, rather, the operation whose
object  is to communicate to a dry substance the
consistence of wax.
  INCERNIC'ULUM,  from incernere (in,  and
cerwere), ' to sift.'  A strainer or sieve.
  INCESSIO, Bath, half, Semicupium.
  INCESSUS,  Walking.
  INCIDEN'TlA, from incidere (in, and cadere),
'to cut.' (F.) Incisifs.  This name was formerly
given to medicines to which was attributed the
property of cutting thick or coagulated humours.
The fixed  alkalies, hydrosulphurets of alkalies,
sulphurous water,  &c, were considered to belong
to this class.
   INCINERA'TION,  Incinerd tio,  Cinefac'tio,
from cinis, cineris, ' ashes.'  In pharmacy, a pro-
cess by which animal or vegetable substances are
reduced to ashes.
  INCINCTA, Pregnant.
   INCISIFS, Incidentia.
   INCISIO,  Cut, Incision—i. Simplex, Haploto-
mia.
   INCIS'ION, Incis'io, Ed cope, Incisu'ra, Inei-
sus, Tome, (F.) Taillade.  A methodical division
of soft parts with a cutting instrument.
   INCI'SIVE, lucisi'vus, Inciso'rius, Fossainci-
siva, F. myrtifor'mis, is a depression in the  supe-
rior maxillary bone, above the incisor teeth.
   Incisive Bone, Intermaxillary bone—i. Canal,
see Palatine canals.
   Incisive Nerve, Nervus ineisi'vus.  A branch
of the inferior dental nerve, which supplies the
incisor teeth.
   Incisive Teeth, Incisor  Teeth, Den'tes inci-
so'rea, tom'ici,  ctenea, dichasterea,  gelaalni, pri-
mo'rea, raao'rii.  The teeth which occupy the an-
terior  part of the upper and lower jaws are  so
called, because they are used for cutting the food
in the manner  of cutting instruments.
   INCISIVUS, MUSCULUS,  Levator labii su-
perioris proprius—i. Inferior, Levator labii infe-
rioris— i. Lateralis et pyramidalis, Levator labii
superioris alasque  nasi—i. Medius, Depressor alas
nasi.
   INCISOR TEETH, Incisive teeth.
   INCISO'RIUM, Tomion.  An operating table.
A scalpel.
   INCISORIUS,  Incisive.
   INCISURA, Echancrure, Incision — i. Crucia-
lis, Crucial Incision—i. Ischiadica Major, Sciatic
notch, greater—i. Ischiadica Minor, Sciatic notch,
lesser — i. Lienalis, Hilus lienalis — i. Renalis,
Hilus  renalis — i. Scapularis, Notch, scapular —
i. Septi, see Ventricles of the brain.
   Incisu'ra Trag"ica, Notch of the Concha.  A
wide, deep and rounded notch, which  separates
the tragus from the antitragus.
  INCISURES DE  SANTOR1NI,  Santorini,
fissures of.
  INCISUS, Incision.
  INCITABILITY, Irritability.
  INCITAMENTUM,  Stimulus.
  IN C IT AN S, Stimulant.
  INCITATIO, Stimulation.
  INCLAA'ATIO, Gomphosis, see Wedged.
  INCLINATIO, Decline — i. Cosli, Climate.
  INCLUSION, MONSTBOSITY BY, EmboUe-
ment.
  INCLUSUS, AVedged.
  INCOCTUS, see Crudity.
  INCOHERENCE, Incohe'rency, (F.)  Anaco-
luthie, Rivaeeerie; from in, negative, co,  con,
cum, 'with/ and harere,  'to stick.'  AVant of de-
pendence of one part on another.  The condition
of the mental manifestations in dementia, &c.
  INCOMPATTBLE, from in, 'negation/  and
competere, ' to agree.'  A substance, which can-
not  be prescribed with  another, without inter-
fering with its chemical composition or medicinal
activity.
  INCONTINENTIA, from in, 'negation/ and
contineo, 'I  contain;' Anepia''cheaia.   'Inconti-
nence.'  ' Inability to retain the natural  evacua-
tion.'  Abuse of the pleasures of love.
  Incontinentia  Alvi, Diarrhoea — i.  Urinse,
Enuresis, Scoracrasia.
  INCORPORATION, Incorpordtio,  Corpord-
tio, Enaoinuto'sis, 3Ietenaomato'sis, from  in,  and
corpus, ' a body.'   An operation, by which medi-
cines are mixed  with  soft  or  liquid  bodies, in
order to give them a certain consistence. Also,
the thorough admixture of  various substances.
  INCRASSAN'TIA,  Incrassati'vu,  Inviacad-
tia,  Spiaaadtia, Ecpyc'tica, Gondenaan'tio,  Pa-
chyn'tica, Pycuot'ica,  Pycnicmas'tica,  from  in,
and cras8ua,  ' thick.'  Medicines which were for-
merly believed to possess the power of thickening
the humours, when too thin.   All mucilaginous
substances were so regarded.
  INCRASSATIVA, Incrassantia.
  IN'CREASE,  Incremedturn, Auxia, Auxe'ais,
from in, and crcacere, 'to grow.'  (F.)  Accroiaae-
ment.  Augmentation of the size or weight of a
body, by the application of new molecules around
those which  already exist.
   INCREMENTUM, Augmentation,  Increase.
   INCRUCIATIO, Decussation.
   INCRUSTA'TION, Incrusta'tio, from in, and
crusta, ' a crust;' Coni'asis.  The act of  forming
a crust on the surface of a body, as well as the
crust  itself.   Also, the  calcareous deposites or
cartilaginous plates,  which  sometimes  form in
organs.
   INCUBA'TION, Incubdtio, Incubit'io, Incd-
bitus, from incubare, (in, and cubare,)' to lie upon.'
This word, which is used  in natural history for
tho sitting of birds upon their eggs, is employed,
figuratively, in  medicine,  for  the  period  that
elapses between the introduction  of  a  morbific
principle into the animal economy and the inva-
sion of the disease.
   INCUBITIO,  Incubation.
   INCUBITUS, Incubation.
   INCUBO, Incubus.
   IN'CUBUS.   Same etymon.   In'cubo, EpiaV-
tes, Ephialtes noctur'nus, Epihial'tes,  Epilep'sia
noctuma, Asthma noetur'num, Pnigulion, Suc'-
cubua, Oneirodynia grarana, Erethis'mus oneiro-
dynia, Noctur'na oppres'sio, Epib'ole, Bubuzicd -
rius, Nightmare, (F.) Cauchemar,  Gauchevieille,
 Cochemar, Oneiroclynie gravative.  Same etymon.
A sensation of a distressing weight at the epigas-
trium during sleep, and of impossibility of mo- 
INCUNABULA
471
INDURATION
tion, speech or respiration; the patient at length
awaking in terror, after extreme anxiety.  Night-
mare is often  the effect  of  difficult digestion
or of an uneasy position of the  body.  At other
times, it occurs in consequence of severe  emo-
tions.   The sensation of suffocation was formerly
ascribed to the person's being possessed, and the
male spirits were called incubes—the female suc-
cubes.  The disease requires no  particular  treat-
ment.  The causes must be avoided.
   Incubus  Vigilan'tium,  Ephial'tea  vigilad-
tium, E. hypochondriaca, Daymare.  This is pro-
duced during wakefulness ; the sense of pressure
being severe and extending over the abdomen;
respiration frequent,  laborious,  and  constricted;
eyes  fixed; sighing, deep and violent;  intellect,
undisturbed.
   INCUNABULA, Swathing clothes.
   INCUNEATIO, see Wedged.
   INCU'RABLE, Incurab'ilis, Rem'edileaa, Irre-
me'diable,  Inaanab'ilia,  Anal'thes,  Anaces'tos,
Atherapcu'tus, from in, negative, and euro, cure.
Not susceptible of cure;—applied to both patients
and diseases.
   INCURIA, Acedia.
   INCURSUS ARTERIARUM, Pulse.
   INCURVATIO, Gryposis.
   INCUS, (in, and cudo, 'I hammer/) 'an anvil.'
Acmon, Oa incu'di aim'ile,  Oaaic'ulum lncudi seu
moldri deuti compardtum, (F.) Enclume.  One
of the  small bones of the ear, so called from its
fancied resemblance  to a smith's anvil.  It is
situate in  the  cavity of the tympanum, between
the malleus and orbiculare.   Its body is articu-
lated  with  the  malleus;  its horizontal ramus,
which is the shortest, corresponds with the en-
trance of the mastoid cells; and its  vertical ra-
mus is  articulated with  the os  orbiculare.  The
incus is composed of a compact tissue, and is de-
veloped from a single point of ossification.
   INDEX, Dig"itus index seu secun'dua seu salu-
tator'iua, Demonatra'tor, Indicdtor, Indicate' rius,
Licitunos,  Deic'ticoa, from  indicore, 'to  point
out.'  The forefinger, index finger.  See Digitus.
   INDIAN ARROAV AVOOD, see Euonymus —
i. Paint, Hydrastis Canadensis—i. Physic,  Gille-
nia trifoliata—i.  Physic, small-flowered, Gillenia
stipulacea.
   INDIA'NA,  MINERAL  AVATERS  OF.  A
medicinal  spring, near Jefforsonville,  is  much
frequented.  Its waters are strongly impregnated
with sulphur and iron.
   INDICANT, Iddicans, Endeic'ticos, (F.) Indi-
catif.  Same etymon as index.  Any thing which,
in the course of a disease or in what precedes or
accompanies it, concurs in pointing out the means
to be used for its cure.
   IND1CATIF,  Indicant
   INDICATING DAYS,  Dies Iddices, D. In-
dicate'rii seu Indican'tes, D. contemplan'tes, (F.)
Jours indicateurs.  Hippocrates and others have
thus called the middle day of the septenary; be-
cause they imagined, that indications were  some-
times given then of the crisis  which would occur
iu the last day of the septenary.
   INDICA'TION, Indica'tio, Accusa'tio, Deld-
tio, Endeix'is, Endcx'is, Boethematicum Semelon.
Tho  object proposed in the employment of any
means  which  are had recourse to for the cure of
disease.  It may also be defined—the manifesta-
tion afforded by  the disease itself of what is pro-
per to be done for its removal.
   INDICATOR,  Extensor proprius  indicis, see
Digitus, and Index.
   INDICUM.  Indigo.
   INDICUS COLOR, Indigo.
   INDIGENCE, Want
   INDIG"ENOUS, Indig"ena.  AVhatever is na-
tive in a country, in opposition to exotic; as an
indigenous remeely, indigenous diaeaae, <fcc.
  INDIGESTION, Dyspepsia — i. Alkaline, see
Dyspopsia — i. Neutral, see Dyspepsia.
  INDIGITATIO, Intussusceptio.
  INDIGNABUNDUS, Rectus externus oculi.
  INDIGNATORIUS, Rectus externus oculi.
  IN'DIGO, Indigum, In'dicum, Indicua color,
Pigmen'tum In'dicum.  A dye-stuff, in small soUd
masses, of a deep azure blue colour, and devoid
of smell and taste.  It is obtained, by a fermenta-
tive  process, from Indigofera anil, (I. suffruti-
co'ea,) I. argedtea, (I. articula'ta seu tincto'ria
seu glau'ca seu  colora'ta,) and I. tincto'ria seu
In'dica,  and is  sometimes used by the  apothe-
cary for colouring certain preparations.  It has
likewise been administered internally, of late, in
spasmodic  diseases, especially in epilepsy.  The
dose may be at first grains, but it may be ele-
vated to drachms.
  Indigo,  False,  (Tall White,) see Sophora
tinctoria.
  INDIGO, FAUX, Galega officinalis—i. Weed,
Sophora tinctoria — i. AYild, Sophora tinctoria —
i. Yellow, Sophora tinctoria.
  INDIGOFERA, see Indigo, Sophora tinctoria.
  INDIGUM, Indigo.
  INDISPOSIT"ION,  3Iala  dieposil'io,  Dys-
phoria, (F.) Malaiae.  A slight functional dis-
turbance, which may scarcely bear the name of
disease.  A feeling of sickness — aenaus agritd-
dinia.
  IN'DOLENT, Id dolens, from in, privative, and
dolere, ' to be in pain.'  Exhibiting little or no
pain.  An epithet particularly applied to certain
tumours.
  INDOLENTIA, Anodynia.
  IN'DOLES.   A natural disposition or charac-
ter.
  Indoles  An'imi.   The natural disposition or
character of mind.
  Indoles Morbi.   The nature or character of a
dlS6£lS6
  INDOSYNCLONUS, Beriberi.
  INDUC'TIO, Apogo'ge,  from  inducere, (in,
and  ducere, 'to  lead.')  A word used especially
for the action of extending a plaster upon linen.
  INDUCULA, AVaistcoat, strait.
  INDUMENTUM CORDIS, Pericardium — i.
Nervorum,  Neurilema—i. Arentriculorum, Epen-
dyma ventriculorum.
  IN'DURANS, (in and duras,)  Sclerotieus,
Solemn'ticus, Sclerydticus.  A  medicine which
hardens the parts to which it is applied.
  INDURATlO,  Induration — i. Intestinorum,
Enteropathia cancerosa — i. Maligna, Scirrhus—
i. Renum, Nephroscleria—i. Telas cellulosas neo-
natorum, see Induration—i. Ventriculi scirrhosa,
Gastroscirrhus.
  INDURA'TION, Indurdtio, Sclerys'ma, Scle-
rys'mus, Gallos'itas, Indurescedtia, Poro'ma, Po-
ro'sis,  (F.) Endurcissement.  The hardness which
supervenes, occasionally, in an inflamed part.  It
is one of the terminations of inflammation, and is
owing to a change in the nutrition of the part.
  Induration of  the Cellular Tissue, Indu-
rdtio seu Oppila'tio tela cellulo'sa neonato'rum,
Ethmyphotylo'sis, O-Jile'iun neonato'rum, Compact
GSde'ma of Infants,  Calochus Infan'tum,  indu-
ratio cellulo'sa,  Sclere'mia, Sclere'ma, Sdt. ,'ma,
Scleroder'ma,  Cutis  tensa chrodica, Dermatope-
risclero'sis,  Dermatoperisclerysinus, Ethmyphoty-
losis, Halonii'tis, Phlegmasia cellula'ris, Scirrho-
sar'ca neonato'rum, Sclerlasis neonato'rum, Scle-
ro'sis,  Stipa'tio  tela  cellulo'sa Infan'tum,  Skin-
boimd Disease, (F.) Endurcissement du tissu cellu-
laire; CSdhne da. tissu cellulaire des nouveau-nis,
Asphyxic lentc des nouvcau-nes, is a disease which 
              INDURESCENTIA            4'

attacks infants a few days after birth, and which
Chaussier proposed to call Sclireme, from cKXvpos,
' hard.'
  The Induration of the cellular tissue of  the
adult, Sclcrosteno'sis cuta'nea, has been regarded
as the result of inflammation of the corium, Cho-
rioni'tis.
  Induration of the Brain, Sclerencephalia—
t. Grise, see Hepatization.
  INDURESCENTIA, Induration.
  INDU'SIUM, Chitonis'coa.  Strictly, 'a shirt/
' a small tunic;'  but  some  have so called  the
amnion.
  INE'BRIANT, Ine'brions, Phontas'ticus; from
in and ebrio,  'I intoxicate.'  Intoxicating.   An
agent that intoxicates.
  INEBRIATION, Temulentia.
  INEDIA, Fasting.
  INER'TIA, from in, 'privative/ and ars, artis,
'art./ (?) Igna'via, Ener'vitas.  Sluggishness, in-
activity.
  Iner'tia of the Womb, (F.) Inertie de la ma-
trice.  The diminution and  even total cessation
of the contractions of the uterus during labour;
as well as  the species  of languor into which it
sometimes falls after the expulsion of the foetus.
  INERTIE  PAR EPUISE3IENT, see Partu-
rition— i. de la 3Iatrice, Inertia of the womb.
  INESIS, Cenosis.
  INETHMOS, Cenosis.
  INFANCY, Infun'tia, from in, 'negation/ and
fans, from fori,  ' to speak.' Early childhood.
Childhood; Nepiotes, Paidi'a, (F.) Enfance.  It
generally  includes  the age  from birth till  the
seventh year.  See Age.
  INFANS, Paldion, Ne'pios, (F.) Enfant.  An
infant;  a child;  one  in infancy.  In  law, one
who  has not attained the age of  legal  capacity;
which is, in general, fixed at twenty-one years.
  Infans recens natus, Nouveau-ni.
  INFANTIA, Infancy.
  INFANTICIDE, Infanticldium, Tecnoctodia,
Child-murder, from infans, 'a child/ and cadere,
' to kill.'  The murder of a  child newly born, or
on the point of  being born.  It may  be perpe-
trated by the  mother, or by some other person,
either by commission, that is, in consequence of a
direct, voluntary act; — or  by omission of those
cares which are necessary for the preservation of
the new-born.
  INFARCTUS,  Emphraxis — i. Intestinorum,
Enteremphraxis—i. Lactei extremitatum, Phleg-
matia dolens—i. Lienis, Splenoncus.
  Infarc'tls Mamma;  Lac'teus, Lactis concre-
tio'nes, Nodi seu Thrombi lactei,  I'richi'asis lac-
tea.   Knotty  tumours  of the female  mammas,
owing to the  accumulation and arrest of milk in
the galactophorous ducts.
  Infarctus Uteri, Mctremphraxis.
  INFECTION, see Contagion.
  INFECUNDITY, Sterility.
  INFECUNDUS, Sterile.
  INFER'NAL, Infer'nus;  ' relating to hell.'  A
name applied to caustic — Lapis luferna'lis—on
account of its  strong burning properties.
  INFIBULA'TIO, Fibula'tio, Infibula'tion,Anc-
tcrias'mus; from fibula, 'a  clasp.'  (F.) Boucle-
ment.  An  operation, formerly practised, whieh
consisted in passing a ring through the prepuce,
after having drawn it over the glans; —in order
to prevent coition.  The ancients employed infi-
bulation  with their gladiators,  to preserve  all
their strength by  depriving them  of venery.  In
the women, to preserve their chastity, the ring
was passed through the labia majora.
  INFILTRA'TION, Infiltrdtio, from filtrare,
'2              INFLAMMATIO

 'to filter.'   Effusion.  The  accumulation  of  a
 fluid in the areolas of any texture, and  particu-
 larly of the areolar membrane.   The fliiwl effused
 is ordinarily  the Liquor sanguinis, sou\'  or al-
 tered,— sometimes blood or pus, fanes, or urine.
 AVhen infiltration of a serous fluid is general,  it
 constitutes anasarca ; when local, oedema.
    INFILTRATION PURULENTE, see Hepa-
 tization.
    INFIRM,  Inflrm'us, Imbecillis, Deb'ilis,  As'-
 thenes, from in, negative, and firmus, 'firm.'  Not
 firm or sound;  weak ; feeble.
    INFIRMARIUM, Hospital.
    INFIRMARY', Hospital.
    INFIRMATORIUM, Hospital.
    INFIR3IIER (F.), from infirmus, (in, negative,
 and firmus.)   Inflrma'rius, Nosoc'omus, Cura'tor
 inflrmo'rum.  One employed in an hospital or in-
 firmary to take care of the sick.
    INFTRM'ITY, Infirm'itas, Asthenia, Arrhos'-
 tin, Invaletddo.  Any disease which has become
 habitual, either owing to its chronic character, or
 its numerous relapses.
    INFLA'MED,  Inflamma'tua, (F.) Enflammi,—
 Phlogo'scd, according to some.   Same etymon as
 inflammation.  Affected with inflammation,
    INFLAMMABLE AIR,Hydrogen,carburetted.
    INFLAMMATIO, Inflammation, Phlegmon—
 i.  Abdominalis, Enccelitis — i.  Articuli Maxillae
 Inferioris, Hyposiago.narthritis—i. Auris, Otitis—
 i. Bronchiorum, Bronchitis — i. Casci, Typhlo-en-
 teritis—i.  Capsulas lentis, Phacohymenitis—i. Ce-
 rebelli, Cerebellitis —i. Clitoridis, Nymphitis—i.
 Conjunctivas, see  Ophthalmia — i. Corneas, Cera-
 titis—i.  Coxas, Osphyitis—i. Cystidis fellere, Cho-
 lecystitis—i. Epiglottidis, Epiglottitis—i. Erysi-
 pelatosa, Erysipelatous inflammation — i. Fauci-
 um, Cynanche, Isthmitis — i. Gastritis,  Gastritis
 — i. Genas, Gnathitis — i. Genarum, Melitis — i.
 Gingivae, Ulitis—i. Glandularum lymphaticarum,
 Hydradenitis — i.  Glandularum lymphaticarum,
 Lymphadenitis—i. Glandularum sublingualium,
 Hypoglossiadenitis — i. Gulas,  Oesophagitis — i.
 Hcpatis, Hepatitis — i. Hepatis lenta,  Hepatitis
 (chronic) — i. Interna, Empresma — i. Intestino-
 rum, Enteritis—i. Iridis, Iritis—i. Jecoris, Hepa-
 titis—i. Laryngis, Laryngitis—i. Lienis, Splenitis
 — i. Ligamentorum, Syndesmitis — i.  Linguae,
 Glossitis—i. Mediastini, Mesodmitis—i. Medullas
 Spinalis, Myelitis—i. Musculi psoas, Psoitis—i.
 Musculorum, Myositis —i. Musculorum abdonti-
 nalium,  Myocceliitis — i. Nervorum, Neuritis—i.
 Oculorum, Ophthalmia—i. Oesophagi, Oesophagi-
 tis—i. Omenti,  Epiploitis—i. Ossis, Ostalgitis—i.
 Ovarii, Oaritis—i. Palati, Hyperoitis—i. Pancre-
 atis, Pancreatitis—i. Parenchyinatica, Parenchy-
 matitis—i. Parotidum, Parotitis, Cynanche paro-
 tidaea— i. Pectoris  acuta,  Pneumonia — i. Pera-
 cuta, Hyperphlogosis, Hyperphlegmasia—i. Peri-
 cardii, Pericarditis — i. Periostei, Periostitis — i.
 Periostei orbitas, Periorbitis — i. Peritonasi, Peri-
 tonitis— i. Pharyngis, Cynanche pharyngea — i.
 Phrenitis,  Phrenitis — i. Pleurae, Pleuritis — i.
 Pneumonica, Pneumonia — i. Pulmonum, Pneu-
 monia— i. Renum,  Nephritis — i. Renum  suc-
 centuriatorum, Paranephritis—i. Retina',  Dietyi-
 tis, Retinitis—i. Seleroticas, Sclerotitis—i. Scroti,
 Oschitis — i.  Septi transversi, Diaphragmitis — i.
 Sinuum frontalium,  Metopantritis — i.  Stomachi,
 Gastritis—i.  Superficiei internae cordis, Endocar-
 ditis—i. Telas cellulosae, Ethmyphytis—i. Telas
 fibrosas, Inohymenitis — i. Testium, Hernia  hu-
 moralis—i. Tonsillarum, Cynanche tonsillaris—i.
 Tunicas  hyaloideas, Hyalitis —  i. Tympani, Tym-
 panitis— i. Urethras, Gonorrhoea — i. Uteri, Me-
 tritis—i. Uteri catarrhalis, see  Metritis—i. Uteri
 et Peritonasi, Metroperitonitis—i. Uvulas, I vuli-
 tis—i. A asorum, Angeitis—i. A'asorum lymphati-
2 
INFLAAIMATION
473
INFLUENZA
 coram, Angeioleucitis—i. Ventriculi, Gastritis—i.
 Vi.-nt riculi et intestinorum,  Gastro-enteritis — i.
 Vesicae,  Cystitis—i. Aresicas felleas, Cholecystitis.
    INFLAMMATION,   Inflnmmu'tio,  from  in,
 'within/ and flammn, 'flame/ 'fire;'  Phleg'mone,
 Phiogdsia,  Rephlogo'sis, Epiphleg"io, Exop'aia,
 Phlegma'sia, Cauao'ma, Emprcs'ma, Phlo'qiu, Hy-
 percndoamose (Dutrochet), Ineen'dium, Hyperha-
 mato'sia, Hypera'mia  activa, Rhleboplero'aia cc-
 phrac'tieu.(F.)Angii'te,is so called in consequence
 of the acute or burning pain, felt in a part affected
 with it.  An  irritation  in a part of the body is oc-
 casioned by some stimulus;—owing to which the
 blood  flows into the capillary  vessels in greater
 abundance than natural, and those vessels become
 over-dilated  and enfeebled ; whence result pain,
 redness,  heat, tension, and  swelling; symptoms
 which appear in  greater or less severity, accord-
 ing  to the structure, vital properties, and func-
 tions of the part  affected, and its connexion with
 other parts, as well as  according to the constitu-
 tion of the individual.   The  inflammations of the
 areolar and serous  membranes greatly agree; —
 and those of the mucus and  skin;  the former
 being  more  active, and constituting  the  phleg-
 monous variety; — the  latter, the  erythematic or
 erysipelatous.  Of this variety is the diffusive in-
 flammation  produced  by morbid poisons ;  as
 during dissection, where solutions of continuity
 exist on  the fingers of the operator.   It is seen,
 too, in workers in bone, and hence has been called
 bone fever.  Preparatory to the turning of bones,
 it is  customary to macerate them in water.  The
 fluid soon becomes putrid, and if the hands be
 kept in it diffusive inflammation results.  Inflam-
 mation may end by resolution, suppuration, gan-
 grene,  adhesion,  effusion,  or induration.  Each
 of the  inflammations of internal organs has re-
 ceived a  name according to the  organ  affected;—
 as, gastritis,  cephalitis, enteritis,  hepatitis,  &c.
 Besides the above inflammations, there is  consi-
 dered to be an instinctive kind established for the
 union of  parts which have been divided, whether
 the union takes place immediately, or by the aid
 of an intermediate body.  This is the adhesive
 inflammation.   See  Adhesion,  Callus,  Cicatrix.
 Broussais considered that the term inflammation
 should include  every local exaltation of the  or-
 ganic movements which is sufficiently great to
 disturb the harmony of the functions, and disor-
 ganize  the texture in  which it is situate.  He
 farther extended  the name inflammation to irri-
 tations which  do not induce disorganization of the
 textures, and which had been previously, and are
 still,  called fevers.
   Examination of the blood drawn always  exhi-
 bits an increase  of the fibrinous element — the
 average proportion of which,  in  healthy blood, is
 about three in the thousand.  In inflammation, it
 at times rises  as high as ten.  In fevers unaccom-
 panied with inflammation, the proportion is natu-
 ral, or below the average; but whenever inflam-
 mation supervenes,  it immediately  rises.
   External inflammation is easily detected by the
 characters already mentioned :—internal, by dis-
 turbance of function and pain upon pressure; but
 the last sign is  often not available.  Both forms
 require the removal of  all irritation, and the  re-
 duction of vascular excitement  and nervous irri-
 tability :  hence, blood-letting—local and general
 — sedatives, refrigerants, and  counter-irritants
 become valuable  remedies in almost all cases of
 inflammation.
  INFI.A3f3IATION   DES  A3IYGDALES,
 Cynanche tonsillaris — i. des Artlres, Arteritis —
i. of tho Bladder, Cystitis—i. de la Bouche, Sto-
matitis— j. des Bronchea, Bronchitis — i. du Ca-
cum, Typhlo-enteritis—i. of the  Caseum, Typhlo-
 enteritis—i. du Cerveau et du Cervelet, Phrenitis
 i. du Coeur, Carditis — i. du Colon, Colitis—?', de
 la Conjonctive, see Ophthalmia — i. of the Dia-
 phragm, Diaphragmitis—i. Diffusive, see Inflam-
 mation— i.  Diphtheritic, Diphtheritis — i.  of the
 Ear, Otitis — i. de I'Epiglotte,  Epiglottitis—i. de
 l Estomae, Gastritis—i. of the Eye, Ophthalmia—
 i. da Foie, Hepatitis — i. des Gcncives, Ulitis—i.
 General, Synocha — i. of the Internal Membrane
 of the Heart, Endocarditis—i. Internal, Empres-
 ma—i. des Intestins, Enteritis—i. of the Iris, Iri-
 tis—i. of the Kidney,  Nephritis—i. de la Langue,
 Glossitis—i. of the Larynx, Laryngitis—i.  of the
 Liver, Hepatitis—i. de lo Lttette, Uvulitis—i. of
 the Lungs, Pneumonia—i. of the Malpighian Bo-
 dies, Kidney,  Bright's disease of the—i. des 31a-
 melles, Mastitis—i. de la 3Iatrice, Metritis—i. de
 la 3Iembrane alviolo-dentaire,  Periodontitis—i.
 de la 3Iembrane sireuse ciphalo-rachidienne, Me-
 ningitis—i. of the Mesentery, Mesenteritis—i. de
 la 3Ioelle ipinitire  ou. rachidienne, Myelitis — i.
 of the Mouth, pseudo-membranous, Stomatitis,
 pseudo-membranous—i. of the Mouth, pultaceous,
 Aphthas — i. des 3Iuscles, Myositis—/, des Nerfs,
 Neuritis—i. de l CEil, Ophthalmia—i. de I Oreille,
 Otitis—i. de 10voire, Oaritis—'. du Palais, Hy-
 peroitis—i. du Parenchyme pulmonaire, Pneumo-
 nia— i. de la Parotide,  Cynanche parotidasa — i.
 Pellicular,  Diphtheritis — i. da Piriearde,  Pe-
 ricarditis — i.  of  the  Pericardium, Pericardi-
 tis— i. du Piritoine,  Peritonitis — i. of the  Pe-
 ritonaeum, Peritonitis — i.  of the  Pleura,  Pleu-
 ritis— i. de la  Plevre, Pleuritis—i. des Poumons,
 Pneumonia,—i. du 3Iuscle psoas, Psoitis—i. de la
 Rate, Splenitis—i. des Reins, Nephritis—i. Spon-
 goid, Hasmatodes Fungus, see also Ence"|»haloid—
 i. of  the Stomach, Gastritis—i. de  la Testicttle,
 Hernia humoralis—i.  of the Testicle, Hernia hu-
 moralis—i. des Tissus blanes, Angeioleucitis—i.
 of the Tongue, Glossitis — i. des Yaisseaux Lym-
 j)hatiques, Angeioleucitis—i. des Veines, Phlebi-
 tis—i. de la. Visicule du Fiel, Cholecystitis—i. de
 la Vessie, Cystitis—i. of the Womb, Metritis.
  INFLAMMATIUN'CULA,   Subinflamma'tio.
 A superficial and often insignificant inflamma-
 tion of the skin, as in many cutaneous affections.
  mFLAM'MATO~RY,Inflammato'rius; Phlog"-
 icus, Phlogo'des, Phlogis'ticus, Phlogis'tic, belong-
 ing to inflammation ; — as, inflammatory tumour,
 inflammatory fever, &o.  The blood is said to be
 inflammatory when cupped or buffy.
  INFLATIO,  Emphysema,  Puffiness, Colica
 flatulenta—i. Parotidum, Cynanche parotidasa—
 i. Uteri, Physometra.
  INFLEXIO, Campsis.
  INFL UENCE, Influenza.
  INFLUENTIA, Influenza,
  INFLUENZA.   The  Italian for  'Influence.'
 Influenza Europa'a, Influedtia, Catar'rhus epi-
 dem'icus, Febris  catarrha'lis epidem'ica, Catar'-
 rhus  d contdgio, Rheuma epidem'icuin, Morbus
 Vervcci'nus,  31.  Catarrha'lis,  Sydochus catar-
 rha'lis, Deflux'io catarrha'lis,  31. Arie'tis, Ce-
 phalalgia contagio'sa  (epidemics of the 16th and
 17th centuries): (F.) Tac, Ladcndo, Quinte, Flo-
 rion,  Coqueluche, Baraquette, Genirale, Grippe,
 Follette, Grenade, Coquette,  Cocote, Petite Poste,
 Petit Courier,  Allure,  Fihire catarrhale ipide-
 mique; Influence, Epidemic catarrh.   A severe
 form of catarrh occurring epidemically, and ge-
 nerally affecting a number of persons in a  com-
 munity.  See Catarrh,  epidemic.   Gluge,  from
 his investigations, considers that the following is
 the chronological order of the return of the influ-
enza:— 14th  century, 1323,  1326—15th century,
1410, 1411, 1414—16th century, 1510, 1557, 1562,
1574,  1580, and 1593 —17th century,  1658, 1669,
1675,1693—18th century, 1708, 1712,1729,1732, 
INFLUENZOID
474
INFUSUM
1733,1742,1743,1761,1762, and 1775—19th cen-
tury, 1800, 1803, 1831, and 1833.  To these may
be added 1837, and 1843.
  Influenza Europaia, Influenza.
  INFLUEN'ZOID, Influenzo'i dea.  An express-
ive but hybridous compound: from influenza, and
ttSos,' resemblance.'  Resembling influenza
T. Thompson.
  INFORMITAS, Deformation.
  INFORTUNIUM, Contrafissura.
  INFRA-ATLOIDiEUS, Sub-atloidasus.
  INFRA-AXOID^EUS, Sub-axoidasus.
  INFRA-COSTALES, see Intercostal muscles.
  INFRA-MAXILLARIS, Sub-maxillary.
  INFRAMAXILLOSTERNODYMIA,  Cepha-
losomatodymia.
  INFRA-ORBITAR, Sub-orbitar.
  INFRAPUBIAN LIGAMENT, Triangular li-
gament.
  INFRA-SCAPULARIS, Subscapularis.
  INFRA-SPIN ALIS,  Infra-spinatus.
  INFRA-SPINA'TUS, Infraspindlis, from in-
fra, 'beneath/ and  spina, 'a spine.'   Situate
beneath the spine of the scapula;—Infra Spina-
na'lis.
   Infra-Spina'ta Fossa, (F.)  Fosse sous-ipi-
neuse.   A large  excavation on the posterior sur-
face of the scapula, beneath its spine.  It is  filled
by the
  Infra-Spinatus 3Iuscle,  Grand  Scapulo-tro-
chitirien, Superscapula'ris inferior (Ch.),  (F.)
Sous-ipineux, which is broad, flat, and triangular.
It is attached,  by its base, to the three inner
quarters of the  fossa; and is inserted, by a long
tendon, into the middle part of the great tubero-
sity of the os humeri (Trochiter).  It turns the
arm outwards,  and, when the arm is elevated,
carries it backwards.
   INFRINGENS, Corrigent.
   INFUNDIB'ULUM, (in, and fundere, 'to pour
out.')   A Latin word  signifying a  Funnel,—
Choa'ne, Chonos, (F.) Entonnoir,— of which va-
rious kinds are employed in pharmaceutical ope-
rations.  A name, given  to many parts which,
more or less, resemble a funnel.  It is particu-
larly appropriated to the following organs :—
   Infundib'ulum of the Brain, Infundib'ulum
seu Pelvis seu Choa'na  seu Cy'athus seu Scyphus
seu  Concha seu Lacu'na seu Em'bolum seu Aqua-
duc'tus seu Labrum  seu Concav'itas conchula'ris
seu  Processus orbieuldris Cer'ebri, (F.) Enton-
noir du ventricule moyen du cerveau, Tige Pitui-
taire,  Tige sus-sphino'idale.  A depression in the
inferior paries of the middle ventricle, above the
pituitary gland.  It was, anciently, regarded as
a canal  by which the fluid collected in the ven-
tricles of the brain was evacuated, and poured
into the nasal fossas.
   Infundib'ulum Cerebri, I. of the Brain.
   Infundibulum of  the Cochlea, I. Coeh'lea,
Scyphus Vieussen'ii, S. audito'rius, Cucullus, Ca-
na'lis  Scald rum commu'nis.   This, with the mo-
diolus, forms the nucleus around which the gyri
of the cochlea  pass.   It is an imperfect funnel,
the  apex of  which is common with that of the
modiolus; and the base is covered with the apex
of the cochlea, termed Cdpola.
   In  Surgery,  infundibula are  used  to direct
steam or vapours; to conduct the actual  cautery
to certain morbid parts, &c.
   Infundibulum  of the Ethmoid Bone, or of
the Nasal Fossa:.   One of the anterior cells of
that bone, which  is broad and expanded above,
and narrow below; opening, above, into the fron-
tal sinus; below, into  the  anterior part of the
middle meatus of the nasal fossas.
   Infundibulum  of the Heart, Conus  arterio-
sus—i. of the Kidney, see Calix—i. Lachrymale,
Lachrymal Sao — i. Tubarum Fallopii, sec Tube,
Fallopian—i. A'entriculi, Oesophagus.
  INFU'SION, Infu'sio, Eu'chyais, from infun-
dere (in, and fundere), 'to pour in/ 'to introduce.'
A  pharmaceutical  operation,  which  consists  in
pouring a  hot or  cold  fluid  upon  a substanoe
whose  medical virtues it is desired to extract.
Infuaion is, also, used for the product of this ope-
ration.  In Surgery, infusion — Chirur'gia infiu-
eo'ria,  Ars clyama'tica nova — is the act of intro-
ducing into the veins medicinal substances, by aid
of an instrument called Infueor.  This mode of in-
troducing medicines was called Ars infuao'ria.
  Infusion of Angustura,  Infusum  Cusparias
— i. of Bark, Infusum cinchonas — i. of Buchu,
Infusum Diosmas — i. of Calumba,  Infusum ca-
lumbas — i. of Cascarilla, Infusum cascarillas —
i. of Catechu, Infusum catechu  compositum — i.
of Cayenne pepper, Infusum capsici — i. of Cha-
momile,  Infusum  anthemidis — i. of Cinchona,
Infusum cinchonas—i. of Cloves, Infusum caryo-
phyllorum — i. of Cusparia, Infusum cusparias —
i. of Dandelion, Infusum Taraxaci — i. of Fox-
glove, Infusum digitalis—i. of Gentian, compound,
Infusum gentianae compositum—i. of Ginger, In-
fusum  Zingiberis — i. of Hops,  Infusum humuli
—i. of Horseradish, compound, Infusum armora-
ciae compositum — i.  of Binseed,  Infusum lini
compositum — i.  of  Mint, compound,  Infusum
menthas  compositum — i. of Orange-peel, com-
pound, Infusum aurantii compositum—i. of Pink-
root, Infusum spigelias —i. of Quassia, Infusum
quassias—i. of Rhatany, Infusum Kramerias—i.
of Rhubarb, Infusum rhei — i. of the Rose, Infu-
sum rosae compositum — i. of Sarsaparilla, Infu-
sum sarsaparillas — i. of Sassafras pith, Infusum
sassafras medullae — i. of Senna, Infusum sennas
compositum—i. of Simarouba, Infusum simarou-
bas — i. of Slippery  elm, Infusum  ulmi — i. of
Thoroughwort, Infusum  eupatorii—i. of Tobacco,
Infusum tabaci—i. of Valerian, Infusum valeria-
nas—i. of Virginia snakeroot, Infusum  serpenta-
riae — i.  of AVild cherry, Infusum  pruni Virgi-
nian as.
   INFUSOIR (F.), same etymon.  An instru-
ment for injecting medicinal substances into the
veins.   It was a kind of funnel, the  elongated
apex of  which was stopped by a metallic rod,
which  could  be withdrawn when the  apex was
introduced into a vein.
   INFU'SUM, Edchyma.  The  product  of an
infusion.
   Infusum Acacias Catechu, I. catechu compo-
situm— i. Amarum  vinosum, Vinum  gentianas
compositum—i. of Angustura,  I. cusparias.
   Infusum Anthem'idis,  Hydrocliamaime'lum,
Infusion of Chantomile.  (Anihemid. flor.  3ss;
aq. bullient. Oj.   Macerate for  ten  minutes in a
covered vessel, and strain.—Ph. L.)   Dose, f j^j
to f*""*iss.
   Infusum Armora'cia:  Compos'itum, Infusum
Armoracia (Ph.  U.  S.),  Compound infusion of
Horseradish. (Armorac. rad. concis., ainapia cont.
sing. *|j; aqua bullient. Oj.  Macerate for  two
hours, and strain.)  Dose, f '""'j to  l'5iij.
   Infusum Auran'tii  Compos'itum,  Compound
Infuaion of Orange Peel. (Aurant. cort. sice. £iy,
limon. cort. recent. £) ;  caryoph.  cont. 3SS> a1'
fervent. Oss.  Macerate for fifteen  minutes, and
strain.—Ph. L.)  Dose, f*§iss to f^ij.
   Infusum Brash,  Wort—i.  Buchu, Infusum
Diosmas—i.  Bynes, AVort.
   Infusum Calum'ba:,  /. Calom'ba, I. Colomba,
Infuaion of Columbo.  (Cdlumb. rod. concis. ^ss;
aq. fervent.  Oj.   Macerate for two hours,  and
strain.—Ph.  U. S.)  Dose, fgiss to f giij.
   Infusum Cap'siCI, Infusion of Cayenne Pepper.
(Capsic. in  pulv. crass, ^ss;  aq.  bullient. Oj. 
INFUSUM
475
INFUSUM
Macerate  for two hours, and strain.—Ph. U. S.)
Do.-e, fgiss.
  Infusum  Caryopiiyl'li,  Infusion of Cloves.
(Coryoph. contus.  ""Jij;  aq.  bullient. Oj. ^lace-
rate for two hours, and strain.)  Dose, fgiss to

  Infusum Cascaril'la:, Infusion of Cascarilla.
(Cascnrill. contus. gj ;  aq.  bullient. Oj.  Mace-
rate for two hours, and strain.)  Dose, fgiss to

  I ntusum Cassia: Senna:, I. sennas compositum.
  Infusum Cat'echu Compos'itum, Infusum Ca-
techu,  I. Aca'cia  Cutechu,  Infusion of Catechu.
(Catechu,  in pulv. ~,*s; cinnam. cont.  5,j; aq.
bullient. Oj.  Macerate  for  an hour, and strain.)
Dose, t'3 iss to fgij.
  Infusum  Cincho'na;, /. Cinchona lancifo'lia,
Infuaion of Cinchona.   (Cinch,  contus. gj ; aq.
fervent. Oj. Macerate for two hours, and strain.)
This infusion may also  be  made from  the same
quantity of bark in coarse powder by the process
of displacement with hot or  cold water.   Dose,
fgj to fgiij.  The Pharmacopoeia of the United
States has  an  Infu'sum Cincho'na flava, Infu-
sion of yellow bark,  and an Infusum Cinchona
rubra, Infusion of red bark, which are prepared
in  the same manner.  It has also an Infu'sum
Cincho'na Compositum, which  is  made as follows:
(Cinchon. rubr. in pulv.  gj >  Acid. Sulph. aromat.
f\"5J ; aqua, Oj.  Macerate for twelve hours, oc-
casionally shaking, and strain.)  Dose, same as
the last.
  Infusum  Cinchona; Compositum, see Infusum
Cinchonas.
  Infusum  Cinchona; Flava:, see Infusum Cin-
chonas.
  Infusum  Colomba;, I. calumbas.
  Infusum  Cuspa'rle, /. Angustu'ra,  Infusion
of  Cuspu'ria.   (Cuspar. cort. contus. gss;  aq.
bullient. Oj. Macerate for two hours, and strain.)
Dose, fgj to fgiij.
  Infusum  Digita'lis, I.  Digitalis purpu'rea,
Infusion of Foxglove.  (Digital, gj  ; aq. bullient.
Oss:  tinct. cinnamomi, f """"j.   Macerate, and  add
sp. cinnam. f;gj.)  Dose, f'3J-
  Infusum Dios'ma:, Ph.  U. S., 1842, Infusum
Buchu, Ph. U. S., 1851, Infusion of Buchu, (Di-
osm. gj ; aq. bullient, Oj.  Macerate  for four hours
in a covered vessel, and strain.—Ph.U.S.) Dose,
fgjss.
  Infusum  Eupato'rii,  Infusion of Thorough-
wort.  (Eupator. gj ; aq. bullient, Oj.  Macerate
for two hours, and strain.—Ph. U. S.) Dose, fgij.
  Infusum  Gentia'na;  Compos'itum, Compound
Infusion  of Gentian.  (Gentian, cont. gss;  Au-
rant. cort,, Coriandr. contus. aa ^j ;  alcohol, dilut.
fgiv; aqua, fgxij.   First  pour on the acohol,
 and three hours afterwards, the water ; then  ma-
 cerate for twelve  hours, and  strain.—Ph. U. S.)
 Dose,  fgj to fgij.
   3lorsdeds Antiscorbu'tic  Drops,  an empirical
 preparation, consist of a solution of corrosive sub-
 limate in an infusion of gent inn.
   Infu'sum IIu'muli,  Infusion of Hops.   (Hu-
mul.  gss;  aq. bullient.  Oj.  Macerate for two
 hours, and strain.—Ph. U. S.)  Dose, fgiss to

   Infu'sum Rramf/ria:, Infusion of Rhatany.
 (Kramer, contus. ^j;  aq.  bullient,  Oj.   Mace-
rate for four hours, and strain.—Ph. U. S.) Dose,
fgiss.
   Infusum Lini, I.  L.  compositum.
   Infusum Lini Compos'itum (Ph. U. S.,  1851),
I.  Lini  (Ph. U. S., 1842),  /. Lini usitatii'simi,
Infusion  of Linseed, Flaxseed  Tea.  (Lini  sem.
 cont. gss : glycyrrh, rad, cont. gij ;  aqua bullient.
 Oj.  Macerate for  four hours,  and strain.)  Dose,
 a teacupful, ad libitum.
   Infusum Malti, Wort.
   Infusum  Mentha;  Compos'itum,  Compound
 Infusion of 31int.  (Fol, menth. jat. sice,  gij ;
 aq. fervent, q. S.  ut. colentur. fgvj.  Macerate
 for half an  hour; and, when cold, strain:  then
 add — sacch. alb. gij; ol. menth. sat. gtt. iij, dis-
 solved  in tinct. card.  c. fgss.—Ph. D.)  Dose,
 flj to fgiij.
   Infusum  Picis Empyreumatica? Liquida;, see
 Pinus sylvestris — i.  Picis liquidum, see Pinus
 sylvestris.
   Infusum  Pruni Virginia'na:, Infusion of  Wild
 Cherry  Bark.   (Prun. Virginian, cont.  gss;
 aqua, Oj. Macerate for two hours, and strain.—
 Ph. U.  S.)
   Infusum  Quassia;, /. Quasaia excelsa, Infu-
 sion of Quaaaia.  (Quassia  lign.  cone,  gij  ; aq.
 Oj.  Macerate for two hours, and strain.)  Dose,
 f|j to f|iv.
   Infusum  Rhei, An'ima Rhei, Infusion of Rhu-
 barb.   (Rhei, cont. gj ; aq.ferv. Oss.  Macerate
 for two hours, and strain.)   Dose, fgj to fgiv.
   Infusum Rosa; Compos'itum, /.  Rosa Gal'lica,
 Infusion of the Rose.  (Ros. Gallic. giv;  aq. bul-
 lient. Oiiss; acid, sulph. d.  fgiij  ; sacch. pur if.
 giss. Add the water, and afterwards the acid;—
 macerate for  half an  hour;  strain, and  add the
 sugar.)  Dose, f giss to  Oss.
   Infusum  Sarsaparil'la;, Infusion of Sarsa-
 parilla. (Sarsaparill. contus. gj ; aqua bullient.
 Oj.  Digest for two hours  in  a covered  vessel,
 and strain.—Ph. U. S.)  It may also be prepared
 by displacement.  Dose, fgij to fgiv.
   Infusum  Sassafras, Infusion of  Sassafras
 Pith, 3Iu'cilage  of Sasaafraa Pith.  (Sassafras
 medull. gj ;  aqua, Oj.  Macerate for three hours,
 and strain.)  An emollient  coUyrium; and de-
 mulcent drink.
   Infusum  Senna;, /. & Compos'itum, I. Cassia
 Senna,  I. Senna simplex,  Infuaion of  Senna.
 (Senna, gj ; coriandr. cont. gj; Pq- bullient. Oj.
 Macerate for an  hour,  and strain.)  Dose, fgj
 to fgiv.
   The  Black  Draught,  Black Doae, Houetua ni-
 ger, is usually formed of this infusion.   It may
 be made of infus. senna, fgv;  aq. cinnam. fgj ;
 manna, giv;  magnes. sulph.  gvj.  Dose, a wine-
 glassful.
   Selway's  Prepared Essence of Senna is a con-
 centrated infusion of the leaves  in combination
 with  an alkali.
   Infusum Senna; Compositum, I. sennas.
   Infusum Serpenta'ria;, Infusion of Virginia
 Snakeroot.   (Serpentar. gss;  aq.  bullient. Oj.
 Macerate for two hours, and strain.—Ph. U. S.)
 Dose, fgiss.
   Infusum Simarou'ba;, Infusion of Simarouba.
 (Simaroub. cort. cont. gss ; aq. fervent. Oss. Ma-
 cerate for two hours, and strain.—Ph. L.)  Dose,
 fgij-
   Infu'sum Spige'lia;, Infusion of  Pinkroot.
 (Spigel, gss; aq. bullient. Oj.   Macerate for two
 hours, and strain.—Ph. U. S.)  Dose, fgiv to Oss.
   Infusum Tab'aci, Infusion of Tobacco.  (Ta-
 bacifol. gj ; aq.ferv. Oj. Macerate for an  hour,
 and strain.—Ph. U. S.)
   Infusum Tarax'aci, Infusion  of Dandelion.
 (Taraxoe. contus. gij ;  aq.  bullient. Oj.  Mace-
 rate for two hours, and strain.—Ph. U. S.) Dose,
 fgiss, as a  diuretic, &e.
   Infusum  Ulmi, Infusion of Slip'pery  Elm,
 Slippery Elm  Tea.   This  preparation,  in the
 Pharmacopoeia of the United States, is  made by
 infusing one ounce of slippery elm bark in a pint
 of boiling water.
   Infusum A'aleria'xa;, Infusion of Vale'rian.
I (Rad.valerian, in crass.pulv. gss; aq.bullient.Oi. 
                INGENIUM

Macerate for an hour, and strain.—Ph. D. and
U. S.)   Dose, giss to gij.
  Infusum Zinoib'eris, Infusion of Ginger, Gin-
ger Tea.  (Zingib. contus. gss; aq. bullient. Oj.
Macerate for two hours, and strain.— Ph. U. S.)
Dose, f^'ss, as a carminative.
  INGE'NIOI (3Iorbi). The genius of a dis-
ease.   This word is employed, especially by the
French, synonymously with nature. They speak,
for instance, of Ginie inflammatoire, bilieux, &c.
Some,  also, use ginie  in  the place of type of an
intermittent.
  INGES'TA,  from in,  and gerere, gestum, 'to
bear or carry into.'  Substances, introduced into
the body by the digestive passages; as food, con-
diments, drinks, &c.
  INGLU'A'TES, Aples'tia,  Victus intemperad-
tia : — Gluttony, Insatiableness ; also, the Crop
or Craw of Birds, (F.) Jabot; and the first stomach
or paunch of ruminant animals—Pen'ula,Lumen,
 Venter magnus.  Also, the Pharynx.
  INGRAS'SIAS, APOPH'YSES OF.  The
lesser alas of the sphenoid bone.
  INGRAVIDATIO, Fecundation, Pregnancy.
  INGRAVIDATION, Fecundation, Pregnancy.
  INGRESSUS SUPERIOR, Cardia.
  INGUEN. Bubon, Bubo, 'the groin.'   Melee'-
on, aiSotov, He'patis emuncto'ria, (F.) Aine.  The
oblique fold or depression which separates the ab-
domen from the thigh.  It is only, properly speak-
ing, a line that extends from the anterior and su-
perior  spinous process of the ilium to the middle
part of the horizontal ramus of the pubis.  Also,
the genital organs.
  INGUINAL, Inguina'lis,  from  inguen, 'the
groin.'  Belonging or relating to the groin.  This
epithet has been given  to various parts met with
in the region of the groin or inguinal region.
  Inguinal Artery is that portion of the femoral
artery  situate  immediately  beneath the crural
arch in the inguinal region.
  Inguinal Canal is  a  canal, about two inches
in length,  proceeding  obliquely downwards, in-
wards  and  forwards at the lower part of the ab-
domen ; through which passes the spermatic cord,
in men, and the round ligament of the uterus in
women.  This canal is formed, inferiorly and an-
teriorly, by the aponeurosis of the greater oblique
muscle; posteriorly by the fascia transversalis,
which  is joined to the preceding aponeurosis, and
forms with it a deep channel, into which  are re-
ceived the lesser oblique  and transversalis  mus-
cles.  The inguinal canal has two apertures: the
one, the.lower and inner, is called the inguinal or
abdominal ring. It is bounded by two strong ten-
dinous pillars, which fix it—the innermost to the
symphysis, the outermost to the spine of  the pu-
bis.  The upper and outer aperture is formed by
the fascia transversalis.  From the edge of this
aperture arises a membranous funnel, — a pro-
longation of the fascia transversalis, — which re-
ceives  the spermatic vessels ; forms their proper
sheath, and accompanies them as far as  the tes-
ticle.   On  its inside lies the  epigastric  artery.
Above it, is the lower  edge of the  transversalis
muscle: and, below, it is  bounded by the channel
of the greater oblique.  By following the  oblique
direction of this canal, and passing, consequently
on the outside of the epigastric artery, the viscera
are displaced, so as to constitute internal inguinal
hernia.
  In'guinal Re'gion,  Re'gio  inguina'lis, Bubo,
Inguen.  The region of the groin.
  Inguinal  Ring, Abdom'innl  Ring, An'nulus
abdom'inis, (F.) Anneau  Inguinal, is the inferior
aperture of the inguinal canal.
  IN'GUINO-CUTA'NEUS.   A name given by
Professor  Chaussier to the middle ramus of the
6                INJECTION

 anterior branch of the first- lumbar  nerve;  be-
 cause it sends its numerous filaments to the groin,
 scrotum, and to the skin of the  superior part of
 the thigh.
   INH7ERENS, Inherent,
   INHALATIO, Absorption, Inhalation — i. Cu-
 tis, see Absorption.
   INHALA'TION, Inhala'tio;  from  in and  ha-
 lare, 'to breathe.'  The act of drawing air or va-
 pour  into the  lungs — Inhala'tio pulmona'lia.
 Also, absorption.
   INHA'LER.   Same etymon.  An  apparatus
 for inhalation.  Mudge's Inhaler is an apparatus
 for inhaling  the steam of hot water, in affections
 of the air-passages.  It consists of a pewter tank-
 ard provided with a lid, into which a flexible tube
 is inserted.  Through this, the vapour is inhaled.
   INHE'RENT,  Inharens, (in, and harens.)
 That which adheres, or which is joined or united
 to any thing.
   Inherent Cautery, (F.)  Cauth-e inhirent, is
 the  actual cautery,  left in contact with a part
 until it is reduced to the state of a deep eschar.
   INHUMA'TION, lnhuma'tio, from inhumo,  (in,
 and humus,)  'I put into the ground.' lnhuma'tio.
 The sepulture of the dead.  This belongs to  the
 subject of medical police.
   INIAD, see Inial.
   IN'IAL, from tvtov, the ridge of the occiput.
 An epithet, prepared by Dr. Barclay, for an as-
 pect towards the plane  of the ridge of the occi-
 put.  Iniad  is employed  by him  adverbially to
 signify ' towards the inial aspect'
   INIODYMUS, Diprosopus.
   INION, tvtov.  Some of the Greek  physicians
 give this name to the occiput, or the ridge of  the
 occiput; others to the back part of the neck, and
 the muscles of the occiput.  Blanchard says it is
 the commencement of the spinal marrow.
   INI'TIS,  Inohymeni'tis, from 15, gen. tvos, ' a
 fibre/ and itis,  a suffix denoting inflammation.
 Fibrous inflammation.
   INITIUM, Arcbe — i. Asperas arterias, Larynx
 — i. Extuberans Coli, Caseum.
   INIUM, tvtov. The nucha. Also, the muscles
 at the back of the neck.  See Inion.
   INJACULA'TIO.  A term employed by Aran
 Helmont to designate  an acute  pain  of the  sto-
 mach, with rigidity and immobility of the body.
   INJECT'ED, Injec'tus, from  injicere, (in,  and
 jacere, ' to throw into.'  The face and other parts
 are said to be injected, when the accumulation of
 blood in the capillary vessels gives them an  evi-
 dent red colour.  A subject or part of a subject,
 is also said to be injected, when its vessels have
 been filled, by the anatomist, with an appropriate
 composition.
   INJECTION,  Injec'tio, Eis'bole:  same ety-
 mon.   The act of introducing, by means of a sy-
 ringe or other instrument, a liquid into a cavity
 of the body.   The liquid injected is also called an
 injection.  Anatomists use injections — Injectio'-
 nes  anatom'ica — for filling the cavities of ves-
 sels, in order that they may be rendered more
 apparent, and their dissection be facilitated.  For
 this purpose, they employ syringes  of different
 dimensions,  and various  materials.   The most
 common injections are made of soot,  wax,  and
 turpentine, coloured with lamp-black, vermilion,
 Ac.  There are three kinds chiefly used by ana-
 tomists, — the coarse, the fine, and the minute.
 The following are formulas for each.
              Coarse  Injection.
                    No. 1.
   Pure yellow wax, oz. xvj.
   Bleached rosin, oz. viij.
   Turpentine varnish,  by measure,  oz. vj.
47 
INJECTION
477
INNOMINATUM
                    No. 2.
  Yellow rosin, lb. ij.
  Yellow wax, lb. j.
  Turpentine varnish, a  sufficient quantity  to
    make the mixture flexible when cold.
                    No. 3.
  Tallow, lb. ij.
  White wax, oz. x.
  Co m in on oil, OZ. vj. '
  Venice turpentine,  OZ. iv.
Mix and liquefy over a slow fire or over boiling
  water.
To make any of these mixtures.
    Red — add vermilion, oz. iij.
    Yellow — King's yellow, oz. iiss.  •
    AVhite — best /lake white,  oz. vss.

    Pale-blue   \ '««f «*« ":h!<*> 0Z-.Aiiss-
                (flue blue smalt, oz. mss.
    Dark-blue — blue verditer, oz. xss.
    Black — lamp-black, oz. j.
            (powdered verdigris, oz. ivss.
    Green < best flake white,  oz. iss.
            [powdered gamboge, oz. j.

               Fine Injection.
  Brown spirit varnish, oz. iv.
  White spirit varnish, oz. iv.
  Turpentine varnish, oz. j.
To make this mixture,
    Red — add vermilion, oz. j.
    Yellow — King's yellow, oz. jj.
  , AVhite — best flake white,  oz. ij.
    t • l+ Li    \fine blue smalt, oz. iss.
    Liignt-Diue  | bcst jlake whUe> oz< j|

    Dark-blue — blue verditer, oz. iv.
    Black — lamp-black, oz. ss.

             Minute Injection.
  Take of transparent size, broken to pieces,  or
    Isinglass, oz. viij.
    Water, lb. iss.   Dissolve.
To make this mixture,
    Red — add vermilion, oz. v.
    Arellow — King's yellow, oz. iv.
    AVhite — best flake white,  oz. v.
    Blue —fine  blue smalt, oz. viij.
           (powdered verdigris, oz. iij.
    Green  ■< best flake white, dr. ij.
           [powdered gamboge, dr. j.
    Black — lamp-black, oz. j.
  Beautiful  injections are  made with ether  as
the  menstruum.
               Cold Injection.
  White lead and red lead, each, oz. iv; linseed
    oil, enough  to form a thick paste when they
    are rubbed well  together.  Liquefy this paste
    with turpentine varnish, oz. viij.
  The advantage of  this mixture is, that the sub-
joct need not be heated.
  In  order  to  inject the arteries,  the injection
must  be forced from the great trunks towards
their ultimate ramifications. To inject the veins,
on the contrary, it is indispensable, on account of
their valves, to send the injection from the smaller
divisions towards the greater.  The lymphatics
are  usually  injected with  mercury.  The  practi-
tioner injects, by forcing with a syringe, liquids,
such as emollient, narcotic, stimulant, and other
decoctions or infusions,  into different hollow or-
gans,  as the rectum, vagina, nasal fossa;, urethra,
tunica vaginalis, auditory canal, ic, to fulfil va-
rious  therapeutical indications.
  The following injection has been strongly re-
commended by Dr. Horner to preserve the dead
body.
  Take of Liverpool St. Ubes,
    or Turk's Island Salt,   oz. 36 avoird.
    Nitrate of potassa,       "  19
    Carbonate of soda,       "   8
    3Iolusscs (Sugar-house,)  "   4 by meas.
    Water,                 six pints.
  The saline constituents to be dissolved first  of
all in  boiling hot water ; the molasses to be after-
wards stirred in : the starch to be mixed well with
half a pint of cold water, and then to be stirred
in with the other articles.   As soon as it begins
to boil, the whole mass  swells up, when  it must
be removed from the fire.   On the proper reduc-
tion of temperature it is fit for use.
  Injection, Matthews's, see Tinctura  cantha-
ridis.
  Injectiones Anatomical, see Injection.
  INK, Atramentum.
  IN-KNEED,  Entogonyankon.
  IN'NATE, from in, and natus,  'born.'  Inborn.
  Innate Diseases, 3Iorbi connetti, 31.  conged-
iti, (F.) 3Ialadies innees.  Diseases with which
the infant is born.  They  are not always heredi-
tary, as hereditary diseases are not always innate.
  INNERLEITHEN. MINERAL AVATERS
OF.  These springs, situate near the Tweed, and
supposed to be the scene of " St. Ronan's AVell,"
contain chlorides of sodium and calcium,  and car-
bonate of magnesia.
  INNERVATION, Innerva'tio, from  in,  'in/
and nervus, 'a nerve.'   By this term is meant —
the nervous influence, necessary for the mainten-
ance of life and the functions  of  the various or-
gans;— an influence  of  whose character and
source  we  are ignorant  It seems to resemble
the galvanic or electric agencies.  See Nerves.
  INNOMINA'TUM, Anon'ymum, from  in,  priv.
and nomen, ' a name.'  (F.) Anonyme.  Having
no name.
  Innomina'ta Arte'ria, Brachio-cephal'ic ar-
tery, A. brachio-ciphalique (Ch.),—Arte'ria anon'-
yma, Right Subclavian, (F.) Artlre innominee, is
the trunk common to the right primitive carotid
and to the  subclavian.  It arises  from the ante-
rior part of the arch of the aorta, ascends obliquely
to the right, along the trachea; and, after a course
of about an inch in length, divides into two trunks,
which go off at right angles.  The one is exter-
nal— the right subclavian proper ; the other su-
perior— the primitive carotid, of the same side.
  Innominata Cartilago, Cricoid.
  Innominata Cav'itas.  A cavity of the outer
ear, between the helix and anthelix.
  Innominatum Fora'men.  A foramen, near the
middle of the anterior surface of the pars petrosa
of the temporal bone, leading  backwards for the
passage of the Vidian nerve, reflected from the 2d
branch of the 5th to the portio dura of the 7th pair.
  Innominata Fossa, see Fossa.
  Innominata Linea, see Ilio-pectinea Linea.
  Innominati vel Anonymi  Nervi.   Some  ana-
tomists have thus  called the nerves of the fifth
pair.
  Innominatum Os, Os Coxeddicis, Os Coxa, Oa
anon'ymum, Oapelvia laterdle, (F\) Os innomini,
Oa Coxal,  Oa anonyme, &c.   A  very  large, flat
bone, which forms the anterior and lateral paries
of the pelvis.  It is curved upon  itself in two op-
posite directions.  In the  first periods of life, it
is composed of three portions; — the ilium, ischi-
um, and pubis, which join each other in  the ace-
tabulum.   It is articulated before with its fellow,
— behind,  with  the sacrum; and laterally  with
the femur.
  Innominata Mino'ra Ossa, — Lesser  Ossa in-
nominata,  Ossic'ula innomina'ta.  Some anato-
mists  have  given this name to the  three cuneiform
bones of the tarsus. 
INNOMINATUS
478
INSOMNIA
  Innominata  Ossicula.  Innominata  minora
ossa—i. Tunica Oeuli, Sclerotic.
  Innominata: Venas of Aaeussens.  Vieussens
has given this name to two or three veins, which
arise on the anterior  surface and right margin of
the heart, and open into the auricle towards  its
right margin.  The term Vena; Innominata;  of
Meckel is given  to the  brachiocephalic veins,
which  are generally  included in the description
of the  subclavian vein,  and correspond to the
arterias innominatas,  being formed by the union
of the internal  jugular vein and the subclavian
properly so called, which correspond to  the com-
mon carotid and subclavian arteries.
  INNOMINATUS, Anonymous.
  INNUTRITIO  OSSIUM, Rachitis.
  INOCULA'TION, Inocula'tio, Insit'io, Insil'io
variola'rum, from  inoculare, (in, and oculus, 'an
eye/)  'to  ingraft'  Any  operation by which
small-pox, for example, may be artificially com-
municated, by introducing the virus of the parti-
cular disease into the economy, by  means of a
puncture or scratch made in the skin. AVhen the
word inoculation is used alone, it usually means
that for the small-pox,— Variola'tion.
  Inoculation, Cowpox, Vaccination—i. Jenne-
rian, Vaccination.
  INOC'ULATOR, Same etymon. In'sitor. One
who practises inoculation.
  INODULAR  TISSUE, see Tissue, modular.
  INOD ULE,  Tissue, inodular.
  INOHYLOMA,  Tumor, fibrous.
  INOHYMENI'TIS: from iS, gen. ivos, 'a fibre;'
'vuvv, ' a membrane/ and itis, denoting inflam-
mation. Inflamma'tio tela fibro'sa.  Inflamma-
tion of the fibrous tissue.
  INOPOLYPUS, see Polypus.
  INORGAN'IC, Inorgan'icus, Unor'ganized,
(Fr.) Inorganiquc; from in, priv. and  organum,
'an organ.'  A term  applied  to  bodies which
have no organs;—such as minerals. ( At the pre-
sent day, naturalists admit of but two classes of
bodies,—the  organized and inorganic.   Parts of
the body which, like the epidermis, are devoid
of blood-vessels and nerves, have been called  an-
organic.
   INOSCLERO'MA, from tc, gen. ivos, 'a fibre/
and oKXvpojpa,  'induration.'   Induration of  the
fibrous tissue.
   INOSCULATIO,  Anastomosis.
   INQUIES, Inquietude.
   INQUIETATIO,  Inquietude.
   INQUI'ETUDE,  Inquietu'do, In'quies, Inquie-
 ta'tio, Jactita'tio,  from in, priv. and  quies, 'rest'
 Agitation  or trouble, caused  by indisposition.
 Restlessness.
   INQUINAMENTUM, Miasm.
   INQUISITIO MEDICO-LEGALIS, see Me-
 dico-legal.
   INSALUVA'TION, Inaalivdtio, from in,  and
 saliva.  The mixture of the food with the saliva,
 and other secretions of the mouth.
   INSALU'BRIOUS, Insaldbria, Noae'roa,  No-
 ao'des.  That which is unhealthy,—which injures
 the health.
   INSANABILIS,  Incurable.
   INSANE, Insdnus ; from in, ' un/ and sonus,
 ' sound;' Aliendtus, Crazy, 3Iad, Non-sane,  De-
 mented, Deranged, (F.) Aliini, Fou, Insensi.  One
 affected with mental  aberration, or of unsound
 mind.
    INSANIA, Mania—i. Cadiva, Epilepsy—i. Lu-
 pina, Lycanthropia—i. Puerperarum, Mania, puer-
 peral.
    INSAN'ITY, Insa'nia; from in, privative, and
 sanus, 'sound;' Mental  aliena'tion,  Abaliena'tio
 seu Alienatio  3Ientis, Arrep'tio, Unsound Mind,
Derange'ment.   Deranged   intellect,  Cra'zinesa,
Aphros'yne, Ecphro'nia, Ecphros'yne.Paral'lage,
Parallax'is,Delir'in, Vcsdnia. Delir'ium,(Crich-
ton,) Insipiedtia,(¥.) Folie, Egaremcnt d'Esprit,
Paraphrinie.  This term includes  all the varie-
ties  of  unsound  mind, — Mania,  Melancholia,
Moral Insanity, Dementia, and Idiocy. A slight
degree of insanity is sometimes popularly called
"a kink in  the head;" in Scotland,  "a bee in
the bonnet."
   Insanity, Homicidal, see Homicidal—i. Inco-
herent,  Dementia — i. Moral,  Pathomania — i.
Puerperal, Mania, puerperal—i. Senile, Delirium
senile—i. Suicidal, see Suicide.
   INSANUS,  Insane.
   INSCRIPTION,  see Matriculate.
   INSCRIPTIO'NES  TENDIN'EiE MUSCU-
LO'RUM, Intersectio'nes seu Enervatio'nes ten-
did ea musculo'rum-, Interme'dia ligamcnta'lia seu
ner'vea.  The  tendinous  portions which  cross
several muscles, and especially the  straight mus-
cles of the abdomen.
   INSENESCENTIA, Agerasia.
   INSENSE, Insane.
   INSENSIBIL'ITY, Anasthe'sia, Insensibili-
tas.  Loss or  absence  of sensibility.   It is very
common in  cerebral affections, and may extend
to  every part, or  be  limited to  one or more.
Some organs are much  more sensible than others.
The bones,  cartilages, ligaments, <fcc, are insen-
sible in health, but  acutely sensible in disease.
   INSEN'SIBLE,  Sensibilitdte carens.  That
which is devoid of sensibility.  This  word is ap-
plied, also, to phenomena which cease to be ap-
preciable to  the senses.  Thus, we  say, the pulse
becomes insensible.
   INSER'TION, Inaer'tio,  Symph'yaia,  Eno'aia,
from ineerere,  (in, and aerere, 'to join or knit/)
'to  ingraft'   (F.) Attache.   The attachment of
one part to another.  Insertions occur chiefly on
bones,  cartilages, and fibrous organs; thus,  we
speak of the insertion of  muscular fibres into a
tendon or aponeurosis; the insertion  of a tendon,
aponeurosis, or ligament, into a cartilage or bone.
The word inaertion has  likewise  been  used by
pathologists, for the act of inoculating or intro-
ducing a virus into the body.
   INSES'SIO,  from inaidere,  (in, and sedere,)
 'to sit in.'   This term is, sometimes, applied to a
vapour bath, the person being  seated in a perfo-
rated chair, beneath which a  vessel, filled with
hot water, or  the hot decoction of  some plant, is
 placed.  See Semicupium.
   INSESSUS, Bath, half.
   INSIDEN'TIA,  Epia'toaia.  Any thing which
 swims on or in the urine.   It is opposed to  the
 Hypoa'toaia or subsided tia.
   INSIPIENTIA, Insanity.
   INSISIO CILIORUM, Blepharoplastice.
   INSITIO, Inoculation—i. Dentis, Transplant-
 atio Dentis—i. Variolarum, Inoculation.
   INSOLA'TION, Ineoldtio, from  in, and  aol,
 ' the sun ;' Apricdtio, Helio'sis, Heliaaia, Helio-
 no'sia, Siri'asis.  Exposure to the sun. Exposure
 of a patient to the  rays of the sun is, sometimes,
 had recourse to, with the view of  rousing the
 vital forces when  languishing, or of producing
 irritation of the skin.  Insolation is occasionally
 used in the same sense as coup de soldi.
    In Pharmacy, insolation means the drying of
 chemical and pharmaceutical substances.
    INSOLAZIONE  DE  PRI3IIVERA,  Pel-
 lagra.
    INSOM'NIA, Insom'nitaa, Sahara, Zaara,
 Pervigilium, Pernocta'tio,  Ay'p'nia, Agryp'nia,
 Ahyp'nia, Anyp'nia, Typhoma'nia, Sleep'lessness,
  Vig"ilance, from in, privative, and somnus, 'sleep/ 
INSOMNIUM
479
INTEMPERANCE
'absence of sleep.'   This may exist alone, and
constitute a true disease ; or it may be connected
with another affection.  It is an unequivocal sign
of suffering in some organ; even when the pa-
tient experiences no pain.
  INSOMNIUM, Somnium.
  INSPECTIO  MEDICO-LEGALIS, see Me-
dico-legal.
  1NSRIRATEUR, Inspiratory.
  INSPIRATION,  Inspirit tio, Empneumald sia,
Eisp'noe, Adspiru'tio,  Aapira'tio,  from in, 'in/
and apiro, 'I breathe/   The action by which the
air penetrates into the interior of the lungs.   A
movement opposed to that of expiration.   As re-
gards the average quantity of air received into
the lungs at each inspiration, there is much dis-
crepancy amongst observers.  The following table
sufficiently exhibits this :—
                                  Cubic inches at
                                 each inspiration.
  Reil..........................................42 to 100
  Menzies,
  Sauvages,
  Hales,
  Haller,
  Ellis,          r.........................40
   Sprengel,
   Somuiering,
   Thomson,
  Bostoek,
  Jurin........................................35 to 38
  Fontana....................................35
  Richerand.................................30 to 40
  Dalton ......................................30
  Jeffreys.....................................26
  Herbst.......................................24 to 30
  Herholdt....................................20 to 29
  Jurine and  Coathupe....................20
  Allen  and Pepys.........................16J
  J. Borelli...................................15 to 40
  Goodwyn...................................14
  Sir II. Davy...............................13 to 17
  Abernethy and Mojon..................12
  Keutsch....................................  6 to 12

  Inspiration of Venous Blood.  By this  is
meant the aspiration of blood towards the heart,
occasioned  by the  approach to a vacuum pro-
duced by the dilatation of the thorax during in-
spiration.
  INSPIRATORY.   Same etymon.   Inapiro-
tio'ni inaer'viena, (F.) Inspirateur.  A name given
to muscles, which, by their contraction, augment
the size of the chest, and thus produce inspira-
tion.  The  diaphragm  and intercostal muscles
are the  chief agents of inspiration.  In cases
where deep inspirations are necessary, the  action
of these muscles is  aided  by the  contraction of
the pectoralis major and pectoralis minor, subcla-
vius, serratus major anticus, scaleni, serratus pos-
ticus  superior, <fcc.   Most of these muscles be-
come inspiratory, by taking their fixed point  at
the part which they ordinarily move, and elevat-
ing the ribs.
  INSPISSA'TIO, Pycno'sis,  from in, and apis-
sare,  ' to thicken.'  Tho act of rendering  thick;
as in  the formation of an extract—Succus Inspis-
sa'tus.
  INSTEP, Collum  pedis, (F.)  Coude-pied, Cou
du pied.  The projection at the upper part of the
foot, near its articulation with the leg—the tarsus.
  INSTI LLATIO,  Instillation.
  INSTILLA'TION.  Enstalox'is,  lnstilla'tio,
from in,  "into/ and  stilla, 'a drop.'  The  act of
pouring  a liquid drop by drop.
  INS TINCT, (L.) 1nstinc'tus, (in, andstingao, 'I
sting,')'inwardly moved.'  Bra'tia, Horme, The
action of the living principle, whenever manifestly
directing its operations to the health, preservation,
or reproduction of a living frame or any part of
such frame —3Iol'i men natu'ra saluta'rium.  The
law of instinct is, consequently, the law of the
living principle, and  instinctive actions are the
actions of the living principle.  Instinct is natu-
ral.  Reason is acquired.
   INSTINC'TIA'E, Instinc'tus.  Same  etymon.
Relating to  or  caused by instinct; as instinctive
actions.  See Emotional.  Those  instinctive ac-
tions of animals which are owing  to impressions
made on the sensory ganglia, exciting respondent
motor influences  that are propagated to the va-
rious  muscles  of the  body, are termed consen-
sual.
   INSTITUTES OF  MEDICINE, see Theory
of medicine.
   INSTITUTUM ORTHOP2EDICUM, Ortho-
pedic institution.
   IN'STRUMENT, Instrnmen'tum, Or'ganum. A
tool, an agent.
   INSTRUMENTA,  Pudibilia.
   INSTRUMEN'TUM  CHIRUR'GICUM.  A
surgical tool or instrument.
   Instrumentum  Digestionis.   The  digestive
apparatus.
   Instrumentum Instrumentorum, Manus.
   INSUFFICIENCY, from  in, and  sufficient.
Inadequateness to any  end or purpose, — as In-
sufficiency of the valves of the heart; (F.) Insuffi-
sance des valvules du Coeur;—a condition in which
they are not adapted, as in health, to  properly
close the apertures.
  INSUFF1SANCE  DES  VALVULES DU
CC3UR,  Insufficiency of the valves of the heart.
  INSUFFLA'TION, Insuffla'tio,  from in, sub,
and flare, ' to  blow.'  The act of blowing a gas
or vapour into some cavity of the body; as when
tobacco smoke is injected into the rectum;  or
when air is blown into the mouths of new-born
children to excite the  respiratory functions.
   INSULA, Insula cerebri.
   In'sula Cer'ebri,  laland  or In'aula of Reil.
The intermediate lobe of the brain, Lobua inter-
me'dius cer'ebri.  A remarkable group of convolu-
tions within the fissure of Sylvius.  It  is called,
by Cruveilhier, Lobule of the Fissure of Sylviua,
Lobule of the  corpua  atriotum. The 'island' of
Reil,  with the substantia  perforata,  forms  the
base of the corpus striatum.
   Insula Sanguinis,  see Blood.
   INSULTUS, Attack, Paroxysm.
   INSUBANCE  OF  LIFE, see Life Insurance.
   INTEGPITAS, Sanitas, Virginity.
   INTEG'UMENT,  Integumen'tum,  Tegumed-
tum,  Teg'umen, Teg'imen,  Tegmen, Involu'crum
seu Velomedtum corp'oria  commu'ne;  Veldmen
seu Velamentum nati'vam, from in and tegere, 'to
cover.'  (F.) Tigument.  Any thing which serves
to cover,  to envelop.  The skin, including the
cuticle, rete mucosum, and cutis vera is the com-
mon integument or tegument of the body.
   INTEGUMEN'TA  FCETUS. The membranes
surrounding the foetus in utero.
   INTELLECT, Intellec'tua, Nona, 3Iena, Gnome,
Noos,  Nils,  Noe'aia,  Syn'esis, from  intelligere,
(inter,  'between/ and legere,  'to choose;')  'to
understand/ 'conceive/ 'know.'  (F.)  Entende-
ment,  Intelligence.  The aggregate of  the  intel-
lectual faculties—perception, formation of ideas,
memory,  and judgment.
  Intellect, Deranged, Insanity.
  INTELLIGENCE.  Intellect.
  INTEM'PEBANCE, Intemperadtia; Immode-
ran'tia, Immodcra'tio,  Acra'sin, Aeola'sia, Ples'-
mone,  Amelria, Aples'tia,  from in, 'negation'
and temperare,  'to temper.'  Immoderate use  of
food and drink, especially the latter;—a fruitful
source of disease. 
INTEMPERIES             480             INTERLOBULAR
  INTEMPER'IES. Same etymon.  Dyacra'sia.
Derangement in the constitution  of the  atmo-
sphere and of the seasons ; bad constitution ; de-
rangement or disorder in the humours of  the
body.
  INTENSIVUS,  Entaticos.
  INTENTION, Intedtio, from in, and tenderc,
'to stretch.'  Propos'itum.   The  object  which
one proposes. In surgery, a wound is  said to heal
by the first intention, Red nio per primom inten-
tio'nem, when cicatrization occurs without suppu-
ration ; union by the second intention, Red nio per
secun'dam intentio'nem,  being that,  which does
not occur until the surfaces have  suppurated.
To obtain union by the first intention, the edges
of a recent wound  must be brought in apposition
and kept together by means of adhesive plasters
and a proper bandage.   Delpech has substituted
for those expressions, Riunion primitive, and Ri-
union secondaire.
   INTERANEA, Entrails.
   INTERARTIC'ULAR, Interarticuldris. Parts
situate between the articulations  are so called;
as inter articular cartilages,  interarticular liga-
ments,  <fcc.
   INTERCA'DENCE,  Intercaden'tia, Interei-
den'tia, from inter, 'between,'  and cadere,  'to
fall.'   Disorder of the arterial pulsations, so that,
every  now and then, a  supernumerary pulsation
occurs.  The pulse, in such case, is said to be
intercurrent.
   INTER'CALARY, Intercaldris,  Inter'cidene,
from in terca lore, • to insert'  Embol'imos, Inter-
poldtus, Provocato'rius.  The days  which occur
between those  that are critical.   The term has,
also, been applied  to the days of apyrexia in in-
termittent fevers.
   INTERCEL'LULAR  PAS'SAGES. A term
given by Mr. Rainey to irregular passages through
the substance of the lung, which form the termi-
nations of the bronchial tubes, are clustered with
air-cells, and not lined by mucous membrane-.
   Intercellular Substance, see Cytoblastema.
   INTERCEP'TIO, from inter, 'between/ and
capere, ' to  take.'  A bandage, by the  aid  of
which  the ancients proposed to arrest the pro-
gress  of the material cause of gout and rheu-
matism ;  and  which consisted  in covering  the
affected limbs with carded wool;  surrounding
them, afterwards,  with broad bandages, applied
from the fingers to the axilla,  or from the toes
to the groin.
   Interceptio Intestinorum, Ileus.
   INTERCERVICAUX, Interspinals colli.
   INTERCIDENS, Intercalary.
   INTERCIDENTIA, Intercadence.
   INTERCILIUM, Mesophryon.
   IN T E R C L AV I C'U L A R, Interclaviculdris,
from inter, ' between/ and clavicula, ' a clavicle.'
 That which is  placed between the clavicles.
   Interclavicular Lig'ament is a fibrous bun-
 dle, placed transversely above  the  extremity of
 the sternum, between the heads of the two clavi-
 cles.   This ligament  is flat.  Its fibres, which
 are always longer above than  below, are sepa-
 rated by small apertures, which are traversed by
 vessels.  It  prevents  the separation of the  two
 clavicles in the forced depression of the shoulder.
   INTERCOS'TAL,  Intereostdlis,  from inter,
 'between/ and costa, 'a rib.'  3Iesopleu'rus,  3Ie-
 sopleu'rius.  That which is situate between the
 ribs.   (F.) Sous-costal.
   Intercostal Ar'teries vary in number. There
 is constantly,  however,  a supe'rior, Arte'ria In-
 tereostdlis supe'rior vel Intereostdlis subcla'via,
 which is given off from the posterior part of the
 subclavian,  and which sends branches into the
 first two or  three intercostal spaces; and, gene-
rally, eight or nine inferior or aortic intcrcoatala.
These  arise from the lateral and posterior parts
of the pectoral aorta,  and ascend obliquely in
front of the vertebral column, to gain tho inter-
costal  spaces, where they divide into  a dorsal
branch and an intercostal, properly so called.
  Intercostal Muscles  are  distinguished into
internal, — intcr-plivroeostaux of Dumas, — and
external.  The former are inserted into the inner
lip, the latter into the outer lip of the edge of the
ribs.   The fibres of the external intercostals are
directed obliquely downwards and forwards; and
those of the internal downwards and backwards.
Both are  inspiratory or expiratory  muscles, ac-
cording as they take their origin on the upper or
lower rib.   Some small,  fleshy fibres, seen  occa-
sionally at  the inner surface of the  thorax, de-
scending obliquely from one rib  to another, have
been called Infracostales.
   Intercostal Nerve, Trisplanchnic nerve.
   Intercostal Nerves, Branches souscostales
(Ch.), Costal or Dorsal nerves, proceed from the
anterior branches of the dorsal nerves.   They
are  twelve  in number, and  are  distributed espe-
cially  to the muscles of the parietes  of the chest
and abdomen.
   Intercostal Space,  Interval'lum seu Intcr-
atil'ium intercoato'le,  3Icsopledrum, 31eaopled-
rium, is the interval which separates  one rib from
that immediately above or below it.
   Intercostal Veins are distinguished like the
arteries.  The right superior intercostal vein is
often wanting.  When it exists,  it opens into the
back part of the  subclavian.  The same vein of
the left side is very large. It communicates with
the demi-azygos, receives the left bronchial vein,
and opens  into  the  corresponding subclavian.
The right inferior intercostal veins open into the
vena azygos; and those of the left into the demi-

'  INTERCOS'TO-HU'MERAL NERVES.  So
called from their origin  and distribution.  They
are  the cutaneous  branches of the second and
third intercostal nerves.
   INTERCUR'RENT, Intercur'rens, from inter,
 ' between/  and currere,  ' to run.'   Diseases are
 so called which supervene at different seasons of
 the year, or which cannot be considered  as be-
 longing to any particular season. — Sydenham.
 A disease  is likewise so termed which occurs in
 the course  of another  disease, as Intercurrent
 Pneumonia.
   INTERCUTANEUS,  Subcutaneous.
   INTERDEN'TIUM, from inter,' between/ and
 dena,  'a tooth.'  The interval  between teeth of
 the same order. — Linden.
   INTERDIGITAIRE, Interdigital.
   INTERDIG"ITAL, Intcrdigito'lia, (F.) Inter-
 digitaire,  same etymon as the next.  That which
 relates to the spaces between the fingers.  Inter-
 digital apace, (F.) Eapace interdigitaire, is used,
 also, for the commissure between the fingers.
   INTERDIGIT"IUM,  from  inter,  'between,'
 and digitua, ' a  finger.'   A  corn or wart, which
 grows between the fingers  and toes,  especially
 between the latter. — Pliny.
   INTEREPINEUX CER VIC AUX, Interspi-
 nales colli.
   INTERFINIUM NARIUM, Septum narium.
   ENTERFffiMINEUM, Perinasum, Vulva.
   INTERFORAMINEUM, Perinasum.
   INTERGANGLION'IC,  Intcrgonglionicus,
 from inter, ' between/ and ganglion, 'a knot.' An
 epithet for nervous cords,  placed between gan-
 glia, which they connect together.
   INTERITUS, Death.
   INTERLOB'ULAR,Interlobula'ris, from inter, 
INTERMAXILLARY           481             INTEROSSEOUS
'between/  and  lolulua,  'a small lobe.'  That
which is between lobes, —as of the lungs.
  Interlobular Fissure.  The interval between
tho lobules of the liver.   See Liver.
  Interlobular Plexus of the Biliary Ducts.
See Liver.
  Interlobular Spaces.  The  angular  inter-
stices formed in the  liver  by the apposition of
several  lobules.
  Interlobular Tissue, Tectum iuterlobulo're,
Ligttmedto interlobulttria pulmo'num.  The cel-
lular tissue between the pulmonary lobules.
  Interlobular A'eins, see Liver.
  INTEKMAX'ILLARY, Intermaxilldris, from
inter, 'between/ and maxilla, 'a jaw.'   That
which is situate  between the maxillary bones.
  Intermaxillary Bone, Incisive, Palatine, or
Labial bone, is a bony portion, wedged in between
the two superior maxillary  bones, which supports
the  upper  incisors.   This  bone is found  in the
mammalia; and, also, in the human foetus.
  INTERMEDE, Excipient
  INTERMEDIA LIGAMENTALIA seu NER-
VEA, Inscriptioncs tendincas musculorum.
  INTERMEDIAIRE DE WRISBERG, Por-
tio  Wrisbergii.
  INTERMEDIATE VASCULAR   SYSTEM,
Capillary system.
  INTERMENT, PREMATUBE, Zoothapsis..
  INTERMIS'SION, Intermis'sio,  Dialeip'sis,
Dialip'.sis, Tempns intercala're, Interval'lum,from
inter, ' between/ and mittere,  ' to put or send.'
(F.) Intermittence.  The interval which  occurs
between two paroxysms of an intermittent or
other disease—during which the patient is almost
in his  natural state.   There  is said to be inter-
mission  of the pulse, when,  in a given  number of
pulsations, one or more may be wanting.
  IN TE It MITTENCE, Intermission.
  INTEBMIT'TENT, Intermittens.   Same ety-
mon.  That which has intermissions.
  Intermittent Fever, Febris intermittens, Di-
alcip'yra,  Intermittens,  An'etas,  Pyretolypo'sis,
Ague, Ague and  Fever, Fever and Ague, Palddal
Fevev, Period'ic Fever, (P.) Fievre intermittente,
F. d'Acccs, F. des marais, F. Piriodique, is a fever
consisting  of paroxysms, with  a  complete state
of apyrexia in the intervals.   The  chief types
are the Quotidian,  Tertian, and  Quartan.  The
symptoms  of intermittents are those of a decided
and completely marked cold stage: (F.) Stade de
froid,  attended with paleness;  collapse;  im-
paired sensibility;  and coldness, more  or  less
diffused, followed by general rigors.   After  this
occurs  the hot stage; Stade de la Chaleur, the
heat returning partially and irregularly, and at
length becoming universal, and much above the
standard of health.   The pulse is now hard  and
strong; tongue white; urine high-coloured; thirst
considerable. At length, the sweating stage, (F.)
Static de Sueur, makes its appearance; the mois-
ture usually beginning on the forehead, face, and
neck, and soon  extending universally;  the heat
abating; thirst ceasing; the urine throwing down
a sediment, and  the functions being gradually re-
stored to their wonted state.  The tertian type is
the  most common, and the quartan the most se-
vere.  The quotidian more readily changes  into
a remittent  and continued fever. The quartan
has, generally, the longest  cold stage, the  tertian
the longest hot  The chief exciting cause is marsh
miasmata.  Ague, also, occurs  in districts where
there are no marshy emanations.  Such districts
aro, generally, of a volcanic nature; farther we
know not  AVhen the disease has once attacked
an  individual, it is apt to  recur.   The prognosis
       31
is, in  general, favourable, as far as regards life;
but long protracted intermittents are apt to in-
duce  visceral  obstructions  and engorgements,
which  may end in dropsy.  In some countries,
the disease is of a very pernicious character. The
indications of treatment are, 1. To abate the vio-
lence  of the  paroxysm; and,  2. To  prevent its
return.   The first indication requires the adop-
tion of the general principles  and remedies re-
quired in ordinary fever.  The second is the most
important.   The period of apyrexia is that for
action.   The means for fulfilling this indication
are: — the  use of emetics, purgatives, cinchona,
quinia, &c, arsenic, and forcible impressions made
on the mind of the patient.
  INTERMUSCULAR,  Intermusculdris,  from
inter,  'between/ and musculus, 'a muscle.'  That
which is placed between muscles.
  Intermuscular  Aponeuro'ses  are  aponeu-
rotic  laminas or septa, situate between muscles,
to which they often give attachment.
  INTER'NAL, Inner, Intcr'nus.  That which is
placed  on  the inside.  This epithet is given to
parts  that look  towards  an imaginary  central
plane, which divides the body into two equal and
symmetrical  portions, as well as to those which
correspond with  a cavity.  Thus, we say—the in-
ner surface of the arm or thigh—the inner surface
of the skull, Ac.
  Internal Diseases, 31orbi inter'ni, are those
which occupy the inner parts of the body.  Their
investigation belongs  to the physician;  external
diseases falling  under the  management of the
surgeon.
  INTERNA T.  The post or office of an interne.
  INTERNE, see House-Surgeon.
  INTERNODIA DIGITORUM MANUS, Pha-
langes of the fingers — i. Digitorum pedis, Pha-
langes of the toes.
  INTERNO'DIUM,  3Iesagon'ium,  from inter,
'between/ and nodus, 'a knot'   The part of the
fingers between the joints.   A  phalanx.
  INTERNUN'CIAL, Internuncia'lis, from inter,
'between/  and nuneius, 'a messenger.' Relating
or belonging to a messenger between parties.  A
term  applied by Mr. Hunter to the function of
the nervous system.
  INTERNUNTII DIES, Critical days.
  INTERNUS AURIS, Tensor tympani—i. Mal-
lei, Tensor tympani.
  INTEROS'SEI ¥-ET>IS,31itatarso-phalangien-
latiral, (Ch.)  The number,  arrangement, shape,
and uses of these are the  same as in the case of
the preceding muscles.   Four are dorsal, and
three  plantar: six belong to the three middle toes
and one to  the little toe. The great toe is devoid
of them. As in the hand, they are distinguished,
in each toe, into  abductor and adductor.
  INTERROS'SEOUS, Inferos'setts.  That which
is situate between  the bones; from inter, 'be-
tween/ and os, J a bone.'
  Interosseous Ar'teries of the Forearm
and Hand.   Of these there are several.  1. The
common interosseous artery arises from the poste-
rior part of the ulnar, a little below the bicipital
tuberosity of the radius; passes backwards and
divides into two branches:  the one called ante-
rior interosseous  descends  vertically, anterior to
the interosseous ligament; the other, called pos-
terior  interosseous, passes  above that ligament,
appears at its posterior part  and divides into two
great branches, — the posterior recurrent radial
and the posterior interosseous, properly so called.
In the hand, — 1. The dorsal metacarpal interos-
seous  arteries are given off by the dorsalis carpi,
a division of the radial artery.  2. The Palmar
interrosseous  arteries, which arise from the con-
vexity of the deep palmar arch, and give off the 
               INTEROSSEUX

 middle interosseous arteries. 3. The dorsal inter-
 osseous of the index, proceeding directly from the
 radial artery.   In the foot, are distinguished : —
 1. The dorsal interoaaeoua arteriea, three in num-
 ber, which arise from the artery of  the metatar-
 sus, a branch of the dorsalis tarsi. 2. The plantar
 interosseous arteries, which are, also,  three in
 number, and arise from the plantar  arch.
   Interosseous Lig'aments.   Ligaments seated
 between certain bones, which  they unite; such
 are the ligaments between  the  radius and ulna,
 and between the tibia and fibula.
   Interosseous  Muscles.   These occupy the
 spaces between the bones of the metacarpus and
 metatarsus; and, consequently, belong,—some to
 the hand, others to the foot.
   Interosseous Nerve is a branch, given off by
 the median nerve, which descends before the in-
 terosseous ligament, accompanying  the artery of
 the same name.
   Interosseous Veins have  the same arrange-
 ment as  the arteries.
   Interosseus Manus, (F.) 3Iuscle interoaaeux
 de la main.—3Ieteicarpo-phalangien-latiral sus-
 palmaire et mitacarpo-phalangien latiral, (Ch.)
 These muscles are seven in number; two for each
 of the three middle fingers, and one for the little
 finger.  Four are situate on the back of the hand,
 and three  only in the  palm.  They are inserted
 into the  metacarpal bones,  and send a tendon to
 the tendon of the  extensor communis.  Accord-
 ing to their office, they are,  to each finger, an ad-
 ductor and an abductor.  The index has  a dorsal
 abductor and a palmar one.  The middle finger
 has two  dorsal muscles  for adductor and  abduc-
 tor; the ring finger has a dorsal adductor and  a
 palmar abductor;  and the  little finger has  only
 one  interosseous  abductor, which  is  palmar.
 These muscles produce abduction and adduction
 of the fingers, which they can also extend, owing
 to their connexion with the extensor tendons.
  Interosseus Secundus,  Prior medii digiti — i.
 Quartus, Prior annularis.
  INTEROSSEUX DE LA MAIN, Interosseus
 mantis.
  INTERPARIETAL  BONE, Os Interparie-
 ta'le.   A bone found in the skulls of the children
 of the Peruvian races.   It lies in the  situation
 of the upper angle of the  occipital  bone, where
 the parietal bones separate  from each other; and
 is the  analogue of the interparietal  bone of ru-
 minants  and carnivora.—Tschudi.
  INTERPELLA'TUS, (3torbus,) from interpel-
 lo, ' I  interrupt.'   A term,  by which Paracelsus
 designated  those diseases whose progress is une-
 qual, and paroxysms irregular.
  INTERPLEVRO-COSTAUX, Intercostal
 muscles.
  INTERPOLATUS, Intercalary.
  INTERRUPTIO MENSTRUATIONIS, Ame-
 norrhcea.
  INTERSCAPULAR, Interscapuldris, (inter,
 and scapula.)  That whieh  is between the shoul-
 ders; as the interscapular region. The interscap-
 ular cavities, Cavitdtes  interscapuld res, are the
 depressions between the scapulas and the spinous
 processes of the vertebras.
  INTERSCAPU'LIUM.   The  spine of the
 scapula.
  INTERSECTIO, Decussation, Intersection.
  INTERSECTION, Intersec'tio,Diac'ope, from
inter,  ' between/ and seco,  ' I  cut'   The point
where  two  lines meet and  cut each  other.   The
name aponeurotic intersection is given to fibrous
bands, which  certain muscles present in their
length, and by  which  they seem  interrupted.
Aponeurotic intersections are found in the recti
32        INTEBTRANSVERSALIS

 muscles of the abdomen ; in the semi-membrano
 sus, complexus, sterno-tbvroideus, Ae.
   INTERSECTIONES  TENDINEyE MUSCU-
 LORUM, Inseriptiones tendineic musculorum.
   LNTERSEP1MENTUM  THORACIS, Medi-
 astinum.
   INTERSEPTA  IIORIZONTALIA PACCHI-
 ONI, Tentorium.
   INTERSEP'TUM, from  inter, 'between/ and
 septum, 'a partition.'   Cion,  kiuiv.  The  uvula;
 also, the septum narium.  The diaphragm.
   Interseptum Narium, Septum narium—i. Vir-
 ginale, Hymen.
   INTERSPI'NAL, Interspindlis,  from inter,
 ' between/ and spina, ' the spine.'  That which is
 seated between the spinous  processes.
   Inteuspi'nal Lig'ament, 3Iembrdna interspi-
 na'lia, (F.) Ligament interepineux.  These occupy
 the intervals between the spinous processes in the
 back and loins.  In the neck, they are replaced
 by the muscles of the same name.  They prevent
 the too great flexion of the spine, and keep the
 spinous processes in situ.
   INTERSPINALS  COLLI,  Spindles Colli
 mino'res, Spina'ti,  (F.) Interipineux-cervieuux,
 Intercervicaux, (Ch.)  These are twelve in num-
 ber, and occupy, in two parallel rows, the inter-
 vals between the spinous processes of the cervical
 vertebras, from  that of  the atlas and vertebra
 dentate, to that between the last cervical and first
 dorsal vertebras.   They are flat, thin, and quad-
 rilateral.  These muscles contribute to the exten-
 sion of the neck and to throwing the head back-
 wards.
   Interspinales  Dorsi et  Lumbo'rum; por-
 tions of the Transversaire-cpincux  of Boyer, and
 the sacrospinal of Chaussier.  These muscles are
 of two kinds.  The  one  (31uselc grand epineux
 du dos, of Winslow) representing fleshy bundles
 of different lengths, applied  upon the lateral  sur-
 faces of  the spinous processes, from the third
 dorsal vertebra to the second lumbar.  The other
 (.Muscle petit ipineux  du dos, Winslow) covered
 by the preceding.   They are situate on each  side
 of the interspinal ligament, in the form of small,
 short flat bundles, which pass from one spinous
 process  to the second, third or fourth above it.
 These muscles aid in extending the vertebral co-
 lumn ;  and incline it a  little  to one side, when
 they  act on one side only.
   IN'TERSTICE, Interstit'ium, Arao'ma, from
 inter,  'between/ and sto, 'I stand.'   Diaste'ma,
 Interval'lum.  Anatomists have given this name
 to the intervals between  organs.  The iliac crest,
 crista ilii, for example, has two lips  and an in-
 terstice between them, which affords attachment
 to the lesser  oblique muscle of the abdomen.
   Interstice, Pore.
   INTERSTIT"IAL,  Interstitidlis,  same ety-
 mon.  Applied to that  which occurs in the inter-
 stices of an organ, — as  'interstitial absorption/
 'interstitial pregnancy/ &c.
   INTERSTITIUM, Interstice—i. Ciliare, Cili-
 ary ligament—i. Intercostale, Intercostal space—
 i. Jugulare, Throat.
   INTERTINCTUS, Discreet.
   INTER TRA CHE LIENS,  Intertransversales
 colli.
   INTERTRANSVERSAIRES  DES
 L03IBES, Intertransversales  lumborum.
 _ INTERTRANSVERSA'LIS, Intertransversd-
 rius.   That which is placed between  the  trans-
 verse process of the vertebras.
   Intertransversales  Colli, (F.) Intertrans-
 versaires cervicaux, Intertrachiliens, (Ch.)   These
 are small, muscular bundles; quadrilateral; thin
 and  flat; situate, in pairs, in  the intervals  be-
 tween the transverse processes of the neck, ex-
4 
INTERTRIGO               48
cppt between the first and second, where there is
only one.   They are distinguished into anterior
and posterior.   The former are six in number; the
latter five.   These  muscles bring the transverse
processes of the neck nearer each other, and con-
tribute to the lateral flexion of the neck.
  Intertransversales Lumbo'rum, 3laaculi in-
tertrttnsversi lumbo'rum,  (F.) Intertransversairea
dea lombea.  These are almost entirely fleshy, and
ten in number; five on each  side.   They are si-
milar to the preceding  in general  arrangement;
except that they arc more marked, and not placed
in two rows. Each intertransverse space contains
only one. They are quadrilateral,  and flat.  The
firs I occupies the space between the transverse
processes of the first lumbar and the  last dorsal
vertebra; and  the  last is between that of  the
fourth and  fifth lumbar vertebras.  These  mus-
cles incline the lumbar regions laterally; and
straighten it when inclined to one  side.
  INTERTRIGO,  Chafing-i. Podicis, Chafing.
  INTERVAL, LUCID, see Lucid.
  I NTERVALLUM, Intermission, Interstice—i.
Intercostalo, Intercostal  space.
  IN T E11V ENIU M. Mesophlebium.
  INTERVERTEBRAL, Intervertebrdlis, (in-
ter, and vertebra.)   That which is situate between
the vertebras.
  Intervertebral Car'tilages, Intervertebral
fibro-cartilages, Intervertebral discs,  Ligamen'ta
intervertebral1 lia.   These  organs are  of a  fibro-
cartilaginous  nature;  sections  of a cylinder;
flexible; whitish; resisting; and situate between
the bodies of the vertebra1,—from  the space be-
tween  the  second and third as far as that be-
tween the last vertebra and sacrum.   Their form
is accommodated to that of tho  vertebra with
which  they are in  connexion;  so that, in the
neck and loins, they are oval, whilst in the dorsal
region they are nearly circular.
  Intervertebral Discs, Intervertebral  carti-
lages — I.  fibro-cartilages, Intervertebral  carti-
lages.
  1NTESTABILIS. Castratus.
  INTESTATES,  Castratus.
  I\TESTIS7, Intestine.
  INTES'TINAL, Inteatindlia, from intus, 'with-
in.'  That which belongs to the intestines, — as
intestinal canal, Ac.  Bordeu uses the  term Pouts
intestinal for a pulse, which he conceived to an-
nounce an approaching crisis by the intestines.
  Intestinal Juice, Succus entericus.
  Intestinal Tube or Tract, Cana'lis seu TVac-
tus  intestino'rum.   The canal formed  by the  in-
testines from the pyloric orifice of the  stomach to
the anus.
  INTES'TINE, Intestinum, En'teron, Chorda,
Gat, Nedy'in (pi.)  Pan'tices (pi.), Boel'li  (pi.),
Bouel,  (F.) lute-itin, Boyau.  A musculo-mem-
branous  canal, variously convoluted, which ex-
tends from the stomach to the anus, and is situate
in  the abdominal  cavity; the  greater part of
which it fills.  In man, its length  is six or eight
times that of the body.   It is divided into two
principal portions, called small intestine and large
intestine.   The former, Intestinum ted tie, I.grac'-
ile, (F.) Intcstin gri/e, constituting nearly four-
fifths of the whole  length, begins at the stomach
and terminates in  the right iliac  region.  It is
divided into duodenum, jejunum and ileum.  Some
anatomists give the name small intestine to  the
last two only; which are kept in place by the
mesentery, and form a large paquct, occupying
tho umbilical  and-  hypogastric regions, a part of
the flanks, of the iliac regions, and of the cavity
of  the pelvis.  It  is composed  of, 1. A serous
membrane,  which is peritoneal.  2. Of a muscu-
lar coat,  whose  fibres are very  pale, and  are
3               INTRINSIC

placed,  in part, longitudinally; but the greater
part transversely.  3. Of a whitish, mucous mem-
brane;  villous, and forming folds  or valves —
valvula conniventes — at its  inner surface,  and
furnished  with a  considerable number of  mu-
cous  follicles,  called  glands  of  Lieberkiihn,
(Crypts or Follicles of Lieberkiihn,) and  Brun-
ner,  and,  with  those  of Peyer.   The  arte-
ries of the small intestine proceed from the su-
perior mesenteric;  its veins open into the vena
porta.  Its nerves  proceed from the superior  me-
senteric plexus.  The large intestine, Intestinum
crassum, 3Tcgaloca'lia, (F.) Gros infest in, forms a
sequence to the  small.   It is much shorter,  and
is solidly attached in the regions of the abdomen
which it occupies.   It  begins in  the  right  iliac
region; ascends along  the right flank, till be-
neath the liver, when it crosses the upper  part
of the abdomen, descends into the left iliac fossa,
and plunges into  the pelvic  cavity, to gain the
anus.   The great intestine is usually divided  into
three portions,—the cacum, colon and  rectum. It
receives its arteries from the superior and infe-
rior mesenteries.   Its veins open into the vena
porta.  Its nerves are furnished by the mesente-
ric plexuses.  Its lymphatic vessels, which are
much less numerous than those of the small in-
testine,  pass into the ganglions or glands  seated
between the different  reflections of the  perito-
neum, which  fix it to  the abdominal parietes.
The use of the intestines is,—in the upper part,
to effect the chylification of the food and the ab-
sorption of the chyle;—in the lower,  to serve as
a reservoir, where the excrementitious portion of
the food collects ; and, also, as an excretory duct,
which effects its expulsion.
  INTESTINORUM LiEVITAS, Lientery.
  INTESTINULA CEREBRI, Anfractuosities
(cerebral)—i. Meibomii, Meibomius, glands of.
  INTESTINULUM, Funiculus umbilicalis.
  INTESTINUM  CELLULATUM,  Colon— i.
Circumvolutum,  Ileon — i. Crassum,  Colon, see
Intestine — i.  Gracile, see Intestine — i. Grande,
Colon — i. Laxum,  Colon — i. Majus,  Colon  — i.
Medium, Mesentery—i. Plenum,  Coion—i. Rec-
tum,  Rectum—i. Tenue, see Intestine.
  INTIMUM UNGUIS, Nail, root of the.
  INTONATIO  INTESTINALIS, Borboryg-
mus.
  INTORSIO, Distorsion.
  INTOXICATIO, Poisoning—i. Arsenicalis, Ar-
senicismus—i. Opiaca, Meconismus—i. Saturnina,
Saturnismus.
  INTOXICATION, Poisoning, Temulentia—i.
des 3Iarais,  see Miasm.
  INTOXICA TION SA TURNINE.  Lead poi-
soning; saturnine  cachexy.  The aggregate of
symptoms which present themselves prior to an
attack of lead colic. — Tanquerel des Planches.
  INTRALINGUAL  SALIVARY   GLANDS,
see Salivary glands.
  INTRALOB'ULAR, Intralobuldris ; from in-
tra, ' within/ and  lobulus, ' a lobule.'  Relating
to the space within a lobule :—as the "intralobu-
lar veins," vena seu ven'ula intralobula'res seu
centra'les, of the liver: — veins which communi-
cate with  the  interlobular veins, and are the ra-
dicles of the hepatic veins.          ,
  INTRA-PELVIO TROCHANTERIEN, Ob-
turator  internus.
  INTRA-U'TERINE, Intraiitertnua; from in-
tra,  'within/ and uterus, 'the  womb.'  That
which takes place within the  womb — as  ' intra-
uterine life.'
  INTRICATURA. Decussation.
  INTRIN'SIC, Intrin'secua; from intra,  'with-
in/ and secus, ' towards.' Applied to the internal
muscles of certain  organs; as those of the  ear, 
                 INTROITUS               48

tongue,  and larynx.  Linnasus gave  the  name
Intridaeci to internal diseases.
  INTROITUS PELVIS, see Pelvis—i. Vaginas,
Rima vulvas.
  INTROMISSION,  Intromia'aio; from  tntro,
' within/ and mitto, ' I send.'  The act of  intro-
ducing one body into another, as Intromissio Pe-
nis, (F.) Intromission de la Verge.
  INTROSUSCEPTIO, Intussusceptio — i. En-
tropium, Entropion.
  INTUBUM, Cichorium  endivia—i. Erraticum,
Cichorium intybus.
  INTUMES'CENCE, Intumescen'tia,  Onco'sis,
Dionco'sis, from intumescere, (in, and tumescere,)
' to swell.'   Augmentation of size in a part or in
the whole of the body.  Sauvages uses the word
Intumescen'tia for an order of  diseases, in  which
he  comprehends polysarcia, pneumatosis, ana-
sarca, oedema, physconia,  and pregnancy,
  INTUMESCENTIA GANGLIFORMIS, Gan-
glion of Gasser, see Facial  nerve—i. Lactea Mam-
marum, Sparganosis — i. Lienis, Splenoncus — i.
Semilunaris, Ganglion of Gasser.
  INTUS INVERSUS, Transposition of the vis-
cera.
  INTUSSUSCEP'TIO,  from  intus,  'within/
and suscipio,  ' I receive.'   Introsuscep'tio.   In
physiology; — tho mode of increase  peculiar to
organized bodies.  In pathology, like Convol'vu- ■
lus,  Volvulus  intestino'rum, Sascep'tio intestino'-
rum, Chordap'sus, Enteroparisago'ge, Parisago'ge
intestino'rum, Indigita'tio,  Tormen'tum, and Inva-
gindtio, it means the  introduction of one part of
the intestinal canal into another, which serves  it
as a  sort of vagina or sheath.   Generally, it is
the upper part of the small intestine, which is re-
ceived into the lower, when the intussusception
is said to be progres'eive.   At times, however, it
is retrograde.   As the disease  cannot  be posi-
tively detected  by the symptoms, it must  be
treated upon  general principles.  At times, the
iuvaginated portion  has  separated  and  been
voided per anum, — the patient recovering. The
 disease is, however, of a very dangerous character.
  INTYBUM, Cichorium endivia.
  INTYBUS  HORTENSIS, Cichorium endivia.
  INULA,  see Inula helenium — i. Britannica,
 I. dysenterica — i. Common, I. helenium — i. Co-
nyzasa, I. dysenterica.
  In'ula Dysenter'ica.   The systematic name
 of the Leaaer Inula, I. Britadnica seu Conyza'a,
 Aster dysenter'icus seu undula'tus,  Pulica'ria
 dysenter'ica, Cony'za,  C. media, Ar'nica  Sueded-
 sis, Ar'nica spu'ria, Cuni'la maa'cula seu me'dia,
 Cunila'go,  (F.) Annie antidysentirique, Herbe de
 Saint Roch. Nat. Ord. Compositas.   This plant
 was once considered to possess great antidysen-
 teric virtues.  The whole plant is acrid and some-
 what aromatic.
  Inula Helen'ium.  The systematic  name of
 the Elecampane, Edula, E. campa'na, Elen'ium,
 Neeta'rium, Heliuium, Aster helen'ium seu offici-
 na'lis, Corvisar'tia helen'ium, Common Inula, (F.)
 Aunie.   The root In'ula (Ph. U. S.) was formerly
 in high esteem in dyspepsia, cachexia, pulmonary
 affections, &c.   It is now  scarcely used.
   Inula Lesser, Inula dysenterica — i. Squar-
 rosa, Conyza squarrosa.
  INUNCTIO, Inunction, Liniment.
  INUNCTION, Inunc'tio, Perunc'tio, Illit'io,
 Rli'tua, Illinit'io, Oblinit'io, Chrisis, Catach'ri-
 sis,  Diach'risis,  Epich'risis, Unetio.   An oint-
 ment or a liniment.  Also, the act of rubbing in;
 unction, (F.) Onction.
  INUNDATIO, Depuration.
  INUSTIO, Cauterization, Cauterium.
   INUSTORIUM. Cauterium.
   INVAG"INATED, Invagina'tus, from in, and |
4                 IODINE

 vagina, 'a sheath.'  Applied to a part which  is
 received into another, as into a sheath.
   The invaginated or slit and tail bandage is one
 in which strips or tails pass through appropriate
 slits or button-holes.
   INArAGINATIO, Intussusceptio.
   INVALETUDO, Infirmity.
   INA'ALID, Valetudinary.
   INA'ALIDUS, Valetudinary.
   INATASIO, Arche, Attack,  Paroxysm.
   INVERMINATION, Helminthiasis.
   INVERSIO PALPEBRARUM, Entropion—i.
 Uteri, Hysteroptesis, Uterus,  inversion of the.
   INVERSION DE  LA 31ATRICE, Uterus,
 inversion of the.
   INVERTENTIA, Absorbents, Antacids.
   INVESTITURA  FUNICULI  UMBILICA-
 LIS, see Funiculis umbilicalis.
   INVETERATUS, Chronic.
   INVISCANTIA, Incrassantia.
   INVISCA'TIO OC'ULI.  A morbid adhesion
 of the eyelids to each other, or to the globe of the
 eye.   Also, gluing  together of  the  eyelids  by a
 viscid secretion.
   INVOLU'CRUM, Invohimedtum, from invol-
 vere, 'to fold in.'  A covering; hence Involu'cra
 cer'ebri, the membranes of the brain. Involu'cra
 nervo'rum, the sheaths of the nerves.
   Involucrum Cordis, Pericardium—i. Corporis
 commune, Integument—i. Linguas, see Tongue—
 i. Membranaceum, Decidua reflexa—i. Nervorum,
 Neurilema—i. Reti comparatum, Retina.
   INVOLUMENTUM, Involucrum.
   INVOLVENTIA, Demulcents.
   IODE, Iodine.
   IODES, JEruginous.
   IODETUM HYDRARGYRICUM, Hydrargyri
 iodidum rubrum.
   IODHYDRARGYRITE  DE  CHLORURE
 31ERCUREUX, Mercury, iodide of chloride of.
   IODIC, Iod'icus, (F.) Iodique.  Same etymon
 as Iodine.  Containing iodine.
   IODIDUM  HYDRARGYRI  CHLORIDI,
 Mercury, iodide  of chloride  of—i. Hydrargyri-
 cum,  Hydrargyri iodidum rubrum — i. Hydrar-
 gyrosum, Hydrargyri iodidum.
   I'ODINE,  lo'dina,  Io'dinum,  Iodin'ium, Io'-
 dum, Io'dium,  lo'nium, lo'num, (F.) lode; from
 mSvs, viola'ceus, ' of a violet  colour/ so called
 from the violet flavour it exhales when volatil-
 ized.  It is  contained in the mother waters  of
 certain fuci, and is obtained by pouring an excess
 of concentrated sulphuric acid on the water ob-
 tained by burning different fuci, lixiviating the
 ashes and concentrating the liquor.  The mix-
 ture is placed  in a retort to which a receiver is
 attached, and is boiled.  The iodine passes over
 and  is condensed.  It is  solid,  in the form  of
 plates;  of a bluish gray  colour, of a metallic
 brightness, and smell similar to that of the chlo-
 ride of sulphur.  Its s. g. is 4.946.  When heated,
 it becomes  volatilized,  and affords the vapour
 which characterizes it.  AVith oxygen it  forms
 Iodic acid, and with hydrogen Hydriodic acid.
 The tincture of iodine and the iodides have been
 employed with great success in the treatment of
 goitre and of some scrofulous affections.  It must
 be administered  in a very small  dose  and for a
 long period.   It is said to be apt, however, to
 induce cholera morbus, signs  of great nervous
 irritability,  and  emaciation  of the  mammas.
 When these symptoms, collectively termed I'o-
 dism, lodo'sis, and Iodin'ia, are urgent, the dose
 may be diminished, or it may be wholly discon-
I tinued, and afterwards resumed.
48 
IODOGNOSIS               485                   IRIS
  Various preparations of iron are employed in
medicine.
  IODOCNO'SIS, (F.) lodognoaie;  from iodine,
and yvmcts, ' knowledge.'  A knowledge of iodine
in its various relations.—Dorvault
  IODINIA, see Iodine.
  IODINII.M, Iodine.
  IODINUM, Iodine.
   lOIHQl.'E, Iodic.
  IOD1S.A1, see Iodine.
  101) HIM, Iodine.
  I'ODOFORM, Iodofor'mum, (F.) lodoforme, so
called from its analogy to chloroform.  It is ob-
tained by tho reaction on  each  other of iodine,
bicarbonate of potassa, water, and alcohol.  It is
in crystalline plates, of a beautiful citrine colour;
and  may be given  in the  same cases as the other
preparations  of iodine.   Dose,  one  grain three
times a  day.  It  is the  sesqiti-oxide of carbon.
See Carbonis sesqiii-iodiduro.
  IODOIIYDRARGYRATE  OF POTASSIUM,
Bee Iodine.
  IODOSIS, see Iodine.
   IODU.AI.  Iodine.
   10DIRE PL03IRIQUE, Plumbi iodidum.
   IODURETUM  AMMONLE,  see Iodine —i.
Amyli, see Iodine — i. Hydrargyrosum, Hydrar-
gyri iodidum'—i. Sulphuris, see Iodine.
   IODYMUS, Dicephalus.
   ION, Viola.
   IONIA, Teucrium chamaspitys.
  IONID'IUAI MARCUCCI,  Cinchunchulli — a
South American  plant.   Sex. Syst.  Pentandria
Monogynia;  Nat.  Ord, Alolarias; said to be ex-
tremely efficacious in the Mai de San Lazaro of
Colombia.
  IONIUM,  Iodine.
  IONTA, see Excretion.
  ION'THUS,  Varus, Violet Eruption, from tov,
'the violet/ and avBos, 'a flower/ or ovdos, 'foul-
ness.'   An  unsuppurative, tubercular  tumour;
stationary;  chiefly on the face.  A genus in the
class Hamatica, order Phlogotica of Good.
   Ionthus Corymbifer, Gutta rosea—i. Varus,
Acne.
   IONUM, Iodine.
   IOTACIS'MUS, from  the Greek letter  Iota.
Defective articulation, — the patient not being
able to pronounce  the palatals j and g soft.
  IPECAC,  Apocynum  androsasmifolium,  Eu-
phorbia  corollata,  Gillenia trifoliata, Ipecacuan-
ha, Triosteum.
  IPECACUAN'HA. In common parlance, often
abridged to Ipecac.   The pharmacopceial name
of the Ccpha'c'lia ipecacuan'ha,  Cullicoc'ca Ipe-
cacuan'ha, Cagosanga. Nat.  Ord. Cinchonaceas.
It is also obtained from the Paycho'tria emet'ica
of Peru. The odour of the  root, Ipecacuan'ha
mot, Ipecacaeuan'ha  radix, Radix Brazilien'aia,
— Ipecacuanha, (Ph.  U. S.)—is faint and pecu-
liar; taste  bitter, subacrid, and mucilaginous;
both water and alcohol extract its virtues, which
depend  on  a peculiar principle, called  Emelia.
It is emetic in large doses; sudorific in smaller.
 Dose,  as an emetic, gr.  xx to xxx, — alone, or
united with gr. i to ij. of tartarized antimony.
   Ipecacuanha,  Euphorbia  corollata—i. Bas-
tard, Asclepias  curnssavica, Triosteum  perfolia-
tum—i.  Blanc de  Hie de France, Asclepias asth-
niatica—»'. Blanc  de St. Domingue, Asclepias cu-
rassavica — i. of the Isle of France, Cynanchum
vomitorium.
   Ipecacuanha,  AArHiTE, is obtained from diffe-
rent species of Richardsonia and Ionidium.  Vi-
ola ipt eacuan'ha seu Sol, a ipecacuan'ha seu Pom-
bdlca ipecacuan'ha, also affords it.   It is weaker
than the gray.
   IPO, Upas.
  IPOMCEA  JALAPA,  Convolvulus jalapa —i.
Macrorrhiza, Convolvulus Jalapa.
  IRA, Rage.
  IRACTNDUS, Rectus externus oculi.
  IRAL'GIA;  Ircalgia,  Iridalgia, from  ipiy,
' the iris/ and aXyos, ' pain.'  Pain in the iris.
  IRASC1RLE, Rectus  externus oculi.
  IREALGIA, Iralgia,
  IREONCION, Iriancistron.
  IRIANCIS'TRON,  Iridancislron, Ireodeion,
from ipts, and ayKtcrppv,  'a hook.'  A hooked in-
strument, used by Schlagintweit in the formation
of an artificial pupil.
  IRIDiE'A EDU'LIS.   One of the Algas, eaten
in Scotland and the southwest of England.
  IRIDALGIA, Iralgia.
  IRIDANCISTRON, Iriancistron.
  IRIDAUXE'SIS, from Iria, I'ridia, and avfr-
ats,  'augmentation;'  Stapltylo'ma I'ridis, Sta-
phylo'ma U'vea, Iridonco'sis, Lymphodcus I'ri-
dis. Exudation of fibrin  into the tissue of the iris.
  IRIDECTOMEDIALYSIS, see Coretomia.
  IRIDECTOMIA, Coretomia,
  IRIDENCLEISIS,  see Coretomia.
  IRIDENCLEISMUS, see Coretomia.
  IRIDERE'MIA, from  tpis, and tpv\ios,' deprived
of;' Iridostere'sis.  Absence of iris,  either appa-
rent or real.
  IRIDOCELE, Ptosis iridis.
  IRIDOCOLOBOMA, Coloboma iridis.
  IRIDODIALYSIS,  Coretomia.
  IRIDOMALA'CIA, from tpis, 'the iris/ and
uaXaKia, 'softness.'   Mollescence or softening  of
the  iris.
  IRIDOMELANO'MA,  Iridomelandsis, from
tpis,  'the  iris/ and ptXavciv,  'to  colour  black.'
The deposition of black  matter on the tissue  of
the  iris.
  IRIDONCO'SIS, Iridon'cus, Hyperoncdsis Iri-
dis, from tpis, ' the  iris/  and oyKos, ' a swelling.'
Tumefaction or thickening of the iris.  Also, Iri-
dauxesis.
  IRIDONCUS, Iridoncosis.
  IRIDOPERIPHAKI'TIS ; from tpis, 'the iris/
ttepi, 'around/ and phacitis, inflammation of  the
lens.  Inflammation of the anterior hemisphere
of the capsule  of the lens.
  IRIDOPTOSIS, Ptosis iridis.
  IRIDOR'RHAGAS, Iridorrhdge, Iridor'rhox,
Iridoschis'ma, Fissu'ra  I'ridis, from  ipts, 'iris/
and payas, ' a fissure.'  Fissure of the iris.
  IRIDORRHOGE, Iridorrhagas.
  IRIDORRHOX, Iridorrhagas.
  IRIDOSCHISMA, Iridorrhagas.
  IRIDOSTERESIS, Irideremia.
  IRIDOTENCLEISIS, Coretomia.
  IRIDOTOMIA,  Coretomia.
  IRIDOTROMUS, Hippus.
  IRIS, (gen. I'ridis) Gramme.  So called from its
resembling the rainbow in a variety of  colours.
A membrane,  stretched  vertically  at the anterior
part of the eye, in the midst of the  aqueous  hu-
mour, in which it  forms a kind of  circular,  flat
partition, separating the anterior from the poste-
rior chamber.  It is  perforated  by a  circular
opening called the  pupil, which is constantly va-
rying its dimensions, owing to the varying  con-
tractions of the fibres of the iris.   Its posterior
surface has been  called  uvea, from  the thick,
black varnish  which covers it.   The greater  cir-
cumference of the iris is adherent to the ciliary
processes and  circle.  It  has an external plane of
radiated  fibres and an  internal one of circular
fibres,  which serve — the one to dilate, the other
to contract the aperture of the pupil.  The  iris
receives the irian  nerves.  Its arteries are fur-
nished by the long ciliary arteries, which form two 
IRIS
486
IRRITABLE
circles by their anastomoses;  the one very broad,
near the great circumference ; the other, smaller,
and seated around the circumference of the pupil.
The veins of the iris empty themselves into the
Vasa vorticosa, and into the long  ciliary veins.
The use of the iris seems to be, — to regulate by
its dilatation or contraction,  the  quantity of lu-
minous  rays necessary for distinct vision.  The
different colours of the iris occasion the variety
in the colours  of the human eye.
  Iris,  see Herpes Iris — i. Common, I. Germa-
nica— i. Commun, I. Germanica — i. de Florence,
I. Florentina.
  Iris Florenti'na, Florentine iris or orris, (F.)
Iris  de  Florence.  The rhizoma of this plant is
extremely  acrid in its recent  state;  and, when
chewed, excites a pungent heat in the mouth, that
continues for  several hours.   AVhen dried, the
acrimony is lost, or nearly so, and the smell is
very agreeable.   It is  indebted to its agreeable
flavour  for its retention  in the pharmacopoeias,
although it is ranked as an expectorant.
  Iris Fcetidis'sima,/. foe'tida, Spath'ula foe'tida,
Xyris, Stinking iris, (F.) Irispuant, Glayeulpuant.
The  root has  been esteemed antispasmodic and
narcotic.
  Iris German'ica. The systematic name of the
Flower-de-Luce, Iris nostras, Aier'sa, Iris vulga'-
ris,  Common iris  or orris, Gladiolus caru'leus,
(F.)  Iris commun,  Flambe. The fresh roots  have
a disagreeable smell and an acrid, nauseous taste.
They are powerfully cathartic,  and are  given in
dropsies, where such remedies are indicated.
  Iris Lacus'tris, Dwarj'-flag, Dwarf lake-iris ;
has the properties of I. versicolor.
  Iris,  Lake, Dwarf, I. lacustris — i. Lutea, I.
pseudacorus.
  IRIS DES 3IARAIS,  I. pseudacorus — i.  Nos-
tras, I.  Germanica — i. Palustris, I. pseudacorus.
  Iris Pseudac'orus.   The systematic name of
the Yellow water-flag, Iris polua'tria seu lu'tea,
Gladi'olua  lu'teua, Ac'orus vulga'ris seu aclulteri-
nus seu palus'Iris, Pseudac'orus, Bu'tomon,  (F.)
Iris des marais, Faux acore, Flambe bdtard, Acore
bdtard.  The root has an acrid, styptic taste.  It
is an errhine,  sialogogue, and acrid astringent.
The expressed juice is diuretic,.and said to be a
useful application to serpiginous and other  cuta-
neous affections.  Rubbed on the gums, or chewed,
it is said to cure toothache.
   IRIS PUANT, I. fcetidissima —i. Stinking,
I. fcetidissima.
   Iris Versic'olor, Blue flag.  The rhizoma of
this  is  an active  cathartic, and has  been much
used, as such, by the American  Indians.   It is
reputed to be  diuretic.
   Iris Vulgaris, I. Germanica.
   IRISITIS, Iritis.
   IRI'TIS, Inflammation of the iris, Inflamma'tio
I'ridis,  Irisltis.  The  chief symptoms  are; —
change in the colour of tho iris; fibres less mova-
ble; tooth-like processes shooting into the pupil;
pupil irregularly  contracted, with the ordinary
signs of inflammation of the  eye.   If the inflam-
mation do not yield,  suppuration takes place;
and, although  the matter may be  absorbed, the
iris  remains immovable.   It is often caused by
syphilis.   The general  principles  of treatment
are, to deplete largely and exhibit mercury freely;
along with attention to other means advisable in
ophthalmia.   The free use of quinia is sometimes
serviceable.  When the inflammation  is seated in
the serous covering of the iris, it is termed  Iritis
sero'sa.
   IRON, Ferrum—i. Acetate of, Ferri acetas —
i. and  Alumina,  sulphate of,  Ferri et aluminis
sulphas—i. Ammoniated, Ferrum ammoniatum
— i. Ammonio-citrate of, Ferri ammonio-citras —
L Ammonio-chloride of,  Ferrum  ammoniatum —
i. Ammonio-tartrate of, Ferri ammonio-tartras —
i. and Ammonia, citrate of, Ferri ammonio-citras
— i. and Quinia Hydriodate of, see  Iodine — i.
Bromide of, see Bromine — i. Carbonate of, sac-
charine,  Ferri  proto-carbonas — i. Carburot of,
Graphites—i. Black oxide of, Oxydum ferri ni-
grum— i. Citrate of, Ferri citras — i.  Citrate of
the magnetic oxide of, see Ferri ammonio-citras
— i. Ferrocyanuret of, Prussian bluo — i. Ferro-
prussiate of, Prussian blue — i. Filings, purified,
Ferri limatura purificata — i. Hydrated oxide of,
Ferrum oxydatum hydratum — i. Hydrated per-
oxide of,  Ferrum  oxydatum hydratum — i. Hy-
drated tritoxide of, Ferrum oxydatum hydratum
—i. Hydriodate of, Ferri iodidum—i. Hydro-oxide
of,  Ferrum oxydatuni hydratum — i.  Iodide of,
see Iodine — i. Iodide of, Ferri  iodidum — i. Io-
duret of, Ferri iodidum — i. Lactate of, Ferri lac-
tas— i. Liquor, Ferri acetas — i. and  Magnesia,
citrate of, Ferri et Magnesias citras — i. Nitrate
of,  solution  of,  see Tinctura Ferri muriatis — i.
Peroxide of, Ferri subcarbonas — i. Phosphate of,
Ferri phosphas — i. Pills of,  compound,  Pilulas
ferri compositas—i. Potassio-citrate of, seo Ferri
ammonio-citras — i. Protocarbonate of, Ferri pro-
tocarbonas — i. Protoxide of, lactate of, Ferri lac-
tas— i. Pyrites, Ferri sulphuretum — i. and Qui-
nia, citrate of,  Ferri et Quinias  citras — i. and
Quinia, hydriodate of,  see Quinia, iodide of iod-
hydrate of—i. Sesquinitrate of, Solution of, see
Tinctura ferri muriatis—i. Sesquioxide of,  Ferri
subcarbonas—i. Sodio-citrate of, see Ferri ammo-
nio-citras— i.  Sulphate of, Ferri  sulphas—i.
Sulphuret of, Ferri sulphuretum — i. Tannate of,
Ferri tannas—i. Tartarized, Ferrum tartarizatum
— i. Ternitrate of, solution of, see Tinctura ferri
muriatis — i. Trito-hydro-ferrocyanate  of,  Prus-
sian blue — i. and Potass, tartrate of, Ferrum tar-
tarizatum— i. Valerianate of, Ferri valerianas —
i. AVeed, Vernonia Noveboracensis.
  IRREDU'CIBLE,  (F.)  Irriducible.  An epi-
thet given  to  fractures, luxations, hernias, &c,
when they cannot be reduced.
  IRREDUCIBLE, Irreducible.
  IRREG'ULAR, Irreguldris, Anom'alous; from
im,  ' privative/ and regula,  ' a  rule.'  A term
chiefly  applied to the types of a disease; and,
also, to the pulse, when its beats are separated by
unequal intervals.
   Irreg'ular Practit"ioner.  One who does not
practise his profession  according to rules  sanc-
tioned by law or custom.
   IRREMEDIABLE, Incurable.
   IRREPTIO, Attack.
   IRRIGA'TION, Irriga'tio, Embroea'tio, Irro-
ra'tio : ' the act of watering or moistening.'  The
methodical application  of water to  an affected
part, to keep it constantly wet.
   IRRLTABILITAS, Irritability — i. Morbosa,
see Subsultus tendinum — i. Vesicas, Cysterethis-
mus.
   IRRITABIL'ITY, Irritabil itas, from  irrito,
(in, 'privative/ and ritus,  'the  usual  manner,')
'I provoke.'   Vis irritabilitdtis, Vis  Vita, Vis
idsita  of Haller, Vis  vita'tia of  Gorter, Oseil-
Idtio of Boerhaave, Tonic  power of Stahl, Vita
pro'pria, Inherent power, Contractility,  Excita-
bility, &c.  A power, possessed by all living, or-
ganized bodies, of being acted upon by certain
stimuli, and of moving responsive to stimulation.
It  is the ultimate vital property.
   IR'RITABLE, Irritab'itis.   That which is en-
dowed with irritability.   Every living  organized
tissue is irritable; that  is, capable of feeling an
appropriate stimulus, and of moving responsive to
such stimulus.   Irritable is often used in the same
sense as impressible, as  when we speak of an irri-
table person, or habit, or temper.   This last con-
dition  has  been  variously termed — Debilitaa 
IRRITAMEN
487
ISOHIO
 nervo'sa, D. Erethis'iea, Hypercine'sia nervo'aa,
 N- itraHtheni'a, Ncuroathenta, Senaibilitaa anont-
 alu, S. 3Iorbo'su, S. a acta.
   IRRITAMEN, Irritant, Stimulus.
   IRRITA.MENTUM, Erethism,  Irritant,  Sti-
 mulus— i.  Mctallicum, Galvanism.
   IR'RITANT, Irritans, Irrita'men,  Irritamen-
 tum.   That which causes irritation or pain, heat
 and tension; either mechanically, as  punctures,
 acupuncture, or scarification; chemically, as the
 alkalies and acids; or in  a specific manner, as
 cantharides.
   Irritants  are of great use in the treatment of
 disease.
   IRRITATING POISON,  see Poison.
   IRRITATIO, Erethism, Gargale, Irritation.
   IRRITA'TION, Irritu'tio, Erethis'mus.   The
 state of a tissue or organ, in which there is ex-
 cess of vital movement; commonly manifested
 by increase of the circulation and sensibility.
 Broussais defines irritation to be ; — the condition
 of an organ, the excitation of which is carried to
 so high a degree, that the equilibrium resulting
 from the balance of all the functions  is broken.
 In this signification, he also uses  the word  aur-
 irritation, which he considered as a higher de-
 gree, and as the essential cause of fever.  Irrita-
 tion is  the percursor of inflammation.
   Iriuta'tion, Morbid, Constitd tional irritation,
 Irritative fever, Pseudo-fever, is that excitement
 which occurs after injuries done to the body, or
 to any  part thereof; — constituting cases of dis-
 eased si/mpathi/.
   IRRITATIVE FEVER, Irritation, morbid.
   IRRORATIO,  Irrigation.
   IS. Fibre.
   ISA'TIS  TINCTO'RIA, IPoao', Pastel.  A Eu-
 ropean  plant, whoso leaves have a fugitive pun-
 gent smell, and an acrid'durable taste. They are
 not used, however, in medicine at the  present
 day ;  but are the source of the dye-stuff, woad.
   ISCA, Boletus  igniarius.
   ISCIIiE'MIA, from i<r^u, 'I retain/ and 'atpa,
 ' blood.'  Morbid retention or suppression of an
 habitual flux of blood, as of the hemorrhoidal or
 menstrual flux or of epistaxis.  See Hasmatosta-
 tica.
   ISCH^'MON,  Iseha'mum.  Same etymon. A
medicine which restrains or stops bleeding.
  IS'CHESIS, from nrvav, 'to retain.' Suppres-
sion or retention of a discharge or secretion.
  IS'CHIA, MINERAL AVATERS OF.  In this
volcanio isle, five miles from Naples,  there  are
several  thermal waters, one of which — that of
Gurgitello — raises the thermometer of Fahr. to
167°.
   ISCHIACUS, Ischiatic.
   ISCUIADICUS MORBUS, Neuralgia femoro-
poplitaa — i. Nervus, Sciatic nerve.
   ISCHIADOCELE, Isehiocele.
   ISCUIAGRA, Is'chias, Ischialgia, from tc\tov,
' the haunch/ and aypa,  ' a  seizure.'  A name
given to  ischiatic gout.  Femoro-popliteal neu-
ralgia has, also, been so called.
   ISCHIALGIA,  Ischiagra,  Neuralgia fernoro-
poplitica.
   ISC 1 HAS, Ischiagra — i. Nervosa Antica, Neu-
ralgia femoro-pnetibialis — i. Nervosa Cotunnii,
Neuralgia femoro-poplitea — i. Nervosa digitalis,
Neuralgia cubito-digitalis — i. Nervosa postica,
Neuralgia  femoro-poplitasa — i. a  Sparganosi,
Phlegmatia  dolens.
  ISCIIIAT'IC. Ischiadic, Ischial icus, Ischiad'-
icus, Ischincits, Sciatic, from ic^tov, ' the haunch •'
whence  the  word Sciatic.  An epithet given to
parts connected with the ischium.   The Sciatic
Notches,  (F.) Eehancrures Ischiatiques,  are
 formed by this bone; the Ischiatic Spine belongs
 to it, and gives attachment to the small sacrosci-
 atic ligament. The Tuberosity of the Ischium,
 Os  sedentdrium,  Tuber Is'chii,  (F.)  Tuberositi
 sciatique, is  formed by it.  It receives the inser-
 tions of different muscles of the thigh, and forms
 the  projection on which  the  body rests when
 seated.
   Ischiatic Artery, Sciatic Ar'tery, (F.) Artere
 Femoro-Poplitie (Ch.) arises singly from the hy-
 pogastric, or with the gluteal; and seems to be
 really a continuation of the  trunk of the hypo-
 gastric.  It  issues from the  pelvis, at the lower
 part of the  great sciatic notch; and, afterwards,
 divides into a considerable number of branches,
 which are distributed particularly to the posterior
 and superior region of the thigh.
   Ischiatic Region, Sciatic region; Regio ischi-
 adica.  The region of the hip.
   Ischiatic A*ein presents  the same arrange-
 ment as the  artery.
   ISCHIATICUS, Sciatic.
   ISCHIATOCELE, Isehiocele.
   ISCHIDRO'SIS, Sudo'ris  suppres'sio, Oligid-
 ria,  from icyy,  'I restrain/  and  'tSptas, 'sweat'
 Suppression  of perspiration.
   ISCHIOBLEN'NIA, Ischoblednia, from tcXoi,
 'I restrain/ and  (iXcvva, 'mucus.'   The suppres-
 sion of a morbid  but habitual  discharge of mucus.
   ISCHIO-CAVERNO'SUS.  Belonging to  the
 ischium and  corpus cavernosum.
   Ischio-Cavernosus muscle,  Collaterdtia, Di-
 ree'tor penia, Erec'tor penis, Sustentdtor Penis,
 Iachio-urithral (Ch.) is a small, long, flat muscle,
 which surrounds  the origin of the corpus caver-
 nosum.  It is fixed below to the inner side of the
 tuberosity of the ischium,  and above to the root
 of the penis, where it is  confounded with  the
 fibrous membrane of the corpus cavernosum.   It
 draws the root of the penis  downwards and back-
 wards.
   Ischio-Cavernosus  of  the  female,  Erector-
 clitor'idis,  Sustentdtor clitor'idis,  Superior  ro-
 tun'dua clitor'idis, (F.) Ischio-clitoridien, Ischio
 sous-clitorien, (Ch.), is arranged nearly as in  the
 male, but is less bulky.  It  arises, by aponeurosis,
 from the tuberosity of the ischium, and terminates
 by embracing the corpus cavernosum of the cli-
 toris, to the  erection of which it appears to con-
 tribute.
  ISCHIOCE'LE,  Isehiatoce'le, Ischiadoce'le,
 Hernia ischia'tica; from  tcxtov, 'the ischium/
 and  kvXv, 'tumour.'  Ischiatic hernia.   One  in
 which the viscera issue by the great sciatic notch.
It is a rare  disease.  The  protruded parts must
be reduced—the patient being placed in a favour-
able  position, and they must be retained by a
  ISCHIO-CLITORIA'NUS.  That which  is
connected with the ischium and clitoris.
  Ischio-Clito'rian Artery of Chaussier is a
division of the internal  pudic, which furnishes
the two arteries of the clitoris — the superficial
and deep-seated.
  Ischio-Clitorian Nerve,  of the  same pro-
fessor, is the superior branch of the pudic nerve,
which is distributed to  the clitoris.
  ISCHIO - CLITORIDIEN,  Isehio - cavernous
—i. Coccygeus, Coccygeus—i.  Criti-tibial, Semi-
tendinosus, — i. Femoralis,  Adductor  magnus —
i. Fimoro-pironier, Biceps flexor cruris—i. Peri-
neal, Transversus  perinasi — i. Popliti-femoral,
Semi-membranosus—;'.  Popliti-tibial.  Semi-
membranosus — i.  Pritibial,  Semi-tendinosus —
i. Sous-clitorien, Ischio-cavernosus — ?'. Sous-tro-
chantirien, Quadratus femoris—i. Spino-trochan- 
ISCHION                 488               ISOPATIIIA
tirien,  Ischio-trochanterianus—i,  Urithral, Is-
chio-cavernosus.
  ISCHIODYMIA, see Somatodymia.
  IS'CHION,  Ischium, Os ischii,  Os coxen'dicis,
Hip-bone, Huckle-bone, Seat-bone, (F.) Os  de
Vassiette.  The lowermost of the three portions
which  compose the os innominatum in the foetus
and young individual.  The inferior region of the
same bone has, also, been called  ischium, in the
adult  According to Hesychius, the ancients de-
signated by the word ischion, the capsular liga-
ment of the coxo-femoral articulatien, as well as
the articulation itself.   Some  derive  the  word
from iff^tf, the lumbar region; others from the
verb io-y,<j, 'I  arrest/ 'I retain;'—because that
bone serves as a base or support for the trunk,
when we are seated.
  Ischion, Haunch,
  ISCHIOPA'GES, from Ischion, and trayu, 'I
fasten.'  A  monstrous union of two foetuses, in
which  they are attached to each  other by the
ischia. — Geoffroy St. Hilaire.   See Hypogastro-
didymus.
  ISCHIOPHTHI'SIS, Tabes coxa'ria seu ischi-
adica, Phthisis ischiadica, from icxtov, 'ischium/
and phthisis.  Phthisis in consequence of suppu-
ration  of the hip joint.
  ISCHIO-PROSTAT'ICUS.   AVinslow, Sancto-
rini, Albinus, and  Sommering, have given this
name  to the  fibres of  the  transversus perinasi
muscle, which go towards the prostate.
  ISCHIO-RECTAL FOSSA, Perineal fossa.
  ISCHIOSIS, Neuralgia femoro poplitasa.
  IS C H10 -  TROCH ANTERIA'NUS, Gem'ini,
Gcmel'li.  Part  of  the 3lursupidlis of Cowper;
Car'neum 3lursdpiuin, Ischio-spini-trochantirien,
Secun'dus et ter'tius quadrigem'inus, (F.) Muacle
canneli, Accessoire d I'obturateur  interne.  Two
small, fleshy bundles, long and flat, which  arise,
—the  superior on the outside of the sciatic spine;
the inferior behind the tuberosity of the ischium.
Both pass horizontally outwards, and are attached
to the tendon of the obturator internus, which
they accompany into the fossa  of the trochanter.
These muscles are rotators of the lower limb out-
wards.  They can, also, turn the pelvis on the
femur, in standing on one foot.
   ISCHIUM, Ischion.
   ISCHL, MINERAL WATERS  OF.  These
springs, which  are in Upper Austria, contain
iodine and bromine.
   ISCHNOPHO'NIA, from tcxvos, 'slender/ and
(paw,  'voice.'  Slenderness of voice. — Hippo-
 crates, Galen.
   ISCHNOTES, Emaciation.
   ISCHO, io%o), 'I keep back/  'I restrain/  'I
hold firm.'  Hence:
   ISCHOBLENNIA, Ischioblennia.
   ISCHOCENO'SIS, from  uryj, 'I arrest/ and
 Kivuiais,  'evacuation.'  Retention or suppression
 of  a natural evacuation — as of the menses.
   ISCHOCHOLTA, from tcXo>,  'I arrest/ and
X<>Xv,  'bile.'  Reten'tio bills.  Retention or sup-
pression of the biliary secretion.
   ISCHOCOILIA, Constipation.
   ISCHOCOPRIA, Constipation.
   ISCHOGALAC'TIA, Reten'tio lactis, from tcx"),
 and yaXa, 'milk.'   Want of milk in the mammas.
   ISCHOLO'CHIA or Ischolochi'a, Lochios'die-
 sis, Suppres'sio lochid rum, from or^ui, 'I restrain/
 and Xox^a, 'the lochial discharge.'   Reten'tio
 lochid ram.  Suppression of the lochial discharge.
   ISCHOAIENIA, Amenorrhcea.
   ISCHONEURALGIA, Neuralgia femoro-pop-
 litesa.
   ISCHOPHONIA, Balbuties.
   ISCHOSPER'MIA, from kt^u, ' I retain/ and
cTtcppa, 'sperm;'  Sem'inis reten'tio.   Retention
or suppression of  the spermatic secretion.
  ISCHURETTC, Ischureticum,   Same etymon
as the next.  A medicine for relieving suppression
of urine.   A diuretic.
  ISCHU'RIA, Uri'na suppres'sio, Stoppage of
urine,  Suppres'sio lo'tii, Paru'ria retentio'nis ;
from tcx<>>, 'I arrest/ 'I retain/ and ovpov, 'urine.'
Impossibility  of  discharging the urine.   (Jene-
rally restricted to suppression of the  secretion,
or to renal Ischuria or Anu'ria, Anure'sis.
   Ischuria Vera is that in which the urine having
accumulated in the bladder, the patient is unable
to pass it, notwithstanding the inclination which
constantly distresses him. In false ischuria, Pa-
ru'ria  inops, Paru'ria retentio'nis rena'lis, Ischu-
ria notha seu sp>dria, of some, (F.)  Suppression
d Urine,  owing to some disease of the kidney or
uterus, the urine  cannot  reach the bladder.
   Ischuria has likewise received various  other
names, according to  the seat  and character of
the obstacle which opposes the exit of the urine:
hence  the expressions — Renal, Ureteric, Vesical,
 Urethral, and Calculous Ischuria.   Vesical Ischu-
ria is synonymous with Retention of urine, which
see.
   IscnuRiA Cysto-phlegmatica, Cystirrhcea —
i. Phimosica, see Phimosicus—i. Spasmodica, Cys-
tospasmus—i. Spuria, see Ischuria—i. Urethralis
a phimosi, see Phimosicus—i. Vera,  see Ischuria
—i. Aresicalis, Retention  of  urine.
   ISINGLASS, Ichthyocolla.
   ISIR,  Elixir.
   ISIS NOBILIS, see Coral.
   ISLAND OF REIL, Insula cerebri.
   ISLE   OF  AVIGHT,   CLIMATE  OF.   This
beautiful  island is a favourable summer retreat
for invalids.   Undercliff is  the situation chosen
as  a winter residence for phthisical valetudina-
rians.  Cowes, Niton, Sandown, Shanklin, and
Ryde,  are delightful summer residences.
   ISOCH'RONOUS, Isoch'ronus, Isochrodius,
Isod'romus, from tcos, 'equal/ and ^povos, 'time.'
That which takes place  in  the same time, or in
equal  times.   The pulsations of the arteries, in
various parts of the body, are nearly isochronous.
   ISOCH'RYSON, iiiro compar;  from tcos,
 'equal/  and  xpva°s> 'gold.'   A collyrium,  de-
scribed by Galen as worth  its weight in gold.
 Libavius  has  also given this name  to an  amal-
gam,  made with equal  parts  of antimony and
 mercury.
   ISOC'RATES, from 10-05, 'equal/ and Kioavvvpt,
 ' I mix.'  A mixture of equal parts  of wine and
 water. — Hippocrates.
   ISODROMUS, Isochronous.
   ISOLUSINE,  see Polygala senega.
   ISOM'ERIC, Isomer'icus, Isom'erus, Isomoe'rus,
 Isom'orus, from  tcos, ' equal/  and ptpos, ' part'
 An epithet  applied  to  different bodies  which
 agree  in composition,  but  differ in properties.
 The condition is  termed  Isom'erism.
   ISOMERISM, see Isomeric.
   ISOMORPHISM, see Isomorphous.
   ISOMOR'PHOUS, Isomor'phus, Isomor'phicus,
 from tcos, 'equal/ and poptpv, 'form.' An epithet
 applied  to different bodies which have the same
 crystalline form.  The  condition is called  Iso-
 morphism.
   ISONANDRA GUTTA,  see Gutta percha,
   ISOPATHI'A, Isop'athy,  from tcos,  'equal/
 and -ados, ' disease.'  This term has  been used
 by some of  the  German writers to signify the
 cure of diseases  by the  disease itself, or its pro-
 ducts;—under the hypothesis, that  every conta-
 gious  disease contains  in its  contagious matter 
ISSUE                   489               JACTATION
the means for its cure; — thus, that variola may
be  cured by  homoeopathic doses of  variolous
matter;  syphilis, with  venereal matter, <fec, Ac.
Others have given  to isopathy another form; —
maintaining,  that every  diseased organ has  its
remedy in the 6ame organ,—that eating liver, for
example, will remove disease of the liver!
   Isopathia has been used by an American writer
— Dr. J. M.  B. Harden, of Georgia — to mean
"Parallelism of Diseases;" "the disposition of
diseases  to ' anastomose  with  each  other,' or to
wear each other's livery."
   ISSUE, Fonticulus — i. Peas, Aurantia curas-
saventia, see Fonticulus.
   ISTII3IE D U G OSIER, Isthmus of the fauces.
   1STIIMION, Isthmus, Pharynx.
   ISTHMI'TIS, Inflamma'tio Fau'cium, I. pa-
la'ti, Aug Ina simplex, Cynan'che simplex, Angi'na
mitis, A. faucium, Angor fau'cium, (F.) Angine
simple.   Inflammation of the fauces.  See  Cy-
nanche pharyngea,  and Angina.
   IS TIIM 0 CATAR'R H U S; from tripos, ' the
fauces/ and xarappoos, ' catarrh.'   Catarrh of the
fauces.
   ISTHMODYN'IA, from  tripos, 'the fauces/
and oSw/x, ' pain.'   Pain  in the fauces.
   ISTHMOPLE'GIA; from tadpos, ' the fauces/
and TtXvyv, ' a stroke.'  Paralysis of the fauces.
   ISTIIMOS,  Pharynx.
   ISTIIAIOTYPHUS, Cynanche maligna.
   ISTHMUS, Isth'mion.  A tongue of land join-
ing a peninsula to  a continent,  or which  sepa-
rates two seas.  Anatomists have given the name
Fauces, Isthmus of the Fauces, Isthmus Fau'cium,
Clattstrum Gut'turis, (F.)  Isthme du gosier, to the
strait which separates the mouth from  the pha-
rynx.  It is formed  above  by the velum palati
and  uvula; at  the  sides, by the pillars of  the
fauces and the tonsils; and below, by the base
of the tongue.
   Isthmus of the Fossa Ova'lis; Isthmus Vieus-
sen'ii, Striga cartilagino'sa cordis, is the promi-
nent arch formed above  the fossa ovalis by the
union of the two pillars which  bound the cavity.
   Isthmus of the  Thyroid Gland is  a narrow
band that unites the two chief lobules composing
the thyroid gland.
   Isthmus Hepatis, see Lobulus anonymus — i.
Urethras, see Urethra—i. Vieussenii, Isthmus of
the fossa ovalis, see  Ovalis fossa.
  ITALICUS  MORBUS, Syphilis.
  ITCH, Psora—i. of Animals, Scabies ferina—
i. Bakers', seo Psoriasis — i. Barbers', Sycosia.
   Itch,  Cowpox.   A  cutaneous  eruption, ob-
served and described by  Golis, which  appeared
after the fourteenth  day  from vaccination, and
consisted of isolated vesicles, often filled with a
puriform fluid.
   Itch, Grocers/ see  Psoriasis — i. Insect, see
Psora — i. Weed, Veratrum  viride.
                                            J


  JABOT, Ingluvies.
  JACA INDICA. Thymus mastichina.
  JACEA, Tricolor,  Ariola Tricolor—j. Ramosis-
sima, Centaurea calcitrapa.
  JACENS. Sick.
  JACK IN THE HEDGE, Alliaria.
  JACKSON'S BATHING SPIRITS, Linimen-
tum  saponis compositum.
  JACOBAiA, Senecio Jacobasa.
  ITCHING, Parap'sis pruritus, Autal'gia pru-
rigino'sa,  Pruritus, Prurigo, Cnesrnos, Cnesma,
(F.) Prurit, Demangeaison.   A sensation, more
inconvenient than painful, seated especially at
the  surface of the body, which provokes  the
patient to scratch the part.  It may be either an
external  or an internal sensation : that is, pro-
duced by an external body, or by some modifica-
tion in the organic actions of the part to which
it is referred.
  ITEA, Salix.
  ITER  DENTIS, see Gubernaculum  dentis —
i. Femineum,  Perinasum—i. ad Infundibulum,
A"ulva — i. a Palato ad Aurem, Eustachian tube
— i. ad Quartern ventriculum, Aquasductus Sylvii
— i. ad Tertium ventriculum, Arulva — i. Urinas,
Urethra — i. Urinarium, Urethra..
  ITHYPHAL'LUS,  from t$vs,  'straight/ and
tpaXXos, ' penis.'  An  amulet,  in the form of  a
penis, anciently worn  round the neck,  to which
were attributed alexiterial properties.
  ITINERARIUM, Conductor, Director.
  ITIS,  from  trvs, 'bold/ 'rash.'  A suffix  de-
noting inflammation;—as encephalitis, inflam-
mation of the  encephalon ; — Pleuritis, inflam-
mation of the pleura.
  IVA, Teucrium iva — i. Arthritica, Teucrium
chamaspitys—i. Moschata Monspeliensium, Teu-
crium iva — i.  Pecanga, Smilax sarsaparilla.
  IVETTE MUSQUEE, Teucrium iva — i. Pe-
tite, Teucrium  chamaspitys.
  I VOIRE, Ivory.
  IVORY, Ebur, Elephas, (F.) Ivoire. The tusk
of the elephant.   It is chiefly composed of phos-
phate of lime, and is  used for the fabrication of
pessaries, artificial teeth, handles of instruments,
&c.   Formerly, when  calcined to  whiteness, it
entered into some pharmaceutical  preparations.
It was regarded as astringent and anthelmintic,
and was called Spodium.
  The dentine  is  the ivory of the human tooth.
See Tooth.
  IVRAIE, Lolium temulentum.
  IVRESSE,  Temulentia.
  LVY, Hedera helix, Kalmia angustifolia — i.
American, Ampelopsis quinquefolia—i. Big, Kal-
mia latifolia — i. Fine-leaved,  Ampelopsis  quin-
quefolia—i. Ground, Glecoma hederaceum.
  IXIA,  Ararix, Viscum album.
  IXINE,  Atraetylus  gummifera.
  IXIR,  Elixir.
  IXOS,  A*"iscum album.
  IXUS, Galium aparine.
 _ IXYOMYELI'TIS,  from ,fos, 'the lumbar re-
gion/ pviXos, 'marrow/ and itis, denoting inflam-
mation.  Inflammation of the  spinal marrow in
the  lumbar region.
  IXYS,  Ix'ya, Ix'ye.  Used by different authors
for  the ilia, flanks, and loins; most frequently
for  the last. — Hippocrates.
  JACOR^E, Senecio Jacobasa.
  JACOB'S LADDER,  FALSE,  Polemonium
reptans.
  JACOBSON'S ANASTOMOSIS, see Petrosal
ganglion.
  JACTA'TION, Joetita'tion, Jacta'tio, Jacta'tvs,
Rhiptas'mos, Jactita'tio,  from  jactare, ' to toss
about' Extreme anxiety; excessive restlessness;
—a symptom observed in serious diseases. 
JACTITATIO
490
JOANNESIA
   JACTITATIO, Inquietude.
   JADE  NEPHRITE ou  ORIENTALE, Ne-
 phreticus  lapis.
   JAGRE, see Tari.
   JALAP, Convolvulus jalapa, Phytolacca de-
 candra—j. Cancer  root, Phytolacca decandra—
 j. AVild, Convolvulus panduratus.
   JALAPA, Convolvulus jalapa.
   JALAPINE, see  Convolvulus jalapa.
   JALAPIUM, see  Convolvulus jalapa.
   JALAPPA, Convolvulus jalapa—j. Alba, Con-
 volvulus mechoaean.
   JALEYRAC,  MINERAL  AVATERS OF.
 These waters are situate two leagues from Mau-
 riac in  France,  on  the road  from Clermont in
 Auvergne. The waters contain lime and carbo-
 nate of  soda, and are esteemed to be tonic, ape-
 rient, &c.
   JALOPA, Convolvulus jalapa.
   JAMAICA, see AVest Indies—j. Bark tree,
 Burscra gummifera.
   JAMAICINE, see Geoffrasa inermis.
   JA31RES DE BARBADE, see Elephantiasis
 —j. da Cervelet, Corpora restiformia.
   JA3IBIER, Tibial—/. Antirieur, Tibialis an-
 ticus —j.  Grele,  Plantar muscle —j. Postirieur,
 Tibialis posticus.
   JAMES'S  ANALEPTIC  PILLS, see Ana
 leptica.
   JAMESTOWN WEED, Datura stramonium.
   JANAMUNDA, Geum urbanum.
   JANIPHA  MANIHOT, Jatropha manihot
   JANITOR,  Pylorus.
   JANITRIX, Porte vena.
   J A NON- TARENTIS3IE, Tarantismus.
   JANUS, Dicephalus.
   JACQUIER, Artocarpus.
   JARRET,  Poples.
   JARRETIER, Poplitasus muscle, Hamstring.
   JARRETIERE  (F.),  Peris'cclis, a garter,
 from garetum or garretum,  in low Latin, the
 ham. A kind of furfuraceous  herpes, which oc-
 cupies the part  of  the leg where the garter is
 worn.
   JAS3IIN, Jasminum officinale.
   JASMINUM ARABICUM, Coffea Arabum.
   Jasmi'num Officina'le, Jasminum, Jesemi'nam,
 the Jes'samine, (F.)  Jasmin.  The flowers of this
 beautiful plant have a very fragrant smell, and a
 bitter taste.   They afford, by distillation, an es-
 sential oil; which is much esteemed in Italy, for
 rubbing paralytic limbs, and in the cure of rheu-
 matic pains.
   JASPER, Jaspis.
   JASPIS, Jasper.   A precious stone, supposed
 by the ancients to be capable of arresting hemor-
 rhage when worn as an amulet.
   JATAMANSI, Sumbul.
   JAT'ROPIIA CURCAS, Ric"inus major, Rici-
 no'ides, Pi'neus purgans, Pinho'nes In'clici, Faba
 cathar'tica, Avella'na cathar'tica, Nux cathar'tica
 America'na,  Nux Barbadedsis, Physic Nut, (J?.)
 Pignon  d'Inde, 3Iidicinier cuthartique,  Grand
 haricot de Pirou, Pignon  de Barbarie, Noix ca-
 thartique,  N. Amirieaine ou des Barbades.  Nat.
 Order, Euphorbiaeeas.  The seeds  of this  plant
 afford a quantity of oil, given, in  many places,
 like the  castor oil; to which, indeed, it is nearly
 allied.  They contain a peculiar acid, the Jatro-
 phic or Igasuric.
   The seeds of Jatropha Multif'ida are called
 Purging Nats, and give out a similar oil.
  Jatropha Elastica, see Caoutchouc.
  Jatropha Man'ihot, Jan'ipha 3Inn'ihot.  The
plant affording the  Oassa'da or Cassa'va  Root,
 Caca'vi,  Cassdve, Cazabi,  Pain de Madagascar,
Ric'Hnua Minor, 3Iodioc, 3Iagnoc, 3Iuniot, Yucca,
 Muniibar, Aipi, Aipima coxera, Aipipoca, Jani-
 pha.   The juice of the root is extremely acrid
 and poisonous.  What remains, after expressing
 it, is made into cakes or meal;  of which the cas-
 sada  or  cassava bread is formed.  This bread
 constitutes a principal food of the  inhabitants of
 those parts where it grows.
   The fecula of the root forms Tapioca,  Cipipa,
 Fec'ula Tapio'ka, Am'ylum manihoticum, which
 is very nutritious.  It may be prepared in the
 same manner as sago.
   A factitious  Tapioca is met with in the shops,
 which is in very small, smooth, spherical grains
 and is supposed to be prepared from potato starch.
 It is sold under the name pearl tapioca.
   JAUNDICE, Icterus—j. Black, Melasna—j.
 Lead, Icterus saturninus—j. Red,  Phenigmus.
   JAUNE, Yellow— j. d'CEuf, see Ovum
   JAUNESSE, Icterus.
   JAAV BONE, Maxillary Bone.
   JAAV-DISEASE, PHOSPHORUS, see Phos-
 phorus.
   JEAN-DE-GLAINES, ST.,  MINERAL AVA-
 TERS OF.  These waters are situate two leagues
 from  Billom in Auvergne.  They  contain chlo-
 ride of calcium, and carbonate of magnesia; dis-
 solved in an excess of carbonic acid.
   JECINUS, Liver.
   JECORARIA, Marchantia polymorphia.
  JECORARIUS, Hepateros, Hepatic.
  JECORIS VOMICA, see Hepatitis.
  JECTIGA'TIO. A word used byAran Helmont
 for a species of epilepsy or convulsion.
  JECUR, Liver—j. Uterinum, Placenta.
  JEFFERSO'NIA BARTONI,  J. Diphyl'la,
 Common  Twinleaf,  Yellow Root,  Ifelmet Rod,
 Ground Squirrel Pea.  An indigenous plant, be-
 longing to Nat. Ord. Berberideas, Sex. Syst, Oc-
 tandria Monogynia;  which possesses medical pro-
 perties analogous to those of hydrastis.
  JEJUNITAS, Hunger.
  JEJUNI'TIS; a term of hybrid  formation, —
 from Jejunum,  'the  intestine jejunum/ and itis,
 a  suffix denoting inflammation.   Inflammation
 of the jejunum.
  JEJUNIUM, Hunger, Fasting.
  JEJU'NUM, from jejunus, empty;' Nestis, wa-
 rts, Nestia.   The  part of  the small  intestine
 comprised between the duodenum and ileum.  It
 has been  so called, because it is almost always
 found empty in the dead body.
  JELLY, Gelly—j.  of the  Cord, Gelatin of
 Wharton—j. Rice,  see Oryza—j. Water, Bra-
 senia hydropeltis.
  JENKINSONIA  ANTIDYSENTERICA, Pe-
 largonium antidysentericum.
  JERGON, see Arrow-poison.
  JERKING RESPIRATION,  Respira-
 tion, jerking.
  JERKS, see Mania, dancing.
  JERSEY,  CLIMATE  OF.  Jersey  is  the
 largest of the islands of the British  Channel, and
 is  most frequented by invalids.   Its  climate
 closely resembles that of the  south-west coast
 of England, and especially of Penzance, and it is
 adapted to the  same class of invalids.
  JERUSALEM OAK OF AMERICA,  Cheno-
podium anthelminticum.
  JESEMINUM, Jasminum officinale.
  JESSAMINE, Jasminum officinale—j. Yellow,
Gelseminum nitidum.
  JEUNESSE, Adolescence.
  JEAA'EL AVEED,  Impatiens balsamina.
  JEAV'S EAR, Peziza auricula—j. Harp, Tril-
lium latifolium.
  JIGGER,  Chique.
  JIMSTON WEED, Datura stramonium.
  JOANNESIA PRINCEPS, Anda. 
JOANNETTE
491
JUNCUS
  JOANNETTE,  MINERAL  WATERS  OF.
Several springs are found at Joannette, about
five leagues from Augers, in France.  The waters
are both cold and warm, and contain  sulphate of
lime ; subcarbonate of soda; chloride of sodium ;
some  iron;  chloride of calcium, and, sometimes,
a kind of  saponaceous matter.  They are chiefly
used as a  tonic in chlorosis, leucorrhcea, &c.
  JOE  PYE,  Eupatorium perfoliatum.
  JOIINE,  MINERAL AVATERS OF.   Johne
is a village near Dol in  Franche-Comte, France,
where is  a  mineral spring, which contains sub-
carbonate of soda, and subcarbonates of magne-
sia and iron.   It  is used  chiefly as a bath in
certain  diseases of the skin, and in atonic affec-
tions.
  JOINT, Articulation—j. Ball and  Socket, En-
arthrosis—j.  Dove-tail, Suture—j.  Stiff,  An-
kylosis.
  JONAS,  MINERAL  AVATERS  OF.   This
spring is  situate to the south-west of Bourbon-
l'Archambault, in  France.  The  waters contain
chloride of  calcium and sulphate  of lime;  chlo-
ride of sodium, and sulphate of soda; carbonate
of iron, and carbonic acid gas.   They are tonic
and aperient.
  JOUAN,  ST., MINERAL WATERS OF. St.
Jouan is  a  village, near Saint-Malo, in France.
The water is a cold chalybeate.
  JOUBARBE ACRE, Sedum— j.  des  Toits,
Sempervivum  tectorum —j.  des  Vignes, Sedum
telephium.
  JOUE.  Genu.
  JOULOS, Julus.
  JOUR,  Dies.
  JOURS  CANICULAIRES, Dog  days—/
Critiques,  Critical days —j.  Indicateurs,  Indi-
cating days.
  JOVIS  FLOS, Crocus —j. Glans, Juglans.
  JUCATO CALLELOE, Phytolacca decandra.
  JUDjE'US,  Juda'icus  (Lapis,) Phcenici'tes
Lapis, Tecolithos, (F.)Pierre Judaique. A stone,
fouud in  Judasa,  Palestine, <fcc.  Called, also,
Lapis Syriacus. It was formerly  esteemed to be
diuretic and lithontriptic.
  JUDGMENT, Judic"inm, (F.)  Jugement. The
faculty of the  intellect, by which  ideas are com-
pared with each other, and their  relative worth
appreciated.
  JUDICATORII DIES, Critical days.
  JUDICIUM, Judgment.
  JUGAL,  Zygomatic—j. Process,  Zygomatic
process.
  Jugal  Region,  Re'gio juga'lis.  The region
of the cheek-bone.
  JUGALE OS, Malas os.
  JUG ALIS. Zygomatic.
  Jugalis Sutu'ra, from (,vyov, 'a yoke.'  The
suture which unites.the Os Mala or Os Juga'le
with  tho  superior  maxillary  bone.  Also,  the
sagittal suture.
  JUGE3IENT, Judgment.
  JUGLANS  CINER'EA (Jovis  glans), Butter
Nut,  Oil  Nut,  White Walnut. The inner  bark
of the root of this tree, Juglans (Ph. U. S.), which
is  abundant in the  United States, is used in me-
dicine, in the form of extract, as an efficacious
and mild  laxative, in  doses of  from 10  to 20
grains.  It  is  in the secondary list of the  Phar-
macopoeia of tho United States.
  Juglans  Re'gia, Juglans, Nux Juglans, Carya
basilica, Kapva, Carya.  The Walnut, (F.) Noyer,
tho tree ;  Noix, tho nut, Kapvov,  Car'yon.  The
unripe fruit, in the  state in which it  is pickled,
was formerly esteemed to be anthelmintic.  The
ptitamen or  green rind of the walnut has  been
celebrated as a powerful antisyphilitic, and  used
 as a sort of diet drink.  The kernel is an agreea-
 ble article of dessert; but, like all nuts, is diffi-
 cult of digestion.   The expressed oil, Huile de
 Noix, is used in France as an aliment, and, like
 other fixed oils, is laxative.
   A'arious preparations of the leaves have been
 recommended in scrofulous affections.
   JUG'ULAR,  Juguldris,  from jugulum, 'the
 throat'   Relating to the throat.
   Jugular Fossa, Fossa Juguldris, is a cavity
 in the petro-occipital suture.   It is formed by the
 petrous portion of the temporal bone, and  by the
 occipital bone, and lodges the origin of the inter-
 nal jugular vein.  It is, sometimes, called thimble-
 like cavity.
   Jugular Veins,  Vena Juguldres,  V. sphagil-
 idcs, V. apoplec'tica,  V. sopora'les.   These are
 situate  at the lateral and anterior parts  of the
 neck.   They are two on each side ; one external,
 the  other internal.   1. The External Jugular
 Vein, Trachilo-aoue-cutanie, (Ch.) is of less size
 than the internal.  It descends, almost vertically,
 along the anterior and lateral part of the neck,
 from the cervix of the lower jaw to  the  subcla-
 vian vein, into which it opens, a little above the
 internal jugular.  It is formed by the internal
 maxillary, auperflcial temporal, and posterior au-
 ricular veins.  It is this vein which is commonly
 opened in bleeding in the neck.  2. The Internal
 Jugular Vein,  V. Ciphalique  (Ch.),  Vena apo-
 plec'tica, is much larger, and more deeply  seated
 than the preceding.  It descends, vertically, along
 the anterior and lateral part of the neck, from the
 posterior part of the foramen  lacerum  posterius as
 far as the subclavian vein.  It commences at the
 sinus of the jugular vein, (F.) Golfe  de la veine
 jugulaire, and receives the blood, which returns
 by the sinus of the  dura mater, and  that of the
 facial,  lingual, pharyngeal, superior  thyroid, oc-
 cipital,  and diploic veins.
  JUGULUM, Clavicle, Throat—j. Uteri, Collum
 uteri.
  JUGUM PENIS, Presse-urethre.
  JUICE, EXPRESSED, see Succus.
  JUJUBE,  Jujuba,  Ziz'yphum, Bacca jujuba,
 B. Ziz'yphi.   The  fruit of Rhamnus Ziz'yphus,
 Ziz'yphus vulga'ris  seu jujuba seu sativa, a na-
 tive  of  the south of  Europe.  It was formerly
 ranked  amongst the pectoral fruits.   It has an
 agreeable sweet taste.  The  fruits of two other
 species  of Zizyphus—Z. jujuba, Rhamnus jujuba,
 3Iansana  arbo'rea,  a native  of the East Indies,
 and Z. lotus, Rhamnus lotus, Zizyphus nilida seu
 aati'va  seu sylves'tris, growing in  North Africa,
 possess  similar properties to  Zizyphus vulgaris.
  Jujube Paste, Paste of jujubes.
  JULAPIUM, Julep—j. Camphoras, Mistura
 Camphoras.
  JULEB, Julep.
  JULEP, Juldpium, Jule'pus, Zuldpium, Ju-
 leb of the Persians.   A sweet drink.  A demul-
 cent, acidulous or mucilaginous mixture.
  Julep,  Camphor, Mistura camphoras—/. Cam-
 phri, Mistura camphoras —j. Mint, see Mint
 julep.
  JULUS, Jutos, Ioulos, tovXos.  The first down
 that appears upon the chin. — Rufus of Ephesus.
  JU3IEAU, Gemellus.
  JU3IEAUX DE  LA JA3IBE, Gastrocnemii.
  JU3IELLE, Gemellus.
  JUMENTOUS  URINE, Urine jumenteuse.
  JUNCTURA, Articulation.
  JUNCUS  ODORA'TUS,  Andropo'gon  schce-
nan'thus seu bicor'nis  seu citra'tus  seu citriodo'-
rus,  Cymbopo'gon schcenadthus,  Faenum  came-
lo'rum,  Juncus aromaticus,  Camel's  hay,  Sweet
rush, Schcenad thus, Schoenadthum, Scaenadthum,
 Calamus odora'tus,  Squinan'thas,  Gramen orien- 
JUNGLE
ta'le, (F.) Jonc odorant.  The dried plant, which
is  generally procured from Turkey and Arabia,
has an  agreeable smell, and a warm, bitterish
taste.  It was formerly used as a stomachic and
deobstruent.
  JUNGLE  FEARER.  A variety of remittent
occurring in the jungle districts of India.
  JUNIPER TREE, Juniperus communis.
  JUNIP'ERUM VINUM.  Wine impregnated
with juniper berries.
  JUNIP'ERUS  COMMU'NIS,  J. Suecica, Ar-
ced thos, .Id niper tree ; Akatalis, Akatera. Fa-
mily, Coniferas.  Sex. Syst. Dicecia Monadelphia.
The  tops and berries, Junip'erus (Ph. U. S.), are
ordered in the pharmacopoeias.  Their odour is
strong,  but not unpleasant.  Taste warm, pun-
gent.  Properties dependent upon essential oil,
which  they yield to both water  and  alcohol.
Dose, *"*)j to 3SS> rubbed  with sugar.  In Hol-
land, juniper berries  are used for  flavouring
gin.   The oil, O'leum junip'eri, possesses  the
virtues  of the plant.  It  is  called, by  Ruland,
Targar.   (F.) Genivrier  (the plant), Geniivre
(the berry).
  Juniperus Lycia.  This plant—Thu'rea, Th.
virga, Arbor thurif'era — has been supposed to
afford  the  true frankincense, Cedros Olib'anum,
Thua  Libano'toa,  Libano'tum, Lib'anos,  Thua
maa'culnm, Thus verum, (F.) Encens.  By some,
however, it is supposed to be the produce of an
Am'yris, and  by others of Boswel'lia serra'ta.
The  odour of olibanum is peculiar and aromatic;
taste bitterish and slightly pungent; partly solu-
ble in  alcohol, and  forming a milky emulsion,
when triturated  with water.  It was formerly
used in dysentery and hasmoptysis, but is now
never employed except as a perfume in a sick
room.
  Juniperus Oxyce'drus, (F.) Cade, OxicMre,
Oxycedre, grows in the south of Europe, Siberia,
&c.  By combustion of the wood, a liquid tar,
O'leum ca'dinum, Junip'eri o'leum empyreumati-
cum, Huile de Cade ou de  Genivrier, is obtained,
which is employed externally in various chronic
cutaneous and other diseases.
  Juniperus Sabi'na, Sabina, Savina, Sabina
ster'ilis,  Bruta,  Cedrus baccifl'era, Common  or
barren savin; Brathu, Brathys, Ba'rathron, Bo'-
rathron, (F.)  Sabine, Savinier.  The odour  of
savin leaves  is strong and disagreeable.   Taste
hot,  acrid, and bitter, depending on an essential
oil.  Their operation is stimulant, emmenagogue,
anthelmintic, and abortive; externally, escharo-
tic.  Dose, internally, gr. v to x of the  powder.
As an escharotic, they are applied in powder or
formed  into a cerate.  The essential oil, O'leum
Sabi'na (Ph. U. S.), has the virtues of the savine.
Dose, two to five drops.
  K.   This letter was formerly used to designate
a compound of gold.
  KAATH,  Catechu.
  KAAWY.  Ancient name of an Indian drink,
prepared from maize.
  KABALA, Cabal.
  KAEMPFERIA  GALANGA,  see Maranta ga-
langa,
  K.kmpfe'ria Rotun'da.  Called after Kasmp-
fer, the naturalist; Zedodria, Z. rotun'da, Amo'-
mum  zedoa'ria, Colchicum  Zeylan'icum, Cur'cu-
KAHINCiE
  Juniperus Suecica, J. communis.
  Juniperus A'irginia'na, Red cedar. This tro«
is known  throughout tho United States by  the
name of savine, and is often  used for the same
purposes.
  JUNK,  Pad.
  JUNO LUCINA, Ilithyia.
  JUPITER, Tin.
  JURIBALI,  Euribali.  A  tree in  the  forests
of Pomeroon.  Fam.  Meliaceas.  Class,  Octan-
dria.   Nat.  Order, Monogynia.   The bark is
febrifuge,  and may be given in powder or infu-
sion, (§j ad aq. bullient. Oij.)
  JURISPRUDENCE, MED'ICAL, from jus,
juris, 'law/ andprudentia, 'knowledge.'  Juris-
pruden'tia 3Ied'ica.  This word is often used sy-
nonymously with Legal Medicine.  It is now, as
frequently, perhaps, employed for the embodied
laws and  regulations  that relate to the teaching
and practice of medicine.
  JURY OF MATRONS.  A  jury formed of wo-
men empanelled under a writ de ventre inspiei-
endo, to try the question, whether a woman be
with child or not.
  JUS, Zomos, Zomid'ium, Sorbil'io, Sor'bitum.
Soup, broth, Jus'culum or bouillon.
  Jus Bovinum, Beef-tea—j. Coagulatum, Gelly.
  JUS D'HERBES,  (F.)  The  juice of certain
vegetables administered  as depuratives; as that
of fumitory, burdock, water trefoil, &c.
  Jus  Jelatum, Gelly—/. de Riglisse, see Gly-
cyrrhiza—j. de Viande, see Bouillon.
  JUSCULUM, see Jus.
  JUSQUIAMUS, Hyoscyamus.
  JUSQUIAU3IE, Hyoscyamus.
  JUSTICIA BIA^ALVIS,  Adulasso—j. Adha-
toda, Adhatoda.
  Justic"ia Ecbol'ium, Carim curini.  A Mala-
bar plant, the root of which,  and the leaves, in
decoction,  are considered in  the country  to be
lithontriptic.
  Justicia  Pectora'lis.  A West India plant,
which  is  slightly astringent.   (F.) Carmantine,
C. Pectorale, Herbe aux  Charpentiers.
  JUVANS, Auxilium, Remed'ium. A medicine
or substance of any kind, which relieves a disor-
der.   An adjuvant.
  JUVENIS, Adolescens.
  JUVENTA, Adolescence, Hebe.
  JUVENTAS, Adolescence,  Hebe.
  JUVENTUS, Adolescence,  Hebe.
  JUXTAPOSIT"ION,t/aa-tajoosit"io,from-/ua:ta,
'near to/  and ponere, positum, 'to place.'  The
mode of increase proper to minerals;  which con-
sists in the successive application of new mole-
cules upon those that form the primitive nucleus.
It is opposed to intussusception.
ma aromatica, Zed'oary,  (F.) Zidoaire  rond.
The roots of this Ceylonese plant have a fragrant
smell, and warm, bitterish, aromatic taste.  They
are in wrinkled, gray, ash-coloured, heavy, firm,
short  pieces; of a brownish-red colour  within;
and are stimulant and carminative.  Dose, 3j to
3J of the powder.
  According to some,  the round zedoary is fur-
nished by Curcuma zerumbet; the long, Zedoa'ria
longa, by Cur'cuma zedoa'ria.
  KAHINCE RADIX, Caincas radix.
                                     K.

A7. B.—3Iost of the terms under K, derived from the Greek, are found under the letter C. 
KAIB
493
KIDNEY
  KAIB, Kayl.  A word employed by the alche-
mists for sour and coagulated milk.
  KAJEPUT, Cajeput.
  KAKOCHYMIA, Cacochymia.
  KALI,  Potash, Potassa — k. Acetas, Potassas
acetas — k. Aeratum, Potassas  carbonas — k. Bi-
chromicum, Potassae bichromas — k. Causticum,
Potassa fusa — k. Causticum cum calce, Potassa
cum calce—k. Chloricum, Potassae murias hyper-
oxygenatus—k. Chromicum acidum, Potassa; bi-
chromas—k.  Chromicum flavum, Potassas bichro-
mas—k. Chromicum rubrum, Potassas bichromas
— k. Chromicum neutrale,  Potassas *chromas —
k. Hydriodinicum,  see Potassae hydriodas — k.
Inermis,  see Salsola  kali — k. Nitricum,  Po-
tassas nitras—k. Oxalicum acidulum, Potassa, ox-
alate of—k. Prasparatum, Potassae subcarbonas
k. Prasparatum e tartaro, see Potash—k. Purum,
Potassa fusa — k. Soda, see Salsola kali—k. Spi-
nosum  cochleatum, Salsola kali—k. Subcarbonas,
Potassas subcarbonas — k. Sulphas, Potassas sul-
phas—k. Sulphuricum, Potassae sulphas—k. Sul-
phuretum, Potassas sulphuretum — k. Tartariza-
tum, Potassas tartras—k. e Tartaro, see Potash—
 k. Vitriolatum, Potassae sulphas.
   KALICUM  HYDRAS, Potassa fusa.
   KALIUM IODATUM, see  Potassas hydriodas
— k. Iodatum  Hydrargyratum, Potassii hydrar-
gyro-iodidum.
   KALMIA ANGUSTIFO'LIA.   Called  after
Kalm,  the botanist.  Ivy, Narrow-leaved Kalmia
or Laurel, Dwarf Laurel, Sheep Laurel.  This
plant  has the  same virtues as K. latifolia.  So
also has
   Kalmia Glauca, Swamp Laurel.
   Kalmia, Broad-Leaved, K. latifolia.
   Kalmia  Latifo'lia,  Broad-leaved  Kalmia,
 Calico bush, Laurel, 3Iountain Laurel, Rose Lau-
 rel, Big Ivy, Spoonwood,  Lambkill, Sheep-poison,
 Broad-leaved Laurel.  This plant kills sheep and
 other  animals.  The  Indians use it as a poison.
 The powdered leaves have been applied success-
 fully in tinea capitis; and a decoction  of it has
 been used for the itch.  The powder, mixed with
 lard, has been  applied in herpes.
   Kalmia, Narrow-leaved, K.  angustifolia.
   KALO, Arum esculentum.
   KAMPHUR, Camphor.
   KAPHUR, Camphor.
   KARABE, Asphaltum.
   KARABITUS, Phrenitis.
    KARCINOSEN, Carcinoses.
    KARENA, Carena.
    KASSADER, Convolvulus panduratus.
    KASSAUDER,  Convolvulus Panduratus.
    KATASARCA, Anasarca.
    KATASTALTICA, Astringents.
    KAVA, Ava.
    KAATAC, Caviare.
     KAYL, Kaib.
     REIT A, Monsonia ovate.
     KELOID, Cancroid.
     KELOTOMIA, Celotomia.
     KELP,  Uarec.  The impure mineral  alkali
   obtained by burning certain marine plants.  See
   Soda,
     KENNELAVORT,  Scrophularia nodosa.
     KENTUCKY,  MINERAL AArATERS  OF.
   The Olympian Springs in  this state are near the
   sources of Licking River.  There are three diffe-
   rent  kinds, in the space of half a mile.   One of
   them is saline, impregnated with sulphur ;—ano-
   ther  is chalybeate, and a third  a sulphureous
   spring.  In various parts of Kentucky, there are
   saline waters, which  are  frequented  by inva-
 .  lids.   The Salines  at Bigbone,  formerly em-
   ployed in  the manufacture of salt, are now re-
   6orted to.  A  spring, near Harrodsburg, in  Mercer
County, is strongly impregnated with sulphate of
magnesia,
  KERATITIS, Ceratitis.
  KERATO-GLOSSUS, Cerato-glossus.
  KERATO-IRITIS, Aquo-membramtis.
  KERATONYXIS, Ceratonyxis.
  K E R A T 0 - PHARYNGE US, Cerato-pharyn-
^KERATO-STAPHYLINUS,
Cerato-staphyli-
  KERATOTOMUS, Ceratotomus,  Knife, cata-

  KERMES, Chermes, Alkermes.  One  of  the
species of the genus kermes lives on a green oak,
and is called Coccus  il'icis, Kermea  animal,^ Coc-
cum, Cocci granum,  Coecum baph'icum seu mfec-
to'rium,  tincto'rum, scarlatinum,  &c.  The oak,
to which allusion has been made, is known  by
botanists under the name Quercus coccif era, and
grows abundantly in the uncultivated lands ot
southern France, Spain, and in the islands of the
Grecian Archipelago.  The kermes inhabiting it
has the appearance of a small, spherical, inani-
mate  shell.  Its  colour is reddish-brown, and it
is covered with  a  slightly  ash-coloured dust.
This is the kermes of the shops.  It is now only
used in dyeing;  but was formerly reputed  to
possess aphrodisiac, analeptic, anti-abortive, and
other virtues.
  Kermes Mineral, see Antimonii sulphuretum
prascipitatum.
  KERNEL, Tubercle.
  KERNELS, AVAXING, see AVaxing kernels.
  KERUA,  Ricinus communis.
  KETCHUP, Catchup.  A pickle prepared from
the liquor of the mushroom, walnut, tomato,  &c.
  KETMIA .EGYPTIACA, Hibiscus abelmos-
chus.
  KEY, Sax. cas3, Clavis,  Cleis, Clavis An'glica,
(F.) Clef de Garangeot.  An instrument, used for
extracting teeth.   It  consists of a firm  handle,
with a claw at right angles  to  it,  and moving
upon a pivot.  This claw embraces the tooth.  It
has undergone several modifications, and hence
various instruments are used under this denomi-
nation.  The French have the Clef d pompe, Clef
& pivot, and Clef d noix.
  KEYRI CHEIRI, Cheiranthus cheiri.
  KHALA  MIMUC, Bit noben.
  KIAS'TER, Chiaster, from xtablv> <to cross-'
A species of bandage, having  the form of the
Greek letter x> which the ancients used for ap-
proximating, and maintaining in  contact,  the
fragments of the patella, in cases  of fracture of
that  bone.  It was  applied in the form of the
 figure 8.
   KIBISTIT03IE, Cystitome.
   KIDNEY.  Its etymology is uncertain. Sere-
 nius derives it fancifully frq£ Su. Goth, qued, the
 belly; and nigh, (quasi, quidney.)  Ren, Nephros,
 Protme'sis, (F.) Rein.  The kidneys or reins are
 the secretory organs of the urine.  They are two
 glands, situate deeply,—the one on the right, and
 the other on the left side,—in the hypochondres:
  at the sides of the lumbar vertebras; behind the
  peritoneum; and  in  the  midst  of an abundant,
  fatty areolar tissue, Tu'nica adipo'sa.   The  kid-
  ney  is of a reddish-brown  colour; oval form;
  and flattened on two surfaces.  It has, at its in-
  ternal margin, a deep fissure, by which the renal
  vessels  and nerves enter or quit the organ, and
  the ureter issues.   It resembles, pretty accurate-
  ly, the haricot or kidney-bean.   Two  substances
  are readily distinguishable in it;—the outer, se-
  cerning, cortical, glandular or vascular, Substad-
  tia corticdlis, S. glandulo'sa, which secretes the
  urine; and the inner, tubular, medullary, urini.
  ferous, conoidal or radiated, Substadtia medul- 
KIESTEINE               494                  KNEE
la'ria, S. Tubulo'sa, S. Fibro'sa, which appears
under the form of small cones or unequal papilla,
each resulting from the union of small  capillary
tubes, adherent by one of their extremities to the
cortical substance; and opening, by the other, at
the summit of the cone, into calices, a species of
membranous tubes, more or less  numerous, which
transmit the urine of the papillas to the pelvis.
By the pelvis is meant a small,  membranous
sac, of an irregularly oval shape, at the base of
which are the orifices of the calices, and the other
extremity of which is continuous with the ureter.
The kidney is surrounded by a fibrous membrane
proper to it, Perinepltrua.  It has been shown by
Mr. Bowman and others that the renal artery is
distributed to the corpora Malpighiana, where
the watery  portion of the urine  is separated.
The blood then becomes venous, and is distribu-
ted by different veins—portal veins  of the kidney
— to  the  convoluted  tubes through which  the
proper urine is secreted.  Hence the blood passes
into the  renai vein.  The intermediate vessels
between  tho  Malpighian bodies and the convo-
luted tubes,  have been termed the Portal System
of the Kidney.
   Kidney, Bright's  Disease  of  the, 3Iorbus
Brightii, 31. albuminen'aia, Nephri'tia albumino'-
sa, Neph'ria,  Uroze'mia albumino'sa, Cachec'tic
nephri'tia, Nephri'tia aocia'ta, Aaao'dated nephri-
tia, Inflammation of the 31alpig'hian cor'puscles,
Disease of  Bright, Gran'ular  Degenera'tion or
Disorganizdtion of the Kidney, Granular Kid-
ney of Bright, (F.) 31aladie de Bright, Niphrite
albumineuse, Etat Granuleux ou Digenirescence
granulie du Rein, Albuminurorrhie.  A granular
disease of the cortical part of the kidney, which
gives occasion to the secretion of urine that con-
tains albumen, and is of less specific gravity than
natural,  and which destroys by inducing other
diseases.  It was  first described by Dr.  Bright
of London.
   Kidney,  Granulab, of Bright, Kidney,
Bright's disease  of the.
   KI'ESTEINE, Ki'estein,  properly Ky'esteine,
Ky'estein, Kystein,  Cy'eateine or Cy'eatein,  from
kvuv, ' to be pregnant/ and eodvs, ' a garment or
pellicle.'  A  peculiar pellicle, which  forms on
the  urine of  a  pregnant female when allowed
to stand for  a  few days.   It is  whitish,  opa-
lescent,  slightly granular,  and may be  com-
pared to  the fatty substance that  swims on the
surface of soups, after they have been allowed to
cool.  When taken  in  conjunction with  other
phenomena, it is a valuable aid in the diagnosis
of early pregnancy.
   KIESTIN'IC, Kieatin'icua ; same etymon. Re-
lating or appertaining to kiesteine; as ' kiestinic
 urine.'
   KILBURN,  ||fNERAL  WATERS  OF.
 These springs contain carbonic acid,  sulphohy-
 dric  acid;  carbonates  of lime, magnesia, and
 iron; sulphates of soda, lime, and  magnesia, and
 chloride of  sodium.
   KILOGRAMME, Chiliogram'mo, from  xtXioi,
 ' a thousand/ and  ypappa,  ' a gramme.'   The
 weight of a  thousand grammes; — two  pounds
 eight ounces, one drachm, and twenty-four grains,
 Troy.
   KILOLITRE, from ^iXioi, 'a thousand/ and
 Xtrpa, ' a litre.'  A measure containing a thousand
 litres.
    KINA KINA, Cinchona.
    KINANCIE, Cynanche.
    KINCOUGH, Pertussis.
    KINDCOUGH, Pertussis.
    KINESIP'ATHY,iTine8tflera7n'a, from kivvcis,
  'motion/ and trades, 'disease.'  A mode of treating
  disease by gymnastics or appropriate movements.
  KINETIC. Motory.
  KINGCURE, Pyrola maculate.
  KING'S EVIL, Scrofula.
  KINICI ACETAS, Quinia, acetate of.
  KININUM, Quinina.
  KINK IN THE HEAD, see Insanity.
  KIN KINA, Cinchona.
  KINO, Gummi Gambiedse, Gummi rubrum ad-
strin'gens Gambiedse, African kino, East India
kino, Amboy'na kino,  Gummi adstrin'gens Fother-
gil'li.  The trees, whence one variety of this resin
is obtained, are not botanically ascertained.  The
London college ascribe it to Pterocur'pus erina'-
cca ; the Edinburgh  to  Eucalyp'tus resinif era,
3Ietroside'ros gummifera ; and the Dublin to Bu-
tea f rondo'sa.  The Pharmacopoeia of tho United
States, (1842,) defines it to be  "an extract ob-
tained from an  uncertain plant;" that of 1851
states it to be the inspissated juice of Ptcrocarp'us
marau'pium  (De Candolle) and of other plants.
On wounding the bark,  the kino flows drop by
drop.  A AVest India variety is said to be derived
from Coccoloba uvif era  or Sea-side Grape; and
a Botany Bay kino  is  said to be the concreto
juice of Eucalyp'tua reainif'era or broion gum-tree
of New Holland.  Sex.  Syat. Icosandria Mono-
gynia.  Nut.  Ord,  Myrtaceas.   Kino  consists
chiefly of tannic and gallic acids, oxide of iron,
and colouring matter. It is inodorous; the taste a
sweetish bitter;  and it  is sometimes gritty be-
tween the teeth.   It  comes to us in fragments  of
a dark ruby red colour,  and is easily pulverized.
Its properties  are powerfully astringent.  Dose,
gr. x to gr. xx in powder.
  KIONORRHAPHIA, Staphyloraphy.
  KI'OTOME, Kiolomua, from kioiv,  'a pillar/
'support/ and rtpveiv, 'to cut'  (F.) Coupebride.
An instrument invented by Desault, to cut any
accidental brides or filaments in the rectum and
bladder; and which  he  afterwards used for the
removal of the tonsils.  It is composed of a flat,
silver sheath, open at one  edge.  This  sheath is
provided with a cutting blade, which can be forced
through the opening, and thus all the parts can be
divided with which it comes in contact.
   KIPPERNUT, Bunium bulbocastanum.
   KIRATE.  A weight of four grains, according
to Blancard.
   KIRKLAND'S NEUTRAL  CERATE,  see
Cerate, Kirkland's Neutral.
   KIRRHONOSIS,  Cirrhonosis.
   KIRRHOSIS, Cirrhonosis.
   KIRSCHWASSER, (G.) ' Cherry water.'
An  alcoholic liquor,  obtained  from  cherries
bruised with their stones, by subjecting them  to
 distillation, after having caused them to ferment.
 See Spirit.
   KISSINGEN,  MINERAL WATERS  OF.
 These Bavarian springs have been long frequent-
 ed.   There are three, — two chalybeate, and one
 alkaline and acidulous.
   KIST.  A weight of  14 grains.—Paracelsus.
   KLAPROTHII SULPHAS, Cadmii sulphas.
   KLAPROTHIUM SULPHURICUM, see Cad-
 mii sulphas.
   KLEPTOMA'NIA,  Cleptoma'nia,  Klopemd-
 nia,  Clopemania;  from  KXttrria,  'I  steal/ and
 mania.  Insanity, with an irresistible propensity
 to steal.
   KLIPDAS, see Hyrax  Capensis.
   KLOPEMANIA,  Kleptomania.
   KNARESBOROUGH, MINERAL WATERS
 OF, see Harrogate,  mineral waters of.
   KNEADING, Shampooing.
   KNEE, Genu.
   Knee, Housemaid's.  An inflammation of the
 bursa, which in most individuals is in front of the
| pateUa, and is  apt  to  inflame and enlarge from 
KNEE-JOINT
495
KUTUBUTH
effusion in those in whom it is subjected to much j
pressure.  Hence its name.  It is a form of cap-
sular rheumatism.
   KNEE-JOINT, Genu.
   KNEE-SCAB, Crusta genu equinas—k. Encir-
cled hoof, Crusta genu equinas.
   KNIFE.   Sax. cnij:.   Swed. Knif.  Dan.
K n i v.  (F.) Canif.  Culter, Smile, Cultell'us, To-
mei'on, Tome'us, 3lueha'ra, 3Iucha'rion, Jlacha'-
ris, (F.) Couteuu.  A cutting instrument, used in
surgery to divide the soft parts, and which only
differs from the bistouri or scalpel in being usu-
ally larger.
   The most common knives are the following:
   Knife, Amputa'tion, (F.) Couteau d  amputa-
tion, C. droit, Culter rectus.  This is  the largest
of the knives used in surgery.   Formerly, they
were curved; now they are straight,  and pro-
vided with one or two edges.
   Knife, Cat'aract, Ceratot'ornus, Keratotomus,
(F.) Couteuu a  cataructe.  The cataract knives
of Richter, AVenzcl, AVard, and others, being  in-
tended to perform the section of the  transparent
cornea, are so shaped as to exactly fill  tho small
wound made by them; and thus to prevent tho
discharge of the aqueous hnmour, until the sec-
tion is completed.  The blade  of the knives of
AVenzcl and Ward resembles a very  narrow lan-
cet, blunt in the posterior five-sixths of one of its
edges.  The blade of that of Richter is pyrami-
dal, cutting through the whole length of  its  in-
ferior edge, and also blunt in the five-sixths of
the upper.
   Knife, Ches'elden's.  A knife with a fixed
handle; very convex on its edge, concave  on the
back, which was used by Cheselden in lithotomy.
   Knife, Crooked, Cutter falca'tus, Culter cur-
vus, (F.) Couteau courbe.   A  knife,  which  is
crooked and concave on its cutting edge.  It was
formerly employed in amputation of  the limbs.
   Knife, Crotchet, Cultel'lus uncus, (F.) Cou-
teau d crochet.   A steel instrument, composed of
a round staff, furnished with a handle at one ex-
tremity, and at the  other with a curved knife.
 It was formerly used to cut to pieces monstrous
foetuses in utero, and to open the head when ne-
 cessary.
   Knife, Double-Edged, Ancepa cultel'lus, Am-
 pin's' mela, Am phis'mile, Catling, (F.) Couteau d
deux trunchans, Couteau disarticulateur, C. inter-
osseax.  A knife, the blade of  which is straight
and sharp on both sides.  It is used for disarti-
 culating bones; and  for cutting the soft parts
 situate between the bones, in amputation of the
 log and forearm.
   KNIFE  EN  SERPETTE,  (F.)  Couteau  en
 serpette.  A sort of knife, of the shape  of a ser-
 pette  or pruning-knife, invented by Desault for
 dividing the bony paries of the maxillary sinus,
 for the purpose of extracting fungi from it.
   Knife, Lentic'ular, Culter lenticttldris, (F.)
 Couteau lenticulaire.  An instrument, used in the
 operation of trepanning, for removing inequalities
 in the inner table of the skull, which  may have
 been left by the crown of the trephine  around
 the opeuing made by it.   It is formed of a len-
 ticular button, fixed  at the extremity of an iron
 staff,  which is  convex on one side, flat  on  the
 other; sharp at both edges, and  mounted on an
 ebony handle.
   Knife, Lithot'omy, (F.) Couteau lithotome.  A
 name,  given' by  Foubert  to  a large knife,  the
 narrow blade of which, four and a half inches
 in length, was sharp  in its whole  extent, and
 made an obtuse angle with the handle.  He used
 it in the lateral operation.
   Knife, Root-cutting.  In Pharmacy, a knife
 moviug on a joint at its pointed extremity, by
which roots and other ligneous matters are di,
vided in pharmaceutical processes.
  KNOCK-KNEED, Entogonyancon.
  KNOT, Tubercle.
  Knot,  Packer's, (F.) Nceud d'emballeur.  A
compressive bandage, used for arresting hemor-
rhage from  the temporal artery or its branches.
The naud d'emballeur is  made with  a double-
headed roller, five ells long.  A graduated com-
press is placed over the opening  in the artery,
and the bandage is applied over it; the balls of
the roller being carried horizontally round to the
opposite temple, where they are crossed obliquely
and carried back to the part where the compress
is situate.  The hands are then changed with the
rollers, crossing them so as to form a knot, and
taking one  above  the head; the  other beneath
the chin.   They are then crossed  again, so  as to
form several knots, one above the other.   This
bandage is called, by some  surgeons, Solar or
oblique chevestre or capistrum.
  Knot,  Surgeon's,  Nodus chirur'gicus,  (F.)
Narnd  du chirurgien.  A  double  knot made  by
passing the thread twice through the same noose.
This knot is used frequently in the ligature of
arteries,  the umbilical cord, &c.
  KNOTBERRIES, Rubus chamasmorus.
  KNOTGRASS, Polygonum aviculare.
  KNOTROOT, Collinsonia Canadensis.
  KNOTWEED, Collinsonia Canadensis,  Poly-
gonum aviculare.
  KNOWLTON'IA VESICATO'RIA.   Not.
Order, Ranunculaceas.  An acrid plant of South
Africa, used by the Cape colonists as a blister in
rheumatism.
  KOINO-MIASMATA, see Miasm.
  KOLERUS, a name given by Paracelsus to a
dry ulcer.
  KOLPORRHAPHY, Elytrorrhaphy.
  KOLTO, Plica.
  KOOCIILA TREE, Strychnos nux vomica.
  KOPYOPIA, see Copyopia.
  KORIS, Cimex.
   KOSSO,  Hagenia Abyssinica.
   KOUMIS, Kumyss.
   KRAME'RIA, Ratan'hia, Rhatan'ia,  Ral-
anhy, (F.)  Ratanhie.  Krameria, Krameria tri-
andra, — Sex. Syst, Tetrandria Monogynia, Nat.
 Ord. Polygaleas,—is a native of Java.  The root
has a bitter taste; and is astringent, diuretic, and
detergent.  Dose, *"*)j to 3.1-
   Krame'ria Ixi'na or Ratanhy of the Antilles
has similar virtues.
   KREASOTON, Creasote.
   KREATIC NAUSEA, see Nausea.
   KREATINE, Creatine.
   KREATININE, see Creatine.
   KREOSOTON,  Creasote.
   KRETINISMUS, Cretini«.
   KRIEBELKRANKHEIT, Convulsio cer-
 ealis.
   KUA KAHA, Curcuma longa.
   KUMYSS,  Koumyss,  Koumis.  A beverage
 used in  families by  the  people  of Yakutz.  It
 resembles sour buttermilk, without being greasy.
 According to Sir George Simpson, it is prepared
 in  a very simple way from mare's milk, which is
 merely allowed to stand for some days in a lea-
 thern churn till it becomes sour.  It is then bot-
tled for use.  This drink is rather nutritious than
exhilarating;  but from the same  material the
Burats and the Kirghez prepare  an intoxicating
spirit in  which they indulge to excess.
   KUSSAUDER, Convolvulus panduratus.
  KUTKULEJA, Cassalpinia bonducella.
  KUTOOKURUNJA, Cassalpinia bonducella.
  KUTUBUTH.  An Arabic name for a species
of melancholy in which the patient is never quiet 
KYANOSIS
at any one place, but wanders about  here  and
there.  Also, the name of an insect, which lives
at the surface of stagnant waters,  and is in a
constant state of agitation.  Some lexicographers
imagine that  it is  on account of this last circum-
stance, that the name of the insect has been given
to the disease.            .
  KYANOSIS, Cyanopathy.
  KYAPUTTY, Caieput
  KYESTEINE,  Kiesteine.
  KYESTINIC, Kiestinic.
  KYLLO'SIS, from kvXXos, 'crooked/  'lame.'
Cyllo'sis.  Professor Chaussier so calls congenital
distortion of the feet, Clubfoot, Talipes, (F.) Pied
bot.  Of this there are many varieties.  In  one,
the foot, instead  of resting on the soil,  by the
whole planter surface, touches it only with the
metatarso-phalangian articulations.   It seems as
if turned  backwards  and broken upon the leg,
(Pes seu Talipes Equi'nus, Hip'popus, Oxypo'-
dia.)   In  other  cases the  foot, is twisted in-
wards, ( Varus, Talipes varus, Blasop'odes, Bla'-
aopua,  Cylloepua,  Cyllop'odo, Cyllopod'ion,  Lo'-
ripes, (F.) Cagneux,) so that it rests only on the
ground on  its outer edge; or it  may be twisted
outwards, ( Valgus, Talipes  Valgus,) or rest  only
on its inner  edge.  In the flatfoot  or  splayfoot,
Duck-foot, Sar'apus, Plat'ypus, Platypodia, (F.)
Pied plat, the plantar surface of  the foot  is flat-
tened instead of being concave.
  These deformities are rarely accidental.  They
are almost always congenital, and  may be  rec-
tified, at  an  early period, by proper mechanical
means to strengthen  the  foot gradually and re-
store it to its proper shape and direction;  and if
these  means  fail,  the tendons and muscles con-
cerned in the deformity may be divided.
  KYMOGRAPH'ION; from Kvpa, 'wave/and
ypa<po>, 'I describe.'  'A wave describer or mea-
surer.'   An   instrument  invented  by Ludwig,
which is  self-registering,  and exhibits the rela-
  LABARIUM, from labi, 'to fall.'  Looseness
of tho teeth.
  LABDACISMUS, Lallation.
  LABDAMEN, Cistus creticus.
  LABDANUM, see Cistus creticus.
  LABE, Xapfiavio, 'I seize/ 'I take/ 'the act of
grasping.'  Invasion. Also, employed to denote
the first paroxysm of fevers.—Galen, Hippocrates.
  LABEO, Chilon.
  LABES, Chilon.^tacula.
  LABIA CUNNI,  Lips of the vulva—1. Interna
seu Minora, Nymphas—1. Majora, Lips of the
vulva — 1.  Pudendi,  Lips  of the vulva — 1.  Pu-
dendi minora, Nymphas.
  LABIAL, Labia'lis, from labium, 'a lip.'
  LABIAL, Orbicularis oris.
  Labial Artery.  Haller and Sabatier call thus
the facial artery of the majority of anatomists.
The  labial arteries, properly so called, coronary
arteries of the lips, (F.) Coronaires  des Rimes, are
two  in number.  The superior arises  from the
facial, above, and very close to, the commissure
of the lips.  It is large and tortuous, and is  dis-
tributed to the upper lip.  The  lower arises from
the facial, at a considerable distance  from the
commissure, and proceeds, in a serpentine course,
into  the substance of the lower  lip, to which it is
distributed.
  Labial Glands.  This name is given to a mul-
                LABORIOUS

tion between the waves of tho pulse and tho un-
dulations  produced  by  respiration.   (Miiller's
Archiv., 1847,  s. 242.)
  KYNA, Pastinaca opoponax.
  KYPHOSIS, see Cyphosis—k. Inflammatoria,
Arertebral disease — k. Paralytica, Vertebral dis-
ease.
  KYST,  Cyst, Kystis, Cyatie, from  kvctis, 'a
bladder/ 'pouch.'   (F.) Kyste.   This term is ge-
nerally applied to a pouch or sac,— Cysto'mu,—.
without opening, and commonly of a membranous
nature, which  is accidentally developed in one of
the natural cavities, or in the substance of organs.
Many theories have been successively emitted to
explain the formation of cysts, but none are en-
tirely satisfactory.   Some are formed by a thin,
translucent  membrane, having scarcely the thick-
ness of the arachnoid; others of a whitish, fibro-
cellular membrane,  more or less thick.  Some
contain cartilaginous or bony flakes.  The greater
part have but  one cavity; others, on the contrary,
have several, separated  by complete or imperfect
septa, as is frequently seen in those developed in
the ovaries.   The  matter contained in cysts is
sometimes  limpid, serous, yellowish white,  red-
dish, and, at others, more or less thick, albumi-
nous, adipous, or caseous.  The tumour, formed
by them, is  called Encysted.
  KYSTE, Kyst — k. Anivrysrndl, Aneurismal
sac.
  KYSTEIN, Kiesteine.
  KYSTHI'TIS, Cyathltia, from kvcSos, 'the va-
gina.'  Inflammation of the vulva and of the
mucous membrane of the vagina.
  KYSTHOPTO'SIS, from  kvoSos, the 'vagina/
and tntiro), 'I fall.'   Prolapsus or inversion of the
vagina.
  KYTTARRHAG"IA, from trvrraptov,' an alve-
olus/ and pvyvvpt, 'I break forth.'  Discharge of
blood from an alveolus.
titude of muciparous follicles, of some size, round,
prominent, and separate from each other, which
are found on the inner surface of the lips, below
the mucous membrane.
  Labial Veins are distinguished, like the arte-
ries, into auperior and inferior.  They  open  into
the facial vein;—a division of the internal jugular.
  LABIALIS) Orbicularis oris.
  LABIDOMETER, Labimeter.
  LABIM'ETER,  (F.) Lobimetre ou Labidome-
tre,  from Xaj3ts, XajiiSos,  ' forceps/ and ptrpov,
'measure.'  A scale adapted to  the handles of
the forceps, which indicates the  distance of the
blades from each other, when applied to the head
of the child in utero.
  LABIS, Forceps.
  LABIUM, Lip — 1. Leporinum, Harelip — 1.
Uteri, Amphideum.
  LABLAB, Dolichos lablab.
  LABORANS, Sick.
  LABORATOIRE, Laboratory.
  LABORATORIUM,  Laboratory — 1.  Chymi-
cum seu pharmaceuticum, Pharmacopoeia.
  LAB'ORATORY, Laborato'rium, Ergaate'rion,
(F.) Ldboratoire,  from laborare, 'to work.'  A
work-shop.   A place for preparing chemical or
pharmaceutical products, <fcc.
  LABORIOSUS,  Sick.
  LABO'RIOUS.   Delivery is said to be labo-
L. 
LABOUR                497
rions, Partus  laborio'sus,  Mogostoc'ia, (F.)  Ac-
couchement laboricnx, when attended with more
difficulty and suffering than  usual.  AVith some,
laborious  labour means one that requires the use
of instruments.  See Dystocia.
  LABOUR, Parturition.
  Labour Chair, Obatet'ric  chair.  A chair, in
which a parturient woman is placed during de-
livery.
  Labour, Difficult, Dystocia—1. Dry, Partus
siccus—1. Morbid, Dystocia—1. Pains, see Pains
— 1.  Powerless,  see  Parturition — 1. Premature,
Parturition, (premature)—1. Preternatural, Meta-
tocia, see  Parturition — 1.  Show, see Parturition.
  LABRISULCIUM, Cheilocace, Stomacace.
  LABRUM,  Lip —1. Cerebri, Infundibulum of
tho brain.
  LARRUSCA,  Bryonia alba.
  LAB'YRINTH, Labyrinth'us,  Antrum bucci-
no'sum.   A  place, full of turnings, the  exit of
which is  not easily  discoverable.  Anatomists
have given this name to the aggregate of parts,
constituting the internal  ear, Labyrinth'us auris
idtima,  In'tima pars or'gani audi tits,  Laby-
rinth'ic cavity of the ear.   The Labyrinth is
situate  between the tympanum and meatus audi-
torius internus.   It is composed of several ca-
vities, which communicate with each other in the
dried bone; as the vestibule,  cochlea, semicircular
canals,  <fcc.   It is lined by periosteum, and  also
by a pulpy  membrane, constituting the membra-
nous labyrinth, on which  the auditory nerve is
regularly  dispersed.   This membrane  forms  two
sacs in  the vestibule, called sac'culus vestib'uli
and  sac'culus, respectively,  which resemble in
shape that of the bony cavities containing them.
Each sac  contains calcareous matter, constituting
the  Otolithes and  Otoconies.   When the sac is
laid  open, upon the upper and outer part, a par-
tition appears, partaking of the  nature of the  sac,
and  called by Meckel, Septum vestib'uli nervo'so-
membrana'ceum.
  Labyrinth, Membranous,  see Labyrinth.
  LABYRINTHIC  CAVITY  OF  THE  EAR,
Labyrinth.
  LABYRINTHUS,  Labyrinth —1. Auris Inti-
mas, see Labyrinth.
  LAC, Milk, Lacca — 1. Ammoniaci,  Mistura
ammoniaci—1. Amygdalas, Emulsio amygdalas —
1. Asafcetidas, Mistura asafoetidas—1. Avis, Albu-
men ovi — 1. Guaiaci,  Mistura Guaiaci — 1. Gum,
Lacca—1.  Lunas, Marga Candida—1. Maris, Sperm
— 1.  Primum Puerperas,  Colostrum — 1. Seed,
Lacca—1. Shell, Lacca—1. Stick, Lacca—1. Sul-
phuris,  Sulphur  pracipitatum — 1. Terras, Mag-
nesias carbonas — 1. Virginis,  Arirgin's milk.
  LACCA,  from lakah,  Arab.  Gummi lacca,
Stick-lac, Gum-lac,  Seed-lac, Shell-lac, (F.)
Laque.  Lao is a substance formed by an insect,
and  deposited on different species of trees, chiefly
in the East Indies,—for example, on Croton  lac-
ciferum,  and two species of Ficus, — Ficus reli-
gio'sa, and F. In'dica.  The  various kinds,  dis-
tinguished in commerce,  are stick-lac, which is
tho  substance in its natural  state, investing the
small twigs of the tree;  and seed-lac, which is
tho  same  broken off.  AVhen melted, it is called
shell-lac.
  Lac was, at one time, used in the form of tinc-
ture, as  a  tonic and astringent; and it still forms
part of  particular dentifrices.
  LACERATION, Lacerdtio,  Rhege, Rheg'mus,
Rhegma,  Raptdra, Rupture, from lacerare, ' to
tear:' — Dilacera'tio, Sparag'ma,  (F.) Arrache-
ment, Dichirement, Dilaceration, Broiement.  The
act of tearing or rending.   The breach made by
tearing  or rending; as a lacerated wound, Tresis
vulnus lacera'tum, Laceratdra,  Vulnus laceratwm.
      32
               LACHRYMAL

  LACERATURA, see Laceration.
  LACER.TA, Lizard — 1. Aquatica, see Ectozoa.
  LACERTI CORDIS, Columnaa carneas—1.
Musculorum, see Muscular fibre.
  LACERTULI CORDIS, Columnas carneas.
  LACERTUS, Brachium, see Muscular fibre.
  LACERUM.  Same etymon  as Laceration.
Any thing torn, or appearing as if torn.
  Lac"erum Fora'men  Ante'rius, (F.) Trou
dichiri antirieur, Hiatus spheno-pitreux, (Ch.)
is an irregular opening, formed by the  sphenoid
and petrous portion of  the temporal bone.   This
foramen  transmits the third, fourth,  and sixth
pairs of nerves and the first branch of the fifth
pair to the eye and its appendages.
  Lacerum Foramen  Poste'rius, Foramen ju-
guldre, F.  Inn rum in Basi  Cra'nii,  (F.)  Trou
dichiri postirieur, Hiatus occipito-pitreux, (Ch.)
is formed by the occipital bone, and the inferior
edge of the petrous portion of the temporal bone.
Through it, the internal jugular vein, the eighth
pair of nerves, and accessory nerve pass out of
the cranium.
  LACHESIS PICTA, see Arrow-poison.
  Lachesis Rhombea'ta, Flammon.  A poison-
ous serpent common in the lower forests of Peru.
  LACHRYMA, Tear; see, also, Vitis vinifera.
  LACH'RYMAL, Lacrymdlis,  from  lacryma,
' a tear.'   Belonging to the tears.   This  epithet
is given to various parts.
  Lachrymal Artery proceeds  from the  oph-
thalmic ; and distributes its principal branches to
the lachrymal gland.
  Lachrymal  Canal  or Duct, Nasal Canal or
duct, Cana'lis lacrymdlis,  Canalis or'bita nasa'-
lis, Ductus nasa'lis orbita, Cana'lis sacci lacryma'-
lis,  Ductus ad Nasum, is formed  by the superior
maxillary bone, os unguis, and os turbinatum in-
ferius; and is seated in the outer paries of the
nasal fossas.  It is lined by a prolongation of the
mucous membrane of the lachrymal sac ; and its
inferior orifice is furnished with a valvular dupli-
cature.  This duct transmits the tears, which have
been absorbed at the great angle  of the eye by
the  puncta lacrymalia,  into the nasal fossas.
  Lach'rymal  Caruncle, see Caruncula lacry-
malis.
  Lachrymal Fossa, Fossa seu Fo'vea lacrymd-
lis, is a slight depression at the upper part of the
orbit, which lodges the lachrymal gland.
  Lachrymal Gland,  Gladdula lacrymdlis seu
innomina'ta Gale'ni, is  seated in a depression  of
the  frontal bone at the  upper, anterior, and outer
part of that orbit.  It is of about the size of an
almond;  and of an oval shape, flattened above
and below:—its great diameter being the antero-
posterior.  It is composed of several small lobules,
united  by areolar tissue, and separated by it as
well as by vessels and nerves which creep in the
intervals.   This gland  has seven or eight excre-
tory ducts, which open behind the upper eyelid.
Its use is to secrete the tears,  and pour them on
the globe of the eye by the excretory ducts.
  Lachrymal Groove, (F.) Gouttiere lacrymale,
is the bony channel, which lodges the  lachrymal
sac.  It is seated at the anterior and inner part
of the orbit, and is formed by the os unguis and
the ascending process of the upper jaw bone.
  Lachrymal Hernia, Lachrymal Tumour, Her'-
nia Sacci Lacrymdlis, is when the tears enter the
puncta, but cannot pass to the nose, and accumu-
late.  By Anel, this was called Dropsy of the La-
chrymal Sac.
  Lachrymal Nerve is the smallest of the three
branches formed by the ophthalmic nerve.  It is
distributed, particularly, to the lachrymal gland
and to the upper eyelid.   In  its course it gives
off a spheno-maxillary and a malar filament. 
LACHRYMATIO
498
LACUNA
  Lachrymal Papilla, see Lachrymal Puncta.
  Lachrymal Passages,  Via lacrymdles, (F.)
Voies lacrymalea.   The organs concerned in the
secretion of tears, in  spreading  them over the
eye, and taking them up again to transmit them
into the  nasal fossas.   The lachrymal passages
are composed Of the lachrymal gland, caruncle,
puncta,  ducts, lachrymal aac, and naaal duct.
  Lachrymal Puncta, Puncta Lacryma'lia, Spi-
ram'ina  Palpebrarum, (F.) Pointa lacrymoux,
are two small, round,  and contractile  openings,
situate in the centre of a tubercle or papilla,  Pa-
pilla  lacrymu'lis, Tuber'culum lacrymdle, about
a line and a half distent from the inngr commis-
sure of  the eyelids, and continuous with the la-
chrymal ducts.  These ducts, Lacryma'les Cana-
lic'uli, Candles seu Ductus lacryma'les, Ductus
lacrymales latera'les, D. puncto'rum lacryma'Hum,
Cor'nua lacryma'lia seu lima'cum, Collie" i a punc-
to'rum lacryma'lium,  Canalic'uli limdeum,  Cor-
nua Lima'cum, (F.) Conduits lacrymoux, are two
in number — a superior and an inferior — which
extend  from the puncta to the lachrymal  sac.
They seem formed by a very  delicate  prolonga-
tion of the conjunctiva, which is continuous with
the mucous membrane of the  lachrymal sac,  (F.)
Reservoir des larmes : — the Saccus seu Sinus seu
Locus lacrymdlis, Dacryocys'tis, Infundib'ulum
lacrymdle, Saccus lacrymdlis.
  Lachrymal Tubercle, see  Lachrymal puncta.
  Lachrymal Veins  accompany the  artery of
the same name, and open into the ophthalmic and
palpebral, veins.
  LACHRYMA'TIO, Epiphora.  Also, a profuse
secretion of tears  from any  cause: — weeping,
Fletus, Plora'tio, Plora'tus.
  LACTNLE TUBARUM FALLOPII, see Tube,
Fallopian.
  LAC IS, Plexus.
  LACMUS TINCTORIUS, Lichen roccella.
  LACONICUM, Vaporarium, see Stove.
  LACQ, Laqueus.
  LACRIMA, Tear.
  LACRUMA, Tear.
  LACRYMA, Tear.
  LACTANS, Nurse.
  LACTATION, Lactdtio, Theldsis, Thelas'mus,
from laeteo, (lac, ' milk,) ' I suckle/ ' I give milk.'
Suckling: — the giving of suck, (F.) Allaitement.
The  French make four  varieties of lactation.
1. Allaitement  maternel — 31aternal Lactation,
when the mother suckles the child.  2. A. itranger
mercenaire, — when another suckles it.  3. A. ar-
tificial,  when the child is brought up by hand.
4. A.  animal, when the child is suckled by an
animal.
   LACTEALS, Chyliferous vessels.
   LACTENS, Sucking child.
   LACTES, Mesentery, Pancreas.
   LACTEUS, Lactic.
   LACTIC,  Lac'tens, Gaiac'ticue, Gaiac'tinus,
milky, from lac, ' milk.'  Appertaining to milk.
   Lactic Acid, Ac"idum Lac'teum, Acid of milk,
Acidum Lactis,  (F.) Acide Lactique.  This  has
been  recommended as a therapeutical agent in
atonic dyspepsia, owing to its being presumed to
be one of the gastric acids secreted  in health.  It
is given either in the form  of  lemonade or of
lozenges.  The acid is obtained either from  milk
or from the juice of the red beet.
   LACTICA, Typhoid.
   LACTICANS, Nurse.
   LACTICINIA, Parotid.
   LACTIFERE, Lactiferous.
   LACTIF'EROUS,  Galactoph'orous, Lac'tifer,
(F.) Lnet if ere, from lac, 'milk/ andfero, 'I carry.'
Milk-conveying.
   Lactiferous ArESSELS,iacti/eroH«i?Mct«,7,u5'-
uli lactiferi vel Ductus lactiferi  seu lac'tea, (F.)
Vaisacaux ou conduita  lactifires, arc the excre-
tory ducts of tho mammary gland.
  Lactiferous or Lacteal Swelling.  A tu-
mefaction of the breast, supposed by Sir Astley
Cooper to arise from a large collection of milk in
one of the lactiferous tubes, the result of chronic
inflammation  of the  tube  near the nipple, with
closure of its aperture, and obliteration of the
canal  for an inch or more.  The tube requires to
be punctured.
  LACTIF'UGA, Lac'tifuge, from lac, 'milk/
and fugo, ' I drive away.'  Medicines which dis-
pel milk.
  LACTIGO, Porrigo larvalis.
  LACTINE, Sugar of milk.
  LACTINIA, from lac, 'milk.'  Food prepared
with milk.
  LACTIPOTOR,  Galactopotes.
  LACTIS CONCRETIONES, Infarctus  Mam-
mas lacteus.
  LACTIS REDUNDANTIA, Galactia —1. Re-
tentio, Galactischesis—1. Sanguinolenti Excretio,
Galactohasmia,
  LACTISUGIUM, Antlia lactea.
  LACTUVORUS, Galactophagous.
  LACTOMETER, Galactometer.
  LACTU'CA, from  lac, 'milk;'  so called, from
its milky juice.  Lactuca Sativa, Lettuce, Garden
Lettuce, Eunu'chium 3Ieco'nis, Thridax, Cherbas,
(F.) Laitue ordinaire,  is  used as a wholesome
salad.  The seeds possess a quantity of oil, which,
when  formed into an emulsion, has been advised
in ardor urinas,  &c.
  The inspissated juice,Lactuca'rium, Thrid'ace,
resembles, in odour and appearance, that of opium,
and is, like it, narcotic, but uncertain.  Dose, gr.
j to x and more.
  Lactuca Elongata, see L. virosa — 1. Graveo-
lens, L. virosa — 1. Floridana, Mulgedium Flori-
danum.
  Lactuca Scari'ola,  L. Sylves'tris, Seariola,
(F.)   Laitue Scariole,  L.  Sauvage, possesses  a
stronger degree of  bitterness than L. sativa.  It
has similar virtues with Z. virosa.
  Lactuca Sylvestris, L. seariola—1. Villosa,
Mulgedium acuminatum.
  Lactuca Viro'sa, L. graveolens, Strong-scented
Lettuce, (F.) Laitue vireuse.   The odour of this
plant, the leaves of which are used in medicine,
is strongly narcotic, and the taste bitter.  They
are narcotic, diuretic,  and aperient;  and have
been used in dropsies.   Lactdca elonga'ta, Wild
Lettuce of the United States, has been employed
for L. virosa.
  LACTUCIMEN, Aphthas.
  LACTUCIMINA,  Aphthas.
  LACTUMEN, Porrigo larvalis.
  LACTUMINA, Aphthas.
  LACU'NA,  Conalic'ulus, from lacus, ' a lake
or deep ditch.  A Fossa or Ditch.  A small cavity
in a mucous membrane, the parietes of which se-
crete a viscid humour.   It is used synonymously
with  crypt.
   Lacuna, Crypta,  Fontanella — 1. Cerebri, In-
fundibulum of the brain, Pituitary gland.
   Lacuna seu Sulcus seu Sul'culus Labii Su-
perioris, Amab'ile, Amato'rium, Philtrum., Phile'-
trum.  The hollow of the upper lip under the nose.
   Lacuna Magna, see Urethra.
   Lacuna;, see Urethra.
   Lacuna: of Bone. Certain dark stellate spots
with  thread-like lines radiating from them, seen
under a high magnifying power.   These were  at
first believed to be solid osseous or bone corpuscles,
 Corpua'cula os'sium — Corpuscles of Purtcinje ;
but are now regarded as excavations in the  bone
— Sac'culi chalicoph'ori — with minute tubes  or
canaliculi proceeding from them, and communi-
cating with the Haversian canals.  The lacunas 
LACUNAR
499
LAMINA
and canaliculi are fibres concerned in the transit
of nutrient fluid through the osseous tissue.
  Lacuna: Graafia'na;, L.muco'sa vulva.  The
mucous follicles of the vagina.
  Lacuna; Mucosa; Vulva;, L. Graafianas — 1.
Palpebrarum, Meibomius, glands of.
  LACU'NAR, La'quear,' an arched roof/  The
roof of a chamber.  Hence,
  Lacu'nar Or'bita:.  The roof of the orbit.
  Lacunar Ventriculi Quarti Superior,  Val-
vula Vieussenii.
  LACUNE DE LA LANGUE, Caseum fora-
men.
  LACUS LACRYMALIS, Lachrymal sac.
  Lacus  Lacryma'rum.  A small  space in the
inner angle of the eye between the  lids, towards
which the tears flow, and at which the triangular
canal formed between the closed lids terminates.
  LADA, Piper nigrum.
  LADANUM, see Cistus creticus.
  LAD EN DO, Influenza.
  LADIES MANTLE, Alchemilla.
  LADIES'  SLIPPER, SHOWY,  Cypripedium
 spectabile — 1.  Slipper,  stemless,   Cypripedium
 acaule—1. Slipper, yellow, Cypripedium luteum.
   LADIES'  SMOCK, Cardamine pratensis.
   LADRERIE (F.) from ladre, 'a leper.'  (F.)
 Leproserie,  Maladrerie.   A  vulgar  name  for
 elephantiasis, or lepra.  Also, an hospital for the
 reception of the leprous,  Leprosdrium, Domus
 leprosdria, Leper hospital.
   LADA'BIRD, Coccinella septempunctata.
   r;Al>YT>UG, Coccinella septempunctata.
   i, WIA'COAV, Coccinella septempunctata.
   LADY CRESPIGNY'S PILLS, see  Pilulas
 Aloes et  Kinas Kinas.
   Lady Hesketh's Pills, see Pilulas Aloes et
 Kinas Kinas.
  Lady AVebster's Pills, see Pilulas Aloes et
 Kinas Kina;.
   L.UMOPARALYSIS, GGsophagoplegia.
   L.EMOS,  Pharynx.
   L M M 0 S CIR' RIIU S, Cancer pharyn'gis et
 cesoph'agi, Lamosteno'sis seu Dyspha'gia acirrho'-
 aa; from Xatpos, ' the pharynx or oesophagus.'
 Cancer of the pharynx or oesophagus.
   L.EAIOSTENOSIS, Dysphagia  constricta —
 1. Scirrhosa, Lasmoscirrhus.
   L.ESIO, Lesion.
   L^ETIFICAN'TIA, from latifico (latua, and
 facio), ' I make glad.'  Medicines formerly used
 as cordials, in depression of spirits,  <fcc.
   L-EVIGATIO, Levigation.
   LiEVITAS INTESTINORUM, Lientery.
   LAGENTOMUM, Harelip.
   LAGNEA, Coition, Satyriasis, Sperm.
   LAGNEIA,  Coition, Satyriasis, Sperm.
   LAilNESIS, Furor Femininus,  Nymphoma-
 nia— 1. Furor  masculinus, Satyriasis — 1. Salaci-
 tas, Satyriasis.
   LAGNEUMA, Coition, Sperm.
   LAGNIA, Satyriasis.
   LAGNOSIS, Satyriasis.
   LAGOCHEILUS, Harelip.
   LAGONES, Flanks.
   LAGONOPONOS, Pleurodynia.
   LAGONTOMUM, Harelip.
   LAGOPHTHAL'MIA,  from  Xayos, 'a  hare/
 nnd oip&aXpos,  'an  eye.'   Lagophthal'mus, Hare's
 Eye : Leporlnua Oc'ulua, (F.) (EU de Lievre.  A
 vicious arrangement of the  upper eyelid, which
 is  so retracted that it cannot cover the globe of
 the eye during sleep.  It has been asserted that
 this condition  of the eye is natural in the hare
 when asleep.
   LAGOPHTHALMUS, Lagophthalmia, Geum
 urbanum.
   LAGOSTOMA, Harelip.
  LAICHE, Sarsaparilla Germanica—I. des Sa-
blea, Sarsaparilla Germanica.
  LAIT, Milk — I. Adouciaaant, Looch ex ovo—
1. d'Aneaae, Milk, asses' — I. d'Amondea, Emulsio
amygdalae — I. d'Aaafcetida,  Mistura asafcetidae
— I. de Beurre,  Buttermilk — I. de Brebia, Milk,
ewes' — l.  Co ilii, Curds — I. de  Chevre,  Milk,
goats' — 1. Epauchi, L. ripandu—I. de Femme,
Milk, human — I. de Jument, Milk, mares' — I. de
Poule, see Ovum.
  LAIT REPANDU, (F.) Lait ipanchi._ A po-
pular expression in France, under which is  com-
prehended every kind of disease (and particularly
vague pains) occurring after delivery; all being
ascribed to diffusion or deposition of milk.
   LAIT DE VAGHE, Milk of the cow— I. Vir-
ginal, Virgin's milk.
   LAITERON DOUX, Sonchus oleraceus.
   LAIT I AT, (F.) Sour whey, in which different
wild fruits have been macerated.  Said to be much
used in the Jura as  a refreshing drink.
   LAITUE ORDINAIRE, Lettuce—?. Sauvage,
Lactuca seariola—I.  Scariole, Lactuca seariola
— I. Vireuse, Lactuca virosa.
   LAKEWEED, Polygonum hydropiper.
   LALIA, A"bice, articulated.
   LALLA'TION,  Lalla'tio,  Lambdacia'mua,
Labdacia'mus, Lullaby epeech.  Sauvages  uses
this term for a vicious pronunciation, in which
the letter L is improperly doubled, or softened,
or substituted for R.
   LAMAC, Acacias  gummi.
   LAMBDACISMUS, Lallation.
   LAMBDOID, Lambdoid'al, Lamdoi'dea, Lamb-
do'dea,  Lambdo'ideua, from  the  Greek letter A,
XapfiSa, and etSos, 'shape/  'resemblance.'  Ana-
tomists have given the name Lambdoidal Suture,
Sutu'ra Lambdo'ida'lia seu lombdo'idea seu  lamb-
do'idea, S. Prora, to  the  suture, formed by the
parietal bones  and  the occipital, because  it re-
sembles the letter A, lambda, of  the Greeks.  It
is the Occipito-parietal suture—Suture occipitale,
(Ch.)   In  this suture, the  ossa AVormiana are
most frequently met with ; and the denticulations
are most distinctly marked.
   LA3IBEAU, Flap.
   LAMBITIVUM,  Eclectos.
   LAMBKILL, Kalmia latifolia.
   LA3IE, Lamina—I. Cornie, Tasnia semicircu-
laris— I. Ruyschienne, Ruyschiana tunica.
   LAMELLA, Lamina.
   LAMEL'LAR, Lamello'sus, Lam'inated, (F.)
Lamelleux, Lamineux, composed of thin laminas
or leaves — as the Lamellar  or laminated tissue;
i. e. the areolar tissue.
   LA31ELLEUX,  Lamellar.
   LAMENESS, Claudication.
   LAMTNA, Lamella, (F.) Lame.  A thin, flat
part of a bone; a plate or table, as the cribriform
 lamina or plate of the ethmoid bone.   Lamina
 and Lamella are generally used  synonymously;
 although the latter is properly  a diminutive of
 the former.
   Lam'ina Ciner'ea.  A  thin layer of gray sub-
 stance, which forms the anterior  part of the infe-
 rior boundary of the third ventricle of the  brain.
   Lam'ina Cor'nea, Ta'nia Tari'ni,  A yellow-
 ish band or a thickening of  the lining membrane
 of the ventricle,  by which the vena  corporis
 striati  is  overlaid in the  lateral ventricle  of the
 brain.
   Lamina Cribrosa, Cribriform  lamella.
   Lamina Cribrosa Ossis  Ethmoidei, see Cri-
 bli—\. Medullaris  triangularis cerebri, Lyra,
   Lamina Peritona:i Externa.  The outer la-
 mina or fold of the  peritonasum.
   Lamina Prima Cutis, Epidermis.
   Lamina Spira'lis, Septum scala, Septum coeh'-
 lem audito'ria.  A partition between the  scales 
                LAMINARIA              5

of the cochlea.  The largest part of this next the
modiolus is formed of bone.  The remainder, or
that part next the opposite side of the scalas, is
composed of a cartilaginous membrane, called, by
Valsalva, Zona seu Zo'nula Coch'lea.  By some
anatomists, the lamina  is divided into a Zona
os'sea and Z. mollis.   By others, it is considered
to consist of four laminas, when examined  with a
strong glass:  a Zona os'sea, next to the modiolus
— a Zona coria'cea, on the outer side of this : a
Zona vesicula'ris — and  a Zona membrana'cea,
which is, perhaps, the lining membrane  of the
cochlea.  At the apex of the cochlea, the lamina
spiralis terminates by a pointed hook-shaped pro-
cess, ham'ulus lam'ina sjiira'lis.
  Lam'ina; Dorsa'les,  Dorsal  lamina.   Two
oval masses on each side of the primitive groove
of the embryo, which approach so as to form a
groove, in which are lodged the future brain and
spinal marrow.
  Lamina: Spongiosa; Nasi, Turbinated bones.
  Lam'ina; Ventra'les,  L.  viscera'les.  Thick-
ened prolongations of the serous layer of the ger-
minal membrane, which, by their union, form the
anterior wall of the trunk of the new being.
  LAMINA'RIA DIGITATA, Tangle.  One of
the Algas eaten in Scotland, and hawked about
the streets with the Pepper-dulse.
  The leaf of a  sea-weed — a  species of  Lami-
naria — is employed in the Himalayas under the
name of goitre leaf so called because chewed by
the inhabitants, where goitre prevails.
  LAMINATED, Lamellar.
  LA3IINEUX, Lamellar.
  LA'MIUM ALBUM, L. folio'sum, Urti'ca mor'-
tua, Galeop'sis Archangelica, Dead Nettle, White
Arch'angel Nettle, (F.) Ortie blanche, Ortie morte.
Infusions of this plant have been recommended
in uterine hemorrhage,  and leucorrhcea.   It is
not used.
  La'mium Amplexicau'le, Dead Nettle, Henbit;
naturalized; flowering from  May to October; is
regarded as tonic, diaphoretic, and laxative.
  Lamium Foliosum,  L.  album — 1. Montanum,
Melittis melissophyllum—1. Plinii, Melittis melis-
sophyllum — 1. Rubrum, Galeopsis.
  LAMOTTE, MINERAL WATERS OF.  These
thermal springs are in the department of Isdre,
France.   Temperature, 184°.
  LA3IPOURDE, Xanthium.
  LAMPROPHO'NUS, from Xapttpos, 'clear/ and
ipuivv, ' voice.'  One who has a clear voice.
  LAMPSANA, Lapsana.
  LAMPYRIS, Cicindela.
  LANA PHILOSOPHORUM, Zinci oxydum.
  LANARIA, Saponaria, Verbascum nigrum.
  LANCE DE 31AURICEAU, (F.)  An instru-
ment invented by Mauriceau for perforating the
head of the foetus.  A perforator.
  LANCEOLA, Lancet.
  LANCET,  Lance'ola,  Lancelta,  Schaate'rion,
Seolpum chirur'gicum, (F.)  Lancette, — diminu-
tive of lancea, 'a lance.'   A surgical instrument,
used in the operation of phlebotomy.  It is com-
posed of two parts, the handle, (F.) Chasse, and
the  blade, (F.) Lame.  The  former is made  of
two small  plates of ivory, bone, or shell,  move-
able on the blade for whose preservation they are
intended.  The  blade  is  formed of well-polished
steel.   Lancets are made of different  shapes;
some  being  broad-shouldered — others,  spear-
pointed.  The French  distinguished three kinds:
I. Lancette d grain d'orge, which, on account  of
the almost oval shape  of its point, makes a large
opening.  2. The L. d langue de aerpent,  which
is very narrow towards  the  point; and, 3. The
L. d grain d'avoine, which holds a medium sta-
          LAPARO-ENTEROTOMY

tion between the two  former, and is generally
preferred.
  The Abscess Lancet is merely a large lancet for
the purpose of opening abscesses.
  LANCETTA, Lancet
  LANCETTE, Lancet.
  LANCETTIER, (F.) A lancet-case.
  LANCINANT, Lancinating.
  LAN'CINATING, Ladcinans, from lancinare
(lancea, 'a lance'), 'to strike or ^thrust through.'
(F.) Landnant, (substantive Elanccment.)   A
species of pain, which consists in lancinations or
shootings,  similar  to those  that would be  pro-
duced by the introduction of a sharp instrument
into the suffering part.  It is especially in  cancer
that this kind of pain is felt.
  LAND'S END,  CLIMATE OF.  The climate
of the Land's End, in England,  resembles  that
of the south of Devonshire, but is more relaxing.
It is considered to be most likely to prove bene-
ficial in consumptive cases, in which the disease
is accompanied by an irritated state of the pul-
monary  mucous  membrane, producing  a dry
cough.  AVhere the system is relaxed, and the.
secretion from the lungs considerable, the climate,
it is conceived,  will generally prove  injurious.
As  a brumal retreat, the southern coast  of De-
vonshire would seem to be preferable to it.
  LANGEAC, MINERAL WATERS OF.  Aci-
dulous,  mineral  waters at  Langeac, in the de-
partment of Haute-Loire, France.  They are em-
ployed  as refrigerant, aperient, and  diuretic.
They contain carbonic  acid, carbonates of soda
and magnesia, and a little iron.
  LAN'GII AQUA EPILEP'TICA, EpHep'tic
Water of Langius,  formerly employed against
epilepsy.  It was composed of the flowers  of con-
vallaria and lavender,  Spanish wine, cinnamon,
nutmeg,  mistletoe, peony and dittany roots,  long
pepper,  cubebs, and rosemary flowers.
  LANGUE, Tongue — I. Abaisseur de la, Glos-
socatochus — I. de Carpe, see Lever — I. de Cerf,
Asplenium scolopendrium — I. de Chien,  Cyno-
glossum—I. de Serp>ent, Ophioglossum vulgatum.
  LANGUEUR, Languor.
  LANGUOR, Aph'esis,Faintness, (F.) Langueur.
A species  of atony, depression, or debility, which
generally  comes on slowly.
  LANTA'NA, Sage Tree, Blueberry, (F.) Cail-
leau.  The leaves of this indigenous plant form
a fine-scented tea, like L.  Camara or  Bahama
Tea, and L. Pseudothe'a or Brazil Tea.  The tea
is used as a diaphoretic.
  LANU'GO, Pili cutis, Pluma, from tana,  'wool.'
The soft, fine hair on different parts of the body,
especially of the young.
  Lanugo Prima,  Geneias — 1. Pudendorum,
Pubes—1. Siliquas hirsutas, see Dolichos pruriens.
  LANUVIUM, Vulva.
  LAONI'CA CURATIO seu CURA.  A modo
of treating the gout, which consisted in the em-
ployment of local applications, proper for  evacu-
ating the morbific matter.(?)
  LAOS, Tin.
  LAPACTICUS, Cathartic, Laxative.
  LAPARA, Abdomen, Flanks, Lumbi.
  LAPAROCE'LE, from  Xanapa,  'the  lumbar
region/  and  kvXv, 'rupture.'  Lumbar Hernia,
through a separation  of the fibres of the quadra-
tus  lumborum, and a protrusion  of the aponeu-
rosis of the transverse  muscle on the outside of
the  mass common to  the sacro-lumbalis and lon-
gissimus dorsi. — Cloquet.
  LAPAROCYSTOTOMIA,  see Lithotomy.
  LAPARO-ELYTROTOMIA,  Cassarean Sec-
tion.
  LAPARO-ENTEROT'OMY, Lap'aro-entero-
)0 
LAPAROSCOPIA
501
LARYNGEAL
torn'in, from  Xattapa, 'the lumbar region/ the
' abdomen/ tvrtpov,  ' intestine/ and ropv, ' inci-
Bion.'  The operation of opening the abdomen
and intestinal canal, for the removal of disease.
  LAPAROSCOPIA, Abdominoscopia.
  LAPAROTOMY, see Gastrotomy.
  LAPATHOS,  Rumex acutus—1. Aquaticum,
Rumex hydrolapathum—1. Chinense, Rheum —
1.  Orientale,  Rheum — 1. Sanguineum,  Rumex
sanguineus—1. Unctuosum, Chenopodium bonus
Henricus.
  LAPATHUM, Rumex acutus—1. Acutum, Ru-
mex acutus — 1. Hortense, Rumex patientia — 1.
Pratense, Rumex acetosa — 1. Scutatum, Rumex
scutatus — 1.  Sylvestre, Rumex acutus, R. obtu-
sifolius.
  LAPE, Mucus.
  LAPIDIL'LUM, from lapis, 'a stone.' Blasius
has given this name to a kind  of scoop,  used for
extracting stone from the bladder.
  LAPILLATIO, Lithia.
  LAPILLI GLANDULiE PINEALIS, see Pi-
neal gland.
   LAPIL'LUS, diminutive of lapis, 'a stone.' A
small stone ; gravel;  a grain of sand.
   LAPIS, Calculus — 1. Accipitrum, Hieracites
— 1. Aerosus, Calamina—1. Ammoniaci, see Am-
moniac gum — 1. Animalis, Blood—1. Armenius,
Melochites — 1.  Aureus,  Urine — 1. Bezoardicus,
Bezoar—1. Casruleus, Cupri sulphas—1. Calami-
naris,  Calamina — 1. Carneolus,  Cornelian — 1.
Caustious, Potassa  cum calce,  Potassa fusa — 1.
Colly mus, ^Etites—1. Contrayervas, Pulvis  con-
trayervas compositus — 1. Cyanus, L. lazuli.
  Lapis Divi'nis, L. Ophthalmicus seu Ophthal-
micus Sti. Iresii.  (Cupri sulphat., Alumin., Po-
tass, nit rat. aa ^j.  Melt together, adding at the
end Camphor, 3Js.)  Employed to make an eye-
water, "Jij ad aqua "§iv.
  Lapis Fulmineus, Ceraunion—1. Hematites,
Hasmatites—1. Heracleus, Magnet—1. Infernalis,
Argenti  nitras — 1. Infertialis alkalinus, Potassa
fusa — 1. Infernalis sive septicus, Potassa cum
calce—1. Judaicus,  Judasus (lapis).
  Lapis Lazu'li, Lapis Cy'anus, Asulci, Laz'u-
lite, (F.) Pierre d'azur, Outremer. A stone, of a
beautiful blue colour ; opake ; and close-grained;
fracture, dull.  It is composed ofsilex; alumine;
carbonate and  sulphate  of lime; oxide of iron,
and water.   It  was formerly looked  upon  as a
purgative and emetic, and given in epilepsy.
  Lapis  Malucensis, Bezoard  of  the  Indian
porcupine — 1. Nauticus,  Magnet—1. Ophthalmi-
cus, L. Divinus — 1. Ophthalmicus St. Ivesii, L.
Divinus—1. Pbcenicites, Juiheus (lapis) — 1. Por-
cinus, Bezoard of the Indian porcupine — 1. Pru-
nelbe, Potass;o  nitras  fusus  sulphatis  paueillo
mixtus — 1.  Sardius,  Cornelian — 1.  Septicus,
 Causticum commune, Potassa  fusa — 1. Specula-
ris,  S. lucidum—-1. Syderitis,  Magnet — 1. Syri-
acus, Judauis (lapis) — I. A'ini, Potassas supertar-
 tras impurus.
   LAPPA, Arctium lappa, Galium aparine, Lip-
pitudo — 1. Minor,  Xanthium.
   LAPPULA  HEPATICA, Agrimony.
   LAPSA'NA,  Lampsa'na, Na'pium, Papilla'-
ris herba. Dock-cresses, Nijiple- Wort, (F.) Lamp-
sane, Hi rbc aux Mumelles.   This plant  is a lac-
tescent bitter.  It has  been  chiefly employed,
however, as  an  external application to sore nip-
ples, &c.
  LAPSUS PILORUM, Alopecia.
  LAQ,  Laqueus.
  LAQUE. Lacca.
  LAQUEAR, Lacunar.
  La'quear Vagi'n-e,  Fundus  Vagina.   The
part of the vagina in which the cervix uteri ter-
minates.
  LA'QUEUS, Funis.  A cord, ligature or ban-
dage, with running knots ;—a Noose, a loop.   A
fillet, Brochos, Pach'etoa,  (F.) Laq  ou  Lacq.
The term is applied to a bandage or fillet of any
kind,  attached  by means of a loop upon any
part, with the view of fixing it; as in  certain
cases of labour, where a hand  or foot presents;
or to facilitate extension  in luxations and frac-
tures.
  Also :—A prominent band in the brain, behind
the brachium posterius of the corpora quadrige-
mina, which  marks the course of the superior
division of the fasciculus  olivaris.
  Laqueus  Gut'turis,  'Noose of  the throat'
Violent inflammation of the tonsils, in which the
patient appears as if suffocated by a noose.  Ac-
cording to some, gangrenous cynanche.
  LARCH, Pinus larix.
  LARD, Adeps.
  LARDACE, Lardaceous.
  LARDA'CEOUS, Larddceua, Lar'deua, Lard'-
iform,  Lardifor'mis, (F.)  Lardaci; from lardum,
'lard/ the fat  of bacon.  An  epithet given  to
certain organic alterations in the textures, whose
aspect and consistence resemble lard. (F.) Tisaus
lardacia.
  LARDEUS, Lardaceous.
  LARDIFORM, Lardaceous.
  LARGE, Broad.
  LARIX, Pinus  larix — 1.  Communis, Pinus
larix—1. Decidua, Pinus larix—1. Europasa, Pi-
nus larix—1.  Pyramidalis, Pinus larix.
  LARKSPUR, BRANCHING,  Delphinium
consolida.
  LAR3IE, Tear.
  LAR3IOIE3IENT, Epiphora.
  LA-ROCHE  POSAY,  MINERAL AVATERS
OF.  Simple sulphurous  waters in the  depart-
ment of Vienne, France.
  LARVA, Mask.   Also  the larve, grub,  or ver-
miform condition of an insect: the first  change
it experiences after leaving the ovum.   Larves
of  insects are occasionally developed in  the in-
testinal canal from ova swallowed.  See Ectozoa.
  LAR YNGE, Laryngeal.
  LARYNGE'AL,  Larynge'us,  (F.) Laryngi,
Laryngien.   Same  etymon  as Larynx.   That
 which belongs to the larynx.
  Laryngeal Arteries  are given  off from the
thyroid arteries.
  Laryngeal  Nerves,  (F.)  Nerfs Laryngis,
are two in number ; — a superior and an inferior.
 The superior laryngeal nerve  is given off from
the trunk of the pneumogastric, at the  upper
and deep  part of the neck.  It passes downwards
and inwards, behind the  internal carotid  artery,
and divides  into two secondary branches ; the
 one, external, which  distributes its filaments,  on
the outside of the larynx, to the sterno-thyroid,
hyo-thyroid, constrictor  inferior,  crico-thyroid
muscles,  &c.  The other,  the internal,  which
 crosses the  thyro-hyoid  membrane, and gives
filaments  to  the epiglottis, the  mucous  mem-
branes of the pharynx and larynx, to the aryte-
noid gland, the arytenoid and crico-thyroid mus-
cles, and ultimately anastomoses with the inferior
laryngeal nerve.  The inferior laryngeal nerves
or  recur'rents, Nervi  reversi'vi, Rameaux  Tra-
ehiaux (Chaus.,) arise from  the trunk  of the
pneumogastric within the thorax.  They ascend
in the furrow, which separates the trachea from
the oesophagus, to be distributed on the neck,
after having been reflected;—the left around the
arch of the aorta; the right, around the corre-
sponding  subclavian.  They send off filaments
to  the cardiac  plexuses; to the parietes of the 
LARYNGECHE
502
LASER
oesophagus, and trachea; to the  thyroid gland:
to the  inferior constrictor of the pharynx; the
posterior and lateral crico-arytenoid and thyro-
arytenoid muscles; and to the mucous membrane
of the pharynx and larynx.
  Laryngeal Phthisis,  Phthisis, laryngeal — 1.
Sound, Laryngeche.
  Laryngeal A""eins open into the internal jugu-
lar.  AVinslow gives the  name laryngeal to the
superior thyroid artery.
  Laryngeal A*"oice, see Voice.
  LARYNGE'CHE, from Xapvyt, 'the larynx/
and vX*i or 1X°S> ' sound.'  The laryngeal sound
heard by the stethoscope during breathing and
speaking.
  LAR YNGIEN, Laryngeal.
  LARYNGISMUS STRIDULUS, Asthma thy-
micum.
  LAR YNGITE, Laryngitis—I. Muqueuse, La-
ryngitis (simple)—I. CEdimateuse, (Edema of the
glottis—I. QSdimateuse et siro-purulente, (Edema
of the glottis — I.  avec  Production de Fausses
membranes, Cynanche trachealis—I. Pseudo-mem-
braneuse, Cynanche trachealis—I. avcc Sicrition
de  Pus,  Phthisis  laryngea — I. Sus-glottique,
QSdema  of the glottis — I. Striduleuse,  Asthma
thymicum — I. Sous-muqueuse,  (Edema of  the
glottis.
   LARYNGITIS, from Larynx, and itis, a suffix
denoting inflammation;  Inflamma'tio Laryn'gis,
Cynanche larynge'a, Angi'na laryngea, (F.) La-
ryngite, Catarrhe  laryngien, Angine laryngi, In-
flammation of the Larynx.  This  disease, in some
measure, resembles croup;  but is usually devoid
of that peculiar sonorous inspiration, which at-
tends the latter.   There is, also, pain upon press-
ing the larynx; and, whilst laryngitis is a disease
of more advanced life, croup attacks children.
The membraniform exudation is, also, absent;
probably, because the inflammation, being seated
above the glottis, the coagulable lymph is readily
expectorated. It requires  the most active treat-
ment
   Simple Laryngitis is  called  by some mucous
Laryngitis, Laryngitis acu'ta, L. muco'sa acuta,
(F.) Laryngite muqueuse, to distinguish it from
submucous Laryngitis or  (Edema of the glottis.
   Chronic Laryngitis is generally regarded as
synonymous with laryngeal phthisis; but it may
exist independently.
   Laryngitis Acuta,  Laryngitis — 1.  Chronic,
see Phthisis  Laryngea—1. Mucosa acute, Laryn-
gitis— 1. Mucous, Laryngitis (simple) — 1. (Ede-
matous, (Edema of the glottis—1. Seropurulenta,
 (Edema of the glottis — 1. Submucous, (Edema of
the glottis—1. et Tracheitis chronica, see Phthisis
laryngea — 1. et  Tracheitis infantilis, Cynanche
 trachealis.
   LARYNGOCACE, Cynanche  trachealis.
   LARYNGO-CATAR'RHUS, Catarrhns Laryn-
 geus et traehea'lis.  Catarrh affecting the larynx
 and trachea more especially, as indicated by al-
 teration of the voice — hoarseness — itching and
 sensation of burning in those parts; short.cough
 and expectoration, &c.
   LARYNGO-ET-TRACHEO-PHTHISIS,
 Phthisis laryngea.
   LARYNGOG'RAPHY, Lary'ngogra'ph ia; from
 Xapvy!;, ' the larynx/ and  ypaipv, ' a description.'
 An anatomical description of the larynx.
   LARYNGOL'OGY, from XapvyZ,  'the larynx/
 and Xoyos, ' treatise.' A treatise on the larynx.
   LARYNGOPARALYSIS, see Aphonia.
   LARYNGOPH'ONY, Tracheoph'ony, Laryn-
 geal  voice,  Tracheal voice; from  Larynx, and
 tpwm, ' voice.'  The sound heard in health, when
 the stethoscope is placed over the larynx or tra-
chea,  at  the time  a person speaks.   The voice
appears to pass immediately up to the  ear of  the
auscultator.  A similar physical sign exists when
there is a cavity m tho lungs, and the instrument
is placed over it whilst the patient speaks.   See
Pectoriloquy.
  LARYNcloPHTIIISIS, Phthisis laryngea.
  LARYNGOSPASMUS, Asthma thymicum.
  LARYNGOSTASIS, Cynanche trachealis.
  LARYNGOSTENO'SIS; from Xapvyl ' the la-
rynx/  and orivuots, ' contraction.'  Contraction
or narrowness  of the larynx.
  LARYNGOT'OMY, Laryngotontio,  from  Xa-
pvyZ, 'the larynx/  and  rcpvetv, 'to cut'  A sur-
gical  operation,  which  consists  in opening  the
larynx, either to extract a  foreign body, or to
remedy an obstruction of the glottis.  The ope-
ration is, sometimes, erroneously  called Broncho-
tomy, and Tracheotomy.
  LARYNGO-TRACHEITIS, Cynanche tra-
chealis—-1. Tracheitis with  Diphtheritic  exuda-
tion, Cynanche trachealis.
  LAR'YNX,  Xapvyl-, (' a whistle.')   Caput  seu
Oper'culum seu Inil'ium seu Finis supe'rior seu
Tcr'minus superior seu Pars prima as'pera arte'-
ria.  The  apparatus of voice is situate at  the
superior  and anterior part of the neck;  and at
the top of the trachea,  with which it  communi-
cates.  It is composed  of four  cartilages, — the
thyroid,  cricoid, and two arytenoid;  is moved
by a number of muscles, and lined by a mucous
membrane, having certain  membranous reflec-
tions, constituting the  superior ligaments of the
glottis, &c.

       Parts composing the Larynx.
                         ' Thyroid.
                          Cricoid.
                          Two arytenoid.
                          Epiglottis.
                         ' Sterno-thyroid.
                           Constrictors  of  the
                            pharynx.
                           All  the  muscles of
                            the hyoid region.
                          ' Crico-thyroid.
                           Crico-arytenoid, pos-
                            terior.
                           Cryco-arytenoid, la-
                            teral.
                           Thyro-arytenoid.
                           Arytenoid.
1. Cartilages
2. Sluscles. -
Extrinsic,
Intrinsic,
3. 3Iucous 3tembrane.
                       ( Epiglottic.
4. Glands....................-< Arytenoid.
                       ( Thyroid.

5. Membranes................ in-   ±i_    •!
                        ( Crico-thyroid.
6. Ligaments.
f Crico-arytenoid.
(Thyro-arytenoid.
  The vessels and nerves of the larynx are called
Laryngeal.
  The  larynx is destined to give passage to the
air, in the act of respiration, and to impress upon
it certain modifications, which constitute voice.
Its  dimensions vary in different individuals.   In
men, it is always larger, and situate lower, than
in women.
  Larynx, Pellicular or Plastic Inflamma-
tion of the, Cynanche trachealis.
  LAS'ANUM,  Sella familiar'ica, (F.)  Chaiee
percie.  A close stool.
  LASCIATA, Satyriasis.
  LASCIVITAS, Satyriasis.
  LASCIVUS, Libidinous.
  LASER, Laserpitium — I. d  Larges feuillee,
Laserpitium latifolium. 
LASERPITIUM
503
LAURUS
  LASERPIT"IUM,  Loan; Sil'phium, ottos otX-
oji&v.  A term applied, anciently, both to a plant
and its juice, regarding the nature of neither of
which we possess any precise information.  Bent-
ley, Laurence, Geoffroi, <fcc, ref ard it to have been
the same as asafoetida : — Theophrastus, Diosco-
rides, and the ancient scholiast of Aristophanes,
however, by assigning a sweet and agreeable fla-
vour to the laserpitium, discountenance the idea.
From whatever plant obtained, it was  so rare,
and consequently so costly, that the Bomans de-
posited  it in the public treasury.  It was obtained
from Cyrene — Sncens Cyrenu'ieua—and likewise
from Persia—the latter being the most valuable.
The Laserpitium is called by Avicenna, Altihit.
   Laserpitium Asperum, L. latifolium.
   Laserpitium Latifo'lium, L. aa'perum, Gen-
tin'na alba, White Gentian, Cerva'ria alba; (F.)
Laaer d largea feuilles.   The root of this plant is
bitter and tonic.
   Laserpitium Montanum, L.  siler.
   Laserpitium Siler,  L. trifolidtum seu mon-
tdnum, Sea'eli, Siler montdnum seu lancifo'lium,
Heart-wort, Scrmountuin.  The seeds and roots
aro possessed of aromatic properties.
   Laserpitium Thifoliatum, L. siler.
   LASSITUDE OCULAIRE, Copyopia.
   LASSITUDO, Copos.
   LATENS  IN ORE, Pterygoidcus internus.
   LATENT, Latena, from latere,  'to lie hid.'
' Lying hid/ ' concealed.' An epithet applied  to
certain diseases or states of disease, in which the
symptoms  are so concealed and obscure, morbi
occulti, as to escape the  observation of the phy-
sician.  Thus,  we say latent  inflammation, latent
period  of amall-pox.
   LAT'ERAD, from latua, lateria,  'the side.'   A
term  used  adverbially by Dr. Barclay to signify
'towards the lateral aspect'
   LATERAL ASPECT, see  Mesial.
   LATERIT'TOUS, Lateril'iua, Lateric"ius,
from later, ' a brick.'  An epithet applied  to the
brick-like sediment, occasionally deposited in the
urine of people afflicted with fever; Sedimen'tum
urina  lutcric"ium.
   LATESCENTIS CHORDAE (Musculus), Pal-
maris longus.
   LATEX  NIVEUS, Milk.
   LATIIYRIS, Euphorbia lathyris.
   LATIB'ULUM,  from lateo,  ' I lie hid.'  The
foyer of a febrile  poison; whence it spreads  to
every part to induce a paroxysm.  See Clapier.
   LAT'ICA.  Same etymon.  Amphimer'ina lat-
ica of  Sauvages.   A species of quotidian  remit-
tent, whose paroxysms are very long, and which
 is accompanied with latent heat ( ? ), whence  its
 name.
   LATICES LACTEI, Receptaculum chyli.
   LATIS'SIMUS  COLLI, Platysma myoides.
   Latis'simus  Dorsi,   Aniscalp'tor, Brachium
 mortns qnartns, (F.) Lombo-humiral (Ch.), Dorsi-
 lombo-sacro-hamiral, 31 usclegrand dorsal, 31. (res
 large du dos. A flat muscle; broad, especially below;
 thin; quadrilateral;  and situate at the posterior,
 lateral, and inferior region  of the trunk.  It is
 attached to the posterior half of the  outer lip of
 the crest of the ilium; to the posterior surface of
 the sacrum;  to the spinous  processes of the six
 or seven  last dorsal vertebras,  to all those of the
 loins, and to  the  last four  false ribs, and is  in-
 serted  by a strong tendon at  the posterior edge
 of the  bicipital groove of the humerus. Its upper
 fibres are almost horizontal; the middle very long
 and oblique upwards and outwards ;  and  the an-
 terior  almost  vertical.   This muscle carries the
 arm backwards, depressing it, and making it turn
 on its  axis.   It also draws backwards and down-
 wards  the prominence  of the shoulder.  AVhen,
suspended by an arm, we make an effort to raise
ourselves, it draws the trunk towards the arm.
It can, also, raise the ribs by assuming its fixed
point on the humerus, and become an inspiratory
muscle.
  LATITUDO  HUMERI, Scapula.
  LATTICE WORK, Cancelli.
  LATUS,  Broad — 1. Ani, Levator ani.
  LAU, see Spirit.
  LAUCA'NIA, Leuca'nia,Ladchane,fromXavu>,
' I enjoy/ ' I take.'   The fauces and oesophagus.
Also, the chin. — Gorraeus.
  LAUCHANE, Laucania.
  LAUD'ANUM or LAUDA'NUM.   Perhaps,
from laua,' praise;'  lauddtum, ' praised.' Every
preparation of opium, solid  or liquid, but more
particularly the extract and tincture, and espe-
cially the latter.
  Laudanum Abba'tis Rousseau, Gutta Abbatia
Rouaaeau,  Vinum opia'tum fermentatio'ne para'-
tum, Abbe Rouaaeau'a Dropa.   (3Iel. Narbonnens.,
§xij;  aqua calida, Oiij.  Set in a warm place,
and, as soon as the mixture ferments, add opium,
 *|iv, dissolved  in water, f^xij.  Let it ferment
for a month, and evaporate  to f"fx: strain, and
add rectified spirit of wine, givss.
  Laudanum,  Ford's,  Vinum opii — 1.  Liquid,
Tinctura opii — 1. Liquidum Hoffmanni, \rinum
opii — 1.  Liquidum  Sydenhami, Arinum  opii — 1.
Opiatum, Extractum opii — 1. Simplex, Extrac-
tum opii.
  LAUGH, Risus — 1. Sardonic, Canine laugh.
  LAUGHING, Risus.
  LAUGHTER, Risus.
  LAUREL, Kalmia latifolia, Magnolia macro-
phylla — 1. Broad-leaved, Kalmia  latifolia — 1.
Cherry, Prunus lauro-cerasus—1. Common, Pru-
nus lauro-cerasus—1. Dwarf, Kalmia angustifolia
—1. Great,  Rhododendron maximum—1. Ground,
 Epigasa  repens — 1.  Mountain, Kalmia  latifolia,
 Rhododendron — 1.  Narrow-leaved, Kalmia an-
 gustifolia— 1. Poison, Prunus lauro-cerasus — 1.
 Rose,  Kalmia latifolia—1. Sheep, Kalmia angus-
 tifolia — 1.  Swamp,  Kalmia glauea — 1. Sweet,
 Illicium Floridanum — 1. AVater, see Prunus lau-
 ro-cerasus  — 1. AVhite, Magnolia glauea.
   LAURENT,  SAINT, MINERAL WATERS
 OF. A thermal spring, five leagues from Joyeuse
 in  France.   Temp. 127° Fahr.
   LAUREN'TIA PINNATIF'IDA, Pepper-
 dulse.   One of the Algas, eaten in Scotland, and
 hawked  about  the  streets of Edinburgh along
 with Lamina'ria digita'ta or Tangle.
   LAUREOLA, Daphne laureola.
   LAURIER, Laurus — I.  Alexandrin, Ruscus
 hypoglossum—I. Amandier, Prunus lauro-cerasus
 — I. Cirise, Prunus  lauro-cerasus — 1. Rose, Ne-
 rium oleander.
   LAURO-CERASUS, Prunus lauro-cerasus.
   LAURUS, Laurus nob'His, Daph'ne, Su-ect Bay.
 Nat. Ord.  Laurineos. (F.) Laurier.   The leaves
 and berries havs a sweet, fragrant smell, and an
 aromatic, astringent taste.  Sweet bay  has been
 advised  as a stomachic and carminative, but is
 now rarely used.  It is, sometimes, employed as
 a fomentation and  in  glysters; and the berries
 are an ingredient in the Emplastrum Cumini.
   Laurus aestivalis, L. benzoin—1. Alexandrina
 angustifolia, Ruscus hypoglossum—1. Camphora,
 see Camphor.
   Laurus Ben'zoin, Benzoin odoriferum, Lau-
 rus Pseudo-benzoin  seu astiva'lis, Spice wood,
 Spice  bush, Allspice bush,  Wild allspice,  Spice
 berry, Fever wood,  Fever bush.  An  indigenous
 shrub, growing in moist, shady places in all parts
 of the United  States;  flowering early in spring.
 All parts  of the shrub have a spicy, agreeable
 flavour,  which is strongest  in the bark and ber- 
LAUTISSIMA
504
LEAD
ries.  An  infusion or decoction of the  small
branches is used in popular practice as a vermi-
fuge,  and agreeable drink in  low fevers.   The
bark has been used in intermittents; the berries,
dried  and powdered, for allspice.  The oil of the
berries is used as an excitant.
  Laurus  Canella, L. Cassia.
  Laurus Cas'sia, L.canel'la,Per'aea caaaia. The
species of laurus which yields the Caaaia lig'nea,
Caaia, Cassia cinnamo'mea, Cortex Canella 31a-
labar'ica, Cassia lignea 3Ialabar'ica, Xylo-cassia,
Canella  3Ialabarica et Javedsis, Canella Cubcl-
na, Arbor Juda'ica, Cassia Canella, Canellif'era
3Ialabar'ica, Cortex cras'sior, Cinnamo'mum 31a-
labar'icum  seu In'dicum seu Sinen'se, Calihac'ha
canella,  Wild  Cinnamon, 3Ialabar  Cinnamon,
Cassia, (F.) Cannelle de 3Ialabar ou de Java ou
de  la Chine ou  des hides ou  de Coromandel, C.
fausse, C. matte, Casse en bois,  Casse aromatique.
The bark and leaves abound with the flavour of
cinnamon,  for which  they may be  substituted;
but they are much weaker. The unopened flower-
buds are used in the same manner.
  Laurus  Cinnamo'mum,  Per'sea cinnamo'mum,
Cinnamo'mum, C. Zeylan'icum, Darse'ni, Darslni,
Cinnamon,  Xylo-cinnamomum,   Cuurdo  Canella,
(F.) Cannelle, Baume de Cannelle, Cannelle  offici-
nale.   Cinnamon bark, which  is obtained, also,
from the Cinnamo'mum aromaticum, is stimulant
and carminative, and is  employed, chiefly, as a
grateful aromatic, to cover the taste of nauseous
remedies.  Dose, gr.  x  to  **")j.  The  Flowers,
called Caaaia Flores in the shops, possess aroma-
tic  and  astringent virtues, and may be  used
wherever cinnamon is required.  The  volatile
oil  of the  bark — O'leum Oinnamo'mi— Oil of
Cinnamon,  is officinal in the Pharm. U. S.
  Laurus  Cubeba, Piper cubeba—1. Culilaban,
L. Culilawan.
  Laurus  Culil'awan, L. Culilaban seu  Cary-
ophyllus, Cinnamo'mum Culilawan. The tree that
affords the Cortex  Culilawan seu Culilaban, Cu-
lilawan,  Culitlawan, Cortex caryophyllo'ides, C.
Caryophyllo'ides Amboinen'sis.  This bark resem-
bles the  sassafras in appearance and properties,
and is used in Java as a condiment.
  Laurus  Malabathrum, see Malabathrum —
1. Nobilis,  Laurus — 1. Pseudobenzoin, L. Ben-
zoin.
  Laurus  Sas'safras, Per'sea saa'aafras, Sas-
aafraa, Cornua maa odora'ta, Anhuiba, Ague-free.
Indigenous in the United  States. Sassafras wood
and root, and especially  the  bark of the root,
Sassafras Radi'cis Cortex (Ph. U. S.), have been
considered stimulant, sudorific,  and diuretic. The
virtues depend upon essential oil, Oleum Sassa-
fras,  the odour  of which is not unlike that of
fennel.  It has been used in cutaneous  diseases,
chronic rheumatism, <fcc.
  The pith of the stems, Sassafras medulla,
abounds  in gummy matter, which it readily im-
parts to water, forming a limpid mucilage, which
is much employed as a collyrium in ophthalmia,
and as a drink  in  dysentery,  catarrh, &c. (one
dram  of the pith to  a pint of boiling water).
  LAUTIS'SIMA  VINA.  (Lautus, 'elegant.')
Wines were  formerly  so  called, which  were
strongly impregnated with myrrh.
  LAVAMENTUM, Clyster, Enema.
  LA VANDE, Lavendula.
  LAVANDULA, Lavendula.
  LAVEMENT, Clyster, Enema — I. Antispas-
modique, Enema fcetidum.
  LAA*"ENDER, COMMON, Lavendula—1. Sea,
Statice limonium, Statice  Caroliniana.
  LAVENDULA, from lavo, 'I wash;' so called
from being used in baths.  Laveddula spica seu
latifo'lia, Spica, L. vera, Lavaddula (Ph. U. S.),
Common  Lavender, (F.)  Lavandc, Aspic,  Spic.
The odour of lavender flowers is fragrant and
agreeable; taste Warm and bitterish — depending
upon an  essential oil.   It has been used as a sti-
mulant;  particularly  in the form  of the oil,—
O'leum laveddula.  Tho dried leaves have been
employed as an errhine.
  The French use the Lavendula Stcechas, Stce-
chas  et Stichas  Arab'ica, French Lavender,  of
which they have a compound syrup, Syrdpus de
atee'ehade compoa'itua: given as a pectoral.
  Lavendula Latifolia, Lavendula.
  LAArER  GERMANICUM,  Veronica becca-
bunga—1. Odoratum,  Sisymbrium nasturtium.
  LAVIPEDIUM, Pediluvium.
  LAAV  MEDICINE, Medicine, legal.
  LAWSONIA  ALBA, L. Inermis.
  Lawso'nia Iner'.mis, L. alba, Alcan'a vera, A.
Orienta'lia,   Oyprua  antiquo'rum,  Ligua'trum
dEgyptiocum,  Smooth Lawao'nia,  (F.) Henni.
An  East  Indian  and African plant, the root of
which is  slightly astringent.
  In India, the root of the Lawso'nia spinosa is
employed in lepra and other  cutaneous affections.
  LAX,  Diarrhoea.
  LAXANS, Laxative, Relaxant.
  LAX'ATIVE,  Laxati'vus, Laxans,  Le'niens,
from laxare, 'to loosen;' 31inorati'vus, Soluti'vus,
Alvid'ucus,  Hypecchoreticus,  Hyjiugo'gna, Hy-
pel'atua,  Hypocathar'ticua, L'upuc'ticua.   A me-
dicine which gently opens the  bowels;  such as
tamarinds, manna, &c.
  LAXATIVUS  INDICUS, Cambogia.
  LAXATOR AURIS  INTERNUS,  L. tym-
pani.
  Laxator Tympani, L. major tym'pani, Exter'-
nus mallei, Ante'rior mallei,  Obliquus auris, Ex-
ternus auris vel Laxator inter'nus, Eusta'chii mua'-
culua, (F.) Antirieur du marteau, Sphini-8alpingo-
mallien.   A muscle which arises from the spine
of the sphenoid bone and from the cartilage of
the Eustachian tube, and is inserted, by a tendon,
into the apophysis of Rau.   It relaxes the mem-
brana tympani.
  Laxa'tor  Tym'pani Minor.   A very small
muscle which extends from the  upper part of
the  external  auditory canal, and is  inserted at
the inferior part of the process of the  handle of
the  malleus.   Its existence is  denied  by  most
anatomists.
  LAXITAS,  Atony —1. Alvi,  Diarrhoea —1.
Ingestorum, Lientery — 1. Intestinorum,  Lien-
tery— 1. Scroti,  Rhachosi? — 1. Ventriculi, Gas-
terasthenia.
  LAX'ITY, Lax'itaa, Laxneaa.   Condition of a
tissue, when loose or relaxed;  or of one which
wants tone.  We say laxity of fibre, laxity  of
akin, to express, that those parts have lost some
of the tenseness proper to them.
  LAYER, ANIMAL, see Tache embryonnaire—
1. Mucous, see Tache  embryonnaire — 1. Serous,
see  Tache embryonnaire — 1.  Vascular, see Tache
embryonnaire—1. Vegetative, see Tache embryon-
naire.
  LAYERS  OF  THE  BLASTODERMA,  see
Tache embryonnaire.
  LAZARETTO,  Lazaret, Lazar-houae,  from
(I.) lozzero, 'aleper.'   A solitary edifice in most
seaports of magnitude, intended for the disinfec-
tion of men and goods proceeding from places
where contagious diseases are prevailing.
  LAZULITE, Lapis lazuli.
  LEAD, Plumbum —1.  Black,  Graphites —1.
Chloride  of, Plumbi chloridum—1. Colic, see Co-
lica metallica — 1. Iodide of, Plumbi iodidum — 1.
Nitrate of, Plumbi nitras—1.  Oxyd of, semi-vitri-
fied, Plumbi oxydum semivitreum—1. Paralysis, 
LEAD-POISONING           505               LEMONADE
Bee Palsy,  lead — 1. Red, Plumbi oxidum  ru-
brum.
  Lead Rhlc'matism, Lead Neuralgia, Arthral-
gia of M. Tanquerel.  The neuralgic  and spas-
modic pains caused  by the poisbn of lead.
   Lead, Subcarbonate of, Plumbi superacetas
— 1. Tannate of,  see Tannin — 1. White, Plumbi
subcarbonas.
   LEAD-POISONING, 3Io!ybdo'aia, 3Iorbus
plumbetts, Cocochym'ia plumbea, (F.) Intoxication
saturnine.  Morbid  phenomena induced by lead
received into the  system.
   LEADWORT,  Plumbago Europaea.
   LEAF, SOUR, Andromeda arborea.
   LEAMINGTON,  MINERAL WATERS  OF.
Saline waters  at Leamington, about two miles
east of Warwick, England, which contain chlo-
ride of sodium, sulphate  of soda, and chlorides
of calcium and magnesium.
   LEANNESS, Emaciation.
   LEAP, Sax. hlaspan,  Saltus, Salit'io,  Exal-
sia, (F.)  Sniit; Bound, Jump, — the act of leap-
ing. Muscular movement or movements, by which
the body is detached from the soil by the forcible
and sudden extension of the lower limbs, previ-
ously flexed upon the pelvis.
   LEAPING AGUE.   This disease is said by
the  Scotch writers to be characterized by in-
creased  efficiency, but depraved direction, of the
will, producing an irresistible propensity to dance,
tumble,  and move  about  in a fantastic  manner,
and often with far more than the natural vigour,
activity, and precision !  See Mania, dancing.
   LEATHER  FLOAVER, Clematis  viorna  —1.
Wood, Dirca palustris.
   LEB'ANON, MINERAL WATERS OF.   The
 spring at Lebanon,  26 miles east of Albany, New
 York, is an almost pure  thermal.  Temp.  72°
 Fahr.
   LEOIIENEION, Torcular Herophili.
   LECUO, Puerpera.
   LEC1IOPYRA, Puerperal fever.
   LE CRAN,  Cochlearia  armoracia.
   LECONTIA, Peltandra Virginiea.
   LECTISTER'NIUM, from lectua, 'a bed/ and
 atcmcre, 'to spread.'  The arrangement of a bed
 so as to adapt it to a particular disease.  Also, a
 supplication, with the Romans, in times of public
 danger, when beds  or couches were spread for the
 gods, as if they were about to feast, and  their
 images were taken  down from their pedestals and
 placed  upon these couches around  the  altars.
 The lectisternium was first introduced in the  time
 of a pestilence. — Livy.
   LECTUA'LIS, from lectus, 'a bed.'  An  epi-
 thet applied to a protracted disease.
   LEDE SAUVAGE. Ledum sylvestre.
   LECTULUS STRAMINEUS, Fanon.
   LEDOYEN'S  DISINFECTING LIQUID.  A
 solution of nitrate  of lead, (Plumb, nitrat. ^j ad
 aqua f  "-, i.) used as an antiseptic and antibromic.
   LEDUM LAT IF O'LIUM,  Labrador'  Tea,
 grows in damp places, in  Canada and the United
 States.  The leaves have a pleasant odour and
 taste, and have been used as tea.  They have also
 been esteemccrf)ectoral and tonic.
   Ledum Palus'tre, Rosmarinus sylves'tris, An-
 thoa sylves'tris, 3Iarsh Tea, (F.) Lede ou Romarin
 sauvage.  Nut. Ord. Ericineas.  Sex. Syst. Decan-
 dria Monogynia,  This plant  has a bitter,  sub-
 astringent taste, and was  formerly used in Switz-
 erland in place of hops : the virtues are equivocal.
   LEE, Feculence, Lixivium, Ley, Lye.
   LEECH, Hirudo, see Ectozoa.
   LI'l.K. Allium porrum.
   LEES, SOAP, Liquor potassas.
   LEG, (Danish,)  Orus, Scclos, Cneme.  The  por-
tion of the lower extremity, which extends from
the knee to the foot.  It consists of three bones;
Tibia,  Fibula, and Patella, and also of a great
number of muscles,  vessels, and  nerves.  The
projection,  formed by the muscles at the back
part of the leg, has received the name of Calf of
the leg. It is the special attribute of man, and
proves that he is destined to be biped.
   Leg, Swelled, Phlegmatia dolens — 1. Cochin,
see Elephantiasis.
   LEGIT'IMATE, Legitimus, from lex, legis,
'law;' Gcnui'nus, Gne'sios. An epithet applied
to things which are according to rule.   A legiti-
mate child, (F.) Enfant ligitime, is one conceived
or born  during  marriage.  Legitimate diseases,
(F.) 31aladies ligitimes, are those which follow  a
regular march.
   LEGNA, from  Xtyvov, ' a fringed edge.'  The
orifice of the pudendum muliebre, or of the uterus.
   LEGUME, Legumen.
   LEGU'MEN, from lego, T  gather:' (F.) Li-
gume,  Gousse.  So called because it is usually
gathered by the hand, instead  of being reaped.
All kinds of pulae, as peas, beans, &c., are thus
termed.
   LEGUMIN, Casein.
   LEICHEN, Lichen.
   LEI'OPUS, Li'upua, Plancua, Ploutus,  Plotua,
from Xctos,  ' smooth/ and trovs,  ' a foot'  One who
is affected with  flot-footedneaa, aplay-footedneaa,
Leiopod'ia, Liopod'ia.   One, the soles  of whose
feet are flat, instead of having the concavity which
they commonly present.
   LEIOSIS, Comminution.
   LEIPHjE'MIA, Lipha'mia : same etymon  as
Leiphasmos.   Poverty or paucity of blood.
   LEIPHA3MOI, Achroi.
   LEIPII-iE'MOS, Lipha'moa,  (F.) Leipheme,
from Xetttoi, ' I want/ and 'atpa, ' blood.'  A word
 sometimes used  adjectively;  at others, substan-
 tively, either for a vicious state of the blood — or
 rather for a sort of anasmia — or for the  patient
 who labours under this condition.
   LEIPHE31E,  Leiphasmos.
   LEIPO, Lipo.
   LEIPODERMIA, Aposthia.
   LEIPODER'MOS, Lipoder'moa, from Xtttrto, 'I
 want/ and Stppa, ' %kin.'   One who wants a part
 of his skin.  It is especially applied to one who
 wants the prepuce.  See Apella and Aposthia.
   LEIPOMERIA. Lipomeria.
   LEIPOPSYCHIA, Svncope.
   LEIPOTHYMIA, Syncope.
   LEIPYR'IAS, from Xttttoi, 'I want/ and tnp,
 'fire/ or  'heat'   A species of continued fever,
 referred to  by the  Greek physicians, in which
 there  is burning  heat of the internal parts and
 coldness of the extremities. Avicenna described,
 under this name, a kind of hemitritasa.
   LEMA, Chaaaie.
   LEME, Lippitudo.
   LEAIITnOCORTON, Corallina Corsicana.
   LEMMA, Cortex, Feculence, Furfur, Sedimen-
 tum.
   LEMNISCUS, Pessary, Tent.
   LEMON GROUND, Podophyllum montanum
 — 1. Juice, see Citrus medica — 1. Juice, artificial,
 see Citrus medica — 1. Peel, see Citrus medica —
 1. Tree, Citrus medica — 1. "Wild, Podophyllum
 montanum.
   LEMONADE', Limondda, (F.)  Limonade. Le-
 mon juice diluted with water and sweetened. See
 Citrus medica.
   Lemonade, Dry, (F.) Limonade slche.  Citrio
 or tartaric acid reduced to powder and mixed with
 sugar.  Lemonade Poudera may be made as fol-
 lows :—Pound 3 ji of citric acid with a few drops 
LEMOSITAS
506
LEPRA
of essence of lemon-peel and ^ j or more of lump
sugar.   Divide into six papers, each of which will
make a glass of lemonade.  See Citric acid.
  Limonade Gazeuse, (F.) is an agreeable drink
prepared by adding syrup of lemons, raspberry,
&c, to water saturated with carbonic acid.
  Lemonade, Magnesian, Magnesias citras.
  Lemonade, Nitric  Nitric acid considerably
diluted with water, and sweetened.
  Lemonade, sulphuric, and  Lemonade, tar-
taric,  are made with the sulphuric  and tartaric

  LEMOSITAS, Chassie, Lippitudo.
  LENIENS, Laxative, Lenitive.
  LENIS, Lenitive.
  LENITIVE, Leniti'vus,Lenis, Lediens,Epid-
ma, 3Iitigans, from lenio, ' I assuage.'   A medi-
cine, which allays irritation or palliates disease;
also, a laxative medicine.  A lenitive electuary is
one that purges gently.
  LENOS,  Torcular Herophili.
  LENS, Ervum lens—1. Crystalline, Crystalline
—1. Esculenta, Ervum lens.
  LENTIC'ULA.  Dim. of  lens, 'a lentil.'   A
freckle.  Also, the eruption  of lenticular fover.
See Ephelides.
  LENTICULAR GANGLION,  Ophthalmic G.
  LENTICUL A'RES  GLAN'DULvE, Lentic'-
ular glands. Mucous  follicles, having the shape
of a lentil, which are observed especially towards
the base of the tongue.
  LENTIGO, Ephelides.
  LENTIL, Ervum lens.
  LENTILLE, Ervum lens—I. Crystalline, Crys-
talline — 1. Ers, Ervum ervilia.
  LENTIS'CINUM VINUM. Wine impregnated
with mastich ; from Lentiscus, ' the mastich tree.'
  LENTISCUS A*HLGARIS, Pistacia lentiscus.
  LENTITIA, Lentor.
  LENTITIS, Phacitis.
  LENTITUDO, Lentor.
  LENTOR, Lentil'ia, Lentitddo, from lentus,
 'clammy.'  A viscidity or  siziness  of any fluid.
 See Gluten.
   LENUM, Torcular Herophili.
   LEONOTIS  LEONU'RUS.  A South African
 plant, which has  a peculiar  smell and nauseous
 taste,  and is said to produce narcotic effects if
 incautiously nsed.   It is employed in decoction
 in  chronic cutaneous  diseases.   The Hottentots
 smoke it like tobacco,  and take a decoction of its
 leaves as a strong cathartic.  It is also given as
 an emmenagogue.  In the eastern districts of the
 Cape Colony, Leonotis ova'ta is used for the same
 purpose.
   LEONTI'ASIS, Leon'tion, from Xtoiv, 'a lion.'
 A  name given to lepra of the face, from some
 fancied resemblance between the countenance of
 those  labouring under it and that of the lion.  To
 this kind of lepra the epithets le'onine and le'on-
 tine have been given.
    LEON'TICE THALICTROIDES, Caulophyl-
 lum thalictroides.
    LEONTION, Leontiasis.
    LEON'TODON TARAX'ACUM, L. officina'le,
 seu vulga're, Tarax'acum officindli, Dens Leo'nis,
 Hedyp'nois tarax'acum, Urina'ria,  Caput 3Ion'a-
 chi, Dandelion, Piss-a-bed, Puff ball, (F.) Pis-
 senlit, Liondent.  Order, Compositas.   The young
 leaves are sometimes eaten as salad.   The roots
 are, also,  roasted and used as  a  substitute  for
 coffee.  The root, Tarax'acum,  (Ph.  U. S.,) is,
 moreover, reputed to be aperient  and diuretic;
 hence its vulgar name.  Its efficacy is doubtful.
    Leonotis Ovata, see Leonotis leonurus.
    LEONTOPODIUM, Alchemilla.
    LEONU'RUS, from Xcov, ' a lion/ and ovpa, 'a
  tail.'   Lion's Tail.
  Leonurus Cardi'aoa, Agripal'ma Gallis, 3Iar.
ru'bium, Cardiaca crispa seu triloba'ta seu vul-
ga'ris, Herba cardiaca, H. Rata lapi'na, Mother-
wort, Throatwort, (F.) Agripaume.  Its properties
are those of a nauseous  bitter;  and hence it has
been used in hysteria and other nervous affections.
  Leonurus  Lanatus,  Rallota lanata.
  LEOPARD'S BANE, ROMAN, Arnica mon-
tana, Doronicum pardalianches.
  LEPAS, Lepis, "u^as, gen. XtttaSos', Xtms, gen.
XttztSos, ' a scale.'
  LEPER, see Leprous.
  Leper Hospital, Ladrerie.
  LEPIA CAMPESTRIS,  Thlaspi  campestre —
1. Sativa, Lepidium Iberis.
  LEPID'IUM, from Xcttij, 'a scale;' so called
from its supposed  usefulness  in  cleansing the
skin from scales and impurities.  Pepper-wort.
   Lepidium Campestre, Thlaspi campestre.
   Lepid'ium Ibe'ris, Ibe'ris, Cardaman'tica, Sci-
atica cressea. This plant possesses a warm, pene-
trating, pungent  taste,  like other cresses, and  is
recommended as  an antiscorbutic, antiseptic, and
stomachic.
   Lepidium Sati'xvm,Lcp'ia aati'va,Thlaapi nas-
tur'tium seu sativum, Nastur'tium horten'se seu
sativum,  Garden cress, Dittander,  (F.) Cresson
alinois, Cresson  des  Jardina.   This plant  pos-
sesses warm, stimulating properties, and is used
like the last.
   Lepidium  Squamatum, Cochlearia coronopus.
   LEPIDODES, Squamous.
   LEPIDOIDES, Squamous.
   L E PID 0 SAR C 0' MA, Tumor squamifor'mia
carno'sus.  A fleshy tumour, covered with scales;
from Xttrts, 'a scale/ and  capxiapa, 'a fleshy tu-
mour.'  Marcus Aurelius Severinus describes tu-
mours of this kind in the interior of the mouth.
   LEPIDOSIS, Scaly diseases.
   LEPIDOSIS ICHTHYIASIS, Ichthyosis—1.
 Ichthyiasis cornigera,  Horny excrescences — 1.
 Lepriasis, Lepra—1. Pityriasis, Pityriasis—1. Pso-
 riasis, Psoriasis.
   LIPID OTIS  CLAVATA, Lycopodium clava-
 tum
   LEPIRA, Lepra.
   LEPIS, Scale.
   LEPORINUM  LABIUM,  Harelip —1.  Ros-
 trum, Harelip.
   LEPORINUS OCULUS, Lagophthalmia.
   LEPRA, Lep'ira, from  Xettts, 'a scale.'  Lepi-
 do'sis Lepriasis, Lepro'sis, Lepro'aitaa, Vitiligo,
 Lepra Graco'rum, Herpea fuifurdccua  circina'-
 tus, Leprosy, (F.) Litpre, 3Ial Saint-3luin, Dartre
 furfuracie arrondie.  This term  has been ap-
 plied to various affections, very different in cha-
 racter. 1. To the Leprosy  of the Jews, Leuce, Le-
 pido'sis, Lepriasis canes' cens, Lepra 3Iosa'ica seu
 Hcbrao'rum, — a variety of the Alphas or Lepra
 alphoides.  The leuce was, generally, not scaly,
 but consisted of smooth, shining patches, on which
 the hair turned white and silky, and the skin,
 with the muscular flesh, lost its sensibility. It
 was incurable.  To the Elephantiasis or Lepra of
 the Arabs, see Elephantiasis ; and 3. To the Lepra
 of the Greeks, which includes all the varieties met
 with at the present day.   It is characterized by
 scaly patches of different sizes, but having always
 nearly a  circular form.   Bateman and AVillan
 describe  three chief varieties of this lepra.
   1. Lepra  alpho'i'dea, Lepido'sis Lepriasis al'-
 bida, Alphas, 3Iorpha'a  alba,  Vitiligo alphus,
 Al'barus alba, Albaras, Albaros, Lepre icailleuse
 of Alibert,  White leprosy.  An affection, charac-
 terized by white patches, surrounded by a rose-
 coloured areola, which appears here and there on
 the surface;  depressed in  the middle. 
L$PRE                 507                LEUCOIUM
  2.  Lepra nigricans, Lepra melaa, Vitiligo me-
lus, V. Nigra, 3Iorpha'n nigra, Lepra maculo'aa
nigra, Atlanta nigra, 3fclaa, Lepido'sia lepri'uaia
nigricans, Black leprosy; in which the scales are
livid ;  tho size of half a dollar; and diffused over
the body, but less widely than in the  Alphoides.
The French pathologists usually admit three spe-
cies of lepra, to which they give the epithets acaly,
(auuameuse,) crustuceous, (cruatacie,) and tuber-
cular, (tuberculeuae,) according as  the skin may
bo covered with scales, crusts, or tubercles.
   3.  Lepra vulga'ris, Lepido'sia lepri'aaia vulga'-
ris, Dartre  fuifuracie nrrondie, of Alibert, cha-
 rai'teri/,ed as follows: scales  glabrous, whitish,
 size of a crown  piece; preceded by smaller red-
 dish and glossy elevations of the skin, encircled
 by a dry, red, and slightly elevated border; often
 confluent;  sometimes  covering  the whole of the
 body except the face.
   Lepra appears  to be  endemic in Egypt,  in
 Java, and certain parts of Norway and Sweden.
 Imperfect and faulty nutriment appears to con-
 tribute  to  its  development.   The means, best
 adapted for its removal, are :—a mild, unirritating
 diet, emollient fomentations—sulphureous baths,
 fumigations, &c.; but, often, all remedial agents
 will bo found ineffectual.
    Lepra Arabum, Elephantiasis Arabica—1. Bo-
 realis,  Radzygo — 1. Fungifera, Frambcesia — 1.
 Grascorum, Lepra —1. Hebrasorum, see Lepra —
 1. Ichthyosis, Ichthyosis — 1. Lombardica, Pella-
 gra—1. Maculosa nigra, L. Nigricans—1. Medio-
 lanensis,  Pellagra —1. Mercurial, Eczema mer-
 curiale—1. Mosaica,  see Lepra —1. Norvegica,
 Radzyge—1.  Squamosa,  Impetigo —1.  Taurica,
 3Ial de Crimic.
    LEPRE, Lepra — I.  des Coaaaques,  3Ial de
  Crimie — l. Ecailleuae, Lepra alphoides—'. Hu-
  mide, Impetigo.
    LEPRICUS, Leprous.
    LEPROSARIUM, Ladrerie.
    LERROSRRIE, Ladrerie.
    LEPROSIS, Lepra.
    LEPROSITAS,  Lepra.
    LEPROSY, Lepra —1. Black, Lepra nigricans
  — 1. Norwegian, see  Radzyge —1. AVhite, Lepra
  alphoides.
    LEP'ROUS, Lcj>ro'aua, Leprot'icus, Lep'ricus,
  Leprddea. Relating to  or resembling or affected
  with leprosy :  a  leper.
    LEPSIS, Attack.
    LEPTAN'DRIA  VIRGINTCA,  Veronica
   Virgin'ica, Calver'aphyaic.  An indigenous plant,
  which grows throughout the United States, and
  flowers in August.  The flowers are white, and
  terminate  the stem in a long spike.  A variety
   with purple flowers has been described, as
     Leptandria  Purpu'rea, Phyaic root, Black
   root, Whorlywort, Culvert root, Brinton root, Bow-
   man root.  The  root is  bitter and nauseous, and
   when  fresh is emetic and cathartic.  In the dried
   state it is more  uncertain.   Dose of the powder,
   gr. xx to ;""*'.
     LEPTO,  LEPTOS, Xtttros, 'thin/  'light'
   Hence :
     LEPTOCHRO'A,  Lep'tochroa, from Atrrrof,
   'thin, fine/ and X90a'  XPola>  't'le  c°l°ur °? t^10
   skin : the skin.'   Fineness, thinness of skin.
     LEPTOCHYMTA,  from  X£7rroj, 'thin/  and
   vvpos, 'a juice.'   Morbid thinness of the juices.
     LEPTOHYME'NIA,  from  Xe-ros, 'thin/ and
   'vpvv.  ' a membrane.'  Thinness, delicacy of mem-
   brane.
     LETTOAIER'IA, from Xi-tos, 'thin, fine/ and
   fttros.  ' a part'  Fineness, delicacy of bodily for-
   mation.
     LEPTONTIQUES, Attenuants.
  LEPTOPHONIA, Oxyphonia.   ,
  LEFT OS PER MUM  LEUCADENDRUM,
Melaleuca cajaputi.
  LEPTOTHRIX, Leptotrichus.
  LEPTOT'RICHUS,  Leptothrix, from  Xtttros,

' fine/ and Vf, 'hair/  0ne wh° haS ^f-hMT'
  LEPTOTROPH'IA,  3Iicrotroph'io, 3hcrotra-
pez'ia, from Xtttros, Might,* and rpo<pv, 'nourish-
ment'  Light nutrition.
  LEPTYNSIS, Emaciation.
  LEPTYNTICA, Attenuants.
  LEPTYSMOS, Emaciation.
  LEREMA, see Dementia.
  LERESIS, see Dementia.
  LERUS, Delirium, see Dementia.           j
  LE'SION, La'aio, from laaua, 'hurt/ 'injured.
 Derangement disorder; any morbid change, either
 in the exercise of functions or in the texture ot
 organs.   Organic leeion is synonymous with or-
 ganic diaeaae.
   LESSIVE, Lixivium.
   LESSIVE DES  SAVONNIERS, Liquor po-
 tassas.   Also, a solution of caustic soda in water,
 containing about 3 parts of soda to  8 of water.
   LESSIVE  DE  TAR THE,  Liquor potassae
 subcarbonatis.
   LETALITAS, Mortality.
   LETHALIS, Lethiferous, Mortal.
   LETHALITAS, Mortality.
   LETHAR'GIC, Lethor'gicua, Vetemo'aus, (F.)
 Lithargique.  Relating to lethargy; affected with
 lethargy.
   LETHARGIQUE, Lethargic.
   LETHARGY, Lethar'gia,  Lethar'gus,  Cams
 lethargus, Veter'nus, Obliv'io  inera, from Xv$v,
 'oblivion/ and apyta, 'idleness.'  A  constant state
 of stupor from which it  is almost  impossible to
 arouse the individual; and, if aroused, he speedily
 relapses into his former condition.
   LE'THEON,  from  XvOv, 'oblivion.'  A name
  given by some to sulphuric ether,  when inhaled
  as an anassthetic agent.
    LETHIF'EROUS, Le'thifer, Lethdlia, Lethif-
  icus, 3Ior'tifcr,  3Iortiferous,  from  Xvdv, 'death/
  and^tpu, 'I bear.'   Death-bearing; deadly.
    LETHUM, Death.
    LETTUCE, Lactuca—1. Blue, Mulgedium acu-
  minatum—1. False, Mulgedium Floridanum —1.
  Indian, see Calumba—1.  Strong-scented, Lactuca
  virosa —1. AVhite, Nabalus albus —1.  Wild, Lac-
  tuca elongate.
    LETUM. Death.
    LEU CADES, see Sclerotic.
    LEUCiE'MIA, Leuka'mio, from  Xivkos, 'white/
  and 'atpa, 'blood.'   A condition of the  blood in
  which it is deficient in colouring matter.
    LEUCiETHIOPIA, see Albino.
    LEUOETHIOPS, Albino.
    LEUCANIA. Laucania.
    LEUCANTHEMUM,  Anthemis  nobilis, Matri-
  caria chamomilla — 1. Vulgare,  Chrysanthemum
  leucanthemum.
    LEUCE, Lepra (of the Jews.)
    LEUCELECTRUM, Succinum (album.)
    LEUCITIS, Sclerotitis.
    LEUCOCYTHiE'MIA,  from Xivkos,  'white/
  kvtos, 'cell/ and 'atpa,  'blood.'  A condition of
  the  blood, which  consists in a superabundant
  development of the white corpuscles, a  disease
  which has been observed at  times  to be  accom-
  panied by enlargement  of the spleen and liver,
  and at others by increased size of  the lymphatic
  glands.
    LEUCODENDRON. Melaleuca cajaputi.
    LEUC'(ENUS. see AArine.
    LEUCOIUM. Lunaria  rediviva —1. Luteum,
  Cheiranthus cheiri. 
LEUCOLEEN               503                LEVATOB
  LEUCOLETN. Leukoleinum.
  LEUCO'MA. from Xciko;. 'white.'  Oculo'runi
albdgo, L-ucor..',na.  Leuco'sis. Albdgo, Al'bula,
Ceratoleucdma. Epkel'ote*.   L'.u:  ■■a and Al-
bugo are often use! syu: nymonslv to denote a
■rhite opacity of the cornea.  Both are essentially
different from nebula of the cornea:  nebula being
usuaUy the result of chronic ophthalmy and an
effusion of a milky serum into the texture of the
delicate continuation of the  eon'unc-tiva over the
cornea:—the ethers are the result  of violent,
acute  \'l-.:.:.'.:d:..   In this state, a thick, eoagu-
lable lymph  is extravasated from  the arteries,
s-: metises su-erhorally,  at other times deeply
into the substance of the  cornea.  On other ocea-
stous. the disease consists of a firm, caRous cica-
trix on this membrane.—the effect of a wound or
ulcer with loss of  substance.  The affection is
more difficult of cure in proportion to its duration
and t o the age of the individual; the activity of
the absorbents being greater in youth-   If inflam-
mation stiU exist, antiphlogistics must be  perse-
vered  in,  and. afterwards, gentle stimulants be
used to excite absorption: along with the  in-
ternal  use of mercury or  iodine.
  Leucoma.  Albumen— L  Margaritaceum,  see
Margaritaeens.
  LEUCOMMA. Leucoma.
  LEUCOMORIA.  Cuttubuth.
  LEUCONECRO SIS. from XtvKas.. 'white.'and
rtrpucts, " death.  A form of dry gangrene.—the
opposite in appearance to anthraconecTOsis.
  LEUCOXYMPHJEA. Nvmphas* alba.
  LEUCOPATHIA. see  .Albino. Chlor sis.
  LEUCOPHAGIUM. E:* te-  x*ger.
  LEUCOPHLEGMA;lA;  Lcuciphlegmatia—L
Dolens puerperarum. Phlegmatia dolens.
  LEUCOPHLEGMA'TIA, Leucopilegmasia,
Hri)ps  tcucophlegma'tias, Tumescen'tia  pittii-
r..'.-.i. from Xcikos. 'white.' and QXcypa, 'phlegm.'
A  dropsical  habit-   5; me writers use tie  word
synonymously with anasarca and oedema; others
with e ipdtysema-
  Leucophxegicatia  JtiKioprir.  Chthonopha-
gia.
  LEUCOPIPER, Piper album.
  LEUCOPYRIA, Hectic fever.
  LEUCORRHJEE. Lencorrhoea.
  LEUCORRH'E A, Fliun.* xdFlmor mulie'bris,
Pr rid rium  mulie'bre, Cursut matri'cis, Fit:
nir-i'cis,  Eljftri'tis, Coleosi tis. Colpitis, Iieitil-
Idrio u'teri, Flmjcio alba, F. YuVtg, Ulcus u'teri',
Colar'rhus genita'lium.  Hysterorrka'a muco'sa,
Caiame'mia  alba, 3Bnses albi, Men'strua  alia.
M-:norrkag"ia alba, Fluor mulie'bris  non  Gal li-
eu*, Blenneljft'ria, Gonorrheda benigfua notha in-
vite rot ta.  Purgaiio mud-id or i* alba, Alba purga-
wen'ta, Ci-y.ex'ia uterfrnj. Rheuma u'teri, U'teri
Cory'za,  Medorrkce'a femina'rum u v ,-.  Blen-
norrhea'a senBlennorrhag"ia genita'lium, _£"  . :-
blennorrhce'a seu iledoblennorrhoe'a femiua'rum;
The uhites ;  (F.   Fleurs ou Flueurs blanches,
Pertt* blanches. EjtuUment blanc,  Catarrhe uti-
rin. Perte utfrine  blanche, from  Xracej, 'white/
and pew. T flow.*  A more or less abundant dis-
charge of a white, yellowish, or greenish mucus :
resulting  from acute or  chronic inflammation or
from irritation c f the membrane lining the genital
©reran? of the female.  Vag"iual Leucorrhcea has
beta termed Blennorrhata seu Fluor albus  vool-
tuE. Leucorrkeda, Medorrha'a vagina. Vaginitis.
E ytrobienmorrmaia,  Colporrhce'a. — Uterine Lt-u-
corrhcea has received the names Fiuor albus ut^ri,
Leucorrhx'a sen Aledorrhce'a uteri. Metroblennor-
rhda. 'F.)  Leucorrmce utirine, Catarrhe  uterin.
It  is often  attended with pain and  a sense of
heaviness in the loins, abdomen and thighs: dis-
| ordered digestive functions. Ac, so that, at times,
i the health suffers largely, although there are few
 females who are not occasionally subject to mode-
j rate leucorrhcea.  Attention to the general health.
I change of air, keeping up a perspirable  state of
' the surface by flannel  worn next  the skin, the
 horizontal posture, ic do more than ph&rma-
I ceutical agents ; which are almost entirely con-
 fined  to  astringent injections.   These  may be
 employed, when the discharge is so  great as to
 require them.
   LErcoKRHCEA  Asalis,  see  Hamorrhois — L
 Nabothi, see Parturition.
   LEUCOERHOIS. see Hamorrhois.
   LEUCO  SES;  from Xn-Ko,.  'white.'   In  the
 nosology of M. Alibert,  all the diseases of the
 lymphatic apparatus.  The 7th family in his  No-
 sologic.   In that  of Fuchs. it is a family of dis-
 eases. (G.*i Leukosen, which  includes the va-
 rious forms of anaemia.
   Let; ;  sis. Leucoma,  Paleness.
   LEUK or  LOCCHE.  MINERAL WATERS
 OF. Saline, chaly e.t'e waters, about six leagues
 distant from Sion.  They contain chloride of so-
 dium, with a Utile sulphate of magnesia:  sul-
 phate of lime, carbonate  of magnesia, carbonic
 acid, and protoxide of iron.
   LEUK ."F.MIA.  Leucaemia.
   LEUKOLEIN'UM, Chinolein'um,  Leukd,
 Leu'eoleine, Leu'eolein,  Chi'nolein,  Cki'noliiu
 This substance is  the product of the dry distilla-
 tion of coal; mixed with pacolin, anilin and other
 substances, in mineral tar.  It is procured, also,
 by heating quiiiia. cinchonia and strychnia, with
 as concentrated a ley of pc<tassa as can be made.
 Its  specific gravity is l.'sl: and it is Elightly
 soluble in water, and misoible in all  proportions
 with alcohol, ether and essential oils.
   LEYAIN. Ferment.
   LEVA'TOR AN'GULI ORIS.  Aldde,M l*.
 bidrvn.  Elera'tor labiorum comr/ii,'?,;'?, Co li'nus,
 [V.) S-i.s maxillo-labial. Petit  sus-maxillo-labial
 (ChA Muscle canin.  A small, flat. long, quadri-
 lateral muscle, which arises from "the fossa ca-
 nina, and is  inserted at the commissure of the
 lips, where it is confounded with the triangularis.
 It raises the corner of the mouth, and draws it
 towards the ear.
   Levator Axi,  Levator  magnus seu  interim*,
 Lotus  ani, Eleca'tor ani,  Sedan  attoi'hn*. (F.)
I Pulio-cocc-i.giin annulaire, Sons pubic—coccygien
!  Ch.),  Reh-veur de Fanus.  A muscle, situate at
| the lower part of the  pelvis.   It is bread, flat,
i quadrilateral, and broader above than below.  It
j represents a kind of membranous partition, which
I closes  the  outlet  of the  pelvis,  and the upper
I concavity of which is opposed to that of the dia-
 phragm.   It  is attache!, above, to the  poster" r
 surface of the body of the pubis, to the upper
 part of the ob dura tor foramen, and to the  -: iue
 of the ischium :  and is inserted into the coccyx,
 into an  aponeurotic-  line  common to it and its
 fellow, and into the  lateral parts of the rectum.
 This muscle  supports the rectum; raises it. an i
 carries it upwards during the  evacuation of the
I excrement  It can, alsoT compress  the bladder
I and vesieulae seminales, and thus favour the ex-
 pulsion of  the urine and sperm.
I   Levator Asi Parvts. Transversa? perir.ai—
 L Auris, AttoUens aurem — L  Coccygis.  C .ey-
 geus.
i   Levator Gla^'dvlas Ttroi'de.b.  A muscle
 occasionally found connected with the upper tor-
I der or isthmus of the thyroid gland: and attached
 superiorly to the body of the os byoiies, or to tho
 thyroid cartilage.
I   Levator Mestt,  Levator labii inferioris__L 
LEVATOR
509
LIATRIS
Oculi,  Rectus superior oculi — 1. Proprius sca-
pulae, L. scapula?.
  Li.vATon  Labii Inferio'ris,  Levator menti,
El< valor  labii  inferio'ris,  Incisi'vua infe'viov,
Elevator labii inferioris pro'prius, 3lna'culus pc-
nicilldtus, (F.)  Ilouppe. du menton, Rclevcur de
la levre iiifiricur, Rehvcur du menton.  A portion
of the mento-labial of Chaussier.  A small muscle
Bituato belbro tho symphysis menti.   It  is thick,
conical; and attached by  its apex to a fossette at
tho Hide of tho symphysis in  ttie inferior maxil-
lary bone.  Its fibres proceed diverging and van-
ishing  in the mannor of  a tuft,  (F.) Ilouppe, on
tho skin of tho chin. This muscle raises the
chin, and pushes upwards the lower lip.
   Levator  Labii Superio'ris  Ala:qi>e Nasi,
Incisi'vua latera'lis et pyramida'lis, (F.)  Grand
aua-maxillo-lnbial  (Ch.,)   Elivatcur  commun de
Voile du nez et de la  levre supirieure.  This mus-
cle is  a fleshy, thin, triangular bundle, situate at
the sides of the hose. It arises from tho ascend-
ing process of the superior maxillary bono: thence
its fibres descend  in a diverging manner, a part
being inserted into tho ala of tho nose, and a part
losing themselves in tho upper lip.  This muscle
raises tho upper lip and ala nasi, which it draws
a little outwards.
   Levator  Labii Superioris  Proprius, 3fus'-
 culus   incisi'vua,  Rlevntov  labii superioris pro-
prius, (F.)  3loi/cn aua-maxillo-lnbial, (Ch.,) Or-
bito-iiiiixilto-lnbial.  This thin, flat, quadrilateral
muscle is situate at tho middle and  inner part of
tho lace.  It arises from the  os  malic and the os
maxillare superius, and is inserted into the upper
lip, which it raisos,  at tho  same timo carrying it
a littlo outwards.
   Levator Pala'ti, Levator Palati 3IolUs, Pctro-
 aaljiin'go-staplii/li'nus, Salpiu'go-stnpln/li'nus in-
 tcr'nus, Solpingo-Htaplii/liniiM,  Rtcr'ygo-staphyli-
 nus externus, Spheno-stapliylinus, Sj/licno-pnlnti'-
 nua, Pcristiijilii/lintts internus superior, Rftro-sto-
 phylin, (Ch.)   This muscle is long, narrow, and
 almost round above ; broader  and flatter infe-
 riorly.  It arises  from tho lower surface of the
 2>ora  prtrosn ;  from tho  cartilage  of the  Eusta-
 chian tube; and is inserted into the substance of
 the velum  palati.   Its use is to raise the velum
 palati.
    Levator Pal'pebra:  Superio'ris, Palpebra
 superioris primus, Apcrtor Oc'uli, Ape'riens Pal-
 pebra'rum  rectus, Reelu'sor  palpebra'rum, (F.)
 Orbito-palpibral (Ch.), Orbito - sua - palpebral,
 Elerateur de la paupiere  supirieure.  A long,
 small, thin muscle,  situate at the upper part  of
 the orbitar cavity,   liy its posterior extremity  it
 is inserted into the little ala of the sphenoid bone,
 immediately in front of the foramen opticum, and,
 by its anterior extremity, which is expanded,  it
 terminates at tho upper margin  of the tarsal car-
 tilage of the eyelid.   This  muscle raises  the
 upper eyelid, draws it backwards, and sinks  it
 into tho orbit.
    Levator Pros'tata:,  (F.) Releveur de la pros-
 tate.   Santorini has given  this name to the ante-
 rior fibres of tho levator ani, which  embrace the
 prostate.
    Levator Scap'ul^b, Eleva'tov scapula, Eleva-
 tor sou 31 us'cuius Potien'tia,  Angula'ris  vulgo
 Levator  pro'prius, — (F.)  Trachilo - acapnia ire
 (Oh.), Angnlaire de  Vomoplate, Rclevcur de I'omo-
 plote.  This muscle is  so called,  because it  is
 attached to  the upper and internal  angle of the
 scapula. It is situate at  the posterior and lateral
 part of the neck, and at the upper part of the
 back.   It is long, flat, and broader above  than
 below.  In this latter direction, it is inserted into
 the superior internal angle of the  scapula;  and,
 in the former, into the tops of the transverse pro-
cesses of the first four cervical vertebrae.  It de-
presses the prominence of the shoulder, by raising
the posterior angle of the scapula, on  which it
impresses a kind of rotary motion.  It can, also,
draw the head to one side.
  Levator  Ure'thra:, (Hi.) Releveur de I'Uri-
thre.   Santorini  describes under this  name a
portion  of the transversa perinasi muscle.
  LEA'ATORES COSTARUM, Supracostales.
  LEV EN, Ferment.
  LEAEK,  from  'ecare,  'to lift up.'   Veetia,
3loehlus, Porrec'tum.   An inflexible rod, turning
round a fixed point, and used for moving bodies,
bearing burdens, or raising them.  The point on
which the lever moves is called the Fulcrum, Hy-
pomoch'lion.   Tho force which moves the lever
is called the power;  and the weight to be moved,
the reaiatance.  There are three kinds of levers.
A lever of the fir at kind has the fulcrum between
the power and resistance.  A lever of the second
kind  has the resistance between the fulcrum and
power; whilst a lever of the third kind has the
power between the  fulcrum and resistance.  In
the locomotive  system of the human body, we
have examples of all the three kinds.   The bones
represent levers: the muscles of locomotion are
poivevs ; the weight of parts to be moved consti-
tutes  the reaiatance.   The fulcra are,  at times,
the joints; at others, the ground, &c.   The head
moves on the neck,  as a lever of tho first kind;
tho first cervical vertebra forming the fulcrum.
AVe rise on tiptoe by a lever of the  second kind,
tho fulcrum  being the ground  under  the toes;
and we  have examples of a lever of  the third
kind in tho flexion of the fore-arm on the arm, in
the elevation of the arm, Ac.
   Lever, Hyatero-moch'lium, 3Iochlia'cua,  Veetia
obstetric"hta, Veetia, (F.) Levier, is an instrument
curved at the  extremity, and having a fenestra.
It is  used to assist the extraction of the child's
head, when instrumental aid is necessnry.   Lo-
vers are, also, used by the dentist for extracting
stumps, Ac.  The  Levier de I'Eclnae, Langue de
 Caijie, Trivclin or  Punch, is employed  for ex-
tracting the  molar teoth.
   LEVI'ATIIAN PENIS, Pridpua  Ceti, Bole'-
noa.  The penis of the whale. This singular me-
 dicine  was,  at  one time,  given, in  powder, in
 cases of dysentery and leucorrhcea.
   LP VIPR, Lever—". de VEcluae, see Lever.
   LEA'IOA'TION,  Lavigo'tio,  from  lavigare,
 (laris,  'smooth,') 'to polish.'   Porphyriza'tion.
 An  operation, by which  bodies  are  reduced to
 very fine powder.  It is  performed by putting
 substances, already pulverized,  into water; the
 coarser  parts  are not long in  being deposited,
 whilst  tho finer molecules  remain  suspended in
 the water.   The liquor is decanted into another
 vessel, and  suffered to remain at rest, until the
 fine particles are collected at the bottom.   The
 fluid part is  then separated by decantation.
   LEVISTICUM, Ligusticum levisticum.
   LEVRE,  Lip.
   LIS VRES GR ANDES, Labia pudendi—I. Pe-
 tite*, Nymphas—I. de la Vulve, Labia pudendi.
   LRVURE, Vest—/, de la Bierc, Yost,
   LEXIPHARMACUS, Alexipharmic.
   LEXIPYRETICUS, Febrifuge.
   LEY, Lixivium, Lye—1. Soap, Liquor potassa?.
   LEYS'SERA GNAPHALOI'HES.   A South
 African plant, Ant.  Ord.  Compositae, which  is
emollient, and highly recommended at the Cape,
in catarrh, cough, and even in phthisis.
   LEZARD. Lizard.
   LIA'TRIS SPICA'TA,   Gayfeather,  Button
snakeroot.   An  indigenous plant, growing in
meadows and moist grounds in the middle and 
                 LIBANOTIS

southern states.  Its beautiful purple compound
flowers  are in a spike.  They appear in August.
The root has been considered diuretic.
  Lia'tris Scario'sa and L. Squarro'sa, Throat-
wort, Sow-wort,  Backache root, Devilabite, Blaz-
ing star, Prairie pines, Rough root, are  called,
from their reputed powers in bites from the rat-
tlesnake, Rattlesnake's master.  The roots, bruised,
are applied to the wound,  and the decoction, in
milk, is given internally.
  LIBANOTIS ANNUA,  Athamanta  cretensis
— 1. Coronaria, Rosmarinus—1. Cretensis, Atha-
manta cretensis—1. Hirsuta, Athamanta cretensis.
  LIBANOTUS, see Juniperus lycia.
  LIBANUS, Juniperus lycia.
  LIBER  PHARMACEUTICUS,  Dispensato-
rium.
  LIBIDINIS SEDES, Clitoris.
  LIBIDINOSUS, Libidinous.
  LIBID'INOUS, Libidindsus; Laaci'vus,  Ve-
neriv'agus;  from libido, 'lust.'  Lewd; lustful.
  LIBI'DO.   Desire, necessity.  Authors speak
of Libido uri'na, Libido inteati'ni.  Some employ
it synonymously with Prurigo; others, with Sa-
lad'itaa, Lubi'do, Hi'meros.
  LIBOS, from  Xttfa, 'I distil.'  A defluxion
from the eyes.— Galen.
  LIBRA, Pound.
  LICHANOS, Index, see  Digitus.
  LICHEN, Xtt%vv or Xtxv, (pronounced li'ken,)
Exor'mia Lichen, Leichen, Serpi'go,  Volat'ica,
Pap'ula, P. sicca, Peti'go, Puatula sicca, Sca'-
biea aicca, S. a'gria, Licheni'aaia adulto'rum, Li'-
chenoua raah, (F.) Gale seche,  Dartre furfuracie
volante, Poussie.  The cutaneous  affection  de-
scribed  under this name by the Greek writers, is
not clearly defined.  Some  have believed it to be
Impetigo, but this is doubtful.  The name is, now,
generally applied to  a diffuse eruption  of  red
pimples, accompanied by a troublesome sense of
tingling or pricking.  Drs. "Willan and  Bateman
define  it, — " an extensive eruption of papulae
affecting adults,  connected with  internal  disor-
der, usually terminating in scurf; recurrent, not
contagious."   One of their varieties, however,
the Lichen Tropicus,  does  not  accord well with
this definition; for it  affects children as well as
adults, and is unconnected with internal disorder.
  Lichen A'grius, Exor'mia Lichen ferua, Pap'-
ula a'gria, is distinguished  by pimples in clusters
or patches, surrounded by a red halo; the cuticle
growing gradually harsh, thickened, and chappy,
often preceded by general irritation. In addition
to antiphlogistics, a  cooling  ointment may be
used, to allay itching.
  Lichen Barbatus Plicatus, L. plicatus.
  Lichen Circujiscrip'tus is characterized by
clusters or patches of papulae, having a well de-
fined margin, and an irregularly circular form:
continuing for six or  eight weeks.  These varie-
ties require  but little medical treatment.  The
antiphlogistic plan is  all that is necessary.
  Lichen Liv'idus.  The papulae have  a dark
red or  livid  hue, without  any fever.  They are
more permanent in this variety.  It requires the
mineral acids and bark.
   Lichen Pila'ris, Exor'mia Lichen pilaria,  is
merely  a modification of the preceding; the pa-
pulae appearing at the roots of the hair.
   Lichen Simplex,  Exor'mia  Lichen aimplex,
consists of an eruption of red papulae, appearing
first on the face or arms, and afterwards extend-
ing over the body; preceded for a  few days by
slight febrile irritation, which usually ceases when
the eruption appears,—with an unpleasant sense
of  tingling during the night.  It generally dies
away in ten days or a fortnight.
   Lichen Trop'icus, Exormia Lichen tropicus,
>                  LICHEN

Eezea'ma,  Ea'aera  (?), Sndam'ina (t),  Prickly
Heat,  Summer Raah.   The pimples arc bright
red, and of the size of a small pin's head; with
heat, itching, and pricking, as if by needles.  It
is local; produced by excessive heat; and disap-
pears when the weather becomes cooler, or the
individual is inured to the climate.
   Lichen  Urtica'tus, Exor'mia Lichen urtico'-
aua, is another variety.  The Nettle Lichen con-
sists of papulae, accompanied by wheals like those
of nettle rash.
   Lichen  Arborum,  Lichen  pulmonarius — I.
Blanc de Niige, L. caninus—I. Boitier,  L. pyxi-
datus.
   Lichen   Caninus,   seu  epu'rius  seu  tcrrea'-
tria seu veno'aua seu ciner'eua terrea'tria, 3Iuacus
cani'nus, Phys'cia niva'lia,  Peltig"era  cani'na,
Peltid'ea cani'na seu leucorrhi'za sou  mala'cca
seu amplia'aima seu spu'ria, Aah-eoloured Ground
Liverwort, (F.) Lichen contre-rage, Lichen blanc
de niige.  This cryptogamous plant was, for a
long time, considered capable of  preventing and
curing Rabiea canina.  It has, also, been used in
mania and in spasmodic asthma.
   Lichen Cinereus Terrestris, L. caninus — 1.
Carrageen, Fucus crispus—1. Cocciferus,  L. pyxi-
datus — I. contre Rage, L. caninus — I. Entonnoir,
L. pyxidatus—1. Eryngifolius, L. islandicus — 1.
Floridus hirtus,  L. plicatus — 1. Hirtus, L. pli-
catus.
   Lichen  Islan'dicus,  L. eryngifo'liua, Liche-
no'i'dea Ialand'icum, Loba'ria Ialan'dica, 31uscus
Islandicua, 31. cathar'ticua, Clado'nia Ialan'dica,
Phya'cia lalandica, Cetra'ria lalandica;  Parme'-
lia Ialan'dica, Iceland  Lichen or Liverwort or
31oaa,  (F.) Lichen  d'lalande.  This plant is ino-
dorous, with a bitter and mucilaginous taste.  It
is esteemed to be tonic, demulcent, and nutrient.
Dose, """"j to ivg, being first steeped in water hold-
ing in solution some  carbonate of potassa to ex-
tract the bitter, and then boiled in milk.  A bit-
ter principle has been extracted from it, termed
Cetrarin,  Cetrari'num,  Cetra''rium, which  has
been  given in intermittents.
   Lichen Laciniatus, L.  saxatilis.
   Lichen Plica'tus seu hirtus seu barba'tus pli-
ca'tus seu Floridus hirtua, Porme'lia plica'to, Us'-
uea plica'ta seu Flor'ida hirta seu hirta, 3Iuacus
arbo'reua seu albua seu quernua, Querci'ni Herba.
This  plant is applied, by the Laplanders, as an
astringent,  to bleeding vessels; and   to parts
which are excoriated after long journeys.
   Lichen  Pulmona'rius, Lichen ar'borum seu
reticuldtua, Porme'lia pulmona'cea, Reticula'ria
officina'lia,  3Iuacua pulmonariua  querci'nua, Pul-
mondria arbo're,  Loba'ria pulmonaria,  Sticta
pulmona'cea, Oak  Lunga,  Tree  Lungwort, Hazel
Crottlea, (F.) Lichen pulmonaire.  This plant is
sub-astringent, and rather acid.  It was once in
high repute for curing diseases of the lungs.
   Lichen Pyxida'tus, 3Iuacua Pyxiddtua, Scy-
phoph'orua pyxida'tus, 3lus'culus pyxo'i'des ter-
res'tris, Lichen pyxida'tus major, Lichen coceif-
erua, Herba  Ignis,  Cup 31oaa, (F.) Lichen enton-
noir, Lichen  Boitier,  L. Pyxide.  This plant is
sub-astringent, and has been used in decoction in
hooping-cough.
   Lichen Reticulatus, L. pulmonarius.
   Lichen  Roccel'la, Porme'lia roccel'la, Roc-
cello,  R.  tincto'ria,   Seta'ria roccella, Litmua,
Lctcmua  tincto'rius,  Orchill,  Cana'ry  Archell,
Chinney  Weed,  Herb  Archell,  (F.)   Orseille.
The chief  use of this plant is as a blue  dye.  It
has been employed to allay cough in phthisis, &c.
   Lichen  Saxat'ilis, L. tincto'rius seu  lucinia'-
tua, Porme'lia aaxat'ilia,  Imbricdria  saxat'ilis,
Loba'ria aaxat'ilia, 31uacua Cra'nii huma'ni, Us-
nea.  This moss, when found growing on  a human
51 
LICnENIASIS
511
LIGAMENT
skull, was formerly in high estimation against
head affections, Ac.
  Lichen  Spurius,  L. caninus—1. Stellatus,
Marchantia polymorpha—1. Tinctorius, L. Saxa-
tilis.
  LICHENIASIS  ADULTORUM, Lichen —1.
Strophulus, Strophulus.
  LICHENOIDES ISLANDICUM, Lichen Is-
landicus.
  LICORICE, Glycyrrhiza.
  LIEP.ENSTEIN, MINERAL "WATERS OF.
These waters, situated in the duchy of Saxe-Mei-
ningen, are amongst the strongest acidulous cha-
lybeatcs in Germany.   They contain sulphate of
soda, chloride of sodium, sulphate  of lime, chlo-
ride of calcium,  carbonate of lime, chloride of
magnesium, and  carbonate of iron.
  LIEBERKUHN'S  GLANDS or  FOLLI-
CLES, so called from their first  describer, are
fine, capillary, blind sacs, the openings of which
are from l-20th to  l-30th of a line in diameter, so
closely placed over the whole of the small intes-
tine as to give the mucous membrane a general
sieve-like  or  perforated appearance.   They  se-
crete the auccua cntericna.
  LIEBERSCHE AUSZEHRUNG'S  KRAU-
 TER,  see  Galeopsis  grandiflora — 1. Brust-
krauter, see Galeopsis grandiflora.
  LTEIWEKDA,  MINERAL WATERS  OF.
Lielnverda is a Pohemian village, near the Sile-
sian* frontier.   The springs are much frequented.
There  are four, all  of which are rich in carbonic
acid and contain but little saline matter.
  LIEGE, Suber.
  LIEN (F.), Vin'culum.  A band, atrap or gar-
ter, used in certain operations;  as  to tie patients
during the operation of lithotomy; to fix the ap-
paratus in fracture, &c.  Also, the spleen.
  LIEN ACCESSORIUS, Lienculus—1. Ingens,
Splenoncus—1. Succenturiatus, Lienculus.
  LIEN'CULUS,  diminutive  of  lien, 'spleen.'
Lien auccenturia'tua seu accesao'riua.  A super-
numerary spleen.
  LIENOSUS, Splenic.
  LI'ENTERY,  Lienter'ia, from Xttos, 'smooth,'
and tvrtpov,  'intestine.'  La'vitaa seu Lax'itaa
inteatino'rum, Diarrhoe'a lienter'ia, Fluxua Lien-
ter'ieus,  Chymorrhce'a seu Lax'itaa ingeato'rum,
Broinato'ec'criaia, Diarrhui'a Dyapep'tica, D. cum
apepsid, D. Ingeato'rum, Slip'perineas of the Guta.
Frequent liquid  evacuations, the food only half
digested.   This condition is always symptomatic
of great irritation  in  the intestinal canal, the
sensibility of  which is so much augmented that
it cannot bear the sojourn pf the food in it.
  LIERRE, Hedera helix—I. Terrcatre, Glecoma
hederaceum.
  LIFE, Sax. lijr, lyr, Vita,  Bioe, Bi'ote, Zoe,
Pneuina, Spir'itus, (F.) Vie.  The state of organ-
ized beiugs, during which, owing to the union of
an unknown principle with matter, they are ca-
pable of performing functions different from those
that regulate  other natural bodies; all of which
functions, however numerous  and  diversified,
work to one end.  Life has only a limited  dura-
tion ;  beyond which, — the  organic  functions
ceasing to be executed,—the body  is given  up to
the agency of chemical affinity.  Hence Bichat
has defined life to be — the aggregate of the func-
tions which rcaiaf death.  On account of the dif-
ference that exists  among the vital functions, he
has applied the term Organic Life to the functions
inservient to composition and  decomposition; —
as digestion,  respiration, circulation, calorifica-
tion, absorption, secretion, and nutrition;  and
Animal Life, to the functions which connect man
1. Of the Lower Jaw.
and animals with external bodies; as the under-
standing, sensations, locomotion and voice.
  Life, duration of, see Longevity—1. Ever-
lasting, Gnaphalium  margaritaceum — 1.  Ever-
lasting, sweet-scented,  Gnaphalium  polycepha-
lum—1. Expectation of, see Longevity.
  Life-Ixsu'rance.  A contract entered  into,
usually by an inaurance company, to pay a cer-
tain  sum  of money on  a person's death, on the
condition  of  his  paying an  annual  premium
during his life.   The medical practitioner may
be applied to to certify that the life of the insurer
is one that is insurable  according to the rules of
the company.
  Life, Value of, see Longevity, and Mortality.
  Life's Blood, Cillo.
  LIG'AMENT, Ligamen'tum; from ligare, 'to
bind;' Deamoa, Syndea'moa,  Colliga'men, Cop'ula.
A name given to fibrous structures, which serve
to unite bones, and to form  articulations;  hence
the division into interoaaeoue and articular liga-
ments.  They are of a white, close texture; are
but little extensible, and difficult to break.  The
name ligament has, also, been given to any mem-
branous fold, which retains an  organ in its situa-
tion.

     Table of the Principal Ligaments.

                  ("Capsular ligament.
                   Suspensory  ligament  of the
                     styloglossus.
                   Lateral  ligament.
                   Two capsular  ligaments be-
                     tween alias and head.
                   Circular  ligament.
                   Two capsular between  atlas
                     and axis.
                   Perpendicular ligament.
                   Two lateral or moderator liga-
                     ments.
                   Transverse ligament and  its
                     appendices.
                   Anterior common.
                   Crucial  intervertebral.
                   Ligaments  running from the
                     edge of the bony arch and
                     spinous process of one ver-
                     tebra to that of the next.
                   Interspinous ligament.
                   Ligamentum  nuchas.
                   Intertransverse.
                   Capsular.
                   Posterior or internal common.
                   Capsular of the heads of ribs.
                   Capsular of the tubercles.
                   Ligamenta  transversaria  in-
                     terna.
                   Ligamenta  transversaria ex-
                     terna.
                   Ligamenta cervicis costarum
                     externa.
                   Ligamentous  fibres  running
                     from the margins of the ex-
                     tremities of the  ribs to the
                     corresponding cartilages.
                   Radiated ligaments from carti-
                     lage of ribs to the sternum.
                   Capsular ligaments of the carti-
                     lages of the ribs.
                   Proper membrane of sternum.
                   L. of cartilago-ensifonnis.
                   Tendinous expansions over the
                     intercostales, &c.
                   Two transverse,—one superior,
                     one inferior.
                   Ilio-sarrul.
                   Capsular of the sacro-iliac syn-
                     chondrosis.
                   Two sacro ischiatic, — poste-
                     rior and  anterior, with the
                     superior  and inferior appen-
                     dices.
                   Longitudinal of os coccygis.
                   Inguinal ligament.
                   Capsular of symphysis pubis.
                   Ligament of foramen thyioi-
                     deum.
2.  Connecting-   the
  Head with the first \
  and second  Vertc- {
  bra:, and these with
  each other.
3. Of the other Verte-
       bral.
4. Of the Ribs, Ster
     num, S;c.     l
5. Of the Pelvis. 
LIGAMENT                512              LIGAMENTOUS
6.  Of the Clavicle.
7.  Of the Scapula.

8.  Of
                    'Radiated ligament.
                    Capsular.
                    Interclavicular.
                   <; Ligamentum rhomboideum.
                    Claviculo-acromial.
                    Conoid.
                    .Trapezoid.
                    Anterior triangular.
                    Proper posterior.
      the  Shoulder- i „    ,
       Joint.       ' Capsular.

                   f Capsular.
                   | Brachioulnar.
                   I Brachio-radial.
9. Of the Elbow-Joint.} Coronary of the radius.
                   | Anterior and posterior  acces-
                      sory.
                   | Intermuscular  of the os  hu-
                   [  meri.
10. Carpal Extremity f Interosseous ligament.
  of Radius and Ulna,) Oblique or chorda transversalis
  and between those]  cubiti.
  bones.             (Capsular.
                    Capsular.
11. Between Fore-arm
     and Wrist.
12. Of the Carpus.
C Ca
\ Tv
( Mi

fcA
13. Between   Carpal
   wo lateral.
 Mucous.
 Annular.
 Capsular.
 Short   ligaments, — oblique,
   transverse,   capsular,  and
(  proper.

 Articular lateral.
  Tones.  MetaCarpal ^Straight perpendicular, &c(

14. Between the extre-1 Interosseous, at the bases and
  mities of the Meta-<   heads, — dorsal,  lateral, pal-
  carpal bones.      (   mar.
15. Jit the base of the)
  Metacarpal  bone of I Capsu,ari
                   • Lateral
  the Thumb,  and at
  the first joint of the
  Fingers.
16.  Of  the first and'
  second joints of the
  Thumb, and second
  and third joints of
  the Fingers.
17.  Retaining
  Tendons   of
  Muscles of the Hand-
  and  Fingers
  situ.
Lateral.
Capsular.
Lateral.
internal and  exter-

short  lateral  liga-
                    Annular.
                    Vaginal or flexor tendons.
                    Vaginal or crucial of the pha-
                      langes.
                    Accessory of the  flexor ten-
                      dons.
                    Posterior annular.
                    Vaginal of extensors.
                    Transverse of extensors.
                   f Capsular and accessory slips.
18. Connecting the Os | Round or teres ligament.
  Femoris with theOs< Cartilaginous ligament.
  innominatum.       Double cartilaginous ligament.
                   [Ligamenta mucosa.
                   f Lateral, -
                      Inal.
                    External
                      ment.
                   I Posterior ligament.
                   | Ligament of the patella.
19. OftheKnee-Joint.^ Capsular.
                    Ligamentum alare, — majus et
                      minus.
                    Ligamentum mucosum.
                    Two  crucial, —anterior and
                      posterior.
                    Transverse.
                    Capsular.
                    Interosseous.
                    Anterior superior.
                    Posterior superior.
                    Anterior ligament of the fibula.
                    Posterior of fibula.
                    Deltoides of tibia.
                   [ Capsular.
                   'Capsular.
                    Short ligaments.
                    Capsular, broad superior, and
                      lateral ligaments, connecting
                   ]   astragalus and naviculare.
                   I Superior, lateral, and inferior,
                   |   fixing os calcis  to  os  cu-
                   l   boides.
20.  Connecting   Fi
  bula and Tibia.
21. Connecting
  Tarsal  with
  Leg Bones.
the\
the-
22. Of the Tarsus.
22.  Of the Tarsus.
26.  Retaining   the
  Tendons   of   the
  Muscles of the Foot*
  and Toes in situ.
                     Long, oblique, and  rhomboid,
                       forming  the  inferior  liga-
                       ments.
                     Superior  superficial, interosse-
                       ous and  inferior  transversa
                       ligaments, fixing the os navi-
                       culare and os cuboides.
                     Superior  lateral,  and  plantar,
                       which  fix the os  naviculare
                       and cuneiform.
                     Superior  superficial and plan-
                       tar, connecting the  os  cu-
                       boides,   and os  cuneifonne
                       externum.
                     Dorsal and plantar, uniting the
                       ossa cuneiformia.
                     The proper capsular  of  each
                       bone.

 23.  Between  Tarsus^ Capsular       -
   and Metatarsus.   ) Dorsa|,p|antar, lateral, straight,
                    (  oblique, and transverse.
                    ! Dorsal,  plantar,  and  lateral,
                       connecting the  metatarsal
                       bones.
                     Transverse ligaments.
 25. Of the Phalanges j Capsular.
     of the Toes.     ( Lateral.
                    ("Annular.
                     Vaginal of the tendons of the
                       peronei.
                    I Laciniated.
                     Vaginal of the  tendon of the
                       flexor longus pollicis.
                     Vaginal and crucial of the ten-
                       dons of the flexors of  the
                       toes.
                    f Accessory of the flexor tendons
                       of the toes.
                    I Transverse of the extensor ten-
                    [   dons.

   Ligament, Anterior, of  the Bladder.  A
 name  given by the older anatomists to  a por-
 tion of  the superior pelvic aponeurosis, which
 becomes attached to the front of the neck of the
 bladder.
   LIGA3TENT ARTERIEL, Arterial  ligament
 —1. Camper's, Perineal fascia,—1. Cervical supra-
 spinal, see  Supraspinosa ligamenta—I. Ciliaire,
 Ciliary  ligament.
   Ligament, Cor'onary, of the Liver, is a re-
 flection  formed  by the peritoneum, between the
 posterior margin of the liver,  and the lower sur-
 face of the  diaphragm.   See Falx.
   Ligament, Costo-xiphoid,  Xiphoid  ligament
 —1. Dorso-lumbo-supraspinal, see Supra-spinosa
 ligamenta—1. of Fallopius, Crural arch—1. Gim-
 bernat's, see  Gimbernat's  ligament — 1.  Gloss-
 epiglottic,  see Glossepiglottic — 1. Infra-pubian,
 Triangular ligament—I. Interipineux,  Interspinal
 ligament—1. of the Ovary,  see Ovarium—1. Pal-
 mar inferior,  Metacarpal  ligament—1. Poupart's,
 Crural arch—I. Rond, Ligamentum teres—I. Sur-
 ipineux  cervical, see Supra-spinosa ligamenta__
 I.  Sur-ipineux-dorso-lombaire, see Supraspinosa
 ligamenta.
   Ligament, Suspen'sory, of the Liver, Liga-
 men'tum latum, Suapenadrium  He'patia, is  a large
 triangular reflection, formed  by the peritoneum
 between the superior surface of the liver and the
 diaphragm.   It is  constituted of two  layers, and
 is  continuous,  below, with  another reflection,
 called the Falx of the Umbilical Vein.  See Falx.
   Ligament,  Triangular, Perineal fascia.
   LIGAMENTA  INTERLOBULARIA  PUL-
 MONUM,  Interlobular  tissue — I.  Interverte-
 bralia, Intervertebral  cartilages—1. Lata uteri,
 see Uterus — 1.  Rotunda uteri, Round ligaments
 of the uterus—1. Tarsea lata,  see Tarsea lata (li-
 gamenta).
  LIGAMENTEUX, Ligamentous.
  LIGAMENTOSUS,  Ligamentous.
  LIGAMEN'TOUS,  Ligamenta'sus,   Desmous,
Desmo'sus, (P.) Ligamentcux, Desmeux.  Having
the character, or relating to, a ligament. 
LIGAMENTS
513
LILIUM
   LIGAMENTS. BROAD, OP  THE UTERUS,
 see Uterus—I. Croiaia, Crucial ligaments, I. Cruci-
 fnrmea,  Crucial  ligaments — /. Jaunea, Yellow
 ligaments-—I. Largea de Vutirua, see Uterus — 1.
 of  the Larynx, inferior,  Thyreo-arytenoid  liga-
 ments—I. Ronds de I'utirus, Round ligaments of
 the uterus.
    LIGAMENTUM DENTATUM, Denticulatum
 ligamentum—1. Iridis.Ciliary ligament—1. Nucha,
 Cervical ligament — 1. Posticum  AVinslowii, see
 Genu—1. Suspensorium hepatis, Suspensory liga-
 ment of the liver—1. Suspensorium testis, Guber-
 naculum testis.
    LIGATIO, Fascia, Ligature—1. Linguae, Apho-
 nia.
    LIGATION, see Ligature.
    LIGATURA, Ligature,  Fascia — 1. Glandis,
 Phimosis.
    LIG'ATURE, Ligntu'ra, Liga'tio, Alligatu'ra,
 Delign'tio,  Vinctdra, Faacia, Epid'esis, from ligo,
 ' I  bind.'   This word has  various  acceptations.
 It means, 1. The thread with which an artery or
 vein is tied, to prevent or  arrest hemorrhage.
 2. The cord, or thread, or wire, used for remov-
 ing tumours, <fcc.  3. The bandage used for phle-
 botomy.  Ligature is, also, sometimes applied to
 the act of tyinp: an artery or considerable vessel
 —Ligo'tion.   AVhen the artery alone is tied, the
 ligature  is  said to be immediate; when any of
 the surrounding parts are included, it is said to
 bo mediate.   The ligature occasions obliteration
 or adhesion of tho arterial  parietes, by cutting
 through the middle and internal coats; the adhe-
 sion being favoured by the formation of a coagu-
 lum, which  acts, in some  degree, as a barrier
 against  the  impulse of  the blood, and subse-
 quently disappears by absorption.
   LIGHT,  Sax. leohc, lihe,  (G.) Licht—Lux,
 Lumen, Phos, (F.) Lumiire.  An extremely rare
 fluid ; diffused over the universe ; emanating from
 the sun and  fixed stars; traversing more than
 four millions of leagues  in a minute; passing
 through transparent bodies, which refract it ac-
 cording to their density and  combustibility;  and
 arrested by opake bodies, by which it is reflected
 at an angle equal to the  angle of  incidence.   It
 is the cause of colour in all bodies, being entirely
 reflected by white surfaces and absorbed by black.
 It  is decomposed in passing through a transpa-
 rent prism into seven  rays—red, orange, yellow,
 green, blue, purple, and violet.
   Light acts upon the body as a gentle and salu-
 tary stimulus.   It urges  to exercise, whilst  pri-
 vation of it induces sleep and inactivity, and dis-
 poses to obesity.   Hence it is, that, in rural  eco-
 nomy, animals which are undergoing the process
 of fattening  are kept in obscurity.   AVhen vege-
 tables are deprived of light, their nutrition is in-
 terfered with, and they become  etiolated.  To a
 certain extent this applies to animals, and there
 is every reason to believe, that want of light  pre-
 vents  the due development of organized bodies.
 It has been  found that, when tadpoles were de-
 prived of light, they did not undergo the perfect
 metamorphosis into the frog, but that monstrosi-
 ties from arrest of development were induced.
  LIGHTN1XG, Astrape.
  LIGHTS,  RISING OF THE, Cynanche  tra-
 chealis.
  LIGNE,  Line — I.  Apre, Linea  aspera — I.
 Blanche, Linea alba—I.  Courbe, Curved line—I.
 Midiane de  Vabdomen, Linea alba — I. Sous-tro-
 chantirienne, Linea aspera.
  LItiNIN, from Lignum, 'wood.'  Ligneous or
woody fibre; the fibrous structure  of vegetable
Bubstances.
  LIGNI M ALOES, Agallochum—1. Aspalathi,
Agallochum—1. Benedictum, Guaiacum—l.Brasi-
      33
 lianum rubrum, Hasmatoxylon campechianum—
 1.  Caeruleum, Hasmatoxylon campechianum — 1.
 Campechcnse, Hoematoxylon campechianum—1.
 Campechianum, Hoematoxylon campechianum—
 1. Campescanum, Hasmatoxylon campechianum—
 1.  Colubrinum,  see Strychnos — 1. Febrifugum,
 Quassia — 1. Haematoxyli, Hasmatoxylon campe-
 chianum—1. Indicum, Guaiacum, Hasmatoxylon
 campechianum—1. Infelix, Sambucus—1. Nephri-
 ticum, Guilandina Moringa (the wood)—1. Pava-
 nae, Croton tiglium—1. Quassias, see Quassia—1.
 Sanctum, Guaiacum — 1. Sandalinum, see Ptero-
 carpus santalinus—1. Sappan, Hasmatoxylon cam-
 pechianum—1. Serpentum, Ophioxylum serpenti-
 num—1. Vitas, Guaiacum.
    LIGNA'ODES, Fuliginous.
    LIGNYS, Fuligo.
    LIG'ULA, Lidgula.  The clavicle; also, the
 glottis and  epiglottis.  A measure  containing
 3 drachms and a scruple, or about half an ounce.
 Also,  a  species of bandage or ligature. — Scribo-
 nius.
    LIGUSTICUM  CAPILLACEUM,  iEthusa
 meum — 1. Carvi, Carum — 1. Fceniculum, Ane-
 thum.
    Ligus'ticum Levis'ticum, from AtyvariKos, ap-
 pertaining to Liguria.  Levis'ticum, Laserpitium
 Germadicum, Ligusticum, Angel'ica  levis'ticum
 seu paludapifo'lia, Lovage, (F.) Liviche, Ache
 des montagnes.  The  properties of this plant are
 said to be stimulant,  carminative, emmenagogue,
 &c.
   Ligusticum Meum, JEthusameum—1. PheUan-
 drium, Phellandrium aquaticum.
   Ligusticum Podagra'ria, Podagra'riaagopo'-
 dium,  jEgopo'dium podagraria,  Siaon podagra'-
 ria, Pimpinel'la  angelicafo'lia,  Sium  vulga're,
 Tragoaeli'num angel'ica, Sea'eli agopo'dium, An-
 gel'ica aylveatria,  Gout-weed. A  British  plant,
 once considered useful in cases of gout.
   Ligusticum Silaus, Peucedanum silaus.
   LIGUSTRUM ."EGYPTIACUM, Lawsonia in-
 ermis.
   Ligus'trum Vulga're,  Privet, Privy,  (F.)
 Troene.   A shrub, which grows wild both in Eu-
 rope and  the United States, usually in hedges.
 The leaves are astringent and  bitter; and the
 flowers, which are snow-white, and of an  agree-
 able odour, have  been employed in decoction  in
 sore throat, and ulcerous stomatitis.  The berries
 are said  to be cathartic.
   LIGYSAIA, Distortion.
   LILAC, COMMON, Syringa vulgaris—1. Vul-
 garis,  Syringa vulgaris.
   LILI, Lilium Paracelsi.
   LILIA'GO.  Dim.  of  Lil'ium,  the  lily; Spi-
 der-wort; Lilios'trum. This  plant was formerly
 said to be alexipharmic and carminative.
   LILIASTRUM, Liliago.
   LIL'IUM  CAN'DIDUM, L.  album, Orinon.
 The white lily. (F.) Lis  blanc.   The infusion of
 the flowers of the lily in olive oil is  emollient,
 and often applied  externally, under the  name of
 Lily oil,  (F.) Huile de lis.  The  scales of the
 bulb, roasted, are  sometimes  employed as matu-
 ratives.
   Lilium Coxvallium, Convallaria maialis.
   Lilium  Paracel'si,  Tinctu'ra 3Ietallo'rum,
 Lili.   A medicine employed  by  Paracelsus.   It
 was prepared by melting in a crucible four ounces
 of each of the following alloys :  Antimony and
 iron, antimony and tin, antimony and copper, pre-
 viously mixed with eighteen ounces of nitrate of
 potassa and as much salt  of tartar.  The melted
 mass, when pulverized, was treated with rectified
alcohol, which really dissolved only the potassa set
at  liberty  by  the decomposition experienced by
the nitre and salt of tartar. The Lilium Paracelsi 
LILY
514
LINEAMENT
was used as a cordial.  It entered into the com-
position of the theriacal elixir, &c.
  LILY, GROUND, Trillium latifolium—1. May,
Convallaria maialis—1. Pond, Nelumbium luteum
— 1. Pond, White, Nymphasa odorata — 1. Toad,
Nymphasa odorata—1. of the Valley, Convallaria
maialis — 1. AVater, little, Brasenia hydropeltis—
1. Water, sweet,  Nymphasa odorata — 1. Water,
sweet-scented,  Nymphasa  odorata  — 1. Water,
white, Nymphasa alba — 1. AVater, yellow, Nym-
phasa lutea—1. White, Lilium candidum, Nelum-
bium luteum.
  LIMA, CLIMATE OF.   The climate of Peru
does not appear to be favourable to the genera-
tion of consumption; and  Lima would  seem to
be a good residence for the phthisical valetudina-
rian.  Many have been benefited by a residence
there; but when they have gone farther south, as
to Chili, the effect, according to Dr. M. Burrough,
has generally been fatal.
  LIMA DENTARIA, Scalprum dentarium.
  LIMACIEN (F.), from limacon, the cochlea of
the ear.   A branch of the acoustic or labyrinthic
nerve sent to the cochlea.
  LIMACON, Cochlea, Limax — I. Rampes du,
see Cochlea.
  LIMACUM  CORNUA, see Lachrymal puncta.
  LIMANCHIA, Abstinence.
  LIMA'TIO,  from lima,  'a file.'  Filing: an
operation employed by the dentist more espe-
cially to prevent immediate contact of the teeth
with each other.
  LIMATURA FERRI, Ferri Limatura.
  LIMAX,  Helix, Slug  or Snail,  (F.) Lima-
con, Golimacon, Escargot.   A  syrup has been
prepared from these animals,  which has been
given in phthisis, <fcc.  The raw snails have also
been taken in consumption.  They have been
used as food.
  LIMB, Membrum.
  LIMBUS  ALVEOLARIS, Alveolar border—
1. Luteus retinas, see Foramen centrale—1. Poste-
rior corporis striati, Taenia semicircularis.
  LIME. A fruit like a small lemon, the juice
of which is strongly  acid, and much used for
making punch.  It is, also, used in  long voyages
as an antiscorbutic, Ac.  It is a species of lemon,
the fruit of Citrus acida.
  Lime, Calx—1. Carbonate of, Creta,—1. Chloride
of, Calcis chloridum—1. Chlorite of, Calcis chlo-
ridum—1. Chloruret of, Calcis  chloridum—1. Hy-
drate  of, see Calx — 1.  Hypochlorite of,  Calcis
chloridum — 1. Muriate of, solution  of, see  Calcis
murias — 1. Oxymuriate of, Calcis  chloridum—1.
Slaked, see Calx—1. Sulphuret of, Calcis sulphu-
retum—1. Tree, Tilia—1. Water, Liquor calcis—
1. Water, compound, Liquor calcis compositus.
  LIMICUS, Hungry.
  LIMITROPHES, see Trisplanchnic nerve.
  LIMNE, Marsh.
  LIMNE'MIC, Limna'mic,  Limnhe'mic, Lim-
na'micus, Limnha'micus, from Xtjivv, ' a marsh,'
and 'atua, ' blood.'  An epithet given to affections
induced by  paludal emanations; (F.) Affections
 limnhimiquea.
   LIMOCTON'IA,  Abstinence.  Abstinence  to
 death.  Death from hunger; from Xtuos,' hunger,'
 and ktovos, ' death.'   Suicide by hunger.
   LIMODES, Hungry.
   LIMON, see Citrus medica.
   LIMON AD A, Lemonade.
   LIMONADE, Lemonade—I. Gazeuae, see Le-
 monade—J. Seche,  Lemonade, dry; see Citric

   LIMONIUM, Statice limonium—1. Malum, see
  Citrus medica.
   LIMONUM BACCA, Bee Citrus  medica.
  LIMOS, Xtuos, 'hunger.'   Hence:
  LIMO'SIS, Stomach disease, 3Iorbid appetite.
A genus in the class Cceliaca, order Enterica, of
Good.
  Limosis Cardialgia  Mordens, Cardialgia—1.
Cardialgia sputatoria, Pyrosis—1. Dyspepsia, Dys-
pepsia—1. Expers, Anorexia—1. Expers protracta,
Fasting — 1. Flatus, Flatulenco — 1. Helluonum,
Gluttony—1. Pica, Malacia.
  LIMOTHERAPEI'A, Neatitherapei'a, Ne.sto-
therapei'a, Nestiatria, Peinoth.erapi'a, Curatio
morbi per ine'diam,  from Ai^oj,  ' hunger,'  and
Stpaxcia,  'treatment.'   Hunger-cure.  Cure  by
fasting.
  LIMUS, Limos.
  LIN, Linum usitatissimum—I. Grainee de, see
Linum usitatissimum—I. Purgatif, Linum cathar-
ticum.
  LIN AIRE, Antirhinum linaria.
  LINAMENTUM, Linteum.
  LINARIA, Antirhinum linaria — 1. Cymbala-
ria, Antirhinum linaria — 1. Elatine, Antirhinum
elatine—1. Vulgaris, Antirhinum linaria.
  LINCTUARIUM, Eclectos.
  LINCTUS, Eclectos—1. Albus, Looch album—
1. Amygdalinus,  Looch album — 1. ad Aphthas,
Mel boracis—1.  de  Borace, Mel boracis—1. Com-
munis, Looch album.
  LINDEN TREE, Tilia.
  LINE, Lin'ea, Gramme, (F.) Ligne.  Extent
in length, considered without regard  to breadth
or thickness.  As a measure, it means the 12th
part of an inch.
  Median Line  of the Body is an imaginary
line supposed to set out from the top of the head
and to fall between the feet, so as to divide the
body vertically into two equal and symmetrical
parts.
  LINEA, Line.
  Linea Alba,  L. A. Abdom'inia,  (F.)  Ligne
blanche, Ligne mediane de I'abdomen (Ch.), Can-
did'ula abdom'inia lin'ea, Lin'ea centra'lis.   A
tendinous, strong, and highly resisting cord; ex-
tending from the ensiform cartilage nf the ster-
num to the symphysis pubis, with the umbilicus
near its middle.  The linea alba is formed by the
decussation of the  aponeurosis of the abdominal
muscles;  and its use is to  limit the movement of
the chest backwards; to prevent it from separat-
ing too far from the pelvis, and to furnish a fixed
point for the muscles  of  the abdomen in their
contraction.
  Linea As'pera, (F.) Ligne dpre, Ragged ridge,
Ligne sous-trochantirienne, (Ch.)  A rough pro-
jection at the  posterior  surface of the  femur,
which gives attachment to muscles.
  ' Linea Candidula Abdominis, L. alba—1. Cen-
tralis, L. alba —  1.  Innominata, Ilio - pectinea
Linea.
  LINEiE SEMILUNA'RES are the lines, which
bound the outer margin of the recti muscles of
the abdomen.  They are formed by the union of
the abdominal  tendons.   The lines which cross
these muscles are called Linea transter'sa.
   Linea; Tib'ia;, An'guli tib'ia.  Sharp lines on
the tibia.
   Linea; Transversa;, see  L. semilunares, and
Processus teretes.
   LINE AIRE, Linear.
   LIN'EAMENT, Lineamedturn, from linea, 'a
line.'  A delicate  trait observed  on  the counte-
nance, which constitutes its  special character,
enables us to preserve its image, and is the cause
of resemblance to  others.   A feature.
   Bonnet gave  the  name Liniament to the first
traces of organization in the embryo of man and
animals. 
                  LINEAR                 51

  LTN'EAR, Linea'ria,  Linen'rius.   Same  ety-
mon.  (F.) Lininire.  Pathologists apply the epi-
thet  linear to fractures which are very narrow,
and in which the fragments are scarcely sepa-
rated.
  LTNE'OLA; a diminutive oflinea, 'aline.' A
small line.
  Live'ola; Mamma'rum. The white lines on the
breasts.
  LINGUA,  Tongue — 1. Bovis, Anchusa offici-
nalis— 1. Canina, Cynoglossum—1. Cervina, As-
plenium scolopendrium — 1.  Exigua,  Epiglottis—
1.  Prognosis  ex, Glossomantia — 1.  Serpentaria,
Ophioglossum vulgatum.
  Lingua; Avis, see Fraxinus excelsior—1.  De-
tentor, Glossocatochus—1. Exoncosis, Glossoncus
— 1. Scalpium, Cure-langue.
  LIN'GUAL,  Lingua'lis,  from  lingua,  'the
tongue.'  Relating or belonging to the tongue.
  Lingual Ar'tery,  Arte'ria lingua'lis, arises
from tho external carotid;  and, after several tor-
tuosities, reaches the base of the tongue, becotnes
horizontal, and, under the name Ranine, advances
to the tip, where it anastomoses with its  fellow.
In its course, it gives off the Dorsalis lingua and
sublingual.
  Lingual  Muscle,  Lingua'lia, Baaio-gloaaua
(Cowper), Gloaaia'nua, is a small, long, fasciculus
of fibres, hidden beneath the sides of the tongue,
between the  hyoglossus and styloglossus mus-
cles, which are on the outside, and the genioglos-
sus, within.   This muscle passes from the base to
the tip  of the  tonguo; and, at its  sides,  is  con-
founded with the muscles  just referred  to.  It
shortens the tongue, depresses its point, and  can
carry it to the right or left side.
  Lingual Nerve is a name  which has  been
given to  the ninth pair  or  hypoglossus.    It
is, also, a term applied to  a branch given off
from  the  Inferior  maxillary, or third  branch
of the fifth pair.  Near its  origin it  anastomoses
with,  or simply runs close  to, the chorda tym-
pani.  It afterwards gives off a considerable num-
ber of filaments, which are distributed  to the
tongue, and some of which are said to have  been
even traced  as far as the papillas ; — a distribu-
tion which has sccasioned it to  be  regarded as
the Guatatory nerve, (F.) Nerf guatatif.
  Lingual   Salivary  Glands, see  Salivary
glands.
  Lingual Vein  follows nearly the same distri-
bution as  the artery.  It opens into the internal
jugular.
  LINGUALIS, Lingual muscle. -
  LINGUETTA LAMINOSA, Lingula.
  LINGULA, Ligula.
  Lin'gula, Linguet'ta lamino'aa. A thin, trans-
versely grooved lobule  of  gray substance, de-
rived from the anterior border of the cerebellum,
which, for a short distance, lies over the velum
medullare anterius.
  Lingula Fistula:, Epiglottis.
  LINI USITATISSIMI SEMINA, see Linum
usitatissimum.
  LIN'IAIENT, Linimen'tum, Litua, Enchria'ton,
Catachris'ton,Perich'riaia,Perichria'ton,Aleiph'a,
Alcim'ma, Enchria'ta, Frictum, Fricatdrium, In-
line''tio, from linire, 'to anoint gently,' 'to anoint.'
An unctuous medicine,  containing usually oil or
lard,  which  is used externally  in  the form of
friction.
  LINIMENT  A3I3I0NIACAL,   Linimentum
ammonias — I. de  Carbonate dAmmoniaque, Li-
nimentum ammonias carbonatis.
  L INI ME N T ANTIHEMORRHO ID ALE
DE SIEUR ANDRY,  (F.)  This  is formed of
Narbonne  honey, Olive oil, and Turpentine.
5             LINIMENTUM

  LINI3IENT  ANTIPARALYTIQUE,  (F.)
 Composed of aubcarbonate of ammonia, alcoholized
 oil, black aoap, and oil of roeemary.
  Liniment, Antiscrof'ulous,  of Hufeland.
 It is composed otfreeh ox-gall, White Soap, Un-
 guentum  altha'a, Volatile oil of petroleum, Car-
 bonate of ammonia, and Camphor.
  LINI31ENT  CALCA1RE, Linimentum aquas
 calcis — 1. Camphor, Linimentum camphoras—I.
 Camphre, Linimentum camphoras—1. of Cantha-
 rides, camphorated, Linimentum e cantharidibus
 camphoratum—I. Cantharide cam.ph.ri, Linimen-
 tum e cantharidibus camphoratum — I. d'Eau de
 chaux, Linimentum aquas calcis — 1. of  Lime-
 water, Linimentum aquas calcis — I. de 31ercure,
 Linimentum hydrargyri—1. Mercurial, Linimen-
 tum hydrargyri — I.  Olio-calcaire, Linimentum
 aquas calcis.      A
  LIN 131ENT RESOLUTIF DE POTT, com-
 posed of oil of turpentine and muriatic acid.  Used
 in rheumatism, swellings, &c.
  Liniment, Saint John Long's. A liniment
 used  by  a celebrated  empiric  at the commence-
 ment of the second quarter of the 19th century.
 It is said to  have consisted of oil of turpentine
 and acetic acid, held  in suspension by yolk of
 egg.  It was a powerful  counter-irritant.
  LINI3IENT  DE SA VON,  Linimentum sapo-
 nis compositum—I. de Savon opiaci, Linimentum
 saponis et opii.
  LINI31ENT  SAVONNEUX HYDROSUL-
 FURE DE JADELOT. Composed of sulphuret
 of potass, ^vj ; white soap, Ibij ;  oil of poppy,
 Ibiv ; oil of thyme, £ij.   Used in itch.
  Liniment, Simple,  Linimentum simplex — 1.
 Soap, Linimentum saponis — 1. Soap and opium,
 Linimentum saponis et opii—1. Soap, compound,
 Linimentum saponis compos.—1. Turpentine, Li-
 nimentum  terebinthinas — 1. of Verdigris, Lini-
 mentum asruginis — I. de Vert-de-gris, Linimen-
 tum asruginis—I. Volatil, Linimentum ammonias
 fortius.
  LINIMENTUM, Liniment.
  Linimen'tum  JEru'ginis, Ox'ymel JEru'ginis,
 Unguen'tum JEgyptiacum,  Melli'tum de aceta'te
 cupri, Liniment of verdigris, (F.) Liniment de
 Vert-de-gria, Miel d'acitate de cuivre.  (JErugin.
 cont. *"";j  ; acet. §vij ;  mellia deapum. pond. ^xiv.
 Liquefied, strained, and inspissated by boiling.—
 Ph. L.)  It is used as an escharotic and deter-
 gent ; — diluted, as a gargle in venereal ulcera-
 tions and in foul ulcers.
  Linimentum Album, Ceratum cetacei, Unguen-
 tum cetacei—1.  ad Ambustiones, L. aquas  calcis.
  Linimentum Ammo'nia;, Sapo ammoniaca'lis,
 Linimen'tum ammonia'tum seu ammo'nicum seu
 Anglica'num,  Sapo ammo'nia olea'ceus, Unguen'-
 tum album resol'vens,  Oleum ammonia'tum, Lini-
 mentum  ammo'nia, Strong liniment of ammonia,
 (F.) Liniment volatil  ou ammoniacal, Savon am-
 moniacal.   (Liq. ammon. f *"";j ; olei oliva, f^ij.
 Mix.—Ph. U.S.)  A stimulating and rubefacient
 soap.
   Linimentum Ammo'nia; Carbona'tis, Liniment
 of aubcarb'onate of ammo'nia, Linimentum am-
 mo'nia,  Linimentum volat'ile, Hartshorn and oil,
 (F.) Liniment de carbonate d'ammoniaque.  (So-
 lut. subcarb. ammon. f^j ; olei oliv. f^iij.  Shake
 till they unite.)   A stimulating liniment, mostly
 used to relieve rheumatic pains,  bruises, Ac.
   Linimentum Ammoniatum seu Ammonicum, L.
 ammonias fortis — 1. Anglicanum,  L.  Ammonias
 fortis—1. ad Aphthas, Mel boracis.
   Linimentum Aqua; Calcis,  Linimentum Calcis
 (Ph. U.S.), Oleum lini cum. calce, Sopo calca'rius,
 Linimentum ad  ambustio'nea,  Liniment  of lime-
 water, (F.) Liniment d'eau de chaux, Savon cal-
 eaire, Liniment  calcaire, Liniment oleo-calcaire. 
LINIMENTUM              516                   LIP
 (Olei  lini,  aqua  calcis,  5a f"fij.  Misce.)  A
 cooling and  emollient application to  burns and
 scalds.
   Linimentum Arca;i,  Unguentum elemi  com-
 positum— 1. de Borate, Mel boracis — 1. Calcis,
 L. aquas calcis.
   Linimentum Cam'phora:, OlcumCamphora'tum,
 Solu'tio camphora oleo'sa, Camphor liniment, (F.)
 Liniment Camphri, (Camphora, £iv ;  olei oliva,
 f *§ij.  Dissolve.)  It is used as a  stimulant and
 discutient.
   Linimentum Cam'phora; Compos'itum, Ward's
 essence for the headach, Compound camphor lini-
 ment.  (Camphor, ""*;ij ; liq. ammonia, f§ii; spirit.
 lavand. Oj. — Ph.  L.)   It is stimulant and ano-
 dyne.
   Linimentum Canthar'idis, Liniment of Spaniah
 Fliea.   (Cantharid. in pulv. *""; j ;  Ol.  Terebinth.
 Oss.  Digest for three hours  by means of a water
 bath, and strain. — Ph. U. S.)  Used as an exci-
 tant liniment in typhus, &c.
   Linimentum e  Cantharid'ibus Camphora'-
 tum, Gamph'orated liniment  of canthar'idea,(¥.)
 L. cantharide camphri.  (Tinct. cantharid. 3SS ;
 ol. amygd. dale. §iv ; aapon. amygd. *|j ; camphor.
 J5ss.  Dissolve the camphor in the oil, and add
 this mixture to the tincture  and soap. — Ph. P.)
 Rubefacient, and discutient.
   Linimentum Hydrar'gyri,  3Icrcu'rial  lini-
 ment, (F.) L. de 3Iercure. (Ung. Hyd. fort., adip.
 prap.  aa, ^fiv; camphora, £3;  ap. red. gtt. xv;
 liquor  ammon. f *";iv.   Rub the camphor with the
 spirit; add the ointment  and lard; and, lastly,
 gradually add the solution.—Ph. L.)  It is used
 as a stimulant and discutient to venereal swel-
 lings, &c.
   Linimentum Plumbatum,  Unguentum plumbi
 superacetatis—1. Saponaceum opiatum, L. sapo-
 nis et opii.
   Linimentum Sapona'ceum Hydrosulphura'-
 TUM.  (Common Soap, 500 p.  Liquefy  in a water
 bath in an earthen vessel; and add white poppy
 oil, 250 p.  Mix intimately, and add dry sulphuret
 of potaea, 100 p.   Beat together, and add oil of
 poppy-aeed, 750 p.—Ph. P.)   In cutaneous affec-
 tions, as psora, herpes, &e.
   Linimentum Saponato-camphoratum, L. Sa-
 ponis camphoratum.
   Linimentum Sapo'nis, Tinctu'ra saponis  cam-
phora'ta(Ph. U.S.), Camphorated Tincture of Soap,
 Soap Liniment.  (Saponis concis. *"";iv; camphor.
 §ij; Ol. Roamarin. f^ss; alcohol, Oij.  Digest
 the soap and  alcohol in a water bath, until the
 former is dissolved; filter, and add the camphor
 and oil. — Ph. U. S.)   Used  in sprains, bruises,
 and as an embrocation.
  Linimentum Sapo'nis Camphora'tum, L. S.
 compoa'itnm,  L. Sopondto-camphordturn,  Bal'-
 samum opodel'doc, Tinctura  saponis camphordta
 (Ph. U. S.), Opodel'doch, Steer's opodeldoch, (F.)
 L. de Savon.  Compound Soap Liniment.  (Sapon.
 rasur. ,"§iv;  Camphor, ^ij ; Ol. Rosmarini, fgss;
 Aqua,  fgiv; Alcohol. Oij.  Mix the alcohol and
 water; digest the  soap in the mixture by means
 of a water bath, until  it is dissolved;  filter, and
 add the camphor and oil.—(Ph. U.  S.)  Stimulant
 and*anodyne; in bruises, local pains, &c.
   Freeman's Bathing Spirits  consist of tin. sapon
 comp. coloured with Daffy's elixir.
  Jackson'a Bathing Spirite differ from Freeman's
 in the addition of some essential oils.
   Linimentum Sapo'nis et Opii, L. aapona'ceum
 opia'tum, Soap and opium liniment, Batea'a ano-
 dyne balsam, Balaamum anod'ynum, Tinctura aa-
 ponia et opii, (F.)  L. de Savon opiaci.   (Saponia
 duri. "|iv; opii, ^j ; camphora,  *^ij;  olei roria-
 marin. f^ss;  alcohol, Oij. — Ph. E.)   Anodyne;
 in  chronic rheumatism and local pains in general.
  Linimentum Simplex, Simple Liniment.  (Ol.
oliv. 4 p.; cera alba, 1 p.  fiat linimentum.—Ph.
E.)   Emollient; used in chaps, Ac.
  Linimentusi Simplex, Unguentum cera1.
  Linimentum Terebin'thina;, Turpcn'tine lini-
ment. (Cerat. reaina,Wy, ol. terebinth. Oss.  Melt
the cerate and stir in the oil.)  A  stimulant; ap-
plied to burns, <fec.
  Linimentum A'olatile, L. ammonias carbonatis.
  LINN^E'A, L. Borea'lis.  This plant, called
after Linnasus, has a bitter, sub-astringent taste;
and  is used, in  some places, in the  form of fo-
mentation, in rheumatic pains.   An infusion in
milk is  used in  Switzerland for the  cure  of
sciatica.
  LINOSPERMUM, see Linum usitatissimum.
  LINSEED, see Linum usitatissimum.
  LINT, Carbasus, Linteum.
  LINTEAMEN,  Linteum, Pledget.
  LINTEUM, L. carptum  seu roaum, Lintcd-
men, Oth'one,  Othodion,   Car'baaus,  Car'bosa,
Car'pia, Motoa, 3Iote, 31otum, Linomen'tum, Til-
ma,  Xystos, Xysma, Achne, Lint, (F.) Charpie.
A soft, flocculent  substance, made by scraping
old  linen cloth,  (F.) Charpie rdpie, or by unra-
velling old linen  cut into small pieces—(F.) Char-
pie brute; and employed in surgery as a dressing
to wounds, ulcers,  &e., either simply or  covered
with ointment.
  Linteum Carptum, see  Linteum — 1.  Rasum,
see Linteum.
  LINUM, see Linum usitatissimum—1. Arvense,
L. usitatissimum.
  Linum Cathar'ticum, L.midimum, Chamali'-
num,  Purging flax or Mill mountain, (F.)  Lin
purgatif.  This  plant is possessed of cathartic
properties, and has a bitterish, disagreeable taste.
Dose, £j, in substance.
  Linum Crudum,  see Apolinosis—1. Minimum,
L. Catharticum.
  LlNUM USITATIS'SIMUM,  L. arvcdse, Common
flax, (F.) Lin.  The seed, Linum (Ph.  U. S.),
Sem'ina  lini ueitatia'aimi, Linoaper'mum,  Lin-
seed, Flaxaeed, (F.) Grains de lin,  are inodorous,
and almost tasteless; yielding mucilage to warm
water, and oil by expression.  They are demul-
cent and emollient.  Linseed, when ground into
powder, forms a good emollient poultice.   It is
only necessary to  stir the powder into boiling
water.  The  oil, Oleum lini,  Flaxaeed oil, (F.)
Huile de Lin, is  emollient  and demulcent.
  LIONDENT,  Leontodon taraxacum.       '
  LION'S FOOT,  Nabalus albus,  Prenanthes —
1. Tail, Leonurus.
  LIOPODIA, Leiopodes.
  LIOPUS, Leiopus.
  LIP, Sax. and Germ. Lippe, Cheilos,Ldbium,
Lobrum,  (F.) Llvre.  [In  Entomology,  labium
means the lower  lip, — labrum, the upper.]  The
lips are composed of different muscular fasciculi,
nerves, and vessels, covered by the skin and mu-
cous membrane of the mouth. They circumscribe
the anterior aperture of that cavity; and are in-
servient to mastication, pronunciation, &c. They
are  distinguished into upper and lower — Ano-
chei'lon,  and Catochei'lon— and  are  placed  in
front of each jaw, forming  between them the an-
terior aperture of the mouth. They unite at each
side, and form what are called the angles or 1:0m-
missures of the mouth—Chal'ini. Their free edge
is covered with  a mucous  membrane, of a more
or less livid red,  according  to the  individual.
They receive their arteries from  the external
carotid.  Their veins open into the two jugulars.
Their lymphatic vessels descend  into the  gan-
glions  situate beneath the chin.  Their  nerves
are  derived  from the infra-orbitar, mental, and
facial. 
LIPA                   51
  Lips, La'bia, (F.) Levres de lo vulve, are folds
belonging to the genital organs of the female,
and  distinguished into—1. Labia  pudeddi  seu
Cunni seu majo'ra, Episi'a, Ala pudeddi mulie'-
bria, Hytrochei'lidea, Rupea, Ala majo'res, Crem'-
noi,  (F.) Grandca Levrea.  These are two mem-
branous  folds, thicker above  than  below, which
limit the vulva laterally, and extend from the in-
ferior part of the mons veneris to the perinasum.
They unite  anteriorly  and posteriorly, forming
commissures;  the posterior of which  is called
Fourchette.  Their outer surface is convex ; formed
of skin and  covered with  hair.   The inner  sur-
face  is white, and covered by a mucous membrane,
continuous with that lining the other parts of the
vulva.  The space between the skin and mucous
membrane is filled with  a fatty tissue and fibrous
bands, some  fibres of the constrictor vaginas mus-
cle, vessels,  and nerves.
  We speak, also, of the lipa of a wound, ulcer,
&e.,  when alluding to the edges of these solutions
of continuity.
  LIPA, Ac»ra, fat; also, Lippitudo.
  LI'PARA, from Xntapos, 'fatty,' and Xttra, 'fat.'
Plasters, containing much oil or fat.
   LIPARIA,  see Polysarca.
  LIPAROCE'LE, Lipocc'le, from Xtvapos, 'fatty,'
and  kvXv, ' tumour.'  Lipo'ma,  or fatty tumour
of the scrotum, Her'nia pinguedino'ea eeroti.
  LIPAROLE, Pomatum, Pommade.
  LIPAROTES,  seo Polysarcia.
  LIPAROTRICH'IA,  from  Xmapos,  'fat,'  and
Spit, 'hair.'  Too great oiliness of the hair.
  LIPASMA,  see Polysarcia.
  LIPEMANIA, Melancholy, see Lypemania.
  LIPIIA5MIA, Leiphasmia.
  LIPHiEMOS, Leiphasmos.
  LIPO or LEIPO, Xttiroi, 'I  leave,' 'I forsake.'
Hence, Leipopaychia, Leipothymia.
  LIPOCELE, Liparocele.
  LTPODERMIA, Aposthia.
  LIPODERMOS, Leipodermos.
  LIPO'AIA,  Lypo'ma,  from Xiiros, 'fat,' 'fatty
tumour.' A  fatty tumour of an encysted or other
character.
  LIPOME'RIA, Leipome'ria, from Xcttriii, 'I
leave,' and uipos,  a 'part.'   Monstrosity from ar-
rest of development, or  from  defect.  Deficiency
of one or more of the parts of the body; for ex-
ample, where a person has only four fingers.
  LIPOPSYCHIA, Syncope.
  LIPOS, Pinguedo.
  LIPOSIS, see Polysarcia.
  LIPOTHYMIA, Syncope.
  LIPPA, Chassie.
  LIPPIA,  Adali.
  LIPPITU'DO, Ophthal'mia chron'ica of some,
Lippitude, Blear-eye, Lappa,  Lipa, Xerophthal-
mia, Lenta, Leme, Lei/ios' itas, Gleme, Glaina, Gra'-
mia.  A copious  secretion of the sebaceous  hu-
mour of the  eyelids, which renders them gummy.
It is owing to  a state of chronic inflammation of
the tarsal margins; the eyelids  being  generally
red,  tumefied,  and painful.
  Lippitudo Neonatorum, see  Ophthalmia.
  LIPPUS,  Chassieux.
  LIPSIS ANIAIT, Syncope.
  LIPSOTR1C1IIA, Alopecia, Calvities.
  LIQUAMU'MIA, Adeps huma'nus.  Human
fat—Ruland and Johnson.
  LTQUARIUM. Syrupus simplex.
  LIQUATIO, Liquefaction.
  LTQUEFA'CIENT, Liquefa'ciens, from liquid-
us, 'liquid,'  and facerc,  'to make.'   A  medicinal
agent, which seems to have the power of liquefy-
7                 LIQUOR

ing solid  depositions.   To this  class mercury,
iodine, Ac, have been referred by some.
  LIQUEFACTION, Liqudtio, Liquefac'tio;
(same etymon.)  Transformation of a solid sub-
stance into  a liquid.  It is used  particularly in
speaking of metals and fatty bodies,  see Fusion.
  LIQUEUR D'ALU MINE 00 MP 0 SEE, Li-
quor aluminis compos. — I. Arsinicale, Liquor ar-
senicalis— I. Fumante de Boyle, Ammonias sul-
phuretum, Liquor fumans Boylii — I. Volatile de
come de cerf,  Liquor volatilis cornu cervi — I.
de Cuivre ammoniacal,  Liquor cupri ammoniati
— 1. de Fer  alcaline, Liquor  ferri  alkalini — I.
de  Sous-acitate  de plomb,  Liquor  plumbi sub-
acetatis — t. de Potasee, Liquor  potassas — I.  de
Soua-carbonate de  potaese,  Liquor potassas sub-
carbonatis.
  LIQUID, ADHESIVE, MAYNARD'S,  Collo-
dion—1. Disinfecting, Burnett's, see Burnett's dis-
infecting liquid —1. Disinfecting, Labarraque's,
Liquor  sodas  chlorinatas—1.  Disinfecting,  Le-
doyen's, see Ledoyen's disinfecting liquid.
  LIQUIDAMBAR ASPLENIFOLIA, Compto-
nia asplenifolia—1. Officinalis, see Styrax—1. Pe-
regrina, Comptonia asplenifolia.
  Liquidam'bar  Styracif'lua,  Liquidam'bra,
Sweet gum.   The name of the tree which  affords
the Liquid amber and Storax liquida, Styrax li-
quida or Liquid storax.  Liquid amber is a re-
sinous juice of a yellow colour, inclining to red;
at first of about the consistence of turpentine; by
age, hardening into a solid, brittle  mass.   It is
not used medicinally.
  Styrax Liquida is obtained from this plant  by
boiling.  There are two sorts, — one more pure
than the other.  It is  used, occasionally, as a
stomachic, in the form of plaster.
  LIQUIDUM NERVEUM, Nervous fluid.
  LIQUIRITIA, Glycyrrhiza.
  LIQUOR, Liqudmen, Hygron, Hy'grotes, (F.)
Liqueur.  A name given to many compound li-
quids, and especially to  those the bases of which
are water and alcohol.
  Liquor Acidus  Halleri, Elixir acidum Hal-
leri— 1. iEthereus, Ether — 1. iEthereus sulphu-
ricus, Spiritus astheris sulphurici.
  Liquor Alu'minis Compos'itus, Aqua alu'mi-
nis compoa'ita, Aqua alumino'aa Batea'na, Com-
pound aoldtion of Alum, (F.) Liqueur d'alumine
composie.   (Aluminia, zinci sulphat.  sing, ^ss,
aqua fervent. Oij.   Dissolve and filter through
paper.)   Detergent and stimulant.  Used as a
collyrium, when properly diluted, in ophthalmia;
as an injection in gleet,  leucorrhcea, ke.
  Liquor Ammo'nia;, Liq. ammonia pura, Al'cali
ammoni'acum flu'idum,  Ammo'nia  liq'uida,  A.
cans'tica liquida,  A. pura liquida,  Lixiv'ium
ammoniaca'le, Spiritus aalia ammoniaci aquo'aus,
Aqua ammonia, Aqua ammonia caus'tica, Liquid
ammonia, Solution  of ammonia, (F.)  Ammoniaque
liquide.  (Directed to be made in the Pharm. U.
S. from muriate of Ammonia, in fine  powder; and
Lime, each a pound ; distilled 'water a pint;  water,
nine fluidounces.   The water is employed to slake
the lime; this is mixed  with the muriate  of am-
monia and put into a glass  retort in a sand-bath.
Heat is applied so as to drive off the ammonia,
which is made to pass into a quart bottle contain-
ing the distilled water.   To every ounce  of the
product three and  a half fluidrachms of distilled
water are added, or as much as may be necessary
to raise its  s. g. to  0.96.   This Liquor Ammonias
may also be made  by mixing one part of liquor
ammonias fortior with two parts of distilled water.
(Ph. U. S. 1842.)   Its  s. g. is  0.960.  Liquor
Ammonia; fortior, Stronger solution of ammo-
nia (Ph. U. S.) is an aqueous solution of ammonia 
                   LIQUOR                 5

of the s. g. 0.882.  Liquor ammonias is stimulant,
antacid,  and rubefacient.  Dose gtt.  to xx, in
water or milk.
  Liquor Ammonia; Aceta'tis, Al'cali ammoni'-
acum aceta'tum, Alcali volat'ile aceta'tum, Aqua
aceta'tis  ammo'nia, Solution of acetate of ammo-
nia, Aqua ammo'nia aceta'ta, Ace'tas ammonia,
Spirit of Mindere'rus,  Sal ammoni'acum vegetab'-
ile, Spir'itus ophthalmicus Mindere'ri, Sal aceto'-
sus ammoniaca'lis.  (Acid, acetic, dilut. Oij, Am-
mon. carbonat. in pulv. add the  salt to the acid
until it is saturated. Ph. U. S. 1851.) A sudorific;
externally, cooling.  Dose, fgij to f^iss.
  Liquor  Ammonia;   Subcarbona'tis,  Solu'tio
subcarbonatis ammonia, Aqaa carbonatis ammo-
nia, Solution of subcarbonate of ammonia. (Am-
monia carbon, ""jiv, aqua destillat.  Oj.  Dissolve
and filter through paper.)   Use ; — the same as
that of the carbonate of ammonia.
  Liquor  Ammonii Hydrothiodis, Ammonias
sulphuretum — 1. ex Ammonia  et  oleo  succini,
Spiritus ammonias succinatus—1. Ammonii vino-
sus, Spiritus ammonias.
  Liquor Am'nii, Aqua amnii. The liquor of the
amnios.  (F.) Eaux de Vamnios.   The fluid ex-
haled by the amnios, and which envelops the foe-
tus during the  whole  period of utero-gestation.
Itis often simply called the waters, (F.) Lea Eaux.
Its  relative quantity diminishes as pregnancy ad-
vances, although its absolute quantity continues
to increase till the period of delivery.  In some
women only five or six ounces are met with : in
others, it amounts to pints.  It is limpid, yellow-
ish, or whitish;  exhales a faint smell, and has a
slightly saline taste.   It contains water  in  con-
siderable quantity; albumen; chloride of sodium;
phosphate  of lime; an alkaline substance; and
a particular  acid. It facilitates the dilatation
of the  uterus, and aids delivery by acting  as a
soft wedge enclosed in  its membranes, Poche dex
Eaux, Ac.   It  is probably inservient to useful
purposes in the nutrition of the foetus.
  Liquor Amnii,  False.  The  fluid contained
between  the amnion  and  chorion  in the early
periods of foetal existence.
 _ Liquor, Anodyne, Hoffmann's, Spiritus asthe-
ris sulphurici compositus—1. Anodynus martialis,
Alcohol sulphurico-asthereus ferri.
  Liquor Anod'ynus Terebinthina'tus. A for-
mula prescribed by Rademacher in cases of gall-
stone, and of obstructions and indurations of the
liver and spleen.   It was composed  of Hoffmann's
anodyne  liquor ^j; rectified oil of turpentine Qij.
Dose 5 to 10 drops.  It resembles the Rernede de
Durand.
  Liquor Arsenica'lis,  L. potaa'sa arseni'tis
(Ph. U. S.), Solu'tio araenicalia, S. araenicdta, S.
arseni'tis kal'ica,  Arsen'ical  solution,  Min'eral
solvent, Ar'senis potas'sa liq'uidus, Ar'senis jmtas-
sa aquo'aus, Fowler'a solution of arsenic, Solvens
minera'le, Ital'ian poiaon,  Aqua Tofa'na, Aqua
Toffa'nia, Aequo della  Toff ana, Aequo di Napoli,
Acquet'ta (?), Taateleaa ague drop,  (F.)  Liqueur
arainicale.   (Acid. Araenioa. in frustulis, potaaaa
carbonatia pur., sing. gr. lxiv., aqua destillat. q.
s. Boil together the arsenious acid and carbonate
of potassa with  twelve  fluidounces of distilled
water, in a glass vessel, until the arsenic is dis-
solved.   When  the solution is cold,  add Spirit.
lavand. c. f^iv, and as much diatilled water as
will make  the  whole  one  pint. Ph. U. S.) f zj
contains gr. ss of the arsenious acid.  Dose, gtt. xx.
  Liquor Arsenici et Hydrargyri  Iodidi, see
Arsenic and Mercury, iodide of—1. Barii chloridi
Baryta, muriate, solution of—l.Bellosti, L.Hydrar-
gyri nitrici — 1. Calcii chloridi, see Calcis murias.
  Liquor Calcis, Solu'tio calcia,  Aqua calcis,
Aqua benedic'ta, Calcdria pura liq'uida, Aqua
                   LIQUOR

calcdria usta, Solution of Lime, Lime TTater, (F.)
Eau de chaux. (Calcia 5 iv. aq. dest ill. cong.  Pour
the water on the lime, and stir.  Let it stand in
a covered vessel three hours;  bottle the lime and
water in stopped bottles, and use the clear  solu-
tion.)  It is astringent, tonic, and antacid; and
is used in diarrhoea, diabetes, heartburn, <fcc, and
as a lotion  to  foul  and  cancerous ulcers, &o.
Dose, """jij to Oss, in milk.
  Liquor Calcis  Compos'itus, Aqua calcis com-
poa'ita,  Compound lime water, Aqua benedic'ta
compoa'ita,  (F.) Eau de chaux  compoai.  (Lign.
guaiac. ras. Ibss, rad. glycyrrh. ^ j, cort. sassafras,
*§ss; semin. coriand.  ""Jij, liquor calcia, Ovj.  Ma-
cerate  for two days, and filter.)  It is stimulant,
diaphoretic, and astringent, and is  used in cuta-
neous affections.
  Liquor Calcis  Muriatis, see Calcis murias—
1. Cereris, Cerevisia — 1. Chloreti natri, L. sodas
chlorinatas—1. Chlorini, see Chlorine—1. Chloru-
reti natri, L. Sodas chlorinatas—1. Chlorureti sodas,
L. sodas chlorinatas.
  Liquor Cupri Ammonia'ti,  Aqua cupri ammo-
nia'ti, Aqua sapphari'na, Blue eyewater, Solution
of ammoniated copper;  (F.) Liqueur ou Eau de
cuivre ammoniacal.  (Cupri ammoniat.  ^j- aqua
destill. Oj.  Dissolve and filter the solution through
paper.  Ph. L.)  Corrosive and detergent.  Used
externally to foul ulcers; and diluted with  an
equal part of distilled water, it is applied by means
of a hair pencil to  specks and films on the eye.
  Liquor Cupri Sulpiia'tis Compos'itus, Aqua
cupri vitrioldti composita.  (Capri sulphat., alu-
min. sulphat. aa, 3''j>  aqua pura Oij, acid sulph.
gij.  Boil the salts in  the water until they are
dissolved; then filter the liquor, and add the acid.)
Used as an astringent in  epistaxis, <fcc.  It was
also called Aqua Styp'tica.
  Liquor Cyreniacus, Benjamin—1. Excitans,
Spiritus ammoniae  succinatus.
  Liquor Ferri Alkali'ni, Solution of Alkaline
Iron,  (F.) Liqueur de fer alcaline. (Ferri "5'iss,
acid, nitric, j^ij,  aqua destillat. fj§vj. liq. potaaa.
subcarb.  f^vj.   To the  acid  and  water mixed,
add  the  iron; and, after the  effervescence,  add
the clear solution, gradually,  to  the  liq. potassa
eubcarb.; shaking it occasionally till it assumes
a deep brown-red  colour, and the effervescence
stops. After six hours' settling, pour off the clear
solution.  Ph. L.)  It is tonic, like other prepa-
rations of iron.  Dose, f ^ss to f giss.
  Liquor Ferri  Io'didi, Solution of Iodide of
Iron, Syru'pua Ferri io'didi, Syrup of I'odide of
Iron.  (Iodin. ^ij, Ferri  rament.  zj,  Sacehar.
pulv. 3xib Aqua destillat. q. s.  Mix the iodine
with rgx of the distilled water, in  a porcelain or
glass vessel, and gradually add the iron  filings,
constantly stirring.  Heat the  mixture  gently
until the liquor acquires a light greenish colour;
then, having added the sugar, continue the heat
a short time, and  filter.   Lastly,  pour distilled
water upon the filter, and allow it to pass  until
the whole of the filtered liquor measures twenty
fluidounces.  Keep the solution in closely stopped
bottles.—Ph. U. S.)  Dose, 10 to 30  drops.
  Liquor  Ferri  Muriatis, Tinctura  ferri  mu-
riatis.
  Liquor Ferri Nitra'tis, L. F. Seaquinitra'tis
seu temitrdtia, Solu'tio Ferri nitra'tia.  Solution
of nitrate, territrate of aeaquioxide, or acaquini-
trate of iron, has  been recommended in chronic
diarrhoea and dysentery.   Its virtues exactly re-
semble those of chloride of iron.   It is prepared
as follows: — Ferri fdi, incis.  *;j, Acid, nitric.
f^iij, Aq. deatillat. q. s.   Mix the acid and a pint
of distilled water,  until  gas  ceases to  be  given
off; filter, and add distilled water to makef^mcx.
—Ph. U. S.)  Dose, 10 to 20 drops.
18 
LIQUOR
519
LIQUOR
  Liquor Fcmans Boy'lii, Sulphure'tum Ammo'- '
nia  Hydrogena'twn, Hydroaulphure'tum Ammo-
nia,  Tinetn'rn Sul'phuris  Volot'ilia,  Aqua Sul-
phure'ti Ammonia,  Boyle's Fuming liquor, (F.)
Liqueur fumante de Boyle.  It is possessed  of
nauseating and emetic properties, and has been
given in diabetes aud diseases of excitement as a
deo.rygenizer !
   Liquor Fuming, Boyle's, Liquor fumans Boy-
lii—1. Fuming, of Libavius, Tin, muriate of—1.
Genital, Sperm—1. of Hartshorn, volatile, Liquor
volatilis cornu cervi — 1. Hydrargyri Biehloridi,
Liquor  hydrargyri oxymuriatis — 1. Hydrargyri
chloridi corrosivi, L. hydrargyri  oxymuriatis —
1. Hydrargyri et  arsenici iodidi, see Arsenic and
Mercury, iodide  of.
   Liquor Hydrar'gyri Nitrici, L. Belloati, (F.)
Eau mercurielle,  Eau contre la gangrene, Reme.de
du Due d'Antin, R. du Capucin, (Hydrarg. 120
p., acid nitr. (33°,) 150 p.  Dissolve, and  add to
the  solution, diatilled water, 900 p.  Ph. P.) Dose,
two or  three drops in a glass of water.  Not much
used.
   Liquor Hydrar'gyri Oxymuria'tis, Liquor
 Hi/ilmr'gi/ri Chlo'ridi corroai'vi, L. Hydrar'gyri
 biehloridi, Solu'tion of Oxymuriate of 3Iercury,
 Liquor Sivictcnia, L. Syphilit'icua  Turneri, 3td-
riaa hydrargyri apirituo'aua  liq'uidua,  Solutio
 Muria'tis hydrar'gyri oxygenati, Liquor or Solu-
tion  of Corro'aive Sub'limate or of Van Swieten.
(Hyd. oxym. gr.  viij, aqua deatill. fgxv, ap. red.
fgj. Dissolve in the water and add  the  spirit.
Ph. P.)  Dose, f^ss, or f £j.
   Norton's Drops, Green'a Dropa, and Solomon'a
Anti-Impetlg"enea—all nostrums—seem to be dis-
guised  solutions  of Corrosive Sublimate.
   Liquor Hydrargyri Supernitratis, see Hy-
drargyri nitras — 1. Hydriodatis Arsenici et Hy-
drargyri, Arsenic and  mercury, iodide of.
   Liquor Io'dini Compos'itus, (Ph. U. S. 1842,)
Liquor Iodin'ii compos'itus, (Ph. U. S. 1851,) So-
lu'tio Potaa'aii Io'didi Iodure'ta, Compound Solu-
 tion of Iodine,  Lugol's Solution.   (Iodin. 3VJ»
 Potass, iodid. giss, Aqua deatillat. Oj.   Dissolve
tho iodine and iodide of potassium in the water.
— Ph.  II. S.)  Dose, gtt. vj. ad xij, in sugared
water.
   Liquor Lithargyri Subacetatis, L. plumbi
subacetatis—1. Lithargyri subacetatis compositus,
Liquor plumbi subacetatis dilutus.
   Liquor of  Monro, Solution  of 31onro.  A so-
lution,  used by  Monro for the  preservation  of
anatomical  preparations.  It was  composed  of
alcohol  at 22° or 24°, with  a drachm of nitric
acid to each pint.
   Liquor  Mougag'nii.   The small quantity of
 fluid contained within the capsule of the crystal-
 line lens.
   Liquor Morphi'na:  seu Morphia; Aceta'tis,
 Solution of Acetate of 3Iorphia, An'odyne Dropa.
 (Acetate of morphia, gr. xvj, diatilled water, f 3vj,
 dilute  acetic acid, f^'JO   Dose, from  six   to
 twenty-four drops.
   Liquor Morphi'na: seu Mor'phia:  Sulpha'-
 TIS, Solution  of Sulphate of 3Iorphia.  (3Iorphia
 sulphat. gr. viij, aqua destillat.  Oss.   Dissolve
 the sulphate of morphia in the water.—Ph. U. S.)
 Dose, f "5J to f3ij—containing from an eighth  to
 a quarter of a grain.
   Liquor Natri Oxymuriatici, L. Sodas  chlori-
 natas— 1.  Nervinus  Bangii,  Tinctura astherea
 camphorata — 1.  Oleosus  Sylvii, Spiritus ammo-
 nia? aromaticus—1. Opii sedativus, (Haden's,) see
 Tinctura opii.
   Liquor Opii  Sedati'vus.   An  empirical pre-
 paration by a London druggist of the  name of
Battley.  It is said  to be an  aqueous solution
of opium,  evaporated  to dryness  to get  rid
of the  acid  resin, re-dissolved  in  water, and
a small portion of alcohol added to give it per-
manence.— Redwood.   It is devoid of many of
the narcotic effects of opium.
  Liquor Ovi Albus, Albumen ovi—1. Pancrea-
ticus, see Pancreas — 1. Pericardii, see Pericar-
dium— 1. Plumbi  acetatis, L. P. subacetatis — 1.
Plumbi diacetatis,  Liquor Plumbi subacetatis.
  Liquor Plumbi  Subaceta'tis, Liquor Subace-
ta'tia Lithar'gyri, Solution of Subacetate of Lead,
Liquor Plumbi Acetdtia, L. P. Diacetdtis, Gou-
lard's  Extrac'tum  Satur'ni, Lithar'gyri Ace'tum,
(F.)  Liqueur de sous-acitate de Plomb.  (Plumb.
acet. "f xvj, Plumb, oxid. semivitr. in  pulv. subtil.
gixss', aq. deatillat. Oiv.   Boil together in  a glass
or porcelain vessel, for half an hour,  occasionally
adding distilled water, so  as to preserve the mea-
sure.  Filter through paper, and  keep the solu-
tion  in closely stopped bottles.—Ph.  U. S.)  It is
used externally as a cooling astringent, and dis-
cutient, when diluted with distilled water.
   Liquor  Plumbi Subaceta'tis  Dilu'tus, Li-
quor Subaceta'tis Lithar'gyri Compos'itus, Aqua
Satur'ni, Ace'taa Plumbi dilu'tum alcohol'icum,
Diluted  Solu'tion of Subac"etate of Lead, Aqua
veg"eto-minerdlis, Tinctu'ra plumbo'sa, Aqua Li-
thar'gyri Aceta'ti compoa'ita, Liquor Plumbi Ace-
tdtia dilu'tua, Goulard water, (F.) Eau, blanche,
Eau de Goulard, Eau vigito-minirale,  White
 Waah, Royal Preventive.  (Liq. plumbi aubacet.
f^ij, aqua destillat.  Oj.   Ph. U. S.)   Properties
the same as the last, but feebler.
  Liquor Potas'sa;, Aqua Potas'sa, Aqua Kali
Cauet'ici, Solution of Potaah or of Potaaaa, Lix-
iv'ium magistrate, L. Sapona'rium,  Soap Lees,
Aqua Kali puri, Soap Ley, Lixiv'ium cau'eticum,
Potaa'sa liq'uida, (F.) Eau, solution ou liqueur de
Potaaae, Potaase liquide, Leaaive dea Savonniers.
(Potassa carb. Ibj, calcis  Ibss,  aqua deatill. fer-
vent, congium.  Dissolve  the alkali in Oij of the
water, and add the remainder of the lime.  Mix
the whole: set aside in a close vessel,  and, when
cold, filter through calico.  Ph. L.)   It is  anti-
lithic in cases of uric acid calculi, and antacid.
Externally, stimulant and escharotic.  Dose, gtt.
x to xx.
   Liquor  Potassa: Arsenitis, L. arsenicalis—
1. Potassas Carbonatis, L. P. Subcarbonatis.
  Liquor Potassa: Citra'tis, Solution of Citrate
of Potaaaa,  Neutral  3Iixture, Saline 3Iixture.
(Succ. Limon. Oss, Potaaa. Bicarbonat. q. s.) sa-
turate  by the carbonate of potassa, and filter; or,
Acid.  Citric j|ss;  Ol. Limon. "nL. ij; Aqua  Oss,
Pota88. Bicarbonat.  q. s.; dissolve, saturate by
the carbonate of potassa, and filter.  Ph. U. S.)
Used in fever, but probably of little or no efficacy.
   Liquor Potassa;  Subcarbona'tis, L. P. Car-
bonati8 (Ph. U. S.),  Aqua Subcarbonatis Kali,
 O'leum Tar'tari per deliq'uium, Aqua  Kali, Lix-
iv'ium  Tartar!, Aqua Kali prapara'ti,  Oil of
 Tartar, Saline oil of Tartar, Solu'tion of Subcar'-
bonate  of Potaaa,  (F.) Liqueur de sous-carbonate
de Potaaae, Leaaive  de Tortre, (Potass, aubcarb.
Ibj,  aqua  deatillat. fgxij.  Dissolve and filter.)
Dose,  gtt. x to xxx.
   Liquor  Potassii Iodidi seu Potassa; Hydri-
ODA'tis, Solution  of Iodide of Potaaaium or of
Hydriodate  of Potass.  (Potassii iodid. gr. 36,
aqua  destillat. fgj.)   Dose, gtt. xx, three times
a day.
   Liquor, Propagatory, Sperm—1. Prostaticus,
Prostatic liquor—1. Puris, see  Pus.
   Liquor  Sang'uinis.   A  term  given  by Dr.
Babington  to one  of the  constituents of the
blood, the other  being the red  particles.   He
considers,  from his experiments, that fibrin and 
                 LIQUORICE               6!

serum do not exist as such in circulating blood,
but  that  the  Liquor  Sanguinis — Plasma,  of
Schultz, Coagulable or plaatic Lymph, the 3tuca-
go or 3/ucilage of Harvey, Hewson and others—
when removed from the circulation and no longer
subjected  to the  laws of life, has then, and not
before, the property of separating into fibrin and
serum.  It is the  oxyprotein of the  liquor san-
guinis, after  the red  particles have  subsided,
and, according to Mulder, forms the buffy coat
of inflammatory blood.
  Liquor of Scarpa,  Vitrine auditive.
  Liquor Sem'inis.  The homogeneous, transpa-
rent fluid, in which the spermatozoa and seminal
granules are suspended.—AVagner.  See Sperm.
  Liquor Soda: Chloridi, L.  sodas chlorinatas.
  Liquor Sodas Chlorina'ta;, L. aoda chlo'ridi,
L. aoda oxymuriat'ica, L. chlore'ti natri, L. chlo-
rureti natri, L. ehloreti soda, L. chlorure'ti aoda,
Natrum chlordtum  liq'uidum, L. natri oxymuri-
at'ici, Aqua  natri  oxy muriat'ici, Labarraque'a
Diainfecting  Liquid,  Solution  of   Chlorinated
Soda. (Calcis Chlorinat.  Ibj;  Soda  Carbonat.
Ibij ; Aqua cong.  iss.  Dissolve the carbonate of
soda in three pints of the water, with the aid of
heat.  To the remainder  of the water add,  by
small portions at a time, the  chlorinated  lime,
previously well triturated, stirring the mixture
after  each addition.  Set the mixture  by for se-
veral hours, that the dregs may subside; decant
the clear liquid, and mix it with the solution of
carbonate of soda.   Lastly, decant the clear li-
quor from the precipitated carbonate of lime, pass
it through a linen cloth, and keep it in  bottles
secluded from  the light; Ph. U. S.)   Used in the
same cases as the chloride of  lime.   Internally,
10  drops  to a fluidrachm, for a dose.  Diluted
with water, it  is an excitant and disinfectant in
various morbi  extern!.
  Liquor Soda;  Effervescens, Acidulous wa-
ter,  simple — 1.  Sodas  Oxymuriaticas, L.  sodas
chlorinatas—1. Stypticus Ruspini, Styptic, Ruspi-
ni's—1. Sulphuricus Alcoolisatus, Spiritus astheris
sulphurici — 1. Swietenis, L. hydrargyri oxymu-
riatis— 1. Syphiliticus  Turneri,  L.  hydrargyri
oxymuriatis—1. Tartari emetiei, Vinum antimonii
tartarizati — 1. of Van  Swieten, L.  hydrargyri
oxymuriatis.
  Liquor Volat'ilis Cornu Cervi,  L. volat'ilis
Cornu Cervi'ni, Vol'atile  Liquor of Hartshorn,
Spir'itus Lumbrico'rum, Spir'itua Millepeda'rum,
Spir'itus Cornu Cervi, Liquor  volat'ilis oa'aium ;
Hartahorn, Spirit of Hartshorn, Bone  Spirit, (F.)
Liqueur volatile de Come  de cerf.  This is a so-
lution of subcarbonate of ammonia, impregnated
with  empyreumatic  oil.  It possesses  the  same
virtues as the subcarbonate of ammonia.  It is in
common use to smell at, in faintings, &c.
  Liquor Volatilis Ossium, L. volatilis cornu
cervi.
  Liquor Zinci  Sulpha'tis  cum Camph'ora,
Aqua Zinci vitriola'ti  cum Camphora, Aqua vi-
triol'ica camphora'ta, Aqua ophthal'mica,  Com-
mon Eye Water.   (Zinci aulph.^ss, camphor, Zij,
aq.  bullient. Oij ; dissolve and filter.)   Used as a
lotion for ulcers;  or, diluted with water, as a col-
lyrium.
  LIQUORICE, Glycyrrhiza — 1.  Bush, Abrus
precatorius—1. Juice,  see  Glycyrrhiza — 1. Re-
fined, Extractum glycyrrhizas— 1. Spanish, see
Glycyrrhiza—1. Wild, Aralia nudicaulis, Galium
circaszans.
  LIQUORITIA, Glycyrrhiza.
  LIRIODEN'DRON, Liriodendron  tulipif'era,
Tulipif'era Lirioded dron, Old wife'a  shirt, Tulip
Tree, Poplar Tree, Tulip-bearing Poplar, Ameri-
can Poplar, White-  Wood, Cypreaa  Tree,  (New
England,) (F.) Tulipier.  The bark — Lirioden-
             LITHODRASSIC

dron (Ph. U. S.)—especially of the root, of this
noble forest  tree, which  is  indigenous  in the
United States, is  a strong aromatic bitter, and
has been  employed advantageously as a tonic.
An active principle was separated from il by Pro-
fessor J. P. Emmet of the  University of A'irginia,
and  has  been called Lirioden'drin.   It  is not
used in medicine.
  L IS BLANC, Lilium candidum—I. AaphodZle,
Asphodelus ramosus.
  LISERON, GRAND, Convolvulus sepium —
I. dea Holes, Convolvulus sepium—I. Mechameek,
Convolvulus panduratus.
  LISTON'S ISINGLASS  PLASTER, see Spa-
radrapum adhassivum.
  LITE, Xirv.  A plaster, formerly made of ver-
digris, wax, and resin.— Galen.
  LITHAGO'GUM,  from XiBos, 'a stone,'  and
ayu, ' I  expel.'  A remedy which was  supposed
to possess the power of expelling calculi.  Also,
a lithotomy forceps.
  LITHANTHRAX,  Carbo  fossilis.
  LITHANTHROKOKALI, Anthrakokali.
  LITHARGE, Plumbi oxydum semivitreum—1.
of Gold, see Plumbi oxydum semivitreum—1. of
Silver, see Plumbi oxvdum semivitreum.
  LITHARGYRI ACETUM, Liquor plumbi sub-
acetatis.
  LITHARGYRUM,  Plumbi  oxydum semivi-
treum.
  LITHARGYRUS,  Plumbi  oxydum  semivi-
treum.
  LITHAS, Urate.
  LITHATE, Urate—1. of Soda, Urate of soda.
  LITHEC'TASY, from  XtBos,  'a  stone,' and
iKraats, ' dilatation;'  Cystec'tasy.   An operation
which consists in  extracting  stone from the blad-
der by dilating the neck of the organ, after mak-
ing an incision in the perineum, and opening the
membranous portion of the urethra.
  LITH'IA, Lithi'aaia, Lithogen'ia, Uri'asis,
Urolithi'aaia, Cachex'ia calculo'aa, Cal'culi 3Ior-
bua, Lapilla'tio, Genera'tio cal'culi, from Xtdos, 'a
stone.'  The  formation of stone, gravel, or con-
cretions in the human body.  Also, an affection
in which the eyelids  are edged with small, hard,
and stone-like concretions.
  Lith'ia,  Car'bonate  of,  Lith'ia Car'bonaa,
(F.)  Carbonate de Lithine.  A salt found  in cer-
tain mineral waters, which have been serviceable
in lithuria. Hence, it has been suggested in that
morbid condition.
  Ltthia Renalis Arenosa, Gravel—1. Renalis,
Nephrolithiasis — 1. Vesicalis,  Calculi, vesical.
  LITHIiE CARBONAS, Lithia, carbonate of.
  LITHIASIS, Lithia —1.  Cystica, Calculi, ve-
sical— 1. Nephretica,  Gravel, Nephrolithiasis.
  Lithi'asis  Pulmo'num, Pulmo'nea torturiza'ti.
The  formation of concretions in the lungs, occa-
sioning at times Phthisis calculo'aa, Phthiaie col-
culeuae, of Bayle.
  Lithiasis Renalis Arenosa, Gravel — 1. Re-
nalis, Nephrolithiasis — 1. Vesicalis, Calculi, ve-
sical.
  LITHIC, Liih'icua.   Same  etymon.  Belong-
ing to lithic  or  uric  acid,  or to  stone:  hence
Lithic Diath'eaia.   Also, an  antilithic.
  Lithic Acid, Uric acid—1. Acid diathesis, Li-
thuria—1. Diathesis, Lithuria—1. Sediments, see
Lithuria.
  LITHINE, CARBONATE DE,  Lithia,  car-
bonate of.
  LITHIURIA, Lithuria.
  LITHOCENOSIS, Lithotrity.
  LITHOCYSTOTOMY, Lithotomy.
  LITHODIALYSIS,  Lithotrity.
  LITHODRAS'SIC, Lithodroa'aicua, (F.) Litho-
10 
LITHOGENIA
521
LITHOTOMY
drassique, from XtOos, 'a stone,' and Spaaattv, 'to
Beize  hold of.'  An  epithet given to  a form of
Btonc forceps—Rime lithodrnssii/ue—used in the
operation of lithotrity, by MM. Mcirieu and Tan-
chou.
   LITHOGENIA, Lithia.
   LITHOID,  Litho'dea, Litho'i'des; from  Xidos,
'stone,' and ttios, 'resemblance.'  Of  the nature
of stone, or resembling stone : as
   LITIIOIDES OS,  see Temporal bone.
   L/TIIOLABE, (F.) Lithol'abum.   An instru-
ment, employed for laying hold of a stone in the
bladder, and keeping it fixed, so that lithotritic
instruments can act upon it.
  LITIIOLABON, Forceps, (Lithotomy.)
  LITHOL'ABUM,  from  XtQos,  'a stone,' and
Xan^avm, 'I seize.'  An instrument concerned in
extracting stone from the  bladder.  It had va-
rious shapes. — Fabricius ab Aquapendente, Hil-
danus.  See Litholabe.
  LITIIOME'TRA,  from  Xidos,  'a stone,' and
fivrpa,  ' the  uterus.'   Osseous,  or other concre-
tions of the uterus.
  LITIIONLYTIC, Lithontriptic.
  L1TH0NTHRYPTIC, Lithontriptic.
  LITHONTRIP'TIC,  Lithontrip'ticus, Lithon-
thryp'tic,  Lithonlyt'ic, Calculif'ragua, Soxif'ra-
gus,  from Xidos, ' a stone,'  and Opvitrw, ' I break
in pieces.'   A remedy believed to be  capable of
dissolving calculi in the urinary passages.  There
is not much reliance  to  be  placed upon such re-
medies.  By ontilithice, exhibited according to
the chemical character of the calculus (see Cal-
culi, urinary,) the disease may be prevented from
increasing; but most of the vaunted lithontriptics
for dissolving  the calculus  already formed  have
been found  unworthy  of  the high  encomiums
which have accompanied their introduction.
  LITIIOPAD'DION, Infana lopide'us, Osteope-
dion,  from XtSos, 'a  stone,' and vais, 'a child.'
A foetus, petrified in the body of the mother.
  LITHOPRINIE, Lithotrity.
  LITHOPRIONE, from  XtQos,  'a stone,' and
itptu>v, 'a saw.'   An instrument proposed by M.
Leroy for preventing the fragments of a calculus,
when subjected to lithotrity, from falling into the
bladder.   It is a variety of litholabe.
  LITHORINEUR,  from  Xidos, 'a stone,' and
ptvttv, 'to tile.'   An instrument, proposed by MM.
Meirieu and Tan chou for filing down calculi in
the bladder.
  LITHOS, Calculus.
  LITHOSPER'MUM OFFICINA'LE, 3Iil'ium
Sid is, ^Egodychon, Gromwell, Bastard Al'kanet,
(F.)  Gremilt officinal, Herbe aux Perlea.   The
seeds of this plant were formerly supposed, from
their stony hardness,  (XtSos, 'a stone,' and a-ntpua,
' seed,') to be efficacious in calculous affections.
They have, also, been considered diuretic.
   Lithospermum A illosum,  Anchusa tinctoria.
   LITIIOTERE'THRUM, from XtQos, 'stone,'
and rtpttv, 'to rub.'  A lithotritor.
  LITIIOTHRYPSIS, Lithotrity.
   L1T1IOT11RYPTORS, see Lithotrity.
  LITHOTOME, Lithot'omus, from XtSos, 'a
stone,' and reuvio, ' I cut.'  This  name has been
given  to  a number of instruments of different
shapes and sizes,  which are used in the  opera-
tion  for the stone,  to cut the  neck or body of the
bladder.   They ought, with more propriety, to be
called  Cystotomes.
  The Lithotome  Cache" of  Frere  CSme  is the
most  known,  and  is still occasionally used.  It
is composed of a handle, and a flattened sheath,
slightly curved : in this there is a cutting blade,
which can be forced  out, by pressing upon a bas-
 cule or lever, to any extent that may be wished
 by the operator.
   A Double  Lithotome was used by  Dupuytren
 in his bilateral operation.   See Lithotomy.
   LITHOT'OAIIST.   Same etymon.  Lithot'o-
 mus.   One who devotes himself entirely to ope-
 rating for the stone.  One who practises  litho-
 tomy.
   LITHOTOMY, Lithotom'ia, Cyatotom'ia, Uro-
 lithotom'ia,Sectio vesicdlis, Lithocystot'omy, same
 etymon.  (F.) Taille.  The operation  by which a
 stone is extracted from the bladder.  The dif-
 ferent methods, according to which  this opera-
 tion may be practised, are reducible to five prin-
 cipal ; each of which has experienced numerous
 modifications.
   1. The 3Iethod of Celsus, 3Ieth'odas Celsia'na,
 Cyatotom'ia cum appardtu petrvo, Appardtus 3H-
 nor, Cutting on the Gripe.   This consisted in cut-
 ting upon the stone, after having made it project
 at  the perinasum by means of the fingers  intro-
 duced into the rectum.   This  method  was at-
 tended with several inconveniences;  such  as the
 difficulty of dividing the parts neatly, injury done
 to  the bladder,  as well as the impossibility  of
 drawing down the stone in many persons.   It is
 sometimes, also,  called 31eth'odus Guytonia'na;
 from  Guy de Chauliac having endeavoured  to
 remove from  it the discredit into which it had
 fallen in his time.  It was termed Apparatua 3Ii-
 nor, (F.) Le petit appareil, from the small  num-
 ber of instruments required in it.
  2. Apparatua Major.  This  method  was  in-
 vented, in 1520, by John  de Romani, a surgeon
 of Cremona, and communicated by him to  Mari-
 ano-Santo-di-Barletta, whence it was  long  called
 3Iariano'a  3Iethod,  Sec'tio Maria'na.   It was
 called, also, Apparatua 3tajor, and Cystotom'ia vel
 3Ieth'odus  cum appardtu magno,  (F.) Le  grand
 appareil, from the number  of instruments re-
 quired in it.   An incision was made on the me-
 dian line; but the neck of the bladder was not
 comprehended in it.  It was merely dilated. The
 greater apparatus was liable  to  many inconveni-
 ences, such as ecchymoses; contusion; inflam-
 mation  of the neck of the bladder; abscesses;
 urinary  fistulas; incontinence  of urine;  impo-
 tence, <fcc.
   3. The High Operation, Apparatus altua, Cya-
 totom'ia  cum apparatu  alto, C. Hypogas'trica,
 Epicystotom'ia,  Laparocystotom'ia,  Seetio  seu
 3Ieth'odus Franconia'na,  S. Hypogaa'trica,  S.
 alta,  (F.) Haut appareil,  Taille Hypogastrique,
 Taille sus-pubienne, was  first practised by  Peter
 Franco,  about the middle of the 16th century.
 It consisted in pushing the stone above the pubis
 by the fingers introduced into the rectum.  Rous-
 set afterwards proposed to make the bladder rise
 above the pubis by injecting it.  The method had
| fallen into discredit, when Frere Come revived it.
 It  is used when the calculus is very large.  It
 was practised by opening  first the membranous
 part of the urethra upon the catheter  passed into
 the canal.  Through this  incision, the Sonde d
 dard — a  species  of catheter, having  a  spear-
 pointed stilet — was introduced  into the bladder.
 An incision was then made into the  linea alba,
 above the symphysis pubis, of about four or five
 fingers'  breadth, and the peritoneum  detached
 to  avoid wounding it.  The stilet  was pushed
 through the bladder, and  used as a  director for
 the knife, with which the bladder was divided
 anteriorly, as far as the neck; and the  stone ex-
 tracted.  It was performed in England by  Doug-
 lass, in 1719, and since by others, with various
 modifications.
   4. The Lateral  Operation, Hypocysteotom'ia,
 Cystotom'ia latera'lis, Cystauchenotom'ia,  Cysto- 
LITHOTRESIS
522
LIVER
trachelotom'ia, Urethrocystauchenotom'ia,  Ure-
throcyateotrachelotoidia, Sec'tio latera'lis, Appa-
ratus  latera'lis, (F.) Appareil lateraliai,  so
named from the prostate  gland and neck of the
bladder being  cut  laterally, was probably  in-
vented by Peter Franco.  It was introduced into
France by Frere Jacques  de Beaulieu.   He per-
formed  it with rude instruments,  invented  by
himself, and improved by the suggestions of some
of the Parisian surgeons.  In  England, it  re-
ceived its earliest and  most important improve-
ments from  the celebrated Cheselden.  It is the
method practised at the present day, according
to different modes of procedure.  In this method,
the patient is  placed upon a table ;  his legs and
thighs are  bent and separated; the hands being
tied to the feet.   The perinasum is  then shaved,
and a staff  is introduced  into  the bladder ; the
handle  being  turned towards  the right groin of
the patient.   An oblique  incision is now made
from  the raphe to  the middle  of a line drawn
from  the anus to the  tuberosity of the  ischium
of the left side; and taking the staff for a guide,
the integuments,  areolar tissue  of the perinasum,
membranous portion of the urethra, transversus
perinasi muscle, bulbo-cavernosus, some fibres of
the levator ani,  the prostate  and neck of  the
bladder, are successively divided.  For this latter
part of the  operation,  the knife, the beaked bis-
toury, Biatouri ou Lithotome Cachi,  cutting  gor-
get, <fcc, is used,  according to the particular pre-
ference.  The forceps  are now introduced  into
the bladder, and the  stone  extracted.  In  the
operation, care must be taken  not to injure  the
rectum, or the great arterial vessels, distributed
to the perinasum.
   A variety of the  Lateral Apparatus, called  by
the French  Appareil latiral, consisted in cutting
into the bos-fond of the bladder, without touch-
ing the neck  of that  organ :   but  it was  soon
abandoned, on account of its inconveniences.
   The method of Le Cat and of Pajola— Ureihro-
cyateo-aneuryamatotom'ia — consists in  dividing
the prostate in part only, — the enlargement of
the wound being effected  by a peculiar dilator.
   The  Bilateral  Operation is founded on that of
Celsus.  It consists in making an incision poste-
rior to the  bulb  of the urethra, and anterior to
the anus, involving both  sides of the perinasum
by crossing the raphe at right angles: an incision
is then made  through the membranous part of
the urethra, and  the prostate  may be cut bilate-
rally, either with the double lithotome of Dupuy-
tren, or the prostatic bisector of Dr. Stevens, of
New York.
   5.  Lithotomy by the  Rectum,  Proctocyatotom'ia,
 Sec'tio recto-vesica'lis,  (F.) Taille par la Rectum,
 Taille postirieure, T.  Recto-viaicale.  This was
 proposed by Vegetius in the 16th century; but it
 was  never  noticed until  M. Sanson, in the year
 1817, attracted attention  to it; since which time
 it has  been successfully  performed in many in-
 stances.  It consists in penetrating the bladder
 through the  paries corresponding  with the rec-
 tum, by first cutting the sphincter ani and rectum
 about the root of the  penis, and penetrating the
 bladder by the neck of that organ, dividing  the
 prostate,—or by its bas-fond.
    Lithotomy in women, from the shortness of the
 urethra, is a comparatively insignificant operation.
    Lithotomy by the  Rectum, see Lithotomy—1.
 by the Vagina, see Lithotomy.
    LITHOTRESIS, Lithotrity.
    LITHOTRIPSY, Lithotrity.
    LITHOTRIPSY, Lithotrity.
    LITHOTRIPTORS, see Lithotrity.
    LITHOTRITES, see  Lithotrity.
    LITHOTRITEURS,  see Lithotrity.
  LITHOTRITOR, see Lithotrity.
  LITHOT'RITA", Lithotri'tia,  Lithotrypsy,
Lithotripey, Lithothrip'sy,  Lithothrypaia,  Litho-
tre'ais, Lithotripsis, Liihocendsis, Lithodiol'ysis,
Lithoprinie, from Xi5oj, ' a stone,' and Tpi/Jw, ' I
break.'  The operation of breaking  or bruising
the stone in the bladder.  It has been performed,
of late years, with success, by French,  and, after
them, by English and American surgeons.  The
instruments employed for this purpose are called,
in the abstract, Lithotritea, Lithotriteurs, Lithot'-
ritors,  Lithotriptora, and  Liihothryptors.   The
most celebrated are those of Civiale,  Jacobson,
Heurteloup and Weiss.  See Brise-Pierre articule,
and Percuteur d Marteau.
  LITHOXIDU'RIA, from Xidos, '& stone,' ox-
ide, and ovpov, 'urine.'   The discharge of urine
containing lithic or xanthic oxide.
  LITHU'RIA, Lithidria,  Lithourorrhie  (Pi-
orry;) from XtOos,  'a stone,' and ovpov, 'urine.'
Lithic Diaih'eais,  Lithic  Acid  Diathesis.   The
condition of the system and of the urine in which
deposits of lithic acid and  the  lithates — Lithic
sediments—take place from the urine. See Urine.
  LITHUS, Calculus.
  LITMUS, Lichen roccella.
  LITRA, Pound.
  LITRE, Litro. A measure containing a cubed
decimetre, which is equal nearly to 2.1135 pints.
The ancients  gave  the name litro, Xtrpa,  to a
measure  capable  of containing 16 ounces of
liquid.
  LITS^EA CUBEBA, Piper cubeba—1. Pipe-
rita, Piper cubeba.
  LITUS, Liniment.
  LIVECHE, Ligusticum levisticum.
  LIVER, Sax. lijCep,  Hepar,  Jecur, Jec"inus,
(F.) Foie.   The liver is the largest  gland in the
body.   It  is an azygous organ; unsymmetrical;
very heavy; and of a brownish-red colour; oc-
cupying the whole  of the right hypochondrium,
and a part of the epigastrium.   Above, it corre-
sponds to the diaphragm ; below, to  the stomach,
transverse colon,  and right kidney;  behind, to
the vertebral  column, aorta, and vena  cava; and
before, to the base  of the chest. Its upper sur-
face is convex;  the lower,  irregularly  convex
and concave,  so that anatomists have divided the
organ into three lobes, — a large or  right or colic
lobe; — a leaaer lobe, lobule, or inferior lobe, the
Lobulua Spigelii,—and a  middle or  left lobe.  At
its inferior surface, are observed : — 1. A Sulcus
or Furrow or Fissure, called horizontal  or longi-
tudinal,  Great fissure, Foaea  Umbilica'lia, (F.)
 Sillon horizontal, longitudinal,  S. de la veine om-
bilicale, Sulcua antero-poaterior Jec'oria, S. hori-
zontdlis  Jec'oria,  S.  longitudindlia  Jecoria, S.
ainia'ter Jecoria, S.  Umbilica'lia, which lodges, in
 the foetus, the umbilical vein and ductus venosus.
 2.  The Principal Fisaure,  termed Sulcua Trans-
 versus  vel Sinus Porta'rum, Fisaure of the Vena
 porta, Portal Fissure,  (F.) Sillon transveraal ou
 de la veine parte, which receives the sinus of the
 vena porta.   3. The Fisaure of the Vena Cava in-
 fe'rior, Sillon de  la veine cave  inferieure, situate
 at the posterior margin of the organ, and lodging
 the vena cava inferior.  4.  The Lobulua Spige'lii,
 or posterior portal eminence. 5. The anterior por-
 tal eminence, Auri'ga vel Lobulua anon'ymua.  6.
 Depressions  corresponding to  the  upper surface
 of the stomach, gall-bladder, arch  of the  colon,
 right kidney, <fcc.   Continued from  the fossa um-
 bilicalis is a small fossa,  called Fossa  Ductus Ve-
 nd si, between the left lobe jind Lobulus Spigelii.
 The posterior margin  of the liver is very thick;
 much  more  so than  the anterior.  The liver is
 surrounded by a serous or peritoneal  covering, 
LIVER                  525
which forms for it a suspensory or broad ligament
and  two lateral and triangular ligaments.  See
Falx.  The blood-vessels of the liver are very
numerous.   The  hepatic artery and vena porta
furnish  it with the blood necessary for its nutri-
tion and the secretion of bile.  The hepatic veins
convey away the blood, which has  served those
purposes. The lymphatic vessels are very nume-
rous ; some being superficial; others deep-seated.
The nerves are, also, numerous, and proceed from
the pneumogastric,  diaphragmatic,  and from the
hepatic plexuses.
   The intimate  structure of the parenchyma of
the liver has been well studied. When cut, it pre-
sents a porous appearance, owing to the division
of a multitude of small vessels.  When  torn,  it
seems  formed  of granulations; — the  intimate
structure of which has given rise to many hypo-
theses.   In these granulations are contained the
radicles  of the excretory ducts of  the bile; the
union of which constitutes the hepatic duct.  Ac-
cording  to M. Kiernan,  the  intimate structure
consists  of a number of lobules composed of in-
tralobular  or hepatic  veins, which convey, the
blood back that has  been  inservient to the secre-
tion of bile.  The interlobular plexus of  veins is
formed  by  branches of the vena porta, which con-
tain both the blood of the vena porta and of the
hepatic  artery; both of which, according to Mr.
Kiernan, furnish the pabulum of the biliary se-
cretion.  The biliary  ducts form likewise an inter-
lobular plexus, having an arrangement similar  to
that of  the  interlobular  veins.   Mr. Kiernan's
views are  embraced by many anatomists; but
are denied by some.
   The liver  is the  only organ, which, indepen-
dently of the red blood carried to it by the hepa-
tic artery, receives black blood by the vena porta.
The general opinion is, that the vena porta is the
fluid which furnishes bile, whilst that of the artery
affords blood for  the nutrition of the liver.   It is
probable, however,  that  bile is secreted by the
latter vessel.
   The  liver  is  liable  to  a number of diseases.
The principal are — Hepati'tis or inflammation,
cancer, biliary calculi, encyated and other tumours
or tubercles,  hydatids, &e.; and it has, at times,
been the fashion to refer  to it as the cause  of
symptoms  with which it is in no wise connected.
   Liver, Hepar.  Under this name the ancients
designated several substances, having a brownish
colour, analogous to that of the liver; and com-
posed of sulphur and some other body.   See Po-
tassas Sulphuretum,  Liver of Sulphur.
   Liver of Antimony is the semi-vitreous sul-
phuret, Ac.
   Liver Disease, Hepatopathia—1.  Fatty, Adi-
posis hepatica—1. Gin, L. nutmeg—1. Gin-drink-
ers', L.nutmeg-l.Granulated,Cirrhosis of the liver.
   Liver-Grown,  Tu'mido jee'ore pra'ditus.
 Having a large liver.
   Liver,  Hobnail, Cirrhosis  of  the liver — 1.
 Mammillated, Cirrhosis of the liver.
   Liver,  Nutmeg,  Tu'beriform  liver.   An ap-
pearance of the liver when cut across, resembling
that of the  section of a nutmeg; supposed by
some to be the result of intemperance in the use
 of alcoholic drinks; but occurring under other
 causes.   The terms whisky liver, gin-drinkera'
 liver, and gin liver, occasionally applied to  it,
are, consequently, not distinctive.
   Liver Spot,  Chloasma—1. Tuberculated, Cir-
rhosis of the liver — 1. Tuberiform, L. nutmeg —
I. AVeed, Hepatica triloba—1. Whisky, L. nutmeg
— 1. AVort, Hepatica  triloba, Marchantia poly-
 morpha— 1. AVort, ground, ash-coloured, Lichen
 caninus—1.  AVort, Iceland, Lichen Islandicus—
 1. AVort, noble, Hepatica triloba.
I                LOBELIA

  LIVIDUS MUSCULUS, Pectinalis.
  LLVOR, Suggillation—1. Sanguineus, see Ec-
 chymoma.
  LIVRE, Pound.
  LIXIVIA TARTARIZATA, Potassas  tartras
 — 1. Vitriolata,  Potassas sulphas — 1. Vitriolata
 sulphurea,  Potassas sulphas cum sulphure.
  LIXIVLE seu KALICUM ACETAS, Potassa
 acetas.
  LIXIV'IAL, Lixividsua, from lixivium,  'lee.'
 (F.) Lixivial, Lixivieux.   An  ancient term  for
 salts obtained by washing vegetable ashes,—such
 as the fixed alkalies.
  LIXIVIA'TION, Elixivia'tion, Lixivid tio.
 Same etymon.  An operation which consists in
 washing wood-ashes with water, so as to dissolve
 the soluble parts.  The filtered liquor is the lee.
  LIXIVIUM, Lixiv'ia, Con'ia, Lee, Ley, Lye,
 (F.) Leaaive.   Any solution containing potasa
 or soda — Sal lixividaum — in excess ; from lix,
 ' potash.'
   Lixivium Ammoniacale, Liquor ammonias —
 1. Ammoniacale aromaticum, Spiritus ammonias
 aromaticus — 1.  Causticum, Liquor potassas — 1.
 Magistrate, Liquor potassas — 1. Saponarium, Li-
 quor potassas — 1. Tartari, Liquor potassas sub-
 carbonatis.
   LIZARD, Lacer'ta, Lacer'tus,  said to  be so
 called in consequence of its limbs resembling the
 arms (lacerti) of man (?).  Saura, Sauros, (F.)
 Lizard. Lizards were formerly employed in me-
 dicine as sudorifics; and were, at one time, ex-
 tolled in syphilis,  cutaneous affections, and in
 cancer.
  LIZARD'S TAIL, Saururus cernuus.
   LOADSTONE, Magnet.
   LOATHING, Disgust.
   LOBARIA ISLANDICA,  Lichen Islandicus
 — 1. Pulmonaria, Lichen pulmonarius — 1.  Saxa-
 tilis, Lichen saxatilis.
   LOBE, Lobus. A round, projecting part of an
 organ.  The liver, lungs, and brain, for example,
 have lobes.
   Lobe of the Ear, Lob'ule  of the Ear, is a soft,
 rounded prominence, which  terminates the  cir-
 cumference of the  pavilion inferiorly, and which
 is pierced in those who wear  rings.
   The under surface  of the brain  is divided into
 two anterior, two lateral, two posterior, and two
 intermediate lobea or procesaea. These Chaussier
 calls lobulea of the  brain:  the  cerebral  hemi-
 spheres he terms lobea.
   Lobe, Biven'tral.  A  wedge-shaped lobe of
 the cerebellum,  situate behind the amygdala.
   LOBE  DOUDENAL,  Lobulus  Spigelii—";.
 Pancriatique, Lobulus Spigelii—I. Petit du foie,
 Lobulus Spigelii—I. de Spigel, Lobulus Spigelii.
   LOBELIA, BLUE, L. syphilitica.
   Lobe'lia  Cardina'lis, Lobelia  coccin'ea, Tra-
 che'lium Ameri'canum, Car'dinal  Plant, Cardi-
 nal Flower,  Scarlet Lobelia.  This species is also
 indigenous in the United  States.   It blooms in
 autumn, having  beautiful  carmine flowers.  The
 root is a reputed anthelmintic with the Indians.
   Lobelia Coccinea, L. Cardinalis.
   Lobe'lia Infla'ta, Indian Tobac'co, Wild To-
 bae'eo,  Puke Weed, Asthma  Weed, Eyebright,
 Emet'ic Weed, Lobe'lia (Ph.  U. S.)  The promi-
 nent virtues of this American plant are those of
 an emetic.   In  smaller doses  it is sedative, and
 has been given as a pectoral in  croup, asthma,
 <fec.  It is, also, sudorific  and cathartic,  and is
 an acronarcotic poison. Twenty grains act as an
 emetic.
   Lobelia Pinifo'lia.  A South African  plant,
 Nat. Ord. Campanulaceas, the root of which is
 excitant and diaphoretic.  A  decoction  of it is 
LOBES
524
LG3MOLOGY
sometimes used in the Cape Colony as a domestic
remedy in cutaneous affections, chronic rheuma-
tism, and gout.
  Lobelia, Scarlet, L. Cardinalis.
  Lobelia Syphilit'ica, Lobelia reftex'a, Ra-
nun'culua  Virginio'nua,  Rapun'tiitm Syphiliti-
cum, Blue Lobelia, Blue  Cardinal Flower.  The
root of  this plant,  which is indigenous in the
United States, is an  emetic and drastic cathartic.
It has been used, in syphilis; hence its  name.
The mode of preparing it is to  boil gss  of the
dried root in Oxij of water, until the fluid is re-
duced to Oviij.  Dose, Oss.
  LOBES, CEREBRAL, see Lobe.
  Lobes of the Liver, Pinna seu Lobi seu Pin'-
nula He'patis.   See Lobule.
  Lobes, Optic, Quadrigemina tubercula.
  LOBI  HEPATIS, Lobes of the liver —1. Pul-
monum, see Pulmo.
  LOB'ULAR, Lobula'ris. Same etymon  as Lo-
bule.  Relating to or belonging to a lobule : — as
lobular pneumonia,  (F.) Pneumonie lobulaire, P.
mamelonnee, P. diaaiminie. Pneumonia anatomi-
cally characterized by nuclei of red or gray hepa-
tization  disseminated in variable numbers  in one
or both lungs.
  Lobular Biliary Plexus.  The plexus formed
of lobular hepatic  ducts, which are derived chiefly
from the interlobular. This plexus forms the prin-
cipal part of the substance of the  lobule.
  Lobular Atenous Plexus. #The plexus inter-
posed between the interlobular portal veins, and
the intralobular hepatic vein.
  LOB'ULE, Lob'ulua, diminutive of Lobua.  A
little lobe.  Mr. Kiernan uses the term lobule for
an acinua of the liver of many anatomists.
  Lobule of the Corpus Striatum, Insula ce-
rebri — 1. of the Ear, Lobe of the  Ear — 1.  of the
Fissure of Sylvius,  Insula cerebri — 1. Pneumo-
gastric, Flocculus.
  LOBULE DU FOIE, Lobulus Spigelii.
  LOBULUS ACCESSORIUS ANTERIOR
QUADRATUS, L. anonymus.
  Lob'ulus  seu Lobus  Anon'ymus, L. acceaad-
riua ante'rior  quadra'tua, L. quadra'tua, (F.)
Eminence porte antirieure. This is situate in the
liver between the  passage for the  round ligament
and the  gall-bladder, and is  less  prominent, but
broader,  than  the Lobulus caudatua.  From the
lobulus  anonymus a bridge runs  across  the pas-
sage for the round ligament.  It is  called Pons
vel Iathmua he'patis.
  Lobulus  seu  Lobus  Cauda'tus,  Proces'sus
caudatus. This is merely the root or one  of the
angles of the lobulus Spigelii, advancing towards
the middle of the lower side of the great lobe,
and representing a kind of tail.  Also, the termi-
nation of the helix and anthelix of the ear, which
is separated from the concha by an  extensive
fissure.
   Lob'ulus Centra'lis. A small lobule or pro-
minence of the superior vermiform process of the
cerebellum, situate in the incisura anterior.
   Lobulus  Nasi, see Nasus — 1. Pneumogastri-
cus, Flocculus—1. Posterior,  L. Spigelii—1. Pos-
ticus papillatus,  L. Spigelii — 1. Quadratus, L.
anonymus.
   Lobulus seu Lobus Spige'lii, L. poate'rior, L.
posti'cus papilla'tua, (F.) Eminence porte poati-
rieure, Lobule ou Petit lobe du foie, Lobe de Spi-
gel, Lobe duodinal, L. pancriatique,  is  situate
near the spine, upon  the left side of the great
lobe of the liver, and is of a pyramidal shape,
projecting, like a nipple, between the cardia and
vena cava, at the small curvature of the stomach.
   LOBUS, Lobe, see Lobulus.
   LOCAL, Loca'lia, Top'icus, 3ter'icus, Partidlis,
 Top'ical, (F.) Locale, Topique.  An affection is
called local—3Iorbus Loco'lis, — when confined
to a part, without implicating the general system;
or, at all events, only secondarily.  Local is thus
opposed to general. A local or topical application
is one used externally.  See Topical.
  LOCH, Looch.
  LOCHADES, sec Sclerotic.
  LOCHI'A or LO'CHIA, Purgamedta Puerpe'-
rii seu U'teri, Purga'tio puerpe'rii, Lyma, from
Xo%os,  'a woman in childbed;'  (F.) Suitca de
couches,  Vidangea.  The  cleanainga.  A serous
and  sanguineous  discharge  following delivery.
During the  first two or three  days, it is bloody;
but afterwards becomes green-coloured, and ex-
hales a disagreeable and peculiar odour.   The
duration, quantity, and character of the discharge
vary according  to numerous  circumstances.  It
flows from the part of the uterus which formed a
medium of communication  between the  mother
and  foetus, and continues, usually, from 14 to 21
days.  See Parturition.
  LOCHIOCGELIITIS, Puerperal  fever.
  LOCHIODOCHIUM, Lochodochium.
  LOCHIOPYRA, Puerperal  fever.
  LOCHIORRHAG"IA, from Xo^cia, and pvyvvpt,
' I make an irruption.'  An immoderate flow of
the lochia.   Hemorrhage from the uterus in the
child-bed state.
  LOCHIORRHOS'A, from  Xoxcta, 'the  lochia,'
and ptw, ' I flow.'  Discharge  of the lochia.
  LOCHIORUM RETENTIO, Ischolochia.
  LOCHIOSCHESIS, Ischolochia.
  LOCHOCH, Looch,
  LOCHODOCHI'UM, Lochiodochium, from
Xoxos, ' a female in childbed,' and 8tx<>iiat, ' I re-
ceive.'   An institution for the  reception of preg-
nant and childbed females.  A Lying-in-hospital.
  LOCHOS, Puerpera.
  LOCI, Uterus—1. Muliebres, Uterus, Vulva.
  LOCKED JAW, Trismus.
  LOCOMOTILITY, see Locomotion.
  LOCOMO'TION,  Locomo'tio, from  locue, 'a
place, and movere, 'to move.'  An action peculiar
to animal bodies, by which they transport them-
selves from place  to place.  It, as  well as muscu-
lo'tion, has also been used for  the function of ani-
mal movements.  The faculty  is sometimes called
Locomotiv'ity and Locomotil'ity.
  Locomotion of an Artery, is  the movement
produced in a vessel with a curvature, by the im-
pulse of the blood  sent from the heart, which
tends to straighten the artery, and  causes the
movement in question.
  LOCOMOTIVITY, see Locomotion.
  LOCUS NIGER, see Peduncles of the Brain.
  Locus Perfora'tus Anti'cus.  A triangular
flat surface of the brain, which corresponds to the
posterior extremity of each  olfactory process.
  Locus Perforatus Posticus, Tarini pons.
  LOCUST, BLACK, Robinia Pseudo-acacia —
1. Eaters, Acridophagi—1. Plant, Cassia Marilan-
dica—1. Tree, Robinia Pseudo-acacia—1. Yellow,
Cladrastis tinctoria.
  LODOICEA, see Coco of the Maldives.
   LOECHE, MINERAL WATERS OF, Leuk,
mineral waters of.
   LC3ME, Plague.
   L03MIA, Plague.
   L03MICUM, see Lcemology.
   L03MOCHOLOSIS, Fever, yellow.
   L03MOGRAPHY, Loimography.
   LOSMOLOGIUM, see Lcemology.
   L 03 M OL ' 0 G Y, Loemoloej"ia, from Xotu.os,
 'plague,' and Xoyos, 'a description.'  The  doc-
 trine of plague and pestilential diseases.  A trea-
 tise on the same, — Lw'mieum, Lcemolog''ium. 
            LCEMOPHTHALMIA           52

  LfEMOPIITHALMIA, see Ophthalmia.
  L/EMOPYRA, Plague.
  LfEMOS, Plague.
  LOGADES, Sclerotic.
  LOGADITLS, Sclerotitis.
  LOGIATROS, Loginter; from Xoyos, 'a word,'
and  tarpos, 'a physician.'  In the bad  sense, a
physician without  experience;  a mere  theorist.
In the good sense, a rational physician ;  one who
treats disease  according to theoretical or scien-
tific  principles.
  LOGOS, Reason.
  LOGWOOD, Hasmatoxylon Campechianum.
  EOG"Y, Xoyos, 'a description.'  A suffix de-
noting 'a treatise  or description.'  Hence, An-
gioloi/q and Neurology, &c.
  LOHOCH. Looch.
  LOI.MOOIIOLOSIS, Fever, yellow.
  L 0 I M 0 CRAP IIY, Loimograph'ia, Loemog'-
raphy, from Xotpos, ' plague,' and  ypaibw, ' I de-
scribe.'  A description of the  plague and pesti-
lential diseases.
  LOIA10LOGY, Lcemology.
  LOIAIOS, Plague.
  LOINS. Lumbi.
  LOLIACEUM  RADICE REPENTE, Triti-
cum repens.
  LOLIUM ANNUUM, L. temulentum.
  Lo'lium Temii.ent'um, L. adnuum,  Crepdlia
temuledta, Bromus temuledtua, Darnel (F.) Her-
be d'lvrogne.  A species  of the genus Lolium,
(F.)  Ivraie ; Fam.  Gramineas ;  Sex. Syat. Trian-
dria  digynia, which has decidedly poisonous pro-
perties ;  occasioning,  when  mixed in  bread  or
beer, intoxication, vertigo, nausea, and vomiting.
  LO MR AIR P. Lumbar.
  L03IRO-ARD03IINAL,  Transversalis abdo-
minis— 1. Coatal, Serratus posticus inferior — I.
Coato-trachilien, Sacro-lumbalis—I. Doreo-apinal,
Transversalis dorsi—I. Dorao-trachelien, Longis-
simus  dorsi — I. Humiral, Latissimus dorsi—I'.
Sucre", Lumbo-sacral.'            ■
  L03IBRIC, Ascaris lumbricoides.
  LO 31R RICO IDE, Ascaris lumbricoides.
  LONCIIADES, see Sclerotic.
  LONCIIADITIS, Sclerotitis.
  LONCIIITIS, Polypodium filix mas.
  LONG, Longus,  3Iacroa.  That which is much
greater in  length  than in breadth;  as  the long
bones.  The epithet  is, also, applied to several
muscles,  to distinguish them from others of simi-
lar  function, when the latter are shorter.  AVe
say, for instance, long flexors, and long extensors,
in opposition to short flexors, and short extensors.
  LONG DU COU,  Longus  colli — I. du Dos,
Loiifrissiinus dorsi.
  LONG.EATS, Macrobiotic.
  LONG ANON, Rectum.
  LONGAON, Rectum.
  LONG AS, Rectum.
  L 0 N G E A" IT Y,  Longa' vitaa, 3Iacrobio'sia,
3Iacrobi'otes.   The prolongation of existence  to
an advanced age.  Haller collected examples of
more than one thousand centenarians.  He had
knowledge of  sixty-two persons aged from 110 to
120 years ; of  twenty-nine, from 120 to 130 years;
and  of fifteen, who had attained from 130 to 140
years. Beyond this  advanced age, examples of
iongevity are much more rare and less sufficiently
attested.
  The following list of instances of very advanced
ages has been given:
                            Lived.  Age.
Apollonius of  Tvana, A. D...    99. .130
St. Patrick................   491.. 122
Attila.....................   500..124
Llywareh Hen.............   500.. 150
5                  LOOCH

                            Lived. Age.
St. Coemgene..............  618..120
Piastus, King of Poland.....  861.. 120
Thomas Parr.............. 1635.-152
Henry Jenkins.............1670. .169
Countess of Desmond....... 1612. .145
Thomas Damme............ 1648. .154
Peter Torten............... 1724.. 185
Margaret Patten........... 1739..137
John Rovin and wife....... 1741. .172 and 164
St. Monagh or Kentigen..... 1781. .185
  Longevity also means length or duration of life
(F.) Durie de la  vie.  The  mean  age at death
(F.) Vie moyenne, of different classes and profes-
sions enables  an  estimate to be  formed of the
expectation or value of life in each.
  LONGIS'SIMUS DORSI, Semi-spindtus,(Y.)
Lombo-dorao-trachilien,Portioncoato-trachilienne
du aacro-apinal, (Ch.,) Long  dorsal, Long du dos,
is situate vertically at the posterior part of the
trunk, and fills, in a great measure, the vertebral
furrows.  It is  thick and almost square below;
thin and pointed  above.  It is  attached to the
posterior surface of the sacrum, to  the transverse
processes of all the lumbar and dorsal vertebra?,
and to the inferior margin of the last 7 or 8 ribs.
It maintains the vertebral column in  a straight
position ;  straightens it when bent forwards, and
can even carry it back.  It also assists in the rota-
tory motion of the trunk.
  Longissimus Femoris, Sartorius — 1.  Oculi,
Obliquus superior oculi.
  LONG-SIGHTEDNESS,  Presbytia.
  LONGUS COLLI, (F.)Pri-dorao-cervical,Pri-
dorso-atloidien, (Ch.,) Long  du cou. This muscle
is situate at the anterior and superior part of the
vertebral  column.   It  is long, flat, and  broader
at its middle  than at its extremities, which are
pointed.  It is attached to the anterior surface of
the  bodies of the  first three dorsal and  last six
cervical vertebras;  to the intervertebral ligaments;
to the anterior edge of the transverse processes of
the last five cervical vertebras; and to the tuber-
cle  on the anterior arch of the first.  This muscle
bends the cervical vertebras  upon each other and
upon the dorsal vertebras.   If the upper portion
acts on  one side only, it occasions the  rotation of
the  atlas on the  vertebra  dentata; and, conse-
quently, of the head on the  neck.
  LONICERA GERMANICA, L. Periclymenum
— 1. Marilandica, Spigelia Marilandica.
  Lonice'ra  Periclym'exum, L. German'ica,
Perielym'enum, P. vulga're, Caprifo'lium,  C.  Peri-
clym'enum seu aylvat'icum seu distinct'um,Common
 Woodbine,  (F.)  Chevre-feuille.   This common
plant is slightly  astringent and tonic, and was
formerly much used in gargles.
  LOOCH, Lohoch, Loch, Lochoch, Look.  A linc-
tus.  See Eclegma and Eclectos.
  Looch absque  Emulsio'ne Para'tum,  Look
prijmre  sans emulsion; Looch prepared without
emulsion.  (Pulv. g. trag. gr.  xvj — gr. xxx, o".
amygd.  dule. ^ss., sacehar.  gj, aqua  giij,  aqua
for. entrant, ""jij.   Mix by rubbing in a marble
mortar.)  Demulcent.
  Looch  Album, Looch  amygdali'num,  Linctua
albua, L. amygdalitis, L.   commu'nis, Ecleg'ma
album, Eclegma gummo'so-oleo'sum, (F.)   Looch
blanc, L. b. amygdalin, L. b. pectoral.  (Amygd.
dule. gss, amygd. amor. No. ij, sacehar. alb. Jiv.
Make an emulsion by gradually adding  J;iv of
water.  Then  take pulv. tragacanth.  gr. xvj, ol.
amygd.  dale, recent, gss, sacch.  Jij.  Add the
almond  milk gradually  to  this, and  afterwards
aq. for. aurant. Jij, Ph. P.)  It is  demulcent
and pectoral.
  Looch Amygadlinum,  L.  album — I. Blanc, L.
55 
LOOCH
526
LUCCA
album—1. cum Croco et pistaciis, L. viride — 1.
of Egg, L. ex Ovo.
  Looch ex Ovo, Potio seu emul'aio seu mistu'ra
len'iens  seu oleo'sa, Looch  pectora'le led tens,
Looch of  Egg, (F.) Look d'oeuf,  Looch rouge,
Emulsion huileuae, 3tixture calmontc, Potion pec-
torale, Lait adoucisaant. (Vitell. ovi. recent, gss,
ol. amygd. dule. giss, syrup, althaa, gj.  Rub in
a mortar,  and add by degrees, aq. for. aurant.
gj,  aq. papav. rhcead. gij. Ph. P.)  Virtues  the
same  as the preceding.
  LOOCH ROUGE, L.ex Ovo—?. Vert, L. viride.
  Looch Vir'ide, Look cum croce  et pista'ciia,
(F.) Looch vert.   (Syrup.  Violor. gj, tinct. croci
gtt. xx. aqua Jiv.   Mix, and add piatacia semin.
sice. Jvj. Ph. P.)  Virtues like the last.
  LOOK,  Looch — I.  d'QUuf, Looch ex ovo — I.
Pripari aana  emulsion, Looch absque emulsione
paratum.
  LOOSE  STRIFE,  CREEPING, Lysimachia
nummularia—1. s. Four-leaved, Lysimachia quad-
rifolia.
  LOOSENESS,  Diarrhoea —1. of the  Teeth,
Odontoseisis.
  LOPEZ RADIX, Radix lopezia'na, Radix In'-
dica lopezia'na.  The root of an unknown Indian
tree, not possessed of any remarkable smell or
taste,  or of any appearance of resinous matter.
It has been extolled, notwithstanding, in cases of
colliquative diarrhoea.  Gaubius compares its ac-
tion to that of simarouba,  but thinks  it more
efficacious.
  LOPHADIA, Lophia.
  LOPHIA,  Lopha'dia.   The  first vertebra of
the back — Ver'tebra dorsi prima. — Gorrasus.
  LOPIMA, Fagus castanea.
  LOQUACITY, Garru'litae; from  loquor, 'I
speak.  (F.) Babillement.   The act of speaking
with  volubility.   It is sometimes a symptom of
disease, and is observable in hysteria, &e.
  LOQUELA,  Voice, articulated — 1.  Abolita,
Aphonia—1. Blassa, Balbuties—1. Impedita, Ba-
ryphonia.
  LORDO'SIS, Lordo'ma, from XopSos, ' curved,'
' bent;' Repanda'tio, Repadditaa.  A name given
to curvatures of the bones in general; and  par-
ticularly to that of the vertebral column forwards;
Spina dorsi intror'aum flexa, Emproathocyrto'ma.
This  gives rise to the projection of the sternum
called chicken-breaated or pigeon-breasted.
  LORIND  MATRI'CIS,  Epilep'sia uteri'na,
 Convulei'vua  u'teri morbus.  A barbarous name
given to a pretended epilepsy of the womb.
  LORIPES, see Kyllosis.
  LOT, Urine.
  LOTIO, Enema,  Lotion — 1. Saponacea, see
 Sapo.
  LO'TION, Lo'tio, Lotu'ra, from lavare, lotum,
 'to wash.'  (F.) Hydrolotif.   A fluid  external
 application.  Lotions are ordinarily applied by
 wetting linen in them and keeping it on the  part
 affected.
  Lotion, Barlow's, Lotion of  Sulph'uret of
 potassium.  (R. Potaaaii sulphur. Jiij, Sapon.
 Jiss,  Aq.  Calcis, f gviiss,  alcohol, dilut. fgij. M.)
 Used in various chronic cutaneous diseases.
  Lotion, Gowland's.  An empirical  prepara-
 tion.   (Bitter almonds, gj, sugar, gij, diatilled
 water, Ibij. Grind together, strain, and add cor-
 rosive sublimate, ^ij, previously ground with sp.
 vini red.  Jij.)  Used in obstinate eruptions.
   Lotion, Granville's Counter-Irritant, Gran-
 ville's Lotion, Granville's  antid'ynous lotion.  Of
 this  lotion,  Dr.  Granville gives two forms — a
 milder, and a stronger.  The  milder is made as
 follows : Liq. ammon. fort, fgj, Sp. Roamarin.
 f Jvj, Tinct.  camphor, f Jij, M.
   The stronger is made as follows: Liq. ammon.
fort, fjx, Spir. Rosmar.  fgss, Tinct. camphor,
f JU, M.
  The stronger lotion vesicates rapidly.  A piece
of cotton or linen folded six or seven times, or  a
piece of thick flannel may be imbued with them,
and laid for  a few minutes on the part to be irri-
tated.
  Lotion, Hannay's,  Preventive  xoash.   This
famous nostrum, for the prevention of venereal
infection, was  nothing more than  a solution of
caustic potass.
  Lotion, Hydrocyan'ic, Lotio Ac"idi  Hydro-
cyan'ici.  (Hydrocyanic acid, f Jiv, rectified spirit
of wine, fgj, distilled water, fgxss.)  Used with
much success in impetigo, &c.
  Lotion, Struve's, for Hooping-Cough. (An-
tim. et Potass, tart. Jj, Aqua, gij.  Add tinct.
cantharid, gj.)
  LOTIUM, Urine.
  LOTURA, Lotion.
  LOTUS SYLVESTRIS, Trifolium melilotus—
1. Virginiana, Diospyros Virginiana.
  LOUCHEMENT, Strabismus.
  LOUCHES, see Strabismus.
  LOUPE,  Wen.
  LOUSE, Pediculus.
  LOUSINESS, Phtheiriasis.
  LOUSY DISEASE, Phtheiriasis.
  LOUTRON, Bath.
  LOVAGE, Ligusticum levisticum.
  LOVE,  Eroa,  Amor, from  Sax. lujrian, (G.)
lieben,  'to love.'  (F.) Amour.   A tender and
elevated  feeling, which attracts one sex to the
other.  Love is occasionally a cause of  disease,
especially of insanity.
  Love Apple Plant, Solanum lycopersicum—
1. Pea, Abrus preoatorius.
  LOW SPIRITS, Hypochondriasis.
  LOWER, TUBERCLE  OF,  Tuber'culum Low-
er!. Anatomists have given this name to a small
projection, the existence of which is by no means
constant, and which is found in the sinus venosus,
between the superior and inferior cava.
  LOXAR'THRUS,  Loxar'thrum, from  Xo|os,
'oblique/ and apSpov,  'articulation.' (F.) Perver-
aion de la  tite dea oa  et des muscles.  A vicious
deviation or direction of the joints, without spasm
or luxation, — as  in clubfoot.
  LOXIAS, Torticollis.
  LOXOPHTHALMUS, Strabismus.
   LOZANGIA, Lozenge.
   LOZENGE, Tabella.
  LOZENGES, BARK,  Tabellas  cinchonas —1.
of Catechu  and magnesia, Tabellas antimoniales
Kunckelii — 1. Faustinus's, Faustini pastilli — 1.
for the Heart-burn, Trochisci carbonatis calcis—
1. Magnesias, Tabellas de magnesia—1. of Marsh-
mallows, Tabellas de althasa—1. of Oxalic acid,
Tabellas  acidi oxalici — 1. Pectoral, black, Tro-
chisci  glycyrrhizas glabrae — 1. Pectoral, of eme-
tine, Trochisci emetinas pectorales — 1. Rhubarb,
 Tabellas de rheo — 1.  of  Scammony and senna,
 compound,  Tabellas de scammonio et senna — 1.
 Spitta's, see Trochisci  glycyrrhizas cum opio — 1.
 Steel, Tabellas de ferro—1. of Steel, aromatic, see
 Tabellas de ferro—1. Sulphur, simple, Tabellas  de,
 sulphure simplices — 1. Sulphur,  compound, Ta-
 bellas  de sulphure compositas — 1. of Sulphuret
 of antimony, Tabellas  antimoniales Kunckelii —
 1. Wistar's,  Trochisci  glycyrrhizas cum opio — 1.
 Worm, Ching's, see Worm lozenges, (Ching's.)
   LUBIDO, Libido—1. Intestini, Voluntas dese-
 dendi.
   LUBRICANTIA, Demulcents,  Emollients.
   LUBRICUM CAPUT, Penis.
   LUCCA, MINERAL  WATERS AND CLI-
 MATE OF.  The baths and waters, near this
 ancient  Italian city,  have been long celebrated. 
LUCID
527
LUMBRICALIS
 They are thermal,  and resemble, in properties,
 those of Plombi&res in France, and of Bath in
 England.  They contain carbonic acid, sulphates
 of alumina, soda, magnesia, and iron.  There are
 ten  different sources, the temperature of which
 varies from 94° to 130° Fahr.
   Lucca is much frequented in summer; partly
 on account of  its  mineral  waters,  but more  on
 account of the coolness of the situation.
   LUCID, Lu'cidna. In medicine, the word lucid
 is particularly applied to the intervals, Interval'la
 In'cida, of apparent reason, which occur in men-
 tal alienation.
   LUCIF'UGUS,  from lux, lucis,  'light' and
 fugere, ' to  shun.'  Photoph'obus, Photophob'icus.
 Dreading or avoiding the light.
   LCCINA, Ilithyia.
   LUCOMANIA, Lycanthropia.
   LUCU3IA,  (S.)  A  fruit which  grows in  the
 southern provinces  of the coast of Peru, and the
 north of Chili.  It is round; and the gray-brown
 husk encloses a fibrous, dry, yellow-coloured fruit
 with its kernel. — Tschudi.
   LUCUMORIA'NUS, probably from lux, 'light,'
 and momri, 'to tarry.' Continuing for several
 days : hence, DormW'io lucumoria'na.  A morbid
 sleep persisting for  several days.
   LUDUS  HELMON'TII, L.  Paracel'ai, Fel
 terra. A calcareous stone, the precise nature not
 known, which was used by the ancients in calcu-
 lous  affections':  The  term  was  also applied  to
 every species of calculous  concretion  occurring
 in the animal body.
  Lunus Paracelsi, L. Helmontii.
  LUES,  Disease,  Plague,  Syphilis — 1. Divina,
 Epilepsy—1. Dysenterica, Dysentery—1. Gonor-
 rhoea, Gonorrhoea impura—1.  Gutturis epidemi-
 ca, Cynanche maligna—1. Indica, Frambcesia —
 1.  Inguinaria,  Plague — 1.  Polonica,  Plica — 1.
 Sarmatica, Plica — 1. Syphilis, Syphilis — 1. Sy-
 philodes, Syphilis pseudo-syphilis—1. Trichoma-
 tica,  Plica —1. Venerea, Syphilis—1. Scorbutica,
 see Purpura.
  LUETTE, Uvula — ?. Viaieale,   see Urinary
 bladder.
  LUGDUS, Erysipelas.
  LUJULA, Oxalis acetosella.
  LULLABY  SPEECH, Lallation.
  LUMBA'GO, from lumbi, 'the loins.' Arthro'-
sia lumbo'rum, Lumbago rheumat'ica, Nephralgia
rheum at' ica, Rachirrheu' ma,  Rachiorrheu' ma,
Rhcumatia'mits dorsdlis, Osphyrrheu'ma.  Rheu-
matism affecting the lumbar region.
  Lumba'go paoad'ica,  L.  apoatemato'sa, L. ab
 arthroc'ace.  Pain in the loins from  abscess.  See
 Psoitis.
  Lumbago a Nisu, see Effort.
  LUMBAR, Lumba'ris vel Lumba'lis,  (F.) Lom-
 boirc.   Belonging  or having  reference  to the
 loins.
  Lumbar Abscess,  Paoaa dbaceas, Apoate'ma
psont'icum, Absces'sus lumbo'rum, Morbus psoad'-
 icus.  This  abscess is so called from the matter
 being found on the side of the psoas muscle, or
 betwixt that and the iliacus internus.   Between
 these muscles is a quantity  of loose, areolar sub-
 stance ;  and, when  an  abscess takes place there,
 it can find no  outlet except by a distant course.
 Generally, it descends  along the psoas muscle,
 forming  a swelling immediately beneath Pou-
pnrt's ligament; at times,  however, it extends
 down tho thigh under the fascia.  Severe hectic
follows  the  bursting of the abscess,  and often
death.   Its  causes  are, — scrofula, injury to the
loins, ifco.
  A\Then, from the pain of  the back continuing
for some time, with other symptoms, the disease
is suspected, caustics,  or the moxa, applied op-
 posite the transverse processes of the lumbar ver-
 tebras, may be recommended; and, when the ab-
 scess is ready for opening, it may be emptied by
 repeated discharges of the  matter,  through  a
 small  opening,  made  with a  lancet, or small,
 lancet-pointed trocar.   The  medical treatment
 consists  in supporting the  system,  under the
 great restorative efforts required of it.
   Lumbar Arteries  are  four  or five in number
 on each  side.  They arise from the  sides of the
 abdominal aorta, and pass behind the muscles
 situate in front of the lumbar portion of the spine,
 to gain the broad muscles of the abdomen.  They
 give off,  1. Spinal branches.  2. Anterior, poste-
 rior, and external muscular branches.
   Lumbar Nerves are five in number, and issue
 from the vertebral column by the spinal foramina
 of the loins.  The  first lumbar nerve gives off
 three branches:—the external or ilio-scrotal; the
 middle or inguino-cutaneous,  and the internal or
 infra-pubian.   Along with the three  pairs below
 it, it forms the lumbar plexus.
   Lumbar Plexus, Portion  lombaire du plexus
 crural ( Ch.), Plexus  Lombo-abdominal.   This
 plexus is formed by the union of the  Rami com-
 munican'tea of the anterior branches of the first
 four lumbar nerves. It is situate behind the psoas
 muscle, and before  the transverse processes of
 the lumbar vertebras.   It  furnishes,  besides the
 branches which proceed from  the first pair, seve-
 ral filaments,  that  are distributed to the psoas
 muscle, to the iliacus, the integuments, and glands
 of the groin ; and three great branches—the cru-
 ral, obdurator, and lumbo-aacral.
  Lumbar Region,  Lumbi.
  Lumbar Veins have an arrangement analogous
 to that of the arteries of the  same name.  They
 communicate with the vertebral sinuses, azygous
 veins, <fcc, and pass into the vena cava inferior.
  LUMBARIS EXTERNUS, Quadratus lumbo-
 rum — 1.  Internus, Psoas magnus.
  LUMBI, The loins, the  Lumbar region, Re'gio
 lumba'lia, Lap'ara,  Paoa,  Oaphya, Reins.   The
 posterior regions of the abdomen, comprised be-
 tween the base of the chest and the pelvis.   The
 parts which enter into  the formation of the lum-
 bar region are, — the skin; a considerable quan-
 tity of areolar texture; broad  and  strong apo-
 neuroses ;—the Latiaaimua Dorsi, Obliquua exter-
 nua, and  Obliquua internus abdominis, Transver-
 salis abdominis, Quadratus lumborum, and the
 mass common to the Sacro-lumbalis, Longissimus
 dorsi, and 31ultifidua spina.  These muscles  sur-
 round the lumbar region of the vertebral column.
 The vessels, nerves, &c, of the loins, are called
 lumbar.
  LUMBO-SACRAL.  Belonging to  the lumbar
 and  sacral regions.  (F.)  Lombo-aacri.   Bichat
 calls thus a very large nerve, given off from the
 anterior branch  of the fifth lumbar pair, which
 descends into the pelvis before the sacrum to join
 the sciatic plexus.
  LUMBRICA'LIS, Vermicula'ris.  Resembling
 a lumbricus, or 'earthworm.'   A name given to
 small muscles, met with in the palm of the hand
 and sole of the foot.
  Lumbricales Manus, Fidicina'les, Flexor pri-
 mi interno'dii'digito'rum  manus vel  perfora'tus
 lumbrica'lis,  (F.)  Annuli-tendino-plialangiens,
 Palmi-phalangiena.  Four small,  fleshy, thin,
 round, long, fusiform fasciculi, situate  in  the
 palm  of the hand, and distinguished into  first,
 second, third, and fourth, counting from without
 to within.  They arise  from the tendons of the
 flexor communis digitorum, and are  inserted at
 the outer and posterior side of the superior ex-
 tremity of the first phalanges of the last four fin-
gers.   These muscles  bend the fingers on  the 
LUMBRICUS               528                 LUXEUIL
metacarpus, and fix the tendons of the flexor
digitorum communis.
  Lumbricales Pedis, (F.) Planti-tendino-pha-
langiena, Planti-aoua-pholangiena,  (Ch.)   They
are analogous to those of the hand in form, num-
ber, and arrangement. They increase the flexion
of the toes, and draw them inwards.
  LUMBRICUS,  Ascaris  lumbricoides — 1. La-
tus,  Bothriocephalus  latus, Taenia solium — 1.
Teres bominis, Ascaris lumbricoides.
  LUMBUS ATENERIS, Achillea millefolium.
  LUMEN, Light, Pupil  —1.  Constans, Phos-
phorus.  v
  LU3IIERE, Light.
  LUNA,  Argentum, Moon — 1. Albini, Sciatic
notch, lesser — 1. Imperfecta, Bismuth—1. Pota-
bilis, Argenti nitras.
   LUNAR, Lunatic.
   LUNA'RE  OS, Oa semilundre.  The second
bone in the upper row of the carpus.
   LUNARIA, Menses.
   Luna'ria Redivi'va,  Leuco'ium, Bulbonach,
Satin, Honesty.   Said, by Ray, to be  a  warm
diuretic.
   LUNARIS, Lunatic.
   LU'NATIC,  Lunat'icua, Luna'ria, Luna'rius,
Lunar, from luna,  'the moon.'  Relating to the
moon.  An epithet given  to diseases which are
supposed to appear at certain phases of the moon,
or to those who are affected by them.   The term
lunatic is restricted to one labouring under lu-
nacy, or mental alienation;—31oonstruck,  Sele-
noble'tus.   In law, a lunatic is  one  who has had
an understanding, but by  disease, grief, or other
accident, has lost the use of his reason.
   LUNATICUS, Epileptic, Lunatic, Somnam-
bulist.
   LUNATISMUS, Somnambulism.
   L UNE,  Moon.
   LUNELLA,  Hypopyon.
   LUNES, Menses.
   L UNETTES ORDINAIRES, Spectacles.
   LUNG, Pulmo — 1. Black, of coal miners, An-
thracosis— 1. Cancer of the, Phthisis, cancerous
■—1. Fever, Catarrh, Pneumonia.
   Lung, Perforating Abscess of the.  A pu-
rulent  collection,  which  forms exterior to the
lung, and; afterwards perforates its tissue, so that
it is evacuated through the bronchial tubes.
   Lung Proof, Docimasia pulmonum — 1. Wort,
Pulmonaria—1. AVort, cow's, Verbascum nigrum
—1. Wort, tree, Lichen  pulmonarius.
   LUNULA UNGUIUM, see Nail —1. Scapulas,
Notch, scapular.
   LUPIA, Encystis, Wen — 1. Junctura,  Spina
ventosa.
   LUPI'NUS. Under this term the white lupin,
 Lupi'nus al'bus seu sati'vua, is meant, in some
pharmacopoeias.   The seeds, which were much
 eaten  in the days of Pliny and of Galen, are now
 neglected.  The  meal is, however, occasionally
 used as an anthelmintic, and as a cataplasm.
   LUPULI'NA,  Ldpulin, Lupulin'ic glanda.  A
 substance  which exists in the humulus  lupulus or
 hop.   It is in the  form of small, shining, yellow-
 ish grains, which cover the base of the scales of
 the hop;  is  pulverulent, and of an  aromatic
 odour.  When analyzed,  it is  found to contain
 resin, volatile oil  in small quantity, and a bitter
 principle.  It is aromatic and tonic, and — ac-
 cording to some—narcotic.
   LUPULINIC  GLANDS, Lupulina.
   LUPULUS, L. humulus—1. Communis, L. hu-
 mulus—1. Salictarius, L. humulus—1.  Scandens,
 L. humulus.
   LUPUS, 'the wolf.'  So named from its rapa-
 city.   Ulcus  Tuberculo'sum, Cancer lupus, Noli
 me tangere, Phymatdsis  lupus.  Tubercular  ex-
crescences, with ragged, spreading ulcerations,
chiefly about  the  alas nasi, where  they  destroy
the skin, &c., for  some depth.  Sometimes they
appear in the cheek, circularly, or in the shape
of a sort of ringworm, destroying the substance,
and leaving a deep and deformed cicatrix.  The
knife or caustic should be used to separate  the
sound from the morbid parts.  Asenic has been
given  internally  with  advantage.   See, also,
Herpes exedens, and Lycoides.
  Lupus Cancrosus, Cancer—1. Varicosus, Nasvi
—1. Arorax, Herpes exedens.
  LURCO, Glutton.
  LURID, Lu'ridus.    Pale, yellow,  sallow; —
applied to the complexion.
  LUROR, Paleness.
  LUSCIOSITAS, Luscitas, Myopia.
  LUSCIOSUS, Borgne, Myops.
  LUS'CITAS, Lu8cios'itaa, Luacit"iea.  Strabis-
mus.   The term has  also been given to all those
cases of obliquity in which the eye  is fixed in an
unnatural position.—Beer.
  LUSCITIES, Luscitas.
  LUSTRAMENTUM,  Cathartic.
  LUSCUS, Borgne.
  LUT, Lute.
  LUTE, Lutum, ('mud,') Camen'tum.  (F.) Lut.
A composition employed either for  closing aper-
tures  in  a pharmaceutical  instrument, or for
covering the surface of retorts, tubes, &c, which
have to support a great degree of heat.  Lutes
are composed differently, according to the object
to be accomplished.   Commonly they are made
of linseed meal and starch.  The fat lute is formed
of clay and drying oil.   Sometimes, the white of
egg and lime  are used; and that which is  em-
ployed  for  covering vessels, intended  to  be
strongly heated, is made of clay, sifted sand,  and
water.
  LUTEOLA, Reseda luteola.
  LUTEUS,  Yellow.
  LUTRON, Xovrpov.  A bath.  Also,  an oph-
thalmic medicine.—Galen.
  LUX, Light.
  LUXATIO, Luxation—1. Imperfecta,  Sprain.
   LUXA'TION, Eluxa'tion, from luxare, 'to put
out of place.'  Dialoca'tion,  Oliathe'ma, Apopcd-
asia,  Luxdtio, Dialoca'tio,  Ec'clisis,  Strem.'ma,
Luxatu'ra, Ectop'ia, Ecpto'sis, Elap'sus, Lygis'-
mua, Emo'tio, Ec'ataaia,  Exarthre'ma,  Exarthro'-
ma, Exarthre'ma luxdtio, Ex arthro'sia,  Exo'aia,
Exoihe!sis, Puratop'ia,  Streblo'aia,  Delocdtio,
Exarticula'tio, (F.)  Luxation, Dialocation,  Di-
boitement.   A displacement of  a  part  from its
proper situation.   A putting out  of joint.  A
displacement  of two or more bones, whose  arti-
cular surfaces have lost, wholly,  or in part, their
natural connexion; either owing to external vio-
lence, (accidental luxation,)  or to disease of some
of the parts about the joint (spontaneoua luxation.)
Luxation is complete when the bones have entirely
lost their natural connexion; incomplete, when
they  partly preserve it; and compound, when a
wound communicates with  the luxated joint.
The general indications of treatment,  are;—1.
To reduce the protruded  bone to its  original
place.  2. To  retain it in  situ.   3.  To obviate
any attendant or consequent symptoms.
   To  reduce  requires extension, counter-exten-
sion, and coaptation.
   LUXEUIL, MINERAL WATERS OF.  Saline
waters, at the town of Luxeuil, at  the foot of the
Vosges, in the department of Haute Saone.  Five
springs are thermal, and two cold.   They seem
to contain carbonic acid, carbonates of  iron and
lime, and chloride of sodium ; and are employed
as aperient, tonic, and stimulant. 
LYCANCnE                529           LYMPHANGIECTASIA
   LA'O AN'CnE, Lycetd eh is, from Xvkos, 'a wolf,'
 and ayxu, ' I strangle.'  Wolf quinsy, Wolf chonk ;
 — as Cynanche means  Dog choak.   Also, hydro-
 phobia.   See Lycoides.
   LYOANCHIS, Lycanche.
   LYCANTIIROPE, see Lycanthropia.
   LYCANTIIRO'PIA, from  Xvkos, ' a wolf,' and
 avSptinros,'a man :' Lyca'em, Insa'nia lupi'na, Ly-
 comn'uiii.   A variety  of  melancholy,  in which
 the person believes himself to be changed into a
 wolf, and imitates the voice  and habits of that
 animal.   One so circumstanced is called a Ly'-
 canthrope, L yen nth ro' pus.
   LYOANTHROPUS, see Lycanthropia.
   LA'CAON, Lycanthropia.
   LYOHNIDIUM, Biolychnium.
   LYCHNIS OFFICINALIS,Saponaria—1. Syl-
 vestris, Saponaria.
   bYCIINIUM, Biolychnium.
   LA'OOI'DES, Lyco'des, from Xvkos,  'a wolf,'
 and tthos, 'form.'  Lupo sim'ilis.  An epithet for
 a species of cynanche, called,  also, Lupus,  and
 Strangulator, and absurdly attributed  to exces-
 sive retention of sperm in its reservoirs and its
 passage into the blood  (?).—Galen.
   L YCOPE DE VIRGINIE,  Lycopus Virgini-
 cus.
   LYCOPER'DON, from  Xvkos, 'a wolf,' and
 ittp&ii), ' I  break wind :' L. Bovia'ta seu Arrhi'zon
 seu  Globo'aum, Crep'itna Lupi, Fungus Chirurgo'-
 rum, Puff-ball, Bull Fista, Mol'lipuffa,  Bovia'ta,
 (F.) Veaaeloup.  The puff-ball dries into a very
 fine, light brownish dust, which is sometimes used
 as a mechanical styptic to arrest hemorrhage.
   Lycoperdon Arrhizon, Lycoperdon — 1. Glo-
 bosum, Lycoperdon — 1. Gulosorum, L.  Tuber.
   Lycoper'don  Tuber,  L.  Guloao'rum, Tuber
 Agriocoa'tonum,  Trubs, Tuber ciba'rium seu Gu-
 loao'rum   seu Nigrum, Tdbera  Terra, Truffle,
 (pronounced  troofle,) Tuckaho,  (F.) Truffe.   A
 fleshy, firm body, unknown in its mode of repro-
 duction, which is found under ground, especially
 in different  parts of France,  Italy,  &c, and is
 much esteemed as an aliment.   It seems to be-
 long to the  champignons, and  has  a particular
 perfume.  Aphrodisiac virtues have been ascribed
 to it,
  LYCOPERSICUM ESCULENTUM, Solanum
 lycopersicum — 1. Pomum  amoris, Solanum lyco-
 persicum—1. Tuberosum, Solanum tuberosum.
  LYCOPO'DIUM, from Xvkos, 'a wolf,'  and wovs,
 'a foot.'  L. Clavdtum  seu Officina'le, Lepido'tia
 clnvdta, Cingula'ria, 3Iuscus clava'tua, Club-moss,
 Wolfe-clow.  This is the largest of the European
 mosses.  The dust, which fills the capsules of its
 spikes, is very inflammable, and hence has been
 called Vegetable Sulphur; — and, also,  Fari'na
 seu  Pulvia seu Semen  seu Sulphur Lycopo'dii.
 It is used in  France  to roll pills and boluses  in;
 and in medicine is a desiccative, in  the excoria-
 tions to which infants are liable.  It is  collected
 chiefly in Switzerland and Germany for com-
 merce.
  Lycopo'dium  Complana'tum, Common  Club-
 moss, Ground Pine; indigenous; has  the same
 properties as Lycopodium  selago.
  Lycopo'dium  Officinale, L. clavatum — 1.
 Reeurvum, L. Selago.
  Lycopodium Sela'go, L. Rccur'vum,  Planad-
 thus fastign'tus seu  sela'go,  3fascus erec'tua  seu
 Cnthar'tictta,  Sela'go,  Upright   Club-moss,  Fir
 Club-moaa,  Upright  Fir-moss.  A decoction  of
this  plant  acts violently as an emetic and purga-
tive : and  was formerly, on this account, used as
an abortive.   It is also employed to kill vermin.
  LY'COPUS, L. Virgidicus, Bugleweed, Water
      34
 Bugle,  Water Horehound,  Gypsy  Weed, Pours
 Bet'ony, (F.) Lycope de  Virginie.  This indige-
 nous herb, Sex. Syat. Diandria Monogynia, Nat.
 Ord. Labiatas, grows throughout the greater part
 of the United States.   The whole herb is said to
 be  slightly narcotic.   It is  given in infusion,
 (Lyeop. gj; aq.fervent. Oj.)
  Lycopus Sinua'tus, ICoter Horehound, Gypsy
 Weed,  Paul's Bet'ony, indigenous, has similar
 properties.
  Lycopus Atirginicus, Lycopus.
  LYCOREXIS, Fames lupina.
  LYCOSA TARENTULA, see Tarantula.
  LA'COSTOMA, Hyperob'chasma.
  LYE, Lixivium, Ley—1. Dyspeptic,  see Fuli-
 gokali—1. Medical, see Fuligokali.
  LYGISMUS, Luxation.
  LYGMODES, Singultous.
  LYGMUS, Singultus.
  LYGODES, Singultous.
  LA'ING-IN STATE, Parturient state.
  LYMA, Lochia.
  LA'MPH, Lympha,  from vvuipv,  'water,' by
 changing v into X.   White blood, Lympha Nu-
 trit"ia.  A name given'to the fluid contained in
 the lymphatic vessels and thoracic duct of ani-
 mals, which have been made to fast for 24 hours.
 According  to  Chevreul, the  lymph of the dog
 contains water, fibrin, albumen,  common  salt,
 subcarbonate of soda,  phosphates of  lime and
 magnesia, and carbonate of lime.  The properties
 and  composition  of  lymph vary  somewhat ac-
 cording to the part whence the lymphatic vessels
 obtain it.  Generally, .it  is under the  form of a
 transparent, slightly alkaline  fluid, sometimes of
 a madder-red or yellowish colour,—of a spermatic
 odour, and saline taste;  soluble in water, — the
 solution becoming turbid, when mixed with alco-
 hol.   AVhen left to itself, it coagulates.  The clot
 or solid portion becomes  of a scarlet red, if put
 in contact with oxygen;  and  of a purple red, if
 placed in carbonic acid.
  Like the blood, the lymph consists of a fluid in
 which lymph corpuacles  or globulea are suspended.
  The lymph is probably the  product of internal
 absorption in different parts of the body : it then
 flows along the lymphatic  vessels, urging with
 the chyle, and is poured  with it into the veins;
 thus  becoming one of the materials of the blood.
 According to  others,  the  blood, when it reaches
 the arterial radicles, is divided into two portions,
—the one red, which is  carried to the heart,—
the other serous or white, which is absorbed by
the lymphatic vessels, and constitutes the lymph.
 By others, again, the lymphatics are considered
to be the vessels  of return for the white  blood
 sent  to  certain tissues.   AVhite blood, however,
has probably no existence.
  The word lymph is sometimes used erroneously
by the surgeon to  signify liquor sanguinis.
  Lymph, Coagulable, Fibrin, Liquor sanguinis
— 1.  Corpuscles,  see  Lymph — 1.  Globules,  see
 Lymph—1. Hearts, Lymphatic hearts—1. Plastic,
 Liquor sanguinis.
  LYMPHA, Lymph—1. Arborum, see Sap—1.
 Muculenta narium, Nasal  mucus—1.  Nutritia,
 Lymph—1. Pancreatis, see Pancreas—1. Pericar-
 dii, see Pericardium—1. Plastica, Fibrin.
  LYMPHADENITIS :  from lympha, ' lymph,'
 and  adeni'tia,  'inflammation  of a gland.'   In-
 flamma'tio glanduldrum lymphatica'rum, Adeni'-
 tia lymphat'ica, (F.)  Adinite  lymphatique.  In-
 flammation of a lymphatic gland or ganglion.
  LYMPH^DUCTUS, Lymphatic vessels.
  LYMPHANGEITIS, Angeioleucitis.
  LYMPHANGIA, Lymphatic vessels.
  LYMPHANGIE C'TAS IS, Lympheurys'ma ; 
              LYMPHANGITIS             5!

from lymph, ayytiov, 'a vessel,' and tKraats, 'dila-
tation.'  Dilatation of lymphatic vessels.
   LYMPHANGITIS, Angeioleucitis.
   LYMPHANGIOG'RAPHY,  Lymphangiogra-
ph'ia; from lymph, ayytiov, 'a vessel,' andypa$i7,
' a description.'  A description of the lymphatic
vessels
   LYMPHANGIOITIS, Angeioleucitis.
   LYMPHANGIOL'OGY,  from  Lymphangion,
'a lymphatic,' and  Xoyos,  'a  description.'   A
treatise on the lymphatics.
   LYMPHANGIOT'OMY,   Lymphangiotom'ia ;
from  lymph,  ayytiov, 'a vessel,' and rop/, 'inci-
sion.'  The anatomy  or dissection  of  the lym-
phatic vessels.
   LYMPHANGON'CUS,  Lymphon'cus;  from
lymph, ayytiov, 'a vessel,' and oy/coj, 'a tumour.'
Tumefaction of the lymphatics.
   LYMPHAT'IC, Lymphat'icus.    That which
relates to lymph.
   Lymphatic Hearts.  Lymph Hearta.  The
frog and several other animals are provided with
large receptacles for the lymph immediately un-
derneath  the  skin,  which  exhibit  distinct and
regular pulsations like the sanguiferous  heart.
Their use appears to  be—to propel the lymph.
   Lymphatic System is that particular system
of organs which is inservient to the formation and
circulation of lymph.  These organs are:
   1.  Lymphatic Ganglions  or  Glands,  see
Conglobate.
   2. Lymphatic Vessels, Lymphaduc'tus, Lym-
phangi'a, Lymphange'a, Vena lymphat'ica, Ductus
sero'si, Vasa lymphatica, V. resorbedtia, Vasa hy-
drago'ga, Hydrangi'a.  These are very numerous.
Arising at the surface of membranes and in the
tissue of the organs, they carry into the veins the
lymph from those parts.  Lymphatic vessels are
found in every part of the body.  AVherever they,
are met with, however, they form two  orders,—
one superficial, the other deep-seated;—the two
orders frequently communicating with each other.
Lymphatic vessels are generally  smaller  than
arteries and veins.  They are very thin, diapha-
nous, and cylindrical;  but present,  here and
there,  more  or  less  considerable dilatations,
caused by valves in  their  interior.  They are
slightly tortuous  in their course;  their anasto-
moses are very numerous, and they often cross
each other, forming successive plexuses.  Of the
arrangement of the extreme radicles we are igno-
rant.   All the branches, before joining the prin-
cipal trunks, pass through lymphatic ganglions,
in which they are convoluted, or subdivide almost
ad infinitum.  They are formed of an outer cel-
lular membrane and an internal coat, similar to
that of the veins; of the latter, the valves are
formed.  All the lymphatics of the body ulti-
mately discharge themselves into the subclavian
and internal jugular veins.  Two of these trunks
are considerably larger than  the  others, — the
thoracic  duct, and the great trunk of  the right
side,  (F.)  La grande veine lymphatique droitc.
The former receives the lymphatics  of the abdo-
men,  of the lower extremities, the left side of the
thorax, the left upper extremity, and the  corre-
sponding side of the head and neck;  the latter
receives  those of the  right upper extremity, and
of the right side of the head, neck and thorax.
   LYMPHATITIS, Angeioleucitis.
   L Y3IPHE DE COTUGNO, Cotunnius, liquor
of.
   LYMPHEURYTSMA, Lymphangiectasis.
   LYMPHITIS, Angeioleucitis.
   LYMPHIZA'TION.  A term used by Profes-
sor Gross to signify effusion of coagulable lymph.
It is not a happy word, inasmuch as lymph has
                LYTHRUM

another meaning, whilst the term  'coagulable
lymph' is now almost abandoned.
  LYMPHOCHE'ZIA, from  lympha,  'lymph,'
and xi&> ' I go to stool.'  Serous diarrhoea,
  LYMPHONCUS,  Lymphangoncus — 1. Iridis,
Iridauxesis.
  LYMPHOPYRA, Fever, adeno-meningeal.
  LYMPHO'SIS.  The preparation or elabora-
tion of lymph.
  LYMPHOT'OMY, from lympha, 'lymph,' and
rt/ivu), 'I cut.'   Dissection of the lymphatics.
  LYNCH'S  EMBROCA'TION.  An emollient
nostrum, formed of olive oil impregnated with
bergamot and  other essences, and coloured with
alkanct root.
  LYNGODES,  Singultous — 1. Febris,  Fever,
singultous.
  LYNGYODES, Singultous.
  LYNN AVAHOO,  Ulmus alata.
  LYNX,  Singultus.
  LYPE, Atbymia.
  LYPEMANIA, Melancholy.
  LYPE'RIA  CRO'CEA.   A South  African
plant, Nat. Ord. Scrophulariaceas, the  flowers of
which closely resemble saffron in smell and taste,
and possess similar medical virtues.
  LYPEROPHRENIE, Melancholy.
  LYPOMA,  Lipoma.
  LYPOTHYM'IA, from Xvirv, 'sadness,'and
Svuos, 'heart,  courage.'  Arery  great sadness or
despondency.
  LYRA, Xvpa, 'the lyre.'  Paalter,  Paalte'rium,
Corpue Paallo'i'dea, Lyra  Da'vidis, Lam'inn me-
dulla'ria  triangularis  cer'ebri,  Spa'tium tri'go-
num.  The  under surface of the posterior part of
the body of the  fornix is impressed with nume-
rous transverse  and oblique lines,  which have
been so called from some resemblance they bear
to the ancient lyre.
  LYRINGIUM, Eryngium campestre.
  LYSIA, Lysis.
  LYSIMA'CHIA NUMMULA'RIA, L. nem'o-
rum, Nuinmulo'ria, HirundinO'ria, Centimor'bia,
Creeping Loose Strife, 3Ioney Wort, (F.) Herbe
aux  icus.   This plant was  formerly  accounted
vulnerary.  It has  been considered to possess
antiscorbutic  and astringent qualities, and  has
been used in leucorrhcea.
  Lysimachia Purpurea, Lythrum salicaria.
  Lysima'chia Quadrifo'lia,Four-Leaved Loose
Strife, Crossivort, an indigenous plant, is astrin-
gent ; and has been used as a stomachic and an-
tiperiodic.
  LYSIS, Lysia, from Xvia,  'I dissolve.'  Solu-
tion.  A common suffix; also, a name given to
solutions or terminations of disease,  which are
operated insensibly; that is,  gradually and with-
out critical symptoms.
  LYSSA,  Hydrophobia — 1. Canina, Hydropho-
bia.
  LYSSAS, Maniodes.
  LYSSETER, Maniodes.
  LYSSODEC'TUS, from Xvatra, 'canine mad-
ness,' and iaKvu, ' I bite.'  Hydropli'obus ; Cane
rab'ido moraua.  One  who has  been bitten by a
mad dog, or is actually labouring under hydro-
phobia.
  LYSSODEG'MA, Lyaaodeg'mua, Lyaaodexia,
same etymon.   The bite of a mad dog.
  LYSSODEXIS, Lyssodegma.
  LYTE'RIOS, Xvrvptos, (from Xvw, 'I dissolve,')
'solving.'   An epithet given to those signs which
announce the solution of a very violent disease.
  LYTHRUM  SALICA'RIA, Lysima'chia pur-
pu'rea, Sulicn'rin ru/ga'ris  seu spica'ta; — the
Common or Purple Willow Herb.  The herb, root
10 
LYTTA                 531               MACROTES
and flowers  possess a considerable degree of as-
tringency, and are used, occasionally, in the cure
of diarrhoea and dysentery, leucorrhcea, hasmop-
tysis, <tc.
  LYTTA VESICATORIA, Cantharis.
  Lytta Rii'upes.  A variety of Lytta, peculiar
to Chili, which is  more active as a vesicant than
tho cantharis, or the lytta next described.
  Lytta Vitta'ta,  Cadtharis  vittata, Pota'to
Fly, (F.) Cantharide tachetie.   Four species of
meloe that blister are found in the United States.
The lytta vittata feeds principally upon the po-
tato plant, and, at the proper season of the year,
may be collected in immense numbers.  The po-
tato fly resembles  the cantharides  in  every pro-
perty, and is fully equal to them.
M.
   M.  This letter signifies, in prescriptions, ma-
 nipu/ua,  'a handful.'  Also,  misce, 'mix.'  See
 Abbreviation.
   AIACAPATLI, Smilax sarsaparilla.
   MACARO'NI.   An alimentary paste, moulded
 of a cylindrical  shape, and  formed of rice  or
 wheaten flour.  It is eaten — when boiled — in
 soup — prepared with cheese, &c.
   Also, a name formerly given  to a pulverulent
 compound of sugar and glass of antimony, car-
 ried into France by the Italian monks, and em-
 ployed  at  the hospital La Chariti in  the treat-
 ment of painters' colic.
   MACE,  see  Myristica  moschata — m. Reed,
 Typha latifolia.
   M ACEDONISIUM, Smyrnium olusatrum.
   MACER, Gracilis.
   MACERA'TION,  3Ineerdtio, from macero, 'I
 soften by water.'  An  operation which consists
 in infusing, usually without  heat, a solid sub-
 stance in a liquid, so as to extract its virtues.
   M ACERONA, Smyrnium olusatrum.
   MAGICS, see Myristica moschata.
   MACESCERE, Emaciate.
   MACILEKA, Culter, Knife, Penis.
   MAC1I.KRIDION, Machasrion.
   MACHA'VRION, Mocha'ris, 3Incharid'ion,
 Gleid'iolua.  A knife.  An amputating knife. Rufus
 of Ephesus asserts, that the Aruspices gave this
 name to a part of the liver of animals.
   MACH.ERIS, Knife, Novacula.
   MACIIA'ON, from /m^am, 'I desire to fight.'
 The son of iEsculapius,  and a celebrated phy-
 sician.
   MACHAO'NIA  seu MACHAON'ICA ARS.
 Medicine.  The  Healing  Art: — so called after
 Maehaon, the son of Aesculapius.
   MACHI'NAL,  3Icchan'icua.  This  epithet  is
 addod especially by  French writers  to the word
 movement, to express that the will  takes no part
 in it.
   MACHINE',  3Ioch'ina, Machinamen'tum,
 3fe'chane,  3Iechane'ma.   A more  or less  com-
 pound instrument, used in physics and chymis-
 try to put a body in motion, or to produce any
 action whatever.  Physiologists  sometimes use it
 for the animal body;—as the machine or animal
 machine.
   MACHLOSYNE, Nymphomania.
   3IACHOIRE, Maxillary bone — »i. Diacrani-
 ennc, Maxillary  bone, lower—m. Syncranienne,
 Maxillary bone, superior.
   MACIES, Atrophy, Emaciation—m. Infantum,
 Tabes mesenterica.
   MACILENTUS, Gracilis.
   MACIS, see Myristica moschata.
   M A 0 R A U' C H E N, from p-aKpos, ' long,' and
ai>Y/;i'. 'the neck.'  Longo collo  pra'ditus.  One
who  has a long neck. — Galen.
  31M'HE FLOTTANTE, Trapa natans.
  MACRITUDO, Emaciation.
   MACROBIOSIS, Longevity.
   MACROBIOTES, Longevity.
   MACROBIOTIC, 3Iacrobiot'icus,  Macrobi'o-
 tus, 3Iacro'bius, Longa'vus, from paxpos, 'great,'
 ' long,' and 0tos, ' life.'   That which lives a long
 time.  The macrobiotic art is the art of living a
 long time.
   MACROBIOTUS, Macriobiotic.
   MACROBIUS, Macrobiotic.
   MACROCEPH'ALUS, from uaKpos, 'great,'
 'long,' and KttpaXv, 'head.'  Qui magnum habet
 caput.   ' One who  has a large head.'  This epi-
 thet is given to children born with heads so large
 that they seem to be hydrocephalic; but in which
 the unusual development is owing to a large size
 of the brain.  Such are supposed to be' more than
 ordinarily liable to convulsions. (?)  The term
 has also been applied by Hippocrates to certain
 Asiatics who had long heads.   See Capitones.
   MACROCO'LIA, from naxpos,  'great,'and
 kuiXov, ' a limb.'  Great length of limbs in general,
 and of the lower limbs in particular.
   MACRODAC'TYLUS, from pianos, 'great,'
 and SaKrvXos,  ' a finger.'  Having long fingers.
   MACROGASTER PLATYPUS,  Acarus folli-
 culorum.
   MACROGLOSSA, see Macroglossus.
   MACROGLOS'SUS, from piaKpos,  'large,'and
 yXu>aaa, ' tongue.'  One who has  a very large  or
 prolapsed tongue.   See Paraglossa.
   MACRONOSIiE, Chronic diseases.
   MACROPHAL'LUS, from uaKpos, 'large,' and
 tpaXXos,  'the male  organ.'  A large size  of the
 male organ.
   MACROPHO'NUS, from ^axpos, 'great,' and
 QtovV) ' voice.'  One who  has a strong voice.
   MACROPHYSOCEPH'ALUS, from ^axpos,
 'long,' tpvaa,  'air,' and KtipaXv, 'head.'  A word
 used by Ambrose Pare to  designate an augmen-
 tation of the head  of the  foetus,  produced by a
 sort of emphysema [?], which retards delivery.
   MACROPIPER, Piper longum.
   MACROPNGVA, from uaKpos, 'long,' and nvtu,
 ' I breathe.'   A long and deep respiration.
   MACROP'NUS,  3Iacrop'noos.   One who
 breathes slowly: — a word met with in some au-
 thors. — Hippocrates.
   MACROP'ODUS,  3Iac'ropus,  from uaKpos,
 'great,'  and ttovs, 'foot.'  One who has a large.
 foot,
   MACROR,  Emaciation.
   MACROR'RHIS, from fiaxpos, 'great,' and pis
 or piv, 'nose.'  One who  has a long nose.
   MACROS, Long.
   MACROS'CELES, Crura longa habens; from
ftaxpos, 'long,' and  ckiXos, 'the leg.'   One who
has long legs.
  MACROSLE, Chronic diseases.
  MACRO'TES, from uaKpos,  'great,' and ovs,
' an ear.' One who has long ears. 
MACROTRYS
532
MAGNESIA
  MACROTRYS  RACEMOSA, see Actasa race-
mosa.
  MACULA.  A spot.  Dyschra'a, Cclia, Lobea,
(F.) Tache.  A permanent discoloration of some
portion of the skin, often with a change of its
texture.  Ephelis, Navua, Spilua, &c., belong to
Maculas.
  Macula, Molecule — m.  Corneas, Caligo—m.
Corneas arcuata, Gerotoxon—m. Corneas marga-
ritacea, Paralampsis—m. Cribrosa, see Auditory
canal, internal — m. Fusca, Ephelides — m.  Ger-
minativa, see Molecule—m. Hepatica, Chloasma
materna, Nasvus — m. Lenticularis, Ephelides —
m. Lutea retinas, see Foramen centrale — m. Ma-
tricalis, Nasvus—m. Matricis, Nasvus—m. Solaris,
Ephelides.
  MACULE ANTE  OCULOS VOLITANTES,
Metamorphopsia.
  MACULOSUS, Sabli.
  MAD, Insane.
  MADAR, Mudar.
  MADARO'SIS, from  p.aSos, 'bald.'  3Iadard-
mo,  3Iade'sis, 3Indar'otes, 3Iade'ma, 31ad'isis,
Deplumdtio, Milpha, Milpho'aia, Ptilo'aia,  Cal-
vi'tiea.  Loss of the hair, particularly of the eye-
lashes.
  MADAROTES, Madarosis.
  MADDER, DYERS',  Rubia.
  MADEIRA, CLIMATE  OF.   This  island is
much frequented  by pulmonary invalids, on ac-
count of the mildness and equability of  its cli-
mate.  Owing, indeed,  to  the  mildness  of the
winter, and the coolness of the summer, together
with the remarkable equality of the temperature
during day and night, as well as throughout the
year, it has been  considered that the climate of
Madeira is the finest in the northern hemisphere.
Sir James  Clark  is of opinion that there is no
place on the continent of Europe, with which he
is acquainted, where the pulmonary invalid could
reside with so much advantage, during the whole
year, as in Madeira.
  MADELEON, Bdellium.
  MADEMA, Madarosis.
  MADESIS,  Depilation, Madarosis.
  MADISIS, Depilation, Madarosis.
  MADISTE'RIUM, Madiste'rion, Trichola'-
bium, Trichol'abis, Volsel'la.  Tweezers.  An in-
strument for extracting hairs.
  MADNESS,  CANINE,  Hydrophobia — m.
Raving or furious, Mania.
  MADOR, Moisture.   A cold sweat.
  MADREPORA OCULATA, see Coral.
  MADWEED, Scutellaria lateriflora.
  MAEA, Midwife.
  MAEEIA, Obstetrics.
  MAEIA, Obstetrics.
  MAEUTRIA, Midwife.
  MAGDA'LIA,  3Iagda'leon, Magdalis.  Crumb
of bread.   Any  medicine,  as  a pill, formed of
crumb of bread.   A roll of plaster.
  MAGEIRICE,  Culinary art.
  MAGGOT PIMPLE,  see Acne.
  MAGIS, p-ayts, 'a cake.'  A sort of cake,  com-
posed of cloves,  garlic and cheese, beaten  toge-
ther. — Hippocrates.
  MAGISTERIUM,  Magistery —m.  Bismuthi,
Bismuth,  subnitrate  of—m. Jalapas,  Resin  of
Jalap — m. Marcasitas, Bismuth, subnitrate of__
m. Plumbi, Plumbi subcarbonas — m. Sulphuris,
Sulphur  lotum — m.  Tartari purgans, Potassa;
acetas.
  MAG"ISTERY, Magiete'rium, from magiater,
' a master.'  Certain  precipitates from saline so-
lutions were formerly so called;  as well as  other
medicines, the preparation of  which was  kept
secret.
  Magistery of Bismuth, Bismuth, subnitrate
of.
  MAG"ISTRAL, 3Iagiatrdlis.   Same etymon.
Extempora'neoua.  Medicines are so called which
are prepared extemporaneously;  officinal medi-
cines being such as have been prepared for some
time before they are prescribed.
  MAGISTRANTIA, Imperatoria.
  MAGMA, uaypa, (F.) 3Iarc.  The thick  resi-
duum,  obtained  after  expressing  certain  sub-
stances to extract the fluid parts from them. The
grounds which remain  after treating a substance
with  water,  alcohol, or any other menstruum.
Also, a salve of a certain consistence.
  Magma or Marc  of Olives is the  residuum
after the greatest possible quantity of oil has been
extracted from olives by making  tliem ferment.
It was formerly employed as a stimulant, under
the form of  a bath—to which the name Bain de
3Iarc was given by the French.
  Magma  or Marc  of Grapes,  Bry'tia, was
once employed for the same purposes.
  3IAG3IA RETICULE,  'reticulated magma.'
The gelatiniform  substance found between the
chorion and  amnion in the early period  of em-
bryonic existence.
  MAGNES, Magnet.
  Magnes Arsenica'lis.  (Sulphur, white arse-
nic, and common antimony, of each equal parts.
Mix by fusion.)  It  is corrosive.   See Magnetic
plaster.
  Magnes Epilepsia;, Hydrargyri sulphuretum
rubrum.
  MAGNE'SIA,  Abarnahaa, Chombar,  Terra
ama'ra, 3logncsia terra, Talc  earth; from  mag-
nes, ' the  magnet;' because it was supposed to
have the power of attracting substances from the
air.   Its metallic base is maejne'sium.
  Magnesia, 31. usta,  31. calcindta,  Cal'cined
3Iagneaia,  Oxide of magne'sium,  (F.)  3Iagniaie
brulie, Magniaie, 31. Cauatique.  This is obtained
by  exposing carbonate  of magnesia to a strong
heat.  It is inodorous ;  taste very slightly bitter;
in  the  form of a white, light, spongy,  soft pow-
der.  S. g. 2.3; requiring 2000 times its weight
of water for its solution.  It is antacid, and lax-
ative when  it meets with  acid in  the stomach.
Dose, gr. x  to Jj in water or milk.
  Magnesia Aerata, Magnesias carbonas — m.
Alba, M. carbonas — m. Calcinata, M. usta — m.
Citrate of, Magnesias citras — m.  Edinburgensis,
M. carbonas.
  Magnesia, Effervescing, Moxon's.   (3Iog-
nea. curb.;  31.  sulphat.;  Soda  bicarbon., Acid
tartaric, aa partes  asquales;  to  be pulverized,
well dried, mixed, and enclosed in bottles herme-
tically  sealed.)  Dose, a  teaspoonful in half a
tumbler of water, drunk in a state of effervescence.
   Magnesia, Fluid.  Under this name a prepa-
ration is designated, which consists of  a  solution
of  carbonate of magnesia  in  carbonated water.
It is also termed carbonated magnesia water, a'e-
• rated magnesia water, and  condenaed solution of
magneaia, (F.) Eau magniaienne.
   Magnesia, Henry's, Magnesias  carbonas—m.
Mitis, Magnesias carbonas—m. Muriate of, Mag-
nesii chloridum — m.  Nigra,  Manganese,  black
oxide of.
   Magnesia  Opali'na. A name  given by Lc*-
me>y to a mixture  of  equal parts of  antimony,
nitrate of potaaa, and chloride of  eodium, (decre-
pitated.)  It has  emetic  properties, but is not
used.
   Magnesia  Salis  Amari, Magnesias carbonas
—m. Salis Ebsdamensis, Magneshc carbonas—m.
Saturni, Antimonium—m. Solution of, condensed,
M. fluid — m. Subcarbonate of, Magnesias carbo- 
MAGNESIAN               533               MAGNETISM
nns — m. Subcarbonate of, Hydrated, Magnesias
carbonas — m. Terra,  Magnesia — m. Vitriolata,
Magncsins sulphas—m. and Soda, sulphate of, see
Soda, sulphate of—m.  Usta, Magnesia.
   Magnesia; Car'bonas, 31. Subcarbonas, 3Ing-
neaia, (Dublin,) .'/. a'era'ta,  31. carbon'ica, 31.
alba, Subcar'bonnte of 3lnguesin, Hy'drated Sub-
car'bonate of 3/iigiiesin,  Henry's  3Iagnesia, 31.
Snbcnrbodica, 31. 3/itia, 31. Edinburgen'sis, 31.
Salis  Ebsdtiiuen'aia, 31.  Soils ama'ri, Car'bonas
mnijne'aicum, Luc terra, Hypoeetr'bonas magne'-
sia, T. amara a'era'ta,  T. abaor'bena minerdlia,
 T. Tnleo'sn oj-youthroco'dca, (F.) Soup-carbonate
OU carbonate  de 3Ingnisie, 3Ingneaie aerie, 31.
blanche, 31. ernyeuae, 31. douce, 31.  efferveacente,
31. moip'.nne, Poudre de Seutinelli, P. de Valen-
tin i, /'. du Comte de Palme.  Prepared from sul-
phate of magnesia by subcarbonate of potass.  It
is inodorous;  insipid;  light;  white;  spongy;
opake; effervescing with acids; insoluble in wa-
ter.   Properties  the same as the last;  but the
carbonic acid, when set free,  sometimes causes
unpleasant distension.
   Magnesia; Citras, Citrate of 3Iagnesia, (F.)
Citrate de 3Iagniaie. A saline preparation, formed
by saturating a  solution of citric acid with either
magnesia or its  carbonate.  Dose, an ounce.  It
is devoid of the bitter  taste of the magnesian
salts.
   A solution in  water, or in mineral water, sweet-
ened with syrup, and acidulated with citric acid,
makes  an  agreeable purgative.  A  simple solu-
tion in water has been called magnesian lemonade.
In the effervescing  state, it is the effervescing
magnesian lemonade.   The Pharmacopoeia of the
United States (1851) has a form for the Liquor
Magnesia: Citra'tis, Solution of Citrate of 3Iag-
iiisin.   Take of Carbonate of magnesia, Jv; ci-
tric  acid, Jviiss;  Syrup  of citric  acid,  fgij;
Water, a sufficient quantity.  Dissolve the citric
acid in fgiv of water, and add Jiv of the carbo-
nate of magnesia, previously rubbed with fgiij of
water.  AVhen the reaction has ceased, filter into
a strong fgxij glass bottle, into which the  syrup
of citric acid has  been  previously introduced.
Rub the remaining  carbonate  of magnesia with
fgij  of  water,  and  pour the  mixture  into the
bottle, which must be  well  corked,  and secured
with twine; and shake the mixture  occasionally
until it becomes transparent.
   Magnesia:  IIypocarbonas, M. carbonas — m.
Subcarbonas, M. carbonas—m. Altriolicum, Mag-
nesias sulphas.
  Magnesia? Sulphas, Sulphas 3Iagnesia puri-
fied to, 3Iagnesia vitriola'ta,  Sal  cathar'ticus
ama'rua, Sal catharticum amarum, Sal ama'rum,
S. Anglica'nam,  Sulphate of 3Iagnesia, Sal Ep-
somen'sis, Sal eatharticus Anglica'nus, Sal Sedli-
cen'sis, Sal h'hsdamcn'se, S. Seydschittzcdse, Terra
ama'ra suljthu'rica, Vitriol'icum 3Iagne'aia, Ej)-
8om  Salt, Bitter purging Salt, (F.) Sulfate  de
magnesie, Sel admirable de Li-miry, Sel  d'igra.
Generally obtained from sea-water.  Its taste is
bitter and disagreeable.  It is soluble in an equal
quantity of water at 60°.  It  is purgative and
diuretic.  Dose, as a cathartic,  gss to gij.
   MAGNESIAN  LEMONADE, Magnesias
citras.    _       ,   ,
  MAGNESIE AEREE, Magnesias carbonas—
m. Blanche, Magnesias carbonas—m. Bridie, Mag-
nesia, usta — »i.  Carbonate de,  Magnesias carbo-
nas— m. Caitstiqne, Magnesia  usta — m. Citrate
de, Magnesias  citras — mi.  Crayeuse, Magnesias
carbonas—mi.  Douce,  Magnesias  carbonas — m.
Efferveacente,  Magnesia* carbonas—m. Moyenne,
Magnesias carbonas—m. Souacarbonate de, Mag-
nesia' carbonas—in. Sulfite de. Magnesias sulphas,
  MAGNE'SII CHLO'RIDUM,  Chloride of
3Ingne'sium, 3furintc of 3Iagnesia.   This bitter
deliquescent salt has been given as a mild and
effective cholagogue cathartic, in the dose of half
an  ounce to the adult.  Being  deliquescent,  it
may be kept dissolved in its weight of water.
  MAGNESIUM, see Magnesia—m. Chloride of,
Magnesii chloridum — m. Oxide of,  Magnesia
usta.
  MAGNET, 3Iagncs, 3Iagne'tea, Ferrum magnes
attracto'rium, Sideri'tes, Sideri'tis,  Lapis  kera-
cle'ua, L. Sydcri'tia, L. nadticua, 3Iogui'tis, SO
called from Magnes, its discoverer, or from  3Iog-
neaia, whence it was obtained; (F.) Aimant; The
magnet or loadatone.  An amorphous, oxydulated
ore of iron, which  exerts  an attraction  on un-
magnetized iron, and has the property of exhibit-
ing poles; that is,  of pointing by one of its ex-
tremities to the north.   This ore, by constant or
long  rubbing,  communicates  its properties to
iron ; and  thus artificial  magnets  are formed.
Magnetic ore is found in many countries, and
particularly in the  island of Elba.  The magnet
is sometimes used to extract spicula of  iron from
the eye or from  wounds.  It has been  employed
as an antispasmodic; but acts  only  through the
imagination.  The  powder has been  given as a
tonic.  In  Pharmacy,  it is used to  purify iron
filings.   It attracts the iron, and the impurities
remain behind.  It formerly entered, as an ingre-
dient, into several  plasters, to draw bullets and
heads of arrows from the  body—as the Emplas-
trum divinum Nicolai, the Emplaatrum nigrum of
Augsburg,  the Opodeldoch, and Attractivum of
Paracelsus,  &e.
  MAGNETES, Magnet.
  MAGNET'IC,  Magnet'icus.  Same etymon.
That which belongs or  relates to magnetism; —
mineral or animal.
  Magnetic Fluid.  A name  given to the im-
ponderable fluid to which the magnet owes its
virtues.  By analogy it is applied to a particular
principle, supposed to  be  the source of organic
actions, which affects,  it is conceived, the ner-
vous  system principally,  and  is susceptible of
being transmitted from one living body to an-
other, by contact or simple approximation, and
especially under the influence  of fixed volition.
See Magnetism,  Animal.
  Magxt: nc Plaster.   A plaster,  at present,
not used.  It had  for its base a mixture, called
3Iagnes araenica'lia; formed  of equal parts of
antimony, sulphur and arsenic melted together in
a glass  cucurbit.   The name  Magnetic  plaater
was, likewise, given to  such as  contained  pow-
dered magnet.
  MAGNETINUS,  Potassas  supertartras im-
purus.
  MAG'NETISM, AN'IMAL, 3Ies'merism,Path'-
etism, Neurogn'min, Bioga'mia, Biomagnetia'mus,
Zoomagnetis'mus, Exon'curiam (proposed  by Mr.
H.  Mayo,)  Telluria'mua,  Anthropomagnetis'mua,
Gar'gale, Gargalia'mua, Gor'gctlus.   Properties
attributed to the influence  of a particular princi-
ple, which has been compared to  that which cha-
racterizes the magnet.  It  is  supposed to  be
transmitted from one person to  another, and to
impress peculiar modifications on organic action,
especially on that  of the  nerves.  The  discus-
sions, to which this  strange belief has given rise,
are by no means terminated.   There is no evi-
dence whatever of the  existence  of such  a fluid.
Highly impressible  persons can be thrown into a
kind of hysteric  or ' magnetic' sleep and somnam-
bulism,  (designated by Mr. Braid,  hyp'notiam,
ncuro-hyp'notiam, and nervous aleep);  but farther
than  this, the efforts of the magnetizer  cannot
reach.  It is a mode of action upon  the  nerves
through the medium of  the senses. 
            MAGNETIZATION

  MAGNETIZATION, Mesmerization.
  MAGNETIZED, Mesmerized.
  MAGNETIZER, Mesmerizer.
  MAGNITIS, Magnet.
  MAGNITUDO  CORPORIS, Stature.
  MAGNOC, Jatropha manihot.
  MAGNOLIA FRAGRANS, M. glauea.
  Magno'lia  Glauca, M. fragrans, Small
Magnolia,  3Iagnolia,  Swamp  Saa'safraa,  Elk
Bark, Indian Bark,  White Laurel, Sweet Bay,
Beaver Wood,  White Bay, Cinchona of Virginia,
Caator Bay, Sweet magnolia.  The bark is  pos-
sessed of tonic properties,  resembling  those of
cascarilla, canella, &c. The same may be  said
of the 3Iagnolia tripet'rtla or Umbrel'la tree; the
31. acumina'ta  or Cdcumber tree, the  31. grandi-
flo'ra and 31. macrophyl'la, Laurel, Elk wood,
Silverlcaf Big leaf,  White Bay, Beaver Tree, Elk
bark, Big bloom.
  MAGNUM  DEI  DONUM, Cinchona.
  Magnum Os.  The third bone of the lower row
of the carpus,  reckoning from the thumb.   It is
the largest bone of the carpus; and is, also, called
Os capita'turn; (F.) Grand Oa.
  MAGRUMS.  A popular name in the State of
New  York for a singular  convulsive affection,
which resembles chorea.  It rarely, however, oc-
curs before the adult  age;  never ceases sponta-
neously, and, when  fully developed, is devoid of
any paroxysmal character.
  MAGUEY,  Agave Americana.
  MAHMOUDY, Convolvulus scammonia.
  MAHOGAN FEBRIFUGE, Swietenia febri-
fuga.
  MAHOGANY, Gynocladus  Canadensis — m.
Mountain,  Betula lenta—m. Tree, Swietenia ma-
hogani.
  MAIANTHEUM, Convallaria maialis.
  MAIDENHAIR,  Adiantum capillus veneris—
m. American,  Adiantum  pedatum — m. Canada,
Adiantum  pedatum — m. Common,  Asplenium
trichomanoides — m.  Golden,  Polytrichum—m.
AVhite, Asplenium ruta muraria.
  MAIDENHEAD, Virginity.
  MAIDENHOOD, Virginity.
  MAIEIA, Obstetrics.
  MAIEUSIS, Parturition.
  MAIEUTA, see Parturition.
  MAIEUTER, Accoucheur.
  MAIEUTES, Accoucheur.
  MAIEUTICA ARS, Obstetrics.
  MAIGREUR, Emaciation.
  3IAILLET, Mallet,
  31 AIL LOT, Swathing  clothes.
  3IAIN, Manus.
  MAIRANIA UVA URSI, Arbutus urva ursi,
  3IAIS, Zea, mays.
  MAJOR HEL'ICIS.  A narrow band of  mus-
cular fibres situate upon the anterior border of
the helix of the ear, just above the tragus.
  MAJORANA, Origanum majorana — m.  Hor-
tensis, Origanum majorana — m.  Syriaca  Teu-
crium marum.
   31 AL  D'AMOUR,  Odontalgia.
   31AL DES ARDENS.  A name given to a
species of  pestilential erysipelas or Saint Antho-
ny's fire, which  reigned  epidemically in France
in 1130.
   31 AL  HAVENTURE, Paronychia — m.  di
Breno, Seherlievo—m. Oaduc, Epilepsy.
   MAL DE CRI31EE (¥.), Lepre dea Coaaoquea,
Lepra Tau'rica.  A variety of lepra in the Cri-
mea.
   3IAL  DE DENT, Odontalgia—m. d'Estomac,
 Chthonophagia — m.  Die in, Epilepsy — m. d En-
 fant, Pains (Labour)—m. di Fiume, Seherlievo—
 ire. Francaia, Syphilis—m. de Gorge, Cynanche—
534               3IALADIES

  mi. Haut, Epilepsy—m. de 3tachoire, Trismus—
  i/i. de 3Icr, Nausea marina—m. de 31 ere, Hysteria
  —m. de 31isere, Pellagra—in. de Naples, Syphilis
  —m. Petit, Epilepsy—m. du  Roi, Scrofula—m.
  Rouge de Cayenne, Elephantiasis of Cayenne—m.
  Saint Antoine,  Erysipelas—mi. Saint Jean, Epi-
  lepsy—in. Saint 3Iain, Lepra, Psora—m. di Seher-
  lievo, Seherlievo—m. de Siam, Fever, yellow.
    31 AL  DE  SAN LAZARO, Cocobay.   A  le-
  prous disease, common in Colombia, S. America.
    31 AL  DEL SOLE, Pellagra—»«. de So/ognc,
  Ergotism — m.  de Terre, Epilepsy—m. a Tete,
  Cephalalgia,—to. del Valle, Proctocace — m. Vat,
  see Anthrax.
    MALA, Gena—m. Aurea, see Citrus aurantium.
    MALABATH'RLNUM.  Ancient name of an
  ointment and a wine, into which the malabathrum
  entered.
    MALABA'THRUM, Cadeji-Indi.   The leaves
  of a tree of the East Indies.  These  leaves  en-
  tered into the theriac, mithridate, and other an-
  cient electuaries.   They are believed to be from
  a species of laurel—Laurus Caaaia;  but, accord-
  ing to others, from Laurus  3/alabatltruiii.  Tho
   O'leum 3Iulabathri is obtained from it.
    MALACCAS  RADIX, Sagittarium  alexiphar-
  macum.
    MALACHE, Malva rotundifolia.
    MALA'CIA,  from uaXaKta, 'softness.'   A de-
  pravation of  taste, in which an  almost universal
  loathing is combined with an exclusive longing
  for some particular article of food.   If the pa-
  tient desires  substances  that are not eatable or
  noxious, it constitutes Pica, Piaao'ais, Pitto'aia,
  Hetcrorex'ia,  Heterorrhex' i a,  Ciisa,  Citto'sis,
   Citta,  Limo'sis Pica,  Allotrioplui'gitt, Picacia'-
  mua, Pico'tio,  Deprdved op'petite, (F.) Envic.
  These symptoms accompany several nervous af-
  fections, — those  of females  in particular.   In
  pregnancy it is common, and  is termed Longing.
     Malacia Africanorum, Chthonophagia — m.
   Cordis, Cardiomalacia.
     MALACISMUS, Mollities.
     MALACOGASTER, Gastromalaxia.
     MALACOPHO'NUS, from poXaKia, 'softness,'
  and 0ui/n, ' voice.'  One who has a soft voice.
     MALACOPOj-A,  Emollients.
     MALACORIUM, see Punica granatum.
     MALACOSAR'COS, from  naXaKos,  'soft,'  and
  oapl;, 'flesh.'   One of a soft constitution : hab'itH,
  cor'poria mollio'ri pra'ditus. — Galen.
     MALACOSIS, Mollities—m.  Cerebri, Mollities
   cerebri—m.  Cordis, Cardiomalacia—-m. Hepatis,
   Hepatomalacia—m. Uteri, Hysteromalacia.
     MALACOSTEON, Mollities ossium.
     MALACTICA, Emollients.
     MALACTICUM, Relaxant.
     3IALADE, Sick.
     3IALADIE, Disease—m. Anglaiae,  Hypochon-
   driasis— m.  Bleue, Cyanopathy — m. de Bright,
   Kidney, Bright's disease of  the — m.  de Crnveil-
   heir, see Brash, weaning—m. Cuculaire, Pertus-
   sis—m. Glandulaire, Elephantiasis Arabica—m.
   Imaginaire,  Hypochondriasis, Hysteria.
     3IALADIE  PES 3IINEURS.  Anasmia oc-
   curring in the  workers in mines.
     3IALADIE  NOIRE, Melasna — m. du Pays,
   Nostalgia—m. Pidiculaire, Phtheiriasis — m. de
   Pott, A'ertebral disease—m. Typho'ide,  see Typhus
   —m. Vinirienne, Syphilis—to. de Vinua, Syphilis
   m. de Werlhof, Purpura hasmorrhagica.
     3IALADIES ACQUISES, Acquireadiscases—
   m.Annuellea,Anrmaldisea,ses—m.Chroniquea,Chro-
   nic diseases — m. Connies, Connate  diseases — m.
   Diasimuliea,~Fe'igned diseases—m.Externes, Exter-
   nal diseases—mi. Feintes, Feigned diseases—m. He-
   riditairea, Hereditary diseases—m. Innies, Innate 
MALADIF
535
MALPIGHIA
Jiseases—m. Legitimes, see Legitimate—m. Ncr-
venses, Nervous diseases — m. Simulies,  Feigned
diseases — m. Svpposies, Feigned  diseases — m.
 Vcnteuaes, Pneumatosis.
  MALADIF, Sickly.
  MALADRERIE, Ladrerie.
  MALADY, ENGLISH, Hypochondriasis.
  MALvE,  OS, from malum, ' an apple ;'  so called
from  its roundness.  Os mala're, Oa Jugdle, Oa
.1 iignmen'turn, Oa Gena, Zygo'mei, Oa Zygomat'i-
cum, Os Ilypo'pium, Oa  Subocula're, Oa Pud'icum,
(F.) Oa Mnl.nire, Os Zygoinoticpue, Oa de la Pom-
mette.   The cheek  or malar bone.  This bone  is
situate  at the lateral  and superior  part  of the
face ; and constitutes the zygomatic region of the
cheek.  It is irregularly quadrilateral.   Its outer
surface is convex, covered by muscles and skin,
and pierced with  canals, called malar, through
which vessels  and nerves pass.   Its upper sur-
face is concave, and forms part of the orbit.  Its
posterior surface  is concave, and enters into the
composition of the temporal fossa.  This bone is
thick and  cellular.  It  is articulated  with the
frontal, temporal, sphenoid, and  superior maxil-
lary bones, and is  developed by a single point  of
 ossification.
  The part of tho face rendered  prominent by
 it, the French call Pommette.
  MALAG'MA, from  paXaatria,  'I soften.'  An
 emollient cataplasm, and, in general, every local
 application which  enjoys the property of soften-
ing organic tissues.
  3IALAISE, Indisposition
  31A LA KIE N, Mollities.
  MALAMBO BARK, Matias.
  MALAXDRIA.  A species of lepra or elephan-
tiasis.— Marcellus Empiricus.
  MALANDRIO'SUS, Leproua.  Affected with a
species of lepra.
  MALAR, 3Iula'ris,  from mala, 'the cheek.'
Belonging to the cheek, — as the malar  bone.
  Malar Process, Zygomatic process.
  MALARE OS, Malas os.
  MALARIA, Miasm.
  MALA'RIOUS, 31 aid rial.  Owing to, or con-
 nected with Malaria, — as a malarious soil, mala-
 rious disease, &C.
  MALASSIMILA'TION, 31alaasimildtio; from
 mala, 'bad,' and assimilatio, 'assimilation.'  Im-
perfect or morbid assimilation or nutrition.
  M A L' AX ATE,  3IoUi're, Subig"ere,  3Iala-
cieaa're, (F.) 3Io/axer,  from paXaaou, 'I soften.'
 To produce softening of drugs, by kneading them.
 The process is called 3Ialaxa'tion, 3Ialaxdtio.
  MALAXATION, see Malaxate.
  MALAXIA VENTRICULI, Gastromalaxia.
   MALAX1S, Mollities — m. Cordis, Cardioma-
 lacia.
   MALAY, see Homo.
   MALAZISSA'TUS,  3Ialacissdtua, from mala-
 cisso, ' I soften.'  One in whom the testicles have
 not descended. Ithas, also,been used synonymous-
 ly with emascula'tus and mulierdtus.— Castelli.
   MALCE, Chilblain.
   MALE, 3Ias, 3Iaa'culus.  Of the sex that be-
 gets young.  Not female. AVhat  belongs to the
 male sex;  as the male organs of generation.
   Male, Axilla—m. Organ, Penis.
   MALK1TCIUM, Poisoning.
   MALFORMA'TION, malj'orma'tio, malconfor-
 mo'tio; from  mala, 'bad,'  and forma,  'form.'
 A wrong formation ; or irregularity in the struc-
 ture of parts.   See Monster.
  MALI A,  see Equinia.
   MALIASMl'S, Malis, see Equinia.
   MALICHORIUM, see Punica granatum.
   MALIOORIUM, see Punica granatum.
   MAL1E, Equinia.
  MALIG'NANT, 31nlig'nua,  (F.)  3In11n.   A
term applied to any disease whose symptoms are
so aggravated as to threaten the destruction of
the patient.   A disease of a very serious charac-
ter, although it may be mild in appearance; —
Morbus malignua.
  3IALIN, Malignant.
  MALING'ERER; from (¥.)malingre, 'sickly.'
A simulator of disease, so termed  in  the  British
military service.
  MALIS, 3Ialiaa'moa,  Cutdneous vermindtion,
Helminthon'cua.   The  cuticle or skin infested
with animalcules, — Phihiri'osis, Paraaitis'mua
auperfic" iei.  In Persia, this affection  is produced
by the Guinea worm; in South America, by the
Chigre;  and in Europe,  occasionally  by  the
Louse.  See Equinia,  and Phtheiriasis.
  Malis Dracunculus, Dracunculus—m. Gordii,
Dracunculus—m. Pediculi, Phtheiriasis.
  MALLE'OLAR, 3Iolleola'ria, from malleolus,
'the ankle.'  Belonging or relating to the  ankles.
  Malleolar Arteries  are two branches  fur-
nished by the anterior  tibial about  the  instep;
the one—the internal—passes transversely behind
the tendon of the tibialis anticus, to be distributed
in the vicinity of the malleolus internus; — the
other—the external—glides behind  the tendons
of the extenaor communis digitorum pedis and the
peroneua  brevia, and  sends its branches to the
parts which surround the outer ankle, as well as
to the outer region of the tarsus.
  MALLE'OLUS.  Diminutive of  malleus, 'a
mallet, or hammer;' Raace'ta, Raate'ta, Raacha,
Rasetta, Raae'ta, Sphyra, Taltia,  Diab'eboa, Ta-
le'olua, Pezo,  the Ankle,  (F.) 3tolliole, Cheville
du  Pied.   The  two projections formed  by the
bones of  the leg at their inferior part.  The
inner belongs to the tibia; the outer to the fibula.
The ankles afford attachment to ligaments ;  and
each has a sort of gutter, in which certain tendons
slide.  See Malleus.
  MALLET, Malle'olus,  (F.) Maillet.   A kind
of hammer, used with a gouge for  removing or
cutting bones, in certain surgical and anatomical
operations.
  MAL'LEUS,  3Ialle'olus,  Oaaic'ulum 3Ialleolo
aasimildtum,  (F.) 3Iarteou.  The  longest  and
outermost of the four  small bones of  the ear.  It
is situate at the outer part of the tympanum, and
is united to the membrana tympani.  It has, 1.
An ovoid  head, which is articulated  behind with
the  incus, and is supported by  a  narrow  part
called the neck :  this  has, anteriorly, a long  apo-
pliyaia, which is  engaged in the glenoid fissure,
and is called the Apophysia or Proceaa, Procea'aua
grac"ilis, of  Rau.  It affords attachment to the
anterior mallei muscle.  2. A handle,  which forms
an obtuse angle with the neck, and  corresponds
to  the  membrane  of the tympanum, which it
seems to draw inwards.  It is furnished at its up-
per extremity with a process—the processus brevia,
to which the internus mallei is attached.  This bone
is developed by a single point of ossification.
   Malleus, Equinia—M.farciminosus, see Equi-
nia — m.  Slender Process of the,  Grele apophyse
du marteau.
   MALLOAV, COMMON, Malva—m. Compound
decoction of, Decoctum malvas compositum — m.
Yellow, Abutilon cordatum.
   MALMEDY, MINERAL AVATERS OF. Mal-
medy is a town in Rhenish Prussia, between Spa
and Coblenz.  In its immediate vicinity are seve-
ral acidulous chalybeate springs.
   3IALO DI SCARLTEYO, Seherlievo.
   MALOGRANATUM. Punica granatum.
   MALPIGHI. ACINI OF, CorporaMalpighiana.
   MALPIG'HIA MOUREL'LA,  (F.) 3Ioureil-
lier, Simaroubafaux.   The bark  of this shrub— 
MALPIGHIAN  BODIES         536
MAMMARY
a native of Cayenne — is reputed to be febrifuge,
and useful in diarrhoea,
  MALPIGHIAN BODIES,  Corpora Malpighi-
ana—m. b. Inflammation of the, Kidney, Bright's
disease of the—m. b.  of the Spleen, see Spleen.
  MALPRAX'IS, 3Iala praxis, Malum reg"imen.
Bad management or treatment.
  MALT,  Sax.  mealo,  Dutch  mout,  Teut.
malt; from paXarro), 'I soften;' [?]  Byne, 31 al-
tum, Hor'dei maltum, Bra'sium, (F.) Dreche. Bar-
ley made to germinate, for the purpose of forming
beer.   It has been recommended in medicine, as
antiscorbutic, antiserofulous, <fcc.
  Malt Spirit.   A spirit distilled from malt.  It
is the basis  of most of the  spirituous cordials.
  MALTA,  CLIMATE  OF.   The  climate  of
Malta  is pretty  equable, the  range of tempera-
ture in the twenty-four hours  being  rarely more
than 6°.  The air is almost always dry and clear.
The most disagreeable wind is the sirocco, which
is the source of more or less suffering to the pul-
monary invalid.  The winter climate is  favoura-
ble.  Dr. Liddell thinks that no place which he
has seen in the south of Europe can compete with
Malta, for a mild, dry, bracing air in November,
December, and part of January; and during the
other winter and spring months, he  thinks it is
equal to any of them.
   MALTHA, 3Ialthe,  from paXarro), 'I soften.'
Wax, particularly soft wax.
   MALTHACTICA, Emollients.
   MALTHAXIS, Mollities.
   MALUM, Disease, Melum — m. Articulorum,
 Gout—m. Caducum, Epilepsy—m. Caducum pul-
 monum, Asthma—m. Canum, see Pyrus cydonia
 —m. Coense, Averrhoa carambola—m. Cotoneum,
 see Pyrus cydonia — m. Hypochondriaeum, Hy-
 pochondriasis—m. Hystericum, Hysteria—m. In-
 sanum, see Solanum Melongena—m.Ischiadicum,
 Neuralgia femoro-poplitasa—m. Lazari, Elephan-
 tiasis—m. Lycopersicum,  Solanum lycopersieum.
   Malum  Mor'tuum.   A  species  of  lepra, in
 which the  affected  portions of  skin seem to  be
 struck with death.
   Malum Pilare, Trichosis—m. Pottii, Vertebral
 disease—m. Primarium, Idiopathia—m. Regimen,
 Malpraxis—m. Spinosum, Datura stramonium—
 m. Terrestre, Atropa Mandragora—m. Venereum,
 Syphilis.
    MALUS, Pyrus  malus — m. Aurantia major,
 Citrus aurantium—m. Communis, Pyrus malus—
 m. Dasyphylla, Pyrus malus.
    Malus  In'dica,  Bilumbi biting-bing of Bon-
 tius.  The juice of  this East India tree is  cool-
 ing,  and is drunk  as  a  cure  for fevers.   The
 leaves,  boiled and  made into a cataplasm with
 rice,  are famed  in all sorts of tumours.   The
  juice, mixed with arrack, is  drunk for the cure
  of diarrhoea.  The  ripe fruit is eaten  as a deli-
  cacy ;  and the unripe is  made  into a  pickle for
  the use of the table.
    Malus Limonia Acida, see Citrus medica—m.
  Medica, see Citrus medica—m. Sylvestris, Pyrus
  malus.
    MALVA, 3Ialva  sylves'tris seu vulgo'ria, Com-
  mon Mallow,  (F.) 31auve sauvage.  The leaves
  and flowers are chiefly used in fomentations, cata-
  plasms,  and emollient enemata.   Its  properties
  are demulcent.
    31alva rotundifo'lia, 3Ial'ache, Mal'oche,  has
  like virtues; as well as the  other varieties.
    MALVAVISCUM, Althasa.
    MALVERN, WATERS  OF.  The  village of
  Great Malvern, (pronounced 3Iaw'vem,) in AVor-
  cestershire, England,  has for  many years been
  celebrated for  a spring of remarkable purity,
  which  has acquired the name of the  Holy well.
  It is a carbonated water; containing carbonates
of soda and iron, sulphate of soda, and chloride
of sodium; and is chiefly used externally, in cu-
taneous affections.
  MAMA-PIAN.  An ulcer of a  bad aspect,
which  is the commencement of the pian;  and
which, after having destroyed the flesh, extends
to the  bones.   It  is also called the 31 other of
Pians ;—La mire des plans.
  MAMEI,  3Iiimoe, 3Iomin or Toddy tree.  From
incisions made in the branches of this AVest In-
dian tree,, a copius discharge of pellucid  liquor
occurs, which is called momin, or Toddy wine.  It
is very diuretic, and is esteemed to be a good an-
tilithic and  lithontriptic.
   3IA3IELLE, Mamma.
   3IA3IELON, Nipple.
   3IA3IELONNE, Mammillated.
   MA3IELONS DU REIN, Papillas  of the
kidney.
   MAMILLA, see Mamma.
   MAMMA, from mamma, one of the  earliest
cries of the infant, ascribed to a desire for food.
31asthos,  3Iaatua, 31ozoa, Thele, Titthoa,  Ruma,
 Uber,  Nutrix, Gemip'oma.   The female  breast,
(3lammil'la, 3tainilla being the male breast;) (F.)
3Iamelle.  A glandular organ, proper to a class
of animals — the mammalia — and intended for
the  secretion of milk.  The mammas exist in
both sexes, but they acquire a much greater size
in the female;  especially during  pregnancy and
lactation.   In women, before the age of puberty,
the  breasts are but little  developed.  At this
period, however, towards the central part of each
breast, the skin suddenly  changes colour, and
assumes a rosy tint.  It  is of a reddish brown in
women who have suckled several children.  This
 circle  has a rugous appearance, owing to the pre-
 sence  of sebaceous  glands, and is called Are'ola
 or Aure'ola. These glands—Tuberclea of the Are-
 ola, of Sir Astley Cooper — furnish an unctuous
 fluid for defending the nipple from  the action of
 the saliva of the  sucking  infant.   In the midst
 of the aureola is the nipple, a conoidal eminence,
 of a rosy tint, susceptible of erection, and at the
 surface of  which the galactophorous  ducts  open.
 Besides the skin covering  them, the  breasts are,
 also,  composed of a layer of fatty areolar tissue,
 more or  less thick; of a large gland; excretory
 ducts; vessels, nerves, &c.  See Mammary.
   The breasts are called  the boaom, ainua, (F.) Sein.
   Mamma also means a nurse.
   MAMMAL,  plural   3tommdlia,  Mam'mifer,
  mammif erotia animal;  from mamma, ' a breast.'
  An animal that suckles its young.
   MAM'MARY, 3Iamma'rius, from mamma, 'the
  breast.'  Relating to the breasts.
   Mammary Abscess, Mastodynia apostematosa.
    Mammary  Arteries are  three  in  number.
  They are  distinguished into — 1. The  Internal
  Mammary, Arte'ria  stemu'lis,  A.  Sous-stemal
  (Ch.), Internal thorac"ic.   It arises from the sub-
  clavian, and descends obliquely inwards, from its
  origin to the  cartilage  of  the third rib.   Below
  the diaphragm it divides into two  branches ; the
  one external,  the other  internal.   From its origin
  until its  bifurcation, it  gives  branches  to the
  muscles and glands of  the neck, to  the  thymus,
  mediastinum, pericardium, and oesophagus.  In
  each intercostal space, it  gives off  internal and
  external  musculo-cutaneous  branches, and also,
  on each side, the auperior  diaphragmatic.  Its
  two  ultimate  branches are  distributed on the
  parietes  of the abdomen, and  anastomose with
  the  external mammary, intercostal, lumbar, cir-
  cumflexa ilii, and epigastric arteries.  2.  The Ex-
  ternal 3Iii,nmary Arteriee are two in number, and
   are distinguished into auperior and inferior. The
  auperior external mammary, Firat of the  thoracics 
MAMMEA
537
3IANGANESE
(Ch.,) Superior external  thoracic,  Superior  tho-
raeic, is furnished by the  axillary artery.  It
descends obliquely forwards between the pector-
alis  major and pectoralis minor, to which  it is
distributed by a considerable number of branches.
The inferior external mammary, the second of the
thtirades (Ch.,) Long or  inferior thoracic, arises
from the axillary artery, a little below  the  pre-
ceding.  It descends vertically over the lateral
part of the thorax; curves, afterwards, inwards;
becomes subcutaneous and divides into a number
of branches, which surround the breast.  It gives
branches to the pectoralis major, serratus major
anticus, the intercostal  muscles,  the glands of
the axilla, and the integuments of the breast.
   .Mammary Gland is the secretory organ of the
milk.  It is situate in the substance of the breast,
to which it gives shape and  size.   The tissue of
this gland results  from the assemblage of lobes
of different size, united intimately by a dense are-
olar tissue.  Each of these  is composed of seve-
ral lobules, formed  of round  granulations,  of a
rosy white colour, and of the size of a poppy seed.
The glandular  grains give rise to  the radicles of
the  excretory canals of  the mamma, which are
called galactophoroua or loctiferoua.  These ex-
cretory vessels unite in  ramuseuli, rami, and in
trunks of greater or less size;  collect towards
the  centre  of the gland; are tortuous,  very ex-
tensible and semi-transparent.  All terminate in
sinuses, situate near the base of the nipple, which
are  commonly from  15 to 18 in number.  These
sinuses are very short, conical, and united by are-
olar tissue.   From their summits, a fasciculus of
hew ducts  sets  out, which occupy the centre of
the  nipple  and  open  separately at its surface.
The arteries of the  mammary gland come from
the  thoracic, axillary, intercostal, and  internal
mammary.   The  veins accompany the  arteries;
the nerves are furnished  by the intercostals, and
brachial plexus; the lymphatic vessels  are  very
numerous, and form two layers.   They commu-
nicate witli those of the thorax, and pass into the
axillary ganglions.
   Mam'mary Sarco'ma, 31oatoiel sarcoma of
Abernethy, Emphy'ma sarcoma mamma'rum.  A
tumour, of  the colour and texture of the mam-
mary gland; dense and whitish ; sometimes softer
and brownish ; often producing, on extirpation, a
malignant ulcer with indurated edges.  Found in
various parts of the body and limbs.
   Mammary ArEiNS follow the  same course as the
arteries, and have received  the same denomina-
tions.   The internal mammary vein, of the right
side, opens  into the superior  cava; that of the
left, into  the  corresponding  subclavian  vein.
The external mammary veins open into the  axil-
lary vein.
   MAMME'A AMERICA'NA.  The systematic
name  of the tree on which  the mammee  fruit
 grows.  This fruit has a delightful flavour when
 ripe:  and is much cultivated  in Jamaica, where
 it is generally sold in the markets as one of the
 best fruits of the island.
   MAMMEA'TA, Mammo'sa, from mamma, 'the
 breast.'  One who has large breasts.
   MAMAIELLA.  Nipple.
   MAAIAIIFER,  Mammal.
   MA AIM IFF ROUS AN DIAL, Mammal.
   MA AIM I FORM.  Mastoid.
   MAAI.MILLA.  Mamma (male.) Nipple.
   MAMMILLA  MEDULLARES, see  Mammil-
la rv.
   MAMAIILLARIS, Alastoid.
   MAM'MILLARY, 3Iommilla'ris. from 31am-
milla, • a small breast, a nipple.'   See Mastoid.
   Mammillary Em'inence 'is a name  given, 1.
To more or less marked prominences on the inner
surface of the bones of the cranium, which cor-
respond to the anfractuosities of  the  cranium.
2.  To white, round, medullary tubercles, of the
size of a pea, situate at the base of the brain, be-
hind the gray substance from which the  Tige
pituitaire,  of  the  French  anatomists,  arises.
These 3IammiUory Tubercles, Cor'pora albican'-
tio, C. Condicadtia,  C.  3laininilla'ria, C. Pisi-
for'mia, Bulbi for'nicia, 3Iommilla medulla'rea,
Prominentia albiean'tea, Procca'aua mammilla'rea
cer'ebri,  Protenaio'nea  glandula'res,  Eminedtia
candican'tes, Prio'rum  cruram for'nicia  bulbi,
 Willia'8 Glanda,  (F.) Bulbea de ia route  d trois
piliera, Tuberclea piaiformea (Ch.), are united to
each other  by  a  small grayish band, which cor-
responds with  the third ventricle.  They receive
the anterior prolongations of the fornix.  Some
ancient anatomists, taking the nervous trunks, to
which  "Willis first gave  the name of olfactory
nervea, for simple appendages of the brain, called
them,  on  account  of  their  shape,  Carudcula
mammilldrea.  A'esalius, Fallopius, Columbus, and
several others, termed them Proces'sus mammilld-
rea cer'ebri ad nares.
  MAM'MILLATED,  (F.) 31amelonni,  from
mamma,  'the  female  breast,'  That which has
mammiform projections on its surface.
  Mammillated Liver, Cirrhosis.
  MAMMOSA, Mammeata.
  MAMOE, Mamei.
  MAN,  Aner, Anthropos, Homo.
  MAN-IN-THE-GROUND, Convolvulus  pan-
duratus.
  3IANCHE D'HIPPOCRATE, Chausse.
  MANCURANA, Origanum.
  MANDIBULA, Maxillary bone.
  MANDIBULARS MUSCULUS, Masseter.
  MANDO, Glutton.
  MANDRAGORA, Atropa mandragora — m.
Acaulis,  Atropa  mandragora — m.  Officinalis,
Atropa mandragora — m. Vernalis, Atropa man-
dragora.
  MANDRAGORI'TES,  from  pavSpayopa, the
At'ropa  mandrag'ora  or mandrake.  AVine  in
which the roots of mandrake have been infused.
  MANDRAKE, Atropa mandragora, Podophyl-
lum peltatum,  P. montanum.
  MANDUCATIO, Mastication — m. Difficilis,
Bradymasesis.
  MAN'DUCATORY, 31anducatdrius; from
3Ianducatio, ' mastication.'  Appertaining or re-
lating to mastication ; — as,
  Manducatory Nerve, see Trigemini.
  MANGANESE, BLACK OXIDE  OF, 3Ian-
gane'sii  ox'idum, 31.  Binox'idum, Tetrox'ide of
manganese, 3Iagne'sia nigra, Mangane'sium vitra-
rio'rum,  31. oxy da'turn nati'vum seu nigrum, 3Ian-
gane'sium ochra'ceum nigrum, 31. oxyda'tum nati'-
vum, 3Ian'ganum oxyda'tum. nativum, 3Iolybda'-
 num magne'sii, Oxo'des madgoni nati'va, Perox'-
ydum mangane'sii nigrum nativum, Supcrox'ydum
 mangan'icum,  (F.) Oxyde  noir de manganese.
 This oxide is not much used in medicine.  It has
 been advised to  dust the affected  parts, in tinea
 capitis, with the powder.
   Manganese,  Salts of,  see Manganese, sul-
 phate of.
   3IANGANESE,  OXYDE NOIR DE, Man-
 ganese, black oxide of.
   Man'ganese,  Sulphate  of, 3Inngane'sii Sul-
 phas, 31. Pmto.ritli Sulphas, Sulphate of Pro-
 tox'ide of 3Iau'ganese. A rose-coloured and very
 soluble salt, isomorpbous with sulphate of mag-
 nesia.  It is prepared on a large scale for the use
 of the dyer, by heating, in a close vessel, peroxide
of manganese and  coal, and dissolving  the im- 
38                 MANUS
               MANGANESII             5;

pure protoxide thus obtained  in sulphuric acid,
with the addition  of a little  chlorohydric acid
towards the end of the process.  The solution  is
evaporated to dryness, and again exposed to a red
heat, by which the persulphate of iron is decom-
posed.   AVater then dissolves  the pure  sulphate
of manganese, leaving the oxide of iron behind.
  This salt has been recommended  as  a  chola-
gogue, in doses of a drachm or two.
  The aalta of manganese have been recommended
in chlorosis and amenorrhcea,  and  as substitutes
for chalybeates generally. The subcarbonate and
the oxide have been chiefly employed.
  Manganese, Tetroxide of, M. Black oxide of.
  MANGANESII  BINOXIDUM,  Manganese,
black oxide  of—m. Oxidum,  Manganese, black
oxide of—m.  Peroxydum  nigrum nativum, Man-
ganese, black oxide of — m.  Protoxidi sulphas,
Manganese, sulphate of—m. Sulphas, Manganese,
sulphate of.
  MANGANESIUM OCHRACEUM NIGRUM,
Manganese, black oxide of—m. Oxydatum nati-
vum seu nigrum, Manganese,  black oxide of—
m. Vitrariorum, Manganese, black oxide of.
  MANGANI OXODES  NATIVA, Manganese,
black oxide of.
  MANGANICUM SUPEROXIDUM, Manga-
nese, black oxide of.
  MANGANUM  OXYDATUM  NATIVUM,
Manganese, black oxide of.
  MANGE,  Scabies ferina.
  MANGIF'ERA IN'DICA, 31. domes'tica.
The 3Iango  tree,  (F.) Manguier.  A tree culti-
vated over Asia, and in South America.   Mangos,
when ripe, are juicy, of a good flavour, and so
fragrant as to perfume the  air to a  considerable
distance.  They are eaten, either raw or pre-
served with  sugar.  From the expressed juice a
wine is prepared; and the remainder of the ker-
nel can be reduced to an excellent flour for bread.
  MANGO TREE, Mangifera Indica.
  MANGONISATIO, Falsification.
  MANGONIUM, Falsification.
  MANGOSTAN,  Garcinia mangostana.
  MANGOSTANA, Garcinia mangostana — m.
Cambogia, Garcinia cambogia—m. Garcinia, Gar-
cinia mangostana.
  MANGOUSTAN, Garcinia mangostana.
  MANGUIER, Mangifera Indica.
  MANHOOD, Adult age.
  MANI,  Arachis hypogasa.
  MA'NIA,   Furor, Hemianthro'pia, Furor ma-
nia, Insa'nia, Delir'ium mani'acum, Ecphrdnia
mania,  Delir'ium  mania, D.  furio'sum,  3Iania
universdlis,   Vesa'nia mania, (F.) 3Ianie, Hyper-
phrenie, Raving or furioua madness; from paivo-
pai, 'I am furious.'  With some, it  means insa-
nity.   Disorder of the intellect, in which there is
erroneous  judgment or hallucination, which im-
pels to acts of fury.  If  the  raving be not  di-
rected to a single object, it is  mania properly so
called; if to one object, it constitutes monomania,
which  term is, however, usually given to melan-
choly.   Mania attacks  adults chiefly;  and wo-
men more frequently than men.  The  prognosis
is unfavourable.  About one-third never recover;
and they who do are apt  to relapse.  Separation
is one of the  most effective  means of treatment,
with  attention  to  the  corporeal condition  and
every thing that can add to the mental comfort
of the patient, and turn his thoughts away from
the subjects of his delusion.   In the violence of
the paroxysms, recourse must be had to the strait
waistcoat, the  shower  bath,  &c.  Separation
should be continued for some weeks  during con-
valescence, with the view of preventing a relapse.
  Mania,  Dancing.  Dancing plague.  A form
of convulsion, which has appeared, at various
times, epidemically under the form of St. ATitus'8
dance,  St, John's  dance, Tarantism,  Hysteria,
Tigretier (in Abyssinia), and diseased sympathy;
and which has been fully described by Decker in
his  ' Epidemics of the Middle Ages.'  See Con-
vulsionnaire.
  A form of convulsion, induced  by religious
phrenzy, has been vulgarly called the Jerks.
  Mania Epileptica, see Epilepsy—m. Erotica,
Erotomania—m. Lactea, M. puerperal — m. Me-
lancholica, Melancholy—m. a Pathemate, Euipa-
thema—m. a Potu, Delirium tremens.
  Mania, Puer'peral,  3Idnia puerpera'rum
acu'ta, 31. puerpera'lia, 31. lac'tea, Insa'nia puer-
pera'rum, Encephalopathy a puerpera'lis,  Puer-
peral Insanity.  Mania which supervenes in tho
childbed state.
  Mania Purperarum Acuta,  M. puerperal —
m. sine Delirio, Pathomania— m. a Temulentia,
Delirium tremens—m. Pellagria, Pellagra.
  MANIACAL, Maniodes.
  MANIACUS, Maniodes.
  MANICA HIPPOCRATIS, Chausse.
  3IANIE, Mania—m. aana Dilire,  Empathema.
  MANIGUETTA, Amomum grana paradisi.
  MANIIBAR, Jatropha manihot.
  MANILU'A'TUM,  3Ionulu'vium,  from manna,
'the hand,' and ' lavo, 'I wash.'  A bath for the
hands.   It may be  rendered  stimulating,  by
means  of muriatic acid, mustard, &c.
  MANIOC, Jatropha manihot.
  MANIO'DES, 3Iani'acus, Mani'acal.  One la-
bouring under mania; Hemianthro'pus, Furio'sus,
Furibun'dua, Lysaaa,  Lyaae'ter.
  MANIPULA'TION,  from  monua, 'a hand.'
Mode of working in the arts.
  MANIP'ULUS,  (F.) Poignie.  The quantity
of a substance  capable of filling the hand.  A
handful. See Fasciculus.
  MAN-MIDWIFE,  Accoucheur.
  MANNA, see  Fraxinus ornus — m. Briancon,
see Pinus larix—m. Brigantina, see Pinus larix—
m. Calabrina,  see Fraxinus ornus—m. Croup, Se-
molina—m. Laricea,  see Pinus larix—m. Metal-
lorum, Hydrargyri submurias.
  MANNEQUIN, Fantom.
  MANN 1 KIN, Fantom.
  MANNIN,  see Fraxinus ornus.
  MANNITE, see Fraxinus ornus.
  3IANOEUVRE  (F.), pronounced manew'ver;
from main, 'the hand,' and  ceuvre, 'work.' A
dexterous movement. Applied  in France to the
practice of surgical or  obstetrical operations on
the dead body or phantom;  Opera'tio chir-ur'-
gica vel obstet'rica.
  MANSANA ARBOREA, see  Jujube.
  MANSFORD'S  PLATES, see Galvanism.
  MANSORIUS, Buccinator.
  MANSTUPRATIO, Masturbation.
  MANTELE, Bandage (body).
  MANTI'A,  Mad tica,  Man'tice,  in  English,
money; a common suffix, denoting 'divination;'
Divina'tio, Pradivinatio, Prasdgium.
  MANTILE, Bandage (body).
  MANTLE, Panniculus carnosus.
  MANU'BRIUM, from manus, 'a hand.'  The
handle  of any thing : — as manu'brium mal'lei,
petiolus mal'lei, 'the  handle of the malleus.'
  Manubrium, Chasae—m. Manus, Radius.
  Manubrium  Sterni.   The uppermost  broad
part of the sternum.
  MANULUVIUM,  Bath, hand, Maniluvium.
  MANUS,  Cheir, Chir, Instrumentum Inatru-
mentorum, Hand,  Paw, (F.) Main. _  The  part
which  terminates  the upper  extremity in  man,
and which is inservient to prehension and touch.
It extends from the fold of the wrist to the extre-
mity of the fingers.  The hand is sustained by a 
MANUSTUPRATIO           539              MARMELADE
bony skeleton, composed of a number of pieces,
movable on each other ; of muscles, tendons, car-
tilages, ligaments, vessels,  nerves, Ac.  It is  di-
vided into three parts — the carpus or wrist, the
metacarpus, and fingers.  Its concave surface is
called the palm ; the convex surface the back of
the hand.   The facility of being able to oppose
the thumb to the fingers in order to seize objects
forms one  of the  distinctive characters of the
human hand.
   Manus Christi Perla'ta. A name anciently
given to troches, prepared  of pearls and sugar of
roses. They were called 3Ianua Chriati aim!plicea,
when pearls were not employed.
   Manus  Dei.  An ancient plaster, prepared of
wax, myrrh, frankincense,  mastich,  gum ammo-
niac, galbanum, oil, Ac.   See Opium.
   Manus Hepatis, Porta vena—m. Jecoris, Porta
vena—m. Parva majori adjutrix, see Digitus.
   MANUSTUPRATIO, Masturbation.
   MANUSTUPRATOR, Masturbator.
   MANYPLIES, Omasum.
   MAPLE, Acer saccharinum—m. Ground, Heu-
chera cortusa.
   3IARAIS,  Marsh.
   MARANTA  ARUNDINACEA, Arrow-root.
   Maran'ta Galan'ga, Alpi'nia galadga, Amo'-
mum galanga, Galanga.  The entailer galan'gal.
Two kinds of  galangal are mentioned in the
pharmacopoeias ;   the greater, obtained  from
Kampferia galanga, and  the amaller, from the
root of  3laranta galanga.   The dried root is
brought from China,  in pieces, from one to two
inches in length,  but scarcely half as thick;
branched; full of knots and joints, with several
circular rings, of a reddish brown  colour, on the
outside, and  brownish within.  It was  formerly
much used as a warm stomachic bitter, and  gene-
rally ordered in bitter infusions.
   MARASCHINO, see Spirit.
   MARASMOP'YRA, Febria marasmo'des, from
uapaupos, ' marasmus,' and  Ttvp, ' fever.'   Fever
of emaciation in general.  Hectic fever.
   MARASMUS, Atrophy—m. Lactantium, Pas-
datrophia—m.  Phthisis, Phthisis pulmonalis.
   Marasmus  Seni'lis,  Tabes senum, Geronta-
troph'ia.  Progressive atrophy of the aged.
   Marasmus Tabes, Tabes—m. Tabes dorsalis,
Tabes dorsalis.
   MARATHRI'TES,  from papaSpov, 'fennel.'
Wine impregnated with fennel.
   MARATHROPHYLLUM, Peucedanum.
   M ARATHRUM, Anethum—m. Sylvestre, Peu-
 cedanum.
   MARAUGIA, Metamorphopsia.
   MARBLE, Marmor.
   MARBRE, Marmor.
   31 ARC, Magma.
   MARCASITA,  Bismuth — m. Alba, Bismuth,
 subnitrate of—m.  Plumbea, Antimonium.
   MARCASIT-E  MAGISTERIUM,  Bismuth,
 subnitrate of.
   MARCIIAN'TIA  POLYMOR'PHA,  31.  stel-
 la'ta seu umbella'ta, Hepat'ica fonta'na, Lichen
 stella'tits, Jecora'ria, Liv'erwort,  (F.) Hipatique
 des fontaines.  This plant is mildly pungent and
 bitter.  It is recommended as aperient, resolvent,
 aud antiscorbutic; and is usedin diseased liver, &c.
   3IARCIIE LA, AValking.
   MAUCHIO'NIS PULVIS, Powder of the 3Iar-
 qttis.  A powder, formerly considered to be anti-
 epileptic ; and composed of 3Ialepaony root, 3lis-
 tletoe. Ivory shavings, Horn of the hoof of the stag,
 Spodium, Tooth of the monodon, coral, &,c.
   MARCORES, Atrophy, Emaciation.
   MARCORY, Stillingia.
   MARE~CAGEUX,  Elodes.
  3IARE0, Puna.
  MARE'S TAIL,  Hippuris vulgaris.
  MARGA CANDIDA, Lac luna.  An ancient
name for a variety of spongy, white, friable marl,
which was employed  as an astringent and refri-
gerant.
  MARGARETIZZA, Seherlievo.
  MARGARITA, Pearl.
  MARGARITA'CEOUS,  3Iargaritdceus,  Nd-
creous, (F.) Nacri; from 31argarita, 'pearl, mo-
ther of pearl.'   Resembling, or of the nature of,
mother of pearl, — as Leuco'ma 3Iargarita'ceum;
Pearl-like leucoma.
  MARGARON, Pearl.
  MARGELIS, Pearl.
  MARGELLIUM, Pearl.
  MARGINI-SUS-SCAPULO-TROCHITE-
RIEN, Teres minor.
  MARGO, Bord—m. Dentatus, see Retina—m.
Orbitalis, see Orbit.
  3IARGUERITE  PETITE,  Bellis —to.  des
Pres, grande, Chrysanthemum leucanthemum.
  MARIENBAD,  MINERAL  WATERS  OF.
Celebrated springs in Bohemia.   The Kreuzbrunn
contains sulphate of soda, carbonate of iron, and
carbonic  acid.
  MARIGOLD, DIAMOND  FIG, Mesembryan-
themum  crystallinum — m.  Garden,  Calendula
officinalis — m.  Single, Calendula officinalis—m.
Wild, Calendula arvensis.
  MARIOTTE,  EXPERIMENT OF.  A cele-
brated experiment of the Abbe Mariotte, which
consists in placing two small round spots on  a
wall at some distance from  each other,  stand-
ing opposite the left-hand  object, and looking at
it with the right eye, the  left being closed.  By
walking backwards, until the distance from  the
object is about five times as great as the distance
between the two objects, the latter will be found
to  disappear.   Mariotte  and,  after him,  many
ophthalmologists, inferred that the  optic nerve,
on  which the ray doubtless falls in this experi-
ment,  is insensible; and hence that the choroid
may be the seat of vision,—not the retina.   The
inference is illogical; for it doubtless falls on the
part of the  optic nerve where the central artery
 enters, and the central vein leaves the  eyeball,
 and where there is necessarily no neurine.
   MARIS, papts.  Ancient name of a measure,
■ containing 83 pints and 4  ounces.
   MARISCA, Ficus, Hasmorrhois.
   3IARJOLA1NE,  Origanum majorana.
   MARJORAM, COMMON, Origanum—m.AVild,
 Origanum—m. Sweet, Origanum majorana.
   MARJORANA, Origanum majorana—m. Man-
 curana,  Origanum.
   MARMALADE, Marmelade.
   MARMARYGE, see Metamorphopsia.
   MARMARYGO'DES, 'brilliant.'  An epithet,
 joined particularly to the word oipS-aXpos, to indi-
 cate a brilliant eye, a flashing  eye.   An  eye
 which transmits the image of imaginary objects.
 See Metamorphopsia.
   MAR'MELADE,  3farmela'da,  Marmela'ta,
 Marmalade,  3Iiva.   Parts  of vegetables,  con-
 fected with sugar, and reduced to a  pultaceous
 consistence.
   Marmelade  of  Apricots.   A marmelade,
 prepared with two parts of ripe apricots deprived
 of their stones, and one part of white sugar.
   Marmelade of Fernel, M.  of Tronchin.
   Marmelade of Tronchin, or of Fernel.  A
 kind of  thick looch, of an agreeable  taste,  pre-
 pared with two ounces of oil of sweet almonds,  as
 much syrup of violets, manna in tears, very fresh
 pulp of cassia, 16  grains of  gum tragacanth, and 
40                MASLACH
                MARMELATA              5-

two drachms of orange flower water.  It is used
as a laxative, demulcent, and pectoral.
  MARMELATA, Marmelade.
  MARAIOR,  Marble,  Calcia  Car'bonas  durus,
(F.) 3Iarbre.   AVhite granular carbonate of lime.
Used  in pharmacy for the preparation of a pure
lime, and the disengagement of carbonic acid.
  MARMORATA AURIUM,  Cerumen.
  MARMORYGE, see Metamorphopsia—m.Hip-
pocratis, Hemiopia.
  3IAROUTE, Anthemis cotula.
  MAR'RIOTT, DRY VOMIT OF.  This once
celebrated emetic, called dry, from  its being ex-
hibited without drink, consisted of equal portions
of tartarized antimony and sulphate of copper.
  3IARR0NIER D'INDE, ^Esculus Hippocas-
tanum.
  MARROAV,  3Iy'elos, 3Iedul'la, 31. ossium, 3Ied'-
ullary Juice, Axudgia de 3Ium'ia, Sax.mepj, (F.)
Moelle, Sue midullaire.  The oily, inflammable,
whitish or yellowish juice, which fills the medul-
lary canal of  the long bones, the  cancellated
structure at the extremities of those bones, the
diploe of  flat  bones,  and the interior  of short
bones.  The marrow is furnished by the exhala-
tion of  the medullary membrane.   It is fluid
during life, and appears under the form of small
points or brilliant grains  after death.   It is en-
veloped in the  medullary membrane.
  Marrow, Spinal,  Medulla  spinalis — m. Ver-
tebra!, Medulla spinalis.
  3IARRUBE BLANC,  Marrubium — m. Noir,
Ballota foetida.
  MARRU'BIUM,  3Inrrubium vulga're seu al-
bum seu  German'icum seu  apuluiu, Pra'sium,
Phrasum, Horehound, (F.) Marrubc blows.  The
leaves have a moderately strong, aromatic  smell;
and a very bitter, penetrating,  diffusive, and du-
rable  taste.  It has often  been given in coughs
and asthmas, united with sugar. Dose, gss to gj,
in infusion; dose of extract, gr. x to gss.
  Ford's  Balsam of  Horehound, is  made  as
follows: — horehound, liquorice root, aa Ibiij and
gviij; ivater,  q. s. to  strain  Ibvj.   Infuse.  To
the strained liquor add :—proof spirit or brandy,
It) 12:  camphor, gj and Jij; opium and benjamin,
aa  gj :  dried  squill8,  gij; oil of aniseed, gj ;
honey, Ibiij and gviij.—-Gray.  It is pectoral.
  Marrubium, Leonurus cardiaca — m. Album,
Marrubium—m.  Apulum,  Marrubium—m. Ger-
manicum, Marrubium — m. Nigrum, Ballota foe-
tida—m.  ATulgare, Marrubium.
  MARS, Ferrum—m. Solubilis, Ferrum tartari-
zatum.
  MARSEILLES, (CLIMATE OF.)   The  re-
marks made upon the climate of Montpelier ap-
ply even  in greater force to that of Marseilles.
It possesses all the objectionable qualities of the
climate of southeastern France.
  MARSH, Limne,  Heloe, Palua,  Sax. meprc,
(F.) 3laraia.   Marshy  districts give  off emana-
nations, which are the fruitful source of disease
and the cause  of great insalubrity in many coun-
tries.  The chief disease, occasioned by the mala-
ria or miasm, is intermittent fever.  Hence it be-
comes important to drain such regions,  if practi-
cable.  Some  marshy countries are not so liable
to phthisis pulmonalis, and it has been  found,
that where intermittents have been got  rid of by
draining, consumption has, at times, become fre-
quent.  The  most  unhealthy periods  for  resi-
dence in a marshy district are during the exist-
ence  of the summer and  autumnal heats;  at
which times the water becomes evaporated, and
the marshy bottom is more or less exposed to the
sun's  rays.  This postulatum seems necessary for
the production of the miasmata: for whilst the
marsh  is well covered with water, no miasm ia
given off.
  Marsh  Poison, Miasm (marsh) — m. Mallow,
Althasa—m.  Root, Statice Caroliniana—m. Tea,
Ledum palustre.
  MARSHALL'S CERATE, see  Cerate, Mar-
shall's.
  MARSHY, Elodes.
  MARSIPIUM, Marsupion.
  MARSUM, 3Ior'sium, 3Ior'sicum. An ancient
wine of Marsia,  in Italy, which was used as an
astringent in  certain diseases of the mouth.
  MARSUPIAL, see Marsupion.
  MARSUPIALIS, Ischio-trochanterianus, Ob-
turator internus.
  MARSUPIATE, see Marsupion.
  MARSU'PION, 3Iarayp'ion, 3Iaraip'pon, 3lor-
su'pium, Marsip'ium, Sac'culus.   A sac or bag,
with which any part is fomented.   Also, the ab-
dominal pouch in the  kangaroo,  opossum, <fcc,
into which the young, born at a very early stage
of development, are received and nourished with
milk secreted from  glands which open into the
pouches.  Such  animals are termed 3Iarau'pial,
Marsu'piate, 3tarsupia'lia.   See Generation.
  MARSUPIUM, Scrotum — m.  Musculosum,
Dartos.
  MARSYPION, Marsupion.
  31 ARTE AU, Malleus.
  MARTIAL, Chalybeate.
  MARTIALIS, Chalybeate.
  MARTIANA POMA, see Citrus aurantium.
  MARTIA'NUM UNGUEN'TUM, (F.)  On-
guent de Soldat, Soldier's ointment. This was
composed of bay berries, rue, marjoram, mint, aage,
w-onnwood, baail, olive  oil, yellow  wax, and 31a-
laga ivine.  It was invented by Martian ; and was
employed  by soldiers  as  a preservative against
cold.
  MARTIS LIMATURA, Ferri limatura,
  MARUM  CORTUSI, Teucrium marum —m.
Creticum,  Teucrium marum—m. Syriacum, Teu-
crium marum — m. Verum, Teucrium marum —
m. Vulgare, Thymus mastichina.
  MAS, Male, Modiolus.
  MASCARPIO, Masturbator.
  MASCHALE, Axilla,
  MASCHALLEUS, Axillary.
  MASCHALIATRI'A, from paaxaXv, 'the
axilla,' and tarptta, 'healing.'  Treatment of dis-
ease by applications made to the axilla.
  MASCHALIS, Axilla.
  MASCHALISTER, Axis.
  MASCHALON'CUS, 3Iaachalopdnua, from
paaxaXv, 'the axilla,'  and oyKos, 'a tumour.'  A
tumour or bubo or swelling in the axilla.
  MASCHALOPANUS, Maschaloncus.
  MASCULA,  Tribade.
  MASCULUS, Male.
  MASESIS, Mastication.
  31 A SHU A, (S.)  A  tuberous  root, of a flat,
pyramidal shape, which is cultivated and cooked
like the potato by the Serranos of Peru.  It is
watery  and insipid, but  nevertheless  is much
eaten by them.  The Indians use the mashua as
a medicine in dropsy, dyspepsia,  and dysentery.
The plant is unknown to botanists. — Tschudi.
  MASK, Larva, (F.)  3Iasque.   A bandage ap-
plied over the  face, as a sort of  mask, in  cases
of burns,  scalds, or erysipelas.  It serves to pre-
serve the  parts  from the  contact of air,  and to
retain topical applications in situ.   It is made of
a piece of linen, of the size of the face, in which
apertures  are made  corresponding to the  eyes,
nose, and mouth, and which is fixed by means
of strings stitched to the four angles.
  MASLACH,  Moalich,  Am'phiou, An'fion.  A 
MASQUE
541
MASTOIDEUS
medicine much used by the Turks, and into the
composition of which  opium enters.   It is ex-
citant.
  MASQUE, Mask.
  MASS,  pa$a,  3Iaza,  3Insaa, from paaoaa,  'I
mix.'  The compound, from which pills have to
be formed.
  MASSA, Mass — m. Carnea Jacobi Sylvii, see
Flexor longus digitorum pedis  profundus perfo-
rans— m. de Dactylis, Paste, date — m. de Ex-
tracto glycyrrhizas, Pasta glycyrrhizas, &c. — m.
de  Gummi Arabico, Paste, marshmallow — m. de
Zizyphorum fructu, Paste of jujubes.
  31 ASS AGE, Shampooing.
  3IASSE D'EAU, Typha latifolia.
  MASSE MA, Mastication.
  31A SSK3IENT, Shampooing.
  31 ASSES APOPHYSAIRES, see Vertebras.
   MASSESIS, Mastication.
   MASSE'TER, from paaaopat, 'I eat,' 'I chew.'
 Mua'culua  mondibuldria, (F.) Zygomoto-maxil-
 laire.  A muscle situate at the posterior part of
 tho cheek, and lying upon the ramus of the  lower
 jaw-bone.  It is long, quadrilateral, and  is at-
 tached, above, to the inferior edge and to  the
 inner  surface of the  zygomatic  arch; below, it
 terminates at the  angle of the jaw, and at  the
 outer  surface and inferior  margin of  the ramus
 of that bone.  It is composed of an intermixture
 of fleshy and aponeurotic fibres.   Its office is to
 raise the lower jaw, and to  act in mastication.
    Masseter Internus, Pterygoideus internus.
    MASSETERIC,  Mas'seterine, 3Iasseter'icus,
 31 aaacteri'nus.  Relating or belonging to the mas-
 seter muscle.
    MASSETERINE  ARTERY arises from  the
 trunk  of  the internal maxillary or temporalis
 profunda posterior, and is distributed to the mas-
 seter muscle, after having  passed, horizontally,
 through the sigmoid notch of the lower jaw-bone.
    Masseterine Nerve is given  off from  the
 inferior maxillary branch of the fifth pair.   It
 passes through the sigmoid notch, and is distri-
 buted  on  the inner surface of the masseter.  In
 luxation of tho lower jaw, this nerve is strongly
 stretched, and  considerable pain,  consequently,
 produced.
    Masseterine Vein has  the same distribution
 as the artery.  It opens into the internal maxil-
 lary vein.
    MASSETERINUS, Masseteric.
    3IASSETTE, Typha latifolia.
    MASSICOT,  Plumbi oxydum semivitreum.
    MASSING, Shampooing.
    MASS ULA, Molecule.
    MASTADENITIS, Mastitis.
    MASTALGIA, Mastodynia.
    MASTAX, Mystax.
    MASTEMA, Masticatory.
    MASTER OF  THE  WOODS,  Galium  circas-
 zans.
    MASTERAVORT, Angelica atropurpurea,  He-
 racleum lanatum,  Imperatoria.
    MASTESIS, Mastication.
    MAST1IELC0SIS, Mastodynia apostematosa.
    MASTHOS,  Mamma.
    MASTICA'TION,  3toeticdtio, 3Iose'sis, Mas-
 sc'ais,  Masse'ma,  3Iaste'sis, 3fanduca'tio, Com-
 mandite a'tio, 3londucdtion,  from paarixotw, 'I
 chew.'  The action of chewing or bruising food,
 to prepare it for the  digestion  it has to undergo
 in the stomach.   This  is executed by the joint
 action of the tongue, cheeks, and lips, which push
 the alimentary  substance between the teeth;  and
 by the motions of the lower jaw it is cut, torn, or
 bruised.
    MASTICATORY, 3Iasticato'rium, 3faste'ma,
 Diamaste'ma.  Same etymon.   Chewing.   Re-
lating or appertaining to mastication or chewing.
Also, a substance, chewed with the intention of
exciting the secretion of saliva.
  Masticatory Nerve, see Trigemini.
  MASTICH, see  Pistacia lentiscus — m. Herb,
common, Thymus mastichina—m. Herb, Syrian,
Teucrium marum — m. Tree, Pistacia lentiscus.
  MASTICHINA  GALLORUM, Thymus mas-
tichina.
  MASTIGODES  HOMINIS, Trichocephalus.
  MASTIGO'SIS, Flagella'tio.  Flagellation,
scourging; employed by the ancients as a remedy
in many diseases.
  MASTI'TIS, MastoVtis, Mazoi'tia, Inflamma'-
tio 3Iamma, 3Iaatadeni'tia, (F.) Inflammation dea
3Ieimellea, from paoros, 'the breast,' and itia, de-
noting inflammation.  Inflammation of the breast.
Inflammation of the mammary gland of the preg-
nant or  parturient female is  vulgarly called a
weed, and a weed in the breast.
  Mastitis  Apostematosa, Mastodynia  aposte-
matosa.
  Mastitis  Puerpera'lis.  Inflammation of the
mamma in the childbed woman.
  MASTIX, see Pistacia lentiscus.
  MASTODES, Mastoid.
  MASTODYN'IA, 31aatal'gia, Mazodydia,
from paaros, 'the breast,' and o&wv, 'pain.'  Pain
in the breasts; a form of neuralgia.   See Neu-
ralgia mammas.
  Mastodyn'ia  Apostemato'sa,  Phleg'mone
3Ietmma, 3Iaathelco'sia, 3Iaati'tia apoatemato'so,
Galactapoate' ma,  Galactomastoparecto'ma,  Ab-
acea'aua  Mamma, A. lac'teua,  Phleg'mone  31aeto-
dyn'ia, Abaceaa of the Breaat, 31am'mary Abacess,
Milk-absceaa.  Phlegmonous inflammation of the
breasts, running on  to suppuration, generally in
the childbed female.  It  is one of the best ex-
amples of acute phlegmonous inflammation, and
requires  the active use of  appropriate  treatment.
  Mastodynia Polygala, Sparganosis—m. Po-
lygala, Mastospargosis.
  MASTOID, 3Iaato'i'des, 3Iaato'dea, 3Iaatoideua,
Mammilla'ria, Papil'li-a,\i-tmammilli-formis,3Iam-
miform'is, 3Iam'miform,  from paaros,  'a  breast,'
and ti&os, 'form, resemblance.'  Having the form
of a nipple.   Also, that which relates to the mas-
toid process, 3Iosto'i'deua.
  Mastoid  Aperture :—the opening  of commu-
nication between  the cavity  of the  tympanum
and the mastoid cells.
  Mastoid  Cells,  Antrum  maatdi'deum, 3Iaa-
toid Sinuses.   These are  situate in the mastoid
process; communicate with each other, and open
into the cavity of the tympanum.   Their use
seems to be to increase the intensity of sound.
  Mastoid Foramen is  situate behind the mas-
toid process, aud gives passage to a small artery
of  the  dura mater,  as well as to  a vein which
opens into the lateral sinus.
  Mastoid  Fossa,  (F.)  Gouttiere mustdidienne,
is a depression at the inner surface of the mastoid
portion of the temporal bone, which  forms part
of  the lateral sinus.
   Mastoid or Digastric  Groove, (F.) Rainure
 mastoidienne ou digaatrique,  is a groove, situate
 at  the inner side of the  mastoid process, which
 affords  attachment to the posterior belly of the
 digastric muscle.
   Mastoid  Muscle, Posterior, Splenius.
  Mastoid  or Mam'miform or Mam'millary
Process, Pars maato'idea, is situate at the infe-
rior and posterior part of the temporal bone, and
gives attachment  to  the  digastric and mastoid
muscles.
  MASTOIDEUS, Sterno-cleido-mastoideus—m.
Lateralis, Complexus minor. 
3IAST0ID 0- CONCHINIEN
542
MATLOCK
  MASTOIDO-CONCIIINIEN,  Retrabens au-
ris— m. Ginien, Digastricus — m. Hyoginien, Di-
gastricus— m. Oriculaire, Retrahens auris.
  MASTON'CUS,  Thelon'cua, from paaros, 'the
breast,' and oyKos, ' a  tumour.'   A tumefaction
of the nipple, or of the breast itself.
  Mastoncus  Polygalacticus, Mastospargosis.
  MASTOPATHI'A,  from paaros, 'the breast,'
and itaQos, ' disease.'  An affection of the breast.
  MASTORRHAG"IA, from pharos, 'the breast,'
and pvywpt, ' to flow.'  An unusual flow of milk.
  MASTOS, Mamma.
  MASTOSPARGO'SIS, 3Iastodyd ia golyg'ala,
3Ias(on'cus poly gaiac'ticus,  from  paaros,  'the
breast,' and attapyau, 'I am full to bursting.'  Ful-
ness of the breasts with milk, so that they are
ready to burst.
  MASTRUPATIO, Masturbation.
  MASTURBA'TION, Cina'dia, Gar'gale, Gar'-
galua, Gargalia'mus,  3loatuprdtio, 3Ian.ustuprd-
tio, 31anatupra'tio, from manus, 'the hand,'and
stupro, ' I  ravish;' Ona'nia, Odaniam, HUdoeo-
gorgaria'mua, JEdceogar'galua, Anoplaa'mus, Gad-
dia foeda,  Duct'io prapu'tii, Vol'untary Pollu'-
tion,  Self Pollution, Self-abuse, (F.) Abus  de soi-
mime, Attouchement.  Excitement of the genital
organs by  the hand.
  MASTURBA'TOR, 3Iastupra'tor,  Manuatu-
pra'tor, 31aacar'pio: same etymon.  One given
to masturbation.
  MASTUS, Mamma.
  MAT, (F.)  Dull.
  31AT SON, (F.)  A dull sound.   The obscure
noise, afforded in certain diseases when any  part,
as the chest, is percussed.  It has been compared
to that produced when the thigh  is struck.  It is
opposed to the Son clair, or ' clear sound.'
   MATE, see Ilex Paraguensis.
   MATER. Uterus — m. Dura, Dura mater—m.
Herbarum, Artemisia vulgaris — m. Metallorum,
Hydrargyrum—m. Mollis, Pia mater—m. Perla-
rum, see Pearl — m. Pia, Pia mater—m. Secalis,
Ergot — m. Tenuis, Pia mater.
   MATERIA, Matter —m. Fibrosa, Fibrin.
   Mate'riA Med'ica, Pharmacolog"ia, Pharma-
 col'ogy, Acol'ogy or Akol'ogy or Aceolog"ia,  Hyle
 latrice, Iamatolog"ia, Iamatol'ogy,  (F.) 3Iatiere
 3lidicale.   The division of medical science which
 treats of the knowledge of medicines; their action
 on the animal economy, and mode of administra-
 tion.  The study of the Materia Medica is one of
 great importance;—it is a study of the tools with
 which the practitioner has to work in the cure
 of  disease.  Much labour has been spent in con-
 triving classifications of the Materia  Medica.
 Some  have arranged the articles according  to
 their natural resemblances; others, according to
 their real  or presumed virtues: others, according
 to their active constituent principles.  The Phar-
 macopoeias place  them alphabetically.  Perhaps
 the best  classification would be  one founded on
 the agency exerted by the articles on the different
 tissues; but this arrangement, in  the present state
 of science, is by no means easy; and, moreover,
 ideas  in  regard to  the  action of medicines  are
 so associated with certain terms, — as narcotics,
 tonics, sedatives,  &c., employed to denote certain
 operations, which they  are  esteemed  capable of
 producing, that,  to abandon them, would  be to
 throw obstacles in the way  of the student,  with-
 out the ultimate advantage accruing to  him  of
 possessing a  better knowledge of the modus ope-
 randi of medicines  than when  a classification,
 somewhat resembling those usually embraced, is
 adopted.
    The following  is the classification adopted by
the Author, in his  "General  Therapeutics  and
Materia Medica," 4th edit., Philad., 1850:—
  1. Agents that affect pro- f Emetics,
minently the alimentary ca- < Cathartics,
nal or its contents,          ( Anthelmintics.
  2. Agents that affect pro- f
minently the respiratory or- -I Expectorants.
gans,  *                   (
                           f Errhines,
  3. Agents that affect pro- | Sialogogues,
minently  the   follicular   or -j Diuretics,
glandular organs,
Antilithics,
Diaphoretics.
Narcotics,
Tetanies,
Antispasmodics.
Emmenagogues,
Parturifacients.
  4.  Agents that affect pro-
minently  the  nervous sys-
tem,
  5.  Agents that affect pro-
minently  the organs  of  re-
production,                 (
                            ' Excitants,
                            Tonics,

  6.  Agents that affect va- , fSSK?*'
nous organs,               "j Refrigerant8j
                            Revellents,
                            Eutrophies.
                            Antacids,
  7.  Agents whose action is I Antalkal';
prominently chemical,      | Disinfectants.
     Agents whose action is J Demulcents,
prominently mechanical,     { Diluents.
  Of old,  the Materia Medica consisted of  more
articles than at present.   The tendency, indeed,
is, and  must be, to diminish it still further; to
get rid of those articles which possess no advan-
tages over others equally common, or whose pro-
perties are doubtful.   In a dictionary, it becomes
necessary to insert all that have been reputed to
possess virtues; but  the majority are unneces-
sary.  The catalogue might  be largely reduced,
with impunity.
  Materia Medica,  Dynamical, Pharmacody-
namics.
  Materia Morbo'sa,  31.  Peccans,  31ate'ries
3Iorbi.  Morbid matter.   The matter or material
which is the cause of disease.
  Materia Ossea,  Terra Ossea — m. Peccans,
M. Morbosa — m. Salina, see Saliva — m. Testa-
cea  dentium, see Tooth — m. Urinosa,  Urea.
   MATERIALISTA, Druggist.
  MATERIA UX I3I3IEDIATS, Principles,im-
mediate.
  MATERIES, Matter—m. Morbi, Materia mor-
bosa.
  MATHEWS PILLS, Pilulas  ex helleboro et
myrrha.
   MA'TIAS.   The  bark of a South American
tree, not  yet determined. It is used in its native
country in intermittents, and as a tonic generally.
Its  principal characteristic constituent is a bitter
resinous  matter.  It is probably the same  as the
3Ialambo bark.
   MATI'CO,  (pronounced matee'eo,)  Yerba del
 Soldado,  or Soldier's weed.  A South American
herb — Piper ang usti folium, Artan'the elongn'to
—which  is possessed of astringent virtues,  and is
 used both internally  and externally.   It is given
 in infuaion made of one ounce of the  leaves to a
 pint of boiling water, of which the dose is  fgiss,
 or in tincture, made of giiss of the leaves  to a
 pint of dilute alcohol.
   3IAT1ERE,  Matter —m. Ciribriforme,  Ence-
 phaloid— m.  Extractive du Bouillon,  Osmazome
 — to. 3fidicale,  Materia Medica — to. Perlee de
 Kerkring, Antimonium diaphoreticum — m. Pul-
 monaire noire, see Pulmo.
   MATLOCK,  MINERAL WATERS OF.  Mat-
 lock is a village in Derbyshire, England, at which 
MATONIA                 543              MAXILLARY
there is a mineral spring of the acidulous class.
Temperature 66°.  It differs but little, except in
temperature, from  good spring-water.  It is ge-
nerally used as a tepid bath.
   MATONIA CARDAMOMUM, Amomum car-
damomum.
   MATORIUM, Ammoniac, gum.
   MATRACIUM,  Matrass, Urinal.
   MATRASS, 3Intrn'eium.  A glass vessel with
a  long neck; and  a round, and sometimes oval,
body.  It may be furnished with tubulures, or
not.  It is used in Pharmacy for distillation, di-
gestion, Ac.
   MATRES CEREBRI, Meninges.
   MATRICAIRE, Matricaria.
   MATRICA'LIS, 3Iatricdrius,  from  matrix,
'the uterus.'  Relating to the uterus.
   Mntricalia are  remedies for diseases  of  the
uterus.
   MATRICA'RIA, from matrix, 'the womb;' so
called from its  reputed virtues in affections of
that organ.  Matrica'ria Parthe'uium,  Rorthe'-
niitm febrifugum, Py'rethrum parthe'uium, Chry-
santlt'emum parthc'niain, Argyrocha'ta, Chryaoc'-
olia,  Fever-few, Feather-few,  31 other-wort,  (F.)
3lotricaire. Nat. Ord. Compositas.  It resembles,
in its properties, chamomile and tansy; and, like
them, has been esteemed tonic, stomachic, resol-
vent,  emmenagogue,  vermifuge, <fcc.   It  is not
much used.
   Matricaria, Anthemis nobilis.
   Matrica'ria  Chamomii/la,  31. Suav'eolcns,
An'themis vulga'ris, Chamame'lum Vulga're, Cha-
momil'la nostras, Leucan'themum of Dioscorides,
 Wild Corn,  Dog's  Cham'omile, German Chamo-
mile,  (F.)  Camomille  vulgaire.   It  resembles
Matricaria in properties.
   Matrica'ria  Glabra'ta.   A South African
plant, known at tho Cape as  Wild Chamomile,
has  the same properties as the other species of
matricaria.
   Matricaria Leucanthemum, Chrysanthemum
Leucanthemum—m. Suaveolens, M. Chamomilla.
   MAT RICE, Uterus —to.  Col de la,  Collum
uteri.
   MATRICULATE, from matricula, diminutive
of matrix, ' a roll,'  originally  ' an army roll or
register.'  One who is admitted into a university
or college, by enrolling or having his name en-
rolled on  the  register  of the  institution.   In
France, prendre inscription means 'to matricu-
late ;'  and, in the university regulations of that
country,  it is required, that the inscription shall
be made every three months, until the termina-
tion of the  prescribed period of study; the stu-
dent having to take his inscription  within the
first fortnight of each trimestre or of every three
months,  and to present himself within the last
fortnight of the trimestre to establish the fact of
his attendance.
   In this country, it is only necessary to matri-
culate at the commencement of each  session.
   Ono who has thus enrolled himself in an insti-
tution is called a 3lotriculate.
   MATRISYLVA. Asperula odorata.
   MATRIX, Cytoblastema, Uterus—m. Unguis,
see Nail.
   MATRONA, Midwife.
   MATRON ALIS, Viola,
   MATTEE, see Hex Paraguensis.
   MATTER, Mate'ria, Hyle, 31 at dries, (F.) 31a-
tilre.  Any substance which enters into the com-
position of a body.   In 3Iedicine, it is sometimes
applied to the substance of evacuations; and is
also used synonymously with pus.
   MATTING OF  PARTS, Hapantismus.
   MATULA, Urinal.
   MATURATION,  Matura'tio, from maturare,
' to ripen.'  Pepae'moa, Pepndaia.  Progression
of an abscess towards maturity.  The  state of
maturity.   Coction.
  3IATURATIF, Maturative.
  MAT'URATITE,  3latdrons, Pepanticos, (F.)
3Iaturatif.  A medicine which favours the matu-
ration of an inflammatory tumour.
  MATURATUS, Concocted.
  MATU'RITY,  3Iatu'ritas, Hora'otes.  The
state of fruits and seeds, when  comparatively de-
veloped.   State of an  abscess, in which the pus
is completely formed.
  Maturity, Precocious, Prasotia.
  MAUDLIN, Achillea ageratum — m. Tansey,
Achillea ageratum — m.  Wort, Chrysanthemum
leucanthemum.
  MAUVE SAUVAGE, Malva,
  31 AUX DE NERFS, Hysteria.
  MAXILLA, Maxillary Bone.
  MAX'ILLARY, 3Iaxilldris, (F.) 3Iaxillaire,
from maxilla, ' a jaw.'  Relating or belonging to
the jaws;  from paatraio, ' I chew.'
  Maxillary Arteries are  three  in number.
1. External maxillary.  See Facial.  2. Internal
maxillary — A. Gutturo-maxilloire, (Ch.)  This
arises from the external carotid with the tempo-
ral.  It is remarkable  for its complex  course,
and for the number of branches which it trans-
mits to the deep-seated parts of the face.  Imme-
diately after its origin, it buries itself under the
neck of the lower jaw, curving inwards and down-
wards.  It then advances directly inwards ; pro-
ceeding in the space between  the two pterygoid
muscles towards  the mamillary  tuberosity.  It
turns  again, becomes vertical, and  ascends into
the bottom of the zygomatic fossa, until, having
arrived at the floor  of the  orbit, it takes a hori-
zontal and transverse direction ; enters the sphe-
no-maxillary fossa,  and divides  into  several
branches.   See Artery, (table.)
  Maxillary Bone, 3Iaxil'la,  Mandib'ula, Gam'-
phele,  Gnathus, 3Iola,  Siagon, 'jaw.'  (F.) 31a-
choire.  A name given to two  bones, which sup-
port the teeth, and, by means  of them, are inser-
vient to the cutting,  bruising,  and  tearing of
alimentary substances.
  The maxillary bones are  two in number.
  Maxillary Bone, Inferior, Lower jaw-bone,
Oa 3Iaxillo're inferiua, 3Icichoire  diacranienne,
Maxil'la inferior, (F.) Os maxillaire, (Ch.,) is a
symmetrical, nearly parabolic bone, the middle
portion of which is horizontal, and called the
body;  and  the posterior is vertical, the angular
portions being termed Rami or branchea.  These
have behind a parotidean  edge, which forms —
by  uniting with the base — the angle of  the  jaw.
The branches terminate above by two processes,
separated by the sigmoid notch or fossa;  the an-
terior of which is called the coronoid; the poste-
rior, the condyloid process or maxillary condyle,
supported  by a  Cervix,  Collum, or Neck.  The
chief parts  observed on  the lower jaw are—1.
Externally, — the Sym'physis  menti, Apoph'ysis
menti,  3Iental foramen, and the external oblique
line.   2.  Internally, — the Geniapoph'ysie,  the
internal or 3Iyloid oblique linea, and the entrance
of the dental canal.   The lower jaw has, also, an
alveolar edge, which  contains  alveoli for the re-
ception of the teeth.   The lower jaw-bone is de-
veloped by two points of ossification, which unite
at the symphysis of the chin.  It is articulated
with the temporal bone and with the teeth.
  Maxillary Bone, Superior, Upper jaw-bone,
3Iaxil'la auperior, Oa maxilla're sape'rius, 3Iax-
il'la syncra'nia,  (F.)  Os sus-maxillaire, (Ch.,)
31achoire  syncranienne.  The  upper  jaw-bones
are  to  the face what the sphenoid bone is to the
cranium.   They are articulated with all the por- 
MAXILLO
544
MECONIUM
tions  composing  it.   They determine,  almost
alone, the shape of the face, and give it solidity.
Their size is considerable ;  form unequal.   They
occupy the middle and anterior part of the face ;
and enter into the composition of the nasal fossa1,
orbit, and mouth.  The chief parts observable in
the upper jaw  are — 1. Externally, — the Nasal
procesa, (F.)  Apophyse montante, the Fora'men
infra-orbitdrium, Zygomat' ic process, Canine foa-
8or, 3Iyr'tiform foaso.  2. Internally, — the Pal'-
atine process, Ante'rior pal'atine canal, and the
Antrum of Highmore. Its  circumference  is very
unequal, and it has behind a round, unequal pro-
minence,  called the  3Iuxillary tuberosity, which
is pierced by the poaterior dental canal.  Ante-
riorly, there is a notch, which forms part of the
anterior aperture of the nasal fossas, and beneath,
an eminence, called the anterior naaal spine. The
lower part of this circumference forms the alve-
olar margin.  Each  superior maxillary bone is
articulated with the  ethmoid, frontal, nasal, la-
chrymal,  palatine, inferior, spongy, vomer, its
fellow, the teeth of the upper jaw, and sometimes
the sphenoid bone. It is developed by four or five
points of ossification.
   Maxillary Nerves are  two  in number,  and
formed of the  second and third branches of the
fifth pair. The Superior Maxillary Nerve,
Ncrf sus-maxillaire (Ch.), arises from the  middle
of the gangliform enlargement of  the fifth pair;
passes forwards,  and issues from the cranium
through the  foramen rotundum of the sphenoid
bone ; enters the spheno-maxillary fossa, which
it crosses horizontally;  passes  into  the infra-
orbitar canal, which  it traverses ;  and makes its
exit to vanish on the cheek. It gives off the fol-
lowing branches, —  the orbitar,  a branch which
goes  to the  apheno-palatine ganglion; poaterior
dental branches; the anterior dental, — and  ter-
minates in the infra-orbitar nerves,  which are
divided into superior, inferior, and internal.  The
inferior maxillary nerve, Nerf maxiHaire (Ch.), is
the largest of the three branches furnished by the
fifth  pair.  It issues from  the  cranium  by the
foramen ovale of the sphenoid.   Having reached
the zygomatic fossa, it divides  into two  trunks;
the  one superior and external,  which gives off
the temporales profundi, maaaeterine, buccal, and
pterygoids;—the other—inferior and internal—
the larger of the two, which furnishes the  inferior
dental, lingual, and  auricular.
   Maxillary Veins present the  same arrange-
ment as the arteries  they accompany.
   3IAXILL 0 - AL VEOLI- NASAL,  Depressor
 alas nasi—to. Labial, Depressor anguli oris — m.
 Narinal, Compressor naris—m. Palpebral, Orbi-
 cularis palpebrarum—m.  Scliroticien, Obliquus
 inferior oculi.
   MAY APPLE, Podophyllum peltatum —m. a.
 Mountain, Podophyllum montanum — m.  Flower,
 Anthemis cotula — m. Weed, Anthemis cotula.
   MAYELLA, Curcuma longa.
   MAYNARD'S ADHESIVE  LIQUID, Collo-
 dion.
   MAYS, Zea mays—m. Americana, Zea mays
 — m. Zea, Zea mays.
   MAZA, Mass, Placenta.
   MA'ZICUS, from maza, 'placenta.' Relating
 to the placenta.
   MAZISCH'ESIS, from  maza, 'the placenta,'
 and axtats, 'holding,' 'retention.'  Retention of
 the placenta.
   MAZODYNIA, Mastodynia.
   MAZOITIS, Mastitis.
   MAZOL'YSIS,  from  maza,  'placenta,' and
 Xvcts, ' solution.'  Separation of the placenta.
  MAZOPATHI'A, from maza, 'placenta,' and
traBos, ' disease.'  A disease of the placenta.  One
originating from the placenta.
  MAZOS, Mamma.
  MEAD, Hydromeli, Melizomum.
  MEADOAV BLOOM,  Ranunculus  acris —m.
Fern, Comptonia. asplenifolia—m. Pride, see Ca-
lumba—m. Rue, Thalictron—m. Saffron, A'inegar
of, Acetum colchici—m. Sweet, Gillenia trifoliata,
Spiraea  ulmaria — m. Sweet, red, Spiraea tomen-
tosa.
  MEALY TREE, Viburnum dentatum.
  MEASLES, Rubeola,—m. Black, see Rubeola
—m. False, Roseolas—m. French, Roseolas.
  MEASLY, Morbillous.
  MEASUREMENT, Mensuration.
  MEASURING,  MEDICAL, Mensuration.
  MEAT  BISCUIT, see Biscuit, meat.
  MEAT, EXTRACTIVE OF, Osmazome.
  3IEA T, Meatus.
  MEA'TUS, Ductua, Candlia, Poms, (F.) 3Iiat.
A passage or canal.
  Meatus Auditorius Externus, Auditory ca-
nal, external—m. Auditorius internus,  Auditory
canal, internal—m. Cascus, Eustachian  tube—m.
Narium, see  Nasal fossas—m.  Seminales uteri,
Tubas Fallopianas—m. Seminarius, Corpus High-
mori—m.  Urinarius, Urethra.
  MECHAMECK, Convolvulus panduratus—m.
Bindweed, Convolvulus panduratus.
  MECHANE, Machine.
  MECHANEMA, Machine.
  MECHAN'ICAL, 3Iechan'icus, from pvxavv,
' a machine.'  An epithet  given to irritating bo-
dies, which do not act chymically—as a mechani-
cal irritant.
  Mechanical or Iatro-mathematical  Physi-
cians, I'dtro-mechan'ici seu I'dtromathemat'ici, are
such as refer every function, healthy or morbid,
to mechanical or mathematical principles;—3te-
dici'na mechadica.
  MECHANICS, AN'IMAL.  That part of phy-
siology whose objects are  to investigate the laws
of equilibrium and motion of the animal  body.
  MECH'ANISM.  The  structure of a body;
the collection or aggregate of the parts of a ma-
chine;  the  mode  in  which forces produce any
effect, &c.
   3IECHE,  Tent.  This term is usually  applied
in French surgery to a collection of threads of
 charpie, cotton or raw silk united together, which
are used for deterging sinuous or fistulous ulcers;
 or to keep  open or enlarge natural or artificial
 apertures.  They are  generally applied by means
 of an instrument called Porte-mZche.
   MECHOACANA NIGRA, Convolvulus jalapa
 —m. Nigricans, Convolvulus jalapa.
   MECHOACANJG RADIX,  Convolvulus me-
 choacan.
   31ECH0ACAN DU  CANADA,  Phytolacca
 decandra.
   MECOM'ETER, (F.) 31icometre; from pvxos,
 'length,' and ptrpov, 'measure.'   A kind of gra-
 duated compass,—compaa de proportion,—used at
 the  Hospice de Maternite  of Paris, to measure
 the length of new-born infants.
   MECON, Meconium, Opium, Papaver.
   MECONICUM, Opiate.
   MECONIS'MUS, Intoxica'tio  opia'ca; from
 PVkoiv, 'the  poppy.'   Poisoning by opium.
   MECO'NIUM,  same etymon.  Poppy juice,
 Papaver'culum,  Purgamen'ta  Infantia,  Mecon,
 The  excrement passed by the  infant a short
 time after birth,  which had accumulated in the
 intestines during pregnancy. It is of a greenish
 or deep black colour, and very viscid.  It seems 
MECONOLOGIA
545
MEDICINA
 formed of the mucous secretions of the intestines
 mixed with bile.  See Opium.
   MEOONOLOG'TA,  Opiolog"ia; from pvKaiv,
 ' a poppy,' and Xoyos, ' a description.'  A treatise
 on opium.
   MECONOPSIS DIPHYLLA, Stylophorum di-
 phylluin.
   MEDEA, Genital organs.
   ME DEC IN, Physician — m. Consultant, Con-
 sulting physician.
    MBDEC/NE, Medicina—to. Expectante, Ex-
 pectation—m.  Ligalc, Medicine, legal — m. Opi-
 ratoire, Surgery, operative — m. Perturbatrice,
 Perturbatrix (Medicina.)
   MEDELA, Curation.
   MEDEOLA VERTICILLIFOLIA, M. Virgi-
 nica.
   Mede'ola  Aargin'ica, 31. verticillifo'lia, Gy-
 ro'mia Virgin'ica, Indian  edeumber.  An  indi-
 genous herb, growing in every part of the United
 States, the root of which  resembles  a small cu-
 cumber.   It has been thought to be diuretic.
   MEDIAN, 3Ieelia'nua; from medium, 'the mid-
 dle.'  That which is situate in the middle.
   Median Line.  A vertical  line, supposed to
 divide a body longitudinally into two equal parts;
 the one right,  tho other left.  Chaussier  calls the
 linen alba the ligne midiane of the abdomen.
   Median Nerve,  Midian digital, (Ch.)   This
 nerve arises chiefly from the anterior branches of
 the last two cervical nerves and first dorsal. The
 fifth and sixth  cervical pairs also send it a branch,
 which  separates from the  musculo-cutaneous
 nerve.   The  median  nerve descends the  inner
 part of the arm along  the  biceps  muscle.  Op-
 posite the elbow joint it  buries itself behind
 the  aponeurosis of that muscle, and  engages  it-
 self  between  tho  two  fasciculi of the pronator
 teres.  Lower  down, it is  situate between the
 flexors — sublimis and profundus — and passes,
 with their tendons,  under the anterior  annular
 ligament;  it  then  divides  into  fivo branches,
 which are distributed to the muscles  of the the-
 nar eminence, to the lumbricales, the integuments
 of the thumb, the index, middle finger, and outer
 part of  the ring  finger.   This nerve gives no
 branches to the arm.  In the forearm,  it furnishes
 filaments to all the pronator and flexor muscles;
 and ono of them accompanies the anterior inter-
 osseous artery.  It also gives off a filament to the
 integuments of the palm of the hand.
   Median Atkins.   Three of the superficial veins
 of the forearm are so called.  The  median baailic
 —the median cephalic and common median or fu-
 nis brachii.  See Basilic and Cephalic.
   MEDIANTAl, Mediastinum, Mesentery.
   MEDIASTINAL, 3Iediastina'lis.  Relating to
 the Mediastinum.
 _ Mediastinal Arteries are very delicate arte-
 rial  branches, distributed iu the areolar texture
 of tho mediastinum.   They are  distinguished,
 according  to their  situation, into anterior  and
 posterior.
   MKDIASTINITIS, Mesodmitis.
   MKOIASTI'NUM, 3Iediasti'nus, quasi, in me-
 dio stans, as being in the middle; Mcsod'me,  3Ie-
 dia'num,  Mesoto-'chium,  3feeotce'chum,  Septum
 thora'cis, Hymen Diaphrat'ton,  3Iembra'na  Dia-
 phratton, 3Iembra'na thordcem  intcrsep'iens, In-
 tersepimen'tum  thora'cia, Diribito'rium, Disaipi-
 men'tum thora'cis. A  membranous septum formed
 by the approximation of the pleuras, dividing the
 chest into two parts, the one right/the other  left.
 The  mediastinum, formed by a double reflection
 of the pleura, exteuds from the  spine to the pos-
terior surface of the sternum.  Its  anterior part,
called Anterior  mediastinum, Mediastinum pecto-
      35
 rdle, lodges, at it3 upper part, the thymus gland
 in ihe foetus, and is filled below with fatty, areo-
 lar tissue.  Its  posterior part,  parallel to the
 spine, is occupied by the oesophagus, vena azy-
 gos, thoracic duct, the lower part of the windpipe,
 the origin of the bronchia and a number of lym-
 phatic glands.   This part is called the posterior
 mediaatinum—3Icdiaatinum doraa'le.
    Mediastinum Auris, see Tympanum—m. Ce-
 rebri, Falx  cerebri, Septum lucidum—m. Testis,
 Corpus Highmori.
    MEDIASTINUS, Mediastinum.
    MEDICABILIS, Curable.
    MEDICABLE, Curable.
    MED'ICJE.  Sworn midwives, whose duty  it
 was, of old, to inspect women in cases of suspect-
 ed pregnancy.
    MED'ICAL,  3Iedica'lis, I'dt'ricua,  Pceon'ius,
 Paon'icua, Phya'icnl, Eaculdpian, (F.) Midical.
 Same etymon as Medicament.  Appertaining or
 relating to medicine or to medicines.
    Medical Jurisprudence, Medicine, legal.
    MEDICALIS, Medical.
    MED'ICA MENT, 31edicamen'tum, Remed'ium,
 Ace'sia, Acea'mo, Acea'tium, Acea'tys, Althos, Hy-
 giaa'ma,  la'ma, Acos, 3tedica'men, Phar'macum,
 Pharmaceu'ma,  Alkar,  Auxil'ium,  Boethe'ma,
 Med'icine, Phyaic, Rem'edy, (F.) Remede; from
 medicare, 'to cure or heal.' A medicine.   Any
 substance exhibited with the view of curing or
 allaying morbid action.  Medicines are obtained
 from the three kingdoms of nature, and are di-
 vided into internal and external, according as
 they are administered  internally or applied ex-
 ternally.
   MEDICAMENTAL, Medicinal.
   MEDICAMENTO'SUS   LAPIS, Medic"inal
 atone, (F.) Pierre midicanienteuse.  A name for-
 merly given to a mixturo of peroxyd of iron, li-
 tharge, alum, nitre, aal ammoniac, and vinegar;
 evaporated and  calcined at a red heat for an
 hour.  The  product was regarded as  eminently
 astringent.
   MEDICAMENTUM, Drug —m. ex Palmulis,
 Diaphoenicon.
   MEDICASTER, 3Iedieastra.   An  ignorant
 practitioner.  A  charlatan.
   MEDICATION,  3Iedica'tio, from mederi, 'to
 remedy.'   The change in the animal economy
 produced by the operation  of remedies.  Treat-
 ment by medicine.
   MEDICI'NA,  Ars med'ica,  Rea medica. Ars
 3lacha'6'nia, A. JIachaon'ica, lat'rice,  late'ria,
 liitri'a, Iatri'ne,  Paoa'yne, Paon'ice, Iatrotech'-
 nice, Acesto'ria, Scien'tia med'ica seu medendi,
 Sote'ria doctri'na, 3Ied'icine,  The healing art,
 Phyaic, (F.) 3Iidecine.  A science, the object of
 which is the cure of disease  and the preservation
 of health.  Occasionally, it is used to comprehend
 all the branches of the healing art; at  others to
 comprise one great division, in contradistinction
 to surgery and obstetrics.  Medicine, in this sense,
 includes many branches;—the chief of which are,
 Anatomy, Physiology, Pathology, Therapeutics,
 Hygiene, Materia Medica, and Pharmacy.
   Medicina  Conservativa, Hygiene—m. Diast-
 etica, Dietetics—m.  Eclectica, see Eclectic —m.
 Eflicax, Surgery —m. Equaria, Hippiatria — m.
 Euectiea,  Gymnastus — m. Forensis,  Medicine,
 legal—m.  Gymnastica,  Gymnastics—m. Herme-
 tica, see Spagyrists — m. Judiciaria, Medicine,
 legal—m. Mechanica, see Mechanical—m. Metho-
 dica, see Methodists—m. Operativa, Surgery—m.
 Paracelsistica, see Spagyrists—m. Perturbatrix,
 see Perturbatrix—m. Politica, Police, medical__
m. Sinica, Chinese mediciue—m. Spagyrica,  Chy-
miatria; see  Spagyrists—m. State, Police medi- 
MEDICINABLE             546              MEDULLARY
oa!—m. Tristitias, Crocus—m. Veterinaria, Vete-
rinary  art.
  MEDICINABLE, Medicinal.
  MEDICINAL, 3Iedicindlia,  3Iedicoment'ol,
Medic"indble, 3led'icol, Idter'ius, Reme'dial, Re-
me'diate.  Having a remedial power ;—as medi-
cinal plants, &c.  Relating to medicine, as
  Medicina'les Dies, Medic"inal  days.  Days
on which the ancients considered that remedies
might be administered; and especially evacuants.
Such days were not esteemed critical.
  MEDICINE, Medicament, Medicina.
  Medicine is, also, used  in the  same sense as
Medicament, and for a purging potion.
   To Medicine was formerly used for "to restore
or cure by medicine."
  Medicine, Clinical, see Clinical — m. Eclec-
tic, see Eclectic — m. Empirical, Arcanum — m.
Galenic, Galenism.
   Medicine, Legal, 3Iedical juriaprddence of
some,  Law medicine, Foren'sic  medicine, 3Iedi-
ci'na foren'sis, 31. judicidria,  Diciatri'a,  (F.)
Midecine ligale.   The  application of  medical
knowledge to the solution of every question con-
nected with the preservation of  the species, and
the  administration of justice.
   Medicine, Patent, see Patent medicine — m.
 Political, Police, medical—m. Quack, Arcanum.
   MEDICINIER  CATHARTIQUE, Jatropha
 curcas.
   MEDIC0-CHIRURG"ICAL,Jfe<f;co-(7"i'ri(r'-
 gicua.  Relating or appertaining to medicine and
 surgery;—as ' medico-chirurgical society.'
   Medico-Chirurgical Anatomy, see Anatomy.
   MEDICO-LEGAL, Med'ieo-lega'lie.  Relating
 to legal  medicine;  as 'a medico-legal  inquiry,
 Inquiait'Ho medico-lega'lie—'a medico-legal in-
 spection,' Inapec'tio med'ico-legdlia.
   MEDICO-STATISTICAL, see Statistics, me-
 dical.
   MEDICUS, Doctor, Physician—m. Equarius,
 Hippiater—m. Ocularius, Oculist—m. Unguenta-
 rius, Iatraleptes—m. Vulnerarius, see Deligation
 — m.  Veterinarius,  Hippiater — m.  Vulnerum,
 Surgeon.
   MEDIM'NUS, 3tedim'noa, ptStpvos. An ancient
 measure, capable of containing about 4 pecks and
 6 pints.
   MEDITULLIUM, Diploe.
   MEDIUM MUSCULI, see Muscle.
   ME'DIUS,  Middle, Median.
   Middle  Finger, (F.)  Doigt du Milieu, is be-
 tween the index and ring finger.
   MEDLAR,  Mespilus.
   MEDO, Hydromeli.
   MED0BLENN0RRHG3A, Leucorrhcea.
    MED0RRHQ5A, Gonorrhoea—m. Feminarum
 insons, Leucorrhcea — m. Virilis, Gonorrhoea.
    MEDULLA, Marrow — m. Cerebri, see Cere-
 brum— m. Dorsalis, m. Spinalis — m. Dorsualis,
 M. Spinalis — m. Nervorum, Neurine.-
    Medul'la  Oblonga'ta,  Cer'ebrdt protu'be-
 rance, Nervous system of the  aensea, (Gall,) Cer'-
  ebrum elongdtum, (F.) Miaocephole, 3Ioelle al-
  longie, Miaenciphale, (Ch.)  The medullary sub-
  stance that  lies within the cranium upon the
 basilary process of the occipital bone.  The an-
  terior surface which rests in the basilary groove,
  is  impressed by the basilary  artery.  At the
  upper extremity, and on its posterior surface are
  the Tubercula quadrigemina.  At the same ex-
  tremity, the medulla gives rise to two prolonga-
  tions, the peduncles of the brain, separated from
  each other by the mammillary eminences, and
  becoming  lost in the optic thalami.  The lower
  extremity  is called the tail or Rachid'ian  bulb,
  Bulbus rachid'icus, and  is continuous with the
medulla spinalis.  It is to this  part  only  that
some  anatomists  apply the name 3Iedulla ob-
longata.  From the posterior angles  two othor
prolongations arise, called Peduncles of the  cere-
bellum. The medulla oblongata has soveral emi-
nences— the Pons varolii, Corpora pyramidalia,
C. olivaria, Ac—and it has a longitudinal fissure
before, and another behind, called the anterior
and poaterior medium fissures.   Tho vesicular
neurine in the centre of the medulla is the ner-
vous centre of respiration and deglutition : hence
it has been called centrum vitale.
   Medulla Ossium, Marrow—m.  Spinas,  M.
spinalis.
   Medul'la Spina'lis  seu Spina seu dorsua lis.
seu dorsa'lis, Corda spina'lis,  Funis argenteus,
Rhache'trum, 3Iy'elua, 31. rhachi'tea seu notia'us
seu diauche'niua seupadi'tea, 3Iy'elon,Notomy'elua,
Rhachi'tea, dEon, 3Iedul'la vertebrdlia, Procca'aua
rachididnua, Sacra fia'tula, Spinal prolongdtion,
 Ver'tebral marrow,  Spinal cord, Nervoua system
of voluntary motion and tactile impreeaion (Gall),
Spinal marrow, (F.) 31oelle ipiniere,  3Ioelle ver-
tibrale, called by  Ch., Prolongement rachidien of
the encephalon, is the  continuation  of the me-
 dulla  oblongata.  It commences at the foramen
 magnum of the occipital bone,  and  descends in
 the vertebral  canal as low as the 2d lumbar ver-
 tebra, without filling it; presenting, in its course,
 several evident enlargements.   It is  grooved on
 both its. anterior and posterior surfaces by a fur-
 row, which divides it, in its whole  length,  into
 two great nervous cords, intimately united with
 each other.  It terminates by an  oval tubercle,
 whence a number of nerves set  out called Cauda
 equi'na, (F.) Queue  de  cheval,  from its  resem-
 blance to a horse's tail.   The spinal marrow has
 no analogy,  as regards its  structure, with the
 marrow of long bones.   It is formed of two sub-
 stances; one white, the other  gray,  presenting
 an inverse arrangement to that which they have
 in the brain, the white being external, the cine-
 ritious at  the centre.  It is  enveloped by a yel-
 lowish, fibrous membrane, very resisting,  which
 seems to  be  continued  insensibly from the pia
 mater, and by two other membranes, which are
 merely prolongations of the arachnoid and dura
 mater.  See^Nerve.
    Medulla Vertebralis, M.  spinalis.
    MEDULLiE, Sperm.
    MED'ULLARY, 31edulldria,  from  medulla,
  ' marrow.' Relating to the marrow or analogous
  to marrow.
    Medullary Ar'teries.  The  arteries, which
  enter bones and pass to the marrow.
    Medullary  Canal, see  Canal,  medullary—
  m. Cells,  see Medullary Membrane — m. Juice,
  Marrow — m. Matter of the brain, see Cerebrum.
    Medullary Membrane, Perioateum Inter'num,
  Endos'teum.  A vascular, areolar web of extreme
  tenuity, which envelops the marrow and lines the
  inner surface of  the medullary canal of the long
  bones.  This membrane has been  considered as
  a species of internal periosteum  of  those bones.
  It has  numerous vessels, which bury themselves
  in the thickness of the marrow; and  others which
  nourish the innermost plates  of  the bone.  The
  cells formed by it are termed  Cel'lula  seu Sac'-
  culi medulla'rea.
    Medullary Neurine, see  Neurine — m. Sar-
  coma, Encephaloid, Hasmatodes fungus.
    Medullary Substance  of the  Kidney, see
  Kidney —m. s. of Schwann, see  Nerve-fibre.
    Medullary System.  Bichat gives this  name
  to the marrow and its  membranes.  He distin-
  guishes two species of medullary  systems; the
  one occupies the ceUular tissue at the extremities
  of the long bones and  that of  the flat and short 
MEDULLITIS
547
MELANCHLORUS
bones; the other is found merely in  the  central
canal of long bones.
  Medullary Tumour of the Lungs, Phthisis,
cancerous.
  MEDULLITIS, Myelitis.
  MEGALANTHROPOGEN'ESIS,  from ptyas,
'great,'av5pwT(j{. 'man,'and ytvtais,  'birth.'  A
term  used by a French physician, named Robert,
to designate  the art of procreating  great men;
men  of mind; men of genius.   He considered
that they may be perpetuated by always taking
care  to  have talented  men  united  to  clever
women !
  MHGALOCAR'DIA, from ptyas,  'great,' and
Kapota, ' heart,'  The state of having  a very large
heart.
  .MEGALOCffiLIA,  Intestine,  great, Megalo-
splanchnia.
  MEGALOPHO'NIA,  from  ptyas,  ptyaXv,
'great,'  and  tpoivv, 'voice.'   The condition of
having a full, strong voice.
  MEGALOPHTHAL'MUS;  from ptyas, payaXv,
'great,' and  oipOaXpos, 'eye.'   A congenital  de-
formity,  in which the eye is inordinately  large.
  MEGALOSPL ANCH'NUS, from  ptyaXos,
' great.' and anXayxvov, ' a viscus.' 3Iegalocoe'lia.
Hippocrates applies the epithet to those in whom
a viscus, or the  viscera, are tumid.  Some have
used  the substantive 3Icgaloaplanch'nia  for  the
tumour itself.
  MCGALOSPLENIA, Splenoncus.
  MEG ETHOS, Stature.
  MEGRIM, Hemierania.
  MEIUO'MIUS, GLANDS OF, Fol'licles of 31.,
Ral'pebral Fol'licles, Cil'iary F., Glandula se-
bo'eca cilia'rea  seu  3Ieibomio'na,  Intestin'ula
3leibo'mii, Lacu'na palpebra.'rum, (F.)  Folliculea
polpibraux ou ciliairea, Glondea de  3teibomiua.
Small, sebaceous  follicles,  called after  Henry
Meibomius, although known long before his de-
scription  of  them.  They are situate in special
grooves in the tarsal cartilages; and are ranged
by  the side of each other, in the form of  yellow-
ish,  parallel, and  vertical   lines ;   sometimes
straight, at others, tortuous.   They may be seen
at tho inner  surface of the eyelids,  through the
conjunctiva,  and  secrete a sebaceous humour,
called Lippitddo,  Gum, (F.) Chaaaie.
  MEIO'SIS, Meo'eia, 3tio'ais, Immindtio, 3li-
nuthe'sis, Minitho'sis, from pttoia, 'Ilessen.'  The
period of a disease, in which the symptoms begin
to  diminish; — the decline.   Remission.   Also,
idiotism.
  MEIUROS, Decurtatus, Mvurus.
  MEL, 3Icli, Nili'acum, Honey, (F.) 3liel.  A
substance of a muco-saccharine nature, prepared
by the Apis mellifi'ca, or common  bee, which
 collects it from the nectaries of flowers.  Honey
is employed as aliment, condiment, and medicine.
 Itis demulcent  and aperient; and is prescribed
 as  an adjunct to gargles in cynanche tonsillaris,
 &c.  It is, at times, used as a detergent to foul
 ulcers.  Virgin Honey,  3Iel  vir'ginum seu vir-
gideum,  (F.) Mid vicrgc,  is that  which flows
from the wax spontaneously.
   Hill's Balsam of Honey is formed of balsam
 of  tolu. tbj, honey, Ibj, rectified spirit, one gallon.
 It  was long a celebrated empirical pectoral.
   Honey  AVater  is a mixture of essences co-
loured with saffron.  A  little  honey is added to
 communicate a  clamminess; the effect of which
is to make it retain the  scent the longer.  It is
used as a scent.
   Mul Acetatum. Oxymel — m. -Pgyptiaeum,
 .33gyptiacum — m.  Aerium, Fraxinus ornus — m.
 Arundinaeeum,  Saccharum.
   Mel Bora'cis, Mel aabbora'cis,  Colluto'rium
adstridgens, Linimen'tum de Bora'te, L. ad aph-
thas, 3Iel Boraxdtum, Linctua de Bora'ce, L. ad
aphthna, Honey of Borax.   (Boracia  contrit.  ^j,
mellia despumoti gj, Ph. L.)  Detergent.  Ap-
plied to the mouth in aphthous affections.
  Mel Cann.e, Saccharum  (non purificatum) —
m. Coctum, Pelicide.
  Mel Despuma'tum, Clar'ified  Honey,  Ana-
phrom'eli, (F.) 31iel Clarifii.  Melt the honey
in a water-bath, and remove the scum.  Uses the
same as honey.         ,
  Mel Praipara'tum, Prepared Honey.   (Mel.
despumat. Oss. Alcohol, dilut. Oj. Creta praparat.
gss.  To the honey and diluted alcohol, mixed,
add the  prepared  chalk,  and let the mixture'
stand for two hours, occasionally stirring.   Then
heat to ebullition, filter, and by means of a water-
bath,  evaporate the clear liquor to  the specific
gravity 1.32.   Ph. U. S.)
  Mel Rosa;, Mel roadtum, 3Ielli'tum  de Roais,
Rhodom'eli, Rhodoatac'ton,  Honey of Rosea, (F.)
3Iiel roaat, 3Iellite de Roaea.  (Rosa gallic, gij,
aqua bullient. fgxij, mellis despum. fgxx.  Ma-
cerate the roses in f gviij of boiling water for four
hours; press  out as much  fluid as possible and
set  aside.  Macerate the residue in fgiv of boil-
ing water for  half an hour, and again express.
Reserve fgiv of the first infusion; mix the re-
mainder with the infusion last obtained; add the
honey, and evaporate to a pint.  Lastly, add the
reserved  infusion, and strain.  Ph.  U. S.)  As-
tringent and detergent.  Used chiefly in gargles
and washes for aphthas, <fcc.
  Mel Scilla:, Oxymel scillas—m.  Scillas com-
positum,  Syrupus scillas compositus.
  Mel Vinosum, GCnomel — m. Virginum,  see
Mel.
  MELiE'NA, 3Ielanorrhag" ia, 3Iclanorrhag"ia,
Ic'terus niger, 3Iclonchlo'rus, 31elanic'terua, Melas
Ic'terua, 3torbua niger Hippoc'ratia, Enterorrhoe' a,
Black  Jaundice,  3Iorbua  niger,  (F.)  Mdladie
noire, 3Iiline, Ictlre  noire;  from ptXas, 'black.'
A name given to vomiting of black matter, ordi-
narily  succeeded by evacuations  of the same
character.  It seems to be often a variety of has-
matemesis.  The Black Vomit in yellow fever is
owing to a morbid secretion from the lining mem-
brane of  the  stomach and small intestine.  Me-
lasna also signifies  hemorrhage from the intes-
tines ;  Fluxaa  aple'nicus,  Dysenter'ia  sple'nica,
Dejectio'nea nigra,  Seces'aus niger, Hem'orrhage
from the Intea'tinea.
  Melaina Fungosa Carcinodes,  Hasmatodes
fungus.
  MELiENORRHAGIA, Melasna.
  MELALEU'CA CAJAPUTI, 31. Minor  seu
Leucodeddron,  31yrtua Leucoden'dron,  Lepto-
spermum Leucadeddrum.   This plant affords the
Cnjeput Oil,  (see Cajeput.)  The leaves  are es-
teemed diuretic, stomachic, and emmenagogue.
  Melaleuca Leucodendron, M. Cajaputi —
m.  Minor, M.  Cajaputi.
  MELAMPHO'NUS;  from ptXas,  'obscure,'
and tpuw, 'voice.'  Having a hoarse or  indistinct
voice.
  MELAMPHYLLUM, Acanthus mollis.
  MELAMPODE, Helleborus niger.
  MELAMPODIUM, Helleborus niger.
  MELANOMA, Suffocation.
  MELAN.EMIA, Venosity.
  MEL'ANAGOGUE, 3Ielanago'gua, from ptXas,
'black,' and  ayu>, T expel.'  A medicine  which
the ancients believed adapted for expelling black
bile or melancholy.
  MELANCHLO'RUS, from ptXas,  'black,'and
^Xupof, 'green.'  The ancients gave this name 
MELANCHOLE
548
MELIANTHUS
to certain dark-coloured topical  remedies.  See
Melasna.
  MELANCHOLE, Atrabilis.
  MELANCHOLIA, Melancholy — m.  Autochi-
rica,  Suicide —m. Errabunda,  Cuttubuth —m.
Flatuosa, Hypochondriasis—m. Hypochondriaca,
Hypochondriasis —m. Nervea, Hypochondriasis
— m. Pleonectica,  see Pleonectica — m. Saltans,
Chorea —m. Suicidium,  Suicide —m. Uterina,
Nymphomania—m. Zoanthropia, Melancholy.
  MEL'ANCHOLIC, Jlelanchol'icus, 3Ieladcho-
lua, Melancholddea, from ptXas, 'black,'  and %oXm,
'bile.'  One labouring under melancholy.  That
which belongs  or  relates  to melancholy.   In
popular language, one of a gloomy disposition.
   MELANCHOLINESS, Melancholy.
   MELANCHOLODES, Melancholic.
   MELANCHOLUS, Melancholy.
   MEL'ANCHOLY, 31elancho'lia, same etymon.
 Lypema'nia, Ecphro'nia  Melancho'lia,  Mania
 3lelanchoVica, Mania Melancho'lia, Tristemdnia,
 Baryth'mia,Hypolepsiomdnia,Ano'e'aia  adstric'ta,
 Fixa'tio mononce'a, 3Ielancholinesa;  (F.) 3Iilon-
 cholie, Lyperophrinie.  A  disease supposed, by
 the ancients, to be caused by black bile.  A va-
 riety of mental alienation, characterized by ex-
 cessive gloom,  mistrust, and depression, gene-
 rally, with insanity on one particular  subject or
 train of ideas, Monoma'nia, 3Ionomo'ria.  Panto-
 phobia, Demonomania, Erotomania, Noatalgia,
 &c, may be referred to this head.
   3lelancholy is also used for unusual gloominess
 of disposition.
   Melancholy, Erotic, Erotomania,—m. Love,
 Erotomania.
   MELAN'CHRUS, Meladochrua,  from ptXas,
 'black,' and X9W$> 'a colour.' One attacked with
 black jaundice.  It is probably an  abbreviation
 of Melancblorus.
   3IELANCOLIE, Melancholy.
   MELANGE PECTORAL, Mistura acidi hy-
 drocyanici.
    MELAN'IC, 3felan'icus, 3Ielanot'ic, 3Ielanot'-
 icua; from ptXas,  ' black.'  Of or  belonging to
 Melanosis;—as Melanic depoait, a black colouring
 matter  deposited from the  blood under special
  circumstances;—see Melanosis.
    MELANIC DEPOSIT, Melanosis.
    MELANICTERUS, Melasna.
    MELANOCHRUS, Melanchrus.
    MELANOMA, Melanosis.
    Melanoma Pulmonum, see Melanosis.
    MELANOMYCES, Melanospongus.
    MELANOPATHI'A,  from ptXas, 'black,' and
  isados, 'affection.'  Ni'gritism, Nigrit"ies.  A dis-
  ease of the skin, which consists in augmentation
  of black pigment; generally in patches.
    MELANOPHYMA, Ergot.
    MELANOPIPER, Piper nigrum.
    MELANOPNEUMON, see Melanosis.
    MELANORRHAGIA, Melasna.
    MELANORRHIZUM,  Helleborus  niger.
     3IELAN0SE, Melanosis.
     MELANO'SIS, Melan'eie, 3Ielano'ma, Nigritd-
  do,  Careino'ma melanot'icum,  Cancer mela'neua,
  Fungus  melano'dea,  (F.) Diginirescence  noire,
  Milanose, Cancer milane, Black cancer, Black tu-
   bercle, from ptXas, ' black.'  An organic affection,
   in  which the tissue of  the parts  is  converted,
   owing to a melan'ic depos'it, into a black, hard,
   homogeneous  substance, near which ulcers or
   cavities form ;—owing to the softening, either of
   the substance itself, or  of some  other morbid
   tissue, — of tubercles especially.  This  morbific
   change affects the lungs  particularly; when it is
   called Melano'sis seu Melano'ma seu  Anthraco'sis
Pulmo'num, 3Ielanopncu'mon, Nigritddo seu Car-
eino'ma melanot'icum  seu 3leladais Pulmonum,
Pneumonom eland sis,  (F.) 3Iilanose  Pulmonaire.
It is, also, met with in the liver and  areolar tex-
ture.   Its causes  are very obscure.  Melanosis
of the lungs constitutes one of the species of
phthisis of Bayle; but it is impossible to distin-
guish it from the other species during life.
  In  the classification of Fuchs,  Molanosen
(G.) forms a family of diseases.
  Melanosis Pulmonum, see  Melanosis — m.
Universalis, ATenosity.
  MELANOSMEGMA, see Sapo.
  MELANOSPON'GUS,  3Ielan.omyces;  from
ptXas,  'black,' and attoyyos, 'sponge.'  The tu-
beriform variety of melanosis of the lungs.
  MELANOTIC, Melanic —m. Cancer, Cancer,
melanotic.
  MEL'ANOTHRIX, Atricopill'us, from ptXas,
'black,' and Spif, ' hair.'  Having black hair.
   MELANSIS,  Melanosis—m. Pulmonum, Me-
lanosis pulmonum.
  MELANTHIUM,  Nigella, M. Arirginicum.
  Melan'thium Virgin'icum, 3Inlanthium, Quo-
 fadil; indigenous;  Order, Melanthaceas, flower-
 ing in July, is said to be a sure but severe remedy
 for itch.
   MELAS,  Lepra nigricans—m.  Icterus, Me-
 lasna.
   MELAS'MA, Ecchymo'ma  3Ielas'ma, Nigror,
 from ptXas,  ' black.'  A black spot or ecchymosis,
 occurring on the lower extremities  of old people
 especially.  Also a cutaneous affection analogous
 to  chloasma, differing  from it only in the dark
 colour of the morbid pigment.  It  is  also called
 Pityriasis nigra.
   MELAS'SES,  3Iolas'ses,  3Ielus'tum, Theriaca
 commu'nis,  Syru'pua empyreumat'icua seu  niger,
 Treacle.  The syrup,  which  reirfains after  the
 juice of the sugar-cane has been subjected to all
 the operations for extracting  sugar from it.   In
 the United States, the syrup, made in the process
 of forming common  sugar, is called melaaaea;
 that  remaining  after  the  refinement of  sugar
 being termed augar-houae meloases or treacle.
    Melasses Spirit, Rum.
    MELATROPH'IA,  from ptXos,  'a limb,' and
  arpoQta, 'wasting.'  Wasting of the limbs.
    MELCA,  ptXka.    Food made  of acidulated
  milk.
    MELE,  Specillum.
    MELEA, Pyrus malus.
    MELEGUETTA, Amomum grana paradisi.
    MELEI'OS, pvXttos, 31eli'nua, 3Ielias.  A spe-
  cies of alum found  in  the island of Melos.
    3IELEZE, Pinus larix.
    MELI, Mel.
    MELIA, Fraxinus ornus.
    Me'liA  Azed'ARACh, Azedara'cha amoe'na,
  Poison Berry Tree, Azedarach, Pride  of India,
  Pride of China, Pride tree, Hop tree, Bead tree.
  Nat. Ord.  Meliaceas; Sex. Syst. Decandria Mo-
  nogynia.  The bark of the root—called in India
  Neem Bark, Azedarach, (Ph. U.  S.), is  usually
  given in decoction, in the proportion of three or
  four ounces of' the bark of the fresh  root to  a
  quart of water, boiled down to a pint.  The dose
  is one or two table-spoonfuls, every two or three
  hours, till purging is induced.  It is given in this
  manner as an  anthelmintic.  It is sometimes
  formed into an  ointment,  and  used  in  tinea
  capitis.  The  tree is a native  of Syria, Persia,
  and the north  of  India, and is abundant in the
  southern  states of the Union.
     Melia Terra, Creta.
     MELIANTHUS  MAJOR, Nat.  Ord. Zygo-
  phylleas.   A south African plant, a decoction of 
MELICERA
549
MELOCHITIS
whose leaves is a good external remedy in tinea
capitis,  crusta serpiginosa, necrosis  and foul
ulcers.  It is also useful as a gargle and lotion
in sore throat and diseases of the gums.  The
bruised leaves applied to ulcers promote granu-
lation.                                       '
   MELICERA, Porrigo favosa.
   MELICERIA, Hydrarthrus, Porrigo favosa.
   MELICE'RIS, 3/e/ifit'vium, from ptXt, 'honey,'
and Kvpos, 'wax.'  Emphy'ma encys'tia melice'ris.
An  encysted tumour  filled with a substance re-
sembling honey.  Also, Porrigo favosa.
   MELIC'EROUS, 31'elicer'itoua : same etymon.
Having the characters of meliceris,—as a melice-
roua tumour.
   MELICERUM, Porrigo favosa.
   MELICHEIUM, from ptXt, 'honey,'and x™,
'I pour out.'  A honey-like discharge from  an
ulcer.
   MELICRATUM, Hydromeli.
   MELIFAVIUM, Meliceris, Porrigo favosa.
   MELIGEI'ON, from ptXt, 'honey.'  A fetid
humour of the consistence of honey, discharged
from ulcers, accompanied with caries of a bone.
   3IELILOT, Trifolium melilotus.
   MELILOTUS, Trifolium melilotus.
   MELIME'LUM, from ptXt, 'honey,' and pvXov,
'an  apple.'   A name given to two compounds:—
one  of honey and quince, the other of honey and
apples.
   3IELINE, Melasna.
   MELINI SULPHAS, Cadmii sulphas.
   MELI'NUM, pvXtvov.  The ancient name of an
ointment,  and  of several plasters, described by
Dioscorides and Galen : so called from their re-
sembling the pvXov,  or quince, in colour.
   Melinum Sulphuricum, Cadmii sulphas.
   MELINUS, Meleios.
   MELIPIIYLLUM, Melissa.
   MELIS'SA, from ptXtaua, 'a bee,' because bees
gather  honey from it.  3leliasa officina'lis  seu
Roma'na seu hirsu'ta SOU cit'rina seu citrdta seu
hortedsis, Citra'go, Oitra'ria, 3Ielitei'a, 3Ielisaob'-
otoa, Melitce'na, Meliasobot'anum, 3Iclissophyl'lum,
Meliphyl'lum, Mentha  citra'ta,  3Ielit'tis,  Cedro-
nel'la,  Apiets'trum,  3Ielisaa  cit'rina,   Ero'tion,
Balm,  (F.)  3tilisse, La  Citronelle;  Nat. Ord.
Labiatas.  The leaves of balm, 3Icliaaa (Ph. U. S.),
have a pleasant odour; and  an austere  and aro-
matic taste.  Balm was formerly much used  in
nervous diseases, but is now only employed when
made into a tea, as a diluent, in febrile affections.
It is the basis of a  celebrated preparation,—the
Eau des Cannes.
   Melissa Calamin'tua, Calamin'tha, C. vulga'-
ris seu  officina'rum seu grandiflo'ra, Thymus ca-
lamin'tho, Cal'amint, (F.) Calament.  This plant
smells like wild mint, though  more agreeably.
It is used, popularly, as a  tea in dyspepsia; fla-
tulent colic ;  hysteria:  uterine obstructions, &c.
   Melissa Canariensis, Dracocephalum  Cana-
riense—m. Citrata, Melissa—m. Citrina, Melissa.
   Melissa Grandiflo'ra, Thymusgrandiflo'rus,
Cnlamin'tha  magno ftore, C. monta'na, 31oitntain
Cal'amint.   This plant resembles  the last  in
virtues.
  Melissa  Hirsuta,  Melissa —m. Hortensis,
Melissa — m. Humilis, Melittis m'elissophyllum.
  Melissa Si-.dET\,Thymuanep'eta seu multiflo-
rus,  Calamin'tha An'glica seu Puh'gii odo're seu
nep'eta  sen porviflo'ra seu trichot'oma, Nep'cta
agres'tis.  Field Cal'amint,  Spotted Cal'amint.
Formerly used as an aromatic.
  "MelissaPulegioides, Hedeoma—m.Romana
Melissa—m. Tragi, Melittis melissophyllum__m.
Turcica, Dracocephalum Canariense.
   3IELISSE DESBOIS, Melittis melissophyl-
 lum—m.  de 3Ioldavie,  Dracocephalum Canari-

   MELISSOBOTANUM,  Melissa.
   MELISSOBOTOS, Melissa.
   MELISSOPHYLLUM, Melissa, Melittis melis-
 sophyllum.
   31ELISS0T, Melittis melissophyllum.
   MELITiE'MIA, from ptXt, ' honey,' and 'atpa,
 'blood.'  A condition of the circulating fluid, in
 which it contains an unusual quantity of saccha-
 rine matter.
   MELIT.ENA, Melissa.
   3IELLTAGRE, Impetigo.
   MELITEIA, Melissa.
   MELITHOCORTON, Corallina Corsicana,
   MELITIS, Inflamma'tio gena'rum; from pvXov,
 'the  cheek,' and itis,  denoting inflammation.
 Inflammation of the cheek.
   MELITITES, Hydromeli.
   MELITTA, Bee.
   MELITTIS, Melissa.
   Melit'tis Melissophyl'lum, La'mium montd-
 num, 31eliaaa  hu'milia  seu  aylvea'tria, Melisaa
 Tragi, La'mium Plin'ii, 3Ieliseophyl'lum, Baatard
 Balm, (F.) 3filieae des Bois, 31ilieaot.  This plant
 was formerly employed, like the balm, in uterine
 obstructions.
   Melittis Sylvestris, M. Melissophyllum.
   MELITURIA, Urine, diabetic, see Diabetes.
   MELI'TUS, Melli'tus, from met, ' honey.'  Ap-
 pertaining to honey.  Of the nature of honey.
   MELIZO'MUM, from ptXt, 'honey,' and fapos,
 'broth;' 3Ieod, Melli'na,  31eiheg'lin.   A  drink
 prepared with honey.
   MELLA'GO, from met, 'honey.'   Any medi-
 cine having the consistence of honey.  A  fluid

   MELLICRATUM, Hydromeli.
   MELLIFAVIUM, Porrigo favosa.
   MELLINA, Melizomum.
   3IELLITE DE ROSES, Mel rosas.
   MELLITUM, from met, 'honey.'   A prepared
 honey:—a medicated honey.
   Mellitum de  Acetate Cupri, Linimentum
 iEruginis.
   Mellitum de Mercuria'li Compos'itum, (F.)
 31 id de mercuriale compoai,  Syrop de tongue vie.
 (Succ. purif. mercurialis Ibij, boraginis, anchuaa
 officinalis, aa, Ibss, iria paeudacori radicis recent.
 gij, rad. sice, gentiana  gj, mellis Ibiij, vini albi
 gxiij.  Macerate  the bruised roots in the  wine
 for 24 hours; strain; mix the juices and honey ;
 boil slightly, and filter: then add the two liquors,
 and boil to the consistence of syrup.  Ph. P.)
 Cathartic, stomachic, <fcc.
   Mellitum de Rosis, Mel rosas.
   Mellitum Simplex, Syru'pus de 31 die, Syrup
 of Honey.   (3Iellis Ibvj,  aqua  Ibiss,  carbonat.
 calcia. praporot. giij.  Mix the honey, water,
 and carbonate of lime in a silver vessel: boil the
 mixture, stirring, at the same time, for 2  or 3
 minutes: then add prepared animal charcoal g vj,
 two whitea of eggs, mixed in a pint of water.   Mix
 all, and boil to the consistence  of syrup : remove
 from  the fire; let the syrup  rest for 15 minutes,
 and pass through a cloth.  Ph. P.)  Demulcent.
   MELLITUS, Melitus.
   MELO/E'MIA,  from  ptXas, 'black,' and 'atpa,
 ' blood.'  A state of blood, characterized by its
 incoagulability,  black  colour,  and  septic  pro-
 perties.
  MELOCHITIS, Lapis Arme'nius,  Armeni'tes,
 Arme'nian Stone.   A  variety of blue carbonate
of copper.  It is found  in Germany,  the Tyrol,
and especially in Armenia.  It was formerly em- 
MELOE
550
MEMBRANE
ployed as a cardiac, and as proper for purging
away melancholy.
  MEL'OE NIGER, 31. Pennsylvan'icus.  A blis-
tering fly, native of the United States.  It feeds
upon P run el'la vulga'ris or Self-heal, and Am-
bro'sia trifida  or  Stick-weed.   These flies  re-
semble the Spanish flies in properties.
  Meloe Pennsylvanicus, M. niger.
  Meloe   Proscaraba;'us,  Cantarel'lus,  was
anciently used as a diuretic and anti-hyhropho-
bic
  Meloe Vesicatorius, Cantharis.
  MELON, pvXov, ' an apple.'  A disorder of the
eye, in which it protrudes out of the socket.   See
Exophthalmia.— Castelli.
  Melon, Cucumis melo — m. d'Eau,  Cucurbita
citrullus—m. Plant, Cucumis melo—m. AVater,
Cucurbita citrullus.
  MELONGENA, Solanum melongena.
  MELOPLACUNTIUM, Meloplacus.
  MELOPLA'CUS, 3Ieloplacun'tium, from  pvXov,
' an  apple,' ' a quince.'   A compound obtained by
boiling wine, honey, quince, pepper, &c, together.
—Galen.
  MELOPLAS'TIC, 3Ieloplaa'ticus; from  pvXov,
' the cheek,' and itXaaout, ' I form.' The opera-
tion for forming  a new cheek when any part of it
has been lost.
  MELOS,  pcXos,  3Icmbrum.  A member.  An
organized part, composed of other parts. — Cas-
telli.
  MELO'SIS, Catheteris'mus, Cenembate'sie, from
pnXv, 'a  probe.'   The  act  of probing a wound,
ulcer, <fcc.—Hippocrates.   Catheterism.
  MELOTHRUM, Bryonia alba.
  MELO'TIS, Melo'tris, Specil'lum minus.   A
small probe, — a probe for the ear. See Apyro-
mele.
  MELOTRIS, Melotis.
  MELTING, Fusion.
  MELUM, pvXov, 3Ialum.   An apple.  Fruit in
general.   Also,  a  round,  firm  female breast.
The cheek.  The  apple-eye  or  melon-eye;  an
apple-formed projection of the  eye  from  the
orbit.
  Melum Armeniacum,  Prunus armeniaca—m.
Cydonium, see Pyrus cydonia.
  MELUSTUM, Melasses.
  MEMBRA PUDENDA,  Genital organs.
  MEMBRANA, Membrane—m. Abdominis, Pe-
ritonasum — m. Adiposa, Cellular membrane—m.
Adventitia, Decidua reflexa—m. Agnina, Amnios
—m. Amphiblestrodes, Retina—m. Arachnoidea,
Hyaloid membrane — m. Capsularis testis,  Albu-
ginea— m. Carnosa, Dartos — m. Cellulosa, Cel-
lular membrane—m. Cellulosa, Decidua—m. Ce-
rebri tenuis, Pia mater — m. Cerebri mollis,  Pia
mater — m. Cerebri propria, Pia mater — m.  Cir-
cumossalis, Periosteum—m. Communis, Decidua
—m. Circumplexa, Pericardium—m. Cordis,  Pe-
ricardium—m. Costalis, Pleura—m. Costas suc-
cingens,  Pleura — m. Crassa, Decidua reflexa —
m.  Cribrosa, Decidua—m. Cuticularis, Dura  ma-
ter—m. Decidua serotina, see Decidua—m.  De-
muriana, see Aqueous humour, and Cornea — m.
Dentata, Denticulatum ligamentum — m. Derma-
todes, Dura mater—m. Descemetii, see Aqueous
humour, and Cornea—m. Diaphratton, Mediasti-
num—m. Dura cerebrum ambiens,  Dura mater—
m.   Epicrania, Galea aponeurotica capitis — m.
Externa dentium,  Tapetum alveoli—m. Farcimi-
nalis, Allantois*—m. Fenestras rotundas, see Fe-
nestra— m. Filamentosa, Decidua reflexa — m.
 Flocculenta, Decidua — m.  Foetum  involvens,
Amnios.
  Membra'na Granulo'SA, Gradular membrane,
(F.)  3Icmbranc  granulcuae,  Couche  celluleuae
(Coste).   A layer of yellow,  granular  mutter,
which lines the inner layer of the Graafian follicle.
  Membrana  Interspinals,  Interspinal liga-
ment— m. Intestinalis,  Allantois—m. Linguas,
see Tongue — m.  Macilentior,  Epiploon, gastro-
hepatic — m. Mucosa, Decidua, see  Membrane —
m. Nervorum,  Neurilema—m. Nictitans, A'alvula
semilunaris — m. Olfactoria. Pituitary membrane
— m. Ossis,  Periosteum-—ni. Ovi materna, De-
cidua—m.  Ovuli corticalis,  Oiocalymma — in.
Pellucida, Amnios—m. Pinguedinosa., see Cellular
membrane—m. Pinguis  intestinorum, Mesentery
— m. Pituitaria, Pituitary membrane,  see Mem-
brane— m. Pituitosa, see Membrane — m. Pleu-
retica,  Pleura — m. Prasexistens, Decidua—m.
Propria, Basement membrane, and Folliculi Graa-
fiani, see  Cortex  ovi — m. Pupillaris, Pupillary
membrane.
  Membra'na Putam'inis,  (putamen, 'a shell or
husk.')  The membrane adherent  to  the  inner
surface of the  eggshell.
  Membrana  Retiformis  Chorii,  Decidua re-
flexa—m.  Ruysehiana, Choroid (inner layer.)
  Membrana  Sacciform'is. A separate synovial
membrane for the inferior radio-cubital articula-
tion, which covers the upper surface of the trian-
gular ligament, and the sort of  incomplete ring
which  circumscribes the head of the ulna.
  Membrana  Semipellucida, Caligo — m. Sinu-
osa,  Decidua—m. Subcostalis, Pleura—m. Suc-
cingens, Diaphragm, Pleura.
  Membrana Testa;, Shell membrane.  The mem-
brane  that lines  the shell  of  the bird's egg: —
a simple membrane.
  Membrana  Thoracem Intersepiens, Media-
stinum—m.  Tympani, see Tympanum—m. Tym-
pani secundaria, see Fenestra—m.  Urinaria, Al-
lantois— m. Uteri interna evoluta, Decidua — m.
Uvea, Uvea—m.  Vasculosa cerebri, Pia mater—
m. Arerricularis, Retina.
  Membra'na Versic'olor.   A peculiar  mem-
brane — according  to Mr. Fielding, of Hull —
situate  immediately behind the retina, and in
connexion with it.  It is separable into distinct
layers  from the  choroid, and is supplied with
blood-vessels.
  Membrana Wachendorfiana, Pupillary mem-

  MEMBRANACEOUS, Membranous.
  MEMBRANE, 3Iembra'na, Hymen, Meninx,
Epen'dyma.  A name, given to different thin or-
gans, representing a species of supple, more or less
elastic, webs; varying in their  structure and vital
properties, and intended, in general, to absorb or
secrete certain fluids; and to separate, envelop,
and  form  other organs.  Bichat has divided the
membranes into simple and compound.
  Simple  membranea comprise  three orders.  1. A
Mucoua membrane, 3Iembrana mucoaa seu pitui-
to'sa seu pituita'ria, Phleg'mymen, Phlegmat'hy-
men, Membrane folliculeuae (Ch.), is so called, on
account of the mucous  fluid by which they are
constantly lubricated.   They line the canals, ca-
vities,  and  hollow  organs,  which  communicate
externally by different  apertures  on the  skin.
Bichat refers the mucous membranes to two great
divisions—the gaatro-pulmonary, and the genito-
urinary. The mucous membranes have a striking
analogy with  the cutaneous tissue, in organiza-
tion, functions, and diseases. They are composed
of chorion, papillas, and epidermis; and are fur-
nished with  a  multitude of follicles, which secrete
a viscid humour—mucus.   They receive a quan-
tity  of arterial vessels, veins, lymphatics,  and
nerves.  2.  The  Serous membranea, 31. villeuaea
aimplea (Ch.), are  transparent, thin, and composed
of one lamina. One surface adheres to other tex- 
3IE3IBRANE
55
tures;  the other is smooth, polished, and mois-
tened by a serous fluid.  They are arranged—in
the form of sacs without apertures—as great, in-
termediate  reservoirs for the exhalant and  ab-
sorbent  systems, in  which the  serous fluid in
passing from one system tarries some time before
it inters the other.  The  serous membranes re-
semble  the  areolar membrane in structure and
diseases.  They facilitate the motion on each
other of tho organs which they envelop.   They
may be divided  into  (a) Serous membranea, pro-
perly so called; as the  arachnoid, pleura, perito-
neum, and tunica vaginalis,  (b) Synovial mem-
branea or copaulea; which belong to  joints, ten-
dons, aponeuroses, &c.   These membranes—mu-
cous and serous—are constituted of similar layers
— epithelium,  basement  membrane, condensed
areolar  tissue; and a looser form of areolar tis-
sue, termed  submucous in one case,—subaeroua in
the other. 3. Fibroua membranea, 3leinbranes albu-
gineuacs (Ch.)   These are almost all  continuous,
and terminate  at the  periosteum—their common'
centre.   They have been  divided into two sec-
tions.  1. Enveloping  aponeuroaea, Aponeuroaea of
insertion, Fibrous capsules of the joints, and Fi-
broua ahcotha of tendona. 2. The Periosteum, Dura
mater, Sclerotica, Tun ica albuginea teatia, Fibroua
membrane of the spleen, &c.  The fibrous mem-
branes  are not free or moistened  by any particu-
lar fluid. They adhere by both  surfaces to the
neighbouring  parts;  are  firm,   resisting,   but
slightly elastic, and of a white colour; sometimes
pearly and glistening.  Their vessels are nume-
rous,  in some, as  in the dura mater and peri-
osteum ; in others, scarcely perceptible, as in the
aponeuroses.  Tho presence of nerves has never
been proved, although several circumstances, re-
garding  their sensibility, render  their existence
probable. The fibrous membranes serve, in ge-
neral, to augment the solidity of the organs which
they envelop;  to retain the  muscles  in their re-
spective positions; to favour the motion  of the
limbs, and that of the muscles and skin; to form
canals and  rings for  the passage  of different
organs, &c.
  Bichat admits three species of Compound3Iem-
branea.   1.  The  Sero-fibrous, formed of a serous
and fibrous  lamina, intimately adherent to each
other; — as the pericardium, dura mater, and tu-
nica albuginea.  2. The Sero-mucous, formed of
a serous and mucous lamina;—as the gall-bladder
at its lower part.  3. The Fibro-mucous, consti-
tuted of the  union of a fibrous and mucous mem-
brane ; as the mucous membrane of the naaal foaaa,
gums, &c.  Chaussier admits six  kinds of mem-
branes.   1. The laminated.  See Cellular Tissue.
2. The eeroua or aimple villous.  3. The follicular
or complicated villous. 4. The muacular or fleahy.
5. The albugineous.   6. The albuminous.
  Membrane,  Accidental, M. false — m. Acci-
dcntdle, M.  false — m. Adnie, Conjunctiva — m.
Adventitious, M. false — m. Anhistous, Decidua.
  Membrane, Basement, Pri'mary  membrane,
3Icmbrdna  pro'pria.   A delicate, structureless
lamella of membrane  found beneath the epidermis
or epithelium, on all the free surfaces of the body.
  MEMBRANE CADUQUE, Decidua—m. Ca-
duque ri/liehie, Decidua reflexa—m. de Demours,
see Aqueous Humour,  and Cornea — m. de Dea-
cemet, see Aqueous Humour, and Cornea.
  Membrane, False, Acciden'tal membrane, Ad-
ventit"ious membrane, Paeudo-membrane, Peeud'y-
men, Paeudome'ninx, (F.) Fauaae membrane. 31. ac-
cidcntclle.  Membranous productions, which form
on  all tho free  natural surfaces, and on every
free accidental  surface  are  so  called.   They
are, in general, produced by the  exudation  of a
fibrinous matter,  susceptible of  organization
1              MENECRATIS

which takes place in consequence of inflammation
of the  various tissues.   These accidental mem-
branes occur on the skin after the application of
a blister; on mucous surfaces,  as in croup; on
the parietes of inflamed veins and arteries, <tc.
The cicatrices of wounds are formed of them.
  31E3IBRANE FAUSSE, Membrane false —
m.  Germinal, see Molecule — m. Granular, Mem-
brana  granulosa — to.  Granuleuae,  Membrana
granulosa — m. Primary, Membrane,  basement
— m. Pseudo, M. false — m. Hyaloid, see  Hya-
loid membrane — m. Ruyachienne, Choroid (in-
ner layer), Ruyschiana tunica—m. Shell, Mem-
brana testas —m. du Tympan, see Tympanum —
m. Virginal, Hymen — m. Vitellary, Zona pellu-
cida—m. Vitelline, Zona pellucida.
  3IE31BRANES  ALBUGINEUSES,  Mem-
branes, fibrous, see Albuginea—m. Folliculeuses,
Membranes, mucous—m. Velouties, Alllous mem-
branes—to. Villeuaea simples, Membranes, serous.
  Membranes of the Fcetus, 3tembrdna fatum
involved tea, Velamedta infadtia. The membranes
which immediately envelop  the foetus in the ca-
vity of the  uterus, and the rupture of which gives
rise to the  discharge of the liquor amnii.  These
membranes are the decidua, chorion, and amnion.
  3IE3IBRANEUX, Membranous.
  MEMBRANTFORM, 3Iembraniform'is,  from
membrana,  and forma;—resembling a membrane.
A name given  to thin and flat parts, which re-
semble membranes.
  Membraniform  Muscles.  Very broad  and
thin muscles, as the platysma myoides, obliquus
abdominis,  &c.
  MEMBRANOSUS, Fascia lata muscle.
  MEM'BRANOUS, 31embrano'aua, 31embrand-
ceua, Hymeno'des, (F.) 3Iembraneux.  Having the
nature of membrane.  Formed of membrane.
  MEMBRANULA, Hymenium—m. Coronas ci-
liaris, see Ciliary—m. Lunata vaginas, Hymen—
m. Nervorum, Neurilema — m. Semilunaris con-
junctivas, Aralvula semilunaris.
  MEM'BRANULE, 3Iembran'ula, diminutive of
membrana,  ' a membrane.'  A small membrane.
  3IE3IBRE, Membrum — m. Viril, Penis.
  MEMBRO'SUS, 3Iembrdaior, 3Ientula'tua, 3Iu-
tonia'tua, Naadtus,  valde 3Ientula'tua, Faacino'-
aua, Paolon,  from  membrum, ' the male organ.'
One whose  penis is very large.
  MEMBRUM, Artus,  3Ieloa,  Colon,  a limb, a
member, (F.) Membre.  The  limba or extremities
or members of animals are certain parts exterior
to the body, which  are more or less apparent,
long,  and  moveable.  It is by means of their
limbs,  that animals transport themselves from
one place to another; and that they defend them-
selves, or attack others.  The limbs are arranged
on each side  of the trunk, with which they are
articulated.  In man, they are  four in number:
—two upper or thoracic, and two lower, pelvic or
abdominal.  Also, the male organ.
  Membrum Genitale Virorum, Penis—m. Mu-
liebre,  Clitoris—m. Seminale, Penis—m. Virile,
Penis.
  3IE3IOIRE, Memory—to. Perte de, Amnesia.
  MEMORIA DELETA, Amnesia.
  MEM'ORY,  3Iemo'ria,  3Ineme,  Hypomne'sis,
Recorda'tio, Recorda'tua, (F.) 3Iimoire.  The ce-
rebral faculty, by virtue of which past impressions
are recalled to the  mind.
  MEMPHITES LAPIS. A sort of stone, found
in the environs of Memphis; which was formerly
esteemed narcotic.
  MENAGOGUES, Emmenagogues.
  MENDESION, ^Egyptiacum.
  MENE, Moon.
  MENECRATIS  ACCIPITER, Accipiter. 
MENES
   MENES, Menses.
   MENESPAUSIE, see Menses.
   MENFRIGE, see Pistacia lentiscus.
   MENINGARTHROC'ACE, Inflamma'tio mem-
 brand rum articulatio'nis, Arthromeningi'tia, from
 pnvtyl;, ' membrane,' apdpov, ' a joint,' and kokos,
 'disease.'  Inflammation of the membranes of a
 joint.
   MENINGE, Dura mater.
   MENINGE, Meningeal.
   MENIN'GEAL,  31enin'geus, from  pvvtyl,  'a
 membrane.'  (F.) 3Iiningi. Relating to the me-
 ninges, or merely to the dura mater.
   Meningeal Apoplexy, see Apoplexy.
   Meningeal Artery, Middle, Arte'ria menid-
 gea me'dia, A. Sphano-epino'aa, A. Dura 3Iatria
 me'dia max'ima, A. Sphano-apindlis, Spinal Ar-
 tery,  (F.) Artere  miningie moyenne, A. Sphino-
 ipineuse,  A. Epineuse,  is the  largest of the
 branches  given off by the internal  maxillary
 artery.  It enters the cranium by the foramen
 spinale,  and distributes its branches  chiefly  to
 the dura mater.
   Meningeal Vessels,  Vasa  menin'gea.  The
 vessels of the membranes of the brain.
   MENIN'GES, Eilam'ides, Matres seu Involu'-
 cra Cer'ebri, Omen'ta seu Velamedta cerebra'lia,
 from pvviyi,, 'a membrane.' The three membranes
 which envelop the brain—Dura mater, Arachnoid,
 and Pia mater.
   31ENINGETTE, Pia mater.
   MENINGI'NA, (F.) 3tiningine.  Same etymon.
 A name  given  by Chaussier  to the pia mater,
 united to the cerebral layer of the arachnoid.
   Meningina, Inner Lamina of the, Pia mater.
   MENINGINE, Meningina.
   MENINGINITIS, from meningina, and itis,
 denoting inflammation. Inflammation of the me-
 ningina.
   MENINGION, Arachnoid membrane.
   MENINGIS  CUSTOS, Meningophylax.
   3IENINGITE, Meningitis — to.  Granuleuae,
 Hydrocephalus  internus — to. Rachidienne, Me-
 ningitis,  spinal — to. Tuberculeuae, Hydrocepha-
 lus internus.
   MENINGITIS, Encephali'tis peripher'ica, E.
 membrano'ea, (F.) Inflammation  de la membrane
 sireuse ciphalo-rachidienne, 3Ieningite.  Inflam-
 mation of the meninges  or membranes of the
 brain.  See Phrenitis.
   Meningitis Arthritica, Cephalagra — m. In-
fantum, Hydrocephalus internus — m.  Membra-
 nosa, M. spinal.
   Meningi'tis Mesencephal'ica.  Inflammation
 of the meninges of  the medulla oblongata and
pons varolii more especially.
   Meningitis Peripherica, M.  spinal — m. Po-
tatorum,  Delirium tremens — m. Rachidian, M.
 spinal.
   Meningitis, Spinal, 31. Rachid'ian, 31. Spi-
na'lia seu peripher'ica seu membrano'ea, Perimye-
 litis,  (F.) 31iningite rachidienne.  Inflammation
 of the meninges of the spinal marrow.
   Meningitis, Tubercular, see Hydrocephalus
internus — m.  Tuberculosa, Hydrocephalus in-
ternus.
   MENIN'GIUM.  Diminutive of pvvtyi,,  'a
membrane.'  A fine, delicate  membrane.  The
tunica arachnoidea of the brain.
  M E NIN G 0 - CEPHALITIS, 3Ieningo-ence-
phali'tia, Ceph'alo-meningi'tia,  from pvvtyi;, ' a
membrane,' KopoXit, 'head,' and itis, a suffix de-
noting inflammation. Inflammation of the mem-
branes and brain.
  MENINGOGASTRITIS, Fever, gastric.
  MENINGOMALA'CIA,  from pvvtyi  'mem-
MENORRHAGIA
 brane,' and  paXaxta,  ' softening.'  Softoning of
 membranes in general.
   MENINGOPH'YLAX, Custos  mcnidgia,  De-
 presso'rium,  (F.) Dipressoire, from  pvvtyi, 'a
 membrane,' the dura mater; and <pvXui;, ' a pre-
 server.'  An instrument for depressing the dura
 mater, and guarding it from injury,  whilst the
 bone is cut or rasped.
   MENINGORRHG3'A,from^Mviy^'membrane,'
 and pto>, ' I flow.'  Effusion of blood upon or be-
 tween the  membranes of the brain.
   MENINGO'SIS.  Same etymon.  The union
 of bones by  means of membrane; e. g. the arti-
 culation of the bones of the cranium in the foetus.
 Meningosis is a variety of Syndesmosis.
   MENINGOSYM'PHYSIS; from pvvtyt, 'mem-
 brane,' and ovpipvixis, 'growing together.'  Adhe-
 sion of or by membrane.  Adhesion of the mem-
 branes of the brain to each other, or to the brain.
   MENINX, Membrane —m. Choroides,  Pia
 mater—m. Crassa, Dura mater—m. Dura, Dura
 mater — m. Exterior, Dura mater — m. Interior,
 Pia mater—m. Media, Arachnoid membrane—m.
 Pacheia, Dura mater — m. Sclera, Dura mater.
   MENISCHESIS, see Amenorrhcea.
   MENISPERMUM ANGULATUM, M. Cana-
 dense.
   Menisperm'um  Canaden'se, M. anguldtum,
 from  pvvv, ' the moon,' and cnrtppa, ' seed.'  A
 climbing plant, growing in various parts of the
 United States.  Said to be used in Virginia as a
 substitute for sarsaparilla in scrofula.  It is an
 excitant tonic.
   Menisper'mum Coc'culus, 31. glaucum, Ana-
 mir'ta Coc'culus, A. panicula'ta, Coc'culua eube-
 ro'aua, so  called  from  the  shape of its  seed.
 Family Menispermeas.   Sex. Syat.  Dioecia Do-
 decandria.  The systematic  name  of the plant,
 the berries  of which are well known by the name
 of  Coc'culua  In'dicus,  Indian  Berriee,  Bacca
 Piacato'ria, Coc'culua subero'aua, Indian  Cockles,
 Coccus In'dicus, Coccula officindrum, Cocci ori-
 enta'les, Grana Orien'tis, (F.) Coque du Levant,
 Coque levant.   These berries are  remarkable for
 their inebriating and destructive quality to fish.
 The deleterious principle appears to reside.in the
 kernel, and in the active principle called Picro-
 tox'ine. Cocculus  Indicus has been used in de-
 coction to  kill vermin.  It has,  at times, been
 added to beer, by fraudulent tradesmen, to render
 it more inebriating.
  Menispermum Glaucum, M. cocculus—m. Pal-
 matum, Calumba.
  Menisper'mum  Tubercula'tum, 31. Verruco'-
 aum, Coc'culus criapua.  A Chinese plant, an ex-
 tract from the root of which is tonic to the sto-
 mach and  bowels, and possesses  some astrin-
 gency.  Dose, 5 to 10 grains.
  The same may  be  said of Meniaper'mum cor-
 difo'lium — the  Goluncha, of Bengal.
  Menispermum Verrucosum, M. tuberculatum.
  MENOCRYPHIA,  Amenorrhcea.
  MENOLIPSIS, see Menses.
  MENOPAUSIS, see Menses.
  MENOPHANIA, see Menses.
  MENOPLANIA, Menstruation,  vicarious.
  MENORRHAGIA, from pvv, 'a month,' and
 pvywpt, 'I  flow fiercely.'  Flow  of the menses.
 Frequently, the word is used synonymously with
uterine hemorrhage or metrorrhagia, or for im-
moderate flow of the menses—profuae mcnatrua-
 tion, Parame'nia super'flua, P. profu'sa, 3lenor-
rhag"ia rubra, Catamenio'rum fluxua immod'icua,
3Ienatrua immod'ica, 31. auper'fl.ua, Menorrha'a.
 , Menorrhagia,  Menstruation, Metrorrhagia —
m. Alba, Leucorrhcea — m. DiflScilis, Dysmenor-
rhea—m. Erronea, Menstruation, erroneous — m.
Stillatitia, Dysmenorrhcea. 
rjgM       sto
MENORR^HffiA             55;
   MENORRH(E'A, from pvv, 'month,' and ptm,
 ' I flow.'  Too long continuing,  or  too^often re-
 turning, menstruation.  Also, monorrhagia.
   MENOSCHESIS, see AmenorrBoea.
   MKNOSTASIA, Amenorrhcea, «#
   MI'NOS'TASIS, from pvv, 'month,' and araats,
 'stasis,' 'stagnation.'  This word,  according  to
 some, signifies the retention of  the mens<B and
 their accumulation in the uterus.   According to
 others, it means the acute  pain which, in some
 females, precedes each appearance of the menses:
 a pain which has been presumed to proceed from
 the stasis of blood in the capillary vessels of the
 uterus.
   MENOXEN'IA, Menoxendsis, from pvv, 'a
 month,' and  i-tvos,  ' foreign.'   Irregular  men-
 struation.
   MENOXENOSIS, Menoxenia.
   MENS, Anima, Intellect.
   MENS A, 'a table.' The upper superficial part
 of the jaw teeth.
   MENSES, (3lensis, 'a month;') M. Mulie'brea,
 Mulle'brio,  3/enes, Fluxua men'atruua, F. luna'ria,
 Pro'jlurinm mulie'bre, P. genitdle muliebre,  Con-
 suetu'do menstrua, Catame'nia,  3Ien'atrua,  Em-
 mc'nia, Tribu'tum luna're seu men'struum, Pur-
 gatio'nes, P.  menstrua,  Gynacei'a, Aphedri'a,
 Cursus mcn'atruua,  Hora'a, Luna'ria, Courses,
 Menstrual flux,  3Iontlt/y  courses,  31.  perioda,
 Flowers,  Turua,  Terms, the Reds,  Troublea, (F.)
 3toia, Regies,  Lunes, Flueurs,  Affaires, Epoques,
 Ordinairea, Purgations, Flairs, Menetruea.  The
 sanguineous evacuation from the uterus, Sanguis
 menstruus, the monthly occurrence of which  con-
 stitutes menstruation.  The first appearance  of
 tho menses — menopha'nia — is usually preceded
 by tho discharge of a fluid  whitish  matter from
 the vagina;  by nervous excitement, and by vague
 pains and heaviness in  the loins  and  thighs;
 numbness of the  limbs,  tumefaction and hard-
 ness of the  breasts, &c.  More or less  indisposi-
 tion and irritability also  precede each successive
 recurrence of the menstrual flux.   In temperate
 climates,  each period ordinarily continues  from
 three to six days; and the quantity lost varies
 from four to eight ounces.  The menses continue
 to flow from the period of puberty till the age  of
 45'or 50.  At  the term of its  natural  cessation,
 3Icnolip'sis, 3Iinespausie (Gardanne,) Menopad-
sis, the flux becomes irregular; and this irregu-
larity is occasionally accompanied with  symp-
toms of dropsy, glandular  tumours, &c, consti-
tuting  the Paramc'nia cesaatio'nis of Good, and
what is called the  critical time  or  turn of life;
yet it does  not appear that the mortality is in-
creased by  it.  "With the ■ immediate  causes of
menstruation we are unacquainted.  We express
only our ignorance, when we assert  it to depend
upon periodicity; the discharge comes  from the
vessels of the uterus and vagina, and differs from
ordinary blood by its peculiar odour, and by its
not coagulating.   It is evidently connected with
the condition  of the ovaries, and appears to be
connected with  the periodical discharge of ova
from them.  It is arrested, as a general principle,
during pregnancy and lactation. In  warm cli-
mates, women usually begin to menstruate early,
and cease sooner than in the temperate regions.
The quantity lost is also greater.  In the colder
regions, the reverse of this holds  as a general
rule.
  Menses  Albi,   Leucorrhcea — m.  Anomalas,
Paramenia — m.  Devii, Menstruation,  vicarious
— m.  Dolorifiei, Dysmenorrhcea — m. Retention
of tho, see Amenorrhcea—m. Suppression of the,
Amenorrhcea.
  MEN SIUM RETENTIO, see Amenorrhcea.
3                 MENTAL

   MENSTRUA, Menses—m. Alba,  Leucorrhcea
 — m.  Difficilia, Dysmenorrhcea — m. Dolorosa,
 Dysmenorrhcea — m. Immodica, Menorrhagia —
 m. Superflua, Menorrhagia.
   MENSTRUAL, Catamenial—m. Flux, Menses.
   MENSTRUANT, 3Iedatruana, from menatruo,
 'the catamenia.'  One subject to the catamenia.
   MENSTRUATIO  ANOMALA, Paramenia —
 m. Difficilis, Dysmenorrhcea—m. Dolorifica, Dys-
 menorrhcea—m. Impedita, see Amenorrhcea—m.
 Per insolitas Vias, Menstruation, vicarious.
   Menstrua'tio Recidi'va.  Menstruation, when
 protracted beyond the usual age.
   Menstruatio Retenta, Amenorrhcea,  Para-
 menia—m. Suppressa, Amenorrhcea,  Paramenia.
   MENSTRUATION, 3Ienatrua'tio, Chronogd-
 nea, 31enorrhag"ia,  Fluxus menstrua'lis.   The
 flow of the menses.
   MENSTRUATION DIFFICILE, Dysmenor-
 rhcea— m. Difficult, Dysmenorrhcea — m.  Labo-
 rious, Dysmenorrhcea—m. Profuse, Menorrhagia.
   •Menstruation, AricA'Rious, is that which oc-
 curs  from other parts than  the uterus.   It is
 called Parame'nia erro'ria, 3Ienorrhag"ia erro'-
 nea, Menaium per alie'na  loca excre'tio, 3Ienses
 de'vii,  Aberra'tio  men'sium  seu  menatruo'rum,
 3Ienatrudtio per inaol'itaa vias,  Hamatopla'nia
 seu  Hamopla'nia  menetrua'lia, Menopla'nia, (F.)
 Deviation  dea Regies, Regies  diviiea.  At times,
 the  secreted fluid has all  the characters  of the
 menstrual  secretion; at  others, it appears  to be
 mere blood.
   3IENSTRUEL, Catamenial.
   31ENSTRUES, Menses.
   MENSTRUOUS,  Catamenial.  Also, one af-
 fected with the menses or catamenia.
   MEN'STRUUM,  (F.) 3Ienstrue.   Same ety-
 mon ; — the  menstruum being, of old, usually
 continued  in action for a month.  This name was
 formerly given to every substance which pos-
 sesses the  property  of dissolving others  slowly
 and with the aid of heat.  At present, it is used
 synonymously with  solvent.  Thus—water, alco-
 hol, ether, acids, oils, <fec,  are menstrua.
   Menstruum  Auri, Nitro-muriatic acid — m.
 Ventriculi, Gastric juice.
   MENSU'RA MED'ICA.   A measure  of 48
 ounces.
   MENSURATION, 3Ietdtio, from  menaura,
 'measure.'   3Ieaaurement, 3Iedical  meas'wring.
 One of the means  used for exploring the state of
 the thoracic  and other cavities.  It consists in  a
 comparative  measurement of  each  side of  the
 chest, by means of a riband extended from  the
 median line of the sternum to the spine.  When
 effusion exists on  one side, the measurement is
 usually greater than  on the other.  AVhen, on the
 other hand, a portion of a lung has ceased, for
 some time, to exert its respiratory functions, the
 corresponding side of the chest becomes smaller,
 in consequence of  the contraction of the pleura,
 retraction  of the pulmonary tissue,  and greater
 approximation of the ribs.
   MENTA, Mentha, Penis.
   MENTAGRA, Mentulagra,  Sycosis —m. In-
 fantum, Porrigo lupinosa.
   MENTAGRAPHYTE,  3Iedtagrophyte, from
 mentagra,  and tpvrov, 'a plant.'   A  name pro-
 posed by M. Gruby, of Vienna, for a cryptogamic
 plant,  which he found in the eruption  of men-
 tagra.
   MENTAL,  3Ienta'lis,  from mens, 'mind;' be-
 longing or relating to the mind, as  mental phe-
 nomena, mental diseases  (31orbi menta'lea,)  &c.
   In Anatomy,  Mental,  31entdlia, (F.) 3Ienton-
 nier, signifies that which  relates to the  chinj
 from mentum, ' the chin.'
   Mental  Ar'tery,  (F.)  Artere  mentonniere. 
MENTHA
554
3IERCURE
This is given off by the inferior dental, and issues
at the mental foramen to be distributed on the
lower lip.
  Mental Fora'men, (F.) Trou mentonnier, An-
te'rior maxillary  F.,  is the outer orifice  of the
inferior dental canal.   It is situate on the outer
surface of the lower jaw-bone, opposite the second
incisor, or the canine tooth, and gives passage to
the vessels and nerves.
  Mental Fossa, see Fossa, mental.
  Mental Nerve, (F.) Nerf mentonnier,  is fur-
nished by the inferior dental nerve.  It issues by
the mental foramen, and is distributed, in  nume-
rous filaments, to the  muscles of the lower lip.
  Mental Region, Re'gio mentdlis.  The region
of the chin.
  MENTHA seu  MENTA  AQUAT'ICA, 3Ien-
thaa'trum, Siaym'brium menihaatrum, 3Ientha po-
lua'tria  seu  hirau'ta seu  rotundifo'lia palus'tris,
Bal'aamua polua'tria,  Watermint,  (F.)  3Ienihe
aquatique, 31. rouge.  Nat. Ord. Labiatas.   This is
less agreeable than the 3Ientha viridis, and more
bitter and pungent.  It is used like spearmint.
  Mentha Balsamea, M. piperita.
  Mentha Capen'sis, which grows at the Cape
of Good Hope, possesses the medical properties
of the mints.
  Mentha Cervi'na, Hart's pennyroyal, Hyssop-
leaved mint, Pule'gium  cervi'num, (F.)  31enthe
cervine.  Possesses the properties of pennyroyal,
but is very unpleasant.
  Mentha Citrata, Melissa.
  Mentha Crispa, 31. hercyn'ica,  Colymbif'era
minor, Curled 3Iint, (F.) 3Ienthe friaaie, 31enthe
cripue, Baume d'eau d feuilles ridiea.   Possesses
the properties of peppermint.
   Mentha Gentilis,  M. viridis — m. Hercynica,
M. crispa—m.  Hirsuta, M. Aquatica—m. Lasvi-
gata, M. viridis — m. Officinalis", M. piperita —
m. Palustris, M. Aquatica.
   Mentha Piperi'ta, Mentha Piperi'tis seu offi-
cinn'lis seu baleame'a, Peppermint,  (F.) Menihe
poivrce.  The odour of this variety is strong and
agreeable.  Taste, pungent, aromatic, and pro-
ducing a sensation  of coldness  in the mouth.
Arirtues depend upon essential oil and camphor.
It  is stomachic and  carminative.  It is  chiefly
used in the  form  of essential oil—the oleum men-
tha piperita.
   Easence of Peppermint consists of ol. mentha
pip- 5'.)> SP- v'n- rectifi, coloured with apinach
leavea, Oij.   See Tinctura olei menthas piperitas.
   Mentha  Pule'gium, Pulegium,  Pulegium re-
gdle, Pulegium latifo'Hum,  Glechon, Pennyroyal,
Pudding grass, (F.) Pouliot.  The oil—O'leum
pule'gii — possesses the virtues of the plant.  It
resembles the  mints in general in properties.
Amongst the vulgar,  it is esteemed an emmena-
gogue.
   Mentha  Romana, Balsamita suaveolens, Ta-
nacetum balsamita —m. Rotundifolia palustris,
M. aquatica — m. Saracenica,  Balsamita  suave-
olens, Tanacetum balsamita — m. Sativa, M. vi-
ridis — m. Spicata, M. viridis.
   Mentha Vir'idis, 31.  Sati'va seu vulga'ris seu
genti'lia  seu apica'ta seu laviga'ta, Spearmint,
(F.) 3Ientke sauvage,  Baume dea jardina,  3Ienthe
verte, 3Ienthc dea jardina.   Odour strong,  aroma-
tic ; taste, warm, austere, bitterish.  Virtues the
same  as those of the peppermint.   The  Oleum
mentha  viridia is obtained from it.
   Mentha  Vulgaris, M. viridis.
   MENTHASTRUM, Mentha aquatica.
   3IENTHE AQUATIQUE,  Mentha aquatica
— m. Cervine,  Mentha cervina — to. Coq, Tana-
cetum balsamita — m. Crepue, Mentha crispa —
m. Frisaie, Mentha  crispa — m. dea Jardina —
Mentha viridis — m.  Poivrie, Mentha piperita —
m. Rouge, Mentha aquatica—to. Sauvage, Mentha
viridis—to.  Ycrtc, Mentha viridis.
  MENTIGO, Porrigo larvalis, Sycosis.
  3IENT1SME, from mens, mentis, ' mind.' Any
irregular movement  of the mind, whether from
emotion or  a vivid imagination. — Baumes.
  MENTOBICORNEUS, Geniohyoides.
  MENTO-LABIAL, 3lcnto-labia'lis.  Under this
name Chaussier  has  united the Levator labii in-
ferioris, and Quadratus muscles.   See Depressor
labii inferioris.
  Mento-labial Furrow :  a transverse depres-
sion situate between  the lower lip and the chin,
which is remarkable  for the  perpendicular direc-
tion of the  hairs growing upon it.
  MENTON, Mentum.
  3IENT0NNIER,  Mental—to. Labial, Depres-
sor labii inferioris.
  3IENT0NNIERE, see Funda.
  MENTULA,  Penis — m.  Muliebris, Cercosis,
Clitoris — m. Parva, Pipinna.
  MENTULAGRA, 3Ien'tagra. A hybrid word,
from mentula, ' the penis,' and aypa,  ' a seizure.'
A convulsive  erection of the  mentula or penis;
such as is  said to be sometimes  observed in  eu-
nuchs.  See Pudendagra.
  MENTULATUS,  Membrosus.
  MENTUM, Genei'on,  Geni'um, Anthe'reon, 'the
chin.'   (F.) Menton.  The  inferior and middle
part of the face, situate below the lower lip.  The
chin is formed  of skin, areolar  tissue,  muscles,
vessels, nerves, and the os maxillare inferius.
  MENYANTHES   TRIFOLIA'TA, Minyad-
ihea,  Trifo'lium  paludo'aum seu aquat'icum  seu
palua'tre seu fibri'num, Menyon'thea,  Water tre-
foil, Buekbean,  Bogbean.  Nat. Ord. Gentianeas.
(F.) Trefle d'eau.  The taste  is  intensely bitter,
and is  extracted by water.   It  is tonic, anthel-
mintic,  diuretic, cathartic, and, in large doses,
emetic. In some countries, it is used as a substi-
tute for hops in  making beer.
   Menyan'thes Verna, American   buck  bean,
3Iarah  trefoil, Water shamrock, Bitter  root,  has
similar properties.
   MEOSIS, Meiosis.
   MEPHIT'IC, 3tephit'icua ; from a Syriac word,
signifying  ' to blow,  to breathe.' Any thing pos-
sessed of an  unwholesome property;  chiefly ap-
plied to exhalations.
   MEPHITIS,  see   Mephitism — m. Hepatica,
Hydrogen, sulphuretted—m.  Inflammabilis, Hy-
drogen— m. Urinosa, Ammonia.
   MEPH'ITISM.   Same etymon.  Any perni-
cious exhalation. 31ephi'tia  and 31ophc'to, (F.)
3Iofette ou 3Ioufette, are old names for azote;
and, in general,  for all exhalations and gases that
are unfit for respiration.
   MERACUS, Merus.
   MERAMAUROSIS, Hypamaurosis.
   MERANiESTHE'SIS, 3Ieranaethe'aia, from
ptpos, 'a part,' av, 'privative,' and atadvats, 'sen-
sation.'  Insensibility of a part of the body.
   MERATROPH'IA, from  ptpos, 'a part,'  and
arpoipta, ' want of nourishment.'  Atrophy of some
part of the body.
   3IERCURE, Hydrargyrum—to. Bichlorure de,
 Hydrargyri oxymurias — to.  avec la  Craie,  Hy-
 drargyrum cum creta — m.  Cru, Hydrargyrum —
to. Cyanure de, Hydrargyri cyanuretum—m. Deu-
 tiodure de,  Hydrargyri iodidum rubrum — m.
 Deuto-chlorure  de,  Hydrargyri oxymurias — to.
 Doux,  Hydrargyri submurias — m. Gommeux de
 Plenck, Syrupus de  mercurio mediante gummi—
to. 3turiate oxygini  de, Hydrargyri oxymurias—
 to. Oxide de,  cendri, Hydrargyri oxydum cinere-
 um — m. Oxide gria de, Hydrargyri oxydum ci-
 nereum—m.  Oxide nitrique de, Hydrargyri nitri. 
MERCURIAL
co-oxydum—m. Oxide noir de, Hydrargyri oxy-
dum cinereum — m. Oxide rouge de, Hydrargyri
oxydum rubrum — to. Periodure de, Hydrargyri
iodidum rubrum — m. Protiodure de, Hydrargyri
iodidum — to. Protochlorure de, Hydrargyri sub-
murias — m. Protoxide de, Hydrargyri  oxydum
cinereum—m. Sons-muriate de, pricipiti, Hydrar-
gyrum  pra'cipitatum — m. Soua-aulfate  de, Hy-
drargyrus vitriolatus—to. Sulphure de, noir, Hy-
drargyri sulphuretum nigrum — m. Sulphure de,
row/'. Hydrargyri sulphuretum rubrum.
   M I'RCU'RIAL, Merruria'lis, llyilrnrgyr'icum,
llyilriirgyr'ium.  That which contains  mercury.
A preparation of mercury.
   MERCURIA'LIS, Merenridlis an'nua, French
mercury.  It has been esteemed cathartic, hyp-
notic and cosmetic, and has been chiefly used  by
way of lavement.  See Chenopodium Bonus Hen-
ricus.
   Mercurialis Humor, Humor melanchoVicus.
A supposititious humour with the older physi-
cians, out of which they presumed that morbi
mclanchol'ici seu mercuria'les arose.
   Mercurialis Peren'nis, Cynocram'be, Cani'na
bras'sica, 31. monta'na, 31. Sylves'tris, Dog'a mer-
cury.  This  plant is possessed of acro-narcotic
properties.
   MERCURIALTSMUS,  Hydrargyriasis.
   MERCU'RIALIST, 31crcuriolia'ta ; from mer-
curius, 'mercury.'   One inordinately addicted to
prescribing mercury.
   MERCURIALIZATION.  Same etymon. The
state of being affected  by mercury.  One under
the influence of mercury is said to be mercurial-

   MERCURII CALX VITRIOLATA,  Hydrar-
gyrus vitriolatus — m. Deuto-ioduretum,  Hydrar-
gyri iodidum rubrum — m. Proto-ioduretum, Hy-
drargyri iodidum—m. Sperma, Hydrargyrus ace-
tatus—m. Terra foliata, Hydrargyrus acetatus.
   MERCURIUS, Hydrargyrum — m. Acetatus,
Hydrargyrus acetatus — m. Alkalisatus,  Hydrar-
gyrum cum  creta, — m. Calcinatus, Hydrargyri
oxydum  rubrum—Causticus  flavus, Hydrargyrus
vitriolatus — m. Cinereus,  Hydrargyri  oxydum
cinereum—m. Cinnabarinus, Hydrargyri sulphu-
retum rubrum — m. Corallinus, Hydrargyri nitri-
co-oxydum— m. Corrosivus, Hydrargyri oxymu-
rias — m. Corrosivus ruber,  Hydrargyri nitrico-
oxydum— m. Corrosivus sublimatus, Hydrargyri
oxymurias — m. Cosmeticus, Hydrargyrum pras-
cipitatum — m. Dulcis, Hydrargyri submurias —
m. Emeticus flavus, Hydrargyrus vitriolatus —
m. Gummosus Plenckii,  Syrupus de  mercurio
mediante gummi—m. Luteus, Hydrargyrus vitri-
olatus— m. Mortis, Algaroth—m. Niger  Moscati,
Hydrargyri oxydum cinereum — m. Prascipitatus
corrosivus, Hydrargyri nitrico-oxydum—m. Pras-
cipitatus niger, Hydrargyri oxydum cinereum —
m. Saccharatus, Hydrargyrum saecharatum—m.
Solubilis of Hahnemann, see  Hydrargyri oxydum
cinereum — m. Sublimatus  dulcis, Hydrargyri
submurias — m. cum Sulphure, Hydrargyri sul-
phuretum nigrum — m.  Terrestris, Polygonum
hydropiper — m.  Vitas, Algaroth — m.  Zoticus
iiartmanni,  Hydrargyri submurias.
   MERCURY Hydrargyrum — m. Acetate  of,
Hydrargyrus acetatus — m. Acid, nitrate of, see
Hydrargyri  nitras — m. Ammoniated, Hydrargy-
rum prascipitatum — m.  Ammonio-chloride  of,
Hadrargvrum prascipitatum — m. Bichloride  of,
Hydrargyri  oxymurias — m. Biniodide  of, Hy-
drargyri iodidum rubrum, see Iodine — m. Bisul-
phuret of, Hydrargyri sulphuretum rubrum—m.
Bromide of, see Bromine — m. with Chalk, Hy-
drargyrum cum creta—m. Chloride of, mild, Hy-
drargyri submurias—m. Cyanuret of, Hydrargyri
cyanuretum — m. Deuto-iodide of, see Iodine —
MEROCELE
m. Dog's, Mercurialis perennis—m. English, Che-
nopodium bonus Henricus — m.  French, Mercu-
rial—m. Iodide of, Hydrargyri Iodidum—m. Io-
dide of, red, Hydrargyri Iodidum rubrum.
  Mercury,  Iodide of Chloride of,  Iod'idum
Hydrar'gyri  chlo'ridi, Hydrar'gyrum  ioda'tum
cum chlorido mercurii, (F.) lodhydrargyrite de
chlorure  mercureax.   Made  by the reaction of
iodine on mild chloride of mercury.  Two iodides
may be prepared — the iodide and the biniodide.
Both are violent irritants: the biniodide, espe-
cially,  is a powerful caustic.  Both have been
given in scrofula.   The  biniodide is only used
externally  like nitrate of silver in  scrofulous
and certain syphilitic ulcerations.  An  ointment
of the iodide (gr. xv ad adipis gij) is rubbed on
scrofulous tumefactions.
  Mercury,  Iodo-Arsenite  of, Arsenic  and
Mercury, iodide of—m. Muriate of, corrosive, Hy-
drargyri oxymurias — m. Muriate of,  mild, Hy-
drargyri submurias — m. Nitrate of, Hydrargyri
nitras — m. Nitric oxyd  of, Hydrargyri nitrico-
oxydum — m. Oxide of, black  or gray, Hydrar-
gyri oxydum  cinereum — m. Oxide of, red, Hy-
drargyri oxydum  rubrum — m.  Oxymuriate of,
Hydrargyri oxymurias — m. Periodide of, Hy-
drargyri iodidum  rubrum — m.  Phosphuretted,
Hydrargyrus phosphoratus — m.  Precipitate of,
white,  Hydrargyrum praecipitatum — m. Proto-
chloride of, Hydrargyri submurias — m. Protoio-
dide of, see Hydrargyri iodidum,  and Iodine—m.
Prussiate of, Hydrargyri  cyanuretum — m. Solu-
ble, Hydrargyri nitras — m. Subchloride of, Hy-
drargyri submurias — m.  Submuriate of, Hydrar-
gyri submurias—m. Sulphuret of,  black, Hydrar-
gyri sulphuretum nigrum—m. Sulphuret of, red,
Hydrargyri sulphuretum rubrum, Realgar — m.
Sulphuret of, with Sulphur, Hydrargyri Sulphu-
retum nigrum — m. Supernitrate of, Solution  of,
see Hydrargyri nitras—m. Tartrate of, Hydrargyri
tartras—m. Three-seeded, Acalypha Virginiea.
  Mercury and  Arsenic,  Iodide  of, Arsenic
and Mercury, Iodide of — m. and Quinia, Proto-
chloride  of, Hydrargyri  et Quinias  Protochlori-
dum.
  MERDA, Excrement.
  MERDIVOMUS, Copremetus.
  MERDUS, Excrement.
  31ERE DES PIANS, Pian.
  MEREMPHRAX'IS, from ptpos, 'a part,' and
tpippa^is,' obstruction.' Obstruction  or infarction
of an organ.
  MERICUS, Local.
  MERIDRO'SIS, Sudor partia'lis seu loca'lis ;
from ptpos,  ' a part,' and  'topuujts, ' sweating.'  A
partial perspiration.
  MERIMNA, Cura.
  MERIMNE, Cura.
  MERISIER, Prunus avium.
  MEROBALANEUM, Bath, partial.
  MEROBALNEUM, Bath, partial.
  MEROCE'LE,  3Iiroce'le, 3Ierorix'is, 31erorr-
hex'is, from ptpos, ' the thigh,' and  kvXv, ' tumour;'
Hernia cruralis seu femora'lis, Femoral or crural-
hernia, (F.) Hernie crurale ou fimorale.  In  this
hernia,  the viscera  issue  from  the  abdomen
through the crural canal;  or through an opening
immediately on the outer side  of  Gimbernat's
ligament, which gives passage to lymphatic ves-
sels. This affection is more frequent in the female
than in the male, and especially in those who
have had  children.   The tumour, formed  by
merocele, is generally small, round, and more or
less difficult of reduction.  In other respects, it
possesses all the characters of hernia.  The neck
of the sac has, close on the outside, the epigastric
artery; above, the spermatic cord and  spermatic 
>56              MESENTERY
              MEROCOXALGIA            S

artery in the male — the round ligament in the
female;  on the inside,  Gimbernat's  ligament;
and, below the pubes.  AVhen the obturator artery
arises from the epigastric, it generally passes on
the outside of  and below the orifice of the sac;
sometimes, however, it takes a turn  above, and
then to the inside  of the opening.  J. Cloquet
asserts, that of 134 cases, in one only did he find
the epigastric artery on  the inside of the orifice
of the sac.
   The operation, required in strangulation of this
variety, may be  practised on  the aponeurotic
opening,  by cutting downwards and inwards, on
the side of Gimbernat's ligament.
   MEROCOXALGIA, Coxalgia.
   MERO'PIA, from ptpos, 'a part,' and wd', 'the
eye.'  A  partial obscurity of vision.
   MERORIXIS,  Merocele.
   MERORRHEU'MA, Rheumatia'muspartidlis,
Rh. loca'lis, Rh. 31embro'rum singulo'rum;  from
ptpos, 'a part,' and ptvpa,  ' defluxion, rheumatism.'
Rheumatism affecting a part.  Topical or  local
rheumatism.
   MERORRHEXIS, Merocele.
   MEROS, Femur, Thigh.
   MERRY-ANDREAV.  An itinerant quack, who
exposes his nostrums for sale at fairs and  mar-
kets.  See Charlatan.—So called from Dr. An-
drew Boorde, who lived  in  the  reigns of Henry
VIII., Edward VI., and Queen Mary,  and who
was in the habit of frequenting fairs and markets
at which  he harangued the populace.
   MERULIUS AURICULA, Peziza auricula.
   MERUS, 3Iera'cu8,  A'cratos, 'pure, genuine;'
as Vinum merum,  unmixed wine.
   Merus, Femur, Thigh.
   MERVINE  MALE, Cypripedium luteum.
   MERYCISMUS, Rumination.
   MERYCOLOG"IA, from ptpvKu, 'I ruminate,'
and  Xoyos, ' a  description.'   Any  work on rumi-
nation may be so termed.
   MESA, Genital organs.
   MESAR^EUM, Mesentery.
   MESARAIC, Mesenteric.
   MESEMAR, Mismar.
   MESEMBRYANTHEMUM COPTICUM, see
Soda.
   Mesembryan'themum   Crystal'linum,   M.
fico'i'des,  Di'amemd fig-marygold,  Ice-plant, (F.)
Glaciate,  Crystalline.   Nat. Ord.  Ficoideas:  a
plant common  in the neighbourhood of  Cape
Town.  It has been recommended in dysuria,
ischuria, and some other affections of the urinary
organs.
   Mesembryanthemum  Edu'le ;  and 31. acina-
ciforme, South African plants, are  much used as
domestic  remedies at the Cape.   The  expressed
juice of the leaves acts  as  an astringent in dy-
sentery, and as a  mild diuretic.   It is also used
as an antiseptic gargle in malignant sore throat,
violent salivation, and aphthas, and as a lotion to
burns and scalds.
   Mesembryan'themum ToRTUo'suM.also a South
African plant, is said to  possess narcotic proper-
ties.  _,      „
   MESENCEPHALE, Medulla oblongata, Pons
Varolii.
   MESENTERIC, Meeara'ic, 31eaenter'icus, Me-
sardicus,  3Iesara'icus ;  from ptotvrtptov, or ptaa-
patov, 'the mesentery.'   That which relates or
belongs to the  mesentery.
   Mesenteric Arteries are two in number, and
distinguished into, 1. The  Superior  meaenteric,
which arises from the anterior part of the abdo-
minal aorta, below the  coeliac.  It immediately
descends  to the left, forwards,  behind  the  pan-
creas, and in  front of the  third  portion of the
 duodenum,—to gain the superior extremity of the
 mesentery, where it makes a long curvature, the
 convexity of which is turned forwards and to the
 left.  Towards the  termination of the ileum,  it
 ends  by anastomosing with a branch  of the A.
 colica dextra inferior.  At its concavity, it gives
 off the three Arteria colica dextra, which belong
 to the great intestine;  and, at its convexity, it
 sends off fifteen or twenty branches, which are
 distributed  to the small intestine, after  having
 formed numerous arches by  their anastomoses.
   2.  The Inferior Meaenteric Artery  arises from
 the anterior part of the  abdominal aorta, an inch
 and a half before its termination.  It  descends,
 on the left side, behind the peritoneum; engages
 itself in the substance  of the iliac  mesocolon,
 forming  a  considerable curvature, whose  con-
 vexity faces the left side.  When it  reaches the
 brim  of the pelvis, it passes along the posterior
 separation of  the mesorectum, and  attains  the
 neighbourhood of the anus, under  the name Su-
perior hemorrhoidal artery.  It gives off no branch
 at its concave part;  but, from the  convex, the
 three Arteria  colica sinistra arise.
   Mesenteric Disease, Tabes mesenterica.
   Mesenteric Glands  are the lymphatic gan-
 glions of the mesentery.   Through  them,  the
 chyliferous  vessels  pass to the thoracic duct.
 Their uses are unknown.  When diseased, nutri-
tion is interfered with, and atrophy produced.
  Mesenteric Hernia.  If one of the layers of
the mesentery be torn by a blow, whilst the other
remains  in its  natural state, the intestines  may
insinuate themselves into the aperture, and form
a kind of hernia.  It is not known during life.
  Mesenteric Plexuses are furnished by  the
solar  plexus, and have  been distinguished into
auperior  and inferior; like the  mesenteric arte-
ries which they accompany.
  Mesenteric or Mesaraic Veins  are two in
number,  and belong  to the vena porta.  They
are distinguished into, 1. The Superior meaenteric
or mesaraic or great  mesaraic.   This trunk re-
ceives, from above to below and on the right side,
the three vena colica dextra and the  Gastro-epi-
ploica dextra.   Into its left side, the veins of the
small intestine  open.  It passes in front of the
transverse portion of the duodenum;  and, behind
the pancreas, unites with the splenic vein to con-
cur in the formation of the vena porta.
  The inferior or  lesser mesenteric  vein corre-
sponds  to the artery of the  same  name,  and
opens into the splenic, near the union of that
vein  with the  superior  mesenteric,  and behind
the pancreas.
  MESENTERIITIS, Mesenteritis.
  MESENTERI'TIS, Mesenterii'tis,  Empres'ma
peritoni'tis  mesenterica, Enteri'tis mcaenter'ica,
Inflamma'tion of the meaentery.  The pain is here
deeper seated  and more immediately in the  me-
senteric region.  The external tenderness is  less
than in  some of the other varieties of peritonitis.
 See Tabes Mesenterica.
  MESENTERIUM, Mesentery—m.  Crassum,
Mesocolon.
  MESENTERON, Mesentery.
  MES'ENTERY,   Meaenter'ium,  Meaarai'on,
Meeara'um,  3Iedia'num,  31embra'na  pinguia in-
 testino'rum,  Lactea,  3Ieaen'teron, 3Ieaera'um, 3Ie-
aora'um, 3Icdium inteati'num, Epichor'dis, from
ptoos, 'in the  middle,' and tvrtpov,  'intestine.'
(F.) Misentere. A term in  anatomy, applied to
several  duplicatures  of the peritoneum, which
maintain the different portions  of the intestinal
canal in their respective situations; allowing,
however, more or  less  motion.   They  are
formed of two  laminas,  between which are con-
tained the corresponding portion of intestine and 
I
MESERA                 55!
the vessels that pass  to it.  One only of these
duplicatures has received  the  name meaentery,
properly so called.  This  belongs  to  the small
intestine, which it  suspends and retains in aitu.
Its posterior margin,  which is the smallest,  is
straight, and descends obliquely from the  left
side of the body of the second lumbar vertebra
to the right iliac fossa. Its anterior  margin  is
curved, undulating, plaited, and corresponds  to
the whole  length of  the  small  intestine.  The
mesentery  contains,  between  the  two  laminas
which form it, a number of lymphatic ganglions;
the trunks  and branches of the  mesenteric  ves-
sels;  the nervous plexuses accompanying them,
and many lacteals and lymphatics.
   MESERA, Tutia.
   MESERiEUM, Mesentery.
   MESERAION, Mesentery.
   ME'SIAL, from ptaos, 'in the middle.'  Re-
lating or appertaining to the middle.
   Mesial Plane,  an imaginary plane, dividing
the head, neck, and  trunk into similar halves,
towards right and left.  Every  aspect towards
this plane  is meaial; and every aspect towards
right or left is lateral;  every lateral aspect being
dextral or sinistral.
   MESIAMUM, Aniceton.
   MESMER'IC, 31<amer'icu8.  Relating to mes-
merism or animal magnetism:—as the 'mesmeric
state,' ' mesmeric sleep,' <fec. &c.
   MESMERISM, Magnetism, animal.
   MES'MERIST.  A  practiser of, or believer in,
mesmerism.
   MESMERIZATION, Magnetizdtion.  The act
of mesmerizing.  The  state of being mesmerized.
   MES'MERIZED, 3Ieameriza'tua,  Mdg'netized.
Affected with mesmerism or animal magnetism.
When the person is in  a state of ' magnetic sleep,'
he is said to be  hyp'notized.
   MES'MERIZER, Adimdl Mogncti'zer, 3Iag-
neti'zer.  One who practises mesmerism.
   MESO, ptaos, 'in  the middle.'  A prefix  to
certain words.
   MESOBREGMATE, see Cranium.
   MESOCiE'CUM.  A name given to  a duplica-
ture of the peritoneum, (in some persons only,)
at the posterior part of the caseum.
   3IESOCEPHALE, Medulla oblongata, Pons
Varolii.
   MESOCHON'DRIAC, 3lcaochondri'acua; from
ptaos, and xo"vpos, ' cartilage.'   A name given by
Boerhaave  to fleshy  fibres situate between the
cartilaginous rings of the trachea.
   MESOCOL'IC HERNIA. Hernia is so named
by Sir Astley Cooper,  when the bowels glide be-
tween the layers of the mesocolon.
   MESOCO'LON, 3Ieaoco'lum, 3Ieaenter'ium eras-
sum, from ptaos, and koiXov, 'the colon.'  A name
given to the  duplicatures of the peritoneum,
which fix the different parts of the colon to the
abdominal  parietes.   It has  received different
names, according  to  its situation.  The right
lumbar mesocolon fixes the ascending colon to the
corresponding  lumbar  region.  The  transverse
mesocolon arises from  the concave arch  of the
colon, and forms a septum between  the epigastric
and  umbilical  regions. Its inferior  portion  is
continuous with the mesentery.  The left lumbar
mcaocolon, which contains the ascending colon, is
continuous below with the Iliac meaocolon.  The
last includes between  its layers the sigmoid flex-
ure of the colon, and ends in the mesorectum.
Under the right kidney, it is narrow and firm,
and forms the right lig'ament of the colon: at the
under end of the  left kidney, it forms  the left
lig'ament of the colon.
   MESOCRANIUM,  Sinciput.
7               MESPILUS

  MESOCRANUM, Sinciput.
  MESODERMUM, Corpus mucosum.
  MESODME, Mediastinum.
  MESODMITIS, from ptaoopv, 'the mediasti-
num,'  and itie,  'inflammation.'   Mesotachi'tis,
Mediaatini'tia, Inflamma'tio mediaati'ni.  Inflam-
mation of the mediastinum.
  MESOGASTRIUM, Umbilical region.
  MESOGLOSSUS, Genioglossus.
  MESOGLOTTUS, Genioglossus.
  MESOGONIUM, Internodium.
  MESOLO'BAR.  Belonging to the Miaolobe or
 Corpua collo'aum.
  Mesolobar Arteries, Arte'ria mesolob'iea,
A. cor'poris callo'si cer'ebri,  axe the arteries of
the corpus callosum.
  MESOLOBE, Corpus callosum.
  MESOMER'IA,  from ptcos,  and ptpos, 'the
thigh.'  The  parts of the body situate between
the thighs or hips.
  MESOMERION, Perinasum.
  MESOMPHALUM, Umbilicus.
  MESOPHLEB'IUM, from ptcos, 'in the mid-
dle,' and tpXt^t, 'a vein;' Interne'nium.  The space
between two  veins.
  MESOPH'RYON, Globell'a, Gabel'la, InterciV-
ium, Meto'pium, Naaal eminence.   The part be-
tween  the eyebrows; from  ptaos,  'the middle,'
and oippva, 'the eyebrows.'
  MESOPLEURIUM, Intercostal space.
  MESOPLEURIUS, Intercostal.
  MESORiEUM, Mesentery.
  MESOR'CHIUM, from ptaos, 'the middle,' and
opxts, 'a testicle.'  A  duplicature  of the perito-
neum,  which  supports the testicle  in its passage
from the abdomen into the scrotum. — Seiler.
  MESORECTUM.  A hybrid word; from ptoos,
and rectum, '  the intestine rectum.'  A triangular
reflection, formed by the peritoneum, between the
posterior  surface of the rectum  and the anterior
surface of the sacrum.  Between  the two layers
of which  the mesorectum is  composed are found
much areolar tissue, and the termination of the
inferior mesenteric vessels.
  MESOS, Meso.
  MESOSCELOCELE, Hernia, perineal.
  MESOSCELON, Perinasum.
  MESOSCELOPHY'MA, from 3Ieaoacelon, 'pe-
rinasum,' and <pvpa, ' swelling.'   A tumour of the
perinasum.
  MESOTH'ENAR, from ptaos, and Stvap, 'the
thenar,' 'the palm of  the  hand.'  A  muscle,
which  carries  the thumb  towards  the  palm.
Winslow applied the term to the adductor polli-
cis, united to  the deep-seated portion of the flexor
brevis  pollicis.
  MESOTTCA, from ptaos,  'middle.'  Diseases
affecting the  parenchyma.   Pravity in the  quan-
tity or quality of the intermediate or connecting
substance of organs ; without inflammation, fever,
or other derangement of the general health. The
first Order, class Eccritica of Good.
  MES0TO3CHITIS, Mesodmitis.
  MESOTffiCHIUM, Mediastinum.
  MES0TO3CHUM, Mediastinum.
  MES'PILUS, 3Ieapilua German'ica seu domes'-
 tica.   The medlar, (F.) Niflier.  The fruit, (F.)
 Nefle, and seeds of the medlar have both been
 used medicinally:—the immature  fruit as an as-
 tringent, and  the seeds in nephritic diseases. See
 Cratasgus  Aria and Sorbus acuparia.
  Mespilus Aria, Cratasgus aria—m. Domestica,
Mespilus,  Sorbus domestica—m. Germanica, Mes-
pilus—m. Intermedia, Mespilus oxyacantha—m.
Lasvigata, Mespilus oxyacantha.
  Mespilus  Oxyacan'tha,  31. Oxyacantho'i'dee 

META
558
METAAI0RPHOPSIA
 seu interme'dia seu laviga'ta, Oxyacantha, Spina
 alba,  White Hawthorn,  (F.)  Aubepine.   The
 flowers of this uncommon European plant are
 sometimes used in infusion as a pectoral.
   Mespilus  Oxyacanthoides, Mespilus oxya-
 cantha.
   META, ptra, 3Ieth', ptd',  'with,' 'together
 with,'  ' after,' ' change of form and place.'  A
 common prefix to words.   Hence :
   METAB'ASIS,  Tran'eitua,  Metdb'ole, 31eta-
 bol'itt, 3Ietal'lage,  3Ietallax'is, from  ptrafiaivui,
 ' I digress.'   A change of remedy, practice, &c.
 —Hippocrates.
   METABOLE, Metabasis, Transformation.
   METABOLEL'OGY,  3Ietabolelog"ia;  from
 ptrafioXv,  'change,' and  Xoyos, 'a  description.'
 A description of the changes which supervene in
 the course of a disease.
   METABOLIA, Metabasis.
   METABOL'IC,  3tctabol'icus,  from  ptrafioXv,
 'change.'  Appertaining  to  change or transfor-
 mation.
   Metabol'ic Force.   A  term employed by
 Schwann for the power possessed by living cells
 of changing  the  character  of  the substances
 brought in contact with them.
   METACAR'PAL,  31etacarpidnus, (F.) 3tita-
 carpien.   Relating or belonging to the meta-
 carpus.
   Metacarpal Artery,  Arte'ria doraa'lia meta-
 car'pi, arises from the radial, at the moment it
 engages itself in the  upper extremity of- the ab-
 ductor indicis.  It descends obliquely upon the
 back of the hand.  Its branches are distributed
 to the abductor indicis,  and  the integuments:
 some communicato with the dorsalis carpi.
   Metacarpal  Articula'tions  are those by
 which  the last four metacarpal bones are united
 together at their upper extremity.
   Metacarpal Bones, or bones which compose
 the metacarpus, are five in number; and distin-
 guished into firat,  aecond, third, &c, beginning
 from the outer or radial side.   They are articu-
 lated by their superior extremity with the bones
 of the  second range of the  carpus; and by the
 lower with the first phalanges.
   Metacarpal Lig'ament, Infe'rior palmar Lig'-
 ament,  is a fibrous band, stretched  transversely
 before  the inferior extremities  of the  last  four
 metacarpal bones, which it keeps in their respec-
 tive  positions.
   Metacarpal Phalan'ges  are the  first  pha-
 langes of the fingers; so called, because  they
 are articulated with the bones of the metacarpus.
   Metacarpal Range or row of  the carpal
 bones,  (F.)  Rangie mitacarpienne du  carpe, is
 the lower row of carpal bones ; so called because
 they are articulated with the bones  of the meta-
 carpus.  It is composed of the trapezium, trape-
 zoides, magnum, and unciforme.
   METACARPEUS, Abductor metacarpi minimi
 digiti.
  METACARPIEN,  Metacarpal — to.  du Petit
 doigt, Opponens minimi digiti—to. du Pouce, Op-
 ponens pollicis.
   METACARPION,  Metacarpus.
  METACARPO-PHALANGiEUS POLLICIS,
Adductor pollicis manus.
   METACAR'PO-PHALAN'GIAN, 3Ietacarpo-
 phalangidnus, 3Ictacarpo-phaVangal, (F.) Mita-
carpo-phalangien.  That which belongs to the
metacarpus and phalanges.
   Metacarpo-Phalangian or Metacarpo-Pha-
langal Articulations are formed by the bones
of the  metacarpus  and the corresponding pha-
langes.  In these articulations, the bony surfaces
are incrusted with  cartilage, covered by a syno-
 vial membrane, and kept in connexion by means
 of an anterior and two lateral ligaments.
  METACARPO-PHALANGIEN LA TERAL
 SUS-PALMAIRE, ET 3IETAGARP0-RHA-
 LANG1EN LATERAL, Interosseus manus.
  METACAR'PUS, from ptra,  'after,' and car-
 pua, 'the wrist;' 3Ietacar'pion, Postbra'chia'le,
 Poatcar'pium, Torua mantla, (F.) 3litacarpe.  The
 part of the hand comprised between the carpus
 and fingers.  It is composed of five parallel bones,
 called  metacarpal; forming the back of the hand,
 externally, and the palm internally.
  METACERASMA, Cerasma.
  METACHEIRIXIS, Surgery.
  METACHIRISIS, Surgery.
  METACHIRISMUS, Surgery.
  METACHORESIS, Metastasis.
  METACINEMA, Metastasis.
  METACINESIS, Metastasis.
  METACONDYLE, see Phalanx.
  METACYE'SIS, from ptra, 'after,' and kvvois,
 ' pregnancy;' Gretvid'itas extra-uteri'na secunda'-
 ria.  Extra-uterine pregnancy in which the foetus
 is at first in the uterus, but subsequently in some
 other place.
  METADERMATO'SIS, from  ptra, < after,' and
 Stppa,  ' skin.'  A morbid development of the epi-
 dermis or epithelium.
  METAL, 3Ietal'lum.  A class of simple, com-
 bustible  bodies;  distinguished  from  others by
 considerable specific gravity;  a  particular splen-
 dour;  almost total opacity; insolubility in water;
 and the property they  have of ringing when
 struck. , Metals  have no effect, except of a me-
 chanical nature, when taken into the stomach;
 unless  they have already undergone, or undergo
 in the  stomach, oxidation or union with an acid;
 when several  most deleterious  compounds may
 be formed.  Copper cents ; half-pence ; quicksil-
 ver ; lead, have frequently been swallowed in the
 metallic state with impunity.  Tin  and mercury
 are the only metals prescribed  for  a mechanical
 effect; the former as an  anthelmintic, — the lat-
 ter, idly enough, in cases of fancied intussuscep-
 tion.
  3IETAL DES CLOCHES, Bell-metal.
  METALLAGE, Metabasis.
  METALLAXIS, Metallage.
  METALLIC VOICE, Tintement mitallique.
  METALLODYN'IA, from ptraXXov,  ' a metal,'
 and o&vvv, 'pain.'  Pain owing  to  the injurious
 influence of a metal—as lead, quicksilver, &c.
  METALLUM, Metal—m. Hasmatopoieticum,
 Ferrum.
  METAMORPHOP'SIA,  Phantaamascop'ia,
 Phantasmatoacop'ia, from ptrapoptpoia,  (ptra, and
 poptpv,  'form,) 'I transform,' and wtp,  'the eye.'
 Suffu'aio, Suffu'aio Oculo'rum, Suffu'aio metamor-
 pho'sia, S. 3lyo'dea, Imagination (Maitre-Jean);
 Crupaia, 3Iarmar'yge, 3Iarmor'yge,  3Iac'ula ante
 oc'uloa volitan'tea,  Marou'gia,  Oc'uli  marmary-
 go'des, False sight, (F.) Berlue. Aberration of
 the  sense of sight, which transmits the image of
 imaginary objects.  This affection sometimes de-
 pends on a slight opacity in the transparent parts
 of the  eye;  the cornea, crystalline, or vitreous
 humour, when it is symptomatic and of no con-
 sequence. At other times, it appears to  be idio-
pathic; and  occurs  particularly in those who
have been in the habit of constantly fixing their
eyes on very brilliant or small bodies.  The ob-
jects fancied to be seen  are various.  They are
sometimes circular, perpetually moving, or shin-
ing  or black spots, cobwebs, insects, or pieces of
wood—when they are  often termed Musca voli-
tan'tea, (F.) Mouches volantes, and the  condition 
K
METAMORPHOSIS            559             METEOROLOGY
Viaus muscdrum, Scotom'ata, Suffu'sio 3Iyo'des,
31yiodeop'aia,  3Iyodeopsia,   Visits  muaca'rum.
These appearances sometimes continue for a few
days ; being dependent on the state of the nerves
of the  individual at tlje time; or they may exist
for life, and ultimately impair the sight.  Certain
of them change their position, and appear to be
seated in  the  humours of the eye, and — it has
been supposed — in  the vitreous humour more
especially: hence the  term entohy'aloid  muaca
applied to them.
   If the affection  be  symptomatic, it  is  of but
little moment.  If idiopathic, and connected with
any excitement of the brain, which is  not often
the case, attention will have to  be paid to that
organ.
   META.MORPHOSIS VENTRICULI GELA-
TIN IFORM1S,  (iastromalacia.
   META NGISAlOS, Decantation.
   METAPEDIUM, Metatarsus.
   MKTAPHRENON, Dorsum.
   METAP1IYTEIA, Transplantatio.
   M ETAPODIUM, Metatarsus.
   METAPOROPffi'IA,  3Ietaporopoie'sis, from
ptra, ' after,' ttopos, ' a pore,' and trotttv,  'to make.'
The change produced in the minute pores, in the
capillary extremities of vessels,—when they pass
from the morbid to the healthy condition.—Galen.
   METAPTO'SIS, 3Ietaachematia'mua, 31etaache-
mot'iaia.   Mutation, change;  from ptrattttrrw,
(ptra,  and  irmrw, T fall,) 'I  digress.'   Any
change in the form or seat of a disease.   Trans-
formation.
   METARRIKE'A,  31etar'rhyaia,  from  meta,
' change of form or place,' and pew, ' I flow.'  Re-
flux.   The transfer of a disease from without to
within, or from one part to another.
   METARR1IYSIS, Metarrhoea.
   METASCUEMATISIS, Metaptosis.
   METASCHEMATISMUS, Metaptosis.
   METASTASIS, 3Ietachore'aia, 3Ietacine'ma,
31<',tacine'si8,  from ptdtarvpt, (ptra,  and  araots,
place,') 'I change place.'   Dieplace'ment,  Trans-
la'tion.  A change in  the seat of a  disease; at-
tributed, by the Humorists, to the translation of
the morbific matter to a part different  from that
which it  had previously occupied: and  by the
Solidists,  to  the displacement  of the  irritation.
It has also been used in the same extensive sense
as  Metaptosis.  Disputes  have often been in-
dulged, whether a case of metastasis  ought not
rather to be esteemed one of extension of the dis-
ease.  The phenomena of gout and acute rheu-
matism are in favour of metastasis occasionally
supervening.
   Metastasis Lactis, Galactoplania, Phlegma-
tia dolens.
   METASTAT'IC, 3Ietastat'icus.  Belonging or
relating to metastasis.   A metastatic crista is one
produced by  metastatis; — a metastatic affection,
one caused by metastasis, etc.   See Abscess, me-
tastatic.
   METASYN'CRISIS, from ovyKptvio, 'I com-
pose,' and ptra, which  indicates a change.  Re-
composi"tion.  A word employed by some disciples
of Aselepiados.   This physician  supposed, that
all animals are formed by the  union or assem-
blage of atoms.   He designated all bodies by the
word  avyKpipara,  which  signifies 'assemblage.'
l'i')'if|)ii'£<rS<»i, 'to be  assembled,' was,  with him,
synonymous  with 'to exist;' and StaKptvtoSat, 'to
separate,' was, with him, synonymous with 'to
dissolve,' ' to  cease to exist.'  The word 3letasyn-
crisis was invented to express the recomposition
of  bodies after  their  momentary dissolution.
Some have rendered the word by  the  Latin Re-
corpora'tio.
  METASYNCRIT'IC, 3Ietaeyncrit'icua,  Recor-
porati'vua.   Belonging or relating to metasyncri-
sis.  A  name  formerly  given to medicines  to
which was attributed the virtue of producing the
metasyncrisis  or regeneration of the  body,  or
some of its parts.
  Metasyncritic  Cycle  meant a  determinate
series of remedies employed for this purpose.
  METATAR'SAL,  3Ietotar'aeus, (F.) 3Iitotar-
sien.  Relating or belonging to the metatarsus.
  Metatarsal Artery, Artere sus-mitatarsienne
of Chaussier,  arises  from the Arteria doraa'lia
Tarai;  passes transversely over the back of the
foot; and furnishes, at  its convexity, which is
anterior, three branches, called  A. interoa'aea
doraa'lea Pedia.  These  branches are distributed
in the interosseous spaces.
   Metatarsal Articcla'tions are those result-
ing  from the junction of the metatarsal bones
with each other.  They are strengthened, behind,
by dorsal and plantar ligaments;  and before,  by
a transverse metataraal ligament, which is plantar,
and has the greatest analogy to the inferior trana-
verae metacarpal ligament.
   Metatarsal Bones,  (F.) Oa mitataraiena, are
five  in number, and  distinguished by their num-
ber; first, aecond, third, &c., reckoning from the
outer side.
   Metatarsal  Phalanges  are  the first pha-
langes of the toes;  so called because they are
united to the metatarsus.
   Metatarsal Row—(F.) Rongie mitataraienne
— of the bones of the tarsus, is the second row,
or that  contiguous to the  metatarsus ; compre-
hending the cuboides and three cuneiform bones:
some add the scaphoides.
  METATARSEUS, see Abductor minimi digiti
pedis.
   3IETATARSIEN, Metatarsal.
   METATARSO - PHALAN 'GIAN, 31etotarso-
phaleingio'nua, 3Ietateirao-phalangal.  Relating
to the metatarsus and phalanges.
   Metatarso-Phalangian or Metatarso-pha-
langal Articulations are formed by the bones
of the  metatarsus and  the corresponding pha-
langes.  They bear the greatest analogy to the
metacarpo-phalangian articulationa.
  31 ETA TARSO-PHALANG1EN-LA TERAL,
see Interossei pedis — to. Soua-phalangien trans-
versal du premier orteil, Transversus pedis.
   METATAR'SUS, 3Ietatar'sium, 3Ietape'dium,
3Ietapo'dium, Pracor'dium seu So'lium pedis,
 Vcstig"iuin pedia, from ptra, 'after,' and rapaos,
' the tarsus.'  That part of the foot which is situ-
ate between the tarsus  and toes, corresponding
with the metacarpus. It is composed of five pa-
rallel bones; one to each toe.   Like the metacar-
pal bones,  they are developed from two points of
ossification.
   METATHESIS, from  ptranSvpt, (utra, and
ndvpi,'to  place,') 'I change  place.'   Tranapo-
ait"io.  An operation, by which a morbific agent
is removed from one place to another, where it
may produce  less  disturbance in the exercise of
the functions :—as, for example, in the operation
of depressing cataract, or when calculus in the
urethra is pushed back  into the bladder.  Also,
Derivation.
   METATIO, Mensuration.
   METATOC'IA. from ptra, ' change of form or
place,' and tokos, ' birth.'  Parturition  in a pre-
ternatural manner.   Preternatural labour.
   METATOPTOSIS, Diadexis.
   METENSOMATOSUS. Incorporation.
   METEORISMUS, Sublimation, Tympanites.
   METEOROL'OGY,  Meteoroloef'ia,  from  ut-
rtmpos, 'a meteor,' and Xoyos,  'a discourse.' The 
METER
560
METROPATHIA
science, whose object is a knowledge of the ori-
gin, formation, appearance, <fcc. of meteors.  The
state  of the atmosphere has a most important
bearing upon the health of animals.  The whole
range  of  epidemic  affections have  their causes
seated there.   Meteorological  affections  have,
hence, ever been attended to by the physician for
the purpose of detecting the precise character of
any particular epidemic influence.   The barome-
ter, thermometer, and hygrometer are the instru-
ments used with this intent — to detect, as well
the varying weight or pressure, and  the tempera-
rature, as the moisture.  Perhaps, of  the three
conditions, the  last exerts  more influence in the
production of disease than either of the others.
Our knowledge,  however, of this part of physics
is extremely limited and unsatisfactory.
   METER, ptrpov, ' a measure,' a suffix to words
denoting ' a measure,' as in Barometer, Plexime-
ter, &c.
   METH,EMACHYMIA, Transfusion.
   METHAS'MATA; from ptd',' change of form,'
and 'atpa, ' blood.'  The capillary or intermediate
system of vessels in which the blood undergoes
the change from venous to arterial, and converse-
ly.—Marshall Hall.   See Capillary vessels.
   METHE, Temulentia.
   METHEGLIN, Melizomum.
   METHEMERINUS, Quotidian.
   METHOD, 3Ieth'odus, from pt ', 'with,' and
'ooo;, ' way.'  This word has different acceptations
in the  sciences.  In  medicine, curative method,
■ meth'odus meden'di, is  the methodical treatment
of disease.
   Method of Counting, Method, numerical.
   Method, Mariano's, see Lithotomy.
   Method, Numer'ical, Method of Obeervation
or of Counting, of Louis, (F.) 3Iithode numirique,
consists in observing every case and every symp-
tom of a case numerically, so as to ensure, as far
as practicable, accuracy of observation; and to
enable us, by the analysis  and collation of such
facts,  to deduce general laws and  conclusions.
Also, the application of numbers to the study of
disease.   See Statistics, Medical.
   3IETHODE  NU31ERIQUE, Method, nume-
rical, Statistics, medical—m. Perturbatrice, Per-
turbatrix (Medicina.)
   METHODICS, Methodists.
   METHODIQUES,  Methodists.
   METH'ODISTS, 3Iethod'ical sect, Method'ica,
(F.) 31ethodistes, 3lithodiques.  A sect of physi-
cians whose doctrine was in vogue after that of
the Empirics and Dogmatists, towards the end of
the first century.   According to the Methodists,
of whom Themison  was the chief,  almost every
disease is dependent on contraction or relaxa-
tion—strictum or laxum.  To these two causes,
they  added a third—mixed or compound—to in-
 clude those affections  which partook of the two
 characters.   The doctrine, medici'na method'ica,
resembled, in some respects, that of Brown.
   METHODOL'OGY (MEDICAL),Methodo-
 log"ia3Ied'ica, from ptdooos, 'method/ and Xoyos,
 'a discourse.' A word used, by the French more
 especially, to signify method applied to the study
 of any  science.  Medical  3Iethodology,  conse-
 quently, means method applied to the study of
 medicine.
   METHODUS CATALEPTICA, see  Cataleptic
 — m. Celsiana, see Lithotomy — m.  Curatoria,
 Therapeutics.
   Methodus Derivato'ria.  The  derivative or
 revellent system of treatment.
   Methodus Endermat'ica seu Enderm'ica, see
 Endermic — m. Franconiana, see  Lithotomy —
m. Guytoniana,  see  Lithotomy — m. Mcdondi,
Method of cure, Therapeutics.
  METHOMA'NIA,  from ptOv,  'drunkenness,'
and pavta, 'mania.'  An irresistible desire for in-
toxicating substances.  Temulentia.
  METHYSMUS, Temulentia.
  METHYSTICUS,  from ptdv, 'drunkenness.'
That which causes, or pertains to, drunkenness.
  METHYSTOPIIYL'LUM GLAUCUM.
A South African plant, Nat.  Ord. Amyridaceas,
an infusion  of whose leaves  is pleasant to the
taste, and is used in bronchitis, asthma, and other
thoracic diseases. With the Bushmen and others,
it is a favourite  beverage, and is called by them
Boschjesmansthee, ' Bushman's tea.'  It  is, also,
chewed.
  METODONTI'ASIS, from ptra, 'in the sense
of change,'  and oiovrtaats, ' dentition.'   Faulty
development of the teeth.
  METOPAGES, Symphyocephalus.
  METOPANTRA, Frontal sinuses.
  METOPANTRAL'GIA,  from  ptromov  (ptra,
and u-d',  'the eye') 'the forehead,' avrpov, 'a ca-
vity,'  and aXyos,  'pain.'  Pain in  the  frontal
sinuses.
  METOPANTRI'TIS, Inflamma'tio si'nuum
fronta'lium, from ptrioirov, 'the forehead,' avrpov,
' a cavity,' and itis, denoting inflammation.   In-
flammation of the frontal sinuses.
  METOPION,  Bubon galbanum.
  METOPIUM, Mesophryon.
  METOPODYNIA, Neuralgia frontalis.
  METOPON, Front, Frontal bone.
  METOPOS'COPY, 31etoposcop'ia, fromptrunrov,
'the forehead,' and oKorrttv,  'to view.'   The art
of knowing  the  temperament and character of a
person by inspecting the traits of his forehead or
face.   See Physiognomy.
  METRA,  Uterus.
  METRA5MORRHAGIA, Metrorrhagia.
  METRAL'GIA, 3Ietrodydia, from pvrpa, 'the
womb,' and aXyos, 'pain.'  Pain in the uterus.
  METRANASTROPHE, Uterus,  inversion of
the.
  METRATRE'SIA, Imperfordtio u'teri,  from
pvrpa  ' the womb,' and arpvata,  ' imperforation.'
An unnatural  closure of the uterus.
  METRATROPH'IA, from pvrpa, ' the uterus,'
a, 'privative,' and rpo<pv, 'nourishment.'  Atro-
phy or want of development of the uterus.
  METRAUX'E,  Hypertroph.'ia  seu  Sarco'sis
u'teri,  from pvrpa, 'the uterus,'  and av!;v,  'in-
crease.'  Hypertrophy of the  uterus.
  METRELCO'SIS,  3Ietrhdco'sis,  from  pvrpa,
'the womb,' and 'cXkos, 'an  ulcer.'  Ulceration
of the  uterus.
   METREMPHRAX'IS, frompvrpa, 'theuterus,'
and tptppaaao), 'I  obstruct.'   Obstruction of the
womb  or of  the  vessels of the womb—Infarc'tus
u'teri.   A name under which some authors have
confounded  chronic inflammation of that viscus,
and the different  degenerations  to which  it is
exposed.
   METREMPHYSEMA, Physometra.
   METREN'CHYTA, 3Ietredchytes, from pvrpa,
 'the uterus,'and ty^uu, 'I inject.'   Injection of
the uterus.  Substances injected into the uterus
 are called 3Ietren'chyta.
   METREURYS'MA, from pvrpa, and tvpvs, 'di-
lated.'   A morbid dilatation of the womb.
   METRIIELCOSIS,  Metrelcosis.
   METRHYMENITIS, see Metritis.
   METRIOPATHI'A,  from  ptrptos,  'tempered,'
and vaSos,  'affection.'  State of an individual
whose passions are temperate. 
METRITIS                56:
  METRITIS, from pvrpa, 'the womb.'  Febris
uttri'na, Ilysteri'tis, Empres'ma Hyateri'tia, In-
flamma'tio U'teri,  3Ietrophlogo'sis, Inflammation
of the Uterus or lUom&, (F.) Inflammation de la
matt-ice.   The  characteristic symptoms of this
affection are: — pain, swelling,  and tenderness in
the hypogastric region; with heat, pain, and ten-
derness of the os uteri; vomiting, smallness, and
frequency of pulse.  It occurs most frequently
after delivery, when there is generally suppression
of tho lochial discharge. The treatment must be
vigorous, — bleeding early, so  as to make a de-
cided  impression;  followed by a full dose  of
opium, fomentations, blisters, <fcc.
  Acute  inflammation of the womb, seated in its
internal membrane,Endo-metri'tis,3Ietrhymeditis,
has been called Inflamma'tio catarrha'lis u'teri or
Acute catarrh, (F.) Catarrhe aigu, of that viscus.
It is  known by the discharge of a clear, stringy
fluid per vaginam;  preceded  by  pains,  which,
from the hypogastric region, shoot to the  thighs,
groins, <fcc., with more or less fever.  It requires
the antiphlogistic treatment.   Chronic metritis
sometimes succeeds the acute.  To it must  be
referred  the indurations, observed in the  uterus,
and many of tho leucorrheal discharges to which
females are subject.
  Metritis  Rheumatica, Metrorrheuma — m.
Septica,  Metrocace —m. Venosa, see Phlebitis.
  METROBLENNORRHffiA, Leucorrhcea uteri.
  METROCACE, 31etri'tia aep'tico, from pvrpa,
'the womb,'  and kokos, 'evil.'  Putrescency  or
gangrene of the uterus.
  METROCAMPSIS, Hysteroloxia.
  METROCARCINO'MA,  Hy ater ocar rind-
ma, U'teri carcino'ma, Cancer u'teri, from pvrpa,
' the uterus,' and KapKtvwpa, ' cancer.'  Cancer of
the uterus.
  METROCELIDES, Nasvus.
  METROCHOLO'SIS, from pvrpa, ' the uterus,'
and xoA°s> 'bile.'  Febria puerpera'lia bilio'aa.
  METRODYNIA, Metralgia.
  METROHAS'MIA, HypermetroMmie, from pv-
rpa, 'the uterus,' and 'atpa, 'blood.' Hyperasmia
or congestion of blood in the uterus.
  METROHEMORRHAGE, Metrorrhagia.
  METROLOXIA, Hysteroloxia.
  METROMALACOMA, Hysteromalacia.
  METROMALACOSIS, Hysteromalacia.
  METROMANIA, Nymphomania.
  METROPARAL'YSIS,  from pvrpa, 'the ute-
rus,' and xapaXvais, ' paralysis.'  Paralysis of the
uterus.
  METROPATHI'A,  from pvrpa, 'the womb,'
and trados, ' affection.'  An  affection of the womb.
  31ETRO-PERITONITE PUERPERALE,
see Peritonitis.
  METROPERITONITIS, from pvrpa, ' the ute-
rus,' and ' peritonitis.' Inflamma'tio u'teri et peri-
tonai.  Inflammation of the uterus and  perito-
neum.  Puerperal Fever.  See Peritonitis.
  METROPHLEBITIS, from^rpa,'theuterus,'
<pXt^l>,  ' a vein,' and itia, denoting inflammation.
Inflammation of the veins of the uterus.
  Metrophlebitis Puerperalis, see Phlebitis.
  METROPHLOGOSIS,  Metritis.
  METROPHTHI'SIS, Phthi'sis uteri'no,  from
pvrpa, ' the uterus,' and <j>Btw, ' I consume.'  Con-
sumption from ulceration  of the uterus— Ul'cera
seu Helco'sis u'teri.
  METROPOL'YPUS, Hys'tero-pol'ypus, Poly-
pus U'teri, from pvrpa, ' the uterus,' and polypus.
Polypus  of the uterus.
  METROPROPTOSIS. Prolapsus uteri.
  METROPTOSIS, Prolapsus uteri.
       36
1              METROSCOPE

   METRORRHAGIA,  3Ietramorrhag"ia, Ha-
 morrhagia uteri'na, H. u'teri, Sanguiflux'us ute-
 ri'nus, Sadguinia stillicid'ium  ab U'tero, Fluor
 uteri'ni sadguinis, Proflu'vium San'guinis ex u'te-
 ro, Hyaterorrhag"ia eanguidea,  Hyeterorrhoe'a,
 Hamorrha:'a uteri'na (of some), 3Ienorrhag"ia (of
 some), Uterine Hemorrhage, Hemorrhage from the
 Womb, 3Ietrohemorrhage, Hamatome'tra, Hama-
 toma'tra, (F.) Himorrhagie de la 3Iatrice, Pertea,
 Pertes utirinea rouges, P. de sang; from pvrpa,
 'the womb,' and  pvyvvpt, 'I break forth.'  An
 effusion of blood  from the inner surface of the
 uterus, either at the menstrual or other periods;
 but in a greater quantity than proper.  Uterine
 hemorrhage may  be caused  by those influences
 which produce hemorrhage in general.   It hap-
 pens, however,more frequently during pregnancy,
 and during or  after delivery, when the vascular
 system of the  uterus is  so circumstanced as to
 favour its occurrence more than at other periods.
 The termination  of metrorrhagia is usually fa-
 vourable.   Should it, however, be very copious,
 or frequently recur; or  should it  happen to a
 great extent after delivery, death  may occur very
 speedily;  and,  in some  cases,  without the  dis-
 charge being perceptible;  constituting internal
 hemorrhage.
   Uterine hemorrhage may be active or passive;
 requiring  obviously a different treatment.  The
 general management is similar to that of hemor-
 rhage in general;—the horizontal posture; acid
 drinks; free admission of cool air;  cold applica-
 tions to the loins, thighs, and  abdomen ; injection
 of cold water, even of iced water, into the vagina;
 plugging the vagina, so  as to  prevent the  dis-
 charge per vaginam, and  thus induce a coagulum
 in the mouths of the bleeding vessel.  Such will
 be the special plan adopted where the hemorrhage
 has occurred in one not recently delivered.   In
 uterine hemorrhage after delivery, the same cool-
 ing plan must be followed;  but, as the flow of
 blood  is  owing to the uterus not contracting so
 as to  constringe  its vessels, pressure must be
 made on the abdomen to aid  this; and, if neces-
 sary, the hand must be introduced into the uterus
 to stimulate it to contraction.  Should the female
 be excessively reduced, so as to render the accou-
 cheur apprehensive that she may expire from loss
 of blood, brandy may be exhibited.   The profuse
 exhibition of opium in such  cases,  is, at least, a
 doubtful plan.
   Transfusion has, at times,  been practised as a
 last resource.
   METRORRHEU'MA, Rheumatis'mus  U'teri,
 HyateraVgia rheumat'ica seu catarrha'lia, Metri'-
 tia rheumat'ica, (F.)  Rheumatisme  de  Vutirus;
 from  pvrpa, 'the  womb,' and ptvpa, 'defluxion,'
 rheumatism.'   Rheumatism of the uterus.
   METRORRHEXIS, Uterus, rupture of the.
   METRORRHEA, from pvrpa,  'the  uterus,'
 and ptw, T flow.'   A protracted discharge of any
 fluid from the uterus.
   METROSCIR'RHUS, Hysteroecir'rhus, Scir-
 rhus  seu  Carcino'ma  u'teri,  from   pvrpa, 'the
 womb,' and  oKtppos, 'scirrhus.'   Scirrhus of the
 uterus.
   MET'ROSCOPE,  Metroscop'ium,  from pvrpa,
 'the uterus,' and  cKowtoy, 'to view.'   An instru-
 ment,  invented by M. Nauche, for listening to
 the sounds  of  the heart of the foetus in utero-
 gestation, when the sounds and  movements are
 imperceptible through the parietes  of the abdo-
 men.  The extremity of the instrument — the
 first notion of which was given to M. Nauche by
 the stethoscope of Laennec — is introduced  into
 the vagina and applied against the neck of the
 uterus. 
METROSIDEROS
562
MIDAVIFERY
  METROSIDEROS GUMMIFERA, see Kino.
  METROSTERE'SIS, from pvrpa, 'the uterus,'
and artpvms, 'privation.' Extirpation of the ute-
rus.  Want of uterus.
  METROTOMIA, Cassarean section.
  MEU, AEthusa meum.
  MEULIERE, Molar.
  MEUM,  iEthusa  meum — m. Anethifolium,
iEthusa meum — m.  Athamantieum,  iEthusa
meum.
  31EURTRISSURE, Contusion.
  MEATUM, Syphilis.
  MEZEA, Genital organs.
  MEZEREON, Daphne mezereum.
  MIA M MA, Miasma.
  MIAN SIS, Miasma.
  MIARIA, Miasma.
  MIAS'MA, 31iaem, ptaapa, 'a stain,' from ptat-
vu>, 'I contaminate.' Miam'ma, 3Iiadaia, Midria,
31iaa'mua, Inquinamen'tum, 31olyn'sis, Conta'gium.
The  word miaam has, by some, been employed
synonymously  with  contagion.   It is now used
more definitely for  any emanation, either  from
the bodies of the sick, or from animal and vege-
table substances, or  from the earth, especially in
marshy districts, (31arah poiaon, Efflu'vium pa-
lua'tre, Gaa pdlua'tre,  (F.) Intoxication  dea Mo-
rals,) which may exert a morbid influence on
those who are exposed to its action.  To these
terrestrial  emanations — the Koino-miaa'mata of
Dr. E.  Miller,  of New York — the  Italians give
the name aria  cattiva, but, more commonly, ma-
la'ria;  a  word  which has been  adopted into
other languages.  The deleterious effluvia, origi-
nating from the decomposition of matter derived
from the human body, have been  called by Dr.
Miller, Idiomiaa'mata; the epithets  Koino and
Idio  being derived respectively from koivos, 'com-
mon,' and totos, ' personal.' Of the miasms which
arise either from the  animal body or from the
most unhealthy situations,  we know, chemically,
nothing.   All  that we  do  know is, that,  under
such circumstances, emanations take place, capa-
ble of causing  disease in many of those who are
exposed to their action.
  MIASMAT'IC, 31iasmat'icus.   Belonging or
relating to miasmata.  Sauvages, in his classifi-
cation of diseases according to their etiology, has
a class under  the name Morbi miasmat'ici.  A
fever that  arises from marsy miasms, is  styled
mala'rioua, paldddl, Helop'yra, Helopyr'etus, &e.
  MIASMUS, Miasma.
  MICE  PANIS, see Triticum.
  MICATIO CORDIS, Systole.
  MICHE'LIA  CHAM'PACA,  Champaca,  Mi-
chelia Tejampaca. An Oriental tree, much prized
for the odour and beauty of its flowers.   The oily
infusion of the flowers is employed in the Moluc-
cas in headach.
  MICLETA: A medicine used  by Mesue for
arresting  hemorrhage; perhaps,  according to
Siebenhaar, from the Arabic, michnata,  "proved
by experience."
  MICOSIS, Frambcesia.
  MICRENCEPHALIUM, Cerebellum.
   MICRENCEPHALON,  Cretinism.
   MICRENCEPHALUM, Cerebellum.
   MICROCEPH'ALUS, 3Iicrocrdnius, from
ptKpos, 'small,' and KtifiaXv, 'head.'  One who has
a small head.   A monster  having a small imper-
fect head, or a small imperfect cranium.
   MICROCORIA, Myosis.
   MI'CROCOSM, Microeos'mus, from ptKpos,
 ' little,' and  Koapos,  ' world.'   A  little  world.
 Some philosophers have given this appellation to
 man, whom they consider as the  epitome of all
that is admirable in the world.   Tho world they
call 3Iacrocosm.
  MICROCOSMETOR, Vital principle.
  MICROCOSMTCA MACIII'NA.   The organ-
ism of man.
  Microcosmica Scientia, Physiology.
  Microcosmicum Sal, with the ancients meant
the salts of the urine, — Sal uri'na.
  MICROCOSMOGRAPHIA, Physiology.
  MICROCOUST'IC, 3Iicrocus'ticu8, from piKpos,
'small,' and  axovu, 'I hear.'  This word, as well
as 3Iicrophonous, from ptxpos, ' small,' and tpoivv,
' voice,' means any thing that contributes  to in-
crease the intensity of sound — as the speaking
trumpet — by collecting the sonorous rays.
  MICROCRANIUS, Microcephalus.
  MICROGLOSSIA, from ptKpos,  'small,' and
yXoitraa, ' tongue.'  Original smallness of tongue.
  MICROLEUCONYMPHiEA, Nymphasa alba.
  MICROM'ELUS, Hemim'elea, from ptKpos,
' small,' and ptXos, ' a limb.'  A  monster having
imperfectly developed extremities.
  MICROMMATUS, Microphthalmus.
  MICROPHONOUS, Microcoustic.
  MICROPHTHAL'MUS,  31icrom'matua,  from
ptKpos, 'little,' and oc[>$aXpos, 'eye.'  One who has
small eyes.  A monster with too small, or imper-
fectly developed eyes.  A small  eye, — Ophthal-
mid'ium,  OphihaVmium.
  MICROPODIA, Micropus.
  MICROPROSO'PUS, Aprosdpus, from ptxpos,
'small,' and ttpoaontov, 'face.'  A monster in which
a part of the face is absent.
  MI'CROPUS, from ptKpos, 'small,' and  ttovs,
' foot.'  One who has small feet.  The condition
is cajled 31icropddia.
  MICROR'CHIDES;  from ptKpos, 'small,'and
opxts, ' a testicle.'  They who  have very small
testicles.
  MI'CROSCOPY, 3Iicroscop'ium ;  from  ptKpos,
' small,' and gkotzv, ' a view.'  Observation by the
microscope; an important  agency in the exami-
nation of the healthy and morbid tissues.
   MICROSPHYC'TUS, same etymon as the
next.  One who has a small pulse.
   MICROSPHYXIA,  from ptKpos, and a<j>vypos,
'pulse.'  Smallness or weakness of pulse.
   MICROSTOMUS; from  ptKpos, 'small,' and
aropa, ' mouth.'  One who  has a small mouth.
   MICROTE'SIA, Par'tium organica'rum par'-
vitaa morbo'aa; from  piKporvs, 'smallness.'  Mor-
bid smallness of organic parts.
   MICROTRAPEZIA, Leptotrophia.
   MICROTRICHTA; from ptKpos,  ' small,' and
$/ȣ, ' hair.'   Fineness or shortness of hair.
   MICROTROPHIA, Leptotrophia.
   MICTIO, Micturition — m. Cruenta, Hasmatu-
ria—m. Inopportuna, Enuresis—m. Involuntaria,
Enuresis — m.  Sanguinea, Hasmaturia.
   31ICTION, Micturition.
   MICTURIT"ION, 3Iic'tio,  Mictus,  Ure'sis,
 Uri'aaia, Omiche'aia,  (F.) 3fiction, from micturio,
 ' I make water.' The act of making water.  Also,
morbid frequency of passing the water.
   MICTUS, Micturition — m.  Cruentus, Hasma-
 turia.
   MIDRIFF, Diaphragm.
   MIDWIFE,  from  mitf, 'with,' and pr:, 'wife,'
 or,  from  mi3, 'meed,' 'recompense,'  and piy,
 ' wife.'  31atro'na, Obatet'rix, Hypere'tria, Maa,
 3Iaaa, Madtria, Acea'toris, Acea'tria, Acea'tria,
 (F.) Sage femme, Accoucheuae.  A  female who
 practises obstetrics.
   MIDWIFERY, Obstetrics. 
MIEL
563
MILK
  MIEL, Mel—mi. d'Acetate de Cuivre, Linimen-
tum a;ruginis — m. Mercuriale composi, Mellitum
de mercuriali compositum.
  MIEUTEK, Accoucheur.
  MU'.AIA, Mistura.
  3IIGRAINE, Hemierania.
  I\l IG RA N A, Hemierania.
  MI KAMA GUACO, Guaco.
  MILFOIL, Achillea millefolium.
  311 LI AI RE,  Miliary fever.
  MILIARIA,  Miliary fever — m. Sudans, Mi-
liary fever—m. Sudatoria, Miliary fever.
  MILIARIS SUDATORIA, Sudor anglicus, S.
picardicus.
  MIL'IARY (FEVER,)  Emphly'sis milidria,
Miliaria,  31. siulnus,  31 ilia'vis,  31.  sudato'ria,
Sudor, S. milia'ris,  Pop'nla milia'ris, Febris mi-
liaria,  Exanthe'ma  miliaria, Sydochus miliaria,
Aspre'do milia'cea,  Febria eaaero'aa, F. puncticu-
la'ria,  F.  culictddria,  F. veaicula'ria, F. lenticu-
lo'ria,  Pur'puro puerpera'rum, P. milia'ris, Fe-
bria pnrpurdte rubra  et alba milia'ris, Pap'ula
sudo'ria, 3Iill.ct-eeed raah,  (F.) 3Iiliuire, Millet,
Pourpre blnne,  3Ii/l.et.   It  is so called from the
eruption resembling the seed of the milium  or
mi/let.  Fever,  accompanied by an  eruption  of
small, red, isolated  pimples, rarely confluent, but
almost always very numerous,  slightly  raised
above  the skin, and presenting, at the end  of  24
hours, a small vesicle filled with a white transpa-
rent fluid; which quickly dries up, and separates
in the  form of scales.  Miliary fever is now rare,
in consequence of the  cooling practice in  fevers
and other states of the system.   It is almost
always brought on  by external heat, and hence
the prevention is  obvious.  The treatment  is
simple.  It requires merely the  antiphlogistic
regimen, in ordinary cases.
  Miliary  Granulations or Tubercles,  see
Granulation.
  MILII  SEAIINA, Panicum Italicum.
  MILIOLUM.  Diminutive of milium, 'millet.'
Cenchrid'ion.  A small tumour on the eyelids,
resembling, in size,  a millet-seed.
  MILITARIS HERBA, Achillea millefolium.
  MILIUM, Grutum, Panicum miliaceum,  see
Hydatid—m. Esculentum, Panicum miliaceum—
m.  Indicum, Panicum Italicum — m. Panicum,
Panicum  miliaceum — m.  Solis,  Lithospermum
officinale.
  MILK, Sax. meolc,  Lac,  Gala, Humor   lac'-
tcua, Latex  ni'veus, (F.) Lait.  A fluid secreted
by  the mammary glands of the  females of the
mammalia.   The skimmed milk of the cow, (F.)
Lait de Vache, contains water,  caseous matter,
traces  of butter, sugar of milk, chloride of sodium,
phosphate, and acetate of potass, lactic acid, lac-
tate of iron, and earthy phosphate.  The cream
is formed of butter, casein, and whey, in which
there  is sugar of milk  and salts.  AVhen  exa-
mined by the microscope, milk is seen to contain
a large number of particles, of irregular size and
shape, varying from t^ioo^1  to  3oVi5tD-  of  an
inch in diameter.  They consist of oily matter,
surrounded by  a delicate pellicle, and are the
milk globulea.
   Cow's milk is employed  for the preparation of
cream, butter,  cheese, whey, sugar of milk, and
frangipane.  It is useful in a number of cases of
poisoning;  either by  acting as a demulcent, or
by decomposing certain poisons, or by combining
with others so as to neutralize them.  It is con-
stantly employed as aliment, and may be regarded
as an  emulsion in  which  butter and casein  are
found  in suspension.  AVhen taken into the sto-
mach, it is coagulated by the gastric fluids, and
the coagulum  is digested  like any  other  solid.
The watery parts are absorbed.
  Between milk, flour, and blood, there is great
similarity of  composition.  The following table
is given by Dr. Robert Dundas  Thomson:
Milk.
Curd or Casein,
   Flour.
' Fibrin,
 Albumen,
 Casein,
 Gluten.
      Butter.............  Oil.

      ^ar............. {&n>

Chloride of potassium, ")
----------sodium,
Phosphate of soda,     [   pQ
  Blood.
Fibrin,
Albumen,
Casein,
Colouring
  matter.
Fat.
[ Sugar.
lime,
magnesia,
iron,
Do.
  From a considerable number of experiments,
Messrs. Deyeux and Parmentier  class the six
kinds of milk, which they examined, according
to the following table,  as regards the relative
quantity of materials they contain.
Caaein.	Butter.	Sugar of Milk.	Serum.
Goat Sheep Cow	Sheep Cow Goat	Woman Ass Mare	Ass Woman Mare
Ass Woman Mare	Woman Ass Mare	Cow Goat Sheep	Cow Goat Sheep
  Milk  Abscess,  Mastodynia  apostematosa—
m. Almond, Emulsio amygdalas.
  Milk and  Soda AVater.  An agreeable mode
of taking milk in cases where it lies heavily on
the stomach.  Heat, nearly to boiling, a teacup-
ful of milk ; dissolve in it a teaspoonful of sugar,
put it into a large tumbler, and pour over it two-
thirds of a bottle of soda water.
  Milk, Asses', (F.) Lait d'Anesae, considerably
resembles human milk, of which it has the con-
sistence, smell, and taste : but it contains a little
less cream, and more  soft,  caseous matter. It is
often  used by those labouring under pulmonary
affections.
  Artificial Asses' Milk may be made by taking
gelatin *|ss;  dissolving it, by the aid of heat, in
barley water  Oij ; adding refined sugar """[j ; pour-
ing into the  mixture  new milk  Oj; and beating
the whole with a whisk.
  It may also be prepared by  dissolving sugar
of milk ""jij in tepid skimmed cow's milk Oj.
  Milk, Ewes',  (F.)  Lait  de Brebis.   It affords
more  cream  than cows'  milk; but the butter is
softer.  The  caseum,  on the contrary,  is fatter,
and more viscid.  It  contains less  serum than
cow's  milk.   The  Roquefort  cheeses are made
from it.
   Milk  Fever, see  Fever,  milk — m. Glass,
Breast glass — m. Globules, see  Milk.
   Milk,  Goats', (F.)  Lait de  Chewe, resembles
cows'  milk: the butyraceous  matter,  however,
which enters into its  composition, is more solid
than that of the cow.
   Artificial  Goata'  3lilk  may  be made by taking
fresh auet £j ; cutting it into small pieces ; tying
it in  a muslin bag, large enough to leave the
morsels  free from compression; and boiling in a
quart of cows' milk, sweetened with  a quarter of
an ounce of white sugar candy.
   Used as a diet in scrofulous cases, and also in
phthisis. 
MILKY
564
MINT
      Milk, Human, (F.) Lait de femme,—contains
    more sugar, milk, and cream, and  less caseum,
    than cows' milk.  Its composition differs accord-
    ing to the distance of time from delivery.
      Milk Knot, Galacto-gad glion ; (F.) Ganglion
    laiteux. The knots often observed  in the breast
    after inflammation of the organ, or for some time
    after the suppression of the secretion.  They ge-
    nerally end by resolution.
      Milk Leg, Phlegmatia dolens — m.  Males',
    Sperm.
      Milk, Mares', (F.) Lait de Jument,—contains
    only a small quantity of fluid butyraceous matter;
    a little caseum, softer than that of cows' milk, and
    more serum.
      Milk Scall, Porrigo larvalis.
      Milk Sickness, Sick atomach, Swamp sickness,
    Tires,  Slowa, Stiff jointa, Puking  fever, River
    sickness.  A disease occasionally observed in the
    states of Alabama, Indiana, and Kentucky, which
    affects both man and cattle, but chiefly the latter.
    It is attributed in cattle to  something eaten or
    drunk by them; and in man  to the  eating of the
    flesh of animals  labouring  under  the disease.
    Owing  to the tremors that characterize it in ani-
    mals, it is called the Trembles.  It is endemic.
      The symptoms of the  disease are such  as are
    produced by the acro-narcotic class  of poisons —
    vomiting,  purging,  extreme  nervous  agitation,
    &c.: and the approved indications of  treatment
    appear to be—gentle emetics  and laxatives, with
    quiet, and mucilaginous drinks.
      Milk, Snakes', Euphorbia  corollata—m. Spots,
    Strophulus—m. Stone, Morochthus—m. Sugar of,
    Sugar of milk — m. of Sulphur, Sulphur prascipi-
    tatum— m. Sweet, Galium verum—m. Teeth, see
    Dentition — m.  Thrush, Aphthas—m. Vetch, As-
    tragalus verus — m. Vetch, stemless, Astragalus
    exscapus — m.  Weed,  Apocynum  androsasmifo-
    lium, Asclepias Syriaca,  Euphorbia corollata —
    m. Weed, long-leaved, green, Aeerates  longifolia
    — m. Weed,  smooth, Asclepias Sullivantii — m.
    Wort, bitter, Polygala amara—m. AVort, common,
    Polygala—m. Wort, dwarf,  Polygala  paucifolia
    —m. Wort, rattlesnake, Polygala.
      MILKY, Lactic.
      MILL MOUNTAIN, Linum catharticum.
      3IILLEFEUILLE, Achillea millefolium.
      MILLEFOLIUM, Achillea millefolium.
      MILLEMORBIA  SCROPHULARIA, Scro-
    phularia nodosa.
      MILLEPEDES, Onisci aselli.
      MILLEPERTUIS  ORDINAIRE, Hyperi-
    cum perforatum.
      3IILLET,  Aphthas, Miliary fever—m. Barba-
\   does, Panicum Italicum — m. Common, Panicum
    miliaceum — m. Indian, Panicum Italicum — to.
    des Oiseoux,  Panicum Italicum — to. Ordinaire,
    Panicum miliaceum. •
      MILLET-SEED RASH, Miliary fever.
      MILLIGRAMME, from mille,  'a thousand,'
    and ypappa, 'a gramme.'  The thousandth  part
    of a gramme ; — about 0.0154 Troy grain.
      MILLIGRANA, Herniaria glabra.
      31ILLI3IETRE,  3Iillim'eter, from mille, 'a
    thousand,'  and ptrpov,  'measure.'    The thou-
    sandth part of the metre; — equal to  0.03937
    English inch, or about two-fifths of a line.
      MIL LOT,  Miliary fever.
      MILPHJE, Madarosis.
      MILPHOSIS, Madarosis.
      MILT-LIKE TUMOUR,  Encephaloid.
      MILTUS,  Plumbi oxydum rubrum.
      MILTWASTE, Asplenium.
      MIMOSA  CATECHU,  Catechu—m. Cochlia-
    carpa,  see  Cortex  adstringens Brasiliensis — m.
    Leucophlea, see Spirit (Arrack)—m. Nilotica, see
Acacias gummi — m. Scandens, Cachang-parang
—m. Senegal, see Senegal, gum — m. A'irginalis,
see Cortex adstringens Brasiliensis.
  MIND, ABSENCE OF, Aphelxia socors —m.
Abstraction of, Aphelxia intcnta — in.  Unsound,
Insanity.
  MINERALIUM, Antimonium.
  MINER'S  ELBOAV.   An enlargement of a
bursa over the olecranon, occurring in such as
are  in  the habit of leaning much upon it; and,
therefore, often  seen in those who  work on the
side in low-roofed mines.
  MINIM'ETER; badly compounded  from mi-
nimum and ptrpov, 'measure.'  An instrument for
measuring minims, invented by Mr. Alsop.  It
consists of a glass tube, graduated  from the  co-
nical point into minims ; and having a  piston, by
the elevation of which, fluid  may be drawn into
the tube, and by its depression be forced from it.
  MINIMUM, a minim, 'the least part or por-
tion.'   The  60th part of a fluidrachm.  This
measure has been introduced by the London Col-
lege of Physicians, in consequence  of the uncer-
tainty of the size of the drop, (see  Gutta.) The
subdivision  of the wine  pint  has,  accordingly,
been extended to the 60th part of the fluidrachm;
and glass measures,  called " minim-measures,"
have been adopted by the London College. The
proportion between the minims and the drops of
various fluid preparations is exhibited in the fol-
lowing table.  The results were obtained by Mr*
Durand,  a skilful pharmacien of  Philadelphia,
under circumstances, as regards the different  ar-
ticles, as nearly identical  as possible.

Table of the Number of Drops of different
    Liquids equivalent to a Fluidrachm.
Acid Acetic, crystallizable.................120
Acid Hydrocyanic (medicinal).............45
---Muriatic........,...................  54
---Nitric........'......................  84
---------diluted (1 to 7)...............  51
---Sulphuric...........................  90
-----------aromatic...................120
------------diluted (1  to 7).............  51
Alcohol (rectified Spirit)..................138
Alcohol, diluted (proof Spirit)..............120
Arsenite of Potassa, solution of............. 57
Ether, Sulphuric.........................150
Oils of Aniseed, Cinnamon, Cloves, Pepper-
    mint, Sweet Almonds, Olives...........120
Tinctures of Asafoetida,  Foxglove, Guaiac,
    Opium,..............................120
Tincture of  Chloride of Iron...............132
Vinegar, distilled......................... 78
--------of  Colchicum.................... 78
------■■— of  Opium (black drop)........... 78
--------of  Squill........................ 78
Water, distilled........................... 45
Water of Ammonia (strong)................ 54
  Do       do.    (weak).................45
Wine (Teneriffe).......................... 78
-----Antimonial......................... 72
-----of Colchicum....................... 75
-----of Opium.......................... 78
  MINISTER  GYMNASTS, Pasdotribes.
  MINITHOSIS, Meiosis.
  MINIUM, Plumbi oxydum rubrum—m. Gras-
corum, Hydrargyri  sulphuretum  rubrum — m.
Purum, Hydrargyri sulphuretum rubrum.
  MINOR HELTCIS.   A muscle  situate on the
posterior border of the helix  of the ear, at its
commencement in the fossa of the concha.
  MINORATIVUS, Laxative.
  MINT, COCK,  Tanacetum balsamita —m.
Curled, Mentha  crispa — m. Cat,  Nepeta — m.
Horse, Monarda coccinea and  M. punctata — in. 
MINUTHESIS
565
MITHRIDATE
 Horse, hairy, Blephilia hirsuta—m. Horse, Ohio,
 Blephilia hirsuta — m. Horse, sweet, Cunila Ma-
 riana—m. Hyssop-leaved, Mentha cervina.
   Mint  Julep.  A drink, consisting of brandy,
 sugar, and pounded  ice, flavoured by sprigs of
 mint.  It is an agreeable alcoholic excitant.
   Mint, Mountain, Monarda coccinea—m. Moun-
 tain, common, Pycnanthemum incanum—m. Pep-
 per, Mentha piperita—m. Spear,  Mentha viridis
 —m. Squaw, Iledeoma — m. Stone, Cunila Mari-
 ana—in. AVater, Mentha aquatica.
   MINUTHESIS, Meiosis.
   MINYANTHES, Menyanthes.
   MIOSIS, Meiosis.
   MIROCELE, Merocele.
   MISADIR, Ammonias murias.
   MISANTHRO'PIA, 3Iiaan'thropy, Exanthrd-
 pio,  Phyganthro'pia, from ptaos, 'hatred,'  and
 avSpiawos, ' man.'  Aversion to man and society;—
 a symptom of melancholy, and hypochondriasis.
   MISCARRIAGE, Abortion.
   MISERERE  MEI, Ileus.
   MISIIME TEETA, Coptis teeta.
   MISMAR, .Mcsemar.   A name  given by Avi-
 cenna to a kind of nodus, which forms on the
 toes as  the sequel of contusion or inflammation
 of those  parts.
   MISOPTO'CHUS,  from ptaos,  'hatred,' and
 irru>xos,  'poor.'  That which has  hatred for the
 poor.  The gout has been so called by  some, be-
 cause it  commonly affects the rich.
   MISSADAN, Hydrargyrum.
   MISSLO SANGUINIS, Bloodletting.
   MISTIO, .Mistura.
   MISTLETOE, Viscum album—m. Yellowish,
 Viscum flavescens.
   MISTU'RA, 3Iigma, 3tia'tio, 3Iix'tio, 3Iixtn'ra,
 a mixture; from miscerc,  mixturn, 'to  mix.'  A
 mingled  compound, in which different ingredients
 are contained in the fluid state;  suspended or not
 by means of mucilaginous or saccharine  matter.
 In this sense, it is synonymous with the French
 Potion.   In France, however, the word mixture
 is more  frequently understood to mean a liquid
 medicine, which contains very active substances,
 and can  only be administered by drops.  A mix-
 ture, in other words, in the French sense, may be
 regarded as a potion deprived of watery vehicle.
   3I1STURA,  (S.)  A fragrant yellow-coloured
 water, used as  a perfume by the  ladies of Peru.
 It is prepared from gillyflower, jasmine, and flor
 de mistela (Talinum umbellatum).   See Campo-
 manesia  lineatifolia.
   Mistura Ac"idi Hydrocyan'ici, Mixture of
 Prussic acid, 3Iilange pectoral (Magendic). (3le-
 dicinal prussic acid,  gj,  distilled water, 5xiv,
 pure  sugar,  3iss.)   A  dessert-spoonful every
 morning and evening, as  a pectoral, <fce.
   Mistura Ammoni'aci, Lac ammoniaci, 3Iixture
 of ammoniac.   (Ammoniac, gij, aqua Oss.  Rub
 the ammoniacum:  adding the  water gradually
 until they are perfectly mixed.)  Dose, fgss to ^j.
   Mistura Amygdala:,  Emulsio amygdalas.
   Mistura Asafce'tida:, Lac aaofcetida, Emul-
sio antihyater'icn, 31ixture of aaafwtido, (F.) Lait
 d'asafastida.   (Aaafntida gij, aqua. Oss.  Rub
together, adding the water by degrees.)  Used
where pills cannot be swallowed, and as a glyster
in irritations  during dentition, and in ascarides.
Dose, 1*5ss to f**;iss.
  Mistura Asafcetida: pro Clysmate,  Enema
fcetidum.
  Mistura Cam'phor.e, Aqua camphora (Ph. U.
SA, Camphor  mixture. Camphor julep,  Mistura
camphora'ta, Jala'pium e camphora seu campho-
ratum, (F.) Julep camphri.  (Camphor, gij,  al-
cohol, TlVxl,  magnes.  carb. giv,  aqua Oij. Rub
the camphor with the alcohol, and afterwards
 with the magnesia, add the water, and filter.)
 Virtues  like those of camphor.   See  Emulsio
 camphoras.
   Mistura Cornu Usti, Decoc'tum cornu cervi'ni,
 Decoc'tum album,  Decoction of burnt hartahorn,
 3Iixture of burnt hartahorn.  (Comuum ust.  ^ij,
 acacia gum. cont. 3J, aqua  Oiij.   Boil to Oij,
 constantly stirring, and strain.  Ph.  L.)
   Mistura Creta:, Potio carbona'tis calcis, 3Iis-
 tura creta'eea, 3Iucildgo cretica, Chalk  mixture,
 Creta'ceous  mixture,   (F.)  31 ixture  de  Craie.
 (Creta pp. 3*ss, sacehar., acacia gum. in pulv.,
 aa, gij, aqua cinnam., aqua, aa f$iv.  Mix.  Ph.
 U. S.)  Antacid and absorbent.  Dose, f§j to §ij.
   Mistura Diabol'ica.  A mixture under  this
 name  is  kept  in  military hospitals  for malin-
 gerers.  It is made of sundry nauseous  ingre-
 dients, as aloes, asafoetida, castor,   <fcc, and  is
 given  so as to keep up a disagreeable impression
 on the gustatory nerves.
   Mistura Emeti'na: Vomito'ria,  Emetic mix-
 ture of emetine.   (Emetine 4  gr., orange flower
 water  """jij, ayrup 3*ss; M.)  A dessert-spoonful
 every  half hour till it  acts.
   Mistura Ferri Compos'ita,  Compound mix-
 ture of iron, (F.) 3Iixture de fer composie, Grif-
 fith's  mixture.   (3Iyrrh cont.  gj, potassa carb.
 gr. xxv, aqua rosa f^viiss, ferri  sulph. in pulv.
 *"*)j,  ap. lavand. 3*ss, sacehar. gj.  Rub  together
 the  myrrh, subcarbonate of potassa, and sugar;
 then add, while triturating, the rose-water, spirit
 of nutmeg;  and,  lastly, the  sulphate  of iron.
 Pour the mixture directly into  a glass bottle, and
 stop it close.   Ph. U.  S.)  It is tonic and emme-
 nagogue, and is useful wherever iron is indicated.
   Mistura  Glycyrrhi'za:  Compos'ita, Com-
 pound  mixture of Liq'uorice,  Brown Mixture.
 (Extract. Glycyrrhiz.  pulv., Acacia pulv., Sac-
 char.,  aa^ss;  Tinct. opii camphorat. f§ij ;  Vin.
 antimon. f^j ; Spirit, ather. nitric,  f^ss; Aqua
 f*§xij.  Rub the liquorice, gum arabic, and sugar
 with the water, gradually poured  upon  them;
 add the  other ingredients and mix.   Ph. U. S.)
 A popular cough medicine, but not deserving of
 being  made officinal.  Dose, a tablespoonful or
 fgss.
   Mistura Guai'aci, Mixture of guai'ac,  Lac
 guaiaci, Emul'sio  guaiaci'na,  Mistura guaiaci
 gummo'sa, 31. gummi  gua'iaci Bergeri, Solu'tio
 guaiaci  gummo'aa, S.  resi'na guaiaci  aquo'sa,
 (F.) 3Iixture de Guyac.  (Guaiac. g. reain. giss,
 snecli.  pur. gij, muc. acacia gum. gij, aq. cinnam.
 f5viij.  Rub the guaiacum with the sugar; then
 with the mucilage.  Add,  gradually, the.cinna-
 mon water.  Ph. L.)   Dose, f^ss  to f^ij.
   Mistura Gummi Guaiaci Bergeri, Mistura
 Guaiaci—m. Leniens, Looch ex ovo.
   Mistura Moschi, 3Iuak mixture, 3Iistura mos-
 cha'ta.  (3Io8chi, acacia gum. contus., sacch. pu-
 rifi, sing, gj, aq. rosa  f^vj. Rub the musk with
 the  sugar; add the gum, and, by  degrees,  the
 rose-water.  Ph. L.)  Dose, f*|ss to f^ij.
   Mistura Strych'niai, 3Iixture of atrych'nia.
 (Diatilled ivater, 3*1*, very pure strychnia, 1  gr.,
 white sugar, gij ; M.)   Dose, a  dessert-spoonful.
   Mistura  Sulphurico-acida,  Elixir  acidum
 Halleri — m.  Vulneraria  acida — Arquebusade,
 Eau d'.
   MITCHEL'LA  REPENS,  Partridge berry.
 A  pretty little  indigenous trailing evergreen, of
 the Cinchona family—Cinchoneas,—which flow-
 ers from June to July.  It has been considered
 an expectorant, emmenagogue,  and diuretic;  and
 has been prescribed in dropsy and gout.
  MITELLA, Sling.
  MITH'RIDATE, 3Iithriddtium,   Ulithridat'-
icum medicamedtum, Antid'otum 3lithrida'tium,
Diaacidci antid'otua, Confec'tio Domoc'ratis.   A 
MITHRIDATICUM
566
MOFFAT
very compound electuary, into which entered —
Myrrh of Arabia, Saffron, Agaric, Ginger, Cinna-
mon, Frankincenae, Garlic,  Mustard, Birthwort,
Galbanum, Caator, Long pepper, Opoponax, Bdel-
lium, Gum Arabic,  Opium, Gentian, Orria, Soga-
penum,  Valerian,  Acacia,  Hypericum,  Canary
wine, Honey, &e.   It was invented by Mitbrida-
tes, king of Pontus and Bithynia, and was for-
merly regarded as alexipharmic.  It is little used
at the present day, and, from  its  heterogeneous
nature, should be wholly abandoned.
   MITHRIDATICUM MEDICAMENTUM,Mi-
thridate.
   MITIGANS, Lenitive.
   MITRA HIPPOCRATICA, .Bonnet d'Hippo-
crate.
   MITRAL, 3Iitra'lia.   Having  the form of a
mitre; resembling a bishop's mitre.
   Mitral Valves, Vdl'vula mitrdles, V. Cordis
mitra'les, V. episcopa'lea, V. bicuspida'les.  Two
triangular valves  at  the opening of communi-
cation between the left  auricle of the heart  and
the  corresponding ventricle.  These  valves are
formed by the inner membrane of the left cavi-
ties  of the heart; and are retained on the side of
the ventricle by tendinous cords, proceeding from
the  columnas carneas.  They  form a species of
valve, which permrt the blood to pass from the
auricle into the ventricle and oppose its return.
   MITRIUM, Sling.
   3IITTE (F.), Efflu'vium Latrindrium.   An
emanation exhaled from privies,  which strongly
irritates the eyes.  It consists of ammonia, united
to the carbonic and hydro-sulphuric acids.
   MIUAMARU, see Arrow poison.
   MIXIS, Coition.
   MIXTIO, Mistura.
   MIXTURA, Mistura.
   MIXTURE, Mistura — m. of Ammoniac, Mis-
tura ammoniaci — m. of Asafoetida, Mistura asa-
 foetidas—m. Brown, Mistura glycyrrhizas compo-
 sita—m. Calmante, Looch  ex ovo—-m. Camphor,
 Mistura camphoras — m. Chalk, Mistura cretas —
 m. de Craie, Mistura cretas—m. Cretaceous, Mis-
 tura cretas—m. of Emetine, emetic, Mistura eme-
 tinas vomitoria—to. de Fer compoeie, Mistura ferri
 composita — m. de Gayac,  Mistura Guaiaei — m.
 Griffith's, Mistura ferri composita—m. of Guaiac,
 Mistura Guaiaci — m. of Hartshorn, burnt, Mis-
 tura cornu usti—m. of Iron, compound, Mistura
 ferri composita.
   Mixture, Hope's.   A mixture recommended
 by Mr. Hope, in diarrhoea  and dysentery.  It is
 essentially a nitrate  of morphia.  Although the
 proposer employed the acidum  nitrosum of the
 Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia, nitric acid is gene-
 rally used.  (Acid, nitroe. fgj ;  Aqua camphor.
 f 3* viij;  Tinct. opii gtt. xl.; M.)   Dose, a fourth
 part every three or four hours.
   Mixture of Liquorice, Compound,  Mistura
 glycyrrhizas composita.
   Mixture, Musk, Mistura moschi—m. Neutral,
 Liquor potassas citratis—m. of Prussic acid, Mis-
 tura acidi hydrocyanici.
   Mixture,  Scudamore's.   A  mixture  recom-
 mended by Sir C.  Scudamore in gouty and rheu-
 matic  affections,   and  much prescribed  in  the
 United States. 3Iagnea. eulpl^ gj—gij; Aqua
 mentha f'fx;  Aceti colchic.  fgj —fgiss; Syrup
 croci fgj ; 3Iagnes. gviij.  M.  Dose, one, two, or
 three tablespoonfuls, repeated every two hours in
 a paroxysm of gout, until from four to six evacu-
 ations are produced in the twenty four hours.
    Mixture of Strychnia, Mistura strychnias.
    MNEME, Memory.
    Mneme  Cephal'icum  Bal'samum.  A  very
  compound medicine, into  which entered Balm,
Lily, Rosemary, Lavender, Borage, Broom, Roses,
Violet, Saffron, Thyme, Storax,  Galbonum, &o.
  MNEMONEUTICE, Mnemonics.
  MNEMONICS,  3Inemon'ice,  3lncmonedtice,
from pvaopat, ' I recollect.'   The art of aiding the
memory by signs;  and of forming, in somo sort,
an artificial memory.
  MOANING, from Sax. masnan,  'to  grieve.'
Respiro'tio luctuo'ao, 3tychthia'moa.  A plaintive
respiration, in which the patient utters audible
groans — moans, (F.) Gimissemens.
  MOBILE, see Saint Augustine.
  MOBIL'ITY, il/oWi'tas, from mob'His, contrac-
tion of movibilis, ' that can be moved.' The power
of being moved.   In physiology, great  nenous
susceptibility, often joined to a disposition to con-
vulsion.   Greatly developed excitability.
  MOCCASIN FLOAVER, Cypripedium  acaule,
C. luteum.
  MOCII'LIA.  Reduction  of  a luxated bone;
from poxXos, a lever.
  MOCHLICUS, Purgative.
  MOCHLISCUS,  Lever.
  MOCHLUS, Lever.
  MOCHTHUS, Agony.
  MOCK-KNEES, Crusta genu equinas.
  MODELLING PROCESS.   A term proposed
by  Dr. Macartney, of Dublin, to signify the mode
in which wounds are healed without inflamma-
tion  or suppuration, by  a deposite of   plastic
matter from the surface of the  wound, by which
the gap is more rapidly filled,—portion being laid
upon portion, without waste, after the manner of
clay  in the hands  of the sculptor: — hence  the
term.
  MODI'OLUS, 'the nave  of a wheel.'  Pyr'a-
mia seu Axis coch'lea.  A hollow  cone  in  the
 cochlea  of the ear, forming a  nucleus, axis, or
 central pillar, round which the gyri of  the coch-
lea  pass.   The modiolus  forms the inner and
 larger portion of the central  pillar, and is  the
 cavity seen at the bottom of the meatus audito-
 rius internus.  It lodges a branch of the auditory
 nerve.  The central portion of the modiolus con-
 tains a number of minute canals, and is called in
 consequence  Tractua apira'lis foraminulo'sua.
 Into these the nerves of the  cochlea enter,  and
 pass out at right angles between the bony plates
 forming the zona ossea of the lamina spiralis, to
 be expanded  on the membranous portion of the
 lamina.
   Modiolus, 3Ias, also means  the  crown of the
 trepan.
   MO'DIUS.  A  dry measure, the third of an
 amphora, equal to the bushel.—Varro.
   MODUS OPERAN'DI,  'mode  of operating.'
 This term is applied to the general  principles
 upon which remedies act in morbid states of the
 body;—a subject of much  interest, although in-
 volved in considerable obscurity.
   The following  classification will  convey some
 idea of the ways  in which  different organs  may
 be excited into action.

 I.  By actual or immediate contact of the remedy, and
       by absorption or mediate contact.
 2. By an impulse conveyed by the nerves, through an
       impression made on the stomach or elsewhere.
 3. By contiguous or continuous sympathy, or by mere
       proximity or continuity of parts.

    3IOELLE, Marrow—to. Allongie, Medulla ob-
 longata—m.  Epiniere, Medulla spinalis—m.  Ver-
  tebrate, Medulla spinalis.
    M03NIA  DENTIUM, Alveoli dentium.
    MfEROR, Athymia.
    MOFETTE, see Mephitism.
    MOFFAT, MINERAL AVATERS OF.  Moffat 
MOGIGRAPHIA              567               MOLLITIES
is a village situate about 56 miles S. W. of Edin-
burgh.  The water  is a cold sulphureous; con-
taining, in a wine gallon, 36 grains of chloride of
sodium, 5 cubic inches of carbonic gas, 4 of azote,
and 10 of sulphohydric acid.   It resembles Har-
rowgate water in its properties.
  A  strong  chalybeate spring was  discovered
there about the year 1828, which contains sesqui-
Bulphatc of peroxide of iron, sulphate of alumina,
and uncombined sulphuric acid.
  MOGIGRAPHIA, Cramp, writers'.
  MOGILA'LIA, Paraln'lia,  from poyts, "with
difficulty,'and  XaXttv, 'to  speak.'  This word is
inaccurately written by Paul Zacchias,—3Iola'lia,
and 3Iolil.a'lia.  Difficult or defective articulation.
Impediment of speech.  See Balbuties.
  MOGOSTOCIA, Dystocia, Laborious labour.
  MOO US, Agony.
  MOHAWK TASSEL, Eupatorium purpureum.
  MOHRIA THURIF'RAGA. A South African
fern, Nat. Ord. Filices, the dry leaves of which,
pulverized and made into  an  ointment with fat,
are serviceable in burns and scalds.
  MO Hi NON,  Stump.
  MO IS, Menses.
   MOISTURE, 3Iador, (F.)  Moiteur, anciently
moiateur.  Simple humidity of  the skin. The skin
is said to be niot'st or in a state of moisture, when
there is slight perspiration.
  3IOITEUR, Moisture.
  MOLA, Maxillary bone, Molar tooth, Mole,
Patella.
  MOLAGOCODI, Piper nigrum.
  3IOLAIRE,  Molar.
  MOLALIA, Mogilalia.
  MOLAR, 3Ioldria, 3Iy'licua, (F.) Molaire, 3Ieu-
liire.  That which bruises or grinds ; from mola-
ria, 'a grindstone,' or mola, 'a millstone.'
  Molar Glands.  Two small bodies formed by
a collection of mucous crypts;  seated in the sub-
stance of  the cheeks, between the masseter and
buccinator  muscles, and whose excretory  ducts
open into the mouth opposite the last molar tooth.
  Molar Teeth, Grinders, Jaw Teeth, 3Iola'res
permanen'tes dentes, Dentea molarea seu maxilla'-
res seu gom'phii seu clava'les, 31ola, Gomphioi,
3Iy'lacri, 31y'lodontca,  3Iy'lodi,  31omia'ci,  (F.)
Dents molairea  ou macheli'irea, occupy the farther
part of each alveolar arch.   Their coronas  are
broader than they are  high :  unequal, tubercu-
lated; and the  roots are more  or less subdivided.
They are 20 in number, 10 in each jaw. The first
two pairs  of  molar  teeth-in each jaw have been
called leaaer molarea or bicuapid, Dentes bicuapi-
da'ti.  The coronas have two tubercles; the outer
being more prominent and larger than the inner.
The root is  commonly simple; sometimes bifur-
cated.  The other three pairs  have been termed,
 Great molares—Dents multicuapidiea (Ch.) Their
coronas are  cubical, rounded, and have,  at the
upper surface, four or five tubercles, separated by
deep furrows.   The  root  is  divided  into  two,
three, four, and five fonga, which are more or less
curved.   The third great molaris appears a long
time after the others, and hence has been called
Dciia aapiedtia or Wisdom tooth.
   MOLASSES, Melasses.
   MOLE, 3Iola, from molea, 'mass.'  3Iyle, Ze-
phyr' itis foetus, Germen falaum, Paeudocye'aia mo-
laris, Gravid'itaa molaria,  31ooncolf, old French,
Fardeou.   A fleshy, insensible, at times, soft—at
others, hard—mass; of variable and determinate
size, which forms in the uterus, and is slightly
united  by vessels to that  organ;  from which its
feeble vitality is derived.   It has been conceived
by some to be always owing to imperfect concep-
tion ; but moles  may form in  the undoubted vir-
gin.  They seem to be owing to a morbid pro-
cess ; and certainly are generally connected with
conception.  At times, they contain parts of the
foetus;  but commonly do not.  At very different
periods, in different women, the diseased mass is
expelled from the uterus, with  ordinary symp-
toms of abortion; and the  case requires similar
management.  See, also, Nasvus and Conception,
(false.)
  MOLE  PLANT, Euphorbia lathyris.
  MOLECULAR, 3Ioleculdris.  Of or belong-
ing to molecules or minute portions of any thing.
Hence  molecular death, in  contradistinction to
somatic  death.
  MOL'ECULE,  Molec'ula, 3taaa'ula; diminu-
tive of molea, ' a mass.'  A minute portion of any
body.  Also, the cicatric'ula, ma'cula, gallatu'ra,
gelat'inoua molecule, tread of the cock, or embryo
part of the impregnated ovum, observable by the
microscope before the ovum has left the ovarium
of the hen.  It lies under the epidermic coats of
the yelk, and upon its proper coat.  If the ovum,
according to Aralentin, be lacerated and its con-
tents minutely examined, the cicatricula is found
like a grayish white disk, which in its whole pe-
riphery  is dense,  granulous, and opake; but in
the centre presents  a clear, nongranulous, and
perfectly diaphanous point.  Purkinje found, that
when he  removed the  dark granulous mass by
suction with a small  tube, there remained  a per-
fectly transparent vesicle filled with a pellucid
lymph,  which had  a decidedly spherical form,
but, being extremely delicate,  was easily lacera-
ted, and then its fluid escaped.  As he found this,
which later naturalists have named—after its dis-
coverer—the Purkidjean vea'icle, in the ova of the
ovary, but could not see it in ova, which had al-
ready entered  the oviduct, he gave it the name
germinal veaicle, veaic'ula prolif'era seu germina-
ti'va, (F.) Visicule  germinative.  Besides  a per-
fectly colourless fluid, this  contains one or more
dark  corpuscles, which appear as a  nucleus
through the including membrane in the shape of
opake spots—tho germinal apot,macu'la germani-
ti'va seu ger'minans, nu'cleus germaniti'vua, (F.)
Tache germinative.   The granulous membrane—
its  thickened portion, the so called ' cicatricula,'
—and the germinal vesicle, constitute those parts
of the ovum which pass immediately into the
original foundation of the embryo, the blaatoder-
ma or germinal membrane,veaic'ulablaatodermat'-
ica, blastodermic veaicle.
  Molecule, Gelatinous, Molecule.
  3IOLENE, Verbascum nigrum.
  MOLES GANGLIFORMIS, Ganglion of

  MOLIBDUS, Plumbum.
  MOLILALIA, Mogilalia.
  MOLI'MEN, pi.  Molimina, from molior, 'to
move or stir.'   An attempt, a  struggle.  Hence :
  Molimen Crit'icum.  An impulsion towards
a sudden solution or crisis of a disease.
  Molimen Ha:morrhag"icum.  The hemor-
rhagic diathesis or impulsion.
  Molimen Haimorrhoida'le.  The hemorrhoi-
dal diathesis or impulsion.   See Hasmorrhois.
  Molimen Menstrua'le.  The menstrual dia-
thesis or impulsion.
  Molimen Natura: Salutarium, Instinct.
  MOLLESCENCE, Mollities.
  3IOLLET, Sura,
  MOLLIPUFFS, Lycoperdon.
  MOLLIS MATER, Pia mater.
  MOLLIT"IES, 3[ollca'cence, 3Iolacia'mus, 3Iol-
lit"ia, 3Iollilddo, EmollW'iea, Emollities morbo'-
ea, Mollitio, 3Ialax'is,  3Ialaco'aia,  3Iolthox'is,
(F.) Romollissenient; (G.) Malakien (Fuchs); 
MOLLITIO
568
MONGOLIAN
from mollis, ' soft.'  Preternatural softness of an
organ or part of an organ.
  Mollities  Cer'ebri, 3Ialaco'sis Cer'ebri, En-
cephalomald cia, Encephalomalax'is, Necrenceph'-
alus (W. Farr,)  Ccrcbromaldcia, Encephalosep'-
sis, 3Iollea'cence or softening or a kind of lique-
faction of the cerebral aubatance ; the remainder
preserving its ordinary consistency.  (F.) Ramol-
liaeement du cerveau.  The neurine often contains
small clots of blood, giving rise to what has been
termed Apoplexie capillaire, (Cruveilhier.)  The
symptoms denoting it are equivocal.
  Mollities  Cordis, Cardiomalacia.
  Mollities  Medul'la:  Spina'lis, 31yelomald-
cia, (F.) Ramolliasement de la 3Ioelle Epinie~re.
Softening of the spinal marrow.
  Mollities  Os'sium, 3Ialacoatedaia, 3Iolacos'-
teon, Emollifiea oa'aium, Paroa'tia flex'ilia, Oa-
teomolaco'sis, Rachi'tia seu Rachi'tis adulto'rum,
Spina vento'sa  (of some), Oateomaldcia,  Soften-
ing of the bonea, (F.) Ostio-mdlacie,Oatio-malaxie,
Oatio-malakie,  Ramolliaaement des  os.  A rare
affection in which the bones are deprived  of their
salts, particularly of the  phosphate of lime,  and
consist  only, or mainly,  of gelatin;  hence they
acquire a degree  of suppleness  which  renders
them unfit for the performance of their functions.
The disease  generally affects  all the bones; but
it is especially remarkable during life in the long
bones, which assume any curvature that  may be
wished. Very violent pain is often experienced in
them; and the urine frequently contains an enor-
mous proportion of calcareous phosphate.  The
patient is compelled to remain in the horizontal
posture; the bones no longer being fixed points
for the muscles to act upon.   The disease has,
hitherto, always terminated fatally,  and  dissec-
tion has exhibited the gelatinous nature  of the
bones;  which, by desiccation, have become trans-
parent, as if they had been macerated in acid.
  Experience has afforded no means of relief in
this dreadful affliction. The alkaline salts, earthy
phosphates, <fcc. are of little or no use.
  MOLLITIO, Mollities.
  MOLLITUDO, Mollities.
  MOLLUS'CUM, Atherdma.  A cutaneous af-
fection, so  called  in  consequence  of its  resem-
blance  to certain  molluscous  animals.   It con-
sists of numerous tumours, varying in size from
that of a pea to that of a pigeon's egg, filled with
an atheromatous matter, which are developed in
the substance of the derma, and are of  various
shapes, some having a large base, — others adhe-
rent by means of a pedicle.
   3follu8cum contagio'aum, a  singular variety, is
characterized by the presence of hard, round, tu-
bercles, which  are smooth and transparent, and
when pressed, pour out from an  orifice in their
summits a little opake or milky fluid.
   The disease is probably seated in the sebaceous
follicles.
   If internal treatment be adopted at all, it must
consist of eutrophies, as arsenic, iodine, &c.  The
external treatment consists in the employment of
measures calculated to excite the tubercles to in-
flammation, as by touching them with potassa.
   MOLOCHE, Malva rotundifolia.
   MOLOPES,  Vibices.
   MOLYBDENUM  MAGNESII,  Manganese,
black oxide of.
   MOLYBDOS, Plumbum.
   MOLYBDOSIS, Lead-poisoning.
   MOLYNE, Anus.
   MOLYNSIS, Miasma.
   31031 IE, Mummy.
   MOM IN, Alamei.
   MOMISCI, Molar teeth.
   MOMOR'DICA, 31.  Balsami'na,  Bahami'na,
Nevrospcr'ma  cuapiddta,  Balm-apple,  Balaam
apple, (F.) Bahamine, Pomme de merveille.  The
fruit of this oriental tree, Poinum mirab'ile seu
hieroaolymitdnum, was formerly considered vul-
nerary.
  Momordica  Aspera, M. Elaterium.
  Momor'dica Elate'rium : 31. os'pera, Elate'-
rium, Ecbdlia Elate'rium, Cdcumis agres'tis seu
aaini'nua, 0. aylveatria,  Elate'rium officina'rum
seu cordifo'lium, Charan'tia, Boubo'lioa, Guarerba
orba, Wild  or Squirting cu'cumber,  Ecbol'ium
elate'rium, (F.) Concombre Sauvage, 3Iomovdique.
Nat. Order, Cucurbitaceas.   The dried sediment
from the juice is the elaterium of the shops. (See
Extractum Elaterii.)  Itis a most powerful ca-
thartic, and, as such, has been  used in  dropsies.
Its  active   principle is the Elatin,  Elaterin or
Elaterium.   Dose, gr. i to gr. j. until it operates.
  3I03IORDIQ UE, Momordica elaterium.
  MONAD, from monaa, 'unity.'   A simple par-
ticle, or atom,  or unit. — Leibnitz.  The smallest
of  all visible animalcules.  A primary cell or
germ.
  MONiE, Nates.
  MONAR'DA COCCIN'EA, Scarlet  Roae  balm,
3Iountain mint,  Oawego Tea,  31ountain  Balm,
Horaemint, Square atalk, Red Balm;  a beautiful
indigenous plant, having the excitant properties
of Monarda punctata.
  Monar'da Fistulo'sa, Purple monar'da.  The
leaves have a fragrant  smell;  and  an aroma-
tic, somewhat  bitter taste.  They are  reputed to
be nervine, stomachic, and deobstruent.
  Monar'da Puncta'ta, Horsemint.  Sex. Syst.
Diandria Monogynia.  Not. Ord. Labiatas.  In-
digenous in the United  States.  Stimulant and
carminative.  The Oleum monarda is  officinal in
the United States.
  Monarda, Purple, M. fistulosa.
  3IONDER  (F.), from  mundus, 'cleanly.'  To
render clean or pure.  In Pharmacy, it means to
separate any substance from its impure or useless
portion. In surgery, monder ou mondifier une
plaie, is to clean or deterge a wound.
  3IOND1FICATIFS,  Detergents.
   3IONDIFIER  UNE PLAIE,  see 3Ionder.
   MONE'MERON, 31onoe'meron, 3Ionohe'meron ;
from povos, 'one,' and 'vptpa, 'a  day.'  A  name
given to several collyria, which were supposed to
be  capable of curing diseases of the eyes in a day.
   MONENTERUM, Colon.
   MONE'SIA. A vegetable extract imported into
Europe from South America, in  hard, thick cakes.
It is prepared from the  bark of a tree, whose bo-
tanical name is uncertain—probably ChryaophyV-
lum glycyphla'um.  It is very friable, and its frac-
ture very much resembles that  of a well-torrefied
cocoanut.   It is wholly soluble  in water; and its
taste—which is at first sweet like liquorice—some-
times becomes astringent.  It is on account of its
astringent  properties that it has been prescribed
in chronic  bronchitis, hasmoptysis, diarrhoea, leu-
corrhcea, uterine hemorrhage,  &c. It  has  been
applied locally, in the form of  ointment, (3Iones.
p.  1, Adipis, p. vij.
   The dose of Monesia is from 12 to 40 grains a
day.
   MONEYWORT, Lysimachia nummularia.
   MONGO'LIAN. Anthropologists give the name
3Iongolian race to a variety of the human species,
spread over a great part of  the north of Asia, in
 China, India, Thibet, the Moluccas, &e.  The in-
 dividuals composing it have the skin  of a brown
red, forehead flat, nose broad, cheeks prominent,
 and lips large.  See Homo.
   MONISM; 31onis'mua;  from  povos, 'alone.'
 The doctrine, which declares matter and mind to
 be identical. 
MONK
569
MONTBRISON
  MONK PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS.  A
clat,i of practitioners of whom Frere Cosme and
Jacques  Beaulieu in France, and Pravetz in Ger-
many, were the most distinguished.
  MONKSHOOD, Aconitum—m. Common, Aco-
nitum napellus—m. Salutary, Aconitum anthora.
  MONNTNA POLYSTA'CHIA.  A  beautiful
South American  plant.  Nat.  Ord. Polygaleas.
Sex.  Syst. Diadelphia  Octandria.  The  bark of
the root  is a powerful astringent, and much used
in South America in diseases of the bowels.
  MONOBLEP'SIS,from povos, 'one,' and /JAtd/iy,
'sight,'  An affection in which vision is confused,
imperfect, and indistinct, when both eyes are em-
ployed ;  but perfect or nearly so, when either eye
is used singly.
  MONOCAR'PA*!; from povos, 'alone,' 'single,'
and Kap-nos, ' fruit.'   A  division  of  cutaneous
affections, of the family of  Eczematosen  of
Fuchs, which includes strophulus, psydracia, and
ecthyma.
  MONOCEPH'ALUS,  from povos, 'one,' and
KttpaXv,  ' head.'  A  compound  monster  having
two bodies with a single head.
   MONOCOLON, Caseum,  Rectum.
   MONOCRA'NUS, from  povos, 'one,'  'single,'
and Kpavov, Kpavtov, ' cranium.'   A monster with
one cranium, but with the face in part double —
Gurlt.
  MONOCULUM, Caseum.
  MONOC'ULUS,  3Ion'ocle,  3tonophthal'mus,
 Unioc'ttlus, Unoc'ulus,  from povos,  ' one,' and
oculus, 'an eye.'  A bandage employed to main-
tain topical applications over one  of the eyes.
This  bandage, called  by some surgeons  Simplex
oc'ulus, (F.) (EU simple, is made of a roller three
or four ells long,  rolled into a single ball.  See
Cyclops.
  MONODIPLO'PIA; frompovos, 'alone,'SiitXovs,
' double,' and w^V, ' eye.'  Double vision with one
eye.
  MONOEMERON, Monemeron.
  MONOGASTRIC, 3Ionogae'tricua; frompovos,
' one,' and yaarvp, ' stomach.'  That which has
but one stomach.   Man is monogaatric ;  rumina-
ting animals, on the contrary, are polygastric.
  MON'OGRAPH, MED'ICAL, 3Ionograph'ia
med'ica ;  from povos, ' one,' and  ypaipv, ' descrip-
tion.'  An ex  profeaao treatise  on a single  class
of diseases, or  on  a single disease.
  MONOHEMERON, Monemeron.
  MONOAIACHON, Caseum.
  MONOMACUM, Caseum.
  MONOAIANIA, see  Melancholy — m. Homi-
cidal, Homicidal insanity—m. Incendiary, Pyro-
mania.
  MON03IAYIE, Melancholy — m. Homicide,
Homicidal insanity.
  MONOMMATOS, Cyclops.
  MONOAIORIA, see Melancholy.
  MONOPAGIA, Clavus hystericus, Hemierania.
  MONOP'ATHY, .l/onopatn.i'a,from povos, 'one,'
and nados, ' disorder.'  A state in which one organ
or function is disordered. Applied to melancholy
or monomania ; which is said to be a monopathic
affection.
  MONOPEGIA, Clavus hystericus, Hemierania.
  MONOPHTHALAIUS, Cyclops, Monoculus.
  MONOPLASTIC, 3Ionoplas'ticus : frompovos,
'one,'  and ttXaatna, ' I form.' That which has one
form.  A  iiionop/nstic element, in histology, is one
which retains its primary form. — Gerber.
  MONOPODIA, Sympodia.
  MON OPS, Cvelops.
  MONOPSIA," Cyclopia,
  MONOPUS, Symmeles.
  MONOR'CHIS, from povos, 'one,' and  opxts,
' testicle.'  One who has only one testicle.
  MONOSI'TIA,  from povos, 'one,' and  <nroj,
'food,' 'repast.'   The habit of  taking  only one
meal in the day.
  MONOT'ROPA UNIFLO'RA, Indian  pipe,
Iceplant, Pipe-plant, Neat root, Fit root.  An in-
digenous plant, whose juice, mixed  with water,
has been extolled by the Indians in  ophthalmia.
The dried root in  powder has been given in epi-
lepsy  and nervous diseases.
  MONROIA'NUM FORA'MEN. A foramen at
the anterior part  of the lateral ventricles of the
brain,  by which  they communicate with each
other, is so called from the second Monro.
  MONS ArEN'ERIS, 31<>ntic'ulus Yen'eria, Ephe-
be'um, (F.) 3Iont de Vinua, Pinil,  3Iotte,  Emi-
nence  aue-pubienne.   The more or less projecting
eminence, situate at the  base of the hypogas-
trium, above the  vulva and in front of the  os
pubis.  At the period of  puberty  it  becomes
covered with hair, formerly called Treaao'ria.
  MONSO'NIA OVATA, Keita, of  the  Hotten-   ^
tots. A plant of the Arat. Ord. Geraniaceas, which
grows at the Cape of Good  Hope.  The root and
herb are very astringent, and are used  success-
fully in dysentery.
  MONSTER, 3Ionatrum, Teras, Pelor, Peldria,
Pelo'rium, Pelo'rum. Any organized being, having
an extraordinary  vice of conformation,  or a pre-
ternatural perversion of every part, or of certain
parts only.
  The following classification embraces  the main
varieties  of malformations — Vitia  prima con-
formatidnia.—1.  Those in which certain parts of
the normal body are absent or defective—monatra
deficientia.  2. These produced by fusion or coa-
lition  of organs — coalitio partium, aymphyaia.
3.  Those, in which  parts, united in the normal
state are  separated from each other — c?e/ts, fis-
aurea.   4. Those in which  normal openings are
occluded — atresia.   5. Those  by excess,  or  in
which certain parts have a disproportionate size—
monatra abundantia.   6. Those, in which one  or
many parts have an abnormal position—situs mu-
tatus.   7. Those affecting  the  sexual organs —
hermaphroditism ; and to these " true malforma-
tions" Vogel adds 8. Diseases  of the foetus, and
abnormal states of its envelopes.
  Amongst the numerous hypotheses entertained
on the origin or cause of monsters, or of monstro-
sity—terato'sis, monatroa'itaa, (F.) monatruositi, as
the state has been called—three only are worth
mentioning.   They  have been  attributed,  1. To
the influence of the maternal imagination on the
foetus  in utero.  2. To accidental changes,  expe-
rienced by the foetus at some period of its uterine
existence: and 3. To a primitive defect in the
germs.  The second seems to be the only one
that is philosophical.
  As a medico-legal question, monsters, if capable
of action as individuals, have the same rights  as
other  persons.
  MONSTERS, DOUBLE, see Duplication—m.
Triplet, see Triplet.
  MONSTRA ABUNDANTIA,  see Monster —
m. Deficientia, see Monster — m. Trigemina, see
Triplet—m. Triplica, see Triplet.
  MONSTROSITAS, see Monster.
  MONSTROSITY, see Monster.
  MONSTRUM, Monster.
  3IONSTRUOSITE, see Monster.
  3IONT DE VENUS. Mons A'eneris.
  MONTBRISON,  MINERAL AVATERS OF.
Montbrison  is a town in France, in the depart-
ment  of  the  Loire, fifteen  leagues from Lyons.
There  are  three  cold springs  here, which are 
MONT
570
MORBUS
highly acidulous, and used  as  refrigerants and
aperients.
  MONT-DE-MARSAN, MINERAL AVATERS
OF.   Mont-de-Marsan is a small French town,
10 leagues from Dax; where there is a chalybeate
spring, somewhat frequented.
  MONT-D'OR,  MINERAL  WATERS OF.
Mont d'Or is a village seven leagues  from Cler-
mont, (Puy-de-D6me,) at which are several mine-
ral springs, cold  and thermal.  Those  of  the
Fountain La 3Iadelaine, ami of the Great Bath,
are thermal, temp. 112° Fahr., and contain car-
bonic acid, subcarbonate and  sulphate of soda,
chloride  of sodium, subcarbonate  of lime and
magnesia, alumine and oxide of iron.  Those of
St. Margaret are cold, and contain much carbonic
acid.
  MONTECATI'NI, MINERAL AVATERS OF.
This  town is  situate near Borgo-Buggiano,  in
Tuscany.  The springs are thermal; ranging from
78° to 118° Fahrenheit.
  MONTHLY COURSES, Menses—m. Periods,

  MONTICULUS CEREBELLI, see Vermiform
processes of the Cerebellum — m. Veneris, Mons
veneris.
  MONTPELLIER, CLIMATE OF.   This seat
of a celebrated  medical  school  in the S. E.  of
France was at one time renowned for its climate,
and especially  in regard to its adaptation to con-
sumptive eases.  This is now exploded, and it is
at present esteemed an unfit residence for  them.
The climate possesses the general characters  of
that of south-eastern France—being dry, hot, and
irritating; subject to  frequent vicissitudes, and
especially to blasts of keen, cold, northerly winds.
It is, indeed, most  injurious in  pulmonary dis-
eases.
  MOON, Luna, Sele'ne,  3Iene,  Sax. Mona, (G.)
M o n d, (F.) Xmie.  The moon has been supposed
to exert considerable influence  over the human
body, in health and disease.  Such influence has
been grossly exaggerated.  Not many years ago,
it would have been heretical to doubt the exacer-
bation of mania at the full of the moon;  yet it
is now satisfactorily shown, that if the light  be
excluded at this period, the lunatic is not excited
more than ordinarily.
  MOONSTRUCK, Lunatic.
  MOONCALF, Mole.
  MOORBERRY, Vaccinium oxycoccos.
  MOORSHEAD, Alembic.
  MOORAVORT, BROAD-LEAVED,Andromeda
mariana.
  MOOSEAVOOD, Dirca palustris.
  MOPHETA, see Mephitism.
  3IORBEUX, Morbid.
  MORBI, see Morbus — m. Acquisiti, Acquired
diseases — m.  Acuti, see  Acute — m. Adventitii,
Acquired diseases—m. Anniversarii, Annual dis-
eases—m. Annui, Annual diseases—m. Asthenici,
Adynamias — m.  Celati,  Feigned diseases — m.
Chronici, Chronic diseases — m.  Cognati,  Innate
diseases — m.  Complieati, see Complication, Im-
pliciti morbi—m. Congeniti, Innate diseases—m.
Connati, Connate  diseases — m. Connexi, Con-
juncti morbi—m. Consequentes, Conjuncti morbi
—m. Constrictorii, see Spasmoticus—m. Derma-
todes, see Dermatoid—m. Dispersi, Sporadic  dis-
eases — m.  Dissimulati,  Feigned diseases — m.
Epicteti, Acquired diseases—m. Evolutionis, see
Development — m.  Hereditaria  Hereditary  dis-
eases — m. Homoedri, see Homoedrus —m. Infi-
tiati, Feigned diseases—m. Interni, Internal  dis-
eases—m. Melancholici, see Mercurial—m. Mer-
curiales, see Mercurial — m. Nervosi, Nervous
diseases — m.  Occulti, see Latent — m. Olfaetus,
Osmonosi — m. Perplexi, see Complication — m.
 Pseudalei, Feigned diseases — m. Reoidiva,  Re-
 lapse—m. Recursus, Palindromia—in. Sexuales,
 see Sexual—m. Scxus,  Genonusi—in. Siniulati,
 Feigned diseases — m. Sparsi, Sporadic diseases
 —m. Spasmotici, see Spasmoticus—m. Subacute,
 see Acute — m. Tactus, Haphonosi—m. Tropici,
 Troponusi.
   MORBID, Mor'bidus, 3Iorbo'sus, Pathic, Path'-
 ical, Path'ictts, (F.) 3Iorbeux, 31orbide; from mor-
 6«s, ' a disease.'  Diseased, or relating to disease.
   Morbid Anatomy, see Anatomy.
   MORBIF'IC, Morbif'icus, (F.)   3Iorbifique;
 from morbus,  'a disease,'  and facere, 'to make.'
 Causing or producing disease — as morbific ema-
 nations.
   MORBILITY, Disease.
   310RBILLEUX, Morbillous.
   MORBILLI,  Rubeola — m. Confluentes, Scar-
 latina— m. Ignei,  Scarlatina.
   MORBILLOSUS, Morbillous.
   MORBILLOUS,  Morlillo'sus,  Measly,   (F.)
 Morbillettx.  Affected or connected with measles.
   MORBOSUS, Sickly.
   MORBUS,  Disease,  see  Morbi — m. Ainpul-
 laceus,  Pemphigus—m. Anglicus, Rachitis—m.
 Aphrodisius,  Syphilis — m. Arcuatus,  Icterus
 — m. Arietis, Influenza — m. Arquatus, Icterus
 — m. Articularis,  Gout — m. Astralis, Epilepsy
 — m. Attonitus, Apoplexy — m.  a.  Celsi, Cata-
 lepsy— m. Brightii, Kidney, Bright's disease of
 the — m. Bullosus, Pemphigus — m. Caducus,
 Epilepsy — m. Casruleus,  Cyanopathy—m.  Cal-
 culi, Lithia—m. Cardiacus, Cardialgia—m. Ca-
 tarrhalis, Influenza—m. Catoxys, see Catoxys —
 m. Cerealis,  Ergotism — m.  Cerebralis AVhyttii,
 Hydrocephalus Internus — m. Cirrhorum, Plica
 —m. Cceliacus, Coeliac flux—m. Comitialis, Epi-
 lepsy—m. Costalis,  Pleuritis—m.  Coxarius, Cox-
 arum morbus — m.  Croatus,  Seherlievo — m.  Cu-
 cullaris, Pertussis — m. Cucullis,  Pertussis — m.
 Cystophlegmaticus, Cystirrhcea—m. Daemoniacus,
 Epilepsy—m.  Dasmonius,  Epilepsy—m. Deificus,
 Epilepsy—m.Dissolutus, Dysentery—m. Divinus,
 Epilepsy—m.  Dominorum,  Gout—m. Endemius,
 Endemic—m.  Epidemicus, Epidemy—m. Epide-
 micus gutturis Foresti, Scarlatina—m. Erudito-
 rum, Hypochondriasis—m. Extrinsecus, External
 disease — m. Farciminosus, see Equinia—m. Fe-
 brilis, Pyreticosis —m, Fellifluus, Cholera — m.
 Flatuosus, Hypochondriasis — m. Fluminiensis,
 Seherlievo — m. Fcedus, Epilepsy—m. Frigidus,
 Atrophy—m. Gallicus, Syphilis — m. Gesticula-
 torius, Chorea—m. Gravis, see Serious—m.  Has-
 morrhoidalis,  Hasmorrhois — m. Heracleus,  Epi-
 lepsy— m. Herculeus, Epilepsy—m. Hispanicus,
 Syphilis — m. Hydrophobics, Hydrophobia—m.
 Hypochondriacus,  Hypochondriasis — m. Hyste-
 ricus,  Hysteria — m. Idiopathicus,  Idiopathia—
 m. Indicus, Syphilis — m. Interlunius, Epilepsy
 —m. Ischiadicus, Neuralgia femoro-poplitasa—m.
 Italicus,  Syphilis — m. Jecinoris, Hepatitis — m.
 Lateralis, Pleuritis—m. Lazari, Elephantiasis —
 m. Lunaticus, Epilepsy—m. Luteolus, Icterus —
 m. Maculosus hasmorrhagicus Werlhofii, Purpura
 hemorrhagica—m. Magnus, Epilepsy—m. Major,
 Epilepsy—m. Mensalis, Epilepsy—m. Mercuri-
 alis,  Eczema  mercuriale,  Hydrargyriasis — m.
 Metallicus, Colic,  metallic — m. Mucosus, Fever,
 adeno-meningeal — m. Nauticus, Nausea marina
 — m. Neapolitanus, Syphilis—m. Niger, Melasna
 —m. Originalis, Idiopathia—m. Oesophagi, Qilso-
 phagopathia—m. Oryzeus, Cholera—m. Pallidus,
 Chlorosis—m. Pancoenus, Pandemic—m. Parthe-
 nius, Chlorosis — m. Pandemius, Pandemic — m.
 Pedicularis, Phtheiriasis—m. Peracutus, see Ca-
 toxys—m. Phceniceus, Elephantiasis—m. Pilaris,
j Trichiasis—m.  Pleuriticus,  Pleuritis—m. Plum-
I beus, Lead-poisoning—m. Porcinus, Essera—m. 
MORCEAU
571
MORPHINA
Popularis, Epilepsy—m. Primarius, Idiopathia—
m. Proprius, Idiopathia—m. Protopathicus, Idio-
pathia— m. Protciforinis, see  Proteiformis — m.
Psoadicus, Lumbar abscess — m. Publicus, Epi-
demy— m.  Puerilis, Epilepsy — m. Pulicularis,
Typhus gravior-—m.  Pustulosus  Finnicus, see
Anthrax—in. Rccidivus, Relapse—m. Recidivus,
Palindromia—m. Regionalis, Endemic—m. Re-
gius,  Icterus—m. Resiccatorius, Hypochondriasis
— m. Ructuosus, Hypochondriasis — m. Ructuo-
bus, see Eructation—m. Sacer, Epilepsy—m. Sal-
tatorius, Chorea—m. Sancti Joannis,  Epilepsy—
m. Sancti Valentini, Epilepsy—m. Scarlatinosus,
Scarlatina—m. Scelestus, Epilepsy—m. Scrophu-
losus, Scrofula — m. Secundarius,  Deuteropathia
— m. Seleniacus, Epilepsy — m. Sideratus, Epi-
lepsy— m.  Silesiacus,  Raphania — m. Simplex,
Haplopathia—m. Solstitialis, Coup-de-Soleil—m.
Sonticus,  Epilepsy—m. Spasmodicus malignus
seu  popularis,   Raphania — m.  Strangulatorius,
Cynanche trachealis—m. Sudatorius, Sudor An-
glicus — m.  Truculentus  infantum,   Cynanche
trachealis — m.  Tuberculosus, see  Tubercle and
Tubercular  cachexia — m. Ungaricus,   Fever,
Hungaric — m.  Arerminosus, Helminthiasis — m.
Vernaculus, Endemic—m. Vervecinus, Influenza
— m.  A'esicularis,  Pemphigus — m.  Virgineus,
Chlorosis — m. Viridellus,  Epilepsy — m.  Vitrio-
latus,  Epilepsy — m.  Vocis,  Phononosus — m.
Vulpis, Alopecia.
  MORCEAU  DU DIABLE,  see Tuba Fallo-
piana—to.  Frangi, see Tuba Fallopiana.
  MOR'DICANT, 31or'dicans, Color mor'dicans.
A morbid heat, causing  a disagreeable pungent
sensation  in the fingers of  the physician.
  MORDICES,  Teeth : see Tooth.
  MOREA, Morus nigra.
  3IORELLE,  Boletus esculentus — m.  & Fruit
noir, Solanum — m. Furieuse, Atropa  belladonna
—m. en Grappes, Phytolacca decandra—to. Grim-
pante, Solanum dulcamara.
  MORETARIUM, Mortar.
  MORETUS,  3Iore'tum, from morum, 'the mul-
berry.'  Ancient name of a cordial julep, into the
composition of  which the syrup of mulberries
entered.—Schroder.
  MORGAGNT,  HUMOUR  OF,  Humor 3Ior-
gagnia'iius.   A peculiar,  transparent,  slightly
viscid fluid, found between the crystalline and
its capsule.
  3IORGELINE, Alsine media.
  MORGUE,  (F).   A dead-house, wherein per-
sons,  found dead, are  exposed  with the view of
being recognized by their friends.
  MORIA,  Idiotism—m. Demens,  Idiotism, De-
mentia—m. Demens lerema,  see  Dementia—m.
Imbecilis  amnesia, Amnesia.
  MORIBUND, Psychorages.
  MORINGA NUN BEN, Guilandina moringa—
m. Oleifera, Guilandina  moringa — m.  Pterygo-
sperma, Guilandina moringa,—m. Zeylanica, Gui-
landina moringa.
  MORION, Genital organ, Penis.
  MORIOPLASTICE, Chirur'gia curto'rum, Ch.
Anaplaa'tica,  Reatitu'tio organ'ica sou par'tium
dcperdita'rum,Tranaplanta'tio,Autoplaa'tice, Ana-
plastic Surgery,  Autoplaa'ty or  Autoploatic  or
Plastic Surgery, Chirur'gia plas'tica, from poptov,
'a part,'and irXaartKos, ' forming.'  The restora-
tion of lost parts.  The  operations for this pur-
pose  have various  names, according  to the part
concerned, as Cheiloplastice, Ceratoplaatice, Rhi-
noplnstice, <fcc.
   MORO, from morum, 'a mulberry:'—3Iorum,
(F.) 3Iurc.  A small abscess  resembling  a mul-
berry.  A small tumour, of a similar appearance,
particularly on  the genital organs after  impure
coition.
  MOROCH'THUS, 31oroch'tua, 3Iorochi'tea, Me-
rochi'tea, 3leroc'tes, Galax'ia, Leueograph'ia, (F.)
Pierre au lait, 3Iilk stone.  An Egyptian  stone,
used by the ancients as an application to the in-
tertrigo of children: probably a variety of fuller's
earth, inasmuch as it  appears  to have been used
by fullers.
  MOROCHITES, Morochthus.
  MOROCHTUS, Morochthus.
  MOROCOMIUM, Morotrophium.
  MORODOCHIUM,  Morotrophium.
  MOROSIS, Fatuitas, Idiotism.
  MOROSITATES, from po>pta,  'folly.'  A ge-
neric name  given by Linnasus to  an order of
Vesanias, in  which he  included  pica,  bulimia,
polydipsia, antipathia, nostalgia, panophobia, sa-
tyriasis, nymphomania, tarentismus, and hydro-
phobia.
  MOROTROPH'IUM,  3lorocomi'um,  3Iorodo-
chi'um, from piopos, 'fatuous,' and tao^m, 'support.'
An inaane  eatabliahmeut; a  lunatic asylum;  a
mad-houae.  Under proper management, a valu-
able institution; but liable to various abuses.
  MORPHEA, Morphew — m. Alba, Lepra al-
phoides—m. Nigra, Lepra nigricans.
  3IORPHEE, Morphew.
  MORPHEAV, 3Iorpha'o, (F.) 3Iorphie. A term
vaguely applied to scurfy eruptions  on  the face.
3Iorphaa was formerly applied to squamous dis-
eases in general.
  MORPHIA,  Morphina—m. Acetate  of, Mor-
phinas acetas—m.  and  Zinc, double iodide of,
Zinc and Morphia, double iodide  of—m.  Citrate
of, see Morphina—m. Muriate of, see Morphina
—m. Sulphate of, Morphinas sulphas.
  MORPHLE  ACETAS, Morphinas acetas —m.
Sulphas, Morphinas sulphas.
  MOR'PHICA, from poptpv, 'shape.'  Monstro-
sities of birth.   The 3d  order, class Typhica of
Good.
  MORPHI'NA, 3Ior'phia,  31or'phium, 3Ior-
phi'ne, 3torphine, from  3Iorpheus, the 'god of
sleep.'  A solid, colourless alkali; crystallizable
in  beautiful pyramids, truncated and  transpa-
rent; soluble in alcohol, and  slightly so in boil-
ing  water.   It exists,  combined with  meconic
acid, in opium.  It may be obtained by decom-
posing, by means of ammonia or calcined mag-
nesia, an aqueous solution of  opium made in the
cold.
  The  following is the  process  of  the Pharm.
U.S.  Opium,  sliced,  Ibj; diatilled water, alcohol,
animal charcoal, each a sufficient  quantity; solu-
tion  of ammonia, f^vj.  Macerate the  opium
with four pints of distilled water for 24 hours,
and having worked it with the hand, digest for
24 hours, and strain.  Macerate the residue twice
successively with distilled water, and strain.  Mix
the infusions;  evaporate to six pints, and filter;
then add first five pints of alcohol, and afterwards
three fluidounces  of  the solution of ammonia,
previously mixed with  half-a-pint  of alcohol.
After  24 hours, pour in the  remainder  of the
solution of ammonia,  mixed as before with half-
a-pint of alcohol; and set the  liquor aside for 24
hours, that crystals may form. To purify these,
boil them with  two pints  of  alcohol  till they are
dissolved; filter the solution,  while hot, through
animal charcoal, and set  it aside to crystallize.
  Morphia dissolves perfectly  in the acids, which
it saturates; and with which it forms very crys-
tallizable salts, with the exception of the acetate.
All these salts  have a bitter taste, and  act upon
the  animal economy  in the same manner as
opium, but more powerfully.  The acetate is the
salt commonly  employed in medicine.  It was, at
one time,  supposed that Morphia is the  purely 
                 MORPHIUM

sedative part of opium, divested  of its irritating
properties;  but  exp*rience has not  confirmed
this.  On the contrary, it will generally disagree
where opium does.  Dose of morphia, £ to £ of a
grain.
  Morphi'na: Ace'tas, Mor'phia Acetas, Ac"-
etate of Morphine,  Acetate of 3Iorphia.   A salt
formed by saturating morphia with acetic acid.
(3Iorphia, in powder, freed from narcotina by
boiling with sulphuric ether, "fj ; distilled water,
Oss; acetic acid, a sufficient quantity.  Mix the
morphia with the water; then carefully drop in
the acid, constantly stirring until the morphia is
saturated and dissolved.  Evaporate the solution
in a water-bath  to  the  consistence  of   syrup.
Lastly, dry  the acetate with a gentle heat and
rub it into powder.—Ph.  U. S.) Dose,  from i
of a grain to a grain.
  Morphi'na: Sulphas,  Mor'phia:  Sulphas,
Sulphate  of 3Iorphia.  A  salt, formed by  satu-
rating morphia with sulphuric acid, evaporating,
and crystallizing.   Dose, the same  as  of the
acetate.
  3Iuriate and Citrate of Morphia have likewise
been used; but they possess no advantages over
the other  salts.  The  sulphate and muriate are
officinal in the Ph. U. S.
  MORPHIUM, Morphina.
  MORPHOLOG"ICAL,  31orpholog"icus,  from
poptpv, ' shape,' and  Xoyos,' a description.'   That
which has relation to  the  anatomical conforma-
tion of parts.  Applied, at times, to the  altera-
tions in the form of the several parts  of the em-
bryo, in contradistinction  to hiatological,  which
is  applied to the transformation by which the
tissues are gradually generated.   In comparative
anatomy, it is  applied to the history of the mo-
difications of forms, which the same organ under-
goes in different animals.
  MORPHOLOGY, Anatomy.
  MORPHOLY'SIS,  from  popQv, 'shape,' and
Xvats,  'solution.'   Destruction of organization.
An agent, that  occasions  such  destruction, is
called a morpholyt'ic.
  MORPIIOLYTIC, see Morpholysis.
  MORPHON'OMY, 3torphonom'ia: from popipv,
'shape,' and vopos, 'a law.'   The  laws of organic
formation.  The department of anatomical science
which teaches the laws of organic configuration.
  MORPHOTOMY, see Anatomy.
  MORPIO, see Pediculus.
  310 RPION, Crab-louse, see Pediculus.
  MORS,  Death—m. Apparens,  Asphyxia—m.
Putativa,  Aphyxia — m.  Repentina,  Demotivus
lapsus — to.  du Diable, Scabiosa suecisa.
  MORSELLUS, Tabella.
  MORSULI ANTIMONIALES, Tabellas anti-
moniales Kunckelii —m. Stibii, Tabellas antimo-
niales Kunckelii.
  MORSULUS, Tabella.
  310RSURE, Degmos.
  MORSUS, Degmos—m. Diaboli, Scabiosa sue-
cisa, see Tuba Fallopiana— m.  Gallinas, Alsine
media,—m. Stomachi, Cardialgia—m.  Ventriculi,
Cardialgia.
  3I0RT, Death—m. Apparente, Asphyxia—m.
du Chien, Cholera — m. aux Ghiene,  Colchicum
autumnale—m. aux PantMres, Doronicum parda-
lianches.
  MORTA,  Pemphigus.
  MORTAL, 3Iortdlia, from mors,mortis, 'death.'
Leihdlia, Letdlia, Thanato'dea, Thanaa'imus,(Y.)
Mortel.  That which is subject to death ; — that
which causes death : — as, man is mortal; a dis-
ease is mortal.  Of old, it was the custom to have
a division of mortal wounds, which gave  rise to
many errors in medico-legal investigations, as the
mortality of wounds depends upon  various cir-
72               MORTALITY

 cumstances; and it is often a matter of extreme
 difficulty to pronounce whether or not a wound is
 necessarily mortal.
   MORTALITY, 3Iortal'itaa, Lethal'itaa, LctoV-
 itaa, (T?.)3Iortoliti. This word, taken in an extend-
 ed sense, expresses the condition  of all organized
 bodies,—of being subject to the cessation of life.
 In the sense in which it  is most frequently em-
 ployed, it signifies,—the proportional quantity of
 individuals who, in a certain population, die in a
 given time.  If we assume the population of the
 earth to be one thousand millions, and a genera-
 tion to last thirty-three  years; in that space of
 time the one  thousand  millions must all die,
 and, consequently, the number of deaths will be,
 by approximation,

     Each year...................30,000,000
     Each day.........................82,109
     Each hour.........................3,421
     Each minute...........................57
     Each second............................1 nearly.

   If, on the other hand,  as  has  been supposed,
 the number of deaths is to that of the births  as
 ten to twelve : there will be born,
     Each year................36,000,000
     Each day......................98,356
     Each hour ......................4,098
     Each minute........................68
     Each second.........................1 & 2-15ths.

   It has been estimated that the average mor-
 tality of the Pays  du Vaud, is 1 in 49; of Swe-
 den and Holland, 1 in 48; of Russia, 1 in 41; of
 France, 1 in 40; of Austria,  1 in  38; of Prussia
 and Naples, 1 in 33 to 35; of England, 1 in 45;
 and of South America, 1 in 30.  The same rate
 of mortality has been given to  the United States
 as to  France; but the statistical details on all
 this matter have been inadequate, and—it is not
 improbable—inaccurate.  The following has been
 given as the  annual mortality of some of the
 chief cities  of this country and  Europe : (See the
 author's Human Health, p. 101:  Philadelphia,
 1844.)  Philadelphia, 1 in 45.68; Glasgow, 1 in
 44; Manchester, 1 in 44; Geneva, 1  in 43;  Bos-
 ton, 1 in 41.26 ;  Baltimore, 1 in 41; London, 1 in
 40; New York, 1 in 37.83 ; St. Petersburgh, 1 in
 37; Charleston,  1 in 36.50; Leghorn,  1  in 35;
 Berlin, 1 in  34; Paris,  Lyons,  Strasburg, and
 Barcelona,  1 in 32; Nice and Palermo, 1 in  31;
 Madrid, 1 in 29; Naples, 1 in 28; Brussels, 1 in
 26; Rome, 1 in 25; Amsterdam, 1  in 24; and
 Vienna, 1 in 22J.
   In the cities, the mortality under two years of
 age bears a large ratio.  This is exhibited by the
 following table:
Age.	.	London.	Philad.	Baltimore.
Under 1 year,")		28.52	22.7	24.11
From 1 to	2,1		8.6	8.55
2 to	5,	9.97	7.3	11.18
5 to	10,	4.33	4.	5.
10 to	20,	4.03	5.	6.3
20 to	30,	6.64	12.	9.87
30 to	40,	8.08	12.	10.58
40 to	50,	8.89	10.	8.88
50 to	60,	8.89	7.2	5.78
60 to	70,	9.15	5.	4.5
70 to	80,	7.83	3.5	3.
80 to	90,	3.18	1.9	1.67
90 to 100,		0.40	0.5	0.26
100 to 110,		--	0.09 ) 0.013 J	0.18
110 to 120,		--		
  It would not be proper to regard the value of
life in different countries, or in  different periods
in the same country, to be indicated by the ave-
rage mortality; inasmuch as in one case a greater
72 
MORTAR
573
MOTORY
mortality  may occur amongst  children, and in
another amongst adults.
  Mortality,  Bills of,  Bills of  Nerol'ogy,
Mor'tuary  Reg"istera, (F.) Tables de 31ortaliti.
Tables, instituted  for the purpose of exhibiting
the number of deaths, &c. in a given  time. AArell-
kept bills of mortality are of great use to the phy-
sician and political economist.   Those of London
were  proverbial  for their inaccuracy  and  in-
sufficiency; especially as regards the complaints
of which the persons have died.   They were for-
merly made out by the parish clerks, and the in-
formation was conveyed to them by  two old wo-
men,  who  were appointed in each  parish, and
were called Searchers ; — their duty  being to see
that the deceased had died a natural  death. This
miserable system  has, however, been abolished;
and tho Registrar-General's annual reports of
births, deaths, and marriages, exhibit how admi-
rably vital statistics  are now conducted in Great
Britain.
  MORTAR,  Morta'rium, 3Ioreta'rium, 3Iortd-
t■in m, Riso, Ac'one,  Pil a, Holmoa, Igde,  Iejdus,
(]■'.) 31ortier.  A vessel for reducing to powder
different solid substances, and for making certain
mixtures.   Various substances are employed in
the construction of mortars;—iron, marble, glass,
wedgewood ware,  Ac.
  MORTARIOLUM, Alveolus.
  31 OUT EL, Mortal.
  31 OR TIER, Mortar.
  MOiriTFER, Lethiferous.
  MORTIFICATIO, Mortification — m. Pulmo-
num, Necropneumonia.
  MORTIFICATION,  3Iorliflcdtio, Necro'sis,
Sphacelation, from mora, 'death,' and fio,  'I be-
come.'  The loss of vitality in a part  of the body.
The incipient stage  of  mortification, when the
case is still recoverable, is called Gangrene; when
totally destroyed, Sphacelus.  Mortification of a
bone is  called Necrosis.
  Mortification,  Cold, Sphacelus —m. Ergot,
Ergotism—m. Hot, Gangrene — m. Mildew, Er-
gotism.
  MORTOOTH, Cupri sulphas.
  MORTUARY REGISTERS, Mortality, bills of.
  MORUM, see Morus nigra — m. Palpebras  in-
ternao, Trachoma carunculosum.
  MORUS  NIGRA,  31.  tctcinidta, Mul'berry
Tree, 3Iore'a, Sycomi'nos, (F.) 31urier Noir. The
fruit of the mulberry tree, 3Iorum, Sycami'num,
(F.) 3Iure,  is  pleasant, sweet,  subacid, and
abounds with a deep  violet-coloured juice.  A
syrup is directed in the  London Pharmacopoeia,
The bark of the root has been  regarded  as  an
anthelmintic.
  MORUS RUBRA, Red Mulberry,  Wild Mul-
berry ;  indigenous.  The root  has been used to
destroy trenia.
   31 OR VE, Mucus, Nasal mucus; see Equinia—
m. Farcineuse, see Equinia.
   MOS, Habit.
   Mos  Morbi Benig'nus, seu  Malig'nus.   The
benign, or malignant character of a disease.
   MOSCHARDI'NA,  3Iuaccr'do, from pooxos,
'musk.'  A lozenge for the mouth, composed of
musk, ambergris, and other aromatics.
   MOSCUEL-E'ON, Moseola'a.  A compound
aromatic oil, containing musk.
  MOSCHUS. Musk—m.Arabum, Hibiscus abel-
moschus—m.  Factitious, Musk, artificial.
  MOSCOL,EA, Mosehelason.
  MOSLICH. Maslach.
  MOSQUITA. sec Mosquito.
  MOSQUI'TO(i>.) Diminutive of (S.) tooscu, 'a
fly.'  Musquito.  A  very troublesome  insect in
warm, moist situations.  Curtains, called 3Ioaquito
curtains, are used  in India, by way of protection.
The entrance of mosquitos into the bedchamber
may also  be prevented, to a certain  extent, by
keeping the doors and windows closed until the
lights are extinguished.  The  pain and itching
from  the  bites are alleviated by washing them
with hartshorn.
  Mosquita is a name given, by the Portuguese,
to small, red pimples on the skin, resembling the
bites of the musquito.
  MOSS  BERRY, Vaccinium oxycoccos — m.
Ceylon, Fucus amylaceus—m. Club, Lycopodium
—m. Cup, Lichen pyxidatus—m. Iceland, Lichen
Islandicus—m. Irish, Fucus crispus—m. Marine,
Fucus amylaceus.
  MOTA, Fagus castanea.
  MOTAMEN, Motion.
  MOTATIO, Motion.
  MOTE, Carbasus, Linteum.
  3IOTEUR, Motory.
  MOTHER'S  MARKS,  Nasvus—m. Spots,
Nasvus.
  MOTHERAVORT, Leonurus cardiaca, Matri-
caria.
  MOTIL'ITY,  3Iotil'itas, from motua, 'move-
ment.' (F.)3Iotiliti, 3Iotrieiti.  Faculty of mov-
ing ; moving power; contractility.
  MOTION, 3Iotua, 3Io'tio, 3Iotdtio, 3Iotdmen,
Commo'tio,  Permo'tio, Cine'ais, 3lovemcnt,  (F.)
3Iouvement.  The act of changing place.   The
various motions may be divided into,—First, the
voluntary or those that are executed  under the
influeuce of the brain.  Secondly, the involuntary,
which may be subdivided into, 1, The excited, of
the reflex  function of Dr. Marshall  Hall  and
others,—as the closure of the larynx on the  con-
tact of acrid vapours, of the pharynx on that of
the food,—a function of the spinal  marrow;  and
2. Those that are  executed under the organic and
other nerves of involuntary function.  It is  pro-
bable, too,  that every  living  tissue  is  capable of
moving responsive to its appropriate irritant. See
Irritability.
  Motion,  Ciliary, see Cilia — m. Involuntary,
see Automatic — m. Vibratory, see Ciliary — m.
Voluntary, Autocinesis.
  MOTIVE, Motory.
  MOTOR, Motory.
  Motor   Oculi  Exter'nus,  Nervus tim'idus,
(F.) Nerf  oculo-musculaire externe (Ch.), Nerf
moteur oculaire externe, Sixth pair  of nerves,
arises from the furrow which  separates the pons
Varolii from the medulla oblongata.  It enters
the cavernous sinus; anastomoses  on the outside
of the carotid artery with two filaments furnished
by the superior cervical ganglion;  enters the or-
bit by the sphenoidal  fissure,  and  is lost on the
rectus externus oculi.   This  pair  is, also, called
Abducentea.
  Moto'res Oculo'rum, 3Ioto'rii Oculorum,  Ocu-
lo'res commu'nea, Ophthal'mici exter'ni, Common
Oculo-muacular Nervea,  (F.) Nerfs moteurs  ocu-
laires communs, (Ch.,) The third j'air of nerves.
This nerve arises from a depression at the inner
side of the peduncles of the  brain, between the
tuber annulare and corpora mammillaria. It enters
the outer part of the cavernous sinus, and passes
into the orbitar cavity.  Behind the  sphenoidal
fissure, it divides  into two branches ; the one su-
perior,, and the other inferior.  The former is
lost on the rectus superior oculi and the  levator
palpebras superioris ; the latter—the larger of the
two—divides into three  branches,  which pass  to
the rectus  internus, rectus  inferior,  and lesser
oblique.   The last furnishes  a filament,  which
passes to the ophthalmic ganglion.
  MOTORIAL, Motory.
  MOTORY, 3Iotive, 3Iotor,  3Ioto'riol, 3Iotrix,
Kintt'ic or Cinet'ic, (F.)  3Ioteur.   That  which 
MOTOS                  574               MUCILAGO
moves  or causes movement, as motor nerves, in
contradistinction to sensory.
  MOTOS,  Linteum,  Tent.
  MOTO'SIS,  poros,' charpie.'   The application
of charpie to a wound.
  3TOTRICITE', Motility.
  MOTRIN, Motory.
  310TTE, Mons veneris.
  MOTUM, Carbasus, Linteum.
  MOTUS,  Motion — m. Assimilationis, Plastic
force—m. Automaticus, see Automatic—m. Com-
pressorius, Peristole—m. Cordis diastalticus, Dia-
stole—m. Hasmorrhoidalis, Hasmorrhois—m. In-
testinorum, Borborygmus—m. Involuntarius, see
Autocinesis—m. Peristalticus, Peristole—m. Tes-
tudineus, Peristole—m. Vermicularis, Peristole—
m. Voluntarius, Autocinesis.
  MO UCHE, Cantharis—to. d'Eapagne, Can-
tharis.
  3IOUCHER L'ACTION  DE, Munctio.
  31 OUCHES, see Pains, labour — m. Volantes,
see Metamorphopsia.
  3I0UCHETURE,  see Scarification.
  3IOUCHOIR  EN TRIANGLE, Couvrechef,
see Bandeau.
  MOUFETTE, see Mephitism.
  MOULD, Fontanella.
  3IOULE, Mytilus  edulis.
  3IOULEUR, Muller.
  MOULTING, Desquamation.
  3IOURE1LLER, Malpighia mourella.
  MO UPON  DES OISEAUX, Alsine media—
to. Rouge, Anagallis.
  MOUSE-EAR, Alsine media, Hieracium pilo-

  MOUSE-SIGHT, Myopia.
  3I0USSE DE CORSE, Corallina Corsicana
—m. dIsland,  Fucus crispus — to. Perlie, Fucus
crispus.
  310USSER0N, see Agaric.
  MOUSSEUX, Frothy.
  MOUSTACHE, Mystax.
  MOUT DE LA BIERE, Wort.
  3I0UTARDE, Sinapis.
  MOUTH, Sax.  mu8, Os, Cavum Oris, Stoma,
(F.) Bouche.  This word sometimes signifies the
cavity  situate  between  the jaws, and containing
the tongue, &c.;—at others, the outer orifice of
that cavity.  The mouth, in the first acceptation,
Cav'itas seu Spa'tium Oris, is the cavity; bound-
ed, above, by  the palatine arch; below, by the
tongue ; before, by the  lips; and  behind, by the
velum  palati  and  pharynx.  The sides of the
mouth and  the organs it contains are lined by  a
mucous membrane.  The anterior aperture of the
mouth is, sometimes,  called facial—the posterior,
pharyngeal. In the  mouth  are the teeth, gums,
alveolar margins, tongue; the excretory duets of
the salivary glands,  and those of a  number of
mucous follicles, <fec.  It is in this cavity that the
food is cut, torn, or bruised by the teeth; is im-
pregnated with saliva, and formed into a mass or
bolus, which is then subjected to the act of deglu-
tition.  The mouth contains  the organs of taste;
and it serves  in respiration, articulation, expec-
toration,  suction, &c.
  The condition of the  mouth requires to be at-
tended to in Semeiology. The state of the mucous
membrane, like that  of the tongue, indicates the
condition of the membrane of the alimentary ca-
nal generally.
  Mouth,   Os, Apertura,  Orific"ium, Hia'tus,
Peristo'mium,  is, also, applied to the open extre-
mities  of vessels or other canals.
  Mouth Root, Coptis — m. Sore, Aphthas — m.
Watering, see  Salivation.
  3I0UVEMENT, Motion.
  MOVEMENT, Alotion.
  MOXA, 3Ioxibu'riam.  A word by which the
Chinese and Japenese designate a cottony sub-
stance, which they prepared by beating the dried
leaves of the Artemisia moxa, —a kind of mug-
wort.   With this down they form a cone, which
is placed upon the part intended to be cauterized,
and is set fire to at the top.   The heat and pain
gradually increase, in  proportion as the combus-
tion  proceeds downwards,  until  ultimately an
eschar may be formed.  In Europe and this
country,  the same operation  is usually practised
with a cylinder of cotton-wool, or with one formed
from the pith of the greater sun-flower.  This
mode of  cauterization is employed as a powerful
counter-irritant; which it assuredly is.   Slough-
ing may be in some measure prevented, according
to Baron Larrey, by the application of liquid am-
monia to the burnt part.
   The term moxa has been extended  to any sub-
stance, which  by gradual combustion on or near
the skin  is  employed as a counter-irritant.
   MOXIBURIUM, Moxa.
   MOXIBUS'TION, 3Ioxibua'tio, Encau'sis.
Mode of cauterization by means of moxa.
   MOXON'S  EFFERVESCING MAGNESIA,
see Magnesia, effervescing, Moxon's.
   MUCAGO, Liquor sanguinis, Mucilage.
   MUCARUM, Mucharum.
   MUCCINIUM, Mucilage.
   MUCEDO, Mucilage.
   MUCHA'RUM, 31ucdrum. A barbarous term,
formerly used for an  aqueous infusion  of roses,
sweetened,  and evaporated to the consistence of
syrup.
   MUCIFIC, Blennogenous.
   MU'CIFORM,  31uciform'is, Myxo'dea,  Blen-
no'dea, Blenno'i'dea,  BlennoVdeua, from  mucus,
and forma,  ' form.'   Resembling mucus in cha-
racter or appearance.
   MU'CILAGE, Mucila'go,  Muca'go, 3Iuce'do,
3Iuccin'ium, from the Lat. mucus,—itself presumed
to be from  mungere, 'to wipe the nose.'  A mix-
ture of gum and a small quantity of matter ana-
logous to mucus, which is found in abundance in
linseed, quince-seed, &c.  It  is obtained by heat-
ing with water the  parts, or products, of plants
which  contain it.  It is much used in the prepa-
tion of emollient cataplasms and the  greater part
of the demulcent tisane8.
   Mucilage, see Liquor sanguinis—m. Animal,
Mucus — m. of Quince-seeds, Decoctum cydonias
— m. of  Rice, see Oryza — m. of Sassafras Pith,
Infusum sassafras medullas—m. Starch, Mucilago
amyli.
   MUCILAGINEUX, Mucilaginous.
   MUCILAG"INOUS, Mucilagino'sus, Gnmmd-
sus, Gummio'dea, Gummido'dea, (F.) Mucilagineux.
Gummy.   Resembling gum.  That   which pos-
sesses the character of mucilage.
   MUCILAGO, Mucilage, Synovia.
   Mucilago Aca'cia:, 31. Acacia Arab'ica, M.
Gummi Arab'ica, Mucilage of aca'cia, 31. of gum
Arabic.  (Acacia gum. contus. 3*iv;  aq. bullient.
Oss.  Rub the gum with the  water gradually
added.)  Demulcent. To allay cough ;  but, chiefly,
to suspend insoluble matters in  water, &c.
   Mucilago Am'yli,  Starch mucilage.  (Amyli,
J^iij;  aqua, Oj.  Rub the starch with the water
gradually added; then boil till it forms  a muci-
lage.—Ph. L.)  Demulcent.  Generally given per
anum.
   Mucilago Articulorum  seu Juncturarum,
Synovia.
   Mucilago Astrag'ali Tragacan'tha:, 31. tra-
gacantha (Ph.U.S.), ALgummi tragacantha, 31 n-
cilage of tragacanth.  (Gummi tragacanth. ^j ;
aqua bullient. Oj.   Macerate for 21 hours; tritu- 
MUCIN
575
MULIEBROSUS
rate till the gum is dissolved, and press through
linen.)  For pharmaceutical purposes.
  Mucilago Cretica, Mistura cretas—m. Gum-
mi Arabici, M. acacias—m. Seminis cydonii mali,
Decoctum cydonias—m.  Gummi tragacanthas, M.
astragali tragacanthas—m. Tragacanthas, M. astra-
gali tragacanthas.
  MUCIN, Mucus.
  MUCIP'AROUS, Mucip'arua, from mucus, and
pario, 'I bring forth.'   Mucous-producing; as
muciparous glands or follicles.
  MUCKSWEAT, Desudatio.
  MUCOCE'LE, Hernia sacci lacrymdlis, from
mucus, and kvXv, ' rupture.'  An enlargement or
protrusion of the mucous membrane of the lachry-
mal  passages,  giving occasion to fistula lacry-
malis.  Also, dropsy of the lachrymal sac.
  MUCO-ENTERITIS, see Enteritis.
  MUCO-PU'RULENT, 3Iuco-puruledtus, Pyo-
blen'nieua, from mucua,  and  pus.  Having the
character or appearance of mucus and pus.
   MI'COR, Euros,  Mucus — m.  Narium, Nasal
 mucus.
   M UCOSITAS, Mucus.
   MUCOS'ITY, Mucos'itaa.  A fluid, which re-
 sembles mucus, or  contains a certain quantity
 of it.
   M UCOUS, Muco'sus.  An epithet for all bodies
 containing mucilage or  mucus. It is, also, some-
 times used synonymously with gummy.   In pa-
 thology, it is occasionally employed to express the
seat of a disease, as mucous diaeaae, mucous phleg-
moaia ; that is, having its seat in a mucous mem-
brane.
   Mucous Corpuscles, see Mucus — m. Layer,
see  Tache embryonnaire — m. Membranes, see
Membranes — m. Web,  Corpus mucosum.
  MUCRO, Apex.
  Mucro seu  Cor'yphe  seu Fundus seu Vertex
 Cordia.  The apex or point of the heart.
  Mucno Humeri, Acromion.
  MUCRONATA  CARTILAGO, Xiphoid  car-
tilage.
   MUCRONATUM OS, Xiphoid cartilage.
  MU'CULENT, 3luculen'tus, from mucus. Slimy,
viscid.
  MUCUNA,  see Dolichos pruriens — m. Pru-
riens, Dolichos pruriens — m. Prurita, see Do-
lichos.
  MUCUS, 3Iucor,  3Iuco'aus humor, 3Iucoa'itoa,
Myxo,  3Iycua,  Lape, Pitui'ta, Zoomy'cus, Zoo-
myx'a,  Pit'uite, Animal mucua,  Blenna,  Animal
mucilage, (F.) 3Iuqueux animal, 3Iorve, 3Iucilage
animal,  presumed to be from mungere,  'to wipe
the nose.'  A substance, analogous to vegetable
mucilage;  from  which, however, it  differs, by
affording subcarbonate of ammonia on distilla-
tion.  Mucus exudes through the skin, in a state
of combination with a  peculiar oily matter; and,
drying,  forms the epidermis.  It constitutes,  in
part, the different epidermeous productions,  as
the hair, nails, wool, and horn of animals, feathers
of birds, and scales of fish.  It is found  at the
surface  of the mucous membranes, and presents
some difference in its composition and properties,
according to the particular  mucous  membrane
from which it is obtained.  Its chief organic con-
stituent  is an albuminous compound, — mucin.
Mucus preserves the membranes moist, and in a
state best fitted for the performance of their func-
tions.  The French give the  term glaire  to the
thick, stringy mucus, secreted by the  mucous
membranes when in a state of disease.
   When mucus is examined with the  microscope
it is found to contain numerous epithelial scales
or flattened cells; together with round, granular
bodies,  which are commonly termed  mucous cor-
puaclea or mucoua globulea.
   Mucus Carphodes, see Carphodes — m. Ca-
tharticus, Lichen Islandicus—m. Malpighii, Cor-
pus mucosum—m. Narium, Nasal mucus.
   MUD-APPLE  PLANT, Solanum melongena.
   MUDAR, 3Iadar.   The  Calotropis mudarii
seu madarii; or, according to the generality  of
authorities, the G. gigante'a or Aacle'piaa gigan-
te'a.  In the Hindoo practice of physic, the bark
of the root, as well as the concrete juice of the
plant, enters into various compound formulas for
the cure of elephantiasis and many other disor-
ders.  Experiments instituted by Dr. Duncan, jr.,
exhibit  its properties to be like those  of ipeca-
cuanha.
   MUDGE'S INHALER, see Inhaler.
   3IUGUET, Aphthas, Convallaria maialis — to.
dea Boia, Asperula odorata — to. de 31oi, Conval-
laria maialis.
   MUGWORT, Artemisia vulgaris.
   3IULATRE, Mulatto.
   MULATTO,  (F.) Muldtre, (S.) 3Iulata.  An
individual of the human species engendered of a
white and black race;  from mulus, ' a mule.'
   The following table exhibits the proportion of
white blood in the various castes, — arising from
the hybridous admixture  of white and black, —
according to the principles sanctioned by usage.
OFFSPRING.
degree of mixture.
Negro and AVhite,.....................Mulatto,......................................1-2 White,
AVhite and Mulatto,...................Tereeron,....................................3-4  ----

Negro and Mulatto,................j Griff%G ,iff'OT Zamb°' 1...............1-4  ____
                              (   or Black Tereeron,   j
White and Tereeron,..................Quarteron or Quadroon,..................7-8  ----
Negro.and Tereeron,..................Black Quarteron or Quadroon,.........1-8  ----
AVhite and Quarteron,................Quinteron,.................................15-16----
Nogro and Black Quarteron,........Black Quinteron,..........................1-16----
 1-2 Black.
 1-4 ----
 3-4 ----
 1-8 ----
 7-8 ----
 1-16----
15-16----
  The last two were considered to be respectively
white  and  black,  in  the  British  AVest  India
Islands; and the former, prior to modern changes,
were white by law, and consequently free.   See
Half-caste.
  MULBERRY CALCULUS,  see Calculi, uri-
nary— m. Rash, see Typhus — m. Red, Morus
rubra — m. Tree, Morus nigra — m. AVild, Morus
rubra.
  311'I. FS (¥.), 3Iula.  Chilblains on the heels.
  MULGE'DIUM  ACUMINATUM,  Lactu'ca
tilto'sii, Blue Lettuce; and
  Mulge'dium Florida'num, Lactu'ca Florida'-
na, Sonchua Floriddnua,  False  Lettuce; indige-
nous plants ; Order, Compositas; have the repu-
tation of curing the bites of rattlesnakes.
  AIULIEBRiA, Menses, A*"ulva.
  MULIEBRITY, Mulieritas.
  MULIEBROS'ITAS, Philogyn'ia, from mulier,
'a woman,' muliebra, 'appertaining to women.'
Fondness for women.  Hence, 3Iuli'.bro'sus, 3Iu-
liero'rius,  and Mitliero'sus; one wn$ is fond of
women.
  MULIEBROSUS, see Muliebrositas. 
MULIERARIUS
576
MUSA
   MULIERARIUS, see Muliebrositas.
   MULIE'RITAS, 3Iulieb'rity, Womanhood, from
 mulier, 'a woman.'  The state of puberty in the
 female.
   MULIEROSUS, see Muliebrositas.
   MULIER PLENA, Pregnant.
   MULLED AVINE, see AVine.
 • MULLEIN, BLACK, ATerbascum nigrum—m.
 Broad-leaved,  great, Verbascum  nigrum — m.
• Yellow, Verbascum nigrum.
   MULLER, (F.) 31ouleur. A moulder.  A stone
 held in the hand, with which  any powder is
 ground upon a flat horizontal  stone.  It is  some-
 times called mullet, (F.) 3Iollette.
   MULLIGRUBS, Tormina,  Colic.
   MULOMEDICINA,  Veterinary  art.
   MULOMEDICUS, see Hippiater.
   MULSA ACIDA, Oxyglycus.
   MULSUM, Hydromeli—m. A'inosum, 03nomel.
   MULTIFIDUS  SPINiE, Transversalis dorsi.
   MULTIFOETATION, 31ultifceta'tio, from mul-
 tu8,  ' many,'  and foetus.  Pregnancy with more
 than two foetuses.
   MULTILOC'ULAR, Multilocula'ris, from mul-
 tm,  ' many,' and loeulus, ' a cell.'   Having many
 cells or cavities.
   MULTIMAM'MiE, from multua, 'many,'  and
 mamma,  'a breast.'  A variety of  hypergenesis,
 in which there are supernumerary  mammas.
   MULTIP'AROUS, (F.) 3IuItipare, frommultua,
 'many,' and parire,  ' to bring forth.' One that
 brings forth several young at the same time. Such
 a birth is called plural.
   MULTITUDO, Plethora.
   MULTIVORANTIA, Polyphagia.
   MUMIA, Mummy.
   MUMMIFICATION, from mummy,  and fio,
 'to make.' Sceletedsis.  The mode of preparing
 a mummy.
   MUMMY,  Mumia, Arab, 31oumya,  from mum,
 'wax.'  Rebolea, Rebona, (F.) 3Iomie.  A dead
 body simply dried, or  dried after having been
 embalmed.  The latter acceptation is the most
 common.   Formerly, the Egyptian mummy was
 extolled  as useful in  contusions.   It was pre-
 sumed, also, to have healing,  tonic, and resolvent
 properties. It is now only regarded as an archai-
 cal curiosity.
   MUMPS, Cynanche parotidea.
   MUNCTIO, Apomex'is, (F.) VAction de mou-
 cher.  The act of blowing the nose.
   MUNDIFICANTIA, Detergents.
   MUNDIFICATIVA, Detergents.
   MUNDTIA SPINO'SA. .  A plant of the Nat.
  Ord. Polygaleas, which grows in Southern Africa,
 and a decoction of whose branches is used in
 atrophy, phthisis,  &c.
   MUNGOS RADIX, Ophiorrhiza mungos.
   MUNIMENTUM  CASTITATIS, Hymen.
   MUQUEUX ANI31AL, Mucus.
   MUR, Coryza.
   MURAL, 31ura'lia, from murus,  'a wall.'  Ve-
 sical calculi are so called when rugous and co-
 vered with tubercles  or asperities.  They are
 composed of oxalate of lime.
   3IURE, Moro, see Morus nigra.
   MU'RIA, Holme, Salailo'go, Brine, (F.) Sau-
 mure.  This  was formerly used as a glyster in
 dysentery, in certain inveterate neuralgias, &c.
   Muria, Soda, muriate of.
   MURIAS  AURICO-NATRICUM, see Gold.
   MURIATE  DAMMONIAQUE,  Ammonias
 murias—to. d'Ammoniaque et defer, Ferrum am-
 moniatum—to.  d'Or, Gold, muriate of, see Gold.
   MURIAT'IC ACID,  from muria; Ac"idum
 satis, Spir'itus aalia  mari'ni, <S*p. salia Gloube'ri,
 Acidum  mari'num concentrdturn,  Acidum salis
 culindris, Acidum salis  marini, Spir'itus salia
ac"idua sen fumans, Acidum hydroehlor'icnm seu
muriaticum, Spirit of aalt, (F.) Acide hydrochlo-
rique ou muriatique.  An aqueous solution  of
chlorohydric acid gas of s. g. 1.16.  The odour
of muriatic acid is  suffocating;  taste very acid
and caustic.  It is nearly colourless when pure;
but commonly  of a pale  yellow;  volatile;  the
fumes visible.  Muriatic acid is possessed of tonio
and antiseptic properties.   It  is used  in typhus;
cutaneous eruptions ; in gargles for inflammatory
and putrid sore  throats, (gtt.  xxx to f3 vj of wa-
ter,) &c.   AVhen added to a pediluvium,  it ren-
ders it stimulating.
  Acidum Muriat'icum Dilu'tum of the  Ph. U.
S. contains four ounces, by measure,  of muriatie
acid to twelve ounces of distilled water.
  MURIDE, Bromine.
  3IURIER NOIR, Morus nigra.
  MURIGENE, Chlorine.
  MURINA, Bromine.
  MURMUR,  (F.) 31urmure. A word existing
both in the Romanic and Teutonic languages, and
probably a variety of onomatopoeia;—mur mur
expressing the kind of sound which the word in-
dicates.   A low continued or continuously re-
peated sound,  as that of flame, or of a  stream
running over a stony bottom.
  Murmur  Aurium, Tinnitus Aurium—m. In-
testinale seu intestinorum seu Ventris, Borboryg-
mus.
  Murmur, Res'piratory.   The noise heard
during inspiration  and expiration,  especially the
former.  It is produced by the passage of the air
through the bronchial tubes and into the air-cells.
Ii has been also called murmur of  the expansion
of the lungs; and, when distinctly  vesicular, Re-
spiration of the cella or vesicular respiration, (F.)
Respiration viaiculaire.   Vesicular respiration is
of course absent when the cells of the lungs  have
been obliterated from any cause.   We may then
have the Respiration nulle, Abaence du bruit re-
spiratoire, Silence, and Respiration ailencieuae of
the French writers.
  At times, it is rude during  inspiration or  expi-
ration, or both — the Reapirotion rude or R. rd-
peuae of the French.  At others, there is a  blow-
ing sound, (F.) Souffle, Reapiration aoufflante, as
if some one were blowing into the auscultator's
ear through a tube.  This is heard in the healthy
state over the larynx, trachea, and about the bi-
furcation of the bronchia; but when it proceeds
from the lungs it  denotes disease.   It may be
tubular or diffused.  In the  former,  the whiffing
murmurs appear to occur in a  space limited to the
immediate neighbourhood of  the part examined.
In the latter, they are produced  with but mode-
rate intensity, and  sometimes at a distance from
the ear, over a tolerably extended  space.
   The respiration, perceived over the trachea and
bronchia in health, is called tracheal or bronchial
or tubal, (F.) Respiration bronehique, Souffle tu-
baire, according to the situation in which it is
heard.
   Murmur,  Uterine,  Bruit placentaire  — m.
Utero-placental, Bruit placentaire.
   Murmur, Whiffing, see Murmur, respiratory.
   MURR, 3Iurrain, from A. S. mypphan,  'to
destroy,' or from (L.) mori, 'to die.' (F.) Claveau,
 Clavelie, Peatilential  Fever.   An  epizootic, per-
haps contagious, disease, having some resemblance
to  small-pox,  which affects cattle — especially
sheep; and is said to have  been  transferred to
man.
   Murrain, Coryza, Murr.
   MURREN, Coryza.
   MUSA, M.  Paradisiaca —m. Cliffortiana, M.
Paradisiaca—m. Mensaria, M. Paradisiaca.
   MuSA PARADISl'ACA, Musa, 31.  Mensa'ria seu 
MUSC
577
MUSCLE
Cliffortia'na, Amusa, Palma hu'milis, Ficus  In'-
dica, Bata, Plat'anus.  The Plantain tree.   Fa-
mily, Musaceas.  Sex. Syst. Hexandria  Monogy-
nia.  It grows in many parts of India and South
America.   The fruit, which  is largely  eaten for
bread, consists of a mealy substance.  It is clam-
my; has a sweetish taste, and will dissolve in the
mouth  without chewing.   The  whole spike of
fruit often  weighs forty or fifty pounds.   The
loaves of  the  tree serve  the Indians for table-
cloths and napkins.  Being smooth and soft, they
are also employed as dressings for blisters.   The
water from the  soft trunk is astringent,  and
sometimes used in diarrhoea.
  Musa Sapikn'tum.  The Bana'na tree, Baco'-
ba, (F.) Bononier, Bacove.  This differs  some-
what from the last.  The fruit, Bana'na,  (S.)
Plntn.no, is shorter, straighter,  and rounder; the
pulp softer and of a more luscious taste.   When
ripe,  it is  very agreeable; it  is eaten like the
plantain, and  relished by all ranks of people in
the AVest Indies.  Both  varieties  are natives of
Guinea.
  3IUSC, Musk.
  MUSCA  HISPANICA, Cantharis.
  MUSCA-"  KNTO-IIYALOID,  see Metamor-
phopsia—in. Volitantes,  see Metamorphopsia.
  31USCARE, see Myristica moschata.
  311J SCAD IER, Myristica moschata.
  MUSCERDA, Moschardina.
  MUSCLE, 3 f us1 cuius,  Torua, 3Iya, My on, from
pvs, 'a rat;' because, say some etymologists, the
ancients compared  the  muscles to flayed rats.
According  to Diemerbroeck, Douglass, Chaussier,
<fec, pvuiv comes rather from  pvtiv, 'to close,' 'to
move,' &c, a function proper to muscles.   This
etymon is the more probable. Muscles have been
divided into those of Animal life or of the life of
relation — voluntary muscles — which  execute
movements  under the influence of the will; as
the muscles of the limbs,  head, trunk, &c., and
into those of organic life—involuntary muaclea—
which contract under the influence of certain spe-
cial stimuli; as the  heart, fleshy  fibres of the
stomach,  <fcc.  3Iixed muaclea are  those which
belong partly to each of these divisions;—as the
muscles of respiration; the sphincters, <fec.  Mus-
cles that act in opposition to each other are called
antorjoniata;  thus, every extensor  has  a flexor
for an antagonist, and conversely.   Muscles that
concur in the  same  action are termed congene-
rous.   The muscles present numerous varieties in
form, size, situation, use, &c, and have been di-
vided, by some, into long, broad, and short. Each
of these divisions comprises simple and compound
muscles.  Simple or rectilinear muacles  have all
their fibres in  a  similar direction, and  only one
body—as the Sartorius, Pronator quadratus, &G.
Compound muaclea are those which have only one
belly and several tendons, as the flexors of the
fingers and toes;  or several  bellies  and several
tendons,—as the  biceps flexor cubiti, sacro-lum-
balis,  &c.  To the  compound  muscles belong,
also, the radiated muaclea.  Their fibres set out
from a common centre, and are arranged like the
radii of a circle;—such are the diaphragm, ilia-
cus, temporal, &c.  Pennated or Penniform 3Ius-
clee.   Their  fibres are arranged  in two  rows,
which are united at a median line, at greater or
less angles; nearly as the  feathers  are inserted
into a quill.  The palmaris longus is  one of these.
Semi-penniform muaclea: their fibres are oblique,
as in the last case; but they are inserted only on
one side of the tendon.  Hollow Muscles are,—
the heart, intestines, urinary bladder, &c.
  Much difference has existed in the enumera-
tion of muscles.  Some authors  reckon them at
upwards  of 400.   Chaussier admits only  368.
The greater part of them are in pairs.  Yerj few
are azygous.
TABLE  OF THE MUSCLES,  ARRANGED AFTER THE MANNER  OF DR. BARCLAY,
                           ACCORDING TO THEIR ACTIONS.
          Forwards by

Platysma myoides,
Sterno-inastoideus,
Rectus anticus major,
  "     "    minor,

  Jlssisted (when the lower jaw is
           fixed) by
Mylo-hyoideus,
Genio-hyoideus,
Genio-hyo-glossus,
Digastrici.
      the head is  moved

         Backwards by
Part of trapezius,
Splenius capitis,
Complexus,
Trachelo-mastoideus,
Rectus posticus major,
  "      "    minor,
Obliquus capitis superior.
         To either side by
Platysma inyoides,
Sterno-mastoideus,
Part of trapezius,
Splenius capitis,
    "    colli,
Trachelo-mastoideus,
Complexus.
       Forwards by

Platysma myoides,
Sterno-inastoideus,
Disastricus,
Mvlo-hyoideus,
Genio-liyoideus,
Genio-hyo-glossus
Ohio hyoiilei,
Stcrno'-hyoidei,
Thyro-hyoidei,
Rectus anticus minor,
Longus colli.
37
      THE  neck is moved

         Backwards by
Part of trapezius,
Rhomboideus minor,
Serratus posticus superior,
Splenius capitis,
   "    colli,
Complexus,
Trachelo-mastoideus,
Transversalis colli,
Inter-spinales colli,
Semi-spinalcs colli,
Rectus posticus major,
   "     "    minor,
Obliquus capitis superior,
    "      "   inferior,
Scaleni postici,
Levator scapulie.
         Laterally by
Various combinations of those mus-
  cles which  separately move it  for-
  wards and backwards, assisted by
  the scaleni, intertransversales,  and
  rectiIaterales. 
MUSCLE                   578
MUSCLE
THE TRUNK  IS  MOVED
           Forwards by

Rectus abdominis,
Pyramidalis,
Obliquus externus abdominis,
Obliquus internus,
Psoas magnus,
  '•   parvus,

Assisted (when the arms are carried
          forwards) by
Pectoralis major,
    "     minor,
Serratus magnus.
          Backwards by

Trapezius,
Rhomboideus major,
Latissimus dorsi,
Serratus posticus superior,
   "       "    inferior,
Sacro-lumbalis,
Longissimus dorsi,
Spinales dorsi,
Semi-spinales dorsi,
Multifidus spinas,
Inter-transversales dorsi et lumbo-
  rum.
          Laterally by

Obliquus externus,
    "    internus,
Quadratus lumborum,
Lougissimus dorsi,
Sacro-lumbalis,
Serraii postici,
Latissimus dorsi.
     Upwards by

Trapezius,
Levator scapulas,
Rhomboidei.
        THE SCAPULA IS MOVED

Downwards by             Forwards ,
Lower part of trapezius,
Latissimus dorsi,
Pectoralis minor.
Pectoralis minor,
Serratus magnus.
     Backwards by

Part of trapezius,
Rhomboidei,
Latissimus dorsi.
THE HUMERUS IS MOVED
     Forwards by

Part of deltoid,
Part of pectoralis major,

Assisted  in  some circum-
       stances by
Biceps,
Coraco-brachialis.
     Backwards by

Part of deltoid,
Teres major,
  "   minor,
Long head of triceps,
Latissimus dorsi.
     Inwards by

Part of pectoralis major,
Latissimus dorsi.
    Rotated inwards by

Subscapularis,

  Assisted occasionally by
Pectoralis major,
Latissimus and teres ma-
  jor.

       Outwards by
Supra-spinatus,
Infraspinatus,
Teres minor.
     Forwards by

Biceps,
Brachialis anticus,
Pronator teres,

     Assisted by
Flexor carpi radialis,
  "    sublimis,
  "    ulnaris.
Supinator longus.
THE FORE-ARM IS MOVED

      Backwards by
Triceps,
Anconeus.
   Rotated inwards by

Pronator teres,
Flexor carpi radialis,
Palmaris longus,
Flexor sublimis,
Pronator quadratus,

     Outwards by
Biceps,
Supinator brevis.
Extensor  secundi  inter-
  nodii.
THE CARPUS IS MOVED
     Forwards by

Flexor carpi radialis,
Palmaris longus,
Flexor sublimis,
  "   carpi ulnaris,
  "    profundus,
  "    longus pollicis.
                     Outwards by              Inwards by

carpi   radialis  Flexor carpi radialis.      Flexor sublimis,
               Extensor  carpi   radialis    "    carpi ulnaris,
                 longior,                   "    profundus,
               Extensor  carpi   radialis  Extensor communis digi-
                 brevior,                   toruni,
               Extensor ossis metacarpi,  Extensor minimi digiti,
               Extensor primi internodii.  Extensor carpi ulnaris.
     Backwards by

Extensor
  longior,
Extensor
  brevior,
Extensor
  nodii,
Indicator,
Extensor communis digi-
  torum,
Extensor proprius pollicis.
carpi  radialis

secundi  inter-
THE THUMB  IS MOVED
 Inwards  and forwards,
    across the palm, by

Opponens pollicis,
Flexor brevis,
  "    longus.
Outwards and backwards
          by
Upwards and forwards,
  away from the other fin-
  gers, by
Extensor ossis metacarpi  Abductor,
  pollicis,
Extensor primi internodii,    Assisted by part of the
Extensor  secundi  inter-
  nodii.
Flexor brevis.
 Backwards  and  inwards,
  to the other fingers, by

 Adductor,
 Extensor primi internodii,
 Extensor secundi  inter-
■  nodii. 
MUSCLE                   579                   MUSCLE
THE FINGERS  ARE MOVED
  Forwards, or flexed, by

Flexor sublimis,
  "    profundus,
Ltimbricales,
Interossei,
Flexor brevis digiti  mi-
  nimi,
Abductor digiti minimi.
                          Outwards,  to  radial  bor-
Backwards, or extended, by           der, by                  Inwards by

Extensor communis.       Abductor indicis,          Abductor digiti minimi,
         minimi digiti,        "    digiti minimi,    Interossei.
Indicator.                 Interossei.
THE THIGH IS MOVED
     Forwards by

Psoas magnus,
Iliacus,
Tensor vaginae femoris,
Pectineus,
Adductor longus,
         brevis.
     Backwards by

Gluteus maximus,
Part of gluteus medius,
Pyriformis,
Obturator internus,
Part of adductor magnus,
Long head of biceps,
Semi-tendinosus,
Semi-membranosus.
     Inwards by

Psoas magnus,
Iliacus,
Pectineus,
Gracilis,
Adductor longus,
    "    brevis,
    "    magnus.
Obturator externus,
Quadratus femoris.
     Outwards by

Tensor vagina; femoris,
Gluteus maximus,
   "    medius,
   "    minimus,
Pyriformis.
THE THIGH IS ROTATED
Inwards by
Outwards
                          Gluteus maximus,
                          Part of gluteus medius,
                          Pyriformis,
And, when the  leg is ex-  Gemellus superior,
Tensor vaginae femoris,
Part of gluteus medius,
        tended, by
Sartorius.
Semi-tendinosus.
Obturator internus,
Gemellus inferior,
Quadratus femoris,
Obturator externus,
Psoas magnus,
Iliacus,
Adductor longus,
    "    brevis,
    "    magnus,
Biceps cruris, slightly.
J V c ' V.
Auwu.--,
              THE LEG IS MOVED

Backwards, or flexed, by        Extended by
Semi-tendinosus,
Biceps,
Semi-membranosus,
Gracilis,
Sartorius,
Popliteus.
Rectus,
Crureus,  0-\^  >
Vastus externus,
   "    internus.
THE FOOT IS MOVED
Forwards, or flexed, by   Backwards, or extended by     Inclined inwards
Tibialis anticus.
Extensor proprius pollicis,
Extensor  longus  digito-
  rum,
Peroneus tertius.
Gastrocnemius,
Plantaris,
Soleus.
Flexor longus digitorum,
   "   longus pollicis,
Tibialis posticus,
Peroneus longus,
    "    brevis.
Extensor proprius pollicis,
Flexor longus digitorum,
   "   longus pollicis,
Tibialis posticus.
       Outwards by

Peroneus longus,
    "    brevis,
Extensor  longus  digito-
  rum,
Peroneus tertius.
THE TOES ARE MOVED
 Backwards, or flexed, by

Abductor pMlicis,
Flexor brevis digitorum,
Abductor minimi digiti,
Flexor lonsns pollicis,
       digitorum,
       mccssorius,
I.umbricales,
Flexor brevis pollicis,
Ad luctor pollicis.
Flexor brevis minimi  di-
  citi.
Interossei.
Forwards, or extended, by

Extensor  longus  digito-
  rum,
Extensor proprius pollicis,
    "    brevis digitorum.
   Inclined inwards

Abductor pollicis,
Interossei.
      Outwards by

Adductor pollicis,
    "    digiti minimi,
Interossei. 
MUSCLE  CANIN            580          MUSCULOCUTANEOUS
  Muscles have been variously named.  1.  Ac-
cording to  their uses, as  diaphragm, buccinator,
extensors, flexors, adductors, abductors, levators,
depressors, &c.  2.  According to their position,
as interspinales, interossei, subclavius, poplitaeus,
anconeus, cubitalis,  iliacus, temporalis, &c.  3.
According to their shape, as trapezius, splenius,
lumbricalis,  serratus, digastric, deltoid, scalenus,
rhomboides, &c.  4. According to  their dimen-
sions, as pectoralis major, rectus capitis anticus
major, pectoralis minor, glutasus  maximus,  me-
dius, and minimus.   5. According to their direc-
tion, as obliquus abdominis, transversalis abdo-
minis,  rectus femoris, rectus  abdominis, <fec.  6.
According to their composition, as semi-membra-
nosus, semi-tendinosus, complexus, &c.  7. Ac-
cording to  their attachmenta,  or  the  different
points of the skeleton to which they are connect-
ed  by  means  of  tendons or  aponeuroses; as
sterno-cleido-mastoideus,  sterno-hyoideus, &c.
On this is grounded the nomenclature of M. Du-
mas, and that of Chaussier.
   The end of the muscle, which adheres to the
most fixed part, is usually called  the origin or
head, (F.) Tete; and that which  adheres  to the
more moveable part, the  insertion or tail, (F.)
Queue ; the intervening part or body of the mus-
cle being  called the venter or belly, Venter mus'-
culi, 3Ie'dium mus'culi: hence the names gastro-
cnemii, digastricus, biceps, and triceps; accord-
ing as they  have two bellies,  two or three heads,
&c.
   Muscles  are  formed, — 1.  Essentially of the
muscular  or fleshy fibre, (see Muscular  Fibre.)
2. Of Areolar  tissue, which unites  together the
fibres.  This areolar tissue  is not very visible
between the fine and loose fibres; but becomes
more so, when they unite  in more considerable
fasciculi.  It forms, moreover, to each muscle, an
external envelope, which unites it to the neigh-
bouring parts,  and  admits of its motion.   This
envelope was  formerly  called Tu'nica propria
muaculdrum.   3.  Of Arteriea.   These proceed
from neighbouring trunks, and  are, generally,
very large.  Their  size and  number are always
in  proportion  to the bulk  of the muscle.   With
the  exception of some viscera, as the lungs and
the kidneys, there are few  organs that receive as
much  blood as  the muscles.  4. Of Veina.   They
follow the same course in  the muscles as the ar-
teries.  Bichat asserts  that  they are generally
devoid of valves.   5. Of Lymphatics.  Of these
we know little, and cannot easily follow them
between the fleshy fibres.  6. Of Nerves.  These
are  numerous,  and of different sizes.  They, al-
most  all, proceed  from the encephalon;  some,
however, issue from ganglions, and  accompany
the arteries.   In  general,  they  penetrate  the
fleshy  tissue along with the vessels, to which
they are narrowly united.  After they have en-
tered  the  muscles,  they divide and subdivide
until they are  lost sight of.
   3IUSCLE CANIN, Levator anguli oris —to.
 Canneli, Ischio-trochanterianus.
   Muscle  of Gavard.   The oblique muscular
fibres of the stomach.
   3IUSCLE GRAND  FESSIER, Glutams ma-
 jor—m. of Guthrie, Compressor Urethrae—m. of
 Horner, Tensor Tarsi—m. of Houston, Compres-
 sor venas dorsalis penis — to. trea Lc.\rge du dos,
 Latissimus dorsi—m. of "Wilson, Compressor ure-
 thrae.
   MUS'CULAR, 3fuscula'ria, 3Iii8culo'sus, Toro'-
 sus.   That which belongs or relates to  the  mus-
 cles.  Well furnished with muscles.
   Muscular Ar'teries.  Arteries that are dis-
 tributed to the muscles.  The name, 3Iuscular
 Arteries of the eye, has been especially given to
two branches sent off by the ophthalmic artery:
—the one, inferior, which furnishes branches to
the rectus inferior oculi, lachrymal sac,  &c, and
some- of the anterior ciliary arteries : the other
—the superior, which is sometimes wanting; but,
when it exists, gives branches  to  the  rectus su-
perior oculi and levator palpebras  superioris.
  Muscular Contrac'tion. The  exertion of the
power, possessed by muscles, of shortening them-
selves, or of contracting to produce motion : —
muscular motion  being the change in the situa-
tion and relation  of organs, induced by muscular
contraction.  AVhen a muscle contracts, its fibres
assume more, the  zigzag direction, and the extre-
mities approximate; but  the bulk of the whole
muscle is not augmented.  This contraction takes
place, at times, with  extreme  velocity: a single
thrill, in the letter r, can be pronounced in the
l-30,000th part of a minute.   The force of  con-
traction, 3Iyody'namia, depends upon the healthy
physical condition of the  muscle, combined with
due energy of the brain.  The duration, in vo-
luntary motion, is for a certain time dependent
upon the will:—contractions,  excited involunta-
rily, cannot be so long maintained.
  Muscular Fibre, Fleahy fibre, Filum muscu-
la're, Fibril'la muscula'ris.   A  name  given to
the  filaments, which, by  their union, form the
muscles.  This fibre  is flat, soft, downy, linear,
little elastic, more or less red; and arranged in
zigzag according to its length, which is variable.
It is firmer in  adults  than in  the young or the
aged;  of the same size  in the great  and small
muscles; and runs its course without bifurcation
or ramification.  It is but slightly  resisting in the
dead body, tearing  readily; but during life  it
supports very great efforts without laceration. It
is, itself, composed of a considerable  number of
fibrils, similar to  each other, and  subdividing al-
most ad infinitum.  The ultimate filaments into
which the fibre can be decomposed by mechani-
cal  means seem to  be hollow or tubular.  The
fibre exists under two  forms,  the striated  or
striped, and the non-striated, amooth or unstriped;
the muscles composed of  the former ministering,
as  a general rule,  to  the animal functiona,—
the latter  always, perhaps, to the organic.  The
colour of the  muscular fibres is red in man, and
white in  several animals.  A   greater or less
number,—united in fasciculi,  Faacic'uli seu
Loccr'ti muaculdrum, approximated to each other,
and forming  a distinct mass, of very  variable
size and shape, the extremities being attached to
bones by means of tendons,—constitutes a muscle.
In this  are included areolar membrane, vessels
and nerves.  See Muscle.
   Muscular Nerves.  The  nerves distributed
to  the muscles are so named.  Winslow calls the
4th pair of nerves — Nerf musculaire oblique su-
pirieur.
   Muscular System.   A term  given to the ag-
gregate of the muscles of the body.
   Muscular Veins.  These bring  back the
blood, which has been  carried to the muscles by
the muscular arteries.
   MUSCULARIS, Corroborant.
   MUSCULA'TION, see Locomotion.
   MUSCULI ACCESSORII  AD SACRO-LUM-
 BALEM,  see Sacro-lumbalis—m. Papillares, Co-
 lumnar earner—m. Pectinati, Pectinated muscles.
   MUS'CULO-CUTA'NEOUS,  Mua'culo-cuta'-
 neua, from musculua, ' a muscle,' and cutia, ' skin.'
 That which appertains to muscles and skin.
    Musculo-Cutaneous  Nerve.  This name  is
 especially given to two  nerves; — the  one, the
 External  cutaneoua  nerve, furnished by the bra-
 chial plexus (see Cutaneous:—)  the other, given
 off from the poplitaeus externus,  (F.) Nerf Sciat- 
MUSCULO-RACHIDiEUS         581
1511c, Popliti externe, Pritibio digital, (Ch.)  It
descends on the anterior and outer part of the
leg,—at first,  hid among the muscles; becomes
superficial  about the  middle of the leg;  and di-
vides into two branches, which pass superficially
on tho back of the foot.  Two musculo-cutaneous
nerves—superior and inferior—proceed from the
first lumbar.  The auperior musculo-cutaneous —
il'io-scrotal, iVio-hypoejaa'tricaa — which  divides
into two branches,—abdominal and scrotal.  The
inferior  muaculo-cutaneoua is  smaller  than the
superior, and is  distributed as its  name, il'io-id-
guintt.l, indicates.
   MUSCULO-RACHID.E'US. Belonging or re-
lating to muscles and to the spine.  A name given
to branches, furnished behind by the intercostal,
lumbar,  and  sacral  arteries, which are distri-
buted  to  the spine and to the muscles  of the
neighbourhood.
   MCSCULOSA  EXPANSIO,  Platysma  my-
oides.
   MUSCULO-SPIRAL  NERVE, Radial nerve.
   MUSCULOSUS, Muscular.
   MUSCULUS  ACCLIVIS, Obliquus  internus
 abdominis—m. Auxiliarius, Pyramidalis abdomi-
 nis—m. Constrictorius,  Sphincter—m. Cutaneus,
 Platysma myoides — m.  Eustachii, Laxator tym-
 pani— m. Fallopii, Pyramidalis abdominis — m.
 Fenioris membranosus, Fascia lata—m. Patientias,
 Levator scapulae — m. Penicillatus, Levator labii
inferioris — m. Pyxoides terrestris, Lichen pyxi-
 datus—m. Scandularius, Parathenar—m. Subeu-
taneus, Platysma myoides — m.  Succenturiatus,
 Pyramidalis  abdominis — m. Succingens,  Dia-
phragm— m. Supercilii,  Corrugator  supercilii —
m. Testicondus,  Cremaster—m. Testis, Cremaster
— m. Tubas novas, Circumflexus.
   MUSCUS ARBOREUS, Lichen plicatus —m.
Caninus, Lichen caninus—m. Catharticus, Lyco-
podium selago — m. Clavatus, Lycopodium — m.
 Corallinus,  Corallina Corsicana — m. Cranii hu-
mani, Lichen saxatilis—m. Erectus, Lycopodium
selago—m.  Helminthocortos, Corallina Corsicana
-—in. Islandicus, Lichen  islandicus—m. Marinus,
 Corallina Corsicana—m. Maritimus,  Corallina—
m. Pulmonarius quercinus, Lichen pulmonarius
—m. Pyxidatus, Lichen pyxidatus—m. Villosus,
Peristroma.
   3IUSEAU DE  TANCHE, Os  uteri.
   MCSEUM  ANATOMTCUM,  Supel'lex  ana-
tom'ica.   An anatomical museum.
   MUSHROOM, Fungus.
   MUSIC,  3lu'sica,  (F.) 3Iuaique, from povoa,
muaa,  ' a song.'   The art of producing  harmo-
nious and  cadenced sounds; an  art, which has,
at times, been beneficially used in diseases, par-
ticularly in those of the mind; or on which the
mind could act in a salutary manner.
   MUSIC'OAIA'NIA, 3Iuaomdnia, from muaic,
and mrim'n,  A  variety  of monomania in which
the passion for music is carried to such an extent
as to derange the intellectual faculties.
   MUSIXG. LISTLESS, Aphelxia otiosa.
   3IUSIQUE, Music.
   Ml'SK, 3loachus,  3fosch (Arab.), (F.) 31usc.
A peculiar concrete animal substance, of a very
diffusible odour, bitter taste, and a  deep brown
colour: solid, and  enclosed in a  sac found near
the  anus of the 3loschus moachif'erua or 3Iuak
Deer.   It is possessed of stimulant and antispas-
modic properties.   Dose. gr. v to 3J  in bolus.
   Mi'SK. Artific"ial, 3Ioschus foctit"ius, Reai'-
uo  Sue'cini.  (Ol. suceini  rectif. 1 part,  acid.
nitric. 4 parts.  Digest;—a black matter will be
deposited, which must be well washed with water.)
   MI'SKGRAl'E FLOAVER, Bulbus vomitorius.
   Ml'SKMALLOAV, Hibiscus abelmoschus.
   MUSKROOT, Sumbul.
MYCE
  MUSKSEED, see Hibiscus abelmoschus.
  MUSKAVOOD, Thymiama.
  MUSOMANIA, Musicomania.
  MUSQUITO, Mosquito.
  MUSS^EN'DAFR0ND0'SA,5eZi77a,5e?e'son.
A decoction of this plant has been esteemed re-
frigerant.
  MUSSEL, Mytilus edulis.
  MUSSITA'TIO, 3Ius8ita'tion, from  mttsaitare,
itself from muaaare, ' to murmur.'  A  condition,
in which the tongue and lips move, as in the act
of speaking, but without sounds being produced.
This sort of murmuring is an unfavourable sign
in disease, as indicating great cerebral debility.
  MUSTA'CEUM : from 3Iustacea,  a kind of
laurus  used in  making it.  A kind of wedding-
cake used  by  the ancients, which consisted of
meal, aniseed, cummin, and several other aroma-
tics ; its object—it has been conceived—being to
prevent or remove the indigestion occasioned by
too great indulgence at the marriage feast.
  MUSTACHE, Mystax.
  MUSTARD, BLACK, Sinapis —m. Clammy,
Polanisia graveolens — m. Essence of, AVhite-
head's, see Sinapis—m. False, Polanisia graveo-
lens — m.  Hedge, Erysimum — m. Mithridate,
Thlaspi campestre — m. Stinking hedge, Alliaria
—m. Treacle, Thlaspi arvense — m. AVhite, Sina-
pis alba — m. AVild, Sinapis arvensis.
  MUSTELANEUS, Galeancon.
  MUSTUM, Wort.
  MUTACIS'MUS,  3Iu'tacism,  from   pvraKtato,
'I use the letter  to too frequently.'   A vicious
pronunciation; consisting, according to Sauvages,
in the frequent repetition of the letters b, p, and
m, which are substituted for others.
  MUTA'TIO SEXOS.  A change or conversion
of sex.  A notion  prevailed in  antiquity that
such a conversion was possible.
  MUTEO'SIS.  Under  this name is compre-
hended every phenomenon of expression, volun-
tary and involuntary, which impresses the sight
or touch.
  MUTILA'TION,  Mutildtio,  Maiming,  from
mutilus, ' broken.'  The removal or privation of
a limb, or of some  other external part of the body.
In all  countries, this  crime has been  punished
with severity.
  MUTINUS, Penis.
  MUTIS3IE, Mutitas.
  MU'TITAS,  mutus, 'dumb.'   Obtumescedtia,
Ala'lia, Anau'dia, Dumbness, Speechlessness, (F.)
Mutisme, 3Iutiti.   Impossibility of articulating
sounds; although they can be elicited.  Dumb-
ness is often  congenital, and united  with deaf-
ness, of which it is an effect.   In some cases it is
accidental.
  Mutitas Surdo'rum, Aphdnia Surdorum, Sur-
domu'titas, Deaf-dumbnesa.  Speechlessness from
deafness ; congenital, or produced during infancy.
The  subjects of this  affection  are called deaf-
dumb, (F.) Sourda-muets.
  3IUTITE, Mutitas.
  MUTO, Penis.
  MUTONIATUS, Membrosus.
  3IUTTERKORN, Ergot.
  MUTTON TEA.   Prepared from a pound of
mutton, freed from the fat and cut into thin slices ;
and a pint and a half of boiling soft water poured
over them, as in the case of beef tea: except that
it requires to be boiled for half an hour after the
maceration, before it is strained through a sieve.
  MUTUNNUS, Priapus.
  MYACANTHA, Ruscus.
  MYALGIA. Cramp.
  MYASTHENIA,  from pvs,  'a muscle,' and
offStvtiu. 'debility.'   Muscular debility.
  MYCE, Occlusion. 
MYCES
582
MYOLEMMA
  MYCES, Fungus.
  MYCHMUS, Suspirium.
  MYCHTHISjAIUS. Moaning, Suspirium.
  MYCODERM'A, 3Iy'coderm;  from pvKns, 'a
mushroom,' and Scppa, ' skin.'  A  cryptogamous
growth, which constitutes the crusts  of favus.
See Porrigo favosa.
  Mycoderma Cerevisia:, Torula cerevisiae.
  MYCODES, Fungoid.
  MYCORTHOPNGI'A;  from pvKos,  'mucus,'
and  opdotrvota, ' difficulty of  breathing  except
when in the erect  attitude.'  Orthopncea from
excessive  secretion of mucus in the  air-passages
— Orthopnce'a pituito'sa.
  MYCOSIS, Fungus.
  MYCTERES, Myxas, Nares.
  MYCTEROPHONIA, Rhinophonia.
  MYCTEROXE'ROTES;  from  pvKrnpes,  'the
nares,' and ^nporris, ' dryness.'  Na'rium sic'citaa.
Dryness of the interior of the nose.
  MYCUS, Mucus.
  MYDE'SIS, from pv&aio, 'I abound with mois-
ture.'  In  its most general sense, it means cor-
ruption.   By some, it is  used  for a mucous dis-
charge from inflamed eyelids.
  MYDON, pvSwv.  Same etymon.  Fungous or
putrid flesh in certain fistulous ulcers. — Pollux.
Also, flesh putrid from mouldiness.
  MYDRI'ASIS,  Platycor'ia,  Platycori'asis,
Amydri'asis.  A  name given by several writers
to morbid dilatation of the pupil; and, by others,
to weakness of sight, produced by hydrophthalmia;
from pvoos, ' moisture.'
  MYDRIAT'ICUS, Mydriatic  Relating to or
causing dilatation of the pupil.  Pereira.
  MYELAL'GIA; from  pvtXos, 'the spinal mar-
row,' and aXyos, ' pain.'   Pain  in the spinal mar-
row.
  MYELAPOPLEXIA, Apoplexia myelitica.
  MYELATELI'A;  from  pvtXos,  'the  spinal
marrow,'  and artXtta, ' want  of  end or finish.'
Incompleteness of the spinal marrow.
  MYELATROPHIA, Tabes dorsalis.
  3IYELITE, Myelitis.
  MYELI'TIS, M. parenchymal'sa, 31. spina'lis,
Inflamma'tio medul'la  spina'li8, Si^ini'tia, Spino-
dorsi'ti's, Notomyeli'tis, Rachiomyeli'tis, Rachial-
gi'tia, (of some,) (F.) 3Iyilite, Inflammation de la
moelle ipiniere ou rachidienne, from pvtXos, ' the
marrow,'  and itis, denoting inflammation.  In-
flammation of the spinal marrow  or its mem-
branes ;—indicated by deep-seated burning pain
in  the  spine, with various nervous  and vascular
irregularities  of function.   It is not common.
Dr. Marshall Hall  proposes  to  call inflamma-
tion of the membranes of the brain 3Ieningitis;
 that of the substance of the brain 3Iyditis.
   Myelitis  Spinalis, Myelitis—m. Exsudativa,
 Hydrorachis — m. Parenchymatosa, Myelitis.
   MYELOCHYSIS, Hydrorachis.
   MYELOGANGLIITIS, Cholera (sporadic.)
   MYELOMA, see Encephaloid.
   MYELOMALACIA, Mollities medullae spinalis.
   MYELOMYCES,  see Encephaloid.
   MYELON, Medulla spinalis.
   MYELOPARALYSIS, Paraplegia.
   MYELOPHTHISIS, Tabesudorsalis—m. Sicca,
 Tabes mesenterica.
    MYELOPHY'MATA,  Tuber'cula medulla api-
 ndlia, from pvcXos, 'marrow,' and tpvpa,  'a tuber-
 cle.'  Tubercles  of the spinal marrow.
   MYELORRHAGIA, Apoplexia myelitica.
   MYELOSPONOUS, see Encephaloid.
   MYELUS, Marrow, Medulla spinalis — m. Di-
 auchenius, Medulla spinalis — m. Dorsites, Me-
 dulla spinalis — m. Notiasus, Medulla spinalis —
 m. Psoites, Medulla spinalis.
  MYENERGI'A,  from pvs, 'a muscle,'  tv, and
tpyov, ' work.'  Muscular strength.
  MYOMUS, Suspirium.
  MYIOCEPHALUAI,  Staphyloma.
  MYIODEOPSIA, Metamorphopsia.
  MYITIS, Myositis, Rheumatism, acute.
  MYLACRI, Molar teeth.
  MYLACRIS, Patella.
  MYLE, Patella,  Mole.
  MYLICUS, Molar.
  MYLODI,  Molar teeth.
  MYLODONTES, Molar teeth.
  MYLO-GLOSSUS, from pvXr,, 'the jaw,'and
yXtaaaa, ' the tongue.'  AVinslow  has given this
name to muscular fibres, which pass from  the
posterior part of the myloid line of the lower jaw,
and from  the sides of the base of the tongue to
the parietes  of the  pharynx. These fibres belong
to the constrictor superior pharyngis.
  MYLO-HYOID  LINE, see Mylo-hyoideus.
  Mylo-Hyoid Furrow or Groove.  A furrow
which passes from  the  superior orifice of the in-
ferior dental  canal of the  lower jaw in the same
direction as  the canal, and lodges the mylo-hyoid
nerve, a branch of  the inferior-dental.
  Mylo-Hyoid Nerve, see Mylo-hyoid furrow.
  MYLO-HYOIDEUS, from pvXn, 'the jaw,' and
'votiSns, 'the os hyoides.'  31yluo'dea, (F.) 3Iylo-
hyo'idien.   The 31ylo-pharyngeua  of Morgagni
and  Santorini.  This  muscle  is  situate at  the
upper and anterior part of the neck, behind tho
lower jaw.  It is  broad, flat, and  has the form
of a truncated triangle.  It arises from the inter-
nal oblique, internal maxillary or mylo-hyoid line
of the lower jaw bone, and is inserted at the fore
part of the body of the  os hyoides.  Its innermost
fibres unite  with those of the opposite  side to
form a raphe on the median  line.   The  mylo-
hyoideus  raises the os hyoides and carries it for-
ward, or it depresses the lower jaw.
   MYLO-PHARYNGEUS,  Constrictor  pharyn-
gis,  Mylo-hyoideus.
   MYLUODES, Mylo-hyoideus.
   MYOCARDITIS, Carditis.
   MYOCEPHALI'TIS, Myi'tis cephal'ica ; from
pvs,  or pvoiv, 'a muscle,' KetpaXtj, 'head,' and  itis,
denoting  inflammation.   Inflammation  of the
muscles of the head.
   MYOCEPHALON, Staphyloma.
   MYOCCELIAL'GIA,from//ua)v, 'muscle,' KotXia,
 'abdomen,'  and aXyeoi, 'I suffer.'  Pain in the
muscles of the abdomen.
   MYOC03LI'TIS, 3fyocodii'tia, Inflamma'tio
muaculdrum. obdomindlium, from pvvv, 'muscle,'
 KoiXta, 'lower belly,' and itia, denoting inflamma-
 tion.  Inflammation of the muscles of the abdo-
 men.
   MYODEOP'SIA, Metamorphopsia.
   MYO'DES, from pvs, ' a muscle,' and uoos, 're-
 semblance.'   Like unto muscle.  Muscular.
   MYODESOPSIA, Metamorphopsia.
   MYODYNA'MIA, Vis musculdris; from pvs,
 'a muscle,' and Swapis, 'power.'   The  force or
 power of a muscle.
   MYODYNAMICS, see Muscular contraction.
   MYODYNAMIOMETER, Dynamometer.
   MYODYNAMOMETER, Dynamometer.
   MYODYN'IA, from pvwv, 'muscle,' and oSvvn,
 'pain.'   Pain in the muscles, — rheumatismal or
 other.  Rheumatism.
   Myodynia Inflammatoria, Myositis.
   MYOG'RAPHY,  3Iyogra'phia, from pvtov,
 'muscle,'and ypatpuv, 'to describe.'  An anato-
 mical description  of the muscles.
   MYOLEM'MA, 31yole'ma, from pvuv, ' a mus-
 cle,' and Xtppa, ' a coat.'  The membranous tube 
MYOLINE                  583             MYROBALANUS
of each muscular fibre. It has also the same sig-
nification as Sorcolemmo.
  MY'OLTNE, from pviav, 'a muscle.'  A name
given by Mr.  Erasmus Wilson to a transparent
substance that fills the cells, which, he conceives,
by their juxtaposition form the ultimate muscu-
lar fibril.
  MA'OL'OGY,  3Iyolog"ia,  Sarcolog'ia, 3lysiol-
og"ia; from pvwv, 'a muscle,' and Xoyos, 'a dis-
course.'  That part of anatomy which treats  of
the muscles.
  MY ON, Muscle.
  MYONARCO'SIS, from pvo>v, 'a muscle,' and
vapKn, ' stupor.'  Numbness  of the muscles.
  MYONITIS, Myositis.
  MA'ON'OSUS, 3Iyonu'sos,  3Iyopnthi'a,  from
fivinv, ' a muscle,' and voaos, ' disease.'  A disease
of the muscles.
  MYOPALMUS, Subsultus tendinum.
  MYOPATHIA,  Myonosus.
  MYOPE,  My ops.
  MYOPHO'NIA,  from pvo>v, 'a muscle,' and
ifnovn, ' voice.'   The  sound of muscular contrac-
tion,— as that of the ventricles of the heart, du-
ring the systole of that organ.
  MYO'PIA,  3Iyopi'aaia, Luacioa'itoa, 31yo'aia>
Porojy'ais /tropin' t/uti,  Amblyo'pia  diseito'rum,
Dyao'pia dissito'rum, Dyapho'tia,  Viaua jd oenum,
from pvoi, 'I close,' or from pvs,  'a  mouse,' and
u>xp, ' the eye ;' My'opy, Short-aightedneaa, Near-
sightedness,  3Iouae-aight,  Purblindneaa,  (F.)  Vue
courte.  Persons who can only see objects very
near.  The defect is owing to the too great con-
vexity of the eye, or too great density of the hu-
mours, and is palliated by wearing concave glasses.
  MYOPI'C, 3Iyop'icua; same etymon. Short-
sighted, Porcbliml,  Purblind.  Relating or apper-
taining to myopia.
  MYOPODIORTHO'TICON, from  pvuxp, 'one
that  is short-sighted,' and  StopSwrtKov, 'having
power to correct.'  An apparatus  for the cure  of
short-sightedness.—A. A. Berthold.
  MYOPS,  Lu8cio'su8, 3Iyo'pus, 3Iy'ope.  Same
etymon.  One  affected  with  myopia  or  short-
sightedness.
  MYOPY,  Myopia.
  MYORRHEX'IS, from pvs, 'a muscle,'  and
pn^is, ' rupture.'  Rupture of a muscle.
  MY'O'SIS, from pvio, 'I close.'  3Iicrocor'ia.
Smallness of  the  pupil.  Phthi'sis  pupilla'ris.
Permanent contraction of the pupil. It is usually
caused by iritis, and is extremely difficult to cure.
When it exists to such an extent  as to obliterate
the pupil, it  is called Synizesis.  Also, Myopia.
  31YOSITE, Myositis.
  M Y 0 S I T  ' I 0 ;  3Iyosit'icu8,   from 3Iyosia.
Causing contraction of the pupil, — as opium.—
Pereira.
  M Y OSI'TIS, 3Iyi'tia, 3fyai'tis, 3Iyoni'tia,Sarci-
tis, Rhcitmatis'mus phlegmono'des, 3Iyodyn'ia in-
flammato'ria,  Phlegma'sia myo'ica, Inflammatio
seu  Phleg'mone 3Iuscule>'rum,  (F.) 3Iyoaite, In-
flammation  des m\t8clea,  from pvmv,  'a muscle.'
A name proposed  by Sagar for inflammation  of
the muscles.   Also, Rheumatism.
  MYOSOTIS. Hieracium pilosella, Rheumatism,
Rheumatism,  acute.
  MYOSPASMUS, Cramp.
  MYOTIL'ITY, 3Iyotil'itos, from pvvv, 'a mus-
cle.'   Muscular  contractility. — Chaussier.
  MA'OT'OMY, 3Iyotom'ia,  from  pviav, 'a mus-
cle,'  and repvuv, 'to cut.'  The part  of practical
anatomy which treats of the dissection of the
muscles.   Also,  the  surgical  operation of  the
division of muscles to remove deformity.
  MYOTYRBE, Chorea,
  MYRAC'OPUM, from  pvpov, 'an ointment,'
and Kottos,  'fatigue.'  An  ointment used by  the
ancients in cases of fatigue.
  MYREPSUS, Unguentarius.
  MYR'IAGRAMME, from pvpta, '10,000,' and
ypappa,  'gramme.'  A  weight equal  to  10,000
grammes,  or  to 26 pounds,  9 ounces,  and 6
drachms Troy.
  MYRIAMETRE.  A measure of 10,000 me-
tres ; equal to 16 miles, 1 furlong, 156 yards, and
14 inches.
  MYRICA  ASPLENIFOLIA,  Comptonia  as-
plenifolia— m. Cerifera, see Cera  flava et alba,
and Wax, myrtle.
  Myri'ca Gale,  3Iyrtus  Braban'tica  seu Ang'-
lica, 3Iyri' ca polua'tria, 3Iyrtifo'lia Bel'gica,Gale,
Gagel, Rhus sylves'tria, Ac'aron, Elaag'nus, E.
Cordo, Chamalaag'nus, Dodona'a, Dutch myrtle,
Sweet gale, Sweet willow, Candleberry myrtle, (F.)
Piment Royal, Thide Simon Pauli, Gale odorant.
Family,  Amentaceas.  Sex. Syst. Dicecia Tetran-
dria.   The  leaves, flowers, and  seeds have a
strong, fragrant smell, and a bitter taste.   They
are used for destroying moths  and cutaneous  in-
sects.  The infusion is given internally as a sto-
machic and vermifuge.
  Myrica Palustris, M.  Gale.
  MYRINGA, see Tympanum.
  MYRINGI'TIS, Inflamma'tio tym'pani; from
31yringa, ' the membrana tympani;'  and itis, de-
noting inflammation.  Inflammation of the mem-
brana tympani;  and, also, of the tympanum.
  MYRINX, see Tympanum.
  MYRIS, 3Iyrothe'ce, Narthe'cia, Narthe'cium,
Narthex, from pvpov, 'a perfumed oil or ointment.'
A perfumed oil or  ointment box or jar.
  MYRIS'TICA, 31. 3Ioscha'ta, 31. aromat'ica sen
officina'lis  seu  fragrans,  Comacon.  Nat.  Ord.
Myristiceae.  The  tree which produces the nut-
meg and mace.   (F.) 3Iuacadier.  The Nutmeg,
3Iyristica, (Ph. U. S.) 3Iyris'tica nu'cleua, 31yris'-
tica moacha'ta nu'cleua, Nux  moacha'ta seu  un-
guenta'ria, Nucia'ta, Nux myria'tica, Chrysobal'-
anua  Gale'ni,  Unguenta'ria, As'sala, Nux aro-
mat'ica,  (F.) 31uscade, is the seed  or kernel.   It
has a fragrant, aromatic odour; an agreeable pun-
gent taste, and  is much used  for culinary pur-
poses.  Alcohol extracts its active matter.  It has
the properties of aromatics in general;  being  sti-
mulant and stomachic.  The oil—O'leum myris'-
tica—possesses the virtues of the nutmeg.   Dose
of the nutmeg, gr.  v. to Qj ;—of the oil gtt. iij to
gtt. vj.
  Mace,  31acis, 3Iacea, Flores maris seu ma'eidos,
(F.) Fleurs de muscade,  is the  involucrum of  the
fruit. It is membranous, with the odour and taste
of the nutmeg, and is possessed of similar quali-
ties.  The O'leum  maris is a fragrant,  sebaceous
substance, expressed in the East  Indies.  It is
only used externally.
  MYRISTICA NUCLEUS, see Myristica mos-

  MYRMECIA, Formica.
  MYRMECIASIS, Convulsio cerealis, Formi-
cation.
  MYRMECIASMUS, Convulsio  cerealis, For-
mication.
  MYRMECISM"US, Convulsio cerealis, Formi-
cation.
  MYRMECIZON, Formicant.
  MYRMECOSIS, Convulsio  cerealis, Formica-
tion.
  MYRMEX, Formica.
  MYROBAL'ANUS. from pvpov, 'an ointment,'
and (laXavos. 'a nut;' so called, because formerly
used in ointment; Angeloc'acos, 31yro'baton, Glans
unguenta'ria, Palma unguentario'rum.   A  dried 
MYRON
584
MYURUS
Indian fruit, of the plum kind, of different species
of Terniino'lia.  Of this there are several varie-
ties—the 31. Bellir'ica or Belliric myrobalan, Bel-
legu, Bel/erigi,  Belnileg: — the 31.  cheb'ula or
Chebule myrob'olan;  the  31. cit'rina or Yellow
myrobalan, Ara'ra;  the 31. Em'blica or emblic
myrobalan, and  the 31. In'dica, As'uar, Indian
or Black myrobalan.  All  the myrobalans have
an unpleasant, bitterish, very austere taste;  and
strike an inky blackness with a solution of steel.
They are said to possess laxative as well as as-
tringent properties.
  MYRON, Myrum, Unguentum.
  MYROPISSOCE'RON.   A topical application
in alopecia, referred  to by Galen; from pvpov,
'ointment,' ttiaaa, 'pitch,' and Kapos, 'wax.'
  MYROP03US, Unguentarius.
  MYROPOLES, Apothecary, Unguentarius.
  MYROSPERMUM FRUTESCENS, Myroxy-
lum  Peruiferum—m. Peruiferum, see Myroxylon
Peruiferum.
  MYROXYLON, see M. Peruiferum.
  Myrox'ylon  Peruip'erum, 31yroaperm'um
frutea'cena, from pvpov, 'an ointment,' and  fuAov,
'wood;' Coburei'ba. Nat.Ord. Leguminosas.  The
tree  which  affords the Peru'vian balaam, Bal'-
samum Peruvia'num, Putzochill, 3Iyrox'yli Perui-
feri bal'samum, 3Iyrox'ylon,  Balsamum  Perud-
num, Cabureiciba, Indian,  31exican,  or American
balsam, (F.) Baume de Pirou.  This balsam con-
sists of benzoic acid, resin, and essential  oil.  Its
odour  is fragrant and aromatic;  taste hot  and
bitter: it  is soluble in alcohol, and miscible in
water by the aid of mucilage. It is stimulant and
tonic, and considered to be expectorant:  as such,
it has been employed in paralysis, chronic asthma,
chronic bronchitis and rheumatism,  gleet,  leu-
corrhcea, &c, and externally, for  cleansing  and
stimulating  foul indolent ulcers.  Dose gtt.  v to
gtt. xxx.
   White Balsam of Peru,  Natural balaam, Bal'-
samum album, Styrax alba, Balaamelaon, is ob-
tained by incision from Myroaper'mum peruif-
erum.
  Myroxylon Toluiperum, Toluifera Balsamum.
  MYRRHA, Heb. "ID; Bola, Stade, Ergaa'ma,
Myrrh, Calo'nia, Smyrna, 3Iyrrha  rubra,  (F.)
3Iyrrhe.  The exudation of an unknown plant of
Abyssinia or Arabia  Felix,  said to  be the Bal-
aamaden'dron myrrha.  This gum-resin  has a
fragrant,  peculiar odour;  and bitter aromatic
taste.  It is in reddish-yellow, light, brittle, irre-
gular tears;  partially soluble in distilled water
when aided by friction.  S. G. 1.360.  It is stimu-
lant ; and has been used in cachectic affections,
humoral asthma, chronic bronchitis, &c.  Dose,
gr. x to &.
   Myrrha Imperfecta, Bdellium.
   MYRRHINE, Myrtus.
   MYRRHIS ANNUA, Athamanta Cretensis —
m. Major, Chaerophyllum odoratum—m. Odorata,
Chasrophyllum odoratum.
   MYRSTNE, Myrtus.
   MYRSINEL^E'ON, from pvpatvn,  'the myrtle,'
and eXatov, ' oil.'  Oil of myrtle. — Dioscorides.
   MYRSINI'TES,  pvpatvtrVs.  Wine in which
branches of myrtle have been macerated.
   MYRTACANTHA, Ruscus.
   31YRTE C03I3IUN, Myrtus.
   MYRTID'ANON, pvprtSavov. An excrescence,
growing on the trunk of the myrtle, and used as
an astringent.   Also,  a wine — Vinum Myrtid'-
anum — made from wild myrtle berries.
   MYRTIFOLIA BELGICA, Myrica gale.
   MYR'TIFORM, 3Iyrtiform'is, 31yrto'des, from
myrtus, ' a myrtle,' and forma, '.shape.'  Having
the shape of a leaf of myrtle.  A name given to
a muscle (depressor alas nasi), to the fossa inci-
siva;  and to certain caruncles, &e.
  MYRTIFORMIS, Compressor naris, Depressor
alas nasi.
  MYRTI'TES.  A name  given to a medicine
prepared with honey and myrtle berries.
  MYRTLE, Myrtus—m. Berry, A'aeeinium myr-
tillus—m. Candleberry, Myrica gale — m. Dutch,
Myrica gale—m. Wild, Ruscus.
  MYRTOCHEILIDES, Nymphas.
  MYRTOCHILA, Nymphas.
  MYRTODES, Myrtiform.
  MYRTON, Clitoris.
  MYRTUS, 3Iyr'tus  commu'nis, 31.  communis
Ital'ica,  3Iyrsi'ne, 31yrrhi'ne,  The 3Iyrtle,  (F.)
3Iyrte Commun.  The  berries of  this plant have
been recommended in alvine and uterine fluxes
and  other  disorders of relaxation  and debility.
They are moderately  astringent and  somewhat
aromatic.
  Myrtus Anglica, Myrica gale — m. Braban-
tica, Myrica gale.
  Myrtus Caryophylla'ta, Calyptradthes ca-
ryophylla'ta, Caaaia caryophylla'ta, Canel'la ca-
ryophyllata, (F.) Capelet, Cannelle giroflie.  The
tree which is considered to afford the Clove bark ;
Cortex caryophylldtua seu caryophyllota.   This
bark is a warm aromatic; resembling  clove with
an admixture of cinnamon.  It may be used with
the same views  as cloves or cinnamon.
  Myrtus  Caryophyllus,  Eugenia caryophyl-
lata—m. Leucodendron, Melaleuca  cajaputi.
  Myrtus Pimen'ta.   The tree which bears  the
Jamaica pepper, Pimen'ta  bacca, Pimento  ber-
ries, Pimento, Piper caryophylla'tum,Coc'culiIndi
aromat'ici, Piper  chia'pa,  Amo'mum pimenta,
Fructus pimenti, Carive, CaryophyVtus America'-
nus seu  Pimen'ta, Piper odora'tum Jamaicedae,
Allspice, Piper Jamaiced se, Piper tobaa'cum, (F.)
Poivre de Jamaique, Toute ipice, Asaourou.  The
unripe berries — Pimenta (Ph. U. S.) — have an
aromatic odour; resembling a mixture of cinna-
mon, nutmeg, and cloves; the taste is pungent,
but mixed, like the odour.  Like other peppers,
this  is  stimulant  and carminative.   The  oil —
O'leum Pimen'ta — possesses the virtues of the
berries.  The  powdered fruit has  been called
Quatre  ipicea or  Four spices.  Dose gr.  v to

  MYRUM, 3Iyron, pvpov.  A perfumed  oil or
ointment.  A liquid perfume.  The spontaneously
exuding juice of many plants, especially of that
from which myrrh is obtained.
  MYS, Muscle.
  MYSIOLOGIA, Myology.
  MYSITIS, Myositis.
  MYSTAX, 3Iaatax.  The hair growing on each
side of the upper lip  in men.  The mustache or
muatachio, (F.)  Mouatache.   Also, the  upper lip.
  MYSTE'RION, pvarvptov,  'a mystery.'  An
arcanum, nostrum, or secret preparation in gene-
ral.   Also, an antidote referred to by Galen and
others.
  MYSTRON,  pvorpov. A Greek measure, which
held about three drachms.
  MYT'ILUS  EDU'LIS.  The  common muaael,
(F.) Moule.  A bivalve, the flesh of which, when
at all in a state of decomposition,  is  highly poi-
sonous.  AVhen fresh, it is  an agreeable, but not
very digestible article of diet.
  MYU'RUS,  3Ieiu'ros.   A pulse is so  called
when it sinks progressively and  becomes smaller
and smaller like  a rat's  tail;  from pvs,  'rat,'
and ovpa,  'tail.'  Pulsua  myurus  recip'rocus, a
pulse, which,  after  having  become   gradually
weaker, resumes, by degrees, its  former cha-
racter. 
MYXA
585
NANUS
  MYXA, Mucus, Sebestina.
  MYX.E, Mycteres.
  MA'XEOSIS, Gonorrhoea impura.
  MYXODES, Muciform.
  MYXOR'RIIOOS, pvfrppoos,  from pv£a,  'mu-
cus,' and  p£u, 'I flow.'  One who is subject to
mucous discharge.   Applied to an  infant, that
discharges a considerable quantity of mucus and
SBiliV3«
  MYXOSARCO'MA, from pvfa 'mucus,' and
o-apf, ' flesh.'  A tumour which is mucocarneous ;
partly mucous and partly fleshy.
  MYXOTER, Nasus.
  MYZESIS, Sucking.
K
   N.  This letter, in prescriptions, is  an abridg-
 ment of Numero, ' by number.'
   NAB'ALUS ALBUS, Prenadthea aerpentdria,
 White Lettuce, Lion's Foot, Rattlesnake'a Master,
 Rattlesnake  root.   An indigenous  plant, of the
 order Compositas, which, with several other spe-
 cies of the genus, is reputed to possess the power
 of curing the bites of serpents.   The root has
 been used in dysentery.
   NAIiOT, Saccharum candidum.
   NAliO'THI GLANDULvE,  O'vula seu  Ova
 Nnbothi seu Nobothin'iut, Ova'rium Nabothi, Fol-
 li'culi rotun'di et  oblon'gi, Veaic'ula  seu Bulla
 rotun'da cervi'cia u'teri,  Vesic'ula semina'les mu-
 lie'rum,  Cor'pora globo'sa, Corpus'culo globo'sa,
 (Randula seu  Ilydot'ides cervi'cia uteri.  Small,
 mucous crypts or follicles situate in the interstices
 of the duplicatures of the lining membrane of
 the cervix uteri.  Naboth, from noticing them in
 a  morbid condition, mistook them  for ova;  and
 hence they received the name Ovula Nabothi.
   NACRA, Nakra, Naaa.  A kind of influenza
 common in the East Indies.
   NA ORE, Margaritaceous.
   NACREOUS, Margaritaceous.
   NA3VI, see Nasvus.
   NA3VUS,  Plural Navi ; Navua  moter'nua, N.
 S'igil'lnin, Nota mater'na, Nevus, Mac'ula  matri'-
 cis, 31. 3Iotcr'na seu matrica'lea, Nota infan'tum,
 Lupus rarico'nua, Stig'mota, 3Ietrocel'idea,  Con-
 gen'ita nota, 3Iother's 3Iarks, Fancy marks, Mo-
 ther's spots,  (F.)  Envie,  Tache  de  Naisaanpe.
 Spots of* various  kinds  on the skin' of children
 when born, which  have been attributed  to  the
 influence  of  the  maternal  imagination  on  the
 foetus in utero.  They are of various appearances,
 some much  better  supplied  with  blood than
 others.  Some are merely superficial or stain-like
 spots:  others  are  prominent; and often have
 long, irregular hairs growing from them.   These
 have usually been called 31olea, Spili, Spilo'ma,
 Epichro'aes spili,  &c.
   AVhen nasvi are superficial, without any dispo-
 sition to  enlargo or  spread,  they need  not be
 meddled  with : but  all those that partake  of  the
 character of aneurism by anastomosis had better
 be removed, where practicable.
   Nevus Sioillum, Nasvus.
   NAFDA, Naphtha.
   NAIL, Sax. nassl, (G.) Nagel, Unguis, Onyx,
 (F.)  Ongle.  A whitish transparent substance,
 similar to horn, which covers the dorsal extremity
of the fingers.  Three portions are distinguished
in  it; the extremity, which is  free, at the end of
the finger;—the body or middle portion adherent
by its  inner  surface; and the root, Radix  seu
Statrix unguis, Idtimum unguis.  The last  pre-
 sents two  distinct parts; the one, terminated by
a thin,  serrated edge, is  buried in a duplicature
 of tho skin: the other, called  Lu'nula  seu Semi-
 lu'nula seu Sele'ne  seu  Arcus seu  Exor'tus  seu
 Anat'ole sou Albe'do un'guium, is whitish and of
 a semilunar shape, and is situate above the part
 where  the  epidermis terminates.  The nails are
 composed of a  horny tissue, of the  same nature
 as that which forms  the hoofs, horns, and scales
 of different animals. AVhen the nail has been
 torn off, the papillas  of the skin become covered
 by a soft, whitish lamina, whose consistence gra-
 dually augments.  New laminas  are then formed
 underneath, and give the nail the thickness  it
 ought to  possess. The corneous substance, being
 thus constantly produced at the extremity of each
 of these laminas, the whole of the nail is  pushed
 forwards, and it would grow indefinitely, were  it
 not cut or worn by friction.
   The nails protect and  support the extremities
 of the fingers  against the impression of  hard
 bodies.  They are, also, useful in laying hold of
 small bodies; and dividing those that have but
 little consistence.
   NA1N, Nanus.
   NAKRA, Nacra.
   NANNARI, Hemidesmus Indicus.
   NANNYBERRY, Viburnum lentago.
   NANOCEPH'ALUS, from vavos, 'a dwarf/ and
 KeipaXn, 'head.'  A monstrous state in which the
 whole head or certain of its parts are too small,
 whilst the trunk and  extremities are normal.
   NANOCOR'MUS,  from vavos, 'a dwarf,' and
 Koppos,  ' a trunk.'  A monstrous  condition in
 which the trunk is  too small,  whilst the  head
 possesses  its normal size.
   NANOM'ELUS, from  vavos,  'a  dwarf,' and
 peXos, 'a limb.'  A monstrous condition in which
 some part of an extremity is  too small, and the
 whole limb too short.
   NANOSO'MUS, from   vavos,  'a  dwarf,' and
 culpa, ' body.'  Dwarf'iahneas.  A state in which
 the entire body with all its parts  is smaller than
 common.
  NANUS,  Pumil'io,  Pu'milo, Pusil'lus, 'a
 dwarf.'  (Pdmilua, Pumi'lius, 'dwarfish.)  (F.)
 Nain.   One who is much below the usual stature.
 The term  is applicable to all organized  beings
 from  man  to  the vegetable.   Trees  have their
 dwarfs, as the human species have theirs.  Some
 curious authenticated instances of human dwarfs
 are on  record.  Bebe, the dwarf of  Stanislaus,
 king of Poland,  was  33  inches (French)  long,
 and  well  proportioned.  The  Polish nobleman,
 Borwlaski, who  was  well made, clever,  and  a
 good linguist, measured 28 Paris inches. He had
 a brother,  34 inches  high, and  a sister 21. A
 Friesland  peasant, at 26  years  of age, had at-
 tained 29  Amsterdam inches.  C. H. Stoberin,
 of Niirnberg, was under three feet  high  at 20,
 yet he was well  proportioned and possessed of
 talents.   General  Tom Thumb,  so  called,  was
 seen by the Author in 1S47.  He was  said to, be
 15 years old; measured 28 inches in height, and
when weighed at the mint was  found to weigh
20 pounds and 2 ounces.   See Pygmy. 
NAPE
586
NARDUS
  NAPE OF THE NECK, Nucha.
  NAPELLUS VERUS, Aconitum napellus.
  NAPH^E FLORES, see Citrus aurantium.
  NAPHTHA, Acetone.
  Naphtha, Nnfda, Napta, Napta'liua, O'leum
petra album;  from a Chaldaic and Syriac word
signifying bitumen.  A bituminous substance,
found in  Persia,  Calabria,  Sicily, &c.   It is
liquid, limpid, of a yellowish white  colour, a
smell slightly  resembling that of oil of turpen-
tine, and  lighter than  water.  It resembles pe-
troleum in its properties,  and has  been chiefly
used as an external application;  although, occa-
sionally, as an  anthelmintic, and in inhalation in
phthisis pulmonalis.
  Naphtha, Coal Tar, Light, see Anassthetic.
  Naphtha A*itrioli, iEther  sulphuricus — n.
Vitrioli  camphorata, Tinctura astherea campho-
rata— n. Vitrioli martialis, Tinctura seu Alcohol
sulphurico-asthereus ferri — n.  AVood, Acetone.
  NAPH'THALINE, Naphthali'na, Naph'thalin.
When coal-tar is subjected to  distillation, naph-
thaline passes  over after coal  naphtha.  It  is a
white,  shining,  concrete,  crystalline substance,
fusible at  176° and boiling at 423°.  It  is soluble
in alcohol, ether, naphtha and  the oils,  but inso-
luble in water.   It has been used as an excitant
expectorant, in  the  dose of 8  to  30 grains, in
emulsion  or syrup,  and repeated.  It has  also
been used as an anthelmintic; and, when made
into an ointment, in psoriasis, lepra vulgaris, &e.
  NAPIFORM,  Bunioid.
  NAPIUM, Lapsana,  Sinapis.
  NAPLES, (CLIMATE OF.)  The climate of
Naples in its general characters resembles that
of Nice, but it is more changeable: the sirocco
too, which is little known in Nice, is severely felt
at Naples. It is not a good  residence  for. the
phthisical invalid: Sir James Clark, indeed, con-
siders it altogether unsuitable.
  Naples, Mineral Waters of.  In the Quarter
Santa Lucia, near the coast, is  a cold spring, rich
in sulphuretted  hydrogen and  carbonic acid.  It
is much used as  an aperient tonic, and in  cutane-
ous affections.
  Naples Water, Factit"ious, (F.)   Eau de
Naplea, Aqua Neapolita'no, Aqua acid'ula hy-
drosulphura'ta.   (Aciduloua   water, containing
four times its bulk  of carbonic acid,  ""fxv, and
SJiij; hydroaulphuretted water,  gix ; carbonate of
soda, gr.  viij; carbonate of maqneaia,  gr. x. M.
Ph. P.)
  NAPTA, Nanus, Nata.
  NAPTALIUS, Nanus.
  NAPUS,  Sinapis — n.  Leucosinapis,  Sinapis
alba — n.  Sylvestris, Brassica napus.
  NAPY, Sinapis.
  NARCAPHTE, Thymiama.
  NARCAPII'THON,  Nascaph'ihon.   The bark
of an aromatic tree formerly brought from India.
By some, supposed to  be that of the tree which
affords the olibanum.  It was used in fumigation,
in diseases of  the lungs.
   NARCE, Narcosis.
   NARCEMA, Narcosis.
   NARCESIS,  Narcosis.
   NARCISSE FAUX, Narcissus pseudo-narcis-
sus—n. dea Prea, Narcissus pseudo-narcissus__n.
Sauvage,  Narcissus pseudo-narcissus.
   NARCIS'SUS  PSEUDO-NARCIS'SUS, N.
festdlis  seu  glaucua seu grandiflo'rus seu his-
pan'icua  seu  major seu aerra'tus seu ayIvea'tria,
Bulboco'dium, Paeudo-narciaatta, Daffodil,  (F.)
Narciaae  aauvage, Narcisse des prea, Faux  nar-
ciaae.  The root is emetic and cathartic, in the
dose of  ^y-   The  flowers  are antispasmodic.
Dose, 24 grains.
   NARCODES, Narcotized.
  NARCO'SIS,   Nnr'eotism,  Noree,  Nnrco,
Nnrce'ma, Nnrce'sis,  from vupKoia,  'I  benumb.'
Torpe'do,  Torpor, Stupor, Stupcfac'tio.   The ag-
gregate effects produced by narcotic substances.
At times, narcotism is  confined to a state of more
or less profound stupor; and  constitutes, in cer-
tain cases, a useful remedial condition;  at others,
it is a true poisoning, characterized by vertigo,
nausea, a state of intoxication or apoplexy, con-
stant  delirium, convulsive motions, <tc.   Emetics
in strong  doses, and not much diluted with wa-
ter ; purgatives and glysters  are the first means
to be used in this  condition.  The  stupor may
afterwards be combated by the use of exciting
and stimulating drinks.
  Narcosis  Folliculo'rum.   A  state of the
scalp, which  Mr. Erasmus Wilson  conceives to
be dependent upon torpid action of the hair fol-
licles, and in which the scalp and hair  are found
covered with a yellowish, dirty-looking powder,
composed of an admixture of granular particles
and furfuraceous scales.
  NARCOSPAS'MUS, from  vaPKV,  ' stupor,' and
ottaopos, ' spasm.'   Stupor combined with spasm.
  NARCOTIA, Narcotine.
  NARCOTIC POISON, see  Poison.
  NARCOTICO-ACRID, see Poison.
  NARCOT'ICS, Narcot'ica,  Carot'ica, Obatu-
pefociedtio,  Stiqieftided tin,  Stvpefo'cicnts, (F.)
Stupifoctifs,  Stupifionts.  Same etymon.   Sub-
stances, which have the property of stupefying;
— as  opium,  stramonium,  hyoscyamus,  bella-
donna,  &c.   They  are  used  in  medicine  as
soothing agents; exerting their special  influence
on the brain and tubular matter of the spinal
marrow.   In  small  doses,  as a general  rule,
narcotics  stimulate; in large, they act as seda-
tives.   The following  is a list of the chief narco-
tics :— Aconitum,  iEtherea,  Belladonna,  Cam-
phora, Cannabis, Conium, Digitalis, Humulus,
Hyoscyamus, Laetucarium, Opium and  Morphia,
Stramonii Folia, Stramonii Semina, Mental Nar-
cotics, (Appropriate Music, Monotonous sounds,
or any succession of monotonous impressions.)
  NAR'COTINE,  Norcoti'no, Narcot'ia, Narco-
tin, Anarcoti'na, Opio'num;  same etymon ; (F.)
Sel de Dirosne, Opiane, Sel  d'opium,  Principe
cryetallizable de  Diroane.  A solid, white, inodo-
rous,  and insipid substance;  by some considered
to be alkaloid; by others neuter;  crystallizable
in straight prisms with a rhomboidal base; fusi-
ble like the fats; .soluble in  boiling alcohol and
ether, and scarcely soluble in water.   Narcotine
produces all the unpleasant effects of opium; but,
at the same time, throws the animal into a state
of stupor.  It is not used in medicine, on account
of these objections.   The salts, which are very
bitter, have been used successfully in  India for
the cure of intermittents.
   NARCOTISM, Narcosis.
   NAR'COTIZED, Tor'pidua,  Narco'des.   Af-
fected with stupor, as from the use  of a narcotic.
   NARD, CELTIC,  Valeriana Celtica — n.  In-
dica,  Nardus Indica—n. Indien, Nardus Indica—
n. Indique, Nardus  Indica—n. Petit, Aralia nudi-
caulis—n. Sauvage, Asarum.
   NARDUM GALLICUM, Valeriana Celtica.
   NARDUS AMERICANUS, Aralia  nudicaulis
—n. Celtica, Valeriana Celtica,—n. Montana, Asa-
rum.
   Nardus  In'dica, Spica nardi, Spica In'dica,
Andropo'gon  nardua seu  citriodo'rua,  Indian
nurd, Spikenard.   The root  of this  plant is  one
of the ingredients in the mithridate and theriaca.
It  is moderately warm and  pungent, and  has  a
flavour by no means disagreeable.   It is used by
the Orientals as a  spice : — (F.) Nard Indien, N.
Indique.  An ointment was formerly used, called 
NARES
587
NASAL
Unguen'tum nnreli'num. It was prepared of Nurd,
Malabathrum leaves, Oil of  worms, Coatus, Amo-
mum, Mi/rrh, &c., and was used as a detergent.
  Naiidus Rustica, Asarum.
  NARES, Rhinea, Cav'itas Na'rium, Cavum seu
Co'rea  seu  Coeer'na na'rium,  Noaua inter'nua,
My etc'res,  Na'rium  ad'itua, O'Jicteu'muta.  The
nostrils, (F.) Narinea.   Two elliptical apertures,
situate  beneath the nose, and  separated from
each other by  the  cartilaginous  s»itum seu co-
lum'no  nasi.   These apertures  are  continually
open, and give  passage to  the air we breathe, and
to the mucous fluids secreted in the nasal fossas.
   Nares Interna:, Nasal fossas.
   Nakks Posterior,  Nares poatre'ma,  Extre'-
ma  narea, Oa'tio  ]iosterio'ra seu  Choo'na na'-
rium, Na'rium  Ex'itus, (F.) Arrieres narinea, Ou-
verturea poatiricurea dea  foaaea  naaoles, are the
posterior  apertures of the  nasal  cavities, which
establish a communication between those cavities
and the pharynx.   They are bounded, above, by
the  body of the  sphenoid  bone;  below,  by the
palate bone, and  the base of the velum  pendu-
lum ; and, on the outside, by the  internal ala of
the pterygoid process.  They are separated from
 each other by a septum,  of which the vomer is
 the bony part.
   NARIFUSO'RIA, from  nares, 'the nostrils,'
 and fundere, fusum, ' to  pour.'   Medicine dropt
 into tho nostrils.
   NARINES, Nares.
   NARIUM ADITUS, Nares—n. Siccitas, Myc-
 teroxerotes.
   NARTHECIA, Formulary, Myris.
   NARTIIECIUM, Formulary, Myris.
   NARTIIEX, Formulary, Myris, Splint —n.
 Asafoetida, see Asafoetida.
   NASA, Nacra, Nata.
   NASAL,  Nasdlis, from naaua,  'the nose.'
 That which relates to the nose.
   Nasal Artery.  This is the largest of the two
 branches in which the ophthalmic artery termi-
 nates.  It issues from the orbit, above the tendon
 of the  orbicularis palpebrarum, passes above the
 side of the root of the nose, and anastomoses with
 the last extremity of the facial.   Haller gave the
 name  naaal  to  the spheno-palatine.  He also
 called  the dorsales nasi,  furnished  by the exter-
 nal maxillary, Nasa'les latera'les.
   Nasal Bones, Oaaa naai, Oasa naaa'lia, Oaaic'-
 ula nasi, Oaaa maxil'la auperio'ria quarto  seu
 quinta seu secudda, (F.) Os nasaux, Os proprea
 du  nez.   These bones  are situate beneath  the
 nasal notch of the os  frontis,  and occupy  the
 space between the nasal or angular processes of
 the  superior  maxillary  bone.    Their  shape is
 nearly quadrilateral.   They have an external or
 cutaneoua surface, an internal or naaal, and four
 margins.   Each  is articulated  with  its fellow,
 with the os frontis, ethmoid, and superior maxil-
 lary bones.   They ossify from a  single point.
    Nasal  Car'tilagk,  Cartila'go  trianguldris
 Nasi.    A  cartilage formed of three portions,
 which unite at the dorsum nasi, and are distin-
 guished into the  cartilage  of the septum, and the
 lateral cartilages.  This cartilage is continuous,
 above, with the ossa nasi, and,  inferiorly, with
 membranous fibro-cartilages, which form the sup-
 ple and movable part of the nostrils.  They are
 two in number—the one before, the other behind.
    Nasal Duct, Lachrymal duct—n. Eminence,
 Me-ophryon.
    Nasal Fossa:,  Cavi  na'rium, Nares  inter'na.
 Two large,  anfractuous  cavities, situate  between
 the orbits  below the  cranium, and  lined  by
 the pituitary or Schneiderian membrane.  These
 cavities have  no  communication with each other;
 but the various sinuses in the neighbouring bones
—the ethmoidal, sphenoidal, superior maxillary,
&c.__all communicate with them.  The  general
cavity of each nostril is divided by the ossa spon-
giosa into three meatus or  passages, which run
from before  backwards.  1. The  3Ie.atus narium
aupe'rior, placed at  the upper, inner,  and back
part of  the superior  spongy bone.  2.  The 31ca-
tua me'dius,  situate between the superior  and in-
ferior spongy bones; and  3. The 31eatua infe-
rior, situate  between the  inferior  spongy bone
and  the bottom of  the nose.   The  Schneide-
rian membrane receives the first pair of nerves,
and  various  branches from the fifth  pair.  The
arteries are furnished by the branches of the in-
ternal  maxillary,  known  under the  names  of
spheno-palatine, infra-orbitar,  superior alveolar,
palatine, pterygo-palatine ;  by the supra-orbitar,
and ethmoidal branches of the ophthalmic artery,
by the internal  carotid, superior labial, and dor-
sales nasi.  Its veins are little known, and gene-
rally follow the  course of the arteries.  The lym-
phatics  are  almost  unknown.  The nasal fossas
are the seat of smell; they aid, also, in repiration
and phonation.
   Nasal Meatus, see Nasal fossas.
   Nasal Mucus, 3Iuctts na'rium,  Phlegma na'-
rium crassum, 3Iucor seu Pitui'ta seu Blenna seu
Lympha muculen'ta na'rium, Apomyx'ia, vulgarly
called Snot,  (F.) 3Iorve, is the mucus secreted by
the  Schneiderian membrane.
   Nasal Nerve,  Naso-palpibral (Ch.), Naao-
oculdris (Sb'mmering), Naao-cilidria.  One of
the  three branches  of the ophthalmic nerve of
Willis.   It  enters the orbit by the sphenoidal  fis-
sure, passes along the inner paries of that cavity,
and divides, opposite the internal and anterior
orbitar foramen, into two branches.  1.  The  in-
 ternal and posterior, which passes into the Fora-
 men orbitarium  internum anterius, enters the cra-
 nium beneath the dura mater, and passes into  the
 nasal fossas, through  an  aperture  at the side of
 the Criato galli.  It afterwards divides into seve-
 ral filaments:  one  of them — the Naao-lobar, of
 Chaussier — is very small, and descends on  the
 posterior surface of the os nasi, and ramifies on
 the integuments of the ala nasi.  A  second ter-
 minates near the  septum ;  others descend along
 the outer paries of the nasal fossas.  2. The other
 is external  and anterior, and is called the external
 naaal nerve. It is  distributed to the outside of
 the orbit.  Before dividing, the nasal nerve com-
 municates  with the  ophthalmic ganglion, and
 gives off two or three ciliary nerves: the  Poate-
 rior Nasal Nerve.   Sommering has given this
 name to the nerves, which arise from the inter-
 nal part of the  spheno-palatine ganglion.
    Nasal Notch,  (F,)  Echancrure naaale.   A
 semicircular notch, situate  between the  nasal
 prominence of  the  frontal bone, and articulated
 with the nasal bones and the nasal processes of
 the superior maxillary bones.
    Nasal Process, Maxillary bone, superior.
    Nasal  Prom'inence,  (F.) Boaae  naaale.  A
 prominence, situate on the median line, at  the
 anterior surface of the os frontis, between the  two
 superciliary arches.
    Nasal Region,  Re'gio nasdlis.   The region
 of the nose.
    Nasal Spines.  These are three  in number.
    1. The Supe'rior nasal apine of the os frontis,
 occupying  the middle of its nasal notch, and ar-
 ticulated before  with the  nasal  bones, behind
 with the ethmoid.  2. The infe'rior and ante'rior
 nasal spine, situate at the inferior part of the an-
 terior  opening of the nasal fossas.  It is formed
 by the two superior maxillary bones; jind 3.  The
 infe'rior and poste'rior nasal spine, Epine guttu-
 rale (Ch.), a process, formed on the median  line 
NASALE
588
NAUCLEA
by the two palate bones  at the posterior part of
the palatine arch.
  NASALE, Errhine.
  NASALIS, Compressor naris.
  Nasa'lis La'bii  Superio'ris.  A small mus-
cular slip, which runs up from the middle of the
orbicularis and the lip to the tip of the nose.  It
lies exactly in the  furrow, and is occasionally a
levator of the upper lip, or a depressor of the tip
of the nose.
  NASAS, Nata.
  NASATUS, Membrosus.
  NAS'CALE.   A kind of pessary, made of wool
or  cotton, which was formerly  introduced into
the vagina,  after  being impregnated with oil,
ointment, or some other proper medicament.
  NASCAPHTHON, Narcarphthon.
  NASDA, Nata.
  NASI, see Oryza.
  NASITAS, Rhinophonia.
  NASITIS, Rhinitis—n. Postica, Anginanasalis.
  NASO, Nasu'tus, from naaus, 'the nose.'  One
who has a long nose.
  NASOCILIARY (Nervus), Nasal nerve.
  NASO-LA'BIAL, Naao-labialis;  from nasua,
' the nose,' and labium, ' a lip.'   Relating to the
nose and lip.
  Naso-Labial Line.  A line or furrow, which
separates  the  lip from the cheek, and commences
at the ala nasi.
  NASO-LABIA'LIS.  A muscular  fasciculus
described by Albinus, which arises from the an-
terior  extremity of  the  septum nasi, and termi-
nates in the orbicularis oris.
  NASO-PAL'ATINE,  Naso-palati'nus.    That
which belongs to the nose and velum palati.
  Naso-Palatine  Ganglion  is  situate  in the
foramen palatinum anterius.  Its greater extre-
mity receives  the  two  naso-palatine  branches;
whilst the smaller gives off two or three fila-
ments,  which reach  the palatine vault, where
they ramify on the membrane of the same name,
anastomosing with filaments of the great palatine
nerve.
   Naso-Palatine  Nerve  is  furnished by the
spheno-palatine, which proceeds from the gan-
glion of Meckel.  It traverses the  vault of the
nasal fossas, and proceeds upon the septum be-
tween the two layers of the pituitary membrane.
It enters  the  anterior palatine canal, and termi-
nates at the superior angles  of the naso-palatine
ganglion, without attaining the mouth.
   NASO-PALPEBRAL, Orbicularis palpebra-
rum.
   NASTA, Nata.
   NASTURTIUM  AMPHIBIUM, see  Sisym-
brium— n. Aquaticum,  Cardamine pratensis, Si-
symbrium nasturtium—n. Bursa pastoris, Thlaspi
bursa—n. Hortense, Lepidium sativum—n. Indi-
 cum, Tropasolum majus—n. Officinale, Sisymbri-
um nasturtium—n. Palustre, see  Sisymbrium—n.
 Peruvianum,  Tropasolum majus — n.  Pratense,
 Cardamine pratensis—n. Sativum, Lepidium sa-
 tivum.
   NASUM DILATANS, Pyramidalis nasi.
   NASUS, The Nose, Rhin, Rhis,  Or'ganon ol-
 factus seu odora'tus seu olfactd rium, Promontd -
 rium  faciei,  3Iyxo'ter, Emuncto'rium  cer'ebri,
 Snout,  (F.) Nez.  The  nose is a pyramidal emi-
 nence, situate above the anterior apertures of the
 nasal fossas, which it covers; and, consequently,
 occupying the middle and upper part of the face,
 between  the forehead and upper lip, the orbits
 and  the  cheeks.  Its lateral  surfaces form, by
 uniting angularly, a more or less prominent line,
 called Dorsum seu Rhachis  seu Spina Nasi, (F.)
 Dos  du nez.    This line terminates,  anteriorly,
by the lobe,—Lob'ulua.  The sides are called Ala
Naai, Pinna Naris, (F.) Ailes du nez.  The co-
lumna is the inferior part of tho partition.  Its
apex or tip has been called Glob'ulus nasi.
  The chief varieties of the nose are the aq'uiline,
the flat nose, (F.) Nez comarot ou  ipati, and the
snub noae, (F.)  Nez retrouaai.  The nose is formed,
besides its bones, of fibro-cartilage, cartilage, mus-
cles, vessels, and nerves; and its use seems to be to
direct odours to the upper part of the nasal fossas.
  Nasus Internus, Nares.
  NASUTUS, Naso.
  NATA, Natta, Naaa,  Naada, Naata, Nasas,
Napta.   A fleshy, indolent excrescence, having
the shape of the nates.
  NATARON, Natron.
  NATA'TION, Natdtio, from natare, itself from
nare, 'to  swim.'   Swimming.   The  action  of
swimming, or  of supporting one's self, or moving
upon the water.  Swimming resembles the hori-
zontal leap in  its physiology—the medium being
water instead of air.  The difference between the
specific gravity of the human body and that of
water is not great; so that but little exertion is
required to keep a part 01 the body above water.
Swimming is a healthy gymnastic exercise,  com-
bining the  advantages of bathing.
  NATES, Ephed'rana^Nat'ula, Sca'phio, Clinics,
Glutoi,  Gluti,  Glu'tia, SetJVlia, Pyge, 31ona, the
Bottom, Backside, Poste'riors, Buttocks, &e., (F.)
Fesaea.   Two  round  projections, at the inferior
and posterior part of the trunk, on which we sit.
Amongst the mammalia, man alone has the nates
prominent  and round.   They are formed chiefly
by the  skin, and a thick layer of areolar tissue,
which covers the three glutasi muscles.
  Nates Cerebri, see Quadrigemina corpora —
n. et Testes, Quadrigemina corpora.
  NATRIUM, Sodium.
  NATROCRENiE, Natropegas.
  NATRON,  Natrum, Nat'aron,  Nitrum, Ana-
trum, Aphronitrum, fromNatron, a lake in Judasa.
A saline compound, very abundant in Egypt,
which  is almost wholly formed of subcarbonate
of soda.
  NATRONIUM, Sodium.
  NATROPE'OiE, Natroere'na,   from Natron,
and it-nya, ' a spring.'   Soda springs.
  NATRUM,  Natron — n. Chloratum liquidum,
Liquor sodas  chlorinatas — n. Muriaticum, Soda,
muriate of—n.  Muriatum, Soda, muriate of—n.
Prasparatum,  Soda, subcarbonate of—n. Tartari-
zatum,  Soda, tartrate of—n. Vitriolatum, Soda,
sulphate of—n. Nitricum, Soda, nitrate of—n.
Oxymuriaticum, Soda, chloride of—n.  Oxyphos-
phorodes, Soda, phosphate  of—n. Sulphuricum,
Soda, sulphate of.
   NATTA, Nata.
   NATULiE, Nates.
   NATU'RA, from naaci, ' to be  born  or arise.'
Phyais. Nature.  Also, genital organs.
   Natu'ra Morbi.  The essence or condition of
a disease.
   NATURAL PARTS,  Genital organs.
   NATURALIA, Genital organs.
   NA'TURISM,  Nctt'uraliam.  A view  which
 attributes  every thing to nature, as a sage, pre-
 scient,  and sanative entity. — Nysten.  See Ex-
pectation.
   NA'TURIST.  A physician who scrupulously
 investigates,  interprets,  and follows the indica-
 tions presented by  nature in the treatment of
 disease.
   NAU'CLEA  GAMBIR, Uncdria gambir.  A
 plant  of the  family  and tribe Cinchonaceae, a
 native  of. the  Malayan Peninsula and Indian Ar-
 chipelago, which yields large quantities  of the
 kind of Catechu known by the names  Terra Ja- 
NAUSEA                   589                 NEEDLE
 pod ica and Square Catechu, and which, in Indian
 commerce, is called  Gambeer.  It is a powerful
 astringent, much used in tanning,  andln medi-
 cine, as a substitute for the Catechu of the Acacia.
   NAU'SEA,   Nau'sia,  Nnusi'asia, Nnuaio'sis,
 Nod tin,  Queasiness, Si/ueosinesa,  (F.) Nuuaie,
 Enrie de vomir; from  vavs, naris,  'a ship;' be-
 cause  those unaccustomed to sailing  are so af-
 fected.   Sickness.   Inclination to vomit.
  _ Nausea,KREAT'ic,(/v-p£af,7rp£arof, 'flesh.')  The
 sickness and vomiting, excited, in some nervous
 patients, by the smallest portion of  animal food.
   Nausea Mari'na, 3Iorbus nadticus, Vom'itus
 narigon'tium seu mari'itus,  Sea-sickneaa, (F.) 31 ol
 de mer. The sickness, vomiting, &c., experienced
 at sea by those unaccustomed to a  sea-life;  and
 from  which those who are accustomed are not
 always exempt.  It generally ceases  when the
 person  becomes habituated to the motion of the
 vessel, and not till then.
  _ NAU'SEANT, Nodseona.   An agent that ex-
 cites nausea, which is a state of diminished action.
 Nauseants are, hence,  valuable remedies in dis-
 eases of excitement.   v
    NAUSIA, Nausea.
    NAUSIASIS, Nausea.
    NAUSIO'SIS.   This word, besides  being sy-
 nonymous with nausea, has been  used to express
 the state of venous hemorrhage, when blood  is
 discharged by jets.
   NAUTIA, Nausea.
   NAA'EL,  Umbilicus—n. String, Funiculus um-
 bilicalis—n. Wort, Cotyledon umbilicus—n. AVort,
 Venus's, Cotvledon umbilicus.
   NAVET,  Brassica rapa.
   NA VETTE, Brassica rapa.
   NA VTC'ULAR, Naeicula'ri8,Navifor'mia, from
 norienfo, 'a little ship.'
   Navio'ular  Fossa, Foaaa Naricula'ris, F.
 ScophoVdes, Naric'ula, Scaph'ula. See Scaphoid.
 This name has been given, 1. To a small depres-
 sion between the entrance of the vagina and the
 posterior commissure of the labia major or four-
 chette.  2. To a perceptible dilatation, presented
 by the  urethra in man,  near the  base of  the
 glans.   3. To the superficial depression which
 separates the two roots  of the  helix.  This is also
 called Scapha.
   NAVICULARE  OS, Scaphoides os.
   NAVIFORAIIS, Navicular.
   NAVIS. Vulva.
   NEAR-SIGHTEDNESS, Myopia.
   NEB'ULA, Nubcs, Nubec'uia, Nephos, Neph'-
 ele, Nephe'lion,  (F.) Nuage, Ombrage.   A slight
 speck on the  cornea.  A mist or cloud suspended
 in the urine.   See Caligo.
   NEBULOUS, Nepheloid.
   NE('"ESSARY, Nccessn'ri.us, (ne, and ceaaare.)
 The Accessaries of Life, Vita neccasitdtea, (F.)
 Besoins de la vie,  include every thing requisite
 for the maintenance of life, and particularly food.
   NECK,  DERBYSHIRE,  Bronchocele — n.
 Swelled, Bronchocele —n. Stiff,  Torticollis — n.
 AVry, Torticollis.
  NECKLACE, ANODYNE.  These are formed
 of the roots of hyoscyamus, Job's  tears, allspice
 steeped in brandy, or  the seeds of the wild liquo-
 rico  vine,  to  suit  the fancy of  the  prescriber.
 They are employed to facilitate dentition in chil-
 dren, and to procure sleep in fever.(l)
  NECKAVEED, A*eronica beccabunga,  V. pere-
grina,
  NECR.E'MTA, from vcKpos,  'death,' and 'atpa,
'blood.'  Death  of the blood.  Death beginning
with the blood.                             6
  NECRENCEPHALUS,  Mollities cerebri
  NECROCEDIA. Embalming.
  NECRODES, Cadaverous.
    NECROLOGY, BILLS OF, Mortality, bills of.
    NECROMANCY, Necromanti 'a, Negromanti'a,
  Necyomanti'a, Nigromanti'a, from vtKpos, 'death,'
  and/iui-rfin, 'divination.'  Divination by the dead.
    NECKOMANTIA, Necromancy.
    NECRON, Cadaver.
    NECRONARCEMA, Rigor mortis.
    NECROPHOB'IA, from vtKpos, 'death,' and
  <po(!os, 'fear.'  Exaggerated fear of death.  This
  symptom occurs in patients where the disease  is
  not mortal; as in hypochondriasis.  In fevers, it
  is not a good symptom.
    NECROPNEUMO'NIA, Pneumdnia gangra-
  no'sa  seu typho'ea, Gangra'na seu  3Iortifica'tio
  seu Anthrax seu Oarbudculua Pulmo'num, Pneu-
  moaep'aia, Pneumoc'ace, (F.)  Gangrene du Pou-
  mon;  from vtKpos, ' death,' and pneumonia.  Gan-
  grenous inflammation of the lungs.  This may be
  diffuaed  or  circumacribed. The only pathogno-
  monic symptom is the extraordinary and repul-
  sive odour of the breath and expectoration.  The
  treatment consists in the use  of the  chlorides in-
  ternally, or of chlorine by inhalation; aUaying
  irritation by opium,  and  supporting the patient
  by wine-whey, and nourishing diet.
    NECROPSIA, Autopsia cadaverica.
    NECROPSY,  Autopsia  cadaverica.
    NECROSCOPIA, Autopsia cadaverica.
    NECROSCOPY, Autopsia cadaverica.
  _  NECRO'SIS, from vtKpoto, 'I kill.'  Mortifica-
  tion.   State of a bone or  of a portion  of a bone
  deprived of life.   Oateogangra'na, Osteonecro'sis.
  Necrosis  may take place without the surrounding
  soft parts being struck with gangrene. It is to
  the bones what  gangrene is to the soft  parts.
  The part  of the bone  affected with necrosis be-
  comes  a  foreign  body, similar to the gangrenous
  eschar, and its separation must be accomplished
  by the efforts of nature, or by art.  AVhen necro-
  sis occurs in the centre of long bones, it never
  extends to their articular extremities.  The exte-
  rior layers of bone form a canal round the dead
  portion or sequestrum; between these swollen
  layers  and the  sequestrum,  suppuration  takes
 place;  the matter presses against the bony canal;
 perforates it, and is  discharged by  apertures,
 which become fistulous.
   In the treatment, the exit  of the sequestrum
 must be  facilitated by proper incisions, by the
 application of the trepan to the bone, &c.
   Necrosis  Cerealis, Ergotism — n. Dentium,
 Dental gangrene — n. Ustilaginea, Ergotism.
   NECROTOMY, Dissection.
   NECTANDRA RODIEI, see Bebeeru.
   NECTAR, from v?j,  'a  particle of negation,'
 and Krato,  'to kill.'   A  pleasant liquor, feigned
 by the poets to have been the drink of the  gods,
 and to have rendered immortal those who partook
 of it.  A name given, by the ancients,  to many
 drinks; and particularly to one made with wine,
 evaporated, and sweetened with honey.
  NECTARIUM,  Inula helenium.
  NECUSIA, see Wound.
  NECYOMANTIA, Necromancy.
  NEDYIA, Intestines.
  NEDYS, vnivs.   The belly, abdomen, stomach,
 uterus.
  NEEDLE, Sax. ne&I, nas61, from Teut. neten,
  to sew.' Acua, Bel'one, Rophis, Roph'ion, Aces'-
 tra, (F.) Aiguille.  A steel instrument, used in
 many professions.  In Surgery, a steel, gold, sil-
 ver, or platina instrument, that may be round, flat,
 or triangular,  straight,  or  curved, supported or
 not by a handle, but having alwaya a  point, by
 means  of which it penetrates the textures;  and
 often having, either near the point, or, more com-
monly, near the other extremity, an aperture or
eye for the reception of a thread or tape, whioh 
NEEDLE                 590              NEPENTHES
it introduces into the parts.  The Aiguille & ap-
pareil of the French is the ordinary sewing nee-
dle used in the making of bandages, &c.
  Needle, Acupuncture,  (F.) Aiguille  d Acu-
puncture,   An inflexible gold or silver needle;
conical, very delicate, four inches long, furnished
with  a handle,  and,  at times, with a  canula
shorter than it by about half an inch.  An ordi-
nary needle, waxed at the head, will answer as a
substitute for this.  See Acupuncture.
  Needle,  Cataract*  Acua ophthal'mica,  (F.)
Aiguille d catarade. Needles of gold, silver, and
steel  have been used; the latter, alone, at the
present day.  The  cataract needle is employed
to depress or tear  the  crystalline when opake.
This  needle is usually made from 15 to 24 lines
long ;  and is attached to a fine handle.   The ex-
tremity may be, as in Scarpa's and Langenbeck's,
pointed,  prismatic,  triangular, and  curved; in
Dupuytren's and  AValther's,  flat, curved,  and
sharp-edged;  in Hey's, flat, with a-semicircular
and  sharp  end;  or,  as in  Beer's, Siebold's,
Schmidt's, Himly's, Von Grafe's, <fec, straight
and spear-pointed.  A mark  is generally placed
upon the handle to inform the operator, —when
the instrument is engaged in the eye,—what side
corresponds to the crystalline.
  Needle for a Counter-Opening, Acua invagi-
na'ta, (F.) Aiguille d Contre-ouverture, Aiguille
engainee, Aiguille d gaine,—a long, narrow in-
strument of steel; the point of which is fine and
sharp on both sides;—the heel (talon) having an
aperture to receive a  thread, tape, &c, provided
with a flat, silver sheath, shorter than the blade,
the point of which it covers when passing through
parts that have to be respected.
  Needle,  Deschamp's, Paupe'e needle, (F.) Ai-
guille de Deachampa, Aiguille  d manche, &c.,  is
the last described needle, fixed to a handle.  The
eye is placed near  the point.  It is employed in
the ligature of deep-seated arteries.
  Needle, Fis'tula, (F.) Aiguille d Fiatule.  A
long, flat, flexible, silver instrument; having an
aperture near one extremity; blunt at the other.
This was formerly used for passing a seton into
fistulous ulcers.  On one of its sides was a groove
for guiding a bistouri in case of necessity.
   Also, a long, steel instrument, terminated by a
point like that  of  a  trocar, which Desault em-
ployed for penetrating the rectum, when operating
for fistula that had  no internal aperture.
   Needle, Hare-Lip,  (F.) Aiguille  d Bee  de
Lievre.  A small, silver canula, to which  is at-
tached a spear-point, that can be readily with-
drawn.  This needle,  armed  with the  point, is
introduced  at one  side of the fissure in the lip,
and through  the other.  The twisted suture is
then applied,  and the pin withdrawn.
   Needle, Lig'ature, (F.) Aiguille d ligature.
A long, steel  instrument, sharp  towards  one ex-
tremity, with an eye near the other, which was
formerly used for suspending the circulation  of
blood prior to amputation, by being passed through
the limb, so as to include the principal artery and
a part of the muscles and integuments.
   Also, a steel instrument of various dimensions,
 round towards one of its extremities, which was
 straight, and  furnished with an aperture; curved
 and flat towards the opposite, which was pointed,
 and  had a slight ridge on its concave side.  At
 the commencement of the last century, this in-
 strument was used to pass ligatures around ves-
 sels.
   Also, a steel instrument of various dimensions,
 flat, regularly curved in the form of a semicircle,
 with a sharp  or lance point, and a long eye, used
 with advantage in  place of the last.
  Needle, Seton, (F.) Aiguille d Seton.  A long,
narrow, steel blade; pointed and  sharp at  one
extremity; pierced at the other by an aperture.
The Aiguille d contre-ouverture may be used for
the same purpose.
  Needle, Suture, (F.) Aiguille d Suture.  For
the twisted suture, the  hare-lip  needle is used;
for the others, the straight or curved needle : the
straight needle is preferable for stitching up the
abdomen, &c,  in dissection.   In the suture of
the tendons, a curved needle has been used;  flat
on both  sides,  and  cutting only at the concave
edge, in order that the instrument  may pass be-
tween the tendinous fibres without dividing them.
  NEEDLE-BEARER, Porte-aiguille.
  NEEDLE-CARRIER, Porte-aiguille.
  NEFLE, Mespilus (the fruit.)
  NEFLIER, Mespilus.
  NEFREN'DES, properly, 'sucking  pigs.' —
Varro.  Nodoi, Eden'tuli (vn, privative, and oSovs,
' a tooth.') Persons devoid of teeth. Young chil-
dren, for instance,  who have not  cut them; or
aged  persons, who have lost them.  This state is
called Nrfrendis, Nodo'sia, Odon'tia ededtnla.
  NEGOTIUM PARTURITIONIS, Parturition.
  NEGRE BLANC, Albino.
  NEGRETIA PRURIENS, Dolichos pruriens.
  NEGRO, Ni'grita.  One of the ^Ethiopian race.
See Homo and Mulatto.
  NEGROMANTIA, Necromancy.
  NEIiE'RA, Ne'i'ra, I mus Venter.   The lower
part of the belly. — Hippocrates.
  NEIGE, Snow.
  NEIRA, Neiasra.
  NELUM'BIUM LU'TEUM, Yellow ne'lumbo,
 Yellow water lily, Pond  lily, Water shield, Water
nuts,  Water chidcapin, Rattle nut, Sacred bean.
A beautiful water plant, common in the United
States, and belonging to Nat. Ord. Nymphaceas ;
Sex.  Syst. Polyandria  Polygynia.   The  leaves
are cooling and  emollient when  applied  to the
surface.   The roots,  leaves, and nuts are eaten.
The last  are called  by the Indians and others
water chincapina.
   NELUMBO, YELLOAV, Nelumbium luteum.
   NENDO, Angelica lucida.
   NENNDORF,  MINERAL  WATERS  OF.
Nenndorf is  a village three and a half German
miles from Hanover.  Its cold sulphureous spring
is much  celebrated.
   NENUPHAR,  Nymphasa alba — n. Blanc,
Nymphasa alba—n. Jaune, Nymphasa lutea—n.
 Lutea, Nymphasa lutea — n.  Odorant, Nymphasa
 odorata.
   NEOARTHROSIS,  from  vcos,  'new,'and ap-
 Opov, 'a joint.'  A new joint;  an artificial joint.
   NEOG'ALA, from vtos, 'new,' and yaXa, 'milk.'
 Milk secreted immediately after  the  colostrum.
 Also, the colostrum.
   NEOGENES,  Nouveau-ni.
   NEOGILUS, Nouveau-ni.
   NEOGNUS, Nouveau-ni.
   NEONATUS,  Nouveau-ni.
   NE'OPLASTY, Neoplaa'tice: from vtos, 'new,'
 and irXacau),  vXarria, ' I  form.' An operative pro-
 cess  for  the formation of new parts.   It includes
 autoplasty, cicatrization of wounds, and the for-
 mation of adhesions. — Burdach.
   NEOTTIA, Goodyera pubescens.
   NEP, Nepeta.
   NEPEN'THA DESTILLATO'RIA, Bnnddra,
 A Ceylonese plant, the root of which is astringent.
   NEPEN'THES, from vn, negative particle, and
 ittvSos, ' grief.'  A remedy much extolled by the
 ancients against sadness and melancholy.
   The women of Thebes, according to Diodorus 
                   NEPETA

Siceliotcs, alone possessed the secret of its com-
position ;  and, according to Homer, Helen intro-
duced it from Egypt.   Some suppose it to have
been opium.
   Nepenthes, Bangue—n. Opiatum, Pilulas opi-
atu\
   NEP'ETA, N. Catdria seu vulga'ris Catdria
vulga'ris, Herba felia, Nep or Catmint, (F.) Herbe
aux Chata,—so called, because cats are fond of it.
The leaves, Cuta'ria (Ph. U. S.), have a smell and
taste like those of an admixture of spearmint and
pennyroyal.  It has been recommended in ute-
rino  disorders,  dyspepsia,  flatulency,  &c, like
pennyroyal; and is much used in domestic medi-
oine, on the American  continent, in flatulencies,
&c, of children.
   Nepeta Agrestis,  Melissa nepeta — n. Gle-
choma, Glechoma hederaceum—n. Vulgaris, Ne-
peta.
   NEPIIALIOTES, Temperance.
   NEPIIELE, Enieorema, Nebula.
   NEPHELION, Nebula.
   NEPH'ELOID, Nepheldi'des, Nephelo'dea,
Neb'uloua, Nubilo'sua.   An epithet  applied  to
urine when it is cloudy — Uri'na nephelo'dea.
   NEPIIOS, Nebula.
   NEPHRAL'GIA, Dolor Nephret'icua, NeuraV-
gia Renum, (F.) Nivralgie dea Reina, Dyaniphro-
ncrnie, from vttppos, 'a kidney,' and aXyos,  'pain.'
Pain and neuralgia in the kidney.
   Nephralgia  Are.vosa, see Gravel—n. Calcu-
losa, seo Gravel — n. Rheumatica, Lumbago.
   NEPIIRAPOS'TASIS, Nephropydaia, Abacea'-
sua rendlia, from vt'Ppos, 'kidney,' and attoaraats,
' abscess.'  Renal abscess.
   NEPHRATON'IA, from  vtippos, ' kidney,' and
arovta,  ' want of tone.'  Renum aton'ia seu pa-
rol''ysis.  Atony of the kidney.
   NEPHRELCO'SIS,  Nephropydaia,  Helco'sia
reno'lia, from vtippos, 'kidney,' and 'iXkoiois, 'ul-
ceration.'  Ulceration of the kidney.
   NEPHRELMIN'TIC, Ncphrclmin'ticua, from
vtippos,  'a kidney,' and 'tXptvs, 'a worm.'  That
which is owing to the presence of worms in the
kidney.
   NEPIIREMPHRAX'IS, from  vtippos, 'a kid-
ney,' and tpippaacto, ' I obstruct.'  A name  given
by Ploucquet to  obstruction  of the kidneys.
   NEPHRETTC, Nephrid'ius, Nephritic, Ne-
phrit'icua,  from  vtippos, ' a kidney.'  That which
relates  to  the  kidney.   Applied,  especially,  to
pain,  <vc., seated in the kidney.
   NEPHRET'ICUM, in 3Ioteria 3Iedica, means
a medicine employed for the cure  of diseases of
the kidney.
   Nephreticum Lignum, Guilandina moringa.
   NEPHRET'ICUS LAPIS, Talcum  nephrit'-
icitm, (F.)  Pierre niphretique, Jade niphrite ou
oriental.  A green, fatty kind of stone, — once
used  as an amulet against  epilepsy;  an absurd
name, as there can be no such remedy.
   NEPHRID'ION, Pingue'do rena'lis.  The fat
which surrounds the kidneys. — Hippocrates.
   NEPIIRIDIUAI, Capsule, renal.
   NEPIIRIDIUS, Nephretic.
   NEPHRITE, Nephritis—n. Albumineuse, Kid-
nev, Bright's disease of the.
   NEPHRITES, Asphaltites.
   NEPHRITIC, Nephretic.
   NEPHRITICUM LIGNUM, Guilandina mo-
ringa.
   NEPHRITIS,  Asphaltites,
   Nephritis, Empres'ma Nephri'tia, from vtippos,
'kidney,' and itis, ' denoting inflammation ;' Re-
num inflamma'tio. Ncphro-phleg'mone, — Inflam-
mation of the Kidney, (F.) Nephrite, Inflammation
91              NEPHROPYIC

 des Reins, is characterized by acute pain; burn-
 ing heat, and a sensation of weight in the region
 of one or both kidneys; suppression or diminu-
 tion of urine; fever;  dysuria; ischuria; consti-
 pation, more  or less obstinate; retraction of the
 testicle, and numbness of the thigh of the same
 side.  It may be distinguished into simple and
 calculous nephritis.  In the latter, the urine often
 contains  small particles of uric acid or of urate
 of ammonia.  The most common causes of ne-
 phritis are, — excess in irritating  and alcoholic
 drinks; abuse of diuretics; blows or falls on the
 region of the kidneys; the presence of renal cal-
 culi, <fec.  It may be distinguished from lumbago
 by  tho  pain which  attends  the  latter  on  the
 slightest motion, &c.   It usually terminates  by
 resolution in from one week to two or three.  It
 may, however, end in  suppuration—pjyoniphrite;
 or may become chronic—chrononiphrite, (Piorry.)
 In  the  treatment, antiphlogistics,  as  bleeding,
 baths, &c., are required to the full extent; with
 the  use of diluents, opiates, <fec.
   Nephritis  Albuminensis,  Kidney,  Bright's
 disease of the—n. Albuminosa, Kidney, Bright's
 disease of the — n. Associated, Kidney, Bright's
 disease  of the — n. Cachectic, Kidney, Bright's
 disease of the—n. Sociata, Kidney, Bright's dis-
 ease of the.
   NEPHRODES, Nephroid.
   NEPHRODIUM FILIX  MAS,  Polypodium
 filix mas.
   NEPHROGRAPHY, from vttppos, ' a kidney,'
 and ypaipn, 'a description.'  An anatomical de-
 scription of the kidney.
   NEPHROH/E'MIA, from  vtippos, 'kidney,' and
 'aipa,  'blood.' Hyperasmia or congestion of the
 kidney.
   NEPH'ROID, Nephrdi'dea, Nephro'des, Reni-
 form'is, from vtippos, 'kidney,' and ttSos, 'form,
 resemblance.'  Reniform.  Having a resemblance
 to a kidney — as 'nephroid cancer,' so called be-
 cause the morbid growth resembles the kidney in
 structure.
   NEPHROLITHIASIS, from  vtippos, 'a kid-
 ney,' and Xidos, 'a stone.'  The disease of calculus
 in the kidney; Lith'ia rendlia, Lithi'asis nephrit'-
 ica,  L. Rena'lia.   See Gravel.
   NEPHROLITH'IC, same etymon.  Belonging
 to calculi in the  kidneys.  This epithet has been
 applied to ischuria, occasioned by calculi formed
 in the kidneys.
   NEPHROL'OGY, Nephrolog"ia,  from vttppos,
 'kidney,' and Xoyos, 'a treatise.'  A treatise  on
 the  kidneys.  Dissertation on the kidneys and
 their functions.
   NEPHROMALA'CIA, from vefpoc,  'kidney,
 and  paXaKta,  'softness.'  Softening of the kidney.
   NEPHROMETR'J"E, Psoas.
   NEPHRON'CUS, Tumor rena'lis, from vtippos,
 'kidney,' and oyKos, 'a tumour.'  A tumefaction
 of the kidney.
   NEPHROPHLEGMAT'IC, Nephro-phlegmat'-
 icus, from vtippos, 'kidney,' and cpXtypa, 'phlegm.'
 A name given, by some authors, to ischuria pro-
 duced by mucus contained in the urine.
   NEPHROPHLEGMONE,  Nephritis.
   NEPHROPHTHISIS, from vtippos,  'kidney,'
 and  tpdtats, 'consumption.'  Phthisis from suppu-
 ration of the kidney.
   NEPHROPLETHOR'IC, Nephro-plethor'icus,
 from vtippos, ' a kidney,' and TrXn&oipa, ' plethora.'
 Belonging to plethora of the  kidneys.   An epi-
 thet given to ischuria dependent upon this cause.
   NEPHROPY'IC, Nephro-py'ictts, from vtippos,
 ' a kidney,' and ttvov, • pus.'   Belonging to sup-
 puration of the kidney.
5 
NEPHROPYOSIS             592                 NERVE
  NEPHROPYOSIS, Nephrapostasis, Nephrel-
cosis.
  NEPHRORRHAG"IA, Hamatu'ria  rendlia,
Hamorrhag"ia renum, from vttppos, 'kidney,' and
payn, 'rupture;' Profldvium san'guinis e re'nibus.
Hemorrhage from the kidney.
  NEPHROS, Kidney.
  NEPHROSCLE'RIA,  from  vtippos,  'kidney,'
and uKXnpia, 'hardness;'  Indurdtio renum.   In-
duration of the kidneys.
  NEPHROSPAS'TIC,  Nephrospaa'ticus,  from
vtippos, ' a kidney,' and  o-trao),  ' I draw.'  That
which depends upon  spasm of the kidney.   An
epithet given to a variety of ischuria.
  NE PHROTH ROM'BOID, Nephro-ihromboi'-
dea, from vttppos,  'a kidney,' and Spopfios,'a clot.'
That which depends upon  clots of blood,  con-
tained in the kidneys or their ducts.   An epithet
for a species of ischuria.
  NEPHROT'OMY, Nephro-lithot'omy, Nephro-
tom'ia, Nephro-lithotom'ia, Sectio  rena'lis, S. re-
nis, from vtippos, 'a kidney,' and rtpvttv, 'to cut.'
Dissection of the kidney.  Also, an operation pro-
posed with the view  of extracting  calculi formed
in the kidney, by means of an incision into the
tissue of that organ.
  NEPHRUS, Kidney.
  NEPIOS, Infans.
  NEPIOTES, Infancy.
  NEPTA,  Asphaltum.
  NERANTIA, see Citrus aurantium.
  NERF, Nerve—n. Circonflexe, Axillary nerve
—n. Dentaire, Dental nerve — n. Feaaier, Gluteal
nerve — n.  Gloaao-iyharyngien,  Pharyngo-glossal
nerve — n. Guatatif  see Lingual nerve — n.  Gus-
tatif innomini, Trigemini — n. Guttural, Palatine
(middle) nerve — n. Gutturo-palaiin, Palatine
nerve—n. Honteux, Pudic nerve—n. Irien, Ciliary
nerve—n. lachio-clitorien, Pudic nerve—n. Iachio-
pinien, Pudic nerve—n.  Labyrinthique, Auditory
nerve—n. 3Ientonnier, Mental nerve—n. Moteur
oculaire externe, Motor oculi externus—n. Oculo-
mueculaire  externe,  Motor oculi  externus — n.
 Oculo-muaculaire  interne,  Patheticus nervus —
n. Pathitique, Patheticus nervus — n. Pironiere
branche, Popliteal nerve, external—n. Pharyngo-
gloasien, Pharyngo-glossal nerve — n.  Premiere
poire trachilienne, Occipital nerve — n. Vcrtebro-
digital,  Musculo-cutaneous nerve — n. Pritibio-
digital,  Musculo-cutaneous nerve — n.  Pritibio
suaplantaire,  Tibial  nerve, anterior—n. Radio-
digital,  Radial nerve—n. Sciatique grand, Sciatic
nerve, great—n. Sciatique petit, Sciatic nerve,
lesser — n.  Sciatique popliti externe,  Musculo-
 cutaneous nerve — n.  Soua - occipital,  Occipital
nerve—n. Soua-pubio-fimoral, Obturator nerve—
n. Spino-cranio-trapizien, Spinal nerve — n. Sua-
 maxillaire,  Maxillary superior nerve — n. Suapu-
 bien,  Supra-pubian  nerve — n.  Tibiale branche,
 Popliteal internal—n. Trachial, Laryngeal infe-
 rior nerve— n.  Trachilo-doraal, Spinal nerve —
 n. Trijumeau, Trigemini — n. d Troia cordes, Tri-
 gemini— n. Tymponique, Chorda tympani.
   NERFS BRONCHIQUES, Bronchial nerves
 — n. Gilioirea, Ciliary nerves — n. 31oteura  ocu-
 laires communs,  Motores oculorum — n. Sacria,
 Sacralnerves—n. Soua-coatalea, Intercostal nerves.
   NERIS,  MINERAL WATERS OF.  Neris is
 on the high road from Moulins to Limoges, eighty
 leagues from Paris.   There are four springs, the
 water of which is clear, inodorous, tasteless, and
 has an unctuous feel.   It contains carbonic  acid
 gas, carbonate  of soda, and sulphate  of  soda,
 chloride of sodium, silex and an animal matter to
 which its ' oleaginous' property is probably owing.
 The waters are generally used  in the form  of
 thermal baths.
  NERIUM, N. oleander.
  Ne'rium ANTIDYSINTER'lCUM, Wriglit'io anti-
dysenter'ica.  The tree which affords the Coelaga'-
pala  Bark, Cones'ai cortex,  Tillicher'ry cortex,
Cortex proflu'vii.  Family, Apoeyneas. Sex. Syst.
Pentandria Monogynia.  (F.)Codagapale, Cropale.
The bark of this Malabar tree is of a black colour,
externally, and is generally covered with a white
moss or scurf.  It has an austere, bitter taste, and
has been recommended as an astringent in diarr-
hoea, dysentery, &c.
  Ne'rium Olean'der,  Ne'rium, Rhododaph'nis,
Roadgo, (F.) Lourier roae.   The leaves are re-
puted to be narcotic.  The infusion is employed
internally, in herpetic affections, and the powder,
incorporated with lard,  is used in the itch.
  NERONIA'NA (PHLEBOTOMTA.)   An epi-
thet given, for  some cause, to phlebotomy, when
more than one  vein was opened on the same day.
  NERPR UN P URGATIF, Rhamnus.
  NERA7E, Nervua, Neuron, vtvpov,  'a string.'
(F.) Nerf.  Neuron and Nervua meant also, with
the ancients, the  tendons and ligaments, Partes
nervo'sa ; and hence the different acceptations of
' nervous ;' — a man of nerve — a strong, nervous
man : and a weak,  nervous woman.  The nerves
are tubular cords of the same  substance as that
which composes the encephalon and spinal mar-
row.  They extend from one or other of the ner-
vous centres  to every part of the  body,  commu-
nicating,  frequently, with each other;  forming
plexnaea, and, occasionally, gangliona; and being,
at  length, lost in  the parenchyma  of organs.
There are 42 pairs,  and, according to their origin,
they are termed Cranial or Encephalic,  and Spi-
nal. Each nerve  is  composed of several filaments
or cords placed alongside each other, and is sur-
rounded  by  a  neurilemma.  The  encephalic
nerves,  in general, have  only one root in the
brain, whilst the spinal  arise from the marrow by
two roots: the one  from an anterior fasciculus of
filaments, the other from a  posterior, separated
from each other by the Ligamentum denticulatum;
uniting outside this ligament, and presenting, near
the intervertebral  foramen,  a ganglion  formed
only by the posterior root.   The two roots make,
afterwards, but one  nerve ; and, like the encepha-
lic, nerves, proceed to  their destination, subdi-
viding  into rami and ramusculi,  until they are
finally lost in in the texture  of the organs.   The
trunks  first  formed  are  commonly  round,  and
proceed alone, or accompany the  great vessels,
being placed in the areolar spaces which separate
 the organs, and are thus  protected from injury.
 Their manner of termination we are not acquainted
 with; whether the  nervous pulp, for instance, be
 distributed or lost in a  membrane, as  seems to be
 the case  with the  nerves  of sight, hearing, and
 smell, — or are looped.  Certain it is, that there
 is  considerable difference in  the organs, as re-
 spects  the quantity of  nerves that terminate in
 them ;  and the particular arrangement of the ner-
 vous extremities.  Some  organs, have  numerous
 nerves ; others seem to have none : a circumstance
 which  influences considerably the sensibility of
 parts.
   The  Encephalic Nervea  arise  from  the  ence-
 phalon, or are inserted into  it; (according as we
 consider the brain the origin or termination of the
 nerves;)  and make their exit by foramina at the
 base  of the skull.  They are 12 in number.   The
 spinal  nerves are  30 in number,  8  cervical, 12
 doraal, 5 lumbar, and 5 or 6 eacral: the four in-
 ferior cervical being much larger than the  supe-
 rior, because they furnish the nerves of the upper
 extremities. 
NERVES                  593                   NERVES
     SYNOPTICAL  TABLE  OF  THE NERVES.
1.  Olfactory ...
    (1st pair.)
I.  Cranial or Encephalic Nerves.
                  6. Abducentes■ ■■ ■
                      (6th pair.)
Optic .....
  (2d pair.)
3. Motorcs Oculorum.
    (3d pair.)
4.  Pathetici-...
     (4th pair.)
5. Par Trigeminum.
    (5th pair.)
 Divided into internal, exter-
   nal,  and middle  branches,
   which arc distributed on the
   Schneiderian membrane.

 Terminate in the retina.

' Superior Branch. To the rectus
   superior oculi and levator
   palpebrie superioris.
 Inferior Branch.  To the rectus
   internus. rectus inferior and
   lesser  oblique  muscles;  a
   filament which goes to the
   ophthalmic ganglion.
 To the greater oblique muscle
   of the eye.
 'Ophthalmic Branch.   Divideil
   into three branches.  1. The
   lachrymal branch, to the la-
   chrymal gland  and upper
   eye-lid.  2.  Frontal branch,
   to the  forehead and upper
   eyelid.  3. Nasal branch, to
   the eyelids, nasal fossie, and
   nose.
 Superior  Maxillary   Branch.
   1. The orbitar branch, to the
   orbit.  2.  The posterior and
   superior dental,  to  the  last
   three molar teeth and gums.
   3.  The anterior  dental, to
   the incisor, canine, and two
   lesser  molares.   4. Infra-
   orbitar, to  the  upper  lip,
   cheek, and nose.
 Inferior Maxillary Branoh. 1.
   Tfemporatprofound branches,
   to the  temporal  muscle.  2.
   Masseterine branch, to  the
   masseter muscle.  3. Buccal,
   to  the inner  surface of the
   cheek.  4. Pterygoid, to the
   internal pterygoid  muscle.
   5.  Lingual, to the  mucous
   membrane of  the  tongue.
   6.   Inferior  dental,  to  the
   teeth of the lower jaw, and
   to the lower lip.  7. Auri-
   cular branch, to the pavilion
   of the ear and forehead.
7.  Facial.........
(Portio  dura of the<
  7th pair.)
                    j To the rectus externus oculi.

                     1.  At  its exit  from the cra-
                       nium, the posterior auricu-
                       lar,  stylohyoid, and infra-
                       mastoid, to the pavilion  of
                       the ear, the mastoid process,
                       the digastricus, and the mus-
                       cles attached  to the styloid
                       process.
                     2. Near the parotid  gland, the
                       temporal, malar,  buccal, su-
                       pramaxtllary,  and  infra-
                       maxillary  to  the  whole su-
                       perficies of the face.
8. Auditory-........ ( T   ,  vestj(,u]e, semi circular
(Portio mo lis of the^            d coc|llea
  7th pair.)          (
9■O{0SS0-P\arVJ[S^H To the base of the tongue and
(Portion  of the 8th^    ha
  pair.)             I   v   *
                    ■\. IJV  THE JVECK, — a. pha-
                       ryngeal branch to the pha-
                       rynx;  superior   laryngeal
                       branch to the larynx, and to
                       some muscles of the infe-
                       rior  hyoid region.  Cardiac
                       branches  to  the  cardiac
                       plexus.
                     2.  IJV  THE CHEST,—the in-
                      ferior laryngeal branch to the
                       )arynx:pulmonary branches,
                       which  form  the  plexus  of
                       the same name : esophageal
                       branches to the oesophagus,
                     3. IJV THE ABDOMEN, -
                       gastric branches  to the pa-
                       rietes of the  stomach : fila-
                       ments which go to the neigh-
                       bouring plexuses.
                     At its exit from the cranium—
                       the accessory of the pneumo-
                       gastric nerve anastomosing
                       with  this nerve.   In  the
                       neck—filaments to the tras
                    [  pezius muscles.
                     fCervicalis  descendens, to the
                       muscles of the inferior hyoid
                    ■(   region, and to the cervical
                    |   nerves.  Filaments to the
                    [  muscles of the tongue.
10. Par Vagum.
    (8th pair.)
11.  Spinal or Acces-
  sory of Willis.....
12. Hypoglossal.
    (9th pair.)
II. Spinal or  Vertebral Nervea.
2d Cervical Pair. ■
              I.  Cervical Nerves.
                   l Anterior Branch.  Anastomo-
tst Cervical Pair.... <   sing par arcade  with the
                   f   second pair.
                     Anterior Branch.   A branch
                       anastomosing with the first
                       pair:  a  branch which  goes
                       to the cervical  plexus.
3d and  4th  Cervical I Anterior Branch.  Concurring
  Pairs.             (   in the cervical  plexus.
The  Poaterior Branch of these four pairs ramifies on
  the occiput and muscles of the superficial and deep-
  seated cervico-occipital regions.
                    "Descending  Branches.—1.
                       Internal  descending,  anas-
                       tomosing with a branch of
                       the hypoglossus.   2. Phrenic
                       branch,  to  the diaphragm.
                       3. External descending bran-
                       ches,  dividing into  supra-
                       clavicular,  supra-acromial,
                       infra-clavicular, and cervi
                       cales  profundi, to the  mus-
                       cles and integuments of the
                       upper part  of the chest and
                       shoulder, to the  trapezius,
                       levator scapulas,  rhomboid-
                       eus, &c.
                      Ascending  Branches.—1.
                       Mastoid, to   the  posterior
                       and lateral part of the head
                       and the inner  surface of the
                       pavilion of the ear.  2. Au-
                       ricular, to  the parotid gland
                       and pavilion of the ear.
                      Superficial Cervical Branches.
                     .  (2.) To the platysma myoi-
Cervical Plexus.....<
Cervical Plexus.
5th, 6th, and 7tA Cer-
  vical Pairs.
Brachial Plexus
(   des, diga tricus, the  integu-
j   ments of the neck, &c.
f Anterior Branches. Assisting
I   in the formation of the  bra-
   chial  plexus.
J Posterior Branches.   To the
   muscles and integuments of
   the  posterior  part  of the
   neck and  upper part of the
   back.
 1. Thoracic  Branches,  (2) to
   the  anterior  and  lateral
   parts of the chest.  2. Supra-
   scapulary branch to the mus-
   cles of the posterior scapular
   region.  3.  Ivfra-scapulary
   branches (3.) to the  subsca-
   pulars, teres  major,  teres
   minor, and latissimus dorsi.
   4. The brachial interna cu-
   taneous, to the integuments
   of the  palmar and  dorsal
   surfaces of the forearm, near
   the  ulnar margin.   5.  The
   brachial external cutaneous,
   principally  to  the  integu-
   ments of the  palmar  and
   dorsal surfaces of the fore-
   arm, near the radial  margin.
   6. The  median nerve, to the
   forearm,  hand, and  palmar
   surface of  all  the  fingers
   7. The cubital nerve, to the
   last  two fingers.   8.  The
   radial, to  the first three.
   9. The axillary, around the
   shoulder-joint,  and  to  the
   neighbouring muscles. 
NERVES
594
NERVES
1st Dorsal Pair.

2d  and  3d Dorsal
  Pairs.
4th, 5th, 6th, and 7tA
  Dorsal Pairs.....j
8tA,  9th, 10th,  and!
  lltA Dorsal Pairsd
                         II. Spinal or  Vertebral Nerves.—Continued.

     2. Dorsal Nervea, (Nervi dorsales.)

                   Anterior Branch.  To the bra-
                     chial plexus.
                   Anterior Brunches. An inter-
                     costal and brachial branch.
                   Anterior Branches.  Internal
                     branches, to the intercostals,  *
                     triangularis  sterni,   pecto-
                     ralis major, and to the skin.
                     External  branches  to the
                     integuments of the chest, the
                   I  obliquus externus abdomi-
                   |  nis, and the skin of the ab
                   (  domen.
                   {Anterior Branches.  Internal
                     branches,  to the  transver-
                     salis, obliquus internus, and
                     rectus muscles, and  to the
                     skin  of the  abdomen.  Ex-
                     ternal branches, to  the in-
                     teguments of the chest, and
                     to the muscles and skin of
                     the abdomen.
                   f Anterior Branch. To  the first
                   j  lumbar nerve, and  to the
12tA Dorsal Pair .. ■<  muscles and skin of the ab
                     domen as  far  as the iliac
                   [  crest.
The Posterior Branches of the  dorsal nerves  are dis-
  tributed  to the muscles and integuments of the
  back and loins.
1st, 2d, 3d,
  Lumbar Pai
5th Pair.
„„j  ... ( Anteri
and  ith\   ring
""—•)   plex
              3. Lumbar Nerves.
                    Anterior  Branches.  Concur-
                       ng  to  form  the  lumbar
                        xus.
                    Anterior Branch.  Aiding in
                      forming the sciatic plexus.
The  Posterior Branches of  the lumbar nerves are
  distributed to the loins, sacrum, and nates.
                   ' 1. Musculo-cutaneous Branches,
                      to the number of three.  One
                      superior, to the muscles of
                      the abdomen, to the fold of
                      the groin, and the  scrotum:
                      a middle, to the integuments
                      and muscles of the abdomen :
Lumbar Plexus
and an inferior, to the skin
of the  thigh.   2. A gcnilo-
crural branch to the integu-
ments of the scrotum, ihc
groin, anil the thigh. 3. The
crural nerve, to the  integu-
ments  and  muscles of the
thigh, skin  of  the  leg. and
foot. 4. The obturator nerve,
to the muscles at the inner
part of the thigh.   5 The
lumbosacral, to  the sciatic
plexus.  It gives off the glu-
teal  nerve  to  the  glutsei
muscles.
Sacral Nerves.
1st, 2d, 3d, and 4th
  Sacral Pairs......
C Anteri
]  by  t
(  plex
5th and 6tA Pairs
"I
                    Anterior Branches. They form
                         their union  the  sciatic
                        exus.
                    Anterior  Branches.  To  the
                      parts in the vicinity of the
                      coccyx.
The Posterior Branches ramify  on  the muscles and
  integuments of the nates.
                   ' 1. Hemorrhoidal nerves, to the
                      rectum.  2. Vesical,  to  the
                      bladder.  3. Uterine and va-
                      ginal, to  the vagina  and
                      uterus.  4. Inferior gluteal,
                      to the gluteal muscles, peri
                      n.Tum, and integuments of
                      the  posterior part of  the
                      thigh.  5.  Pudic, to the pe-
                      rinieum, penis, or vulva,  6.
                      Sciatic, divided into the ex-
Sciatic Plexus.......\   ternalpopliteal, which rami-
                      fies on the  integuments and
                      muscles of the external side
                      of the leg, on the dorsum of
                      the foot, and the dorsal sur-
                      face of the toes;  and into
                      the internal popliteal, distri-
                      buted on the dorsal surface
                      of the two last  toes, to the
                      muscles  of the foot, and on
                      the  plantar  surface  of all
                      the toes.
  Classifications of the nerves have been recom-
mended  according to their uses, in preference  to
the ordinary anatomical  arrangement.   It has
been remarked that the encephalic nerves have
generally one root;  the  spinal  two.  Now, ex-
periments  and  pathological  facts  have proved,
that the  anterior fasciculus of the narrow and the
anterior  roots of the spinal nerves are inservient
to volition  or  voluntary  motion:  and that the
posterior fasciculus  and  roots are destined for
sensibility.  Hence the spinal nerves, which, have
two roots, must be the conductors both of motion
and feeling; whilst the encephalic, which, with
but few exceptions, have but one, can possess but
one of these properties :—they must be either sen-
sitive or  motive, according as they arise from the
posterior or  anterior fasciculus of the medulla:
and, consequently, three classes of nerves may be
distinguished.

                  f" Arising,  by  a  single  root,
1  c/M„^„            from the posterior fascicu-
L Sen8ory.........i   lus  of  the  medulla oblon-
                  [   gata or spinal marrow.
                  f Arising,  by  a  single  root,
2. 3Iotor............<   from the anterior fascicu-
                  le   lus  of  the same parts.
                  ! Which have  two roots: one
                      from the anterior, and one
                      from the posterior fascicu-
                      lus.

  According to  Sir Charles Bell, the medulla ob-
longata is composed of three  fasciculi on each
side; an anterior, a  middle, and a  poaterior.
AVhilst the  anterior and posterior fasciculi pro-
duce the nerves of motion  and sensation respec-
tively;  the middle,  according  to Sir  Charles,
gives rise to a third set of  nerves—the respira-
tory.  To this order belong:—

1. The  accessory  nerve  of  "Willis, or  superior
    respiratory.
2. The par  vagum.
3. The glosso-pharyngeal.
4. The facial or respiratory of the face.
5. The phrenic.
6. A  nerve which has the same origin as  the
    phrenic;—the external respiratory.

  "When a horse has been hard-ridden, every  one
of these nerves is in action.
  This division is now, however, generally aban-
doned, and  there  does not seem to  be a third
column,  especially destined for respiration.
  Sir C. Bell, again, has  reduced the system of
nerves to two  great classes.   1. Those that  are
regular, primitive, symmetrical,  and  common to
all animals, from the worm to man;  which have
double  roots, and preside over sensibility  and
motion: and,  2.  The  irregular or superadded,
which are added to the preceding, in proportion
as the organization of animals offers new or more
complicated organs.  To the first class belong all
the spinal  nerves  and one encephalic—the  5th 
NERVES
595
NERVES
pair;—to  the second, the rest of the  nervous
system.
  Dr.  Marshall nail has proposed a division of
the  nervous system, which is  calculated to ex-
plain many of the anomalous circumstances we
so frequently witness.  He proposes to divide all
the  nerves into, 1. The  cerebral or the  sentient
and voluntary.  2. The true apinal or excito-mo-
tory.  3. The ganglionic  or  cyclo-ganglionic,—
the  nutrient and secretory.  If the sentient and
voluntary  functions be destroyed by a blow upon
the  head, the sphincter muscles will still contract
when irritated, because the irritation is  conveyed
to the spine, and the reflex action takes place to
the  muscle so as to throw it into contraction. But
if the spinal marrow  be now  destroyed, the
sphincters remain entirely motionless, because
the  centre of the  systom is destroyed.  Dr. Hall
tliinks that a peculiar set of nerves constitutes,
with the true spinal marrow  as  their axis, the
second subdivision of the  nervous system; and
as those of tho first subdivision are distinguished
into sentient  and voluntary, these may be distin-
guished  into  the  excitor and motory.   The firat,
or the excitor nerves, pursue their course princi-
pally from internal surfaces, characterized by pe-
culiar excitabilities, to the true medulla oblongata
and medulla spinalis; the second, or the motor
nerves, pursue a reflex course from  the medulla
to the muscles, having peculiar  actions concerned
principally in ingestion and egestion.   The mo-
tions  connected with the first or cerebral subdi-
vision are sometimes, indeed frequently, sponta-
neous;  those connected with the true spinal are,
he believes, always excited.  Dr. Hall thinks, too,
that there is  good reason  for viewing  the  fifth,
and posterior spinal nerves as constituting  an
external ganglionic system for the nutrition of
the external organs; and he proposes  to divide
the ganglionic subdivision of the nervous system
into, 1. The internal ganglionic, which includes
that usually denominated  the  sympathetic, and
probably  filaments  of  the pneumogastric; and,
2. The  external ganglionic, embracing the fifth
and posterior spinal nerves.  To the cerebral sys-
tem he assigns all  diseases of sensation, percep-
tion, judgment, and volition—therefore all pain-
ful, mental, and comatose, and some  paralytic
diseases.   To  the  true  spinal,  excito-motory,
reflex, or  diastaltic nervoua eyatem, belong  all
spasmodic and  certain paralytic  diseases.  He
properly adds, that these  two  parts of the ner-
vous system influence each other both in health
and disease, as  they both influence the ganglio-
nic system.
  The main views of Dr. Hall on the excito-mo-
tory function have  been generally  embraced.
  The following tabular view of the arrangement
and connexions of the nerves and nervous centres
is given by Dr. Carpenter.
Tabular View of  the Nervous Centres.
Afferent  fibres  derived
                       f                Cerebral Ganglia,
Afferent  fibres  derived | the seat of the formation of Ideas, and the instrument
from Sensory Ganglia; ef- J of the Reasoning processes and Will; participating also
ferent fibres  transmitted"] with the Sensory Ganglia in the formation of the Emo-
to motor centres.          tions; and thus the original source of Voluntary and  I to motor centres
                       [E
Emotional movements.
Afferent  fibres   derived A                                                  f Afferent  fibres  derived
from posterior column of                 Cerebellic Ganglia,                  from posterior column of
spinal cord; efferent fibres !> for harmonization of muscular actions; including also < spinal cord; efferent fibrea
transmitted into posterior       tlie ganglionic centre of the sexual sense (?).      | transmitted  into  motor
column.               J                                                  l column.
                                       Cranio-Spinal Axis,
                                           or centre of
                                        Automatic actions;
                                            including—
Radiating fibres to Cere- "1                                                  f Radiating fibres to Cere-
bral Ganglia;—Nerves of                  Sensory Ganglia,                  j bral Ganglia;—Nerves of
Common and .Special Sen- I the seat of Sensation, and centre of Consensual (or In- J Common and Special Sen-
sation ; — Motor  nerves f stinctive) movements, or of Automatic actions involving  | sation; — Motor   nerves
forming  part of general  sensation.                                         | forming part of general
motor system.          J                 ________________                  ( motor system.
   Afferent
  and motor
   nerves of
 Respiration,
Deglutition, &c.
      Respiratory
         and
    Stomato-Gastrio
       Ganglia,
   forming the true
     centres of the
  Medulla Oblongata;
 instruments of Reflex
 movements or automa-
tic actions independent of
       sensation.
'IS
   Afferent
   and motor
   nerves of
  Respiration,
Deglutition, &c.
   Afferent
  ninl motor
fibres, forming
  Trunks of
Spinal Nerves.
3 2 ^ "'
'i I" = S- a
si I
      Spinal
   Qaxolion, or
 True Spinal Cord,
  consisting of a
 coalesced scries of
 segmental ganglia,
    the instru-
  ments of Reflex
 operations, or Au-
 tomatic actions in-
dependent of Sensa-
      tion.
? =' -
° S <S

£a"7a
   Afferent
  and motor
fibres, forming
  Trunks of
Spinal Nerves. 
                  NERVES                 51

  The nerves are covered  and  united  to the
neighbouring parts by an abundant layer of fatty
areolar texture, which sends, inwards, prolonga-
tions that separate the  nervous cords  and fila-
ments  from each  other.   The arterial trunks,
which furnish them, transmit branches into their
interior.   The veins  follow  the same course as
the arteries.  Absorbents are  not easily traced
even on the greatest trunks.
  Nerve, Accf.ssory, of "Willis, Spinal nerve
— n. Articular, Axillary nerve — n.  Buccinator,
Buccal nerve—n. Cells, see Neurine—n. Femoral
cutaneous, see Genito-crural nerve—n. Femoro-
popliteal, lesser, Sciatic  nerve, lesser.
  Nerve Fibres, Fila  ner'vea, Tu'buli ner'vei,
Fibra ner'vea.  The  minute  fibrils  or tubules,
full of nervous matter, that constitute the nerves.
There is  a difference between the central and pe-
ripheral portion :—the former has been called the
axis cylinder and primitive band ; the latter, the
medullary or lohite substance of Schicann,—being
that to which the peculiarly white aspect of ce-
rebrospinal nerves is principally due.
  Nerve, Genital, see Genito-crural nerve—n.
Genito-crural, see Genito-crural nerve — n. Glu-
teal of the Sacral plexus, Sciatic nerve, lesser—
n. Gustatory, Hypoglossal nerve — n. Inguinal,
internal,  Genito-crural  nerve — n. of Jacobson,
see Petrosal ganglion—n. Lateral nasal, Spheno-
palatine nerve—n. Lingual, Hypoglossal nerve—
n. Naso-ocularis, Nasal  nerve — n. Nasopalpe-
bral, Nasal nerve—n.  Orbito-frontal,  Ophthalmic
nerve — n. Ocular, Optic nerve — n. of Organic
life, Trisplanchnic nerve—n.  Palpebro-frontal,
Frontal  nerve — n.  Popliteal internal,   Tibial
nerve, posterior—n. Power, Nervous power—n.
Respiratory, of the face, Facial nerve—n. Respi-
ratory, superior, Spinal nerve—n. Scapulohu-
meral, Axillary nerve — n. Scrotal,  see Genito--
crural nerve—n. Spiral,  Radial nerve—n. Spiral,
muscular, Radial nerve — n. Sub-occipital,  Occi-
pital nerve—n. Sub-pubian, Genito-crural nerve
— n. Superficial temporal, Auricular nerve — n.
Sympathetic, Trisplanchnic  nerve—n. Temporal
cutaneous, Auricular nerve — n.  Ulnar, Cubital
nerve—n. Vidian, Pterygoid nerve—n. of "Wris-
berg, see  Cutaneous  nerves—n. Zygomato-auri-
cular, Auricular nerve.
  NERVES, COSTAL,  Intercostal  nerves —n.
Dorsal, Intercostal nerves — n. Eighth pair  of,
Pneumogastric—n. Encephalic, first pair, Olfac-
tory nerves—n. Encephalic, eleventh pair, Spinal
nerves—n. Ethmoidal, Olfactory nerves—n. Fifth
pair,  Trigemini —n. Fourth pair of, Patheticus
nervus — n. Infra-orbitar, Sub-orbitar nerves—n.
Ninth pair of, Hypoglossal nerve—n. Oculo-mus-
cular, common, Motores oculorum — n. Phrenic,
Diaphragmatic nerves—n. Recurrent, Laryngeal
inferior nerves—n. Sixth pair of, Motor oculi ex-
ternus—n. Spinal, Vertebral  nerves —n. Tenth
pair of, Pneumogastric — ji. Third pair of, Moto-
res oculorum.
  NERVI ACROMIALES, Acromial  nerves —
n. Anonymi, Innominati nervi—n. Claviculares,
Clavicular nerves—n. Cutanei clunium inferiores,
see Sciatic nerve, lesser—n. Divisi, Trigemini__
n. Entobamontes, Afferent nerves—n. Gustatorii,
Trigemini.
  Nervi Molles.  ' Soft nerves.' The anterior
branches of the superior cervical ganglion of the
great sympathetic, which  accompany the carotid
artery and its branches, around which they form
intricate  plexuses, and, here  and  there, small
ganglia.   They are called molles from their soft-
ness, and eubru'fl, from  their reddish hue.
  Nervi Odoratorii, Olfactory nerves — n. Re-
versivi, Laryngeal inferior nerves — n.  Subrufl,
Nervi molles—n. Vulneratio, Neurotrosis.
J6                 NERVUS

   NERVINE,  Nervi'nus,  N< urot'ic,  Neurit'ic,
 Antineurotic,  Antineuropath' ic.    A  medicine
 which acts on the nervous system.
   NERVOUS,  Nervo'sus,  Neuro'des,  Ner'rcus,
 Nedricua.  Relating or belonging to the nerves.
 Strong.  Also, weak, irritable.
   Nervous Attack, (F.) Attoque dea nerf a, is an
 affection accompanied with spasm, pain, and dif-
 ferent  nervous  symptoms,  to  which impressible
 individuals are liable.
   Nervous Centres, see  Centres, nervous.
   Nervous Diath'esis is termed Atox'io spiri-
 tuum, Anomdlia nervo'rum, Statua nervo'sus, S.
 erethit'icua, Diath'eaia nervo'ao, Constitu'tio ner-
 vo'sa, Nervousneea.  Medically, nervouancaa means
 unusual impressibility  of  the nervous  system.
 Formerly, it signified strength, force, and vigour.
 Recently, it has been applied to  a hypochondri-
 acal condition verging  upon  insanity, occasion-
 ally occurring in those in whom the  brain has
 been unduly tasked;—a condition termed by some
 cerebrop'athy ;  by others,  brain-fag.
   Nervous Diseases,  Morbi nervo'ai, (F.) Ma-
 ladies  nerveuses.  Affections seated in the ner-
 vous system.   To  purely functional disease of
 the  nerves, Dr.  Laycock has given  the name
 neura'mia, and to the class of diseases he applies
 the epithet neura'mic.
   Nervous Fluid, Nervous principle, Flu'idum
 ner'veum, Liq'uidum  nerveum, Succus nerve us,
 Spir'itus vito'lis.   The fluid which is supposed
 to circulate through the nerves, and which has
 been regarded as the agent of sensation and mo-
 tion.  Of this fluid we know nothing, except that
 it resembles, in many  respects,  the  electric or
 galvanic.   It was formerly called  Animal spirits,
 Spir'itus anima'les, (¥.) Esprita animaux.
   Nervous Pain,  Neuralgia.
   Nervous Power, Nerve power,  Via nervo'sa.
 seu  nervo'rum, Neurodyndmia,  Neurody'namis.
 The power of the  nerves as exhibited in the liv-
 ing organism.
   Nervous Principle, N. fluid.
   Nervous System.  The nerves of the human
 body considered collectively.  See Nerves.
   Nervous System of the  Automatic Func-
 tions,  Trisplanchnic nerve — n. System, gangli-
 onic, see Trisplanchnic nerve — n. System,  or-
 gauic,  see Trisplanchnic nerve—n. System of the
 senses,  Medulla oblongata—n. System of volun-
 tary motion, <fec, Medulla spinalis.
   NERVOUSNESS, Nervous diathesis.
   NERVUS, see Nerve, Penis—n. Ambulatorius,
 Pneumogastric nerve — n. Anonymus,  Trigemini
 n. Caroticfls, Carotid nerve — n. Cervico-facialis,
 Cervico-facial  nerve — n. Communicans faciei,
 Facial nerve — n.  Cutaneus internus, see Saphe-
 nous nerves — n. Cutaneus  internus longus,  see
 Saphenous nerves—n. Decimus, Pneumogastric__
 n. Genito-cruralis, Cenito-crural nerve.
   Nervus Impar.  A prolongation of the neuri-
 lemma  below the  lower extremity of  the spinal
 cord, as a fibrous filament, which is inserted into
 the base of the coccyx.  It was formerly regarded
 as a nerve:—hence its name.
   Nervus Incisivus, Incisive nerve — n. Inno-
 minatus Trigemini—n. Ischiadicus, Sciatic nerve
 —n. Juvenilis, menis—n. Latus, Achillis tendo—
 n. Lingualis lateralis, Pharyngo-glossal nerve —
 n.  Lingualis  Pedius,  Hypoglossal nerve — n.
 Lumbo-inguinalis,  Genito-crural nerve—n. Mix-
 tus, Trigemini — n. Museuli pterygoidei, Ptery-
 goid nerve — n. Naso-ciliaris, Nasal  nerve — n.
 Opticus, Optic nerve—n. Pneumogastricus, Pneu-
 mogastric— n. Pudendus  externus, see Genito-
 crural  nerve—n. Quintus,  Trigemini—n. Sperma-
 ticus, see Genito-crural nerve—n. Subeutaneus
16 
NESTIA
597
NEURALGIA
 mala;, Orbitar nerve — n. Sympathetica medius,
 Trigemini,  Pneumogastric — n.  Sympathetica
 minor, Facial nerve — n.  Sympathicus  medius,
 Trigemini — n. Temporo-facialis, Temporo-facial
 nervc—n. Timidus, Motor oculi externus—n. Tre-
 mellus,  Trigemini — n.  Trochlearis,  Patheticus
 nervus—n.  Vagus cum accessorio, Spinal nerve.
   NESTIA, Jejunum.
   NESTIATRIA, Limotherapeia.
   NESTIS, Jejunum.
   NESTITIIERAPEIA, Limotherapeia.
   N ESTOTIIERAPEIA, Limotherapeia.
   NESTROOT, Monotropa uniflora.
   NETLEAF, Goodyera pubescens.
   NETTLE, ARCHANGEL, WHITE, Lamium
 album — n. Dead,  Lamium  album, L. amplexi-
 caule—n. Dwarf, Urtica urens—n. Hedge, Gale-
 opsis— n. Pill-bearing,  Urticaria pilulifera — n.
 Rash, Urticaria—n. Stinging, common, Urtica.
   NETAVORT, Goodyera pubescens.
   NEURADYNAMIA, Neurasthenia.
   NEUR/EAIIA, see  Nervous diseases.
   NEURiEMIC, see  Nervous diseases.
   NEURAL; from vtvpov, 'a nerve.'  Relating
 to a nerve or to the nervous system.
   Neural  Arch.  The arch formed  by the pos-
 terior projections connected with the  body of the
 vertebra, which protect  the medulla.
   Neural  Axis,  see Encephalon — n. Spines,
 Spinous processes.
   NEURAL'GIA,  from  vtvpov,  'a nerve,' and
 aXyos, ' pain.'   Rheumatia'mua spu'rius nervo'sus,
 Ncuroilyn'io,  (F.)  Nenrdlgie, Nivrodynie,  Ner-
 vous pain.  A generic name for a certain number
 of diseases,  the chief symptom of which is a very
 acute  pain,  exacerbating or intermitting, which
 follows the  course of a nervous branch, extends
 to its ramifications, and seems, therefore, to  be
 seated  in the nerve.  The  principal neuralgias
 have been distinguished by the names facial (of
 which the  infra-orbitar, maxillary,  and frontal
 are but divisions)—the ilio-scrotal, femora-popli-
 teal, femoro-pretibial, plantar, and cubito-digital.
 A division of  anomalous neuralgias has likewise
 been admitted.
   All varieties of neuralgia are obstinate, and the
 greatest diversity of  means has been made use
 of: — bleeding, general and local,—emetics, pur-
 gatives,  rubefacients,  vesicants,  actual  cautery,
 narcotics, mercurial   frictions,  electricity;  de-
 struction of a, portion of the nerve, <fec.  The
 most successful remedy, perhaps, is the carbo-
 nate of iron, given in  doses of some magnitude;
 as, for instance, 3SS or 3'j> twice or thrice a day,
 in molasses.  This plan of treatment, continued
 for a month or  two, will  generally relieve, and
 ultimately remove  this much dreaded affection.
 The mode in which it acts is by no means clear;
 but it is almost as certain as any other remedy
 used in disease in producing its  salutary effects.
 The bowels must be  kept  free ;  and  all inflam-
 matory symptoms removed  during its adminis-
 tration.
   Neural'gia, Anom'alous. Under this name
 Chaussier has included different neuroses,  some
 of which are characterized  by acute pains circum-
 scribed within a short compass, or extending by
 irradiations, but not  having their  seat in the
 course of a  nerve; and others which are occa-
 sioned by tumours in the course of  a nerve, or
 which succeed contusions or incomplete divisions
 of nerves.
  Ni.uualgia Brachialis, Brachialgia—n. Bra-
 chio-thoracica, Angina pectoris — n. Cruralis, N.
 feuioro-tibialis.
  Nei ualgia Cu'bito-digitalis,  Is'chias ner-
vo'sa digitdlis.  In this variety the pain extends
from the part where the nerve passes under the
inner condyle to the back of the hand and to its
cubital edge.
  Neuralgia Dentalis, Odontalgia nervosa.
  Neuralgia, Fa'cial,  Neuralgia fa'ciei, Tris-
mus maxilldrie, T. Dolorif'icua, Opaiol'gio, Do-
lor  cru'eiana faciei,  Hemiera'nia  idiopath'ica,
Autal'gia dolordsa, Tic douloureux, Dolor faciei,
Dolor faciei typ'ico characte're, D. F. Fothergilli,
Trismus clon'icue,  T. dolorif'icua, Rheumatis'mus
cancro'sua,  Rhematia'mua lorvdtus, Prosopu/'gio,
Prosopodyn'io, Dolor faciei period'icus,  Febris
top'ica,  Ophthalmodynia  pjeriod'ica,  Tortdra
Oris, Affectua spasmodico-convulai'rus Labio'rum,
is characterized by acute lancinating pains, re-
turning at intervals; and by twinges in certain
parts of the face, producing convulsive twitches
in the corresponding muscles.  It may be seated
in the frontal nerve, in the infra-orbitar, or in the
maxillary branch of the  fifth pair.
  Metopodydia, Brow-ague, Neural'gia fronta'-
lis,  Ophthalmodynia, Tic douloureux, Dolor pe-
riod'icita, &c., commences at the superciliary fora-
men and extends  along the ramifications of the
frontal nerve that are distributed on the forehead,
upper  eyelid,  caruncula lacrymalis,  and  nasal
angle of the eyelids.   Sometimes it is felt parti-
cularly in the orbit.
  Neuralgia infra-orbitd ria, Dolor faciei atrox,
Rheumatis'mus cancro'eus, Trismus clon'icua, Pro-
aopal'gia, Febria top'ica, Odontal'gia remit'tens
et intermit'tena, Hemiera'nia sava, Infra-orbitar
neuralgia,  Tic douloureux, is chiefly  felt  in the
infra-orbitar foramen, whence it passes  to the
cheek, upper lip, ala nasi, lower eyelid, &c.
  In Neuralgia maxilla'ria, GnathaVgia, Gnatho-
neural'gia, Tic douloureux, Triamua catarrha'lis
moxillaris,  the  pain  usually sets out from the
mental foramen and passes to the chin, lips, tem-
ple, teeth, and tongue.
  Neuralgia, False.  A term assigned to pains
along a nerve or  its ramifications, produced by
some body compressing it,—those pains termina-
ting with the removal of the compressing cause.
  Neuralgia Fem'oro-poplita:'a, Sciot'ica,
Schias, Malum iachiad'icum, Morbus iachiad'icua,
Passio iachiad'ica, lachiagra, Iachial'gia, Ischio'-
si's, Coxal'gio,  Neural'gia  Iachiadica,  Dolor Ia-
chiad'icua  nervo'sus,  la'chiaa nervo'aa Cotugnii
vel Cotunnii, Neurisch'ias,  Ischias nervo'aa pos-
ti'ca, la'chiaa, Cox'agra, Ischias  rheumat'icum,
Ischiat'ica, Iachoneural'gia, (F.) Sciatique, Goutte
aeiatique.  This is characterized by pain follow-
ing the  great sciatic nerve  from  the ischiatic
notch to the ham, and along the peroneal surface
of the leg to the sole of the foot.
  Neuralgia Fem'oro-praitibia'lis, N. crural,
Ischias nervo'sa anti'ca, Scelal'gia anti'ca.  In
this, the pain, setting out from the groin, spreads
along the fore part of the thigh, and passes down,
chiefly, on the inner side of the leg, to the inner
ankle and back of the foot.
  Neuralgia op the Heart, Angina pectoris—
n. Hepatica, Hepatalgia.
  Neuralgia Ilio-Scrotal has been rarely ob-
served.  It is characterized by a very acute pain,
in the course of the branches of the first lumbar
pair; this pain follows the crista ilii and accom-
panies the spermatic vessels to the testicle, which
is often painfully retracted.
  Neuralgia, Lead, see Lead rheumatism — n.
Lienis, Splenalgia.
  Neural'gia Mamma:, irritable breast.  An ex-
ceedingly painful affection of the female mamma,
unaccompanied by inflammation.
  Neuralgia Planta'ris.   This is  rare;  and
the  pain  is confined to the course of the plantar
nerves. 
NEURASTHENIA
598
NEVRINE
  Neuralgia Renvji, Nephralgia — n. Spinalis,
Spinal irritation—n. Testis, Orchidalgia.
  NEURASTHENFA,  Neuradyna'mia,  Debil'-
itaa nervo'aa.   Debility  or impaired activity of
the nerves; from vtvpov, 'a nerve,' and aaStvtta,
'debility.'—See Irritable.
  NEURICUS, Nervous.
  NEURILEMM'A,  Neurilc'ma, Neurily'ma,
Nedrymen, Perineu'rion,  Fis'tula seu Tu'bulus
seu  Cap'sula  seu  Involdcrum nervo'rum, Mem-
bra'na seu Membran'ula seu Tu'nica  seu Indu-
men'tum  nerro'rnm,  Vagi'na  nervo'rum;  (F.)
Nirrilemme; from  vtvpov,  'a nerve,' and Xtppa,
'a coat.'   The fine transparent,  and apparently
fibrous membrane that surrounds the nerves—to
every filament of which  it  forms a true canal.
  NEURILEMMATITIS, Neurilemmitis.
  NEURILEMMI'TIS, Neurilemmati'tis, Neu-
rolemmati'tis,  Neuri/i'tia,  (F.)  Ncerilcmmite.
Same etymon.  Inflammation of the neurilemma.
  NEURILITIS, Neurilemmitis.
  NEURILYMA,  Neurilemma.
  NEURINE, Medull'a nervo'rum, (F.) Nivrine.
The substance of  which the nervous system is
composed.   It consists chiefly of albumen and a
peculiar fatty matter, associated with phosphorus.
There are two kinds of neurine—the one veaicu-
lar or consisting essentially of nerve  veaiclea or
nerve cella  or  corpuscles, or, as they  are some-
times called, from their prevailing in the ganglia
—ganglion corpnsclea and ganglion globulea;  the
other, the tubular;  formed—as the word imports
— of tubules.   The former is  the cineritioua or
cortical nervous matter of the older anatomists;—
the latter, the white or medullary.  The vesicular
neurine appears to be concerned  in the  produc-
tion and distribution of nerve-power; the tubular,
in its conduction.
  NEURISCHIAS, Neuralgia femoro-poplitasa.
  NEURITIC, Nervine.
  NEURI'TIS, Inflamma'tio nervo'rum,  Neuro-
phlogo'ais,  Neurophleg'mone, (F.) Inflammation
des  Nerfs,  Nevrite, from vtvpov,  ' a nerve,' and
itis, a suffix denoting  inflammation.  Inflamma-
tion of a nervo.
  NEUROBLACI'A, from vtvpov, 'a nerve,' and
QXaKtta, ' stupor.'   Insensibility of the  nerves.
  NEUROCHONDRO'DES, from vtvpov, 'a si-
new,' %oi>Spos, 'a  cartilage,'  and  ttSos,  'resem-
blance.'  A hard substance between a  sinew and
a cartilage.
  NEURODES, Nervous.
  NEURODYNAMIA, Nervous power.
  NEURODYNAMIS, Nervous power.
  NEURODYNIA, Neuralgia.
  NEUROGAMIA, Magnetism, animal.
  NEUROG'RAPHY, Neurogroph'ia; from vtv-
pov, 'a nerve,' and  ypatj,r/, 'a description.'  The
part of anatomy which describes the nerves.
  NEURO-HYPNOTISM, see Magnetism, ani-
mal.
  NEUROLEMAIATITIS, Neurilemmitis.
  NEUROL'OGY, Neurolog"ia, (F.) Nivrologie,
from vtvpov, 'a nerve,' and Xoyos,  'a discourse.'
That part of anatomy which treats of the  nerves.
  NEURO'MA,  (F.) Nivrome, from  vtvpov,  'a
nerve.'  A  morbid  enlargement of a nerve.  Ap-
plied to subcutaneous, circumscribed, and highly
painful  tumours formed  on the  tissue  of  the
nerves; and likewise to  small, hard, grayish tu-
mours of the size of a pea,  which  are observed in
the course of nerves, and appear to be  formed
from the neurilemma.
  NEUROMALA'CIA ;  from vtvpov, 'a  nerve,'
and uaXaKtn, 'softeninc'   Softening of nerves.
  NEUROMETRES, Psoae.
  NEUROATYELI'TIS, from  vtvpov,  'a nerve,'
pvtXos, 'marrow,' and itis, denotinginflammation.
Inflammation  of  the  medullary  mutter  of the
nerves.
  NEURON, see Nerve.
  NEURON'OSOS, Nruronu'sos, from vtvpov, 'a
nerve,' and voaos, ' a disease.'  A disease of the
nerves.
  NEURONYG'ME, Neuronyg'mua, Ncuronyx'ia,
from  vtvpov, 'a nerve,' and  vvypn, 'puncture;'
Punc'tio nervi.  Puncture of a nerve.
  NEUROPATH'IC, Ncuropath'icua, from vtvpov,
'a nerve,' and ttaQos, ' a disease.'  Belonging to
disease  of the nerves,  to  Neuropathi'a or  Ncu-
ron'0808.
  NEUROPHLEGMONE, Neuritis.
  NEUROPHLOGOSIS, Neuritis.
  NEUROPLAS'TY,  Neuroplaa'tice,  (F.)  Niv-
roplaatie, from vtvpov,  'a nerve,' and nXaoriKos,
' forming.'  M. Serres  applies this term to a gan-
glionary alteration of the peripheral nerves.
  NEUROPYRA, Fever, nervous, Typhus mitior.
  NEUROPYRETUS, Fever, nervous,  Typhus
mitior.
  NEURO'SES,  (F.)  Nivroaea,  from vtvpov, 'a
nerve.'  A  generic  name for diseases supposed
to have their  seat in the nervous  system,  and
which are indicated by disordered sensation, vo-
lition, or mental manifestation; without any evi-
dent  lesion in the  structure of the parts,  and
without any  material  agent  producing them.
Such is the usual definition.  Broussais attributes
them  to a state of irritation of the brain and spi-
nal marrow.
  NEURO-SKELETON, see Skeleton.
  NEUROSPASMI, see Spasm.
  NEUROSTHENI'A, (F.) Nieroathinie,  from
vtvpov, ' a nerve,' and cQtvtia, ' strength.'  Excess
of nervous irritation.  Nervous irritation.
  NEUROTHELIC APPARATUS, Corpus pa-
pillare.
  NEUROTIC, Nervine.
  NEUROTTCA.  Diseases of the nervous func-
tion.  The 4th class of Good's Nosology.
  NEUROTOME, Neurot'omua;  from vtvpov,
' a nerve,' and repvio,  ' I cut,'  ' I dissect.'  An
instrument used  by anatomists  to dissect the
nerves.  It is  a long  and very  narrow scalpel,
having two edges.
  NEUROT'OMY, Neurotom'ia, (F.) Nivrotomie.
Same etymon.   Dissection of the nerves.  Also,
an incised wound of a nerve.
  NEUROTRO'SIS, Neurotros'mns, from vtvpov,
'a nerve,'and rpwats, 'wounding.'  Nervi vulne-
ra'tio.  AVound or wounding of a nerve.
  NEUROTROSMUS, Neurotrosis.
  NEURYMEN, Neurilemma.
  NEUTA, Ncutha.   A membrane, according to
Paracelsus, which covers the eyes and  ears of the
foetus in utero.
  NEUTRAL, from neuter, 'neither.'  Belonging
to neither in particular.
  Neutral  Salts, Sec'ondary salts, (F.)  Seta
neutres.  Salts, composed of two primitive saline
substances, combined together, and not  possess-
ing the characters of acid or of base.
  NEVIS, MINERAL AVATERS OF.  Thermal
springs in  the department  of  Allier,  France.
Temperature, 136° to  148° Fahrenheit.
  NEVRALGIE, Neuralgia—n. du Foie, Hepa-
talgia^—n. dea Reins, Nephralgia—n. de I'Utirus,
Hysteralgia.
  NEVRILEMME, Neurilemma.
  NEVR1LEMMITE, Neurileinmitis.
  NEVRINE, Neurine. 
nSvrite
599
NITRAS
  NEVRITE, Neuritis.
  NEVRODYNIE, Neuralgia.
  N A; VR 01,0 GIE, Neurology.
  NEVROME, Neuroma.
  NEVROSE DU C'EUR, Angina pectoris.
  NE VR OSES, Neuroses.
  NE VllOSTHENIE, Neurasthenia.
  NE VR 0 TOME, Neurotome.
  NlSVROTOMIE, Neurotomy.
  NEVUS, Nsevus.
  XKW JERSEY, MINERAL WATERS  OF.
In  the upper part of Morris county and in the
county of Hunterdon, near the top of Musconet-
cong mountain, there  are  chalybeate  springs,
which are resorted to.  See Schooley's Mountain.
  NEAV  YORK,  MINERAL AVATERS   OF.
Tho chief waters are those of Ballston, Saratoga,
and Sharon.
  NEXUS STAMINEUS OCULI,  Ciliary body.
  NEZ, Nasus.
  NIANDRIA ANOMALA, Anisodus luridus.
  NICARAGUA WOOD, see Cassalpinia.
  NICE, CLIMATE OF.   The climate of Nice
possesses  some advantages  over  the neighbour-
ing climates  of  Provence and Italy,  being free
from  the sirocco  of the latter, and protected
from the  mistral of the former.  Spring is the
most unfavourable season.  The  climate is very
dry.  It has  been a great winter retreat for the
consumptive;  but does not deserve  the enco-
miums that have been passed upon it.
  NK'KAR TREE, Gymnocladus Canadensis.
  NICODE'MI  O'LEUM,  Oil of Nieoele'mua.
An oil made by digesting, for  some time,—in a
mixture of white wine and olive oil,—old turpen-
tine, litharge, aloes, saffron, oxyd of zinc, <fcc.
  NICOTIANA, N. tabacum—n. Minor, N. rus-
ticu.
  Nicotia'na  Rus'tica, called after Nicot, who
carried it to Europe; N. minor, Priopci'o, Ilyos-
cy'omus  lu'teua, Engliah  Tobacco.   Tho leaves
possess the properties of tobacco, but are milder.
  Nicotiana Tab'acum,  Nicotia'na,  Herba ta-
baci, Tabacum, Petum,  Petun,  Hyoacy'amua Pe-
rurio'iius, Tobacco, Virgin'ia tobacco, (F.) Tabac,
Nicotiane.  Tobacco  is a violent acro-narcotic;
its properties  seeming to depend upon a peculiar
principle, Nicotin or Nicotianin.  It is narcotic,
sedative, diuretic, emetic, cathartic,  and errhine.
In incarcerated hernia, it is injected, in the form
of smoke or infusion, but requires great caution.
It is extensively and habitually used  as an errhine
and sialogogue.  The infusion is used to kill ver-
min, and in some cutaneous eruptions.
  NICOTIANE, Nicotiana  tabacum.
  NICOTIANIN, see Nicotiana tabacum.
  NICOTIN, see Nicotiana  tabacum.
  NICTATIO, Hippus, Nictatio.
  NICTA'TION, Nicta'tio,  Nictita'tio, from nic-
tarc, ' to wink.'  Clonus nictita'tio, Blepharism'us,
Palpebra'tio,  Twinkling of the eye, (F.) Clignote-
ment,  Cligncment,  Cillement,  Souris.  A rapid
and repeated  movement  of the  eyelids, which
open and shut alternately.   As occasionally per-
formed, it is physiological; if repeatedly, a dis-
ease.  It, seems to be  executed  chiefly  by the
motor 7th pair of nerves ; but it is necessary that
tho excitor 5th pair should likewise be in a state
of integrity.
  NIDA.AIENTUM, Decidua.
  Nil)OREI N, Nidorous.
  NI'DOROUS, Nidordsus, (F.) Nidoreux, from
Nidio-,  Cm'ssa,  'the smell of any thing burnt,'
&c. Having the smell of burnt or corrupt animal
matter.
  NIDUS, Nidus hirundinis.
  NlDUS  Hirun'dinis,  Nidus, Swallows' Neat,
A deep fossa in the cerebellum — so called from
its fancied resemblance—situate between the ve-
lum medullare posterius in front, and the  nodu-
lus and uvula behind.
  NIEDERBRONN, MINERAL WATERS OF.
Saline waters in the department of  Bas-Rhin,
France, which contain  chloride  of  sodium, sul-
phate of magnesia,  and carbonic acid.
  N1ELLE, Nigella.
  NIGELLA, Coptis.
  Nigel'la, N. Sati'vo, Mclan'thium, Cumi'num
Nigrum, Fennel flower,  Nutmeg flower, Devil in
a buah, (F.) Nigelle, Nielle.  This small southern
European  and Syrian plant was formerly used
medicinally as an expectorant and  deobstruent,,
errhine, sialogogue, &c.
  NIGELLE, Nigella.
  NIGHT-BLINDNESS, Hemeralopia.
  NIGHT EYES, Crusta genu equinas—n. Mare,
Incubus.
  NIGHTSHADE, AMERICAN,   Phytolacca
decandra—n. Bittersweet, Solanum  dulcamara—
n. Common, Solanum — n. Deadly, Atropa bella-
donna — n. Enchanter's,  Circasa  Lutetiana — n.
Garden, Solanum — n. Palestine,  Solanum sanc-
tum— n. Stinking, Ilyoscyamus niger—n. Vine,
Solanum dulcamara — n.  Woody, Solanum dul-
camara.      N
  NIGREDO A SOLE, Ephelides.
  NIGRITA, Negro.
  NIGRITIES,  Melanopathia —n. Ossium,  Ca-
ries.
  NIGRITISM, Melanopathia.
  NIGRITUDO, Melanosis—n. Pulmonum, Me-
lanosis pulmonum.
  NIGROMANTIA, Necromancy.
  NIGROR, Melasma.
  NIGRUM  OCULI, Pupil.
  NIHIL ALBUM, Zinci oxydum—n. Griseum,
Zinci oxydum.
  NILIACUM, Mel.
  NINDSIN, Sium ninsi.
  NINE-DAY FITS, Trismus nascentium.
  NINSI, Sium  ninsi.
  NINSING, Panax quinquefolium.
  NINZIN, Sium ninsi.
  NIPPLE, Sax.  nypele.  The  Teat, Tit, Dug,
Pap, Acromas'tium,  Uber, Staph'ylis, Staphyl'-
i»ni, Bubona,  Mammil'la, Mammel'la, Papil'la,
Thele, Tit'the,   Titthoa,  Tit'thion,  Titthia, (F.)
Mo melon.   The  conical tubercle, situate  at  the
centre  of  the breast.  Towards the  central part
of each breast the  skin changes colour, and  as-
sumes a rosy tint in young females, or a reddish
brown  in  those who have suckled  several chil-
dren.  The circle is called the Areola or Aureola
of the nipple.  The nipple is capable of erection
on being excited.
  NIPPLEAVORT, Lapsana.
  NIRLES, Herpes exedens.
  NISUS, Nixus, Peira,  Straining, from Lat.
nitor, 'to endeavour.'  A  voluntary  retention  of
the breath, so as to force  down the  diaphragm;
the abdominal muscles  being at  the same time
contracted forcibly.  In this manner  the contents
of the abdomen are compressed; and tire evacua-
tion of the faeces, urine, <fec, is effected.
  Nisus, Effort — n. Formativus,  Plastic force.
  Nisrs Parturientium.  The efforts or forcing
during parturition.
  NITEDULA. Cicindela.
  NITON, MINERAL  AVATERS  OF.    These
springs in the Isle of AVight contain iron, and
sulphate of alumina and potassa.
  NITRAS KALICUM. Potassas  nitras—n. Lix-
ivias, Potassa; nitras—n. Natricum, Soda, nitrate
of—n. Plumbicus, Plumbi  nitras — n. Potassae 
NITRATE
600
NOISETTE
cum sulphure fusus, Potassas nitras fusus sul-
phatis  paucillo  mixtus — n. Sub-bismuthicum,
Bismuth, sub-nitrate of.
  NI'TRATE, Nitras.   A salt, formed of a base
and nitric aeid.  Several nitrates are employed
in medicine.
  NITRATE D'AMMONIAQUE,  Ammonias
nitras — n. D'Argent, Argenti nitras.
  NITRE, Potassas nitras — n. Cubic, Soda, ni-
trate of.
  NITRIC ACID, Acidum  ni'tricum, A. azo'ti-
cum, A. sep/ticum,  A. nitri, Aqua fortis, Nitrous
acid, Spir'itus nitri duplex, Sjj. nitri fumans, Sp.
nitri  Glaube'ri,  Azot'ic  acid,  Dephlogisticated
nitrous  acid,  Oxyaepton'ic acid,  Spir'itus  nitri
ac"idus, (F.) Acide nitrique.  Nitric  acid is ob-
tained from nitre—Nitrate of potaaaa. Its odour
is suffocating; taste very acid and caustic.  It is
corrosive,  liquid,  colourless, and transparent.
S. g. 1-500.
  Strong  nitric  acid is rarely used except as  an
application to foul, indolent ulcers, or to warts.
"When given  internally, it is in  the  form of the
Acidum  ni'tricum  dilu'tum,  Spir'itus nitri sim-
plex, Sp. nitri vulga'ris—the Diluted nitric acid,
which, in the Pharmacopoeia of the United States,
consists of nitric acid, "5J, water, gix, by measure.
Diluted largely with water, it is used, as a drink,
in fevers of the  typhoid kind; in chronic affec-
tions of the liver, syphilis, &c.; but, in the latter
affections, it is not to be depended upon.
  NITROGEN,  Azote.
  Ni'trogen, Gaseous Oxide of, Nitroua oxide,
PriTtox'ide of nitrogen or of  azote, Paradiae goa,
Intoxicating goa, Laughing gaa, Dephlogisticated
nitroua  gaa,  Gaa  azot'icum oxygena.'tum.  This
gas, when respired, produces singular effects;
great mental and  corporeal excitement;  and,
generally,  so much exhilaration as to render the
appellation, "laughing gaa" by no means inap-
propriate.  It has  not been much used in medi-
cine, although recommended in  paralysis.   Its
effects are too violent and too transient to render
it a valuable remedial agent; and, in the deli-
cate, it has been productive of unpleasant effects,
inducing palpitation, fainting, and convulsions.
   Nitrogen,  Protoxide  of, Nitrogen, gaseous
oxide of.    v
   NITROGENE, Azote.
   NITROGENIUM, Azote.
  NI'TROGENIZED, A'zoted, A'zotized.  Con-
taining nitrogen or azote:—as  a nitrogenized,
azoted,  or azotized aliment.
   NITRO-MURIATTC ACID,  Ac"idum nitro-
muriat'icum,  Nitro-hydrochlor'ic  arid, Hydro-
chloro-nitric  acid, Aqua regia,  Aqua  atyg"ia,
 Chryaulca, Aqua regia, Acidum  muriaticum  ni-
tro'ao-oxygena'turn, Mena'truum auri, (F.) Eau ri-
gale. A mixture of the nitric and muriatic acids,
Jhas been used in diseases of the liver, in the form
of  a bath for the feet and legs made sharply aci-
dulous.  It has, also,  been employed, and with
more uniform results, in cutaneous affections.
Whatever advantage it may possess in internal
diseases — and these advantages are doubtful__
they are probably dependent upon the chlorine
formed by the mixture, or  upon the properties
possessed  by the mineral acids in general.  See
 Chlorine.
   The Acidum nitro-muriaticum of the Pharma-
 copeia of the United States is formed by mixing
four fluidounces of nitric acid with eight of muri-
 atic acid.
   NITROUS OXIDE, Nitrogen, gaseous oxide of.
   NITRUM, Natron, Potassas nitras—n. Anti-
 quorum, Soda — n. Cublcum, Soda, nitrate of—
 n.  Factitium, Borax—n. Flammans, Ammonias
 nitras—n. Lunare, Argenti nitras—n. Rhomboi-
dale, Soda, nitrate of—n. Saturninum, Plumbi
nitras — n. \ritriolatum Scbroederi, Potassie sul-
phas— n. Tabulatum, Potassa? nitras fusus sul-
phatis paucillo mixtus—n. Altriolatum, Potassas
sulphas.
  NIX, Snow—n. Fumans, Calx viva—n. Zinci,
Zinci oxydum.
  NIX US, Nisus — n. Parturientium, Nisus par-
turientium.
  NOAH'S ARK, Cypripedium luteum.
  NOBLE, Nob'ilia, Prin'cipal, Eaeen'tial.
  Noble Parts, Partea essentidlea.  Some ana-
tomists  have given this  name to parts, without
which life cannot exist; such as the heart, liver,
lungs, brain,  &c. The organs of generation have,
likewise, been so called.
  NOCAR, vo>Kap, Torpor Soporif'icua. Lethargic
torpor.
  NOCTAMBULATIO, Somnambulism.
  NOCTAMBULISMUS, Somnambulism.
  NOCTAMBULUS, Somnambulist.
  NOCTILUCA, Cincindela.
  NOCTISURGIUM, Somnambulism.
  NOCTUI'NI  OC'ULI.  Gray or blue eyes.—
Castelli.
  NOCTURNA BELLA, Coitus.
  NOCTUR'NAL, Noctur'nus, Nycter'inus, from
nox, ' night.'  Relating to night, as Febris noc-
tur'ita  seu nycter'ina.  A fever occurring in the
night.
  NODDING, Annuitio.
  NODDLEPOX, Syphilomania.
  NODE, Nodua, Emphy'ma exosto'sis perios'tea,
(F.) Nodoaiti, Nteud; from Hebr. IJ,  'a heap.'
A hard concretion or incrustation, which forms
around joints attacked with rheumatism or gont.
Some include,  under  this name, exostoses, arti-
cular calculi, ganglions,  and even  the  chronic
swellings of  the joints, known  under the name
of white swellings.
  NODES, Edentulus.
  NODI DIGITORUM  MANUS, Phalanges of
the fingers—n. Lactea, Infarctus mammas lacteus
—n. Nervorum, Ganglions, nervous—n. Haemor-
rhoidales, see Hasmorrhois.
  NODOI, Nefrendes.
  NODOSIA, see Nefrendes.
  NO DO SITE, Node.
  THOD'HIA A'RAW1lI,NoduliMorgagn'ii,Cor-
pora Aran'tii.  The small sesamoid bodies situate
on  the  periphery of the  semilunar valves of  the
aorta and pulmonary artery, for the better occlu-
sion of the artery.
  Noduli Morgagnii, Noduli Arantii — n. Ner-
vorum, Ganglions, nervous.
  NOD'ULUS,  diminutive of nodus,  'a knot.'  A
small knot.   A small prominence or lobule in  the
portion of the cerebellum, which forms the poste-
rior boundary of the fourth ventricle. The nodu-
lus is  on the median line, and before the uvula.
See Vermiform process, inferior.
  NODUS,  Articulation,  Edentulus,  Encystis,
Hamma—n.  Cerebri, Pons Varolii—n. Chirurgi-
eus, Knot, surgeon's — n. Encephali, Noeud de
VEnciphale,  Pons Varolii—n. Hystericus, Globus
hystericus—n. Vitas, Centrum vitale.
   NOESIS, Intellect.
   NCEUD, Node — n. du Chirurgien, Knot, sur-
geon's—n. Emballeur, Knot, packer's.
   NCEUD DE  L'ENCEPHALE  (¥.), Nodus
Enceph'ali.  M. Cruveilhier, under this name,
includes the  pons Varolii, peduncles of the cere-
brum  and cerebellum, and the tubercula quadri-
gemina.
   NCEUD VITAL, Centrum vitale.
   NCEUDS, Calculi, arthritic.
   NOISE TIER, Corylus avellana.
   NOISETTE, Corylus  avellana (nut.) 
                    NOIX                  6

  NOIX, Juglans regia (nux) — n. Amirieaine,
Jatropha curcas—n. dea Unrbodea, Jatropha cur-
cas—n. Cotliortique, Jatropha curcas—n. d'Eou,
Trapa natans—-n. de Galle, see Quercus infectoria
— n.  de Serpent, see  Thevetia  Ahouai — n.  Vo-
mique, see Strychnos nux vomica.
  NOLA CULINARIA, Anemone Pulsatilla.
  NOLI ME TANGERE,  Lupus, see Chancreux
(Bouton.)
  NOMA,  Cancer aquaticus — n.  Pudendorum,
Colpocace infantilis.
  XOM'AD, Nom'aile, Nomas, from vopn, 'pas-
turage.'  An epithet given  to people who have
no  fixed habitation, and who travel, with their
flocks, from  country to country, for pasturage.
Such  are the Tartars. By  analogy, the word
Nomad'ic has been applied to spreading ulcer.
  NOMRRIL, Umbilicus — n. de Yen,is, Cotyle-
don umbilicus.
  NOAIE, Cancer aquaticus, Phagedenic ulcers.
  NOMENCLATURE,  Nomencldtio,  Nomeu-
clotu'ra, Onomatolog"ia, Onomatocle'sia, Termod-
ology,  Terminol'ogy,   Oriamol'ogy,  from ovopa,
' name,'  and  KaXtia,  ' I call.'  A  collection  of
terms or words peculiar to  a science or art.   In
all  sciences, nomenclature is an object of import-
ance; and  each term  should convey to the stu-
dent  a definite  meaning.   The Luvoisierian  no-
menclature was a valuable gift to chemistry; and
anatomy has derived advantage from the labours
of Barclay, Dumas, and  Chaussier, who have
given names to parts indicative of their situation.
See Muscle.  The nomenclature of pathology has
required the greatest  attention; and  although
repeated attempts have been made to improve it,
the barbarous  terms  that  disgrace it  are still
frequently adopted.  It consists of Hebrew and
Arabic terms; Greek and Latin, French, Italian,
Spanish, German, English, and even Indian, Afri-
can, and Mexican; often barbarously and illegiti-
mately compounded.   A  want  of  principle  in
founding the technical  terms of medicine is every
where observable.  They have  been formed : —
1. From colour; as Melana, Melaa, Atrabilis,
Leuce, Alphoa,  Chloroaia,  Rubeola, Scarlatina,
Purpura, &c.   2. From duration; as ephemeral,
quotidian, tertian,and quartan, continued, and in-
termittent, &c.   3. From Birds, Beasts,  Fiahea,
Insects, and Plonta; as Rabiea canina, Cynanche,
Boulimia, Pica, Hippopyon, Elephantiaaie, Urti-
caria,  Lichen, Ichthyosia, &e.  4. From Persons
or Places;  as Morbua  Hercitleua, Fades Hippo-
cratica, Lepra Arabum, Plica  Polonica, Sudor
Anglicus, Morbua Galliciis, Ignis  Sancti Antonii,
Chorea Sancti Viti, &c.
  NOMUS, Cancer aquaticus.
  NON-NAT'URALS,  Non naturdlia.   Under
this term the  ancient physicians comprehended
air, meat, and drink, sleep and watching, motion
and rest, the retentions and excretions, and the
affections of the mind.  They were so called, be-
cause they affect man without entering  into his
composition, or constituting his nature;  but yet
are so necessary that he cannot live without them.
  NON-SANE, Insane.
  NON-STRIATED MUSCULAR  FIBRE,  see
Muscular fibre.
  NON US   HUMERI PLACENTINI,  Teres
minor — n. Linguas musculus, Genio-glossus — n.
Vesalii. Peronasus tertius.
  NCOS. Intellect.
  NOR At A VERTICALIS, see Normal.
  NORMAL, Normo'lis, from norma, 'a perpen-
dicular,'  ' a  rule.' According to rule;  perpen-
dicular.
  The normal line, norma vertica'lis, of Blurnen-
bach, is a vertical line let fall from the promi-
nence  of the frontal bone  and shaving the supe-
H               NOSTALGIA

 rior maxillary, so as to mark the projection of
 the latter bone beyond the arch of the forehead.
   NORRIS'S DROPS, see Antimonium tartari-
 zatum.
   NORTON'S DROPS,  Liquor hydrargyri oxy-
 muriatis.
   NOSACERUS, Sickly.
   NOSE, Nasus—n. Bleed,  Epistaxis — n. Run-
 ning at the, Coryza.
   NOSELI'A, Noaocome'aia,  Noaocomia,  from
 voo-os, ' disease.'  Care of the sick.
   NOSEMA,  Disease.
   NOSENCEPH'ALUS,  from voaos,  'disease,'
 and  tyKttpaXos, ' brain.'  A monster whose skull
 is open  only  on the frontal and parietal regions,
 the posterior fontanelle being distinctly present.
   NOSEROS, Insalubrious,  Sick.
   NOSEUMA. Disease.
   NOSOCOMESIS, Noselia.
   NOSOCOMIA, Noselia.
   NOSOCO'MIAL,  Nosocomia'lis, from nosoco-
 minm, 'an hospital.'  Relating to an hospital,—
 as 'nosocomial or hospital fever.'
   NOSOCOMIUM, Hospital.
   NOSOCOMUS, Infirmier. '
   NOSODES, Insalubrious, Sick, Sickly.
   NOSODOCHIUM, Hospital.
   NOSOGENESIS, Pathogeny.
   NOSOGENIA, Pathogeny.
   NOSOGENY, Pathogeny.
   NOSOG'RAPHY, Noaograph'ia, from voaos, 'a
 disease,' and ypatpu, 'I describe.'   A description
 of diseases.
   NOSOL'OGY,  Noaolog"ia, from voaos,  'a dfs-
 ease, and Xoyos, 'a discourse.  A name given to that
 part of medicine whose object is the classification
 of  diseases.   The  most  celebrated nosological
 systems  have  been those of Sauvages (1763), Lin-
 nasus (1763), Vogel (1764), Sagar (1776), Mac-
 bride (1772), Cullen (1772), Darwin (1796), Selle,
 Crichton (1804),  Parr (1809), Swediaur (1812),
 Pinel (1813), Young (1813), Good (1817), Hosack
 (1818), &e.  Besides these general nosographies,
 others have been published on  Surgery exclu-
 sively, none of which are particularly worthy of
 enumeration amongst nosological systems.  No-
 sological arrangements have,  also, been formed
 of single families or groups of diseases.   Plenck,
 of Baden,  is the author of two different treatises
 of this kind:  the one, a methodical arrangement
 of the diseases of the eyes, and the other, of cu-
 taneous  diseases.   Dr. AVillan published  an ar-
 rangement of cutaneous diseases, which was com-
 pleted by  Dr. Bateman, and adopted  into the
 Nosology of Dr. Hosack.  Mr. Abernethy, also,
 published a methodical classification of tumours,
 and many other partial nosological classifications
 might be enumerated.  Also, Pathology.
  NOSON'OMY, Nosonom'ia, from voaos, 'a dis-
 ease,' and ovopa, ' name.' The nomenclature of
 diseases.
  NOSOPH'YTA, from voaos, 'disease,' and tfivrov,
 ' a plant.'  A disease supposed to be produced by,
 or to consist in  the development of parasitic
 plants—as porrigo,  mentagra, <fcc.— Gruby.
   NOSOPffi'US,  Nosopoet'icus, from voaos, 'dis-
 ease,' and rtottoi,  'I make.'   That which causes
 disease.
   NOSOS, Disease.
   NOSOTAX'Y, Nosotax'ia, from voaos, 'a dis-
 ease,' and rafts, 'arrangement.' The distribution
 and classification of diseases.
   NOSOTHEO'RIA, from voaos, 'disease,' and
 Stwpta, 'doctrine.'   The doctrine or theory of
 disease.                 , •
   NOSTAL'GIA, from voaros, 'return,' 'a jour-
 ney home,' and aXyos, ' pain.' Nostoma'nia, Nos- 
NOSTOMANLA
602
NUCLEUS
traa'sia, Apodemial'gia, Pathopatridal'gia, Pato-
patridal'gia, Philopatridal'gia, Philopatridoma'-
nia, Ademon'ia, Ademos'yne, Home-aickne8a, (F.)
Noatalgie, Maladie du pays.  An affection pro-
duced by the desire of returning to one's country.
It is commonly attended  by slow wasting, and
sometimes by hectic, which may speedily induce
death.   M. Pinel properly regards it as a variety
of melancholy.
  NOSTOMANIA, Nostalgia.
  NOSTRASSIA, Nostalgia.
  NOSTRILS,  Nares.
  NOSTRUM, Arcanum.
  Nostrum, Chittick's.  An empirical remedy
for  stone  in the bladder, said to be a solution of
alkali in veal-broth.
  NOTA  MATERNA, Nasvus —n.  Primitiva,
Groove, primitive.
  NOTiB INFANTUM, Nasvi.
  NOTAL, Dorsal.
  NOTAL'GIA, Notial'gia, (Nostalgia, impro-
perly, of Kochlin and  others,) from  viaros, ' the
back,' and aXyos, 'pain.' Pain in the back.  Spinal
irritation.
  NOTANENCEPHALIA, see Notencephalus.
  NOTCH, Teut. No eke, Ital. Nocchia,  Emar-
gindtio, Emarginatu'ra,  (F.) Echancrure.   A
depression or indentation of different shape and
size, observed on the circumference  or edges of
certain  bones.
  Notch of the Concha, Incisura tragica.
  Notch, Ethmoid'al, (F.) Echancrure eihmo'i-
dale, is situate on the frontal bone, and joins the
ethmoid.                   ,
  Notches, Ischiat'ic, (F.) Echancrurea Iachio-
tiquea, are two in number : — the greater and the
leaa.  The former is large, situate at  the inferior
part of the pelvis, and formed by the  sacrum and
ilium.   It gives passage to the sciatic nerve, py-
ramidalis muscle, and to the superior  gluteal ves-
sels and nerves. The latter is much smaller than
the other, from which it is separated by the sciatic
spine.   It gives passage to the tendon of the ob-
turator internus, and to the internal pudic vessels
and nerves.               ,
   Notch, Parot'id, (F.) Echancrure  parotidi-
enne, is the triangular  space comprised between
the parotid edge of the inferior maxillary bone
and the mastoid process; so called, because  it
lodges  the parotid gland.   The  notches in soft
parts are generally called Fissures.
   Notch, Scap'ular,^Inciau'ra acapuldria, Ld-
nula acap'ula,  (F.) Echancrure acapulaire. The
notch on the superior edge or costa of the scapula,
which is converted into a foramen by means of a
ligament, and gives passage to the suprascapular
nerve.
   Notch, Semilunar of the Sternum, Four-
 chette.
   NOTENCEPHALIA, see Notencephalus.
   NOTENCEPH'ALUS,  from vojtos, 'the back,'
 and  tyKttpaXov, 'the head.' A  monster whose
 head, with the brain, is on  the back.  The con-
 dition  is termed  Noteneephdtia and Notanen-
 cephdlia.— G. St.  Hilaire.
   NOTHEUSIS, Degeneration.
   NOTHIA, Degeneration.
   NOTHROTES, Torpor.
   NOTHUS, False.
   NOTLEUS, Dorsal— n. Myelus, Medulla spi-
 nalis.
   NOTIALGIA, Notalgia.
   NOTOMYELITIS,  Myelitis.
   NOTOMYELUS, Medulla spinalis.
   NOTON, Dorsum.
   NOTOS, Dorsum, Vertebral column.
   NO UAGE DE LA COR NEE, Caligo.
  NOUE, (Bandage) (F.); 'knotted,' from nodus,
'a knot.'  A bandage which has a considerable
number of knots placed abovo each other.  It is
made with a roller, 6 or 7 ells  long, rolled  into
two balls, and is used to compress the parotid
region, after the extirpation of tho parotid gland.
  Also, an epithet applied  to children in whom
the disease of  rickets  has swollen the articula-
tions.
  It is, likewise, applied to the gout, when it has
caused nodes on the joints.
  NOUET (F.), Nod'ulus.  A bag filled with
medicinal substances,  and infused in a liquid to
communicate their properties to it.
  NOUFFER'S,  MADAME,  REMEDY, Poly-
podium filix mas.
  NOURRICE, Nurse.
  NO URRICIER, Nutritious.
  NOURRITURE, Aliment,
  NOUS. Intellect.
  NOUURE,  Rachitis.
  NOUVEAU-NE (F.), Neona'tus,  nuperrime
Nairn,  Neog'enea, Neog'ilea, Neog'i/us, Neog'nua,
Infans  reccne  natua.  That which has been just
born.  A new-born infant.
  NOVACULA, Razor.
  NOYAU, see Cytoblast,
  NOYAU CENTRAL DES PEDONCULES
DU CER VELET, Corpus dentatum.
  NO  YER, Juglans regia—n. de Ceylon, Adha-
toda.
  NUAGE, Nebula.
  NUBECULA, Enasorema, Nebula.
  NUBES, Enasorema, Nebula,
  NU'BILE, Nu'bilia,  'marriageable,'  'fit  to
marry.'  Generally, the period of puberty is con-
sidered to be  the age  at which both  sexes are
nubile.   They are  truly nubile,  however,  only
when  they are  fitted to procreate  healthy and
vigorous children, and are competent to discharge
their duties as parents.
   NUBIL'ITY, Nubil'itas, (F.) Nubiliti; same
etymon.  The state of being nubile or marriage-
able.
   NUBILOSUS, Nepheloid.
   NUCES AQUATICS, see Trapa natans —n.
 Quercfis, see Quercus alba.
   NUCHA,  In'iurn,  (F.) Nuque.   The nuke,
 hinder part, or nape of the neck.  The  part where
 the spinal marrow begins.
   Ligamen'tum Nucha.  A strong ligament from
 the neck, proceeding from one spinous process to
 another, and inserted into the occipital bone.  It
 is  very strong  in quadrupeds.   It is called in
 them  Paxywaxy, Paxicax, and Packirax.
   NUCHAL  RE'GION,  Re'gio  nucha seu nu-
 chdlia seu occipita'lia infe'rior.  The region of
 the nucha or  nape of the neck.
    NUC1STA, see Myristica moschata.
    NUCK, CANAL  OF.   A small prolongation
 of the peritoneum often sent  into the inguinal
 canal of the female foetus.  So  called  from Nuck,
 who first described it,
    NU'CLEATED, Nucledtua, from  nucleus, 'a
 kernel.'  Having a nucleus or central particle.
 Applied to the elementary cells of organized tis-
 sues ; the vital properties of which are seated in
 the nucleus.  See Cytoblast.
    NUCLEATED CELL, see Cytoblast.
    NUCLEI CEMBRiE, see Pinus Cembra — n.
 Ossei, Ossification, points of—n. Pineas, see Pinus
 pinea,
    NUCLEOLE, see Cytoblast.
    NUCLEOLULE, see Cytoblast,
    NUCLEOLUS, see Cytoblast.
    NUCLEUS,  see Cytoblast—n. Blastodermatis,
  Tache embryonnaire-r-n. Centralis, Corpus denta-
  tum— n. Cicatriculas, Tache embryonnaire—n. 
NUCULA
603
NYMPHS
  Dentatus, Corpus dentatum — n. Dentin, Dental
  pulp — n. Encased,  Cytoblast — n.  Fimbriatus,
  Corpus dentatum—n. Furunculi, see Furunculus
  — n.  (Jerminal, see Molecule — n. Germinativus,
  sec Molecule — n. Olivas, Corpus  dentatum—n.
  Ohsifieationis, Ossification,  point of—n. Rhom-
  boidalis, see Corpus dentatum.
    NUCULA  TERRESTRIS, Bunium bulbocas-
  tanum.
    NUKE, Nucha.
    NUMERICAL METHOD, see Method, nume-
  rical.
    NUM'MULAR, Nummula'ris.   Relating  to
  money, from  minimus, 'money.'  An epithet ap-
  plied  to the sputa in phthisis, when  they flatten
  at the bottom of the vessel,  like apiece of money.
    NUMMULARIA,  Lvsimachia nurnmularia.
    NUPIiUR LUTEUM, Nymphasa lutea.
    NI'OUE, Nucha.
    N URSE, Sax.  nopce, Ntttrix,  (from  nourish,
  itself  from nutrirc,)  Tithe'ne, Trephodsa,  Lac-
  tons, Loe'ticona, Nd trie na,  Thelodtrio,  Momma,
  (I.) Nutrice, (F.) Noii-rrice.  One who suckles her
  own child or another's.  One that  has  the care
  of a sick person, (F.) Garde-malade.
    Nurse, Dry.   One who  gives every care to a
  3hild,  but does not suckle it.
    Nurse, AVet.  A female,  who suckles the child
  of another.
    To  ' nurse artificially,' is  to bring up a child by
  the hand.
   NUS, Intellect.
   NUS US, Disease.
   NUT, BUTTER, Juglans cinerea—n. Cembros,
 see Pinus cembra—n. Physic, Jatropha curcas—
 n.  Pine, see Pinus picea—n. Pistachio, see Pista-
 cia vera—n. Poison, see Strychnos nux vomica—
 n.  Purging, see Jatropha—n. Rattle, Nelumbium
 luteum—n. Soap, see  Sapindus saponaria—n.
 Tree, Malabar, Adhatoda—n. Vomic,  see Strych-
 nos nux vomica—n. Zirbel,  see Pinus picea.
   NUTA'TION, Nata'tio, from nutare, < to nod.'
 Constant oscillation  of  the head,  by which  it
 moves  involuntarily in one  or more directions.
   NUTATOR CAPITIS,  Sterno-cleido-mastoi-
 deus.
   NUTMEG, see Myristica moschata—n. Flower,
 Ni<rella—n. Liver, Liver, nutmeg.
   NUTRICATIO, Nutrition.
   NUTRICIER, Nutritious.
  NUTRICIUS, Nutritious.
  NUTRIEXS, Aliment, Nurse.
  NUTRIMEN, Aliment.
  N UTRIMEN'TAL, Nutrimentdlis, Aliment'al,
 Aliinento'lia, from nutrimen, 'aliment'   Having
 the qualities of food or nutriment.
  NUTRIMENTUM, Aliment, Pabulum.
  NUTRITION, NutrW'io, Nutricdtio,  Nutri'-
 tua, Alitdra, Threpaia, from  nutrirc, 'to nourish.'
 Nutrition is that function by which the nutritive
 matter  already elaborated by the various  organic
 actions, loses  its  own nature, and assumes that
 of  the  different living tissues,—to  repair their
 losses  and maintain their strength.   Sometimes
 the word is used in a more extended signification,
 to express the whole  series  of actions by which
 the two constant movements of composition  and
 decomposition  are  accomplished,  in organized
 bodies.   Nutrition, then, would comprehend di-
 gestion, absorption, respiration, circulation,  and
 assimilation ; the latter  being nutrition, properly
 so called, and  being operated in the intermediate
 system over the whole of the body, — the  cells of
the tissues attracting from the blood the elements
necessary for their reparation.
  Nutrition, Force of,  Plastic force.
 _ NUTRITIOUS. Nutric"ius, Ndtritive, Alib'-
ilis, Trophi'mos,  Tropho'des, (F.)  Nourricier
 Nutricier.  Having the quality of nourishing: as
 nutritious food, nutritious lymph, &e.
    Nutritious or Nutritive Arteries, (F.) Ar-
 t(!res nutricierea.  Arterial branches which enter
 the foramina nutricia of long bones,  and pene-
 trate to the medullary membrane.
    NU'TRITIVE, Nutritious.  Also, relating to
 nutrition:  hence the  'nutritive functions,' or
 those that are  concerned in nutrition.
    NUTRITUS, Aliment, Nutrition.
    NUTRIX, Mamma, Nurse.
    NUTS, AVATER, Nelumbium luteum.
    NUX AROMATICA, see Myristica moschata
 —n. Avellana, Corylus avellana (nut)—n. Barba-
 densis, Jatropha curcas—n. Beeuiba, Ibicuiba—
 n. Cathartica Americana, Jatropha curcas — n.
 Gallas, see Quercus  cerris — n. Juglans,  Juglans
 regia—n. Medica, Coco of the Maldives—n. Me-
 tella, Strychnos  nux vomica—n. Methel,  Datura
 stramonium—n. Moschata, see Myristica mos-
 chata—n. Myristica, see Myristica moschata—n.
 Pistacia, see Pistacia vera—n. Unguentaria, see
 Myristica moschata—n. Vomica, Strychnos nux
 vomica.
    NYCTALOPE, see Nyctalopia.
    NYCTALOPEX,  see Nyctalopia.
    NYCTALO'PIA, from vvf, 'night,' and otrropat,
 'I see;' Parop'sia Lucif'uga, Nyctalopi'aaia, Cce'-
 citoa diur'na, Viaus noctur'nus, Oxyo'pia, Heme-
 ralo'pia (moderns,)  Amblyo'pia meridia'na, He-
 meratyphldsis, Photophob'ia, Photophobophthal'-
 mia, Dyao'pia la'minia,  Viaus o'crior, Nyc'talopy,
 (F.) Vue  nocturne,  Aveuglement de  Jour.   The
 faculty of seeing during the night, with privation
 of the faculty during the day.  It  affects both
 eyes at once when  idiopathic.   Its duration is
 uncertain, and  treatment very obscure.  It  is,
 however, a disease  of  nervous irritability, and
 one of excitement of the visual nerve in parti-
 cular.  The indications of cure will consequently
 be — to  allay direct  irritation in every way;  to
 excite counter-irritation  by blisters; and to gra-
 dually  accustom the eye  to the  impression  of
 light.
   One labouring under this affection is called a
 Nyc'talope, Nyc'talops, Nyctalo'pex.
   NYCTALOPS, seq Nyctalopia.
   NYCTALOPY, Nyctalopia.
   NYCTERINUS, Nocturnal.
   NYCTHEMERON, see Dies.
 "  NYCTHE'MERUM,  from v«f, 'night,'  and
 'nptpa, 'day.'  The space of 24 hours, or of a day
 and night.  Certain  complaints continue  only so
 long.
   NYCTOBADIA, Somnambulism.
   NYCTOBASIS, Somnambulism.
   NYCTOBATESIS, Somnambulism.
   NYCTOBATIA, Somnambulism.
   NYCTOTYPHLOSIS,  Hemeralopia.
   NYGMA, AVound,  punctured.
   NYGMATICUM  EMPLASTRUM,  Emplas-
 trum resin vs.
   NYMPHA, Clitoris.
   NYMPHAE,  from  wptpn,  'a water nymph.'
 Ala inter'na mino'rea clitor'idis, Carun'cula cu-
 ticula'res, Ala  mino'res,  A. mulie'brea mino'rea,
 Criata clitor'idie, Collic'uU vagi'na, Myrtochi'la,
 Myrtocheil'idea, Labia mino'ra seu inter'na,  L.
 puden'di mino'ra, (F.) Nymphes, Petitea levrea.
 Two membranous folds, which arise from  the
 lateral parts of the prepuce of the clitoris, and
 descend on the inner  surface of the labia majora;
 terminating,  by  becoming  gradually  thinner,
 about the middle of the circumference of the ori-
fice of the vagina.  They are formed each of two
folds of the mucous membrane of the vulva; and
contain, in their substance, a thin layer of spongy,
erectile tissue.   Their use seems to be, — not,  as 
              NYMPHS ALBA             6

was once  supposed, to direct the course of the
urine, which notion gave rise to their name, but
to favour  the  elongation and  dilatation  of the
vagina in pregnancy and labour.
  The  word vvpiprj, Nymphe, has  also been used
synonymously  with clitoris by Oribasius, Aetius,
&c.
  NYMPHS'A  ALBA, Leuconympha'a,  Nend-
phar,  Microleuconympha'o,  Casta'lia  apecio'aa,
White  lUater Lily,  (F.) Nenuphar blanc.  Nat.
Ord. Ranunculaceas.   Sex. Syat. Polyandria Mo-
nogynia.  Formerly  employed as a demulcent,
antaphrodisiac, emollient, and slightly anodyne
remedy.
  Nymphaia  Indica, N.  nelumbo — n.  Major
lutea, N. lutea.
  Nymphasa Lu'tea, N. major lutea, N. umbili-
ca'lia, Nuphur lu'teum, Ncnu'phor lutea, Nyjiho-
zanthua vulgdria, Yellow Water Lily, (F.) Nenu-
phar jaune.  Used for the same purposes.
  Nymphaia Nelum'bo, Faba JEgyptiaca,  Cy'-
amus dEgyptiacus, Nymph a'a In'dica;  Pontic
or ^Egyptian Bean.   The fruit of this is eaten
raw in  Egypt and  some of the neighbouring
countries; and is considered to be tonic and as-
tringent.
  Nympha:'A  Odora'ta,  Sweet-scented  Water
Lily, Sweet water lily,  White pond lily, Toad
Lily, Cow Cabbage, Water Cabbage, (F.) Ninu-
phar odorant.  An indigenous  plant, growing in
most parts of the United States in  fresh water
ponds, and on the borders of streams, and having
large  white,   beautiful, sweet-scented  flowers.
The  root  is very astringent and bitter.   It is
sometimes made into a  poultice and used  as a
discutient.
  Nymphaia Umbilicalis, N. lutea.
  NYMPHE, Clitoris.
  NYMPHES, Nymphas.
_ NYMPHI'TIS; from wptpn, 'the clitoris,'and
itia, denoting  inflammation.  Epiderrhi'tis, In-
flamma'tio Clitor'idis.   Inflammation  of  the
clitoris.
  NYMPHOCLUIA, Nymphomania.
  NYMPHOMANIA, from vvpipn, 'a bride,' and
  OAK, BLACK, Quercus tinctoria,—o. Common,
Quercus robur — o. Jerusalem, Chenopodium bo-
trys—o. Lungs, Lichen pulmonarius—o. Poison,
Rhux toxicodendron — o.  Red,  Quercus rubra
montana,—o. Sea, Fucus vesiculosus—o. Spanish,
Quercus rubra montana—o. White, Quercus alba.
  OARIOCYESIS, Pregnancy, ovarian.
  OARION, Ovary.
  OARION'CUS, Oariophy'ma, Ova'rium tu'mi-
dum, Tumor Ova'rii, from  waptov, 'the ovarium,'
and oyKos, 'swelling.'  Ovarian tumour.
  0 A R10 P A R E C'T A M A, Oophoraux'e, from
oaptov,  'ovarium,'  and iraptKrttvttv,  'to extend.'
Enlargement of the ovary.
  OARIORRHEX'IS,  from waptov, j.ovarium,'
and prjl-ts, 'rupture.' Ruptdra Ova'rii.  Rupture
of the ovary.
  OARIOT'OMY, Oariotom'ia, Ovariotom'ia,
Ooariot'omy, from oiaptov, ' the ovarium,' and ropn,
'incision.'   The  operation  for removing the
ovary.
  OARI'TIS, Oophoritis,  Oori'tia, Inflamma'tio
Ova'rii, Ovari'tis, (F.) Inflammation de I'Ovaire,
from taaptov, ' the ovarium,' and itis, the termina-
4              OBFUSCATIO

pavta, 'fury;' Furor uteri'nus, Utcroma'nia, Lag-
ne'aia furor femini'nua, Metromo'nia, -Edoogar'-
galus, sEdceogaria'mua, Thelygon'io, Erotoma'nia,
jEilooiiio'nia, Aidoioma'nia,  Melancho'lia  ute-
ri'na,  Nymphoclu'ia, Sympto'ma  turpi!u'dinis,
Androma'nio, Gynacoma'nio,  Muchlos'yne, Ente-
lipathi'a,  Tenti'go vene'reo, Hyatcroma'nin, Sa-
lttc."itas vulva, Uteri pruri'tua, Brachii'no, Aras'-
con, Araa'tum, QEstroma'nio,  (F.) Nymphomoiiie,
Furcur utirine.   An irresistible and insatiable
desire, in females, for the venereal act.  It occurs
in those particularly, who possess a nervous tem-
perament, and vivid imagination,  especially if
excited by improper language, masturbation, <fce.
Its course, as described, is  as  follows.  In  the
commencement, the sufferer is a prey to  perpetual
contests between feelings of modesty and impetu-
ous desire.  At  an after  period, she  abandons
herself to  the latter, seeking no longer to restrain
them.  In the last stage the obscenity is disgust-
ing; and  the mental alienation, for such it  is,
becomes complete.  The treatment consists in the
use of the same means as are required  in the sa-
tyriasis of man.   When the mental alienation is
complete,  solitude is indispensable.
   NYMPHON'CUS,  from vvptpr,, 'the  nympha,'
and oyKos, ' a tumour.'  A morbid tumefaction of
the nymphas.
   Nl'MPHOT'OMY,  Nymphotom'ia,  Nymphd-
rum  Sec'tio, from vvptpn, 'nympha,' and  rtpvttv,
'to cut.'   An operation, known and practised for
a long time, which consists in the excision of the
nymphas.  The operation is had recourse to, when
they are attacked with  scirrhus, cancer, fungus,
or gangrene; or when they are so large as to in-
terfere with walking or coition.   Nymphotomy is
the circumcision of the female.  It is practised in
some countries.
   Some authors have used the term Nymphotomy
for amputation of the clitoris.
   NYPHOZANTHUS  VULGARIS, Nymphasa
lutea.
   NYSTAG'MUS. A partial  rotatory movement
of the  eyeball from side to side.  Also, Coma vigil.
   NYXIS, Puncture.
tion denoting inflammation. Inflammation of the
ovarium.
  OARIUM, Ovary1
  OARTHROC'ACE, formed by contraction from
omo-arthrocace.  Said to be used by Rust to de-
signate inflammation of the scapulo-humeral ar-
ticular surfaces. — Nysten.
  OATMEAL, see Avena.
  OATS, Avena.
  OBAUDITIO, Baryecoia.
  OBAUDITUS,  Baryecoia.
  OBCvECATIO,  Cieeitas.
  OBDORMIT"IO,  from   ob, and  dormio, 'to
sleep.' The state  of the limbs being asleep.  Stu-
por ar'tuum.
  OBDUCTIO, Autopsia cadaverica legalis.
  OBELiEA RAPHE, Sagittal suture.
  OBESITAS, Polysarcia—o.  Colli, Struma adi-
posa— o. Nimia, Pimelosis — o. Viscerum, Phys-
conia adiposa.
  OBESITE, Polysarcia.
  OBESITY, Polysarcia.
  OBESUS, Corpulent.
  OBFUSCATIO, Amaurosis.
). 
OBITUS                  60!
   OBITUS, Death.
   OBJECTIVE  CONE.  The cone of light pro-
ceeding from an object, the apex of which is  on
the object, and the base on the cornea.
   Ob.iectivk Sknsatiovs, see Sensation.
   OBIJN1TIO, Inunction.
   OBLIQUE',  Obii'quits.  Any thing inclined, or
which deviates from the vertical  line.   Anato-
mists have given this  name to certain muscles,
which have an oblique direction as regards the
plane that divides the body into two equal and
symmetrical halves.  These are :—
   Oblique Muscles  of the Abdomen.  They
arc  two in number, and  distinguished into: 1
 Obliquus  Exter'naa, Abdoidinis,  0.  deacen'dena
exter'nus, 0. deacendena, 0. major,  (F.) Ilio-pubo
costo-obdoiu'inol,  Costo-abdom'inal (Ch.), Grand
oblique,  Obliepte extemr.  One of the broadest
muscles of the body.  It is situate at the lateral
and anterior part of the abdomen ;  and is flat and
quadrilateral.   It is attached, above, to the outer
surface  and lower edge of the 7 or  8 last ribs :
below, to the anterior third of the external lip of
the crista ilii:  before, it terminates at the linea
alba by means  of a broad and strong aponeurosis,
which covers the rectus, and presents towards its
inferior  part  two  very solid fibrous  fasciculi,
which are inserted, — the one at the  symphysis,
the other at the  spine of the pubis, — under the
name of Pillars  of the Abdominal Ring.  These
pillars leave between  them an  opening, which
forms the  inferior orifice of the inguinal canal.
The obliquus  externus abdominis  depresses the
ribs, and carries them backwards during a strong
expiration.  It impresses  on the chest a move-
ment of rotation, and bends the thorax upon the
pelvis, and conversely.  It contracts, also, the ab-
dominal cavity.  2.  Obliquua  Intcr'nus Abdomi-
minia, M.  nceli'ris, 0. ascendens, 0. minor, 0. in-
ternus, 0. aacendena internus, (F.) Ilio-lombo-costo-
obi/ouiinal,  Ilio-abdominal  (Ch.),  Muacle petit
oblique  ou oblique interne, is broad, especially
before;  thin, and irregularly  quadrilateral, like
the preceding, beneath  which  it is situate.  It is
attached, above, to the  inferior edge of the carti-
lages of the 5th, 4th, 3d, and 2d false ribs; below,
to the anterior  two-thirds of the interstice of the
crista ilii, to the posterior part of the crural arch,
and to the pubis ;  behind, to the spinous processes
of the last two  lumbar vertebras, and to those of
the first two portions  of the sacrum; before, to
the linea alba.  Its upper fibres run obliquely up-
wards and forwards; the middle are horizontal;
and  the lower  pass obliquely downwards  and
forwards.
  These  last,  in the  male, are  dragged down
through the inguinal ring, when the testicle des-
cends, and form the two fasciculi of the cremaster.
   The obliquus internus resembles  the 0. exter-
nus in function.
   Oblique Muscles of the Eve, Amato'rii, Cir-
cumagen'tea, Rotato'rea Oc'uli, are two  in number.
They are distinguished into : 1. Obliquua Superior
Oculi, Amoto'rius mus'cuius, Trochledria,  Troch-
Ico'tor, Obliquua  major, Circumductio'nia op'ifex,
Longis'simus oc'uli,  (F.) Optico-trochlei acliroti-
cieu, Grand trochliateur (Ch.), Grand oblique  de
Vu it, O. eupirieur de I'oeil, Amoureux (Muacle,) is
situate at the inner and upper part of the orbit.
It is  small, round, fusiform, and reflected upon
itself in the middle of  its course.  Behind, it is
attached to the inside of the  foramen opticum;
and when it arrives opposite the internal orbitar
process, it becomes a small, round tendon, which
slides in a cartilaginous  pulley fixed to  the  os
frontis, and is reflected, at an acute angle, to pro-
ceed  downwards  and  outwards, and to  attach
itself to the outer and back part of the globe  of
5              OBLITERATIO

 the eye. This muscle carries the globe of the eye
 forwards  and inwards;  making  it experience a
 movement of rotation, which directs the pupil
 downwards and inwards. This is conceived to be
 an involuntary muscle as well as the next.   In
 sleep, according to Sir  C. Bell, when the power
 over the straight  or voluntary  muscles of the
 organ is  nearly lost, the eye is given up to the
 oblique muscles, which lodge jthe transparent cor-
 nea  under the upper eyelid.   At  the approach of
 death, the same thing is observable; hence, the
 turning up of the eye, at such a  time, is not  an
 evidence of agony or suffering, but of insensibi-
 lity.  2. Obli'quus Infe'rior Oc'uli, 0. minor oculi,
 (F.)MoxiHo-acliroticien, Petit Trochliateur (Ch.),
 Petit oblique ou oblique infirieur de I'oeil, is situ-
 ate at the anterior  and inferior part of the orbit.
 It is flat and attached to the  inner and  anterior
 part of the Orbitar surface of the superior maxil-
 lary bone, on the outside of the lachrymal gutter;
 from thence it passes outwards and  backwards,
 and terminates by an aponeurosis, at the poste-
 rior and inner part of the globe of  the  eye.  It
 carries the globe of the eye inwards and forwards;
 and directs the pupil upwards and outwards.
   Oblique Muscles of the Head.   These are
 two  in number.   1. Obliquua Superior  Cop'ili8,
 0. minor capitia, (F.) Trachilo-otlo'ido-occipital,
 Atlo'ido-aoua-masto'idien (Ch.), Muacle oblique au-
 perior ou petit oblique de la tete.   This muscle is
 situate at the  sides of, and  behind, the articula-
 tion of the head:  it is flat and attached, on the
 one  hand, to the top of the transverse process of
 the atlas ; and, on the other, terminates at the oc-
 cipital bone, beneath the inferior curved line, and
 sometimes, also, at  the mastoid region of the tem-
 poral bone.  It extends the head, — inclining it
 to one side.  2. Obliquua Inferior Capitia, Obli-
 quua major, (F.) Spini-axo'ido-trachili-atlo'idien,
 Axo'ido- atloidien  (Ch.), Oblique  infirieur  ou
 grand oblique de la tete, is  situate at the poste-
 rior  part of the neck and head. It is round, fusi-
 form ; attached to the spinous process of the axis,
 and  proceeds to terminate behind and below the
 summit of the transverse process  of the atlas.  It
 impresses, on the first vertebra and the head, a
 movement of rotation, which turns the face to one
 side.
   Oblique Processes, see Vertebras.
   OBLIQUE EXTERNE,  Obliquus  externus
 abdominis — o. Grand,  Obliquus  externus abdo-
 minis— o. Grand de I'oeil, Obliquus superior ocu-
 li— o. Grand de la tete, Obliquus inferior capitis
 — o. Infirieur de I'oeil, Obliquus inferior oculi —
 o. Infirieur de la tete, Obliquus inferior capitis—
 o. Interne, Obliquus internus abdominis—o. Petit,
 Obliquus  internus  abdominis — o. Petit de I'cril,
 Obliquus inferior oculi — o. Petit de la tete, Obli-
 quus superior oculi — o.  Supirieur de I'cril, Obli-
 quus superior oculi—o. Supirieur de  la tete, Obli-
 quus superior capitis.
   OBLIQUITE  DE LA MATRICE, Retrover-
 sio uteri.
   OBLIQUUS ASCENDENS, 0. internus abdo-
 minis — o. Auris, Laxator tympani — o;  Descen-
 dens externus, 0. externus abdominis—o. Major,
 0. externus abdominis, 0. inferior capitis, 0. su-
 perior oculi—o. Minor, 0. internus abdominis —
 o. Minor capitis,  0. superior capitis — o. Minor
 oculi, 0. inferior oculi.
   OBLIT'ERATED, Obliterdtus ; from oblite-
 rare, 'to efface,' (litera,  'letters.'?)  A vessel  or
 duct is said to be  obliterated, when its  parietes
 have approximated and contracted such an adhe-
 sion  to each other that the cavity has completely
 disappeared.
   OBLITERATIO COMPLETA, Hapantismus. 
OBLIVIO
606
OCCIPITAL
  OBLIVIO, Amnesia—o. Iners, Lethargy.
  OBLOBIUM, Antilobium.
  OB'OLUS, Onoloaat. A weight of 9 or 10 grains.
  OBSCffiNiE PARTES, Genital organs.
  OBSCURCISSEMENT DE LA  VIE, Caligo.
  OBSERVA'TION, Obaerva'tio, (from ob, and
servare, 'to keep,' e. g. in sight.)  Tere'sia, Sym-
paratere'aia.  Act of examining a thing by means
of the external senses. This word is employed in
several acceptations.  It expresses—1. The action
of observing — 2. The aggregate of knowledge,
afforded by observation.   In French—but not in
English—it means the cose or history of the phe-
nomena presented by a patient in the course of a
disease.
  OBSERVATION, Case —o.  Method of, Nu-
merical method.
  OBSTET'RIC, Obatef'ricua;  same etymon  as
obstetrics.  Relating or appertaining to obstetrics,
— as ' obatetric  auscultation,'  ' obatetric explora-
tion,'  &c.
  Obstetric Chair, Labour-chair.
  OBSTETRICANS, Accoucheur.
  OBSTET'RICS, from  Obatetrix, 'a midwife.'
Tokol'ogy,  Tocol'ogy, Maiei'o, Moeei'a, Meici'a,
Maeeu'tica ars, Ara obstetric"ia, Obstet'ricy, (F.)
Obste'trique.   The art of midwifery.  Midwifery
in general.
  OBSTETRICY,  Obstetrics.
  OBSTETRIQUE, Obstetrics.
  OBSTETRIX, Midwife.
  OBSTIPATIO,  Constipation  — o. Tenesmus,
Tenesmus.
  Obstipatio, see Hump.
  OBSTIPITAS, Torticollis—o. Capitis seu Colli,
Torticollis.
  OBSTRUCTIO,  Emphraxis, Stegnosis—o. Al-
vi, Constipation — o. Ductus Alimentarii, Consti-
pation — o. Ductfis Stenoniani,  Stenostenosis —
o. Intestinalis, Constipation — o. Recti Spastica,
Stricture of the Rectum, spasmodic — o. Pulmo-
num pituitosa febrilis, Peripneumonia notha,
  OBSTRUCTION  OF  THE  INTESTINES,
Enteremphraxis.
  OB'STRUENS,  from obatruo, (ob, and struere,
'to build,') 'I stop up by building against.' Op-
pilati'vua.   A medicine which closes the orifices
of ducts or vessels.
  OBSTUPEFACIENTIA, Narcotics.
  OBTONDANT, Obtundens.
  OBTUMESCENTIA, Mutitas.
  OBTUN'DENS, (F.)  Obtondant, from obtun-
dere (ob and tundere, 'to beat,')  ' to beat against,'
and therefore  to  blunt  the  edge.  An  epithet
applied to remedies that were supposed, accord-
ing to an erroneous theory, to be possessed of the
power of blunting the acrimony of the humours.
A demulcent is one of these.
  OBTURAMENTUM, Emphragma.
   OBTURATEUR DU PALAIS, Palate, arti-
ficial.
  OBTURATIO, Emphraxis.
  OBTURA'TOR, Obturatd riua, (F.) Obturateur,
from  obturare, 'to close,' 'stop up the entrance.'
A name given to several parts.
  Obturator Artery,  Arteria obturato'ria,  A.
obturatrix, (F.) Soua-pubio fimorale (Ch.), Artere
obturatriee, arises, most commonly, from the hy-
pogastric.   It is,  however, frequently given  off
from the epigastric; a matter of importance to be
determined in  cases of  femoral hernia.   Of 500
obturator arteries examined by Mr. J. Cloquet,
348 were furnished by the hypogastric, and 152
by the  epigastric or crural.  AVhen it arises from
the hypogastric, it passes forwards and outwards,
and then  turns horizontally into the cavity of the
pelvis,  to issue from this cavity by the opening
left at the upper part of the obturator membrane.
AVhen, on  the contrary,  the obturator artery
arises from  the epigastric or the crural, it de-
scends obliquely inwards, behind the 08 pubis,
to the obturator foramen.  At its exit from the
pelvis, the  artery divides  into two  branches,  a
poaterior and an anterior,  which  are distributed
to the muscles of the anterior and superior part
of the thigh.
  Obtuiia'tor  Fora'men, Fora'men Obturato'-
ritim, F. infra-pubio'num, Fora'men ovale, F. thy-
ro'ideittn, F. Thyro'i'dea, F. Amplum  Pelvis, (F.)
Trou sous-pubien.  A large opening, of  an oval
or triangular form, in the anterior part of the os
innominatum, on the outside of the symphysis
pubis and  beneath the horizontal ramus of the
os pubis.   This foramen is closed by a membra-
nous ligament.
  Obturator Ligament  or Membrane,  Sub-
pubic membrane, is a fibrous membrane,  fixed to
the  whole  circumference of the  obturator  fora-
men, except above, where an opening remains for
the passage of the vessels and nerves of the same
name.
  Obturator Muscles, Obturato'ree, Rotato'res
fem'oria.   These are two in number. They are
divided into
  a. Obturator Exter'nus, Extro-pelvio-pubi-tro-
chantirien, Soua-pubio-trochantii ieu  externe (Ch.)
A muscle, situate at the anterior and inner part
of the thigh.   It is  broad, flat, and triangular;
and is attached, on the one hand, to the  anterior
surface of the os pubis, to that  of  the  ischium,
and to the  anterior surface of the obturator liga-
ment.  Its fleshy fibres converge to the tendon,
which proceeds to be inserted at the inferior part
of the cavity of the great trochanter. This mus-
cle rotates  the thigh  outwards.
  b. Obturator Inter'nus, Marsupia'lia, Bursa'lis,
Intra-pelvio-trochantirien, Soua-pubio-trochanti-
rien interne (Ch.) is seated, almost entirely, in the
pelvis.  It arises from  the inner surface  of the
obturator ligament, and from the posterior part
of the circumference of the  obturator foramen,
and is  inserted, by  means of a  strong tendon,
running between the two portions of the gemini,
into the cavity at the root of the great  trochan-
ter; after having turned upon the ischium, which
forms for it a kind of pulley.  This  muscle also
rotates the thigh outwards.
   Obturator Nerve, Soua-pubio-fimoral, (Ch.),
proceeds principally  from the 2d and 3d lumbar
nerves.  It descends  into the pelvis; gains the
obturator foramen; gives  branches to the obtu-
rator muscles, and divides, behind  the  adductor
primus and  pectinalis, into  two branches; one
anterior, whose branches  are distributed  to the
first two adductors, gracilis, and integuments;
the other, poaterior,  distributing its ramifications
to the obturator externus and third adductor.
   Obturator Vein has, ordinarily, the  same ar-
rangement as the artery. It is common,  however,
to find it arising from the epigastric; whilst the
corresponding artery proceeds from the hypogas-
tric, and conversely.
   OBTURATORES, Obturator muscles.
   OBVOLVENTIA, Demulcents.
   OCA, Oxalis tuberosa.
   OCOECATIO, Cascitas.
   OCCIPITAL, Occipitdlia.  That which be-
longs to the occiput.
   Occipital Artery.   This arises  from the pos-
terior part of the external  carotid, beneath the
parotid.   It proceeds backwards, passes between
the mastoid  process  and  the transverse process
of  the atlas;  reaches the occipital bone and di-
vides into two branches, which may be called
ascending  posterior  and anterior, and are distri-
buted to the neighbouring muscles and ligaments. 
OCCIPITIUM
607
OCIMUM
  Occip'ital Bone, Os occip'itia seu occipit'ii seu
ocripitu'le, Os aphano baaila're, Oa memo'ria, Oa
nerro'aum, Oa bosiln're, Oa prora,  Os pyx'idis seu
sextiiiu cra'nii seu  Inmbdoi'dea seu lambda seu
louda seu puppis seu ncrvo'aum seu fibro'aum seu
priricephul'icum, (F.) Oa  occipital, is situate at
the posterior and inferior part of the cranium,
which it assists in forming.  It is flat, symmetri-
cal, and curved  upon itself.  It presents, 1. An
on ipital or poaterior surface, which  is convex,
and has, upon the median line, the baailary sur-
foe.e, the foramen magnum, through which passes
the spinal marrow with its membranes and ves-
sels,—the external occipital crest, the external oc-
cipital protuberance ;  and, at the sides, the upper
curred line, large rough arched ridge or transverae
arch or linea semicircularia, the lower curved line,
the poaterior condyloid fossa, the condyles for the
articulation of this bone with the atlas; and the
anterior condyloid foeaa, pierced by a foramen
for the passage of the ninth pair of nerves.  2. A
cerebral, or anterior surface.   On the median line
are:  the  basilary foeaa, the inner orifice of the
foramen magnum, the internal occipital crest, the
internal  occipital  protuberance,  the  cruciform
spine;  a  channel, which lodges the  termination
of tho straight sinus, and on each side, the occi-
pital foeaa distinguished into auperior or cere-
bral, and  inferior or ccrebelloua, and separated by
a groove which  lodges the lateral sinus.   3. The
surfaces of the  occipital  bono  are separated by
four ridges  and  four angles.  The two superior
edges are articulated with the parietal bones ; the
two lower join  the temporal;  and the anterior
angle, under the name baailary procesa, is united
to the sphenoid.
   The  occipital  bone is developed  from  four
points of ossification;  and  sometimes  from  a
greater number.
   Occipital Muscle, Occipita'lia.  Many ana-
tomists have given this name  to the posterior
fasciculus of the occipito-frontalis.
   Occipital  Nerve,  Sub-occipital  nerve, (F.)
Premiire pairc trachilienne (Ch.), Nerf occipital
ou eoue occipital.  It arises from  the upper part
of the spinal marrow by eight or ten filaments,
united  in two fasciculi.  Thus formed, it passes
between the foramen magnum and the posterior
arch of the atlas ; and, at this place, forms a long
ganglion, afterwards dividing into two branches.
Of these,  the anterior, which is long and small,
makes a turn above the transverse process of the
atlas, and forms an anastomotic noose  with  a
branch of the second cervical nerve.   The p>oste-
rior branch, larger and shorter, divides into seven
or eight branches, which are distributed to the
muscles of the upper and back part of the neck.
   Occipital Region, Occiput.
   Occipital A'ein.  Its roots follow exactly the
course of the branches of the  artery, and unite
into a single trunk, which opens into the  internal
jugular vein, and sometimes into the external.
   OCCIPITIUM, Occiput.
   OCCIP'ITO-AT'LOID,  Occipito - atldidetta,
(F.)  Oceipito-otldidieii.   That which  has refer-
ence  to the occiput and atlas.
   OcciriTo-ATLOiD Articulation is the articu-
lation of  the condyles of the occipital bone with
the superior articular cavities of the atlas.  It  is
strengthened by two ligaments; the one anterior,
tho other posterior,  called occipito-atloid  liga-
ments:  the  one  extends  from  the anterior,  the
other from the posterior,  arch of the atlas, to the
corresponding portion of the circumference of the
foramen magnum.
   OCCIP'lfO-AX'OID,  Occipito-axdideus, (F.)
Occipito-axo'idien.   That which  relates to  the
occipital bone and the axis or second vertebra.
  Occipito-axoid  Articulation is the  connex-
ion of the occipital bone with the axis or second
vertebra, although these bones are not really ar-
ticulated, but are merely retained  in apposition
by three strong ligaments, the posterior of which
is  called the occipito-axoid, and the two others
odontoid.
  OCCIPITO-FRONTA'LIS, Digae'tricua cra'-
nii, Ejncra'niua,  Frontdlia et occipitalis.   The
majority of anatomists call by this  name the
whole of the fleshy plane, with the epicranial or
coronal aponeurosis, (see  Calotte,) which  covers
the head from the occiput to the forehead.  It is
attached, by its posterior  fasciculus, to the two
outer thirds of the upper curved line of the occi-
pital bone, and to the outer surface of  the mas-
toid portion of the temporal; and, by its anterior
fasciculus, it terminates at the eyebrow, where it
becomes confounded with  the superciliaris, pyra-
midalis nasi, and orbicularis palpebrarum.
   The occipito-frontalis, by the contraction of its
anterior fasciculus, draws  forward  a part of the
integuments of the  cranium.   It wrinkles the
skin of the forehead transversely, and  may, also
contribute to open the eye by its  decussation with
the orbicularis  palpebrarum.   The  posterior fas-
ciculus of  the muscle draws backwards a part of
the skin of the cranium, and assists in stretching
the common aponeurosis.
   OCCIP'ITO-MENINGE'AL.  That which be-
longs to the occipital bone, and to the meninge
or dura mater.
   Occipito-meningeal Artery, in Chaussier's
nomenclature, is a branch of the vertebral, given
off to  the  dura mater  at  its  entrance  into the
cranium.
   OCCIPUT, Occipit'ium, Regio occipita'lia, Id-
ion, from  ob,  and caput,  Opisthocra'nium, Opis-
thoceph'alon, Prora, Occipi'tium.  The back part
of the head, formed by the occipital bone.
   Occiput, Soft, Craniotabes.
   OCCLU'SION,  Occlu'sio,  Myce,  from occlu-
dere, 'to shut up.'   Sometimes  this word signi-
fies, simply, the transient approximation of the
edges of a natural opening—the occlusion of the
eyelids, for example; at others it is synonymous
with imperforation,  as occlusion of the pupil,
vagina, <fec.
   OCCULT DISEASES, see Latent.
   OCHEMA, Vehicle.
   OCHETEUMATA, Nares.
   OCHETOS, Canal.
   OCI1EUS, Scrotum.
   OCHLE'SIS, from oxXos, 'a crowd.'  A term,
applied by Dr. George Gregory  to a morbid con-
dition induced by the crowding together of sick
persons under one roof.
   OCHREA RUBRA, Hasmatites.
   OCHRIASIS, Paleness.
   OCHROMA, Paleness.
   OCHROPYRA, Fever, yellow.
   OCHROTES, Paleness.
   OCHROTYPHUS, Fever, yellow.
   OCHTHODES, Callous.
   OCIMUM ADSCENDENS, 0. Basilicum.
   Oci'mum Basil'icum, 0. adsceddens seu ^i7o'-
sum seu   racemo'sum, Basil'icum,  Bereddaros,
Basil'icum majus, B. citra'tum, Oci'mum citra'tum,
 Common or Citron basil,   (F.)  Basilic commun.
Nat. Ord.  Labiatas.  Sex. Syst. Didynamia Gym-
nospermia. This  herb has a fragrant odour and
aromatic  taste.  It  is used as a condiment, and
has been supposed to possess nervine properties.
   Ocimum Caryophylla'tum,  0. midimum,
Small or Bush baail.   Possesses properties similar
to the former.  It is sometimes used as snuff.
   Ocimum  Citratum,  0. Basilicum—o. Pilosum,
0. Basilicum—o. Racemosum, 0. Basilicum. 
ODONTOLITHOS
                   OCOTEA                 6

   OCOTEA PICHURIN, see Pichurim beans.
   OCREA, Hippocampus minor, Shin.
   OCTA'NA, Hebdomada'ria, Febris hebdoma-
da'ria, from octo, ' eight.'  A fever whose parox-
ysms recur every week.  A supposititious case.
   OCTA'RIUS.   The eighth part  of a wine-gal-
gallon.  It contains sixteen fluidounces, (Ph. U.
S.) to 20 fluidounces imperial measure.
   OCTOPUS, Synapheocephalus,  Hemipages.
   OCTUNX.  A weight of eight ounces.
   OC'ULAR, Oculdrie;  from oculua, 'an  eye.'
Of or belonging  to the eye.
   Ocular  Cone.  The cone  formed within the
eye by a pencil of rays proceeding from an ob-
ject; the base of the  cone being  on the cornea,
—the apex on the retina.
   OCULARES COM.AIUNES, Motores oculorum
—o. Dentes, Canine teeth.
   OCULARIA, Euphrasia officinalis.
   OCULI  MARMARYGODES,  Metamorphop-
sia— o. Palpebrarum scabies pruriginosa, Oph-
thalmia tarsi.
   OCULIST, Oculia'to, Ophthalmia'ter, Med'icua
oculdriua.   One  who occupies himself, chiefly,
with the management of diseases of the eye.
   OCULISTIQUE, Ophthalmology.
   OCULO-MUSCULAR NERVES, COMMON,
Motores oculorum.
   OCULUM  MOVENS PRIMUS, Rectus inter-
nus oculi — o. Movens quartus, Rectus inferior
oculi—o. Movens secundus, Rectus  externus oculi
—o. Movens tertius, Rectus superior oculi.
   OCULUS,  Eye—o.  Bovinus, Hydrophthalmia
—o. Bovis, Chrysanthemum  leucanthemum—o.
Bubulus, Hydrophthalmia—o. Cassius, Glaucoma
— o. Duplex, Binoculus — o. Elephantinus, Hy-
drophthalmia—o. Genu, Patella—o. Lacrymans,
Epiphora — o. Purulentus, Hypopyon — o.  Sim-
plex, see Monoculus—o. Typhonis, Scilla.
  OCYMUM, see Ocimum — o. Sylvestre, Clino-
podium vulgare.
  OCYODYNIC, Ocytocic.
  OCYPH'ONUS, from okvs, 'quick,' and (povos,
' murder.'   An agent that kills speedily.
  OCYTOCEUS, Ocytocic.
  OCYTOCIC,  Oxytocic, Ocytoc'eua, Ocytoc'iua,
Ocyt'ocus,  Ocyody'nic, Odinago'gua,  from oifus,
'quick,' and tokos, 'labour.'  Any  thing that ex-
pedites parturition.
  OCYTOCIUS,  Ocytocic.
  OCYTOCUS, Ocytocic.
  ODAXIS'MUS,  Odaxes'mus,  Odontocne'eie,
Odontocneamue, from oiovs, 'a tooth.'  The  pain-
ful itching of the gums which precedes the ap-
pearance of the teeth.  Dentition.
  ODES.  A suffix,  see Eidos.
   ODEUR, Odour.
  ODIN, Pains, (labour.)
  ODIN AGO GUS, Ocytocic.
  ODINOL'YSIS, from oitv, ' labour pains,' and
Xvcts, ' solution.'   Mitigation  of labour pains.
  ODINOPGS'A,  from ooiv, 'labour pains,' and
xoitu, 'I make.'   Agents  that encourage labour
pains.
  ODIS, Pains, labour.
  ODME, Odour.
  ODONTAGOGON, Dentagra.
  ODON'TAGRA, from oSovs, 'a tooth,' and aypa,
'& seizure.'  A rheumatic  or  gouty  pain in the
teeth.  Dentagra.
  ODONTAL'GIA,  from  oSovs, 'a  tooth,' and
aXyos, 'pain.'  Odon'tia, Dedtium dolor, Tooth-
ach, Odon'tia doloro'ea, Gomphi'asis, Gomphiae'-
mus, Odontodynia, (F.) Douleur des denta, Flux-
ion sur  lea  dents, Mai de dent, Mai d'amour.   A
disease dependent upon a variety of causes affect-
ing the cavity of the tooth; but generally owing
to caries, which exposes  the cavity to the action
of the air, and to extraneous matters in general.
Hence, the treatment consists in plugging the
tooth, or destroying the  sensibility of the nerve,
by powerful stimulants;  and, if these means fail,
in extracting the tooth.
   Odontalgia  Cariosa, Dental  gangrene — o.
Dentitionis, Dentition — o. Hasmodia, H.emodia.
   Odontalgia  Nervosa,  Neural'gia  Denta'lis.
Neuralgia  of the teeth.   Characterized by pe-
riodical pain, shooting with the utmost violence
along the branches of the fifth pair distributed  to
the affected jaw.
   Odontalgia   Remittens  et  Intermittens,
Neuralgia infra-orbitaria.
   ODONTALGIC, Anti-odontalgic.
   ODONTAMBLYOGMUS, Hasmodia.
   ODONTHiEMODIA, Hamodia.
   ODONTHARPAGA, Dentagra.
   ODONTHYPER.ESTHESIS, Hasmodia.
   ODONTIA, Odontalgia.
   Odontia Defor'mis.  Deformity of the teeth
from error or shape, position, or number.—Good.
   Odontia Dentitionis  Lactantium, see Denti-
tion (first)—o. Dentitionis puerilis, see  Dentition
(second) — o. Edentula,  see Nefrendes — o. Ex-
crescens, Epulis — o.  Incrustans, Odontolithos —
o. Stuporis, Hasmodia.
   ODONTLASIS, Dentition.
   ODONTIATER, Dentist.
   ODONTIATRIA, Dentistry.
   ODONTIC, Anti-odontalgic.
   ODONTI'TIS,  Odontophleg'mone, from  oiovs,
'a tooth,' and itie, denoting inflammation.  In-
flammation of the teeth.
   ODONTOBOTHRITIS, Odontophatni'tie, In-
flamma'tio alveolo'rum,  from  odontobothrium,
'alveolus,' and itis, denoting inflammation.  In-
flammation of the alveoli.
   ODONTOBOTHRIUM, Alveolus.
   ODONTOCLA'SIS,  from oSovs,  'a tooth,' and
KXaats,  'fracture;' Fractu'ra  den'tie.   Fracture
of a tooth.
   ODONTOCNESIS, Odaxismus.
   ODONTOCNESMUS,  Odaxismus.
   ODONTODES, Odontoid.
   ODONTODYNIA, Odontalgia.
   ODONTOG"ENY,  Odontogen'ia; from oSovs,
oSovros. 'a tooth,' and  ytvtcts,  'generation.'  Ge-
neration  or mode of development of the teeth.
   ODONTOGLYPHON, Dentiscalpium, Gum

   ODONTOGLYPHUM,   Dentiscalpium,  Gum
lancet.
   ODONTOG'RAPHY,  Odontograph'ia, from
o&ovs,  ' a tooth,' and  ypatpn,  ' a description.'  A
description of the teeth.
   ODON'TOID, Odontoi'des, Odonto'des,  Denti-
form'is, Denta'lis, Dentoideus, Pyreno'i'dea, from
oSovs,  'a  tooth,'  and tthos, 'shape,'  'resemblance.'
This epithet is given to the Proceaaua dentatus  of
the second  vertebra or axis.
   Odontoid Lig'aments, (F.) Ligaments odon-
to'idiena,  are two strong  and  short conical fasci-
culi, whose truncated summits embrace the sides
of the odontoid process, and whose bases are fixed
in the fossas at  the inner side  of the condyles  of
the occipital bone.  Their direction is obliquely
outwards and slightly upwards. They enter into
the composition of the  occipito-axoid  articula-
tion;  strengthen the junction of  the head with
the vertebral column, and limit the movement  of
rotation of the atlas on the axis.
   ODONTOLTTHOS, from o&ovs, 'a tooth,' and
Xt&os, ' a  stone.'  A sort of incrustation, of a yel-
lowish  colour,  which  forms  at the  base  of the
teeth, and is called Tartar,  Tar'torus Dentium, 
1)9                 CEILLET
               ODONTOLOGY              6(

O'loa'tin  incrue'tana,  Gal'cuius  denta'lis, (F.)
Tartrc des  Dents.  It consists of seventy-nine
parts of phosphate of lime; twelve and a half of
mucus; one of a particular salivary matter, and
seven and a half of animal substance, soluble in
chlorohydric acid.  Infusoria have been  found
in it.
   ODONTOT/OGY, Odontolog"iu, from ooovs, 'a
tooth,' and Xoyos, 'a discourse.'   An anatomical
treatise of the teeth.
   OD0NT0NECR0SIS, Dental gangrene.
   ODONTOPARALLAXIS, from o<5ouf,'a tooth,'
and nupaXXn^ts, 'deviation.'  Irregularity and ob-
liquity of flic  teeth.
   on'oXTOPIIATNE, Alveolus.
   ODOXTOPHATN ITIS, Odontobothritis.
   ODONTOPIIYIA, Dentition.
   ODONTOPRISIS, Bryginus, Stridor dentium.
   ODONTOSEI'SIS,  Odontoseis'mue,  Dedtium
vacillan'tia.   Looseness  of the teeth.
   ODONTOSEIS.AIUS, Odontoseisis.
   ODONTOSAIEGMA, Dentifrice.
   ODONTOSI'IIACELISIS, Dental gangrene.
   0D0NTOSP1IACEL1SMUS, Dental gangrene.
   ODONTOSTERE'SIS, from oiovs,  'a tooth,'
and ortpnots, ' privation.'  Loss of the teeth.
   ODONTOSYNERISMUS, from oiovs, 'a tooth/
and awtpt^ttv, 'to strike  together.'  (F.) Claque-
rnent.  Chattering of the teeth.
   ODONTOTECHNY, Dentistry.
   ODONTOTHERAPIA, Dentistry.
   ODD\'T<>TRIAIMA, Dentifrice.
   ODORAMENTUM, Odoriferum.
   ODORAT,  Olfaction.
   ODORATIO. Olfaction.
   ODORATUS, Olfaction—o. Deperditus, Anos-
mia.
   ODORIF'EKUM, from odor, 'odour,' andfero,
'I carry;' Odoramedturn.  A medicine that gives
odour or flavour.   A scent.  A perfume.
   ODOS, AVay.
   O'DOUR, Odor, Odme, Oeme, (F.) Odeur.  A
smell.   Odours are subtle  particles,  constantly
escaping from the surface of  certain  bodies.
They act, in  some manner,  by  actual contact
with the nerves of the Schneiderian membrane,
and  give occasion to the sense of smell or olfac-
tion.
   ODOUS^ Teeth.
  OD'YNE, o&vvr), 'pain,' Dolor,  Odyne'ma.  A
very common suffix to words;  as in Pleurodyne.
  ODYNEAIA, Odyne.
  CECONOMIA, Economy — ce. Animalis, Phy-
siology.
  (El)ALICUS, Edematous.
  CEDALll'S, Edematous.
  CEDE'MA, from otitio, 'I  am  swollen.'  Hy-
dron'cus, (Edemat'ia, Hyderon'cus, Hydaton'cua,
Ilydroiide'ma,  Hydrcde'ma,  Hydropa cellula'ria
ar'tuum,  Phtegmdtia, Leucophlcgma'tia, Ecphy'-
ma ivdcmat'icum, (F.) (Edeme, (Edimatie, Enflure.
Swelling produced by the accumulation of a se-
rous fluid in the interstices of the areolar texture.
This swelling is  soft;  yields  under the finger;
preserves the  impression for some time, and is
pale and  without pain.   It  presents  the  same
characters as anasarca, which  is general oedema.
Its etiology aud treatment are also  the same.
See Anasarca.
  CEdema Acutum. see Anasarca.
  CEdema Arsknica'lis.  The swelling of the
eyelids and face, induced by continued use of the
preparations of arsenic.
  CEdema Calidum, see Anasarca — ce. Capitis,
Hydrocephalus externus.
  (Eoe'ma  Cer'ebri, (F.)  (Edhne du cerveau.
(Edema of the  brain. A condition of the cerebral
      39
pulp, in which there is an infiltration of serous
fluid into it, so that it appears more moist or wa-
tery than common; and,  when sliced or pressed,
small drops of water are seen to ooze out.
  (Edema,  Compact, Induration of the cellular
tissue — ce. Cruentum, Suggillation — ce. Febrile,
see Anasarca — ce. Fugax, Anathymiasis — ce.
Hystericum, Anathymiasis.
  (Edema of the Glottis, (Edem'atous Laryn-
e/i'tie, L.  8ubmuco'ea seu cedemato'ea seu  eero-
purulen'ta, CEde'ma glot'tidis, Hydrops glot'tidie,
Angi'na aquo'8a, A.  larynge'a anlemato'ea,  Sub-
mu'eoue Laryngi'tia, OJdem'atous angi'na, (F.)
Laryngite cedimateuae, L. cedimateuae et airo-pu-
rulente, L. auaglottique, L. aous-muqueuae, Angine
laryngie cedimateuae, QEdhne de la glotte.  A
disease consisting of serous or sero-purulent in-
filtration into the submucous tissue of the glottis.
The symptoms resemble those of croup; but the
disease attacks the adult rather than the child.
The age is, indeed, a principal means of diagnosis
between the two affections.
  The disease is almost always fatal.   The treat-
ment has to vary according to the accompanying
general symptoms.
  (Edema Lacteum, Phlegmatia dolens.
  CEdema  of the Lungs,  GSde'ma pulmo'num,
Pneumoch'ysis, I'neumoncede'ma,  Hydropa  Pul-
mo'num,  lliplropncumo'nia, Anasar'ca  Pulmo'-
num, (F.)  0-Jdeiue  du poumon.  Laennec has so
called the infiltration of serum into the tissue of
the lung, carried to such an extent as to diminish
its permeability to air.  It is not an uncommon
sequela  of pneumonia, and the major exanthe-
mata.  The respiration is laborious; the respira-
tory murmur scarcely perceptible, although the
thorax is largely expanded, and there is a slight
rdle crepitant, particularly at the base and  infe-
rior part of the lung.  The sound on percussion
is clear, and on both sides equally so.  The cough
is attended with aqueous expectoration.   In  some
cases the respiration becomes puerile in a small
portion of the summit of  the lung.
  (Edema Neonatorum,  Induration of the cellu-
lar tissue — ce. Palpebrarum, Hydroblepharon —
ce. Puerperarum,  Phlegmatia dolens—ce. Pulmo-
num, CEdema of the lungs — ce. Pulmonum chro-
nicum, Hydropneumonia — ce. Scroti aquosum,
Oschydrcedema—ce. Scroti cruentum, (Eschasma-
tcedema—ce. Scroti purulentum, Oscheopyoedema
— ce. Scroti urinosum, Urocele — ce. Spasticum,
Anathymiasis — ce. Uvulas, Staphylcedema.
  CEDEMATIA, CEdema.
  (EDEMATIE, CEdema.
  CEDEMATOSARCA, CEdemosarca.
  CEDEMATOSCHEOCE'LE, CEdemoacheoce'le,
Oacheoce'le cedemat'iea.  Oscheocele with oedema
of the scrotum.
  CEDEM'ATOUS, CEdematdaus,  CEdemot'icus,
CSdemolo'dea,  OSdal'iua, CEdal'icua, Edem'atous.
Affected with oedema.
  CEDEME,  (Edema —ce. du Cerveau, (Edema
cerebri — ce.  Douloureux  des femmes en  couche,
Phlegmatia dolens—oe. des Nouvelles accouchies,
Phlegmatia dolens — ce. actif des Nouvelles ac-
couchies, Phlegmatia dolens — ce. de la Glotte,
CEdema of the glottis — ce.  de la Glotte, Angina
cedematosa — ce. du Tissu cellulaire des nouveau-
nie, Induration of the cellular tissue.
  CEDEMOSAR'CA, CEdematosar'ca.  A species
of tumour mentioned by  M. A. Severinus, which
holds a middle place between oedema and sarcoma.
  CEDEMOSCHEOCELE,  (Edematoscheocele.
  CEIL, Eye—ce. de Bceuf, Anthemis tinctoria—
oe. Double, Binoculus—ce. de Lierrc, Lagophthal-
mus — ce,. Simple, see Monoculus.
  &ILLET  GIRO FLEE, Dianthus caryophyl-
lus. 
CEILLIERE
610
CESTRUS
  CEILLIERE, Scaphium oculare.
  CENAN'THE,  CE. croco'ta, CE. charophyl'li
fo'liia, Hemlock  dropwort, Hemlock woter-drop-
wort.   Nat. Ord. Umbelliferas.  Sex. Syat. Pen-
tandria Digynia.  A violent poison of the acro-
narcotic class. Its juice  has been recommended
in certain cutaneous diseases; but  it is scarcely
ever used.  It is  employed in fomentations.
  CEnanthe Aquatica, Phellandrium aquaticum
—ce. Phellandrium, Phellandrium aquaticum—oe.
Striata rigida, Seseli tortuosum.
  (ENELJE'ON, from  otvos,  'wine,' and tXaiov,
'oil.'  A  mixture of oil and wine.—Galen.  Also,
rectified spirit or alcohol.
  CENOG'ALA, oivoyaXa, from otvos, 'wine,'  and
yaXa,  ' milk,' — ' a mixture  of  wine and  milk.'
According to some,  wine  as warm as new milk.
  CENOG'ARON,  Garum vino mistum.   AVine
mixed with garum.—Ae'tius.
  CENOIDES, Vinous.
  (ENOMA'NIA, Oinomdnia, from otvos, 'wine,'
and mania.   Delirium tremens.  Properly, wine-
mania.   An  insatiable desire  for intoxicating
liquors.
  CE'NOMEL, CEnom'eli, from otvos, 'wine,' and
pt\t, ' honey.' Mel vino'sum, Mulsum Vino'sum.
Honey wine.   Wine mead.
  CENOPHLYGIA, Temulentia.
  CENOPHLYXIS, Temulentia.
  (ENOS, AVine.
  CENOSTAGMA, Spiritus vini rectificatus.
  CENOTHE'RA BIENNIS, CE. Mollis'sima seu
murica'ta seu gauro'V]dea, On'agra, Evening Prim-
rose,  Tree Primroee,  Primroee  tree,  Cure-oil,
Scabiah.   An indigenous plant, common  on the
borders of fields, and  in  natural  hedges.  Sex.
Syat.  Octandria Monogynia.  Its properties are
mucilaginous  and  slightly acrid.   A decoction
has been used in cases of  infantile  and other
eruptions.
  CEnothera Gauroides, 0. biennis — ce. Muri-
cata,  0. biennis.
  CESOPHAGE'AL,  CEsophaga'ua,  (F.) CEao-
phagien.  Relating or belonging to the oesopha-
gus.
  (Esophageal Ap'erture  of the Di'aphragm,
(F.) Ouverture ceaophagienne du diaphragme.   An
opening in the diaphragm for the passage  of the
oesophagus.
  (Esophageal Aperture of the Stomach.  A
name given to the superior  or cardiac orifice of
the stomach, to distinguish it from the inferior or
pyloric.
  (Esophageal  Muscle, CEsophaga'ua.  Some
anatomists have given this name to the transverse
muscular fibres  which surround the oesophagus
at its upper extremity.
  (Esophageal Tube, see Tube, oesophageal.
  (ESOPHAGEURYS'MA,   CEsoph'agus  succen-
turia'tue, from otaotpayos, 'the  oesophagus,' and
svpvapa, ' dilatation.'  Dilatation of the  oesopha-
gus.
  (ESOPHAGIALGIA, CEsophagismus.
  CESOPHAGIARCTIA, Dysphagia constricta.
  CESOPHAGIEN, (muscle,)  Constrictor oeso-
phagi.
  (ESOPHAGIS'MUS, aJsopfca^Vmam.  A name
given by Vogel to spasm of  the oesophagus, Dye-
pha'gia  8paamod'ica,  D. Spae'tica, (Eaophago-
spasm'ua, D. Nervo'aa, Strictu'ra cceoph'agi apaa-
mod'ica, CEeophagial'gia, Tenes'mus Gula,  (F.)
 Tinesme de I'cvaophage.  By some used synony-
jnously  with  oesophagitis, dysphagia,  and  con-
traction  of the oesophagus.
   CESOPHAGI'TIS, Angi'na  cesophaga'a,  Cy-
na-n'che ceaophaga'a, Dysphdgia inflammato'ria,
Inflamma'tio  ocsoph'agi,  I.  Gula,  (F.)  Angine
cesophagiennc.   Inflammation of the oesophagus.
  CESOPHAGODYN'IA,  from  otaotpayos,  'the
oesophagus,' and oowri, 'pain.'   Pain in the oeso-
phagus.
  CESOPHAGOPATHI'A,  Morbus  (1,'soph'agi,
from  otaotpayos,  'the  oesophagus,' and  naOos,
'disease.'   A morbid condition of  the oesopha-
gus.
  (ESOPHAGOPLE'GIA, Dysphdgia  paralyt'-
ica, Lamoparaly'sis, from  otaoipayos, 'the  oeso-
phagus,' and irXtiyv, ' a stroke.'  Paralysis of the
oesophagus.
  (ESOPHAGORRHAG"IA, from otaoipayos, 'the
oesophagus,' and paytj, 'a rupture.'  Hemorrhage
from the oesophagus.
  CESOPHAGORRHCE'A  from  otaotpayos, 'the
oesophagus,' and  ptia,  'I flow.'   Discbarge  of
blood or mucus from the oesophagus.
  CESOPHAGOSPASM'US, from otaoipayos, 'the
oesophagus,' and attaapos, ' spasm.'  Spasm of the
oesophagus.
  CESOPHAGOT'OMY,  CEaophagotom'ia,  from
otaoipayos, ' the  oesophagus,' and npvttv, ' to cut.'
An incision made into the oesophagus  for the
purpose of extracting foreign bodies from it.
  CESOPH'AGUS, from otu>, 'I carry,' and ejayoi,
' I eat;'  Gula, Fie'tula eiba'lia, Via stom'achi  et
ventris, Fis'tula vel Infundib'ulum Ventric'uli,
Gluttue.   The  Gullet.  A  musculo-membranous
canal, cylindrical,  and  depressed from before  to
behind, which extends from the inferior extremity
of the pharynx to the  upper orifice of the sto-
mach.  At its origin, it is situate in the median
line;  but, beneath the larynx, it deviates to the
left, and in the chest experiences different inflec-
tions.   In its  cervical portion,  it corresponds,
behind, with the spine; before, with the larynx
and trachea; and, at the sides, it is close to the
primitive carotids, internal jugular veins, par
vagum, recurrent  nerves,  &c.   In its inferior  or
thoracic  portion, the oesophagus  is entirely con-
tained in the posterior mediastinum; and enters
the abdomen through  the oesophageal aperture
of the diaphragm.  The oesophagus is  composed
of a very strong muscular layer, sometimes called
 Tunica vagina'lis gula ; formed, itself, of two sets
of fibres, the external being general longitudinal,
the internal transverse or annular.  2. Of a mu-
cous  membrane which is soft,  fine,  thin, and
white, especially at its lower part.   It is continu-
ous, above, with  the mucous membrane of tho
pharynx.  The  mucous follicles, found  beneath
it, are not numerous, and have been called CEeo-
phageal glanda.  The arteries  of the oesophagus
proceed, in the  neck, from the thyroid; in the
chest, from the bronchial arteries and  directly
from  the aorta; — in the abdomen, from the infe-
rior phrenic, and coronaria ventriculi.   Its veins
empty themselves into the inferior thyroid, the
vena cava superior, the internal  mammary, azy-
gos, bronchial, phrenic, and coronaria ventriculi.
Its lymphatics pass into the ganglia surrounding
it.  Its nerves  are afforded by  the pharyngeal
and pulmonary plexuses; by the cardiac nerves;
the  thoracic  ganglia,  and, especially, by  tho
pneumogastrics and their recurrent branches.
   (Esophagus Succenturiatus, Pharyngocelo.
   CESTROMANIA, Nymphomania.
   (ESTRUATION, Orgasm, see Heat.
   CESTRUM, Clitoris.
   (Estrum Ven'eris, CEetrum vene'reum, CEetrus
rcne'reua; from otarpo;, oeatrua, 'a violent impulse
or desire.'  A vehement desire for sexual inter-
course.  With  some, ceatrum signifies Clitoris.
   CESTRUS,   Clitoris —ce. Venereus,   CEatrum
venereum. 
CESYPUS
611
OINTMENT
   CE'SYPUS, from  ots,  'a sheep,'  and  pmos,
 'dirt' [?].   The greasy  matter of unwashed
 wool: formerly employed in friction  in diseased
 joints.
   (El'FS, Ova.
   OFFICE,  PHYSICIAN'S  or  SURGEON'S,
 Iatrion.
   0FFI(' IXA, Phnrmacopolium.
   OFFICINAL, Ojlieindlia,  from  officino,  'a
 shop.'  An epithet  for medicines  found in the
 shop of the apothecary, ready prepared — uauo'-
 lio;  in opposition to magistral or extemporaneous,
 — those prepared after  the prescription of the
 physician.
   OFFIUM, Affion, Opium.
   OFFSPRING, Epigone.
   OFFUSCATIO, Amaurosis.
   OGLA, Oogala.
   Od NON, a Corn—o. Mur in,  Scilla.
   Oil CO,  MINERAL AVATERS  OF.   Yellow
 Spring is a chalybeate, situate in Greene county,
 01 miles  from Cincinnati.  It is somewhat fre-
 quented.
   OIDIUM ABORTIFACIENS, see  Ergot.
   OIE, Sorbus domestica.
   Old NON,  Allium  cepa.
   OIL, O'leum, El a:'on, (F.) Huile;  from tXata,
 'the olive.'  A collective name, under which two
 classes of fluids are included, very different from
 oach other: those belonging to the  one class, are
 viscid, mawkish  or almost insipid; those of the
 other are  nearly devoid  of viscidity,  and are
 caustic and very  volatile.   The former are called
 fat or fixed oila;  the latter volatile or eeecntial
 oile, or eeeenccs.
   Oil of Almonds, Oleum amygdalarum — o.  of
 Amber, rectified, see Succinum—o. Animal, Oleum
 animale—o. Animal,  of Dippel, Oleum animale
 Dippelii — o. of Bay, Daphnelason—o. of Bays,
 Oleum.laurinuin — o. and Beeswax, Unguentum
 ceras—o. of Benjamin or Benzoin, Oleum benzo-
 ini—o. Bonne, see Sesamum orientale.
   Oil, British.  An empirical preparation often
 used  in cases of sprains.
   A  committee of tho Philadelphia College of
 Pharmacy recommend the  following form for its
 preparation. — 01. Terebinth., Ol. Lini. itsitatiss.
 au. f^'U- Ol. Succini., Ol. Juniper, aa. f.^iv. Pe-
 trol.  IJarbadens. f^iij, Petrol. American. (Seneca
 Oil.)  f'5J.  M.
   Oil or Cacao,  Butter of Cacao — o. of the Ca-
 shew  nut, see Anacardium occidentale—o. Castor,
see Ricinus communis — o. of  Chabert, Oleum
animale empyreuinaticum Chaberti—o. of Cinna-
mon,  see Laurus einnamomum — o.  of Cloves,
 Eugenia caryopbyllata—o. Cod,  0. Jecoris aselli
 o.  Codliver, 0. Jecoris aselli—o. of Copaiba, Oleum
 Copaibas — o. of Cubebs, see Piper cubeba — o. of
 Cypress,  Cyprinum oleum — o. of Dill, see Ane-
 thum graveolens — o.  Dippel's,  Oleum  animale
 Dippelii—o. of  Egg, see  Ovum — o. Ethereal,
 Oleum .I-'.ihereuin —o. Flaxseed,  see Linum usi-
 tatissimum.
   Oil, Fusel,  Al'cohol amyl'icum, (Ph. D.) Fousel
 oil, Pota'to oil.  An acrid volatile oil, formed in the
 manufacture of potato brandy, and which  is not
 easily separable from it.  Its chemical constitu-
tion is analogous  to that of alcohol.  It exhales
a powerful and peculiarly suffocating odour.   S.
g.  .SIS.  In small doses it is highly stimulating,
— acting  like  narcotics in  general.  In  large
doses it destroys  the mucous membranes  of the
stomach.
   Oil, Haerlem.   An  empirical preparation
supposed to consist chiefly  of petroleum, turpen-
tine,  and balsam of sulphur.  Used internally in
renal  and rheumatic affections.
   Oil, Krumholz, see Pinus mughos—o. of Le-
i mons,  see  Citrus medica—o. Lily,  see  Lilium
 candidum — o.  of  Mucilages,  Oleum  e mucila-
I ginibus—o. Neatsfoot, Oleum  bubulum—o. of
 Nicodemus, Nicodemi oleum — o.  Nut, Juglans
| cinerea — o. of  Nutmegs,  see Myristica mos-
 chata— o.  Olive,  Oleum  olivas — o. Palm,  see
 Cocos  butyracea—o.  Paper,  Pyrothonide — o.
 of Pennyroyal,  see  Hedeoma  pulegioides — o.
 of Pike, Oleum lucii  piscis — o. Rock,  Petro-
 lasum — o.  Potato,  Oil, Fusel — o. Rag, Pyrotho-
 nide — o. Rayliver, see Oleum Jecoris aselli — o.
 of Roses, see Rosa centifolia—o. of Rue, Pegane-
 lason, see Ruta—o. of Spike, Oleum terebinthinas
 —o. of St.  John's AVort, see Hypericum perfora-
 tum—o. Salad, Oleum olivas—o. of Scorpion, sea
 Scorpion — o. Sulphuretted, Balsamum  sulphuris
 simplex —  o.  of Tartar, Liquor potassas subcar-
 bonatis— o. of  Tobacco, Oleum tabaci — o.  of
 Turpentine, Oleum terebinthinas — o. of Turpen-
 tine, rectified, Oleum terebinthinas rectificatum—
 o. of Valerian,  Oleum  valerianas — o. of Vitriol,
 Sulphuric acid—o.  of AVine, Oleum asthereum.
   Oils, Animal, Olea animalia—o. Distilled, Olea
 volatilia—o. Empyreumatic, Olea empyreumatica
 — o. Essential,  Olea volatilia — o. Ethereal, Olea
 volatilia—o. Expressed, Olea fixa—o. Fatty, Olea
 fixa—o. Fixed, Olea fixa—o. Fugacious, Olea fu-
 gacia—o. Medicinal,  Olea medicinalia—o. Vola-
 tile, Olea volatilia.
   OILY, Oleaginous—o. Grain,  Sesamum  orient-
 ale.
   OINOMANIA, (Enomania.
   OINTMENT,  Unguentum — o. of Antimony,
 tartarized, Unguentum antimonii tartarizati.
   Ointment, Arsen'ical, of  Sir Aetley Cooper.
 This  is made of araenioue acid  £] >  sulphur,  Zj ;
 epermaceti cerate, *|j.   It is spread on  lint, and
 applied to cancerous sores.
   Ointment, Basilicon, Unguentum resinas — o.
 Bay,  Unguentum laurinum — o. of Belladonna,
 Unguentum belladonnas — o.  Blister,  Cerate  of
 cantharides  — o.  Blistering,  green,  Unguentum
 lyttas medicatum—o. Blistering, milder, Unguen-
 tum lyttas — o.  Blistering,  yellow,  Unguentum
 lyttas medicatum aliud — o.  Blue,  Unguentum
 hydrargyri — o. Citrine, Unguentum  hydrargyri
 nitratis — o. of Creasote, Unguentum creasoti —
 o.  Cyrillo's,  Unguentum muriatis hydrargyri
 oxygenati^medicatus—o. Digestive, simple, Un-
 guentum  digestivum  simplex — o.  Edinburgh,
 see Unguentum  veratri — o. Elder,  Unguentum
 sambuci — o. of  Elemi, Unguentum elemi com-
 positum— o.  for the  Eyes,  (Smellome's,)  see
 Ceratum  resinas — o.  Golden,  Unguentum hy-
 drargyri nitrico-oxidi — o.  Golden,  Singleton's,
 see Singleton's  golden ointment — o. Goulard's,
 Ceratum plumbi compositum—o. Green, Unguen-
 tum sambuci — o. Hellebore white,  Unguentum
 veratri — o. of   Iodide of  potassium,  Unguen-
 tum potassas hydriodatis — o. of Iodide of Sul-
 phur, Unguentum sulphuris iodidi—o. of Iodine,
 Unguentum Iodini—o. of Iodine, compound, Un-
 guentum  iodini  compositum — o. Itch,  Unguen-
 tum sulphuris compositum — o. Itch, Bateman's,
 see Unguentum sulphuratum  alcalinum ad sca-
 biem — o. Itch,  Bailey's, see  Unguentum sul-
 phuratum  ad  scabiem — o. Itch,  Helmerick's,
 Unguentum sulphuratum alcalinum ad scabiem
 — o. Issue,  Dr. Physick's, see Unguentum lyttas
 medicatum  aliud — o. of white oxide of  Lead,
 Unguentum oxidi  plumbi  albi — o.  of  Lydia,
 Bacaris — o. Marshmallow, Unguentum de Al-
 thasa—o. Mercurial, Unguentum hydrargyri—o.
 of nitrate of  Mercury, Unguentum hydrargyri
 nitratis  — o. of gray oxide of Mercury,  Unguen-
 tum oxidi hydrargyri cinereum—o. of nitric oxyd
 of Mercury,  Unguentum hydrargyri nitrico-oxydi
— o. of Nitrous  acid, Unguentum acidi nitrosi—- 
OIOCALYMAIA
612
OLECRANON
o. Plunkett's, for cancer, Plunkett's ointment—o.
red Precipitate, Unguentum  hydrargyri nitrico-
oxydi—o. of white Precipitate, Unguentum hy-
drargyri prascipitati  albi—o.  Resin,  Ceratum
resinas flavas — o. Resin, black, Unguentum re-
tinas nigras — o. of Rosewater, Unguentum aquas
rosas — o. Soldier's, Martiatum  unguentum — o.
of  Spanish flies,  Cerate of  Cantharides,  Un-
guentum lyttae — o. Spermaceti, Unguentum ce-
tacei— o. of Stramonium, Unguentum stramonii
— o. of Subacetate of copper, Unguentum sub-
acetatis cupri — o. of  Sugar of lead, Unguentum
plumbi  superacetatis — o. Sulphur,  Unguentum
sulphuris — o.  Sulphur, compound,  Unguentum
sulphuris  compositum—o. Tar, Unguentum picis
liquidas — o. Tobacco, Unguentum  Tabaci — o.
Tutty, Unguentum oxidi zinci impuri—o. Verdi-
gris, Unguentum subacetatis  cupri—o. AVax, Un-
guentum  ceras  — o.  AVhite,  Unguentum  oxidi
plumbi albi—o. Zinc, Unguentum zinci—o. of im-
pure oxide of Zinc, Unguentum oxidi zinci impuri.
  OIOCALYM'MA,  Oiocalyp'trum;  from  taiov,
'egg,'  and  KaXv-nrttv, 'to  cover;'  Membra'na
O'vuli corticdlie.   The  membrane of the  egg-
shell.
  OLD  AGE, Senectus.
  OLD  MAN,  Artemisia abrotanum.
  OLD  WIFE'S  SHIRT, Liriodendron.
  OLEA  ANIMA'LIA, Animal oile, (F.) Huilea
animalea.   A name given to fixed oils holding in
solution the mucilaginous and gelatinous princi-
ples of certain  animals, as the Oil of froga, Oil
of  acorpiona, Oil  of  spiders, &c.   Sometimes,
also, the term  animal oils is given to empyreu-
matic oils, produced during the decomposition  of
animal substances by  heat.
  Olea Destillata,  0. volatilia.
  Olea  Empyreumat'ica,  Empyreumat'ic  oile,
(F.) Huilea -empyreumatiqiies.  Oils which have
an empyreumatic or burnt smell.  They are ob-
tained by treating vegetable or animal matters  by
heat, in close vessels.   They do not exist in or-
ganized bodies, but are formed during their de-
composition by fire.   The animal oil of Dippel is
an empyreumatic oil.
  Olea Europaj'a, 0. aati'va seu lancifo'lia seu
polymor'pha seu  Gall'ica,  Oli'va,  Olive  tree,
tXata, Ela'a, (F.) Olivier, (Fruit) Olive.   Nat.
Ord.  Jasmineas.  Sex. Syat.  Diandria Monogy-
nia.  The leaves of the olive are bitter, and  an
extract prepared  from them,  and a substance
called olivi'na,  the bitter principle of the  leaves,
have been given in Italy as  antiperiodics.  The
fruit, when pickled, is extremely grateful to some
stomachs.   Olives, as met with in the shops, are
prepared from the green, unripe fruit, repeatedly
steeped in water.  To this,  some  quicklime  or
alkaline  salt is added, and, afterwards, they are
washed and preserved in a pickle of common salt
and water.  From this fruit is prepared the Olive
oil  or Salad oil of the Pharmacopoeias, which is
obtained  by grinding and pressing  the  olives,
when thoroughly ripe.  The finer and  purer  oil
issues first  by gentle  pressure, and the inferior
sort on heating what is left, and pressing it more
strongly.   See  Oleum Olivas.   In Calabria,  an
odorous resin  exudes  from its  trunk,  which is
employed as a perfume by the Neapolitans.
  A gum  flows  from certain wild olives, in warm
countries, which consists, according to Pelletier,
of a resin,  a little benzoic acid, and a peculiar
substance, called  Olivile.   It is in yellow masses,
of a slightly acrid taste, and of a vanilla smell.
It is called Olea gummi,  0. reai'na, and 0. bala'-
omuin, (F.) Gomme olivier, and is esteemed astrin-
gent and  detersive.
  Olea   Fixa  vel  Pin'guia, Expreaaed  oils,
Fixed oila, Fatty oils,  (F.) Huilea fixes on grasses.
All the oils obtained from the seels or pericarps
of vegetables, without distillation, and which are
viscid, but slightly odorous  and sapid; lighter
than water, and insoluble in  alcohol.   The  ran-
cidity of oils depends on the absorption of oxy-
gen, and therefore they should be kept in bulk
as much as possible; and in narrow-necked bot-
tles, so that a very small surface only can be ex-
posed to the air.  All the fixed oils are emollient,
and, in a certain dose, they act as purgatives and
emetics.   They are prepared  by expressing the
fruit or seed containing them.
   Olea  Fuga'cia, Fuga'eious oils,  (F.)  Huilea
fugacca.  A name given to oils which are so vo-
latile that, in order to obtain them, recourse must
be had to a different process from that employed
for other essential oils.   Such are the oils of jes-
samine, lily, violet, &c.
   Olea Gallica, 0. Europasa—o. Lancifolia, 0.
Europaia.
   Olea  Medicina'lia,  Medic"inol oila,  (F.)
Huilea Medicinolcs.  A name given  to  oils  pre-
pared by macerating, infusing, or boiling medi-
cinal substances  in olive or any other fixed oils.
These oils may then be regarded as oily solutions
of  certain medicinal substances; whence  they
can never be simple.  They have, however,  been
divided into aimple and compound medicinal oila.
To the former belong the Oila of St. John's wort, of
the Solanum nigrum,&c.; to the other—which have
often been called Oily baleams, (F.) Baumes hui-
leux—the Balsams of Fioraventi, Metz, &c.  Me-
dicinal oils are, almost  always, employed exter-
nally.
  Olea Polymorpha, 0. Europasa—o. Sativa, 0.
Europasa.
  Olea  Volatil'ia,  Olea deetilla'tu,  Vol'a tile
oila, JEthero'lea,  Ethe'real oile, Essential  oils,
Distil'led oils, Ea'eencea, (F.) Huilea rolotiles,  II.
essenticllcs.  Oils found  in aromatic vegetables,
and in every part of them, except in the interior
of the seeds.  The majority are obtained by dis-
tillation ;  but some by expression.   They possess
unctuosity, inflammability, and viscidity, like the
fixed oils;  but  they are generally  odoriferous,
pungent, and acrid.  The greater part are lighter
than water; but  some are heavier, and  congeal
at a, moderate  temperature.   They dissolve, in
small quantity, in distilled water, by simple agi-
tation.  Almost  all are soluble in alcohol.  The
odour and taste are the  usual tests of their good-
ness.  To preserve them, they should be kept in
a cool place, in small bottles, quite full  and well
corked.   Volatile oils are  possessed of the  aro-
matic properties of the plants whence  they are
obtained. They are all, when applied externally,
stimulant and rubefacient.
   OLEAG"INOUS, Oleagino'eue, Oleo'aua. Oily;
containing oil, — as 'an oleaginous or oily  mix-
ture.'
   OLEA'MEN,  Oleomcn'tum.  Any  soft  oint-
ment prepared of oil.— Scribonius.
   OLEANDER, Rhododendron  chrysanthemum.
   OLECRANARTHRI'TIS, from oiXtKpavov, 'the
olecranon,' apdpov, 'joint,' and itis, denoting  in-
flammation.  Inflammation of the elbow joint.
   OLECRANOID  CAVITY, see Ulna.
   OLECRANON, Olccrdnon, Olee'ranum, Olec-
ranon mob'ile; from ii>\tvn, 'the elbow,' and Kpa-
vov, 'the head.'   Acrole'nion, Additamen'tum ne-
ca'tum,  Ancon,  Procea'aue  anconeus, Glans seu
Coro'na seu Coro'na posterior seu Additamen'tum
uncdturn Ulna, Vertex Cu'biti, Pate/'la fixa,  Ros-
trum exter'num seu poste'rius, Top of the cubit.
Head or projection of the elbow.   A large  pro-
cess at the upper extremity of the ulna,'on which
we lean.  When this process is fractured, it is apt 
OLECRANARTHROCACE         613                 OLEUM
 to be drawn up by the triceps, and mueh care is
 required to keep  the parts in apposition.
   OLECRANARTHROCACE, from  oiXtvi,, 'the
 elbow,'  Kpavov, ' the  head,'  and  arthrocace.  A
 name given by Rust to inflammation of the arti-
 cular surfaces of the elbow.
   OLEFIANT GAS, CHLORIDE OF, see Anass-
 thetic.
   OLKNE, Ulna.
   OLEO-CERATUM  AQUA SUBACTUM, Ce-
 ratum Galeni.
   OLEOSACCHARUM, Elaso-saccharum.
   OLKOSUS, Oleaginous.
   OLETTE,  MINERAL  AVATERS  OF.  *At
 Olette, in the department Pyrenees Orientales, is
 a thermal  spring, which raises the thermometer
 to 1'.I0°  Fahr.  It is the hottest in France.
   OLEUM, Oil — o. Abietis,  see Pinus picea—o.
 Absinthii,   Artemisia  absinthium,  (oil of) — o.
 Acusticum, Huile acoustii/ue.
   Oleum JEthe'reum,  jEthe'real oil (formed in
 the distillation of ether), Oleum vini, Oil of wine,
 (F.) Huile  donee, de via.  A  peculiar oleaginous
 matter,  obtained  by continuing the distillation,
 after the whole of the  sulphuric ether has  passed
 over in  the process for the preparation  of the
 latter.   It is used only  as an ingredient  in the
 compound spirit of ether.  It is officinal in the
 Ph. U. S.
   Oleum  Ammoniatum, Linimentum  ammonias
 fortius.
   Oleum Amygdala'rum, Oleum amyg'dala, Oil
 of Almonds, (F.) Huile  il'itmandcs.  (Expreesed
 from both  eweet and bitter almonda,—Amygdalua
 communis.  3XVJ  of almonds yield Jjfjv of oil.)  It
 is inodorous, insipid, and of a pale straw colour,
 and is employed as a demulcent and emollient.
   Oleum Anacardii, see Anacardium occidentale.
   Oleum Anima'le, An'imal oil, (F.) Huile ani-
 male.  An oil obtained by the decomposition of
 the immediate principles of animals, subjected to
 the action of heat.  It is fetid, and always  con-
 tains a  certain quantity of subcarbonate of am-
 monia.   See Olea Empyreumatica.   The name
 animal oil is sometimes also given to the fat  con-
 tained in the fatty vesicles.   The composition of
 this fat  does not, indeed, differ from that  of the
 fixed oil.
   Oleum Anima'le" Dippe'lii,  Animal  oil of
 Dippel,  Oleum cornu cervi, 0. C. C. rectifica'tum,
 Animal  oil,  Dippel''s oil,  Oleum pyro-anima'le
 depura'tum,  0. anima'le athe'reum,  Pyro'leiim
 oe'aium rectifica'tum, (F.) Huile animale de Dip-
 pel, Huile de come de cerf, is obtained by  distil-
 ling animal matters, especially hartshorn, on the
 naked fire.  The subcarbonate of ammonia, which
 it contains, renders it partly soluble in water, and
 communicates, to  it the stimulant properties for
 which it  is  used in medicine.  It is employed as
 an antispasmodic.
   Oleum Anima'le Empyreumat'icum Chaber'-
 ti, 0. Empyreumat'icum  seu anthel mid ticum seu
 contra ta'niam Chabcr'ti, Empyreumat'ic oil of
 Chobert,  Oil of Chabert,  is made by adding  one
 part of animal oil to three parts of ot7 of turpen-
 tine, leaving them to combine for four days,  and
 then distilling three parts.  An effective anthel-
 mintic.   Dose, a tea-spoonful  three times a day.
   Oleum Animaliza'tum per Ixfusio'nem, (F.)
 Huile animalisie joar infuaion, Huile aromotique,
 H. de pet its chiens.   A preparation, formerly
 esteemed tonic and  cephalic. It was obtained
 by boiling new-born puppies  in oil, first depriv-
ing them of their  blood, skin,  and  intestines.
AVhen the decoction was  cold, origanum, thyme,
pennyroyal, St. John's-wort, and marjoram were
added.
   Oleum Anisi, see Pimpinella anisum — o. An-
 thelminticum Chaberti, Oleum animale empyreu-
 maticum Chaberti—o. Aurantii, see Citrus auran-
 tium—o. Balaninum, Guilandina moringa (oleum)
 —o. Balsami, see Amyris opobalsamum.
   Oleum Benzo'ini, Oil of Benzoin or Benjamin.
 An oil obtained by heating, in a sand-bath, the
 matter which remains after benzoic acid has been
 separated from benzoin  by the aid of heat.  It
 has been regarded as balsamic and sudorific.
   Oleum Bergamii, see  Bergamote.
   Oleum Bu'bulum,  Neat'e-foot oil.   The  oil
 prepared from the bones of Boa Domeaticus.  It
 is obtained  by boiling in water for a  long time
 the feet of  the ox, previously deprived of the
 hoof.  It is introduced into the  officinal list of
 the Ph. U.  S. as an ingredient of the ointment
 of nitrate of mercury.
   Oleum Cacao Spissatum, Butter of Cacao —
 o. Cadinum, see Juniperus oxycedrus — o. Caju-
 puti,  Caieput (oil) — o. Camphoratum,  Linimen-
 tum camphoras—o. Cari seu Carui, Carum (oleum)
 —o. Caryophylli, see Eugenia caryophyllata.
   Oleum Ced'rinum, Eaaentia de  cedro, (F.)
 Huile de cidrat.  The oil of the peel of citrons,
 obtained in  Italy in a particular manner, without
 distillation.
   Oleum Chaberti, 0. animale empyreumaticum
 Chaberti —  o. Chenopodii, see  Chenopodium an-
 thelminticum— o.  Cicinuni, see Ricinus commu-
 nis— o.  Cinnamomi, see Laurus einnamomum —
 o. Contra Tasniam Chaberti, Oleum  animale em-
 pyreumaticum Chaberti.
   Oleum Copa'iba:, Oil of Copa'iba.  (Copaib.
 Ibij ;  Aqua, cong. iv.  Distil three gallons ; sepa-
 rate the oil; return the water to the copaiba, and
 again distil  three gallons.  Separate the oil, and
 add it to the other. Ph. U. S.) Dose  gtt. x to xxx.
   Oleum Cornu Cervi, 0. animale  Dippelii — o.
 Cubebas, see Piper cubebas—o. Euphorbias lathy-
 ridis, see Euphorbia lathyris — o. Fixum nucum
 cocos butyraceas, see Cocos butyracea—o. Fceni-
 culi, see Anethum—o. Gabianum, Petrolasum—o.
 Gallinas, Alkale — o. Gaultherias, see Gaultheria
 —o. Hedeomas, see Hedeoma pulegioides—o. Hy-
 perici", see Hypericum perforatum — o. infernale,
 0. Ricini.
   Oleum Jec'oris Aselli,  0. Mor'rhua, 0. Je-
 cino'ria Aselli, Axun'gia Ga'di, A. Pisei'na ma-
 ri'na,  Codliver oil, Cod oil, (F.) Huile de morue,
 Huile de Foie de morue.   The  animal oil, which
 appears under this name in commerce, is obtained
 from several of the species belonging to the genus
 Gadus. The clearest sorts are generally used.  It
 appears to have  no sensible effect upon the eco-
 nomy; but has been given in strumous affections,
 rheumatism, chronic cutaneous diseases, and tu-
 mours of the mammas.  The dose for an adult is
 from fgij to f^iss.
  Rayliver oil, O'leum raia, is used in the same
 cases and doses.
  Oleum Juniperi, see Juniperis communis—o.
 Juniperi empyreumaticum, see Juniperus oxyce-
 drus — o. de Kerva, see Ricinus communis — o.
 Kervinum, see Ricinus communis.
  Oleum Lauri'num, Oleum lauri,  Oil of bays.
 An oil obtained from bayberries, and sometimes
 used in sprains and bruises, unattended with in-
 flammation.
  Oleum  Laurinum, Daphnelason,  Unguentum
 L. — o. Lavendulas, see Lavendula — o.  Lentisci-
 num, Schinelason—o. Limonis, see Citrus medica
—o. Lini, see Linum usitatissimum—o. Lini cum
 calce,  Linimentum  aquas calcis.
  Oleum Lu'cii Piscts, Oil of Pike.  From the
liver of the Eeox luriue an oil is  spontaneously
separated, which is used in some countries to de-
stroy specks  on the cornea.
  Oleum  Malabathri,  see Malabathrum — o. 
OLEUM
61
4              OLIGOSIALIA
Marias, see Fagara octandra — o. Melaleuca1 leu-
codendri, Caieput (oil)—o. Menthas piperita, see
Mentha piperita—o. Menthas viridis, Mentha vi-
ridis—o. Monardas, Monarda punctata—o. Mor-
rhuas, 0. jecoris aselli.
   Oleum e Mucilagin'ibus,  Oil of dldcilagee.
(Rad. althaa rec. B>ss; sem. lini, sem. foenugraei,
aa *"";iij; aqua, Oij.  Boil for half an  hour; add
ol. oliv. Oiv; continue the boiling till the water
is nearly consumed, aud pour  off the oil.)  Emol-
lient.
   Oleum Myristica:, see Myristica moschata—
o. Neroli, see Citrus aurantium.
   Oleum Oli'va;, 0. oliva'rum,  Olive oil, Salad
oil.   An inodorous, insipid, and transparent oil;
obtained by expression from the olive, when ripe.
It is  demulcent and emollient, — possessing the
qualities of the fixed oils in general.
   An inferior kind, obtained by boiling olives in
water, and skimming the oil from the surface, is
also used in Pharmacy.  See Olea Europasa.
   Oleum Omphacinum, Omotribes — o. Origani,
see Origanum — o. Oxydi  cupri  viride, .Balsam,
green, of Metz — o. de Palma, Christi, see Ricinus
communis — o. Palmas, see Cocos butyracea — o.
Palmas liquidum, see Ricinus communis — o. Pe-
tras, Petrolasum—o. Petras album, Naphtha—o.
Picinum, Brutia, Pisselasum — o. Pimentas, see
Myrtus pimenta — o. Pini purissimum,  0.  tere-
binthinas  rectificatum — o. Pulegii, see  Mentha
pulegium—o. Pyro-animale, 0. animale Dippelii
— o.  Raias, see Oleum Jecoris Aselli — o. Ricini,
see Ricinus communis — o. Rosae, see Rosa cen-
tifolia — o. Rosarum, Rhodelason — o.  Rutaceum,
Peganelason — o. Rosmarini, see Rosmarinus — o.
Rutas, see Ruta—o. Sabinas, see Juniperus Sabi-
na — o. Sassafras, see Laurus  Sassafras — o. Se-
sami, see Sesamum orientale — o. Sinapis, see
Sinapis—o. Spicas vulgaris, 0. terebinthinas — o.
Succini, see Succinum — o. Suecini rectificatum,
see Succinum.
   Oleum Sulphura'tum, Bal'samum sulph'uris
simplex, Sulph'urated oil.  (Sulphur, lot.  ^ij;
oliva olei, ft>j.  Heat the oil in a large iron pot,
and throw in the sulphur by degrees;  stirring
the mixture after each addition till they unite.)
It is stimulating,  and was formerly much used in
coughs, asthma,  <fcc,  and, externally,  to  foul
ulcers.
   Oleum Tab'aci, Oil of Tobacco. An empyreu-
matic oil, obtained from  coarsely powdered to-
bacco by heating the retort to  dull  redness.—
Ph. U. S.
   Oleum  Tartari per Deliquium, Liquor po-
tassas subcarbonatis — o. Templinum, see Pinus
mughos.
   Oleum Terebin'thina:, Oil of Turpentine.  The
volatile oil of the juice of  pinus palustris,  and
other species of pinus.
   Oleum Terebin'thina: Rectifica'tum, Oleum
pini puris'simum, Rectified oil of turpentine  Ole-
um terebin'thina  athe'reum, Sp. of  turpentine.
Common oil of turpentine  is also called Common
oil of Spike, Oleum spica vulga're.   (Olei  tere-
binth. Oj ; aqua,  Oiv.   Distil over the oil.)   It is
stimulant, diuretic, anthelmintic, and rubefacient.
Dose, 3SS to """"j-
   Guestonian Embrocation for rheumatism  con-
sists of ol. terebinth., ol.oliv. aa^iss; acid, sulph.
dil. giij.
   Oleum Tiieobroma: Cacao Expressum, Butter
of cacao — o. Tiglii, Croton tiglium.
   Oleum Valeria'na;,  Oil of  Vale'rian.   The
distilled oil of the root of Valeriana officinalis.—
Ph. U. S.
  Oleum Vini, 0. asthereum — o. Vitrioli,  Sul-
phuric acid.
  OLFACTION,  Olfac'tue,  from  olfacere  for
odifacere (odor, and/ucere), Osphre'sis, Osphm'-
aia,  Osphre'sia,  Oame'sis,  Odoro'tio, Odoru'lua,
Sensus oamoinet'ricua, Sense of smell, Smelling, (F.)
Odorat.  The sense by  which we  perceive  tho
impressions made on the olfactory nerves by the
odorous  particles suspended in the  atmosphere.
The olfactory nerve or first pair has usually been
considered the great nerve of smell;  and  it is
probably the nerve  of special sensibility, general
sensibility  being communicated by  the  branches
of the fifth pair, distributed on the pituitary mem-
brane of the  nose and sinuses.
   OLFACTORY,  Olfocti'vus,  Olf,ctd rius,  Oe-
phradticus,  Osphrante'rius,  0«jihn'ticus, from
olfactus, 'the smell.'  That which belongs or re-
lates to the sense of smell.
   Olfactory Bulb, see Olfactory nerves.
   Olfac'torv Foram'ina, (F.) Trous  olfactifs,
are the holes in the cribriform plate of the eth-
moid bone, through which the olfactory nerve
passes.
  Olfactory Lobe, see Olfactory nerves.
  OLFAC'TORY Nervls,  Ethmoidal nervea, Par
primum  Nervo'rum  cer'ebri, Nervi odoruto'rii,
Procea'eua mamilldres seu Papilla'rum, Proeeeeus
mamillaree cer'ebri  ad nares, P. papilla'rea, Ca-
r ud cula mamilla' res,—the first puir of encephal' ic
nerves.   This nerve, which probably arises from
the medulla  oblongata, is observed to  leave  the
brain, opposite the inner part of the  fissure  of
Sylvius,  by three roots; which, by  their union,
form a triangular  knot or expansion.   AVhen it
reaches the ethmoid fossa it expands and forms
a triangular  ganglion, or grayish,  soft bulb,—
Bulbus olfacto'rius— Olfactory bulb, tubercle, or
lobe, — which furnishes, from its inferior surface,
the branches that  have  to be distributed to the
nasal fossas.  These  filaments are very numerous;
they pass through the foramina in the cribriform
plate and enter  the nasal fossas.   They are dis-
tinguished  into the internal, external, and middle.
The former are distributed over the mucous mem-
brane,  covering  the  outer  paries  of  the nasal
fossas;  the  second descend upon the septum, and
the third are lost, almost immediately, on  the
portion of the pituitary membrane that lines  the
vault of the fosste.
  Olfactory Tubercle, see Olfactory nerves.
  OLFACTUS, Olfaction — o. Acutus,  Hyperos-
phresia — o.  Amissio,  Anosmia — o.  Deficiens,
Anosmia — o. Dcpravatus, Parosmia.
  OLIBANUM, see Juniperus lycia—o. Sylves-
tre, see Pinus abies—o. A'ulgare, see  Pinus abies.
  OLIdEMIA, Anasmia, Hasmaporia, Hypasmia.
  OLIGIDRIA, Iscbidrosis.
  OLIGOBLEN'NIA,  from  oXtyos, 'few,'  aud
0Xtwa, 'mucus.'   A deficiency of  mucus.
  OLIGOCHOLIA, from oXtyos, 'few,' and pr;oAn,
'bile.'   Paucity of bile.
  OLIGOCII'YLUS,  from  oXtyos,  'little,' and
X^Xos, 'juice,' 'chyle.' An epithet for food which
is but little nutritive; which furnishes little chyle.
  OLIGOCOP'RIA,  from oXtyos, 'few,' and
Ko-n-pos,  ' excrement.'  Scantiness of alvine evacu-
ations.
  OLIGODACRYA, from oXtyos,   'little,' and
SaKpv, ' a tear.'  Paucity of lachrymal secretion.
  OLIGOGALACTIA, Agalactia.
  OLIGOGALIA, Agalaxis.
  OLIGOHiEMIA,  Anasmia, Hasmaporia,  Hy-
pasmia.                    ~*
  OLIGOPO'SIA. from oXtyos, 'little,' and ™<nf,
'drink.'  Diminution in the quantity of drinks.
  OLIGOSIA'LIA,  from oXtyos, 'little,' and (na.
Xov, ' saliva.'   Paucity of saliva. 
OLIGOSPERMIA            615         OMPHALOMESENTERIC
  OLIGOSPERMIA, from  oXtyos,  'little,' and
tnttppa, ' sperm.'  Paucity of spermatic secretion.
  OLIiiOSPOND'YLUS, from oXtyos, 'few,'
'small,' and aizovSvXos, 'a vertebra.'  A monster
with defective vertebras. — Gurlt.
  OLIGOTRICHIA, from  oXtyos,  'little,' and
Sptf, ' hair.'   AVant of hair.   Paucity of hair.
  OLIGOTROI'IITA, Par'cior nutrif'io, from
oXtyos, ' little,' and rptipu, ' I nourish.'  Deficient
nourishment.
  OLIGURE'SIA, Oligure'eia, Oligoure'aia, Oli-
goure'aio, from oXtyos, 'little,' and ovptoi, 'I pass
urine.' Morbidly diminished urinary secretion.
  OLISTHEMA, Luxation.
  OLIVA, Olea Europasa.
  OLIViE, Corpora olivaria.
  OLIVA IRE CAUTERE, of the French sur-
geons, is a cautery whose extremity is terminated
by a button  having the shape of an  olive.
  OLIVARIS, Olive-shaped.
  OLIVARY, Olive-shaped — o. Bodies, Corpora
olivaria.
  Ol'ivary Proc"ess, Procea'aua Olivdris,  is a
small ridge, running transversely between, and a
little behind, the roots of the anterior clinoid pro-
cesses of the sphenoid bone, and by some consi-
dered  as the fourth  clinoid process.
  OLIVE, see  Olea Europasa — o. Tree,  Olea
Europasa.
  OLIVE-SHAPED, Olivdris, Olivifor'mia, Ol'-
ivary,  from oliva,  'an  olive.'  Resembling an
olive.   See Corpora olivaria.
  OLIVES,  PICKLED, Colymbades.
  OLIVIER, Olea Europasa.
  OLIVIFORMIS,  Olive-shaped.
  OLIATNA,  see Olea Europasa.
  OLLA CAPITIS, Cranium.
  OLMITELLO, MINERAL WATERS OF.  A
thermal spring in the isle of Ischia.  Tempera-
ture, 100° Fahrenheit.
  OLOPHLYCTIDE, Herpes.
  OLOPHO'NIA, from oXXu, oXXvto, 'I lose,' and
Qwvn, ' voice.'  Congenital misconstruction of the
vocal organs. — Good.
  Olophonia Labii Lobata, Harelip — o. Lin-
guas frasnata, see Ankyloglossum.
  OM'AGRA, Hom'agra, from upos, 'the shoul-
der,' and aypa, ' a seizure.'  Gout in  the shoulder.
  OAIAL'GIA, from upos,  'the shoulder,' and
aXyos,  ' pain.'  Pain  in the shoulder.
  OMARTHRITIS, from  upos, 'the shoulder,'
apdpov, ' a joint,'  and itis, denoting inflammation.
Inflammation  of the  shoulder-joint.
  OAIARTHROCACE,  from up5, 'shoulder,'
apOpov, 'a joint,' and kukos,  'bad.'  Arthrocace
of the shoulder-joint.  Caries or suppuration of
the shoulder-joint.
  OMA'SUM,  Oiiiasus, Manyplies.  The third
stomach of ruminant animals.
   OMBILIC, Umbilicus.
   OMBILICALE, Umbilical.
   OMBR AGE,  Nebula.
   OMENTA, Meninges.
   OMENTES1S. Epiploitis.
   OMENTITIS, Epiploitis.
   OAIENTULA, Appendiculas pinguedinosas.
   OMENTUM,  Epiploon—o. Colicum, Epiploon,
colic — o. Gastro-colicum, Epiploon, gastro-colic
—o. ('astro-splenic, Epiploon, gastro-splenic—o.
Great, Epiploon, gastro-colic—o. Hcpato-gastri-
cum,  Epiploon,  gastro-hepatic— o. Lesser, Epi-
ploou, gastro-hepatic—o. Majus, Epiploon, gastro-
colic— o. Minus. Epiploon, gastro-hepatic — o.
Ossium, Periosteum — o. Third, Epiploon, colic.
   OMICHESIS, Micturition.
  OMICIIMA, Urine.
  OMI'TIS, from wpos, ' the shoulder,' and itis,
denoting inflammation. Inflammation in or about
the shoulder-joint.
  OMMA, Eye, Vision.
  OMNIPHAGUS,  Omnivorous.
  OMNIVORE, Omnivorous.
  OMNIVOROUS, Omnivorus, Omniph'agus,
Pantoph'agits, (F.)  Omnivore, from omnia, 'all,'
and voro, 'I eat.'  An  epithet for animals — Pan-
tophagiets—which eat  every kind of food, animal
or vegetable.
  OMO.  In composition, an abridgment of omos
or omue, the humerus.
  OMO-CLAA'ICULAR, see Coraco-clavicular.
  OMOCOTYLE, see  Glene.
  OMO-HYOIDEUS,  Cor'aco-hyoidcus, Scapulo-
hyo'idien, Omo-hyo'idien, Omoplat-hyo'idien, Hyo-
'idia Quartus Mua'culue.  This muscle is  situate
obliquely at the sides  and front of the neck.  It
is slender, long, and flat.  It arises from the su-
perior costa of the  scapula, near the semi-lunar
notch, and  from the ligament that runs across it,
and is inserted at the  sides of the inferior margin
of the body of the os hyoides.  It consists of two
fasciculi, united by a common tendon, and is a true
digastric muscle.   It  depresses the os hyoides,
carrying it a little  backwards, and to one  side,
except when it acts  with its fellow, when the bone
is depressed, and drawn obliquely backwards.
  OMOPHAG"IA,  Omoeit'ia, from upos, 'raw,'
and tpayu, ' I eat.'   Fondness for raw food.  Eat-
ing of raw food.
  OMOPLATE,  Scapula — o. Col de I', Collum
scapulas.
  OMOPLAT-HYOlDIEN, Omo-hyoideus.
  OMOS, Crude, Humerus.
  OMOSITIA, Omophagia.
  OMOTAR'ICHOS,  from upos, 'the shoulder,'
and rapcxps, 'pickled.'  Salaamedtum crudum;
Salted Tunny Fiah,  in particular.   Properly, the
neck or shoulder-piece of a salted animal.   Once
much  recommended against the bites of vipers,
and in hydrophobia.
  OMOTES, Crudity.
  OMOTOCIA, Abortion.
  OMOT'RIBES,  Omphac"inum O'leum, from
upos, ' crude,' and roi/Joi, ' I bruise.' Oil expressed
from unripe olives.
  OMPHA'CION,  optpaxtov,  from opipaKos,  'an
unripe grape ;—Succua uva acer'ba, Ompha'cium.
The juice of unripe  grapes.  Also, Verjuice.
  OMPHACI'TES  (VINUM).  A  name given
to wine prepared from the  unripe grape.   Om-
phaci'tis is also  the  name of a small gall. —
Dioscorides.
  OMPHACIUM, Verjuice.
  OMPHACOAI'ELI,  from opcpaKos,  'an unripe
grape, and ptXi, ' honey.' A sort of oxymel, made
of the juice of unripe  grapes and honey.
  OMPHALELCO'SIS, from optpaXos, 'the navel,'
and 'iXkos,  ' an ulcer.'  Ulceration of the navel.
   OMPHALEN'OCHE, Exomphalus.
   OMPHALOCARPUS, Galium aparine.
   OMPHALOCELE,  Exomphalos.
   OMPHALOMANTI'A, from optpaXos, 'the na-
vel,' and pavrtta,  'prophecy.'  A species of divi-
nation, practised by credulous matrons, who pre-
tend to be able to  know the number of children
a female will have, by the number  of knots in
the navel-string of  the child.
   0M'PHALO-MESENTERTC,O?n^aZo-me«en-
ter'icus, Om'phalo-mesara'icus; from optpaXos,'the
navel,' and mcecntcrium, ' the mesentery.'
   Omphalo-Mesenteric  A'lsskls,  Vitel'lo-me- 
0MPHAL0                 616          ONYCHOGRYPHOSIS
aenter'ic, Vitelline veeaels.  Haller gave this name
to two very fine vessels, which spread their rami-
fications on the parietes of the umbilical vesicle.
There is an ompholo-meaenteric artery and rein.
The omphalo-mesenteric artery is a branch of the
superior mesenteric;—the vein empties itself into
the trunk, or into one of the branches  of the su-
perior mesenteric.  ATelpeau  affirms,  that they
inosculate with a branch of the second or third
order of those great vessels, with those in parti-
cular that are  distributed to the caseum, and he
regards  them to be the vessels of nutrition of the
umbilical  vesicle.   They  are occasionally met
with in the foetus, at the  full period, under the
form of whitish filaments, which extend from the
mesenteric vessels to the umbilicus.
  0 M P H AL 0 - MESERAIC,  Omphalo-mesen-
teric.
  OMPHALONCUS,  Omphalopbyma.
  OMPHALONEURORRHEXIS, Ompha-
lorrhexis.
  OMPHALOPHY'MA, Omphaloncus, from
optpoXos, ' the navel,' and tpvpa, ' tumour.'  A tu-
mefaction of the navel.
  OMPHALOPROPTOSIS, Exomphalus.
  OMPHALORRHAGIA, Omphalor'rhage,
from  optpaXos,  'the umbilicus,' and pnyvvpt,  'I
break out.'  Hemorrhage from the umbilicus, in
the new-born in particular.
  OMPHALORRHEX'IS; from optpaXos, 'navel,'
and prints, 'rupture.' Omphaloneurorrhexis. Rup-
ture of  the navel string.
  OMPHALOS, Umbilicus.
  OMPHALOSITE,  from optpaXos, 'the navel,'
and  atros, ' nourishment.'   A monster that pos-
sesses an imperfect kind of life, which ceases when
the umbilical cord is divided.
  OMPHALOT'OMY, Omphalotom'ia, from op-
tpaXos, ' the umbilicus,' and rtpvu, ' I  cut.'  The
division of the navel string.
  OMPHALUS, Umbilicus.
  OMUS, Crude, Humerus.
  ONAGRA, CEnothera biennis.
  ONANIA, Masturbation.
  ONANISM, Masturbation.
  ONCOS, Tumour.
  ONCO'SES, from oyKos,  ' a tumour.'  Tumours,
as diseases.
  ONCOSIS, Intumescence.
  ONCOT'OMY,  Oncotom'ia,  Onkotomy, from
oyKos,' a tumour,' and ropv, ' incision.'  The open-
ing  of an abscess with a cutting instrument, or
the excision of a tumour.
   ONCTION, Inunction.
   ONCUS, Swelling,  Tumour.
   ONDULATION, Fluctuation.
   ONEBERRY, Paris.
   ONEIROCRIT'ICUS, Oneiroc'rites, from ovtt-
pos,  'a dream/ and Kpiats,  'judgment.'  One who
judges according to dreams.
   ONEIRODYNIA, from ovttpos,' a dream,' and
ohvvn, 'pain.'  Painful  dreams.   Incubua  and
Somnambuliam are oneirodynias.
   Oneirodynia Activa,  Paroniria, Somnambu-
lism—o. Gravans, Incubus.
   ONEIRODYNIE GRAVATIVE, Incubus.
   ONEIROG'MUS,  Oneirog'yne,  OneiropoVeais,
from ovttpos,  'a dream.'   A lascivious  dream;
pollution; nocturnal pollution.
   ONEIROGONORRHCEA, Pollution, noc-
turnal.
   ONEIROGONOS, Pollution.
   ONEIROL'OGY, Oneirolog"ia, from ovttpos, 'a
 dream,' and Xoyos, 'a description.'   The doctrine
 of dreams.
   ONEIROMANTI'A,  from  ovttpos,  'a  dream,'
and paiTcm, ' divination.'   The art of divining by
dreams : or of interpreting dreams.
  ONFIRON'OSUS;  from  ovttpos, 'a  dream,'
and  voaos, 'a  disease.'   Somnia'tio  morbo'aa.
Morbid, uneasy dreaming.
  ONEIROPOLESIS, Oneirogmus.
  ONERA ALVI, Excrement.
  ONGLADE, Paronychia.
  ONGLE. Nail.
  ONGLEE, (F.) Digito'rum  stupor  d gilu.
Painful numbness at the extremities of  tho fin-
gers, caused by cold.
  ONGLET, Pterygion.
  ONGUENT,  Unguentum — o.  d'Althia, Un-
guentum de Altha'a—o. de Blanc de balcine, Un-
guentum  cetacei — o. Blanc  de Rhozes, Unguen-
tum plumbi  subcarbonatis — o. de Cerusse, Un-
guentum  plumbi subcarbonatis—o. Citrin centre
la gale, Unguentum hydrargyri nitras—o. Digcs-
tif  simple, Unguentum digestivum simplex — o.
Gris, Unguentum oxidi hydrargyri cinereum—o.
de Guimouve, Unguentum de altha'a—o. de Lnu-
rier,  Unguentum  laurinum  — o. Mercuric/, Un-
guentum hydrargyri—o.  Nopolitoin, Unguentum
hydrargyri—o. de Nitrate de  mercure, Unguen-
tum hydrargyri nitratis — o. de Poix et de circ,
Basilicon—o. de So/dot, Martiatum unguentum—
o. de Sureau, Unguentum sambuci—o. de Torna-
mira, Unguentum plumbi subcarbonatis.
  ONION,  COMMON, Allium  cepa —o. Sea,
Scilla.
  ONIS'CUS, Aael'lue, Odtio, Porcel'lio, PorceV-
lua, Por'cuius, Diminutive of ovos, 'a small ass.'
A genus of insects very  common in  cellars and
dark and  moist places.
  Onisci Aselli, Millcp'edcs, Aselli, Millep'eda,
Faba, Wood-lice,  Slatere, Hog-lice, (F.)  Clojior-
tee  ordindires, had, at one  time, a place in the
pharmacopoeias.  They were  considered stimulant
and diuretic, and useful in jaundice.
  0NITIS, Origanum dictamnus.
  ONKOTOMY, Oncotomy.
  ONOLOSAT, Obolus.
  ONOMATOCLESIS, Nomenclature.
  ONOMATOLOGIA, Nomenclature.
  ONONIS ANTIQUORUM, 0.  spinosa.
  Ono'nis Arven'sis, (F.) Bugrane dea champa,
has properties like the next.
  Ononis Spino'sa, Ano'nis, Reata bovie, Arree'ta
bovi8, Rem'ora Ara'tri,  Ononis antiquo'rum, Rest
harrow, (F.) Arrete-boeuf Bugrande ipineuae, Bu-
grane.  Nat. Ord. Leguminosas.  Sex. Syst. Dia-
delphia Decandria.  The root of this plant was
once used as a diuretic.
   ONOPORDON  ACANTHIUM, Onopor'dnm
acan'thium,  Car'duus   tomento'sus, Acmi'thiiim,
Ac'anoe,  A.  spina, Spina alba,  Cotton   Thistle,
(F.) Chardon auxAnes.  Family, Cinarocephaleae.
Sex. Syat. Syngenesia Polygamia asqualis.  The
expressed juice has been recommended as a cure
for cancer applied externally.
   ONOPORDUM  ACANTHIUM,  Onopordon
acanthium.
   ONTHUS, Fimus.
   ONYCHAUXE, from ovuf, ovv^os, 'a nail,' and
av^n, 'increase.'   Unusual  increase  of the size
and thickness of the nails.
   ONYCHEXALLAX'IS;  from o™f,  'a nail,'
and t^aXXa^ts, ' change.'   A  morbid condition  of
the nails.
   ONYCHIA, Paronychia.
   ONYCHI'TIS; from  ovuf, 'nail,' and  itis, de-
noting inflammation.  Inflammation of  a nail.
   ONYCHOCLASIS;-from oi»u|, 'a nail,'  and
 KXatrts, ' fracture.'  Fracture of a nail.'
   ONYCHOCRYPTOSIS, Onychogryphosis.
   ONYCHOGRYPHO'SIS, Onychoyrypdsis, 
ONYCIIONOSI
617
OPHTHALMIA
 Onyehogrypto'ais,  Onychocryptosis,  Gripho'sis,
 Giypho'sia,  Om/x'ia, from  owl,  'the  nail,'  and
 gri/poaia, ' crookedness.'  Curvature of the nails ;
 such as occurs in hectic individuals.  Also, grow-
 ing in of the nails; Incarna'tio  seu Adunca'tio
 seu Arctii'ra un'guium.
   ONYCIIOX'OSI,  Onychonu'si, from  owl, 'a
 nail,'  and voaos, 'a disease.'  Disease of the nails.
   ONYCIIOPH'THORA, Onychophtho'rio, Ony-
 coph'thora, Onycophthn'rio, from owl, 'the nail,'
 and tpSopa, ' degeneration.'  A degenerate  condi-
 tion or destruction of the nails.
   ONYCIIOPIIY'MA, from owl, 'the nail,' and
 tpvpa,  ' a tumour.'  A painful degeneration of the
 nails, which become thick, rough, and  crooked.
 It occurs as a symptom of syphilis and  of lepra.
   ONYCHOPTOSIS,  Piptonyc'hia,  Dia'reeia
 Un'gnla, from owl, 'a nail,' and  ttruais,  'falling.'
 The falling off of the nails.
   () N YOOPHTHORA, Onychophthora.
   ONYX, Hook, blunt, Nail, Pterygion.   Also, a
 collection of purulent matter between the laminas
 of the cornea, having tho shape of a nail.
   ONA'XIS, Onychogryphosis.
   ONYXITIS, see Paronychia.
   OOCA'ESIS, Pregnancy,  ovarian.
   OODKOCELE, see Hernia (foraminis ovalis.)
   001 (MS,  Aqueous humour, Oval.
   OOG'ALA, O'dg'la, Og/o, Pule ex Ovie et Laete.
 Milk of eggs.  A preparation of eggs and milk.
   OOGLA.'Oogala.
   OOIDP'S,  Aqueous humour, Oval.
   OOLEMMA  PELLUCIDUM, Zona pellucida.
   OOLOG"IA,  Orolog"'ia,  Ovol'ogy, from uov,
 'an  ovum or egg,' and Xoyos, 'a discourse,' 'a
 description.'  A description of the ovum.
   OOX, Ovum.
   OONINE,  Albumen.
   OOPIIORAUXE, Oarioparectama.
   OOPHORITIS, Ooritis.
   OOPHORON,  Ovary.
   OOP ITIS, Oaritis.
   OPACITY,  Opad'itaa,  Opdcouaneaa;  from
 opocore, ' to  obscure.'  Quality of that which is
 opake.  The property possessed by some bodies
 of not allowing the light to traverse them.   It is
 opposed to transparency.  Opocity of the cornea
 constitutes albugo or leucoma; — opacity of the
 crystalline causes cataract.
  OPAKE',  Opa'cus, Opdcous. An epithet given
to  bodies, which  do not permit the passage of
rays of light.  The opake cornea is the sclerotica,
in  contradistinction to the transparent  cornea or
true cornea.
  OP'ALINE.  That which resembles the opal.
A  fluid is said to  be opaline, when milky, and
when it presents an appearance more or less like
that of the opal.
  OPERATIO, Action,  Operation —o.  Chirur-
gica, see  Operation — o. Chymica seu pharma-
ceutic;!. Operation, chymical,  <fcc. — o. Simplex,
Haplotomia.
  OPERA'TION, Opera'tio, from opus,  operis,
'work.'   The application of instruments to the
human body with  the view of curing disease.
The object of an  operation, opera'tio chirur'gica,
is generally to divide or reunite parts, to  extract
extraneous or noxious bodies, and to replace or-
gans that arc wanting, by different instruments
or  artificial means.   The principal operatory me-
thods have been called Synthesis, Diareeia, Exa-
nais, and I'rotheaia.  Frequently, the most diffi-
cult  subject  connected with an operation is to
decide  when it is  absolutely called for or  advisa-
ble, and when improper.
   OPERATION A  LAMBEAU, see Flap.
   Operation, Bilateral, see Lithotomy—o. Ci-
 eorienne, Cassarean section.
   Operation, Chym'ical or Pharmaceutical,
 Opera'tio chym'ica  seu pharnnieeit'tica,  is any
 process  whose object is the preparation of medi-
 cines; their combinations with each  other,  ana-
 lysis,  and decomposition; — such  are, solution,
 diatillation,  sublimation,  evaporation, digeation,
 maceration, infusion, decoction,  calcination,  &c.
 Some of these operations are mechanical;  others,
 really chymical.
   Operation, High, see  Lithotomy—o. Lateral,
 see Lithotomy—o. Sigaultian, Symphyseotomy.
   OP'ERATOR.  A surgeon who is in the habit
 of practising the greater operations.   One  who
 performs any operation.  To be a good operator,
 the surgeon must be well acquainted with  ana-
 tomy, and be possessed  of  strong nerve.  See
 Surgeon.
   OPER'CULUM,  Operto'rium,   Operimedtum,
 from operire, 'to cover.' A cover or lid.  In
 fishes, the gill cover.
   Operculum Aspera:  Arteria:, Larynx—o.
 Cutis, Epidermis—o. llei, Bauhin, valve  of—o.
 Laryngis, Epiglottis—o. Oculi, Palpebra.
   Operculum Papilla'rum.  A shield for the
 nipple.
   OPERIMENTUM, Operculum —o. Intestino-
 rum, Epiploon—o. Prastensum abdominis, Peri-
 tonasum.
   OPERTORIUM, Operculum.
   OPHELIA CHIRATA, Gentiana chirayta.
   OPHIASIS, Calvities, Porrigo decalvans.
   OPHIOGLOS'SUM VULGA'TUM, 0. ova'turn
 seu  echinog/oa'sum. Lingua eerpenta'rio, Adder's
 Tongue,  (F.) Langue  de Serpent.  Family, Fili-
 coideas.  Sex. Syst. Cryptogamia.  This plant was
 formerly considered to be vulnerary.
   OPHIOPH'AGUS, from otpts, 'a serpent,' and
 payu,' I eat.'  An epithet for animals which  feed
 on serpents.  Pliny has  called  certain African
 tribes by this name.
   OPHIORRHI'ZA,  0. mungoe,  from  ofts, 'a
 serpent,' and pt$a,  'root.' Family, Gentianeas.
 Sex. Syst. Pentandria  Digynia.   The name of
 the plant whose  root has been called Radix Ser-
 pen'tam, Mangos Radix.  The bitter root is much
 esteemed in  Java, Sumatra,  Ac,  for preventing
 the  effects that usually follow the bite of the
 naja, a venomous serpent; with which view  it is
 eaten by the natives.  It is, also, a reputed an-
 thelmintic.
   OPHIOXYLON, Ophioxylum.
   OPHIOX'YLUM,  from otpts, 'a serpent,'  and
 IvXov, 'wood.'  Ophioxylum  seu Ophioxylon  ser-
 penti'num  seu trifolid turn,  Acawe'ria, Lignum
 aerpentum, has been recommended in the bites of
 serpents, and in  intermittents.  It is said to be
 very bitter.
   OPHIS, Serpent,
   OPHI'TES, from otpts, 'a serpent.'  Serpenti'-
nus,  Ser'pcntine or Black Por'phyry.  This rock
was formerly worn as an amulet, to cure diseases
of the head.
   OPHROSTAPHYTLON, Bryonia alba,
   OPHRYS, Supercilium.
   OPHTHALMALGIA,  from  otpSaXpos,  'the
 eye,' and aXyos, 'pain.'  Pain in the eye.  Neu-
ralgia of  the eye.
   OPHTHALMEMPASMA, Collyrium siccum.
   OPHTHAL'MIA, Ophthalmitis, from o<p$aXpos,
 ' the eye.'  Oeulo'rum inflamma'tio, Cauma oph-
thalmi'tie, Ophthalmopo'nia, Inflamma'tion of the
 Eye, Ophthalmy,  (F.) Ophthalmie,  Ophthalmite,
Inflammation de  I'cril, Catarrhe oeulaire.   Three
great varieties of ophthalmia, independently of
the acute and chronic (which  conditions  occur in 
OPHTHALMIA
618       OPHTHALMIATROTECIINICA
all inflammations,) may be reckoned:—the Oph-
thalmia membranarum, 0. purulenta, and 0. tarei.
The  first is  characterized by the general  symp-
toms of ophthalmia; — pain and redness  of the
eye or its appendages;  with intolerance of light,
and unusual flow of tears; the inflammation being
seated  chiefly in the coats of the eyeball.  It is
the Hy menophthal' mia, Ophthalmia tarax'ie, Con-
junciivi'tie,  lnjlainma'tio  conjuncti'va, Symphy-
meni'tia, Syudesini'tie,  Cutorr'hal  ophthalmia,
Ophthalmo - conjuitctivi'tie,  0.  hu'mida, 0. vera,
Epiph'ora  (Galen), Conjunctival Ophthal'mia,
Torax'ia (Paulus of ASgina), Chemo'aia (Ae'tius,)
0. Chemosia, Loch'rymoae Ophthalmia, (F.) Con-
jonctivite, Inflammation de la conjonctive.  In the
second,— Ophthalmia purttlen'ta, 0.  puriform'is,
Blennophtholmia, Bleph'aroblennorrhee'a, Oph-
thalmoblennorrhea, Blennorrhea oc'uli — the in-
ternal surface of the palpebras associates  in the
inflammation of the eye-ball; and there is a co-
pious secretion of a purulent fluid.  An epidemic
and contagious(?) variety of this is the ^Egyptian
Ophthalmia, Ophthalmia epidem'ica, 0. purttlen'ta
epidem'ica,  0. contagiosa, 0.  Catarrhdlie bel'-
lica, Lcemophthal'iniu,  0. bel'lica, 0. Asiat'ica,
Blennorrhce'a Oculi jEgyptiaco, Conjunct ivi'tie
puro-mucdaa contagiosa vel ^Egyptiaca, Blepha-
ro'tia glandula'ria contagidaa, Adeni'tie  palpe-
brarum contagioea,  0.  purulenta  contagio So,
Oonjunctivi'tia puro-muco'sa contagio'aa, Suppu-
rative ophthalmia, Epidemic contagioua ophthal'-
mia— called Egyptian, from  its prevalence in
Egypt  during the British Expedition under Sir
Ralph Abercrombie.  The inflammation is rapid
aud destructive; granulations  shoot from the tu-
nica conjunctiva, and occasionally there is  intole-
  Conjunctivitis, when slight, requires little treat-
ment: the antiphlogistic regimen—and, particu-
larly, avoiding exposure to light,—being all that
is  necessary.  AVhen more  severe,  along with
this, general and local  blood-letting, especially
by  leeches to the side of the septum narium,
must be  employed so as to make a  decided im-
pression  on the  system; with  nauseating doses
of antimony, purgatives, blisters  (at some dis-
tance from the organ),  refrigerants ; and astrin-
gents, cold or warm, according  to circumstances,
to the eye.   In Purulent Ophthalmy, these mea-
sures must be still more  actively employed, other-
wise disorganization will speedily follow: — the
granulations, whieh  form on the  adnata of the
eyelids may  be removed with  the scissors, and
the  sore  be  touched with a solution  of alum.
Ophthalmia  Tarsi must be treated  on  general
principles,  when  severe.   It usually,  however,
requires  merely the antiphlogistic  regimen, with
the  occasional use, especially at night, of a
slightly stimulating ointment, such as the ungu-
entum hydrargyri nitrico-oxydi, considerably re-
duced with lard.   The ointment prevents the
eyelids from  being  glued together  during the
night, and thus obviates the irritation caused by
attempts  at separating them.
  Ophthalmia, ^Egyptian, see Ophthalmia — o.
rable pain, often succeeded by delirium.  In new-
born children, a species of  purulent ophthalmia,
0. pnruledta infan'tum, 0.  Neonato'rum, Blepha-
rophthalmia neonato'rum, Lippitddo neonate'rum,
Blennorrhce'a Oc'uli  neonato'rum,  Ophthalmo-
blennorrhea'a neonato'rum, Blejiharo-blennorrhee'a
neonato'rum, Blepharo-pyorrhoea neonato'rum,
Pyophthalmia neonato'rum, Paorophthulmia neo-
nato'rum,  (F.) Ophthalmie puriforme dee nouveou-
nia, in which the  palpebras  are florid and  pecu-
liarly tumid, is by  no means  uncommon.   It
seems to be  caused by acrid discharges from the
mother, applied to the  eye of the infant during
its exit; or to the stimulus  of the light, when the
child first opens its eyes.   A severe form of  pu-
rulent  ophthalmia — Hyperconjonctivite (Piorry)
— is produced by the  application of gonorrhoea!
matter to  the eye.   It  is the Ophthalmia gonor-
rho'ica, Blennorrhce'a  oculi gonorrho'ica, Con-
junctivi'tis blennorrhag"ica, C. gonorrho'ica,  Go-
norrheal Ophthal'mia, (F.) Ophthalmie blennor-
rhagique,  Conjonctivite blennorrhagique.
  Ophthalmia is likewise modified by the condi-
tion of the constitution, and hence we have stru-
mous, variolous, and other  inflammations of the
conjunctiva.
  The third variety — the  Ophthalmia Tarai, 0.
glutino'ao, Blepliarophthal'mia, Blepharotis, Ble-
pharoti'tia,  Blephori'tia, Blepharadeni'tia, Pao-
rophihal'mia, Oc'uli palpebra'rum aca'biee pruri-
gino'aa, Adenophthalmia—is seated chiefly in the
tarsus; the  sebaceous  crypts secreting a viscid
and acrid  fluid, that glues and ulcerates its edges,
and irritates the eye.
  The different forms of inflammation of the con-
junctiva are thus classed by M. Desmarres :
Asiatica. see Ophthalmia — o. Bellica, see Oph-
thalmia— o. Biliosa, Ophthalmocholosis—o. Ca-
tarrhal, see Ophthalmia — o. Catarrhalis bellica,
see Ophthalmia,—o. Chronica, Lippitudo—o. Con-
junctival, see Ophthalmia — o.  Contagiosa,  see
Ophthalmia—o. Epidemica, see Ophthalmia—o.
Glutinosa, see Ophthalmia — o. Gonorrhoica, see
Ophthalmia — o. Gonorrhceal, see Ophthalmia —
o.  Humida, see Ophthalmia—o. Lachrymose, see
Ophthalmia — o. Membranarum, see Ophthalmia
— o. Neonatorum, see Ophthalmia—o. Phlycte-
nular, see Ophthalmia—o. Puriformis, see Oph-
thalmia—o. Purulenta, see Ophthalmia—o. Puru-
lenta contagiosa, see Ophthalmia — o. Purulenta
epidemica,  see Ophthalmia — o. Purulenta infan-
tum, see Ophthalmia—o. Rheumatic, Sclerotitis
— o. Sicca, Xerophthalmia — o. Suppurative, see
Ophthalmia—o.  Taraxis,  see  Ophthalmia — o.
Tarsi,  see  Ophthalmia — o.  Ulcerosa, Helcoph-
thalmia—o. Varicose, Cirsophthalmia—o. Vera,
see Ophthalmia.
  OPHTHALMIATER, Oculist.
  OPHTHALMIATRI'A,  Ophthalmiatrotcch' -
nica, Ophthalmotherapi'a; from  otpdaXpos,  'tho
eye,' and tarpos,  'a  physician.'  The art of the
oculist.  Treatment of diseases of  the eye.
  OPHTHALMIATROTECHNICA, Ophthal-
miatria.
Conjunctivitis.....
Pure or phlegmonous.
Pustular.
                        r Contagious.
                         Non-contagious.
3. Granular or catarrhal, j Miasmatic.
. Exanthematic,
                     f Of new-born infants.
Purulent..................-j Gonorrhceal.
                     I Egyptian.
f Erysipelatous.
J Variolous.
"j Morbillous.
I Scarlatinous. 
                OPHTHALMIC              6

  OPIITnAL'MIC, Ophthal'micua, from o<p$aX-
pos, ' tho eye.'  That which relates or belongs to
the eye.
  Ophthalmic Artery, A. orbitaire, (Ch.) arises
from  the  internal  carotid,  and issues from  the
cranium by tho foramen opticum.  At first, it is
situate at the outer and lower side of the optic
nerve, but ascends above this nerve, and passes
towards tho  inner angle of the orbit.  It fur-
nishes, .in its course, the lachrymal, centralis re-
tina,  infra-orbitars, ciliuries, anterior ciliaries,
inferior and superior  mueculare,  anterior and
poaterior ethmoidals, and  superior and inferior
palpebrals.   After having given off these, it di-
vides  into two branches — the frontal and naeal,
which furnish a number of ramifications, — some
superficial, others deep-seated.
  Oi'Iithal'mic Gang'lion,  Lentic'ular G., CiV-
iary ganglion, G. orbitaire (Ch.),  is  one of the
smallest ganglions of the body, and formed by the
5th and 3d pairs of encephalic nerves. It is situate
at the outer side of the optic nerve near the bot-
tom of the orbit; is irregularly quadrilateral and
flat:  its colour of a reddish gray.  Behind, it
communicates by its  posterior angles—by means
of nervous filaments—with the nasal nerve of the
ophthalmic and the motor oculi.  Each of its an-
terior angles furnishes a fasciculus of small nerves.
These arc tho ciliary nerves.
  Ophthalmic Nerve,  Ophthalmic  Nerve  of
Willis, Or'bito-frontal,  (Ch.) is the smallest and
first of the throe  branches  given off by the  5th
pair.  It proceeds along the external paries of
the cavernous sinus, and enters the orbit by  the
sphenoidal fissure.  It divides into three branches:
one, external—the lachrymal nerve; another, su-
perior— frontal nerve; and the last,  internal —
the nasal nerve.  See Lachrymal, Frontal, Nasal.
  Ophthalmic or Optic Remedy, OphthaVmicum
sen Op'ticum, (F.)  Topique ophtholmiquc,  is a
n: 'dicino employed in ophthalmia.
  Ophthalmic Sinus, see Cavernous Sinus.
  Ophthalmic A"bin has the same arrangement
as the artery, which it accompanies  in  all its
divisions.   It issues from the orbit at the inner
part of the sphenoidal  fissure, and discharges its
blood into the cavernous sinus.
  The name  Facial Ophthalmic has been  given
to the branch by which the facial vein communi-
cates  with the ophthalmic.
  OPIITHALMICA,  Euphrasia officinalis.
  OPHTHALMICI EXTERNI, Motores oculo-
rum.
  OPHTHALMICUM, Ophthalmic remedy.
  OPHTHALMIDIUM, Microphthalmus.
  OPHTHALMIE PURIFORME DES NOU-
VEAU-NFS, see  Ophthalmia — o. Blennorrha-
gique, see Ophthalmia.
  OPHTHALMITE, Ophthalmia.
  OPHTHALMITIS, Ophthalmia. This term is
occasionally  restricted to  inflammation of  the
globe of the eye, in which, both the external and
internal structures are involved.
  OPHTHALMIUM, Microphthalmus.
  OPHTIIALMO-BLENNORRHCEA, Ophthal-
mia (purulent)—o. Neonatorum, see Ophthalmia
(purulenta infantum.)
  OPIITHALMO-CARCINO'MA, from otpSaXpos,
'the eye,'and KapKtvupa, 'cancer.'   Cancer of the
eye.
  OPHTHALMOCELE, Exophthalmia.
  OPHTHALMOCHOLO'SIS,  from o<p$aXpos,
'the eye,' and \oXn, 'bile;' Ophthal'mia bilio'sa.
Ophthalmia from biliary excitement.
  OPHTHALMOCHROiTES, see  Choroidea tu-
nica.
9           OPHTHALMOTOMY

  OPHTHALMO-CONJUNCTIVITIS, see Oph-
thalmia.
  OPHTHALMODULI'A,  from o<p$aXpos,  'the
eye,' and lovXtta, ' servitude.'  Eye-service.  The
title of a book by Bartisch on diseases of the eye.
  OPHTHALMODYN'IA,  from o^aXpos,  'the
eye,' and obvvn,  'pain,' especially rheumatic  pain
of the eye.  Plenck has given this name to  neu-
ralgia of  the frontal nerve, in which the  pain
radiates particularly towards  the bottom of the
orbit.  See Neuralgia, Frontal.
  Ophthalmodynia  Periodica, Neuralgia, fa-
cial.
  OPHTHALMCEDE'MA;  from oqjSaXpos,  'the
eye,' and otinpa, 'oedema.'  CEdema of the  con-
junctiva.
  OPHTHALMOG'RAPHY, from oip&aXpos, 'the
eye,' and ypa<pn,  ' a description.'  The part of ana-
tomy which gives a description of the eye.   An
anatomical description of the eye.
  OPHTHALMOL'OGY, Ophihalmolog" ia, Oph-
thalmotol'ogy, (F.)  Oculistique,  from  oipSaXpos,
'the eye,' and Xoyos, 'a  discourse.'   The part of
anatomy which  treats of the eye. An anatomical
treatise on the eye.   A description of the eye in
health and disease.
  OPHTHALMOMETER,  from o<p$aXpos,  'the
eye,'  and  ptrpov, 'measure.'  An instrument of
the nature of compasses, invented  by F. Petit,
for  measuring the capacity of the anterior and
posterior chambers of the eye in anatomical ex-
periments.
  OPHTHALMOMYITIS, Ophthalmomyosi'tis,
from oipSaXpos, 'the eye,' pvs, 'a muscle,' and itis,
denoting  inflammation.  Inflammation of  the
muscles of the eye.
  OPHTHALMOPARALYSIS,  Ophthalmople-
gia.
  OPHTHALMOPHLEBOTOMTA, from o<p$aX-
pos, 'the  eye,'  0Xe</,, 'a vein,'  and ropv, 'inci-
sion.'  Bleeding from the  vessels  of the  con-
junctiva.
  OPHTHALMOPHTHAR'SIS,  Ophthalmoph-
thi'eie, from oipSaXpos, 'the eye,' and tpdapats,  'cor-
ruption.'  Destruction of the eyeball.
  OPHTHALMOPHTHISIS,Ophthalmophthar-
sis.
  OPHTHALMOPLE'GIA,  Ophthalmoparal'y-
eia, from  oipdaXpos,  ' the eye,'  and  irXvaau,  ' I
strike.'  Paralysis of one or more of the muscles
of the eye.
  OPHTHALMOPONIA, Ophthalmia.
  OPHTHALMOPTO'SIS, from o<p$aXpoS,  'an
eye,' and itruais, ' a prolapse.' A word employed
by  some authors in  the sense of exophthalmia,
by  others, in that of hydrophthalmia.
  OPHTHALMORRHAG"IA,   from  o<p$aXpos,
'the eye,'  and pnywpt,  'I break forth.'  Hemor-
rhage from the  tunica conjunctiva.  It is  rare.
  OPHTHALMOS,  Eye.
  0 P H T H A L M 0 S C 0 P'lA,  Ophthalmoacopy,
from op&uXpos,  'the eye,' and oKotttu,  'I regard
attentively.'  The art of judging of the temper,
&c. of a person by examining his eyes.  The art
of judging of health or disease by inspection of
the eyes.   Exploration of the eyes in order to a
diagnosis.
  OPHTHALMOSTA'TUM, (F.)OphthaVmoatat,
from  otp&aXpos,  'the  eye,' and araats,  'station;'
Spec'ulum  Oc'uli.  An instrument for fixing the
eye.
  OPHTHALMOTHERAPIA, Ophthalmiatria,
  OPHTHALMOTOLOGY, Ophthalmology.
  OPHTHALMOTOMY, Ophthalmotom'ia, from
otpSaXpos, ' the eye,' and rtpvu, ' I cut.'  The part 
OPTnALMOXEROSIS          620               OPSIONUSI
of anatomy which treats of the dissection of the
eye.   It has, also, been applied to extirpation of
the eye.
  OPTHALMOXEROSIS, Xerophthalmia.
  OPHTHALMOX'YSIS, from  oipSaXpos,  'the
eye,' and Ivu, ' I scrape.'   A name given to the
scarification sometimes practised on the conjunc-
tiva,  in cases of ophthalmia.
  OPHTHALMOXYS'TRUM,0;jnt7ir<7»!o.rys'tcr,
Ophthalmoxy ate'rium,Nyetrum ophthaVinicum. An
instrument for scraping the eye.   Name given to
a small brush, with barbs like an ear of barley or
rye,  intended  to scarify  the  eyelids in  certain
cases of ophthalmia.
  OPHTHALMUS, Eye.
  OPHTHALMYMENTTIS, Ophihalmohymeni'-
tie, from otpdalpos,  ' eye,'  'vpr/v, ' membrane,' and
itis, denoting inflammation. Inflammation of one
or more of the membranes of the eye.   |
   OP I ACE, Opiate.
   OPIACUM, Opiatum.
   OPIANE, Narcotine.
   OPIANUM, Narcotine.
   OPIAT, Opiate — o. Dentifrice, Dentifrice.
   0'PI ATE,  Opia'tum, Opio'cum, Papaverd-
ceum, Meco'nicum, (F.) Opiat, Opiacie, from awiov,
(ottos, 'juice,') 'opium.'  A medicine containing
opium.   A medicine  that procures  sleep.  An
electuary; — formerly, an electuary, which  con-
tained opium.
   O'PIATED, Opidtus.  Impregnated with opi-
um.   Affected by opium.
   OPIATUM   FEBRIF'UGUM,  Electua'rium
de Kind Kind; Elec'tuary of Cincho'na.  (Pulv.
cinch, gxviij,  ammon.  muriat. """"j, mellis, syrup.
absinth, aa *^ij. Make into an electuary. Ph. P.)
Given, when cinchona is  indicated.
   Opiatum  Mesenteric um, Electua'rium,  de
A'loe, Muria'te Hydrar'gyri, et  Ferro.  (Gum.
ammon.  JJjss, senna "5v.j>  hydrargyri eubmuriat.,
rad.  ari., aloes soeotrin.  aa  "Jij, /hi'ii.  scammon.
comp. (vulg. de tribus,) rhej. rad. aa, """"iy,  ferri
limntur.  porphyrisat.  "|ss.  Bruise and mix to-
gether, add of compound syrup of apples double
the weight of  the other matters, and make into
an electuary.  Ph. P.)   Dose, ^ss to Ijij, in ob-
structions of the liver, mesentery, &c.
   OPIATUS,  Opiated.
   OPION, Opium.
   OPISMA, Succus.
   OPIS'THENAR, Doreum  manue, from omcBt,
'backwards,' and  dtvap,  'the flat of the hand.'
The back of the hand.
   OPISTHOCEPHALON, Occiput.
   OPISTHOCRANIUM, Occiput.
   OPISTHOCYPHOSIS, Cyphoma.
   OPISTHOLOBTUM, Opi'siAot'i'uw, from otttaQt,
 'behind,' and Xoj3tov, ' the lobe of the ear.'  Any
 agent applied behind  the ear.
   OPISTHOTIUM, Opistholobium.
   OPISTHOT'ONOS, Raptus poeterga'nens, Tet'-
 anus dorea'lis, T. poati'cue, T. poatergdneua, from
 omo-St,  'backwards,'  and rtivu, 'I stretch.'   A
 species  of tetanus, in which the body is bent
 backwards.
   OPIUM, see Papaver—o. Colatum, Extractum
 opii — o. Depuratum,  Extractum opii—o. Eaters,
 Theriaki.
   OPOBALSAMUM, see Amyris opobalsamum.
   OPOCARPASON,  Carpasium (juice.)
   OPODELDOC,  Opodeldoch.
   OPODEL'DOCH, Opodel'toch, Opodeldoc.  An
 unmeaning term, frequently  used by Paracelsus.
 Formerly, it signified a plaster for  all  external
 injuries ; now, it is  applied  to the Linimentum
 Saponis Compositum.
  Opodeldoch, Steer's.  A liniment, called after
the inventor.  There  arc  many formulas for its
preparation.  The following is one.  Sop. alb. Ibj,
camphor (-;ij, ol. rorismarini  f3'v>  spiritue vini
rectificaUO'tj.  See Linimentum Saponis Compo-
situm.
  OPODYMUS, Diprosopus.
  OPOPIOS, Optic.
  OPOPONACUM, Pastinaca opoponax.
  OPOPONAX, see Pastinaca opoponax.
  OPOPONAXWORT, Pastinaca opoponax.
  OPO'RICE, from otrupa, ' autumnal fruits.'  A
medicine, composed of several autumnal fruits,
particularly of quinces, pomegranates,  Ac.  and
wine.   It was  formerly administered in dysen-
tery,  diseases of the stomach, &c.
  OPOS, Succus expressus — o. Silphion, Laser-
pitinm.
  OPPIDULUM, Vulva.
  OPPILATIO, Emphraxis —o. Telas Cellulosas,
Induration of the cellular  tissue.
  OPPILATIVUS, Obstruens.
   OPPO'NENS,(F.)Cbjpo8ant,fromoo,andjoonere,
'to place.'   That which faces or is put in opposi-
tion to something.  The name has been given to
two muscles of the hand.
   Opponens Min'imi Dig"iti, Carpo-mitacarpien
du  petit doigt (Ch.), Mitacarpien du petit doigt,
(F.) Oppoaant du petit doigt.  This muscle has
the same shape and arrangement as the preceding,
but is of less size.  It is  situate in the hypothe-
nar eminence.   Its fibres are  inserted into the
anterior annular ligament of the carpus, and ter-
minate on the whole length of the inner edge of
,the 5th metacarpal  bone. This muscle carries
the 5th metacarpal bone forwards and outwards,
and thus augments the concavity of the palm of
the hand.
   Opponens Pol'licis, Flexor ossia metacar'pi
 pollicis, Opponens pollicia manue,  Flexor primi
interno'dii (Douglass,) Antith'enar sive semi-in-
teroeeeua pollicia,  (F.)   Carpo- mitacarpien du
pouce (Ch.) Mitacarpien  du pouce, O/jj/osont du
Pouce.  A  small, flat, triangular muscle, situate
in the substance of the thenar eminence.  It is
 attached, on the one hand, to the  anterior annu-
 lar ligament of the carpus and to the trapezium ;
 and,  on the other, to the whole of the outer mar-
 gin  of the  first metacarpal  bone.   This muscle
 impresses on the first bone of the  metacarpus a
 movement of rotation, which opposes the thumb
 to the other fingers.
   OPPOSANT, Opponens —o. du Petit doigt,
 Opponens minimi digiti—o. du Pouce, Opponens
 pollicis.
   OPPRESSIO, Catalepsy, Oppression —o. Noc-
 turna, Incubus.
   OPPRESSION,  Oppree'sio,  Thlipeie,  Cata-
 thlipe'ie, from  opprimere  (ob, and premere, pres-
 eum,) 'to press against.'  A state, in which the
 patient experiences a  sensation of weight in the
 part affected.  AVhen employed abstractedly, it
 means, particularly,  Oppreeaion  of the cheat —
 Oppreaaio Pec'toria, (F.)  0.  de Poitrine.
   Oppression, Oppree'sio vir'ium,  (F.) Oppres-
 sion  dea forcea, is, also, used for that condition, at
 the commencement of fevers, &c, in which the
 system is oppressed rather than debilitated, and
 where the  vascular action rises, as the obstruc-
 tion  to free circulation is relieved by bleeding,
 purging, <fec.
   OPS, Eye.
   OPSEONUSI, Opsionusi.
   OPSIALGIA, Neuralgia,  facial.
    OPSIONU'SI,  Opseonu'si, from u-lts, 'vision,'
 and vovoos, 'a disease;' Morbi  viaila.   Diseases
 of vision. 
OPSIOTOCIA
621
ORBIT
   OPSIOTOCIA, from oipc, 'too late,' and tokos,
 'birth;' Partus aero'tinua.  Parturition after the
 usual period.  See Pregnancy.
   OPSIS, Pupil, Vision.
   OPSOMA'NIAC, Opaom'anes, (F.)  Opeomane,
 from o .01, 'aliment,' and pavta.   One who loves
 some particular aliment to madness.
   OPTESIS, Assatio.
   OPTIC,  Op'tt'eue,  Opo'pioe,  from otrropat, 'I
 see.'  That which relates to vision.
   OPTIC  CENTRE,  Centrum  op'ticttm.   The
 optic centre  of  the crystalline is  the point at
 which the various rays proceeding from an object
 cross in their way to the  retina.
   Optic Commissure, see Chiasmus.
   Optic Foramen, Fora'men op'ticum, (F.) Trou
 optique.  A round opening  in the sphenoid bone,
 near the base of its lesser ala, through which the
 optic nerve passes.
   Optic Ganglia, Quadrigemina tubercula.
   Optic Groove.- A transverse groove on the su-
 perior surface of the sphenoid bone, on which the
 commissure of the optic nerve rests, and which is
 continuous on each side with the  optic foramen.
   Optic Lobes, Quadrigemina tubercula.
   Optic Nerve, Nervua op'ticua, Par aecun'dum
 seu op'ticum seu viao'rium,  Nerve of the 2d pair,
 Nervua  viei'vue  seu  viao'riua,  Ocular nerve of
 Chaussier.   The optic nerves are remarkable for
 their size;  for their running  a longer  course
 within than without, the  cranium; and for their
 furnishing  no branch from their origin to their
 termination.  They do not  seem to arise, as  was
 long supposed, from the optic thalami, but from
 the tubercula quadrigemina.  Immediately after
 their origin the optic tracts, Tractue op'ticua, pro-
 ceed  forwards;  are, at first, broad and flat;  but
 afterwards become narrower and round.  In front
 of the fossa pituitaria, they unite and decussate,
 each  nerve  proceeding through the optic foramen
 with  the  ophthalmic artery.  The nerve passes
 to the back part of the globe of the eye, becomes
 narrower, and enters that organ to give rise to the
 nervous expansion called  the retina.  Besides its
 neurilemma, the optic nerve is  surrounded by a
 sheath, furnished  by the  dura mater.  This ac-
 companies it as far as  the eye.
  The optic nerve is the  nerve  of special sensi-
 bility of the eye.
  Optic Remedy,  see  Ophthalmic remedy.
  Optic Thalami,  Thalami nervorum opticorum
 —o. Tracts, see Optic nerve.
  OPT ICO- TROCHLEI-SCLEROTICIEN,
 Oblique, superior of the eye.
  OPTICUiAI, Ophthalmic remedy.
  OPTILOS,  Eve.
  OPTOM'ETER,  from  otrropat, 'I  see,'  and
ptrpuv, ' a measure.' An instrument for measuring
the distance of distinct vision.
  OPUNTIA. Cactus opuntia.
  OR, Gold—o. Cyanure,d', see Gold—o. Divisi,
see Colli—o.Hydrochlorate d', see Gold—o.lodure
d', see Gold — o. Nitromuriate d', see  Gold — o.
 Oxide </',  see Gold—o  et de Sodium, chlorure d,
see  Gold — o. et de Sonde, Hydrochlorate d', see
Gold—-o.  et de Sonde,  Muriate d,' see Gold.
  OKA SERRATA. see Ciliary (Body.)
  ORACH. STINKING, Chenopodium vulvaria.
  OKAL,  (F.)  Oral,  Vocal, from  os, orie, 'a
mouth.'  Relating to the mouth or to speech.
  ORANGE,  FLOWERS  OF THE, see Citrus
aurantium — o. Root, Hydrastis Canadensis — o.
Tree, Citrus aurantium.
  ORANGEADE.  A  drink, made with  orange
juice  diluted  with  water.  It is  antiphlogistic,
and often recommended in acute diseases.
  ORANGES, see Citrus  aurantium — o.  Curas-
soa, Aurantia curassaventia.
   0RBE8 CARTILAGINOSI  TRACHEAE,  see
 Trachea.
   OBICULAIRE  DES LEVRES, Orbicularis
 oris — o. dee  Paupierea, Orbicularis palpebrarum.
   ORBICULAR,  Orbiculdrie,  from  orbie,  'a
 circle.'  Spherical, circular.
   Orbicular Bone, Oa orbiculdre seu lenticu-
 lo're seu Sylvii seu orbiculdre Syl'vii, Glob'ulus
 atop'edia oaeie, Epiph'ysie cruria longio'ris in'eu-
 dia,  Oeaic'ulum orbiculo're seu eqnamo'aum seu
 cochleare seu quartum, is the smallest of the four
 bones of the  ear. It is scarcely perceptible, round,
 convex on two surfaces,  and situate between the
 long ramus  of the incus and  the head of the
 stapes.
   Orbicular Muscles are muscles with circular
 fibres surrounding some natural opening of the
 body.  1. Orbiculdrie Orie, Sphincter Labio'rum,
 Semi vel Demi-orbieula'rie, Snpro-semi-orbiculd-
 rie,  Constrie'tor Orie,   Lobio'lie,  Oaculato'riue,
 Baeia'tor,  (F.) Labial,  Orbiculaire dee  levrea.  A
 muscle  situate in the substance of the lips, and
 extending from one commissure  to the  other.
 It is formed of two very distinct  portions, of a
 semi-oval shape; one belonging to the upper lip,
 the other to  the lower.   Their extremities  cross
 at the commissures, and are confounded with the
 other muscles of the parts. The use of this fleshy
 muscle is to  bring the lips together, and to  close
 the aperture  of the mouth, by making it repre-
 sent  a sort of bourrelet  with  radiated  wrinkles.
 It is an  antagonist to every other muscle of the
 lips.  2. Orbicularis Palpebra'mm,  Orbicularis
 oc'uli, Orbicularis palpebra'mm cilia'ria, Palpe-
 brarum duo  mue'euli, Maxil'lo-polpibral, Palpe-
 bra'lie, Constrict'or palpebra'rum, Sphincter Pal-
 pebrarum  seu Oculi, (F.) Noao-jieilpebrol (Ch.),
 I'ulpibrol, Orbiculaire dee paupierea.  A muscle
 common to both the eyelids, and seated in  their
 substance.   It is broad, thin, transversely  oval,
 and cleft in its great diameter.   It  is attached to
 the nasal process of the superior maxillary bone;
 to the internal angular process of the frontal bone,
 and to the orbitar process of the superior maxil-
 lary bone.  From these origins the muscle passes
 outwards, under the skin of the eyelids, surround-
 ing  the  orbit in a  circular  manner, extending
 somewhat beyond it, and covering the upper part
 of the cheek.  It is inserted into the skin of the
 eyelids, its upper and inner edge  being intimately
 connected with the frontal and  corrugator mus-
 cles.   Its use is to  close  the eye, by bringing the
 eyelids  together.   The  part of the orbicularis
 which covers the cartilages of the eyelids, and
 which is remarkably thin, is the Muaculua Cilia-
 ris of some authors.
   ORBICULARIS  OCULI, Orbicularis  palpe-
 brarum, see Orbicular muscles — o. Oris, see Or-
 bicular muscles — o. Palpebrarum,  see Orbicular
 muscles —o. Palpebrarum  ciliaris,  see Orbicular
 muscles — o.  Recti, Sphincter ani externus.
   ORBICULUS  CILIARIS,  Ciliary  ligament,
 Ciliary zone.
   ORBIS GENU, Patella.
   ORBIT,  Or'bita, 0. oc'uli, Troch'ia, Conchus
 seu  Cav'itas  seu Fo'vea  seu  Pelvic'ula  oc'uli,
 from  orbie, 'a circle.'  The circular cavities are
 so called, which lodge the organs of sight.  The
 orbits or orbitar foeaa or carities, conchi, Koyxpt,
 are situate at the upper part of the  face, and are
 composed of seven  bones, viz.: — the frontal,
 above: the palate and auperior maxillary, below;
 the sphenoid and malar, externally; and the eth-
 moid  and lachrymal, internally.   The orbit  is
 filled  by the globe of the eye, with  its  different
accessary part* — muscles,  nerves,  vessels, the
lachrymal gland, &c. Its margin is termed margo
orbitdlis. 
ORBITA                  622
  ORBITA, Orbit—o. Oculi, Orbit.
  ORBITAL  FISSURE,  INFERIOR,  Sphe-
noidal  fissure — o. Fissure,  superior,  Maxillary
fissure.
  OR'BITAR,  Orbita'rius,  Orbita'lie, Or'bital.
Same etymon.  Relating or belonging  to  the
orbit.
  Orbitar Apoph'yses or Proc"esses terminate
the two extremities of the orbitar arch.  The ex-
ternal is much more prominent, and is articulated
with the cheek-bone; the internal is thinner, and
joins the os unguis.
  Orbitar Arch, (F.) Arcade orbitaire, is the
projecting, round margin,  which  separates the
frontal and orbitar surfaces of the os frontis, and
forms a part of the circumference of the orbit.
  Or'bitar Fissures,   (F.) Fentee  orbitairee.
These are situate in the orbit.  They are two in
number: One auperior, the Sphenoidal; the other
inferior, the Spheno-maxillary.
  Orbitar Foram'ina.   Of these there are seve-
ral:— 1. The Foramen orbitarium eupe'riua, (F.)
 Trou orbitaire supirieur, which is  situate at the
junction of the inner third of the orbitar arch
with its two outer thirds, and gives  passage to
the frontal  nerve.  2.  The Foram'ina orbita'ria
interio'ra vel  inter'na,  Foram'ina Ethmo'idea.
These  are situate at the  upper part of the inter-
nal paries of the orbit, are formed by the union
of two notches of the os  frontis with two similar
ones of the ethmoid ; and are  distinguished into
anterior and posterior.  The former gives passage
to the  ethmoidal filament of the nasal nerve and
to a small artery.
   Orbitar Nerve, Nervus orbitdlis seu orbitd-
riue seu eubcutdneue mala, is a branch given off
from the superior maxillary.  It enters the orbit
by  the spheno-maxillary fissure, and divides into
two filaments; the one — malar—which passes
over the cheek-bone, is distributed to the orbicu-
laris palpebrarum, and anastomoses with the fa-
cial nerve;  the other — temporal — which passes
to the temporal fossas, and anastomoses with the
inferior maxillary and facial, to become after-
wards  subcutaneous.
   ORBITO-EXTUS-SCLER 0 TICIEN, Rectus
externus oculi — o. Intue-Scliroticien,  Rectus in-
ternus  oculi — o. Maxillo-labial,  Levator labii
superioris proprius — o. Palpebral, Levator pal-
pebras superioris—o. Sue-palpibral, Levator pal-
pebras superioris.
   ORCANETTE, Anchusa officinalis.
   ORCHALGIA,  Orchidalgia,
   ORCHAS, Scrotum.
  _ ORCHEI'TIS, Oachi'tie, Oachei'tia,  Inflamma'-
tio scroti,  from opxas,  'the scrotum,' and itis,
denoting  inflammation.   Inflammation  of the
 scrotum.
   Orcheitis,  Hernia humoralis.
   ORCHEOCATABASIS,  Orchidocatabasis.
   ORCHEOCELE, Orchiocele.
   ORCHEOTOMY, Castration.
   ORCHESTROMANIA, Chorea.
   ORCHIDAL'GIA, Orchal'gia,  Orchidodyn'ia,
from opxu,  ' a testicle,'  and aXyos, ' pain.'  Pain
 of the testicle.  Neuralgia of the testicle.  Irri-
table testicle.   A form of neuralgia.
   ORCHIDATROPH'IA,   Atroph'ia testic'uli,
from opxts, opxtios, 'a  testicle,'  and atrophia,
 ' atrophy.'  Atrophy or wasting of the testicles.
   ORCHIDITIS, Hernia humoralis.
   ORCHIDOCATAB'ASIS,  Orcheocatab'a-
sis, Descedeue testiculo'rum, from opxts, ' the tes-
tis,' and Kara^aais, ' descent.' The descent of the
test.es into the scrotum.
   ORCHIDOCELE, Hernia humoralis.
  ORCHIDODYNIA, Orchidalgia.
ORGANISATIO
  ORCHIDONCUS, Hernia humoralis.
  ORCIIIDOTOMY, Castration.
  ORCHILL, Lichen roccella.
  ORCHIOCE'LE,  Orehcoce'le, from opxts,  'the
testicle,' and K17X17, ' a rupture.'   A tumour of the
testicle.  Scrotal hernia.  Hernia humoralis.  A
name given to several  diseases of the testicle
and its envelopes, essentially differing from  each
other.
  Orchioce'le Scirrho'sa, Scirrhoce'le.  A ma-
lignant tumour of the testis.
  ORCHIS, Testicle—0. Butterfly, Orchis  bifolia,
  ORCHIS MAS'CULA, Satyr'ion, Mule Orchis, Tee-
tic'ultts cani'nue, Cynosor'chis, Doge' etonee,  Male
Foole' etonee, Twinroot. This root has had  a place
in some  pharmacopoeias, on account of the glu-
tinous, slimy juice it  contains.   The root of the
Orchis bifolia  or Butterfly orchis, has likewise
been collected.  It has been used as a domulcent.
Its fancied aphrodisiac virtues seem to be owing
to its resemblance  to op%ts, ' a testicle,' whence
its name.
  Salep  is obtained from this variety of  the or-
chis ; — and from the Orchie morio, &e.   See
Salep.
  Orchis,  Round-leaved, Large, Platanthera
orbiculata.
   ORCHITE, Hernia humoralis.
  ORCHITIS,  Hernia humoralis.
  ORCHOI, see Tarsus.
  ORCHOTOMIA,  Castration.  Also, removal
of the tarsi.
  ORDEOLUM, Hordeolum.
  ORDEUM, Hordeum.
   ORDINAIRES,  Menses.
   ORDONNANCE, Formula, Prescription.
   OREILLE D'HOMME, Asarum—o. de  Souris,
Hieracium pilosella.
   OREILLETTE,  Asarum, Auricle of the heart.
   OREILLONS, Parotis, Cynanche parotidasa.
   ORELIA GRANDIFLORA, Allamanda.
   ORELLANA, see Terra Orleana.
   OREOSELINUM, Athamanta aureoselinum—
0. Africanum,  Bubon galbanum — 0. Legitimum,
Athamanta aureoselinum—o. Nigrum, Athamanta
aureoselinum.
   OREXIS, Appetite, Pyrosis—0. Cynodes, Bou-
limia.
   ORGAN, Or'ganum,  Or'ganon.  'An  instru-
ment.'   Part of an organized being, destined to
exercise some  particular  function.   Thus — the
eyes are organs of sight; the  muscles  are  or-
gans of motion, Ac.  The collection of  organs,
which  concur  in any function, is  called appa-

   ORGANA  GENERATIONI INSERVIEN-
TIA, Genital  organs — o. Sudoripara, see Per-
spiration.        A
   ORGANES GE NIT AUX,  Genital organs.
   ORGAN'IC, Orgadicua. Relating to an  organ
or  organs, and to beings possessed of  organs.
Hence, Organic Functions are those  possessed
by both  animals and vegetables.  It is also used
synonymously with vital, in contradistinction to
phyeical.
   Organic Chemistry, see Chymistry.
   Organic Diseases or Lesions  are such as
concern  the organ itself, in contradistinction to
functional, rat"ional, or dynam'ic, which merely
concern  the function.  Of course,  organic dis-
eases  of a part are  always  more  serious than
functional.
   Organic Nervous System, see Trisplanchnic
nerve.
   ORGANICISM,  Organiciem'ue, from  vpyavov,
'an organ.'  The doctrine of the localization of
disease.   A modern term, but not much used.
   ORGANISATIO, Organization. 
ORGANISATUS
623
OROS
   ORGANTSATUS, Organized.
   OR'GANISM.  Same etymon.  The living eco-
nomy.  Many physiologists have used this word
synonymously with organization; but more espe-
cially to designate tho aggregate of vital actions
in organized beings, animals as well as vegetables.
The collection of parts composing an organized
body, and the laws which govern it.
   ORGANIZABIL'ITY,  from  organieatio, and
habilis, 'suitable.'  Capability of organization or
of being formed  into living tissue.  Substances
possessed of such capability—as fibrin—are said
to bo organizable.
   ORGANIZABLE, see  Organizability.
   ORGANIZATION, Organisa'tio, from opyavov,
'an organ.'  The manner of structure proper to
different beings. It is also employed in the sense
of the structure  of a part; as, the organization
of the heart, &C.
   Organization, Compounds of, Principles, im-
mediate.
   OR'GANIZED,  Or'ganis inetruc'tue,  Organi-
sa'tus.  That which is composed of organs.
   Organized Bodies, (F.) Corpa organist's, are
those endowed with life ; i. e.' animals and vege-
 tables : in contradistinction to inorganic bodies,
 which comprise the mineral kingdom. See Corpus.
   ORGANOCHEMIA, Chymistry, organic.
   ORGANOC'ENY, Oryanogedia, from opyavov,
'an organ,' and ytvtcts,  'generation.'  The doc-
trine of the formation of different organs.
   ORGANOGNO'SIA. from opyavov, 'organ,'and
yvuats, ' knowledge.'  The knowledge and discri-
mination of organized bodies.
   ORGANOGRAPHY,   Organography,  from
opyavov, 'an organ,' and  ypatpn,  'a description.'
A description of the organs of a living body.
   ORGANOLOGY, Anatomy, Craniology.
   ORGANON OLFACTUS, Nasus.
   ORGANONOM'IA, from opyavov,  'an organ,'
and vopos, ' a law.'  The doctrine of the laws of
organic life.
   ORGANOZOONOMIA, Zoonomia.
   ORGANUM, Instrument.
   ORGASM,  Orgas'mue, Orgo'eie, from  opyau,
'I desire ardently,' 'I am excited.'  CEatrudtion.
A strong impulse or desire for something.   State
of excitement and turgescence of any organ what-
ever.  Erethism.   Applied particularly to the
height of venereal excitement in sexual  inter-
course.
  ORGASMUS. Turgescence.
  ORGAS'TICA.   Same  etymon.  The  second
order of the class Genetica of Good.  Defined:
diseases affecting the orgasm ;  organic or consti-
tutional infirmity disordering  the power or the
desire of procreating.
   ORGE, Rage.
   ORGE, Hordeum — o. Perli, see Hordeum.
  ORGEAT, Syrupus amygdalae.
   ORGE LET, Hordeolum.
   ORGEOLET, Hordeolum.
  ORGOSIS, Orgasm.
  ORKTIALCUM, Brass.
  ORICULAR, Auricular.
   ORICUL E, Auricle, Pavilion of the ear.
  ORIFICH'M, Mouth—o.  Dextrum A'entriculi,
Pylorus—o. Uteri, Os uteri—o. A'entriculi Sinis-
truni. Card i a.
  ORIG'ANUM,  Origanum vulga're, Cuni'la bd-
bula, Jlarjora'na  mancura'na,  0. heracleot'icum,
Zazarhen'di  herba,  Wild mar'joram,  Common
marjoram, Mancura'na, (F.) Pied de lit.  Family.
Labiatas.  Sex. Syst. Didynamia Gymnosperrnia.
This plant resembles marjoram in smell; and has
a pungent taste, much like thyme. It is aromatic
 and stimulant; and its  oil possesses the proper-
 ties of the essential  oils in general.  The oil,
 oleum  origani (Ph. U. S.), is very pungent, and
 is rarely given internally. It is used in toothach.
   Origanum Aquaticum, Eupatorium cannabi-
 num—o. Creticum, 0. dictamnus.
   Origanum Dictam'nus,  Dictamnus Crct'icus,
 0. Creticum, Amar'acue tomentoSue, Oni'tis, Ditt'-
 any of Crete, (F.) Dictamne de Crete. The leaves
 of this plant were once recommended as emme-
 nagogue and alexipharmic.
   Origanum Heracleoticim, Origanum.
   Origanum Majora'na, Marjora'na, 0. majora-
 no'i'dee, Majorana, M. hortedeie, Sweet marjoram,
 SampSucue, Agriorig'anum, Amar'acue, (F.)Mar-
 jolaine.   Its odour is strong and fragrant;  taste
 aromatic and bitterish.  Its properties are those
 of a stomachic  and errhine.  It is chiefly used,
 however, for culinary purposes, and as a snuff in
 headach.
   Origanum Syriacum, Teucrium marum.
   ORIGIN AIRE (F.), from origo,  'origin.'  This
 term has been used, by French writers, in the
 same  sense as congenital.  It is particularly ap-
 plied to  affections depending upon  faulty confor-
 mation,  or to faulty conformation itself.
   ORIGO, Arche.
   ORISMOLOGY, Terminology.
   ORLEANA, see Terra Orleana.
   OR ME, Appetite.
   ORME, Ulmus.
   ORMSKIRK  MEDICINE.   A celebrated an-
 tilyssic remedy, supposed to consist of Pulv. Cre-
 ta, t^ss ;  Bol. Armen. ^iij ; Alumin. gr. x; Pulv.
 Inula, ^j i 01. Aniei, gtt. vj.
   This is taken for a dose every morning for six
 times,  in a glass of water, with a small proportion
 of fresh milk.
   ORNAMENTUM   FOLIACEUM,  see Tube,
 Fallopian.
   ORNITHOG'ALUM ALTIS'SIMUM.  A South
 African  plant, A^at. Ord. Asphodeleas, the fleshy
 bulb of which is  diuretic. An oxymel is prepared
 of it, which is given in catarrh, asthma, phthisis,
 and hydrothorax.  It resembles squill in its me-
 dical properties.
   Ornithogalum Maritimum, Scilla—o. Squilla,
 Scilla.
   ORNITHOGLOSSiE, see Fraxinus excelsior.
   ORNUS EUROP.EA, see Fraxinus ornus —o.
 Mannifera,  Fraxinus  ornus — o.  Rotundifolia,
 Fraxinus ornus — o. Sylvestris, Fraxinus excel-
 sior.
   OROBANCHE ^ VIRGINIA'NA,  Epifdgus
 America'nue, E.  Virginia'nus, Virgidia broom-
 rape,  Beech-drope, Cancer-root.  Family,  Oro-
 banchoideas.  This parasitic plant  is astringent,
 and a peculiar and extremely  nauseous bitter.
 It is most  powerful  when fresh.   It has  been
 used in  dysentery; and, externally, to obstinate
 ulcers.
   Oroban'che America'na, and 0.  Uniflo'ra,
 have the same properties, and are, likewise, called
 Cancer-root, Earth-club, and Clapwort.
   OROBE, Ervum ervilia.
   OROBION, see Ervum ervilia.
   OROBOI'DES, from opoQos, ' the orobus,' and
 ttios, 'form.'  Orobo'dee.  Having the shape of the
 orobus.  A name given to urine, Urina orobo'des
 sen oroboi'des, when  depositing  a substance of a
 fawn colour, like the meal of the orobus.
   OROBUS, Ervum ervilia—o. Faba, A'icia faba,
   ORONGE, see  Agaric.
   OROPHALL'US,  from opos, or  oppos,  'the
rump,'  and tpaXXos, 'the male organ.'  A monster
having a second male  organ originating from the
rump.— Gurlt.
  OROS, Croupion, Serum. 
ORPIMENT               624                     OS
  OR'PIAIENT,  Auripigmen'tum, Orpin, Riei- I
gal'lum, Risaigallum, Cloanx, Elome, Sira, Lemp-
niae, Spec'ulum cit'rinum, Yridcs, Yride.   The
native yellow sulphuret of arsenic.  It is poison-
ous, but less so than the oxide.  It is, also, called
Adarigo, Adarncch, Ahuaal, Althanacha,  Azamct.
The  Turks prepare a  depilatory  with it,  which
they call Ruaina.
  ORPIN, Orpiment — o. Brdlant, Sedum — o.
Grand,  Sedum telephium — o.  Reprise, Sedum
telephium.
  ORPINE, Sedum telephium.
  ORRHOCHEZIA, Diarrhoea, serous.
  ORRHOCYST'IS,  from  oppos,  'serum,'  and
kvotis,  'a bladder.'  An encysted tumour con-
taining a serous fluid.
  ORRHOHYMENITIS, Hydrohymenitis.
  ORRHOPYG'ION.   The inferior extremity of
the vertebral column ; from opos, ' extremity,' and
Ttvyri, 'the nates.'  The os coccygis.  Also, the
raphe, extending from the penis to the anus, and
separating the scrotum into two parts.
  ORRHORRHCE'A, from  oppos,  'serum,'  and
ptu, ' I flow.'   A morbidly increased secretion of
a serous fluid.
  ORRHOS, Crdupion, Serum.
  ORRIS, Iris  Florentina — o.  Common,  Iris
Germanica.
  ORSEILLE, Lichen roccella.
  ORTEIL, Digitus pedis.
  ORTHOCO'LUM,  from opdos,  'straight,'  and
kuXov, ' limb.'  Stiffness of the limb, so  that it is
kept quite straight.
  ORTHODO'RON.  A measure with the Greeks,
equal to eleven finger-breadths.
  ORTHOG'NATHOUS, from opdos, 'right,
straight,'  and  yvados, 'jaw.'  Having a vertical
jaw.  A term applied to the form of  head in
which  the facial  angle  approaches  the right
angle.
  ORTIIOMORPHIA, Orthopasdia.
  ORTHOMORPHOSIS, Orthopasdia.
  ORTHONTROPIA, Orthopasdia.
  ORTHOPiEDI'A, Orthopa'dice, Orthomor'phia,
Orthomorpho'eie, Orthontrop'ia, Orthoped'ice, from
op$os, 'right,'  and vats, 'a child.'  The part of
medicine whose object is  to prevent and correct
deformity in the bodies of children.  Often used,
however,  with a more  extensive signification, to
embrace the correction or prevention of deformi-
ties  at all ages.   Orthoeomat'ice,  Orihoeomal'ice,
from opdos, 'right,' and  aupa,  'body,' has been
proposed as a  preferable term.
  OUTVLOPE'DIC, Orthopa'dicue; same etymon.
Relating  to orthopasdia,—as Orthopedic Inetitu-
tion, Institu'tum orthopa'dicum seu orthopa'dium:
an institution  for the correction or prevention of
deformities in children.
  ORTHOPEDICS, Orthopasdia.
  ORTHOPE'DIST,  Ortho'ter,  Orthopa'dicus,
same etymon.  One who practises orthopasdia.
  ORTHOPHREN'IC, Orthophren'icne,  from
opdos, 'right,' and tppav,  'mind.'  Relating to
sound  mind.
   ORTHOPNCE'A,  Suffocdtio,  Stranguldtio,
Prafoca'tio,  Pnix,  Pnigmus,  Euthyp'noe,  Eu-
thypna'a,  Angor, Apnce'a, from op&os, 'right,'
' straight,' and ttvtu,' I respire.'  Impracticability
of breathing in the horizontal posture.  Necessity
of being in the erect posture, in order to respire.
   Orthopncea Cardiaca, Angina  Pectoris — o,
Convulsiva, Asthma — o. Cynanchica, Cynanche
trachealis—o. Hydrothoracica, Hydrothorax—o.
Hysterica, Angone—o. Pituitosa,  Myeorthopncea
—o. Tussiculosa, Pertussis.
   ORTHOSOMATICE, Orthopasdia.
  OR THOSOMA TIQ UE, Orthopasdia.
  ORTIIOTER,  Orthopedist.
  ORTIIYSTEROPTOiMA, Prolapsus uteri.
  ORTHYSTEROPTOSIS, Prolapsus uteri.
  ORTIE, Urtica—o. Blanche, Lamium album—
o.  Br&lante,  Urtica  urens — o. Morte, Lamium
album—o. Morte dea Boia, Galeopsis—o. Romaine,
Urtica  pilulifera.
  ORTYX, Tetrao coturnix.
  ORUS,  Croapioa, Serum.
  OR VALE, Salvia  sclarea.
  ORVIETA'NUM.   From the Italian  Orvie-
ta.no.   An electuary  regarded  as  an invaluable
antidote, and composed of Old theriac, Dried vi-
pers, Scorzonera, Carlina, Imperatorium, Angel-
ica, Bietort, Roeeinary, Juniper, Cinnamon, Cloves,
Mace, Honey, and  a  crowd of other substances.
Its  medical  properties  resembled,  in some  re-
spects,  those  of  the  theriac.  It was so called,
according  to some, because invented by Orvietano,
a celebrated charlatan;  or, according to others,
from Orvieto, a town in Italy.
  ORY'ZA, from Orez,  (Arab.,) Ory'za eati'va,
Rice, (F.) Riz. Family,  Gramineas.  Sex.  Syat.
Hexandria Monogynia.  A plant, almost aquatic,
and indigenous in  China, one of the richest pro-
ductions of Egypt, and  which prospers in the
warmer regions of the four quarters of the globe.
The grain  inclosed in the husk is  called by the
Malays Paddy, Padi, or Paddie ; when deprived
of the  husk,  Brae, and when boiled Nasi.   Its
amylaceous seeds, Ory'za, Ory'zum, Hordeum ga-
lac'ticum, nourish more men than those of wheat
and rye together.  Besides being alimentary, they
are demulcent and emollient.   Gardiner's  ali-
mentary preparation is very finely  ground  rice-
meal.
  Mucilage of Rice,  Rice water, may be  formed
by taking  one ounce  of rice, and, having washed
it, macerating it  for three hours  in a quart of
tepid soft  ivater, in a pan placed  upon a stove;
then boiling  the whole slowly for another hour,
and straining through a sieve.
  It may be sweetened and  acidulated, or be
prepared with milk,  like arrow-root, and be used
as a demulcent.
  Rice Jelly  is made by macerating a sufficient
quantity of clean rice in as much water as will
cover it; boiling slowly, adding water as it evap-
orates, until the rice is reduced to a pap, sweeten-
ing and flavouring  with lemon-juice or vanilla,
and passing through a fine sieve into a form or
mould. It may be eaten alone or with milk; and
is a good  diatetic  preparation  for those of  weak
digestive powers.
   Ground rice.  Take a  tablespoonful of ground
rice; a pint and a half of milk, and  half an ounce
of candied lemon-peel.  Rub the rice smooth with
the milk : then add the lemon-peel cut into small
pieces; boil  for half an hour,  and strain whilst
the milk is hot.   It  is used in the  same cases as
rice jelly.
   OS,  Bone,  Mouth, see Ossiculum — o. Acromii,
Acromion — o. ad Cubitale, Radius — o. Adjuto-
rium,  Humeri  os — o. Alasforme,  Sphenoid — o.
Alagas, Coccyx, Sacrum—o. Amphideon, Os uteri
— o. Anonyme, Innominatum os—o. Anonymum,
Innominatum os — o. Anticum, Avant bouche—o.
Arcuale, Temporal bone — o.  Armale, Temporal
bone—o. Asser, Sternum—o. de VAeeiette, Ischion
— o. Azygos, Sphenoid — o. Ballistas, Astragalus
— o. Basilare, Occipital  bone, Palate bone,  Sa-
crum,  Sphenoid — o. Baxillare, Sphenoid—o. Bi-
corne, Hyoides os — o. Brachiale, Humeri os — o.
Brachii, Humeri os — o. Calcis, Calcaneum — o.
Capitatum, Magnum os—o. Caudas, Occipital bone
—o. Clunium, Sacrum—o. Coccygis, Coccyx — o.
Colatorium, Ethmoid bone — o. Coliforme,  Eth- 
OS
62
moid—o. Convolutum superius, Turbinated bone,
middle — o. Coronale, Frontal bone — o. Coxae,
Innominatum os — o.  Coxal,  Innominatum  os,
Ischion—o.  Cribleux, Ethmoid — o. Cribriforme,
Ethmoid—o. Cribrosum, Ethmoid—o. Cristatum,
Ethmoid—o. Croehu, Os uniciforme.
   OS  CROTOPHALE.   A name given by  M.
Beclard to a bone sometimes met with at the an-
terior and inferior angle of the parietal bone; from
Kporaipos, 'the temple.'
   Os Crotaphiticum, Temporal  bone — o. Cubi-
cum, Ethmoid bone—o. Cubiti Inferius, Ulna—o.
de la Cuisse,  Femur—o. Cuneiforme,  Sphenoid —
o. Cuneo comparatum, Sphenoid—o. Cymbiforme,
Scaphoid bone — o. Disciforme, Patella — o. Du-
rum, Temporal bone—o.  Ensiforme,  Sternum.
   OS EP ACT ALE.  A name given to one of the
ossa AVormiana; particularly to one  met with  in
the posterior fontanelle, and which has been de-
scribed by G. Fischer, under the name Os Epac-
tale  seu Goetliian'um.
   OS E PACT AUX, Wormiana ossa.
   Os Externum.  The entrance into the vagina,
in contradistinction  to the Oe  inter'num or  Oa
u'teri.
   Os Extra Ordinem Carpi, Os  pisiforme — o-
Fibrosum,  Occipital  bone — o, Foraminulentum,
Ethmoid—o. Frontis, Frontal bone — o. Genas,
Malas  os—o. Gladioli, Sternum—o. Grand, Mag-
num os—o. Grand, col du, Collum  ossis magni—
o. Grandinosum, Cuboid—o. Gutturis, Hyoides os
— o. Hamatum, Os unciforme — o.  Hore du rang,
Os pisiforme—o. Hypopium, Malas  os—o.  Hypse-
loiiles, Hyoides os — o. Inconjugatum, Sphenoid
—o.  Incudi similis, Incus—o. Inferius ventriculi,
Pylorus—o. Innomini, Innominatum os—o. Inter-
calis, Wormiana ossa—o.  Internum, Os uteri—o.
Inverecundum, Frontal bone—o. Ischii, Ischion
— o. Interparietale, Interparietal bone — o. Ju-
gale, Malas  os — o.  Jugamentum,  Malas  os — o.
Juguli, Clavicle — o.  Lacrymale, Unguis os—o.
Lambda, Occipital bone—o. Lambdoides, Hyoides
os, Occipital  bone—o. Lapideum, Temporal bone
—o.  Latum, Sacrum—o. Latum humeri, Scapula,
— o. Lenticulare, Os orbiculare, Os pisiforme—o.
Lepidoides, Temporal bone—o. Linguas, Hyoides
os—o. Linguale, Hyoides  os—o.  Lithoides, Tem-
poral bone — o.  Magnum, neck  of the,  Collum
ossis magni — o. Ma/aire, Malas  os — o. Malare,
Malm  os — o. Maxillae superioris  undecimum,
Vomer—o.  Maxillaire infirieure, Collum  mandi-
bular—o. Memento mori, Temporal bone—o. Me-
moriae,  Occipital bone — o. Mendosum, Temporal
bone — o. Morsus Adami,  Thyroid  cartilage — o.
Mucronatum, Xiphoid cartilage—o. Multangulum
majus,  Trapezium  os — o.  Multangulum  minus,
Trapezoides os — o. Multiforme,  Ethmoid, Sphe-
noid—o. Nasaux, Nasal bones—o. Naviculare,  Os
scaphoides—o. Nervale, Temporal bone—o. Ner-
vosum, Occipital bone—o.  Occipiti, Occipital bone
—o.  Orbiculare, Os pisiforme — o. du Palais, Pa-
late  bone — o. Palati, Palate bone — o. Palatin,
Palate bone — o. Papillare, Sphenoid — o. Parie-
tale inferius, Temporal bone—o. Paxillare, Sphe-
noid— o. Pectinis, Pubis, os — o. Pectoris, Ster-
num— o. Pelvi-cephalicum, Occipital bone — o.
Pelvis laterale, Innominatum os—o. Perone, Fi-
bula—o. Petrosum, Temporal bone—o. Polymor-
phon, Sphenoid—o. de la Pommette, Malas os—o.
Posteruin, Pharynx—o. Prasruptas  rupi assimila-
tum, Temporal bone — o.  Procubitale, Ulna — o.
Propree du nez, Nasal bones—o Proras, Occipital
bone—o. Pudicum, Malas  os—o.  Puppis, Frontal
bone, Occipital bone—o. Pyramidale carpi, Trape-
zoides os—o. Pyxidis, Occipital bone—o. Ration-
is, Frontal  bone — o. du Rayon,  Radius — o. Sa-
crum, Sacrum — o. Saxeum, Temporal bone—o.
        40
5            OSCHOPYCEDEMA

 Scutiforme, Patella—o. Sedentarium, see Ischiatio
 —o. Semilunare, Lunare os—o. Sextum cranii, Oc-
 cipital bone — o. du Sinciput, Parietal bones, see
 Sinciput—o. Soua-ethmo'idal,  Turbinated bone,
 inferior—o.  Sphceno-basilare, Occipital bone—o.
 Sphecoides, Sphenoid—o. Sphenoidale, Sphenoid
 —o. Sphenoides, Sphenoid—o. Spongiosum, Eth-
 moid—o. Spongiosum inferius, Turbinated bone,
 inferior — o. Spongiosum  medium,  Turbinated
 bone, middle—o. Spongiosum superius, Turbina-
 ted bone, middle, Turbinated bone, superior—o.
 Spongoides, Ethmoid—o. Squamosum,  Temporal
 bone — o. Suboculare, Malas  os — o.  Surnumi-
 rairee, Wormiana ossa—o. Suamaxillaire, Maxil-
 lary (superior) bone—o. Sylvii, Os orbiculare—o.
 Temporis, Temporal  bone—o. Tessera, Cuboid—
 o. Thyreoides, Patella—o. Tibias minus, Fibula
 — o. Tineas, Os uteri—o.  Triangulairee, AVormi-
 ana  ossa—o.  Turbinatum,  Turbinated bone,
 middle — o.  Turbinatum  inferius,  Turbinated
 bone,  inferior—o.  Uncinatum, Os unciforme—o.
 Upsiloides, Hyoides os — o. Ararium,  Cuboid—o.
 Vespiforme, Sphenoid — o. Vomeris,  Vomer—o.
 Wormiene,  Wormiana ossa — o. Xiphoides,  Ster-
 num— o. Ypseloides, Hyoides os — o. Zygomati-
 cum, Malas os.
  Os  U'teri,  Oe tinea, Protos'porus,  Os inter'-
 num,  Os amphideon seu amphid'eum,  Os'cheon,
 Hyeteroe'toma, Oe'culum u'teri, Hyateroetom'ium,
 Orific"ium  u'teri, (F.) Mueeau de Tanche.  The
 mouth of the womb, see Uterus.
  OSCEDO, Yawning.
  OSCHiEMATCEDE'MA,   Oechamcede'ma,
 CEde'ma ecroti cruen'tum; from oaxtov, 'scrotum,'
 'aipa, 'blood,' and  oionpa, 'oedema.'  Effusion of
 blood into the scrotum.
  OSCHjEMCEDEMA, Oschasmatoedema.
  OSCHE,  Scrotum.
  OSCIIEITIS, Orcheitis, Oschitis.
  OS CHE 0 CARCINOMA,  Cancer,  chimney-
 sweepers'.
  OSCHEOCE'LE, Oschoce'le, from oaxtov, 'the
 scrotum,' and /cnAn, 'tumour;' Scrotal hernia, see
 Bubonocele.  Sauvages uses  it in the sense of
 Dropey of the scrotum, see Hydrocele.
  Oscheocele Aquosa, Hydroscheocele—o. Fla-
 tulenta, Physocele—o. Hydatidosa, Hydatidocele
 —o. (Edematiea, (Edematoscheocele—o. Semina-
 lis,  Spermatocele—o. Urinalis, Urocele—o. Vari-
 cosa, Varicocele.
  OSCHEON, Scrotum, Os uteri.
  OSCHEON'CUS, Oachon'cue,   Oacheophy'ma,
 Oachophy'ma, from oaxtov,  ' scrotum,' and oyKos,
 'a  tumour.'  A preternatural swelling  of the
 scrotum,
  OSCHEOPHYMA, Oscheoncus.
  OSCHEOPLAS'TIC, Oecheoplae'ticus,  from
 osxcovi ' the  scrotum,' and txXaacu, ' I form.'  An
 epithet given to the operation for restoring the
 scrotum when lost.
  OSCHEOPYCEDE'MA, Oschopycede'ma, CEde'-
 ma scroti purulen'tum.  Purulent tumefaction of
 the scrotum.
  OSCHEUS, Scrotum.
  OS'CHION.  The raised margin of  the os uteri.
 According to some, an excrescence from the os
 uteri.
  OSCHI'TIS, Orchei'tis, Oschei'tie, Inflamma'tio
 scroti,  from oaxtov, 'the  scrotum,' and itie, 'in-
 flammation.'  Inflammation of the scrotum.
  OSCHOCARCINOMA, Cancer,  chimney-
 sweepers'.
  OSCHOCELE, Oscheocele.
  OSCHONCUS, Oscheoncus.
  OSCHOPHYMA, Oscheoncus.
  OSCHOPYCEDEMA, Oscheopyoedema. 
OSCHURCEDEMA             626             OSSIFICATION
  OSCHURCEDE'MA ;  from oaxtov, 'scrotum,'
ovpov, ' urine,' and oiivpa,  ' oedema.'   CEdema
from effusion of urine into the scrotum.
  OSCHUS, Scrotum.
  OSCHYDRCEDE'MA, from oaxtov, 'scrotum,'
'vSup, 'water,'  and  otSnpa,  'oedema.'   O'dema
scroti aquo'eum.  Watery oedema of the scrotum.
  OSCILLA'TIO, Irritability, OscillAtion.
  OSCILLA'TION,  Oacilla'tio; from  oacillum,
'an image perhaps of Bacchus, hung on ropes,
and swung up and down in  the air.' A'ibration,
 Vibrci'men,  Yibra'tio, Vibra'tua.   Also, a partial
rotatory movement of the eyeball to and from its
antero-posterior axis.
  OS'CITANT (FEVER), Febris  oa'citana, (E.)
Fievre oscitante, from oecitare, 'to yawn.' A fever,
in which the patient is continually yawning.
  OSCITATIO, Yawning.
  OSCULATORIUS, Orbicularis oris.
  OSCULUM UTERI,  Os uteri.
  OSCUS, Scrotum.
   OSEILLE, Rumex acetosa — o. Boucher, Ru-
mex  scutatus — o. Petite, Rumex scutatus — o.
Ronde, Rumex scutatus — o. Rouge, Rumex san-
guineus.
  OS'MAZOME, Oe'mozome, Oamazo'ma,  Oamo-
zo'ma, Zomod'mum,  (F.)  Matiere  extractive  du
Bouillon; Extrac'tive of meat, Saponaceoue extract
of meat;  from otrpv,  'smell,' and  $upos, 'soup.'
M. Thebard gave  this  name to an extractive
matter, contained  in muscular  flesh and in the
blood of animals, which  he considers of a peculiar
nature. It has an  agreeable smell and taste, and
is found in Bouillona of meat, in the proportion
 of one part to seven of gelatin.   Vauquelin dis-
 covered  in  it some fungi.  It is  the substance
 which gives the flavour  of meat  to soups,  and
 hence its name.  It has  been prescribed in the
 dose of "5ss to 3J, in broth or in powder, with
 aromatics, as a stimulant to the digestive actions
 and a restorer of appetite in convalescence.  An
 Osmazome chocolate,  Chocola'ta cum oemazo'ma,
 has  been introduced as an analeptic  article  of
 diet.  It consists of chocolate Ibj to oemazome "|j.
   OSME, Odour.
   OSMESIS, Olfaction.
   OSMIDROSIS, from oapr,, ' odour,' and 'topus,
 ' sweat.'  Perspiration of an unusual odour.
   OSMITOPS'IS   ASTERISCOI'DES,  Bellia.
 A plant, of the Cape of Good Hope, which, from
 its smell and taste, seems  to contain  camphor;
 hence its antispasmodic virtues.   In infusion, it
 is often beneficially employed  in cough, hoarse-
 ness, and diseases of the  chest generally, and is
 said to be serviceable in flatulent colic.   Infused
 in spirit, spir'itus bellidie, it has been  used suc-
 cessfully as an external remedy in paralysis.
   OSMOMETRICUS SENSUS, Olfaction.
   OSMON'OSI, Oamondai,  Morbi olfac'ttle, from
 otrpv, ' odour,' and voaos, ' a  disease.'  Diseases of
 olfaction.
   OSMONOSOLOG"IA, from oapr,, 'odour,' voaos,
 'disease,' and Xoyos, 'description.'  The doctrine
 of, or a treatise on, the diseases of the sense of
 smell.
   OSMORRHI'ZA LONGIS'TYLIS, Sweet
 Cic"ely.  An indigenous plant, Order Umbelli-
 feras, which flowers in  May and June.  It is  an
 agreeable aromatic, having much of the flavour
 of anise.
   OSMOZOME, Osmazome.
   OSAIUND, ROYAL, Osmunda regalis.
   OSMUN'DA CINNAMO'MEA,  Cinnamon
 Fern.  Indigenous;  Order, Filices ; is regarded
 to be demulcent, subastringent, and tonic. Boiled
 in milk, it yields a fine mucilage, which is useful
 in diarrhoea.
  Osmun'da Rega'lis, Filix Flor'ida,  Osmund-
royal.  This plant was once thought to possess
astringent and emmenagogue virtues.
  OSORON, Opium.
  OSPHRANTERICUS, Olfactory.
  OSPlIRANTICOS.Olt'actory.
  OSPHRASIA, Olfaction.
  OSPHRESIOL'OGY,  Oaphreeiolog"ia,  from
oatpp-nats, ' odour,' and Xoyos, ' a  discourse.'  A
treatise on olfaction and odours.
  OSPHRESIS, Olfaction.
  OSPHRETICUS, Olfactory.
  OSPHRIS'TICE,  from oatppvats,  'olfaction.'
The doctrine of the phenomena of odours.
  OSPHYALGEMA,  Coxalgia.
  OSPHYALGIA, Coxalgia. -
  OSPIIYARTHRITIS, Osphyitis.
  OSPHYARTHROCACE, Coxarum morbus.
  OSPHYI'TIS,  Oephy'tie, Oaphyarthri'tia, In-
flamma'tio coxa,  from ootpvs, 'the hip,' and itis,
denoting inflammation. Inflammation of the parts
about the hip.
  OSPHYRRHEUMA, Lumbago.
  OSPHYS, Haunch, Lumbi.
  OSPHYTIS, Osphyitis.
  OSSA BREGMATIS, Parietal bones—o. Con-
voluta inferiora, Turbinated bones,  inferior — o.
Digitorum manus, Phalanges of the fingers — o.
Digitorum pedis, Phalanges of the toes—o. Epac-
talia, Wormiana  ossa — o. Maxillas   superioris
quarta seu quinta seu secunda, Nasal bones — o.
Nasalia, Nasal bones — o. Nasi, Nasal bones — o.
Nervalia, Parietal bones—o. Pisiformia  lingualia,
see Hyoides os—o. Raphogeminantia, Wormiana
ossa-—o.  Sesamoidea,  Sesamoid  bones — o. Sin-
cipitis, Parietal bones—o. Spongiosa, Turbinated
bones—o. Suturarum, Wormiana ossa—o.  Tertia
maxillas superioris, Turbinated bones — o.  Tetra-
gona, Parietal bones—o. Triangularia, Sphenoidal
cornua — o. Triangularia Blasii, Wormiana ossa
— o. Triquetra, AVormiana ossa — o. Turbinata,
Turbinated bones—o. Verticalia,  Parietal  bones.
   OSSELETS DE  L' OREILLE,  Ossicula au-
ditfis.
   OSSEOUS, OeSeue,  Oetddea,  Oatoi'dea,  (F.)
 Oaseux; from oe, 'a bone.'  Bony.  Resembling
bone.
   OSSICLE,  Ossiculum.
   OSSICULA, see Ossiculum.
   Ossic'ula Audi'tus, Oaaic'ula  Aurie, (F.) Oe-
eelete de I'oreille, 0. de I'ouie.  The small bones
situate in the cavity of the tympanum,  and form-
ing an uninterrupted chain from the membrane
of  the tympanum to  that of the  fenestra ovalis.
They are four in number; and their series, from
without to within, is as follows :  Malleue, Incite,
 Oe orbiculare, Stapee.
   Ossicula Bertini, Sphenoidalia cornua — o.
 Innominata, Innominata minora ossa — o. Nasi,
Nasal bones—o. Sesamoidea, Sesamoid bones.
   OSSICULUM, (plural Oaaic'ula,)  Oetdrion,
 OaSicle.  Diminutive of oa,  ' a bone.'  A small
bone.   See Os.
   Ossiculum Cochleare,  Orbicular  bone — o.
 Iricudi Comparatum,  Incus — o. Malleolo  assi-
 milatum, Malleus — o. Molari denti comparatum,
 Incus—o. Orbiculare, Orbicular bone — o. Quar-
 tum, Orbicular bone — o. Squamosum, Orbicular
 bone.
   OSSIFICA'TION, Oaaificdtio, from oe, 'a bone,'
 and focere, ' to make.'  Oeteogen'io, Oeteogedeaie,
 Oateo'eia, Oato'aia.  Formation of bone. Develop-
 ment, or increase of  the osseous system.  Ossifi-
 cation  takes  place  in the same  manner  as the
 nutrition of  other organs.  The bones  are,  at
 first, mucous, and afterwards cartilaginous; the
 cartilage, at  length, receives the phosphate  of
 lime,  and is, at the same time, replaced by a 
OSSIFRAGA
627
OSTIUM
 gelatinous  parenchyma, when  the bone has ac-
 quired tho  whole of its development.
    Ossification, Points of, Puncta seu Nu'clei
 oasificatio'nia, Nu'clei oaaei, are the points where
 the ossification of a bone commences,  whence it
 extends to  other parts. Almost all the bones pre-
 sent a greater or less number of points of ossifi-
 cation.  Resides the natural  ossification, which
 we observe in the foetus  and in the first periods
 of life, there are  also  accidedtol o8eificationa,
 such as those frequently remarked after the in-
 flammation of serous membranes, in the parietes
 of arteries,  and to which the terms Oathex'ia, In-
 crnsta'tion  and Petrij'ac'tion  have, sometimes,
 been applied.
    OSSIFRAGA. Osteocolla.
    OSSIS SACRI ACUMEN, Coccyx.
    OSS [SANA, Osteocolla.
    OSSi\"OROUS,  from o«, 'a bone,'  and voro,
 ' I devour.'   A species of tumour, mentioned by
 Ruysch, which destroys  bone.
    OS'TAGRA, Oe'teugra, from oartov, 'a bone,'
 and aypa, 'seizure.'   A  forceps to cut  or remove
 portions of bone.
    OSTALGIA, Osteocopus.
    OSTALGI'TIS,  Osti'tis,  Oetei'tis, from oartov,
 ' a bone,' and itis.   liijlomma'tio  Oasis.   Inflam-
 mation of bone; characterized by violent shooting
 and lancinating pains in the bone.
    OSTARIUM, Ossiculum.
    OSTARTIIRITIS, Arthrophlogosis.
    OSTARTHROCACE,  Spina ventosa.
    OSTEAGRA, Ostagra.
    OSTEALG IA, Osteocopus.
    OSTEITES, Osteocolla.
    OSTEITIS, Ostalgitis.
   OSTE.AI PA. E'SIS. Oetcempye'aie, Oatempyo'sis,
 from oartov, ' a bone,' and tptrvnais, ' effusion of
 pus.'  An abscess in the  interior of a bone.
   OSTEMPYOSIS, Ostempyesis.
   OSTEOCE'LE, from oartov, 'a bone,' and KnXr,,
 ' a tumour.'  A hernia in which the sac is carti-
 laginous and bony: — a rare case.  Also, osseous
 induration of one or both testicles.
    OSTEOCLASIS, Fracture.
   OSTEOCOL'LA,  from oartov,  'a bone,'  and
 KoXXa,  'glue.'  Glue-bone, Stone or Bone binder,
 Ossif'raga,  Holoa'teue, Oaaiaa'no, Oatri'tee, Oa-
 tei'tee,  Amoa'teua,  Oatcol'ithos, Stelochi'tea.  A
 name given  to petrified carbonate of lime, found
 in some parts of Germany and  other portions of
 the globe; so  called,  because  it  has been sup-
 posed to possess the power of favouring the  for-
 mation  of cal/ue  in  fractures.  It is the Chaux
 carbonatie  concretionnie  incrustante of Haiiy.
 Not used.
  OSTEOCOPUS,  Osteal'gia,  Ostal'gia, Oeteo-
 dyn'ia, from oartov, 'a bone,' and kokos,  'fatigue.'
 Boneach.  Pain in the bones.
  OSTEODENTIN!:, see Tooth.
  OSTEODYNIA, Osteocopus.
  OSTEOGANGR.ENA, Necrosis.
  OSTEOGENIA. Ossification.
  OSTEOG'RAPHY, Oateogra'phia, from oartov,
 'a bone,' and ypaipttv, 'to describe.'  Description
 of  the  bones.  The  part of  anatomy which de-
 scribes the bones.
  OSTEOLIT1IOS, Osteocolla.
  OSTEOL'OGY,  Osti>olog"ia,  from oartov,  'a
bone,' and Xoyos. 'a discourse.'  The part of ana-
tomy which  treats of bones.
  OSTEOMA,  Exostosis.
  OSTEOMALACIA, Mollities ossium —o.  In-
fantum,  Rachitis.
  OSTEOMALACOSIS. Mollities  ossium.
  OSTEON, Hone — o. Hieron, Sacrum.
  OSTEONABRO'SIS, from oartov, 'a, hone,'a,
 priv., and Ppuats, ' nutriment.'  Atrophy of the
 osseous texture marked by diminutien of volume.
   OSTEON'CUS, from oartov, 'abone,' and oyKos,
 'a tumour.'   A bony tumour.
   OSTEONECROSIS, Necrosis.
   OSTEON'OSI, Osteondsi, from oartov, 'a bone,'
 and voaos, 'a disease.' ^Mor'bi os'sium.   Diseases
 of the bones.
   OSTEOPEDION,  Lithopasdion.
   OSTEOPALIN'CLASIS, from oartov, 'abone,'
 iraXtv, 'again,' and KXaats, 'fracture.' The break-
 ing again of a bone which has united unfavour-
 ably.
   OSTEOPHYMA, Osteoncus.
   OSTEOPH'YTA, Osteophyte, Exosto'sis.  Un-
 der this name, Rokitausky, of A'ienna, describes
 a deposition of bony matter, found by him on the
 inner surface of the parietes of the skull of preg-
 nant women.
   OSTEOPLEU'RA,  Pleuroetdeie,  from oartov,
 'a bone,' and trXtvpov, 'a rib.' Ossification of the
 cartilages of the ribs.
   OSTEOPORO'SIS,  Oeteoaclerdeie, from oartov,
 'a bone,' and ttupuats, 'induration.' Induration
 of a bone, from the deposition of too much bony
 matter.
   OSTEOPSATHYROSIS, Fragilitas ossium.
   OSTEO-SARCO'MA, Oateo-earedeie, Sarcoeto'-
 eie, HamatexostoSia, from oartov, ' bone,' and aapl,
 ' flesh.'  Disease of the bony tissue, which con-
 sists in  softening of its laminas, and their trans-
 formation into a fleshy substance,  analogous to
 that of cancer;  accompanied  with general symp-
 toms of cancerous  affection.   The word has  of-
 ten, also, been used  synonymously with spina
 ventosa.
   OSTEOSARCOSIS, Osteosarcoma.
   OSTEOSCLEROSIS, Osteoporosis.
   OSTEOSIS, Ossification.
   OSTEO-STEATO'MA,  Exoetdeis  eteatomatd-
 des, from oartov ' a bone,' and artap, ' suet or fat.'
 A name given to bony tumours or degenerations,
 which  sometimes  belong to  osteo-sarcoma;  at
 others,  to spina ventosa, exostosis, &c.
   OSTEOT'OMIST, Oateotomis'ta.  Same etymon
 as the next.   An instrument,  invented by Dr. D.
 Davis, for cutting the bones of the foetal cranium,
 where it becomes necessary to greatly reduce the
 size of the head in parturition.
   OSTEOT'OMA',  Osteotom'ia, from oartov,  'a
 bone,' and rtpvttv,  ' to cut.' The part of practical
 anatomy whose object  is the dissection of bones.
   OSTEOTOPHUS, Tophus.
   OSTEOTYLUS, Callus.
   OSTEULCUM, Bone-nippers.
   OSTEUM, Bone.
   OSTHEXIA, see Ossification.
   OSTIA ATRIO-VENTRICULARIA, see Os-
 tium.
   OSTIARIUS, Pylorus.
   OSTIOLUM,  from oartov, 'a mouth  or open-
 ing.' A small door or  gate.
  Ostiola Cordis, Vol'vula cordie, Pellic'ula
 cordie.   The valves of the heart.
  OSTITIS,  Ostalgitis.
  OS'TIUM, Orific"ium, a door or gate,—of the
 heart, for example.  The opening—Os'tia atrio-
 ventricula'ria—between the auricle and ventricle
 of each side ; Oe'tium venoSum, that of  the right
 side ; Oa'tium arterio'sum, that of the left.
  Ostium Abdominale, see Tube, Fallopian — o.
 Internum, see Ostium uteri.
  Ostium U'teri.  The vulva; the vagina.  The
term Os'tium inter'num has been applied to the
inferior opening of the uterus, which establishes
a free communication between the cavities of the 
OSTODES
628
OTOSCOPIUM
body and neck, and which is often obliterated in
old women.—Cruveilheir.  The neck of the ute-
rus ; the mouth of the uterus.
  Ostium  Uterinum, see Tube, Fallopian — o.
Ventriculi Duodenale seu Pyloricum seu Dex-
trum seu Inferius, Pylorus.
  OSTODES, Bony.
  OSTOIDEA  SUBSTANTIA, see  Tooth.
  OSTOIDES,  Bony.
  OSTOMA, Exostosis.
  OSTOSIS, Ossification.
  OS'TREA, Os'treum, (F.) Huitre.  The oyster.
The oyster  is  a wholesome article of diet, often
advised as analeptic and easy of digestion.
  The^shells, Teata Oa'trea, Testa (Ph. U. S.),
(F.) Eeaillee d'huitrea,  have been received into
the Pharmacopoeias, and used medicinally. Their
virtues are  similar to those of the  carbonate of
lime.  See Creta.
   OSTREUM, Ostrea.
   OSTRITES, Osteocolla.
   OSTRUTHIUM, Imperatoria.
   OSYRIS, Antirhinum linaria.
   OTACOUS'TIC,  Otacoua'ticua ; from ovs, utos,
'the ear,' and okovu, 'I listen.'   Any instrument
is so called  which improves the sense of hearing,
—as the different species of trumpets.'
   OTAGRA, Otalgia.
   OTAL'GIA,  Ot'agra,  Otod'yne,  Otal'gy, from
ovs, utos, ' the ear,' and aXyos,' pain.'  Pain in the
ear; Dolor ad rium, Spae'mue ad rium, Ear-ache.
See Otitis.
   OTAL'GIC,  Otal'gicue.  An  epithet for reme-
dies used in otalgia.
   OTECHUS,  Tinnitus aurium.
   OTEMPLAS'TRUM, Otoplae'ta,  Otoplae'trum,
from ovs,' the ear,'  and tpttXaarpov, ' a plaster.'  A
plaster put behind  the ears.
   OTEN'CHYTES, Otenchyta,  from  ovs,  utos,
'the ear,' tv, 'into,' and xvu>>  'I  pour.'  Sipho
auricula'ris.  A species of syringe, used for in-
jecting the  ear.
   OTHELCO'SIS,  from  ovs, utos, 'the ear,' and
'cXkuois, ' ulceration.'  Ulceration or suppuration
of  the ear.
   OTHONE, Linteum.
   OTHONION, Linteum.
   OTHYGROTES, Otirrhcea.
   OTIATER, Aurist.
   OTIATRI'A, Otiat'rice, from ovs, utos,  'the
ear,' and tarptta, 'medicine.'  The business of the
aurist. The management, of diseases of the ear.
Aural Medicine and Surgery, Ear Surgery.
   OTIATRICE,  Otiatria.
   OTIATRUS, Aurist.
   O'TIC, 0'ticua, from  ovs, utos, 'the ear.'  Be-
longing or relating to the ear.   A medicine em-
ployed in diseases of the ear.
   Otic Ganglion,  Otogadglium, Gang'lion auri-
cula're, Ganglion o'ticum, Auric'ular ganglion,
 Ganglion of Arnold, (F.) Ganglion maxillo-tym-
panique. This  is a small ganglion, although more
than double the size of the ophthalmic, ash-co-
loured and pulpy like the ganglions of the sym-
pathetic.  It  is  situate  in advance of the gan-
glion of Gasser, on the  lower surface of the infe-
rior maxillary  nerve, at the inner margin of the
foramen ovale of the  sphenoid bone.  See  Pe-
trous  ganglion.
   OTIRRHCE'A, Otorrhce'a, Othy'grotee, Blenno-
 torrhce'a, (F.) Catarrhe de VOreille, from ovs, 'the
 ear,' and ptu,' I flow.'  Discharge of a purulent or
puriform liquid, from the meatus auditorius exter-
 nus, Pyorrhce'a au'rium, Otopyorrhea, Pya-otor-
 rhoe'a, Otorrhce'a purulen'ta.  It is a symptom of
 chronic otitis.   Some authors have, indeed, used
 the term synonymously with chronic otitis. When
it extends to the brain, it is termed ccr'ebral otor-
rhce'a;  and when from the middle or  internal
ear, it is  termed internal  otorrhcea,  Otorrhce'a
inter'na, and Entotorrhoe'a.
  Otirrhcea, Cerebral, see Otirrhcea.
  OTITES, see Digitus.
  OTI'TIS, Otophleg'mone, Empree'ma  otitis,
Inflamma'tio auris, Inflammation of the ear, (F.)
Inflammation de  I'oreille.   Inflammation of the
mucous membrane of the ear, characterized  by
excruciating pain; intolerable humming in the
ear, with  a discharge of mucus generally  from
the meatus externus or from the Eustachian
tube.   When the inflammation  is restricted to
the lining membrane of the meatus, it is termed
otitis catarrha'lia.  Otitis is divided into external
and internal, according as it affects the meatus au-
ditorius, or the cavity of the tympanum  or inter-
nal ear.  It may be acute or chronic.  Acute otitis
commonly terminates in a  few days in a favour-
able  manner, with  the aid  of antiphlogistics.
Chronic otitis, otirrhoe'a, is almost always accom-
panied by a purulent discharge from the meatus
auditorius.  It is often incurable, and may ulti-
mately  give occasion to disease of the  internal
ear, and even of the brain.
  Otitis Catarrhalis, see Otitis.
  O'TIUM, Ota'rium,  from ovs, utos, 'the ear.'
A small ear.   The auricle or pavilion  of the ear.
  OTOCEPH'ALUS, Mono'tia,  from ovs,  utos,
'the ear,' and KttpaXr,, 'head.'  A monster, whose
ears are in contact, or united into one.
  OTOCONIES, see Otolithi.
  OTODYNE, Otalgia.
  OTOGLYPHIS, Earpick.
  OTOGLYPHUM, Earpick.
  OTOG'RAPHY,  Otogra'phia, from ovs,  utos,
'the ear,'and ypatpn, 'a description.'   The part
of anatomy which describes the ear.
  OT'OLITHS, Otol'ithi, (F.) Otolithes,  from o«f,
utos,  'the ear, and Xtdos, 'a stone.'  AVhite cal-
careous substances contained  in the membranous
vestibule, and  seeming to  be suspended in  the
fluid of the vestibule by means of a  number of
nervous filaments proceeding from the auditory
nerve.  Their universal presence  in  the ear of
the mammalia would seem  to show that they are
inservient to  audition.  AVhen of a looser con-
sistence, they are called Otocodio, (F.) Otoconies,
from  ovs, 'the ear,' and Kovta, 'dust.'
   OTOL'OGY,  Otolog"ia,  from  ovs,  utos,  'the
ear,' and Xoyos, ' a discourse.'  The part of ana-
tomy which  treats of the  ear.   An  anatomical
treatise on the ear.
   OTOPATHEMA,  Otopathy.
   OTOP'ATHY, Otopathi'a, Otopathe'ma, from
ovs, utos, ' the ear,' and -nados, ' a disease.' A dis-
eased condition of the ear.
   OTOPHLEGMONE, Otitis.
   OTOPLASTA, Otemplastrum.
   OTOPLAS'TICE, from ovs, utos, ' the ear,' and
■ttXaariKos,' forming.'  The operation for restoring
a lost ear.
   OTOPLASTRUM, Otemplastrum.
   OTOPYORRHCEA, Otirrhoea.
   OTORRHAGIA; from ouj, utos,  'the ear,'
and payn, 'rupture.'  Bleeding  from  the ear or
ears.
   OTORRHEUMATIS'MUS,from ovS,uros, 'the
ear,  and  ptvpanapos,  'rheumatism;'  Otal'gia
rheumat'ica.   Rheumatic ear-ache.
   OTORRHCEA, Otirrhcea—o. Cerebral, see Otir-
rhcea—o.  Interna, see  Otirrhcea—o.  Purulenta,
 Otirrhcea.
   OTOSCOP'IUM, from ovs, utos, 'the  ear,' and
aKonr,, 'examination.'  An  instrument for exami-
ning  the condition of the external ear. 
J9                   OVUM
                 OTOTOMY                62

  OTOT'OMY,  Ototom'ia, from ovs, utos, 'the
ear,' and rtpvttv, 'to cut.'  The  part of practical
anatomy which teaches  the  mode  of dissecting
and preparing the ear.
  OULA, Gingivae.
  OULE, Cicatrix.
  OUNCE, I'd ria.   A weight equal to the 16th
part of a pound avoirdupois, the 12th of a pound
troy.  It is composed of 8 drachms.   See Weights
and Aleasures.
  OUR A QUE, Urachus.
  OURARY, Curare.
  OC RE MA, Urine.
  0FRIES, Parotis, Cynanche parotidasa.
  OURON, Urine.
  OI'S, Ear.
  OUTRE MER, Lapis lazuli.
  0 U1 'ER TURE  CAD A VERIQ UE, Autopsia
cadaverica.
  OVA  GRAAFIANA, Folliculi Graafiani —o.
Nabothi, Nabothi glandulas.
  OVAL, Ova'lia, 0'6'dea, Odi'dea, Ovdtus, from
orii«i,  'an egg.'   Egg-shaped; elliptic.  That
which is round and oblong like an  egg.
  Ovale Fora'men, Forameno'ddes, (F.) Trou
ovale.   The foramen obturatorium; also, the fo-
ramen in the inner paries of the middle ear, which
opens  into  the vestibule; the foramen in  the
sphenoid bone, through which  the third branch
of the fifth pair issues from the cranium; and the
aperture, in  the  foetus, between the auricles of
the heart.  See Botal Foramen.
  Ovalis Fossa,  Val'vula  seu Veatig"ium  Fo-
ram'inia oralis, is a depression observed in  the
right auricle of the  heart, on the septum, which
separates it from the left auricle.   It has thick
and strong edges,  at  its upper and fore part,
called  Colum'na foram'inia  ova'lia, Isthmus  seu
An'nulus  Vieuaac'nii seu An'nulus foeea  ovalie:
in the foetus called An'nulue foram'inia vel foeea
ova'lia.   Tho fossa  ovalis, in the adult,  replaces
the inter-auricular aperture in the septum auricu-
larum of the foetus.
  OA'A'RIAN, Orn'riol,  Ovaridnue, from ova-
rium, uaptov,  ' the ovary.'  Relating to the ovary
—as Ovarian pregnancy.
  Ovarian Artery, Spermatic artery—o. Nerves,
Spermatic plexus of nerves — o. Pregnancy, see
Pregnancy, ovarian—o. Areins, Spermatic veins—
o. Vesicles, Folliculi Graafiani.
  OVARIOTOMY,  Oariotomy.
  O'VARISTS, Oviate. Same etymon as Ovarian.
Those physiologists who think that the phenomena
of generation, in the human species and in every
species of animal, result from  the development
of the ova or ovula  of the female, merely incited
by the male.   Not many of  the physiologists of
the  present  day can  be  classed  among  the
ovnrists.
  OVARITIS,  Oaritis.
  OVA'RIUM.   Same  etymon.   The  O'vory,
Testis  mulie'bris, T. femineus,  Oa'rion,  Ooph'o-
ron, Gynoa'rium,  Vesica'rium, (F.) Ovaire.  The
ovaries  are the  organs in  which  the  ova  are
formed  in oviparous animals.  By analogy, the
name has  been given to the organs which  the
ancients  called the teaticlea of the female.  They
are  two ovoid bodies, almost  as large as the testi-
cles  in  men, placed on  each side of the uterus,
between the Fallopian tube and round ligament,
and  in  the substance  of the  broad ligament.
Their outer extremity gives attachment to one of
the projections of the fimbriated extremity of the
Fallopian tube; and the internal is fixed to the
uterus by a small ligamentous cord, called Liga-
men'tum rotttn'dttm ora'rii, Lig'ament of the O'vo-
ry.   The  ovaries are composed of a very close,
spongy texture—etroma,—and of small vesicles—■
Follic'uli  Graafiani, — filled with  a clear fluid :
these vesicles contain ovules, which detach them-
selves from the ovarium before and after fecun-
dation, and are carried into the cavity of the ute-
rus by the Fallopian tube.
   Ovarium  Tumidum, Oarioncus — o.  Nabothi,
Nabothi glandulas.
   OVATUS, Oval.
   OVER-EATING,  COLIC FROM, Colica cra-
pulosa.
   OVERO BUTUA, Pareira brava.
   OVICAPSULE, see Folliculi Graafiani.
   OATIDUCTUS MULIEBRIS, TubaFallopiana.
   OVIG"EROUS,   O'viger,  Ovig"erue; from
ovum, ' an egg,' and gero, ' I bear.'  Containing
or producing ova or eggs.
   0 VIPARITE, see Oviparous.
   OVIP'AROUS,  Ovip'arus; from ovum,  'an
egg,' and pario, ' I bring forth.'  An epithet ap-
plied to  animals which  are hatched from eggs
outside of  the body.  The condition  may  be
termed Ovip'arouenese, (F.) Ovipariti.   See  Ge-
neration.
   OVIPAROUSNESS, see Oviparous.
   OVISAC, see Folliculi Graafiani—o. Tunic of
the, see Folliculi Graafiani.
   OVISTS, Ovarists.
   OArOLOGY,  Oologia.
   OVO-VIVIP'AROUS, from  ovum, 'an  egg,'
vivue, 'living,'  and pario,  'I bring forth.'  Ovi-
parous animals, whose ova are hatched within the
mother,—vipers, for example.   See Generation.
   OVULA GRAAFIANA, Folliculi Graafiani—
o. Nabothi,  Nabothi glandulas.
   OVULA'TION;  from ovulum,  diminutive  of
ovum,  'sin egg.'   The formation of ova in the
ovary, and the discharge of the same.
   Spontaneous Ovulation, (F.) Ovulation spon--
tanie, is the spontaneous formation and discharge
of ova which takes  place  in the  female of the
mammalia.   See Heat.
   OVULINE,  Decidua reflexa.
   O'VULUM,  O'vule; diminutive  of ovum, 'an
egg.'  A  small egg.  That which has the appear-
ance of a small egg.  See  Ovum.
   OVUM, uov, Oon, an egg. The eggs of poultry
are chiefly used as food.  The different parts are,
likewise,  employed in medicine.   The shell, Au-
ran'cum,  Auradturn,  (F.) Coque d'eeuf,  Coquille
d'eeufi calcined, is esteemed an absorbent.  The
 Oil of the egg  is  emollient, and is  used, exter-
nally,  to  burns and  chaps.  The  Yolk or Yelk
of the egg— Vitel'lum seu  Vitel'lue ovi—renders
oils, &c.,  miscible with water.  Eggs, when light
boiled, are  easy of digestion; but, when very
hard-boiled or  fried, they are more  rebellious.
   Egg brandy is made by taking of Brandy f^iv;
Cinnamon water, f^iv; the yolks  of two egga ;
Sugar, gss; and Oil of cinnamon, gtt.  ij.  Mix
the yolks of the eggs first with the  water, the oil
and the sugar,  stirring constantly.  Then add the
brandy little and  little, until a smooth  fluid  is
.formed.  It is an agreeable mode of giving brandy
in adynamic states.
   In Pharmacy, ichite of egg, which   consists
chiefly of albumen, is used for clarifying syrups,
 &c.   Yolk of  egg, (F.) Jaune  d'eeuf, beaten up
with warm water and sugar, and aromatized with
orange-flower water, forms an emulsion, which is
emollient, and known under the  name Lait de
poule or chicken's milk.
   Anatomists give the name Ova, O'vula, O'vules,
(F.) CEufs, to round vesicles, containing a humour
similar to the  yolk of egg, which  are situate in
the ovaries of the female, and, when fecundated, 
OXALAS                 630                 OXYGEN
constitute the rudiments of the foetus.  During
gestation, the embryo and  its  enveloping mem-
branes retain  the name  Ovum, (F.) (Eufi   The
changes induced in the mammalia after impreg-
nation greatly resemble those in the bird.
  Ovum, Testicle — o.  Hystericum, see Clavus
hystericus.
  OXALAS SUBPOTASSICUS, Potajs, oxalate
of.
  OXALAT'IC,  Oxalat'icus.   Relating to  oxa-
lates: hence  Oxolat'ie or Oxalic acid  Diath'esia
is the habit of body which favours the formation
and deposition of oxalates from the urine.
  OXALTC  ACID,  Acidum oxali'num, A. sac-
chari'num,  A. hydro-carbon'icum, A. acetosel'la,
A. oxal'icum, Acidum aac'chari, Acid  of sugar,
Acid of sorrel, Car'bonous acid, from olaXts, 'sor-
rel.'   An acid found in sorrel.   It crystallizes in
long,  colourless,  quadrangular  prisms, and is ge-
nerally found, in nature, united with lime or po-
tassa.  It has been proposed,  in a diluted state,
as a refrigerant,  but it is unnecessary; and, be-
sides, in quantity, it is a virulently acrid poison.
It is  largely  employed for cleaning  boot-tops;
and,  as  it strongly  resembles the sulphate of
magnesia, has often  been taken for it.  Several
fatal cases  are, indeed, on record.  For its  anti-
dotes, &c, see Poison.
  OXALIC ACID DIATHESIS, see  Oxalatic.
   OXALIDE, Oxalis acetosella.
  OXALIS ACETOSA, Rumex acetosa.
  Ox'alis  Acetosel'la.   0.  Americdna,  Oxye
alba.   The systematic name of the Woodeorrel,
Cuckowbread, Sour Trefoil, White eorrel, Moun-
tain Sorrel, Trifo'lium aceto'eum, Oxitriphyl'lum,
Lujula, Alleldja, Acctoeel'la,  Oxyphyl'lon,  Oxy-
triphyl'lon, Pania  cdculi, (F.) Surelle, Oxalide,
Pain  a Coucou, Alleluia.  Family, Geranias.  Sex.
Syat.  Decandria Decagynia.   This  plant  has a
gratefully acid taste, and is used in salads.  It
has been esteemed refrigerant,  antiscorbutic, and
diuretic.
  Oxalis Americana, 0. acetosella.
  Oxalis  Tubero'sa, Oca.  A tuberous  plant,
whose oval-shaped root is used as food by the
Peruvians.  It is watery, has  a sweetish taste,
and is much liked.
  OXALIUM, Potass, oxalate of.
  OXAL'ME, from olvs, 'acid,' and 'aXs, ' salt.'
A mixture of vinegar and salt.
  OXALU'RIA, Urine, oxalic.
  OXELAH'ON,  from olvs, 'acid,' and tXaiov, 'oil.'
A mixture of  vinegar and  oil, used as a  condi-
ment.
  OX EYE,  Helenium autumnale — o. Gall, Bile
of the ox.
   OXICEDRE, Juniperus oxycedrus.
   OXID, Oxyd.
   OXIDATION, Oxydation.
   OXIDE, Oxyd.
   OXIDUM,  Oxyd, see Oxydum.
   OXI'NES,  oltvns,  (otvos,)  from  olvs, 'acid.'
"Wine already sour, but not yet vinegar.
   OXITR1PHYLLUM, Oxalis acetosella.
   OXODES, Acidulous.
   OXOIDES, Acidulous.
   OXOS, Aceticum acidum.
   OXYA,  Fagus sylvatica.
   OXYESTHESIA, Hyperassthesis.
   OXYAPHE, Hyperaphia.
   OXYAPHIA, Hyperaphia.
   OXYBAPHION, see Acetabulum.
   OXYBOL'IA, from  olvs, 'quick,'  and 0oXr,,
 'ejection.'  Too rapid emission of sperm.
   OXYCANTHA, Mespilus oxyacantha.
   Oxycan'tha Gale'ni, Ber'beris, Ber'beris vul-
ga'ris, Spina ac"ida, Crespi'nus, (F.) Epine vi-
nette, Vinettier. Family, Berberidcas.  Sex. Syat.
Ilexandria Monogynia. The Barberry.  The fruit
of the berries, Borberriee, Pipperidgea, is grate-
fully acid, and moderately  astringent.  By pre-
paring an alcoholic extract of the root and adding
water to it,  a pulverulent brown substance is
thrown  down, which, when dissolved  in  alcohol
and evaporated, yields the bitter principle, licr-
berin, which is an excellent stomachic in the dose
of 2, 5, or 10 grains.
   The American Barberry, Bar'beris Canadcd-
sis, I'ipperidge Bush, Sowberry, differs slightly
from the European.   It flourishes  on  mountains
and hilly districts from Canada to A'irginia.
   OXYCEDRE, Juniperus oxycedrus.
   OXYCOCCOS,  A'accinium oxycoccos — o. Pa-
lustris, A'accinium oxycoccos.
   OX'YCRATE,  Oxycrdtum,  from olvs, 'acid,'
and  Kpau, 'I mix;' 1'osco, Phueca.   A mixture
of vinegar and water; frequently used in medi-
cine as a refrigerant and antiseptic.
   OXYCRO'CEUM EMPLASTRUM, from ofuj,
'acid,' and KpoKos, 'saffron.'  A plaster, compbsed
of saffron, pitch, colophony, yellow wax, turpen-
tine, galbanum, gum ammoniac, myrrh, olibanum,
and maetic.   It was employed as a  strengthening
plaster.
   OXYCUM, Oxygen.
   OXA'D, Oxid,  Oxide, Oxyde, Ox'ydum,  Ox'-
idum,  from  olvs,  ' acid.'   A  combination, not
acid, of a simple body with oxygen.
   OXYDA'TION, Oxyda'tio,   Oxiddtion,  Oxy-
gena'tion.   The action of oxydizing a body; that
is, of combining it with oxygen;  a combination
from which results an oxyd.
   OXYDE,  Oxyd.
   Oxyde, Cystic. A species of urinary calculus,
having  the  shape of  confused, yellowish, semi-
transparent,  insipid, very hard crystals.  When
distilled, it  furnishes  subcarbonate of ammonia,
like all nitrogenized matters.   It dissolves in the
nitric, sulphuric,  phosphoric, and oxalic acids.
   OXYDE D'ANTIMOINE SULFURE, Oxy-
dum stibii sulphuratum.
   OXYLOER'CIA, Oxydor'eia,  Viait8 dries, from
o|uf,,'quick,'  and vtpKtodat,  'to see.'  Sharpness
of vision.
   OXYDER'CICUS, Oxyder'cee,  from olvs,
'sharp,' and  itpKu, 'I see.'  A medicine which
sharpens the sight.
   OXYDORCIA, Oxydercia.
   OXYDUM, Oxid—o. Antimonii cum phosphate
calcis, Antimonial powder.
   Oxydum  Ferri Nigrum,  Ferri ox'idum  ni-
grum, Black oxyd of iron. The scales, which fall
from iron, when heated, consist of iron, combined
with oxygen.  They have been used like the eha-
lybeates in general.
   Oxydum  Ferricum  Crystallizatum Nati-
vum, Haematites—o. Hydrargyri completum, Hy-
drargyri nitrico-oxydum—o. Hydrargyricum, Hy-
drargyri nitrico-oxydum—o. Hydrargyricum prte-
paratum,  Hydrargyri oxydum  cinereum—o. Hy-
drargyrosum, Hydrargyri oxydum cinereum.
   Oxydum  Stibii Sulphura'tum, Hepar anti-
mo'nii, Cro'cua metallo'rum,  Crocus  antimo'nii,
(F.)  Oxyde  d'antimoine  enlfttri,  Foie d'Anti-
moine.  This was formerly  exhibited in the cure
of fevers, but it is now rarely employed.
   OXYDUM URICUM, Uric oxide.
   OXYECOIA, Hyperacusis.
   OXYG'ALA, from olvs, 'sour,' and yaXa, 'milk.'
 Sour milk.   The Oxy gula equi'num, Caracas'mos,
is reckoned amongst the delicacies  of the Tartars.
   OXYG'ARON, from olvs,  'acid,'  and  yapov,
 'garum.'  A composition of garum and vinegar.
   OX'YGEN, Oxygen ium, Empy'real air, Pure 
OXYGENATION              631                  OZONE
air,  Vital air, Dephlogia'tieateel  air, Oxyrf'encs,
Ox'ycuai, l'rincip turn oxyg"enane seu oxygenet'-
icum  seu  acid'ijicans seu ac"idum, Elemen'tuni
oeidif'icum, (F.) Oxygens, Air du feu ; from olvs,
'acid,' and yttvopni, 'I  engender,'that  is, gene-
rator of acids; and such  it was believed to  be,
exclusively, at the  period when the  name  was
given  to it.  This  is  now known  not to be  the
case.  Oxygen is largely  distributed in nature.
It exists in the air,  in water, in several  acids, in
all the oxyds, and in vegetable and animal sub-
stances, &c.  It is obtained  by decomposing  the
pcroxyd of manganese or the chlorate of potassa
by heat in close vessels.  Although oxygen, in
the state of admixture in which it is found in the
atmosphere, is of vital  importance, it cannot be
respired in a pure state with impunity.  Animals
die in it long before the whole of  the oxygen is
consumed.  The properties of oxygen seem to be
Btimulant.   It increases the force and velocity of
the  pulse, and  has,  accordingly,  been used in
cases of chronic debility, chlorosis, asthma, scro-
fula, dropsy, paralysis, Ac. It requires to be diluted
with from 10 to 20  parts of atmospheric air;  one
to two quarts being given during the day.
   OXYGENATION, Oxydation.
   OXYGENE, Oxygen.
   ON YGENESES.   A name given by Baumes
to diseases which he attributed to  disordered ox-
ygenation.
  ' OXYGEUSIA, Hypergeustia.
   OXA'G'LICUS,  Oxyg'licce,  from olvs, 'acid,'
and yXvKvs, ' sweet;' Mulea acida, Ace'tum mul-
sum dulce.   Prepared by macerating and boiling
honey-comb  (from  which  the greater part of the
honey has been taken) in water, and adding vine-
gar.  An  Oxymel.
   OXYLAPATHUM, Rumex acutus.
   OX'YMEL, Apom'eli, Mel aceta'tum, from olvs,
'acid,'  and ptXt, 'honey.'  Honey and vinegar
boiled to a syrupy consistence.
   Oxvmel iEiiuciNis,  Linimentum ASruginis.
   Oxymel Col'ciiici, Oxymel of meadow saffron,
(F.)  Oxymel colchiqui.  (Rad.  colch. recent, in
laminas tennca aecta *§j, aceti deetillati Ibj, mettle
desptumat. pond. Ibij.   Macerate in a gentle heat
for 48 hours.  Press and boil the liquor with the
honey to the thickness  of a syrup; stirring with
a  wooden spoon.  Ph. D.)  It is expectorant  and
diuretic.  Dose, f 5£j, in gruel.
   OXYMEL  COL CHIQUE, 0. colchici —o. of
Meadow saffron, 0. colchici.
   Oxymel Scilla:, Oxymel  of squills, Mel scilla,
Oxymel ecillit'icum. (Mcllis. despttmat. Oiss, aceti
scilla Oij.  Boil in a glass vessel over a gentle fire
to a proper consistence.)  It is reputed to be ex-
pectorant and diuretic.  Dose, gj-
   Oxymel, Simple, Oxymel simplex, is  prepared
as follows:  (Mellis deepumati Ibij, acidi acetici
Ibj.   Boil in a glass vessel, over a slow  fire, to a
proper thickness.   Ph.  L.)  It is cooling; — ex-
ternally detergent.
   Oxymel of Squill, 0.  scillas.
   OXYAiYRRIIIXE. Ruscus.
   OXYMYRSINE, Ruscus.
   OXYXGIUM, Adeps suillus.
   OXYNI'TRON,  from olvs,  'acid,' and vtrpov,
'nitre.'  Name of  a plaster, composed chiefly of
vinegar and nitre, and recommended by Ae'tius.
   OXYNOSEMA, Acute disease.
   OXYNOSOS, Acute disease.
   OXA'NUSOS. Acute disease.
   OXYO'PIA, Galero'pia, Hyperop'sia, Suffu'aio
excla'rans, Aciea visCis, from olvs, ' quick,'  and
uuV,  'sight.'  Excessive acuteness of the  sense of
sight.  Instances have occurred where persons
could see the stars  in the day time.  The cause
is seated in great sensibility of the retina.  The
term has been used synonymously with nycta-
lopia.
  0XYr0SPHRE'SIA,  Oxyoaphrdaia, from o(uy,
' acute,' and oaippnots,' smell. Excessive acuteness
of the sense of smell.
  OXYPHLEGMA'SIA, olvipXtypaaia, Acu'ta  et
ve'hemene inflamma'tio.  A violent inflammation.
  OXY'PHCENICON, Tamarindus.
  OXYPHO'NIA, Vox aedta; from olvs, 'sharp,'
and  tpuvr,, 'voice;' Parapho'nia  clangens, P.  ul-
ceroSa, Clangor,  Vox   clango'sa,  Leptopho'nia.
A shrill and squalling voice;— frequently,  a
symptom of morbid affection of the larynx.
  OXYPHYLLON, Oxalis acetosella.
  OXYPODIA, see Kyllosis.
  OXYPROTEIN,  see Corium phlogisticum.
  OXY'REG'MIA,  Ructus  ac"idus,  from olvs,
' sour,' and tptvyu, ' I belch.'  Acid eructation.
  OXYR'IA  RENIFORM'IS, Rumex dig"ynus,
Boreal eourdock, Mountain Sorrel, Welsh sorrel.
A plant, Sex. Syat. Diandria digynia, which grows
in the northern parts  of America and  Europe;
blossoming in the spring.  It possesses the same
properties as oxalis acetosella.
  OXYRRHOD'INON,  Ace'tum rosa'turn, from
olvs, 'acid,' and  poSov,  'a rose.'  A  composition
of vinegar  and roses.   (Ol. roeat. ^ij, acet. roeat.
^j.). Used as a liniment in herpes and erysipelas.
  OXYS, Acetum, Acid, Acute — o. Alba, Oxalis
acetosella.
  OXYSACCHARUM,  from olvs,  'acid,'  and
tnKxapov, 'sugar.'  A mixture of sugar and vine-
gar.  It was  called Oxyaac'charum  vomiti'vum,
when it held  in  solution the  glass of antimony;
and  Oxysac'charum acillit'icum, when it contained
squills.
  OXYSAL   DIAPHORET'ICUM   AN'GELI
SALA3.  A preparation of Angelo  Sala.  Ace-
tate of potass exposed  to the atmosphere; and
consequently fallen into a state  of deliquium.—
Orfila.
  OXYTARTARUS, Potassas acetas.
  OXY'TES,  Acidities.
  OXYTOCIA.  Same, etymon as the next.  Ra-
pidity of parturition.  Too great rapidity of birth.
  OXYTOCIC, Oxyt'ocus, from olvs,  'quick,' and
tiktu,  'I bring  forth.'   A medicine which pre-
motes  delivery.
  OXYTRIPHYLLON, Oxalis acetosella.
  OXYURE VERMICULAIRE, Ascaris ver-
micularis.
  OYSTER ROOT, Tragopogon — o. Shells, Os-
treas testas—o. Prepared,  Testa prasparata.
  OZ/E'NA,  Coryza entodica, C. purttlen'ta, Py-
orrhoea nasdlis, Entoza'na,.C. ozanoSa, C. ulce-
ro'ea,  Coryza virulen'ta,  C.  malig'na, Rhini'tis
ulcero'sa, Ulcus na'rium fattens, from  o$u, 'I smell
of something.'  (F.) Ozene, Punaisie.  An  affec-
tion of the pituitary membrane,  which gives  oc-
casion to a disagreeable odour, similar to that of
a crushed bed-bug; hence the  name Punaia, by
which  the French designate one labouring under
ozasna.  It is, sometimes, owing to caries of tho
bones; but is, perhaps, most frequently depend-
ent upon syphilitic ulceration  of the pituitary
membrane, with or without  caries of the bones
of the  nose.
  Oza:na Benigna, Coryza, chronic.
  OZE, Breath, offensive.
  OZEMAN, Albumen.
  OZENE, Ozasna.
  OZONE : same etymon as Ozasna.  The pow-
erfully odorous matter  produced when a current
of ordinary electricity passes from pointed bodies
into the air. — Schonbein. 
632
PAIN
P.
See Abbre-
  viation.
   P. A contraction of Pugillus.
   P. M. A contraction of Partea
       aqualea.
   P. P. A contraction  of Pulvia
       patrum.
   PAB'ULUM, Trophe, Phorbe, Alimen'tum, Nu-
 trimen'tum.  Food, aliment.  The animal  heat
 and animal spirits—unmeaning terms—were for-
 merly considered the  Pabulum vita.
   PACAY, Prosopis dulcis.
   PACCHIO'NI, GLANDS OF, Gladdula Dura
 Matria, G. dura Menin'gie, Tuber'cula parva du-
 ra matrie,  Cor'pora glandifor'mia dura matrie,
 (F.) Granulations ciribrales.  Small, whitish,  or
 yellowish bodies, sometimes separate, at others
 united like a  bunch of grapes, which  are ob-
 served in several parts of the dura and pia mater.
 They receive vessels,  but apparently no nefves.
 Their texture and  uses  are unknown.   A con-
 siderable number is observed in the  longitudinal
 sinus, covered by the internal membrane.
   PACHAS'MIA, Pachya'mia,  Pacha'ma,  Pa-
 chya'ma, from rraxvs, ' thick,' and 'atpa, ' blood.
 Too great thickness of the blood.
   PACHEABLEPHARO'SIS, Pacheableph'ara,
 Pachybleph'aron, Pachyblepharo'eie, Pach'ytes,
 from traxvs, 'thick,'  and  QXttpapov,  'an  eyelid.'
 A name given, by some authors, to a thickening
 of the eyelids, produced by tubercles or excres-
 cences formed on their margins.  It  is the same
 affection as that which  Sauvages designates Ca-
 ll'go d Pacheablepharo'ei.
   PACHETOS, see Laqueus.
   PACHULOSIS, Pachylosis.
   PACHYEMIA, Pachasmia.
   PACHYBLEPHARON, Pacheablepharosis.
   PACHYCHOL'IA, from  xaXvs, 'thick,' and
 X°^1>  ' bile.'  Morbid thickness  of the bile.
   PACHYLO'SIS, Pachulo'eie, from ira^us,
 'thick.'  An  inordinate production  of the epi-
 dermis dependent upon hypertrophy of the pa-
 pillas of the skin.—E. Wilson.
  PACHYNSIS, Polysarcia adiposa.
  PACHYNTICA, Incrassantia.
  PACHYSMUS, Polysarcia adiposa.
  PACHYTES, Pacheablepharosis.
  PACINIAN CORPUSCLES, see Corpuscles.
 ,PACKING,  OF  THE  HYDROPATHISTS;
 Emaillotagc.
  PACKAVAX, see Micha.
  PAD, (S.) Pajodo, from paja, 'straw.'  Plu-
 mace'olue, Pulvil'lua,  Pulvidulue, Parvum pul-
 vi'nar; — a cushion, a little cushion; a, junk; (F.)
 Couseinet.   A  small  bag, filled with feathers,
 wool, hair,  bran, chaff, &c.   It  is used  to  com-
 press or support parts.  In the treatment of cer-
 tain fractures,  soft  pads or cushions, called by
 the French Rempliseagee, are placed between the
 splints and  the fractured  limb, in order that the
 prominent parts may not be chafed by the splints
  PADDIE, see Oryza.
  PADDY, see Oryza.
  PADNOON, Bit noben.
  PAD'UA, MINERAL "WATERS  OF.  Near
 Padua, in  Italy, there are several thermal, sul-
phureous springs; the hottest of which is  188°
Fabr.  The chief establishments  are Abano, Bat-
taglia, and Montegrotto.
  PADUS,  Prunus padus — p.  Avium,  Prunus
padus — p. Lauro-cerasus, Prunus lauro-cerasus.
  PEDAN'CHONE, from nats, Ttaioos, 'a child,'
and ayxu, ' I strangle ;' Angi'na Sicca.   Name
of a fatal species of cynanche, mentioned by M.
A. Severinus; probably the Cynanche Trachealis,
or Cynanche Maligna.
  PiEDARTHROCACE, Spina ventosa.
  PEDATROPH'IA,  Atrophia infan'tilis,  Ma-
ras'mus lactan'tium, from jrais, itatbos, ' a child,'
a, privative, and rpotpn, ' nourishment.'   Atrophy
of children.   Tabes mesenterica.
  Pa:datrophia Glandulosa, Scrofula.
  PEDERAS'TIA, Padogo'gium,  Padica'tio,
Cina'dia, from ttats, 'a boy/ and tpus,  'love.'
The love of  boys.   A  disgraceful passion, com-
mon in ancient times, but now unknown.  These
terms are likewise applied to the crime of sodomy.
  PiEDI'A,  iratoua, 'learning.'  Edited tio  in-
fan'tum.   The bringing up or education — phy-
sical as well as moral — of children.
  P^EDIATRI'A, Padiat'rica, from  irats, 'a
child,' and tarptta, 'medical management.'  Treat-
ment of the diseases of children.
  PiEDICATIO, Pasderastia.
  PEDICTERUS, Icterus infantum.
  PEDOBAROMACROMETER,  Baromacro-
meter.
  PEDOGOGIUM, Pa'derastia.
  PEDOMETER, Baromacrometer.
  PEDON'OSUS,  from vats, iratoos,  'a child,'
and voaos, ' disease.'  A disease of childhood.
  PEDOPHLEBOTOM'IA, from nats, 'a child,'
<pXt4>, ' a vein,' and ropt,, ' incision.'  Venaeec'tio
puero'rum.  Bleeding performed on children.
  PEDOT'RIBES,  Midieter Gymnae'ta,  from
ttats, ' a child,' and rptflu, ' I train.'  In  ancient
gymnastics, the officer  acquainted with  all the
prescribed exercises, and who carried them  into
effect, according to the directions  of the superior,
  PjEO'NIA, P. officindlie seu mae'cula seu ne-
mora'lie seu fem'ina seu loba'ta,  Glycia'ide, Ha-
mago'gum, Pe'ony, or Pi'ony, male and  female.
(F.) Pinoine, Pione.  The root, flowers, and seeds
were long  esteemed powerful medicines.  They
are feebly astringent, and have been considered
to be  narcotic and  antispasmodic.  They have
been  given,  particularly,  in  intermittents  and
epilepsy, but are not now used.  The flowers are
called  Roea benedic'ta, R. re'gia.
  PEONICE, Medicine.
  PEONICUS, Medical.
  PEONIUS, Medical.
  PiEOSYNE, Medicine.
  PAGAPOPLEX'IA,  from irayeiv, 'to nail fast,'
and arroTrXvlta, 'apoplexy.'  Apoplexy from cold.
  PAIDIA, Infancy.
  PAIDION,  Infans.
  PAIGIL, Primula veris.
  PAIN,  (old F.)  painer, 'to  torment;' Sax.
pinan, ' to torture.'  Dolor, Algoe, Alge'ma, Al-
ge'do, Alge'eie, Od'yne, (F.) Douleur.  A disa-
greeable sensation, which scarcely admits of de-
finition.   It  is  generally  symptomatic,  and  is
called acute, (F.) aigrue, when very violent; pun-
gent, (F.) pongitive, when it resembles that which
would  be produced  by a sharp instrument run
into  the part: heavy,  (F.) gravative, when  at-
tended with a sensation of weight; tensive, when
the  part seems distended:  lan'cinating, when oc-
curring in shoots :  lac'crating or tearing, when
the  part seems to be tearing: burning,  (F.) brfl-
lante, when resembling that produced by a burn, 
PAIN                   633                PALATINE
  Pain, Sun, Hemierania.
  PAIN, see Triticum—p. d Coucou, Oxalis ace-
tosella—p. de Madagascar, Jatropha manihot—
p. de Pourceau, Cyclamen.
  PAINS,  AFTER, see P. labour.
  Pains, Gnawing, Dole/res rodedtee.  Pains re-
sembling what might  be produced by the gnaw-
ing of an animal.
  Pains, Labour pains, Throee,  Throws, Partu-
riedtia dolo'rea, Odin, Odia, Dolo'rea ad partum,
Torm'ina ptarturicntium, (F.) Mai d'Enfant, Dou-
leura.  The uneasy sensations that accompany
labour, and  are owing to uterine  contraction.
The pains  that precede actual delivery, and are
simply  employed  in  dilating  the  os  uteri, are
called grinding ; those which extrude  the  child,
forcing.   Those which  take  place in the first
days after delivery, and are employed  in forcing
away coagula,  Ac, are termed After paine, Do-
lo'rea seu Tormina poet partum, D. puerpera'rum,
(F.) Tranchiee utirines.
  " To take a  pain," — "To try a pain," — is to
make  an  examination per vaginam, during la-
bour, to discover its progress, character, <fec.
   The French  term the pains, which precede and
announce labour, mouches; those which accom-
pany it, douleurs ;  and those which occur imme-
diately afterwards, tranchiee ou coliques.
   PAINT, from pingere, pinctum, 'to paint,' (I.)
pinto, (F.) print; Pigmen'tum,  Fucus, (F.)  Fard.
A name given to different substances, employed
for embellishing the complexion or rendering the
skin softer.   The substances most commonly used
for this purpose are:—the  Subnitrate of Bismuth,
(F.) Blanc de  fard.  A spirituous solution  of
benzoin, precipitated by water, and forming Vir-
ginS  milk. (F.) Lait virginal; the red or rouge
of tho carthamus ;  Spanish white ; the oxides of
lead,  tin, and mercury,  vermilion, red saunders,
Ac.  All paints may be said to be noxious.  They
injure the skin ; obstruct perspiration ; and, thus,
frequently lay the foundation for cutaneous affec-
tions.   See Cosmetic.
  Paint, Indian, Hydrastis Canadensis, Sangui-
naria  Canadensis — p.  Yellow, Hydrastis  Cana-
densis.
  PALESTRA, Gymnasium.
  PALAIS,  Palate.
  PALATAL,  Palatine.
  PALATE,  Pala'tum, Hypero'a, Hypero'um,
Uranis'cos, Roof of the  mouth, Foeaa Palati'na,
Palatum etab'ile, Hard Palate,  (F.) Palaie.  The
upper part  of the cavity  of the mouth ; a kind of
parabolic vault, formed by the two superior max-
illary bones, and  the  two palate bones  covered
with  a thick  and  dense  mucous  membrane:
bounded, before and at the sides,  by the  superior
dental arch ; and,  behind, by the velum palati.
A whitish  lino  runs along the middle, from be-
fore to behind; at the anterior extremity of which
is a tubercle  corresponding to the inferior orifice
of the anterior palatine canal.  The  arteries of
the palate and corresponding gums proceed from
the palatine, alveolar, infra-orbitar, labial, and
buccal  branches.   The veins  follow  a similar
course.  The nerves are given  off from the pala-
tine,  facial,  infra-orbitar, superior dental, and
from the naso-palatine ganglion.
  Palate, Artificial, (F.) Obturateur du Pa-
lais.   A plate  of tortoise-shell, silver, &c, used
to close a deficiency of the palate.
  Palate  Bone, Os Pala'ti,  Os basila're, (F.)
Os  I'n/otin, Oe du Palaie, is a small bone, of an
irregular shape, situate at the posterior part of
the nasal fossas and palate.  It seems  formed by
tho union of two bony plates joined at right an-
gles to each other; so that one is inferior and
horizontal; — the  other, superior  and  vertical.
The horizontal or palatine portion, Arch of the
palate, is quadrilateral.  Its upper surface forms
part of the  nasal fossas; the lower forms part of
the palatine arch, and contains the inferior orifice
of the poeterior palatine canal.  Its anterior edge
is articulated with the palatine process  of the
superior maxillary bone;  the poaterior  is free
and sharp.   It gives attachment to the velum
palati, and presents an  eminence, which, when
joined with one on the opposite side, forms the
posterior nasal spine.   Its  inner edge is  articu-
lated with  the corresponding bone; its outer is
confounded with the vertical portion.  The ver-
tical or aecending portion has  the form of a long
square.   The  inner  surface  forms  part  of the
outer paries of the nasal  fossas.  Its outer sur-
face is unequal, and is articulated with the supe-
rior maxillary bone;  behind,  it presents a verti-
cal  groove, which forms  part  of the posterior
palatine  canal; and, above, a small free surface,
which looks into the zygomatic  fossa.  Its  ante-
rior  edge is united with the superior maxillary
bone; the posterior is unequal,  and rests  on the
internal ala of the pterygoid process.  The angle,
which it forms by uniting with the posterior edge
of the horizontal portion, presents a very promi-
nent pyramidal eminence, called the tuberosity of
the palate bone. Its upper margin is surmounted
by two eminences;—the one,  anterior, called the
orbitar process; — the other  posterior, the sphe-
noid process.   These two processes are separated
by an almost circular notch, which the sphenoid
bone forms into  a  foramen, called the spheno-
palatine.
   This bone appears to be developed from a single
point of ossification.   It is articulated, with the
sphenoid, ethmoid, the cornua  sphenoidalia, su-
perior maxillary bone, the inferior spongy bone,
the vomer,  and its fellow.
   Palate, Cleft, see Harelip—p. Falling down
of the, Uvulitis — p. Fissured,  see  Harelip — p.
Hard, Palate — p. Soft, A'elum pendulum palati.
   PAL'ATINE,  Pal'atal, Palati'nus, Pal'atic,
from palatum, ' the palate.'  Relating or belong-
ing to the palate.
   Palatine or Palatal Arteries are two in
number.  They are  distinguished into,  1.  The
superior palatal or  palatine, Palati'na deeced-
dena or Pal'ato-max'illary, which leaves  the  in-
ternal maxillary behind the top of the orbit; de-
scends  into the  pterygo-maxillary fissure, and
enters the posterior maxillary canal. Its branches
are  distributed to  the velum palati and the nasal
fossas.   2.  The inferior or aecending palatine or
palatal, which is very small,  and separates from
the  facial near its origin.  It  passes along the
lateral and  superior part of the pharynx, between
the  pillars of the velum palati,  and divides into
a number of ramusculi, which are distributed to
the  pharynx, the  corresponding tonsil, the Eus-
tachian  tube, and the velum palati.
   Palatine Canals  or Ducts.   These are two
in  number. The anterior, Ductua inciai'vua vel
Noao'lo-polati'nus, IneiSive canal,  is situate at
the  anterior  part of  the palatine  arch, and is
formed by the two superior maxillary bones.  It
is single beneath,  but  opens above by two aper-
tures, one into each nasal fossa.  The foramen is
called Fora'men incisi'vum vel /'. Palatinum ante'-
riue, F.  Alveola're ante'rius, and  F. cacum oaeis
maxilla'ris superio'ria.   The poaterior palatine
canal is situate at the posterior part of the palate.
It is formed by the palate and superior maxillary
. bones, ascends between these two bones;  and, in
its course, gives rise to two or three small acces-
sary palatine canals, which open above the tuber-
osity of the palate bone.  It transmits the nervea
and vessels which bear  its name.   The foramen 
34
PALMAR
                 PALATITE                61

is called, F. Palati'mini poste'rius, F. Palato-
maxilla're, F. alreo/o'rc poste'rius.
  Palatine Membrane is the fibro-mucous mem-
brane that lines the palate or roof of the mouth.
  Palatini-: or Palatal Nerves, Gutturo-pala-
tins, (Ch.) are three in number; and arise from
the inferior part of the spheno-palatine  ganglion.
1. The great palatine, Palatin infirieur, (Ch.)
is situate anteriorly to the  two others, and de-
scends into the posterior palatine canal; gives a
nasal filament and a staphyline filament, and is
distributed on the palate.  2. The  middle pala-
tine. Guttural, (Ch.,) which arises behind the pre-
ceding ; enters one of the accessary palatine ca-
nals, and is distributed to the tonsils and  velum
palati.  3. The little palatine nerve, situate still
more backward than the  last, which loses itself
by several filaments in the uvula, tonsils, and fol-
licles of the palatine membrane.
  PALATITE, Isthmitis.
  PALATITIS, Uranisconitis.
  PALATO-GLOSSUS, Glossostaphylinus.
  PALATO-PHARYNGEUS.PAan/n'i/o-SEapfty-
IV nua, Staphyli'no-pharyngeua,  Thyro-phoryd-
go-ataphyli'nue, part of the  Hypero-pharyngeua,
(F.) Poletto-phoryngien, Stylo-phoryngien(Ch.) A
membranous muscle, broader at its  middle than
at its  extremities, and situate  vertically in the
lateral paries of the pharynx and velum palati.
It  includes the  perystaphylo-pharyngeus, pha-
ryngo-staphylinus,  and  thyro-staphylinus  of
Winslow.   AVhen the two palato-pharyngei con-
tract  together,  they depress the velum.  They
elevate and shorten the pharynx, and act princi-
pally in deglutition.
  PA LA TO-PHAR YNGIEN, Palato - pharyn-
geus — p. Salpingeus, Circumflexus—p. Salpin-
gien, Circumflexus.
  PALAT0STAP1IYLINI,  see Azygos muscle.
  PALATUM  FISSUM,  Hyperoochasma —p.
Molle, Velum  pendulum palati — p. Pendulum,
Velum pendulum palati.
  PALE, Pollen.
  PALENESS, Pallor,  Och'rotes,  Ochrdma,
Ocliri'asis,  Leuco'sis,  Dealba'tio,   Luror, (F.)
Pdleur.  AVhiteness  of complexion.  It appears
to be owing to a diminution  or  alteration  of the
blood circulating in the capillary vessels, and is
often a sign of disease.
  PALES COULEURS, Chlorosis.
  PALETTE, (F.) Pal'mula, Fer'ula. An in-
strument  of percussion.  It has the shape of a
spatula with a long handle ;  is made of very light,
white wood, and has been proposed, by Mr. Percy,
for what  is called the Massage, a kind of pressure
or kneading, exerted by the hand on  the body
and limbs to excite the tone  of the skin and sub-
jacent tissues.
  Palette also means a cup for bleeding, and the
xiphoid cartilage (?).
  PALETTE A P ANSE ME NT. A small splint
of thin, scooped wood, having the  shape  of the
hand, and used to  support the hand in certain
cases—when burnt, for example—in order to pre-
vent the fingers from being deformed by the cica-
trices.
  PALETTE DE  CABANIS.   An instrument,
invented by Cabanis of Geneva to draw out the
extremity of the stylet when  passed into the nose,
in the operation  for fistula  lachrymalis.   It is
composed of two plates of  silver,  pierced with
several holes, and movable  on  each other.   To
use it, the instrument must  be carried into the
nose, so that the holes of the two plates corres-
pond.  AVhen the end of the stylet is received
into one of these holes, it is pinched, by sliding one
of the plates on the other, and is easily withdrawn.
  PAL EUR, Paleness.
  PALI PLAGUE, see Plague.
  PALILLO, Campomanesia lineatifolia.
  PALIMPISSA, see Pinus sylvestris.
  PALINCOTESIS, Reciudescentia.
  PALINDROME, Palindromia.
  PALINDROMTA,  Pa/iddrome,  from  naXtv,
' again,' and ipopos, ' a course.'  This word sig-
nifies, with some, a reflux of fluids from the exte-
rior towards the interior; and, according to others,
the relapse of an affection —the recurrence — Re-
cur'sio, Repetit"io— of a paroxysm or disease,—
Morbua recidi'rua,  Morbi recur'aue.
  PALINGENESIA, Regeneration.
  PALLIA'TION, Pollio'tio, from poll tore, 'to
cover, mask;'  from pallium, ' a mantle.' The act
of palliating — that is, of causing the symptoms
of a disease to mitigate, without curing it.  The
medical art can  frequently only moderate  the
symptoms of a disease, prevent it from making
progress, prolong the days of the patient, and di-
minish his sufferings.  This is a palliative treat-
ment.
  PAL'LIATIVE,  Palliati'rus,  Antipath'ic,
Enantiopath'ic. A remedy or mode of treatment,
which only relieves a disease, without curing it.
The palliative treatment — Cura palliati'va, is
placed in antithesis to the radical, Cara radical lis ;
see Radical.
  PALLIDULUS, Blafard.
  PALLIDUS MORBUS, Chlorosis.
  PALLOR,  Paleness — p. Virginum, Chlorosis.
  PALM,  Palma,  Vola, V. manua, Plute'a, The-
nar, Ages, Agoa'tus, Poe'uluin,  Pot'ero, Siijie/lex
seu Supellec'tile Diog"enia, (F.) Paume ou Creux
de la main.  The hollow or inside of the  hand.
It is limited, without, by the  thenar eminence,/
which answers to the thumb;  within, by the  hy-
pothenar eminence, which answers  to  the little
finger; above, by the  wrist-joint; and, below, by
the four fingers.
  PALMA CHRISTI,  Ricinus  communis —p.
Cocos, Cocos nucifera—p. Dactylifera, Date tree
—p. Humilis, Musa paradisiaca—p. Unguentari-
orum, Myrobalanus.
  PALME  U'TERI PLICA'TE,  Arbor vita
uteri'na, A. u'teri viv'ificans.  The  arborescent
strias in the interior of the cervix uteri.
  PALM AIRE CUT ANE, Palmaris brevis—jp.
Grand,  Palmaris  magnus—p.  Grele,  Palmaris
longus —p. Long,  Palmaris longus.
  PALMAR, Palma'rie, from  palma, ' the palm
of the hand.'  That which concerns the palm of
the hand.  The  palm has, sometimes, been  di-
vided into three regions, called palmar.   1. The
external palmar region corresponds to the thenar
eminence.   2. The internal  palmar  region is
formed by the hypothenar eminence : and,  3. The
middle palmar region is the hollow  of  the hand,
(F.) Creux de la main.
  Palmar Aponeurosis, Palmar  fae'eia.  A
strong triangular aponeurosis,  which arises from
the inferior tendon of the palmaris brevis, and
the anterior annular ligament  of the carpus.  It
covers the whole palm of  the hand, and adheres,
somewhat strongly, to the skin of the part. The
palmar ligaments  are small, very  numerous,
fibrous fascias, which unite the different bones of
the carpus and metacarpus.
  Palmar Arches, (F.) Arcades ou Croeaea pal-
mairea.  The curved extremities of the radial and
cubital arteries in the palm of the hand.   There
are two palmar arches: — the  one cubital  or  su-
perflcial,—grande Arcade palmaire of Chaussier,
furnishes,  at  its convexity towards  the fingers,
the collateral arteries of the fingers, and  the  in-
ternal collateral of the thumb; the  other,  the
radial, profound, or deep-seated,—petite Arcade 
PALMARIS
635
PALUDOSUS
pal moire of Chaussier, is deep in the palm of the
band beneath the tendons of the flexor muscles
of the fingers.   It  gives  some  small  branches
only to tho surrounding parts.  The palmar veins
accompany tho corresponding arteries.
   Palmar Arteries,  see Palmar  arches—p.
Fascia, P. aponeurosis.
   Palmar Muscles.   These  are three in num-
ber.   1. Palma'rie Magnus, Flexor carpi radia'lis,
Radio'Us iutern'us, (F.)  Epitrochlo-mitacarpien
(Ch.), I'ol moire grand, Radial antirieur.  Along
fusiform  muscle, which passes obliquely from the
inner tuberosity of the humerus to the upper ex-
tremity of the second metacarpal bone. It bends
the hand. 2. Palmaris longus, Latesccn'tis chorda,
Ulna'ris  grac"ilie, (F.)  Epitrochlo -carpi-pal-
maire (Ch.), Palmaire long, P. grele. This muscle
is situate on the inner side of the last.  It is very
slender, and passes from  the inner tuberosity of
the humerus to the anterior annular  ligament of
tho carpus, and to the palmar aponeurosis, which
it seems  to form by the vanishing of its fibres. It
stretches the palmar aponeurosis, ar/d bends the
hand. 3. Palmaris Brevia, Caro quadra'ta, Car-
pia'ue, (F.)  Palmaire cutani.  A  small,  thin,
quadrilateral muscle;  situate  before the thenar
eminence. It passes from the annular ligament
of the carpus to the integuments of the palm of
the hand, which it wrinkles by its contractions.
   Palmar Veins, see Palmar arches.
   PALMARIS BREVIS, see Palmar muscles —
p. Longus, seo Palmar  muscles — p. Magnus, see
Palmar muscles.
   PALMETTO, SAAV, Chamasrops serratula.
   PALMI-PHALANGIENS,  Lumbricales  ma-
nus.
   PALMISTRY, Chiromancy.
   PALMOSCOP'IA, from  -traXpos,  'palpitation,'
and aKo-trtu, ' I view.'  Investigation of the beat-
ing of tho heart and pulse.  Prognosis  from the
beating of the heart and pulse.
   PALMULA, Date, Palette.
   PALMUS, Palpitation—p. Cordis, Palpitation
— p.  Plumbarius, Colic,  metallic — p.  Vomitus,
Vomiting.
   PALO DE CALENTURAS, Calenturas.
   PALOS DE CALENTURA, Cinchona.
   PALPA'TION, from (F.) palper, to feel.  The
sense of touch.  It is also used for the mode of
exploring disease by feeling or pressing upon the
diseased organ.
  PAL'PEBRA, supposed to be from palpitare,
' to palpitate,'  owing  to  its frequent motion (?)
Bleph'aron, Oper'culum seu Cooper'culum oc'uli,
Eyelid,  (F.) Paupih-e.   The  eyelids are  two
movable vela, situate in front of the  eye; which
by their separation  permit the  organ to  receive
th e impression of light, or by their greater or less
occlusion  protect it from  the  influence of too
great light, or  from the action of extraneous bo-
dies.  They are separated, above, from  the  fore-
head, by  the  eyebrows;  and, below,  are  con-
founded with the cheeks. They are distinguished
into  upper. Palpebra major seu superior, EpicyV-
ium,  — and lower, Palpebra minor seu inferior,
Hypoccc'lis, Hypoeu'lum, Hypoc'ylum.  The  for-
mer is much broader and more movable than the
latter. They are separated by a transverse cleft;
and their edges are  thick, and furnished with the
cilia  or eyelashes.   Supported  by the tarsal car-
tilages, they unite at the extremities of the trans-
verse diameter of tho  orbit, forming two  angles,
the innermost being called the greater angle  of
the eye, or inner or greater canthus; the other,
the lesser or external angle or conthua.  They are
formed, 1. Of a thin  dermoid  texture: 2.  Of a
muscular  membrane, — a portion of  the orbicu-
laris: 3. Of a particular fibrous membrane : 4. Of
the tarsi:  5. Of a mucous membrane, — apart of
the tunica conjunctiva.
  Their vessels and nerves are called Palpebral.
  Palpebra Inferior Extrohsum Flexa, Ec-
tropion — p. Tertia, Valvula semilunaris.
  PALPEBRE SUPERIORIS PRIMUS, Le-
vator palpebras superioris.
  PAL'PEBRAL, Palpebrdlie, from palpebra,
'the eyelid.'   That which belongs or relates to
the eyelid.
  Palpebral Arteries are those distributed to
the eyelids.   They are two in number;  an upper
and a lower.   The former arises from  the  oph-
thalmic, alittle  beyond the  cartilaginous pulley
of the greater oblique muscle, and descends to-
wards the upper eyelid, over which  it is distri-
buted.  The  Matter  arises at the side of, and a
little behind, the preceding,  and sends  its rami-
fications to the lower eyelid and the neighbouring
parts. The palpebral veins have  a similar ar-
rangement;  except that some of them open into
the temporal and labial veins.
  Palpebral  Flux,  Puriform.   A  puriform
discharge, furnished by the  glands of Meibomi-
us,  when inflamed; and  to  which  Scarpa attri-
butes fistula lachrymalis,  in  many cases.
  Palpebral Ligaments are distinguished into
euperior and  inferior.  Some anatomists,  with
Winslow, have described, under this name, the
fibrous layer  wnich is attached, — on the one
hand, to the outer part of the circumference  of
the orbit;  on the other, to the tarsal cartilages.
  Palpebral Nerves,  Nerves of the eyelids,
arise, particularly, from the frontal and lachry-
mal  branches;  from the  ophthalmic nerve  of
Willis; and  from the facial,  nasal, and  infra-
orbitar branch of the superior maxillary nerve.
  PALPEBRALIS, Orbicularis palpebrarum.
  PALPEBRARUM APERIENS RECTUS, Le-
vator palpebras superioris — p. Duo musculi, Or-
biculares palpebrarum.
  PALPEBRATIO, Nictation.
  PALPITATIO,  Palpitation — p. Arteriarum,
see  Palpitation — p.  Cordis  trepidans,  Cardio-
tromus.
  Palpitatio Membro'rum.  A term used by
Gaubius for involuntary shaking of the legs.
  PALPITA'TION, Palpitdtio, Palmus, P. Cor-
dis, Palpita'tio seu Puha'tio Cordie, Tremor Cor-
die,  Vibra'tio  Cardi'aea seu  Cordie, Cardiog'mua,
Cordiopal'mue,  Subsul'tio,  Clonus  Palpita'tio,
(F.) Palpitation, P. du Coeur.  A name given to
the pulsations of the heart, when  they become
stronger, more extensive,  or  more sensible to the
individual, than ordinarily.   Palpitations  occur
in a number of affections.  They are,  sometimes,
owing to organic diseases of  the heart, hypertro-
phy, inflammation, &c.; at others,  to a disease
in some other viscus; whilst, frequently, they
are merely nervous.
  Palpitation is sometimes felt in the arteries,
constituting Palpitatio Arterio'sa.
  PALPITATION DU  CCEUR, Palpitation.
  PALSIED,  Paralytic.
  PALSY, Paralysis—p. Bell's, Paralysis, Bell's.
  Palsy, Lead, Paral'yaia soturni'no, P. metal'-
hca, (F.)  Paralysie  saturnine, Metallic  Palsy,
Painters' Palsy.   The paralysis of the upper ex-
tremities  especially,  induced by the poison of
lead.
  Palsy, Metallic, see Palsy, lead — p. Paint-
ers', P. lead — p. Shaking, Paralysis agitans__
p. Trembling, Paralysis ngitnns.
  PALTA, Persea gatissiuia.
  PALUDAL, Elodes.
  PALUDAPIUM, Apium graveolens.
  PALUDOSUS, Elodes. 
PALUS
636
PANDEMY
  PALUS, Marsh, Penis—p. Sanctus, Guaiacum.
  PAMBIOMA, Panbioma.
  PAMOISON, Syncope.
  PAMPINIFORM PLEXUS, Corpus pampini-
forme.
  PAMPINIFORME  CORPUS, see Corpus pam-
piniforme.
  PAMPLE'GIA, Panplegia,  from Ttav,  'all,'
and wXt,yu, ' I strike.'  General paralysis.  Palsy
of the whole body.
  PANACE'A, GathoVicon, Cathol'icum, from vav,
' all,'  and aKtopat, ' I  cure.'  Universale reme'-
dium, Panehrea'toe.  A  pretended universal re-
medy.   There is no such thing in existence.
  Panacea Ducis Holsatia:,  Potassas  sulphas
— p. Duplicata, Potassas sulphas—p. Lapsorum,
Arnica  montana — p.  Mercurialis, Hydrargyri
submurias — p. Mercurii rubri,  Hydrargyri ni-
trico-oxidum—p. Pectoris, Glechoma hederaceum
—p. Vegetabilis,  Crocus.
  PANA'DA,  diminutive of Ital. pane,  'bread,'
(Lat. pania,) Pana'ta, Panatel'la.  Bread, boiled
in water to the consistence of pap.  Sometimes
administered to the sick.
  Simple Bread  Panada may be made by put-
ting any quantity  of grated  stale bread  into
enough water to form a moderately thick pulp;
covering it up, and leaving it to soak  for an
hour; then beating it up with two tablespoonfuls
of milk, and a small portion of refined eugar, and
boiling the whole  for ten minutes, stirring all the
time.
  PANARIS, Paronychia.
  PANARITIUM, Paronychia.
  PANARIUM, Paronychia.
  PANATA, Panada.
  PANATELLA, Panada.
  PANAX  COSTINUM, Pastinaca opoponax—
p. Heracleum, Pastinaca opoponax—p. Pastina-
cea, Pastinaca opoponax.
  Panax  Quinquefo'lium,  Aurelia'na Cana-
dedeie, Ara'lia  Canaden'eie,  Gineeng, Ninsing,
 Geneang,  Redberry, Five-fingers.  Family, Ara-
liaceas.   Sex. Syst.  Polyandria Monoecia.  This
plant grows in Tartary and North America. The
root is about the thickness of the little finger; an
inch or two in length,  often dividing into two
branches;  of a whitish-yellow colour; wrinkled
on  the  surface, and of a compact, almost horny,
texture.   It has no smell, but a very sweet taste,
combined with a slight degree of aromatic bitter-
ness.  It is much esteemed by the Chinese, who
pay a high price for it. It is a gentle and agree-
able stimulant.
  PANBIO'MA, Pambio'ma, from Ttav, ' all,' and
 (lios,  'life.' The  original  animating principle.
 The general principle  of life.
  PANCHRESTOS, Panacea.
  PANCHYMAGO'GUM, Pantago'gon, from irav,
 'all,' x«/<of, 'juice,' and ayu,  'I drive away.'  A
 medicine which the ancients believed capable of
 purging away all  sorts of humours.
   Panchymagogum Minerale, Hydrargyri sub-
 murias.
   PANCCENOSUS, Pandemic.
   PANCCENUS (MORBUS), Pandemic.
   PANCRATIUM, Pancreas.
   PAN'CREAS, from Ttav, 'all,' and Kptas, 'flesh;'
 i. e.  'quite fleshy.'  Callic'reae, Pancra'tium,
 Pan'cream, Lactea, Pulvi'nar ventri'culi,  Totum
 carno'eum, Gland'ula  saliva'lis abdom'inis, Pan-
 cre'ne.  A gland, deeply seated in the abdomen,
 and lying transversely on the vertebral column,
 between the three  curvatures of the duodenum,
 behind the stomach, and to the right of the spleen.
 Its left extremity is called  the tail of the pan-
 creas ; it is smaller than the right, which is called
 the head.   At its right portion, it has, almost
 always, a greater or less prolongation; called, by
 AVinslow, and some others, the lesser pancreas,
%(F.) Petit pancrias, Pancreas of Aselli, Pancreas
 minus.   The  pancreas resembles the salivary
 glands in structure, and has been called the Ab-
 dominal Salivary Gland. It is composed of lobes
 and granulated lobules, distinct,  and united by
 areolar tissue.  From  each of the granulations
 of  these lobes arise the radicles of its excretory
 duct, which  are very  delicate, and  united  like
 veins.   The duct  itself,  Ductua Poncreat'icua,
 Canal or Duct of Wirsung or   Wiratings,  (F.)
 Canal pancriatique,  proceeds  in a  serpentine
 course through the substance of the organ;  and
 when it has reached  behind  the second portion
 of  the duodenum, it becomes free, and is of the
 size Cf a crow's quill.  It opens at an acute angle
 into the choledoch duct, or proceeds close to it,
 opening separately  into  the  duodenum.    Tho
 Pancreatic arteries are very numerous and  small.
 They proceed from the cceliac, splenic, superior
 mesenteric, right gastro-epiploic, coronaria ven-
 triculi, and left capsular. Its veins open  into
 the radicles of the vena porta; and, particularly,
 into the splenic and lesser mesenteric. Its  nervea
 emanate from the solar plexus, and its lympha-
 tics pass into  ganglions, to  which it gives its
 name.   The  pancreas secretes  the Pancreatic
 juice, Succus  seu Liquor Pancreat'icus, Lympha
 Pancredtie, which resembles the  saliva.
  Pancreas of Aselli,  see Pancreas — p. Mi-
 nus, see Pancreas—p. Petit, see Pancreas — p.
 Second,  Brunner's glands.
  PANCREATAL'GIA, from nayKptas, 'the pan-
 creas,' and aXyos, 'pain.'  Pain or disease of the
 pancreas.
  PANCREATEMPHRAX'IS,  from  nayKptas,
 'the pancreas,' and tptppaaou, 'I  obstruct.'   Ob-
 struction of the pancreas.
  PANCREAT'IC, Pancreat'icue. Same etymon
 as  Pancreae.  Relating to or affecting the pan-
 creas.
  Pancreatic Arteries, see Pancreas—p. Duct,
 see Pancreas—p. Juice, see Pancreas—p. Nerves,
 see Pancreas—p. A*"eins, see Pancreas.
  Pancreat'ic Sarco'ma of Ab'ernethy,  Em-
 phy'ma sarco'ma pancreat'icum.   A tumour, in
 irregular masses, connected by loose fibrous sub-
 stance, like the irregular masses of the pancreas.
 Found in the areolar substance;  but, more  usu-
 ally, in  lymphatic glands, chiefly in  the female
 breast.
   PANCREATFTIS,  Inflamma'tio  pancredtie,
 (F.)  Inflammation du Pancrias.  Inflammation
 of  the  pancreas; — an  affection,  the phenomena
 of  which are not well known.
   PAN'CREATOID,  from nayKptas, 'the  pan-
 creas,'  and ttSos, 'appearance.'   P oner eatoV dee.
 A  tumour resembling the pancreas in structure.
   PANCREATON'CUS, from rrayKptas, 'the pan-
 creas,'  and oyKos, 'a swelling.'   Tumour  of the
 pancreas.
   PANCRENE, Pancreas.
    PANCREUM, Pancreas.
    PANDA'LEA, Panda'leum. A kind of lozenge
 used by the Arabian physicians.
   PANDALEUM, Pandalea.
    PANDALITIUM, Paronychia.
    PANDEMIA, Pandemic.
   PANDEM'IC, Pan'demy,  Pande'mia, Morbus
 Pande'mius seu Pande'mus seu Pancce'nus, Pan-
 caeno'sus, (¥.) Pandimie; from ttav,  'all,' and
 hr,uos, 'people.' An epidemic which attacks the
 whole population.
    PANDEMIE, Pandemic.
    PANDEMY, Pandemic. 
PANDICULATION             637                PAPAVER
   PANDICULATION, Pandiculdtio, Scordine'-
 ma,  Sardinia'mus,  Clonus Pandiculdtio, from
 panderr,  'to  stretch out.'  Stretching, Hat'ices,
 (pi.)  An action, which consists in elevating the
 upper limbs, and throwing the head and trunk
 backwards, at the same time that the lower limbs
 are extended.   This series of  motions of the ex-
 tensor muscles is in  some measure independent
 of the will, and is accompanied with yawning,
 which is  equally involuntary.  In the state of
 health, stretching occurs  before and after sleep;
 especially when we are fatigued.   It is also ob-
 served at the onset of certain paroxysms of fever,
 hysteria, &c.
   PANDOCE'UM,  Pandochi'um,  Pandoe'ium,
 from trav, 'all,' and Stxtadat, 'to receive.'  An inn
 that receives all classes.   A general hospital, or
 one that admits all cases.
   PANDOCHIUM, Pandoceum.
   PANDOCIUM, Pandoceum.
   PANHIDROSIS, from rtav, 'all,' and 'tSpuats,
 ' sweating.'  Sudor universa'lis.  Sweating over
 tho whole body.
   PANHYPEREMIA, Plethora.
   PANICAUT, Eryngium campestre—p. Mari-
 time, Eryngium maritimum.
   PANIC GRASS, ITALIAN, Panicum Italicum.
   PANICUM ITAL'ICUM,Ital'ian Panic Grass,
 Indian Millet,  Guinea Corn,  Barbadoes Millet,
 Mil'ium In'dicum, Sorghum, Holcue Sorghum, (F.)
 Millet dea oiaeaux.  Nat. Ord. Gramineas.  The
 seed — Mil'ii Sem'ina — are  much esteemed in
 Italy, being a constant ingredient in soups, and
 made into a variety of forms for the table.
   Panicum Milia'ceum, P. mil'ium, Common Mil-
 let,  Milium,  M. Pod icum seu Eeculentum, Cen-
 chron, Cenchrua, (F.) Millot ordinaire.  Millet-
 seed are esteemed a nutritious  article of diet, and
 are often made into puddings.
   Panicum Milium, P. miliaceum.
   PANIS  CANICACEUS, see Canicas—p. Ciba-
 rius seu secundarius,  Syncomistos  — p. Cuculi,
 Oxalis acetosella — p. Porcinus, Cyclamen.
   PANIV'OROUS,  Paniv'orue,  from panie,
 ' bread,'  and i;oro, ' I  devour.'  Subsisting  on
 bread.
   PANNI, Swathing clothes.
   PANNICULE  CHARNU,  Panniculus car-
 nosus.
   PANNICULUS, diminutive of pannus,  cloth.
 A piece of fine cloth.  Pterygion.
  Panniculus Adiposus, Cellular membrane.
  Panniculus Carno'sus, Tdnica carnosa, Mue-
 cular Web, Mantle, (F.) Pannicule charnue, is a
 general  covering found in the quadruped, and
 formed by  a thin, subcutaneous muscle, which
 serves to move the skin.  It exists only in cer-
 tain  parts of the human body, — as in the fore-
 head, where it is formed by the  occipito-frontalis;
 in the neck, by the platysma  myoides;  and,  in
 the scrotum,  by the cremaster muscle.
  Panniculus  Cordis, Pericardium—p. Hyme-
 nasus, Hymen — p. Alrginalis,  Hymen.
  PANNUS.  A piece of cloth.  This word has
 several other meanings, many of which are equi-
 vocal.  It  means a tent for a wound, and, also,
 an irregular  nasvus or mark on the  skin.— Cas-
 telli.  Modern  ophthalmologists apply it to an
 opake  and  vascular  condition of the anterior
 membrane  of the cornea, almost invariably pro-
duced by the continuance of purulent or strumous
ophthalmia, or by chronic inflammation of the
cornea.   This  part becomes  nebulous, covered
with red vessels, and opake. At times, the scle-
rotic conjunctiva undergoes a similar change  to
that which  occurs in the corneal portion.
  Pannus IIepaticus, Chloasma—p. Lenticula-
ris, Ephelides.
    PANOCHIA, Bubo.
    PANOPHO'BIA, Pantophobia, Panphdbia,
 Pavopho'bia, Athym'ia, Pavor, (F.) Frayeur noc-
 turne, Souci, from Uav, ' the god Pan,' and tpoj3os,
 ' fear.'  A panic or fear inspired by the god Pan,
 according to the opinion of the ancients.  Some
 derive it from ttav,  ' all,' and ipofios, ' fear.'  This
 is  sometimes morbid,  and is a symptom of me-
 lancholy.
    PANOPHTHALMITIS, from Ttav, 'all,' and
 ophthalmitis, 'inflammation of the eye.'  Inflam-
 mation of the whole eye.
    PANPHOBIA, Panophobia.
    PANPLEGIA, Paraplegia.
    PANSCLERO'SIS,  from Ttav, 'all,' and ckXi,-
 puats, 'hardness.'  Complete induration of a part.
    PANSEMENT, Dressing.
    PANSIES, Viola tricolor.
    PANSPER'MIA, from Ttav,  'all,' and trntppa,
 'sperm.'  The theory of Dissemination of Germs,
 according to which, ova or germs are disseminated
 over all space, undergoing  development under
 favourable circumstances.
    PANTAGOGON, Panchymagogum.
    PANTANENCEPHA'LIA, from Ttav, rtavros,
 'all,' and anencephdtia, absence of brain.   En-
 tire absence  of brain—the same as anencephalia.
 —G. St. Hilaire.
   PANTATROPHIA, from Ttav, 'all,' and arpo-
 ptu, ' atrophy.'  Universal atrophy.
   PANTHOD'IC, Panthod'icue, from  ttas, rravros,
 'all,' and 'olos, 'a way.'  An epithet  applied by
 Dr. Marshall Hall, to a course of nervous action
 proceeding from one point in all directions to
 every other.
  PANTICES, Intestine.
  PANTING, Anhelatio.
  PANTOGANGLIITIS, Cholera.
  PANTOPHAGISTS, see Omnivorous.
  PANTOPHAGUS, Omnivorous.
  PANTOPHOBIA, Hydrophobia, Panophobia.
  PANTOZOOTIA, Panzootia.
  PANUS, Phygethlon — p.  Faucium, Stomato-
 panus — p. Inguinalis,  Bubo.
  PANZOOT'IA, Pantozo'dtia;  from Ttav, 'all,'
 and $uov, 'animal.'  An endemic or epidemic
 disease affecting animals generally.
  PAP, Nipple. Also, a soft food made  of bread
 boiled or softened with water.
  Pap, of the Throat, Uvula.
  PAPAS AMERICANUS, Solanum tuberosum.
  PAPA'VER,  P.  somnif'erum,  Mecon.   The
 Wttite Poppy, Papaver eati'vum, (F.) Pavot des
 Jardina.  Family Papaveraceas.  Sex. Syst.  Po-
 lyandria  Monogynia.   The  Capsule  of  the
 White Poppy, Co'dia, Kuoia or Kudtta,  Sca'phion,
 Papav'eris Caput vel  CapSula, Mecon, Poppy-
 head, is used  in fomentation as an  anodyne and
 relaxant,  to  inflamed  or ulcerated parts.  The
 expressed oil  of the  seeds is called by the French
 Huile d'OSillette. It is from the poppy that Opium
 — called,  also, Opium Thebdicum, Meco'nium,
 Opion, Manue Dei, Affion, Amphiam, Afium, Oeo-
 ron, Lau'danum, Mecon, Sopio—is procured.  It ia
 the milky juice  obtained after the flowering  of
 the  plant, by making longitudinal incisions in the
 capsules and stalks.  It is commonly obtained from
 the  Levant or India, where the poppy grows abun-
 dantly.   Opium is a compound of morphia, nar-
 cotina, meconic acid, codeia, narcein, meconin,
 caoutchouc, fecula, resin, oil, and  several  other
 substances.   Turkey Opium is of a heavy and
 slightly fetid odour.   Its taste is nauseous, bitter,
 acrid, and warm: it is in flat pieces;  solid and
 tenacious;  of a dark brown colour, and yellowish
 when powdered; making a light brown, inter-
rupted streak on paper.  In East India Opium, 
PAPAA'ERACEUM
638
PAR
the odour is the same, and  empyreumatic;  the
taste is less bitter, but more nauseous, and  the
colour  darker.   The varieties of opium known in
commerce are the Smyrna, the Constantinople, the
Egyptian, the Pereian, and the Indian.   Opium
is  stimulant in small doses; sedative, in large;
narcotic  and  anodyne; operating through  the
nervous system.  It is a most valuable remedy
in  all painful affections, and inflammations, when
given so as  to produce its full, sedative  effects,
especially in peritonitis.   In diarrhoea and  dy-
sentery, it acts  as an astringent; in intermittents,
it will  often  prevent  the paroxysm.   In typhus,
in  small doses, it acts as a cordial;  in  larger, it
allays  irritation and produces  sleep.  AVhen ap-
plied externally, its narcotic effects are developed:
and, hence, it  is a useful application to irritable
sores, painful tumours, &c.   Dose, gr. J to $ as a
stimulant;  gr. j to iv as a  sedative.
  Papaver Cereale, P. rhceas — p. Cornicula-
tum, Chelidonium majus—p. Erraticum, P. rhceas
■—p. Luteum, Chelidonium majus.
  Papaver Nigrum.  This is merely  a variety
of the white poppy, producing black seeds.
  Papaver Rhceas.  The systematic and phar-
macopoeial name of  the Red corn-poppy,  Corn
roae, Papaver  errat'icum, P. cerea'le, P. rubrum,
Rhceas, (F.) Coquelicot.  The heads of this spe-
cies, also, contain a milky juice of a  narcotic
quality.  A syrup of its flowers has been directed,
which has been esteemed diaphoretic and slightly
soothing; but  is more admired for its colour than
for any other property.
  PAPAVERACEUM, Opiate.
  PAPAVERCULUM, Meconium.
  PAPAArERINUM, Codeine.
  PAPAAV TREE, Carica papaya.
  PAPA YER, Carica papaya.
   PAPER,  BLISTERING,  see Sparadrapum
vesicatorium.
  PAPIER EPISPASTIQUE,  see  Sparadra-
pum vesicatorium.
   PAPIL'LA, P. Mamma, Thele, U'beris apex:
— diminutive,  perhaps, from  papa,  one of the
earliest cries of the  infant, ascribed to a craving
for food. The end of the breast, the nipple.  An
eminence similar to  a nipple.  A name given  to
small  eminences more or  less prominent, at the
surface of several parts, particularly of the skin
and mucous membranes, in which latter situation
they are also called villi.  See  Villous.  They
appear formed by the ultimate expansion of the
vessels and nerves, and are susceptible, in some
cases, of a kind of erection.  They are also called
Papilla nervo'sa seu Ner'vea, P. Pyramida'les,
Nervoue papilla, (F.) Papilles ou Papilles ner-
veuses, Houppee nerveuses.
   Papilla Lachrymalis, see Lachrymal puncta
—p. Mammas, Papilla.
   Papilla: Calyciformes, see  Papillas of the
tongue—p. Capitatas, see  Papillas of the tongue
—p. Circumvallatas, see Papillas  of the tongue—
p. Conical, see Papillas of the tongue—p. Conoi-
dal, see Papillas of  the tongue—p., Corpuscles,
Pacinian—p. Filiform, see Papillas of the tongue
— p. Fungiform,  see Papillas  of the tongue—p.
Fungoid, see Papillas of the tongue.
   Papilla; of the Kidney,  (F.) Mamelone du
rein, are the  projections into the pelvis of the
kidney of the apices of the cones—Pyramide of
Molpighi, Pyram'ides Malpighia'na — of the tu-
bular  substance of  the organ.   They  are  also
called Proces'sus mamilldree, Carun'cula papil-
la'res, and Papill'a renum.
   Papilla:, Lenticular,  see  Papillae of the
tongue—p. Maximas, see  Papillas of the tongue
—p. Mediae, see Papillas of the tongue—p. Min-
imas, see Papillas of the tongue—p. Mucosae, see
Papillas of  the tongue — p. Ncrveie, Corpuscles,
Pacinian, see Papillas—p. Nervous, see Papilla—
p. Pyramidal, see Papillas  of the  tongue — p.
Pyramidales, see Papilla—p. Renum, see Papil-
lae of the kidney—p. Semilenticulares, see Papillas
of the tongue.
  Papilla;  of the Tongue are very numerous
and marked.  They are observed, particularly, at
the upper surface  of the organ, and are distin-
guished into—1. The Lcnfic'ular papilla", Papilla
muco'sa, P. max'iilta,  P.  capita'ta, P. valla'tee,
P. circumvalla'ta, P. trunca'ta, P. calycifor'nice.
They are arranged at the base  of the  tongue in
two oblique lines having the shape  of the letter
V; and united angularly at the foramen caseum.
They have, in general, an ovoid or  spherical
shape,  and have  seemed to be mucous follicles
similar  to those  of the  palate, lips, Ac   2. The
Fun'giform or Fungoid papilla, Papilla me'dia,
P. Semilenticuldree, are of indeterminate number,
but always more numerous than  the preceding.
They are irregularly disseminated near the edges
and the point of the tongue; have a rounded and
flattened head, supported by a  short and narrow
footstalk.  Their  tint is whitish.  Of their real
nature  we  are ignorant.  3. The Cod ical,  Co-
noiel'al  or  Pyram'idal  papilla, P. min'ima, P.
villo'ea, are  the most numerous of all.  Their
arrangement is more  regular  in the forepart of
the tongue than behind.  They resemble small
cones;  the base being towards  the tongue  and
the apex free. The anterior are very small, and
have been  called Fil'iform papil'la.   They ap-
pear to  be  produced  by the terminations of the
filaments of the lingual nerve,  and are surround-
ed by an evident vascular network.
  Papilla; Truncata:, see Papillas of the tongue
—p. Vallatas, see Papillas of the tongue—p. Vil-
losas, see Papillas of the tongue.
  PAP'ILLARY, Papilla'ria, Pap'illoiCs,  from
papilla. Of or belonging to the nipple or to the
papillas.
  Papillary Body, Corpus papillare.
  PAPILLI-AUT-MAMMILLI-FORMIS, Mas-
toid.
  PAPILLOUS, Papillary.
  PAPOOSE ROOT, Caulophyllum thalictroides.
  PAPPEA  CAPEN'SIS.   A  small tree Of the
Nat. Ord.  Sapindaceas, common in Ca.fferland,
the fruit of which is  called   Wild Plums.  It
furnishes a vinous beverage, and excellent vine-
gar.  Its kernel  contains an oil, which, although
eatable, is  somewhat  cathartic,  and  is recom-
mended as  an  external  application  in  tinea
capitis, alopecia, &c.
  PAPPUS  AMERICANUS,  Solanum  tubero-
sum.
   PAP'ULA. A pimple, Exor'mia, (F.) Bouton,
Bourgeon.   A small, acuminated elevation of the
cuticle, with an inflamed base; very seldom con-
taining a fluid,  or suppurating,  and  commonly
terminating in scurf or desquamation.
   Papula  form  the  first  order  of Willan and
Bateman's arrangement of cutaneous diseases.
   Papula Agria. Lichen agrius —p.  Fera, Her-
pes exedens—p. Miliaris, Miliary fever.
   Papula;, Lichen—p. Siccas, Lichen—p. Sudo-
ris, Miliary fever—p. Sudoralcs, Sudamina.
   PAP'ULOSE, Papnlo'eus, Pop'ulous,  Papula'-
tua, Pimpled, from papula.  Of or belonging to,
resembling, or covered with, papulas or pimples.
   PAQUERETTE  VIVACE, Bellis.
   PAR NERVO'RUM, Syz'ygi nervo'rum.  A
pair of nerves.
   Par  Opticum Nervorum, Optic nerve—p. Pri-
mum nervorum  cerebri,  Olfactory nerves — p.
Quintum nervorum cerebralium,' Trigemini — p. 
PARA
639
PARALYSIS
 Secundum nervorum, Optic nerve—p. Septimum
 sive faciale,  Facial nerve — p. Trigeminum, Tri-
 gemini— p.  Trium funiculorum, Trigemini — p.
 A'signs, Pneumogastric—p. A'isorius, Optic nerve.
   PARA, irapa, a common prefix, 'by, near, con-
 trary  to, through,' (per;)  'above and  beyond,'
 (ultra:) 'besides,' (prater.)   In  certain  terms, as
 in  /'nracusis,  Parapsis, Parobysma, <fec, used
 by Dr. Good, para means a  defective or morbid
 condition.
   PARABAL'ANUS, from irapa(3aXXttv, (trapa, and
 QaXXtiv,  ' to cast,') ' to expose one-self.'  A name
 given, by the ancients, to a  person who devoted
 himself  to the service of the sick  in hospitals;
 and particularly during epidemics and the plague.
   PARABYS'MA, from iropa, and (ivttv,  'to stuff'
 Infarction or engorgement of an  organ—as Para-
 byamo Lie'nia, Engorgement of the spleen.
  Pahabysma MESENTERicuM,Tabes mesenterica.
  PAR ABYS'TIA, same etymon.  Engorgement
 or infarction of an organ with blood.
  PARACELSIS'TA, Paracel'sist, Paraeel'sian;
 from Paracelsus.   A follower of  Paracelsus.
  PARACELSISTICA MEDICINA, see Spagy-
 rists.
   PARACENTE'RIUM.  Same etymon as the
 next.  AVoolhouse has given this appellation to a
 small trocar, employed  by Nuck for puncturing
 the eye in cases of dropsy of  that organ.
  PARAGENTE'SIS, Perfora'tio,  Pane'tio,
 Punctdra, Cenembate'sis, Cente'sis, Compunc'tio:
 from irapaKivrtu, (irapa, and Ktvrtu, 'I pierce,') 'I
 pierce through.'   Puncture.   The  operation of
 tapping to evacuate the collected fluid in ascites,
 ovarial dropsy, <fcc.
  Paracentesis, Puncturing—p. Thoracis, Tho-
 racocentesis.
  PARACENTETERION, Trocar.
  PARACENTICION, Trocar.
  PARACIIRCE'A, from trapa, andX9aa>  'colour.'
 Morbid change of colour of the surface, especially
 of the face.
  PARACHROMA, Achromatopsia.
  PARACIIROSIS, Decoloration.
  PARACINE'SES, (G.) Parakinesien, from
 n-apa, 'defective,' and kivijuis,  'motion.'   Diseases
 of the  motor nerves; morbid movements of vo-
 luntary muscles.
  PARAC.AIASrS, Decline.
  PARACMAS'TIC, Paracmae'ticus, from ira-
paKpa^u,  ' I decrease.'  Decreasing.   An epithet
for a distemper, which gradually  decreases. Also,
according to Galen, the period  of  life  when  a
person is said  to grow  old, which he places at
from 35 to 49, after which he  is said to be old —
a definition that would not suit us at the present
 day.— Gorrasus, and Castelli.
  PARACMASTICOS, see Acmasticos.
  PARACME,  Decline.
  PARACOE,jee Cophosis, Paracusis.
  PARACOPE, Paraph'ora, Paraeru'sie,  from
TrapaKoirru,' I strike falsely.'  Delirium.   In Hip-
pocrates, it means the slight delirium which some-
times occurs in febrile diseases.
  PARACOUSIA, see Cophosia.
  PARACRISES,  (G.) Parakrisien :  from
irapa, ' defective, morbid,' and Kpttsts,  ' secretion.'
Diseases of the secretory function.—Fuchs
  PARACRUSIS, Paracope.
  PARACUSIS, Cophosis.  Also, perverted au-
dition.
  Paracu'sis Acris, Audi'tua dcrior, Paracusia
o.rycoi'a, from napa, ' defective,' and  ukovhis, ' the
act  of  hearing.'  The hearing painfully acute,
and intolerant of the lowest sounds ;  a symptom
in otalgia, epilepsy, cephalitis, and febrile  affec- I
tions.
   Paracusis  Duplicata,  Double hearing — p.
 Imaginaria,  Tinnitus aurium — p. Imperfecta,
 Double hearing, P. perversa,—p. Obtusa, Barye-
 coia—p. Oxycoia, P.  acris.
   Paracusis Perver'sa, P. Willieia'na, P.  im-
 perfecta, Perverse hearing.   The ear only sensi-
 ble to articulate sounds, when  excited by other
 and louder sounds intermixed with them.—Good.
   Paracusis Surditas,  see Cophosis—p. AVillisi-
 ana,  Paracusis perversa.
   PARACYCLE'SES, (G.)  Parakyklesen,
 from napa, ' defective, morbid,' and KVKXnais, '  cir-
 culation.'  Diseases of the  blood  as regards its
 distribution and motion.— Fuchs.
   PARACYESIS, Pregnancy, morbid, Pregnan-
 cy, preternatural—p. Abortus, Abortion—p. Tu-
 baria, Salpingo-cyesis.
   PARAC1TNAN'CHE,  (para  and  cynanche.)
 Inflammation of the  external muscles  of the  la-
 rynx.  According to  others, a slight cynanche.
   PARESTHESIA,  Paresthesis—p. Olfactoria,
 Parosmia.                     ,
   PARESTHESIS,  Paresthesis — p. Auditus
 flacca, Proptoma auricularum.
   PARETHENAR,  Parathenar.
   PARAGEUSIS, Ageustia.   Also,  perversion
 of taste, Parageusia,  Parageuet'ia, Allotriogeue'-
 tia, Guetue depraro'tua.
   PARAGEUSTIA,  Parageusis.
   PARAGLOSSA, PurnglosSe, from  irapa, and
 yXuatra, 'the  tongue;' Swelling of the tongue;
 Dyapha'gia Linguo'ea, Glaaeomegie'tue, 'Macro-
 gloe'ea, ProlapSue lingua.  Sauvages,  under  the
 term  Paragloeea deglutitdria, means a pretended
 doubling  of the tongue  into the  pharynx, (F.)
 Renvereement de la langue.  See Glossocele.
   PARAGOGE, Abduction, Coaptation.
   PARAGOMPHO'SIS,  Paragomphosis cap'itie,
 from  -trapa, ' by,' ' near,' and  yoptpuots,' a nailing.'
 Incomplete wedging of the  head of the child in
 the pelvis during labour.
   PARA KIN ESI EN, Paraeineses.
   PARAKRISIEN,  Paracrises.
   PARAKYKLESEN,  Paracycleses.
   PARALALIA, Mogilalia — p. Nasalis, Rhino-
 phonia.
   PARALAMP'SIS,  napaXap^ais, from TtapaXap-
 iru, (-trapa  and \aptru,  'I  shine,') 'I shine at the
 side of;' 3Iac'ula cornea margarita'cea, Perla.
 A cicatrix on the transparent part of the eye.—
 Hippocrates.
   PARARELEMA, Delirium.
   PARALLAGE, Insanity.
   PARALLAGMA, Chevauchement.
   PARALLAXIS, Chevauchement, Insanity.
   PARALLE'LA.  A kind of scurfy, cutaneous
 eruption,  affecting the palms of the hands, in
 parallel lines, and symptomatic of the venereal
 disease. — Forestus.
   PARALLELISM OF  DISEASES, Isopathia.
   PARALOGIA, Delirium.
   PARALOPHTA, from  irapa, 'near,' and Xoipta,
 'the first vertebra of the  back.'  The lower and
 lateral part of the neck, near the vertebras.—Keil.
   PARAL YSE, Paralytic.
   PARAL YSIE, Paralysis—p. Saturnine, Palsy,
 lead.
   PARAL'YSIS, Por'esis,  Reeolu'tio  membro'-
 rum,  R.  nervo'rum, Carue paralyeis, Catal'ysis,
 (F.) Paralysie, Rieolution dee membree; Foley,
from napaXvu, (irapa and Xvu, 'I loosen,') 'I relax.'
Abolition  or great diminution of the voluntary
motions,  and sometimes  of sensation, in one  or
more parts of the body.
   Palsy is said to be local, when it affects only a
few muscles.   AAThen it extends to half the body
vertically or horizontally, it  is called  Hemiple'- 
PARALYTIC
640
PARAPSIS
gia or Paraple'gia.   It is commonly symptoma-
tic of disease of the brain or of the nerves them-
selves, and is a frequent accompaniment,  precur-
sor, or successor  of apoplexy,—Phrenoparal'yeia.
The immediate  cause  is,  generally,  pressure,
either by blood  effused, or by serum, or  by vas-
cular turgescence.  At its onset, therefore, blood-
letting may be  advisable; but,  afterwards, the
disease becomes  one  of nervous debility,  and re-
quires  stimulants — to the  paralyzed parts, or to
the  mucous  membranes, — frictions,  sinapisms,
blisters, the moxa, baths, electricity, galvanism,
purgatives, and  the  nux vomica, which last has
the property of exciting movements  where the
will has no longer power.   The disease generally
admits only of palliation, and is extremely apt to
recur.
  Paralysis, Primula veris.
  Paral'ysis Ag"itans, P. trem'ula, Sydclonus
ballie'mue, Scelotyr'be feati'nana, Tremor,  Tromoe,
Shaking Palay,  Trembling  Palay.  A variety of
tremor, in which the muscles are in a perpetual
alternation of contraction and relaxation.
  Paralysis, Bell's,  Bell'a Palsy,  Paral'ysis
facia'lie, Proeoparal'yeie,  Triamua  diae'trophe
Sauvage'eii, Dias'trophe Gale'ni, Hemiple'gia fa-
cia'lie, Orie tortu'ra paralytica Linna'i, Hemi-
proeople'gia.  The paralysis of the face induced
by a lesion  of the portio dura, has been called
Bell's Palsy, owing  to  Sir Charles Bell having
been one of the first  to investigate it minutely.
  Paralysis Beribekia, Beriberi—p. Extremi-
tatum,  Aero-paralysis — p. Facialis,  Paralysis,
Bell's—p. Hemiplegia, Hemiplegia—p. Intestini
recti, Proctoparalysis—p. Intestinorum,  Entero-
paralysis — p. Linguas, Glossolysis—p. Medulla-
ris,  Paraplegia — p.  Metallica,  Palsy,  lead — p.
Nervi hypoglossi, Glossoplegia—p. Nervi vagi in
parte thoracica,  Asthma—p. Nervorum thoracis,
&c, Stethoparalysis — p. from Poisons, p. Vene-
nata— p. Rachialgia, Colic, metallic — p. Satur-
nine, Palsy, lead—p.  Scorbutica, Pellagra—p. Spi-
nalis, Paraplegia—p. Tremula, Paralysis  agitans,
  Paral'ysis Venena'ta,  Paralyeie e vene'nie,
Paralyeie from poieone.   Paralysis, the result of
poisonous substances—as of lead, mercury, arse-
nic, ergot,  &c.
  Paralysis e  Venenis, P. Venenata—p. Ven-
triculi, Gastroparalysis.
  PARALYTTC, Paralyt'icue, Paralysed, PaV-
eied, (F.) Paralyei.   Same etymon as Paralysis.
Affected with or causing paralysis.
  Paralytic Stroke, see  Stroke, paralytic.
  PARALYZED, Paralytic.
  PARAME'NIA, from napa, 'badly,'  and pr,v,
'amonth;'  Mcnatrua'tio anom'ala, Meneee anom'-
ala, Miemenatruation.   Difficult  menstruation.
Disordered  menstruation.
  Paramenia  Difficilis, Dysmenorrhcea — p.
Erroris, Menstruation, vicarious — p. Obstructio-
ns, see Amenorrhcea — p.  Profusa,  Menorrhagia
— p. Superflua,  Menorrhagia.
  PARAME'RIA, napapvpta, from napa,  'about,'
and pnpos, 'the thigh.'  The internal parts of the
thigh.
  PARAMESOS, Annular finger, see Digitus.
  PARANEPHRITIS, from napa, and vtfptns,
'inflammation of the kidney.'  Inflammation of
the renal capsules, Inflamma'tio renum succentu-
riato'rum.
  PARANCEA,  Delirium,  Dementia.
  PARANYMPH'US,  from napa,  'near,' and
vvpipn,  'a  young  spouse,' 'a bride.'  A name
given  by the ancients  to  him who led the bride
to  the  house of her husband.   The term was
adopted into the ancient schools of medicine, to
designate the usual  discourse pronounced at the
end of the prescribed period of study for licen-
tiate,  in which the  qualifications and merits of
the candidate were described.
  PARAPATHIA, Patbomania.
  PARAPECHYON, Radius.
  PARAPHIA, Parapsis.
  PARAPHIMOSIS,   PeriphimoSie,  Cireum-
ligatu'ra,  Phimo'sis circumliga'ta,  Penia  lipo-
derm'ua, from napa, ' about,' and iptpou, ' I bridlo.'
Strangulation  of the glans penis, owing  to the
opening of the prepuce being too  narrow.   It
frequently happens in persons  affected with  phi-
mosis, when  the prepuce  has  been pushed vio-
lently behind the base of the glans, during copu-
lation, <fcc.   In paraphimosis, the narrow and
resisting aperture of the  prepuce forms, behind
the corona glandis, a  kind of ligature,  which
strangulates the part, causes it to swell and in-
flame, and even to become  gangrenous.  Attempts
must  be made to bring back the prepuce.  These
excite considerable pain,  yet  they must be per-
severed in  for some time ; and should they not
succeed, the rings, formed by the tumefied pre-
puce,  must be  cut transversely, and the antiphlo-
gistic treatment be adopted.
  PARAPHOBIA, Hydrophobia.
  PARAPHO'NIA,  from  napa, and  tpuvr,,  'the
voice.'  Affection of the voice, when its  charac-
ter or timbre is less agreeable.
  Paraphonia Clangens, Oxyphonia — p. Gut-
turalis, Asaphia — p. Nasalis,  Rhinophonia — p.
Puberum, Hirquitalitas—p. Rauca,  Raucedo—p.
Ulcerosa, Oxyphonia.
  PARAPHORA, Delirium, Paracope.
  PARAPHRENESIS, Paraphrenitis — p. Dia-
phragmatica, Diaphragmitis.
  PARAPHREN1E, Insanity.
  PARAPHRENIAS, from  napa, 'near,' and
ipptvts,  'the  diaphragm;'  Parophrene'eie.   A
name given to inflammation of the diaphragm,
(see Diaphragmitis,) which was  supposed  always
to produce delirium : — as well as to the delirium
itself accompanying that affection. See Phrenitis.
   PARAPHROSYNE,  Delirium.
   PARAPHROTES, Delirium.
   PARAPLAS'TIC : Paraplaet'icae, from napa,
and nXaartKos, 'formative.' Possessed of depraved
formative powers,—as Carcinoma, Encephaloma,
Melanosis, <fcc.
   PARAPLE'GIA, Paraplex'ia, Rachioparal'y-
sie, Rhachiople'gia,  Rhachioparal'yaia,  Myelo-
pardl'yeie, Paral'yeie  epina'lia,  P.  Medulla'rie,
Carua paralyeie paraple'gia, from napa, dim. par-
ticle,  and nXnaau, ' I strike.'   Palsy of the lower
half of the body, including the bladder and rec-
tum.   It is, generally, owing  to  disease of some
part of the cerebro-spinal axis ; especially of the
spinal portion. The ancients sometimes used the
term  for incomplete apoplexy.   Some authors
have, also, made  a distinction between paraple-
gia and paraplexia,—using the former for partial
apoplexy—the latter for general or complete apo-
plexy.
   PARAPLEURITIS, Pleurodynia.
   PARAPLEXIA, Paraplegia.
   PARAP'OPLEXY, Par apoplex'ia, from  napa,
dim., and anonXnlta, 'apoplexy.'  False apoplexy;
a soporous state, resembling apoplexy ;  and espe-
cially that which occurs in the paroxysms of per-
nicious intermittents.
   PARAP'SIS, Paraph'ia,  from  napa,  'defec-
tively,' and  airropat, ' I touch.'  Sense of touch
or general feeling vitiated or lost. — (Jood.
   Parapsis   Acris Teneritudo,  Soreness — p.
Expers, Torpor, Anassthesia—p. Illusoria, Pseu-
dassthesia—p. Pruritus, Itching. 
PARARMA
641
PARESTHESIS
   PARARMA. Fimbria.
   PARARK II YTH'MICUS, Pararrhythmus.
   P A R ARR11YT1I' At I' ii,Pararrhyth'micue,from
 irapa, ' dim.,' and pvSpos,  ' rhythm.'  An  epithet
 for the pulse, when it lias not the rhythm proper
 to the age and constitution of the individual.
   PARARTIIRE'MA, Pararthro'ma, Porarthre'-
 sia, 1'iirorthroSia, Puree'tasis, ParaetrepSis, from
 napa, and apSpov, 'a joint.'  Incomplete luxation;
 subluxation.
   PARACEPAS'TRA, from Trapa, and trKtntfa, 'I
 cover.'   A cap  or bandage,  which  covers the
 whole head. — Galen.
   PARASCEUE, Apparatus.
   PARAS'CIUDES, from napa, and cKifa, 'I
 cleave.' Fragments or splinters of a broken bone.
   PAR'ASITE, Paraei'tue, from  napa, 'near,' and
 euros, ' corn,' ' food.'  Parasites are plants which
 attach  themselves to other plants; and animals
 which live in or on the bodies of other animals,—
 so as to subsist at their expense.   The mistletoe
 is a parasitic plant: — the louse  a  parasitic ani-
 mal. The chief parasitic animals are the Pedic'-
 ulus  liamo'nus  corp'orie, P.  cap'itis, P. pubis,
 Pulex  irri'tana,  I', pen'etrona, and the Ac'orua
 Scu'bici.
   PARASIT'IC,  Poroait'icue, Por'aeitoid, Pa-
 raaitoi'dee.  Same etymon.  Having the  nature
 of, or resembling a parasite, as 'parasitic growths,'
 tubercles, cancer, Ac.
   PARASITICIDE, Antiparasitic.
   PARASITISM US INTESTINALIS, Helmin-
 thiasis—p. Superficiei, Malis.
   PARASITOID, Parasitic.
   PARASl'A'DIA, from  Trapa,  and onau,  'I
 draw.'   A preternatural opening of the urethra
 at the  side of the penis.   One  whose urethra
 opens  in this  manner  is  called  Paraspadia'us
 and  I'araspadias.
   PARASl'ADIEUS, see Paraspadia.
   PARAS'PHAGIS,  from  napa,  'near,'  and
 atpayn, ' the throat.' The part of the  neck conti-
 guous to the clavicles.
   PARAS'TATA,  Paras'tates, from  napiar-npi,
 (napa, and tartipt,) ' I stand near.'  The prostate.
 In Hippocrates, it means  the  epididymis.  The
 epididymes were called by Herophilus and Galen
 Vurico'sa parastata to distinguish  them from
 glandulo'aa parastata  or  prostate.   Rufus  of
 Ephcsus called the Tubas  Fallopianas Paraetata
 varico'ea.
   Parastata  Adenoides,  Prostate — p. Glan-
 dula. Prostate — p. Glandulosa, Prostate.
   PARASTATES, Parastata.
   PARASTATUTIS, Epididymitis;  from pa-
 raetata, ' epididymis,' and  itis, denoting inflam-
 mation.  Inflammation  of the epididymis.
   PARASTREAUMA, Paras'trophe, from napaa-
 rptipu,  (napa, and  arpctpu, ' I turn,')  ' I distort  or
 pervert.'  Convulsive distortion, especially of the
 face, the soft parts being drawn laterally.
   PARASTREPSIS, Pararthrema.
   PARASTROPHE, Parastremma.
  ■PARASYNANCHE, Cynanche parotidasa.
   PARASYSTOLE, Acinesia.
  PARATH'ENAR,  Para'thenar,  from  irapa,
 ' near,' and Stvap,' the sole of the foot.' AVinslow
 called grandparathinar, parathenar major, a por-
 tion of the abductor of the little toe, mueculus scan-
 dula'rius;  and petit parathinar, parathenar mi-
nor, the short flexor of that toe.
  Parathenar Major, Abductor minimi digiti
pedis—p.AIinor, Flexor brevis minimi digiti pedis.
  PARATHROMA, Elongatio.
  PARATONIA, see Spasm.
  PARATOPIA, Luxation.
      41
   PARATOP'IE;  from Trapa, in the sense of
 change, and  ronos,  ' place.'   Diseases in  which
 organs are removed from their proper position.
 See Ectopia.
   PARATRIMMA, Chafing.
   PARATROPE, Apotrope.
   PARAT'ROPHY, Parat'rophe, Paratroph'ia,
 from napa,' dim,' and Tpoep-n, ' nourishment.'  Mis-
 nutrition.
   PARDALIANCHES, Aconitum.
   PARDALIANCHUM, Aconitum.
   PARECTAMA, Parec'taeie, from  Trapa, 'be-
 yond,' tK, ' out of/ and rttvu, ' I stretch.'  Immo-
 derate  extension or dilatation of  a  part — as of
 the heart.
   PARECTASIS, Pararthrema, Parectama.
   PAREGOR'IC,  Paregor'icue,  So'piene,  from
 nap-nyoptu (napa, and ayoptvu), ' I soothe, I calm.'
 That which soothes or  assuages — as paregoric
 elixir.  An anodyne.
   PAREIA, Gena.
   PAREIRA, see P. brava.
   Parei'ra Brava, Gieeam'peloa Pareira, Pa-
 reyra,  Bntua,  Puriera brava,  Abu'ta,  Albu'tua,
 Botou,  Caa-peba, Overo butua,  Wild vine,  Velvet
 leaf. Family, Menispermeas.   Sex.  Syet. Dicecia
 Monadelphia.  The root of this plant'— Pareira
 (Ph. U. S.) — a native of South America and the
 West Indies, has a sweet taste with  considerable
 bitterness and  slight roughness.  It has been re-
 commended in nephritic and calculous affections;
 but it is not much used.
   PARELLE, Rumex hydrolapathum.
   PARENCEPHALIS, Cerebellum.
   PARENCEPHALITIS, Cerebellitis.
   PARENCEPHALOCE'LE,  from naptyKupdXts,
 (n-apa,  and tyKtfaXos, ' the brain,') ' the cerebel-
 lum,' and K-nXn, ' a rupture.'  Hernia of the cere-
 bri'turn; a very  rare  disease.   It occurs  under
 the  form of a  soft,  indolent, or slightly painful
 tumour, without change in the colour of the skin,
 and is  situate  in the occipital region.  It is con-
 stituted of the cerebellum, which escapes through
 an aperture in the occipital bone.   Great atten-
 tion must  be  paid  not to mistake it for an ordi-
 nary tumour, as its extirpation would be attended
 with fatal consequences.
   PAEENCEPHALUS, Cerebellum.
   PAREN'CIIYMA, Caro parenchymal'ica seu
 vie'eerum seu viacera'lis seu viecero'ea, Subetan'tia
 parenchymato'ea, Procheu'ma.   The texture of
 glandular and  other organs, composed of agglo-
 merated globules united  by  areolar tissue, and
 tearing with more or less facility.   Such is the
 texture of the liver, kidneys, &c.   Tlaptyxvpa
 signifies in Greek, effusion, (Trapa, tv,  and ^uio, ' I
 pour,') and it was believed, that this tissue con-
 sisted of effused blood or other fluid.
   Parenchyma Testis, Pulpa testis.
   PARENCHYMAL, Parenchym' atous, Pared-
 chymoue.   Parenchyma' lie,  Parenchymal' icus ;
 same etymon.  Belonging or relating to the pa-
 renchyma of an organ.
   PARENCHYMATI'TIS; from irapty^a, 'pa-
 renchyma,' and itis, denoting inflammation.  In-
 flamma'tio parenchymat'ica.  Inflammation of
 the substance of an organ.
   PARENCHYMATOUS, Parenchymal.
   PAR'ESIS, from  napivpt,' I relax.'  Paralysis.
 According to some, a slight, incomplete paralysis,
 affecting motion, not sensation.
  PARESTHE'SIS, Parasthe'sis,  or Pareethe'-
aia, Sensue imperfec'tii8,  from irapa,  ' defective,'
and  atadnats,  'sensation.'  Congenital miscon-
struction of the external organs of sense.  A ge- 
                 PARETICA                6.

nus in the nosology of Good.  Also, perversion
of sensibility.
  PARET'ICA EXARTHRO'SIS.   Luxation
from relaxation of the ligaments of a joint.
  PARETICUS, Relaxant.
  PARFUM. Suffimentum.
  PARIERA BRAVA, Pareira brava.
  PARIES, Table.
  PARI'ETAL, Parietdlie, from  paries,  pa-
rietis, ' a wall.'
  Parietal Artery, see P. Bones.   ,
  Parietal Bones,  Ossa parietdlia, Oaaa verti-
ca'lia, Oaaa ver'tide, Oeea eincip'itie, Oeea breg'-
matia, Oaaa nerva'lia, Oaaa tetrag'ona,  are  two
fellow-bones, occupying  the lateral and  upper
parts of the cranium, in the  formation of which
they assist. They have  a quadrilateral shape:
their external surface is convex, and presents, at
its middle part, an eminence  called the  Parietal
protuberance, (F.) Boaae poriitdle.  Their inner
or cerebral surface, which is concave, has a de-
pression  that  corresponds with  the  preceding
eminence, and which is called the Parietal foeea,
Foeaa parietdlie.  Above and behind, near the
superior edge of these bones, is a foramen, which
does not always exist, called the Parietal fora-
men, Fora'men  parietdle,  through which passes
a vein—parietal vein—that opens into  the supe-
rior longitudinal sinus of the dura mater, and an
artery—parietal artery — a branch of the occi-
pital,  which ramifies on the  same sinus.  Each
parietal bone is articulated above, with its fellow;
below, with the temporal bone;  before,  with the
frontal; behind, with the  occipital,  and by the
anterior and inferior angle with the great ala of
the sphenoid.   Each parietal bone is  developed
from a single point of ossification.
  Parietal Foramen, see P. Bones — p. Fossa,
see P. Bones — p. Protuberance, see P. Bones —
p. Veins, see P. Bones.
  PARIETA'RIA,  P. officina'lis, Helx'ine, Vi-
tra'ria,  Wall pel'litory, (F.) Pariitaire  commune.
Family Urticeas.  Sex. Syet. Polygamia Monoecia.
This plant grows on  old walls, and contains much
nitrate of potassa. It is diuretic, but is not much
used.
  Parieta'ria  Pennsylvan'ica, Amer'ican PeV-
litory, a small weed,  flowering from  June to Au-
gust, has  been  used in juice or  decoction as a
diuretic, deobstruent.(?) and emmenagogue.
  PARI'ETES, Plural of Pariee, 'a wall,'  (F.)
Parole.   A name given  to parts which  form the
enclosures — the limits of different cavities of the
body, as the Parietee of the cranium, cheat, &c.
 ^ PARIS,  P. quadrifo'lia,  Sola'num  quadrifd-
lium,  Uva inver'aa seu liqri'na seu vulpi'na, One-
berry, Truelove, (F.) Parieette, Raiein de Renard.
It possesses narcotic properties, and was  formerly
considered a powerful love philter.  It is emetic,
and is sometimes used externally as a resolvent
and anodyne.
  PARISAGOGE INTESTINORUM,  Intussus-
ceptio.
  PARISETTE, Paris.
  PARISTH'MIA, irapa, and tadpos, 'the throat.'
A word employed to designate the  tonsils, and,
likewise, inflammation of the tonsils.   Cynanche
tonail/arie, and  Cynanche in general.
  PARISTHMIOT'OMUS, from  Trap«rfyia, 'the
tonsils,' and rtpvu, 'I cut.'  An instrument with
which the tonsils were formerly scarified.
  PARISTHMITIS, Cynanche, C. tonsillaris.
  PARISTHMIUM, Tonsil.
  PARISAVORT, Trillium latifolium.
  PARMACITY, Cetaceum.
  PAR MELIA ISLANDICA, Lichen Islandicus
— p. Plicata, Lichen plicatus — p. Pulmonacea,
               PARORASIS

Lichen pulmonarius — p.  Roccella, Lichen roo-
cella — p. Saxatilis, Lichen saxatilis.
  PAROCHETEUSIS, Derivation.
  PARODON'TIDES, from  Trapa, 'near,'  and
otiovs,  'a  tooth.'  Tumours on the gums; parulis,
&c.
  PARODYNIA, Dystocia —p. Perversa, Pre-
sentation, preternatural.
  PAROIS, Parietes.
  PAROLE, A'oice, articulated.
  PAROMPHALOCE'LE, from Trapa, 'near,'
optpaXos, 'the navel,' and Kt,Xn, 'rupture.'  Hernia
near the  navel.
  PARONIR'IA, from  Trapa, and  ovupov, 'a
dream.'  Depraved, disturbed, or morbid dream-
ing;  Oneirodyn'ia  aeti'ea,  Erethia'mus  oneiro-
dynia.   The voluntary organs  connected with
the passing train of ideas, overpowered by the
force  of  the imagination during dreaming,  and
involuntarily  excited  to their natural or accus-
tomed actions, while the  other organs  remain
asleep. — Good.
  Paroniria Ambulans, Somnambulism—p. Sa-
lax, Pollution.
  PARONY''CHIA, Paron'ychie, Paronychi'tis,
Pan'aris, Redu'vio, Rediv'ia,  Relu'via, Vermis
dig"iti, Panarit"ium, Pteryg'ium dig"iti, Digi-
tium,  Pandalit"ium, Paeaa, Dactyli'tie,  Pana'-
rium,  Onyeh'ia, (¥.) Onglade, from Trapa, 'near,'
and owl, 'the nail.'   The ancients  gave  this
name  to  an  inflammatory tumour, — Onyxi'tis
(Gross),—seated near the nail, and  involving
the pulp  or matrix.  Some of the moderns have
extended it to inflammation of the hand,  and
even  of  the forearm.  It usually  means  every
phlegmonous tumour of the fingers or toes,  and
especially of  the  first phalanx.  Four kinds of
paronychia are commonly pointed out: 1. That
seated between the epidermis and skin, called in
France Toumiole.  2. That seated in the subcu-
taneous areolar tissue.   3. That occupying the
sheath of a tendon;  and 4. That considered to be
seated between the periosteum and bone.   The
last three are only different degrees of the same
disease, constituting Whitlow, (F.) Mai  d'aven-
ture: — the worst kinds, in English,  are called
Felon.  The inflammation generally commences
in the subcutaneous areolar tissue, and spreads
to other parts, occasioning excessive, lancinating
pain,  owing to  the parts  being put upon  the
stretch;  hence, the necessity of dividing them
freely, — even down to the bone, when there  is
reason to believe that  the affection belongs to
the fourth division, — making  use of emollient
applications,  the antiphlogistic treatment,  and
opiates to relieve pain.
  Paronychia, Asplenium ruta muraria—p. Di-
gitium, Digitium.
  PARONYCIIIS, Paronychia.
  PARONYCHIAS,  Paronychia.
  PAROPHOBIA, Hydrophobia.
  PAROPIA,  Canthus (lesser.)
  PAROPLEXIA, Paraplegia.
  PAROPSIS, Dysesthesia, visualis— p. Amau-
rosis,  Amaurosis — p. Cataracta,  Cataract — p.
Glaucosis, Glaucoma — p. Illusoria, Pseudoblep-
sia — p. Lateralis, Dysopia lateralis — p. Longin-
qua,  Presbytia — p. Lucifuga,  Nyctalopia — p.
Noctifuga, Hemeralopia — p. Propinqua, Myopia
— p.  Staphyloma, Staphyloma — p. Staphyloma
purulentum, Hypopyon—p. Staphyloma simplex,
Hydrophthalmia — p. Strabismus,  Strabismus —
p. Synezisis, Synezisis.
  PAROPTE'SIS,  from napa,  dim., and  oTrraw,
' I roast.' Forcing  a  sweat by placing a patient
before the fire or putting him in a dry bath.
  PARORA'SIS, from  napa, dim., and  opaw, 'I
2 
PARORCHIDIUM
643
PARTICLES
sec.'  Perversion of sight, which prevents the
person from judging accurately of the colour of
objects. Achromatopsia.  Hallucination.—Galen.
   1'ARORCHID'IUM, from napa, dim.,  'some-
thing wrong,' and opx'f. 'testicle.'  Any position
of one or both testicles, different from that which
they ought to occupy in. the scrotum; — whether
they nniy not have descended through the abdo-
minal ring, or are drawn up to the groins by the
cremaster muscle.
   P A R 0 R' C H ID 0 - ENTEROCE'LE, Hernia
paror'chido-enter'aa.  Intestinal hernia compli-
cated with  displacement of the testicle. — Sau-
vages.
   PAROSMIA, Anosmia.  Also,  perversion of
smell; ParaetheSia olfacto'ria,  Olfac'tus depra-
vu'tus, Idioayncra'eia olfacto'ria.
   PAROS'TIA,  from  Trapa,  'defectively,' and
oartov, 'a bone.' Bones untempered in their sub-
stance, and incapable of affording proper sup-
port. — Good,
   Parostia Flexilis, Mollities ossium—p. Fra-
 gilis, Fragilitas ossium.
   PAROTIA, Cynanche parotidasa.
   PAROT'ID, Glo,id'ula parotidea, G. ad Auree,
 Paro'tie, Animel'la, Alimel'la, Lacticidia; from
 irapa, 'about,' and  ovs, 'the ear.'   The largest of
 tho salivary glands,  seated under the  ear,  and
 near the angle of the lower jaw.   It is composed
 of many separate lobes, giving rise to excretory
 ducts, which  unite to form one canal, called the
 Parotid duet, Stem/a canal—the Ductua auperior
 or Superior sol ivory canal of some.  This duct,
 after having advanced  horizontally into the sub-
 stance of the cheek, proceeds through an opening
 in the buccinator muscle, and terminates in the
 mouth opposite the second upper molaris.  About
 the middle of its  course, it aomctimes receives
 the excretory duct of a  glandular body, situate
 in its vicinity, and called the Ac'ceeaory  Gland
 of the Parotid, So'cia Parot'idis, Gland'ula so'ria
 parot'id-is.  In the substance of the parotid are
 found—a number of branches of the facial nerve,
 of the  transverse  arteries  of the  face, and the
 posterior auricular.  It receives, also, some fila-
 ments from  the  inferior maxillary nerve, and
 from the ascending branches of the superficial
 cervical plexus. Its lymphatic vessels are some-
 what numerous, and pass into ganglions situate
 at its surface or behind the angle of  the jaw.
 The parotid secretes saliva, and pours it copiously
 into the mouth.
    Parotid, Accessory Gland  of the, see Pa-
 rotid.
    Parotid Aponeurosis.   A  sheath  of great
 thickness,  continuous, below, with the cervical
 fascia.  It forms a frame-work to the parotid by
 means of fibrous prolongations from its deep sur-
 face.  Its  density accounts for the pain of paro-
 titis, and for the difficulty with which pus makes
 its way to the surface.
    Parotid Arteries, see Parotid—p. Duct, see
 Parotid —p. A'eins, see Parotid.
    PAROTIDE, Parotis.
    PAROTIDON'CUS, Tumorpardtidis, T. glad-
 dula; parotidea, from Trapoini;, 'the parotid,' and
 oyKos, 'a tumour.'   Swelling of the parotid.
    PARO'TIS, Phleg'mone parotidea, Inflamma'-
 tio paro'tidum, Cynan'che parotida'a, Paroti'tis,
 Dioscdri, (F.) Parotide, is the name of a tumour
 seated under the ear; which is reddish, hard, and
 attended with obtuse pain; the  progress to sup-
 puration being slow and difficult.  Sometimes it
 is of a malignant  character, sloughing,  and long
 protracted.   Some French  pathologists restrict
 the term parotide to symptomatic parotitis — as
 to that  which occurs in  plague; whilst they ap-
ply the terms Oreillone or Ourlee to Cynanche
parotidasa or Mumps.
  Parotis Contagiosa, Cynanche parotidasa —
p. Epidemica, Cynanche parotidasa — p. Seroso
glutine tumens, Cynanche parotidasa—p. Spuria,
Cynanche parotidasa.
  PAROTITIS. Cynanche parotidasa, Parotis —
p. Epidemica,  Cynanche parotidasa—p. Erysipe-
latosa, Cynanche  parotidasa — p. Polymorpha,
Cynanche  parotidasa — p.  Specifica, Cynanche
  PAROVA'RIUM:  from  Trapa,  'near;'  and
uaptov, ' the ovary.'  A body closely analogous in
structure to the epididymis, which is  seated be-
tween  the Fallopian tube and  the ovary in the
broad  ligament.  The Corpus  "Wolffianum con-
curs in its formation. — Kobelt.
  PAR'OXYSM,  Paroxye'mua, from  napolyvu,
(napa,  and olwttv,  'to render  sharp.')  'I  irri-
tate;'  hdpetus,  Ineul'tus, Inva'eio, Exacerba'tio,
Accee'sio, AcceeSua, (F.) Exacerbation, Redouble-
ment,  Accee.  The augmentation  which  super-
venes at equal or unequal intervals in the symp-
toms of acute diseases. Also, a periodical exacer-
bation or fit of a disease.
  PAROXA'S'MAL, Paroxyema'lie;  same  ety-
mon.  (F.) Paroxyetique.  Of  or belonging  to a
paroxysm; — as a paroxyemal day, (F.) Jour
paroxyetique; a day on which a paroxysm of
disease occurs.
  PAROXYSMUS FEBRILIS, Pyrexia.
  PAR OX YS TIQ UE, Paroxysmal.
  PARS, Genital organs —p.  Corporis, Genital
organs — p. Inferior Pedis, Sole — p. Intermedia,
see  Corpus  spongiosum urethras — p. Mastoidea
of  Temporal Bone,  Mastoid  process—p. Natu-
ralis medicinas, Physiology—p. Obsccena, Genital
organs—p. Petrosa, see Temporal Bone—p. Prima
asperas arterias,  Larynx — p.  Pyramidalis  ossis
temporis, see Temporal Bone—p. Squamosa, see
 Temporal Bone — p. Urethras membranacea, see
 Urethra — p. Araga, Pneumogastric — p. Virilis,
 Penis.
   PARSLEY", COMMON, Apium petroselinum—
p.  Fool's, Ethusa cynapium — p. Macedonian,
 Bubon Macedonicum—p. Mountain, black, Atha-
 manta aureoselinum — p. Poison,  Conium macu-
 latum—p. Spotted, Conium maculatum — p. "Wa-
 ter, Cicuta maculata.
   PARSNEP,  COAV,  Heracleum spondylium,
 Heracleum  lanatum — p. Garden, Pastinaca sa-
 tiva — p. Meadow,  Thaspium Barbinode — p.
 AVater, common, Sium latifolium.
   PART, see  Parturition—p. Ligitime  et illi-
gitime, see Parturition.
   PARTES GENERATIONI  INSERVIEN-
 TES,  Genital organs — p.  Genitales,  Genital or-
 gans— p. Laterales nasi, Scapulas nasi—p. Ner-
 vosas, see Nerve — p. Obsccenas, Genital organs.
   PARTHENEIA, Virginity.
   PARTHENIUM FEBRIFUGA, Matricaria —
 p.  Mas, Tanacetum.
  1 PARTHEN'IUS, (Morbua;) from  napdtvos, 'a
 virgin.'  A  disease in a  young female.  Also,
 chlorosis.
   PARTHENOGENESIS;  from Trap0£vos,  'a
 virgin,' and ytvtots, ' generation.'  The successive
 production   of  procreating individuals from  a
 single ovum. — Owen.
   PARTHENOL'OGY',  Parthenolog"ia,   from
 napdtvtta, 'virginity,'  and Xoyos, 'a description.'
 A  description or consideration  of the state of vir-
 ginity in health or disease.
   PARTHENUS, Virgin.
   PARTIALIS, Local.
   PARTICLES,  PRIMITIVE, OF MUSCLES,
 Sarcous Elements. 
PARTIES
644
PARTURITION
  PARTIES, LES, Genital organs— p.  Gini-
tales, Genital organs—p. Honteuaee, Genital or-
gans—p. Ginitoiree, Genital organs—p. Nutu-
rellee, Genital organs —p. Noblea, Genital organs
—p. Sexuellea, Genital organs.
  PARTIO, Parturition.
  PARTRIDGE-BERRY, Gaultheria, Mitchella
repens.
  PARTS, THE, Genital organs.
  PARTURA, Parturition.
  PARTU'RIENT, Partdriena, from parturire,
itself from parere, ' to  bring  forth.'  Bringing
forth, or about to bring forth, or having recently
brought forth. — Young.
  The Parturient, Puer'peroue, Childbed, or Ly-
ing-in-etate, Puerpe' rium, requires  careful man-
agement, and is subject to various diseases.
  A Partu'rient or Parturifa'cient is a medicine
which induces or promotes labour ;  as ergot, and,
perhaps, borate of soda, see Abortive.
  PARTURIFACIENT, Parturient.
  PARTURIGO, Parturition.
  PARTURIT'TON, Puerpe'rium, Partus, Par-
tio,  ParturW'io,  Parturi'go,  Partu'ra,   Tocoe,
To'cetoe,  Texie, Lochi'a, Apocye'eis,  Jlaeeu'sis,
Maicdeie,  Nego'tium  seu  Aetna  parturitio'nia,
Enix'us seu Enix'iofectua, Expul'sio foetus, ApoV-
ysie, Labour, Child-bearing, Child-birth, Trav'ail,
(F.) Accouchement,  Couche, Travail  d'Enfant.
The delivery of the  foetus  and its appendages.
Labour is the necessary consequence of concep-
tion, pregnancy, and the completion of gestation.
It does not take place, at the full time, until after
nine months of utero-gestation,—the causes pro-
ducing it being the contraction of the uterus and
abdominal muscles.  By different authors, the
stages  of labour have been  variously  divided.
We may, perhaps, admit of four.   The firet atage
comprises  the  precursory  signs.   One,  two, or
three  days  before  labour,  a mucous  discharge,
streaked with blood, takes place from the vagina,
which is called the Signum, Leucorrhoe'a Nabo'-
thi, Hamorrhag"ia  Nabothi,  Labour-show,  or
Show; and, along  with this,  trifling  grinding
pains, called by the French Mouches, are felt in
the loins and abdomen.  Second stage :—Peculiar
pains, which extend from the  lumbar region to-
wards the uterus;  tension  and dilatation of the
neck and orifice of that organ; protrusion into
the vagina of the envelopes of the foetus, forming
the bag of watere, (F.) Poche dee eaux ;  and rup-
ture or breaking of the waters.  Third etage : —
Contractions of the uterus and abdominal mus-
cles ; forcing pains; the head of  the foetus be-
comes engaged in the pelvis; the occiput being
commonly situate  above  the left  acetabulum,
passes beneath the arch of  the  pubis.   Fourth
stage: —the head  now presents at the vulva, the
perineum being considerably distended;  at length
it clears  the external parts, and  the rest of tho
body is easily disengaged.  The  child still con-
tinues  attached to  the  mother by the umbilical
cord, which has to be divided.  In the course of
fifteen or twenty minutes, trifling pains occur, and
the secundines are expelled.   This completes de-
livery.  In by far the majority of cases, the head
is the presenting part, the occiput directed ante-
riorly, and the face posteriorly.  Of 12,633 chil-
dren, born at the Hospital La Maternite, in Paris,
from the 10th of December,  1797, to the 31st of
July, 1806, the following were the presentations:
  The head, with the face  posteriorly... 12,120
  The head anteriorly........................     63
  The breech...................................    198
  The feet.......................................    147
  The knees....................................      3
  Other positions..............................    102
                                      12,633
  The following table, drawn up from data fur-
nished by Velpeau, gives an approximative view
of the comparative number of presentations, ac-
cording to the experience of the individuals men-
tioned :
TABLE, EXHIBITING  THE RATIO  OF  PRESENTATIONS  IN 1000 CASES.
			ACCORDING TO				
Merri-		Madame	Madame Lacha-	Niiegle.	Lovati.	Hospital of the	
			pelle.			Faculte.	
924	944	969	933	933	911	980	
908		944 700 179 0.29 9.4 5.3 4.4	910 717 209 9 7.3 2.9		895 537		
2.2	2.6	3.6	4.6 26				8.8
36	28	29	36	47			29
12.7	9.4	0.19	14 0.40				10.3
23	13	18 4.6	22 5.3	4.8			19
6.6	4.7	4.6	3.4	36			5.7
16	4.7		7.8	7.2			5.9
3.3	5.2	4.77	0.53	2.4			1.5
Regular, or of the vortex -
I. Occipit.o-anterior........
a. Occipito-cotyloid (left)..
       Do.        (right)
b. Occipito pubian........
II. Occipitoposterior......
a. Fronto-cotyloid (left)...
b       Do      (right).
Face presentation........
Mento-iliac (right)........
Of the pelvis.............
Of the foot...............
Of the knees.............
Of the breech.............
Of the trunk.............
Requiring Forceps........
    "    Turning.......
    "    Cephalotomy ...
  Labour has received different names, according
to the period of pregnancy at which it occurs, and
the  mode in which it takes place.  It is called
miecarriage or abortion,  prior  to the seventh
month ; premature labour, Omotoc'ia, Partuepra-
cox seu  pramotu'rue, between  this and  eight
months and a half; and labour at the full period,
(F.) Accouchement d terme, when it happens at
the end of  nine months.   Labours have likewise
been variously divided by different authors. Per-
haps the one  into  Natural, Preternatural, and
Laborious, is as common as any;—natural  La-
bour meaning that which would  occur without
manual assistance; preternatural, requiring the
assistance of art, but by the hand  solely:  and
laborious,  requiring   instrumental   assistance;
which  M. Capuron  calls  Accouchement Michn-
nique,  Powerless labour, the  Inertia  par ipuiae-
mciit of Madame La Chapelle, is that in which the
muscular powers from exhaustion  are unable to
accomplish delivery.
  The  French use the term Part,  Partus, at 
PARTURITION              645               PARTURITION
times, synonymously  with delivery; at  others,   the condition necessary for its  enjoying advan
with foetus,  Moiedma, Moeedma.   Suppreeaion
de  part means  concealment of delivery;  Part
ligitime, a foetus which comes into the world with
tages granted  by law;  and Part illigitime, one
that does not fall under those conditions.
TABLE OF THE COURSE AND MANAGEMENT OF DIFFERENT KINDS  OF
                                     LABOURS.

                                 Natural Labolt.s,
              Or those in which Delivery can be effected without Aeeietance.
            {                           ("The head with the chin bent upon the breast clears the
             ,  „  .  .  ,     ,   ,,   T A   brim of the pelvis.  Motion of rotation produced by the
             I.  Occiput  towards  the  Left}   inc|ined pianes Gf the pelvis; the occipital protuberance
                                           is carried  behind the symphysis pubis,  and the  face
                                           towards the hollow of the sacrum.
                                         The head attains the outlet: clears it; the  occiput being
                                           first disengaged, and  the face afterwards, which passes
                                           successively along the  whole of the hollow  of the
                                           sacrum.  The  shoulders enter the  brim diagonally ;
                                           and execute the movement of rotation.  The one be-
                                           hind first clears the outlet.   The same thing  occurs
                                           with the nates.
                                        i The same course is here followed: except that after the
             3.  Occiput towards  the Rig/it)   rotary movement, the face passes behind the symphysis
               Sacro-iliac Symphysis.      j   pubis, and the occiput into the  hollow of the sacrum.
                                        (   The occiput is first extruded ; —the face next.
                                         {When  the chin presents  and is turned  forwards, the
                                           face is first expelled; the  head  is thrown backwards.
                                           This presentation is uncommon.  If the chin present
                                           and be thrown  backwards, natural delivery cannot be
                                           effected.
                                        t The nates enter the brim diagonally; movement of rota-
                Heel, Tibia, or Sacrum to-)   tion: the one passes behind  the symphysis pubis; the
               wards the Left Acetabulum.
He ad Presenting.
(Four Positions.)
2.  Occiput towards the Right
  Acetabulum.
 Occiput  towards  the
Sacro-iliac Symphysis.
Lower Extremi-
  ty Presenting.
The one be-
(Four Positions of-i   lum
  the  Feet, Knees
  and Breech.)
2.  Heel, Tibia, or  Sacrum to-
  wards the Right Acetabu-i
I. Presentation  of the
  Head, Upper Extremi-J
  ties.  Back, Abdomen,
  &c.
General Observations
                              other towards the hollow of the sacrum.
                              hind is first extruded.
                           (The same thing happens to the shoulders.  The chin is
                              bent upon the chest to clear the brim : movement of
                              rotation: the occiput  passes  behind the symphysis
                              pubis, and the face towards the hollow of the sacrum.
                           (   The face clears the outlet first; the occiput last.
3.  Heel, Tibia, or  Sacrum to- [
  wards the Right Sacro-iliac  The same progress, except that after the movement of
  Symphysis.               J   rotation, the face is towards the pubis, and the occiput
4.  Heel, Tibia, or  Sacrum to-)   towards the sacrum. The face is here again delivered
  wards  the Left  Sacroiliac i   flrst-
  Symphysis.                L

               II.  Preternatural Labours,
       Or thoee which require Manual Aesiatance only.

       "1. When the labour is without any serious complication, and the head is not
         in a good position at the brim of the pelvis, endeavours are to be  made to
         place it  in its natural position:  the hand to be introduced  with the fingers
         united,  and  the  long  diameter of the head to be placed diagonally in the
         brim, if  possible.  Or  the lever may be fixed over the occiput, and, by draw-
         ing it down, a closer approximation of the chin and chest  may be effected;
         the position  of the head to the pelvis being at the same time attended to.
        2. If complicated  with syncope,  convulsions, hemorrhage,  want of uterine
         action, &c,  the feet  must be laid hold of, and  the child turned.  For this
         purpose, empty the rectum and  bladder; and  turn,  if possible, prior to the
         escape of  the liquor  amnii.  The  female niay be placed on her back or left
         side, with the  breech  over the edge of the bed.  Use the right or left hand,
         according as the feet  of the child are to the right or left side of the pelvis;
         always  so introducing the hand, that the child shall be in its palm, and the
         back of  the  hand opposed to the inner surface  of the uterus.  The hand and
         arm to he introduced during an interval of pain ; and they must be flattened
         and tranquil whilst the uterus is contracting forcibly.    If  both feet cannot
         be readily  brought down, seize one, and  tie a fillet around it.
        3. If the  toes  point to the vertebral column, or to the abdomen of the mother,
         the hea/l, in  its descent, will not enter the pelvis: the chin  and occiput will
         be hitched on the pubis and promontory of the sacrum.   In  such case, grasp
         the nates as soon as they have passed the os externum ; and, during a pain.
         endeavour to direct the toes towards either sacro-iliac synchondrosis.  When
         the fingers can be passed along the body of the child, and over the shoulders
         to the bend of the elbows, draw down the arms  successively.   When the body
         is expelled, and the head filling up the brim, the  termination of labour must
         be accelerated by passing two fingers over the shoulder of the child; using
         moderate  and  steady extracting power,  whilst one finger of the other hand,
         passed into the mouth, depresses the chin on the sternum.   In  this way, the
         head may be extracted.

               III. Instrumental  Labours,
Or thoee requiring the Aaeietance of appropriate Instruments.
       (If the pains become feeble, or inadequate from any cause ;—or if the presenting
       j  part be  firmly wedged in the pelvis; or the woman  be becoming exhausted,
         instrumental assistance may be required.  In all such cases, place the female
       '  on the back  or left side, empty the bladder and rectum ; wait till the os uteri
       ]  is in a fit state; afford assistance during the pains ; introduce the instrument
         during  the intervals between the pains; have the patient ou  her left side
       |  (generally);  and extract according to the axes of brim and outlet, as the case
       [  may be. 
PARTURITION              646              PASSE-PIERRE
1. Short Forceps,






2. Long Forceps.



3. Lever or Vectis.


4. Fillet and Blunt Hook.
Embryulcia.
Sy.MPHYSOTOMY AND Cm
  sarean Section.
Separation of the Head
 of the Foetus from the
 Body.
Induction of Premature
  Labour.
  Apply these to the sides of the head of tbe child, so that the ears and pnrictnl
    protuberances may be within the fenestra;.  Introduce  the left-hand blade
    first; the index and middle fingers of the  right hand guiding it to the ear.
    With the right hand pass the other in an opposite line, corresponding with
{   the course of the first blade, guided by the fore and middle fingers of the left
    hand; the third and little fingers being employed to retain the left-hand blade
    in place; humour  the instrument so  as to  allow the blades  to lock.  The
    handles may now be tied gently together.  The force used must be from blade
    to blade, with a gentle, tractile effort.
 (Applicable where the head does not enter the brim.  The long forceps must he
 |   applied,  in  most cases, over the occiput and face of the child, so that  the
i,   convex edges of the blades  may  be  towards the hollow of the sacrum.
    When used, the power may  be exerted from side to side, with  moderate
 [   traction.
{ The lever is applicable to  the same cases  as the forceps.  It must not be used
<   strictly as a lever, but as a hook with which  to draw downwards.  It may be
(   applied to any part of the head,  but is generally hitched on the occiput.
I In certain cases of breech and knee presentation, where the  hand is insufficient,
<   it may be necessary to pass, over the joint a fillet, or the  blunt hook, with
(   which to exert some force of traction.  The operation  is  very simple.
 'Disproportionate size of head, or distorted or deformed pulvis, may require the
    child to be destroyed, and its bulk lessened ; or the Cesarean section or sym-
    physoiomy,  or the induction of premature labour may  be called for.
  The instruments required here, are the  Perforator, Crotchet,  and Craniotomy
    Forceps.   Make a steady pressure on the abdomen ; pass two  fingers of the
    left hand  up to the head: feel for a suture or fontanelle; introduce the per-
    forator and  bore through, until the progress of the instrument is arrested  by
    its shoulders.  Open the handles, and turn the instrument in different direc-
    tions, so that the opening may be large enough to admit  the perforator, with
    which the brain must be broken down.
  If, after this, delivery cannot be accomplished without further aid, pass up the
    craniotomy  forceps; open  the  handles slightly,  and introduce  the blade
    without teeth within the cranium. On closing the forceps, a hold is obtained;
    and a tractile  force  can  now be exerted during the pains, and the extrusion
    of the child  be effected.
  Should great difficulty exist at the brim, the bones at the top of the  head may
    have to be removed, until the base  alone remains. The chin must then  be
    brought through first.
  The crotchet is often  used instead of the craniotomy forceps, being passed into
    the opening  made by the perforator, and hooked upon  some bony projection
    in the interior of the skull; but it is not a good instrument.  In  presentations
    of the face  demanding perforation of the cranium, the perforator should  be
    introduced just above the nose, in the sagittal suture.
  When  it is necessary to open  the head after the lower extremities have been
(.   expelled, the perforation must be made behind the ear.
C In cases of great narrowness of the pelvis, the operation of Sympliysotomy has
<   been adopted by French  practitioners,—rarely by British  or American ; and,
(   in extreme cases, recourse has been had to the Cesarean  Section.
(If the  body of the foetus has  been  forcibly separated, and the head left in the
|   uterus, it must be laid hold of with one hand, and the  forceps be applied:  or
I   the head be opened and delivered, as  under embryulcia.  Should  the head
    have been brought  away, and the body left behind, the feet must be brought
[   down.
(In cases of narrowness of the pelvis, where the foetus, at the full term, cannot
    Ibe born alive, delivery may be brought  about at an earlier period, or as soon
    as the child is capable  of  carrying on its functions  independently of  the
    mother.
-{ The most advisable plan for accomplishing this object  is  merely fo pass  the
j   finger round and round within the os  and cervix uteri, so as to detach the
    decidua;—the membranes being thus left entire, and the life of the  child not
I    so much endangered, as where, the membranes are punctured, and the waters
(   evacuated.  Parturition usually  follows within forty-eight hours.
  The laying  of eggs by  animals is termed in
French ^onte.   The term has been applied to the
periodical discharge—ponte piriodique —of ova,
(F.) Chute dea OSufe, which is  supposed to  take
place from the ovaries at each  menstrual period.
  PARTURITION, DRY, Partus Siccus.
  PARTURIUM VANUM, Fanaae couche.
  PARTUS,  Parturition — p. Abactio, Abortion
—p. Abactus, Abortion — p. Caesareus, Cesarean
section — p.  Difficilis,  Dystocia—p. Laboriosus,
Dystocia, Laborious labour — p.  Praecox, Partu-
rition (premature) — p. Praamaturus, Parturition
(premature) — p. Serotinus, Opsiotocia.
  Partus  Siccus,  Dry labour  or parturition.
Labour,  which is neither  preceded nor attended
by a discharge of the liquor amnii.
  PARU'LIS, from napa,  'near,' and ovXov,  'the
gum.'  Apoete'ma parulis  vel  parotitis,  Phleg'-
mone Parulis, Gum Boil.  Small abscesses are so
called  which form in  the gums, sometimes with-
out any known  cause, but which  often depend
upon carious teeth.
  PARU'RIA, from napa, "[defectively,' and ovptu,
' I  pass urine.'   Morbid  secretion  or discharge
of urine.
  Paruria Incontinens,  Enuresis — p. Inconti-
nens  aquosa, see Diabetes — p. Inops, Ischuria,
false — p. Mellita, Diabetes — p. Retentionis, Is-
churia—p. Retentionis renalis, Ischuria—p. Re-
tentionis vesicalis, Retention of urine — p. Stil-
latitia, Strangury — p. Stillatitia mucosa, Cystir-
rhcea.
  PARVITAS   MORBOSA  PARTIUM  0R-
GANICARUM, Microtesia.
  PAR'YGRON, from napa,  and 'vypos, 'humid.'
A liquid or moist preparation for allaying topical
inflammation.
  PAS D'ANE,  Tussilago.
  PASMA, Catapasma.
  PASQUEFLOWER, Anemone Pulsatilla.
  PASSA,  Paronychia.
  PASSvE  CORINTHlACiE, see  Vitis  Corin-
thiaca.
  PASSAGES, DIGESTIVE,  Ways, digestive
—p. Second, Ways, second.
  PASSE-PIERRE,  Crithmum maritimum. 
PASSERAGE
647
PATELLA
  PASSER AGE, Iberis amara—p. Sauvage, Car-
damine pratensis.
  PASSIRILITY, GREAT,  Hyperaesthesis.
  PASSIFLO'RA LAURIFO'LIA, Boy-leaved
Passion Flower. A native of Surinam.  The fruit
has a  delicious smell and flavour, and quenches
thirst,  abates heat of the stomach, increases the
appetite, <fec.
  PassiflorA  Malifor'mis, Apple-shaped Gra-
nadil'lo.  The fruit of this species is esteemed a
delicacy in the West Indies, where it is served
up at table in desserts.
  Some of the genus are said to possess narcotic
and emetic properties.
  PASSIO,   Disease, Passion — p. JEmoptoica,
Hasmoptysis—p.  Cadiva, Epilepsy—p. Cardiaca,
Cardialgia — p. Cceliaca, Cceliac flux — p. Chole-
rica, Cholera—p. Fclliflua, Cholera—p. Haemop-
toica,  ILemoptysis — p. Hypochondriaca, Hypo-
chondriasis— p. Hysterica, Hysteria—p. Iliaca,
Ileus—p. Ischiadica, Neuralgia femoro-poplitasa
— p. Pleuritica, Pleuritis — p. Stomachica, Dys-
pepsia— p. Ventriculosa, Coeliac flux—p. Vomi-
coflua, Phthisis pulmonalis.
  PASSION, 1'os'sio, An'imi Rathe'ma, Affec'tus,
Emo'tio, from potior, paeeue, 'to suffer.' An active
affection or emotion of the mind; as rage, ter-
ror, love, hatred, &c.
  Passion Flower,  Bay-leaved, Passiflora lau-
rifolia—p. Hi/sterii/uc, Hysteria—p. Iliac, Ileus.
  PASSIONES ANIMI, Affections of the mind.
  PASSIVE, Paesi'vus.   Same  etymon as Pas-
sion.   An epithet for diseases which seem owing
to a greater  or less  diminution of the strength,
or which are without apparent reaction.   Thus,
passive hemorrhages are  such  as supervene in
debilitated individuals, or under conditions in
which  increased action of the arteries can scarce-
ly be  presumed.  The term passive has,  also,
been given to aneurisms of the heart with exte-
nuation of the  parietes; in opposition to active
aneurisms, with thickness of the parietes — hy-
pertrophy.
  PASSULA"*. MAJORES, see Vitis  vinifera —
p. Min ores, sec  Vitis Corinthiaca.
  PASSULA'TUM,  Uva paaea, 'raisins, dried
grapes.'  A medicine in which the pulp of raisins
is a chief ingredient.
  PASSY, MINERAL WATERS OF.  This vil-
lage is in the vicinity of Paris.   There are seve-
ral springs,  containing  sulphates  of lime, iron,
and magnesia,  alum, common salt, carbonate of
iron, carbonic acid, <fec.  They are employed as
a tonic and astringent.
  PASTA DE  ALTHiEA, Paste, marshmallow
— p. Amygdalina, Confection (aiinond) — p. de
Dactylis, Paste, date — p. Emulsiva,  Confection
(almond) — p. de Jujubis, Paste of jujubes — p.
Refill, Confection (almond).
  Pasta Glycyrrhi'za: Gumma'ta et Anisa'ta
Beu Massa de cxtracto glycyrrhi'za.  A compound
of extract of  liquorice, gum Senegal, sugar, Flo-
rence orris-root, and  volatile oil of aniseed.  De-
mulcent.
  PASTE, Pasta, (F.) Pdte.  A compound me-
dicine, like the pastil, but less consistent, flexible,
less saccharine, and  more  mucilaginous.
  Paste, Date,  Massa seu  Paata de dac'tylis.
Composed of dates, sugar, gum Arabic, water, and
orange-flower water. — Ph. P.  Demulcent.
  Paste op Ju'jubes, Paata de jdjubis, 3Iasaa
de zizypho' rum fructd. Composed of jujubes, gum
Senegal, sugar,  water, and tincture of lemon-peel.
Demulcent.
  Paste,  Marsh mal'low,  Massa  de  gummi
Arab'ico. Pasta de altha'a.  A compound of gum
Arabic, sugar,  white of egg, and orange-flower
leater.— Ph.  P.   It is demulcent.
  Paste, Tooth, Dentifricium — p. Vienna, see
Powder, Vienna — p. Ward's, Confectio  piperis
nigri.
  PASTEL, Pastil'lue, Dtocree, Avic'ula dp'ria,
Cande'la fuma'lis, Phthois, Phthoie'cue.  A com-
pound of aromatic substances in various shapes;
used as a fumigating material when set  fire to.
See Fumigation.
  The French use the term Pastille, (L.) PaetiU
lua, for  a solid, dry, round, oblong, square,  or
triangular compound, whose base is essential oil,
and sugar the excipient.   These pastilles are in
fact  small  lozenges,  and only differ from  the
tablette in their smaller size.
  Pastel, Isatis tinctoria.
  PASTEQUE, Cucurbita citrullus.
  PASTILLE, see  Pastel.
  PASTILLES  DIGESTIVES  D'HAUTE-
RIVE-VICHY, see Trochisci Sodae bicarbonatis
—p. Fumigating, see Fumigation—p. de Vichy,
see Trochisci Sodas  bicarbonatis.
  PASTILLI  DIGESTIVI  DARCETII,  see
Trochisci  Soda*  bicarbonatis — p. Emetinas Pec-
torales, Trochisci emetinas pectorales.
  Pastil'li de  Mentha Piperi'ta, Peppermint
drope.  (Sacch.  alb., aqua mentha pip., aq. dee-
etillat. aa "§ij. Boil  to the consistence of an elec-
tuary. Take of fine white eugar in powder, ^iv;
volatile  oil of peppermint, gss.   Mix, aud add
the electuary whilst warm.  Drop it  then on
marble, and dry the dropa.— Ph. P.)
  PASTILLUS, Pastel.
  PASTINACA ALTISSIMA, P. opoponax—p.
Anethum, Anethum graveolens — p. Graveolens,
Anethum graveolens—p.  Opaca, P. sativa.
  Pastina'ca Opop'anax.  The  name  of  the
plant which  furnishes the Opoponax. The plant,
whence the gum resin is obtained, has, also, been
called Fer'nla opop'onax, Paatino'ca alties'ima,
Laaerpit'ium  chiro'nium,  Seli'num  opop'onax,
Opopandcum, Panax heracle'um, Panax coeti'-
num, Paetina'cea, Kyna,Herculee-all-heal, Opop'-
anaxwort.
  Opoponax, Opopana'ris gummi-reai'na, Gezir,
Pop'anax, Gummi Pana'cie, exudes from the roots
when wounded.   Its odour  is strong and pecu-
liar; taste, bitter and  acrid. It is met with in
the shops, in  lumps of a reddish-yellow colour,
without; white within.  It has been recommend-
ed as an antispasmodic and emmenagogue; but
is seldom used.  Dose, gr. x. to Qj in powder.
  Pastinaca Pratensis, P. sativa.
  Pastina'cAnSati'va, Elaphoboe' cum, Paelinaca
eylvee'tria  seu opa'ca  seu pratenSis; Ane'thum
paatino'ca, Seli'num pastina'ca, Badica,  Garden
parenep.   The root is sweet and nutritious, and
is in esteem  as an article of food.   It has  been
used as a diuretic and demulcent in  calculous af-
fections, Ac.
  Pastinaca  Sylvestris, P. sativa—p. Sylves-
tris tenuifolia offieinarum, Daucus carota.
  PATE, Paste—p. Areinicale, Arsenical paste.
  PATELLA, Rot'ula, R. genu, Epigodatie, Epi-
godtis, Acromy'le, Epigodnis seu Epigdnie seu
Epig'onia, Mola seu  Concha seu Oc'ulus seu Orbis
seu Scutum  genu, Oe scutifor'me seu disciforme
seu thyreo'i'dee, Supergenua'lie, CaucaloVdee, My'-
lacris, Myle, Gamba, Olec'ranon mob'ile, (F.) Ilo-
tule.  Diminutive of patina, 'a dish,' so called
from its  shape.   A  sort of sesamoid, flat, short,
thick, rounded bone, situate  in front of the knee,
and enveloped in the substance  of the  tendon
common to the extensor muscles of the leg.  The
posterior  surface  of the  patella is  divided into
two facettee, united angularly, which are encrust-
ed with cartilage, and each of which is articulated
with one of the condyles  of the femur.  The pa- 
PATENT
648
PAVILION
tella is developed by a single point of ossification.
When  the  patella  is  fractured, it is difficult to
produce bony union.  This can only be accom-
plished by keeping the fractured  extremities
closely in apposition.
  Patella, Cup—p. Fixa, Olecranon.
  PATENT MED'ICINE,  Medecine brevetie ou
patentie, Remede breveti ou patcnti.   A medici-
nal compound, for the sale of which the proposer
obtains from government an exclusive privilege.
A specification of his invention must be registered
in the  Patent Office, and, hence, it  differs from
a secret medicine.
  PATER OMNIUM VIVENTIUM, Penis.
  PATERA DIOGENIS, Palm.
  PATHEMA, Affection, Disease.
  PATHEMATOLOGY, Pathology.
  PATHET'IC,Pathet'icue,from nadttv, 'to feel.'
That which moves  the passions.  A name given
to the auperior oblique muacle of the eye, and,
also, to a nerve.
  Pathetic Muscle, Oblique superior of the  eye.
  Pathetic Nerve,  Nervua Pathct'icue, N. tro-
chledrie seu trochleato'rius seu trochlea'tor, the
ith pair of nervee,  (F.)  Ocalo-musculaire interne
(Ch.,)  Nerf pathitique, is the smallest  encephalic
nerve.  It arises behind the  inferior part of the
tubercula  quadrigemina (testce) at  the lateral
parts of the valvula Vieussenii.  Its roots unite
into one thin  round cord, which makes a turn
upon the peduncles of the brain, and passes  into
a canal of  the dura mater near the posterior cli-
noid process.   It enters the orbit by the broadest
part of the sphenoidal fissure, and terminates in
the  superior oblique muscle of  the eye, by divi-
ding into several filaments.
   PATHETISM, Magnetism, animal.
   PATHIC, Morbid.
   PATHICAL, Morbid.
   PATHICUS, Morbid.
   PATHNE, Alveolus.
   PATHOGENETIC,  Pathogenet'icue,  Patlio-
gedicue.   Same etymon as the next.  Relating
to pathogeny.
   Pathogenetic Physiology,  Phyeiolog"ia pa-
thogenet'ica.   That part of physiology which re-
lates to the origin  of disease.
   PATHOGENICUS, Pathogenetic.
   PATHOG"ENY,  Pathogcn'ia,  Noeogedeeis,
No8ogen'ia, from na&os, ' a disease,' and yfvtats,
'generation.'   The branch of  pathology which
relates to the generation, production and develop-
ment of disease.
   PATHOGNOMON'IC, Pathognomon'icus,  Sig-
num eonjunc'turn seu characterie'ticum seu morbi
eeeentia'le; from  na§os, 'an  affection,' and yt-
vooku, ' I  know.'  A  characterietic symptom of a
disease.
   PATHOG'RAPHY, Pathograph'ia, from  na-
$os, 'disease,'  and ypa^u,  'I describe.'  A  de-
scription of disease.
   PATHOLOGIA, Pathology — p.  Humoralis,
Humorism—p. Solidaris, Solidism.
   PATHOLOG"ICAL,  Patholog"icue, Pathol'o-
gue;  same etymon as  pathology.  Relating to
pathology. Often used in the sense of pathical.
   Pathological Anatomy, see Anatomy.
   PATHOL'OGIST, Pathol'ogua. Same etymon.
 One versed in pathology.
   PATHOL'OGY,  Pathematol'ogy,  Patholog"ia,
 Pathematolog"ia,  Patholog"ice, from nad-os, ' a
 disease,' and  Xoyos, 'a discourse.'  The branch
 of medicine whose object is the knowledge of dis-
 ease.  It  has  been defined dieeased phyeiology,
 and phyeiology of dieeaae.  It is divided into ge-
 neral  and  special.   The firat  considers diseases
 in  common; — the second,  the particular history
of each.  It is  subdivided into internal and  rx-
ternal, or medical and surgical.
  Pathology, Humoral, Humorism.
  PATHOMA'NIA,  Parapathi'a,  Moral  Insa-
nity, from na§os, 'a disease,' and mania.  Mo'nia
sine Delir'io.  A morbid perversion of the natu-
ral feelings, affections, inclinations, temper, ha-
bits,  moral disposition, and natural impulses,
without any remarkable disorder or defect of the
intellect or knowing and reasoning faculties,  and
particularly without  any insanity  or  halluci-
nation.
   PATHOMYOTOM'IA; from nados, ' affection,'
pvs or pvuv, 'muscle,' and ropn, 'incision.'   The
title of  a work  by Dr. John Bulwer (1649), beiiij^
" a dissection of the  significative  muscles of the
affections of the mind,"
   PATHOPATRIDALGIA, Nostalgia.
   PATHOS, Affection, Disease.
   PATIENCE, Rumex patientia—p.  d'Ean,
Rumex hydrolopathum—p.  Garden, Rumex pa-
tientia—p. Rouge,  Rumex sanguineus—p. Sau-
vage, Rumex acutus.
   PATIENT, see Sick.
   PATIENTIA, Rumex patientia.
   PATIENTLE MUSCULUS, Levator scapulas.
   PATNE, Alveolus.
   PATOPATRIDALGIA, Nostalgia.
   PATOR NA'RIUM. The cavity or the open-
ing of the  nostrils.
   PATRATIO, Ejaculation, (of sperm.)
   PATTE D'OIE (F.),' Goose's foot'  An apo-
neurotic expansion,  which  covers  the  internal
surface  of the tibia at its upper part, and consists
of the expansion formed by the  tendons of the
sartorius, gracilis, and semi-tendinosus muscles.
   PATURSA,  Syphilis.
   PAU, (CLIMATE OF.)   Pau is the capital of
the  department of the Lower Pyrenees, and  is
about 150  miles from Bordeaux, and  50  from
Bayonne.   The climate corresponds with that of
the  south-west of France generally;  its  great
quality is the comparative mildness of its spring,
and exemption from cold winds.   It is regarded
as a favourable winter residence  for invalids la-
bouring under  chronic affections  of the mucous
membranes. It is too changeable  for the  con-
sumptive;  and to be avoided by the rheumatic.
   PAULLIN'IA.  This is an extract from a plant
of the  same name in  Brazil.   It is prepared by
tho  Indians,  and appears  to  possess  excitant
powers. In Brazil, and the neighbouring coun-
tries, it is given in the form of tisane—the pow-
der being  mixed with cocoa — in  diarrhoea and
dysentery.  It has been employed also as a tonic.
An extract is prepared in Brazil from Paullinia
eor'bilia, known there under the name of Guo-
rana, which is  administered in similar pathologi-
cal cases.
   PAU ME DE LA MAIN, Palm.
   PAUNCH, Ingluvies.
   PAUONTA, Sedatives.
   PAUPIERE. Palpebra.
   PAUSIME'NIA, from navats, ' cessation,' and
pr,vts, 'menses.'  Cessation of the menses.
   PAVANA WOOD, Croton tiglium.
   PAVIL'ION.  The French give the name pa-
vilion, to the expanded extremity of a canal  or
cavity,—for example,  of a catheter, sound, Ac.
   Pavilion of  the Ear, Auric'ula, Pinna,
 O'tium, Ala, (F.)  Auricule  ou  Oricule, Pnrillon
de I'oreille, is seated behind the cheeks, beneath
the temple, and anterior to the mastoid process.
 Its size varies  in individuals.  It is free  above,
 behind, and below.   Anteriorly and within, it is
 continuous with  the  neighbouring parts.   Its
 outer surface has several prominences, the Helix, 
PAVILION
649
PECTORALS
 Anthelix, Tragus, Antitragus, and Lobe; and se-
 veral cavities—the groove of the Helix,  the fossa
 navicularis seu aeophoidea, and the Concha.  The
 skin which  covers the pavilion is very  fine, and
 studded with a number  of sebaceous  follicles.
 The auricle is  fixed  to  the head by three fibro-
 arcolar  ligaments; — a  auperior, anterior,  and
 posterior.
   PAVILION DE L'OREILLE, Pavilion of
 the ear—p. de la Trompe, see  Tuba Fallopiana.
   PAVIMENTUM CEREBRI,  Base of  the
 brain.
   PAVINA, iEsculus hippocastanum.
   PAVITA'TIO, Tremor; from pavor, < dread.'
 Trembling for fright.
   PAVOPHOBIA, Panophobia.
   PAVOR,  (L.), Dread.   Great fright.  Pano-
 phobia.
   Pavo'res Noctur'ni seu Dormien'tium. Fear
 during sleep.
   PA VO T, Papaver.
   PAW, Manus.
   PAXWAX, see Nucha.
   PAXYWAXY, see  Nucha.
   PAZAHAR,  Bezoar.
   PEA,  Pisum — p.  Garden,  Pisum—p. Ground
 Squirrel, Jeffersoniana Bartoni—p. Hoary, Galega
 Virginiana—p. Love, Abrus precatorius—p. Nut,
 Arachis  hypogea — p. Partridge,  Cassia chamas-
 crista—p. Pisum—p. Turkey, Galega Virginiana.
   PEACH BRANDY,  Amygdalus Persica—p.
 Tree, Amygdalus Persica—p. Wood, see Cassal-
 pinia.
   PEAGLE, Primula veris.
   PEAR, see Pyrus malus.
   PEARL,  I'erlo, Mar'garon, Margari'ta, Mar-
gel'Hum, Marge'lis, U'nio, (F.) Perte.   A round-
ish concretion of a silvery white colour, and bril-
liant polish,  found  in several shells, and espe-
cially in  the Avic'ula  margoritif'era, which has,
hence, been called Mater  perlarum, Margari'ta,
and Mother of pearl,  and is much used in the fa-
brication of handles for surgical instruments, &c.
 Pearls were formerly given in powder as astrin-
 gents and antacids.   They consist of lime and an
 animal matter.
   Pearl Ash,  Potash of commerce — p. Mother
 of, see Pearl—p. White, Bismuth, subnitrate of.
   PEA U, Cutis.
   PEAUCIER, Platysma myoides.
   PECAN  or PECCAN NUT, see Hickory.
   PECCANT, Peccans, from  peccare,  'to sin.'
Morbid, not healthy.  An epithet given by the
humourists to the humours when erring in qua-
lity or quantity.  See Materia Morbosa.
   PECHEDEON, Perinasum.
   PECHER, Amygdalus Persica.
   PECHIAGRA, Pechyagra.
   PECIIU'RIM seu PICHU'RIM CORTEX. A
highly aromatic bark, the produce of a species of
laurus.   It is extremely  fragrant, like that of
 cinnamon, which it greatly resembles in its pro-
perties.   In  Portugal it is used  in the cure of
dysentery,  kc.   See Pichurim beans.
   PEC1I'\ AGRA, Pech'iagra, Ancodagra, Pec-
tihogro,  from mixys,  'the elbow,' and  aypa, 'a
seizure.'   (rout affecting the elbow.
   PECIIYS.  Elbow.
   PECll VTYRBE, Porphyra nautica.
   PECTK, Cheese.
   PECTEX.  Pubes.   Also, a comb.
   Pec-ten Dentium, Sepes dentium—p.  Veneris,
Scandix cerefolium.
   PECTIHAGRA, Pechyagra.
   PECTIN, from -sktis, 'a coagulum.'   A name
given by Braconnot to a  principle which forms
the basis of  vegetable jelly.   It is extensively |
 diffused in the juices of pulpy fruits and roots,
 especially when they are mature :  and occasions
 these juices  to  coagulate when they are mixed
 with alcohol or boiled with sugar.
   It is the basis of one  of the classes of elemen-
 tary principles of Dr. Pereira,—the pectinaceous.
   PECTINACEOUS, Pectinous.
   PECTINA'LIS, from pecten, 'the pubes ;' Pec-
 tina'ue, Mus'cuius liv'idus, Pectindtua, (F.)Pubio-
 fimoral, Suapubio-fimoral (Ch.), Pectini.  This
 muscle is situate at the  inner and upper  part of
 the thigh.   It is long, flat, and triangular; is at-
 tached, above, to the space which  separates the
 ileo-pectineal eminence  from the spine of the os
 pubis; and, below, by a flat  tendon, to the ob-
 lique line which descends from the lesser  tro-
 chanter to the linea aspera.  The pectinalis bends
 the thigh on the pelvis, and carries  it  outwards in
 adduction  and rotation.  It may  also bend the
 pelvis on the thigh.
   PECTINATED,   Pectina'tus,  Pectin'iform,
 Pectinate,  (F.) Pectini,  from piecten, ' a comb.'
 Having the shape of the teeth of a comb.
   Pectinated Muscles, Pectina'ti mus'culi.  The
 fascicular texture  observed in the right auricle
 of  the  heart: — Mua'culi Auric'ula Pectina'ti.
 Their main use probably is—to prevent the over
 dilatation of the auricles.
   PECTINATUS, Pectinalis.
  PECTINE, Pectinalis, Pectinated.
  PECTINEUS, Pectinalis.
  PECTINIFORM, Pectinated.
  PECTINOUS, Pectina'ceus, Pectino'sus, Pec-
 tina'eeous, from  pectin.   Of  or belonging to pec-
 tin or vegetable jelly,— as & pectinous or pectina-
 ceous vegetable principle.
  PECTORAL, from pectus,  'the breast.'   Re-
 lating to the breast.   See Pectorals.
  PECTORAL, GRAND, Pectoralis major.
  PECTORALE, Corset.
  PECTORALIS  INTERNUS, Triangularis
 sterni.
  Pectora'lis Major, from pectus, 'the breast.'
 Pectoro'lis, Sterno-cleido-brachio'lis,  (F.) Stemo-
 coeto-clavio-httmiral, Stemo-humiral (Ch.), Grand
 Pectoral. A large,  flat, triangular muscle, situate
 at the anterior  part of  the chest, before the ax-
 illa.  It  is attached, on the  one hand, by means
 of aponeurotic fibres, to the inner half of the an-
 terior edge of the clavicle; to the anterior surface
 of the sternum,  and to the cartilages of the first
 six true ribs; — on the other, by a strong tendon,
 which is inserted at the  anterior edge of the bici-
 pital groove of  the humerus.  The  use  of  this
 muscle is, to move the arm in various directions.
 If it be hanging  by the side of the body, it carries
 it inwards and a little forwards. When the arm
 is raised, it depresses it and  carries it inwards.
 It can, also, move it in rotation inwards.   If the
 humerus be raised and fixed, the pectoralis ma-
 jor draws the trunk towards the upper extremity.
  Pectora'lis Minor, Serrdtus anti'cus minor,
 (F.) Costo-coracdidien (Ch.), Petit Pectoral, Petit
 dentili antirieur. This muscle is situate beneath
 the preceding, at the anterior and  upper part of
 the chest.  It is  flat and triangular;  is attached
 by its base, which appears digitated, to the upper
 edge and outer  surface of the 3d, 4th, and 5th
 true ribs, and is inserted at the anterior part of
 the coracgid process. The pectoralis minor draws
 the scapula forwards and downwards, and makes
it execute a rotatory motion, by virtue of which
its inferior angle is carried  backwards, and the
anterior depressed.  When the shoulder is fixed,
it elevates  the ribs to which it is  attached, and
aids in the dilatation of the chest.
  PECTORALS, Pectordlia, Thorad'ica,  Me- 
PECTORILOQUE            650             PELARGONIUM
 dicines considered  proper  for relieving or remo-
 ving affections of the chest.
   Pectoral Drops, Bateman's, consist chiefly
 of tincture of castor, with some camphor and opi-
 um, flavoured by aniseed.  Gray gives the follow-
 ing formula: Caator, *"jj ;  ol. anisi, gj ; camph.
 gv; cocci, giss ; opii, gvj ; proof spirit, a gallon.
   A form, advised  by a committee  of the Phila-
 delphia College of Pharmacy, is the following:—
 Alcohol, dil. cong.  iv ; Sontal. rubr. ras. 5 j ;  di-
 gere  per horas  xxiv; cola,  et adde Pulv. opii,
 Pulv. catechu, Camphora, aa j^ij; Ol. anisi, giv.
 Digest for ten days.
   PECTORILOQUE,  from pectus, 'the  chest,'
 and loqui, ' to speak.'  Laennec calls  thus one
 who presents the phenomenon of Pectoriloquiem.
 Also, a stethoscope.
   PECTORILOQUY, Pectoriloquy—p. Chiv-
 rotante, Egophony.
   PECTORILOQUY,Pectori"'oow*sm,(7at>'ernow8
 voice, Pectorilo'quia, (F.) Pectoriloquie, Voix ca-
 verneuee, V. articulie.  Same etymon.  Speech
 or voice coming from the chest.   Laennec has
 designated,  by this  name, the phenomenon often
 presented by consumptive individuals, when their
 chests are examined with the stethoscope.   The
 voice seems to issue directly  from the chest, and
 to pass through the  central canal of the  cylinder,
 ■— a phenomenon owing to the voice resounding
 in the anfractuous cavities,  produced in the lungs
 by the suppuration  or breaking down of  tuber-
 cles, which  constitute abece88ee  or  ulcers  of  the
 lungs.
   PECTUS, Sternum,  Thorax —p.  Carinatus,
 see Carina.
   PECULIUM, Penis.
   PEDAGRA, Potassas  supertartras impurus.
   PEDAL, Peda'lis, from pea, pedie, 'the foot.,
 Relating to  the foot: —as
   Pedal Aponeuro'sis, (F.) Aponivroeepidieuee.
 A thin,  aponeurotic layer,  which invests the ex-
 tensor brevis digitorum pedis, and separates the
 tendons of the foot  from each other.
   PEDES, Genital  Organs.
   PEDESIS, Pulsation.
   PEDETHMOS, Pulsation.
   PEDIAL'GIA, Pedional'gia, Pedioneural'gia,
 from  ntStov,  'the sole of  the foot,' and  aXyos,
 'pain.'   Pain in the sole of the foot.  Neuralgia
 of the foot in general.
   PEDICLE, VITELLINE,  see Vesicula umbi-
 licalis.
   PEDICULARIA, Delphinium staphisagria.
   PEDICULATIO, Phtheiriasis.
   PEDICULUS, Phtheir,  the Louse,  (F.) Pou.
 A genus  of parasitic insects.   The human body
 is infested with three kinds: the Body-louse, or
 Clothea-louee, Pedic'ulue veetimen'ti,  (F.) Pou de
 corpe; the Head-louse, Pedic'ulue cap'itia, (F.)
 Pou de  la  tete,  which  lives in the  hair;  the
 Crab-louee, Mor'pio, Fera'liepedic'ulue, Plat'ula,
 Phthi'rius inguina'lis, Pedic'ulue Pubie, (F.) Mor-
 pion. which infests  the hair of the pubes.  Infu-
 sion of tobacco,  or  mercurial  ointment, or oint-
 ment of white precipitate of mercury, or the white
 or red precipitate of mercury, readily  destroys
them. The louse occurring in phtheiriasis, pedic'-
ulue tabeecen'tium, differs from the common  louse.
—Vogel.
  Pediculus Capitis, see Pediculus — p. Pubis,
Crab-louse—p. Tabescentium,  see Pediculus—p.
Vestimenti, see Pediculus.
  PEDICURE, Chiropodist.
  PEDICUS, Extensor brevis digitorum pedis.
  PEDIEUX (muscle),  Extensor brevis digito-
rum pedis.
  PEDIGAMBRA,  Ysambra.
   PEDILU'VIUM, from pedes,  'the feet,' and
 lavo, 'I wash.'  Laripe'dium, (F.) Bain de pied.
 A bath for the feet.   See Bath.
   PEDION, Sole.
   PEDIONALGIA, Pedialgia.
   PEDIONEURALGIA, Pedialgia,
   PEDIUM, Tarsus.
   PEDONCULES DU CERVELET, Corpora
 restiformia.
   PEDORA.   The sordes of the eyes,  ears, and
 feet,
   PED'UNCLE, Pedun'cuius.   This  term has
 been applied to different prolongations or appen-
 dices of the encephalon, from pea, pedis, ' a foot,'
 Thus, the Peduncles of the  brain are the Crura
 cerebri; the  Peduncles of  the  cerebel'lum, the
 Crura cerebelli.
   Peduncles of the Brain, Pedun'culi cer'ebri,
 called, also, Crura anterio'ra medul'la oblonga'ta,
 are  two white cords, about Jths of an inch  in
 diameter, on the outside of the corpora albicantia.
 They arise  from  the medullary substance of the
 brain, and gradually approach, till they join the
 tuber annulare.  They are formed, internally,  of
 a mixture  of cineritious and medullary matter;
 the former of which, being of a darker colour  at
 one  part than in any  other part of the brain,
 has been called Locus niger  crurum, cerebri.
   Peduncles of the Cerebellum,  Pedudculi
 cerebel'li, called,  also, Crura postcrio'ra, are six
 in number, three on each  side — a superior, a
 middle, and an inferior.  The superior peduncles
 are generally known as the Proceaaue cerebelli
 ad teatea, Crura cerebel'li ad  cor'pora quadrigem-
 ina,  Bra'chia copulati'va;  the inferior are the
 Processus cerebelli ad mcdultitm oblong at am ; and
 the middle are called, also, Ccrebel'lar ped'unclee
 —Proces'sus seu Crura cerebel'li ad pontem, Bra'-
 chia pontia.
   Peduncles,  Inferior of the Cerebellum,
 Corpora restiformia—p. of the Medulla Oblongata,
 Corpora restiformia.
   Peduncles of  the  Pineal Gland, are two
 medullary bands  or strips, which seem to issue
 from  the pineal gland, and proceed on each side
 upon the upper  and inner  region  of the optic
 thalami.
   Pedunculi Cerebelli, Peduncles of the Cere-
 bellum— p. Cerebri, Peduncles of the Brain—p.
 Medullas Oblongata?, Corpora restiformia.
   PEDUNCULUS, Peduncle.
   PEGA, Canthus (lesser).
   PEGANELJUON,  Oleum rutdceum, O'leum
 ruta, from  ntyavov,  'rue.'  Oil of Rue.
   PEGANUM, Ruta.
  PEINE.  Hunger.
  PEINOTHERAPIA, Limotherapeia.
  PEIRA,  Effort, Experience, Nisus.
  PELADA.  A  word  of uncertain origin, ap-
 plied to alopecia, especially to that resulting from
 syphilis.
  PELA'GIA.  A kind  of scaly erysipelas of the
 hands — sometimes of the legs, at others, of the
 face.   Pellagra. (?)
  PELAGRA, Pellagra.
  PELARGO'NIUM ANCEPS,  Perie'tera an-
 cepe.   A South African  plant, Not. Ord. Gera-
 niaeeas;  the decoction of which is used by the
 Malays in  amenorrhcea, and to promote parturi-
 tion and abortion.
  Pelargonium Antidysenter'icum, Jenlnnso'-
 nia antidysenter'ica. This South African plant is
 used by the natives in dysentery.  It is boiled  in
 milk.
  Pelargo'nium Cfculla'tum.  Common along
the side of the Table Mountain.  It has  been re-
 commended in  decoction as an enema  in colic,
nephritis, and suppression of urine.  It is an ex- 
PELICAN
651
PELVIS
Cellcnt emollient, and was formerly exported to
Holland  under the name Herba Althaa.
   Pi:largo'nium Thiste, Polyac'tium triste.  The
root of this plant, which  grows at the Cape of
Good Hope, is somewhat astringent, and is used
there in  diarrhoea and dysentery,  and as an an-
thelmintic.
   PEL'ICAN, Pelica'nus, Peleco'nus,  Pel'ecan,
Pel'eeae.  An instrument, curved at the end like
tho beak of a pelican. Its  use is to extract teeth.
   PELICIDE, Pcldde, Mel coctum.  Boiled
honev. — Ruland and Johnson.
   PELICOMETER, Pelvimeter.
   PELIDNOMA, Ecchymoma, Pelioma.
   PELIO'MA, Pelidndina, from ttcAoj, 'black.'
A livid eechymosis.—Forestus.  See Ecchymoma.
   PELIOSE, Purpura.
   PELIOSIS, Purpura haemorrhagica—p. Rheu-
matica, see Purpura simplex.
   PELL A, Cutis, Prepuce.
   PEL'LAGRA, Pcl'agra,  Ichthyo'sis Pellagra,
Eleplmnti'eiaia Itol'ico,  Tuber Pellagra, Lepra
MeilioliineiiSie, L. Lombard'ica, Scorbdtue olpi'-
nue, Mo'nia pello'gria, Erythe'ma endem'icum seu
pel'lag rum, Ineolazione  de Primavera,  Mai del
hole, Dei-mat'agra, Eryeip'elae periodica nervo'-
S'f chron'iea, Mul de mieire, ParaVyeieecorbdtica,
Scurvy of the Alpe, Impeti'go Pellagra, (F.) Scor-
but dee Alpee; from ntXXa,(?) 'skin,' and aypa,
' seizure.' A disease, particularly noticed among
the Milanese, which consists in the skin becoming
covered with wrinkles, and assuming a scaly ap-
pearance, especially in the parts exposed to the
air.  The strength  diminishes, the intellectual
faculties  and  sensations  become  obscure,  and
cramps, convulsions, and  other lesions of mus-
cular  contractility supervene.   It is a singular
endemic affection, and has been supposed to fol-
low every where the  introduction of Indian corn :
hence the name  Rapha'nia ma'iz'tica, given to it
by some of the Italian physicians.
   PELLENS, from pellere, 'to drive.'  Driving;
impelling.
   Pellen'tia Medicamen'ta are medicines that
promote the occurrence of the menstrual or he-
morrhoidal flux.
   PELLICULA SUMMA,  Epidermis —p.  Su-
perior, Epidermis.
   PELLICULA CORDIS, Ostiola cordis.
   PELL IS, Cutis—p. Summa, Epidermis.
  PELLITORY, Xanthoxylum fraxineum — p.
American, Parietaria Pennsylvanica—p. Bastard,
Achillea ptarmica — p. of Spain, Anthemis pyre-
thrum—p. Wall, Parietaria.
  PEL MA, Sole.
  PELOR, Monster.
  PELORIA, Monster.
   PELORIUM,  Monster.
   PELORUM, Monster.
   PELOTE  DE MER, Pila marina.
   PELTALIS seu PELTATUS CARTILAGO,
Thyroid cartilage, Xiphoid cartilage.
   PELTAN'DRA  VIRGINTCA, Arum Virgid-
icum,  l.ecodtia,  Reneeela'ria, Arrow Arum,  Ta-
raho, Wamjiee; indigenous; of the Order Araceas.
The fresh roots and seeds are acrid stimulants,
like Arum.
   PELTIDEA AMPLISSIMA, Lichen caninus
— p. Canina, Lichen caninus — p. Leucorrhiza,
Lichen caninus — p. Malacea, Lichen caninus —
p. Spuria, Lichen caninus.
  PELTIGERA CANINA, Lichen caninus.
   PELUDE,  Pelicide.
   PELVIC, Pcl'ricua, Pclvi'nus.   Belonging or
relating to the pelvis.
  Pelvic Aponeurosis, (¥.)Aponivrosepelrienne.
A tendinous lamina, given off from the sides of the
pelvis, and from the entire circumference of the
 brim, which passes into and lines the pelvis, and
 is soon divided into two distinct layers; — one
 external, the  lateral pelvic or obturator faacia,
 which continues  to line the sides of  the pelvis,
 and covers  the obturator  internus muscle; the
 other, internal or superior, which passes inwards
 upon the side of the  prostate, bladder, and rec-
 tum in the male, and of the bladder, vagina, and
 rectum in the female, in order to form the floor
 of the pelvis.
   Pelvic Cavity,  (F.)  Caviti  pelvienne.   The
 cavity of the pelvis.
   Pelvic Members.  The lower extremities.
   Pelvic Surface of the Il'ium.  That which
 faces the pelvic cavity.
   PELVICULA  OCULI, Orbit.
   PELVI-TROCHANTE'RIAN, Pelvi-trochan-
 teria'nue.  That which relates  to the pelvis and
 great trochanter. The Pelvi-trochante'rian region
 is formed by the muscles—pyramidalia, two obtu-
 ratore, gemini, and quadratue femorie, which pass
 from the pelvis to the digital cavity of the  great
 trochanter.
   FELYIWETER,Pelycom'eter,Pelyom'eter,Pe-
 licom'eter, Pyelom'eter,  from pelvie, and ptrpov,
 'a  measure.'  A barbarous  hybrid.  This name
 has been given to different instruments, invented
 for measuring the  diameters  of the pelvis, and
 particularly the antero-posterior or fore-and-aft
 diameter of the brim.   Two have  been chiefly
 employed, especially by French practitioners : —
 the  Compae dipaiaeeur,  and the Pelvimeter of
 Coutouly.  1. The  Compaa  dipaiaeeur or  CaV-
 lipera  of Baudelocque,  is formed like  a pair of
 compasses—with blunt extremities—the branches
 of which can be moved at will.   One of these is
 applied to the symphysis pubis, and the other on
 the  sacrum.   About three inches must be de-
 ducted from  this measurement for the thickness
 of the mons veneris, pubis, and the base of the
 sacrum.  2. The Pelvimeter of Coutouly resem-
 bles the instruments used by  shoemakers for
 measuring  the length  of the  foot.   The  two
 branches are introduced, in a state of approxima-
 tion,  inf*o the vagina;  and  then  separated, so
 that one touches the promontory of the sacrum,
 the  other comes  behind the os pubis.  It  is a
 barbarous contrivance, and its introduction ought
 never  to be  attempted on the living subject.  It
 does not, indeed, seem possible to introduce it
 without mischief.
  The finger  is, decidedly,  the best pelvimeter,
 and by it we can judge whether the base of the
 sacrum be  unusually  prominent.  Measurement
 of the pelvis by the hand has been called Pely-
 cochirometreSia;  from ntXvl, 'the  pelvis,'  xuP>
 'the hand,' and ptrpov, 'measure.'
  PELVIS,  Cho'ona,_ Py'eloe,  (F.) Baeein;  so
 called, because  fancied  to  be  shaped like  an
 ancient basin.   The part  of the trunk which
 bounds the abdomen below.  It is a large, bony,
 irregular, canoidal cavity, — open above and be^
 low,—which supports and contains a part of the
 intestines, and the urinary and genital organs;
 and serves, at the same time, as a fixed point for
 the articulation of the lower limbs, the  attach-
 ment of their muscles, and the execution of their
 movements.    The pelvis  supports,  behind, the
 vertebral column, and is sustained, before, by the
 ossa femorum.  It is situate, in the adult, near
 the middle part of the body, and is composed of
 four broad, flat, unequally thick bones, differing
 much in their shape, size, and arrangement, which
 touch,  are articulated at  some part of their sur-
 face, and intimately united by means of a number
 of ligamentous fascias.   Of these bones, two are
 behind, on  the median  line, — the  sacrum and
the coccyx;  the two others are before and at the 
PELYCOMETER
652
PENNATUS
sides, — the ilia.   They  are  fellows,  and unite,
before, with  each other.   The  most important
parts of the pelvis, in an obstetrical point of view,
are the brim and the outlet. The Brim, Angus'tia
abdomindlis, Intro'Una, Apertu'ra pet via aupe'rior,
Upper Opening or stroi't of the Cavity  of the Pel-
vie, (F.) Ditroit supirieur, D. abdominal, is the
narrow  part  which separates the greater pelvis
from the less—the false from the true,  Pelvis vera
seu minor.   In the well-formed woman it is ellip-
tical, and slightly inclined forwards.  Its antero-
poeterior or eacro-pubic  diameter, in  a etandard
pelvie, measures 4J inches, but with the soft parts,
3J  inches ; its transverse or  iliac or lateral, 5J
inches,  but with the soft parts 4 inches ; and its
oblique  with the soft parts, 4-$ inches.   The Out-
let, Ex'itus, Inferior opening or strait, Angus'tia
perinaa'lie,  (F.)  Ditroit infirieur, D. pirinial,
forms  the  lower  aperture of the  pelvis.   The
antero-posterior diameter is here, on  account of
the mobility  of the coccyx, 5 inches :  the lateral,
4 inches.   The Axis of the Pelvis is important
to be known  in obstetrics. The Axis of the Brim
is  indicated  by a straight line  drawn from the
umbilicus to  the  apex of the coccyx;—the Axie
of the Outlet by a line drawn from the first bone
of the sacrum to the entrance of the vagina.  An
imaginary  curved line which indicates the direc-
tion of  the canal  of the  pelvis,  has occasionally
been termed  the curve of Came, in consequence
of  its  having been pointedly described by the
German obstetrician.
  Pelvis Aurium, Cochlea,—p. Cerebri, Infundi-
bulum of the brain.
  Pelvis  of the Kidney,  Pelvi8 rendlia seu
renum, Sinue, Venter seu Alvu8 Renum, (F.) Baa-
einet.  This is a small, membranous pouch, occu-
pying the posterior  part of the fissure  of the
kidney.  It  is placed behind the renal artery
and vein ; is elongated  from  above to below;
flattened from before to behind ;  irregularly oval
in figure;  and, below, contracts  considerably, to
be  continuous with  the  ureter.   It receives the
orifices of the infundibula, which pour the urine
secreted in the kidney into its cavity.
   Pelvis  Minor, Pelvis—p. Ocularis, Scaphium
oculare—p. Renalis,  Pelvis of the kidney — p.
Renum, Pelvis of the kidney—p. Vera, Pelvis.
   PELYCOMETER, Pelvimeter.
   PELYOMETER, Pelvimeter.
   PEMMICAN.  Meat cured,  pounded,  and
mixed with fat.   It has been  much used as nutri-
ment on long overland journeys.
   PEM'PHIGUS, Emphly'sis Pem'phigus,  Pom'-
pholyx, from ntptptl, 'a  blister;' Febris  bulloSa,
veeicula'rie, ampulloSa seu pemphigo'des seu pem-
phingo'dee, Exanthe'ma  eeroenm, Morta,  Perd-
phigue morta,  Pemphigue Helveticue,  Pemphigus
major, Pemphigue minor,  Morbus bulloeue seu ve-
sicula'ris seu ampulla'ceue, Pem'phinx, Pemphix,
Pemphyx,  Typhue veeicula'rie,  Veeic'ular  Fever,
Bladdery Fever, (F.) Fievre  bulleuse, F. Vieicu-
laire.   A disease, defined to consist  of vesicles,
scattered over the body; transparent, filbert-sized,
with a red, inflamed edge, but without surround-
ing blush  or tumefaction ; on breaking, disposed
to  ulcerate; fluid, pellucid or slightly coloured ;
fever, typhous.   It is  doubtful whether any such
idiopathic fever have ever existed:  the proba-
bility is, that the fever and vesications have been
an accidental complication.   Cullen  thinks  the
Pemphigus Helveticus must have been malignant
sore throat.   If, however, such a distinct disease
did exist,  it was  probably only  as  an endemico-
epidemic.
   Pemphigus Hungaricus, see Anthrax — p.
Major, Pemphigus — p. Minor,   Pemphigus — p.
Morta, Pemphigus—p. Variolodes, see Varicella.
  PEMPniNX, Pemphigus.
  PEMPHIX, Pemphigus.
  PEMPHYX, Pemphigus.
  PEMPT^EA FEBRIS, Quintan.
  PEN.EA MUCRONATA, see Sarcocolla — p.
Sarcocolla, Sarcocolla.
  PENCIL-LIKE  PROCESSES,  Styloid pro-
cesses.
  PENDULOUS ABDOMEN, Physconia.
  PENDULUM  PALATI, Velum  pendulum
palati.
  PEN'ETRATING, Pen'etrane, from penetrare,
(penitua  intrare,) 'to go  into.'  A wound  is so
called which penetrates one of the great splanchnic
cavities — Vulnue penetrane.
  A medicine is, also, so called, which is supposed
to pass through the pores, and stimulate.
  PENICILLUM, Compress, Penicillus.
  PENICIL'LUS, Penicill'um,  'a painter's
brush;'  diminutive  of penie, ' a tail.'  A tent or
pledget.   The secreting  glandiform extremities
of the venas portas,  (Ac'Hni  bilio'ei)  have been
so termed, as well as the villous textures.
  Penicillus, Tent.
  PENICULUM, Compress.
  PENICULUS, Tent.
  PENIDES, Saccharum hordeatum.
  PENID'IUM, Penidium eacchardtum.  A kind
of clarified  sugar, made  up  into  rolls.  Barley
eugar.  It is demulcent; see Saccharum horde-
atum.
  PENIL, Mons veneris.
  PENIS, 'a tail,' from pendere, 'to hang down;'
Caulia,  Colea, Coulee,  Cantos,  Men'tula, Metita,
Phall'ue, Poethe, Proe'thium,  Crithe, Cor'yne, Vo-
mer, Pater om'nium  viven'tium, Pria'pue, Virga,
V. viri'lie, V.  genita'lie, Vere'trum, Sathe,  Mem-
brum viri'le, Membrum,  Yerbus, Viri'le, Pare  Vi-
ri'lie, Membrum eeminale seu genitale viro'rum,
Morion, Cyon, Sic'ula, Tentum, Haeta, H. nuptia'-
lie,  H. viri'lie, Vae,  Vae'culum,  Pecdlium, Vir'-
gula, Vir, Thyreue, Teneue, Claras, Cauda salax,
Cauda,  Fas'cinum,  F.  viri'le, Muto, Nervus, N.
fletulo'eue seu fletula'rie seu juveni'lis, Per'tica
per se, Scapus, Leeo, Curcu'lio, Vena, Contus, Te-
lum,  Gurgu'lio,  Sceptrum, Anna,  Gla'dius, Lu'-
bricum Caput, Muti'nue, Palue, Pee'eulus, Radix,
Ramue, Rutab'ulum, Arma Ventria, Columna ad-
etatta inguin'ibua,  Columna,  Pyr'amie,  Trabe,
Spina, Catapulta viri'lis, Verpa, Macha'ra, Tau-
rus;  the  Yard, Male  organ,  Ac. (F.) Verge,
Membre viril.   This organ, the use of which is
to carry  the seminal fluid into the female organs
of generation,  is cylindroid, long, and  erectile,
and situate before  and  beneath the symphysis
pubis.  In the ordinary state, it is soft and pen-
dent in front  of the scrotum.  During erection,
it becomes  elongated,  upright, and assumes  a
triangular shape.  Its  upper surface is called the
Dorsum penie, (F.) Doe  de la verge; and, at its
anterior surface, there is a longitudinal projection
formed by the canal of  the urethra.  The  two
sides of the penis  are round, and its posterior
extremity or root is attached to the pelvis.  Its
anterior extremity is free, and presents the glans,
prepuce, and orifice of the urethra.  The penis is
formed of the corpora  cavernosa, the principal
seat  of erection; the  corpus spongiosum  of the
urethra  for the conveyance  of the urine  and
sperm,  and of the  glans, which terminates the
canal.  The Arteriee of  the penis are branches
of  the  internal pudic.   The  Veine correspond
with the arteries.   The Nerves are from the in-
ternal pudic.
  Penis  Cerebri,  Pineal gland — p. Femineus,
Clitoris — p. Lipodermus, Paraphimosis—p. Mu-
liebris,  Clitoris.
  PENNATUS, Penniform. 
PERFORANS
                 PENNIFORM               6

   PEN'NIFORM, Pennifor'mie, Penna'tua, from
 pernio,  -a pen,' and forma, 'form.'  An epithet
 for muscles whose fleshy fibres  are inserted on
 each side of a middle tendon, like the feathers of
 a pen on their common stalk.
   PENXYCRESS, Thlaspi.
   PENNYROYAL, Mentha pulegium, Hedeoma
 pulegioides—p. Hart's, Mentha cervina.
   PEXSACOLA, see Saint Augustine.
   PEYSE'E, Viola tricolor—p.  Sauvage, Viola
 tricolor.
   PENSILIA, Pudibilia.
   PENTAMY'RON, Pentama'ron,  from ntvrt,
 'five,'  and jxvpov, 'ointment'  An ancient oint-
 ment, consisting  of five ingredients.   These are
 said to have been — storax, mastich, wax, opo-
 balsam, and unguentum nardinum.—Paulus, and
 Ae'tius.
   PENTAPHAR'MACON, from ntvrt,  'five,'
 and <papnaKov, ' remedy.'   Any medicine consist-
 ing of five ingredients.
   PENTAPHYLLUM, Potentilla reptans.
   PEN'TATEUCH,  (SURGICAL,)  Pentoted-
 chue,  from  ntvrt, 'five,'  and rtvxos,  'a  book,'
 which signifies the five books of Moses—Genesis,
 Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy.
 By analogy,  some surgeons have given the name
 Surgical Pentateuch  to the  division  of external
 diseases into five classes : —wounds,  ulcers, tu-
 mours, luxations, and fractures.
   PENTATH'ETUM, from  ntvrt,  'five,'  and
 ndtvai,  'to place.' An ancient plaster consisting
 of five ingredients.
   PENULA, Ingluvies.
   PENZANCE,  CLIMATE  OF.   This is the
 chief residence  of invalids in Cornwall, England,
 during  the  winter.   It is situated on Mount's
 Bay, about ten  miles from the Land's End.  It is
 510 warmer in winter than London; 2° colder in
 summer ;  scarcely 1°  warmer in the  spring, and
 only about 2io warmer in the autumn.  It is a
 very favourable winter residence for the phthisical
 invalid.
   PEONY, Pasonia.
   PEPANSIS, Coction, Maturation.
   PEPANTICOS, Maturative.
   PEPASMOS, Coction,  Maturation.
   PEPAS'TIC, Pepas'ticue, from ntnatvu, 'I con-
 coct.'  A  medicine supposed to  have  the power
 of favouring the  concoction of diseases.  Matu-
 rative.
  PEPEIRUS. Concocted.
  PEP I NO, (S.) A cucurbitacca, which is culti-
 vated in great abundance in the fields  of Peru.
 The pulp or edible part is solid,  juicy, and well
 flavoured ; but  is apt to disagree.
  PEPO,  Cucurbita pepo—p. Lagenarius, Cucur-
 bita lasrenaria—p. Vulgaris,  Cucurbita pepo.
   PEPPER, BLACK, Piper nigrum—p. Cayenne,
 Capsicum annuum—p. Cubeb, Piper cubeba—p.
 Guinea, Capsicum annuum—p. Jamaica, Myrtus
 Pimento—p. Long, Piper longum—p. Poor-man's,
 Polygonum  hydropiper—p. Tailed, Piper cubeba
—p. Turnip,  Arum triphyllum—p. Water, Poly-
gonum hydropiper—p. Water,  of  America, Poly-
gonum punctatum—p. Wall, Sedum — p. White,
Piper album.
  PEPPERWORT, Lepidium.
  PEPSIN.  Peps'inum,   Chy'moein,  Gas'teraee,
Diges'tive Pridciple, from  nt^ts, 'coction.'  A
peculiar organic  matter, which  in  combination
with the gastric acids, is considered to form the
proper digestive solvent.   Its chemical constitu-
tion is  unknown.  It would  appear that its pre-
sence is  necessary to induce changes  in the ele-
ments of the  food, which may  enable the gastric
acids to act upon  them so as to form chyme.     |
   PEPSIN I'M, Pepsin.
   PEPSIS, Coction, Digestion.
   PEPTIC, Pcp'ticite, from nt-ru, ' I ripen.'   An
 agent that  promotes digestion, or  is  digestive.
 Also, applied adjectively to an article of food that
 is easy of digestion.
   Peptic Persuader, see Pilulas aloes et Kinas
 Kinas.
   PERACUTUS, Catoxys.
   PER ARTICULATIO, Diarthrosis.
   PERATODYNIA, Cardialgia.
   PERCE-CRANE, Perforator.
   PERCE-FEUILLE,  Bupleurum  rotundifo-
 lium.
   PERCE-MOUSSE, Polytrichum.
   PERCE-PIERRE, Crithmum maritimum.
   PERCEP'TA, from percipere, 'to  perceive,'
 ' receive.'  A word used by  some writers on hy-
 giene to indicate, in  a general manner, the effects
 of the nervous action on the  animal  economy ; in
 other words, the sensations,  the functions of the
 mind, and their deterioration or privation.
   PERCEPTION, Perccp'tio.  The appreciation
 which the brain has  of an impression made upon
 an organ of sense.
   PERCEPTIVITY.  Same etymon.  The power
 of perception.
   PERCOLATIO, Filtration, Percolation.
   PERCOLA'TION, Percola'tio, from percolare,
 (per  and colare,) 'to strain through.'  The terms
 percolation and  displacement are applied in phar-
 macy to an operation which consists in  placing
 any substance,  the virtues of which have to be
 extracted by a menstruum, in a funnel-shaped in-
 strument, having a septum perforated with holes,
 or its tube  stuffed with cotton or tow, and pour-
 ing fresh portions of the menstruum  upon it until
 all its virtues have  been extracted.   The opera-
 tion is used in the formation of certain infusions,
 extracts, tinctures, Ac.
   An instrument used for this purpose is called a
 diaplacer or per'colator.
   PERCOLATOR, see Percolation.
   PERCUSS.   Percu'tere, (F.) Percuter, Frap-
 per.  Same etymon as the next. To strike upon
 with the view of appreciating the resulting sound.
 To practise percussion.
   PERCUS'SION,  Epicrou'eie, PercueSio, from
 percutere, (per,  and  quatere,) 'to strike.'   When
 immediate  or direct percussion is made on the
 chest or abdomen, the more  or less perfect reso-
 nance is an  index of the state  of the contained
 organs ; and the physician  is thus aided in his
 diagnosis.   For  this purpose the chest may be
 struck with the  fingers, gathered into a bundle,
 and their tips placed upon a level.   It is better,
 however, to  employ mediate percussion, which
 consists in  interposing, between the  point of the
 fingers and the chest,  the  finger  of the other
 hand, or a Plexim'eter, and striking this  instead
 of the naked chest.
   Percussion, Auscultatory, see Acouophonia.
   PERCUTER, Percuss.
   PER CUTE OR  COURBE A MARTEAU,
 (F.)  An instrument used by Baron Heurteloup
 in the operation of lithotomy, in which  a ham-
 mer is employed instead of a screw, to force to-
 gether the blades of the instrument on the  foreign
 body.
   PERDO'NIUM.  A medicated wine of herbs.
 —Paracelsus.
   PERETERIUM, Trepan.
   PERETORIUM, Trepan.
   PER'FORANS, from perforare, (per, and fo-
 rare,) 'to bore through.'  A name given to diffe-
rent muscles, whose tendons  pass through inter-
vals between the fibres or tendons of other mus-
cles;   thence  called perforated.   See   Flexor 
PERFORATED
654
PERICARDIUM
 Longus Digitorum, Ac.  Under the name Per-
 forating Ar'teries, are included, 1. In the hand—
 arterial branches, given  off  by  the profound
 palmar arch, which traverse the muscles  and in-
 terosseous spaces.  2. In the thigh—three or four
 arteries, furnished by  the  profunda, which pass
 through the openings  of the  abductor magnus.
 3. In the foot—the anterior and superior branches
 of the  plantar arch.
   Perforans Casserii, see Cutaneous — p. Ma-
 ntis, Flexor profundus  perforans—p. Profundus,
 Flexor longus digitorum pedis profundus perfo-
 rans.
   PERFORATED SPOT, Locus perforatus.
   PERFORATING ARTERIES, see Perforans.
   PERFORATIO,  Perforation — p.  Cranii, see
 Perforator — p. Intestinorum,  Enterobrosis — p.
 Ventriculi, Gastrobrosis.
   PERFORATION, Perfordtio, Anatre'sis, Di-
 atre'sie, from perforare,  ' to  pierce.'  An  acci-
 dental opening in the continuity of organs, either
 from an external or internal cause.
   Perforation,  Paracentesis—p. de I'Eetomac,
 Gastrobrosis — p. des Inteatina, Enterobrosis — p.
 Uteri,  Uterus, rupture  of the.
   PER'FORATOR,  Perforatorium,  (F.) Perce-
 cranc.   An  instrument for opening the  head of
 the foetus in utero, when it is necessary to  dimi-
 nish its size.  The operation  is called Cephalo-
 tom'ia, Perfordtio cra'nii.
   PERFORATORIUM, Perforator.
   PERFORA'TUS.    That  which  is  pierced.
 Anatomists  have  given this  name to muscles
 whose  fibres or tendons separate to suffer  other
 parts to pass through them.  Such  are the Flexor
 brevie  digitorum  pedie,  F. eublimie  perforatus,
 and  Coraco-brachialia.  Also, to  parts  that are
 perforated for any purpose—as the substantia
 perfora'ta of the brain.
   Perforatus Casserii, Coraco-bracbialis.
   PERFRICTIO,  P erfrige'rium,  Catapsyx'is,
 Peripeyx'ie, from perfrigere, (per,  and frigere,)
 ' to shiver with cold.'  Considerable refrigeration.
 Great sense  of cold : — shivering.
  PERFRIGERATIO, see Rigor.
   PERFRIGERIUM,  Perfrictio.
  PERFUSIO, Fomentation — p.  Frigida,  see
 Affusion.
  PERI, ntpt, 'about, on all sides, round about.'
 An augmentative prefix.  Hence :
   PERLERE'SIS, from ntpt,  'about,' and  atptu,
 ' I take away.'  A  sort  of circular incision, which
 the ancients made in the neighbourhood of large
 abscesses.  The periasresis is now  only practised
 in some cases of tumours.
  PERIAL'GIA, from Trept, 'on  all  sides,' and
 aXyos, ' pain.'  A very violent pain.
  PERIAMMA, Amuletum.
   PERIAPTON, Amuletum.
  PERIBLEMA, Catablema.
  PERIBLEP'SIS,  from  ntpt, 'around,'  and
 fjXtnu,  ' I look.'  The wild look that accompanies
 delirium. — Foesius.
  PERIB'OLE,  from  ntptjSaXXu,   'I surround.'
 The  dress of a person.   The pericardium.   Also,
the translation of morbific matters towards the
surface of the body.
  PERIBRO'SIS, PericraSie, from ntpij3pwo-Ku,
(ntpt, and  fipuaKu, 'I eat,') 'I eat around.'  Ulce-
ration  or erosion at the corners of the eyelids.
  PERICARDIAC,  Pericardial,  Pericardi'a-
eue ; same etymon as the next.  Relating to the
pericardium,—as 'pericardial murmur,' 'pericar-
dial effusion,' 'pericardial arteries, veins,' Ac, Ac.
  PERICARDIAL, Pericardiac.
  PERICARDI'TIS, from ntptKapitov, 'the peri-
cardium,'  and itis, denoting inflammation; In-
flamma'tio  Pericardii,  Plcuri'tis  pericardii,
Cordi'tis exter'na  seu  sero'sa sen mcmbranoSo,
Exocardi'tis, Injlainma'tion of the pericardium,
(F.)  Piricardite,  Inflammation  du  Perieardc.
This is, probably, the proper appellation for most
of those cases which have received the names of
Carditis, Cardiperican/i'tis,  and Oardiopericar-
di'tis.  Along with  signs  of  pyrexia, the local
symptoms resemble those of pneumonia.  Those
which point out that the pericardium is the seat
of disease, are the following : — pain, referred to
the region of the heart, or scrobiculus cordis, —
sometimes  pungent, at others, dull  and heavy:»
palpitation, accompanied with spasmodic twitch-
ings in the neighbourhood of the heart, shooting
up to the left shoulder;  pulsation, and sometimes
soreness of the carotids, with tinnitus aurium and
vertigo; the breathing is by catches; dyspnoea
considerable; pulse jarring, jerking, peculiar;  the
tongue white, covered with a mucous coat, and the
skin often bathed in sweat, as in acute rheumatism.
The phyeical signs during the first period  are  as
follows.  The action of the heart is generally
evident to the eye, and may be felt by the hand.
There is soreness to the touch over the intercos-
tal spaces,  and over a  small surface  in the  epi-
gastric region, when the pressure is directed  up-
wards towards the pericardium.  Percussion is
usually natural, but at times there is dulness.
On   auscultation,  the   cardiac  movements  are
found to be  frequent,   abrupt, jerking, and  tu-
multuous;  often irregular and intermittent.  The
pulse presents corresponding characters.  When
effusion of  lymph  has  occurred, percussion may
be negative, or be but slightly affected.  On aus-
cultation, in addition   to  the  preceding  signs,
there may be one or more of the rubbing or fric-
tion  bruits resembling the rustling of parchment,
or of a sawing  or rasping character.  In some
cases,  the  sound  is like the creaking of new
leather.  This has been supposed to be  patho-
gnomonic of effused lymph.  The most important
point in the pathology  of pericarditis is its con-
nexion with acute rheumatism;  and it forms  one
of the most dangerous  occurrences in the latter
disease.  It may be  acute or chronic : in either
case, it is, of course, formidable.  The most act-
ive depletion must be used; with large doses of
opium, counter-irritants, and all the means  re-
quired  in the most  violent internal inflamma-
tions.
  Pericarditis  Exsudatoria Sanguinolenta,
Hasmopericardium.
  PERICAR'DIUM,  Pericar'dion,   Pcrib'ole,
Membra'na  Cor circumplex'a,  Involu'crum  seu
Ar'cula seu Capsa seu  Cap'eula  seu Cam'era  seu
Indumen'tum seu Pannic'ulue seu Membra'na  seu
Thcca seu Sacctta  seu Sac'culus  seu Scrotum  seu
Vagi'na seu Vcei'ca  seu Area seu Thal'amue re-
ga'tie seu Amphico'ma  seu Burea Cordie,  Sac or
Capeule of  the Heart, (F.) Piricarde ; from ntpt,
' around,' and KapSta, ' the heart'  The pericar-
dium is a membranous sac, which  envelopes  the
heart, and the arterial  and venous  trunks that
pass from or into it.   It is seated in  the separa-
tion of the mediastinum, above the central apo-
neurosis of the diaphragm, to which  it strongly
adheres. Its shape is triangular, like that of the
heart; to which it is fitted.   The pericardium is
composed of two membranes:—the one—external
—fibrous ; the other—internal—serous.  The lat-
ter, having  lined the  inner surface of the external
layer,  is reflected  over the heart, and covers it
entirely;  without,  however, having the heart
within it;  in which arrangement it resembles
other serous membranes.   The pericardium  en-
velops the heart; retains it in position, and faci-
litates its movements  by means of  the  serous 
PERICARDIUM             655               PERIODEIA
 fluid, Liquor seu Aqua seu Humor seu Lympha
 Beu Uri'na Pericardii, Hydrocar'dia, which it
 contains in greater or less quantity.
   Tho arteries of  the pericardium are small, and
 derived  from the  superior phrenic, anterior me-
 diastinal and bronchial.  The uei'iis accompany
 them, and  open into the brachio-cephalic.  No
 nerves  have been  traced to it.  The lymphatics
 enter  the lymphatic glands  that surround  the
 vena cava superior.
   PERICARPIUM.  Epicarpium.
   PERICHOLIA,  Polvcholia.
   PERICHONDRI'TIS, Inflamma'tio perichod-
 drii, from perichondrium,  and itia, denoting in-
 flammation. Inflammation of the perichondrium;
 hence  Pcrichondri'lie loryn'gea; — Inflammation
 of the perichondrium covering the larynx.
   PERICHONDRIUM, from ntpt, 'around,'and
 X<>vopos, ' a  cartilage.'   A membrane of a fibrous
 nature, which covers  cartilages that are non-arti-
 cular, and bears considerable analogy to the peri-
 osteum in organization  and uses.
   PERICIIRISIS, Circumlitio,  Liniment.
   PERICIIRISTON,Circumlitio, Liniment.
   PERICLA'SIS,  from ntpt,  'about,'  and  kXou,
 ' I break.'  A  comminuted fracture, with  denu-
 dation of tho bone. — Galen, Foesius.
   PERICLYrMENUM,  Lonicera  periclymenum
 —p. Vulgare, Lonicera periclymenum.
   PERICNE'MIA, from ntpt,  'about,' and Kvnpn,
 'the leg.'   The parts surrounding the tibia; —
 the tibia itself.
   PERICRANKEDE'MA,  from  pericranium,
 and  otSn^a, 'a swelling.'  (Edema of  the  head,
 owing to fluid effused under the pericranium.
   PERICRA'NIUM, Pericra'nion, Pericra'nia,
 from ntpt, ' around,' and Kpavtov, ' the  cranium.'
 The periosteum, which covers the cranium exter-
 nally.
   PERICRASIS,  Peribrosis.
   PERIDER'IA,  from  ntpt, 'around,' and Stpr,,
 ' the neck.'   Twisting of the cord round the neck
 of the child.
   PERIDES'MIC,  Peridee'micue ;  from  ntpt,
 'around,' and 6tapos, 'a ligament' Some  noso-
 logists have given this name to ischuria caused
 by a ligature round the  penis or by stricture of
 the urethra.
   PERIDES'MIUM; from ntpt,  'around,' and
 Stapos,  ' ligament.'   The delicate  areolar tissue
 covering a ligament.
   PERIDIASTOLE, see Diastole.
  PERID'ROMUS, from ntpt, 'about,' and Spopos,
 '& course.'   The  extreme  circumference of the
 hairs of the head. — Gorrasus.
   PERIESTICOS, Salutary.
   PERIGLOTTIS, Epiglottic gland: see Tongue.
   PERIG'RAPHE, from ntptypatpu,  (ntpt, and
 yp<«'.'">i, ' I  write,')  ' I circumscribe.'   The  apo-
 neurotic intersections of the  rectus  abdominis are
 80 called. — Vesalius.
  PERILYMPH, Cotunnius, liquor of.
  PERI MY El,ITIS,  Meningitis, spinal.
  PERIMYSIUM, Foe'cia, from ntpt, 'around,'
and  pvs, 'a  muscle.'  The areolar  membrane or
pheath — vagi'na muacula'ris — that surrounds a
muscle, or its fasciculi.  The sheath of the whole
muscle is termed Perimysium externum; of the
fasciculi, Perimysium internum.
  PERIN,  Peris,  from  ntpa,  'a sac or pouch.'
With some, this means the scrotum; with others,
the testicle; with others, the vagina ; with others,
the peritonasum ; and with others,  the anus.
  PERINEOCELE, Hernia, perineal.
  PERIN^E'UM,  Interfemin'euin, Interfcemid-
 eum, Interfcemidium, luterfdmina,  Iter femid-
 eum, Peris, Perin, Perineum, Greeedra, Plechae,
 Am'phiplex, Peche'deon, Mesoe'celon, Meeos'celus,
 Perine'on, Perina'os, Pcrine'oe, Tramis, Tauros,
 Interforamine' urn, Cocho'ne, Plichos, Mesome'rion,
 Foemen, Re'gio Perina'i, (F.) Pirinie.  The space
 at the inferior region of the trunk, between  the
 ischiatic tuberosities, anus,  and genital organs.
 It is smaller in the female than in the male;  has
 a triangular shape, and is divided into two equal
 parts by a median line, called Raphe.  It is  oc-
 casionally  ruptured in labour.  At  times, it  has
 been made to  extend posteriorly as far as the os
 coccygis.  The part between the pudendum and
 anus is sometimes called ante'rior perina'urn, to
 distinguish it from that which  extends from  the
 anus to the coccyx, called poete'rior perina'um.
   PERINEUS,  Perineal.
   PERINE'AL,  Perina'ua, Perinaa'lia,  Peri-
 nedlis.  That which relates or belongs  to  the
 perinasum; as Perineal artery, P. hernia, Ac.
   Perineal Aponeurosis, P. Fascia.
   Perineal Artery, Arte'ria perinaa'lia,  Su-
 perficial artery of the Perina'um.   A branch of
 the  internal pudic distributed to the perinasum.
   Perineal  Cutaneous  Nerve,   see  Sciatic
 nerve, lesser.
   Perineal Fas'cia,F. Perina'i, Perine'al apo-
 neuroSia.  The  fascias, — super/idol and  deep-
 seated—Perine'al lig'ament — Comper'e ligament,
 Triadgular lig'ament,—which belong to the peri-
 nasum.
   Perine'al Fossa, Foesa perina'i, Iechio-rectal
 foeea.  A  conical fossa, the  base of which cor-
 responds with  the skin ;  is formed anteriorly by
 the  transversus perinasi muscle; behind, by  the
 inferior border of the  glutasus  maximus ; inter-
 nally, by the levator ani; and externally, by  the
 tuber ischii.  It is filled up with fat  and fibrous
 striae.
   Perineal Ischuria, Ischu'ria Perinedlis.   A
 name given by  Sauvages to retention of urine,
 caused by a tumour seated in the perinasiim.
   Perineal Ligament, see P. fascia.
   Perineal Nerve.   A branch of the internal
 pudic; which  is  mainly distributed to the peri-
 nasum and  scrotum of the male; and to the vulva
 and  perinasum of the female.
   Perineal Region, Perinasum.
   PERINEE, Perinasum.
   PERINEPHRITIS,  (F.) Phlegmon  pirini-
 phritique,  from  ntpt, 'around,' vttfipos, 'kidney,'
 and  itis, denoting inflammation.  Inflammation
 of the external areolar and fibrous membranes of
 the kidney, or of their investing adipose areolar
 tissue.
   PERINEPHRUS, see Kidney.
   PERINEURION, Neurilemma.
   PERINYCTIDES, ntpt, and wl, 'night'  An
 eruption appearing at night and disappearing  by
 day. — Erotian.
   PE'RIOD, Periodus, Periodei'a, Periodedeie,
 Sta'dium, Circditue, from ntpt, 'about,' and 'oios,
 'way;'  Circuit.  Periods are the different phases
 or revolutions of a disease,—the epochs which are
 distinguishable in the course of a disease.  Three
 periods are commonly enumerated.   1. The aug-
 mentation, inorease, or progress. (Incremen'tuin ;)
 2. The acme or height, (F.) Eiat (Status;) and,
 3. The  decline (Decrementum.)  Some authors
 reckon only the invasion and  termination.
  Period is sometimes used in describing an in-
termittent, for the time between the  commence-
ment of a paroxysm and that  of the  next, in.
eluding the fit as well as interval.
  Periods, Monthly, Menses.
  PERIODEIA, Period. 
PERIODEUSIS
656
PERISPHALSIS
  PERIODEUSIS, Period.
  PERIODEUTES, Charlatan.
  YERIODIC'ITY,Periodic"itas,Rhythm; same
etymon.  The aptitude  of certain  physiological
and  pathological  phenomena,  in health or dis-
ease, to recur at particular periods, after longer
or shorter  intervals,  during  which  they  cease
completely.  Diseases, thus recurring, are called
Periodical or rhyth'mical — TypoSea.
  PERIODOL'OGY,  Periodolog"io; from  nc-
ptoSos,  ' a course  or  circuit,'  and Xoyos, ' a dis-
course.'  The  doctrine of periodicity in health
and  disease.
  PERIODONTITIS, (F.) Piriodontite, Inflam-
mation  de  la Membrane  alviolo-dentairc, from
ntpt, ' about,' and oSovs, ' a tooth.   Inflammation
of the membrane  that lines the socket of a tooth.
  Periodontitis  Gingivarum, Ulitis.
  PERIOD'OSCOPE; from ntptoios, 'a period,'
and  oKontu,  ' I  view.'  An instrument, proposed
by Dr. Tyler Smith, for the ready calculation of
the  periodical functions of the sex.   It consists
of a movable circular dial, upon which the months
and days are engraved, fixed  on a pivot in the
centre of a large plate on which are numbered
the different conditions of the reproductive sys-
tem, as  conception, abortion,  premature labour,
hemorrhage, labour, Ac.  By a knowledge of the
date of conception, say November 14th, and fixing
the movable plate opposite the point on the fixed
plate which indicates conception, the observer is
enabled, at  once, to  see, that, allowing 280 days
for gestation, labour  may be expected about the
20th of August.   The dial is made  of card-board,
and is affixed to a small volume, in which its uses
and applications  are explained.
  PERIODUS MORBI,  Type —p. Sanguinis,
Circulation.
   PERIODYN'IA, from ntpt, and ovvvn, 'pain.'
A violent and extensive pain.
  PERIONE, Decidua.
   PERIOR'BITA, Perioe'teum or'bita, from ntpt,
 'around,' and orbita, 'the orbit' An appellation
used, by some, for the periosteum lining the orbit,
which is a continuation of the dura mater.   The
inflammation of  this  periosteum is termed Peri-
 orbi'tie or Periorbiti'tie, and Inflamma'tio perios'-
 tei or'bita.
   PERIORBITIS, see Periorbita.
   PERIORBITITIS, see Periorbita.
   PERIOSTEITIS, see Periostitis.
   PERIOS'TEUM,  Perioe'teon, Periosteoe, Pe-
 rioe'tium, Circumoesa'le, Membra'na  oaei8, Omen'-
 turn oa'aium, Circttmoaedlie Membra'na, from ntpt,
 ' around,' and oartov, ' a bone.'  The periosteum
 is a fibrous, white, resisting medium which sur-
 rounds the  bones every where,  except the teeth
 at their coronas, and the parts of other bones that
 are covered with cartilage.  The external surface
 is united, in a more or less intimate manner, to
 the neighbouring parts by areolar  tissue.   Its
 inner surface covers the bone, whose depressions
 it accurately follows. It is united to the bone by
 small, fibrous prolongations;  and, especially, by
 a prodigious quantity of vessels, which penetrate
 their substance.  The periosteum unites the bones
 to  the  neighbouring parts.   It assists in their
 growth, either by furnishing, at its inner surface,
 as M. Beclard demonstrated, an albuminous exu-
 dation, which becomes cartilaginous,  and at length
 ossifies; — or  by supporting  the  vessels, which
 penetrate  them  to carry the materials of their
 nutrition.  See Medullary membrane.
   Periosteum Internum, Medullary membrane
 — p. Orbitas, Periorbita.
   PERIOSTITIS, Periostei''tis,  Inflamma'tio
perioe'tei, from periosteum and itis, denoting in-
flammation.   Inflammation of the periosteum.
  PERIOSTO'SIS.   Tumour of the periosteum-
Tumours are so  called which  are developed on
bones,  and  formed by  their  outer  membrane.
These tumours are more rapidly developed, have
a less degree of consistence, and  sooner disperso
than exostoses, which they resemble greatly.
  PERIPHERAL, see Peripheral aspect.
  PERIPH'ERAL, Periph'eric, Pcripher'ical; from
ntpt, ' around,' and 0£pu>, ' I bear.'  Relating or
appertaining to the periphery or circumference.
  Peripheral Aspect.  An aspect towards the
circumference of an  organ.—Barclay.  Periph'-
erad is used by  the same writer adverbially to
signify ' towards the  peripheral aspect'
  PERIPHERAL VASCULAR SYSTEM,  Ca-
pillary system.
  PERIPHIMOSIS, Paraphimosis.
  PERIPLEUMONIA, Peripneumonia.
  PERIPLOCA INDICA, Hemidesmus Indicus.
  PERIP'LYSIS, from ntpt, and nXvois, ' the act
of washing;' Proflu'vium.   A copious discharge
from any part, especially from the bowels.
  PERIPNEUMONIA, Peripleumdnio,  Pe-
ripiteumoni'tia,  True peripnedmony,  from  ntpt,
' around,' and nvtvpuv, ' the lung.' Inflammation
of the substance of the lungs. — See Pneumonia.
  Peripneumonia Bilio'sa.  Inflammation  of
the lungs, accompanied  with bilious fever.
  Peripneumonia Catarrha'lis.  Bronchitis or
pulmonary catarrh, with pain in some part of the
chest.   Peripneumonia notha.
  Peripneumonia Notha, P. apu'rio, P. pitui-
to'eo, P. catarrha'lie, Pneumo'nia notha, Pseudo-
peripneumonia, Peeudo-pneumonia, Pseudo-pneu-
moni'tia, Bronchoc'ace, Bleunotho'rax, Obetruc'tio
pulmo'num pituitoSa febri'lie, Bronchi'tis aathen'-
ica, False or Baetard  Peripmed mony, (F.) Pi-
ripneumonie bdtarde  ou faueee. An inexact name,
under which some affections are comprised  that
resemble pneumonia;  and,  especially  chronic
bronchitis  with  pleurodynia. — See Bronchitis
 (chronic.)
   Peripneumonia Pituitosa, P. notha.
   PERIPNEUMONITIS, Peripneumonia.
   PERIPNEUMONY,  Pneumonia—p. Bastard,
 Peripneumonia notha.
   Peripneumony, Latent.  Peripneumony whose
 symptoms are so obscure as to be recognised with
 difficulty.
   PERIPSYXIS, Catapsyxis, Perfrictio.
   PERIPYE'MA, from ntpt, 'about,' and nvov,
 ' pus.'  Suppuration around an organ; — a tooth,
 for example.
   PERIRRHfjyA, Perir'rhoe, from ntpt,  ' about,'
 and ptu, 'I flow.'  Afflux of fluids  from  every
 point of the body towards an organ which has to
 remove them from the economy.  Also, enuresis.
   PERIS,  Perin.
   PERISCELIS, Jarrctiere.
   PERISCYPHISMUS,  Periscythismus.
   PERISCYTHIS'MUS,  Periecy'thiaie,  Pery'-
 ecytie'mue,  Periscy'tisis,   Periscy'phisia,  Peria-
 cyphiemue,  Scalpjng,  from ntpt,  'around,' and
 Y,Kvdr)s, ' a Scythian,' that is, ' scalping after the
 manner of the Scythians.' An operation described
 by Paulus  of ASgina.   It consisted of an incision
 made around the cranium, and  was employed in
 habitual weakness  of the eyes,  pains of  the
  head, Ac.
   PERISPHAL'SIS,  Circumduc'tio,  from ntpt,
  ' about,' and otpaXXu,' I move.' A circular motion
  impressed on a luxated bone, for the purpose of
  reducing it. 
PERISSODACTYLUS            657               PERMIXTIO
  PER1SSODACTYLUS, Polydactylus.
  PERISTALTIC, Systaltic —p. Action,  Peris-
tole.
  PERISTAPIIYLTXUS EXTERNUS, Circum-
flexus musculus — p. Inferior, Circumflexus mus-
culus — p. Internus,  Levator palati.
  PERISTERA ANCEPS, Pelargonium anceps.
  PER1STERIUM,  Verbena officinalis.
  PERISTER'NA, from ntpt,  'about,' and artp-
vov, ' the sternum.'  The lateral parts of the chest
  PERISTOLE, Mot us Perietal'ticus, M. com-
preeso'viae seu vermicula'rie seu tcetudidcua, from
nipt, 'around,' and ortXXu, ' I contract,' ' I close.'
The peristaltic  action of  the  intestines, Mot us
peristol'ticus.  It consists of a kind of undulation
or vermicular movement, in appearance irregular,
but in  which the circular fibres  of the muscular
membrane of the intestine contract successively,
from  above downwards, in proportion as the
chyme advances in the alimentary canal; so that,
being  compressed above, it is  pushed into the
next portion of  the intestine, whose fibres are in
a state of relaxation.  When the fibres contract
inversely, they occasion an antiperistaltic action.
The peristaltic action is involuntary,  and is not
under  the immediate influence of either brain or
spinal marrow.   It continues for some time after
death.
   PERISTOMA, Peristroma.
   PER1STOMIUM, Mouth.
   PERISTRO'MA,  Perie'toma, Mue'eue villo'eue,
Crusta membrana'cea,  Crusta vermicula'rie, from
jrtpi, 'around,' and  arpuvwat, 'to spread.'  The
villous or mucous coat of the intestines.—Castelli.
   PERISYSTOLE, from  ntpt,  'about,' and
avctroXn,  'contraction.'  The interval  that  exists
between  the systole and diastole of the heart,
which is only perceptible in  the dying.—Bar-
tholine.
   PERITERION,  Tripan perforatif.
   PERITESTIS, Albuginea.
   PEL'ITOINE, Peritoineum.
   PERITOME, Circumcision.
   PERITON.ERIXTS,  Peritonaorex'ie, from
ntptrovaiov,  'the peritonasum,' and  pnyvvu, 'I
break.'  Hernia formed by the rupture of the
peritonasum.
   PERITON.E'UM,  Pcritonc'um, Peritona'on,
 Peritonei'on, Peritona'os, Peritoni'on, Peritoneoe,
 Vclamen'tum abdomina'le, Tu'nica praten'sa seu
 Ope rimed turn prateneum seu Membra'na abdom'-
inia,  Sijihor,  Syphar, Zepach, Ziphac, (F.) Pi-
ritoine,Worn ntpt, 'around,' and rttvu, 'I stretch.'
 A serous membrane, which lines the abdominal
navity ; extends over  the greater part of the or-
gans contained there; envelops them wholly or
in part, and maintains their respective relations
by means  of different prolongations and liga-
mentous folds :—the meeentery, epiploon, meaoco-
 lon, Ac.  Like all  the serous membranes,  the
 peritoneum is a sort of sac without  aperture,
 which covers the abdominal organs, without con-
 taining them within it, and the  internal  surface
 of which is smooth, and  lubricated  by a serous
 fluid.   In the male foetus, the  peritonasum fur-
 nishes a prolongation, which  accompanies  the
 testicle  at  the  time of its descent, and,  in the
 female foetus, forms the Canal of Nuck.   Below
 the neck of the gall-bladder, the peritonasum has
 a  triangular opening,  called  the  Foramen  or
 Hiattte  of  Winslow, through which  it proceeds
 behind the stomach, to form a sort of secondary
 cavity, called the posterior cavity of the perito-
 naum, (F.) Arriere caviti piritoniale ou Cavite
 des Epiploons.
   Peritonaeum  Duplicatum, Epiploon, gastro-
 colic.
       42
  PERITONITE, Peritonitis— p. Puerpirale,
see Peritonitis.
  PERITONITIS, Empres'ma Peritonitis, Pe-
ritonai'tie,  Cauma  Peritonitis, Inflamma'tio Pe-
ritona'i,  Phleg'mone  peritona'i,  Phlegmasia  or
Inflammation of the Peritona'um, from perito-
neum,  and itis, denoting 'inflammation.'  (F.)
Piritonite,  Inflammation du Piritoine. The cha-
racteristic  signs of  acute inflammation  of the
peritonasum are, — violent pain in the abdomen,
increased by  the slightest pressure, often by the
simple weight of the bed-clothes.  It generally
occurs in the  parturient state; and begins on the
second or third day  after delivery.  At  times, a
malignant epidemic,  and perhaps contagious, va-
riety  has made its  appearance,  and destroyed
numbers of females.   This  has  been described
under the name Puer'peral Fever, Metroperitoni-
tis, Ene'eio Syn'oehue  Puerpera'rum, (F.) Piri-
tonite  puerpirale,  Mitropf.ritonite puerpirale,
Fievre puerpirale,  Typhuepuerpiral, Erythemat'-
ic or Nonpliis'tic Puerperal Peritonitis, Typho-
ha'mic Peritoni'tis,  Aelynam'ic  or  Malig'nant
Puer'peral Fever, Low  Fever of Childbed.   It is,
according to some, a malignant inflammation  of
the peritoneum and uterus; according to others,
a Uterine Phlebitie.   In any form  it  requires
active  treatment,  early employed.   The  ap-
pearances on  dissection are such as occur when-
ever a serous membrane has been  inflamed, and
such inflammation  has produced death :—effusion
of fluid with flakes  of coagulable lymph in  it;
appearances of vascularity, Ac, in the membrane.
The treatment—in active peritonitie—must con-
sist of the same  course as  recommended under
Enteritis.  In the  chronic kind, symptoms  must
be combated as they  arise, and it may be ad-
visable to excite a new action in the system  by
means of mercury.  In the  epidemic and malig-
nant variety, unless  bleeding be freely employed
at the very outset, it does harm.   If used early,
it is  of decided  advantage.   Every thing  de-
pends upon arresting the morbid process at  the
outset.
  Peritonitis, Erythematic, see Peritonitis —
p. Nonplastic, see  Peritonitis — p. Puerperal, see
Peritonitis — p. Typhohasmic, see Peritonitis.
  PERITTOMA, Excrement.
  PERITYPHLITIS; from nipt, 'around,'and
typhlitia, inflammation of  the caseum.   Inflam-
mation of  the areolar substance  surrounding the
caseum.  See Typhlo-enteritis.
  PERIWINKLE, LESSER, Vinca minor.
  PERIZO'MA, from  ntpi^uvwyn,  (ntpt,  and $uv-
wpt,  'to gird,') 'to gird around.'  A bandage; a
girdle.  In Fabricius Hildanus,  a truss.  Herpes
zoster.  The diaphragm.
   PER'KINISM.   A  therapeutical  means, first
employed  by  Dr. Elisha  Perkins, of Norwich,
Connecticut, towards the termination of the last.
century, and named after  him.   It  consisted in
drawing over affected or  other parts the pointed
extremities of  two metallic rods, called Metallic
 Tractors, each made of a  different metal.  The
success  obtained,  was through  the  influence of
the  imagination;  and, consequently, as  a  reme-
dial agent, it ranks as high as animal magnetism,
but  no higher. The operation  was, also,  called
 Tractora'tion.
   PER'KINIST.  A believer in and practiser of
Perkinism.
   PERKINIS'TIC.   Relating  or belonging to
Perkinism.
   PERLA, Pearl, Paralampsis.
   PERLE, Pearl.
   PERMISTIO, Coition.
   PERMIXTIO,  Coition. 
                 PERMOTIO                6,

  PERMOTIO, Motion.
  PERN1CIEUX, Deleterious.
  PERNICIOSUS, Deleterious.
  PERNIO, Chilblain.
  PERNOCTATIO, Insomnia.
  PEROCEPH'ALUS,  from nnpos,  'deficient,'
and  KttpaXn, ' head.'   A monster with a defective
head.
  PEROCOR'MUS, Oligospoddylus, from nnpos,
' defective,' and Koppos, ' trunk.'  A malformation
in which the trunk is defective,  and too short,
from the absence of one or more vertebras, — the
head and limbs being normal.
  PERODACTYLEUS, Flexor longus digitorum
pedis profundus perforans.
  PERODYNIA, see Cardialgia.
  PEROMEL'IA,  from  nr,pos,  'wanting,'  and
ptXos, ' a limb.'  Congenital misconstruction, or
mutilation  of the limbs.   A genus in the noso-
logy of  Good.
  PEROM'ELUS. ' A  monster  possessed of the
deformity mentioned above.
  PER ONE, Fibula—p. Col du, Collum fibulas.
  PERONE'AL, Perona'ue, Fibula'rie, Fib'ular,
from ntpovn, 'the fibula.'   Belonging or relating
to the fibula.
  Peroneal  Artery,  Fib'ular A.,  arises  from
the  popliteal, and is situate deeply  in the pos-
terior and  outer part of the leg.  It  gives off
branches of little importance.  Near the outer
ankle, it divides into two branches.   1. The poa-
terior peroneal, which descends behind the lower
joint of the fibula,  on the outer  surface of the
calcaneum.  2. The  anterior peroneal, which
crosses the  inferior extremity of the interosseous
ligament, to be distributed on the dorsal surface
of the foot.
  Peroneal Muscles are three in number.  1.
Peronaue Brevie, P.  Secundue, P. anti'cus, P.
Me'diue, Semi-fibula'us, (F.) Grand-pironio-eue-
mitataraien, Court pironio-latirol, Moyen Piro-
nier.  A muscle,  situate  beneath  the peronasus
longus.   It is  attached above, to the outer sur-
face  of  the fibula, and terminates, below, at the
posterior extremity of the 5th metatarsal bone,
after having been reflected beneath the malleolus
externus.   It extends the foot upon the leg, at
the  same time raising a little the outer edge.  It
may, also, act upon the leg, and extend it  upon
the foot. 2. Peronaue Longua, Peronaue primue
seu  poati'cue, P.  max'imus seu poste'rior, (F.)
Tibi-pironio-tarsien, Long pironier latiral, Pi-
ronio-eoue-tarsien, (Ch.,) Muecle grand pironier.
This muscle is situate at the outer  part of the leg.
It is long, thick, and triangular above; thin, nar-
row, and flat below.  It is attached above to the
outer edge of the upper extremity of the fibula,
and to the upper third of the outer surface of that
bone.  Below, it terminates at the outer part of
the  posterior extremity of the first metatarsal
bone.  This muscle extends the foot  on the leg,
turning its point outward, and  raising its outer
edge.  It acts, also,  upon the leg, which it ex-
tends on the foot.  3.  Peronaue  Tertiua, Nonua
 Veediii, (F.) Pironier antirieur,  Petit pironio-
eue-mitatareien (Ch.,) Petit Pironier.   A muscle,
situate at the anterior, outer, and inferior part of
the  leg. It is  long and  flat, and is  attached,
above,  to the inferior third of the anterior mar-
gin  and inner surface of the fibula; terminating,
below, at the posterior extremity of the  5th me-
tatarsal  bone.  This muscle bends  the foot on the
leg, by raising its outer edge.  It can, also,  bend
the  leg on the foot.
  Peroneal Nerve, see Popliteal nerves.
  Peroneal  Vein  follows the same course as
the artery.
              PERSPIRATION

  PERONE DACTYLIUS, Flexor longus digi-
torum pedis profundus perforans.
  PEROXEO-LATERAL COURT, Peronasus
brevis—p. Phalanginieii  du groe  orteil, Flexor
longus pollicis  pedis—p.  Sous-phalanycttien du
pouce, Flexor  longus pollicis pedis—p. Soua-
torsien, Peronasus longus—p.  Sua-mitotaraien,
Peronasus  tertius—p.  Sua-mitotareien,  grand,
Peronasus brevis—p. Sue-plialangcttien du pouce,
Extensor  proprius pollicis pedis—p.  Tibi  eue-
phalangettien  commun, Extensor communis digi-
torum  pedis—p. Sue-phalangien du pouce,  Ex- «
tensor proprius pollicis pedis.
  PERONEUM, Fibula.
  PERONIER,  GRAND, Peronasus longus —
p. Lateral, long, Peronasus longus—p.  Moyen,
Peronasus brevis—p. Petit, Peronasus tertius.
  PERONODACTYLLEUS, Flexor longus digi-
torum pedis profundus perforans.
  PERONODACTYLIUS, Flexor  longus  digi-
torum pedis profundus perforans.
  PEROSO'MUS, from nnpos, 'mutilated,'  and
cupa, 'body.'.   A monster, whose whole body is
imperfectly developed. — Gurlt.
  PEROSPLANCH'NICA, from  nnpos,  'want-
ing,' and anXayxvov,  'a viscus.'  Congenital mis-
construction of the viscera.  A genus in the  no-
sology of  Good.
  PERPENDICULUM nEPATIS, Suspensory
ligament of the liver.
  PERPERACUTUS.  'Extremely acute.'   An
epithet applied to very violent and rapid diseases.
  PERPLEXI MORBI, see Complication.
  PERPLICATION, Pcrpliedtio;  from per,
'through,' and plico, 'I fold.'  A  method of tying
arteries, which  consists  in  making a small inci-
sion  in the side of the  artery, near  its bleeding
orifice, introducing a small pair of forceps, seizing
the open  extremity,  and  drawing it backward,
through the aperture made  in  the side  of  the
vessel, so  as to form a kind of knot.
  PERROSIN, see Pinus abies.
  PERSEA CAMFORA, See Camphor—p. Cas-
sia, Laurus cassia—p. Cinnamomum, Laurus ein-
namomum — p. Cubeba, Piper cubeba.
  Per'sf.a  Gatis'sima, Palta tree.   A slender,
very high  tree of Peru, with  a  small dome-like
top, which grows on the eastern declivity of the
Andes, and rises, at times, to the height of more
than 60 feet.   Its fruit, — (S.) Palta — which is
pear-shaped, is generally  much liked.  It  dis-
solves, like butter, on the tongue, and hence is
called, in  some of the  French  colonies,  beurre
vigitalc.
  Persea Pichurim, see  Pichurim beans — p.
Sassafras, Laurus sassafras.
  PERSIAN FIRE,  Anthracion.
  PERSICA VULGARIS, Amygdalus Persica.
  PERSIC AIRE DOUCE, Persicaria.
  PERSICARIA,  Polygonum Persicaria—p.  Mi-
nor, Polygonum Persicaria—p. Mitis, Polygonum
Persicaria — p. Urens, Polygonum hydropiper —
p. Wandspiked, Polygonum Virginianum.
  PERSIL,  Apium petroselinum — p.  d'Ane,
Chasrophylliim sylvestre—p.  Faux, iEthusa cy-
napium — p. de Mocidoine, Bubon Macedonicum
— p. de Montague, Athamanta aureoselinum.
  PERSIMMON, Diospyros Virginiana.
  PERSOLATA, Arctium lappa.
  PERSOLLATA, Arctium lappa.
  PERSOLUTA, Arctium  lappa.
  PERSPICILLUM, see Spectacles.
  PERSPIRABILE  SANCTORIANUM,  Per-
spiration.
  PERSPIRATION, Perepirdtio,  Tranapirn'-
tio, Dijfta'tio, Diap'noe, Diapnee'a, Diapneu'sis,
Perspirab'ile Sanctoria'num, from per, 'through,'
>8 
PERSUDATIO
659
PESTILENTIAL
and apirare, ' to breathe, exhale.'  The ineeneible
transpiration or exhalation continually going on
at the surface of the skin and membranes.  Sen-
sible perspiration is called aweat.  The perspira-
tory fluid is secreted by an appropriate glandular
apparatus,  termed by Breschet dinpuog"eiiQue,
or eudorip'aroue glands, Glund'ula  sudorip'ara,
Or'gunn eudorip'ara, sweat glands,  consisting of
a secreting parenchyma, situate beneath the true
skin, and of spiral ducts, which open obliquely
under  the  scales of the  epidermis.  A certain
portion of  the  perspired fluid is thrown off by
ordinary  physical evaporation.
   The  Pulmonary exhalation or tranepiration is
that which takes place into  the  bronchia, and is
sent out with the expired air.
   PERSUDATIO, Diapedesis.
   PERSULTATIO, Diapedesis.
   PERTE, Metrorrhagia — p.  dAppetit, Ano-
rexia—p. de la Mi moire, Amnesia—p. de I'Odo-
rat, Anosinia—p. de Song, Hasmorrhagia—p. de
la Voix, Aphonia—p. de la Vue, Cascitas.
   PEliTERE BRANT, Perter'ebrane ; from per,
'through,' and tcrebrare, 'to bore.'  The French
give this epithet to an acute pain— Douleur pcr-
tiribrante—which occasions a sensation like that
which  would be produced by an instrument pe-
netrating and lacerating a part;—-the pain from
whitlow, for example.
   PERTES BLANCHES,  Leucorrhcea— p. de
Sang,  Metrorrhagia—p.  Seminales,  Spermator-
rlma — p.  Utirines, Metrorrhagia—p.  Ulirinee
rougea, Metrorrhagia—p. Utirines blanchee, Leu-
corrhcea.
   PERTICA PER SE,  Penis.
   I'ERTURBATIONES  ANIMI,  Affections of
the mind.
   PERTURBATRIX, (Mediri'na)  .Per'turba-
ting Treatment, (F.)  Mithodc ou Midecine per-
turbatrice.   A  mode of  treatment in  which very
active  means are employed, and such  as impress
upon diseases a different course/ from that natural
to them.  It is the antithesis to the Medicina ex-
pectane.  Much evil has resulted from such treat-
ment,  especially in febrile diseases.
   PERTUS'SIS, from per,  a prefix denoting ex-
cess, and  tueeie, 'a cough.'  Ttteeia  feri'na,  T.
convulai'vo, T. pu'eros strong'ulons, T. quinta, T.
etomacha'lie, T. an'hela clomo'so, T. etran'gulane,
T. dclaeSana,  T. ettf'focane, T. amphemer'ina,  T.
tussiculo'sa, T. epaemod'ica, T. aeini'na,  T. cani'-
na, Bronchi'tia convulei'va, Bronchoccphali'tis,
Pneueie pertue'eie, Amphemer'ina,  Orthopnie'a
tueeiculoSa,  clango'ea,  suffocati'va, clamoSa,
spasmod'ica,  Morbus  Cucul'lua, Morbus cuculla'-
ris, Cuculas,  Bcchorthopnoe'a,  Bex convulsi'vo,
Bex therio'des. Hooping-cough,  Whooping-cough,
Chin-cough,   Kin-cough,  Kind -cough,  (Germ.
Kind, 'a child,')  (F.) Coqitcluche, Catarrhe ou
Bronchite  convulsive, Toux convulsive, T. quin-
teusc,  T.  bleue, Maladic cuculaire.   A  violent
convulsive cough, returning by fits, (F.) Quintee,
at longer or shorter intervals; and  consisting  of
several expirations, followed by a sonorous in-
spiration or whoop.   The fits of coughing gene-
rally  recur more frequently during  the  night,
morning, and  evening, than in the  day. It is
esteemed to be contagious, and attacks the young
more particularly.  It is  rare for it  to  affect an
individual for the second time.  The  duration is
various.—six  or eight weeks or more.  Although
the paroxysms are very violent, it  is  not a dan-
gerous disease.  It  may, however, give rise to
other affections, as convulsions, pneumonia, Ac,
when  the  complication is very dangerous, as the
cause cannot be removed.  Those children suffer
the least, who evacuate the contents of the sto-
mach  during  the fit   Iu the treatment, all that
can be done is to palliate.   It must be borne in
mind, that the disease will, in time, wear itself
out. If there be much tensive pain of the head, or
fever, bleeding may be required, but it  is seldom
necessary.  Narcotics occasionally  afford relief,
but it is temporary.  Gentle emetics, given occa-
sionally, when the paroxysms are long and dry,
give decided relief, and aid in  the  expectoration
of the morbid secretions.   After the disease has
continued for  some weeks, and persists  in part
from habit, change of air is essential,  and this,
even  should  the change  be to an atmosphere
that is less pure.
  PERU, see Lima.
  PERUNCTIO, Inunction.
  PER VENCHE, Vinca minor.
  PERVER'SION, Perver'eio, from per and t>er-
tere, ' to turn.'  Diaa'trophe, Diaatrem'mo.   One
of the four modifications of function in disease:
the three others being augmentation, diminution,
and abolition.  The humourists used  this term
also to designate disorder or morbid change in
the fluids.
  PERVERSION  DE LA  TETE  DES OS
ET DES MUSCLES, Loxarthrus.
  PERVIGILIUM, Insomnia, Coma vigil.
  PES, novs,  Ichnue, (F.) Pied, 'the foot'  The
inferior extremity  of the abdominal member,
representing a bony arch, an elastic vault, which
transmits the weight of the body to the  ground.
It is divided  into three parts;—the tareua, meta-
tareua, and toes.
  Pes Alexandrinus, Anthemis pyrethrum—p.
Anserinus, Chenopodium bonus Henricus, Facial
nerve—p. Cati, Antennaria Dioica—p. Equinus,
see Kyllosis — p. Hippocampi  major, Cornu am-
monis—p. Hippocampi minor, Hippocampus mi-
nor—p. Hippopotami major, Cornu ammonis—p.
Hippopotami minor, Cornu ammonis—p. Leonis,
Alchemilla.
   PESANTEUR, Weight—p. Spicifique, Gra-
vity, specific.
   PESE-ACIDE, Acidometer—p. Liqueur, Are-
ometer—p. Sirop, Saccharometer.
   PES'SARY, Peeedrium, from ntaaos, 'a small
stone.' Peeeua, Peeeum, Pee'eulua, Suppoeito'rium
uteri'num, Glane, Lemnie'cue. A solid instrument,
composed of cork, ivory, or elastic gum, which is
introduced into the vagina to support the uterus,
in cases of prolapsus or relaxation of that organ;
to  keep vaginal  hernia reduced,  Ac.   The an-
cients made  use of medicated  pessaries,  which
they  distinguished  into  emollient, astringent,
aperient, Ac.  The form of pessaries is very va-
riable;— round, oval,  Ac, according to  circum-
stances.
   Pessary, Eoyptian, iEgyptius pessus.
   PESSULUS, Pessary, Penis.
   PESSUM, Pessary.
   PESSUS, Pessary.
   PEST, Plague.
   PESTE, Plague.
   PESTICHLE, Petechias.
   PESTICLE, Petechias.
   PESTILENCE, Pestiled tia, Peetil'itaa, from
peatie, 'a pest'   A malignant spreading disease;
—applied especially to plague.
   Pestilence, Choleric, Cholera  spasmodica—
p. Glandular, Plague — p. Hasmagastric, Fever,
yellow—p. Septic, Plague.
   PESTILENT-WORT, Tussilago petasites.
   PESTILENTIA, Plague —p. Hasmagastrica,
Fever, vellow.
   PESTILENTTAL, Peatilentidlie, Pestilentid'-
rius, Peetilentio'eua, Peetilen'tue, from peatis, 'a
pest'   Relating to the plague.  Pestilential dis-
eases are those that bear some resemblance to the 
                PESTILITAS               61

plague, in respect to mode of propagation, symp-
toms, danger, Ac.
  PESTILITAS, Plague.
  PESTIS, Plague—p. Acutissima,  Plague—p.
Adeno-septica,  Plague — p. Americana,  Fever,
yellow—p. Bellica, Typhus—p. Britanniea, Sudor
Anglicus — p. Bubonaria orientalis,  Plague — p.
Contagiosa, Plague—p.  Glandulosa, Plague — p.
Glossanthrax,   Glossanthrax — p.  Inguinaria,
Plague—p. Intertropica, Fever, yellow—-p. Occi-
dentalis, Fever, yellow — p. Orientalis, Plague—
p. Septica, Plague^-p. Variolosa, Variola.
  PESTLE, Pilum—p. Spring, see Pilum.
  PET, Fart.
  PETALS, Phtheiriasis.
  PETASITES, Tussilago petasites —p. Hybri-
da, Tussilago petasites—p. Officinalis, Tussilago
petasites—p. Vulgaris, Tussilago petasites.
  PETAURUM.   A seat suspended by ropes, in
which a person  taking the exercise  sat, and was
tossed about by assistants.—Juvenal and Martial.
  PETE'CHIxE, Petic'ula, Peetich'ia, Peetic"ia,
Punctic'ula, Purpura malig'na, Por'phyra Gra-
co'rum.   Small  spots, similar in shape and colour
to flea-bites, which occur spontaneously upon the
skin, in the course of severe fevers, Ac.  They
are,  under such  circumstances, signs  of great
prostration.
  Petechia: sine Febre, Purpura simplex.
  PETECHIAL SCURVY, Purpura simplex.
  PETECHIANOSIS, Purpura hasmorrhagica.
  PET'ELA TRIFOLIA'TA,  Shrubby Trefoil,
Swamp dogwood, Stinking  Pra'irie Buah, Stink-
ing aeh, Wing-seed.  A  tall indigenous shrub—
family, Xanthoxylaceas—which flowers in June.
It has been used as a tonio and antiperiodic.
  PETER'S PILLS, Pilulas Aloes et Cambogias
— p. Worm  lozenges, see Worm lozenges,  Sher-
man's.
  PETICUL/E, Petechias.
  PETIGO, Impetigo.
  PETINA, Sole.
  PETIOLUS,  Pediolue, diminutive of pes, ' a
foot.  A  footstalk or leafstalk of  a plant.  A
petiole.
  Petiolus Epiglottidis.  The root of the epi-
glottis.
  Petiolus Mallei, Manubrium mallei.
  PETIT COURIER, Influenza—p. Lait, Serum
lactis—p.  Lait  dHoffmann, Serum  lactis  Hoff-
manni—p. Mai,  see Epilepsy—p.  Sua-maxillo-
labial, Levator  anguli oris.
  PETITE POSTE, Influenza.
  PETROLEUM, Petroleum.
  PETR^EUM, Solidago virgaurea.
  PETRAPIUM, Bubon Macedonicum.
  PETREOLE, Petroleum.
  PETREUX, (OS,) see Temporal bone.
   PETRO DEL  PORCO, Bezoar of the  Indian
porcupine.
  PETE OLE,  Petroleum.
  PETRO'LEUM, Petrola'um, Petraleum, Petra
oleum, Bitdmen Petroleum, Pieaela'um In'dicum,
Rock Oil, Petroleum Barbadedee, Barbadoea Tar,
(F.) Pitrole ou  Pitriole, from  ntrpos, 'rock,' and
tXaiov, ' oil.'  A bituminous substance of a fetid
odour, and bitter, acrid taste.   It is semi-liquid,
tenacious, semi-transparent; of a reddish-brown
colour; insoluble in water and alcohol; combines
with fixed arid  essential oils and sulphur; and  is
partially soluble in ether.   The petroleum  found
at Gabian, near Beziers, in France, has been
called Oleum Gabidnum, (F.) Huile de  Gabian,
Petroleum rubrum.
   PETRO-OCCIP'ITAL, Petro-occipitalis.   Be-
longing to the  petrous portion of the  temporal
bone and to the occipital bone.
              PEUCEDANUM

  Petro-Occipital Suture  is  formed by  the
junction of the petrous portion of the temporal to
the occipital bone.  It is a deep groove separa-
ting the bones, which have between them a thin
layer  of cartilage.
  PETRO -SALPINGO-PHARYNCEUS.   A
fleshy fasciculus, which extends  from  the  sphe-
noid bone, from the petrous  portion of the tem-
poral  bone, and from the Eustachian tube to the
upper part of the pharynx.  See Constrictor.
  PETRO-SALP1NGO-STAPHYL1NUS,   Cir-
cumflexus—p. Salpingo-staphylinus, Levator pa-
lati—p. Staphijlin, Levator palati.
  PETRO-SPHENOID'AL, Petro-ephenoida'lie.
Belonging to the petrous portion of the temporal
bone and to the sphenoid bone.
  Petro-Sphenoidal Suture; — a name given
to the small suture which is formed by the ante-
rior edge of the petrous portion  of the temporal
bone and the posterior edge of the sphenoid.
  Petroleum Barbadense, Petroleum.
  Petroleum Sulphura'tum,  Bal'samum Sul-
phuris Barbaden'ee,-—(Composed of petrol. Bar-
bad, fixvj, fl-or. Sulph.  %,'rv) nas been used as a
pectoral;  and as  a detergent to ulcers.  It  has
been  accounted  antispasmodic  and  sudorific.
Dose, gtt. x to xxx.  Externally, it is  used as a
stimulant and discutient.
  PETROSAL, Petrous.
  PETROSELINUM, Apium petroselinum — p.
Macedonicum, Bubon Macedonicum.
  PETROSUM,  OS, see Temporal.
  PETROUS, Petro'sue, PetroSal, from ntrpos,
'a stone.'   Resembling stone; having the hard-
ness of stone.
  Petrous Gan'glion, PetroSal Ganglion, Gan-
glion  of Anderech, is formed  by the glossopha-
ryngeal nerve, shortly after it emerges from the
jugular fossa.  From this ganglion, M. Jacobson
of  Copenhagen  traced an  anastomosing  loop
through the cavity of the  tympanum, which left
branches there, and was thence  reflected down-
wards to join the Vidian  nerve.— See  Otic Gan-
glion.  This has been called the AYn.-e of Jm-ob-
sou, Tympan'ic branch  of the glosao-pharyngcal,
and the inosculation, JacobeonS Anaetomdaie.
  Petrous  Portion of  Temporal  Bone,  see
Temporal Bone—p. Process, see Temporal Bone.
  Petrous  Si'nuses, PetroSal Sinuses, are  two
venous sinuses of the dura mater, connected with
the petrous portion of the temporal  bone,  and
distinguished on each side, into:—1.  The supe-
rior petrosal sinus.  It arises from the cavernous
sinus ; follows the upper edge of the petrous  por-
tion which  affords it  a gutter;  passes  into  the
great circumference of  the  tentorium cerebelli,
and opens into the lateral sinus where the latter
experiences a  bend near the base of the pars pe-
trosa.  Its form is triangular.   2. The inferior
petroaal einue arises from the cavernous sinus at
the same point as the last, with  which it commu-
nicates at the  moment of its origin.  It descends
between the inferior edge of the pars petrosa and
the basilary process; and terminates in the  late-
ral sinus,  at the sinus or gulf of the internal ju-
gular vein.  It is triangular, and broader at its
extremities than at the middle.
  PETUM, Nicotiana tabacum.
  PEUCE, Pinus sylvestris.
  PEUCEA BALSAMEA, see  Pinus abies.
  PEUCEDANUM, P.ofliriudle,P.alsat'icam seu
altie'eimum  seu  pet niculu'turn seu  terno'tum, Se-
li'num peuced'anum, Mar'athrum sylves'tre, Mnra-
throphyl'lum, Pinaatel'lum, Fcenic'tiliimpto ci'nuni,
Bonus Ge'nius, HogS Fennel, Sulph nrwort,  (F.)
Queue de Pourceou, Fenouil de Pore.  Family.
Umbolliferas.  Sex.  Syat.  Pentandria  Digynia.
The root has a strong, fetid smell—somewhat re-
10 
PEUPLIER
661
PHALANX
Bembling that of sulphureous  solutions—and an
acrid, unctuous, bitterish  taste.  It has been re-
commended as antihysteric and nervine.
  Peucedanum Alsaticum, Peucedanum—p. Al-
tissimum,Peucedanum—p.Officinale, Peucedanum
— p. Oreoselinum, Athamanta aureoselinum—p.
Paniculatum,Peucedanum—p.Pratense,P. silaus.
  Peucedanum Silaus, P. pratcnSe, See'elipra-
tcnSe, Sium sil'aiis, Ligus'ticum sil'aiis, Cniil'ium
ei/.'aiia, Snxifrogo vu/go'ria, S. An'glica, Hippo-
mar'athrum, Firaic'it/inn  er'raticum, Englieh or
Meadow  Sax'ifrage,  (F.) Sieili  dee prie.  The
roots, leaves, and seeds have been recommended
as aperients, diuretics, and carminatives.  Rarely
used.
  Peucedanum Ternatum, Peucedanum.
  PEVPLIER NOIR, Populus.
  PEXIS, Concretion.
  PEY'ERI GLAN'I)ULiE,L7.Pe^eria'n(E,Pe^'-
eri Plexua glandulo'si, Gland'ula muco'sa coag-
mina'ta seu ogmindta seu mucip'ara racema'tim
congea'ta inteatino'ruin, G. inteatina'lea sen plexi-
for'mee seu spu'ria,  Cor pus'cula  glandula'rum
eimil'ia seu Gland'ula in agmen congrega'ta in-
testino'rum, Enterode'nes, PeyerS Glanda, Ag'mi-
noted or aggregate glanda.  Small glands or fol-
licles, situate beneath the villous coat of the in-
testines.   They are  clustered together, having a
honey-comb appearance—Ploquee goufrees—and
are extremely numerous.  They occur most  nu-
merously in the lower portion of the ileum.  Their
structure and functions are not well known.
  PEZA, 7t£^(T, Doric and Arcadian for  novs, 'a
foot.' The foot: according to some,  the sole of the
foot; and to others, the astragalus.  The ankle.
  PEZI'ZA seu PEZE'ZA  AURICULA,  Tre-
mcl/'tt  auric'ula, Auricula  Juda,   Auricula'ria
eainbdci seu sambu'cina, Exid'ia auric'ula Juda,
Meru'liue auric'ula, Fungus eambu'einua, Agar'i-
cus Auric'ula formil, Jew's  Ear.  This fungus  is
said to bo astringent; but has chiefly been used
as a gargle in  relaxed sore  throat.
  PFEFFERS  or   PFAFFERS,  MINERAL
AVATERS (IF,  Therma  Piperi'na, Th. fabd-
ria. These springs, which are in the Swiss Alps,
are simply thermal:  temperature  100°  of Fah-
renheit.
  PHACE, Pha'cea,  Phactte, ifiaKt,; a grain of
the  lentil, Ervum tens.   Also,  chloasma;  the
crystalline lens; and a flask for the application
of heat, so called owing to its flattened lens-like
shape.
  PHACELLUS, Fasciculus.
  PHACELUS,  Fasciculus.
  PIIACIIYMENTTIS, Phacohymenitis.
  PHACI, Ephelides.
  PHA'CICUS,Phaco'tue, Phaco'des; fromtpaKr,,
'lens.'   Lens-shaped, lenticular.
  PHACITIS, Phaeoidci'tia, Lenti'tis,  Crystal-
li'tis, O'/eni'tis, from  QaKos, 'a lens,' and itis,  a
termination denoting inflammation.  Inflamma-
tion  of the crystalline lens.   Inflammation of the
capsule of the lens is termed Capsi'tis, Capeuli'-
tis, and Cryatal'lino-capeuli'tia.
  PHACO'DES, Phacicus.
  PHACOHYMENITIS, Phakomeni'tie, Phac-
hymeni'tie, Inflamma'tio  cap'sula  lentis ;  from
tpaKos, 'a lens," 'vpr/r, 'a membrane,' and itis, de-
noting inflammation.   Inflammation of the cap-
sule  of the crystalline.
  PHACOIDEITIS, Phacitis.
  PHACOMALACIA, Cataract, soft.
  PHAC'OPIS,  Phaco'tus ;  from   tpaKn, 'lens,'
and  Koitts, 'a knife;'  Scalpel'lum lenticula're.   A
lenticular-shaped knife.
  PHACOPS'IS, from tpaKn, 'lens,' and ouVij, 'vi-
sion.'   The state of one who has  chloasma or
freckles on the face.
  PHACOPTIS'ANA, Pha'cium;  from  tpaKn,
'lens,' and nrtaavr,, 'drink.'  A drink of lentils.
A poultice of lentils.
  PHACOS. Ervum lens.
  PIIAC<'SCOTOMA, Cataract.
  PHACOTUS, Phacicus, Phacopis.
  PHACUS, Phace.
  PHADARODES, Trachoma tuberculosum.
  PHADAROSIS, Trachoma tuberculosum.
  PIL-ENIGMUS, Phenigmus.
  PILENOMENOLOGIA, Semeiology.
  PHENOMENON, Phenomenon.
  PHAGENA, Boulimia.
  PHAGEDENA, Boulimia, Phagedenic ulcer—
p. Sloughing of the mouth, Cancer aquaticus—p.
Gangrasnosa, Hospital gangrene.
  PHAGEDENIC, Phageda'nicus, Depas'cens,
from tpayu, ' I eat'
  Phagedenic Ulcer, Nome, Phageda'na, Ulcus
depae'eene seu obam'bulane seu feri'num, is  one
which rapidly eats and corrodes the neighbouring
parts.
  Phagededic, in Materia Medica, is a substance
used for destroying fungous granulations in ul-
cers, Ac.
  PHAKOHYMENITIS, Phacohymenitis.
  PHALACRA, Calvities.
  PHALACROMA, Calvities.
  PHALACROSIS, Calvities.
  PHALACROTIS, Alopecia.
  PHALjENA PINGUINALIS,  see Ectozoa.
  PHALAIA.  A barbarous  term, employed by
Basil  Valentine to designate a universal medicine
or panacea.
  PHALAN'GAL, Phaladgian,  Phalangidnus.
Having relation  to a phalanx.
  PHALANGARTHRITIS,  from <paXayl,  'a
phalanx,' apdpov,  'a joint,' and itis, denoting in-
flammation.  Gout in the fingers.   Inflammation
of the joints of the fingers.
  PHALANGE, Phalanx.
  PHALANGES DES DOIGTS, see Phalanx—
p. of the Fingers, see Phalanx—p. des Orteils,
see Phalanx — p. of the Toes, see Phalanx.
  PHALANGETTES, see Phalanx.
  PHALANGETTIEN.   Professor  Chaussier
uses this term for any thing relating to the third
phalanx of the fingers or toes, — Phalangien, for
what  relates to the first, — and Phalanginien, to
the second.
  PHALANGIAN, Phalangal.
  PHALANGIEN, see Phalangettien.
  PHALANGINES. see Phalanx.
  PHALANGINIEN. see Phalonqettien.
  PHALANGIUM ESCULENTUM,  Scilla es-
culenta.
  PHALANGO'SIS,  Hispid'itaa, from tpoXayl,
' a row of soldiers.'  An affection of the eyelids
in which the lashes are arranged  in two or three
rows.   See  Trichiaaia.  Also, dropping of the
upper eyelid, from paralysis of the levator palpe-
bras superioris muscle.
  PHALANX, Phalan'ge,  Phalango'ma.  Same
etymon.  A name given to the small bones which
form  the fingers and toes, because placed along-
side each other like a phalanx. They are distin-
guished into the Phalanges of the fingers, Oaaa
seu Ag'mina seu A'cies seu Artic'uli seu Scut id-
ula seu  Scdtula seu Nodi seu Interno'dia seu
Scytal'ides seu Con'dyli Digito'rum Manue;  and
the Phalangee of the Toes, Oaaa seu Artic'uli seu
Interno'dia Digito'rum Pedie.  I. Phalangee of
theflngere, (F.) Phalangee dee doigte.  They are,
in each hand, fourteen,—three to each finger, and
two to the thumb; and are situate one above the
other. They are distinguished, numerically, reck- 
PHALARIS
662
PHARMACY
oning from the base towards the tip of the finger.
1.  The firat or metacarpal, Procon'dyli, (F.) Pre-
mieres phalangee ou  Phalangee mitacarpiennee.
2.  The aecond or middle phalangee, (F.) Secondes
phalangee ou Phalangee moyenncs, Phalanginee,
(Ch.) 3. The third phalanges, Metacoddyli, Pha-
lan'gee un'guium,  (F.)  Troieiemee phalangee ou
Phalangee unguialea, unguiferee, unguinalee, Pha-
langettee (Ch.), which terminate each finger,  and
support the nail.  II. Phalangee of the  Toee,  (F.)
Phalangee des Orteila.   They are the same in
number as those of the fingers, but much smaller,
and of a very different shape.
  The phalanges  of  a finger or  toe  are united
with each other; and the first with the metacar-
pal or metatarsal bone.   They  are   developed
from two points of ossification ; one for the supe-
rior  extremity, and the other for the body and
inferior extremity.
  PIIAL'ARIS CANARIEN'SIS,P.ovdta,Cul'-
tivated Canary Graee, (F.) Alpiete. Family, Gra-
mineas.  Sex. Syat. Triandria Digynia.  The  seed
of this grass, Canary seed,  (F.) Graines d'aepic,
afford a nourishing meal.  The ancients recom-
mended them for allaying pains in  the kidney
and bladder.
  PHALLAL'GIA,  Phallodyn'ia, from  tpaXXos,
'the male organ,' and aXyos, 'pain.'  Pain in the
male organ.
  PHALLANCYLOSIS, Chordee.
  PHALLITIS,  Priapi'tis, from tpaXXos,  'the
male organ,' and itis,  a suffix denoting  inflamma-
tion.  Inflammation of the male organ.
  PHALLOCAMPSIS, Chordee.
  PHALLOCARCINO'MA, from tpaXXos,  'the
male organ,' and KapKtvupa, 'cancer.'  Carcinoma
or cancer of the penis.
  PHALLODYNIA,  Phallalgia.
  PHALLON'CUS, from tpaXXos, 'the male or-
gan,' and oyKos, ' swelling.'  Tumefaction of the
male organ.
  PHALLOPSOPHTA, from tpaXXos,  'the male
organ,' and ipotpos, ' a noise.'  Discharge of wind
from the male urethra.
  PHALLORRHAG"IA, from ipaXXos, 'the male
organ,' and pr/ywpt, ' I break out'  Hemorrhage
from the male urethra.  Stimatosis.
  PHALLORRHfFA, Gonorrhoea.  "
   PHALLORRHOIS'CHESIS, from tpaXXos, 'the
male organ,' pot,, 'discharge,' and  taxtiv, 'to with-
hold.' Sudden arrest of a gonorrhceal discharge.
   PHALLUS, Penis.
   PHANEROG'AMOUS, Phanerogam'ic, Phane-
rogam'icus, from tpavtpos,  ' evident,'  and yapos,
 'marriage.'  An  epithet used by botanists for
plants whose sexual  organs are apparent.  It is,
 consequently, the opposite to cryptogamoue.
   PHANTASIA, Delirium, Imagination.
   PHANTASM,  Phantae'ma, Phanto'ma, Phae-
 ma, from tpavra^u, ' I make appear.'  A phantom,
 false appearance, apparition. Hallucination. De-
 rangement of the sense of sight or of the intellec-
 tual faculties,  causing objects to be perceived,
 which are not before the eyes.
   PHANTASMA, Pseudoblepsia.
   PHANTASMATICUS, Phantasticus.
   PHANTASMATOSCOPIA, Metamorphopsia.
   PHANTASMOSCOPIA, Metamorphopsia.
   PHANTASTICUS, Inebriant. Creating phan-
 tasms—p h a n taemat'icue.
   PHANTOM, Fantom.
   PHANTOM A, Phantasma — p. Obstetricium,
 Fantom.
   PHARMACEIA, Poisoning.
   PHARMACEUM, Apotheca.
  PHARMACEUS, Apothecary.
  PHARMACEUTA, Apothecary.
  PHARMACEUTIC,  Pharmaced ticus,  from
tpap/iaKov,  'a  medicine.'  An  epithet  for every
thing belonging to pharmacy.  Thus, we  say,
Pharmaceutical preparations, Ac.
  PHARMACEUTICS, Pharmacy.
  PHARMACEUTIST, Apothecary.
  PHARMAC I EN, Apothecary.
  PHARMACOCATAGRAPHOLOG'TA, Cata-
grapholog"ia,  Are  for'mulas concinnan'ili, from
tpappaKov, 'a medicine,'  Kara, 'beneath,' ypatpr,, 'a
writing,' and Xoyos, 'a  description.'  The art of
writing prescriptions. — J. J. Plenck.
  PHARMACOCHYMIA,  Chymistry,  pharma-
ceutical.
  PHARMACODYNAMICS, from ipapvaKov, 'a
medicine,' and Svvapts, ' power.'  Pharmacody-
nam'ice, Dynam'ical Materia Medico, Pharmaco-
dynam'ica doctri'na, Pharmacodynamiolog"ia.  A
division of pharmacology,  which considers the
effects and uses of  medicines.
  PHARMACOD1NAMIOLOGIA,  Pharmaco-
dynamics.
  PHARMACOGNOS'IA, Aeeo<7iios'i'a, Acognoe'-
ia, from tpappaKov, 'amedicine,' undyvuais, 'know-
ledge.'  A division of pharmacology, which treats
of simples, or unprepared medicines.
  PHARMACOLOGIA, Materia medica.
  PHARMACOMA'NIA, from tpapuaKov, 'a me-
dicine,'  and jxavta,  'mania.'  One who has a ma-
nia for prescribing or for taking medicine.
  PHARMACON,  Poison.
  PHARMACOPCE'IA, Pharmacopce'a, (F.)
Pharmacopie, from ipappaKov, 'a medicine,' and
notiu, ' I make.' A work, containing a collection
of formulas for the  preparation, Ac, of medicines:
generally published by authority.  Formerly, a
chemical  laboratory,  Laboratdrium  chym'icum
seu pharmaceut'icum.
  PHARMACOPCEUS, Apothecary, Druggist.
  PHARMACOPOLA, Apothecary, Druggist.
  PHARMACOPOLE, Apothecary,  Druggist.
  PHARMACOPOLI'UM,  Apothe'ca,  Offici'na,
 Taber'na  Med'ica.  The shop of the  druggist or
apothecary,  from  tpapuaKov,  ' a medicine,' and
nuXtu, ' I sell.'
  PHARMACOPOS'IA, from <papjxaKov,  'a medi-
cine,' and noats, 'a potion.'  A liquid medicine,
especially one that is cathartic.
  PHARMACO'SA  MEDICAMENTA,   from
tpappaKov,  'a  poison.'   Medicines that contain
poisonous substances.— Fallopius.
  PHARMACOTHE'CA, tpappaKoSr,™, from tpap-
Ho.kov, ' a medicine,' and TiSvpt, ' I place.' A cace
for medicines.
   PHARMACOTHERAPI'A, from <papuaKov, and
 dtpantta, ' treatment'   Cure of diseases by  re-
medies.
   PHARMACTER, Apothecary.
   PHARM A CUM,  Medicament,  Poison —p.
 jEgyptiacum, jEgyptiacum—p. Amatorium, Phil-
 ter.
   Phar'macum ad Aures, jEgyp'tium Medica-
 medtum ad Aures. A name given to a medicine,
 composed of bitter almonds, white pepper, saf-
 fron, myrrh, opium, frankincense, castor, verjuice,
 sulphate of iron, vinegar, pomegranate-bark, un-
 guentum nardinum, Ac.   It was believed  to be
 useful for cleansing fetid ulcers in the ears.
   PHARMACURGICUS,  Apothecary.
   PHARMACURGUS, Apothecary.
   PHAR'MACY,   Pharmaci'a, Pharmaceu'tiee,
 Pharmax'ia, from tpappaKov,  'a  medicine.'   The
 art which teaches the knowledge, choice, preser- 
PHARMAXIS               663          PHARYNGOSPASMUS
 vation, preparation, and combination  of medi-
 cines.   It  was formerly divided into Galen'ical
 and Chym'ical.  The  former, called after Galen,
 embraced  the operations undertaken  on medi-
 cines without chymistry;—the latter,  Chymical
 Pharmacy  or Pinii-mae.edtic Chymistry, Pliorma-
 cochyiditi,  comprised the preparation  of medi-
 cines,  founded on the chymical action of their
 principles.
    PHARMAXIS, Pharmacy.
    PHARNA'CEUM LINEA'RE.  A South Afri-
 can plant,  Not. Ord.  Paronychiaceas,  employed
 at the  Cape in pulmonary affections.  It is gene-
 rally given in infusion.
    PIIARUS, Pharynx.
    P1IARYGATHRON, Pharynx.
    PHARYGETIIRUM. Pharynx.
    PHARYNGyE'UM  (SAL.), from pharynx.  A
 compound  of cream of tartar, nitrate of potassa,
 burnt  alum,  and distilled vinegar.  It was for-
 merly employed, united with honey and plantain-
 water,  to make  gargles, which were advised in
 quinsy.
    PHARYNGE, Pharyngeal.
    PHARYNGE'AL, Pharynga'ue, (F.)Pharyngi,
 Phoryngien.  That which relates to the  pharynx.
 A name given to the muscles, vessels, and nerves
 of the pharynx.
    Pharyngeal  Arteries.  These are two  in
 number.  The one—superior or pterygo-palatine,
 Ramus Pharynga'ue supe'rior of Haller — arises
 from the internal maxillary at the base of the
 zygomatic  fossa,  passes through  the  pterygo-
 palatine canal, and proceeds to be  distributed-to
 tho pharynx and the  corresponding part of the
 Eustachian  tube.   The other — the inferior —
 Pharynga'a asceddene  of Haller — arises  from
 the external carotid, on a level with the facial.
 It ascends  along the  lateral and posterior part
 of the  pharynx,  and divides into two branches :
 the one — the pharyngeal, properly  so called — is
 distributed  to the pharynx ;  the other — the me-
 ningeal— gives its branches particularly to the
 dura mater.
   Pharyngeal Nerve.  A branch sent by the
 pneumogastric to the pharynx.  It descends be-
 hind the internal carotid;  communicates  with
 the glossopharyngeal: and divides, opposite the
 middle constrictor of the pharynx, into a great
 number of filaments, which anastomose, in a mul-
 titude of different directions, with filaments of the
 glosso-pharyngeal nerve, of the superior laryn-
 geal branch, and of the first cervical ganglion.
 These different nervous filaments united consti-
 tute the pharyngeal plexua,  the irregular meshes
 of which send numerous ramifications to the
 pharynx.
   Pharyngeal Voice, see Voice.
   PllARYNGEMPHRAXIS, from tpapvyl,  'the
 pharynx,' and t^tppalts,  ' obstruction.'   Obstruc-
 tion of  the pharynx.
   TUIARNGETHRON, Pharynx.
   PHARYNGEURYSMA, Pharyngocele.
   PHARYNGICUS, Pharyngeal.
   PHARYNGIEN, Pharyngeal.
   PH. 1R YNGITE,  Cynanche  pharyngea —p.
 Tonsillaire,  Cynanche tonsillaris.
   PHARYNGITIS,  Cynanche pharyngea.
   Pharyngitis Apostemato'sa.  Abscess of the
pharynx.
   Pharyngi'tis, Diphtherit'ic, Angi'napeeudo-
membrana'cea, A. membrana'cea, A. pellicula'ris,
A. plas'tica, A. diphtheritica, A.  malig'na, A.
pseudo-inembronoSa, A.  peatilentia'tie,  Pharyn-
goc'ace, 1'xrudo-membranous Inflammation of the
 Throat, (F.) Angine coueitneuee, A. gutturate cou-
enneuac, A. paeudo-membraneuse, A. plaetique, A.
 diphthiritique.  Diphtheritic inflammation of the
 pharynx.  See Cynanche maligna.
   Pharyngi'tis, Follic'ulah, Follicular Inflam-
 mation ef the Pharynx, Angi'na folliculo'ea of the
 Pharynx, Acne of the Throat. Inflammation and
 enlargement of  the follicles of the  pharynx, oc-
 casionally extending  to the larynx.  Sometimes
 termed  Clergyman's Sorethroat, Tubercles of the
 Larynx and Fauces, and Tuber'cular Sorethroat.
   Pharyngi'tis,  Gangrenous,  Cynanche  ma-
 ligna.
   PHARYNGOCACE,  Pharyngitis, diphtheritic.
   PHARYNGOCE'LE,  Pharyngeurye'ma,  Di-
 vertic'ulum seu Hernia seu Prolap'eue CEeoph'agi
 vel pharydgie, (Eeoph'ague euccenturia'tue, from
 tpapvyl, ' the pharynx,' and KnXn, ' a tumour.' An
 enlargement at the upper part of the gullet,  in
 which  the food sometimes rests  in considerable
 quantity.
   PHARYNGODYN'IA, from tpapvyl, 'the pha-
 rynx,' and o<5tui77, 'pain.'  Pain in the pharynx.
   PHARYNGOGLOSSAL, Gloeeopharyngeal,
 Pharyngogloesia'nue.  That which belongs to the
 pharynx and tongue.
   Pharyngoglossal Nerve, Gloeeopharyngeal
 Nerve,  Lingua'lie latera'lie, (F.) Nerf Qloeeopha-
 ryngien, Pharyngogloeeien — a portion  of the
 eighth pair—arises from the  superior and lateral
 parts of the  spinal marrow, between  the facial
 and pneumogastric nerves, by several filaments,
 which soon unite into a single cord, that passes
 out of the cranium by the foramen lacerum  ante-
 rius ; goes downwards  and forwards, and gains
 the posterior  and inferior part  of  the  tongue.
 Immediately after its exit from the cranium, it
 gives a branch to the meatus auditorius externus,
 and receives  a  filament from  the facial,  and
 another from the pneumogastric nerve.  It then
 furnishes two  other  filaments, which descend
 upon the carotid artery, and unite at  the bottom
 of the neck with branches from the  cervical gan-
 glions and cardiac nerves, and give two filaments
 to the stylo-pharyngeus muscle.   The glossopha-
 ryngeus, after sending a twig or two to the tonsil,
 to the upper part of the pharynx and membrane
 of the  epiglottis,  divides  into many branches,
 which run partly to the  margin, and partly to the
 middle  of  the root of  the tongue;  supplying,
 especially,  the papillas  majores, and the parts in
 their neighbourhood.
  By some, this nerve is regarded as the controller
 of the associated motions of the tongue and pha-
 rynx.   By others, it is esteemed to be the special
 nerve of gustation.
  PHARY NGOG' RAPHY,  Pharyngogra'phia,
 from  <papvyl, 'the pharynx,' and ypatpri, 'a de-
 scription.'   An  anatomical description  of  the
 pharynx.
  PHARYNGOL'OGY,  Pharyngolog" ia,  from
 tpapvyl,  'the pharynx,' and Xoyos, 'a  discourse.'
 The part of anatomy which treats of the pharynx.
  PHARYNGOLYSIS,  Pharyngoplegia.
  PHARYNGOPARALYSIS, Pharyngoplegia.
  PHARYNGOPLE'GIA, from tpapvyl, 'the pha-
 rynx,' and nXnao-u, 'I strike.'   Dyspha'giapara-
 lyt'ica, D. tor'pida, D. aton'ico, Angi'na paralyt-
 ica, Aetheni'a Deglutitio'nie, Pharyngol'yeie, Pha-
 ryngoparal'yeie  Paral'ysis CEsogph'agi,  Gula
 Imbecil'litas.  Paralysis  of the pharynx or oeso-
 phagus :  commonly a symptom of general para-
 lysis, or of approaching dissolution.    *
  PHARYNGORRHAG'TA; from  tpapvyl,  'the
pharynx,'and payn, 'rupture.'  Hemorrhage from
the vessels of the pharynx.
  PHARYNGOSPAS'MUS;  from tpapvyl,  'the
pharynx,' and anaapos, 'spasm.'  Spasm or cramp
of the pharynx. 
PHARYNGOSTAPHYLINUS
664
PHIMO'SIS
  PHARYNGOSTAPHYLINUS,  Palato-pha-
ryngeus.
  PHARYNGOTOME,  Pharyngot'omua,  from
tpapvyl,  ' the pharynx,' and ti/jlvu,  ' I cut'  An
instrument,  invented by  J.  L.  Petit,  used to
scarify inflamed tonsils, and  to  open abscesses,
which form in  the parietes of the  pharynx.  It
is composed of a long, narrow blade with a lancet
point, enclosed in a sheath or canula of silver
slightly curved.  This  instrument  is .carried to
the part to be cut, and the point of the blade  is
made to pass out of the sheath, by pressing on a
button at the end of the pharyngotome.  A spring
causes the blade to re-enter as  soon as the pressure
is removed.
  PHARYNGOT'OMY,  Phary ngotom'ia ; same
etymon.  Some  authors  have  used this word
synonymously  with oesophagotomy.  It means,
also, scarification of the  tonsils, or an incision,
made for opening abscesses there, Ac.
  PHARYNX, Pharyx,  Pharue,  Gula, Lamoe,
Faucee, Pharyg'ethrum,  Pharydgethron, Pha-
ry n 'gi throe,  Pharygathron,  Isthmoe,  lath'mion,
lngldries, Princip'ium Gula, Os pos'terum, (¥.)
Aniere-bouche, Gosier.   A species  of  musculo-
membranous, symmetrical canal, on the median
line, irregularly funnel-shaped,  and  situate be-
tween the base of the cranium and the oesophagus,
in front of the vertebral column.  It is very nar-
row above; but dilates  in the middle, and again
contracts below, at its junction with the oesopha-
gus.   Into  the anterior paries  of  the pharynx
open,  successively,  from above to below, — the
posterior orifices of the nasal fossas; the Eusta-
 chian tubes; the posterior aperture of the mouth,
 and the  top  of the larynx.   The pharynx is
 formed, externally,  of a muscular coat, and, in-
 ternally, of a mucous membrane, which  is con-
 tinuous, above, with the Schneiderian membrane;
 and in the middle, with that of the mouth; be-
 low, with that of  the  oesophagus; and, at the
 sides, with that of  the Eustachian tubes.  This
 membrane has no villi, and  presents only a few
 inequalities, which are owing to the presence of
 muciparous follicles.  The muscular coat of the
 pharynx is composed of the constrictor muscles,
 stylopharyngei,  and pharyngostaphylini.  The
 vessels and nerves  are called pharyngeal. The
 pharynx serves as  a common origin  for the  di-
 gestive and respiratory passages. It gives passage
 to  the air, during respiration; and to the food at
 the time of deglutition.
    Pharynx, Follicular Inflammation of the,
  Pharyngitis, follicular.
    PHARYX,  Pharynx.
    PHASELUS, Phaseolus.
    PHASE'OLUS,  P. Vulga'ris, Phaai'olue, Pha-
  ee'lua, Foee'lue,  Faae'olua, Bona,  Boono,  Faba ;
  the Kidney Bean;  the French Bean, (F.) Haricot.
  Family, Leguminosas.  Sex.  Syet. Diadelphia De-
  candria.  AVhen young  and well boiled, this is
  easy of digestion, and delicately flavoured. It is
  less flatulent than  the pea.
    Phaseolus  Creticus, Cajan, Cay an.   A  de-
  coction of the leaves, according to Ray, restrains
  the hemorrhoidal flux when  excessive.
    Phaseolus Vulgaris, Phaseolus.
    PHASIA'NUS  GALLUS, so called from  the
  river Qaats, in Colchis, near  the Black Sea: (F.)
  Coq.   The parts of generation of  the cock, dried
  and pulverized, were formerly regarded as proper
  for increasing the quantity of semen.   The fat
  was used as emollient and resolvent;  the brain,
  in diarrhoea;  the gall,  in freckles and diseases of
  the eyes.  These phantasies are now abandoned.
    PHASIOLUS, Phaseolus.
    PHASMA, Phantasm.
    PHATNE,  Alveolus.
  PHATNION, Alveolus.
  PIIATNORRHAG'TA, Sloinatorrhag"ia al-
veolo'rum, from tparvtor, 'an alveolus,' and pnyvv^t,
<I break forth.'  Hemorrhage from the ah coli.
  PHAUSIN'GES,  ipavctyyts,  plural of tpavtriyl,
from tpavt,u, ' I  roast'  Spots  or blisters  on the
legs, produced by heat;  and, in a more extensive
signification, by *!iny  other cause.   Also,  a pus-
tule.— Foesius.
  PHELLANDRE, Phellandrium aquaticum.
  PHELLANDRIUM AQUAT'ICUM, Phellan-
drium, (E nod the phellan'd rium seu aquat'icu, Li-
gits'ticum phelloddrium, Fwnic'ulum nquitt'-icum,
Cicuta'ria  aquatica,  Water  Fennel,  F'uu -leoretl
 Water Hemlock,  (F.) Phellandre, Fenouil d'eau,
Cigu'e  d'eau.  Family, Uinbelliferas.  Sex. Syst.
Pentandria Digynia.  This plant is stimulant and
narcotic.   It has been used in intermittents and
dyspepsia.  It has, also, been given in phthisis pul-
monalis, and in cases of scrofulous atonic ulcers.
   PHENKi'MUSj-P/iceiuywius, Phanig'mus, from
tpotvtl, ' red.'  Red Jaundice.   A cutaneous affec-
tion, consisting of redness diffused over the skin,
without fever.   Sauvages makes it a genus of his
order Icteritia.   Also, the act of irritating a part
by a stimulating application.
   PHENOMENE, Phenomenon.
   PHENOMENON, Phanoidenon,  (F.) Phino-
mene,  from tpatvopat, 'I appear.   An extraordi-
nary and  unexpected  event.   In Medicine,  it
means  any change,  appreciable by  our senses,
which supervenes  in an organ or function : — as
the phenomena of the circulation, respiration, Ac.
It  is  used  in  pathology,  synonymously with
symptom.
   PHEUGOPHOBIA, Hydrophobia,
   PHEUGYDRON, Hydrophobia.
   PHI'ALA, A Phial or Vial, (F.) Fiole.   A
 small  bottle, in which  apothecaries are in  the
 habit  of sending out their mixtures, draughts,
 Ac: hence called Medicine Viols, (F.)  Holes d
 Medecine.   They are usually  sold in grosses, and
 assorted into vials  of oz. 8;  oz. 4;  oz. 3; oz. 2;
 oz. \\ ;  oz. 1; and oz. \.
    PHILADYNAMICA, Debilitants.
    PHILANTHROPES, Galium aparine.
    PHILETRON, Philter.
    PHILETRUM,  Lacuna labii superioris.
    PHILIATROS,  ftXiarpos, from tpiXtu, T love,'
 and tarptKi,, ' medicine.'  An amateur of medicine.
 One who studies medicine; StudioSua medici'na.
    PHILOBIO'SIS, (F.) Philobiosie: from .ptXtu,
 ' I love,' and Bios,  ' life.'  The love of life.
    PHILCE'NIA, from tpiXtu, 'I love,' and otvos,
 'wine.'  Love of wine.  Addiction to wine.
    PHILOGYNIA, Muliebrositas.
    PHILONIUM LONDINENSE, Confectio opii.
    PHILOPATRIDALGIA, Nostalgia,
    PHILOPATRIDOMANIA, Nostalgia.
    PHILOSOPHER'S STONE, see Alchymy.
    PHILOSOPHIA  CORPORIS VIVI,  Physi-
  ology—p. Hermetica, Alchymy — p. per Ignem,
  Chymistry.
    PHILTER,  from tpiXtu, T love.'  Phillrum,
  Phil'etron, Phor'macum vel Poc'ulum amoto'riuin,
  A mato'rium venefic"ium, (F.) Philtre.  A medi-
  cine or drink considered capable of eau.-ing love.
    PHILTRUM, Lacuna labii superioris.
    PHILYRA, Tilia.
    PHIMA, Phyma.
    PHIMOS, Capistrum.
    PHIMO'SICUS.  Relating to  Phimosis.
    Sauvages calls  Iechu'ria phimo'sica,  lechu'ria
  urethra'lis d phimo'ai, the retention of urine which
  depends upon phimosis.
    PHIMO'SIS, Phymo'eia, Copiatrdtio, Epogd-
  gium,  Ligatu'ra  glandis,  Strictu'ra prapu'tii, 
                  PHLASMA

Redue'Co prapu'tii impedi'ta, from tptpou, 'I bind
up.'   A disease which consists in a preternatural
narrowness  of the opening of  the  prepuce,  so
that it cannot be carried behind  the corona glan-
dis.  This affection is most commonly congenital.
Sometimes it is  accidental, and  dependent upon
tumefaction of the glans, or of the prepuce, as
occurs in syphilis.  To remedy this  state,  the
prepuce  may be divided by means of  a bistoury
and director;  or circumcision may be practised.
   Phimosis Adnata seu Congenita seu Pueri-
lis,  Congenital phimosis—p. Circumligata, Para-
phimosis—11. Congenita, P. adnata.
   Phimo'sis GLdemato'des, Hydrophimo'eie. Phi-
mosis witli cedematous swelling of the  prepuce.
   Phimosis Puerilis,  Ph. adnata.
   PHLASMA, Contusion.
   PIILEBARTERIODIALYSIS, see  Aneurism.
   PIILEBECTA'SIA,  Phlebec'tasis, from tpXt^p,
'a vein,'and tKraats, ' dilatation.'  Dilatation  of
a vein, or of a portion  of a vein.—Alibert.
   PHLEBECTIARCTIE.   A   mongrel  term,
from tpXttp, 'a vein/ and arcto, 'I contract' Con-
traction of a vein.
   PHLEBES, (Arteries.)  See Artery.
   PHLEBEURYSMA, Varix.
   PIILER'ION, diminutive of <pXt\p, ' a vein.'  A
vein.—Hippocrates.  A small vein,— Ve'nula.
   PIILEBIS'MUS; from tpXaj.;  tpXtfiis, 'a vein.'
A term employed  by Dr. Marshall Hall for  the
turgescence of veins, produced  by impeded  re-
turn of the blood.   See Trachelismus.
   PHLEBITIS, Inflamma'tio vend rum, (F.)  In-
flammation  des veiuee, from tpXttp, 'a vein,' and
itis,  the  termination for inflammation. Inflam-
mation of the inner  membrane of a vein, which
sometimes follows blood-letting, and extends from
the small wound made in that operation  to the
neighbouring parts of  the venous system. The
symptoms are, first, inflammation in  the punc-
tured part;  and,  afterwards, a knotty, tense,
painful cord, following the direction of the vessel,
and accompanied with more or less fever, accord-
ing to the extent of the inflammation, the nervous
symptoms, Ac.   Phlebitis, also, sometimes super-
venes on the ligature or excision  of varices; after
amputation, gun-shot wounds, delivery (Uterine
Phlebitis, Metro-phlebi'tie puerpcra'/ia, Phlebi'tia
uteri'na,  Metri'tie  veno'ea),  the  ligature  of the
umbilical cord, Ac.  It may terminate by reso-
lution, suppuration, ulceration, or gangrene.
   Phlebitis,  Crural, Phlegmatia  dolens — p.
Uterina,  see Peritonitis, and Phlebitis.
   PHLEBOGRAPHY, Phlebogra'phia,  from
tpXtip, ' a  vein,'  and ypatpy, ' a  description.'   A
description of the veins.
   PHLEB'OLITE, PhleboVithus, Vein etone, from
tpXtt^., 'a vein,' and Xidos, 'a stone.'  A  loose con-
cretion, varying in size from that of a  currant to
that of a pea, occasionally found in  the veins.
It would seem to be formed in the blood.
   PHLEBOLITHUS, Pblebolite.
   PHLEBOL'OGY, Phlebolog" ia, from tpXetp, 'a
vein,' and Xoyos, '  a discourse.'   The part of ana-
tomy which treats of the veins.
   PHLEBOPA'LIA, from  tpXttp,  'a vein,' and
naXXu, ' I palpitate.'  With the  ancients, pulea-
tiou, which  they conceived to be produced by the
veins.  See Pulsus venarum.
   PHLEBOP1ITHALMOTOMTA,  Ophthalmo-
phlebotom'io, from tpXttp, ' a vein,' otpSaXpos, ' the
eye,' and rtpvu, ' I cut.'  Blood-letting  in the eye.
   PIILEBOPLERO'SIS  ECPHRACTICA,  In-
flammation.
   PHLEBORRHAG'TA, from  tpXttp, 'a vein,'
and pnywpt, ' I break out'  Rupture of the veins;
j              PHLEGMATIA

 and, in a more extensive  sense, venous hemor-
 rhage.
   PHLEBORRHEX'IS, from tpXeip, ' a vein,' and
 pnlts, ' rupture.'  Rupture  of a vein.  Also, he-
 morrhage from a vein, Phleborrhag"ia.
   PHLEBOSTENO'SIS;  from tpXttp, 'a  vein,'
 and oTtvutns, ' contraction.'  Constriction or con-
 traction of a vein.
   PHLEBOT'OMIST, from  <pXt$, 'a vein,' and
 npvu, 'I cut'  A bleeder.  One  who practises
 particularly the art of phlebotomy.  See Blood-
 letting.
   PHLEBOTOMUM, Fleam.
   PHLEBOTOMY, see Blood-letting.
   PHLEBS, Vein.
   PHLEDONIA, Delirium.
   PHLEGM, Phlegma, Pitai'ta, Pit'uite, Mucus,
 (F.) Pituite.  One of the four natural humours
 of the  ancients, which,  according to  them, was
 cold and moist, as atrabilis was cold and dry.  It
 predominated, especially, in winter.
   Pituita was  afterwards applied  to every aque-
 ous  or  excrementitious humour, such  as the sa-
 liva,  nasal and  intestinal mucus,  serum,  Ac.
 The terms phlegm and pituita are no longer used
 in physiology,—the different humours having re-
 ceived particular names; but the vulgar still use
 phlegm to designate  a stringy mucus, expecto-
 rated, or  rejected by  vomiting.   The  ancient
 chymists  gave the name  'phlegm'  to aqueous,
 insipid, and inodorous products obtained by sub-
 jecting moist vegetable  matters to the action of
 heat,
   PHLEGMA  NARIUM CRASSUM, Nasal mu-
 cus—p. Vitrioli, Sulphuric  acid (very dilute.)
   PHLEG'MAGOGUE,  Phlegmago'gus;   from
 tpXtypa, 'phlegm,' and ayu, '1 expel.'  A  medi-
 cine,  formerly  believed capable of "cutting" or
 removing phlegm.
   PIILEGMAPYRA, Fever adeno-meningeal.
   PHLEGMASIA, Inflammation, Phlegmon—p.
 Adenosa,  Adenitis—p. Alba dolens puerperarum,
 Ph. dolens — p. Cellularis,  Induration  of the cel-
 lular tissue—p. Glandulosa, Adenitis—p. Myoica,
 Myositis—p. of the Peritoneum, Peritonitis.
   PHLEGMATIA,  from  tpXtyua,  'phlegm.'
 CEdema, Anasarca, Hydrops.
   Phlegmasia  Dolens,  P.  lac'tea,  P. dolens
 puerpera'rum, P. alba dolens puerpera'rum, Lcu-
 cophlegmaeia dolens puerperarum, Seelon'cue, Sce-
 lal'gia puerpera'rum, Anasar'ca seroSa, Ecphy'-
 ma atdcmat'icum, SparganoSia puerperarum, Ec-
 chymo'ma  lymphot'icum, la'chiaa  a  spargano'ei,
 Qide'ma puerperarum,  CEd.  lacteum,  Infarc'tus
 lae'tci extremitdtam, Metas'tasis lactis,  HyeteraV-
 gia galac'tica, Hydrophlegmdsia textile celluloSi,
 Crural  Phlebi'tia, White leg, Swelled leg,  Milk
 leg,  White  swelling  of lying in women,  (F.)
 (Edeme dee nouvelles  accottchies, CEdeme douleu-
 reux  des femmes en couche, Dij/ot laiteux sur la
 cuiese, CEdeme  actif dea nourelh-s occouchies, En-
 flure ou Engorgement dee jambee et dea cuieeea de
 la femme accouchie, E. laiteux dee membree abdo-
 minaux.  It occurs, for the most part, in the se-
 cond or third week after delivery :—is limited to
 the lower extremity, and chiefly to one side; ex-
 hibiting to the touch a feeling of numerous irre-
 gular prominences under  the skin.   It  is hot,
 white,  and unyielding;  and  is  accompanied,
 sooner or later, with febrile excitement.  After a
 few days, the  heat, hardness,  and sensibility di-
 minish, and the  limb remains cedematous for a
 longer or shorter period. The disease frequently,
 if not generally, consists in the obstruction of the
 iliac  or other  veins.   Owing to the pressure of
 the  gravid uterus — the flow of blood being ob-
 structed—the serous part of it is thrown out into
66 
PHLEGMATLE
666
PHONONOSI
 the cellular membrane of the limb.   Sometimes
 the vein is found completely obliterated.
    The treatment consists in the use of antiphlo-
 gistics : — the application of leeches or  cupping-
 glasses near the groin : fomentations to the limb,
 Ac ; and, when the active state has subsided, the
 use of a roller, applied gently at first, but, after-
 wards, gradually tightened.
    Phlegmatia Lactea, P.  dolens.
    PHLEGMATIC, see Empresma—p. Membra-
 nosas et parenchymatosas, Empresma.
    PHLEGMATOPYRA,  Fever,  adeno-menin-
 geal.
    PHLEGMATORRHAG''IA, P^matorrfcce'a,
 Catarrh, from tpXtyiia, 'phlegm,' and ptu, ' I flow.'
 Stahl  and  his partisans gave this name to a co-
 pious  secretion, by the nostrils, of a limpid and
 thin mucus,  without  inflammation.   It is the
 Cory'za Phlegmatorrhag"ia  of  Sauvages.   See
 Coryza.
    PHLEGMHYMENITIS,  Phlegmymenitis.
  _ PHLEGMON, from ^Xtyo, < I burn.'   Phlogd-
 sie phleg'mone, Phleg'mone, Phlegmasia, Inced-
 diumi,  Inflamma'tio.  Inflammation of the areolar
 texture accompanied with redness, circumscribed
 swelling, increased heat and pain; which is, at
 first, tensive and lancinating; afterwards, pulsa-
 tory and heavy.  It is apt to terminate in suppu-
 ration.   It requires the antiphlogistic treatment,
 until suppuration seems inevitable, when the sup-
 puration must be encouraged as the next favour-
 able termination to resolution.
   PHLEGMON PERINEPHRETIQUE,  Pe-
 riphrenitis.
   PHLEGMOXTE,  Inflammation — p. Mammas,
 Mastodynia apostematosa—p. Mastodynia, Mas-
 todynia apostematosa — p. Parotidasa, Parotis —
 &  Peritonasi, Peritonitis—p. Parulis, Parulis—p.
  usculorum, Myositis—p. Ventriculi,  Gastritis.
  PHLEGxMONODES,  Phlegmonous.
  PHLEGMONOID, Phlegmonous.
  PHLEG'MONOUS,  Phlegmonddes,  Phleg'mo-
 noiel, from tpXtypovr,, 'aphlegmon,' and tt&oi,  're-
 semblance.'   That which  relates or belongs to
 or resembles phlegmon.
  Phlegmonous Inflammation is the active in-
 flammation of the areolar membrane;  in contra-
 distinction to erysipelatous inflammation, or that
 of the skin.
  PHLEGMOPYRA, Fever, adeno-meningeal.
  PHLEG MORRHAGIA, Blennorrhcea.
  PHLEGMORRHAGIE PULMONAIRE,
 Bronchorrhcea.
  PHLEGMORRHCEA, Blennorrhcea.
  PHLEGMYMENITIS,PA%w%roeiu't!*s,from
 tpXtypa,  'phlegm,' 'vpav,  'a membrane,'  and itis,
 the termination for inflammation.  Inflammation
 of a mucous membrane.
  Phlegmymenitis  Enterica, see Enteritis.
  PHLEPS, Vein.
  PHLOOIA, Inflammation.
  PHLOCICUS, Inflammatory.
  PHLOGISTIC, Inflammatory.
  PHLOGISTICI, Empresma.
  PHLOGISTON, Hydrogen.
  PHLOGMUS,  Verbascum  thapsus.
  PHLOGO'DES, from tpXol, 'flame,' and ttbos,
 'resemblance.'  Infla'med, Inflamma'tue,  Inflam-
mato'ritie, Inflammatory. An epithet employed
particularly to express the red colour of the face.
  PHLOGOPYRUS, Synocha.
  PHLOGOSED, Inflamed.
  PHLOGO'SIS, Incen'dium,  Inflammation.
Some writers use this word exclusively for exter-
nal  inflammation — phlegmon ;  others, for that
which is superficial or erysipelatous.
   PHLOGOTTCA, Inflammations.   Tho second
 order in the class Hamatiea of Good.
   PHLOIOS, Cortex.
   PHLOMUS, Yerbascum thapsus.
   PHLOOS, Cortex.
   PHLOR'IDZINE,  Phloridzi'na,  Phloridzin,
 from tpXoos, 'inner bark,' and  pt^a, 'root'   The
 bitter or active principle of the root and trunk of
 the apple, pear, cherry, and plum tree.  It is de-
 posited from  the  decoction on cooling; crystal-
 lizes in silky spicula of a dead white colour, when
 in masses, or in long slender  prisms  or tables,
 when crystallized with care.  1000 parts of water,
 at a temperature of from 32° to 71°, only dissolve
 about one  part; but at from 70° to 212°,  it is
 dissolved in all proportions.  It is very soluble
 in pure alcohol, but only slightly  so  in ether;
 s. g. 1.429.  It has been administered success-
 fully in intermittents,—10 to 20 grains  being ge-
 nerally required to arrest the paroxysm.  It may
 be given either in  the form of pill or powder.
   PHLOUS, Cortex.
   PHLOX, Verbascum thapsus.
   PHLYCTjE'NA, Phlycta'nie, Phlyctie, Phly-
 za'cion,  Ampulla,  HolojMyc'tidee, Phlyc'tidee,
 Phlyeie, from <pXv$u,  ' I boil.'  Tumours formed
 by the accumulation of a serous fluid under the
 epidermis.
   PHLYCT.ENULA, see Hydatid.
   PHLYCTENOID,  Phlycteno'i'dee.   Resem-
 bling phlyctasnas.   An  epithet for  a variety of
 herpes.
   PHLYCTENULAR, same etymon as Phlyc-
 tasna. Of or belonging to phlyctasnula,—as phlyc-
 tenular ophthalmia, inflammation of the eye, ac-
 companied with phlyctasnulas on the cornea.
   PHLYCTIDES, Phlyctasna.
   PHLYCTID'IUM,  same etymon.  A circular
 or annular spot of inflammation of the corium,
 encircled  by a red ring or zone, within which
 suppuration takes place.  The genuine small-pox
 pustule, and that produced by the application of
 tartar emetic ointment, are examples of it.
   PHLYCTIS, Phlyctasna.
   PHLYSIS, from <pXvt,u, ' I am hot,'' I boil.'  A
 cutaneous eruption. An ulcerative, subcutaneous
 tumour: flat, tensive, glabrous;  diffused, hot,
 throbbing; at length  fluctuating, with an acrid
 ichor. — Good.
   Phlysis,  Phlyctasna — p. Ecthyma,  Ecthyma
 — p. Impetigo, Impetigo—p. Porrigo, Porrigo —
 p. Scabies, Psora.
  PHLYZACIA, Ecthyma.
  PHLYZACION, Phlyctasna.
  PHOBODIPSON, Hydrophobia.
  PHOCOM'ELES,  from  tpuKi,,  'a seal,'  and
 ptXos, 'a limb.'  A genus of monsters, in which
 the limbs are shortened;  the hands  and feet ap-
 pearing  to exist alone, and to be inserted imme-
 diately on the  trunk, as in the seals and the her-
 bivorous cetacea. — J.  G. St. Hilaire.
  PH05NICISMUS, Rubeola.
  PHCENIGMUS,  Phenigmus —p. Petechialis,
 Purpura simplex.
  PHG3NIX DACTYLIFERA, Date  tree —p.
 Excelsa, Date  tree.
  PHONA'TION, Phona'tio, from tpuvr,, 'voice.'
 The physiology of the voice.
  PHONE, Voice.
  PHO'NICA, tpuviKa,  from tpuvr,, 'voice.'  The
 first  order  of  the  class Pnetimatica, in Good's
 Nosology.   Defined : diseases affecting the vocal
 avenues : — the passage of the voice impeded, or
 its power suppressed or depraved.
  PHONON'OSI,  Phonondsi, from  epwvr,, 'the
voice,'  and  voaos,  'a disease.'   Phonopathi'a.
Morbi vocis.  Diseases of the voice. 
PHONOPATHIA
667
PHRENO
   PHONOPATHIA, Phononosi.
   PIIORA, Gestation.
   PIIORRE, Pabulum.
   PIIORONO.MTA, from tpoptouat, or tptpoy.at, 'I
 put myself in motion,' and vopos, 'law.'  The doc-
 trine of muscular motion.
   PHOROUS, from tptpu, 'I carry.'  A suffix de-
 noting conveyance.   Hence, Galactqp^orous, Ac.
   PHOS, Light.
   PHOSPHAS CALCICUM STIBIATUM, An-
 timonial powder—p. Calcis stibiatus, Antimonial
 powder—p. Natricum, Soda, phosphate of.
   PHOSPIIAT'IC, Pliospliot'icus, from Phospho-
 rite.   Relating to  the  phosphates; hence  the
 Phoapl/at'ic Dioth'eaie is the habit of body which
 favours the deposition of the phosphates from the
 urine.
   PHOSPHENE, Photopsia.
   PUOSPHORE,  Phosphorus.
   PIIOSPIIORENESES.  M. Baumes  unites,
 under this generic name, diseases which he attri-
 butes  to disordered phosphorization; i. e. to ex-
 cess or deficiency of calcareous phosphate or its
 decomposition.   Amongst  these  affections  he
 ranks rachitis, osteo-malacia, and  gout.
   PIIOSPHORES 'CENCE,  Phoephoreecen 'tio.
 The properties possessed by certain bodies of be-
 ing  luminous in  obscurity, or  under  particular
 circumstances.
   PII.OSTIIORIC   ACID, Ac"idum phoephor'-
 icum, (F.) Acide phoaphorique.  A solid, colour-
 less  compound;  highly sapid; very soluble  in
 water, and vitrifiable by fire.   It exists in bones
 combined with lime.  It has been employed  in
 medicine in the form of lemonade, in passive he-
 morrhage,  typhus,  phthisis, marasmus, Ac, and
 in injection in cases of cancer of the uterus.  It
 does not seem preferable to other acids.
   PHOSPIIORURIA, Urine, phosphorescent.
   PHOS'PHORUS, Phoe'phorum, Autophoe'pho-
 rue,  Ignis  philosopli.'icua, Lumen  conatona, from
 tpus, 'light,' and tptpu, 'I carry.' (F.) Phoaphore.
 ' A light carrier.'   An  elementary or undecom-
 posed substance; not metallic; solid; transparent
 or semitransparent; colourless;  brilliant; flexible;
 of a sensible  garlic odour; very inflammable,
 and susceptible of combining  with the oxygen
 of the atmosphere, at even the ordinary tempera-
 ture.  It  does not exist pure  in  nature, but is
 found frequently  united to other  bodies.  Its
 fumes in the manufacture of lucifer and congreve
 matches have  caused, it is said, necrosis of the
 lower jaw—'phoaphorua jaw dieeaee.'
   Phosphorus  has  been used in  medicine, dis-
 solved in ether or suspended in the yolk of egg,
 as a stimulant; but the greatest precautions are
 necessary in its administration : hence it is rarely
 employed.
   Phosphorus Jaw Disease, see  Phosphorus.
   PHOSPHURIA,  Urine, phosphorescent  See
 Urine.
   PHOTODAMPSIS, Refraction.
   PIIOTOMA'NIA, from tpus, ' light,' and mania.
Insane  delirium induced by light.
   PHOTOPHO'BIA, from tpus, tpuros, 'light,' and
tpofios,  'fear.'   Aversion to  light:—intolerance
of light.  Nyctalopia.
   PHOTOPHOBICUS,  Lucifugus.
   PHOTOPHOBOPHTHALMIA, Nyctalopia.
   PIIOTOPHOBUS, Lucifugus.
   PHOTOP'SIA, Visus lu'eidus, from tpus, 'light,'
and  uxj.; 'the  eye.'  (F.) Phosphene.  A false
perception of light,  as of sparks, flashes of fire,
Ac, occasioned by certain conditions of the retina
and brain, and by pressure on the eyeball.  When
pressure does not induce the luminous appear-
 ance, the existence of amaurosis maybe inferred.
 See Metamorphopsia.
   PHOTU'RIA, from  tpus,  'light,'  and  ovpov,
 urine.'   A luminous condition of the urine.
   PHRAGMOS, tppayuos,  from tppaaou, T  en-
 close.'  A row of teeth.
   l'HRASIS, Voice, articulated.
   PHRASUM, Marrubium.
   PHREN,  tppvv,  'the  mind.'   Also,  the dia-
 phragm and scrobiculus cordis.
   PHRENAUX'E, Hypertroph'ia cer'ebri]; from
 tppnv, 'the mind, the organ of mind,' and avln,
 ' increase.'  Hypertrophy of the brain.
   PHRENATROPH'IA, Atroph'ia cer'ebri; from
 tppnv, 'the mind, the organ of mind,'  a,  priv.,
 and rpotpr,, 'nourishment'   Wasting  or atrophy
 of the brain.
   PHRENES, Diaphragm.
   PIIRENESIA, Phrenitis.
   PHRENESIE, Phrenitis.
   PHRENESIS, Delirium, Phrenitis.
   PHRENETIASIS, Delirium,  Phrenitis.
   PHRENETISMUS, Phrenitis.
   PHRENIC, Diaphragmatic.
   PHRE'NICA, from tppnv,' the mind.'  Diseases
 affecting  the intellect; characterized by  error,
 perversion, or debility of one or more of the men-
 tal faculties, (Phrenopathi'a.)   The first order of
 the class Neurotica of Good.  Also, remedies that
 affect the mental faculties — Phren'ics.  Pereira.
   PHRENICS, see Phrenica.
   PHRENICULA  HYDROCEPHALICA, Hy-
 drocephalus internus.
   PHRENISMUS, Phrenitis.
   PHRENITIS, Phren'esis,  Phrene'sia, Phre-
 neti'asis, Phrenie'mua, Phrenetia'mua, Cepholi'tia,
 GephaloVgia inflammato'ria, Karabitue (Arab.),
 Sibare, Sphacelie'mus cer'ebri, Empres'ma cepha-
 li'tie, Siri'asia, Seiri'oeia, Sideru'tio,  Inflamma'-
 tio phreni'tie,  Encephali'tie,  Can ma  phrcni'tie,
 Phreney,  Delirium, Brain Fever, (F.) Phvinisie,
 Inflammation du cerveau et du cervelet, from tppr,v,
 ' the mind,' and itie, denoting inflammation.  A
 disease characterized by violent pyrexia, pain in
 the  head, redness  of the face and eyes, intole-
 rance of light and  sound, watchfulness, and  de-
 lirium, either furious or muttering.  Its causes
 are the same  as those of  other inflammations:
 sometimes, however, it is induced by a Coup de
 eoleil; by inebriation ; violent mental emotions,
 Ae.   Some authors have given  the name Phre-
 nitie and  Meningitis to inflammation of the mem-
 branes of the brain ; and that of Cephalitis, En-
 cephalitie, or  Cerebritis to inflammation of the
 substance of the brain ; but there are  no pathog-
 nomic symptoms, which can  lead us to refer the
 seat of the disease to either of those parts exclu-
 sively.  Phrenitis is, of course, a very dangerous
 affection,  from the importance of the organ con-
 cerned.  The most active treatment must neces-
 sarily be pursued.   Repeated bleeding; purging;
 the application of ice to the shaved head;  a po-
 sition in which the head is raised; and the avoid-
 ing of irritation of every kind; — form the reme-
 dial means during the violent stage.   After this
 has yielded, counter-irritants to  the nape of the
 neck or to other parts of the body will be useful
 adjuvants.  When the brain and meninges were
 affected only symptomatically,  as in  inflamma-
 tion of the diaphragm, the disease was formerly
 called Paraphrenitis.
   Hydrocephalus acutue is a variety of phrenitis.
  Phrenitis Calentura, Coup-de-eoleil—p. La-
trans, Hydrophobia—p. Potatorum, Delirium tre-
mens—p. Verminosa, Vercoquin.
  PHRENOLOGY.  Craniology.
  PHRENO - MAG'NETISM,  Phreno - mesmer- 
             PHRENOPARALYSIS          61

iem.   A term applied to the condition of a mes-
merized person, in which, when any cerebral or
phrenological organ—so called—is  touched, the
functions of the organ are manifested. It has been
established, that no such phenomena can be eli-
cited in children, or in those who have never seen
a phrenological cast  or picture.
  PHRENOPARALYSIS, see Paralysis.
  PHRENOPATHIA,  see Phreniea,
  Piirenopathi'a .iEthe'rea.  The aggregate
of encephalic phenomena induced by the inhala-
tion of ether.
  PHRENSYT,  Phrenitis.
  PHRICASMUS, Horripilation.
  PHRICE, Horripilation.
  PHRICIA, Horripilation.
  PHRICIASIS, Horripilation.
  PIIRICO'DES (FEBRIS,) from tppticv, 'a shi-
vering;' Horrif 'ica.  A fever in which  the chill
is very intense  and prolonged.
  PHRYAGMA, Shuddering.
  PHRYCTE,  Colophonia.
  PHRYG"IUS  (LAPIS.)   An earthy matter,
found in Phrygia and  Cappadocia, and  formerly
employed as an astringent.— Gorrasus.
  PHTHARMA CALIGO, Caligo—p. Cataracta,
Cataract—p.  Glaucoma, Glaucoma.
  PHTHEIR,  Pediculus.
  PHTHEIRE'MIA; from tpdttpu, 'I  corrupt,'
and 'atua, 'blood.  A state in which the plastic
powers of the blood  are deteriorated.
  PHTHEIRI'ASIS, Phthiriasie, from  <p$ttp, 'a
louse;' Morbus pedicttlo'sus, AL pellicula' ris, Pru-
ri'go petlicula'ris, Pedicula'tio, Mulis pedic'uli,
Pcta'le, Lousinese, Lousy diaeaae,  (F.)  Molodic
pitliculiiire, Phthiriaee.  A disease  which con-
sists in the excessive multiplication of lice on the
human body, under  conditions in which  it does
not ordinarily take place, and in spite of cleanli-
ness.   It has been asserted that the affection has
often caused death.   Simple and medicated baths
have been recommended for its removal; lotions
of the decoction or infusion of tobacco and staves-
acre, mercurial  frictions, Ac.
  PHTHEIRIUM, Delphinium staphisagria.
  PHTHEIROCTONUM,  Delphinium  staphi-
sagria,
  PHTHINAS, Phthisis.
  PHTIIINODES, Phthisicus.
  PHTHIRIASE, Phtheiriasis.
  PHTIIIRIASIS, Malis, Phtheiriasis.
  PHTHIRIUM SCABIEI, see Psora.
  PHTHIRIUS, Antiparasitic — p. Inguinalis,
see Pediculus.
  PHTHIROCTONUS, Abortive.
  PHTHIROPORON,  Autumn.
  PHTHISES: same  etymon as  Phthisis.  In
the classification of Fuchs, diseases attended with
ulceration, hectic fever, and emaciation.
  PHTHISIC.  Phthisis.
  PHTHISICAL, Phthisicus.
  PHTHIS'ICUS, Phthino'des, Phthie'ical, Tie'-
ical, (F.)  Poitrinaire ; same etymon as phthisis.
Belonging to phthisis.   Also,  one labouring un-
der phthisis.
  PHTHISIE, Phthisis pulmonalis—^). Calcu-
leuee, Calculi,  pulmonary, see Lithiasis pulmo-
num—p. Careinomateuee, Phthisis, cancerous—p.
avec Milanoee, Anthracosis pulmonum—p.Mieen-
tirique, Tabes mesenterica.
  PHTHISIOL'OGY, Phthisiolog"ia, from 0$i-
ats, and Xoyos-  A treatise on phthisis.
  PHTHISIOSIS, Tubercular consumption.
  PHTHISI-PNEUMONIA,  Phthisis  pulmo-
nalis.
  PHTHISIS,  Phthoe, Phthinas,  Tabes, Te'ce-
don, Consumption, Decline, Phthis'ic, Tie'ic; from
                 PHTHISIS

tp&tu, ' I dry, I fade.'  This word, taken in a go-
neral sense,  means  progressive  emaciation of
every part of the body.   It is usually, however,
restricted to phthisis pulmonalis.
  Phthisis, Black, see Anthracosis.
  Phthisis, Bron'chial, Phthisis  bronchia'lis.
Phthisis  occasioned by the pressure of enlarged
tuberculous bronchial glands, which,  not  unfre-
quently, communicate with caverns in the lungs,
or with the bronchia.
  Phthisis Calculosa, Lithiasis pulmonum.
  Phthisis, Can'cerous, Scirrhus,  Carcinoma et
Fungus Pulmo'num, Med'ullary or  Encepli'oloid
Tumour of the Lung, (F.) Cancer  du Poumon.
Cancer of the lung, which  gives  rise to carci-
nomatous phthisis, (F.) Phthieie careinomateuee,
of Bayle.
  Phthisis Consummata, see Ph. pulmonalis—p.
Dorsalis, Tabes  Dorsalis — p.  Dyspeptic, see
Phthisis — p.  Exulcerata,  Ph. pulmonalis—p.
Hepatica, Hepato-phthisis—p. Ischiadica, Ischio-
phthisis.
  Phthisis Larynge'a, Chronic Laryngi'tis, Lo-
ryngi'tie  et  Trachei'tie  chron'ica,  TuberculoSis
laryn'gis et traehe'a, Laryn'go et Tracheophtliisis,
Laryngophthisie,  Ul'cera seu Helco'sis Loryugie,
(F.)  Phthieie laryngie, Ulclre du larynx, Laryn-
qite  avec eicrition  de  Pve, is a species of con-
sumption analogous to phthisis pulmonalis, pro-
duced by inflammation and ulceration of the in-
terior of the larynx, and sometimes by caries of
the cartilages.   Phthieie trachea'lie, Trachcoph-
thi'eie, is a similar affection, seated in the trachea.
Chronic inflammation of  the larynx and trachea
may exist, however, without tubercles or phthisis.
  Phthisis Meseraica, Tabes mesenterica—p.
Nodosa, Ph. pulmonalis — p. Notias, Tabes dor-
salis.
  Phthisis  Pulmona'lis,  Ph. ptdmo'nnm, Ph.
pulmona'lis vera seu tuberculosa sen ecrophulo'sa
seu tuberculo-ulcera'ta seu puruledta  cxulccra'ta
seu exulcera'ta, Morae'muephthieis, Hec'tica phthi-
eie, Hamop'tyeie  phthieie, Ph. Pulmona'ris seu no-
do'sa, Possio vomicof'lna, Phthisi-pueumo'nia,Ta-
bes pulmona'lie seu pulmo'num, Ulcus pulmonum,
Helco' eie pulmono! lie, PneumonophthiSie, Pneumo-
noph'thoe, Phthisis scrophulo'ea, Pneumop'thoe,
Pulmo''nio,Phthisis tuberculoSa, TuberculoSis Pul-
mo1num,Gongrophihi'sis, Tuberculoid disease of the
lunge, Pulmonary coneumption,  Consumption, De-
cline, Phthieie, Tieic, (F.) Phthisic, P.pulmonaire,
Crachement de pue.  Occasionally, this formida-
ble disease occurs accidentally : but, usually, it
is  caused by a conformation obtained from pro-
genitors.  This,  at least, predisposes to  it; and
but a slight  exciting cause may  be required  to
rouse the predisposition into action.  It is less a
disease of the  torrid zone; and, in the temperate
regions of the globe, its  pathology is often  inti-
mately allied with that  of scrofula.   It  consists
in the formation of tubercles in the lungs, which
sooner or later inflame and break down. In such a
constitution, ulcerations of the lungs do not readily
heal; and hectic fever—the universal attendant
upon irritability and debility—is established. This
persists, and gradually wears down  the  patient,
till he ultimately expires, exhausted by the irri-
tative  fever.   The  chief symptoms  are  the fol-
lowing.  The  patient feels a sense of uneasiness
in the chest, with severe fits of coughing,  or  a
short and dry cough with dyspnoea.  This may
be  considered the incipient stage.   The cough
then becomes extremely troublesome, especially
in the morning;  and dyspnoea is increased on the
slightest exertion. The expectoration is evidently
purulent, with fever in the evening, and  circum-
scribed redness of the cheeks;  wasting and col-
liquative sweats early in the morning. This must 
PHTHISIS
669
PHYSCONIA
be considered the confirmed stage,—Phthieie con-
sttmmo'la, Pncumophthi'aia.  In the third, or last
stage, the hectic is  constant,  with small pulse,
pungent heat, colliquative sweats, and diarrhoea.
Tho weakness becomes extreme, and the patient
exhausted.  Physical  Signs. — 1. In  tho first
stage, whilst there are yet scattered miliary tu-
bercles,—the only appreciable change at the ex-
terior of the chest, and this is not constant, is a
want of freedom in the movements under one or
both clavicles.  Percussion will  generally disco-
ver a slight diminution of sound corresponding
to the summit of one lung.  In  the same situa-
tion, auscultation shows that the  inspiratory mur-
mur is either weaker, rougher, or confused.  The
sound of expiration  is more distinct.  The voice
and cough are rather more resonant, and wheez-
ing or mucous rdlee are occasionally heard in the
same region.  2.  When the tubercular deposition
has  become more abundant, the motion of the
chest is more markedly diminished under one or
both clavicles.   The loss of sound on percussion
is more distinct, the  inspiration,  on auscultation,
is bronchial, the expiration louder and more su-
perficial, and the resonance  of the  voice and
cough is increased.   The rest of the lung is per-
haps healthy, or the respiration may be puerile.
3. When the tubercles are undergoing softening,
—in addition to the preceding signs, auscultation
oxbibits a subcrepitant rdle around the apex of
the lung, decreasing from above downwards.  It
is most distinct during or after the cough, and at
the close of a deep inspiration.  As  the disease
proceeds, the  bubbling  becomes  successively
larger,  and ultimately gargouillemcnt  is heard.
The inspiration and  expiration are cavernous or
tracheal.  The voice and cough  indicate unusual
resonance  and  pectoriloquy.    The intercostal
spaces are often depressed locally, and percussion
may become gradually clearer and even tympa-
nitic as the  cavern increases.
   It is only in the incipient state of this formi-
dable disease, that advantage can be  expected
from any plan  of treatment; and of all means
that can be  devised,  that of removing to a climate
in which air and exercise  can be daily enjoyed
during the autumnal, winter, and spring months
is the best   See Climate.  If this  be  impracti-
cable,  the patient must be kept in a regulated
temperature, taking care  that  the chamber be
duly ventilated ;  and gestation in the open air be
used, whenever the atmosphere,  although cold, is
dry.  The other indications will  be : 1. To mode-
rate inflammatory  action: 2.  To support the
strength ; and, 3. To palliate urgent symptoms.
The whole treatment indeed is palliative.  Coun-
ter-irritants relieve  pain :  demulcents  and mild
opiates  alleviate  the cough: the mineral acids,
united with opium, relieve the colliquative sweats;
and chalk and opium the diarrhoea.
   Dr. Wilson Philip  has pointed out a particular
species of phthisis, which is characterized, in the
early stage,  by a deranged state  of the digestive
organs ; flatulent, irregular bowels; furred tongue;
impaired appetite ; unnatural fasces ; and the epi-
gastric  region more or less full and tender on
pressure.  The  affection  of  the lungs  is here
secondary.  He calls it Dyapeptic phthieie.
   PiiTnisis  Pulmonalis  Purulenta  Exulce-
rata. Phthisis pulmonalis — p. Pulmonalis scro-
fulosa,  Phthisis pulmonalis — p. Pulmonalis tu-
berculosa, Phthisis pulmonalis — p. Pulmonalis
tuberculosa-ulcernta, Phthisis  pulmonalis — p.
Pulmonalis vera, Phthisis pulmonalis — p. Pupil-
he, Synezisis—p. Pupillaris, Myosis—p. Scrophu-
losa,. Phthisis  pulmonalis — p. Sicca, Tabes dor-
salis—p. Tuberculosa, Phthisis  pulmonalis — p.
Uterina, Metrophthisis — p. Vesicalis,  Cystoph-
tbisis.
  PHTHISURIA, Diabetes.
  PHTHISURIE, Diabetes—p. Sucrie, Diabetes
mellitus.
  PIITHOE, Phthisis.
  PHTHOIS, Pastil, Trochiscus.
  PHTHOISCOS, Pastil, Trochiscus.
  PHTHONGODYSPHORIA, Hyperacusis.
  PHTHORA, Abortion, Corruption, Plague.
  PHTHORIUS, Abortive.
  PHTHOROCTONUS, Abortive.
  PHUCAGROSTIS MINOR, Pila marina.
  P.HUSCA,  Oxvcrate.
  PHYGANTIIROPIA, Misanthropia.
  PHYGETH'LON, Pctnue, Phypcllo, from tpvyu,
'I broil.'  Inflammation of  the superficial lym-
phatic glands, not ending in suppuration.
  PHYLACTERION, Amuletum.
  PHYLACTE'RIUM,  from  tpvXaaau, T  pre-
serve.'  A Phylac'tcry.  An amulet:—a prophy-
lactic.
  PHYLAXIS, Conservation.
  PHYLLANTIIUS  URINA'RIA, Binkohum-
ba.   A plant employed  in Ceylon, in decoction,
as a diuretic.
  PHYLLITIS, Asplenium  scolopendrium — p.
Muraria, Asplenium ruta muraria — p.  Rotundi-
folia, Asplenium trichomanoides.
  PIIY'MA,  Phima, from tpvo\iat,  'I spring up.'
With the ancients, this word was used with great
latitude: sometimes, in  the  sense of phlegmon,
for tumours larger than a boil, and perfectly sup-
purative. In the nosology of Sauvages, Phymata
is an order of diseases, to which he refers erysi-
pelas, oedema, phlegmon, emphysema, scirrhus,
Ac.   In that of Dr. Good it is  a genus, including
hordeolum, furunculus, sycosis, and anthrax.
  Phyma Anthrax, Anthrax — p. Anthrax ter-
minthus, Terminthus—p. Sycosis, Sycosis.
  PHYMATO'SES, from tpvpa, 'a hard tumour.'
Tuberculous diseases. — Fuchs.
  PHYMATOSIS, Excrescence—p. Cerebri, En-
cephalophymata — p. Elephantiasis, Elephantia-
sis— p. Lupus, Lupus — p. Verrucosa,  Verruca.
  PHYMOSIS, Phimosis.
  PHYPELLA, Phygethlon.
  PIIYSA. Crepitation.
  PHYSAGOGA, Carminatives.
  PHY'SALIS, P. Alkekedgi seu halicac'abum,
Sola'num vesica'rium, Alchachcdge, Alkekedgi,
Halicac'abum,  Winter Cherry, (F.) Alkekcnge,
Coqueret. Family, Solaneas.  Sex. Si/et.  Pen-
tandria Monogynia.  The  berries  are  recom-
mended as a diuretic, from 6 to 12 for a dose, in
dropsical and calculous cases.
  Physalis  Alkekengi, Physalis—p. Halicaca-
bum, Physalis—p. Stramonium, Anisodus luridus.
  PHYSCIA ISLANDICA, Lichen islandicus —
p. Nivalis, Lichen caninus.
  PHYSCO'NIA, from tpvoKt,, 'a bladder.' Feii-
troe'itaa, Ecphy'ma phyeco'nia, Hypoear'ea, Em-
phrac'tica, Vieco'nia, Hypersarchid'ioa,  Potbelly,
Penduloue abdo'men, Swagbelly. A generic term,
under which Sauvages has comprised every large
tumour developed in the abdomen, that is  neither
fluctuating  nor sonorous.  Linnaeus calls it Hy-
posarca.
  Physco'nia Adipo'sa, Obee'itae seu Poh/ear'-
cia  vis'cerum.  Accumulution of fat in the 'intes-
tines.
  Physconia  Biliosa,   Turgescentia  vesiculaa
felleas.
  Physconia Emphysemat'ica.  Accumulation
of air in the  areolar tissue, or between the coats
of particular viscera.
 _ Physconia Lienis, Splenoncus — p. Mesente-
rica, Tabes  mesenterica—p.  Splenicum, Ague
cake.
  Physconia Strumo'sa, Scrofula abdomina'lU 
               PHYSCONIE               61

inter'na.   Tumid abdomen from scrophulous en-
largement of the glands.
  PHYSCONIE   MESENTERIQUE,  Tabes
mesenterica.
  PHYSEMA, Tympanites, Physesis.
  PHYSE'SIS, Physe'ma, from ipvaau, ' I inflate.'
An emphysematous tumour.   Tympanites.
  PHYSETER MACROCEPHALUS, see Ceta-
ceum.
  PIIY'SIATRICE, Vis medicatrix naturas.
  PHYSIAUTOCRATIA, Vis  medicatrix  na-
turas.
  PHYSIC, Medicament, Medicina — p. Indian,
Euphorbia corollata, Gillenia trifoliata—p. Root,
Leptandria purpurea.
  PHYSICAL, Medical.
  PHY'SIC'IAN, Med'icus,  Iatros,  Aces'tor,
Aces'ter,  Aliheue;  from tpvots, 'nature. (F.)   Mi-
decin.  One who has received his degree from an
incorporated Institution, as Doctor of Medicine.
The French formerly used the word physicien in
the same  sense.   It is now  appropriated to the
natural philosopher.
  Physician,  Family.  One  regarded as  the
regular attendant on a family.
  Physician, Learned, Iatrosophista—p. Prac-
tical, Iatrotechna — p.  Priest, see Asclepiadas.
  PHYSICIEN,  Physician.
  PHYSICS,  MEDTCAL, latrophye'ics.  Phy-
sics directly applied to medicine, — either to the
explanation of the vital phenomena, the preserva-
tion of individuals,  or the treatment of disease.
  PHYSIOAUTOCRATIA,  Vis medicatrix na-
turas.
  PHYSIOG'NOMY,  Phyeiognom'ia,  Phyeiog-
nom'ica,  Phyeiognom'ice, Phyeionom'ia,  Phyai-
ognomon'ia, Phyeiognom'one, Phyeiognomoe'yne,
Phyeiognomoeia,  Anthropoecop'ia,  Proeopoman-
ti'a, Proeopolog"ia, Semiot'ice fa'ciei, Phyeiogno-
mod ica, Phyeiognom'ony, Metopoe'copy, Prosopo'-
8i's, from  tpvats, 'nature,' and yvuptn, 'knowledge.'
The art of knowing the dispositions of men  from
their external appearance;  especially  from the
features.   Every inference of this kind must ne-
cessarily be extremely fallacious, and cannot be
reduced to rule, as was attempted by Lavater and
others.  In infantile diseases, numerous shades
of  expression  are  evident, which  experience
teaches how to appreciate; and which afford use-
ful guides in understanding the pathology of that
period of existence.
  PHYSIOLOGIA PATHOGENETICA, see Pa-
thogenetic.
  PHYSIOLOGICAL ANATOMY, see Anatomy
— p. Doctrine, Broussaism.
  PHYSIOLOGICE, Physiology.
  PHYSIOL'OGY, Physiolog"ia, Biol'ogy,Biod-
omy, Biot'ics,  Biophanomcnolog"ia, Phyeiolog"-
ice, CEconom'ia anima'lis, Anatom'ia vivo, Anat'-
ome anima'ta, Anthropolog"ia,  Microcoemogrd-
phia, Mierocos'mica ecicdtia, Cognit"io phyeio-
log"ica, Pare natura'lis medici'na, Philoeoph'ia
cor'ports vivi ; from tpvats, ' nature,' and Xoyos, ' a
description.'  Formerly,  Physiology meant the
same as  Physics,  in its  extensive signification,
now does.  At  the  present  day, it includes the
science which treats of the functions of animals
or vegetables; an acquaintance with the pheno-
mena the aggregate of which constitute life.  It is
the science of life.  It is divided into  animal—Zoo-
phyeiologia, and  vegetable — Phytophyeiolog"ia,
according as it considers the life of animals  or of
vegetables singly.   Comparative phyeiology  com-
prises both. Physiology is, also, general or epecial,
according as it treats of life  in the  abstract  or in
some particular species. To the latter belongs the
Phyeiology of Man, — called also, Hygienic Phy-
                    PIA

aiology to distinguish it from Pathological Phyei-
ology or. Pathology.
  Physiology, Pathogenetic, see Pathogenetic
  PHYSIONOMIA, Physiognomy.
  PHYSIONOMIE EGAREE, see Wild.
  PHYSIS, Natura, Sox.
  PHYSOCE'LE, Pneumatoce'le, Hernia vento'-
ea;  Oschcoce'le flatulen'ta,  Emphyee'nm Scroti,
from ipvaau, ' I insufflate,' and kjjAi?, ' a tumour.'
An emphysematous tumour of the scrotum ; pro-
bably a case of intestinal hernia, containing much
flatus.
  PHY'SOCEPH'ALUS,  from ipvaau, ' I inflate,'
and KttpaXn, 'the head.' Phyeoceph'alue.  Emphy-
sematous tumefaction of the head.
  PHYSOCffiLIA, Tympanites.
  PHYSO'DES ; from ipvaau,' I inflate,' and ttSos,
'resemblance.' Full of  air; apparently full of
air — applied to tumours, Ac.
  PHYSOMETRA, Emphyee'ma  U'teri,  Hye-
teroph'yee,  Hyeteropsoph'ia,  Hyeteremphyee'ma,
Hyetremphyee'ma, Metremphyee'ma, jEdueopsoph'-
ia  uteri'na,   Emphyee'ma   uteri'num,   Injla'tio
U'teri, Tym'pany of the Womb, U'ferine tympani'-
tes, from tpvaau, ' I inflate,' and prjrpa, ' the womb.
A light, tense, circumscribed protuberance in the
hypogastrium, obscurely  sonorous, with  wind
occasionally discharged through the os uteri.
  PHYSON, Flatulence.
  PHYSONCUS, Emphysema.
  PHYSOPSOPH'IA; from tpvaau,  ' I  inflate,'
and  tpotpos, ' a noise.'  A discharge of  air with
noise.
  PHYSOSPASMUS, Colica flatulenta.
  PHYSOTHORAX, Pneumothorax.
  PHYTiVOROUS,  Phytophagous.
  PHYTOALOPECIA, Porrigo decalvans.
  PHYTO-CHYMISTRY, see Chymistry.
  PHYTOLACCA  DECAN'DRA, P.  vulgaris,
Poke Weed, Amer'ican  Night Shade, Cancer root,
Poke,  Skoke, Jucato Cale.loe, (?)  Jalap,  Pigeon
Berries, Jalap cancer root, Sola'nam racerno'sum
America'num, S. magnum Virginia'num  rubrum,
Blitum America'num, Garget, (F.) Raisin d'Ami-
rique,  Phytolaque d dix etamines,  Morelle en
grappee,  Mechoaean  du Canada.   Family,  Che-
nopodese.  Sex. Syat. Decandria Decagynia.   The
leaves, berries, and roots  are employed.   The
young  stems,  when boiled, are sometimes eaten
at table ; but when old, they must be  cautiously
used, as the plant is emetic and cathartic.  It is
most celebrated as a remedy in chronic  rheuma-
tism ; and is given in the form of tincture of the
ripe  berries.   It is, also,  used in cutaneous erup-
tions ;  tinea capitis, itch,  cancerous ulcers, Ac.
  The  root is gathered and dried in the fall.
  PHYTOLAQUE A DIX ETAMINES, Phy-
tolacca decandra.
  PHYTOLOGIA MEDICA, Botany, medical.
  PHYTOPH'AGOUS, Phytoph'agua;  Phytiv'-
orous,  Phytiv'orua;  from tpvrov, ' a  plant,'  and
tpayu, ' I eat'  Feeding  or subsisting on vege-
tables.
  PHYTOPHYSIOLOGIA, see Physiology.
  PHYTOSPERM'A,  (F.)  Phytoaperme;  from
tpvrov,  'a vegetable,' and cmtppa, 'sperm.'  Par-
ticles similar to the spermatozoids of animals, ob-
served in vegetables, and presumed to possess a
similar agency in reproduction.
  PHYTOTOMY, see Anatomy, (vegetable.)
  PHYTOZOON, Zoophyte.
  PIA MATER, Pia seu mollia seu ten'uis Mu-
ter, Pia  meninx,  Meninx inte'rior, Meninx cho-
ro'i'dee, Inner lam'ina of the  Miningine, (Ch.,)
Membra'na  veiec.ulo'sa Cer'ebri, Membra'na Cer'-
ebri  ten'uis seu  mollis  seu pro'pria,  (F.)  Pie
mire, Miningette.  The pia mater is a very deli-
0 
PIAN
671
PILATIO
 cate membrane, which covers  the  brain  imm&-
 diately,  penetrates into its anfractuosities, and
 envelops, also, the cerebellum and the spinal pro-
 longation, Ac.  Bichat does not regard it as  a
 membrane, properly so called, but as a net-work
 of blood-vessels,  united by a lax areolar tissue.
 The Pia Muter exterior is the portion of mem-
 brane which covers the exterior of  the encepha-
 lon, and faces the  arachnoid externally.  The
 Pia Muter interior is that which lines the cere-
 bral fossas, into which it penetrates  by  a cleft
 situate between the posterior part of the corpus
 callosum and the  fornix;  and by two other fis-
 sures, situate between the corpora  fimbriata and
 thalami  nervorum  opticorum.  The  pia  mater
 contains a great number of granulations similar
 to the Gland ula Pacchioni.
   Pia Mater Testis, Tunica vasculosa—p. Me-
 ninx,  P. Mater.
   PIAN, Frambcesia.
   PIANS, MOTHER  OF, Mama-pian.
   PIAR, Fat.
   PIARHAS'MIA;  from  map,  'fat,'  and 'atpa,
 ' blood.'  Fat in the blood. — Simon.
   PICA, Malacia—p. Africanorum, Chthonopha-
 gia.
   PICAC, Euphorbia corollata.
   PICACISM'US, Pied tio, from  pix,  'pitch.'
 Depilation by means  of  a pitch plaster.  Also,
 Malacia.
   PICATIO, Malacia, Picacismus.
   PICEA, Pinus abies.
   PI CERION, Butter.
   PICHU'RIM BEANS.  The seed  of a tree,
 supposed to be Pereea pichurim, Oco'tea pichd-
 rim, which grows  in Brazil,  Guiana, Venezuela,
 and other parts of South America.   They are of
 an elliptical  shape; flat on one side, convex on
 the other; of an aromatic  odour between that of
 nutmegs and sassafras, and of a spicy, pungent
 taste.  Tho medical properties  are the same as
 those of other aromatics.   For the  bark, see Pe-
 churim cortex.
   PICKERELWEED, SHOVEL, Unisema del-
 tifolia.
   PI COTE, Variola.
   PICOTEMENT,  Pricking.
   PICR.ENA EXCELSA, Quassia.
   PICR1A, Bitterness.
   PICRIUM SPICATUM, Coutoubea alba.
   PICROCHOLOS,  Bilious.
   PI'CROMEL, Bilin; from ntKpos, 'bitter,' and
 ptXt, 'honey.'  A name given by Thenard to  a
 colourless, soft substance,  of an acrid, bitter, sac-
 charine taste, nauseous smell, and very soluble in
 water.
   It forms part of the bile, and is classed amongst
 the animal immediate principles.
   PIOROPE'GA"",  from ntKpos, 'bitter,' and nr,yn,
 'a spring.'  Mineral waters; bitter from the pre-
 sence of  chloride of  magnesium.
   P1CROS, Amarus.
   PICROTOX'INE,  Picrotox'ina,  Picrotox'in,
 from  ntKpos,  'bitter,' and  roltvov,  'poison.'  A
 vegetable alkali, discovered by M. Boullay in the
 Menispernum  Cocculus.  It crystallizes in quad-
 rangular, white, brilliant, semitransparent prisms;
 which are excessively bitter, soluble in three parts
 of alcohol,  and in fifteen of boiling water.
   The  Cocculus Indicus owes  its poisonous pro-
perties to this principle.
  PIE MERE, Pia mater.
  PIE-ME RITE,  Inflamma'tio pia matrie.  A
miserably compounded term, employed by M. Gri-
solle, to express inflammation of the  pia mater:—
from (F.) pie mire, 'the pia mater,'  and ite, itie;
a termination  denoting inflammation.
   PIECE, Hepatitis.
   PIECES D'ANATOMIE ARTIFICIELLES,
 see Artificial.
   PIED, Pes —p. d'Alexandre, Anthemis pyre-
 thrum—p. d'Alouette des  champs,  Delphinium
 consolida—p. Bot, see Kyllosis—p. de Chat, Ah-
 tennaria dioica—p. de Cheval marin, Cornu am-
 monis —p. de Griffon, Gryphius pes, Helleborus
 fcetidus—p. de Lion, Alchemilla—p. de Lit, Ori-
 ganum—p. d'Oura, Acanthus mollis—p. Plat, see
 Kyllosis—p. de Veau, Arum maculatum—p. de
 Veau  Triphylle, Arum triphyllum.
   PIEIRON, Fat.
   PIERRE,  Calculus—p. d'Aigle, iEtites—p.
 d'Azur, Lapis lazuli—p. Calaminaire, Calamine
 —p. d Cautere,  Potassa cum calce—p. Infernale,
 Argenti  nitras—p. Judaique, Judasus (lapis) —
 p. au Lait,  Morochthus—p.  Midieamenteuae,
 Medicamentosus lapis—p. Nephritique, Nephre-
 ticus lapis—p.  Ponce, Pumex.
   PIERRES  CRAYEUSES, Calculi, arthritic
 —p. mi Fiel,  Calculi,  biliary — p. Stercorolee,
 Calculus of the  Stomach and Intestines—p. Uri-
 nairee, Calculi, urinary.
   PIESTER, Press.
   PIESTERION, Press.
   PIESTRON,  from nitfr, 'I press.'  An instru-
 ment recommended by Hippocrates for breaking
 the bones of the foetal head when too large to be
 extracted otherwise.
   PIG AM ON JAUNATRE, Thalictron.
   PIGEON BERRIES,  Phytolacca decandra —
 p. Breasted, see  Lordosis—p. Tree, Aralia spi-
 nosa.
   PIGMENT CELLS, see Cell, pigment
   PIGMENTAL,  from pigmcntum, 'paint'
 Having relation to pigment or colouring matter.
   Pigmental Appara'tus, (F.) Appareil pig-
 mental.  The apparatus concerned in the colora-
 tion of the skin  of the coloured varieties of man.
 — Flourens.
   PIGMENTARIUS, Apothecary, Unguentarius.
   PIGMENTUM, Paint—p. Indicum, Indigo—
 p. Nigrum, see  Choroid — p. Uracu, Terra  Or-
 leana,
   PIGMY", Pygmy.
   PIGNEROLE, Centaurea calcitrapa.
   PIGNON DE BARBARIE, Jatropha curcas
 — p. d'Inde, Jatropha curcas.
   PIGNUT, Earthnut, Groundnut.  The bulbous
 root of Bu'nium Bulbocae'tanum.  Called pignuts,
 from the fondness of the  pig for them.   They
 have been considered to possess a styptic quality;
 and are  deemed serviceable in  atonic affections
 of the kidney. — Hooper.
   Pignut,  Bunium bulbocastanum.
   PIG'S FLARE, Adeps suillus.
   PILA, Sphara, Ball.  A gymnastic exercise,
 much used by the ancients as well as moderns.—
 Galen.  Also, a  mortar and a pestle—Ac'one.
   Pila,  Mortar, Pillar —p. Damarum, >Egagro-
 pila— p. Rupicaprarum, ./Egagropila.
   FlLA Mari'na, Sphara Marina, Sphara  Tha-
 las'sia, Halcydiiium rotuddum, (F.) Pelote  de
 Mtr.   Certain light, round,  depressed, or oblong
 masses—inodorous and insipid—in which rushes,
 hairs, and the dibrie of shells are met with.  These
 are found  on  the  sea-shores, and have been re-
 garded by Spielmann as consisting chiefly of the
 roots of the Zos'tera Mari'na sen Mar it'ima, Alga
 Mari'na, Phucagroe'ti8 minor.  Iodine is detected
 in the  ashes, which accounts for their success in
 goitre. They have, also, been given as avermifuo-e
  PILARE  MALUM, Trichosis.
  PILATIO, from pilue, ' a hair.'  Fracture  of
the cranium in which the fissure is narrow and
has the appearance of a hair—& cap'Mary fissure*
(F.) Fente capillaire. 
PILE
672
PILULA
  PILE. Hair.
  PILEA PUMI'LA, Richweed, Clearwecd, Cool-
weed;  indigenous:  Order, Urticacea:; flowering
from July to September; has  been used as  a
wash  in poisoning by Rhus.  It has a strong,
grateful smell.
  PILEOLUM, Calotte.
  PILEOLUS, Caul,  Pileus.
  PI'LEl)US, Pilo'eua, Pilose,Pilous, (~F.)Pileux.
That which relates  to the hair.  Hairy.
  Pileous  System of Bichat is that formed by
the hair.   It comprises  the different species of
hair of the human body.
  PILES,  BLIND,  Cascae  hasmorrhoides, see
Hasmorrhois.
  PILEUS, ' a hat, cap, or bonnet for the head.'
Pile'olua.  A shield.   A nipple-like  instrument,
formed of various materials, aud used by females
for protecting the nipple during the child's suck-
ing, when the part  is painful.  Also, a caul.
  Pileus, Cucupha — p. Hippocraticus,  Bonnet
d'Hippocrate.
  PILEIX, Pileous.
  PILEWORT, Ranunculus acris, and R. ficaria.
  PILI  CAPITIS, see  Capillus — p. Cutis, La-
nugo— p. Palpebrarum, Cilia — p. Pudendorum,
Pubes.
  PILIER, Pillar.
  PILIMICTIO, see Trichiasis.
  PILL, Pilula—p. Abernethy's, see Pilulas hy-
drargyri—p. of Aloes and Camboge, Pilulas aloes
et cambogias—p. of  Aloes and  cinchona,  Pilulas
aloes et kinas kinas — p. of Aloes  and colocynth,
Pilulas aloes  et coloeynthidis — p. of Aloes and
fetid gums, Pilulas de aloe et fcetidis—p. of Aloes
and ginger, Pilulas aloes et zingiberis — p. Aloes
and myrrh, Pilulas  aloes et myrrhas—p. Aloetic,
Pilulas aloeticas — p. Aloetic and assafcetida, Pi-
lulas aloes et assafcetidas — p. Aloetic, compound,
 Pi  ^las aloes compositas — p. of Ammoniuret  of
 copper, Pilulas ammoniureti cupri—p. Analeptic,
James's, see Analeptica — p. Anderson's, see Pi-
lulas aloes et jalapas—p. Anodyne, Pilulas  opiatas
—p. Antibilious, Barclay's, Pilulas antibiliosas —
p.  Antibilious, Dixon's, Pilulas antibiliosas—p.
Asiatic,  Pilulas Asiatica — p. Assafetida,  Pilulas
Assafcetidas—p. Bacher's, Pilulas  ex helleboro et
myrrha—p. Barbarossa's, Barbarossas pilulas—p.
 Barthez, see Pilulas aloes et myrrha;.
   Pill,  Blair's.  An empirical  preparation  of
 colchicum, much used in England in cases of gout.
   Pill,  Blaud's.  These pills, proposed by M.
 Blaud as antichlorotic, are formed as follows : —
 Take  of gum tragacanth, in powder, six grains;
 water, one drachm.  Macerate in a glass  or por-
 celain mortar, until  a thick mucilage is formed,
 and if it be desired  to prevent the formation of
 peroxide of iron, and to make the pill similar to
 those  of Vallet, substitute a drachm  of powdered
 sugar for the mucilage.  Add afterwards of sul-
 phate of iron, in powder,  half an ounce.  Beat
 well until the mixture is homogeneous, and add
 subcarbonate of potase, half an  ounce.   Beat un-
 til the mass becomes of a deep-green colour, and
 of a soft consistence.  Divide into 48  (?) pills.
 Dose, one  a day; gradually increasing to two,
 and afterwards to three.
   Pill, Blue, Pilulas hydrargyri—p. Brandreth's,
 Pilulas aloes et  cambogias —'p. Calomel, Pilulas
 hydrargyri chloridi  mitis — p. Camboge, Pilulas
 cambogias  compos.—p. Camboge, compound, Pi-
 lulas cambogias  compositas — p. of Carbonate of
 iron, Pilulas ferri carbonatis—p.  Cathartic, com-
 pound,  Pilulae catharticas  compositas—p. Com-
 mon,  Pilulas aloes et myrrhas — p. Dinner,  see
 Pilulas aloes et kinas kinas.
    Pill, Dinner, of Mr. Mayo. This is composed
 of P.  Rhej, gr. iv ; Soda (7ar6..gr. j.
  Pill, Everlast'ing.   A pill  once in vogue;
and said to be composed of metallic antimony.
It was believed  to have  the property of purging
as often  as it was swallowed.   A  lady  having
swallowed  one of these  pills,  became  seriously
alarmed at its not passing.   " Madam," said her
physician,  "fear  not;  it,  has   already  passed
through  a hundred patients without any  diffi-
culty."— Paris.
  Pill, Female,  Pilulas de aloe et fcetidis — p.
Ferruginous, of Vallet,  sec Ferri protocarbonas
—p. Fothergill's, see Pilulas aloes et coloeynthidis
— p. Frank's see Pilulas  aloes et kinas kinic — p.
Fuller's,  see Pilulas de aloe et fcetidis — p. Gal-
banum, compound, Pilulas galbani compositas —
p. Griffitt's, see  Piluhu rhej compositas—p. Gum,
Pilulas galbani compositas — p. of Hellebore  and
myrrh, Pilulas ex helleboro et myrrha—p. Hoop-
er's, see Pilulas aloes  et myrrhas—p. of Iodide of
Iron, Pilulas ferri iodidi—p. James's Aaualeptic,
see Analeptica — p.  Keyser's,  see Hydrargyrus
acetatus—p.  Lady Crespigny's, Pilulas aloes et
kinas kinas—p. Lady  llesketh's,  see Pilulas aloes
et kinas  kinas—p. Lady Webster's, Pilulas aloes
et kinas kinas.
  Pill,  Lartigues',  Pil'ula  Col'chici et Digi-
ta'lie.  (Ext.  Coloc.  c. gss; Ext.  Sem. Colchic.
alcoholic,  Extract. Digital,  alcohol, aa, gr. iss; f.
massa in pilul. x dividend.)  Dose, two, three, or
more, in the 24  hours, in gout.
  Pill Machine, Pilulier — p.  Matthews's, see
Pilulas ex helleboro  et  myrrbii — p. Mercurial,
Pilulas hydrargyri — p. of mild  chloride of Mer-
cury, Pilulas hydrargyri  chloridi initis.— p. Mof-
fat's,  Pilulas aloes  et cambogias — p. Morrison's,
Pilulae aloes et cambogias,  see Pilulas cambogias
compositas—p. Moseley's, Pilulas rhej compositus
— p. Night, common, Pilulae opiatas—p. Opiate,
Pilulas opiatas — p. Peter's, see Pilulas aloes  et
cambogias-—p. Plummer's, Pilulas hydrargyri sub-
muriatis compositas—p. of Sulphate of Quinia,
Pilulas quinias sulphatis—p. Red, Pilulas hydrar-
gyri submuriatis compositas—p. Red, Boerhaave's,
see Hydrargyri sulphuretum rubrum—p. of Rhu-
barb,  Pilulas  rhej — p.  of  Rbubarb, compound,
Pilulas rhei compositas—p. Rufus's, Pilulas aloes
et myrrhas — p. Rush's,  see Pilulas aloes et cam-
bogias— p. Scotch, Pilulas de aloe et fcetidis—p.
of Soap and opium, Pilulas saponis cum opio—p.
Speediman's,  see  Pilulas aloes et myrrhas — p.
Squill,  compound, Pilulas scillas compositas — p.
Starkey's, see Pilulas ex helleboro et  myrrha —
p. Storax, Pilulas e styrace—p. of Strychnia, Pi-
lulas  strychnias — p.  of  Submuriate  of mercury,
compound, Pilulas hydrargyri submuriatis compo-
sites—p. Tanjore,  Pilulas Asiaticas — p.  Turpen-
tine, Pilulas de terebinthina—p. Vallet's, see Ferri
protocarbonas,  and Pilulas  ferri carbonatis — p.
 Webster's, Pilulas aloes et kinas kinas—p. Whytt's,
 see Pilulas de aloe et fcetidis.
   PILLAR,  Pi'la,  Colum'na,  Columella, (F.)
 Pilicr.  A name given  to several parts; as the
 pillars of the velum palati, diaphragm, Ac.
   PIL ON, Pilum.
   PILOSELLA, Hieracium pilosella—p. Alpina,
 Hieracium pilosella.
   PILOSUS, Pileous.
   PILOUS, Pileous.
   PIL'ULA, plural Pilu'la. Diminutive of pila,
 'a ball.'   Spharid'ion,  Catapo'tion,  Calop'otum,
 Spha'rion, Gongyl'ion,  Gon'gylis, Gongylid'ium.
 A  pill.  (F.)  Pilule.   A simple or compound me-
 dicine, weighing from one to five grains, of a firm
 consistence and spherical  form;  intended to be
 swallowed at once,  without chewing.  The Pill
 differs from the Bolue, the  latter being softer and
 larger.
   Medicines  are often  given in the form of pild, 
PILULiE
673
PILULE
 on account of their disagreeable taste and odour.
 Pilula, also, means a Pilular maee.
   PILULA*; EX ALOE, P. aloes compositas—p.
 de Aloe et cambogia, P. aloes et cambogias.
   Pilula; Aloes, P. Aloet'ica, Pilula ex Aloe et
 Sajio'ne, Aloct'ie Pill, (F.) Pilules d'oloee ou alo-
 itiquee.  (Aloes in pulv.;  saponis, sing. 3j ; syr.
 q. a. to form 240 pills. — Ph. U. S.)  Dose, gr. x
 to xx, in habitual costiveness.
   Pilula: Aloes et Assafce'tida:, Aloetic and
 Aeaoj'trtid.o  Pills.   (Aloes,  aeeafcetida,  aaponie,
 sing, gss ; aqua, q. s. to form 180 pills.— Ph. U.
 S.)  Purgative and stomachic.   Dose, gr. x.
   Pilula? Aloes  et Cambo'gia;, P.  de Aloe et
 Combo'gia, P. Hydrargo'ga Bod Hi, Pill of Aloes
 and Camboge.  (Aloea, comhog., gum. ammoniot.,
 aa, p. as.  Make into a powder.  Dissolve in vine-
 gar; pass through a cloth ; express the residuum
 strongly;  and afterwards evaporate, in a water-
 bath, to a pilular consistence. — Ph. P.)  Purga-
 tive ;  used in dropsy.  Dose, gr. xij to xxx.
   Peter s Pills — anostrum — are formed of aloes,
 jalap, scammony,  and camboge, of each  equal
 parts.
   The basis of Morrison's Pille, often called Hy-
 gihic  Pille,   of Brandreth's  Pills,  and  Moffat's
 Pills,  is said to  be aloes, with camboge, scam-
 niony, Ac.
   Rush's Pills were formed of calomel, aloes, and
 camboge, with oil of mint.
   Pilula: Aloes  et Colocyn'thidis,  P. ex Co-
 locynth'ide cum aloe, P. Aloea cum Colocynthide,
 P. cod cina,  P. eoechii, P. colocydthidie compoa'-
 ita, P. coccia mino'rea, Pill of Aloee  and Colo-
 cynth.  (Pulp, coloc. 3ss;  aloee hepat., ecammon,
 aa gj ; sapon. Jij ; ol. earyoph. Jj; syrup, q. s.—
 Ph. D.) Cathartic  Dose, gr. v to x or more.
   Folh'ergill's Pills consist  of  aloes, scammony,
 colocynth,  and oxide of antimony.
   Pilula: Aloes  Compos'ita:, Pilula ex  Aloe,
 Compound Aloetic Pills. (Aloee epic, extract, cont.
 gj; ext. gentiana,  gss; olei carui, gtt. xl; ayr.
 q- s. — Ph. L.)  These are sometimes, also, called
 Family pille, Antibilious jAlls, Ac.
   Pilula: de Aloe  et Fce'tidis, P. Benedic'ta
 Fullcri, Pill  of aloes and fetid gums, Pilula ec-
 phroc'tica, Female pills, Pilula aloee martia'les,
 (F.) Pi/it/ce binitee de Fuller. (Aloes eocotr., een-
 na,  aeeafcetida, galbani,  aa jij; myrrh,  Jiv;
 croci, marie,  aa Jj ; ferri sulphat. giss.  Reduce
 to powder  separately, and add ol. succin. gtt. viij;
 syr.  artcmieia,  q. s. — Ph.  P.)   Purgative,  and
 given in hysteria.   Dose, gr. xv to xx.
   WhyttS  Pille, given in similar cases,  consisted
 of chloride of iron, aloea,  extract of horehound,
 and aaaafectida.
  Pilula:  Aloes et Jalap'a;, commonly called
 Anderson's pille, Anderson's Scots' pills, Scotch
 pills.   (Aloes Barbad.  ibj;  rad.  helleb.  nigr.,
 rad. jalapa,  potaeea  enbearb. aa gj ;  ol. anisi,
 Jiv;  syrup,  simpl.  q. s. — Gray.)   Dose, gr.  x
 to xxx.
  A committee of the Philadelphia College of
 Pharmacy  recommend the following: Aloes Bar-
 badene. gxxiv; eaponie,  giv;  colocynthid.  gj;
 cambogia,  5J > ol. anis. fgss.
  Pilula:  Aloes et Kin.e Kina:, P. stomach'ica
 P. ante cibum, Pill of aloes  and cinchona, (F.)
 Pilulee gourmandea.  (Aloes socotr. Jvj ; ext. cin-
chon.  Jiij; cinnam. Jj ; syrup,  absinth, q.  s.—
 Ph. P.)  Stomachic and  laxative.  Dose, gr. x
to xx.
  Lady Crespigny's pills,  Lady Webster'e pille,
Lady Hesketh's pills, and the FHula etomach'ica
Mesu'es (Ph. L. 1635),  resemble these.
  Franks pills, much employed, also, as 'dinner
pills,' or, — to use the language of the  eccentric
Kitchener — as  'peptic persuaders,' are said to
      43
 be much used, under the name Graines de eant6,
 in various parts  of Europe.   They consist  of
 aloea, jalap,  and rhubarb, with eyrup of worm-
 wood as an exeipient
   Pilula:  Aloes  Martiales, P. de aloe et fce-
 tidis.
   Pilul.i: Aloes et Myrrha:, P. aloes cum myr-
 rh d,  P. de aloe et myrrha, Rnftie's or Ruffue's
 pille, Common pille, Pilula  Rufi seu Ruff,  P.
 commit'nee, Pills of aloee and myrrh. (Aloes, gij;
 croci, in pulv. gss; myrrh, gj ; ayr. q. s. to form
 480 pills. — Ph. U. S.)   Cathartic  and emmena-
 gogue.  Dose, gr. x to xx.
   HooperS pille—possessed of similar properties
 — according  to one of Gray's formulas, are made
 as follows; Ferri sulph., aqua, aa gviij.   Dis-
 solve.  Add aloes Barbad. Ibij and gviij ; canel-
 la alba,  gvj ; gum myrrh, gij ; opopanacie, Jiv.
 The  committee of the  Philadelphia  College  of
 Pharmacy recommend  the following form : Aloes
 Barbadeneia,  gviij ; ferri sulphatis exsiccat. gij,
 Jiss,  vel ferri sulph.  cry stall, giv;  ext.  helleb.
 nigr. gij; myrrh, gij;  saponis, gij ;  canella,  in
 pulv. tritas, gj ; zingib. in pulv. tritas, gj.
   Speedimon'e pille consist of aloee, myrrh, rhu-
 barb, extract of chamomile, and eeaential oil  of
 chamomile;  and  the Pille of Barihez,  of aloes,
 myrrh, musk,  camphor,  and balaam of Peru.
   Pilula: de Aloe et Sapone, P. aloeticas.
   Pilula: Aloes cum Zingib'ere, Pill of aloes
 and ginger.  (Aloea hepat. gj ; rad. zingib.  in
 pulv. Jj ; eapon. Hispan. Jss ; ol. ese. mentha pip.
 Jss. — Ph. D.)  In habitual costiveness.  Dose,
 gr. x to xx.
   Pilula: Ammoniure'ti Cupri, Pills pf Ammo-
 niuret of copper, Pilula cupri, (F.) Pilulee d'am-
 moniure  de cuivre.  (Ammoniur. cupri,  in  pulv.
 ten. trit. gr. xvj;  mica panis, "{*)iv; aqua carbo-
 natie ammonia, q. s.  Beat into a mass, and di-
 vide into xxxij pills. — Ph. E.)  Tonic and anti-
 spasmodic, in epilepsy, Ac.  Dose, one pill twice
 daily ; gradually increasing the dose.
   Pilula: Ante Cibum, P. aloes et kinas kinas.
   Pilulas Antibilio'sa:,  Barclay's AntibiVious
 pilla.  (Extract de colocynth,  Jij ;  reein of jalap,
 Jj ;  almond soap, Jiss ; guaiac, Jiij ; emetic tart.
 gr. viij ;  oile of juniper, carraway, and roeemary,
 aa iv drops; eyrup of buckthorn, q. s. to form  64
 pills.)  Dose, two or three.
   Dixon'e Antibilioue pills are formed  of aloes,
 scammony, rhubarb, and tartarized antimony.
   Pilula:  Antiherpetica;,  Pilulas  hydrargyri
 submuriatis comp.—p. Antihystericas,  P. galbani
 compositas.
   Pilula: Antiscrophulo'sa;, P. ex ox'ido stib'ii
 et hydrar'gyri eulphure'to nigro compoe'ita.  (P.
 ecammon.,  hydrarg.  sulphur, nigr.  aa,  gij ;  anti-
 monii oxidi albi, milleped., sapon. amygdalin. aa
Jiij ;  extract,  glycyrrh. gv. Make into a mass.—
 Ph. P.)  Dose gr.  iv to xx.
   Pilula:  Antispastica;, P.  galbani composite
— p. Assafcetidas  compositas,  P. galbani compo-
 sitas.
   Pilula: Asiat'ica:, Aeiat'ic pille, Tanjore pills.
 (Acid, arsenios. gr. Iv; piper,  nigr. pulv.  Jix;
 acacia, q. s. ut fiant pil. 800.  Each pill contains
 about one-fifteenth of a grain of arsenious acid.
 These pills are employed in India for the cure of
 syphilis and elephantiasis.
   Pilula; Assafce'tida:, Aseafet'ida pills.  (As-
 eafmtid. giss; saponis, gss.  Beat with water so
 as to  form a mass to be divided into 240 pills.—
 Ph. U. S.)
   Pilula:  Balsam'ica:,   P.  Docto'ris  Morton.
 (Milleped,  pulverisat Jxviij ;  gum. ammon. Jxjj
acid,  benzoic.  Jvj ; croci, balsam. Peruv. aa Jj:
 balsam, sulph.  aniaot. Jvj.  Mix.— Ph. P.) Tonic,
expectorant, and balsamic. 
                  PILULiE                  6

  Pilula;  Benedicta: Fulleri, P. de  aloe  et
fcetidis.
  Pilula;  Cambo'gia: Compos'ita;,  P. de guttd
gaman'drCt, P. hydrago'ga, Gamboge pills, Pilula
gummi gutta aloet'icce, Compound camboge pille,
(F.) Pilulee de gomme gtttte compoeiee.   (Cambo-
gia contrita, aloes apicat. extrttt. contriti., pulv.
cinnam. comp. sing.  Jj ;  saponis, Jij. — Ph. L.)
Cathartic.   Dose, gr. x to xx.
  Morrison'e pills axe said by  Dr.  Paris  to be
nothing more than the above, with the addition
of a small portion of cream of tartar.
  Pil'ul.e Cathar'tica; Compos'ita;, Compound
cathartic pills.  (Ext. colocynth. comp. in  pulv.
gss; ext. jalapa, in  pulv., hydrarg. chlorid. mit.
aa Jiij ; gambog. in pulv. ***)ij.   M.  Form into a
mass with water, and make into 180 pills.— Ph.
U. S.)   Three for a dose.
  Pilula; Cocchii, P. aloes et coloeynthidis—p.
Coccias  minores,  P.  aloes  et coloeynthidis — p.
Coccinas, P. aloes  et coloeynthidis — p. Colchici
et digitalis,  P. Lartigues'—p. Coloeynthidis com-
positas,  P. aloes et coloeynthidis—p. ex Colocyn-
thide cum  aloe, P.  aloes et coloeynthidis — p.
Communes,  P. aloes et myrrhas — p.  Cupri, P.
ammoniureti cupri.
  Pilula: Copa'iba;, Pilla of copaiba.  (Copaib.
gij; magneeia, recente* praspar. Jj.   Mix, and
set  aside till it concretes into a  pilular mass, to
be divided into 200 pills.—Ph. U. S.)   Each pill
contains nearly five  grains of copaiba.   Two to
six  for a dose.
  Pilula; de Cynoglos'so, P. de extrac'to o'pii.
(Pulv. rad. cynogloee., semin. hyoscyam. alb., ex-
tract, opii vinos, aa Jiv; pulv. myrrh. Jvj ; oliban.
Jv ; croci.,  caator., aa, Jiss ; eyrup opii, q. s.—
Ph. P.)  Anodyne.   In cough, Ac.  Dose,  gr. iv
to gr. viij.
  Pilula;  Depurantes,  P. hydrargyri  submu-
riatis compos. — p.  Ecphracticas, P. de  aloe et
fcetidis.
  Pilula. Ferri Carbona'tis, Pille of carbonate
of iron, Vallet'e pille, Vallet's ferrdginous pille.
(Ferri  eulph.  gviij; soda carbonat. gx;  Mel.
deepumat. giij ; eacchar. gij ; aqua bullientie, Oij ;
syrup,  q. s.   Dissolve the sulphate of iron and
carbonate  of soda, each  in a  pint of the water,
and to  each solution add a fluidounce  of syrup;
then mix the two solutions in a bottle just large
enough  to contain them;  close it accurately with
a stopper,  and set it by, that the  carbonate of
iron may subside.  Pour off the liquid, and having
washed the precipitate with warm water, sweet-
ened with syrup in the proportion of fgj of the
latter to Oj of the former, until the washings no
longer have a saline  taste, place  it upon a flannel
cloth, and  express as much water as possible;
then mix it with the honey and sugar.  Lastly,
heat the mixture in a water-bath, until  it at-
tains a pilular consistence. — Ph. U. S.)
  Pilula; Ferri Compos'ita:, Compound pilla of
iron, Pilula ferri cum myrrhd, (F.) Pilulee de
fer compoeiee.  (Myrrh,  in pulv. Jij ; soda sub-
carb., ferri eulph. aa Jj ;  eyrup, q. s.  Mix, to
form 80 pills.—Ph.  U. S.)  Tonic.   Dose, gr. x
to XX.
  Pilula; Ferri Iod'idi, Pills of iodide  of iron.
(Ferri  sulphat. Jj;  Potaes. iodid. "**)iv; traga-
canth. pulv. gr. x ; sacehar. pulv. Jss. Beat with
syrup into  a mass, to form 40 pills. — Ph. U. S.)
Dose, one to three, where a tonic and eutrophic
is indicated.
  Pilula: Ferri cum MyrrhX,  P. Ferri compo-
sitas—p. Fcetidas, P.  galbani compositas.
  Pilula; Gal'bani  Compos'ita;, P. aeeafcetida
compos'ita, P. foe'tida, P. gummoSa, P. e gummi,
Compound gal'banum pill, Pilula antiepas'tica,
P. antihyster'ica,  P. myrrha compos'ita,  Gum
                  PILULiE

pill.   (Galban., myrrha, aa Jvj;  aaaafvetida,
Jij; syrup, q. s. to form  240 pills.—Ph. U. S.)
Antispasmodic  and emmenagogue.  Dose, gr. x
to xx.
  Pilula;  Gummi, P.  galbani  compositas — p.
Gummi guttas  aloeticas, P. cambogias composita)
— p.  Gummosas, P. galbani compositas — p, de
Gutta, gamandra, P. cambogias composihe.
  Pilula: ex Helleb'oro et Myrrha,  P.  tod-
ica, Bacher's pille, Tonic pille of Bacher, Pills
of  hellebore  and  myrrh.    (Ext.  helleb.   nig.,
myrrh,  aa, gj; fol.  cardui  benedict, in  pulv.
Jiij.  M.— Ph. P.)   Tonic  and  emmenagogue.
In dropsical, cutaneous, and verminous affections.
Dose, gr. iv to gr.  viij.
  MattheweS pilla, — Starkey's pills, are formed
of rad. helleb. nigr., rad. glycyrrh., sapon.  Caetill.,
rad. curcuma,  opii purif, eyrup. croci, aa giv;
ol. tereb. q. s. ut fiat massa.— Gray.
  Pilula;  Hydragog.e,  P.  cambogias  compo-
sitas—p. Hydragogas Bontii, Pilulas aloes  et cam-
bogias.
  Pilula; Hydrar'gyri, P. mcrcuria'lee,  Mer-
curial pill, Blue pill,  (F.)  Pilules  de Mercure.
(Hydrarg. purif £j ;  conf. rosa, 3 iss; 9lycllrrtl-
pulv.  gss.  Rub the quicksilver with the confec-
tion, until the globules disappear; then  add the
liquorice powder, and beat the whole into a uni-
form mass, to be divided into 480 pills. — Ph. U.
S.)  Antisyphilitic; mercurial;—in  large doses,
purgative.
  A purgative pill, much prescribed by Mr. Aber-
nethy, and called  Aberneihy'e pill, consisted of
pil. hydrarg. gr. x; jalap,  pulv. gr. xx; eyrup
rhamni, q. s. ut fiant pil. vj.  Two were given at
night, and the  next morning a wineglassful of
infusum eenna.
  Pilula; Hydrar'gyri Chlo'ridi Mitis, Pills
of mild  chloride of mercury, Calomel  pille.  (Hy-
drarq. chlorid.  mit. gss; acacia, in pulv. Jj ;
eyrup. q. s. ut fiant pil. 240.—Ph. U. S.)  Each
pill contains one grain.
  Pilula:  de  Hydrargyro, Scammo'nio  et
Aloe, vulgo  Mercuria'les,  (F.) Pilulee Mer-
curielles ou  de Mercure,  Scammonie et. Aloes.
(Hydrarg. purif gj ;  mellie, gxj.  Rub until the
globules disappear; then  add aloee Socot., ecam-
mon.  aa, gij ; marie, cinnam. aa, Jij.   Make into
a mass. — PI).  P.)  Ueee, same  as the last, but
they are more  purgative.  Dose, gr. viij to  xxx.
These pills are nearly the same as the Pastilles
de Renaudot.
  Pilula: ex Hydrargyro Muriatico miti cum
Sulphure Stibiato Aurantiaco, Pilulas  hydrar-
gyri submuriatis compositas.
  Pilula;  Hydrargyri  Submuriatis  Compos-
ita;, Pilula ex  stib'io et hydrar'gyro, P.  antiher-
pet'ica, P. ex  hydrargyro  mitriat'ieo miti cum
eul'phure stibia'to auriantiaco, P. reaolved tee cum
mercurio,  P.  depuronte8,  P. hydrargyri submu-
riatis, Compound pilla of  submuriate of mercury,
Calomel pills, Plummer's pills, Red pill.   (Hy-
drarg. submur., antimon. eulphur. precipiitat.  sing.
Jij ; guaiac. gum  resin, contrit. Jiv  ; spirit red.
Jss.  Beat together.— Ph.  L.)   Mercurial,  and
reputed to be diaphoretic and alterative.  Dose,
gr. v  to x.
  Leake'e pilula saluta'ria resembles these.  It
is used  in  syphilis.
  Pilula; Mercuriales,  P. hydrargyri, P. de
hydrargyro, scammonio et aloe—p. Doctoris Mor-
ton, P.  balsamicas — p. Myrrhas  compositas, P.
Galbani compositas.
  Pilula; Opia'ta;, P. Thebdica, Opiate pills,
Common night pills, Anodyne pille, Nepen'thee opi-
a'tum, (F.)  Pilulee opiaciee. (Opii, p. 1;  ext.
glycyrrh. p. 7 ;  fruct.  myrt. piment. p. 2.  Mix.—.
Ph. E.)  Five grains  contain gr. ss of opium.
*4 
PILULAR
675
PIMPINELLA
  Pilula: Opii, P. saponis cum opio—p. de Ex-
tracto opii, P. de cynoglosso — p. ex Oxido stibii
et hydrargyri sulphureto nigro compositas, Pilulas
antiscrophulosas — p. Resolventes cum mercurio,
P. hydrargyri submuriatis compos.—p. de Rha-
barbaro, Pilulas  rhei  compositas.
  The stomachic nostrum, sold under the name
of Moaeley's pills, consists merely of rhubarb and
ginger.
  Pilula; Qui'nia; Sulpha'tis, Pills of sulphate
of quinia.   (Quin.  eulph.  gj ; acacia,  in pulv.
Jij ; met. q. s. ut fiant pilulas 480.—Ph. U. S. Each
pill contains  a grain of the sulphate of quinia.
  Pilula; Riikj, Pills of rhubarb.   (Rhej, pulv.
Jvj; saponis, Jij. M. et fiant pil. 120. — Ph. U.
S.)   Each pill contains three grains of rhubarb.
  Pilula: Rhei Compos'ita;, P. de Rhabar'baro,
Compound rhubarb pille.  (Rhei, pulv. gj ; aloee,
pulv. Jvj; myrrh, pulv. Jiv; ol. mentha pip. f Jss.
Beat into a  mass, with eyrup of orange-peel,  to
form 240 pills. —r Ph. U. S.)   Laxative  and sto-
machic. Dose, gr. x to xx.
  GriffittS pills, so called after Dr. S. P. Griffitts,
of Philadelphia, who prescribed them as a tonic
aperient, were formed as follows: — Rhej, pulv.
Jiss ; ferri sulph. Jss; saponis, *"")'j ; aqua, q.  s.
ut fiat massa in pil.  xl dividenda.  Dose, three or
four at bedtime.
  Pilula; Riifi, P. aloes  et  myrrhas — p. Salu-
tarias, Leake's, see Pilulas hydrargyri  submuriatis
compositas — p. Saponacea1, P. saponis  cum opio
— p. Saponis compositas, P.  saponis cum  opio.
  Pilula: Sapo'nis cum  O'pio, P.  sapona'cea,
Pills of eoap and opium, P. sapo'nis compos'ita,
(F.) Pilulee  de  eavon  et d'opium.  (Opii, gss;
sapon. gij.  M.—Ph. U. S.)  Five grains contain
one  of opium.
  Tho Pharmacopoeia of the United States has  a
form for the  Pilula  opii, Opium pille, as well as
for the Pilula ectponie compoeita ; the only differ-
ence between them being in the proportion of the
ingredients.   The following  is the  formula for
the  Pilube opii:—Opii, pulv. Jj ; eaponia, gr. xij.
Beat with water into a mass to form  60 pills.
   Pilula: e Scilla, P. scillas compositas.
  Pilula: Scilla; Compos'ita:, P. acillit'ica, P.
scilla cam zinzib'cre, P. e scilld, Compound squill
pill. (Scilla, pulv.  Jj ; zingib. pulv., ammoniac.
pulv. aa, Jij ; saponis, Jiij ;  syrup, q. s. ut fiant
pil.  120.— Ph.  U. S.)  Dose, two pills.   Expec-
torant and diuretic.   Dose, gr. x to xx.
  Pilula: Scilla; cum Zingibere, P. scillas com-
positas—p. Scillitiras, P. scillas compositas—p. ex
Stibio et hydrargyro, P. hydrargyri submur. com-
pos.— p. Stomachica-, P. aloes et kinae kinas.
  Pilula; Strych'nia:, Pills of Strychnia.  (Very
pure strychnine, 2  gr.; coneerve of roeee, Jss.
Make into 24 pills.)  One or two for  a dose.
   Pilula: e Sty'race, Storax Pille.  (Styracis
pur. Jiij. opii purif, mellis, croci, sing.  Jj. Ph.
D.)   Six grains contain ope of opium.
   Pilula: Sublinguales, Hypoglottides.
   Pilula: de Terebin'thina, Turpentine Pille.
Made of turpentine boiled in 3 times its weight
of water, until, when thrown into cold water, it
forms a soft paste, which  has the properties  of
turpentine, and has been  administered in gleet,
Ac.
  Pilula: Thebaica;, P. opiatas—p. Tonicas,  P.
ex Helleboro et myrrha.
  PIL'VLAR,  Pilula'ria; from pilula, 'a pill.'
Relating to  pills,— as ' a  pilular mass,' 'pilular
form,' Ac.
  PILULES, Pilulas—p. Agrigativee, see Aggre-
gate—p. d'Aloee ou  alohiquee, Pilulae aloeticas—
p. d'Ammoniure de cuivre,  Pilula1 ammoniureti
cupri—p. Binites de Fuller, Pilula; de aloe  et
fcetidis—p. de Fer composies, Pilulae ferri compo-
sitas__p. Ferrugineuees de Vallet, see Ferri proto-
carbonas—p. Gourmandea, Pilulas aloes et kina?
kinas—p. de Mercure, Pilulas hydrargyri—p. de
Mercure, Ac, Pilulas de hydrargyro, et scammo-
nio et aloe—p. Mercuriellea, Pilulas de hydrar-
gyro, scammonio et aloe—p. Opiaciea, Pilulas
opiatas—p. de  Savon et d Opium, Pilulas  saponis
cum  opio.
  PILULIER  (F.)  Pill Machine.   An instru-
ment invented  by the Germans  for  rolling and
dividing pills.  Also, the  earthen  pot in which
pills  are preserved.
  PILUM,  Pietil'lue, Pietillum, Hyp'eroe, Cer'-
cie, (F.) Pilon.   A pestle.   A wooden, iron, bell-
metal, marble,  agate, porcelain, or glass instru-
ment for beating or dividing  substances in a
mortar.
  A  spring peetle is one  attached  above to a
spring, so  as to  take off the weight, and thus
lessen the labour of pounding.
  PILUS, Capillus, Caul,  Hair.
  PIMELE, Fat.
  PIMELECCHYSIS, Pimelorrhcea.
  PIMELICUS,  Fatty.
  PIMELITIS,  from mptXn, 'fat,' and  itis, de-
noting inflammation.  Inflammation of the adi-
pous tissue.
  PIMELODES, Fatty.
  PIMELO'MA, from  mptXn,  'fat'  A fatty
swelling.
  PlM1EL0'RrlIl(E'A,Pimelec'ehy8is, from mptXn,
' fat,' and ptu, ' I  flow.'  A morbid discharge or
disappearance of fat
  PIMELORTHOPNCE'A,  Piorthopnce'a; from
mptXn,  'fat,'  opdos,  'upright,'  and  nvtttv,  'to
breathe.'   Dyspnoea, practicable only in the erect
attitude, owing to fat.
  PIMELO'SIS, Obce'itas  nim'ia, from mptXn,
'fat'  Conversion into, or formation of, fat,—as
Pimelo'sie hepat'ica, 'fatty degeneration of the
liver.'
   Pimelosis Hepatica, Adiposis hepatica — p.
Nimia, see Polysarcia.
   PIMENT, Capsicum annuum—p. Royal, My-
rica  gale.
   PIMENTA,  see Myrtus pimenta.
   PIMENT^E  BACCAi;, see Myrtus pimenta.
   PIMENTO,  see Myrtus pimenta.
   PIMIACULA, Labia pudendi.
   PIMPERNEL, BLUE, Scutellaria lateriflora
—p. Red, Anagallis—p. Scarlet, Anagallis arven-
sis—p. Water, Veronica beccabunga.
  PIMPILIM, Piper longum.
   PIMPINEL, see Pimpinella—p. Italian, San-
guisorba officinalis.
   PIMPINELLA ALBA, P. saxifraga —p. An-
gelicasfolia, Ligusticum podagraria.
   Pimpunel'la Ani'sum, Aniee plant,  Aniettm,
A. officina'le. seu vulga're, Sieon ani'eum, A'pium
ani'sum,  Sola'men  inteetino'rum,  Ane'sum, (F.)
Aral's.  Family, Umbelliferas.  Sex. Syet. Pentan-
dria Digynia.  A native  of Egypt.  The seeds,
 Ani'sum, (Ph.  U. S.)  Sem'ina  Ani'si, An'iseed,
have an aromatic odour; and a sweetish, warm,
 grateful taste.   They are carminative, and used
 in dyspepsia and in tormina of infants.  Dose,
 gr. xv to Jj, bruised.  The oil,— Oleum Ani'si,
 (F.) Huile d'anis—is officinal.  Dose, gtt. v to
 xv.   Most of the oil used in this  country under
 the  name of Oil  of  Aniee is said to be  obtained
 from Illicium Anisatum.
   Pimpinella, Greater, P. magna—p. Hircina,
 P. Saxifraga—p. Laterifolia, Sion  ammi.
   Pimpinel'la Magna seu  nigra seu major seu
 rubra; Greater Pimpinel'la; Tragoseli'num mag-
num seu majus, Donate, Cyan'opue, (F.) Boueage
majeur.   The root has  been extolled as diuretic 
PIMPLE
676
PINUS
and resolvent, as well as in erysipelatous ulcera-
tions, tinea capitis, rheumatism, Ac.
  Pimpinella Major, P. magna—p. Nigra, P.
magna—p. Nostras, P. saxifraga—p. Officinalis,
Sanguisorba officinalis—p. Rubra, P. magna.
  Pimpinella Saxif'raga, Sax'if rage, Burnet
sax' if rage, Pote'rium sanguisor'ba, Sorbaatrel'la,
Tragoecli'num, T.eaxif'raga, Pimpinel'la hirci'na
seu umbellif'era seu alba seu nostrae, (F.).Bou-
cage mineur, Petit B., Pimprenelle.  The root has
an unpleasant smell, and hot, pungent, bitterish
taste.  It has been recommended as a stomachic ;
and  as  a stimulating gargle in paralysis of the
tongue.
  Pimpinella Umbellifera, P. saxifraga.
  PIMPLE, Papula.
  PIMPLED, Papulose.
  PIMPRENELLE, Pimpinella saxifraga— p.
Noire, Sanguisorba officinalis.
  PIN.  Perhaps  from pennum, low Latin; or
from epina;  Spina fer'rea, Acue capita'ta, (F.)
Epingle.  An iron or brass instrument, generally
of a small size, pointed at one extremity, and
having a head at the other.  It is used, in Sur-
gery, to fix rollers and dressings;  and occasion-
ally  in sutures.
  PIN A  PIGNON, see Pinus picea.
  PINASTELLUM, Peucedanum.
  PINASTER, Pinus sylvestris.
  PINCE, Pinched.
  PINCE LITHODRASSIQUE,  see Litho-
drassic  _,
  FINCEE, Pugillus.
  PINCERS, Forceps.
  PINCETTES, Forceps.
  PINCHED,  Contrac'tus, (F.)  Pinci,  Grippi.
An epithet applied to the face, when the features
are  contracted or shrunken; as in violent abdo-
minal affections, or during  intense  pain.
  PINCKNE'YA  PUBENS,  P. Pubes'cene,
Georgia Bark, Bitter Bark, Florida Bark, Fever
tree. This bark has been used in  Georgia in the
cure of intermittents, and successfully.  It is  a
powerful bitter.   Dose of the powder, Jj.
  PINDARS, Arachis Hypogea.
  PINE APPLE, Bromelia ananas — p. Apher-
nousli, Pinus  cembra — p. Ground, Lycopodium
complanatum—p.  Ground, stinking, Camphoros-
ma Monspeliaea—p. Mountain, see Pinos mughos
—p. Mugho, see Pinus mughos — p.  Sap, Ameri-
can, Hypopitys lanuginosa—p. Stone,  Pinus pi-
nea—p. Sugar, see Arrow Root. •
  PINEA, Pinus pinea.
  PINE'AL,  Pinea'lie,  from pinus,  'a   pine.'
That which resembles a pine-apple.
  Pineal Gland, Glandula pinea'lie,  Cerebral
epiph'ysis, Cona'rium,  Conoi'dee  corpue,  Penia
cer'ebri, Corpue  turbina'tum,  Virga seu   Turbo
cer'ebri, is a small body,  of a conical shape; pale
red  or grayish colour; and soft consistence; situ-
ate between the fornix and the tubercula quadri-
gemina.  H almost always contains sabulous par-
ticles, Sab'ulum cona'rii: when these are grouped
together over the base of the gland, they form
the  Acer'vulua  Cer'ebri  of Sommering, A. seu
Lapil'li gladdula pinea'lie.  From its anterior
part arise two medullary  strias, which proceed
over the posterior commissure;  coast along the
optic thalami, and unite  at the anterior pillar of
the  fornix,—the habe'na or reine of the  pineal
gland.
  The  uses of the  pineal gland  are unknown.
Descartes supposed it to be the seat of the soul!
   PINEI, see Pinus pinea.
  PINEOLI, see  Pinus pinea.
  PINE US PURGANS, Jatropha curcas.
  PINGUECULA, Pterygium pingue seu lar-
da'ceum,  from pinguie, 'fat' 'fatty.'  A small,
whitish-yellow tumour in the sclerotic conjunc-
tiva  and subjacent areolar tissue,  close to the
margin of the cornea on its nasal  or temporal
side;  so called from its being supposed, but erro-
neously, to be of a fatty nature.
  PINGUE'DO, Fat—p. Renalis, Nephridion.
  PINGUIC'ULA VULGA'RIS, P. alpi'na, Sa-
nic'ula monta'na, S. Eboraeedsis, Vi'ola palus'-
t.ris, Dodecath'eon Plidii, Batter-wort, Yorkshire
San'icle.   Family, Personneas.  Sex. Syat. Dian-
dria  Monogynia.   The  unctuosity of this  plant
has caused it to be applied to chaps, and as  a po-
matum to the hair.   Decoctions of the leaves, in
broths, are used by the common people in Wales
as a cathartic.
  PINGUID, Fatty.
  PIN GUIDING US, Fatty.
  PINGUIN, Bromelia pinguin.
  PINGUITUDO, Polysarcia adiposa.
  PINHOLE PUPIL, see  Pupil, pinhole.
  PINHONES INDICI, Jatropha curcas.
  PINK, CAROLINA, Spigelia Marilandica.
  Pink Dye.  Stripped eafflower, Jj, ettbearb. of
potaee. gr. xviij, spirit of wine J\ ij ; digest  for
two hours ; add distilled water gij : digest for two
hours more, and  add distilled, vinegar or  lemon
juice  q. s., to  reduce it to a fine rose-colour.  Used
as a cosmetic.
  Pink,  Ground,  Silene Virginica—p. Indian,
Spigelia Marilandica—p. Wild, Silene Virginica.
  PINNA, Ala, Pavilion of the  ear—p. Marina,
see Bissus.
  PINNACULUM FORNICIS GUTTURALIS,
Uvula.
  PINNAE HEPATIS,  Lobes of the liver —p.
Naris, see Nasus.
  PINNULA, Aileron.
  PINNULiE HEPATIS,  Lobes of the liver.
  PINO'LI.  (S.) A preparation used for subsist-
ence on long journeys in the West.  It is parched
corn, beaten  or ground  very fine, and sweetened
with sugar, to be used with water, and drunk on
the march.   It is the cold flour of the Indians,
and early Western pioneers.
   PINONCILLO  TREE, Castiliognia lobata.
   PINUS A'BIES, P. exce'ha seu  piece,, A'bies,
Abies rubra seu excelea  seu picea, El'ate thelei'o,
Pice'a, Norway  Spruce Fir,  Yew-leaved Fir.
Nat.  Ord. Coniferas.   Sex.  Syat.  Monoecia Mona-
delpbia.   The  tops  are used in  making Spruce
Beer.
   Eeeence of Spruce, Eaaen'tia Abie'tis, is a fluid
extract, prepared by decoction from the twigs of
this  species  of fir.  From  this  is  made Spruce
Beer.
   This fir affords the Burgundy pitch and com-
mon  frankincense.  1.  Bur'gundy  Pitch,  White
pitch, Pix Burgun'dica, Pix alba, Reei'na abie'-
tis hu'miela,  Reei'na alba  humida,  I'iui abie'tis
reeina eponte concre'ta, Pix ar'-ida, Pix abicti'na,
P. abietie  (Ph. U. S.,)  (F.) Poix blanche, Poix
graeee, P. jaune,  P. de Bourgognc.  This pre-
pared concrete juice is of a close consistence,
rather soft, of a  reddish-brown  colour,  and not
unpleasant smell.  It  is very  adhesive to  the
skin; and, consequently, forms excellent plasters
for remaining upon the part for some time; — as
in cases  of affections of the chest.  2. Abie'tis
Reei'na,  (Ph.  L.  since 1809.)   Time,  Common
Frankincenee,  Perroein,  Thua  fcemini'num,  T.
vulga're, Olib'anum vulgare seu sylves'tre, Resina
abietie eicca, Reein  of the  Spruce  Fir.  It is
solid, dry, brittle ; externally, brownish-yellow;
internally, whitish.   Used in  plasters like  the
last.
   Pinus Abies, see P. picea—p. Alba, P. picea.
   Pinus Balsame'a, A'biee baleame'a seu bal- 
PINUS                  677                  PIPER
 tamif era,  Pedccn  baleoiue'a.  The tree which
 affords  the Canada Baleam, Balsamum  Cana-
 denSe seu  de  Codada, Reeina strobili'na, Tere-
 binth'ino  CanadenSie,  Pini  balsame'a, Canada
 Turpentine or Balaam, Balaam of Fir, (F.) Baume
 de Contain, is one of the  purest turpentines.  It
 has the  common properties of those substances.
   Pinus Canadensis, Abiee CanadenSie, Hem-
 lock Sj/ruee.  A tree, which is abundant  in Ca-
 nada, Nova Scotia, and the more  northern parts
 of New  England, and is found  in  the elevated
 and  mountainous regions of the  Middle  States.
 The pitch—Pix Canadeueie, Canada Pitch, Hem-
 lock Pitch—obtained from it is commonly known
 under the name Hemlock Gum.
   Pinus Candicans, P. Picea.
   Pinus Cembra,  P. Montdna,  Aphernous'li
 Pine.  It yields an agreeably scented turpen-
 tine : — the Corpa'thian Baleam,  Bal'samum Oar-
 path'icum,  B.  Lib'ani, Carpaih'icum,  Briancon
 Tur'pentine.  The nuts, Cembro nute, Nu'dei Cem-
 bra, have an eatable kernel, and yield oil. The
 shoots yield Riga Balaam by distillation.
   Pinus Damar'ra, Ag'athie Damarra, grows in
 the East India Islands.   The juice speedily con-
 cretes into a very hard resin,—the Damarra tur-
 pentine.
   Pinus Excelsa, P. abies—p. Gallica, P. picea.
   Pinus Larix A'biea larix, Larix, L. commu'-
 nis seu decid'ua sen Europa'a seu jjyramida'lis.
 The Larch, (F.) Mileze.   From this tree exudes
 Or'embcrg gum, Bri'ancon manna, Gummi lar'icis
 Seu OremburgenSe seu Untied se,  Manna Brigan-
 ti'na seu larice'o. It also yields, by boring, Com-
 mon Venice Turpentine, Resina Lar'icie, Terebin-
 thina  Ven'eta seu larici'na, Pini Lar'icie reei'na
 liq'uida, (F.) Tiribenthine  de Viniee, M. de Mi-
 leze.   It is usually  thinner than the other sorts
 of turpentine.
   Pinus Mughos.  The Mountain or Magho Pine,
 Pinue Pmnil'io.  From  the extremities  of the
 branches exudes  the Reeina Strobili'na,  of the
 Germans, or Hungarian Baleam.  It is also ob-
 tained, by expression, from the  cones.  By dis-
 tillation, the Hungarian balsam affords the Krum-
 holz oil,  Oleum  Templinttm.
   Pinus Palustris, see Pinus sylvestris.
   Pinus  Pice'a, P.  Alice,  A'biee,  A.  pice'a
 seu pectina'ta  seu Gal'lica seu alba seu caddi-
 cane  sen vulga'ris seu taxifo'lia,  European Sil-
 ver Fir  Tree, El'ate, (F.) Sapin  commun.  By
 piercing  the tubercles of the bark of this fir, the
 Straeburg Turpentine is obtained: — the Reei'na
 Abie'tie,  (Ph. L. before 1809,) Oleum Abietie, Te-
 rebinth'ino Argentorated eia.
   Pinus Pinaster, see P. sylvestris.
   Pinus Pi'nea,  Stone Pine, Pinea,  Pinus, P.
 uber'rima  seu  soti'va.  The nuts,  Zirbcl  nuta,
 Pine nuta, Nu'clei Pi'nea, Pinei, Pine'oli, (F.)
 Pin d pignons, are eaten  raw, or  preserved like
 almonds.  They are, also, used in  emulsions.
   Pinus Pumilio, see Pinus Mughos—p. Sativa,
 P. pinea.
   Pinus Sylves'tris, Pinae'ter,  Pence, Scotch
 Fir.   This  pine, as well  as  P.  mar-it'ima, (P.
 Pinaster)  and  other species of  Pinus,  affords
 common turpentine  and its oil,  resin,  tar, -and
 pitch.  1.  Common Turpentine of Europe, Tere-
 binth'ina, T. vulga'ris, T. commu'nis, Reeina pini,
 Bijon, Horse Turpentine,  Bordeaux  Turpentine,
 (F.) Tiribinthine de  Bordeaux, Tiribinthinc com-
 mune,  is obtained by wounding the tree in hot
 weather.   It is  used, chiefly, as  a  dressing for
wounds,  Ac, in horses, and for the distillation  of
 the oil,  (see Oleum Terebinthinas.)  The white
 Turpentine,  or common Turpentine of America—
 Terebinth'ina, Ph. U.  S. — is produced chiefly
from Pinus palustris and  P. tada, and perhaps
 from  other  species   inhabiting  the  Southern
 States.  When the oil  is distilled with water,
 yellow resin, or Roein, (Reei'na, Ph. U. S.) — Re-
 eina flava—is left, which is only used in the form-
 ation  of ointments and plasters :  if without the
 addition of water, the residuum is common  resin
 or Colophony.  2. AVhen the cold begins to check
 the exudation of the common  turpentine,  part of
 it concretes  in the wounds.   This is called, in
 France,  Gallipot, Barras; and White Rosin, Re-
 eina alba, when hardened after long exposure to
 the  air.  3. When the old trees are subjected to
 distillation, in  a coarse manner, Tar is obtained
 — Hygropiesoe, Pieea, Pix ce'dria, Reei'na pini
 empyreumat'ica liq'uida, Terebinth'ina empyreu-
 mat'ica,  Alchitram, Alchitu'ra, Cedria, Pix  li-
 quida, (F.) Goudron, Brai liquide.  Tar water,
 Aqua  Picea,  A. Picis, Infu'sum Picis liq'uida
 seu  Picie empyreumutica liquida, Po'tio  pice'a,
 (F.) Eau de  Goudron, was, at one time, a fa-
 shionable remedy in numerous complaints, and
 its use has been revived, since its virtues  have
 been presumed to be owing  to creasote.  It is
 employed chiefly in  pulmonary  affections, and
 the  vapour has been  recommended  in phthisis
 and other diseases of the lungs.  It is used ex-
 ternally  as a detergent.   4. Common Pitch, Pix
 nigra, Black Pitch, Burnea, Bumia, Stone Pitch,
 Pix sicca,  P. atra, P. nava'lie, Topiesa,  Palim-
 pie'ea, P. ar'ida (Ph. L. before 1809), (F.) Poix
 navale, P. noire, is obtained by inspissating tar.
 It is used only as a resolvent in plasters.
   Pinus Taida, see P. sylvestris — p. Taxifolia,
 P. picea — p. Uberrima,  Pinus pinea—p.  Vulga-
 ris, P. picea.
   PIONE, Pasonia.
   PIONY, Pasonia.
   PI0RTH0PNC3A, Pimelorthopncea.
   PIOULQUES, (F.) A kind of sucking-pump,
 invented by Louis, for extracting water that had
 entered internal cavities, in cases  of drowning.
 A useless instrument.
   PIPE-PLANT, Monotropa  uniflora.
   PIPER, see Piper nigrum.
   Piper Album Lcucopiper,  White Pepper, is
 black pepper freed from its cuticle.
   Piper AuGiSTiFOLiuM,Matico—p. Aromaticum,
 P. nigrum—p. Betel, Betel—p. Brazilianum,Capsi-
 cum annuum—p. Calecuticum,  Capsicum annuum.
  Piper Capen'se, a South African species, has
 all the properties of the peppers, and, in appear-
 ance and taste,  greatly  resembles cubebs.  It
 possesses, too, similar virtues.
  Piper  Caryophyllatum, see Myrtus pimenta
—p.  Caudatum, P. cubeba—p. Chiapas, see Myr-
tus pimenta.
  Piper Cubeb'a, Per'sea cubeba, Laurus cubeba,
 Liteaa cubeba  seu piperi'ta.  A native of Java
and Guinea.  The odour  of these  berries— Cu-
beba, Com'pepcr, Compeba, Cubal sini, Piper cau-
do'tum, Baeca  Pipcrie  glabri, Cabeb Pepper,
 Tailed Pepper, Cuma'mue, (F.) Poivre-d-queue,
 Quabebe — is aromatic; taste at first cooling, af-
terwards pungent.  The  active principle is an
 essential oil—Oleum  Cubeba, oil  of cubebs —
 which  is  officinal in the Pharm. U. S.  The  pro-
perties of the cubeb are stimulant and purgative.
 It is used only in gonorrhoea,   Dose, from 3j  to
Jj, in powder, three or four times»a day;  of the
volatile oil, 10 or 12 drops.
  ' Turkey yellow berries,'—the dried fruit of the
Rhamnue Catharticus — are often substituted for
cubebs.
  Piper  Guineense, Capsicum annuum—p. His-
panicum, Capsicum—p. Indicum, Capsicum an-
nuum—p. Jamaicense, see Myrtus pimenta.
  Piper  Longum, Mturop'ipier, Acapat'li, Catu-
trip'ali, Pim'pilim, Long  Pepper, (F.) Poivre 
PIPERINA
678
PIT
long.  As we receive the berries, they consist of
the unripe fruit dried in the sun;  and are small,
round grains, disposed  spirally on a cylindrical
receptacle.  They are stimulant, carminative, and
tonic, like the other peppers.  Dose, gr. v to  9j-
  Piper Lusitanicum,  Capsicum  annuum — p.
Murale, Sedum.
  Piper Methisticum, see Ava.
  Piper Nigrum,  Melanop'iper,  Molagoco'di,
Lada,  Piper aromat'icum,  Piper (Ph.  U.  S.),
Black Pepper, (F.) Poivre  noir.  Black pepper
is  the unripe fruit  dried in the  sun.   Yirtuee,
same as those of the other peppers.
  Piper Odoratum Jamaicense,  see  Myrtus
pimenta—p. Tabascum, see Myrtus pimenta—p.
Turcicum, Capsicum annuum.
  PIPERI'NA,  Piperi'num, Pip'erine, Piperin.
A  resinoid  substance,  obtained  from the piper
nigrum by M. (Erstadt, in which a part of the
virtues of the pepper resides.  It has been  em-
ployed,  like  the quinia, in intermittents, and suc-
cessfully.
  PIP'EROID,  Piperoi'dum,  Zingib'erin.   A
yellow syrupy mass obtained by exhausting gin-
ger root by ether.  It is soluble in ether, alcohol,
and oils, and  may be  given in tincture, sugar,
lozenge, or syrup, in cases where  ginger is indi-
cated.
  PIPEROPASTUS;  from ntntpt, 'pepper,'  and
naaattv, 'to strew.'   Strewed with pepper,—socks,
for example, where it  is desirable to  excite  the
surface  of the feet.
  PIPETTE.  ' A small pipe.'  In Pharmacy, a
small tube  terminating in a  perforated point,
which  is passed into a liquid  to be removed,
from the surface of a  precipitate, for example.
The liquid is  drawn into the  tube by applying
the mouth to the free extremity.
  PIPIN'NA, Medtula parva.  A small penis.
  PIPPERIDGE BUSH, see Oxycantha Galeni.
  PIPSISSEWA, Pyrola umbellata—p. Spotted,
Pyrola maculata—p. White, Pyrola maculata.
  PIPTONYCHIA, Onychoptosis.
  PIQUETE, see Sabli.
  PIQURE, Puncture, Wound, punctured.
  PISA, (CLIMATE  OF.)  Pisa has long been
celebrated as one of the most favourable climates
in  Italy for the consumptive.  It is genial, but
somewhat oppressive and damp.  It is softer than
that of Nice, but not so warm; less soft, but less
oppressive than that of Rome.
   PISCIARELLI,  MINERAL  WATERS  OF.
A spring at  Monte Secco, in Italy, between Lake
Agnano and Solfatara.  Itis thermal (100° Fahr.),
sulphureous, and carbonated, and is chiefly used
in old ulcers, leucorrhcea, chronic diarrhoea, and
in cutaneous affections.
   PISCID'IA  ERYTHRI'NA,   Jamaica Dog-
wood.   A small  branching tree, common in most
of the West India Islands; — Diadelphia Decan-
dria of Linnasus.  It  is used in the West Indies
to poison fish.  It appears to be an acro-narcotic,
and has been used in the form of a tincture of the
bark of the  root in toothach.
   PISCINA, Baignoire.
   PISCIVOROUS, Pieciv'orue, Ichthyoph'agoue,
Ichthyoph'ague, from piecie, ' a fish,' and voro, ' I
eat'   Feeding or subsisting on fish.
   PISTFORM,  Pieiform'is, from pisum, 'a pea,'
and forma,  'shape.'
   PISIFORM'E,  OS,  Os lenticuldre, Oe orbicu-
ldre, Oa extra or'dinem carpi, (F.) Oa hors du
rang, is the fourth bone of the  first  row of the
carpus.  It  is round, and gives attachment to the
tendon of the cubitalis anterior, and to the ante-
rior transverse ligament of the carpus.  It is  arti-
culated, behind, with the os cuneiforme.
  PISO, Mortar.
  PISSA, see Pinus sylvestris.
  PISSASPHALTUS, Pissasphal'tum, Mineral
Pitch, from  maaa, 'pitch,'  and atrtpaXros, 'bitu-
men.'  (F.)  Poix minirale.  A thicker kind of
Petroleum or Rock oil; formerly employed  as a
vulnerary.   It  is  synonymous with  Glu'tinous
bitu'men, Malta  bitu'men, and Mineral tor.
  PISSELjE'UM, Oleum Pici'num, from ntaaa,
'pitch,'  and tXaiov, 'oil.'   An oily matter ob-
tained from  boiling pitch, and used for tho same
purposes as  tar.
  Pisselasum Indicum, Petroleum.
  PISSEMENT DE SANG,  Hasmaturia.
  PISSENLIT, Leontodon taraxacum.
  PISSE'ROS,   from  maaa,  'pitch.'   Ancient
name of a  cerate, prepared of olive oil, oil of
roee8, and dried pitch.  It was, also, called Cera'-
tum pica'turn, and C. tetraphar'macum. — Hippo-
crates.
  PISSITES,  Vinum pica'tum.   Same etymon.
A wine  prepared from tar and the  must of the
grape.   It was  regarded to be  stomachic.
  PISSOSIS, Malacia.
  PISSWEED, Anthemis cotula.
  PISTACHIO NUTS,  see  Arachis hypogea,
Pistacia vera.
  PISTACIA CHIA, P. lentiscus.
  Pista'cia Lentis'cus, P. Chia,  Terebin'thus
lentiacue, Lentiscus vulga'ria;  the Moatich Tree.
Family, Terebinthaceas.  The  wood of this tree
abounds with the resinous principles of mastich ;
and a tincture made from it has been used in the
cure of dyspeptic affections, gout,  and dysentery.
It yields, by incision, the resin Mastich, Reei'na
Lentiaci'na,  Men'frige,  Masti'che,  Mastix, Pista-
cia Lentie'ci Resi'na.   This resin has an agreea-
ble smell when heated:  is almost insipid;  in
globular,  irregular, yellowish, semi-transparent
masses ;  soluble in ether; partially so in alcohol.
It is stimulant, and has been used in old coughs,
and  gleet, and  is  chewed to sweeten the breath.
It is sometimes, also, employed, to stop  holes in
carious teeth.
  Pistacia Narbonensis, P. lentiscus—p. Reti-
culata, P. lentiscus.
  Pistacia Terebin'thus, P. Narbonen'eie seu
reticulata seu vera, Turpentine Tree, Hab-el-Ka-
limbat,  Terebinthua vulga'ria, Terminthoa.   The
tree which  affords the Cyprus Turpentine, Reei'-
na  Terebidthi, Terebinth'ina  vera, T. Chia, T.
Cyp'ria, (F.)  Tiribinthine  de Ohio.  This sub-
stance is classed amongst the  resins.  It is pro-
cured by wounding the bark of the trunk.   The
best Chio turpentine is of about  the consistence
of honey ;  very  tenacious,  clear,  and almost
transparent; of a white  colour inclining to yel-
low, and of a fragrant smell; moderately  warm
to the taste, but free  from acrimony and bitter-
ness.  It resembles in virtues the other turpen-
tines.
   Pistacia Vera.   Name  of the tree  which
affords  the Nux Pietacio.   Pieta'ohio nuts have
a sweetish, unctuous  taste, resembling that of
sweet almonds.  Like these,  they afford an oil,
and may be formed into an emulsion.
   PISTILLUM, Pilum.
   PISTOLOCHIA, Aristolochia pistolochia.
   PISTORIENSIS  GLADIUS,  Bistouri.
   PISUM,  Pisum sati'vum,  Pea,  Garden  pea,
(F.) Pois,  P.  cultivi.   The  seeds  of  the pea,
Fam. Leguminosas, Sex.  Syet. Diadelphia decan-
dria, are much employed as an aliment, both in
the fresh and dried state.  They  are farinaceous,
and, when dried, not easy of digestion.
   PIT, Pock mark—p. of the  Stomach, Fossette
de coeur. 
PITAYA
679
PLACENTA
    PITAY'A BARK.  This bark is preferred in
  Colombia to any other.  It contains a new vege-
  table  alkali, to  which the  name  Pitayine  has
  been given.
    PI TA VINE, see Pitaya bark.
    PITCAITHLEY, MINERAL WATERS  OF.
  These saline springs, at Pitcaithley, about  four
  miles from Perth, Scotland,  contain chlorides of
  sodium and calcium.
    PITCH, Colophonia—p. Black, see Pinus syl-
  vestris—p. Burgundy, see Pinus abies —p. Ca-
  nada, see Pinus Canadensis.
    Pitch Cap, see Depilatory.
    Pitch, Common, Pinus sylvestris—p. Hemlock,
  see Pinus Canadensis—p. Jew's, Asphaltum—p.
  Mineral, Pissasphaltum.
    Pitch Plaster, see Depilatory,  Emplastrum
  picis.
    Pitch, Stone,  see Pinus sylvestris — p. White,
  see Pinus abies.
    PITHYRIASIS, Pityriasis.
    PITHYRINUS,  Acerosus, Furfuraceous.
    PITTA'CIUM.  A  pitch  plaster, from ir.rra,
  'pitch.'
    PITTING, Pock mark.
    PITTOSIS,  Malacia.
    P1TTOTA.  Medicines in which pitch is the
  chief ingredient.
    PITTSBURG, MINERAL WATERS  OF.  A
  chalybeate  mineral spring,  situate about  four
  miles  south-west of Pittsburg,  in Pennsylvania.
  It contains  chloride of sodium, chloride of mag-
  nesium, oxide of  iron, sulphate of lime, and car-
  bonic acid.
   PITUITA, Mucus, Phlegm—p. Narium, Nasal
 mucus.
   PITUTTARY,  Pituita'riue,  from  pituita,
 'phlegm.'  Concerned in the secretion of mucus
 or phlegm.  A  name given to several parts.
   Pituitary Body, P. Gland.
   Pituitary Fossa, .Fossa Pituitdria.   A  de-
 pression  on the cerebral surface of the sphenoid
 bone, which lodges  the pituitary gland.  It is
 called, on account  of  its shape, Sella Turd'ica,
 Ephip'pium.  Chaussier calls  it Foaea  eupra-
 sphendida'lis, from its  situation.
   Pitu'itary Gland, Gladdula Pituito'ea  vel
 pituitdria,  Glandula baeila'rie, Lacu'na  vel Ap-
 pendic'ula  cer'ebri,  Hypoph'yeis seu  Appendix
 cer'ebri,  Pituitary  body,  Corpus pituita1 re; —
 Appendice sue-apheno'idale  du cerveau, (Ch.)  A
 small, round body ;  the anterior portion of which
 is of a cineritious yellow hue, and the  posterior,
 which is smaller, is whitish and  pulpy.  Its func-
 tions are  unknown.
   Pituitary Membrane,  Schneide'rian Mem-
 brane,  Membra'na  pituita'ria, M.  olfacto'ria.
 The  mucous  membrane  which lines the nasal
 fossas, and extends to the different cavities com-
 municating with the nose.  In  the  nasal fossas,
 the membrane appears formed of two layers, in-
 timately united; — the one in  contact with the
 bone  is fibrous;—the other  is  free at one surface.
 The latter is a mucous membrane, on which pa-
 pillas are not easily distinguishable, but which
 contains them, as  well as a number of very small
 mucous follicles, that open into  the cavity of the
 nares.  On  penetrating the  maxillary, frontal,
 sphenoidal, and  ethmoidal sinuses, the membrane
 becomes very thin, transparent,  less  vascular,
 and  seems reduced to its  mucous  layer.  The
pituitary  membrane receives  the impression of
odours, by means  of the expansion of the olfac-
tory nerves upon it.   It is the seat of smell.
  PITUTTOUS, Pituito'sue; from pituita, mu-
 cus or phlegm.   Consisting of, or resembling, or
full of mucus  or phlegm.
  PITYRI'ASIS,  from mrvpov,  'bran;' Lepido'-
sis Pityriasis, Pityris'ma,  Pithyri'asis, Herpes
 furfurdceus, H. farino'sus, Porri'go (of some,)
 Tidea furfurdcea, T. porrigino'ea, Furfura'tio,
 Furfuris'ca,  Dandriff, Dandruff,  (F.)  Teigne,
 Dartre, Dartre furfuraeie volante ; — a very su-
 perficial affection;  characterized  by irregular
 patches of thin scales, which repeatedly exfoliate
 and recur; but which never form crusts, or are ac
 companied with excoriations. It is not contagious.
 It occurs under three or four varieties of form.
    Pityriasis, Porrigo — p. Nigra, Melasma—p.
 Versicolor, Chloasma.
    PITYRISMA, Pityriasis.
    PITYROIDES,  Furfuraceus.
    PITYRON, Furfur.
    PIVOINE, Pasonia.
    PIVOTING.  In  dentistry,  an operation,
 which consists in fastening in  a new crown upon
 the root of a tooth by  means  of a piece  of gold
 wire,  called 'a,pivot.'
    PIX, Sperm — p. Abietina,  see Pinus abies—
 p. Abietis, see  Pinus abies — p. Alba, see Pinus
 abies — p. Anda, see Pinus abies, and Pinus syl-
 vestris—p. Atra, see Pinus sylvestris—p. Brutia,
 Brutia—p. Burgundica, see  Pinus abies — p. Ca-
 nadensis, see Pinus  Canadensis — p. Cedria, see
 Pinus sylvestris—p. Grasca, Colophonia—p. Li-
 quida, see Pinus sylvestris—p. Navalis, see Pinus
 sylvestris — p.  Nigra, see Pinus  sylvestris — p.
 Sicca, see Pinus sylvestris.
   PLACE'BO, 'I will please.'   A medicine, pre-
 scribed  rather  to  satisfy the  patient than with
 any expectation of its effecting a cure.
   PLACEN'TA.  A Latin word, signifying a
 Cake.   P. uteri seu  uteri'na seu uteri  car'nea,
 Hepar seu Jecur uteri'num, Caro seu Affdeio or-
 bicularie, Maza. A soft, spongy, vascular body,
 adherent to the uterus, and connected with the
 foetus  by the umbilical cord.   It is not in exist-
 ence during the first period of  the embryo state,
 but its  formation  commences  perhaps with the
 arrival of the embryo in the uterus.  It is gene-
 rally considered to have two portions, one fcetal,
 and the other maternal.  The foetal consists of
 highly vascular villi and tufts, which contain the
 inosculating loops  of the umbilical arteries and
 umbilical vein of the foetus.  The maternal por-
 tion is considered  by Dr. Reid to consist, essen-
 tially, of a large sac formed by the inner coat of
 the vascular  system  of the  mother, into which
 the maternal blood is poured by the curling arte-
 ries of the uterus,  and  from  which it is returned
 by the utero-placental veins.  The tufts and villi
 of the foetal placenta are ensheathed by this inner
 coat of the maternal vascular system ; and, ac-
 cording to Prof. Goodsir, two distinct sets of nu-
 cleated cells—one maternal and the other foetal—
 separate the maternal and foetal portions where
 they come in  contact, one set of which  are pro-
 bably, he thinks, oencerned in  the  separation of
 nutritive matter from the maternal  blood, and
 the other destined  to convey it into the vessels
 of the foetus.  The placenta is  formed of several
 lobee or  cotyledons,  which can  be readily distin-
 guished  from  each  other on the uterine surface ;
 but towards the foetal surface are confounded into
 one mass.  It is composed of the umbilical ves-
 sels, areolar tissue, and whitish, resisting  fila-
 ments, which  are vascular ramifications  oblite-
 rated.  Lymphatic  vessels  have also been pre-
 sumed to exist in it;  and  nerves  have been
 traced, proceeding from  the great sympathetic of
 the foetus.
  The  main  function of the placenta appears to
be like that of the lungs in the  adult.  It admits
of  the  blood of the foetus being shown to that of
the mother, and undergoing requisite changes.
It  may, also, be an organ  for  nutritive absorp-
tion, as observed above.
  Placen'ta  Cruoris,  see Blood — p. Febrilis 
PLACENTAL               680                PLANTAR
Ague cake —p. Oblata, P. prasvia —p. Obvia, P.
prasvia.
  Placen'ta Prai'via, (from pra, 'before,' and
via, ' way,') P. ob'ria, P. obla'ta.  Presentation of
the placenta; a condition which gives rise to un-
avoidable hemorrhage from the uterus. The safety
of the female depends  upon speedy delivery.
  Placenta  Sanguinis, see  Blood — p.  Uteri
Succenturiata, Decidua.
  PLACENTAL, Placenta'lis.   Relating, or ap-
pertaining to, the placenta.
  PLACENTITIS, Placunti'tis, Placdi'tis, In-
flamma'tio placen'ta.  A  hybrid word — from
placenta, and itis,  a  suffix denoting inflamma-
tion.  Inflammation of the placenta.
  PLACENTULA,' a little cake.'  A rudimental
placenta.   The placenta of an abortion.
  PLACOITIS, Placentitis.
  PLACUNTITIS, Placentitis.
  PLADAROMA, Pladarosis.
  PLADARO'SIS, Pladardma, Pladar'otes,
from nXabapos, ' soft'  A soft tumour on the eye-
lid, unaccompanied with  redness or pain.
  PLADAROTES, Pladarosis.
  PLAFOND  DES  VENTRICULES  DV
CERVEAU, Corpus callosum.
  PLAGA, Ictus, Wound.
  PLAGIOBOL'IA,  Planobol'ia,  from nXayios,
'to one side,' and (iaXXttv, 'to throw.'  Imperfect
emission of sperm into the vagina.   Emission to
one side;  sometimes practised to render impreg-
nation less probable.
  PLAGUE, from nXnyn, plaga, 'a stroke.'  Pes-
tie, P.  orienta'lis, P.  bubona'ria  orientalie seu
inguina'ria, P.  contagioSa, P. acutiea'ima, P.
sep'tica, P. Glandulo'ea,  P. Ade'no-eeptica, P.
inguinaria, Peetil'itaa, Epherdera  peetilcntia'lie,
E. mortif era, Luee inguina'ria, Cladee glandu-
la'ria, Phthora, Peatilen'tia, Luee, Loimoe, Febria
ade'no-nervo'ao, L&moe, Loeme, Lai'mia, Lcemop'-
yra, Chaoeda, Anthra'cia Peetie, Anthracotyphue,
Febrie pee'tilene, Syn'ochue peetilentia'lie, Typhus
peetie, T.  peetilentidlie,  T. graviaSimit8, T. un-
thra'cicue,  T. Bubon'icus, Exanthe'ma peetie, the
Pest, Levant plague,  Septic or glan'dular pee'ti-
lence, (F.) Peete, Typhue d'Orient, Fievre du Li-
vant.  An eminently malignant disease; endemic
in the Levant; frequently epidemic, and destroy-
ing at least two-thirds of those it attacks.   It is
a fever  of the most aggravated kind, with  affec-
tion of the lymphatic glands of the  groin or
axillas,  and carbuncles.  Its miasmata — it has
been conceived—adhere  to different organic tex-
tures, to woollen goods,  clothing and furniture;
and may  thus be transported to a considerable
distance;  but this is not certain.   The mean du-
ration of the disease  is six or seven days;  some
die in twenty-four hours,  others not till ten or
twelve days.  Pathological anatomy has afforded
little light with  respect to it.  Various means
have been used for arresting  it, but none have
seemed to  be  pre-eminently distinguished.   The
great point is, to watch the indications as they
develop themselves;  and  to  treat the case, in
general, like one of typhus gravior.  It is uni-
versally agreed that the suppuration of the bu-
boes should be aided as  far as practicable.   For
preventing  the  importation and spread of the
plague, the Quar'antine  Laws  have been  insti-
tuted;  and when the disease  has actually ap-
peared, a cordon sanitaire has  been drawn round
the infected district, so as to prevent all commu-
nication.
   Plague, Cold.   A severe form of congestive
fever, seen in the Southern States.  Bilious  pneu-
monia,  in which there is no reaction, has  been,
also, so called.
  Plague Mark, Plague token.
  Plague, Pali.  A malignant fever, greatly
resembling Plague, which prevailed in  Kajpoo-
tana after July, 1836.
  Plaguk Spot, Plague token.
  Plague Token, Plague  mark, Plague  spot.
A mark by which one struck with the plague was
known.  Perhaps the early stage of carbuncle in
unfavourable cases.  It is  described as a small
tubercle—Boesa — somewhat resembling a wart,
callous and more or  less deficient in sensibility,
varying in size from that of a millet-seed to that
of a bean.
  PLAGULA, Compress, Pledget, Splint.
  PLAIE, Wound—p. d'Arme d feu, Wound,
gunshot—p. d'Arquebusade, Wound, gunshot —
p.  Contuse,  Wound,  contused—p.  Euvenimie,
Wound, poisoned—p. par Arrachement, Wound,
lacerated—p. d Lambcaux, see Flap.
  PLANANTIIUS FAST1GATUS, Lycopodium
selago — p. Selago, Lycopodium selago.
  PLANARIA  LATIUSCULA,  Distoma hepa-
ticum.
  PLANCHER (F.), 'floor.'   In anatomy, the
inferior wall  or boundary of a cavity.
  PLANCHER DU CERVEAU, Tentorium.
  PLANCUS, Leiopus.
  PLANE, Plexus — p. Mesial, see Mesial.
  PLANET-STRUCK, see Sideratio.
  PLANETES,  Plane'ticue,  Plan'icus,  Erra-
biin'dus,  Errat'ic.  An  epithet given to diseases,
whose returns are irregular — especially to inter-
mittent fever ; Planetes Febris, F. Emit'ica, F.
Erro'nea, F.  Vaga.
  PLANETICA ARTHRITIS,  Gout,  wander-
ing.
  PLANICUS, Planetes.
  PLANIPEDES, Steganopodes.
  PLANITIES  PEDIS, Sole.
  PLANOBOLIA, Plagiobolia.
  PLANTA  NOCTIS,  Hydroa,  Sudamina —p.-
Pedis, Sole — p. Prima pedis, Tarsus.
  PLANTA'GO, P. Major,  Centiner'ria, Arno-
gloa'eum,  Septiner'via, Polyneu'ron,  1/eptapled-
ron, Planta'go latifo'lia seu major seu vulga'ris,
(F.)  Plantain  commun.  Family,  Plantagineas.
Sex.  Syat. Tetrandria Monogynia.  The leaves
have been said to be refrigerant, attenuant, sub-
styptic, and diuretic.
  Plantago Aquatica, Alisma plantago.
  Plantago Coron'opus,  Coronopo'dium,  Cornu
cervi'num,  Stella terra,  Plantago,  Buckshorn
Plantain.  Properties like the  last.
  Plantago Nitida, P. psyllium.
  Plantago Psyl'lium, P. nit'ida, Peyl'lium, P.
erec'tum, Pulica'rie  herba,  Crystal'lion,  Ci/no-
moi'a, Branching Plantain, Fleawort, (F.)  Herbe
aux pucee commune.  The seeds have a nauseous,
mucilaginous taste,  and  no  remarkable  smell.
The  decoction of the  seeds  is recommended in
hoarseness and roughness of the fauces.
  Plantago Vulgaris, Plantago.
  PLANTAIN, BRANCHING,  Plantago  psyl-
lium— p.  Buckshorn,  Plantago coronopus—p.
Commun,  Plantago—p. d'Eau, Alisma plantago
—p.  Rattlesnake, Goodyera  pubasscens — p. Ro-
bin's, Erigeron bellidifolium—p. Tree, Musa pa-
radisiaca— p. Water, Alisma plantago, Unisema
deltifolia.
  PLANTAIRE, Plantar  muscle— p.  Gri/e,
Plantar muscle.
  PLANTAR, Plantdris, from planta, ' the sole
of  the foot.'  That which relates or belongs to
the sole of the foot.  This name has been given
to several parts.
  Plantar  Aponeuro'sis, P.fae'cia.  A  thick,
dense,  resisting  aponeurosis;  of  a  triangular
shape, and superficially situate,  which occupies 
PLANTARIA
681
PLASTIC
the middle and sides of the sole of the foot, and
furnishes  insertions to several of the muscles of
the region, either directly or through the medium
of septa, which it sends between them.
  Plantar Arch, see Plantar arteries.
  Plantar Arteries.  These  are  two  in  num-
ber, and arise from the extremity of the posterior
tibial artery.  They are distinguished into:—The
internal plantar artery, situate above the abduc-
tor pollicis pedis.  It extends from the  termina-
tion of  the posterior tibial to the trunk of one of
the collaterals of that toe.  The external plantar
artery is larger than the preceding, and ought to
be considered as  the termination of the  posterior
or tibial.   Situate above the flexor communis di-
gitorum pedis, it  extends from beneath the  calca-
neum to the posterior extremity of the last  meta-
tarsal space.   When it has reached this part, it
turns from without inwards ; advances towards
the posterior  extremity of the first metatarsal
bone,  and  anastomoses  with  the  perforating
branch of the dorsalia tarei.   In the first part of
its  course, it furnishes calcaneal, articular, mus-
cular,  and adipous branches.   The second por-
tion of the artery is called the Plantar Arch or
 Croee.  It gives  branches in all directions.  The
inferior and posterior  have  received no  name.
The superior—three in number — are the  poete-
rior jicrforoting arteries.  The anterior  branches
are larger, and there are commonly four.   They
furnish the anterior perforating, and the collate-
rals of  the last four toes.
  Plantar Cross, see Plantar arteries—p. Fas-
cia, P. aponeurosis.
  Plantar Ligaments.  A name  given to the
inferior ligaments, which unite the bones of the
tarsus and metatarsus, to distinguish them from
the superior, called dorsal.
  Plantar Muscle,  Planta'ris,  P. grac"ilie,
Tibia'lis  grac"Hie, Exten'eor tarsi minor, (F.)
Plantaire, P. Grele, Jambier grile,  Petit fimoro-
calcanien, (Ch.)  A muscle, situate at the poste-
rior part of the leg.  It is long, thin, and narrow.
Above, it is attached to the posterior part of the
external condyle of the os femoris :  below, it ter-
minates by a long  tendon, which is attached to
the posterior and inner part of the calcaneum.
This  muscle extends  the leg  on  the foot, and
conversely.  It can, also, assist in the flexion of
the leg on the thigh.
  Plantar Nerves.   These are two in number,
and are furnished by the termination of the pos-
terior tibial nerve.   They are distinguished into
— 1.  The internal plantar nerve, which extends
from the inferior part of the tibial nerve to both
sides of the first three toes, and the inner side of
the fourth.  It furnishes, also,  branches to the
abductor of the great toe;  to the short flexor of
the toes ; to the accessory : to the short  flexor of
the great toe, the lumbricales,  Ac.   2. The  exter-
nal plantar nerve proceeds from the termination
of  the  posterior  tibial to the posterior extremity
of the 5th metatarsal bone, and gives branches to
the flexor brevis digitorum pedis, the accessory
and the abductor of the little toe.   This  trunk
subsequently  divides into  two branches;—the
one—profunda—is distributed to the short  flexor
of  the  great toe: the  interosseus  and  abductor
pollicis pedis :  the other — superficialis — sends
filaments to the short flexor of the little toe, the
two sides of  that toe, the outer side of the 4th,
and the last lumbricalis.
   Plantar Regions or Surfaces are different
regions or surfaces of the sole of the foot.   Three
are generally  reckoned, — the internal, middle,
and external.
   Plantar Veins follow a similar arrangement.
   PLANTARIA, Dengue.
  PLANTARIS, Plantar, P. muscle—p. Superfi-
cies pedis, Sole—p. Verus, see Flexor longus di-
gitorum pedis profundus perforans (accessorius.)
  PLANTARIUM, Pubes.
  PLANTE DU PIED, Sole.
  PLANTI-SOUS-PHALANGIENS, Lumbri-
cales pedis—p. Tendino-phalangiens, Lumbricales
pedis.
  PLANUM  AFONEUROTICUM DIA-
PHRAGM ATIS.   The  tendinous expansion of
the diaphragm.
  Planum Os, from planus, ' soft, smooth.'   The
papyraceous or orbitar plate of the ethmoid bone
was formerly so called.
  Planum Pedis, Sole.
  Planum Supe'rius Lingua:.   The upper sur-
face of the tongue.
  PLANU'RIA, from nXavos, 'wandering, false,'
and ovpov, 'urine.'  Discharge of urine through
unwonted ways.
  PLAQUEM1NIER D'EUROPE, Diospyros
lotus.                  ,
  PLAQUES  GAUFREES, Peyeri glandulas—
p. Laiteneee, see Toehee laiteuees.
  PLASMA, Liquor sanguinis.
  PLASMEXHIDRO'SIS, from plaema, the li-
quor sanguinis; tl, 'out of,' and 'iSpuois, 'perspi-
ration.'  Exudation of the plasma  of the  blood
from the vessels.
  PLASTER, Emplastrum —p. Adhesive, Em-
plastrum resinas, Sparadrapum  adhesivum — p.
Adhesive, Baynton's, see Emplastrum resinas—p.
Adhesive, of pitch and resins,  Emplastrum de
pice et resinis glutinans—p. Ammoniacum, Em-
plastrum ammoniaci—p. Ammoniacum with mer-
cury, Emplastrum ammoniaci cum hydrargyro —
p. Aromatic, Emplastrum  aromaticum — p. Asa-
foetida, Emplastrum asafcetidas — p. of Belladon-
na, Emplastrum belladonnas — p. Blister, Blister
—p. Blistering, Emplastrum lyttas—p. of Blister-
ing fly, Emplastrum lyttas — p. Calefacient, Em-
plastrum calefaciens — p. of Cantharides,  com-
pound, Emplastrum lyttas  compositum — p. Ce-
phalic, Emplastrum picis comp. — p. Corn, Spa-
radrapum viride — p. Corn,  Kennedy's, Spara-
drapum viride — p. Court, English,  see Ichthyo-
eolla,  Sparadrapum  adhesivum — p.  Cummin,
Emplastrum cumini—p. Defensive, Sparadrapum
Galteri—p.  Diachylon,  Emplastrum plumbi—p.
Fly, Emplastrum lyttas  — p. Frankincense, Em-
plastrum thuris—p. Galbanum, Emplastrum gal-
bani — p. Galbanum,  compound,  Emplastrum
galbani compositum—p. Gum, Emplastrum gum-
mosum — p.  of Gum-resins,  Emplastrum  cum
gummi-resinis—p. Hemlock, Emplastrum cicutae
— p. Iron, Emplastrum ferri — p. Isinglass, see
Sparadrapum  adhassivum — p.  Issue, Sparadra-
pum pro fonticulis—p. Lead, Emplastrum plumbi
—p. Machine, Sparadrapier—p. Mercurial, Em-
plastrum hydrargyri—p. of Mercury, compound,
Emplastrum hydrargyri compositum—p. Nurem-
berg,  Emplastrum  Norimbergense — p. Opium,
Emplastrum opii — p. Pitch, see Depilatory — p.
Pitch,  comp., Emplastrum picis compositum—p.
Resin, Emplastrum resinas — p. of  Red oxide of
iron,  Emplastrum oxidi ferri  rubri — p.  Soap,
Emplastrum  saponis — p. of Spanish flies, com-
pound, Emplastrum lyttas  compositum—p.  Stick-
ing, Emplastrum resinas—p. Strengthening, Em-
plastrum ferri,  Emplastrum oxidi ferri rubri — p.
Warm, Emplastrum  calefaciens — p. Wax, Em-
plastrum ceras.
  PLASTIC, Plas'ticus, Formati'vue, Form'ative,
from  nXaaeu,  ' I form.'   That which forms, or
serves to form.
  Plastic Element.  One which bears within it
the germs of a higher form. — Gerber. 
PLASTICIMUS
682
PLETHORA
  Plastic Force.   The generative or formative
power in organized bodies.  It is also called Ni-
eue formati'vue, Vie seu  Virtue plas'tica seu for-
mati'va, Vis eesentia'lis seu reproductiva, Fac'tdtas
formatrix seu nutrix seu auctrix seu vegetati'va;
Blae alterati'vum,  Motue assimilationis,  An'ima
vegetati'va, Plasticism'ue, Virtus formatrix, Plae-
tic"itae,  Plastic"ity, Force of Nutrition, F. of
aeaimilation, Force of Form'ation, Force of vege-
ta'tion,  Puieaance  du mottle  infirieur (Buffon),
Bildungstrieb, Germ-force  of the Germans.
  Plastic LYMPH,Liquor Sanguinis—p. Surgery,
Morioplastice.
  PLASTICIMUS, Plastic Force.
  PLASTICITAS, Plastic Force.
  PLASTICITY, Plastic Force.
  PLASTILYTIC, Antiplastic.
  PLASTILYTICUM  (H/EMATOLYTICUM),
Spanasmic
  PLATA, Scapula.
  PLATANO, Musa Sapientum.
  PLATANTHE'RA ORBICULATA,  Large
round-leaved Orchis ; indigenous. Order Orchid-
aceas;  flowering in July.  The  leaves are large,
soft and fleshy, and are used, in certain places, for
dressing blisters.
  PLATANUS,  Musa paradisiaca.
  PLATEA,  Bothriocephalus latus.
  PLATES, MANSFORD'S,  see Galvanism.
  PLATIAS'MUS, from  nXarvs, 'broad.'  Ex-
cessive development of the lips, causing the arti-
culation to be imperfect.
  PLATINA, Platinum.
  PLATTNUM, Plat'ina, from  (S.)  plata, 'sil-
ver.'  The preparations  of platinum resemble  in
their therapeutical properties  those of gold. The
Bichlo'ride, Plat'ini Bichlo'ridum, made by dis-
solving platinum in aqua regia. and the Double
Chloride of  Platinum  and Sodium,  So'dii chlo-
roplat'-inas, Chloroplat'inate of So'dium, prepared
by dissolving bichloride of platinum and pure
chloride of sodium, in proper proportions, in water,
evaporating and  crystallizing, — are the prepara-
tions used.  They are not much prescribed.
  PLATULA, see Pediculus.
  PLATYBREGMATE, see Cranium.
  PLATYCORIA, Mydriasis.
  PLATYCORIASIS, Platycoria.
  PLATYNO'SIS, from nXarvs, 'broad.'  Ampli-
fied tio.  Morbid extension of parts.
  PLATYOPHTHALMON, Antimonium.
  PLATYPOLIA, see Kyllosis.
  PLATYPUS, see Kyllosis.
  PLATYS'MA, from nXarvs,  'broad.' Anything
broadly extended.   A spread  plaster.
  Platys'ma Myoides, P.  Myo'des, Mus'culus
cutdneus, M.  eubeuta'neue (Winslow), Quadra'tus
gena vel latie'eimue  colli, Expan'eio  mueculo'ea,
Tetrago'nue, Stomomadicon, (F.) Thoraco-maxillo
facial,  Thoraco-facial (Ch.), Peaucier.   A mus-
cle  situate superficially on the lateral parts  of
the neck. It is flat, broad, and quadrilateral.  Its
fibres,  which  are all parallel  to each other, pass
obliquely downwards, and from  without inwards.
They arise from  the  areolar tissue, which covers
the anterior and superior part of the  chest; pass
before  the clavicle, and proceed to  attach  them-
selves at the interior part of the symphysis menti,
at the external oblique line of the jaw, and at the
commissure of the lips.  The fibres  of this last
insertion form a distinct fasciculus, called by some
anatomists Mue'culue Rieo'riue  Santori'ni.  The
platysma myoides depresses the commissure  of
the lips, and  carries it outwards.  It  contributes,
also, to the depression of the  lower jaw.   When
it contracts,  it wrinkles the skin of the neck
transversely.
  PLATYSTER'NOS, from nXarvs, 'broad,' and
artpvov,  'the  sternum.'  One  who  has a broad
well developed chest — D. Pecblin.
  PLATYSTOMUS; from nXarvs,  'broad,' and
tsropa, ' mouth.'   One who has a broad mouth.
  PLAUTUS, Leiopus.
  PLECHAS, Perinasum.
  PLECTANA"-, Cornua uteri.
  PLECTANE, Plica, Plegma, Plexus. A fold ;
a plexus.  Also, a cornu of the uterus.
  PLECTRUM. The styloid  process of the
temporal bone.   Also, the uvula, and the tongue.
— Castelli.
  PLEDGET,  (D.)  Plagghe,  Plumocdolus,
Lintedmen, Plog'ula, (F.)  Plumaceou, Plumae-
eeau.  A small  compress or gdteau of lint— (the
filaments arranged parallel to each other) — flat-
tened between  the  hands after the  extremities
have been cut off or folded down.   It  is applied
over wounds, ulcers,  Ac, to preserve them from
the contact of the air, to retain dressings in situ,
and to absorb the discharges.
  PLEGE, Blow, Ictus.
  PLEGMA, Plectane, Plexus.
  PLEGOMETER, Pleximeter.
  PLEIN, (F.) 'Full.'  The middle part of a roller.
  PLEIOMASTHUS, Polymasthus.
  PLEIOMAZIA, see Polymasthus.
  PLENA MULIER, Pregnant.
  PLENITUDE, Fulness.
  PLENITUDO, Plethora.
  PLENCK'S  DEPILATORY, see  Depilatory,
Colley's.
  PLEONECTICA ATHYM'IA seu MELAN-
CHO'LIA.  A form of insanity characterized by
a desire for gain or by covetousness.
  PLEONECTICUS,  from nXtov, 'more,' and
txttv, ' to have.'  Covetous. Desirous to acquire ;
hence mania pleonectica.
  PLERO'SIS,  from nXnpns,  'full;' also ReplcS
tio, Refec'tio, Reple'tion.  Restoration of  flesh
after sickness.   Plethora.
  PLEROTICUS, Incarnans.
  PLES'MONE, Plenitddo,  Sati'etas, Sati'ety.
Intemperance.   A condition the opposite to that
of hunger.
  PLESSER, Plexor.
  PLESSIMETER,  Pleximeter.
  PLETHOMER'IA, from nXndos,  'many,' and
ptpos, 'a part.'   Superabundance  of parts,  as in
the case of six fingers to one hand.
  PLETHO'RA, from *Xv$u, ' I fill.' Polya'mia,
Polyhyperha'mia,  Panhypera'mia,  Polychym'ia
sanguin'ea, Angeioplero'eie, Angioplero'eie, Ery-
thra'mia, Eryihrdeie,  Hamatopletho'ra,  Hamo-
pletho'ra, Plenitddo, Multitu'do, Redundan'tia,
Reple'tio, En'chyma, Compile'tio,  Plcth'ory, Re-
ple'tion, San'guineneea, Fulneaa, (F.) Abonelonce,
Ridondance.   The word plethora, which means
repletion, Plero'sie, expresses  a superabundance
of blood in the system, or in  some part of it: —
hence the division of plethora into general and
local; the latter being  called, according to its
seat, cerebral, pulmonary, uterine, Ac.  The prin-
cipal symptoms of plethora exist in the circula-
tory system;  such  as  redness of the surface,
swelling of the veins, increase in the fulness of
the pulse, in the strength of the heart's  pulsa-
tions, Ac, with spontaneous  hemorrhages  occa-
sionally.  With these are usually united general
heaviness, torpor, lassitude, vertigo, tinnitus au-
rium, flushes of heat, Ac  The blood of plethoric
persons differs from healthy blood in the smaller
ratio  of water  which it  contains, and especially
in the augmentation of the red corpuscles.
  The tendency to plethora, or its actual exist-
ence, must be obviated by purgatives, proper diet, 
PLETHORIC
683
PLEURITIS
 exercise, Ac; and, if the danger from it be press-
 ing, by blood-letting.  This is, however, a doubt-
 ful remedy for  general  plethora, as it increases
 hasmatosis.
   Plethora, Local, Hyperasmia.
   PLETIIOR'IC, Pletho'ricus, Polya'mic, Po-
 lya'micue, Sanguine, Sanguineoue,  (F.) Plitho-
 rique.  Same etymon.  Full of blood.  Relating
 to or affected with plethora.
   PLETHORICUS, Plethoric.
   PLETHORY, Plethora.
   PLETHOS, Satiety.
   PLEUMON,  Pulmo.
   PLEUMONIA, Pneumonia.
   PLEURA, Pleururn,  Pleuro'ma,  'the  side, a
 rib.'   Membra'no pleurit'ica  euccin'gene seu coa-
 taa euccidgens,  Membra'na seu Tu'nica coetalie
 seu  subcoeta'lis, Hypopledrios, (F.)  Pllvre  ou
 Pleum.  The pleurae are  two thin, diaphanous,
 perspirable membranes, which line each side  of
 the  chest, and  are  reflected thence upon  each
 lung.  Like  all serous  membranes — to which
 class they belong—each  represents a sac without
 aperture.   From the junction of the pleura of
 each  side the mediastina are formed.   That por-
 tion of the pleura which lines the parietes of the
 chest is called Pleura Costa'lie ; the portion that
 covers the lungs, Pleura Pulmona'lie.  The arte-
 ries of the pleuras are from the the  intercostals,
 internal  mammaries, phrenic, inferior thyroid,
 Ac.   The  veins correspond  with  the arteries.
 They  are, also, supplied  with lymphatics, but
 nerves aro not traceable in them.
  Pleura  is also used for  Cavity of the Pleura,
 Saccus Pleura.
  PLEURiE.  The sides of the chest.
  PLEURAL, Pleura'lie, Pledricus, Pled rites.
 That  which concerns the pleura; — as a pleural
 fistula ;—pleural cavity, pleural hemorrhage, Ac.
  PLEURALGIA, Pleurodyne.
  PLEURAPOPHYSES, Costas veras, see Costa.
  PLEURAPOSTEMA, Empyema.
  PLEURARTHROC'ACE, from nXtvpa, 'a rib,'
 apdpov, 'a joint,' and kokos, 'bad.'   Caries of the
 ribs.
  PLEVRE, Pleura.
  PLEURESIA, Pleuritis.
  PLEURESIE, Pleurisy.
  PLEURESIS, Pleuritis.
  PLEURETIQUE, Pleuritic.
  PLEURICUS, Pleural.
  PLEURIS, Pleuritis.
  PLEURISY, Pleuritis.
  Pleurisy,  Bilious, Pleuri'tis bilio'sa.  Pleu-
risy accompanied with bilious symptoms; — the
effect  of duodenitis or duodeno-hepatitis.
  Pleurisy,  False, Pleurodynia.
  Pleurisy,  Head.  A  ridiculous  term, occa-
sionally used by the vulgar,  in  the Southern
States especially, for bilious  pneumonia  before
the pneumonitic phenomena  are developed, and
whilst the head is prominently affected.
  Pleurisy,  Hemorrhagic,  Hasmatothorax —
p. Rheumatic, Pleurodynia — p. Root, Asclepias
tuberosa.
  Pleurisy,  Typhoid, Pleuri'tis typhdi'des seu
typho'des  seu typho'sa.  Pleurisy accompanied
by adynamic symptoms.
  PLEURITES, Pleural.
  PLEURIT'IC, Pleurit'icus, Pleurit'ieal,  (F.)
Plenretique;  same etymon  as pleuritie. Relating
or appertaining  to pleuritis — as 'pleuritic pain.'
  PLEURI'TIS. from nXtvpa,  'the pleura;' Mor-
bue  latera'lis, M. pleurit'icus, M. Costa'lis, Em-
prea'mo Pleuritis, Plain's,  Pleure'sis, Pleure'eia,
Pleuritis eosta'lis seu vera,  Pleurit'ica Febria,
Caumo Plenri'tie, Paeeio pleurit'ica, Inflamma'tio
Pleura, Pleurisy, Inflamma'tion of the Pleura,
 (F.) Pleurisie, Filvre pleuritique,  Inflammation
 de la Plevre, may be acute or chronic.  Perhaps
 the most violent of all internal  inflammations is
 the active form;  known by acute, lancinating
 pain in one side of the chest, increased by inspi-
 ration, by coughing, and often by pressure; dys-
 pnoea, the inspirations short and frequent;  cough
 dry, or  with little expectoration; and difficulty
 of lying on the affected side.  Symptoms, attend-
 ing the phlegmasias in general, strongly marked.
   Physical Signe.  There is  seldom any percep-
 tible alteration in the exterior of the chest.  When
 effusion  has taken place to  a great extent, the
 signs will be similar to those of chronic pleurisy.
 The motion  of the affected side is diminished,
 and the vibrations of the voice cannot be detected
 by the hand.   There is  more or less dulness of
 sound on percussion, the dulness diminishing or
 disappearing by change of position. On auscul-
 tation, the inspiration is feeble,  distant, or inau-
 dible ; but change of position modifies it.  Ego-
 phony is usually present, when  the effusion is in
 moderate quantity, and is best heard over  a por-
 tion of  the thoracic parietes,  represented by a
 band  of three inches, running from  below the
 inferior  margins of the scapula in  the direction
 of the ribs  to the sternum.   Simple pleurisy
 rarely attacks both sides at  once:  when such is
 the case, the presence of tubercles may be sus-
 pected.
   Formerly, a true pleuriey meant one  seated in
 the pleura: a mediastinal pleurisy, one situated
 in the  anterior mediastinum ; and falee pleuriey
 or rheumatiemal pleuriey, that which occupies the
 intercostal  muscles.  The last has  received the
 name  Pleurodynia; that of pleuriey  being ex-
 clusively appropriated  to  inflammation of  the
 pleura.  Pleurisy has also been distinguished into
 dry and  humid, according as  it is or is not accom-
 panied by expectoration.  Humid or moiet pleurisy
 is now properly regarded as a  complication of
 pleurisy  with pulmonary catarrh. It is the catar-
 rhal pleuriey of some.  The majority of the spe-
 cies of pleurisy, admitted by Sauvages,' consist
 of complications.
   The causes of pleurisy are like those of other
 internal  inflammations.  It  may terminate by
 resolution, effusion, or suppuration.
   Chronic Pleurisy, which has been particu-
 larly described by Bayle, Broussais, and Laen-
 nec, most commonly terminates by a  serous or
 purulent effusion,  which sometimes  simulates
 hydrothorax;  at others, phthisis pulmonalis. It
 may form slowly, without evident symptoms; or
 it may succeed acute  pleurisy.   In the former
 case, vague pains are felt in the chest, with small,
 dry cough,  oppression at intervals,  shivering,
 irregular febrile symptoms, and hardness of pulse.
  Phyeical Signe.  The affected side is  smoother,
 more  rounded  and motionless; the intercostal
 spaces  are  dilated  and filled up, or may even
 protrude slightly.   In very chronic cases,  how-
 ever, the affected side may be smaller.   The tri-
 angular space  above the clavicle and the depres-
 sion immediately above  the sternum  are  often
 drawn  downwards  on the diseased side.  No vi-
 bration is experienced by the  hand when the
 patient speaks.  The parietes of the thorax are
 sometimes cedematous, and fluctuation may be
 occasionally felt between the ribs.   On percus-
 sion the  sound is dull, or if clear, only so in the
upper  portions of the chest.  On  auscultation,
there is an absence of the usual  sounds over the
affected parts, excepting occasionally transmitted
sounds.  There are no physical signs  that can
 enable  us to know whether pus or serum is effused
into the  chest.  The introduction of a grooved
needle  through the intercostal  space, as recom- 
PLEUROCELE
684
PLEXUS
mended by Dr. Thomas Davies, would of course
settle the question.
  On dieeection of those who have died of pleu-
risy, the pleura is found thickened, red, inflamed,
and  covered with membranous  exudations  or
false membranes.   Sometimes it seems cartilagi-
nous and ossified.  Its cavity frequently contains
serous or sero-purulent effusions.
  The acute form of the disease requires the most
active treatment.   General blood-letting, to such
an extent as to make a very decided impression
on the system, and repeated if necessary.  This
is the most important agent.  After the violence
of the disease has been got over, counter-irritants
will  be found highly beneficial; as well as when
it has passed into the chronic state.  The cough
may be relieved by demulcents.
  Sauvages has given the name Pleuri'tis Ven-
to'sa, and Pringle that  of Pleurodynia Ven-
to'sa, to a pain behind the false ribs, attributed
to the presence of air in the intestines.
  Pleuritis Bronchialis, Bronchitis — p. Cos-
talis, Pleuritis — p.  Diaphragmatica,  Diaphrag-
mitis— p. Humida,  Bronchitis — p. Muscularis,
Pleurodynia — p. Notha, Pleurodynia — p. Peri-
cardii, Pericarditis — p.  Pulmonis,  Pleuropneu-
monia—p. Rheumatica, Pleurodynia—p. Spuria,
Pleurodynia—p. Spuria simulata, Pleurodynia—
p. Typhoides,  see Pleuritis, (biliosa) — p. Vera,
Pleuritis.
  PLEUROCE'LE,  from nXtvpa,  'the  pleura,'
and   KnXn,  'a tumour.'  Hernia  of the pleura,
Hernia  pleu'rica  et pulmona'lis.   This name,
employed by Sagar,  is inaccurate, as  the pleura
never protrudes alone.   It only forms a hernia,
when it serves as an  envelope to the lung, to tu-
mours, or  to  purulent collections, which have
protruded from the thoracic parietes.
  PLEUROCOLLE'SIS, from nXtvpa, 'the pleu-
ra,' and KoXXau, '  I glue.'  An adhesion between
the pleura c'ostalis and pleura pulmonalis.
  PLEURODYNE, Pleurodynia.
  PLEURODYN'IA,  Pleural'gia,  Peeudo-pleu-
ri'tie, Pseudo-pleuriay,  Pleurod'yne, Autdl'gia
doloro'ea, A etitch, Pain in the aide, Stitch in the
side, Parapleuritis ; Stethorrheu'ma, Rheumatie'-
mue pec'toris, Pleuri'tis rheumat'ica, P. musculo'-
ris,  P.  spu'ria, Falee  Pleuriey, Rheumat'ic or
rheumatie'mal pleuriey, Pleuri'tis notha seu spu'-
ria seu epu'ria eimula'ta, Pneumo'nia exter'na,
Lagonop'onoe, Thoracod'yne, Dolor  Pec'torie  ex-
ter'nus,  (F.) Point de coti, Douleur de coti; from
nXtvpa, ' the side or pleura,' and oovvv, ' pain.'  A
spasmodic or rheumatic affection, generally seated
in the muscles of the chest, and, ordinarily, in
the  intercostals.   It is  usually  augmented  by
outward pressure,  inspiration, coughing, exer-
tion, moving the thorax, and sometimes even the
corresponding  arm.    It  is unaccompanied  by
fever, cough,  or  dyspnoea, excepting under  the
form of a etitch,  when  dyspnoea exists.  It is,
generally,  by  no means obstinate,  and  yields
promptly to warm applications  and  to cupping
or leeches.  If it  still resist, a blister will, almost
always, remove it
  Pleurodynia  Ventosa, Pleuritis ventosa.
  PLEUROMA,  Costa, Pleura.
  PLEUROPATHI'A, from nXtvpa, < the pleura,'
and nados, ' a disease.'   A disease of the pleura.
  PLEUROPERIPNEU'MONY,    Pleuroperi-
 pneumo'nia, Pleuropneumo'nia, Pneumonopleure'-
eie, Pneumonopleuri'tie, Pleuritis pulmo1'nie, Pneu-
mo'nia pleuritis.  Inflammation occupying  the
pleura and the lung at the same time.  Pleurisy
and peripneumony existing simultaneously. Phy-
sical eigne.  A dull sound is  yielded by percus-
 sion  for a variable extent over the more depen-
dent portions of the affected side.  The loss of
sound is partially modified by change of position.
The  respiratory murmur on auscultation is very
feeble or absent inferiorly ;  higher up, the  crepi-
tation or bronchial respiration of pneumonia may
be detected; round the root of the lung, and near
the inferior angle of the  scapula,  egophony is
generally  present.  There  is seldom  much en-
largement of the affected  side, or displacement
of the  adjacent organs, as  in the case of simple
chronic pleurisy.
  PLEUROPNEUMA, Pneumathorax.
  PLEUROPNEUMONIA, Pleuroperipneu-
mony.
  PLEUROPNEUMONIAS,  Pleuroperipneu-
mony.
  PLEUROPYESIS, Empyema.
  PLEURORRHCE'A, from nXtvpa, 'the side,'
and ptu, ' I flow.'  Accumulation of fluid in the
pleura.
  Pleuorrhcea Chylosa, Chylothorax—p.Lym-
phatica, Hydrothorax — p. Purulenta, Empyema
— p. Sanguinea, Hasmatothorax—p. Serosa, Hy-
drothorax.
  PLEUR0RTH0PN03'A, from   nXtvpa,  'tho
side,' op9os, ' erect,'  and  nvtu, ' I respire.'   Pain
of the  side, which does not permit the patient to
breathe, except when in the vertical position.
  PLEUROSO'MUS, from nXtvpa,  'side,'  and
aupa, 'body.'  A malformation in which the fis-
sure is  somewhat lateral,  with eventration ex-
tending chiefly upon the upper part of the abdo-
men and  upon the chest; the upper extremity
of the fissured side being more or less atrophied.
—Vogel.
  PLEUROSTO'SIS, from nXtvpa,  'the pleura,'
and oartov, ' a bone.'  Ossification of the pleura,
or in the cavity of the pleura.   Oeteopledria.
  PLEUROTETANUS, Pleurothotonos.
  PLEUROTHOT'ONOS,  Pleurot'onoe, Pleuro-
tet'anue, Tetantte latera'lis, from nXtvpoStv, 'late-
rally,' and rovos, ' tension.' A variety of tetanus,
in which the body is curved laterally by the
stronger contraction  of the muscles of one side
of the body.
   PLEUROTONOS,  Pleurothotonos.
   PLEURUM, Costa, Pleura.
   PLEVRE,  Pleura.
   PLEXIM'ETER, Plexom'eter, Plegom'eter,
Plessim'eter, from nXnaau, ' I strike,' and  ptrpov,
'measure,' 'a measure of  percussion.'  An ivory
plate of a circular or ovoid shape, from an  inch
and a half to  two inches in diameter, and about
one-sixth of an inch in thickness.  It has either
a raised rim or edge, or projecting handles on its
upper side, to permit its being held between the
finger  and thumb of the  left hand, whilst it is
struck with the right. It is used  in percussion
of the  chest.   A piece of metal, a coin,  or the
finger  of the  left hand may be used with equal
advantage.—See Percussion, mediate.
   PLEXOMETER, Pleximeter.
   PLEXOR,  from nXr,aau, ' I strike.'  Pleseer.
Any instrument  employed in percussion.  The
ends of the fingers of the right hand brought to-
gether arc the best plexor; as the finger of the
left is, perhaps, the hest pleximeter.
   PLEXUS, Plegma, Plee'tane, Plane, Pete, from
plecto,  T interlace,' T entwine.'  (F.) Loeie.  A
network of blood vessels  or of nerves. The nerv-
ous plexuses, Implicatidnee retieuldree seu Tex-
tue nervorum belong — eome to the system of en-
cephalic nerves—othere to  that of the great sym-
pathetic; whilst  some, as  the pharyngeal, seem
to be formed of the two  sets.  The plexuses re-
present  complex  networks, with  more  or less 
PLICA
685
PLUxMBI
 loose meshes, formed by the numerous and diver-
 sified anastomoses of the nervous filaments ; from
 which proceed other branches, that  are distri-
 buted to organs, or to other plexuses.
   Plexus, Cardiac, Cardiac plexus—p. Carotid,
 see Carotid nerve — p. Choroides, see Choroid —
 p. Ciliaris, Ciliary ligament—p. Cce*H«/!<e,Coeliac
 plexus — p. Coronarius ventriculi, Gastric plexus
 —p. Coronary, see Cardiac plexus, and Coronary
 plexus — p. Gangliformis  semilunaris,  Coeliac
 plexus—p. Ganglioformes, Ganglions, nervous—
 p. Glandiformes, Ganglions, nervous—p. Glandu-
 losi Peyeri,  Peyeri glandulas — p. Hederaceus,
 Corpus pampiniforme — p. Hepatieus,  Hepatic
 plexus—p. Infra-thyroideal, see Thyroideal veins
 —p. Loinbo-obdominal,  Lumbar plexus — p. Me-
 dian,  Coelic  plexus — p. Mesenterii proprius  et
 maximus, Coeliac plexus — p. Nervorum anseri-
 nus,  Facial  nerve—p.  Opietogaetrique, Coeliac
 plexus—p. Pampiniformis, Corpus pampiniforme
 —p. Pharyngeal, see Pharyngeal nerve—p. Pneu-
 mogastricus, seo Pneumogastric nerves—p.  Reti-
 formis, Corpus  cavernosum vaginas—p. Reticula-
 ris, Bulbus vestibuli, Choroides plexus—p. Solar,
 Coeliac plexus—p.  Soue-mieentirique, Hypogas-
 tric plexus—p. Testiculaire, Spermatic plexus—
 p. Trochido-Boua-cutani, Cervical plexus—p. Vas-
 culosis funiculi  spermatici pampiniformis, Cor-
 pus pampiniforme.
  PLICA, from  plicari,  'to be knit together.'
 TrichoSie plica, Tricho'ma, Trica, T. Incuborum,
 T. Scrofo'rum,  Plica Polonica, P. Polon'ica Ju-
 da'ica, P.  Cnchec'tica,  P. Saxon'ica,  Affec'tio
 Sarmat'ica, Matted hair, Plaited hair, Trichom'-
 atoae hair, Luee Sarmat'ica, L. Polon'ica,  L. Tri-
 chomat'ieo, Ilelo'eis,  Hclo'tie, Cir'nigra,  Cir'rha-
 gra, C. Polono'rum, Ecphy'ma tricho'ma,  Morbua
 Cirrho'rum, Plica caput Mcdu'ea,  Plica longi-
 cau'da latera'lis,  Coma  Caea'rca, Kolto, Rhopa-
 lo'eie, Plica'tio, Plicatdra, (F.) Plique, P. Polo-
 naiee.   A disease endemic in Poland, Lithuania,
 and other parts of Northern Europe;  so called
 on  account of  its being characterized by inter-
 lacing, twisting, and agglutination or matting of
 the  hair.   By  some it  has  been regarded as a
 disease;  by others,  as the want of attention to
 cleanliness.   However  this may be, it generally
 appears upon the  hair of the head, but sometimes
 in that of  other parts, as the beard, the hair on
 the axilla, pubes,  Ac. Alibert admits  three spe-
 cies  of plica.   1. Plica  multiform'is  or Plica
 caput Metldea,  in which the hairs are mixed and
agglutinated in  greater or less masses; and this
has been again  subdivided into two varieties, ac-
 cording as the meshes are almost straight (P. C.
M. lacinia'ta, (F.) Plique en lanieree) or much
twisted (F.) P.  en vrillee.)   2.  Plica longi-
 cau'tla, (F.) Plique  solitaire ou d queue; when
 tho  hair is united into  a single long  mass, and
 3. Plica  ceapitoSa, (F.) Plique  en  masee, in
 which the hairs are matted into one large, shape-
less  mass.   Pinel  places this disease amongst
 the  Cutaneoua phlegmaaia; but it is far from de-
 monstrated, that it is the result of inflammation
 of the skin.   Certain it is, however, that the
 tangling of the hair is symptomatic of an affec-
 tion— sin" generis—of the dermoid system.   The
idea that it is entirely owing to want of cleanliness,
 as has been conceived by some, is not tenable.
  Plica,  Plectane — p.  Cachectica,  Plica — p.
 Caput  .Medusas, Plica—p. Longicauda lateralis,
 Plica — p. Lunata, Valvula semilunaris — p. Po-
lon'ica  Judaica, Plica—p. Saxonica,  Plica — p.
 Semilunaris, Valvula semilunaris.
  PLICA TIO.  Plica.
  PLICATURA, Plica.
  PLD ATUR-E CEREBRI, Gyri cerebri.
  PLICUOS, Perinasum.
   PLINTHIUM, nXtvStov.  A machine invented
 by one Nileus, which was formerly employed in
 the reduction  of fractures and luxations.   Scul-
 tetus describes it in his Armamentarium Chirur-
 gicum.
   PLIQUE, Plica—p. Polonaise, Plica.
   PLOCARIA CANDIDA, Fucus amylaceus.
   PLOMB, Plumbum.
   PLOMB, (F.)  The sulphuretted gas  disen-
 gaged from privies, which proves fatal at times
 to the  nightmen,  (F.) Vidangeurs,  engaged in
 emptying them. ,
   PLOMB, ACETATE  ACIDE DE, Plumbi
 superacetas—p. Blanc, Plumbi subcarbonas—p.
 Blanc de, Plumbi subcarbonas—p. Carbonate de,
 Plumbi subcarbonas —p. Chlorure  de, Plumbi
 chloridum—p. lodure de, Plumbi iodidum—p.
 Nitrate de, Plumbi nitras—p. Oxide de, fondu,
 Plumbi oxydum semivitreum—p.  Oxide rouge de,
 Plumbi oxydum rubrum—p. Oxide semi-vitreux
 de, Plumbi oxydum semivitreum.
   PLOMBAGINE, Graphites.
   PLOMBIERES,  MINERAL  WATERS  OF,
 Fontee medica'ti Plumba'rii,  Therma Plumbaria.
 Plombieres is  a town in  the department  of the
 Vosges, 17 leagues from  Nancy, and  two from
 Remiremont  Here are several sources of ther-
 mal water.  That which  is  called Saponaceous
 (F.) Savonneuee, is formed  of the subcarbonate
 and sulphate of soda, chloride of sodium, silica,
 carbonate of lime, and much vegeto-animal mat-
 ter.   This last component, when  held in solution
 by means  of the subcarbonate of soda, gives to
 the water  an  unctuous character.   This  is the
 origin of its name.   The waters of Plombieres
 are employed as solvents in  engorgements  of tho
 abdominal viscera, and as alteratives in chronic
 diseases of the skin.
   PLORATIO, Lachrymatio.
   PLORATUS, Lachrymatio.
   PLOTUS, Leiopus.
   PLUGGING (Sw.) Plugg, (F.)  Tamponnement.
 The act of stopping a hole.  The introduction of
 a plug of lint or rag into a wound or natural ca-
 vity—as the uterus or vagina—to arrest hemor-
 rhage ;  or of some substance into a carious tooth
 to prevent toothache.
   PLUM, Prunum, Prunus  domestica—p. Assy-
 rian,  Sebestina.
   PLUM A, Lanugo.
   PL UMA CEA U, Pledget.
   PLUMACEOLUS,  Pad, Pledget.
   PLU3IASSEAU, Pledget.
   PLUMBAGO, Graphites,  Persicaria.
   Plumba'go Europai'a, P.  lapathifo'lia seu un-
 dula'ta, Denta'ria, Crepancl'la, Squama'ria, Den-
 tela'ria, Leadwort, (F.)  Dentelaire,  Herbe  au
 Cancer. Family, Plumbagineas.   Sex. Syat. Pen-
 tandria Monogynia.   The   root was  formerly
 much esteemed as a cure for the toothache, like the
 Pel'litory  of Spoin, which  is  also called Dentaria.
   PLUMBI ACETAS, P. superacetas—p. Acetas
 dilutum alcoholicum, Liquor plumbi subacetatis
 dilutus — p. Acidulus siccus, Plumbi superacetas
 —p. Carbonas, P. Subcarbonas.
   Plumbi  Chlo'ridum, Chloride of Lead, (F.)
 Chlorure de Plomb.  This salt of lead  has been
 used in the form of lotion and ointment in can-
 cerous ulcerations.
   Plumbi  Deutoxydum  Rubrum, P. oxydum
 rubrum—p. Hydriodas, P. Iodidum — p. Iodhy-
 dras,  P. Iodidum.
   Plumbi Iod'idum, Plumbi  lodure'turn seu Hy-
 dri'odaa seu Hydro'i'odae seu Iodhydrae,  Plum-
 bum ioda'tum seu Hydro'iod'icum, I'odide or Iod'-
 uret  of Lead,  (F.)  lodure de  Plomb,  lodure
plombique.  This salt is formed  by the  double
 decomposition of iodide of potassium and nitrate 
PLUMBI
PNEUMATIC A
of lead.  Itis used in scrofulous affections intern-
ally and externally.   Dose, three or four or more
grains.  It is officinal in the Pharmacopoeia U. S.
for 1851.
  Plumbi Ioduretum, P. Iodidum.
  Plumbi Nitras,  Plumbum ni'tricum,  Nitrae
plumb'icus, Nitrum eaturni'num, Nitrate of lead,
(F.)  Nitrate  de  Plomb.   A  salt formed  by  the
action of diluted nitric acid on litharge.  Nitrate
of lead has  the same medical action as the other
soluble salts of lead, and is a valuable antibromie.
It has  been  used, also, as an excitant antiseptic
to wounds,  ulcers, Ac, and is the basis  of  Le-
doyen's disinfecting liquid.
  Plumbi Nitrosac'charas, Nitroeac'charate of
lead.   (Sacehar. p.  j; Acid,  nitric, p. ij ; Aqua
p. x.)  Beat together in a porcelain dish as long
as chemical  action continues : dilute  the liquor
with water, neutralize with chalk, and to  the fil-
tered solution add acetate  of lead so long  as a
precipitate  is  formed.   Collect,  wash, and  dry
the precipitate, which is  saccharate of lead.  Dis-
solve in dilute  nitric  acid,  (one part acid to
nineteen of  water,) filter and evaporate to form
crystals, which  are  transparent, of  an  amber
colour, and in regular hexagonal plates or prisms.
  Advised as a solvent of phosphatie calculi.
  Plumbi Oxydum Album, Plumbi  subcarbonas
—p.  Oxydum  carbonatum per acidum acetosum,
Plumbi subcarbonas — p. Oxydum  fusum,  PI.
oxydum semivitreum.
  Plumbi Oxydum  Rubrum, Min'ium,  Miltue,
Deutox'ydum plumbi rubrum, Superox'ydum Plum-
bo'sum, Plumbum oxyda'tum rubrum, Sandix, San-
dy x,  Red lead, (F.) Oxide de plomb rouge.  It is
sometimes used to kill vermin.
  Plumbi Ox'ydum Semivit'reum. Lithar'gyrne,
Lithargyrum, Lithargyr'ium, Oxydum plumbi fu-
sum,  Spuma argent'i, Semi-vit'rifled oxyd of lead
or litharge, CalciteoSa,  Cath'mia, (F.) Oxide de
plomb fondu, Oxide de plomb eemivitreux, (a  yel-
low  protoxyd of lead, prepared  by heat, com-
bined with carbonic acid.)  It occurs in scales
of a whitish-red colour, and semi-vitrified.  It is
employed for pharmaceutical purposes, as in the
Liquor plumbi acetatis,  Emplaatrum plumbi, Ac
Formerly, the Litharge of gold, Chryei'tie, Mae'-
sicot, and Litharge of eilver, Almariab, were  dis-
tinguished  in commerce.  These were  merely
ordinary litharge, resembling gold  or silver in
colour.
  Plumbi  Subcar'bonas,   Car'bonae plumbi,
Plumbi Carbonae (Ph. U. S-), Plumbum carboni-
cum, Magiete'rium plumbi, Oxydum plumbi album,
Ceruaea, JErdgo plumbi, Peimmyth'ion,  Peym'-
mython, Simmitium, Flake white, Blanco, Gerea,
If'fidee, Subcar'bonate of lead, Cerusee, White
lead, (F.) Carbonate  de  plomb,  Blanc de plomb,
Plomb blanc, (prepared  by exposing spiral  rolls
of lead to the fumes  of vinegar, in vessels placed
in dung.)  It is inodorous ; has a sweet taste ; is
brittle; friable; snow white, and of a minute,
scaly texture.  It is  astringent and sedative, and
is sprinkled on parts affected with local  inflam-
mation, or to prevent chafing in children.   It is
also used  in the formation of ointments  and
plasters.
  Plumbi Superace'tas, CerueSaaceta'ta, Plumbi
acid'ulus eiccue, Plumbi ace'tae  (Ph.  U. S.), Sal
vel eac'charum  Satur'ni, Superae''State of lead,
Plumbum ace'ticum, Dulce'do  Satur'ni, Acetas
pluidbicum cryetalliea'turn, Sal plumbi, Sugar of
lead, Protoac"etate of lead, (F.) Acitate acide de
plomb, Sel  ou sucre de  Saturne.  (Plumb, carb.
Ibj,  Acid acetic, cong.  IJ.   Boil the  lead with
the acid till it is saturated; then strain through
paper, and evaporate to a pellicle, that crystals
may be formed.  Wash the crystals and dry on
blotting-paper.  Ph. L.)  The acetate of lead has
a sweet, styptic taste; a very white colour, and
silky lustre.  It is astringent; and, in weak solu-
tion, cooling and  sedative; in strong, stimulant
It is given internally, in visceral and other he-
morrhages, combined  with opium, and  is  used
externally, in  solution, in  inflammation, burns,
bruises, gonorrhoea, Ac  Dose, gr. ss to iss.
  Plumbi Tannas, see Tannin.
  PLUMBICUM  ACETAS  CRYSTALLISA-
TUM,  Plumbi superacetas.
  PLUMBOSUM SUPEROXYDUM,  Plumbi
oxydum rubrum.
  PLUMBUM, Molyb'doe, Molibdue, Saturn'us,
Capricor'nue, (F.) Plomb.   Lead.   A solid metal
of a bluish white  colour;  more malleable  than
ductile; soft enough to be scratched by the nail;
very fusible and oxydizable, when heated in the
air, and existing, in nature,  under a  number
of different shapes; the principal of which are
those of sulphuret and oxyd.   S. g. 11.352.
  Its use is to form oxides and salts.  In its me-
tallic state, it has no action upon the body ;  but
when oxydized or united with an acid, it acts, in
large doses, as a powerfully astringent poison.
  Plumbum Aceticum, Plumbi superacetas — p.
Album, Tin—p. Candidum, Tin—p. Carbonicum,
Plumbi  subcarbonas — p.  Cinereum, Bismuth,
subnitrate of — p. Hydroiodicum,  Plumbi Iodi-
dum—p.  Iodatum, Plumbi Iodidum — p. Nitri-
cum,   Plumbi  nitras — p.  Oxydatum  rubrum,
Plumbi oxydum rubrum.
  PLUMS, SEEDED,  see  Diospyros Virginiana
— p. Winter,  see Diospyros Virginiana — p. Yel-
low, see Diospyros Virginiana.
  PLUNGE BATH, see Bath.
  PLUNGING SIPHON,  see Siphon.
  PLUNKETT'S  CAUSTIC FOR CANCERS,
Plunkett's Ointment.
  Plunkett's  Ointment, Plunkett's Cauetic for
Cancers.  This empirical cancer remedy consists
of Arscnioae  acid, Sulphur,  and  the powdered
flowers of the Ranunculue flammula and Cotula
fcetida; — levigated and made into a paste with
the white of egg, and applied, on a piece of pig's
bladder, to the surface of the  cancer.
   PLURAL BIRTH, see Multiparous.
   PLUTEA.   Avicenna gives this name to du-
plicatures of the dura mater, such as  the Falx
CGVGOVlt
   PLUTONIUM,  Barium.
   PNEOBIOMANTIA, Docimasia pulmonum.
   PNEOBIOMANTICA, Docimasia pulmonum.
   PNEUMA, Air, Life.  See Pneumatic Physi-
cians.
   PNEUMAPOSTE'MA, Pncumonapoete'ma, Ab-
eceeeue pulmo'num; from nvtvuuv, 'the lung;' and
anoarnixa, ' abscess.'  Abscess of the lung.
   PNEUMATELECTASIS,  Atelectasis  pulmo-
num.
   PNEUMATHORAX, Pneumothorax.
   PNEUMAT'IC,  Pneumati'cus, Pneumat'ical,
from nvtvua, ' life, air.'  Relating to pneuma, air
or health.
   Pneumat'ic  Physicians, Pneumat'iri.  Name
given to a sect of physicians, at the head of whom
was Athenasus, who made  health  and  disease to
consist in the different proportions of an element
—which they called Pneuma, nvtvua—to those of
the other elementary principles.   This nvtvpa was
a fancied spiritual principle, which the  Stoics re-
garded as an element, different from water,-air,
earth  and fire;—the sole  elementary principles
previously admitted.
   PNEUMATTCA, from nvtvpa,  'air.'   Apper-
taining to the breathing.   Diseases of  the respi-
ratory  function; — the  second  class in  Good's 
PNEUMATICAL
687
PNEUMONIA
  system of nosology.   Agents that act on the res-
  piratory organs.—Pereira.
    PNEUMATICAL,  Pneumatic.
    PNEUMATOCELE, Physocele.
    PNEUMATOSES, from nvtvpa, 'wind,' and
  tioot,'resemblance.'   One  distended with  air or
  who breathes with difficulty, owing to an accumu-
  lation of flatus in the digestive tube; or, accord-
  ing to others, owing to emphysema.
    PN'EUMATO METER, Spirometer.
    PNEUMATOM PHALO C E LE,  Pneumatom-
  phalus.
    PNEUMATOM' PHALUS, Pneumatomphalo-
  ce'le, from nvtvpa, ' flatus,' and o^aXos, ' the um-
  bilicus.'  Umbilical intestinal hernia, containing
  a considerable quanty of flatus.
   PNEUMA TOSE, Pneumatosis—p.Piritoniale,
  Tympanites.
   PNEUMATOSIS, Aerdsis, from  nvtvpa, 'air.'
  Flatue, (V.) Maladie venteuee, Pneuinatnee.  Fla-
  tulence.  Flatulent distention of the stomach or
  bowels, or both.  Sauvages uses the word syno-
  nymously with emphysema.  It is now generally
  employed for every abnorraous collection of gase-
  ous matters  in any part of  the body.
   Pneumatosis,  Emphysema —p.   Abdominis,
  Tympanites —p.  Enterica,  Colica flatulenta—p.
  Pulmonum,  Emphysema of the  lungs —p. Ven-
  triculi, et Pneumatosis enterica, Flatulence.
   PNEUMATOTHORAX,  Pneumothorax.
   PNEUMECTASIS, Emphysema of the Lungs.
   PNEUMOCACE, Necropneumonia.
   PNEUMOCHOLOSIS, Pneumonia (bilious).
   PNEUMOCHYSIS, ffidema of the lungs.
   PNEUMOhlCTASIE,   Emphysema of  the
 lungs.
   PNEUMOGASTRIC, Pneumogas'tricue, from
 nvtv/tuv, 'the lung,' and yaornp, 'the stomach.'
 Belonging to the lungs and  stomach.
   Pneumogastric Nerves, Eighth pair of nervee
 (Tenth pair of some), Par vagum, Pare  vaga,
 Nervus vague seu ambulato'riue seu pneumogas'-
 tricue  seu  dec"imus  seu eympath'icue  me'dius,
 Middle  eympathct'ic;  because it is  distributed
 especially to the  organs contained in the  chest
 and  abdomen.  This nerve arises from behind
 the crainentias olivarias and  near the  corpora res-
 tiformia by one or two rows of filaments,  regu-
 larly arranged.  These filaments unite to form a
 flat cord, which issues from the  cranium by the
 foramen lacerum  posterius: behind  the glosso-
 pharyngeal nerve. At its exit from the cranium,
 the pneumogastric nerve has the appearance of a
 very compact plexus—Plexue gangliform'is, Gan-
 glion of the auperior laryngeal branch, of Sir Astley
 Cooper.  It then descends along the neck, deeply
 seated on the outside of the carotid  artery and
 the internal jugular vein.  When it has  attained
 the lower part of the neck, it enters the chest,
 gliding behind the subclavian vein, and passing
 on  ttie right side, in front of the subclavian ar-
 tery, and, on  the left, before the arch of the aorta.
 It proceeds,  at first, backwards, increasing in
 size. Afterwards, it passes from behind the bron-
 chia  to  the  oesophagus,  which  it accompanies
 through the  diaphragm, and terminates on the
 stomach.  In the neck, the pneumogastric nerve
 anastomoses  with  the spinal, glosso-pharyngeal,
 great hypo-glossal, and great sympathetic nerves;
 and furnishes, 1, a pharyngeal branch, 2, & aupe-
 rior laryngeal, 3, cardiac branchee. In the chest,
 it gives oft', 1, the inferior laryngeal or recurrent,
 2, the pulmonary plexua, and, 3,  the oesophageal
 branchee.  On entering the abdomen, the  oeso-
phageal branches, which terminate the pneumo-
gastric, aro  distributed upon  the stomach,  and
give numerous  filaments to  that viscus, to the
hepatic, cceliac, gastro-epiploic, and solar plexuses.
  Some go, also, to the pancreas, liver, gall-blad-
  der, duodenum, Ac.
    PNEUMOG'RAPHY,  Pneumogra'phia,  from
  nvtvpuv,  'the  lung,'  and ypatpn, 'a description,'
  The part of anatomy that describes the lungs.
    PNEUMOL'OGY, Pneumolog"ia, from nvtvvuv,
  'the lung,' and Xoyos, 'a discourse.'  An anato-
  mical treatise on the lungs.  An anatomical de-
  scription of the lungs.
    PNEUMOMETER, Spirometer.
    PNEUMOM'ETRY, Pneumomet'ria, from nvtv-
  puv, 'the lung,' and ptrpov, 'measure.'   Measure-
  ment of  the  capacity of  the  lungs for air.   See
  Spirometer.
    PNEUMON, Pulmo.
    PNEUMONALGIA, Angina pectoris.
    PNEUMONATELECTASIS, Atelectasis pul-
  monum.
   PNEUMONECTASIS,Emphysemapulmonum.
   PNEUMONEMPHRAX'IS,from nvtvpuv, 'the
  lung,' and tptppalts, 'obstruction.' Congestion and
  infarction of the lungs.
    PNEUMO'NIA, Empree'ma pnettmoni'tie, Pleu-
  mo'nio, Peripnetimo'nia, Pneumo'nio peripneumd-
  nia, Pnettmoni'tie, Pulmo'nia, Pnlmona'ria, In-
  flamma'tio pneumon'ica,  I. pec'torie  acu'ta,  I.
  pulmo'num, Pneumoe'taeie, Pnedmony, Peripncd-
 mony, Inflammation of the lunge, Lung-fever (vul-
 garly), Febrie pneumon'ica, (F.) Inflammation des
 poumons,  Fievre  pnettmonique, F. piripneumo-
 nique, Fluxion  de poitrine, Inflammation du pa-
 renchyme pulmonaire.   The chief symptoms of
 pneumonia are :—pyrexia, accompanied by pain,
 sometimes obtuse, at  others pungent, — in some
 part of the thorax; pulse  more or less quick and
 hard, according to the violence and extent of the
 local disorder; pain, aggravated  by the cough,
 which, with dyspnoea, exists throughout the dis-
 ease.  At first, the expectoration is difficult and
 painful; but, in the course of a few days, it be-
 comes free, and the oppression of breathing is
 mitigated.  When the inflammation,  instead of
 going off by resolution, passes on to suppuration,
 rigors are experienced; the respiration becomes
 more oppressed, but less painful, and  a sense of
 weight is  felt on one of the pleuras.  Pneumonia
 may, also, terminate by gangrene—but this rarely
 happens, — by  induration  and by hepatization.
  Physical  Signs.  First Stage, (F.)  Engoue-
 ment.  Diminution of the sound is generally ob-
 served over the affected part on percussion; aus-
 cultation exhibits an equal, dry,  crepitating rdle,
 which is best heard at the close of a deep inspi-
 ration, and on  coughing.  The respiratory  mur-
 mur is intermingled with the crepitant rdle, or it
 may be absent.  In the  neighbourhood of the
 affected parts it is natural  or puerile.  The voice
 and cough are rather more resonant than usual.
 Second Stage,  (F.) Hipatieation rouge.  When
 hepatization has occurred, the motion of the af-
 fected  side is  impeded, and immediately above
 the sternum and in the corresponding triangular
 space on  either side,  there  is often an evident
 depression.  Percussion is dull over the affected
 part in every position of the patient.  On auscul-
 tation, the crepitation  is found to be replaced by
 bronchial  respiration.   The respiratory  murmur
 is louder in the other  portions of the lung, the
 voice and  cough  are  more resonant, and  the
 heart's action  is more distinct.   Third Stage,
 (F.) Hipatieation griee.  When suppuration su-
pervenes, the same signs persist; but usually the
voice and  cough are less resonant, and a coarse
mucous rale is heard.  When gangrenous or sup-
purative cavities are formed,  they present  the
ordinary signs.
  The prognosis must be guarded.  It is not a 
PNC3UM
                PNEUMONIC              6!

disease which we can always subdue.  Great ex-
tent of inflammation ; very considerable oppres-
sion ;  orthopncea, and difficult expectoration are
unfavourable symptoms.   The .most active treat-
ment  is of course necessary.  General bleeding
forms the sheet-anchor,—employed so as to make
a decided impression on the system, and repeated,
if  necessary;  local blood-letting;  nauseating
doses  of antimonials ; purgatives ;  and when the
violence of the inflammation has been got under,
— counter-irritants,  Ac.  Chronic  pneumonia
sometimes succeeds the acute,  and, at others,
occurs accidentally.  It must  be managed  on
general principles.  Small bleedings, especially
locally ;  and counter-irritants  of  aU kinds are
indicated.
  Pneumonia Biliosa, P. bilious.
  Pneumonia, BiLious,Piieunio'ii!*a6i"!'o'sa,Pi!eit-
mocholo'eie.  Inflammation of the lungs, accom-
panied by gastric  fever, and not uncommonly by
typhoid symptoms ; — Pncumotyphue, Pneumdnia
typho'i'dee seu typho'dee seu typhoSa, Putrid, ty-
phoid, adynamic,  or eryeipeVatoue pneumo'nia.
  Pneumonia, Erysipelatous, P.  bilious — p.
Gangrenosa, Necropneumonia — p. Hypostatica,
Pneumonypostasis—p. Intermittens, Pneumoty-
posis—p. Lobular, see Lobular—p. Notha, Peri-
pneumonia notha—p. Pleuritis, Pleuropneumonia
— p. Putrid, P. bilious — p. Typhodes, P. bilious
— p. Typhoid, P. bilious—p. Typhosa, P. bilious,
Necropneumonia—p. Vesicular, Bronchitis, vesi-
cular.
  PNEUMONIC, Pulmonic.
  PNEUMON'ICA. Diseases affecting the lungs,
their membranes or motive power; characterized
by irregular, impeded,  or painful  respiration.
The  second  order of the class Pneumatica of
Good.
  PNEUMONIC'ULA, diminutive of pneumonia.
A slight inflammation of the lung.
  PNEUMONTCUS, Pulmonic.
  PNEUMONIE, Pneumonia—p.  Dieeiminee,
see Lobular—p. Lobulaire, see Lobular—p. Ma-
melonnie, see Lobular.
  PNEUMONIE DES AGONISANTS, Pneu-
monie  hypoetatique.  The  hyperasmic engorge-
ment, which takes place in the lungs during the
last moments  of  life, has been so  termed.  It
would seem to be hyperasmia rather than inflam-
mation.
  PNEUMONITTC, Pneumonit'icus.  Of, or be-
longing to pneumonitis, or inflammation of the
lungs.
  PNEUMONITIS, Pneumonia.
  PNEUMONOCARCINO'MA,   from  nvtvpuv,
'the  lung,' and KapKtvupa, 'cancer.'  Cancer of
the lungs.
  PNEUMONOCE'LE, from rrvtu^uii', 'the lung,'
and 107X17, 'rupture.'   Hernia of the lung.
  Pneumonoce'le  Diaphragmat'ica Inter'na.
Hernia of the lung through the diaphragm.
  Pneumonocele Exter'na  seu  Thorac"ica,
Hernia through the parietes of the chest.
  Pneumonocele Thoracica, Pn. externa.
  PNEUMONCEDEMA, ffidema of the lungs.
  PNEUMONOMELANOSIS, see Melanosis.
  PNEUMONOPHTHISIS, Phthisis pulmonalis.
  PNEUMONOPHTHOE, Phthisis pulmonalis.
  PNEUMONOPLEURESIS,   Pleuroperipneu-
mony.
  PNEUMONOPLEURITIS,   Pleuroperipneu-
mony.
  PNEUMONORRHAGIA, Hasmoptysis.
  PNEUMONORRHfEA, Hasmoptysis.
  PNEUMONOSCIR'RHUS, from nvtvuuv, 'the
lung,' and axtppos, 'induration.'  Induration of
the lungs.
  PNEUMONOSES, Pneumoses.
  PNEUMONY, Pneumonia.
  PNEUMONYPOSTASIS, Pneumo'nia  hypo-
stat'ica.  Pneumonia in a depending portion of
the lung, caused by lying on the back.
  PNEUMOPERICARDE,  Pneumo - pericar-
dium.
  PNEUMO-PERICARD'Il M,  Pneumo-peri-
cardi'tie, (F.) Pneumo-piricarde,  from  nvcvpa,
'air,' and  ntpiKapotov, 'pericardium.'  Laennec
designates,  under this name, the effusion of air
into  the cavity of the pericardium.
  PNEUMOPHTHISIS, Phthisis pulmonalis.
  PNEUMOPHYMATA, Tubercles of the lungs.
  PNEUMOPLEURESIS,Pleuroperipneumony.
  PNEUMOPTHOE, Phthisis pulmonalis.
  PNEUMORRHAGIA,  Hasmoptysis — p.  In-
terna, Hasmatothorax.
  PNEUMOSEPSIS, Necropneumonia.
  PNEUMOSES,  from  nvtvpuv, 'the lung.' A
term under which Alibert comprises every mor-
bid affection of the lungs.
  PNEUMOTHORAX,  Pneumatho'rax,  Pneu-
matotho'rax, Emphyee'ma pec'torie, Aethma a'eri-
um, A. emphyeemat'icum, Dyapnce'a pnettmat' ica,
D.  physothorac"ico, Phyeothorax,  Aerothorax,
Aeropleurie (Piorry),  from nvtvpa, 'air,'  and
Supal,  ' the thorax.' An accumlation of air in
the cavity of the pleura.  A complaint  generally
sudden  in its invasion and  fatal in its character.
In many instances, along with the  air, a liquid is
effused,—Hydropneumothorax.  The disease  may
be spontaneous and simple, but in  a large  pro-
portion  of  cases it is complicated with pleurisy
and  pulmonary  tubercles.   The signs vary ac-
cording as  there is, or is not,  a communication
between the pleura and the bronchia.  The af-
fected  side  gives  a hollow, tympanitic sound,
even where the thickness of the parietes of the
thorax is great. When  the effusion is consider-
able, the affected side is dilated, but there is no
rdle of any kind.  When a gaseous and a liquid
effusion are present at the  same time, the sound
on percussion is found to be clear at the superior
part of the  thorax, but dull  inferiorly ;  hence, by
varying  the position of the patient, and by  eon-
sequence that of the contained fluids, the seats
of the clear  and the dull  sound will be varied.
When the gaseous effusion is owing to a fistulous
communication between the pleura and bronchia,
the metallic respiration and resonance are heard;
and if there be both gaseous and liquid effusion,
with a  fistulous communication,  in addition to
these signs there is the tintement mitallique.  The
presence of liquid  can always be ascertained by
succussion.  See Emphrysema of the lungs.
  PNEUMOT'OMY, Pneumotom'ia, from  nvtv-
uuv, 'the lung,' and rtpvu, 'I cut'  Dissection
of the lungs.
  PNEOMOTYPHUS, Pneumonia, typhoid.
  PNEUMOTYPO'SIS,  Pneumo'nia  intermit'-
tens, from  nvtvpuv,  'the  lung,'  and twos, 'a
stamp,  a type.'   Pneumonia  characterized by
periodicity.
  PNEUOBIOMANTIA, Docimasia pulmonum.
   PNEUSIOBIOGNOSIS,Docimasiapulmonum.
   PNEUSIOBIOSCOPE, Docimasia pulmonum.
   PNEUSIS, Respiration—p.  Pertussis, Pertus-
sis— p. Singultus, Singultus — p.  Tussis, Tussis.
   PNEUSOMETER, Spirometer.
   PNIGALION, Incubus.
   PNIGMOS, Orthopncea,  Strangulation.
   PNIGOPHOBIA, Angina pectoris, Suffocation.
  PNIX, Orthopncea, Strangulation.
   PNOE, Aura.
   PNfHUM.   A nostrum of Dr. Samuel Hahne-
mann, the founder of the 'Homoeopathic System,'
which consisted — it is said — of borax only! 
PNOOCOLYTICUS            689                  POISON
   PNOOCOLYTICUS, Asthmatic.
   POCIIE DES EAUX, see Liquor Amnii, and
 Parturition.
   PO< K,  from Tent, pocca,  'pock  or  little
 pouch.'  A pustule of smallpox.
   Pock, Kivk, Vaccina.
   POCKFRETTEN, see Pockmark.
   POCKHOLE, Pockmark.
   POCKMARK, Pockhole, Scrobic'ulus Vari'ola,
 Cica'trix Variola.   The  mark  or pit or pitting
 left from a smallpox pustule.   One pitted with
 smallpox is said to be pockfretten.
   POCKY.  Infected with, or appertaining to,
 or resembling, smallpox or syphilis.
   POC'ULUM,  ABSINTHIATUM.   This was
 regarded, in  remote ages, as a wholesome beve-
 rage ; the absinthium, or ' wormwood,' being sup-
 posed to act as an  antidote to drunkenness.
   Poculum Amatorium,  Philter — p. Diogenis,
 Palm — p. Eineticum, Goblet, emetic.
   POD'AGRA, Podarthri'tie, Podorrheu'ma, Po-
 dol'gio, from novs, ' the foot,' and aypa, ' seizure.'
 Pain which attacks the feet.  Gout, situate in the
 articulations of the foot.   It has, also, been used
 in a more extensive signification synonymously
 with gout.
   Podagra Aberrans,  Gout,  (wandering) — p.
 Arthritis,  Gout — p. Retrograda, Gout,  (retro-
 grade.)
   PODAGRARIA, Ligusticum  podagraria— p.
 iEgopodium, Ligusticum  podagraria.
   PODACRIO,  Podai/'rieal,  Podag'ricus,  Ar-
 thrit't'ena, Art/irit'ic, Gouty, (F.) Goutteux.   Re-
 lating or belonging to gout.  Affected with gout.
   POOALGIA, Gout, Podagra.
   PODALYRIA TINCTORIA, Sophoratinctoria.
   PODANUNCEPHALIA, see Podencephalus.
   PODARTHRITIS, Podagra.
   PODARTHROC'ACE,  from  novs, 'the foot,'
 apSpov, 'an articulation,' and kokos, 'bad.' Caries
 of the articulation of the foot.
   PODENCEPIIALIA, see Podencephalus.
   PODENCEPHALUS,  Podanenceph'alus, from
 iron?, ' the foot,' and KttpaXn, ' the head.'  A mon-
 ster whose brain is placed outside the skull, and
 seems  to be supported on a pedicle, which tra-
 verses  the summit of the  skull.  This state  of
 monstrosity is termed Podanencepha' I ia, or more
 properly, Podencepha'lia.— G. St. Hilaire.
   POD EX, Anus.
   PODCE'MA; from novs, 'foot,' and  otSnpa,  'a
 swelling.'  fFdema of the foot.
   PODOL'OGY, Podolog"ia, from novs, 'the foot,'
 and  Xoyoy, 'a discourse.'  A description of  the
 foot.  A treatise  on the foot.
   PODOPHYLLUM PELTATUM, Podophyl-
 lum., Anapodophyll'um.  Canadense,  May-apple,
 Mandrake.  Family, Podophylleas.   Sex. Syet.
 Polyandria Monogynia. A common plantthrough-
 out North America.  The  fruit is  eatable, and
 esteemed by many.  The  leaves are said to  be
 poisonous.   The root or  rhizoma, Podophyllum
 (Ph. U. S.), is purgative in the dose  of 20 grains.
 It has also been used as an anthelmintic.
   Podophyllum Monta'num, Mountain May-ap-
 ple, Mandrake, Wild Lemon, Duckefoot, Raccoon
 Berry,  Yellow Berry,  Ground  Lemon, has  the
 same properties.
   PODORRIIEUMA, Podagra.
   PODOTHE'CA,  from irons, 'a foot,' and dn<v,
 'a receptacle, a sheath.'  The cuticle of the foot.
An anatomical preparation. Chirothe'ca, has been
used for the cuticle of the hand.
   POELETTE, Cup.
   POE'PnAGUS ;  from iron, or iroa, 'a plant, an
herb,' and ipayu, ' I eat'   One  who subsists on
herbs or vegetables.  The act  of subsisting  or
      44
 feeding on herbs or vegetables is called Poephag"-
 ia.  Hence Strabo calls the Irish 7ro>?0ayo£.
   POGON, Beard.
   POGONI'ASIS, Pogo'nia, from  nuyuv, 'the
 beard.'  A  female beard.  Also,  great strength
 or quantity of beard.  A female having a beard
 — Vira'go.
   POGO'NIUM, diminutive  of nuyuv,  'beard.'
 A weak or small beard.
   POHON  ANTIAR, Upas.
   POL   A favourite aliment in the Sandwich
 Islands.  It is a sort of paste made from the root
 of the Kalo—Arum esculen'tum.
   POIDS ET MESURES,  Weights and  mea-
 sur 69
   POIGNEE, Manipulus.
   POIGNET, Carpus.
   FOIL, Hair.
   POILETTE, Cup.
   POLLS, see Typha latifolia.
   POING, Fist.
   POINT, Stitch.
   Point,  Blistering.  A  name given  by Dr.
 Rush to an indeterminate period in the course of
 a continued fever, intermediate between the stages
 of high excitement  and collapse, in which blis-
 ters  will—he thought—usually  produce unequi-
 vocally good effects.   ^
   POINT DE  COTE, Pleurodynia.
  POINTS LACR YMA t/X,Lachrymalia puncta.
   POIRE, see Pyrus communis.
   POIREAU, Allium porrum.
   POIRIER, Pyrus communis.
   POIS, Pisum—p.  d Cautere, see Fonticulus —
 p. Chictie, Cicer arietinum—p.  Cultivi, Pisum—
 p. d Grafter, Dolichos pruriens—p. Patate, Doli-
 chos tuberosus.
   POISON, Phar'macon, Phar'macum, Tox'icum,
 Vene'num, Virus, Delete'rium, Venena'tion, (F.)
 Poison. A generic name for all substances which,
 when introduced into the animal economy, either
 by cutaneous absorption, respiration,  or  the di-
 gestive canal, act  in a  noxious  manner  on the
 vital properties or the texture of organs.  Hence
 we speak  of fever poison, cholera poieon,  Ae.
 Poisons exist in the  three  kingdoms of nature;
 but those  which  proceed from animals are often
 called venome, as the venom of the viper, scor-
 pion, tarantula,  Ac.; whilst  those that are the
 products of disease  have  the  name  virus.   In
 common parlance, therefore, poison  is restricted
 to deleterious articles, furnished by the  mineral
 and vegetable kingdoms.  Orfila has divided poi-
 sons into four classes.  1.  Acrid, Ir'ritating,
 Corro'sive, or Escharot'ic, such as the concen-
 trated acids and alkalies;  mercurial, arseniacal,
 cupreous,  and antimonial compounds, canthari-
 des, Ac.   2. Narcot'ic ; those that  act particu-
 larly upon the brain ; as hyoscyamus, opium, Ac,
 but without inflaming the organ with which they
 come in contact.   3.  Narcot'ico-Acrid or Acro-
 narcot'ic ;—those that act on the brain, but, at
 the same  time, irritate the  parts  to which  they
 are applied ; as aconite, belladonna, Ac.  4. Sep-
 tic or Putrescent;—those furnished by  the
 animal kingdom.  See Venom and Virus.  Va-
 rious classifications, of a similar character, have
 been recommended by different toxicologists ; but
 they are liable to the objection, that they throw
 substances together  whose  physiological ^ action
 on the system is very different.  It  is,  indeed,
 difficult to avoid  unnatural  compression of mat-
 ters into places  not properly  belonging to them,
in all such arrangements.
  The following table, which exhibits a coup d'ceil
 of the  chief poisons, with  most of the circum-
stances  of importance connected  with them,  is
not free from these objections. 
POISONS
690
POISONS
TABLE, EXHIBITING  THE  SYMPTOMS,  TREATMENT, AND  MODE  OF DETECTING
            THE VARIOUS POISONS,  MINERAL, VEGETABLE AND  ANIMAL.

               N. B. In all cases the Stomach-Pump should be used as soon as possible.

                          I.  INORGANIC   POISONS.
Poisons.
   ACIDS.

 Acetic Acid.

  Citric Acid.

Muriatic Acid.

 Nitric Acid.

Sulphuric Acid.

 Tartaric Acid.

  Oxalic Acid.
Prussic Acid.
Oil of Bitter Al-
     monds.
Laurel Water.
  The acids, generally, are
strong   corrosive poisons.
Sour, acrid taste,  burning
in the  throat, which is in-
creased by pressure, swal-
lowing, or coughing; eruc-
tation,  and  excruciating
pain in the stomach; more
or less  corrugation of the
lining   membranes  of the
mouth and prima1, vise; ex-
coriation about the mouth
or such other parts of the
skin as the acid may have
touched.  The  matter vo-
mited effervesces with  car-
bonate  of lime.  The coun-
tenance becomes glazed, ex-
tremities cold and clammy;
convulsions and death. Ni-
tric  acid occasions yellow
stains, and sulphuric acid,
black.
  Is a sedative poison; nau-
sea, giddiness, debility, hur-
ried pulse, weight anil pain
in  the  head ; eructations
having the  flavour of the
acid ;  spasms, tetanus, con-
tractile pupil; convulsions,
death.
ALKALIES and
 their SALTS.

   Ammonia,
Strong Liquor or
    Water of.

Muriate  of Am-
  monia  or  Sal
  Ammoniac.
Caustic  Potassa
  and Liquor Po-
  tassas.

Carbonate of Po-
  tassa, or Pearl
  Ash,  and Salt
  of Tartar.

Nitrate of Potas-
 sa or Saltpetre.

Sulphuret of Po-
  tassium or Li-
  ver of Sulphur.
Treatment.
Tests.
  The carbonates of soda,
potassa,  lime  and magne-
sia, are all antidotes to the
acids;  calcined  magnesia
also.  They are to be used
with the following restric-
tions ; for the  acetic, citric,
muriatic,   sulphuric,   and
tartaric acids, they may be
used indiscriminately.  For
the nitric and oxalic,  car-
bonates  of  magnesia  and
lime can alone be employed
with safety. In the case of
sulphuric acid, water should
not be drunk, on account
of the great heat which  is
produced by their  mixture.
Subsequent inflammation
to  be treated by ordinary
means.
  The carbonates of the al-
kalies and of magnesia and
lime  have  the  inconve-
nience, that a large quan-
tity of gas is  extricated in
the stomach.
  Ammonia is an antidote;
but it  should not  be  em-
ployed  in  a very concen-
trated form.  Liquid chlo-
rine has also been  found
efficacious.  The cold douche
to  the head has been  re-
commended.
  Violent,   caustic,  acrid
taste;  great heat in  the
throat, with destruction of
its lining membrane; diffi-
cult  and  painful  degluti-
tion; vomiting  of bloody
matter, which  turns  the
yellow of turmeric brown ;
acute pain in the stomach ;
cold sweats, weakness, hic-
cough; violent colic  pains,
with   purging  of  bloody
stools   and   membranous
flakes; death.
  The  nitrate  of potassa
will not manifest the effect
with turmeric paper.  The
carbonates, when vomited,
will effervesce with acids;
and  the  liver  of sulphur
will give rise to eructations
of sulphuretted hydrogen.
EARTHS   and
COMPOUNDS
Carbonate of Ba-
     ryta.

Chloride  of  Ba-
     rium.

Nitrate  of  Ba-
     ryta.
  Sulphuric acid is  known by a
white precipitate with  any salt
of baryta, insoluble in nitric acid.
  Muriatic  acid  is  known by a
white precipitate with nitrate of
silver, insoluble in  nitric acid,
which turns black by the action
of light.
  Nitric acid gives rise to orange-
coloured  fumes,  when copper  is
placed in it. and an ability  to
dissolve  gold when  mixed with
muriatic acid.
  Acetic acid exhales the odour of
vinegar.
  Citricncidblackenswhen heated.
  Tartaric acid precipitates crys-
tals, with a solution  of potassa ;
and a white precipitate is thrown
down by lime-water.
  Oxalic acid gives  a white preci-
pitate with  lime-water,  which,
when  heated, is converted into
carbonate of lime.
  Prussic acid exhales the odour
of peach-kernels; forms a white
precipirate with nitrate of silver
neutralized with an alkali, gives
a blue precipitate with  the per-
salts of iron.
  The vegetable acids, such
as vinegar,  lemon  juice,
citric and  tartaric acid in
solution  are  antidotes  to
the alkalies and their car-
bonates.   The  fixed oils,
such as jcastor, linseed, al-
mond and olive, form soaps
with the free alkalies, and
therefore destroy their caus-
tic effects.
  Poisoning by nitrate  of
potassa to be treated on ge-
neral antiphlogistic princi-
ples; mucilaginous drinks.
  Liver of sulphur  is said
to be decomposed  and neu-
tralized  by  common  salt.
The liquid;chloride of soda
will also decompose it.
  Analogous  to those  of
the corrosive metals.  Vio-
lent  burning  in  the sto-
mach,   vomiting,   gripes,
diarrhoea;  excessive  mus-
cular   debility,  headache,
convulsions, death.   Lime
differs from baryta in being
a pure irritant.
  The  alkalies  are  known  by
their action on  turmeric  paper:
restoring  the  colour  of litmus,
which has been  reddened by an
acid.

  Carbonates are known by their
effervescence with an  acid ; some
of them affect the turmeric paper.
Sal ammoniac gives out the pun-
gent odour of ammonia, when
mixed with quicklime.
  Nitrate of potassa decrepitates
and deflagrates when thrown on
hot coals.
  Liver of sulphur emits the odour
of sulphuretted hydrogen  when
dissolved,  or  when treated with
an acid.
  The  sulphates  of  soda
and magnesia are prompt
and effective antidotes to
all the poisonous salts of
baryta.  Phosphate of soda
"ill  also  counteract  their
effects.  Lime may be neu-
tralized  by  dilute   acids.
Carbonic acid, in soda-wa-
ter, effervescing draught or
yeast, it is supposed, would
answer a  good  purpose.
The fixed oils may be em-
ployed either for baryta or
lime,  when not in a  com-
pound state.
  Baryta and its salts invariably
give a white precipitate, insoluble
in acid, with a soluble sulphate,

  Lime, when dissolved, gives a
white precipitate with oxalic acid.
Also  with carbonic  acid,  or a
soluble carbonate.   The same of
baryta. 
POISONS             691
POISONS
Poisons.	Symptoms.	Treatment.	Tests.
ALCOHOL. Brandy, Wines, and all Spirit-uous Liquors.	Intoxication, and when taken very freely, complete insensibility, with apo-plexy or paralysis of one side; the countenance swol-len and of a dark-red co-lour; the breathing diffi-cult, and often stertorous, with a peculiar puffing out of the lips; the breath smells of liquor, which will dis-tinguish the symptoms from those of spontaneous apo-plexy.	A powerful emetic of white vitriol, or tartar eme-tic, should be got into the stomach as soon as possi-ble ; and if the person has lost the power of swallow-ing, a flexible catheter or tube should be the means of conveying it thither. The vomiting shculd be encou-raged as much as possible with warm water; and large and active glysters of salt and water should be thrown up. The patient should be placed erect, and if the countenance and other ap-pearances be not improved after these means have been used, the jugular vein may be opened, and cold wet cloths applied to the head, particularly if the body be hotter than natural. If the extremities become cold. warmth and friction should be perseveringly used.	
VOLATILE OILS. Creasote. Dippcl's Animal Oil. Oil of Tar. Oil of Tobacco. Oilof Turpentine. Fusel Oil.	General action, that of irritant poisons. Burning pain, vomiting, pungent taste, purging. &c. The oils of turpentine and tobacco affect the nervous system ; the peculiar odour of each oil will be manifested in the matter vomited.	Creasote is immediately coagulated by albumen Dippel's animal oil may be counteracted with dilute acids and the fixed oils. The other oils have no par-ticular antidotes, and their effects must, therefore, be counteracted upon general principles.	No better mode of recognizing these substances exists, than that derived from their peculiar odour. Dippel's oil has the pungent odour of ammonia ; creasote and oil of tar, a peculiar smell of smoke; the odour of tobacco and turpen-tine are well known; and fusel oil has a peculiar, offensive, suf-focating odour.
GASES. Carbonic Acid, or Fixed Air. Carbonic Oxide. Fumes of Burn-ing Charcoal. Chlorine. Sulphuretted Hy-drogen.	Chlorine produces, when inhaled, violent irritation of the organs of respira-tion ; cough, bloody expec-toration, inflammation of the lungs, and permanent pulmonary disease. The other gases, although pro-ducing some1 effett on the respiratory organs, act as poisons, in consequence of their sedative agency. The symptoms, therefore, are those of apoplexy, or nar-cotic poisoning.	The antidotes to chlorine are the cautious inhalation of ammonia, or sulphuret-ted hydrogen. The inflam-matory symptoms from chlorine to be treated on general principles. For the other gases, cold affusions to the head, blood-letting, artificial respiration.	Chlorine is recognized by its peculiar odour and bleaching pro-perties. Sulphuretted hydrogen, by its fetid smell, and the rapid blackening of lead. Carbonic acid, by its occasioning turbid-ness in lime-water placed in its atmosphere. Carbonic oxide, by the blue colour of its flame.
IODINE. Iodide of Potas-sium.	Irritant symptoms; burn-ing pain in the throat, lace-rating pain in the stomach, and fruitless efforts to vo-mit ; suffusion of the eyes; excessive pain and tender-ness of the epigastrium.	Iodine combines with starch, and forms an insolu-ble compound. The prompt administration of starch, wheat flour, or other vege-table matter containing fe-cula, beat up in water, is recommended. Iodide of potassium has no antidote. Vomiting should be pro-moted by draughts of warm water, and inflammation be subdued by general treat-ment.	Iodine is known by its odour, and the formation of a blue pre-cipitate, when brought in contact with a cold solution of starch. Iodide of potassium gives a crys-talline precipitate, with tartaric acid in excess. The supernatant fluid will give the blue colour to starch.
METALS. Antimony. Tartar Emetic. Chloride, or But-tcr ofAntimony. Oxide of Anti-mony.	Vomiting. If vomiting do not occur promptly, vio-lent irritant effects are produced. Burning pain in the pit of the stomach; Purging; colicky pains, sense of tightness in the throat, violent cramps; re-peated recurrence of vomit-ing.	If vomiting have not been produced, it should be brought about by tickling the fauces, and adminis-tering copious draughts of warm water. Astringent infusions, such as of galls, oak bark, Peruvian bark. act as antidotes, and should be given promptly; pow-dered yellow bark" may be used, until the infusion is prepared.	Antimony in solution is best distinguished by the peculiar orange-red precipitate, which it forms with sulphuretted hydro-gen or solutions of the hydrosul-phates. Free alkalies produce white precipitates. The muriate is known by a white precipitate, when it is poured into water. In itssolid forms, itmay be known by the formation of white fumes, when heated, which redden lit-mus. It may also be converted into chloride, and then precipi-tated by adding water.
 
POISONS
692
POISONS
    Poisons.


   Arsenic.

Arsenious  Acid,
or White Arsenic.

Orpiment, or Tel-
  low  Sulphuret
  of Arsenic.

 King's Yellow.

Realgar, or Red
  Sulphuret  of
  Arsenic.

  Fly Powder.

FowlerS Solution.

Arsenical Paste.

 Arsenical Soap.

Arsenite of Cop-
      per,
 Scheele's Oreen.
Symptoms.
  Violent burning pain in
the region of  the stomach
and bowels; tenderness on
pressure; retching: vomit-
ing; sense of  dryness  and
tightness  in  the  throat;
thirst; hoarseness and diffi-
culty of speech; the matter
vomited,  greenish  or  yel-
lowish, sometimes streaked
with blood ; diarrhoea ;  te-
nesmus; sometimes excori-
ation of the anus; urinary
organs occasionally affected
with violent burning pains
and suppression  ;  convul-
sions and cramps; clammy
sweats; lividity of the ex-
tremities; countenance col-
lapsed ; eyes red  and spar-
kling; deiirium;  death.
Treatment.
  The hydrated peroxide of
iron diffused  through wa-
ter ; or the precipitated car
bonate; or the rubigo ferri
in very fine powder, to be
administered every five or
ten minutes, until relief is
obtained.   This is particu-
larly efficacious when  the
white arsenic has been sw al-
lowed.  If the arsenic have
been  taken  in  the  form
of Fowler's Solution, lime-
water, in copious draughts,
may be given.  For either
of the other forms, emetics
of sulphate of zinc; dilu-
ents; demulcents, such  as
flaxseed  tea,  infusion  of
islippery elm, &x.  Counter-
irritants may  be used to re-
lieve the spasm, and violent
pain in the stomach. Bleed-
ing, as promoting  absorp-
tion, should  not  be  em-
ployed until the stomach is
completely evacuated.
Nitrate of Bis-
     muth.

 Pearl Powder.

Oxide of Bismuth.

    Copper.
SulphateofCopper
  Blue Vitriol.
Acetate of Copper,
   Verdigris.
Carbonate of Cop-
      per,
 Blue  Verditer.
Arsenite of Copper
 Scheele's Orcen.
Food  cooked in
 dirty copper ves-
 sels,  or  pickles
 made green by
 copper.
  Similar to those produced
from other irritant poisons.
General  inflammation  of
the whole alimentary canal;
suppression  of urine;  hic-
cough, disagreeable metal-
lic taste; vom i ti ng; cramps;
delirium: death.

  Very similar to those pro-
duced by arsenic.   Coppery
eructations and taste.  Fa-
tal cases are generally ter-
minated   by  convulsions,
palsy.insensibility.
  Milk, and sweet mucila-
ginous  drinks  are recom-
mended.  Leeches, general
bleeding;  glysters;  fomen-
tations to  be employed on
the  general  principles of
treatment for inflammatory
symptoms.

  Albumen to be adminis-
tered in either of its forms
which  can be most readily
obtained, as milk or whites
of eggs.   Vinegar should
not be given.  The inflam-
matory symptoms are to be
treated on general princi-
ples, and so of the nervous.
  If the suspected substance can
be obtained  free  from  organic
matter,  the  presence of arsenic
may readily  be shown by boiling
it in distilled water, tillering, and
testing with, 1st.   Ainnioniaco-
sulphate  of  copper,  -il. Amnio-
niaco-nilrate of silver.   (Hume's
Test)  3d. Sulphuretted  hydrogen
gas The first will produce a green
precipitate;  second, a pale yellow
precipitate; third, a bright yellow
precipitate,  if arsenic be present.
A portion of the powder, or one of
these precipitates, carefully and
thoroughly  dried,  is then  to  be
mixed with  charcoal and  exsic-
cated carbonate  of soda,  lo  be
placed in a small glass tube, closed
at one end,  and then to  be heated
to  a  red heat in the flame of a
lamp.  The arsenic will be  re-
duced, and sublime in the upper
part  of the  tube, forming a dark
crust, having considerable lustre
on  its  exterior  surface, resem-
bling polished  steel.    By  gently
heating this crust in a very small
flame, crystals of white arsenic
will  be  formed, having a high
adamantine lustre.
  If organic matter be present, it
must be  entirely destroyed,  by
heating the substance with nitro
muriatic acid. After this has been
done, and a clear, transparent so-
lution in distilled water has been
obtained, tho subsequent process
is as above indicated.  If arsenious
acid  be submitted to the  action
of  nascent  hydrogen, it is deox-
idized,  and  the metallic arsenic,
thereby obtained, combining with
hydrogen, forms arscnuretted  hy-
drogen gas.   (MarshS Test.)
  Add to a  suspected solution a
few  drops  of  pure chlorohydric
acid, and place  in it a slip of bright
copper; no  change occurs until
 the liquid is brought lo the boiling
point, when, if arsenic be present,
even in small quantity, the copper
 acquires  an iron-gray coating,
 from the deposit of that metal.
 Remove the slip of copper; wash
 it  in water, dry it and gradually
 heat it in a reduction tube, when
 arsenious  acid will  be sublimed
 in  minute  octohedral crystals.
 The  test succeeds with powdered
 arsenic,the arsenites, arsenic acid,
 the arseniates, and orpiment.  It
 will  even  separate the  arsenic
 from arsenite of copper, and from
 common lead-shot. ReinscKsTsst.

   Bismuth is known by the forma-
 tion  of a white precipitate, when
 its  solution  in nitric  acid
 poured  into water; and  by the
 formation  of a  black  precipitate
 with sulphuretted hydrogen  gas,
 and hydrosulphates in  solution.
  The presence of copper is rea-
dily  shown  in  solutions.   By
ammonia a beautiful bluish preci-
pitate  is  thrown  down, which
dissolves in  an  excess of the pre-
cipitant, and the solution has a
rich  blue  colour.  A bright iron
bar, introduced into solutions  of
copper,  occasions the separation
of the copper, in a metallic form,
which  deposits  itself  upon  the
iron. 
POISONS                     693                    POISONS
Poisons.
     Gold.

Chloride of Gold.
Fulminating
   Gold.
Sulphate of Iron,
    Copperas,
 Green Vitriol.

Chloride cf Iron.
     Lead.
 Acetate of Lead,
 Sugar of Lead.
Carbonate of Lead
   White Lead.
Red Ozide. or Red
     Lead.
    Litharge.

Wines  sweetened
    by Lead.
Water  which hoe
  been   kept  in
  Leaden vessels.
Acid food, cooked,
  or left standing
 in vessels glazed
 with Lead.

   Mercury.
Corrosive  Subli-
     mate.

Cyanide of Mer-
     cury.

Nitrate of Mer-
     cury.

IVhilePrecipitate.

Red Oxide, ox Red
   Precipitate.

Sulphate, or  Tur-
  bith Mineral.

Vcrmilion,ox Red
   Sulphuret.
    Silver.
Nitrate of Silver,
  or Lunar Caus-
  tic.
Symptoms.
  Very analogous  to those
of other irritant  poisons.
This  substance communi-
cates  a pink stain to the
flesh,  and patches of  that
colour may be found about
the lips,  and  inside the
mouth.

  Symptoms of irritant poi-
soning;  colic  pains,  con-
stant vomiting and purging.
Violent pain in the throat,
tension of the epigastrium,
coldness of the skin, and
feebleness of the pulse.
  Irritation of the alimen-
tary canal; spasm; nervous
symptoms; paralysis, either
partial or complete. When
taken  for  some time, in
small quantity, violent and
obstinate colic;  rigidity of
abdominal muscles,cramps;
remission of  pain ; obsti-
nate constipation, urine di-
minished, saliva increased;
countenance anxious  and
gloomy.   If relief be not
promptly  obtained,  giddi-
ness, debility, torpor, coma,
convulsions and death.  The
paralysis affects generally
the upper extremities.

  Violent symptoms of irri-
tant poisoning;  harsh me-
tallicastringenttaste; burn-
ing pain in the  stomach;
vomiting and purging fre-
quently of bloody matter;
often  irritation of the uri-
nary organs, and sometimes
suppression  ; tightness and
burning in the throat,occa-
sionally so great as to pre-
vent  speech;  countenance
not always  pale, but some-
times flushed; tendency to
doze;  stupor, convulsions
and death.
      Tin.
 Chloride of Tin.
Solution  of Tin,
 used by Dyers.
Oxide of Tin, or
 Putty Powder.

     Zinc

 Oxids of Zinc.

Sulphate ef Zinc,
  White Vitriol.

 Acetate cf Zinc.
Treatment.
  The salts of gold are de-
composed  by sulphate  of
iron ;  and  this  has, there-
fore, been recommended as
an antidote. Inflammatory
symptoms to be treated on
general principles.
  Carbonate of soda would
be a  most excellent  anti-
dote  to   either  of these
substances.   Mucilaginous
drinks might  also  be  em-
ployed; and particular symp-
toms  relieved  by general
treatment.

  Sulphate of magnesia and
phosphate of soda are both
good antidotes for the  solu-
ble salts  of lead.  For the
solid forms, dilute sulphuric
acid may be drunk.  These
are applicable  to the  irri-
tant forms of poisoning by
lead.   In  the chronic form,
or colica pictonum, purga-
tives  and anodynes are re-
sorted to; venesection  ; and
external applications to re-
lieve the  cramps. The use
of strychnia isrecommended
for the paralysis.
  Albumen, in some form,
must be promptly adminis-
tered ; either white of eggs
beaten up with water, milk,
or wheat flour beaten up.
The inflammatory  symp-
toms to be  counteracted by
the usual  means.   Gold,
finely mixed in dust, with
fine iron  filings. (?)
                                                      The free alkalies differ in their
                                                     precipitates from solutions of mer-
                                                     cury.  Potassa gives, with corro-
                                                     sive sublimate, a yellowish one ;
                                                     ammonia, a white; lime-water,an
                                                     orange;  and sulphuretted  hydro-
                                                     gen, a black.  If a drop of the so-
                                                     lution be placed on a  piece of
                                                     gold, and touched with a knife or
                                                     key, the mercury will be reduced,
                                                     which amalgamates with the gold,
                                                     producing a white spot.  The ni
                                                     trate  of mercury gives a black
                                                     precipitate with the free alkalies.
                                                     All the solid forms of mercury are
                                                     volatile, and may be reduced by
                                                     heating  them in a glass tube with
                                                     charcoal and carbonate of soda,
                                                     when the metallic mercury will
                                                     sublime, and may be collected in
                                                     a globule.

                                                      Nitrate of silver is distinguished
                                                     by the formation of a white pre-
                                                     cipitate, insoluble in nitric acid,
                                                     with chloride of sodium;  a gray
                                                     precipitate with ammonia, which
                                                     is redissolved in an excess of am-
                                                     monia;  yellow precipitate with
                                                     phosphate of soda.  The precipi-
                                                     tate of chloride of silver, obtained
                                                     by adding muriate of soda to the
                                                     nitrate  of  silver,  is readily re-
                                                     duced, and the metallic silver ob-
                                                     tained, by mixing  it with dilute
                                                     sulphuric acid and granulated zinc.

                                                      The chloride  precipitates vege-
                                                     table colouring matter; also albu-
                                                     men and gelatin. The white oxide
                                                     is precipitated from its solution by
                                                     free alkalies;  with  sulphuretted
                                                     hydrogen gas, a brown precipitate.

  Violent vomiting ;astrin-   The vomiting may be re-   A white precipitate is thrown
gent taste,  burning pain in  lieved by copious draughts  down by the  free  alkalies from
the stomach;  pale counte-  of warm water.  Carbonate  the  soluble salts  of zinc, which
nance;  cold  extremities;  of soda, administered in so-  becomes yellow when  strongly
dull eyes;  fluttering pulse,  lntion, will decompose  the  heated—recovering its  white co-
Death  seldom ensues, in  sulphate of zinc.  Milk and  lour  on cooling.   Sulphuretted
consequence of the emetic  albumen also act as  anti-  hydrogen occasions a white pre-
effects.                     dotes.   General principles,  cipitate.
                           to be observed in the subse-
                           quent  treatment.       ___________________________________
  Those  of other irritant   Chloride  of sodium,  or
poisons.                   common salt, immediately
                          decomposes this substance,
                          and destroys  its  activity.
                          Antiphlogistic treatment is
                          to  be employed for the in-
                          flammatory symptoms.
  The same as those from   Milk to be given copious
other irritant  poisons, and ly,   and   the  subsequent
a peculiar tanned appear- treatment  to  be  regulated
ance of the villous coat of by the symptoms.
the stomach.
Tests.
  Chloride of gold is very readily
decomposed, and the gold  sepa-
rated in a metallic state.  Proto-
sulphate of iron, nitrate of silver
and protochloride of tin, all an-
swer this purpose.  The precipi-
tated powder will be found insolu-
ble, except in nitro-muriatic acid.

  Iron is recognised by a bluish-
black  precipitate, with  tincture
of galls; rich blue, with prussiate
of potassa; and a  greenish or
reddish precipitate, with the free
alkalies or their carbonates.
  Soluble  salts of  lead  yield  a
white precipitate with sulphates
and carbonates in solution. Salts
of chromic acid and iodide of po-
tassium occasion a yellow preci-
pitate.  Sulphuretted  hydrogen,
a black precipitate.  If solid, the
lead may  be  converted   into  a
state of solution by nitric acid,
and the dilute solution be tested
as above. 
POISONS                    694
POISONS
Poisons.	Symptoms.	Treatment.	■ Tests.
PHOSPHORUS.	Symptoms of irritant poi-soning; pain in the stomach and bowels; vomiting,diar-rhoea, tenderness and ten-sion of the abdomen.	An emetic to be prompt-ly administered; copious draughts containing mag-nesia in suspension ; muci-laginous drinks; general treatment for inflammatory symptoms.	Phosphorus is known by its ready inflammability, luminous-ness at ordinary temperatures, and alliaceous odour.
GLASS, or ENA-MEL.	If taken in very coarse powder, it produces irrita-tion and inflammation of the bowels.	Large quantities of crumb of bread should be eaten, to envelop the particles. (?) An emetic of sulphate of zinc should then be given, and vomiting be promoted by demulcent drinks.	
II.  ORGANIC   POISONS,
   I. VEGETABLEPOISONS.
Irritant Poisons.
Anemone Pulsatilla.  Wind Flower.
Arum maculatum.  Wake Robin.
Bryonia dioica.  Bryony.
Caladium seguinium.  Dumbcane.
Calla palustris.  Water Arum.
Caltha palustris.  Marsh Marigold.
Chelidonium majus.  Celandine.
Clematis vitalba.  Virgin Bower.
Convolvulus jalapa.  jalap.
Convolvulus scammonia.  Scammony.
Croton tiglium.  Purging Croton.
Cucumis  colocynthis.  Colocynth.
Cyclamen Europaum.  Sow Bread.
Daphne gnidium.  Spurge Flax.
Daphne mezereum.  Mezereon.
Delphinium staphisagria.  Stavesacre.
Dioica palustris.  Swamp leather-wood.
Equisetum hyemale.  Scourgrass.
Euphorbia  officinarum.    Euphorbium.
  Spurge.
Gratiola  officinalis.  Hedge Hyssop.
Hippoinane mancinella.  Manchineel.
Hura crepitans.  Sand Box.
HydrocotyleDK/^aris. Marsh Pennywort.
Jatropha curcas,  Indian Nut.
Jatropha manihot.  Cassada.
Juniperus sabina.  Savin (oil of).
Juniperus Virginiana. Bed Cedar (oil of.)
Momordica elaterium.   Squirting Cu-
  cumber.
Narcissus pseudo-narcissus.  Daffodil.
Pastinax sativa.  Common Parsnep.
Pedicularis palustris.  Marsh Lousewort.
Phytolacca decavdra.   Poke.
Piper cubeba.  Cubebs.
Plumbago Europma.  Toothwort.
Ranunculus  acris, and  other species.
  Crowfoot.
Rhododendron chrysanthemum. Oleander.
Ricinus communis.  Castor Oil Plant.
Sambucus ebulus.  Elder.
Sedum acre.   Stone Crop.
Stalagmitis cambogioides.  Gamboge.
Tanacetum vulgare.  Tansy (oil of.)

         ACRO-NARCOTIC.
iEthusa  cynapium.   Common  Fool's
  Parsley.
Aconitum napellus.  Monkshood.
Agaricus, five species. Mushrooms (poi-
  sonous).
Amanita muscaria. Truffles (poisonous).
Anagallis arvensis. Meadow Pimpernel.
Anda Gomesii.
Apocynum androsmmifolium. Dogsbane.
Aristolochia clematitis.  Birthwort.
Arnica montana.  Leopard's bane.
Asclepias Syriaca.  Swallowwort.
Atropa belladonna.  Deadly Night Shade.
iEsculus  Ohioensis.  Buckeye.
Brucea antidysenterica.  False Angus-
  tura Bark.
Cerbera,  three species.  Ccrbera.
Chserophyllum sylvestre.  Bastard  Hem-
  lock.
Symptoms.
  The general effects of this
class of vegetable poisons
are; — an  acrid  pungent
taste, with more or less of
bitterness, excessive heat,
great dryness of the mouth
and throat, with  sense of
tightness there ; violent vo-
miting,  the  efforts  being
continued  even  after the
stomach is emptied ; purg-
ing, with great pain in the
stomach and bowels ; pulse
strong, frequent, and regu-
lar; breathing often quick
and difficult; appearances
of intoxication; the pupil of
the eye frequently dilated,
insensibility    resembling
death; the pulse becomes
slow and loses its force, and
death closes the scene.
  If  applied   externally,
many of them produce vio-
lent  inflammation  of the
skin,  with vesications  or
eruptions of pustules.
Treatment.
  If vomiting have been occasioned by
the poison, and the efforts are still con-
tinued, they may be  rendered easier by
large draughts of warm water, or thin
gruel; but if symptoms of insensibility
have come  on without  vomiting,  it
ought to be immediately excited by the
sulphate of zinc, or  some other active
emetic substance, and  after its opera-
tion a sharp purgative should lie given
After as much as possible of the poison
is got rid of, a very  strong infusion  of
coffee, or vinegar diluted with water,
may be given with  advantage.  Cam-
phor mixture with ether may be taken
frequently, and if insensibility be con-
siderable, warmth, frictions, and blis-
ters, may be employed.   If inflamma-
tion or other dangerous consequences
have been  induced,  they are to  be
treated upon general principles.
  The fruit of Feuillea Cordifolia has
been recommended  as a powerful an-
tidote against  vegetable  poisons;  it
is  to be  used in as  recent a state as
possible.  (?)
  N. B.  Bromine, chlorine, and iodine
are said  to be  antidotes to the alka-
loids generally. 
POISONS                     695                   POISONS
Irritant Poisons.
 Chaillotia toiicana.  Ratbane.
 Chenopodium murale.  Wormseed.
 Cicuta maculata.  American Hemlock.
 cii-uta viroin.  Water Hemlock.
 Cissus.  Cissus.
 Cocculus Indicus.  Fish berries.
 Colrhicuiu autumnale.  Meadow saffron.
 Conium maculatum.   Hemlock.
 Corinria unjrtifolia.   Myrtle-leaved Su-
   mach.
 Curare.  Indian War Poison.
 Cynnnchiini erectum.  Cynanchum.
 Cytisiis laburnum.   Laburnum.
 Datura stramonium.   Thorn  Apple.
 Digitalis purpurea.  Foxglove.
 Ergot.  See Secale.
 Ervum ervilia.  Bitter Vetch.
 Gaultheria  procumbens.   VVintergreen
   (oil  of).
 Hir-manthus toxicarius.
 Helleborus niger.  Black Hellebore.
 Hypophyllum  sanguinaria.   Paddock
   Stool.
 Ipecacuanha.  Ipecacuanha.
 Lathyrus cicera.  Lnthyrus.
 Laurus camphora.  Camphor.
 Lobelia infiata,  Indian Tobacco.
 F.oliuui temulentum.   Darnel.
 Melia azederach.  Pride of China.
 Mercurialis perennis.   Mountain Mer-
   cury.
 Nenim oleander.  Common Oleander.
 Nicotiana tabacum.  Tobacco.
 CEiianthe crocata.  Hemlock Dropwort.
iPassiflora quadrangularis.  Barbadine.
i Fisridin crythrina.  Jamaica Dogwood.
I Polygala venenosa (of Java).
1 Rhus radicans.  Poison Vine.
 Rhus toxicodendron.  Poison oak, or Su-
   mach.
 Robinia pseudo-acacia.  Locust Tree.
 Ruta graveolens.  Rue.
 Sanguinaria Canadensis.  Blood Root.
 Scilla  maritima.  Squill.  Sea Onion.
 Secale cornutum..  Ergot.   Spurred Rye.
 Sium  latifolium.   Procumbent  Water
   Parsnep.
 Spigelia Marilandica.  Pink  Root.
 Stryrhnos Ignat.ii.  St. Ignatius's Bean.
 Strychnos nux vomica.  Nux  vomica.
 Svmplocarpus/aVi'da.  Skunk Cabbage.
 Ticnnas  Extract of various  plants —
   South America.
 Tieute.  Upas Tieuti.   Tree of Java.
 Triticum Ilybemum.  Wheat (diseased.)
 I'pas antiar.  Tree in  Java.
 Veratrum album.  While Hellebore.
 Veratrum viride.  American Hellebore.
 Woorara.  War Poison of Guiana.
 Zea mays.   Maize (diseased).

             NARCOTIC.
 Arta>a spicata.  Baneberry.
 Amygdalus communis.  Bitter Almond.
 Amygdalus Persica.   Peach.
 Gelseminum nitidum. Yellow Jessamine.
 Helonias erythrosperma.  Fly Poison.
 Hyoscyamus albus.  White Henbane.
 Hyosryamus niger.  Black Henbane.
 Kalmia latifolia.   Mountain  Ivy.
 Lactuca rirosa. Strong-scented Lettuce.
 Opium, and its proximate principles.
 Papaver somniferum.  Poppy.
 Paris quadrifolia.  Herb Paris,
 Prunus Caroliniana.  Wild Orange.
 Prunus Ittttrocerasus.  Cherry Laurel.
 Prunus nigra.  Black Cherry.
 Prunus puilus. Cluster Cherry.
 Prunus Virginiana.  Wild Cherry.
 Solanum dulcamara.  Bitter-sweet.
 Sorbus acuparia.  Mountain Ash.
 Taxus baccata.  Yew.
     POISOXOCS MCSHROOMS.
Agaricus mnscarius.   Fly Agaric.
Agaricus piperattts.  Pepper Agaric.
Agaricus iterator.  Deadly Agaric.
Agaricus bulliosus.  Bulbous Agaric.
Agaricus chantarellus.  Champignon.
Symptoms.
The  narcotic  vegetable
poisons,  if taken into the
stomach  or applied  to  a
wound, occasion the follow-
ing effects:—stupor; numb-
ness; heaviness in the head;
desire  to vomit,  slight at
first, but afterwards insup-
portable; a sort of intoxi-
cation, stupid air, pupil of
the eye dilated; furious or
lively  delirium, sometimes
pain;  convulsions of dif-
ferent parts of the body, or
palsy of the  limbs.   The
pulse  is variable, but  at
first generally strong and
full; the breathing is quick,
and there is great anxiety
and dejection, which,  if not
speedily relieved, soon ends
in death.
  Nausea, heat,  and pain
in the stomach and bowels,
with vomiting and purging.
Treatment.
  The stomach to be effectually evacu-
ated, by giving four or five grains of
tartar emetic, or from ten to twenty
of the sulphate of zinc, repeated every
quarter of an hour, till the full effect is
produced. These means may be assisted
by tickling the throat with a feather or
the finger.   Large and strong glysters
of soap dissolved in water, or of salt
and gruel,  should be speedily adminis-
tered, to clear the bowels, and assist in
getting rid of the poison;  and active
purgatives  may be given after the vo-
miting has ceased.  When as much as
possible  of the  poison  has been  ex-
pelled, the  patient  may drink, alter-
nately, a tea-cupful of strong hot infu-
sion of coffee, and vinegar diluted with
water.   If the drowsiness, which  is
sometimes  extreme, and the  insensi-
bility bordering  on  apoplexy, be not
remedied by these means, blood may be
taken from the jugular vein, blisters
may be applied to the neck and legs,
and the attention  be roused by every
means  possible.  If the  heat declines,
warmth and frictions must be perse-
veringly used.  Vegetable acids are on
no account  to be given before  the poi-
son is expelled, and  it is desirable that
but little fluid of any kind should be
administered.
  N. B. Bromine, chlorine,  and iodine
are said to be antidotes to the alkaloids
generally
                            The stomach and bowels to be cleared
                          by an emetic of tartarized  antimony,
                          followed by frequent doses of Glauber's
thirst;  convulsions, "and  or Epsom salt, and  large, stimulating
faintings; pulse small and j glysters.  After the poison is evacuated,
frequent; delirium ; dilated ! ether may be administered,  with small 
POISONS             696             POISONS             •
Poisons.	Symptoms.	Treatment.
	pupil, and stupor; cold sweats, and death. Poisonous mushrooms may be distinguished from the edible by their botanical characters, and by the fol-lowing criteria. The for-mer grow in wet, shady places, have a nauseous odour; are softer, more open, and porous; have a dirty-looking surface, some-times a gaudy colour, or many very distinct hues, particularly if they have been coveted with an enve-lope ; they have soft, bul-bous stalks, grow rapidly, and corrupt very quickly.	quantities of brandy and water; but if inflammatory symptoms manifest themselves, such stimuli should be omitted, and other appropriate means be had recourse to.
2. ANIMAL  POISONS."
	Symptoms.	Treatment.
POISONOUS FISH. Balistes monoceros. Old wife. Cancer astacus. Crawfish. Cancer ruricolus. Land Crab. Clupea thryssa. Yellow-billed Sprat. Coracinus/useusraay'or. Gray Snapper. Coracinus minor. Hyne. Coryphaena splendens. Dolphin. Mormyra. Blue Parrot Fish. Munena major. Conger Eel. Mytilus edulis. Mussel. Ostracion^tooeMum. SmoothBottleFish, Perca major. Barracuda. Perca venenosa. Grooper. Perca venenata. Rock Fish. Physalia. Portuguese Man of War. Scomber cxruleus. Spanish Mackerel. Scomber maximus. King Fish. Scomber thynnus. Bonetta. Sparus chrysops. Porgee. Tetrodon sccleratus. Tunny. Tetrodon ocellatus. Blower.	In an hour or two, or often in a much shorter time, after the fish has been eaten, a weight at the stomach comes on, with slight vertigo and headache, sense of heat about the head and eyes, considerable thirst, and often an erup-tion of the skin (urticaria), and in many cases death.	An emetic should be speedily adminis-tered, or, in the absence of it, vomiting may be excited, by tickling the throat with the finger, and taking large draughts of warm water. After full vo-miting, an active purgative should be given, to remove any of the noxious matter that may have found its way into the intestines. Vinegar and water may be drunk after the above remedies have operated, and the body may be sponged with the same. Water, made very sweet with sugar, to which ether may be added, may be drunk freely as a corrective, and a very weak solution of alkali has been recommended to obviate the effects of the poison. If spasm ensue; after evacuations, laudanum, in considerable doses, is necessary. If in-flammation should occur, the usual means of removing it must be employed.
POISONOUS SERPENTS. Boa crotaloides. Copperhead. Cenchris mockeson. Mockeson. Cerastes nasicomis. Horned Viper of Western Africa. Coluber berus. Viper. Coluber prester. Black Viper. Crotalus, (5 species.) Rattle Snake. Scytale piscivorus. Water Viper.	A sharp pain in the wounded part, which soon extends over the limb or body; great swelling, at first hard and pale, then reddish, livid, and gangre-nous in appearance ; faint-ings, vomitings, convul-sions, and sometimes jaun-dice; pulse small, frequent, and irregular; breathing difficult, cold sweats, the sight fails, and the intel-lectual faculties are de-ranged. Inflammation,and often extensive suppura-tion and gangrene, followed by death.	A cupping-glass to be applied over the wound, or a moderately tight ligature above the bites, and the wound left to bleed after being well washed with warm water; the actual cautery, lunar caustic, or butter of antimony, to be then applied freely to it, and afterwards covered with lint, dipped in equal parts of olive oil and spirit of hartshorn. The ligature to be removed if the inflammation be consi-derable. Warm, diluting drinks, and small doses of ammonia or hartshorn, to cause perspiration ; the patient to be well covered in bed,and a little warm wine given occasionally. If gangrene be threat-ened, wine may be given more freely, and the bark should be had recourse to. Arse-nic, the principal ingredient in the Tan-jore Pill, has been strongly recommended.
CANTHARIS VESICATORIA. Spanish, or Blistering Fly. Lytta vittata. Potato Fly.	Nauseous odour of the breath; acrid taste; burn-ing heal in the throat, sto-mach, and abdomen; fre-quent vomitings, often bloody, with copious bloody stools; excruciating pain in the stomach ; painful and obstinate priapism, with heat in the bladder, and strangury or retention of urine; frightful convul-sions, delirium and death.	Vomiting to be excited by drinking sweet oil, sugar and water, milk, or lin-seed tea, very freely. Emollient glys-ters should be administered, and if symptoms of inflammation of the sto-mach, kidney, or bladder supervene, they must be subdued by appropriate treatment. Camphor dissolved in oil may be rubbed over the belly and the tljighs.
VENOMOUS INSECTS. Tarantula. Scorpio. Scorpion. Vespa crabro. Hornet. Vespa vulgaris. Wasp. Apis mellifica. Bee. Culex pipiens. Gnat. 03strus bovis. Gad-fly.	In general, the sting of these insects occasions only a slight degiee of pain and swelling; but occasionally the symptoms are more vio-lent, and sickness and fever are produced by the inten-sity of the pain.	Hartshorn and oil may be rubbed on the affected part, and a piece of rag, moistened in the same, or in salt and water, may be kept upon it till the pain is removed. A few drops of hartshorn may be given frequently in a little water, and a glass or two of wine may be taken. The sting may, in general, be removed by making strong pressure around it with the barrel of a small watch-key.
 
POISON
697
POLIUM
SALIVA OF THE RABID DOG.
Symptoms.
  At an uncertain interval
after the bile, generally,
however,   between   the
twentieth day and three or
four months, pain or unea-
siness occurs in the bitten
part, though  the  wound
may have been long healed.
Anxiety,  uneasiness, lan-
guor, spasms, horror, dis-
turbed sleep, difficult respi-
ration  succeed,  and  are
soon very much increased ;
violent convulsions affect
the whole body, hideously
distorting the muscles  of
the face;  the eyes are red
and protruded, the tongue
swells and often hangs out,
and viscid saliva flows from
the mouth; there is pain in
the stomach, with bilious
vomitings,a horror of fluids,
and impossibility of drink-
ing them.  All these symp-
toms are aggravated till the
sufferer is relieved by death.
  Hydrophobia is more easily prevented
than cured; indeed, it is doubted whe-
ther it ever has been cured.  Mercury,
arsenic,  opium, musk, camphor, acids,
wine, vegetable and mineral alkali, oil,
various  herbs,  and many  other reme-
dies  whose effects are quite opposite,
have been employed, but none can be
relied on.   Large blood-lettings, the
warm and cold bath, and almost every
other  remedial  agent, have been tried
without  success.
  The bitten part should be completely
cut out,  even after it has healed, if the
symptoms have  not yet come on ; the
part should then be immersed in warm
water, or be washed with it as long as it
will  bleed,  and, after the most perse-
vering ablution, caustic should  be ap-
plied  to every part of the surface, and
then the wound covered with a poultice,
and suffered to heal by granulation.
  No milder discipline can ensure safety.
  The most energetic poisons are used therapeu-
tically, and often with considerable  advantage.
They have,  of course, to be administered  in  ex-
tremely small  doses;  to avoid producing poi-
soning.
  Poison, Arrow, see Arrow poison—p. Sausage,
Allantotoxicum.
  POISON-BERRY TREE, Melia azedarach—
p. Italian, Liquor  arsenicalis—p. Morbid, Virus
—p. Oak,  Rhus toxicodendron — p. Root, Cicuta
maculata — p. Vegetable, Upas — p. Vine, Rhus
radicans.
  POISONING, Venefic"ium, Toxica'tio, Intoxi-
ca'tio, Entojcia'mua, Entoxiria'mua, Pharmacei'a,
Malefic"ium, Venena'tion, (F.) Empoisonnement,
Intoxication.  The art of applying a  poisonous
substance to any of the textures in a dose capa-
ble of occasioning more or less  serious  symp-
toms.  Rigorously speaking, therefore, if  a phy-
sician, in treating any case, employs a deleterious
medicine in a small dose, which, owing to parti-
cular circumstances, produces unpleasant symp-
toms,  he  may  be said  to  have poisoned.  The
term is, however, generally restricted to poison-
ing by design.
  Poisoning has also been used, by a few, to  de-
note the series  of symptoms  resembling those
produced by certain poisons, which occasionally
follow the use of substances that are generally
innoxious.  Overloading the stomach with indi-
gestible food, has, for example, given occasion to
symptoms resembling  those produced by a nar-
cotic poison, and the effect has been termed poi-
soning.
  Secret poisoning was, at one time, practised as
an  art. It  consisted in administering medicines,
which should act as slow poisons, and gradually
undermine the strength and life.  Its agency was
far from being so  extensive as was imagined.
  POI'SOXOUS,  Tox'ieol,  Nox'ius; having the
qualities of a poison.
  POISONS,  ACRO-NARCOTIC, P.  narcotico-
acrid—p. Corrosive, P. acrid—p. Escharotic, P.
acrid — p. Irritating, P. acrid—p. Putrescent, P.
septic.
  POITRINAIRR, Phthisicus.
  POITRINE. Thorax.
  POIVRE D'EAU,  Polygonum hydropiper—
p. de Guinie, Capsicum annuum—p.d'Inde, Cap-
sicum annuum—-p. de'Jamaique, see  Myrtus pi-
menta—p.  Long, Piper longum—p. Noir,  Piper
nigrum—p. Petit, Vitex —p. d Queue, Piper cu-
beba—p. Sauvage, Vitex.
  POIX BLANCHE,  see  Pinus abies— p.  de
Bourgogne, see Pinus abies—p. Grasse, see  Pinus
abies—p. Jaune, see Pinus  abies—p. Minimle,
Pissasphaltum—p. Novate, see Pinus sylvestris
—p. Noire, see Pinus sylvestris.
  POKE, Phytolacca decandra—p. Indian, Ve-
ratrum viride—p. Stink, Dracontium fcetidum—
p. Weed, Phytolacca decandra, Veratrum viride.
  POLANISTA GRA'VEOLENS, Clammy weed,
Stinkweed,  Wormweed,  Clammy Mustard,  False
muatard.  An  indigenous plant,  Nat. Ord. Cap-
paridea?; Sex. Syst. Dodecandria Monogynia—
which blossoms in summer, and is found in every
part of North America.  To  the whole plant have
been ascribed anthelmintic properties.
  POLECAT WEED, Dracontium  fcetidum.
  POLEMO'NIUM  REPTANS, Falae Jacob's
Ladder,  Greek  Vale'rian,  Sireat-root.   Order,
Polemoniaceae; indigenous, flowering  in  May;
has been used as a diaphoretic and  expectorant.
  POLENTA, Alphiton.
  POLES,  Chalaza?.
  POLEY  MOUNTAIN, OF CANDY, Teucrium
Creticum—p. Mountain of Montpelier, Teucrium
capitatum.
  POLIATER, from iroAij, 'a town,' and tarpos, 'a
physician.'  A physician exercising his profession
in a town, by the appointment of the government.
— Castelli.
  POLICE', MED'ICAL, Politi'a med'ica, Poli-
tobiotherapi'a,  Mcdici'na polit'ica, State med'i-
cine,  Polit'ica! medicine.   Hygienic rules  estab-
lished, or to be established,  for the prevention of
disease, and to contribute to the progress of me-
dicine.   The salubrity of districts, especially dur-
ing the existence of spreading disease, is greatly
ensured by an efficient medical police.
  POLICLIN'ICA,  from iroA<f,  'a  town,' and
K\tvn, 'a bed.'  Treatment of  diseases in a town.
  POLIO'SIS, Tricho'sis polio'sis, Spilo'aia poli-
o'aia, Canit"ica.  Hair prematurely gray or hoary.
The state of becoming gray.
  POLITIA MEDICA, Police, medical.
  POLITOBIOTHERAPIA,  Police, medical.
  POLIUM   CAPITATUM,  Teucrium   capi.
tatum. 
POLIUM
698
POLYCONUM
  POLIUM CRETICUM:, Teucrium Creticum—
p. Montanum, Teucrium capitaturn.
  POLLEX,  (L.)  Pollen, Pollia,  jioXij,  'dust,'
The fecundating dust contained in the anthers of
flowers, which is dispersed on the stigma.
  POLLEX, An'ticheir, Prom'anus, Dig"itus pri-
mus  seu magnua,  from  pollcre,  ' to have much
strength.'  (F.) Pouce.  The first of the fingers
in size and strength.  It is asserted that the term
poltrooh is  derived from Pol'lice  truncdto ;—the
Romans who were desirous of being exempted
from military service being accustomed to cut off
the thumb, and thus render themselves unfit to
handle arms.
   Pollex, see Digitus.
   Pollex  Pedis, Hollua, Hallux. The great toe.
   POLLINC'TOR, Pollinc'ter, (L.) In antiquity,
an anointer, dresser, or embalmer of the dead.
   POLLINCTURA, Embalming.
   POLLIS, Pollen.
   POLLOD'IC, Pollod'icua; from no\vg, 'many,'
and 'ooos, 'a way.'  An  epithet proposed by Dr.
Marshall Hall for a course of nervous action pro-
ceeding  from one point in many directions to
every other.
   POLLOM, LITTLE, Polygala paucifolia.
   POLLU'TION, Pollu'tio,  from polluo,  'I pro-
fane.'   The excretion of  the  seminal  liquor or
sperm at other times than during coition.  When
occasioned by a voluntary act,  it is called simply
Pollution or Moaturbation;  when excited during
sleep,  by lascivious  dreams, it  takes the name
Nocturnal  pollution,  Exoneiro'aie,  Oneirog'moa,
 Oneirog'onoa,  Oneirogonorrhee'a, Exoneirog'mua,
Spermotoclem'inn,  Spermotoclep'eia, Spermotolep)'-
si's, Sperinotolip'aia, Gonorrhiea dormien'tium, G.
oneirog'onoa, G. vera, G. libidino'sa, Proflu'vium
sem'inia, Spermatorrhea'a, Paronir'ia salax, Night
pollution, (F.) Pollution involontaire.
   POLLUTION INVOLONTAIRE,  Pollution
—p. Nocturnal, Pollution—p. Self, Masturbation
■—p. Voluntary, Masturbation.
   POLY, Polys, 7roAus, 'many, full.'  Hence:
   POLYACTIUM TRISTE, Pelargonium triste.
   POLY^MIA, Plethora.
   POLYiEMIC, Plethoric.
   POLYyEMICUS, Plethoric.
   POLYANHiEMIA, Anaamia.
   POLYANHEMIE, Anasmia.
 . POLYANTH'ES  TUBERO'SA, Amarucachu.
The root is cut into slips and laid upon the bites
of serpents by the Peruvian Indians.
   POLYBLEN'NIA, from  ttoAu?, 'much,'  and
p\iwa, ' mucus.'   Excessive secretion of mucus.
   POLYBREPHIA, Pregnancy, complex.
   POLYCARP'iE, from ttoAuj, ' many,' and  Kap-
ttos, 'fruit.'  A division of cutaneous diseases of
the family Eczematosen, of Fuchs,  including
Psoriasis, Lichen,  Herpes, and Impetigo.
   POLY'CERAS, from iroAti?,  'many,' and Ktpaq,
 ' horn.'  A monstrous animal having many horns.
— Gurlt.
   POLYCHO'LIA,  Pericho'lia,  Hyper■cho'lia,
from ito\vc,' much,' and  xo^n,' bile.'  Superabun-
dance of bile; such as is supposed to exist in
bilious fevers.
   POLYCHREST'US,  from ™Auy, 'much,'  and
Xpnoroc, 'useful.'   Having  many virtues.   An
ancient name for certain medicines considered to
be useful in many diseases.
   POLYCHRONIUS, Chronic.
   POLYCHY'LIA, from iroAus, 'much,' and ^uAoj,
 'juice.'  Pejlychy'mia.  Fulness of juices.
   POLYCHYMIA,  Polychylia—p. Sanguinea,
 Plethora.
   POLYCLIN'ICA, from  iroXvs, 'much,'  and
kAiv>7, 'bed.'  Provided with many beds;—as an
hospital.
  POLYCOR'IA, from rroAvj, and Kopn, ' the pu-
pil.'   The state in which there is more than one
pupil.—Von Ammon.
  POLY CYE'SIA,Polycye'sis, from iroAuf, 'many,'
and Kvnatc, 'pregnancy.' Frequent or quickly re-
curring pregnancies :  also, compound pregnancy.
  POLYDAC'TYLUS,  Perieeodac' tylue,  from
iroAuf, ' many,' and <5a<cruAo5, ' a finger.'  One who
has a supernumerary finger or fingers, or toes.
  POLYDIPSIA, from ttoAuj, 'much,' and SixPn,
'thirst;'  Sitia morbo'aa seu inten'sa, Polyjm'aia,
Dipao'ais avens, Euceaaive thirst, (F.) Soif exces-
sive.  A constant desire for drinking, with a sense
of dryness in the mouth and throat.  It is mostly
symptomatic of fever,  inflammation, dropsy, ex-
cessive discharges, &c, and is so much a part of
diabetes, that it has been called Polydipsia.
  POLYG'ALA, from 7roAuj, 'much,' and yaAa,
'milk ;' P. vulga'ria, Common Milkwort.  Family,
Rhinanthoideae.  Sex. Syat. Diadelphia Octandria.
The leaves  are bitter, and are used in the same
cases as the polygala amara.
  Polygala Ama'ra, P. omarel'la seu vulga'ris,
Bitter 31 ilk wort.   A powerful bitter; and, conse-
quently, tonic.  Its reputed virtues are balsamic,
demulcent, and corroborant.  The Polygala ru-
bel'la, or Bitter Polygala of the United States,
has the same virtues.
  Polygala Amarella,  P. amara — p. Bitter,
see P. amara—p. Grandiflora, P. senega.
  POLYG'ALA Paucifo'liA,  Triclieper'ma gran-
diflo'ra,  Dwarf Milkwort, Little Pollom,  Errr-
(jreen  Snakeroot,  (¥.) Po/ygale naine, possesses
the same properties as P. Senega.
  Polyg'ala Sen'ega, P. Virginia'na seu gran-
diflo'ra, Sen'eka,  Rattlesnake  Milkwort,  Senega
or Rattlesnake root, (F.) Polygule de Virginie ou
de Seneka.  The bark is the active  part of the
root.  Its  taste is at first acrid, and afterwards
very hot and pungent.  It was  once esteemed to
be specific against the poison of the rattlesnake
and in pleurisy, pneumonia, &c., after the inflam-
matory action had been got under.   It has been
given  also  in humoral asthma, chronic rheuma-
tism, dropsy,  croup, amenorrhcea, <fec.  Accord-
ing to Peschier, it contains three particular prin-
ciples, Polyg'aline  or Scn'egine, Isol'usine, and
Polyg'alic Acid. Dose, gr. 30 to 40 of the powder.
   Polygala Serpenta'ria.   A shrub of Caffra-
ria, the root of which  is considered by the natives
as a sure antidote against the bites  of venomous
serpents.
   Polygala Virginiana,  P.  senega—p. Vulga-
ris, P. amara.
   POLYGALACTIA, Polyga'lia,   from  iroAuj,
' much,' and ya\a, ' milk.'  Superabundant secre-
tion of milk; galactia.
   POLYG ALE NAINE, Polygala paucifolia—
p. de  Virginie, Polygala Virginiana.
   POLYG ALIA, Polygalactia.
   POLYG'ALINE, see Polygala senega.
   POLYGONATUM,  Convallaria  polygonatum
—p. Anceps,  Convallaria polygonatum—p. Mul-
tiflorum, Convallaria multiflora—p. Uniflorum,
Convallaria polygonatum—p. Vulgare, Convalla-
ria polygonatum.
   POLYG'ONUM,  P. avicula're,  from  vo\vc,
'much,'  and  yovn,  'seed.'  P.  centino'dium seu
erec'tum,  Centino'dia, Centumno'dia, Bindweed,
Sanguindlia  Corrig"iolo,  Sanguina'ria, Knot-
graaa, Knotweed, (F.) Rcnouie, Trainoaae, Centi-
node.  Family, Polygonea?. Sex. Syat. Octandria
Trigynia.  This grass is said to be a feeble astrin-
gent.
   Polygonum Acre, P. hydropiper. 
POLYGROMA
699
POLYPOUS
  Polygonum Bistor'ta, P. biatortoVdea, Bistor-
ta, Colubrina,  0(jic"inal Biatort, Great Bistort or
Snakeweed.  The root is a powerful astringent
and  tonic; and, as such, has  been used in in-
ternal  hemorrhage', atonic  diarrhoea,  ague, &c.
Dose, gr. xv to sj.j.
  Polygonum IJistortoides, P.bistorta—p. Cen-
tinodium, P. aviculare.
  Polygonum  Divarica'tum ;  Eaetern Buck-
wheat plant. The roots, reduced to  a coarse meal,
are said to be much used as an, article of diet by
the Siberians.
  Polygonum Erectum, P. aviculare.
  Polygonum  Fagoi''yiujm,  Fagop'yrum,  F.
eaculent'um, Trit'icum Fogi'itum, Buckwheat, (F.)
Sarraain, Bli noir.  The grain of this  plant con-
stitutes a principal article of food with  the inha-
bitants of  Russia,  Germany,  and Switzerland.
It is much used in the United  States.
  Polygonum  Hydrop'iper,  P. acre,  Hydropi-
per, Persica'ria urcna, Mereu'rius terrea'trie, Poor
Mods  Pepper, Biting  Arse-smart,  Lakeweed,
 Water-jiepper, (F.) Poivre  d'eau.   The leaves of
this plant have an acrid, burning taste, and re-
semble those of the arum.   They have  been re-
commended as possessing  antiseptic,  aperient,
and diuretic  virtues.  The fresh  leaves  have
been applied  externally as a stimulating  cata-
plasm.
  Polygonum  Hydropiperoides, P. punctatum.
  Polygonum  Persica'ria, Persicaria, P. minor
seu mitia, I'lumbii'go,  Arae-amort, (F.) Peraicaire
douce.   This plant is said to  possess vulnerary
and antiseptic qualities.  It has  been given in
wine to arrest gangrene.
  Polygonum  Puncta'tum, P. hydropiperoVdea,
 Water pcjiper of America,  Smartweed,  possesses
similar properties to Polygonum hydropiper, and
is occasionally used internally  in gravel, and ex-
ternally in chronic  ulcers.   A fluidrachm of the
saturated tincture has been extolled in amenor-
rhcea.
   Poi.yg'onum Virginia'nusi,  Wand-spiked Per-
sica'ria  Viigidia Biatort;  indigenous; is astrin-
gent, diuretic, and tonic.
  POLYGROMA  Staphyloma.
   POLYHI'DRIA, Poly'i'dria, Poly'idro'aie, from
ko\vs,  'much,' and 't&ptas, 'sweat.'   Excessive
sweating.
  POLYHYDRIA, Hydrops.
  POLYHYPERILEMIA,  Plethora.
  P0LY1DRIA, Polyhidria.
  POLYIDROSIS, Polyhidria.
  POLYLYMPHIA, Anasarca.
  POLYMASTH'US, Pleiomaa'thua, from woXvc,
'many,'  anil uaoSos, 'breast.'  A monster having
several breasts.—Gurlt.  The  condition has been
called Poh/ina'zia, and Pleioma'zia.
   POLYMAZIA, see Polymasthus.
   POLYMERIA,  Polymerismus — p. Promiscua
translativa. Transposition of the viscera.
   POLYMERIS'MUS,  Polymeria, from  iroAvj,
 ' much,'  and pepos, ' a part.'   A monstrosity, which
consists in the existence of supernumerary organs;
 as a sixth finger of the hand.
   POEYXEURON, Plantago.
   POLYOP'SIA,  Pol'yopy, from  ttoAuj, 'much,'
 and o<£«y, 'sight.'   Vision is so called, when mul-
 tiple.
   POLYT0PY, Polyopsia.
   POLYOREX'I A, from roAuf, 'much,' and optfjy,
 'appetite.'   Excessive  appetite or  hunger.  A
 genus in the gastroscs of M. Alibert.
   POLYPE'RIA, from 7roAuj, 'much,' and irijpof,
 'mutilated.'    Congenital misconstruction of va-
 rious parts or organs.—Good.
   POLYPHA'GIA,  Multivoradtia,  from  ttoAvs,
 'much,' and  ^")'°'> 'I  eat-'   Voracity.  Faculty
of eating or subsisting on many kinds of food.
See Boulimia.
  POLYPH'AGOUS.  Relating or appertaining
to polyphagia.
  POLYPHARMACI'A, Polypharmacy; from
iroAuf, 'much,' and tpappaKov, 'a medicine.'  The
prescribing of too many medicines.  A prescrip-
tion, consisting of a number of medicines; hence
the name Polyphar'macus, given to one who is
in the habit of prescribing a number of medicines,
and whose prescriptions  are loaded with ingre-
dients.  The term is taken in bad part.
  POLYPHYSIA, Flatulence.
  POLYPIFORM CONCRETIONS, see Polypus.
  POLYPIONIA,  see Polysarcia —p. Infantum,
see Polysarcia.
  POLYPLAS'TIC, Polyplae'ticua, from  iroAus,
'much,' and  n\aooo>, 'I  form.'  That which has
many shapes.
  Polyplastic  Element, in  histology, is  one
which does not retain its primary shape ; but un-
dergoes transformation into others.—Gerber.
  POLYPODI'TES.  Wine  impregnated  with
polypody.
  POLYPO'DIUM, P. Vulga're, P. Virginia'num
seu pinnatif 'idum, Filic'ula dulcie, Common PoV-
ypody, Fern root, Rock Brake, Brake root.   This
fern grows in the  clefts of rocks, walls, <fcc, in
both hemispheres.   It was formerly regarded as
a cholagogue, and was given in head diseases.  It
is not used now.
  Polypodium  Adiantiforme,  see  Calagualaa
radix — p. Ammifolium,  see  Calagualas  radix
— p. Argenteum, see Calagualas  radix — p. Ca-
laguala,  Calagualas  radix—p. Coriaeeum,  see
Calagualas radix—p. Dentatum, Asplenium filix
foemina—p. Filix fcemina, Asplenium filix fcemina.
  Polypo'dium Filix Mas, Aspid'ium Filix Mas,
A. depas'tum seu ero'sum, Filix pinna'ta, Pteris,
Aihyr'ium Filix Mae,  Bleehnon,  Polyrrhi'zon,
Blancnon Oriba'aii, Lonchi'tia,  Filic'ula,  Male
Polypody or Fern, Filix maa, F.  non ramo'sa
denta'ta, Nephro'dium  crena'turn, Ar. Filix mas,
Polys'ticum callip'teris, P. filix mas, (F.) Fougere
male.  Nat. Ord. Filices.  Sex.  Syat. Cryptoga-
mia Filices.  The rhizoma of this plant has been
much extolled as an anthelmintic, and in  eases
of tasnia.  It was  the basis  of a once celebrated
remedy—Madame Nouffer'a,  but, perhaps,  more
of the efficacy was  to be attributed to  the active
purgatives by which it was followed than to the
fern.  Dose, Jij to Jiij of the,powdered solid part
of the root; followed in the morning by a strong
cathartic  of camboge or jalap.  An  ethereal ex-
tract has been proposed by Dr. Peschier, of Geneva.
   Polypo'dium  Inca'num,   Pol'ypody,   Rock
Brake; indigenous; has been considered demul-
cent, cathartic and anthelmintic.
   Polypo'dium Lncisum, Asplenium filix fcemina
—p. Molle, Asplenium filix fcemina—p. Pennati-
fidum,  P.  vulgare — p.  Politum, see Calagualas
radix—p. Trifidum, Asplenium filix foemina—p.
Virginianum, P. vulgare — p. Vulgare, Polypo-
dium.
   POLYPODY, Polypodium ineanum—p. Com-
 mon, Polypodium vulgare—p. Male, Polypodium
 filix mas.
   POL'YPOID, Polypdi'des; from polypus, and
 ttios, 'form.'  Having the shape of, or resembling,
 a polypus.
   POLYPORUS IGNIARIUS, Boletus igniarius
 —p. Officinalis, Boletus laricis.
   POLYPOSIA, iroAuTTOffia,  from n-oAus, 'much,'
 and irooif, 'drink.'  Great thirst—desire for drink.
 Polydipsia.
   POLYPOUS, Polypo'sus: same etymon as the
next.   Relating, or belonging to, or resembling
polypus. 
POLYPUS
700
POMMADE
  POL'YPUS, Pseudometamorpho'sia polypo'sa,
from itoXvs,' many,' and irons, ' a foot.'  A  name
given to tumours, which occur in  mucous  mem-
branes especially; and which have been compared
to certain zoophytes.   Polypi may form on  every
mucous  membrane.  They are most commonly
observed in the nasal fossas, pharynx, and uterus;
more rarely in the stomach, intestines, bronchial
tubes, bladder, and meatus auditorius externus.
They vary  much in size, number, mode of  adhe-
sion, and  intimate nature.  Accordingly,  they
have received various  appellations ; mucous, soft,
veaic'ular,  when their  substance has been soft,
spongy, vesicular, and, as it were, gorged with
fluid.   Others  have been  called hard; and these
have been distinguished into fibrous or fleshy, and
into  scirrhous  or cancerous.   Fibrous polypi,
Pol'ypifibro'ai, Inopol'ypi, are of a dense, compact
texture, and whitish  colour.  They contain few
vessels, and do not degenerate into cancer.  The
scirrhous or corcinom'atous are true cancerous
tumours, painful and bleeding.  They present all
the pathological changes which belong to cancer-
ous affections, and the prognosis is of course un-
favourable.
  The  mode of  treating  polypi must differ ac-
cording to  their character.  The  means used to
destroy them have been, 1.  To subject them  to
the action  of certain astringent powders or solu-
tions, to obtain their resolution.  2. Cauterization
or the application of the  actual cautery or caus-
tics.  3. Exciaion or  ablation with a cutting in-
strument.   4. Extirpation with the  fingers or with
the polypus forceps.   5. A  ligature, put  round
them so as to prevent their nutrition. A seton
has, also, been sometimes used to gradually de-
stroy the pedicle.
  The term Polypi, Peeudopol'ypi, Cardi'tis po-
lypo'sa, Pol'ypiform Concre'tions, (F.) Concritions
polypeuaes ou polypiformea ou sanguinea du Cceur,
Ilimocardioplaatiea, (Piorry,) has likewise been
applied to  collections of blood—fibrinous concre-
tions — found in the heart or great vessels after
dissolution.  These were  once, erroneously, re-
garded as  morbid.  The presence of these con-
cretions may be suspected, when in the course of
an acute or chronic affection of the heart, or at
the close of chronic diseases in general—especially
those of the lungs — the  heart's  action becomes
suddenly tumultuous,  obscure, and accompanied
with a soft bellows' murmur, whilst  the general
symptoms indicate the effects of obstructed circu-
lation.   The right cavities are most frequently
affected.
  Pol'ypus  Bronchia'lis,  Bronchlemmi'tis,
Bronchi'tis membrana'cea, B. plastic, Bronchial
Croup, Chronic  Croup (?) Pseudo-mem'branoua
Bronchitia.  A memoraniform secretion  in the
bronchial tubes of a diphtheritic character, having
the shape, when unexpectorated, of the bronchia.
It is the  result of inflammation of  the  lining
membrane  of those tubes.
  Polypus Carnosus, Sarcoma,—p. Fibrosus, see
Polypus — p. Uteri, Metropolypus.
  POLYRRHIZON,  Polypodium  filix mas.
  POLYRRHCEA, Profluvium.
  POLYSAR'CIA, Polyaarco'aia,  from  iroXuy,
'much,' and cap%, 'flesh.'  Camoa'itae, Polyso-
mdtio, Adelipdria, Corpuledtia, Steati'tes. Ex-
cessive corpulency. Authors have distinguished
two  varieties  of this: — Polysarcia Carno'sa,
Cor'pulency, and P.  Adipo'sA, Polypio'nia, Pi-
melo'sis n im'ia, Pachya'mua, Pochydsis, Obes'itaa,
Hyperpim'ele, Lipdrio, Adipo'ais,  Polyaar'cia
fagino'ea,  Empyme'Hum polyaar'cia, Baryso'mia,
Barysomat'ica,  Lipo'ais,  Lipor'otea, Lipoa'ma,
Pinguitddo, Pin'guitude, Obea'ity, (F.) Obiaiti,
Embonpoint exceaaif.   A  severe regimen and ex-
ercise are the best preventives.   Children  are
occasionally met with of unusual fatness, in spite
of every care.  This morbid deposition has been
termed Polypio'nia infantum, and  Chloro'sis gi-
gante'a.
  Polysarcia Viscerum, Physconia adiposa.
  POLYSARCOSIS, Polysarcia.
  POLYSIA'LIA; from iroAuj, ' much,' and  ata-
\ov, ' saliva.'  Excessive discharge of saliva.
  POLYSOMATIA, Polysarcia.
  POLYSPAS'TON, from  ttoXvc,  'much,'   and
arao),  ' I  draw.'  A powerful instrument for re-
ducing luxations.— Gorrasus.
  POLYSPERMIA; from tto\vs,  'much,'  and
tnrtpua, ' sperm.'   Richness or fulness of sperm.
  POLYSTICUM CALLIPTERIS, Polypodium
filix mas—p.  Filix Mas, Polypodium filix mas.
  POLYSTOMA  PINGUICOLA, see Worms —
—p. Venarum, see Worms.
  POLYTRIQ, Asplenium trichomanoides.
  POLYT'RICHUM, from iroAus,  'much,'  and
Spif, ' hair.'  Polyt'ricon, Polyt'riehum vulga're,
Adian'tum au'reum, Golden Maiden-hair,   (F.)
Perce-mousae.  It is possessed of astringent pro-
perties, and was formerly given in diseases of the
lungs, and in calculous affections.
  POLYTRICHUM COMMUNE, Asplenium tri-
chomanoides.
  POLYTROPH'IA, from  iroAu?, 'much,'  and
rp£0u>, 'I  nourish.'  Abundant or  excessive nu-
trition.
  POLYURESIS, Diabetes.
  POLYURIA, Diabetes.
  POLYU'RICUS, from noXvc, 'much,'and ovpov,
'urine.'  Sauvages calls—lectin'ria poly u'rica—a
kind of ischuria, caused by accumulation of urine
in the bladder.
  POMA, Drink — p. Chinensia, see Citrus au-
rantium.
  POMACEUM,  Cider.
  POMA'TUM,  Pomma'tum, (F.) Pommade, Li-
paroli.  A pharmaceutical preparation, employed
only externally;  which differs but little from an
ointment, except in having generally less consist-
ence.  It is usually made aromatic, and coloured
to render it more agreeable.
  Common Pomatum is made of lard, 12ft>s;  suet,
4R)S; essence, 5"; viij.
  Pomatum ad Labia Demulcenda,  Cerate for
the lips — p. Epispasticum flavum, Unguentum
lyttas medicatum  aliud — p. Epispasticum viride,
&c., Unguentum  lyttas  medicatum — p.  for the
Lips, Cerate for the lips—p. Nitricum vel oxyge-
natum, Unguentum acidi nitrosi — p.  Saturni,
Unguentum plumbi superacetatis.
  POMBALEA IPECACUANHA, see Ipecacu-
anha.
  POMEGRANATE, Punica granatum.
  POMILIUS, see Nanus.
  POMMADE, Pomatum—p. d'Alyon, Unguen-
tum acidi nitrosi—p, Antipsorique  de Jaaaer, Un-
guentum sulphuris compositum—p. d'Autenrieth,
Unguentum  antimonii tartarizati—p. de  Cyrillo,
Unguentum muriatis hydrargyri oxygenato me-
dicatus —p.  Epiapaatiqtte  jaune, Unguentum
lyttas medicatum  aliud—p. Epiapaatiqtte  verte,
Unguentum lyttas medicatum—p. de Garou, Un-
guentum epispasticum de daphne gnidio.
  POMMADE DE GONDRET, P. ammoniacale
de  Gondret (F.), Gondret's Coitnterirrifant,  Gon-
dret's ammoniacal  Cattatic.  Liq.  ammon. p. ij •
Sevi,  p. j ; Ol. amygdal. p. j ;  M.   Used to excite
a speedy revulsion in cases of chronic  affections
of the brain, incipient cataract, amaurosis, &c., as
well as to cauterize the integuments deeply.
  The above formula, is that of the French Co-
dex, but, according to M. Trousseau, it is much
too hard for use, unless  the  weather is warm. 
                 POMMADE               7(

He proposes two formula, one for summer, the
other for winter.   In the former he directs three
parts of lard, one of euet,  and four of liquor am-
monia;; in  tho  latter,  e<[Uitl parts of lard  and
liquor ammonia.
   POMMADE  I'OUR LES LEVRES,  Cerate
for the lips—p.Ophthalmique (Regent's,) Unguen-
tum  ophthalmicum—p.  Oxygenic,  Unguentum
acidi nitrosi—p. Stibiie,  Unguentum antimonii
tartarizati.
   PI I MM E, see  Pyrus malus—p. d Adam, Po-
mum Ad a mi—p. d Amour, Solanum lycopersicum
—p. Epineuse, Datura stramonium—p. de Mer-
veille, Momordica balsamiea—p. Mouaeeuae, Be-
degar—p. de Terre, Solanum tuberosum.
   POMMES HEMORHHOIDALES, see Vis-
cum album.
   POMMETTE, see Malas os.
   POMMIER, Pyrus malus.
   POMPII'OLYX, from ttoptpoc, 'a bladder.'  A
small vesicle on the skin.   An eruption of bulla
or bleba,  appearing without  any inflammation
around them, and without fever.  It is the Ec-
phlyaia Pompholyx of Good.   See Pemphigus.
   Pompholyx, Tutia, Zinci oxydum.
   POMPION, Cucurbita pepo.
   PO.MUM ADA'MI, (F.) Pomme d'Adom,  Ad-
am's Apple. The projection formed by the thyroid
cartilage in the neck — of males particularly.   It
is so called  from a notion  that it was causod by
the apple sticking in the throat of our first parent.
   Pomum Amoris, Testicle—p. Hierosolymitanum,
Momordica  balsamina—p. Melongenae, see Sola-
num  melongena — p. Mirabile, Momordica Bal-
samina— p. Spinosum, Datura stramonium.
   PONCTION, Puncturing.
   POND SHOVEL, Unisema deltifolia.
   PONDERA  ET MENSURiE,  Weights  and
measures.
   PONDUS, Pudibilia—p. Pharmaceuticum, see
Weights and Measures.
   PONGITIF, Pungent.
   PONS CEREBELLI, Pons Varolii —p.  He-
patis, see Lobulus anonymus—p. Sylvii,  Quad-
rigemina Tubercula — p. Tarini, Tarini pons.
   Pons Vauo'lii, Pons Cerebel'li, Corpus  annu-
la're, Procca'aua annularis, Prominentia annu/a'-
ris cer'ebri, Eminedtia annularis, Varo'li's bridge,
Nodus enceph'ali vel Cer'ebri, Cerebral protdbe.r-
ancc, Protuberadtia  onnula'ris  Williaii, (F.)
Protubirance  ciribralc, P.  annulaire, Mesenci-
phale, Miaociphale, Pont de Varole, Annular pro-
tuberance.  An eminence at the upper part  of the
medulla oblongata, first described by Varolius.
It is formed by the union of the crura cerebri and
crura cerebelli.
   Pons Zygomaticus, Zygomatic arch.
   PONTE, see Parturition—p. Piriodique, see
Parturition.
   POXTEDERIAOORDATA.Unisemadeltifolia.
   PONTICUM ABSINTHIUM, Artemisia Pon-
tica.
   POPLAR,  AMERICAN,  Liriodendron — p.
Balm of Gilead, Populus Candicans — p. Black,
Populus — p. Tree, Liriodendron—p. Tulip-bear-
ing,  Liriodendron.
   POPLES,  Gare'tum,  Garretum, Ignya, Ig'nye,
Suffrdgo, Fossa genu, Fossa poplita'a, the Ham,
the Hough, Hock, (F.) Jarret, from post, and plico,
'I fold.' The  posterior part  of the knee  joint.
The ham forms what is called the popliteal  region
or space.
  POPLIT.EUS, Popliteal muscle.
  POPLITF. Poplitivus muscle.
  POPLITEAD. see Popliteal aspect.
   Poplite'al, I'oplita'us, Poplit'ic, from poples,
)1                 POPULUS

 'the ham.'  That which relates to the ham.   A
 name given to various parts.
   Popliteal Artery — Popliteal portion of the
 crural, — (Ch.)  is really  a continuation of  the
 femoral, which changes  its name  on passing
 through the adductor magnus  muscle.  It  de-
 scends a little obliquely outwards into the hollow
 of the ham, and extends from the commencement
 of the lower third of the thigh to the end  of  the
 upper quarter of the leg, where  it terminates by
 dividing into the poaterior tibial and  peroneal
 arteries.  In the ham, it gives off the three aupe-
 rior articular arteries ; and, at the top of the leg,
 the  arteries of the  gemini  muscles or gemini
 branches, (F.) branches jumellea, the  two inferior
 articular arteriea, and the tibialis antica.
   Popliteal Aspect.  An aspect towards  the
 side on which the poples or  ham  is  situated.
 Barclay.   PopUte'ad is used by the  same writer
 adverbially, and signifies 'towards the popliteal
 aspect.'
   Popliteal Fossa, Poples.
   Poplite'al Glands, Gladdula  poplitaa.
 Lymphatic glands, four in number, seated in the
 popliteal region or space.
   Popliteal Muscle, Poplitaua Muacle, Muacle
 Jarretier,  Fimoro-popliti-tibial, (Ch.,) Subpop-
 litaue, (F.) Museh popliti, is seated  in the pop-
 liteal region.  Itis triangular, long,  flat; and is
 inserted, on the one hand, by means  of a strong
 tendon, into the tuberosity at the outer condyle
 of the femur, terminating below at the upper part
 of the posterior surface of the tibia.   This muscle
 bends the leg on the thigh, and,  reciprocally,  the
 thigh on the leg.  AVhen the leg  is bent, it causes
 it to turn, in rotation, inwards.
   Popliteal Nerves.  They  result  from  the
 bifurcation of the sciatic, and are two in number,
 viz.  1.  The  external popliteal,  Peroneal  nerve,
 Branche pironiere, (Cb.)   It is smaller than  the
 internal; turns to the outside of the fibula at the
 upper part of the leg, and divides into the mua-
 culo-cutaneoua branch, nerf pritibio-digitol,  (Ch.)
 and the anterior tibial, nerf pritibio-eusphalangi-
 taire,  (Ch.) 2.  The intcr'nal  poplite'al  nerrc,
 Branche tibiale, (Ch.) which is  larger than  the
 other, and seems; to  be the real  continuation of
 the sciatic nerve.  It descends vertically into  the
 hollow of the ham;  and passes beneath the apo-
 neurotic arch of the Solaris muscle, beyond which
 it takes the name  tibial  nerve.  It  furnishes
 the  external  saphena nerve, and a  number of
 branches, that are distributed   to the posterior
 muscles of the leg.   It then passes to the sole of
 the  foot to be divided into two  branches, called
 Plantar nerves.
   Popliteal Region, Poples—p. Space, Poples.
   Popliteal Vein has the same arrangement as
 the artery behind which it is situate.
   POPLITIC, Popliteal.
   POPONAX, see Pastinaca  opoponax.
   POPPY, CELANDINE, Stylophorum diphyl-
 lum — p. Corn, red,  Papaver  rhceas — p. Heads,
 see Papaver—p. Horn, Stylophorum diphyllum—
 p. Juice, Meconium—p. Prickly, Argemone Mexi-
 eana—p. Spotling, Cucurbalus Behen—p. Thorn,
 Argemone  Mexicana-—p.  White, Papaver—p.
 White, capsule, see Papaver.
   POP'ULUS, Populus  nigra,   sEgci'ros,  Ache-
 ro'ie, Black poplar, (F.)  Peuplicr  noir.   The
 young bude, oculi  or rudiments of  the leaves,
 which appear in the beginning of spring, were
 formerly used in an officinal ointment — the un-
 guen'tum popule'um.   It was,  also, recommended
 in chronic affections of the lungs.
   The bark of Pop'ulus Tremulo'i'des, American
 aspen, of P. Trem'ula seu pen'dula, European
 aspen, and of Populus CAm'mcAns,Balmof Gilead
71 
PORCELAINE
702
PORRIGO
 Poplar, is antiperiodic, and furnishes salicin and
 populin, in which the properties probably reside.
   Populus Balsamifera, see Fagara octandra—
 p. Candicans, see Populus—p. Pendula, P. tremula
 —p. Taeamahaca, see Fagara octandra—p. Tre-
 mula, see Populus—p. Tremuloides, see Populus.
   PORCELAINE, Essera, Urticaria.
   PORCELLIO, Oniscus.
   PORCELLUS, Oniscus.
   PORCULUS, Oniscus.
   PORCUPINE DISEASE, Ichthyosis.
   Porcupine Men, Echinoder'mi. Persons have
 been so called in whom the cuticle is produced in
 the form of pointed  prolongations, as  if it had
 been moulded on the papillas, like the shorter and
 blunter quills of the porcupine.
   PORCUS, Vulva.
   PORDE, Crepitation.
   PORE, Portia, In'teretiee, vopoc, 'a passage.'
 Anatomists have given this name to the openings
' at the extremities of vessels at the surface  of dif-
 ferent membranes. Exhalant Pores have been
 supposed  to exist in  the exhalants, to  transmit
 the fluids exhaled. — Absorbent Pores are em-
 ployed in taking up parts that have to enter the
 circulation.  Pores exist in the cuticle; yet Hum-
 boldt, with a powerful magnifying-glass, was un-
 able to observe them.   The pores of the skin
 have also been  called spirdcula.
   POREBLIND, Myopie.
   PORI BILIA'RII,  Ductua  bilidrii, Sur'culi
 fell'ei.  Ducts  which receive  the bile from the
 penicilli of the liver, and  convey it to the hepatic
 duct.
   Pori Cuta'nei, P. Exhalan'tea seu Sudorif'eri
 seu Reaorben'tes.  The pores of the skin.
   Pori Exhalantes, P.  cutanei—p. Pulmonum,
 Cellules, bronchic—p. Resorbentes, P. cutanei —
 p. Sudoriferi, P. cutanei.
   POROCE'LE, from rroipoj, callus,'  and  K17A17,
 ' a tumour.'   A hard tumour of the testicle or its
 envelopes.
   POROMA, Induration.
   POROMPHALOCELE, Poromphalon.
   POROM'PHALON, Poromph'olua, Porompha-
 loce'le,  from viapoc,  ' hard,'  and  o//0aAos, ' the
 navel.'   Umbilical hernia with "hard and  thick-
 ened parietes.
   POROS, Canal.
   POROSIS, Chalaza, Induration.
   POROT'IC,  Porot'icus,  from ttoipoc, 'callus.'
 A remedy believed to be  capable of assisting the
 formation of callus.
   PORPHYRA,  Purpura —p.  Grascorum, Pe-
 techias — p. Hasmorrhagica, Purpura hasmorrha-
 gica.
   PORPHYRISMA, Scarlatina.
    PORPHYRISMUS, Scarlatina.
    PORPHYRIZATION, Levigation.
    PORPHYRO-TYPHUS, see Typhus.
    PORPHYRU'RIA,Porp%M'ria; from Ttoptbvpa,
 * purple,' and ovpov, ' urine.'  A state of the urine
 —pur'puric urine—in which it deposits the re-
 markable colouring matter—pur'purine—in asso-
 ciation with urate of ammonia.
    POR'PHYRY, Porphyri'tes, from noptpvpa,
 'purple.'  A species of very  hard,  compound
 rock, susceptible of considerable polish, and used
 in  the fabrication of mortars and slabs for the
 apothecary.
    Porphyry, Black, Ophites.
    PORPHYURIA, Porphyruria.
    PORRACE, Porraceous.
    PORRA'CEOUS,  Porrdeeua, Pra'ainus, from
  porrum,  'a  leek.'   (F.) Porraci.  Having  the
  green  colour of the leek.  An epithet given to
certain excreted matters, — the  sputa, bile and
fasces particularly.
  PORREAU, Allium porrum.
  PORRECTUM, Lever.
  PORRET, Allium porrum.
  PORRIGINE. Porrigo favosa.
  PORRIGINE UX, Porriginous.
  PORRIGINOSUS, Porriginous.
  PORRIG"INOUS, Porrigino'sus, (F.) Porri-
gineux.  Appertaining to porrigo.
  PORRI'GO (L.), ' scurf or  seall  in the head.'
 Tin'ea, Favua, Furfuro'tio, Fur'furca,  Ec]>yc'sis
porrigo,  Phlyaia porrigo, from porrigere,  ' to
spread.'  (F.)  Teigne, Roche.  Some of the varie-
ties are contagious.   It is principally character-
ized by an  eruption of the pustules, called  favi
and achores, unaccompanied by fever.
  Porrigo  Decal'vans, Tricho'aia a'rea, Area,
Alope'cia area'to, A. partia'lis, A. circumaerip'ta,
Phytoalope'cia, Tyr'ia, Tyro'ma,Oplii'aaia, Tin'ea
 tondena,  Herpena tonau'rona, Limited or partial
Baldneaa, consists of patches of baldness without
decay or change of  colour in the surrounding
hair,  the exposed parts of the scalp being glab-
rous, white, and shining.   The morbid condition
 sometimes spreads,  so  that the patches  coalesce,
 rendering  the baldness  extensive.   To  a vege-
 table  growth  found   at  the  roots of  the  hair
in  Tinea   tondens,   Malmst^n  of  Stockholm
has  given  the  name  Trichoph'yton  tonau'rans.
 The  treatment  consists in keeping the  scalp
 cleared by  constant shaving, and  in the steady
application of some stimulating liniment or oint-
ment.
   Porrigo  Favo'sa,  Cc'rion, Favua,  Ecpye'ais
 porrigo favosa,  Tinea favoea, Sca'biea cap'itia
 favoaa,  Melice'ra,  Melice'rum, Melice'ria, Mel-
 Ufa'vium,  Porrigophyte,  Honey-comb  Seall  or
 Tetter, (F.) Teigne fareuae, Porrigine.  This  con-
 sists  in an eruption of pustules common to  the
 head, trunk, and extremities, pea-sized, flattened
 at the top, in  clusters, often uniting; discharge,
 fetid; scabs, honey-combed ; the cells filled  with
 fluid.  It  occurs both in early  and adult life.
 Modern  researches have satisfied some observers,
 that the crusts of favus are of vegetable nature,
 and formed of a parasitic plant, belonging to the
 genus mycoderm'o, for which Remak  has  pro-
 posed the name Achorion Schon/eini.  The point
 is not, however, settled.  The treatment of this
 variety must consist in the exhibition of laxatives
 and the mildest stimulating  ointments, such as
 the  Ung. zinci,  Ung. hydrargyri pracipitot. alb.,
 &c.   Eczema of the  hairy  scalp  is often  con-
 founded with  Porrigo.
   Porrigo Fur'furans, Ecpyesis porrigo fur-
 fura'cea,  Tinea furfuracea, Tinea p>orrigino'aa,
 Pityriasis Tricho'aia furfurdeea, Teigne fur-
 furacie  (Alibert),  commences with an eruption
 of small achores, the fluid of which soon concretes
 and  separates in innumerable, thin, laminated
 scabs, or scale-like exfoliations.  It is  attended
 with a good deal of itching and some soreness of
 the  scalp, to  which the  disease is confined.   It
 occurs chiefly in adults.  In the treatment, the
 scalp must be kept shaved.  The part must be
 washed  repeatedly with soap and  water, and an
 oiled silk cap worn.  The nature of the ointments
 used must vary according to the period of disease
 and  the irritability  of the  part  affected.  Zinc
 ointment; — one made with the  Cocculus indicus;
 — the Sulphur ointment; — Citrine ointment and
 Ung. hydrargyri nitrico-oxydi; Tor ointment and
 Nitric acid ointment  have all been found useful.
 Should  inflammation or  discharge  arise,  these
 applications must of course be intermitted.
   Porrigo Larvalis, P. lupinosa.
   Porrigo Larva'lis, Crusta  lac'tea, Ecpye'ais 
PORRIGOPHYTE
703
PORTE-VEINE
Porrigo eruata'cea, Menti'go, Achor,  Tin'ea  lac'-
tea, T. Fo'eiei, Milky aeall or Tetter, Lactdmen,
Lat-ti'go, (F.) Croute de lait, Croute laitentse, Feux
vologea, Lo Groine.  This is, almost exclusively,
a disease of infancy.  It commonly appears first
on  the  forehead  and cheeks,  in an eruption  of
numerous, minute, whitish achores on a red sur-
face.  These break and discharge  a  viscid fluid,
which becomes  incrusted  in  thin, yellowish, or
greenish scabs.   The patches spread, until the
whole face  becomes, as  it were, enveloped in a
mask; hence  the epithet larvolia.  The disease
is rather a  variety of Eczema.  Sometimes the
eruption appears  on  the neck and breast;  and,
occasionally, on the extremities.  In general, the
health of the child does not suffer, but the erup-
tion is always attended  with  much itching and
irritation.  The treatment consists in mild, tepid
ablution, and the application of gently  stimu-
lating ointments, as  of the oxydum zinci.  The
bowels must be  kept in a soluble  state  by small
doses of calomel, or by rhubarb and magnesia.
  Porrigo  Lupino'sa,  Tin'ea lupi'na,  Scabiea
cap'itis,  Ecpye.'sis  jiorrigo lupino'sa,  Porri'go
larva'lia, Impcti'go Jiguro'to,  Tin'ea granttla'to,
T.  muco'sa, Crttata lactea  (of some), Ment'agra
infan'tum,  (F.)  Teigne,  Dartre cruatacie  flavea-
eente, consists of minute pustules in small patches,
mostly commencing  on  the scalp;  the patches
terminate in dry, delving scabs, resembling lupine
seeds; the interstices often covered with  a thin,
whitish, and exfoliating  incrustation.  It occurs
chiefly in early life, and requires the same treat-
ment as the last.
  Porrigo Scutula'ta, Tin'ea granuldta, Ec-
pye'ais porrigo goleo'to,  Tinea fico'aa, Acho'rea
seu Seo'liiea  cop'itis, Ringworm  of the  Scalp,
Seall ed head, (F.) Teigne annulaire, T. en anneau,
T. nummulaire.  It commences with clusters  of
small, light, yellow pustules, which soon scab off;
and, if neglected, become hard by accumulation.
If the scabs be  removed, the  surface is left red
and shining, but studded with slightly elevated
points.  If not attended to, it  involves the whole
head.  It occurs in children three or four years
of age,  and  is very unmanageable.  The rules
laid down under Porrigo furfurana must be here
still more  pcrseveringly enforced.  The  whole
tribe  of stimulating  ointments may be used  in
succession.  No  one will  always succeed,  and
hence the necessity  of change, provided advan-
tage should  not  seem to  follow any particular
application.  The  Unguentum ad Scabiem, of Ban-
ycr, sometimes cures, when others fail.
  PORRIGOPHYTE, Porrigo favosa.
  PORRUM, Allium porrum,  Thymion.
  PORRUS, Sarcoma, Thymion.
  PORTA, TtvXn, Pyle, ' a gate.' The part of the
liver where its vessels enter as by a gate.   Also,
the Vulva.
  Porta Jecoris, Porta vena.
  Porta Vena,  Vena porta,   V. porta'rum seu
porta'lis, Rama'lis vena, Jon'itrix, Vena  magna
seu qua: ad portas eat seu  atelechia'a seu  lac'tea
SOU oatia'ria, Porta Jec'oria,  Porta, Vena arte-
ria'stt seu arteria'lia, Monua Jec'oria  seu he'potis,
Vena ad portas.  The System  of the vena porta
or the Abttoidinal venous system. (F.) Veine porte,
Porte rdnc, is  a vascular apparatus of black
blood, situate in the abdomen, and resulting from
two  distinct orders  of vessels, united  into one
common trunk.   1.  One of these trunks, much
more extensive  than the other, has received the
name U< na porta abdomina'lis, because it arises
from all the organs enclosed in the cavity of the
abdomen, except the kidneys and bladder; and
in the female, the uterus.  The Abdominal  vena
porta has  two principal roots, the aplenic vein
 and  the  superior meaenteric, which have their
 ramifications in all the digestive organs.   2. The
 other trunk, destined solely  to the liver, has
 been called the Hepat'ic vena porta.  It  appears
 to be a continuation of the abdominal vena porta,
 and proceeds towards the inferior surface of the
 liver.  Opposite to the transverse fissure of that
 organ, it divides, like an artery, into two branches,
 which, by their  union, seem to  form a canal or
 duct, called by some the Sinus of the vena porta.
 These branches are  distributed in the substance
 of the liver, whither  they are accompanied by a
 prolongation of the fibrous capsule of that organ,
 —the capsule of Glisson. The different branches
 of the vena porta are devoid of valves. See Liver.
   PORTAL, from porta, ' a gate.'   Relating to
 the porta of the  liver, — as the portal system, or
 system of  the vena  porta.  By extension,  the
 term has been applied to an analogous system of
 vessels in the kidney.  See Kidney.
   Portal Fissure, see Liver — p. System of the
 Kidney,  see  Kidney — p. Veins of the Kidney,
 see Kidney.
   PORTE-AIGUILLE, Acutenac'ulum, Needle-
 carrier, Needle-bearer, from (F.) porter,  ' to car-
 ry,' and aiguille, ' a needle.'  An instrument for
 accurately laying hold of a needle, and giving it
 greater length, when  it is so fine and small that
 it cannot be held by the fingers.   It is of steel or
 silver, about two inches long, and throughout the
 whole, almost, of its length, divided into two
 branches, so as to form a kind of forceps, capable
 of being  closed  by means of a  sliding ring.  A
 modification  of  this  instrument was devised  by
 Dr. Physick  for taking up deep-seated  arteries
 beyond the reach of a tenaculum or  common
 needle.   It  consists of a forceps so constructed
 as to hold in its extremity a needle armed with
 a ligature.   The handles of the forceps are fas-
 tened together, temporarily, by a spring or catch;
 and, when the needle is fairly deposited beneath
 the vessel, it is  disengaged from the forceps and
 drawn  out,  leaving the ligature behind, which
 can be tied without difficulty.
   PORTE-BOUGIE,  (F.)   A  silver canula
 similar to that  of a  trochar, except that  it is
 longer.   It is used for conducting bougies into
 the urethra.
   P OR TE- OA US TIQ UE, Porte-pierre—p.
 Feuille, Subscapularis.
   PORTE-LIGATURE, from porter, 'to carry,'
 and  ligature.  An instrument for conveying a
 ligature to deep-seated parts.
   PORTE-MECHE  (F.), from porter, 'to carry,'
 and miche,  ' a tent.'   An instrument for carrying
 tents or medies deeply into  fistulous openings, or
 sinuses, to the bottom of ulcers, <fcc.  It is a wire
 of silver or steel, four or five inches long, having
 a notch  at  one  extremity, and  a button at the
 other.
   PORTE-MOXA,   (F.)   A  small instrument
 for keeping  the moxa applied  to  a part to  be
 cauterized.   It consists of a metallic ring—sepa-
 rated from the skin by three supports of ebony—
 to which  a handle is adapted.
   PORTE-NCEUD (F.), from porter, 'to carry,'
 and nopud, ' a knot.'   An instrument for carrying
 a ligature round the base or pedicle of a tumour.
   PORTE-PIERRE (F.),Porte-cauatique, Coua-
 tic  bearer.    An  instrument  similar to a porte-
 crayon for carrying lunar caustic.
   PORTE-SONDE,  (F.) An instrument resem-
 bling a porte-crayon, employed for holding the
 style or sonde, and inserting it more readily into
 tho nasal duct,  during the operation  for fistula
 lachrymalis.
I   P OR TE- VEINE,  Porta Vena. 
                  PORTER                7(

  PORTER, Cerevisia.
  PORTIO DURA, Facial nerve —p. Inter du-
ram et mollem, Portio Wrisbergii—p. Intermedia
Wrisbergii, Portio  Wrisbergii—p.  Media  inter
portionem duram et portionem mollem, Portio
Wrisbergii.
  Portio Mollis, Auditory nerve.
  Por'tio Wrisber'gii, Portio interme'dia Wris-
ber'gii, Portio media  inter portionem duram et.
portionem mollem, Portio  inter duram et mollem,
(F.) Foisceau intermidiare de Wriaberg, Inter-
mid i aire de Wrisberg. A  small, white fasciculus,
intermediate between the portio mollis and portio
dura of the seventh pair of nerves, which was
first described by Wrisberg.  The Chorda Tym-
pani  is supposed by some to emanate from this
nerve.
  PORTION COSTO-TRAOHELIENNE^DU
SACRO-SPINAL, Longissimus dorsi—p. Ecail-
leux ou squameux du temporal, Squamous portion
of the temporal —p. Lombaire du plexua crural,
Lumbar plexus.
  PORTION GODRONNEE DE LA CORNE
D'AMMON.  A name given by Vicq d'Azyr to
a small,  denticulated cord, of a compact tissue
and granular appearance,  which unites the cornu
ammonis to the paries of the lateral ventricle.
  PORTO NARIUM, Pylorus, Duodenum.
  PORTULA'CA, Andrach'ne, Al'lium Gal'licum,
Portula'ca olera'cea, Purslane, (F.) Pourpier cul-
tivi.   This plant abounds with a  watery and
somewhat acid juice ; and is often put into soups
or pickled with  spices.   It is  regarded as anti-
septic and aperient.
  POROUS, Callus, Meatus — p. Acusticus, Au-
ditory canal, internal.
  PORUS OP'TICUS.  An opening in the centre
of the cribriform lamella of the sclerotic, through
which the central artery of the retina enters  the
eyeball.
  POSCA, Oxycrate.
  POSE, Coryza.
  POSIMOS, Potable.
  POSITION, FALSE, False position.
  POSOL'OGY,  Poaolog"ia,  Dosiolog"ia,  from
Ttotroc,  ' quantity,' and Xoyos, ' a discourse.'  Indi-
cation of the doses in which the different articles
of the materia medica ought to be exhibited.
  POSSET, Posae'tum, from (L.)  poaca,  'sour
wine and water.' Milk curdled with wine, or any
acid, or treacle.  A preparation of beer and milk;
Zythog'ala.
  Posset, Sack, see Sack—p. Sago, see Sago.
  POSSETING, Regurgitation (of Infants).
  POSTBRACHIALE, Metacarpus.
  POSTCARPIUM, Metacarpus.
  POSTE'RIOR ANNULA'RIS.  An external,
interosseous muscle, which arises from the corre-
sponding sides  of the  metacarpal  bones of  the
ring-finger and little finger, and is inserted  into
the inside of  the  tendon  on  the back of  the
ring-finger.  Its use is to  draw the ring-finger
inwards.
  Posterior Auris, Retrahens auris.
  Posterior In'dicis Manus.  An internal, in-
terosseous muscle, which arises  from the inner
or ulnar side of the metacarpal bone of the fore-
finger, and is inserted into the inside of the ten-
don on the back of the fore-finger.   Its use is to
draw the fore-finger inwards.
  Posterior Indicis Pedis, Abduc'tor Indicia
Pedia.  An  external, interosseous muscle, which
arises from the contiguous sides of the metatarsal
bones of the fore-toe,  and second of the  small
toes, and is inserted into the outside of the root
                 POTASH

of the first bone of the fore-toe.  Its use is to pull
the  fore-toe outwards.
  Posterior Me'dii Dig"iti Manus. An exter-
nal, interosseous muscle, which arises from the
corresponding  sides of the metacarpal bones of
the  middle and ring-fingers ;  and is inserted into
the  inside of the tendon on the back of the mid-
dle  finger.  Its use is to draw the middle finger
inwards.
  Posterior  Medii Dig"iti  Pedis,  Abductor
medii  digiti pedia.  An external,  interosseous
muscle, which originates from  the  contiguous
sides of the metatarsal bones of the second and
third  of  the small toes, and is inserted into the
outside of the  root of the first bone of the second
of the small toes.  Its uae is to pull the toe out-
wards.
  Posterior  Ter'tii  Dig"iti, Adduc'tor tertii
digiti.  An external, interosseous muscle, which
arises from the contiguous sides of the metatarsal
bones  of the third  and fourth of the small toes,
and is inserted into the outside of the root of the
first bone of the third of the small toes.  Its uae
is to pull the toe outwards.
  POSTHE, Penis, Prepuce.
  POSTHET'OMIST,  Poathet'omua, from irooSn,
'prepuce,' and ropn, 'incision.' One who  per-
forms the operation of circumcision.
  POSTHETOMY, Circumcision.
  POSTHIA,  Hordeolum.
  POSTHIOPLAS'TIC, Poathioplaa'ticua,  from
nooStov, 'the prepuce,'  and irXaaeto,  'I form.'  An
epithet applied to the operation for restoring the
prepuce.
  POSTHI'TIS,  from vonOn,  'the  prepuce, the
penis,' and itis, the termination for inflammation.
Inflammation  of the prepuce or penis.
  POSTHIUM, Prepuce.
  POSTHON'CUS, from troaQn,  'the prepuce or
penis,' and oyKos, 'a tumour.'   Swelling of the
prepuce or penis.
  POSTHOPLAS'TICA, from  -noadr,, 'prepuce,'
and TtXacriKos,  ' formative.'   The art of making a
new prepuce.
  POST'HUMOUS, from poet, 'after,' and humua,
'the ground.'   Occurring after death.
  Posthumous Child.  One born after the death
of its  father, or taken  from the dead body of its
mother, as by the Cassarean section.
  POST-MORTEM.  'After death;' as 'a^osi
mortem or necroscopic  examination.'
  POST-NATUS.  In the old law writers, the
second son.
  POST-PARTUM.  'After delivery.'  As 'poat
partum hemorrhage.'
  POSTPOSIT"IO.  Delay in  the return of a
paroxysm.   It is opposed to anticipatio, which
means the return of a paroxysm earlier than its
accustomed hour.
  In this sense, we speak of an anticipating, and
a postponing (Febris hysteret'ica) intermittent.
  POSTREMA, Uterus.
  PO'TABLE, Potab'ilis, from potare, 'to drink.'
Pot'imos, Potoe,Poa'imo8, 'drinkable.'  Water is
said to be potable, when it contains atmospheric
air; is not brackish; and has no mineral impreg-
nation of consequence.
  POTASH^   So called from the pots or vessels
in which it was made ;— Vegetable alkali, Gastri-
num.   Also, Potass.
  Potash of  Commerce, Potaaaa  impu'ra, Im-
pure potaaaa, Alu'men cati'num, Cidercs Rua'sici,
Subcar'bonas potaa'aa  impn'rua, Potas'sa: car'bo-
naa impurus,—the Pearlaah of commerce, is pre-
pared  from the ashes of land-plants by calcina-
tion, solution in water, filtration, and evaporation.
It  usually consists of subcarbonate of potassa,
4 
POTASS
705
POTASSiE
 Bulphate of potassa, chloride of potassium, silex,
 oxide of iron,  &c.
   From the ashes of lees of wine, and from vine-
 twigs,  a much purer  alkali is  obtained.   It is
 called  Giiiie infecto'riua, C. facum, Cin'erca cln-
 vclltt'ti, Alu'men facum, Cin'eres gravella'ti, (F.)
 O nil it 3 gravities, Cendres de earment.
   Another variety  of  the  alkali  is afforded by
 burning  argol in a crucible ; afterwards powder-
 ing arid  calcining it, till it is nearly white;  then
 dissolving in water, filtering, and evaporating. It
 is called  Salt of Tartar, Sal Tar'tari, Koli pra-
 para'tunt e tar'taro, Kali e tartaro, Subcar'bonus
 ■potassa: puris'simus, Potae'aa subcar'bonas e tar'-
 taro.  Lastly, when wormwood is burnt to ashes,
 dissolved in water, filtered, and  evaporated  to
 dryness,  it affords  another variety of vegetable
 alkali,  the Sal abein'thii or Salt  of wormwood.
   Impure potash is used  for  preparing the sub-
 carbonate for medical use.
   POTASS, Potassa, Potassa fusa, Potash.  The
 protoxide of potassium.
   POTASSA,  ACETATE OF, Potassas acetas —
 p. Bichromate of, Potassas bichromas — p. Bisul-
 phato of, Potassa) supersulphas—p. Bitartrate of,
 Potassae  supertartras — p. Carbonate of, Potassas
 carbonas — p. Carbonate of, pure, see Potassas
 subcarbonas—p. Chlorate of, Potassa) murias hy-
 peroxygenatus — p. Chromate of, Potassas  chro-
 mas — p. Chromate of, neutral, Potassas chromas
 — p. Chromate of, yellow, Potassas chromas.
   Potas'sa  cum Calce, Potaaa  with lime, Calx
 cum coli pnro, Caus'ticum commu'ne for'tius, La-
 pis inferna'lis sive sep'ticua, Kali caua'ticum cum
 calce, Potae'aa ope  calcia pardta et igne fusa,
 Lapia caus'tieu8, (F.) Potaaae priparie avec la
 chaux,  P. d la Chaux,  Pierre a cautere.  (Po-
 taaaa, Calcia aa §j.   Rub together, and keep in
 a well-stopped bottle.  Ph. U. S.)   Used for the
 same purposes as the next, but more manageable;
 being less deliquescent.
   Potassa,  Euchlorate   of,  Potassas  murias
 hyperoxygenatus — p. Ferrocyanate of, Potassii
 ferrocyanuretum— p. Ferroprussiate of, Potassas
 cyanuretum.
   Potassa Fusa, Potaaaa, Kali caus'ticum, Fueed
 potaaa, Caus'ticum  commu'ne  acer'rimum,  Kali
 purum, AU kali vcgetab' He fixum caus'ticum, Caus-
 ticum alkali'num, C. commu'ne, C. Potentia'le, C.
 Soli'num, Hydras  ka'licum, Hydraa  potae'aa
 pura fnaa, Potaaaa  hydraa, Lapia cans'ticua, La-
 pis causticus chirurgo'rum, Lapia inferna'lis alca-
 li'nua, L. sep'ticus,  Rupto'rium commu'ne, Fixed
 veg"ettible alkali,  Hydrate  of Potaaaa, (F.) Po-
 tasse cauetique.  (Prepared  by evaporating  solu-
 tion of potass to  dryness  in an  iron vessel.)
 This preparation is generally run into cylindrical
 moulds, covered with paper, and  kept in  well-
 corked  vessels.  It is  powerfully escharotic, and
 is  used  for forming issues, curing strictures, &c.
   Potassa, Fused,  Potassa fusa—p. Hydriodate
 of, Potassas hydriodas—p. Hydrobromate of, see
 Bromine—p. Hydrocyanate of, Potassii cyanure-
 tum—p. Hyperoxalas, Potass, oxalate of—p. Hy-
 pertartras, P.  supertartras — p. Iinpura,  Potash
 of commerce — p. and Iron, tartrate of, Ferrum
 tartarizatum—p. with Lime, Potassa cum  calce—
 p.  Liquida,  Liquor potassas — p.  Mephite of, Po-
 tassa? subcarbonas—p. Monochromate of, Potassas
 chromas—p. Muriate of, Potassas murias—p. Ni-
 trate of, Potassas nitras — p. Ope calcis parata et
 igne fusa, Potassa cum calce—p. Oxymuriate of,
 Potassa1 murias hyperoxygenatus — p.  Prussiate
 of, Potassii ferrocyanuretum—p. and Soda, Tar-
 trate  of, Soda, tartrate of—p. Subcarbonate of,
 Potassa1 subcarbonas — p. Sulphate of, Potassas
sulphas — p. Sulphate of, acid, Potassa?  supersul-
phas—p. Sulphuret of, Potassas sulphuretum—p.
      45
 Supercarbonate of, Potassas  carbonas—p. Super-
 sulphate of, Potassas supersulphas — p. .Supertar-.
 trate of, Potassas supertartras — p. Tartrate of,
 Potassa) tartras.
   POTASSA5 ACE'TAS, Acetaa kali, Oxy tar'ta-
 rua, Acetaa lixiv'ia  seu ka'licum, Al'kali tar'tari
 ace'to aaturdtum, Alcali  vegetab'ile  cum  aceto,
 Mugiete'rium tartari purgans, Terra folia'ta Tar-
 tori, Kali aceta'tum, Sal diuret'icus, Sal Senner'ti,
 Ac" etate of potaaa, Area'num tartari, (V.) Acitate
 de potaaae.  (Arid, acetic. Oj, Potaaaa eai-bou, q. s.
 Mix and add, by degrees, enough acetic acid to
 saturate the alkali.  Then filter and  evaporate
 till a pellicle is formed, which is to be  dried upon
 bibulous paper; evaporate again in a water-bath,
 and, removing the pellicles, dry. — Ph. U. S.)
   It is cathartic and diuretic.   Dose, Jj to Jij,
 or more.
   Potassa  et Alumina Sulphas,  Alumen —
 p.  Biantimonias, Antimonium  diaphoreticum —
 p. Bicarbonas, Potassas carbonas.
   Potas'sa  Bichro'mas, Kali chro'mictim  ru-
 brum seu ac"idum seu bichrdmicum, Bichro'mate
 of potae'aa.  Procured by adding sulphuric, ni-
 tric, or acetic acid  to a solution of the neutral
 chromate, and setting it aside to crystallize.   It
 is a violent irritant poison; and has been used
 as a caustic  in  cases of morbid growths, in  the
 proportion  of from half a drachm to a drachm of
 the salt to  from an ounce to an  ounce and a half
 of water.
   Potassje Bisulphas, P. supersulphas — p.  Bi-
 tartras, P.  supertartras.
   Potass.*: Car'bonas, Kali  aera'tum,  Bicar'-
 bonas potaaaa,  Potas'aa bicar'bonaa  (Ph. U.  S.)
 Deutocarbonaa potaaaii,  Carbonate, bicar'bonate,
 or eupercar'bonate of potassa.  This is not caus-
 tic, like the subcarbonate of potass, and  hence,
 has been  preferred  to  relieve acidity.  (Potass.
 carbon. Ibiv,  Aqua deatillat. Ox.  Pass carbonic
 acid through the solution until it is saturated,
 and  filter.   Evaporate  at  a  heat not exceeding
 160°, and  dry the  crystals  on bibulous  paper.
 Carbonic acid is obtained from marble  by  the
 addition of dilute sulphuric acid. — Ph.  U.  S.)
 Dose,  gr. x to Jss.  It is used in  forming  the
 soda powders, as well as for its antacid properties.
  Potassje Carbonas, P. subcarbonas — p. Car-
 bonas  impurus,  P.  subcarbonas — p.  Carbonas
 purus, see P. subcarbonas—p. Chloras, P. murias
 hyperoxygenatus—p. Ohloruretum oxydatum, P.
 murias hyperoxygenatus.
   Potas'sa  Chromas, Kali chro'micum flavum
 seu neutra'le, Neutral yellow Chromate, or Mono-
 chromate of potaaaa.   Prepared by igniting a
 mixture of four  parts of native ehromite  of iron
 (chrome-iron ore) and one part of nitre; dissolv-
 ing out the chromate of potassa by ivater, and
 crystallizing.  It has been used as an emetic,  ex-
 pectorant and diaphoretic.  Dose, as an  emetic,
 from two to four grains; as an expectorant, from
 Jth to i grain.   In the proportion of one drachm
 to 32 ounces of water, it has been used as an an-
 tiseptic wash — called by Jacobson, Liquor con-
 serva'trix.
  Potassae Citras,  Citrate of  potaaaa.  (Acid.
 citric.  3_x,  Potaaa. bicarb. §xiv, Aq. q. s.  Dis-
 solve  the acid in the water; and after efferves-
 cence has ceased, strain and evaporate to dryness.
 The  salt is deliquescent, and  must  be kept in
well-stopped  bottles.  Ph. U. S.)  It possesses
the refrigerant properties  of the neutral salts,
and may be given in fever, when to  do little or
nothing is the most advisable course.  Dose, gr. x
to Jss.
  Potass/e et  Ferri Tartras, Ferri tartariza-
tum— p. Hydras, Potassa fusa.
  Potassae Hydri'odas,  Potassa Protohydri'o- 
POTASSiE
706
POTASS2E
das, Potas'sii protoxi'di hydri'odas, Kali Hydri-
odidicum, K. Hydriod'icum, Hydriodas Kdlicus,
Hydri'odate of potass, (F.) Hydriodate de potaaae.
If a solution of potass be poured on  iodine, an
iodate  and hydriodate are formed.  These may
be  separated by means  of alcohol,  which only
dissolves the latter of these  salts.  The hydrio-
date, or rather the I'odide of Potas'sium, Kalium
Ioda'tum, Potassii Ioduretum seu  lo'didum, (F.)
lodure de potassium, may  be obtained by evapo-
ration.  When  the Iodide of potaaaium  is  dis-
solved in water, it becomes the Hydriodate of
Potaaaa.   The  following  is  the formula  in the
Ph. U. S.   Potaas. **""vj ; Iodin. in pulv.  3xvj ;
Carbon, ligni in pulv. subtiliss. *|ij ; Aq. bullient.
Oiij.  Dissolve the potassa in the water; add the
iodine  gradually, stirring  until  the  solution be-
comes colourless, and continue the additions until
the liquid remains slightly coloured from  excess
of iodine.  Evaporate to  dryness, stirring in the
charcoal towards the  close.  Rub to  powder, and
heat to dull redness in an iron crucible, keeping
up the temperature for 15  minutes.  When cool,
dissolve  out the saline  matter with pure  water,
filter  the solution, evaporate and set aside to
crystallize.  By evaporating and crystallizing as
before, an additional quantity of crystals may be
obtained.  Virtues, — those of iodine.
  Potassae  Mu'rias, Sal Digeeti'vus vel Sol fe-
brif'ttgua Syl'vii, Muriate of Potase, Spir'itua
salia mori'ni coaguldtua.   Bitter and refrigerant.
  Potassae  Mu'rias Hyperoxygena'tus,  Po-
taaaa  Chloraa,  P. oxymu'riaa,  Oxymu'riate or
hyperoxymu'riate of potaaa, Chlorate of potaa'aa,
Euchlo'rate  of potaaa, Alcali vegetab'ile  sali'to-
dephlogistica'tum, Ohlorure'tum potaa'aa oxyda'-
tum, Halo'i'dum  oxygena'tum,  Oxyge'no-Chloru-
re'tum potas'sii, Protochlo'rate of potas'sium, Kali
chlo'ricum, Chloras Ka'licua depurdtua, (F.) Chlo-
rate de potasse.  It has been regarded as anti-
neuropathic, and as an alterative purifier of the
blood and humours.  It is of doubtful efficacy.
Dose, 3 to 6 grains or more.
  Potas'sa Nitras, Nitrate of Potass, Nitrum,
Sal nitrum, Nitre, Saltpetre, Sal petra, Salee'do
mucrum, Sanguin'ea, Berenic"ium, Halini'trum,
Protoni'trate of Potas'sium, Nitrate of protox'ide
of  Potaaaium,  Kali ni'tricum,  Nitras ka'licum,
Nitras  lixiv'ia, (F.) Nitrate  de potasse.  Ob-
tained from the putrefaction of animal matters,
in contact with  calcareous or alkaline earths, by
elixiviation; adding, if necessary, wood-ashes to
supply the  alkaline basis.   It  is  formed, in an
impure state, by nature, in warm climates.
   It is diuretic and refrigerant,  and, in  large
doses, purgative; externally, cooling  and deter-
gent.   Dose,  gr. x to Jss.  In  large  doses it is
an acrid poison.
   Potassa Nitras Fusus Sulpha'tis Paucil'lo
Mixtus,  Sal prunel'la,   Cryatal'lua  minera'lia,
Nitraa potaa'aa cum aul'phure fuaua, Nitrum tctbu-
Idtum, Lapia Prunel'la, Sore-throat ealt,  Min'c-
ral cryatal, Anod'ynum.  minera'le.   Nitrate  of
potass, mixed with a little sulphate of potass and
run into moulds.   Its  properties are those  of
nitre.
   Potassa Ox'alas, Superox'alate of Protox'ide
of Potas'aium,  Ox'alaa  Acid'ulum Potaa'aa seu
Potaa'aa acid'ulua seu bo'sicus,  Superox'alaa ka'-
licum, S. Potaaaa, Hyperoxalas Potaaaa, Sal Ace-
tosel'la, Oxa'lium, Kali oxal'icum  acid'ulum, Ox'-
 alaa  aubpotaa'aicus,  Oxalate of Potaaa, Salt  of
Sorrel.  Prepared from the  juice  of wood sorrel.
It is refrigerant, and is  used to make lemonade,
 Ac.
   Potassae Oxalas Acidulum, Potass,  oxalate
 of—p. Oxymurias, P. murias hyperoxygenatus—
p.  Protohydriodas, P. hydriodas — p.  Puras fusas
hydras, Potassa  fusa — p. et Soda1 tartras, Soda,
tartrate of.
  Potass/E  Subcar'bonas, P. Car'bonas  (Ph.
U.  S.), Subcar'bonas Kali, Car'bonas Potaaaa,
Kali prapardttim, Sal  Hcrbdruin, Calcdicons
Tartar, Sal Planta'rum,  Subcarbonate  of Potaas,
Sol Tar'tari,  Sal Abaidthii, Mephite  of Potass,
&o.  (See Potash.)  A filtered solution of the im-
pure subcarbonate, Potaa'aa car'bonas imjiu'rus
(Ph. U. S.) Pearl-ash (see Potash,) evaporated to
dryness.  This deliquescent salt is given in the
same cases as the potassas carbonas, than which
it is more caustic and disagreeable.
  The Parisian codex has a Subcar'bonasPotas'sa
ex tar'taro combua'to, vulgo Sol Tartari or Salt of
Tartai---it is the Potaaaa carbonas purus, Pure
Carbonate of Potassa, Ph. U. S. ; a Subcarbonas
Potassa ex de fug rod tibus simul tar'trote ucid'ulo
et Nitrate Potassa paratua, vulgo Nitrum ex  tar-
taro fixum; and a Subcarbonas potaaaa ex dejla-
gran'te cum Carbo'nibus Nitra'tc Potaaaa para-
tua, vulgo Nitrum fixum.  They are all used  like
the preceding.
  Potassa  Subcarbonas  Impurus,  Potash of
commerce.
  Potassae  Sulphas, Kali vitriola'turn, Sulphas
Kali, Kali sulphu'ricum, Lixiv'ia vitriola'to, Ni-
trum vitriolatum  Schroederi, Sal Sapien'tia, Sal
Tar'tari  Sulphura'tum,  Specif'icum  Puracel'si,
Spi'ritus vitrioli  coagula'tua  Alynaichti, Proto-
aulph'ate of Potas'sium,  Al'kali vegeta'bile vitri-
olatum, Sal de  duobus,  Area'num duplica'tum,
Nitrum vitriola''turn,  Tar'tarum vitriolatum, l'a-
nace'a Ducia Holao'tia,  Panace'a duplico'ta, Sal
Polychres'tus, Sulphate of Potaaa, (F.) Sulfate de
potaaae.  (The salt, {hat remains after the distil-
lation  of nitric acid,  dissolved; the excess of acid
saturated with subcarbonate of potass and  crys-
tallized.)  Purgative and diuretic.  Dose, Jss to
Jj as a laxative.  In a large dose it has proved
an irritant poison.
  Potass je Sulphas cum Sul'phure; Sal Poly-
chres'tus Glaae'ri, Lixiv'ia Vitriola'ta Sulphu'rea.
(Formed  by deflagrating nitrate of potass  with
sublimed sulphur.)   Same virtues  as the  last.
Dose,  gr. xv to  xxx.
  Potassje Sulphure'tum, Potas'eii Sulphure'-
tum, P. tersulphure'turn,  Kali sulphuretum, Hepar
Sulph'uris sali'num,  H. aulphu'ris vulga're, Sul-
phure'tum lixiv'ia, S. ka'licum, Hepar Sulphuris,
Liver  of Sulphur, Sulphuret of Potass, (F.) Sul-
fure  de potaaae,  Sulfure  de  potaaaium  aulfoti,
Foie de Soufre.  (Sulphur.  *"jj, Potaaaa curb. "Jjjij.
Rub them together, and place the mixture  in a
covered crucible upon the  fire until they unite.)
It has been employed in affections of the chest,
as an  expectorant, in the dose of from Jss to Jj,
largely diluted;  but  it  is  chiefly used as a bath
or wash in  cases of itch, tinea capitis, and other
cutaneous affections.
   Potass^ Superoxalas, Potass, oxalate of.
   Potassa  Supersul'phas,  P.  Biaulphaa, Sal
enix'um,  Supersulphate  of Potaaa, Sol febrif'u-
gua of Lem'ery, Arid Sulphate of Potaaa, Biaul-
phate of Potaaa, Sujier-protoaulphate  of Potas'-
sium,  (F.) Bieulfatc, de Potasse.  (The salt  re-
maining  after the distillation of nitric acid, dis-
solved, strained, and crystallized.)  It is refrige-
rant and purgative.   Dose, Jss to Jij.
   Potassae Supertaii'tkas Impu'rus, Tar'tarus
crudua, Tar'tarum, Lapis  vini, Magneti'nus, Pe-
dagra, Tartar, (F.)  Tort re cru,  T.  brut.   It is
called, also,  Tartarum  rubrum and  Red An/ol,
when obtained  from red wines; Tartarum album
or  White Argol, when from white wines.   Tartar
is the saline  deposit from wines as they become
aged;  which attaches itself  to the sides of the
casks and bottles in which  they  are kept.  It 
POTASSE
707
POTENTILLA
 consists of a considerable  quantity  of acidulous
 tartrate of potass, tartrate of lime, silica,  alumen,
 oxyd of iron, manganese, and  a red colouring
 matter, if tho wine be red.   It is chiefly  used for
 the preparation of cream of tartar.
  _ Potass.k  Supertar'tras, Crystal'li Tar'tari,
 Tartraa Acid'uliia Potaaaa puma, Superior'trate
 of Protox'ide of Potas'sium, Potaa'aa Bitar'traa
 (Ph. U. S.),  P. tartraa oc"'ulii, Bitartratc or  .SV-
 pertartratc of Potaaa, Hypertortroa Potaaaa, Tar-
 traa  superpotas'aieiis,  T. suhpotoa'eicus,  Crystals
 of Tartar,  Creator Tar'tari, Cream of  tartar
 [when  in  powder,) Supertar'trate of Potaaa, (F.)
 Tartrate acide de potaaae, Crime de Tort re.  (The
 tartar of wine purified.)  It requires  120 parts of
 water at 60° to  dissolve it.   It is mildly purga-
 tive, refrigerant and diuretic.  Dissolved in water,
 with  a small quantity of white wine, some  sugar
 and lemon-peel,  it forms an  agreeable beverage
 in febrile  diseases, under the name of imperial.
 Dose, as a diuretic, Jj to Jij; as a purgative, *§ss

  PoTAsSiB Tartras, Kali tartarizdtum, Al'cali
 fixum tartorisatum, Tar'to rum sold bile, Tartarus
 tartariza'tus, Lixiv'ia  Tartariea'ta,  Sol  Pan-
 ehrea'tum,  Tartraa Kolinua, T. lixiv'ia, Sal vege-
 tab'ilia. Alkali vegetal/He tartarizatum, Tartrate
 of Potass, Soluble Tartar,  (F.) Tartrate  de Po-
 taaae.   (Potaaaa  carbon.  g xvj ; Potassa  Bitar-
 trat. in pulv. subtiliss. Ibiij, vel q. s.,  aqua bulli-
 ent ia, cong.  Dissolve the carbonate of potassa in
 the water, add the bitartratc to saturation, and
 boil;  filter, evaporate till a pellicle  forms, and
set  aside  to crystallize.   Pour  off the liquid;
dry the crystals  on bibulous paper, and keep in
closely-stopped bottles.— Ph. U. S.)   A saline
cathartic in the dose of Jij to gj.
  Potassa Tartras Acida, P. supertartras—p.
Tartras acidulus purus,  P. supertartras -r-p.  Tar-
tras stibialis seu stibiosus, Antimonium tartariza-
tum.
   POTASSE, ACETATE  DE,  Potassas acetas
 — p. Risulphote  de, Potassas  supersulphas—p.
 Coustionc, Potassa fusa — p. d la  Chaux, Potassa
 cum ralee— p. Chlorate de,  Potassas murias hy-
 peroxygenatus —p. Hydriodate de, Potassas hy-
 driodas—;1. Liqui.de, Liquor potassas—p. Nitrate
 de, Potassa1 nitras— p. Priparic  avec  la chaux,
 Potassa  cum calce—-p. et de Sonde, tartrate de,
 Soda, tartrate of—p. Sulfate  de, Potassas sulphas,
 p. Sulfure de, Potassa) sulphuretum—p. Tartrate
 de, Potassa)  tartras —p.  Tartrate, acide de, Po-
 tassa) supertartras.
   POTAS'SII W&0'M\T)VM,Potaa'eahydrobro'-
 maa,(F.) Bromurede Potaaaium, Uromidcofpotas-
 sium.^ (Bromin, gij ;  Ferri fili, gj : Potaas. car-
 bon, gij and Jj, vel q.  s.;  Aq. des'ti/lat.,  Oiv. Add
 the iron  filings and bromine  to a pint and a half
 of the water ;  stirring  for  half an hour.   Apply a
 gentle heat,  and  when  the liquor assumes a
 greenish  colour, add gradually the carbonate of
 potassa,  dissolved  in  Oiss of the  water, until it
 ceases to cause a precipitate.  Continue the heat
 for half  an hour, and filter.   Wash the precipi-
 tate with the  remaining water, boiling  hot, and
 filter.  Mix the liquors and crystallize by evapo-
 ration.   Ph".  U. S.)  Virtues:—those  of iodide
 of iron.
  Potassii Cvanidum, P. Cyanuretum.
  Potas'sii  Cyanure'tum,  P. Cyan'idum, Cya-
nuret of  Potassium,  Hydrocy'onote of  Potassa,
(Potassii  Ferrocyanur., in  pulv.  gviij; Potaaa.
 Corbonot., ex siccat.,  giij.   Mix  intimately and
throw into a deep  iron crucible, heated  to red-
ness : keep up the heat till effervescence ceases,
and  the  fused mass  concretes, of a pure white
colour, upon  a warm  glass  rod dipped into it ■
then pour out the liquid carefully into a shallow
  dish, to solidjfy, stopping before the salt becomes
  contaminated with the precipitated iron.  Break
  up  the  mass whilst warm, and preserve in well-
  stopped bottles.  Ph. U. S.)   Used in the same
  cases  as the hydrocyanic acid.  Dose, a quarter
  of a grain.
    Potassii Deuto-carbonas, Potassas carbonas.
    Potassii Ferrocyanure'tum,  P. Ferrocyad-
  idum, Ferrocy'anide or Ferrocyaduret of Potas-
  sium, Ferrocy' anate of Potaaaa, Ferropruaaiate of
  Potassa, Pruaaiate of Potassa, (F.) Protocyanure
  jaune de fer et de potaaaium, Cyonnre de fer et de
  potassium.  The  yellow  double cyanuret of  po-
  tassium  and iron, the salt from which the cyanu-
  ret of potassium is obtained by calcination. It is
  not  much used in medicine.  It has been advised
  as an astringent  in  the  colliquative sweats of
  phthisis, in  leucorrhcea,  &c.;  but it  does  not
  seem to be possessed of much activity.  Dose, 10
  or 15 grains every four or five hours.
   Potassii HynRARm-no-iODiDUM, Potaaaa lodo-
  hydrar'gyraa, Hydrargyrum biiodatum cum kalio
  iodato,  Kalium  iodatum  hydrargyratum, Iodhy-
  drar'gyrate of Potaaaium, Hydrargyro-iodide of
  Potaaaium.  This salt is made by the combination
  of iodide of potassium with red iodide of mercury.
  Its properties  are similar to those of the iodides
  of mercury, but  in a less degree.
   Potassii Iodidum, Potassas hydriodas—p. Io-
  duretum, Potassas hydriodas — p. Oxygeno-chlo-
  ruretum, Potassas  murias hyperoxygenatus — p.
  Protoxidi hydriodas, Potassas  hydriodas—p. Sul-
 phuretum,  Potassas sulphuretum—p. Tersulphu-
 retum, Potassa) sulphuretum.
   POTASSIUM.  Same etymon as potash.  The
 metallic base of potassa.
   POTASSIUM, BROMURE DE, see Bromine
 —p.  Cyanuret of, Potassii cyanuretum—p. Ferro-
 cyanide of, Potassii ferrocyanuretum—p. Ferro-
 cyanuret of, Potassii Ferrocyanuretum—p. Iodide
 of, Potassas hydriodas—p. Iodohydrargyrate  of,
 Potassii hydrargyro-iodidum—p. lodure de, Po-
 tassas hydriodas—p. Oxide of, Potass —p. Proto-
 arsenite of,  Arsenite of protoxide of potassium—p.
 Protochlorate of, Potassas  murias hyperoxygena-
 tus—p. Protonitrate of, Potassa) nitras—p. Pro-
 toxide of, Potass—p. Protoxide of,  nitrate of, Po-
 tassas nitras — p. Protoxide of,  superoxalate of,
 Potass, oxalate of—p. Protoxide of, supertartrate
 of, Potassas supertartras — p. Protosulphate  of,
 Potassas sulphas—p. Sulfure de, aulfoti, Potassas
 sulphuretum — p. Sulphuret of, Potassas sulphu-
 retum—p. Superprotosulphate of, Potassas  super-
 sulphas.
   POTATO, Solanum tuberosum—p. Fly, Lytta
 vittata —p. Hog,  Convolvulus panduratus —p.
 Spanish,  Convolvulus batatas—p. Sweet, Convol-
 vulus batatas —p. Vine, wild, Convolvulus pan-
 duratus—p. Wild, Convolvulus panduratus.
   POTBELLY, Physconia.
   POTELEE, Hyoscyamus.
   POTENTIA, Force.
   Poten'tia seu  Potes'tas Coeun'di, Capability
 of copulation.
   Potentia Generan'di.  The power of procre-
 ation.
   Potentia Irritans, Stimulus.
   POTENTIAL, Potentio.'lia; irompotena, 'able.'
 An epithet for remedies which, although energe-
 tic, do not act till some time after their  applica-
 tion.   The  caustic alkalies,  for instance, are
 called Potential cauteries in  contradistinction  to
 the hot iron, which is termed actual.
   POTENTILLA,  P. reptans.
   Potentil'la Anseri'na, P. argenti'na seu im-
po'lita seu  ncglee'ta, Argenti'na vulga'ris, Fra-
ga'ria anseri'na,  Argentine,  Chenoboa'con, Ar-
gentdria,  Anseri'na,  Silver Weed,  Wild Tansy 
                 POTERIUM                7

 (F.) Argentine, Potentille.  The leaves are mildly
 astringent and tonic.
   Potentilla Argentina, P. anserina — p. Im-
 polita, P. anserina—p. Neglecta, P. anserina.
   Potentilla Norveg"ica, Norway Cinque-foil,
 an indigenous plant, is possessed of  similar pro-
 perties.
   Potentilla Palustris, Comarum palustre.
   Potentil'la Reptans, Pentaphyl'lum, Frogd-
 ria  pentaphyl'lum,  Potentil'la,  Quinquefo'lium,
 Q. majue, Common cinquefoil,  (F.) Quintefeuille.
 The roots are  possessed of astringent properties.
   Potentilla Tormentilla, Tormentilla.
   POTERIUM   SANGUISORBA,  Pimpinella
 saxifraga.
   POTESTAS COEUNDI, Potentia coeundi—p.
 Generandi, Potentia generandi.
   POTEX, Anus.
   POTHOS FCETIDA, Dracontium fcetidum—p.
 Putorii, Dracontium fcetidum.
   POTIMOS, Potable.
   POTIO, Drink,  Haustus,  Potion —p.  Calcis
 carbonatis, Mistura cretas — p. Effervescens anti-
 emotica, Potion of Riverius — p. Leniens, Looch
 ex ovo — p. Oleosa,  Looch ex ovo — p. Picea, see
 Pinus sylvestris.
   POTION  (F.), Potio; from poto, 'I drink.'
 A liquid medicine, from 4 to 8 ounces or more in
 quantity, the  composition of which varies, and
 which is administered in divided doses.  It cor-
 responds to the English mixture.
   POTION PECTORALE, Looch ex ovo.
   Potion of  Rive'rius.  A mixture of Lemon
 Juice and Subcarbonate  of Potaaa, — generally
 given in a state of effervescence.  It is the Potio
 effervea'cena  anti-emet'ica  dicta Rive'rii, of the
 Parisian codex.   The  name  in the  codex indi-
 cates its use.
   POTIONIS DESIDERIUM, Thirst.
   POTIRON, Cucurbita pepo.
   POTIUNCULA, Haustus.
   POTOPARANGEA, Delirium tremens.
   POTOS, Potable.
   POTOTROMOPARANCEA, Delirium tremens.
 .  POTT'S DISEASE, Vertebral disease.
   POTUS, Drink—p. Hippocraticus, Claret.
   POU, Pediculus.
   POUCE, Pollex,  see Digitus.
   POUCHED, Encysted.
   POUDRE,  Powder, Pulvis—p. Absorbante et
anti-acide, p. Pulvis de magnesia compositus—p.
d'Alun eompoaie, Pulvis sulphatis aluminas com-
positus—p. Antiarthritique  amere, Pulvis de
amaris  compositus—p. Antiaathmatique, Pulvis
de sulphure et scilla—p. Antimoniale composie ou
de James, Antimonial  powder—p. Aromatique,
Pulvis cinnamomi compositus—p. d'Aaarum eom-
poaie dite sternutotoire, Pulvis asari compositus
—p.  Balaamique,  Pulvis myrrhas compositus—p.
de Birckmann, Pulvis de aro compositus—p. de
Blanchement,  Calcis chloridum — p. de Cannelle
composie, Pulvis cinnamomi compositus__p. Ca-
thartique, Pulvis scammoneas  compositus__p. de
 Chypre, see Cladonia rangiferrina —p. du Comte
de Palme, Magnesias carbonas—p. Cornachine
Pulvis cornachini—p. de Come brulie avec opium
Pulvis cornu usti  cum opio —p. de Craie  compo-
sie avec opium, see Pulvis cretas compositus cum
opio—p. de Dower, Pulvis ipecacuanhas compo-
situs—p. de Dupuytren, Powder of Dupuytren__
—p.  Gazifire laxative, Powders, Seidlitz—p. Ga-
zifire  simple,  Powders,  soda—p.  de  Gomme
adragant eompoaie,  Pulvis tragacanthas compo-
situs —p. de Gomme gutte, Pulvis e gummi gutta,
—p. Hydragogue, Pulvis e gummi gutta,—p. Inci-
sive,  Pulvis de sulphure et scilla—p. d'Ipecacu-
anha et  opium, Pulvis ipecacuanhas  compositus—
p. de Jalap eompoaie,  Pulvis  jalapas compositus
                POURPIER

—p. de Kino composie, Pulvis kino compositus—
p. de  Pirard,  Pulvis  de sennit, scannnonio et
lignis—p. de Quercetanua, Pulvis e gummi gutta
—p. de Saint Ange, Pulvis asari compositus—p.
de Savon vegitole, Pulvis gummosus alkalinus—p.
de Scammonic composie, Pulvis scammonea' com-
positus—p. de Sedlitz, Powders, Seidlitz—p. de
Seni composie, Pulvis  sennas comp.—p. tie Scn-
tinelli, Magnesias carbonas—p. Styptique, Pulvis
sulphatis aluminas compositus.
  POUDRE SUBTIL  DE DELCROIX.  A
fashionable depilatory " for removing superfluous
hair in less than ten minutes."  It is said to con-
sist of Quicklime and Sulphuret of Arsenic, with
some vegetable powder.— Paris.
  POUDRE TEMPERANTE  DE  STAHL,
Pulvis  de  Sulphate potassas compositus — p. de
Tennant, Calcis chloridum—p>, de Valentin!, Mag-
nesias  carbonas—p. Vermifuge mercurielle, Pulvis
e sulphureto hydrargyro nigro et scammonio—p.
 Vermifuge aana mercure, Pulvis exhelminthocorto
compositus.
  POUGUES, MINERAL WATERS OF.  These
alkaline waters are in the department of Nievro,
France.  They contain carbonic acid,  carbonates
of soda, lime, and magnesia; chloride  of sodium;
alumina, and silica, with protoxide of iron.
  POULAIN, Bubo.
  POULET, VIN DE  (F.),  Pullet  Wine.  A
disgusting  preparation, made by infusing the ex-
crement of the pullet in white wine.  According
to Nysten, it  is employed by the vulgar in France
in a number  of diseases, and especially in falls,
contusions, &c.
  POULIOT, Mentha pulegium.
  POULS, Pulse—p. Abdominal, Pulsus inferior
—p. dea Adultea, Pulse, natural—p. Agiti, Pulsus
fortis—p.  Baa, Pulse,  low—p. Capitol, Pulse,
nasal—p. Combini, Pulse, complex—p.Complique,
Pulse, complex—p. Composi, Pulse, complex—p.
Concentri. Pulse, contracted—p.  Difaillaut, Pul-
sus deficiens—p. Deprimi, Pulse, depressed—p.
de la Diarrhie, Pulse, intestinal—p. Dur, Pulse,
hard—p. Eleve, Pulse, ardent — p. Embarrassi,
Pulsus  intricatus —p. de VEatomac, Pulse,  sto-
machal— p.  Etroit, Pulsus strictus—p. de VEx-
pectoration,  Pulse, pectoral—p. Faible,  Pulse,
feeble—p. du Foie, Pulse, hepatic—p. Grand,
Pulse, large—p. Insensible, Pulsus deficiens—p.
Intercadent, Pulse, intermittent—p. des Inteatina,
Pulse, intestinal—p. Languiaaant, Pulse, languid
—p. Lent, Pulse, slow—p. de la Mot rice, Pulsus
uterinus—p. Modiri,  Pulse, natural—p. Mou,
Pulse, soft—p. de Nez, Pulse, nasal—p. Ondoy-
ant,  Pulse, undulating—p. Ondulant, Pulse, un-
dulating— p. Palpitant,  Pulse, tremulous—p.
Parfait, Pulse, natural—p.  Petit, Pulse, small—
p. Plein, Pulse, full—p. Pricipiti, Pulse, frequent
—p. Prof and, Pulse, deep—p. Prompt,  Pulse,
sharp—p. Rare, Pulse,  slow — p. Rebondisaant,
Pulsus dicrotus — p. Redoubli, Pulsus dierotus —
p. dea Reejlea, Pulsus uterinus—p. Roide, Pulse,
tense —p. Serratile, Pulsus serrinus —p. Serri,
Pulse, contracted—p.  de la Sueur, Pulsus sudo-
ralis—p. Tardif, Pulse, slow—p. Tcndu, Pulse,
tense—p.  Tremblant,  Pulse, tremulous — p. de
VUrine, Pulsus urinalis—p. Vehement, Pulsus for-
tis—p. Ventral, Pulsus inferior—p. Vide, Pulsus
vacuus—p. VifPnlse, sharp—p. Vite, Pulse, sharp.
  POULTICE, see Cataplasm.
  POUNCE, Sandarac.
  POUND, Libra, Litra, Xtrpa, Lat. Pondo,  Ba-
ge'dia  (of  twelve oz.), Barda'dia,  (F.) Here,
from pondere, 'to weigh.'  A weight, consisting
of twelve ounces Troy, — sixteen ounces avoirdu-
poise.  See Weights and Measures.
  POURPIER  CULTIVE, Portulaca.
08 
                 POURPRE

   POURPRE BLANC, Miliary fever.
   POUIIRITI'RE, Putrefaction— p. d'llopital,
 Hospital gangrene.
   POUS, Pes.
   POUSSE,  Pursiness.
   POUSSEE, Lichen.
   POUSSIE11E TIISERCULEUSE (F.), 'Tu-
 berculous Dust.'  A name  given by MM. Rilliet
 and Barthez to fine white or yellow minute points
 of tuberculous matter occurring in myriads, so as
 to be likened  to dust.
   POWDER, Pulvis.
   Powder  of Avihio'pia, Guy's.   A once cele-
 brated  anthelmintic, which consisted  of pure
 rasped  tin,  mercury, and sulphur,  triturated to-
 gether.
   Powder  of Aloes,  Compound,  Pulvis aloes
 compositus, Pulvis sulphatis aluminas compositus
 — p. of  Aloes with canella, Pulvis aloes cum ca-
 nella— p.  Antimonial, Chenevix's,  Antimonial
 powder — p. Aromatic, Pulvis aromaticus.
   Pdwukr, Arsenical, of Come, Gome's powder
 — a caustic — is formed of arsenious arid, gr. x;
 red  siiljihuret  of mercury, gr. xl; powdered ani-
 mal charcoal,  gr. x.  It is made into a paste with
 mucilage.
   Powder  of Arum,  compound, Pulvis de aro
 compositus—p. of Asarabacca, compound, Pulvis
 asari compositus — p. of Bladder-wrack, yellow,
 Pulvis  quercus marina) — p.  Bleaching,  Calcis
 chloridum—p. Camboge, Pulvis e gummi gutta—
 p. Cardinal  del Lugo's, Cinchona — p. of Chalk,
 compound, Pulvis cretas compositus—p. of Chalk
 with opium, compound, Pulvis cretas compositus
 cum opio — p. of Cinnamon, compound, Pulvis
 cinnamomi compositus—p.  Coine's, Powder arse-
 nical of  Come — p. of Contrayerva, compound,
 Pulvis contrayervas  compositus — p. Countess's,
 Cinchona—p.  Countess of Kent's, Cantianus pul-
 vis— p.  Cyprus, Hibiscus abelmoschus — p. Do-
 ver's, Pulvis ipecacuanhas compositus.
   Powder of Dupuytren (Caustic;) (F.) Pou-
 dre de Dupuytren, formed of 1 part  of arsenious
 acid and 200 parts of mild  chloride of mercury.
 A mild and manageable caustic for causing an
 eschar on exposed surfaces, and in lupus, <fec.
   Powder,  Earl of Warwick's, Pulvis corna-
 chini—p. of Ethiopia, Powder of ^Ethiopia.
   Powder  of Faynahd.   A celebrated  powder
 for arresting  hemorrhage,  said  to  be  nothing
 more than the  charcoal of beech wood finely pul-
 verized.
   Powder,  Fever, Schwanberg's, Antimonial
 powder.
   Powder-Folder.  In Pharmacy, an apparatus
 by which papers containing powders are folded
 of the desired  length.
   Powder, Ginger-beer, see Amomum zingiber
 —p. Gout, Duke of Portland's, Pulvis Ducis Port-
 landias—p.  of  Burnt hartshorn with  opium, Pul-
 vis cornu cervi cum opio—p. Ipecacuanha com-
 pound, Pulvis  ipecacuanhas compositus — p. of
 Jalap, compound, Pulvis jalapa) compositus — p.
 James's,  factitious,  Antimonial powder — p. Je-
 suit's, Cinchona—p. of Kino, compound, Pulvis
 kino compositus—p. of Lemonade, see Lemonade
 —p.  of Magnesia,  compound, Pulvis de  magne-
 sia compositus — p. of the  Marquis,  Marehionis
 pulvis—p. Mead's, against the bite of a Mad dog,
 Pulvis  antilyssus — p. Myrrh, compound, Pulvis
 myrrha)  compositus — p. Portland, Pulvis Ducis
 Portlandhv—p. of  the three Sanders, see  Dia-
triuni—p. Scammony and aloes, Pulvis scanimo-
nii cum  aloe — p. Scammony compound, Pulvis
 scammonias  compositus—p.  of Senna, compound,
 Pulvis sennas compositus—p. Sneezing, see Vera-
trum album—p. Spruce beer, see Spruce beer—
709               PR^CORDIA

   p. Tennant's, Calcis chloridum—p. Tooth, Denti-
   fricium—p. Tragacanth, compound, Pulvis traga-
   canthas compositus.
     Powder, Vien'na, is  composed of equal parts
   of quicklime and potassa cum  calce.   In  using
   it, it is made into  a paste — Vienna paste, (F.)
   Caustique de Vienne—with spirits of wine, and is
   applied on the  diseased part, previously circum-
   scribed by a hole cut in a sticking plaster.
     To be left on from 10  to 20 minutes, according
   to the  depth of the eschar required.  Used  in
   cases of lupous ulceration.
     By fusing the potass and lime, and raising the
   heat so as to cause ebullition, the caustic may be
   run into cylinders :—when it is  called Cauetique-
   Filhoe, Cane'ticum  Viennen'8e fuaum Filhoa, from
   the name  of the author  of the process.
     Powdkhs, Castillon, so called from the name
   of the physician who first proposed them.  They
   are formed of aogo, in powder; aolep, in powder;
   tragacanth,  in  powder,  each, four  parts; pre-
   pared oyater-8hclla, one part, cochineal, half a
   part,  divided into powders of one drachm each;
   one of which is given three'or four times a day as
   a  demulcent in  diarrhoea and dysentery.
     Powders, Soda, Pul'veres effervesced tes, (F.)
   Poudres gaziferea  simples.   (Soda carb. Jss, in
   each  blue  paper; tartaric acid, gr. xxv  in each
   white paper,' for half a pint of water.) A pleasant,
   cooling drink; taken during the effervescence.
     Seidlitz Powders, (F.) Poudres gaziferea laxa-
   tivea ou Poudrea de Seidlitz, contain  one or two
   drachms of tartrate of potassa  and soda, added
   to  the alkali in the blue  paper.
     POWER,  Faculty—p. Inherent, Irritability—
   p.  Tonic, Irritability.
     POX, Syphilis, Variola—p. Chicken, Varicella
  —p. Doctor, Syphilidiater — p. French, Syphilis
  —p. Grease, see  Grease—p. Noddle, Syphiloma-
   nia—p. Small, Variola—p. Swine, see Varicella—
  p.  Water, see Varicella.
    POZZUOLI, MINERAL WATERS OF.  Poz-
  zuoli is in the  neighbourhood  of Naples.  The
  springs are, 1. Acqua delta pietra, Temp. 91° Fah.
  2.  Acqua di  Cavalcanti,  Temp. 100°.  A. di eub-
  veni homini, Temp. 102°; A. del cantarello, Temp.
  86  to 89°; and that of the Temple of Serapis in
  Pozzuoli, Temp. 102 to 107°.  The  last contains
  carbonic acid, carbonates of lime, magnesia, alu-
  mina, and iron,  carbonate  of soda, chloride of
  sodium, sulphate of lime, and silica.
    PRACTICE OF  PHYSIC, Therapeutics.
   PRACTITIONER, GENERAL, Surgeon apo-
  thecary—p. Irregular, see Irregular—p. Regular,
  see Regular—p. Routine, Routinist.
    PRiEBIUM, Dose.
    PRiECAUTIO, Prophylaxis.
    PR.ECIPITANS  MAGNUM, Sepia.
    PRASCIPITATUM  ALBUM, Hydrargyrum
  prascipitatum.
    PRiECIPITATUS RUBER,  Hydrargyri ni-
  trico-oxydum.
     PR^CISIO PR."£PUTII, Circumcision.
     PRA-'COCIA, Prunus Armeniaca.
    PRECOCITY, Prasotia.
    PR.ECOGNITIO, Prognosis.
    PR^ECORD'IA, from  pva, 'before,' and cor,
  'the heart.'  The diaphragm; also, the  thoracic
  viscera, and the epigastrium.
    Pr^cor'dial or  Precordial Region, Re'gio
  pracordiaca seu pracordia'lis, is the epigastric
  region.  Also, and  more properly, the region of
  the heart.  A line drawn from the  inferior mar-
  gins of the third ribs across the sternum, passes
  over  the valves  of the pulmonary artery a little
  to  the left of the mesial  line, and  those of the
  aorta  are behind them, but  about  half an inch
  lower  down.  A vertical line, coinciding with the 
PR^CORDIUM
710
PREGNANCY
left margin of the sternum, has  about  one-third
of the heart, comprising the upper portion of the
right ventricle, on the right, — and two-thirds,
comprising the lower portion of the right ventri-
cle and  the whole of the left,  on the left.  This
is the precordial region.
  PR."ECORDIUM, Fossette du coeur—p. Pedis,
Metatarsus.
  PR.ECOX MATURITAS, Prasotia.
  PRvECUSTODIA, Prophylaxis.
  PR^GDICTIO, Prognosis.
  PRA3DISPOSITIO, Predisposition.
  PR-EDIVIXATIO, Mantia.
  PRiEDOMINTUM; from pra, 'before,' and
dominua, ' a lord.'   Predominance of one thing
over another.
  PrjEdomin'ium  AqujE.   A  predominance  of
watery fluid,— Tend itas aquo'sa.
  Pr^dominium  San'guinis Arterio'si.   A pre-
dominance of  arterial blood,  Arterios'itas san'-
guinis.
  Pr.sdomin'ium San'guinis Veno'si,  Venos'itas
Sade/uinis.  Predominance of venous blood.
  PR^EFOCATIO, Orthopncea,  Suffocation — p.
Faucium, Angone—p. Matricis, Angone—p. Ute-
rina, Angone.
  PRAEFOCATION, Strangulatio uterina.
  PR.ZEGNANS, Pregnant.
  PR JAiNAS, Pregnant.
  PR.EGNATIO, Fecundation,  Pregnancy.
  PRJEGNATUS, Fecundation, Pregnancy.
  PRASGNAX, Pregnant.
  PR.EGUSTATIO, Avaut-gout.
  PR.EIIENSIO, Prehensio.
  PRiELIN'GUA.  The anterior part or tip of
the tongue.
  PRyELIUM,  Coition,  Press,  Tourniquet — p.
Arteriale, Tourniquet.
  PRiELUMBARIS, Prelumbar.
  PR.RNOTIO, Prognosis.
  PR.EXUNTIATIO, Prognosis.
  PRiEPARATIO,  Preparation—p. Chyli, Chy-
lification.
  PR.EPARATUM, Preparation.
  PR.EPOTEN'TIA, from pra,' before,' and po-
tent, 'powerful.'   Great power or strength.
  Prjepoten'tia Viri'lis.  Great,  or  too great
procreative power on the part  of the male.
  PR.EPOTIO, Propotismos.
  PR.EPUTIALIS, Preputial.
  PRiEPUTIUM, Prepuce.
   PR-ESAGIUM, Mantia.
   PR.RSCIEXTIA, Prognosis.
   PR.ESCITIO, Prognosis.
   PR^ESCRIPTIO, Prescription.
   PRJBSEPIOLUM, Alveolus.
   PR.ESEPIUM, Alveolus.
   PR.ESERVATIO, Prophylaxis.
   PRJBSERVATIVUM, Amuletum.
   PR.RSERVATO'RIA INDICA'TIO.   A pre-
servative  indication; one  proper for preventing
the development of disease.
   PRxESERVATORIUS,  Prophylactic.
   PR^ESPINALIS, Prespinal.
   PRiETIBIALIS, Pretibial.
   PRAIRIE BUSH, STINKING, Petela trifo-
liata—p. Pines, Liatris.
   PRASINCM VIRIDE, Cupri subacetas.
   PRASINUS, Porraceous.
   PRASI'TES,  from prasium,  'horehound.'
Wine in  which the leaves of  horehound have
been infused.
   PRASIUM, Marrubium.
   PRASUM, Allium Prasum.
   PRAXIS, Action.
   Praxis  Med'ica.  The  practical exercise of
the healing art.
   PRECIPITATE, RED, Hydrargyri  nitrico-
oxydum — p. White,  Hydrargyrum  pianipita-
tum.
  PRECIPITA'TION,  Pracipitdtio, (Y.) Prt-
cipiti, from praeipitare, (pra, 'before,' and ca-
put, 'the head,') 'to throw headlong.'  The ac-
tion by which a body abandons a liquid in which
it is dissolved, and becomes deposited  at the bot-
tom of the  vessel.  The matter, so thrown down
or precipitated, is called a precipitate.
  PRECIPITATION DE LA MATRICE,Vro-
eidentia uteri.
  PRECIP1TE BLANC, Hydrargyrum prasci-
pitatum.
  PRECORDIAL, Precordial.
  PRECUR'SORYr, Pracureo'riue;  from pra,
'before,' and curro, cursum, 'I run.'  That which
precedes.
  Precursory or Premon'itory Signs or Symp-
toms,  (E.) Signee pricurseurs, S. avant coureurs,
are those which indicate an approaching disease.
  PREDISPONENT CAUSES, see Causes, pre-
disponent.
  PREDISPOSIT"ION, Pracliepoeifio, Semin'-
ia morbo'rum (Gaubius); from pra, 'before,'and
diaponere, 'to dispose.'   (F.) Imminence morbide.
That constitution or condition of the body, which
disposes it to  the action of disease under the ap-
plication of an exciting cause. Thus, in heredi-
tary diseases, the conformation is  such, that but
a slight exciting cause  may be required  to pro-
duce them.  When the disease arises  solely from
the predisposition, or under the additional influ-
ence of an  extremely slight exciting  cause, it is,
by some, termed a disposition.
  PREDOR'SAL, Pradoradlia, from pra, 'be-
fore,' and dorsum, 'the  back.'
  Pr.edorsal Region of the vertebral column is
the anterior surface of the dorsal region.
  PRE-DORSO-ATLOIDIEN, Longus  colli.
  PRE-DORSO-CERVICAL, Longus  colli.
  PREG'NANCY, Pragna'tio, Pragndtus, Im-
pragna'tio, Ingravida'tio,  Ingravido'tion, from
pra, ' before,' and gene re, ' to beget.' Hysterocye'-
sis, Gravid'itas, G. uteri'na, En'cymon,Cye'eia, En-
cye'aia, En'cyais, Encymo'eio,  Cyopho'ria,  Gcsta'-
tion, Fa'.ta'tion, Utero-gesta'tion;  (F.) Grossesae.
The state of a female who has within her a fecun-
dated germ, which gradually becomes developed in
or out of the uterus.  When placed in the cavity of
the uterus,—by virtue of the vital principle which
animates it, it becomes  attached to the inner sur-
face of that viscus, and obtains from it indirectly
the nutriment necessary for its gradual develop-
ment, during the space of ten lunar months  or
two hundred  and eighty days—the ordinary term
or duration of geatation, although the period may
be protracted to 300 days or upwards, — at the
expiration  of which  parturition  occurs.   Preg-
nancy is commonly limited to a single foetus : at
times, the uterus contains two or three.—See Re-
production.  Occasionally, one or two moles—the
degenerated products of conception—alone occu-
py  the uterus :—at other times, a foetus  likewise
exists.  In certain cases, and owing to accidental
circumstances, the fecundated ovum remains in
the ovarium,  or is arrested in the Fallopian tube.
Pregnancy has,  accordingly, been distinguished
into,  1. Natural or uterine,  when the fastus  is
carried in  the cavity of the womb: and, 2. Pre-
ternatural  or extra-uterine, Exfoeta'tion,  Coneep'-
tio vitio'aa, Paracye'sis seu Eccye'aie, Ecthyatero-
cye'ais,  Echthysterocye'aia,  Dyato'eio, Dyacye'ais
seu Grovid'itas extra-uteri'na, (F.) Groeaeaae-con-
tre-nature,—when it occurs in the ovarium, tube,
or  cavity of the abdomen.
   During pregnancy, the female  experiences re-
markable changes in the condition of her organs 
                PREGNANCY

and  functions.   The genital apparatus is,  of
course,  most affected.   The uterus changes  its
shape, situation,  size, and texture.  The usual
signs of pregnancy are,—suppression of the cata-
menia;  the abdomen  gradually  enlarging and
forming a hard tumour; the umbilicus prominent
in the latter months; the breasts increasing in
size ;  the areola round the nipple becoming darker
anil the follicles more developed;  kyestein in the
urine from an early period; a bluish  tint of the
vagina  after the  fourth week;  about the fifth
month, the evidence by  ballottcmcnt, and the pla-
cental aouffte and  sound of the fcetal heart heard'
on auscultation;  the motion of  the foetus per-
ceptible, and the  neck of the uterus diminishing
in length at, tho advanced  periods.
  Pregnancy, Abdom'inal, Eccye'sia dbdomind -
lia, Ceelioeyc'sia,  Grurid'-itoa obdomino'lia, (F.)
Groaaeaae obdominole.  That in which the ovum
has escaped into  the cavity of the abdomen.
   Pregnancy, Afce'tal,  Pregnancy  without a
fa:tus,  (F.)  Grossesse  afwtale,  G. sans fattta.
Pregnancy produced by  a false  or  degenerate
cin.ieption,  or any other affection, which  has
given place to  unusual development of tho uterus.
Madame Boivin includes in this class, sorco-hys-
teric, hydro-hysteric, gazo-hysteric, and  hemato-
hyateric pregnancies.
   Pregnancy, Bigem'inal, (F.) Groaaeaae bigi-
mina/e,  Double pregnancy.  Pregnancy in which
there are twins in utero.—Madame Boivin.
  Pregnancy, Complex,  (F.)  Grossesse  com-
plete, 67. inter-extra utirine, is when  the womb,
besides  a  foetus, contains  much water, hydatids,
a mole,  <fec.
  Pregnancy, Compound,  Polybreph'ia, Poly-
cye'sia.  Polycye'sia, (F.)  Groaaeaae eompoaie, is
when there are two or three foetuses in the cavity
of the uterus.
  Pregnancy, Double, Pregnancy, bigeminal—
p. Duration of, see Pregnancy—p. Extra-uterine,
sec Pregnancy.
  Preg'nancy, False, Graviditas spuria, (F.)
Groaaeaae  fausse  ou apparente,   Paeudocye'aia.
Authors have  called thus different affections of
a more or less serious character, which resemble
pregnancy; so as, at times, to impose upon the
best-informed  practitioners.  These diseases may
be seated  in the  uterus or its dependencies, in
the intestines or some other part of the abdomen.
They may be;—a mole, hydatids, water, blood,
or polypus distending the parietes of the  uterus;
— chronic enlargement  of the uterus; develop-
ment of tumours, <fcc, in  its substance;—scirrhus;
dropsy of the ovaria; ascites; tympanites, &c.
  Pregnancy, Fcetal, (F.) Groaaeaae  fcetdle.
Pregnancy in  which there is a foetus, or more
than  one, in tho  uterus or  out of it.  Madame
Boivin puts in this class—the solitary, bigeminal,
trigeminal, and aarco-fcetal pregnancies, which
form  tho first  order; and  the tubal, ovarial, and
qbdomiiial, which constitute the second.
  Pregnancy, Gazo-hyster'ic,  (F.) Groaaeaae
Gozo-hystirique.  Afcetal  pregnancy,  caused  by
development of air or gas in the cavity of the
womb.—Madame Boivin.
   Pregnancy, H^emato-hysteric, (F.) Grossesse
hcinato-hystcrique.   Afcetal  pregnancy,  caused
by accumulation of blood in the uterus.—Madame
Boivin.
  Pregnancy, Hydro-hysteric, (F.) Grosseaae
hydro-hystiriqiie.   Afcetal  pregnancy,  occasioned
by the secretion and accumulation of serous fluid
in the uterus.
  Pregnancy, Interstit"ial,   Graviditas  in
uteri subatadtiii,  Graviditas interstitidlis.  The
development  of the embryo in the proper sub-
stance of tho uterus.  The case generally termi-
1              PRENANTHES

nates fatally at an early period of gestation ; the
thin external paries of the uterus being ruptured,
and the ovum passing into the abdominal cavity.
  Pregnancy, Morbid,  Paracye'sis, Dyato'cia,
Dyacye'ais.  The progress of pregnancy disturbed
or endangered by the supervention of general or
local disorder.— Good.
  Pregnancy, Ova'rian, (F.) Grosseaae ovorienne
ou  de I'ovaire, Eccye'sis ova'ria,  Odriocye'sis,
 Oocye'ais,  Grovid'itaa extra-uteri'na in ova'rio.
Pregnancy in which the foetus is developed in the
interior of the ovary.
  Pregnancy, Plea of.  A plea, which a woman,
capitally convicted, may  set up in arrest of exe-
cution until she is delivered.  See  Jury of Ma-
trons, and De ventre inspiciendo.
  Pregnancy, Pretend'ed.  The  criminal act
of a female, who, not having been delivered, pre-
sents an infant as having been born of her. (F.)
Supposition de part.  (This  term,  in  French,
likewise includes the case of a female, who, hav-
ing been delivered of a dead child, substitutes for
it a living child which is  not hers.)
  Pregnancy, Sarco-fcetal, (F.) Groaseaee aar-
co-feetale.  Pregnancy in which there are one or
more foetuses, and one or more moles.—Madame
Boivin.
  Pregnancy, Sarco-Hysteric,  (F.)  Groaaeaae
aarco-hyatirique.   Afcetal pregnancy formed by
moles, hydatids, or a false conception.—Madame
Boivin.
  Pregnancy, Sol'itary, (F.) Groaaeaae solitaire
ou eimple.  Pregnancy in which there is a single
foetus.—Madame  Boivin.
  Pregnancy, Trigem'inal,  (F.) Groaaeaae tri-
giminole ou triple.  Pregnancy in which there
are three foetuses in  the cavity of the uterus.—
Madame Boivin.
  Pregnancy, Tubal,  (F.)  Groasesse  tubaire,
Eccye'ais  tttbct'lis.  Pregnancy where the foetus
remains and is developed in the Fallopian tube.
  Pregnancy, Uterine, see Pregnancy.
  Pregnancy, Utero-abdom'inal, (F.)  Grossesse
utiro-abdominole.  Pregnancy consisting of two
foetuses; one in the uterus—the other in the ab-
dominal cavity.—Madame Boivin.
  Pregnancy, Utero-ova'rial,  (F.)  Grosseaae
tttiro-ovorienne.  Pregnancy with  two  foetuses,
one in the womb, the other in  the ovary.
  Pregnancy, Utero-tubal,  (F.) Grossesse uti-
ro-tttbairc.  Pregnancy in which there is  at the
same time a foetus in the womb and another in
the Fallopian  tube.
  PREGNANT,  Pragnans, Pragnas, Pragnax,
Encar'pos, Grav'ida,  Plena mu'lier,  Incinc'to,
Gravid, Breeding, (F.) Enceinte.  One in a state
of pregnancy ;—one with child.
  PREIIENSIO, Catalepsy, Epilepsy.
  PREHENSION, Prahedsio, from prehendere,
' to lay hold of.'
  Prehension of Food  is the act of carrying it
to the mouth,  and introducing it into that cavity.
It is, also, called Assump'tio,  Proslep'sis, Pros'-
phora.
  PRELE, Hippuris vulgaris.
  PRELOMBAIRE, Prelumbar.
  PRELOMBO-PUBIEN, Psoas parvus— p.
 Trochantin, Psoas magnus.
  PRELUM,  Press —p.  Arteriale, Tourniquet.
  PRELUM'BAR, Pralumbdris,  (F.) Prilom-
baire, from pra, 'before,' and lumbi, 'the loins.'
That which is plaeed before the loins.   The pre-
lumbar surface of the spinal column is the ante-
rior surface of the lumbar portion.
  PREMONITORY,  see Precursory.
  PRENANTHES, Gall of  the Earth, Dewitt
Snakeroot, Lion's Foot.   There are many species
71 
PRENDRE
712
PRESCRIPTION
of this indigenous plant, whose  root and milky
juice  are very bitter.  They are used in popular
practice in dysentery; and  in the form  of cata-
plasm to bites of serpents.
  Prenanthes Serpentaria, Nabalus albus.
  PRENDRE INSCRIPTION, see Matriculate.
  PREPARA'TION,  Prapara'tio,  from  pra,
'before,'  and parare, paratum,  'to get ready.'
The act of making ready any substance whatever
that has to be employed for any purpose.
  Also, the product  of any pharmaceutical ope-
ration ; — Prapardtum.
  Any part of the human body, preserved for the,
uses of the anatomist, is so called.
  PREP'UCE, Prapu'tium, perhaps from  Ttpos,
and noaBn, 'the  foreskin.'  Epago'gium, Posthe,
Pella, Poa'thium, Pu'tium,  Foreakin.  The pro-
longation of the integuments of the penis, which
covers the glans.  The prepuce is  composed of
two membranous layers: one external or cuta-
neous ; the other internal or mucous, separated
by areolar  membrane.  The mucous membrane
lines the inner surface of the cutaneous layer till
beyond the glans, when  it  is reflected  over the
latter; forming,  behind the corona,  a small cul-
de-aae above  the corpora cavernosa, which is in-
terrupted by a triangular duplicature of  the mu-
cous membrane,  called the franum, fixed in the
furrow at the inferior part of the glans, and ter-
minating at a little  distance from the orifice of
the urethra.   The clitoris is covered by a  semi-
lunar  fold formed by a continuation of the skin
of the labia.  It is called Prapu'tium clitor'idis.
  PREPU'TIAL, Praputia'lia; same   etymon.
Belonging or relating to  the prepuce; — as the
'preputial secretion,'—or that which takes place
from the lining of the prepuce covering, the glans.
  PRESBYODOCHIUM, Gerocomium.
  PRESBYON'OSI;  from  trpta(ivS, 'old,' and
votros,  ' disease.'  Diseases of old age.
  PRESBYOPIA, Presbytia.
  PRESBYSPHACELUS, Gangrene of old
people.
  PRESBYT'IA, Presbyo'pia, Amblyo'pia prox-
imo'rum, Viaus  seni'lia,  Prea'byopy,  (F.)  Vue
langue ; from ttpeaflvs, ' an  old person.'  A very
high degree is termed Hyperpresbyt'ia.  A con-
dition of vision,  common in old persons, which
consists in the circumstance of near objects being
confusedly  seen, whilst  those  at a greater  dis-
tance are clearly distinguished.   It  is supposed
to depend generally on diminution of the convex-
ity of the cornea; whence results an  alteration in
the convergeney of  the rays, so that they form a
focus  behind the retina.   This defect is remedied
by the use of convex glasses, which  augment the
convergence  of the  luminous rays.  It  is,  also,
called Long-sightednees,  Parop'sis longin'qua,
Dyao'pia proximo'rum.
  PRESCRIPTION, Praacrip'tio,  Anag'raphe,
from pra,' before,' and ecribere, ' to write.'  For'-
mula  medica, Praacrip'tio med'ica, Recep'tum,
(F.) Formule, Ordonnance.   The formula which
the physician writes for the composition  of medi-
cine adapted to any case of disease.  A prescrip-
tion should be as simple as possible, and should
bear upon its face the evidence of the objects to
be fulfilled by it.  No article should form part
of it, unless adapted for serving some useful pur-
pose.  A compound  prescription has  been divided
into four parts :—the basis or principal ingredient
of the prescription ;  the ad'juvans, or that  which
is designed to promote the action of the former;
the cor'rigens, or that intended to correct its ope-
ration, or obviate any unpleasant symptom which
it may be apt to produce;  and  the constit'uens,
excip'ient, or substance which gives to  the other
ingredients consistence or form.  All these are
seen in the following formula for cathartic pills:
  Aloes....................Jj...............Baaia.
  Hyd. Chlorid. mit. gr. x............Adjurona.
  Olei Carui ;............gtt. v...........Corrigeua.
  Syrupi...................q. s..............Constititrns.
      M.  et fiant. Pilula) xx.   Seo Symbol.
  It is obvious, however, that most prescriptions
are more simple than this.  The basis, for exam-
ple, may require neither adjuvant, corrigent, nor
constituent.
  Dr. Paris has given  the following synopsis of
the principles of medicinal combination, Iomoto-
taxiolog"ia,  lamatosyntaxiolog"ia, which  may
serve  as an instructive guide to the prescriber:—

                 OBJECT I.
     to promote the action  of the basis.
  A.  By combining the several different forms or
preparations of the aame aubatance.  B. By com-
bining the basis with substances which are of the
same  nature; i. e., which  are individually capa-
ble of producing the same effects, with less ener-
gy than when  in  combination with each other.
C. By combining the basis with substances of a
different nature, and which do not exert any che-
mical influence upon  it, but  are found by expe-
rience, or  inferred  by analogy, to  be  capable of
rendering the  stomach or system  more suscepti-
ble of its action.
                OBJECT II.
to correct the operation of the basis by ob-
  viating any unpleasant effects it might
  be  likely to  occasion,  and  which  would
  pervert  its intended action, and defeat
  the object of its exhibition.
  A.  By chymically neutralizing or mechanically
separating the offending ingredient.   B. By add-
ing some substance calculated to  guard the  sto-
mach or system against its deleterious effects.

                OBJECT III.
TO OBTAIN THE JOINT OPERATION OF TWO OR MORE
                  MEDICINES.
  A.  By uniting those medicines  which are cal-
culated to produce  the aame ultimate results, but
by modes of operation  totally different.  B. By
combining medicines which have entirely differ-
ent powers; and which are  required  to  obviate
different symptoms, or to answer different indi-
cations.
                OBJECT IV.
TO OBTAIN A NEW AND  ACTIVE REMEDY, NOT AF-
      FORDED BY ANY  SINGLE SUBSTANCE.
  A.  By combining medicines which  excite dif-
ferent actions in the stomach and system, in con-
sequence  of which new or  modified  results are
produced.  B. By  combining substances which
have  the property  of acting chymically upon each
other; tho results of which are':—«. The forma-
tion of new compounds;  b.  The decomposition
of the original ingredients, and the development
of the more active elements.   C. By combining
substances,  between which  no other  change is
induced than a diminution or increase in the ao-
liibility of the principles in which their medicinal
virtues  reside,   o. By the intervention of  sub-
stances that act chymically.   b. By the addition
of  ingredients  whose  operation  is entirely me-
chanical.
                 OBJECT V.
         TO AFFORD AN ELIGIBLE FORM.
  a.  By which the efficacy of the remedy is en-
hanced,   b. By which its aspect or flavour is 
PRESENTATION
713
PRIMULA
  rendered more agreeable, or its mode of adminis-
  tration more convenient,  c. By which it is pre-
  acrved from  the spontaneous  decomposition  to
  which it is liable.
    [The vocabulary in the author's " Medical Stu-
  dent," Philad. 1844, will aid the student, not only
  in  translating, but in writing his  prescriptions
  more aolito.]
    PRESENTATION, from (Lat.) praaens, (pra,
  'before,' and ena, 'being.')  The part of a foetus
  which is felt presenting, on examination per vagi-
  nam.  When  the  head presents, and  especially
  the vertex, or the  feet, knees, or breech,  the pre-
  sentation is said to be natural: when  any other
  part, preternatural, and the labour is styled per-
  verse or preternatural, Porodydia perver'aa, Dya-
  to'cia perver'aa,  Croea-birth,  (F.) Accouchement
  coutre nature.   When any part besides the head,
  feet, knees, or  breech presents, the operation of
  turning becomes necessary.   See Parturition.
    PRESIS, Swelling.
    PR ESI, E, Hippuris vulgaris.
    PRESMA, Swelling.
    PRESPI'XAL,  Praspina'lia, from pra,  'be-
  fore,'  and epino,  'the  spine.' That which  is
  situate before the spine.   The prespinal surface
  of the vertebral column is the anterior surface.
    PRESS, Prae'lium, Pra'lium, Presso'rium, Pi-
  eater, Fiesta'rion, (F.) Preeeoir, Preaae.  An in-
  strument for subjecting  matters to considerable
  pressure, for the niirpo.ie of separating the liquid
  from  the solid portion.
   Press of Herophilus, Torcular Herophili.
   PRESSE-ARTERE.  An instrument invented
  by  Desehamps  for the immediate compression of
  arteries.   It is composed of a plate six or seven
  lines long, and three broad, and of a rod  or stem
  two inches long, placed perpendicularly above
  the plate and riveted.  At each extremity of the
  plate  is a hole, through which each of the ends
  of the ligature, to be placed upon the artery, is
  passed.  The ligature is then to be tightened by
  drawing the ends, and fixing them to the perpen-
 dicular  rod.  This preaae-ortere or aerre-artire,
 surrounded with charpie, remains in the  wound,
 until there is  no  longer  danger of hemorrhage.
 The ligature  is then cut,  and the instrument
 withdrawn.  It is an unnecessary instrument.
   PR ESSE- URETHRE, Jugum Penia.  A kind
 of forceps of elastic iron, the branches of which,
 padded, may be approximated  or -separated by
 means of a screw.   The  penis is introduced be-
 tween  the branches, one  of them being applied
 to the urethra,  and the  screw is tightened so as
 to exercise a degree of pressure sufficient to bring
 the parietes of the canal in contact.  This  instru-
 ment is sometimes used in incontinence of urine,
 to | ire vent the constant discharge of that fluid.
   PUESSIO, Pressure.
   PR ESS ION  ABDOMINALE,  Pressure,  ab-
 dominal.
   PRESSOIR, Press—p. d'Hirophile,  Torcular
 Herophili.
   PRESSOR 11  M,  Press.
   PRE"SSURE, Prea'aio, from  premo, pressum,
 ' I press.'  The action  of pressing.
   Pressure, Abdom'inal, (F.) Preeaion obdomi-
 nalc. A mode of examination by means  of which
 the  sensibility, size, suppleness, or hardness of
 any  morbid abdominal viscus may be compared,
in these  respects,  with  its  healthy condition.
Bichat proposed, with  the view of exploring  the
state of the thoracic organs, to exert a pressure
from below upwards on the abdominal organs, so
as to crowd them upon the diaphragm, and thus
to diminish the dimensions  of the cavity of  the
 chest,  noticing to what  extent respiration was
   affected  by this  action.   No  great  information
   can of course be derived from it.
     PRETENDED DISEASES, Feigned diseases.
     PRETIBTAL, Pratibia'lia, from pra, 'befVe,''
   and tibia, 'the tibia.'  That which is situate oe-
   fore  the tibia; as the ilio-pretibial  and iechio-
   pretibial muscles.
     PREVEN'TIVE,  ROYAL,  from pra venire,
   (pra, and venire,) 'to come before.'  An empi-
   rical preparation, used as a prophylactic  against
   the venereal virus.   It is a solution of acetate of
   lead, — the Liquor Plumbi Subacetatis dilutus.
   '  PREVER'TEBRAL APONEUROSIS.   The
   aponeurosis which covers the muscles of the pre-
   vertebral region.
     Prevertebral Artery.  A ramus of the me-
   ningeal branch, and sometimes even of the trunk,
   of the pharyngeal artery, which  is distributed to
   the prevertebral region.
     Prevertebral Muscles, see Cervical region,
   anterior — p. Region, Cervical region, anterior.
     PRIAPEIA, Nicotiana rustica.
     PRIAPIS'COS.   Same etymon as  the  next.
   Name of a piece of wood  which forms part of the
   scamnttm Hippocraticum.   Paulus of ^Egina calls
   thus a tent of linen shaped like a penis.
     PRIAPIS'MUS, Tenti'go, T. Penis, Pri'apism,
   Horn-colic (vulg.), Enta'sia Priapis'mus, Rhopa-
   lis'mus, Satyri'aaia, Styma, Styeia,  from Upta-iroc,
   Priapus,  'the  male  organ.'  Constant and dis-
   tressing erection, without any voluptuous  idea or
   desire for venery.  It is often symptomatic; and
   sometimes the immediate result of morbific causes,
  —of the action of cantharides, for example.   The
  application of cold liquids to the penis, and the
  internal use of opium and  camphor, are the means
  usually had  recourse  to for its removal.
     PRIAPITIS, Phallitis.
     PRIA'PUS, Mutudnita. In ancient mythology
  the deity who presided over gardens and the parts
  of generation,  so  called propter  deformitatem et
  membri virilia mognitudinem.
    Priapus, Penis—p. Cervi, see Cervus—p.  Ceti,
  Leviathian penis.
    PRICKING, Sax.  ppiccian,  (D.) pricken,
  (F.) Picotement.  A variety of pain, compared to
  that which pointed bodies would  occasion.
    PRIDE OF  CHINA, Melia azedarach—p. of
  India, Melia azedarach — p. Tree,  Melia azeda-
  rach.              l
    PRIEST-PHYSICIANS, see Asclepiadas.
    PRIEST'S PINTLE, Arum maculatum.
    PRIMA CELLA COLI, Caseum.
    PRLVLE VLE.   The first paaaogea.  The sto-
  mach and intestinal  canal: —the lacteals being
  the aecun'da vi'a or second passages.  See Ways,
  digestive.
    PRIMARY CELL, see  Cell.
    PRIME VERE, Primula veris.
    PRIMIP'ARA, Primiportu'ricna, from primus,
   first,  and  parere,  'to bring  forth.'  A name
  given to  a female who brings  forth for the first
  time.
    PRIMIPARTURIENS, Primipara.
    PRIMI-STERNAL, Primi-sterno'lis, from pri-
  mus, 'the first/ and sternum, 'the sternum.'   M.
  Blclard has called os  primi-sternal  or clavi-ster-
  nal, the bony portion  of the sternum.
    1 1i1MIT"IjE.   The first waters,  or the waters
  discharged before the  extrusion  of the  foetus.
   PRIMITIVE BAND,  see Nerve  fibres —p.
  Streak, Groove, primitive.
   PRIMORDIAL  CELL, see Cell.
   PRIMORDIUM, Arche.
   PRIMROSE,  EVENING,  Oenothera biennis
 — p. Tree, Oenothera biennis.
   PRIMULA OFFICINALIS,  P. veris—d Va,
I riabilis, P. veris. 
PRINCEPS
714
PROBASCANTIUM
  Prim'ula Veris, P. officina'lis seu variab'ilia,
from prim'ulua, ' the beginning.'  So called, be-
cause it flowers in the beginning of  the  spring.
Verbaa'culum, Paral'yaia, Herba paralys'eos seu
paralytica, the Ooioslip, Paigil or Peagle, (F.)
Primevere. Family, Primulaceas. Sex. Syst. Pen-
tandria Monogynia.  The flowers have been con-
sidered to  be  mildly tonic, antispasmodic, and
anodyne.
  Primula Vulga'ris.  The leaves and roots of
this plant have been used as sternutatories.
  PRINCEPS, Rectum.
  Princeps Cervi'cis (Artery), Cervical Artery.
A branch of the occipital artery, which descends
between the splenius and complexus muscles, and
may be followed down to the lower part of the
neck.
  Princeps Pol'licis (Arteria), Arte'ria magna
pol'licis.  When the two collateral arteries of the
thumb take origin from a  common trunk — the
trunk is the Princeps pollicis.
  PRINCIPE CRYSTALLIZABLE DE DE-
ROSNE, Narcotine.
  PRINCIPES IMMEDIATS,  Principles, im-
mediate.
  PRINCIPIUM, Arehe, Element —p. Acidifi-
cans, Oxygen—p. Adstringens, Tannin—p. Byr-
sodepsicum, Tannin—p. Coriaceum, Tannin — p.
Hydrogeneticum,  Hydrogen — p. Hydroticum,
Hydrogen—p. Oxygenans,  Oxygen—p. Salivale,
see Saliva — p. Scytodepsicum, Tannin—p. Uri-
nosum, Urea.
   PRIN'CIPLE,  COL'OURING, OF  THE
BLOOD.   A name, given to the immediate prin-
ciple in animals, to which the  blood owes its red
colour. It is solid, inodorous, and insipid. When
recently separated  from blood, it has a purple-
red colour. AVhen distilled,  it furnishes, amongst
other products, a purple oil.   It is  insoluble in
water; but, if diluted with  that liquid, acquires
a vinous-red hue.   It communicates  a red colour
to the albumen of the blood, and affords, on ana-
lysis, iron, to which the colour has been  ascribed.
See  Hasmaphasin, and Hasmatin.
   Principle,  Digestive, Pepsin — p. Vital, see
Vital principle.
   PRINCIPLES, IMME'DIATE, (F.) Principes
immidiata, Moterioux immidiota. A name given
to a considerable number of substances, composed
of at least three elements, and which are obtained
from animals  and vegetables without alteration,
by simple processes,- and,  in some  measure, im-
 mediately.
   Principles, Immediate, of Animals, Proxi-
mate principles,  Organic  Elements,  Compounds
of Organization.    These are  divided into acid
principles, fatty principles, and principles which
 are  neither fat nor  acid.   The first include the
uric, roaacic,  purpuric, allantoic, caaeic, butyric,
 &c.   The fatty principles  are:—stearin,  elain,
 choleaterin, &c.;  and. the  last division  includes
 the  most important compounds of organization :
 —fibrin, gelatin, albumen,  eaaein, oamozome, &e.
   Principles, Proximate, P. immediate.
   PRINOS, P. verticilldtus, Alcan'na major lati-
 fo'lia denta'ta, Aquifo'lium fo'liis decid'uis, Pri-
 nos  Grono'rii, Prinos padifoliua, Block Alder,
  Virginia  Winterberry,   Whorled,  Winterberry,
 Feverbneh, (F.) Apalachine dfeuilles de Prunier.
 Ord. Aquifoliaceas.  Sex. Syst. Hexandria Mono-
 gynia.  The bark  of this  common shrub of the
 United States  is astringent, bitter, and pungent.
 The berries are, likewise, bitter.  The  bark has
 been used as a substitute for the cinchona, in in-
 termittents, and as a tonic.
   Prinos Gkonovii, Prinos.
  Prinos L.eviga'tus, Smooth Winterberry.  In-
digenous ;  has the same properties as
  Prinos Padifolius, Prinos.
  PRION, Saw.
  PRIONO'DES, from xpaov, 'a saw,' and tttios,
'shape.'  Serra'ted.  Applied to the sutures of
the head.
  PRIOR  ANNULA'RIS,  Interos'scus quartus
of Winslow.   An internal  interosseous muscle,
which  arises  from tho outside of the metacarpal
bone of the ring-finger, and is inserted into the
outside of the tendon  on the back of the ring-
finger.  Its use  is to draw the ring-finger  out-
wards.
  PRIOR IN'DICIS,  Exten'sor ter'tii interno'-
dii in'dicis,  (F.) Soua-mitacarpo-lotiri-phalan-
gien.   It arises  from the outer or radial  side of
the metacarpal bone of the  fore-finger, and is in-
serted into the outside of the tendon on the back
of the  fore-finger.  Action : —to draw the finger
outwards,  towards the thumb.
  Prior Indicis Pedis, Adductor In'dicis 2)edis.
An external,  interosseous   muscle  of  the foot,
which arises  from  the contiguovis  sides of the
metatarsal bones of  the great and fore toes, and
is inserted into the inside of the root of the first
bone of the fore-toe.  Action: — to  pull the fore-
toe inwards.
   Prior Medii, Prior medii digiti.
  Prior Me'dii Dig"iti,  Prior Medii,  Second
inferos''seons of  Douglas.   An external,  interos-
seous muscle of  the hand, which arises from the
corresponding sides of the metacarpal bones of
the fore and  middle fingers, and is inserted into
the outside of  the tendon on  the back of the
middle finger.  Action : — to draw the  middle
finger outwards.
   Prior Medii  Digiti Pedis, Adductor medii di-
git! pedia.  An  internal, interosseous muscle of
the foot, which  arises from the  inside of  the me-
tatarsal bone of the middle toe, and is  inserted
into the inside of the root of the first bone of the
middle toe.  Uae:—to pull the middle toe inwards,
or towards the inner side of the foot.
   Prior Min'imi Digiti, Adduc'tor min'imi dig"-
iti.  An internal, interosseous muscle of the foot,
which originates from the  inside of the metatar-
sal bone of the  little toe, and is inserted  into the
inside of the root  of  the  first bone of the  little
toe.   Action: — to pull the little toe inwards.
   Prior Tertii Digiti Pedis, Adduc'tor  tertii
dig"iti pedia.   An internal, interosseous muscle
of the foot, which  arises from  the inner  and un-
der part of the metatarsal bone of the third of
the small toes, and  is inserted into the inside of
the root of the first bone of the third of the  small
toes.   Action: — to pull the third of the  small
toes inwards.
   PRISIS, Brygmus, Trepanning.
   PRISMA, Scobs.
   PRISMUS, Brygmus, Trepanning.
   PRIVATE PARTS, Genital organs.
   PRIVET, Ligustrum vulgare.
   PRIVITIES, Genital organs.
   PRIVY, Ligustrum vulgare—p. Members, Ge-
nital organs — p. Parts, Genital organs.
   PRO, npo, 'before.'  A common prefix to words,
as in Procatarctic, Prostate, &c.
   PROAGOREUSIS, Prognosis.
   PROBANG,  Detrueo'rium. ex bale'na.  A long
 slender rod of whalebone,  with a piece of sponge
 at its extremity, intended  to push down  extrane-
 ous bodies, arrested in the oesophagus, into the
 stomach.  A similar instrument is called by J. L.
 Petit, Repouaaeiir d'aretea.
   PROBARBIUM, Geneias.
   PROBASCANIUM, Amuletum.
   PROBASCANTIUM, Amuletum. 
PROBE
715
PROCTORRHAGIA
  PROBE, Cathcterize, Specillum—p. Eyed, see
Speeillurn.
  PROBI.VG, see Meiosis.
  PIt0BOLE, Processus.
  PROCARDIUM, Scrobiculus cordis.
  PROCflDE, Process.
  PROCEDURE, Procidi.
  PROCEPHALI, Capitones.
  PROCERUS NASI, Pyramidalis nasi.
  PROCES CILIAIRES,  Ciliary processes.
  PROCESS, Apophysis, Processus.
  Proc"ess, Ratio, (F.) Procidi, from procedere,
to march forwards.   Procedure,—method of per-
forming any operation, chemical, pharmaceutical,
or surgical.
  Process,   Cuneiform,  Basilary process — p.
Modelling, see Modelling  Process — p. of Rau,
seo Malleus — p. Vertical superior longitudinal,
Falx  cerebri.
  PROCES'SUS.    A process;  same  etymon;
Projectdra, Prob'ole.  An apophysis or eminence
of a bone; see Apophysis.  Also, any part which
seems prolonged beyond others with which it is
in connexion; as the Ciliary proceeeee.
  Processus Anconeus,  Olecranon — p.  Annu-
laris,  Pons Varolii — p. Belenoides, see  Belenoid
—p. Caudatus, Lobulus caudatus—p.  a, Cerebello
ad medullam oblongatam, Corpora restiformia —
p. Cerebelli  ad  pontem, Peduncles of the cere-
bellum—p. Cerebelli ad testes, Peduncles of the
cerebellum—p. Cerebri lateralis,  Cornu ammonis
— p. Ciliares, Ciliary processes—p. Clavatus, see
Funiculi graciles — p. Cochleariformis, see Tym-
panum— p.  Cuneiformis ossis occipitis, Basilary
process — p.  Enteroidei  cerebri,   Convolutions
(cerebral)—p.  Falciformis cerebelli,  Falx cere-
belli—p. Falciformis duras matris, Falx cerebri—
p. Gracilis of Rau,  see Malleus — p. Laterales
uteri,  Tubas  Fallopianas—p. Maraillares, Papillas
of the kidney, Olfactory nerves — p.  Mamillares
cerebri, Mamillary tubercles—p. Olivaris, Olivary
Process—p.  Orbicularis cerebri, Infundibulum of
the brain — p. Papillares, Olfactory nerves — p.
Papillarum,  Olfactory nerves — p. Rachidianus,
Medulla spinalis—p. Sterni xiphoideus, Xiphoid.
  Proces'sus Ter'etes, Eminedtia seu Faacic'-
uli ter'etea.   Two slightly convex bodies forming
the anterior wall or  floor of the fourth ventricle
of the brain.  They are separated by a longitu-
dinal groove, which is continuous, inferiorly, with
the sulcus longitudinalis posterior of the spinal
cord.   They are crossed transversely by several
white and gray fasciculi—linea transversa, stria
medulla'rea—the origin of the auditory nerves.
  Processus ad Testes, see Valvula Vieussenii
— p.  Transversus  duras  matris, Tentorium — p.
Uvifcr,  Uvula — p.  Ventriculi,  Duodenum — p.
Xiphoides, Xiphoid cartilage—p. Xipho-sternalis,
Xiphoid cartilage — p. Zygomaticus, Zygomatic
process.
  PROCHEILA, Antelabia.
  PROCHEILIDION, Procheilon.
  PROCHEI'LOX, Procheilid'ion, Prola'bium,
Antilo'bium.  The  extreme  projecting part  or
margin of the lips.
  PROCHEUMA, Parenchyma.
  FROCIDENCE DE L'CEIL, Exophthalmia.
  PROCIDEXTIA,  Prolapsus —p. Ani, Procto-
cclo—p. Intcstini recti, Proctocele—p. Iridis, Sta-
phyloma of  the Iris—p. Oculi, Exophthalmia—
p. Setlis, Proctocele — p. Uteri, Prolapsus uteri.
  PROCXEME, Tibia.
  PROCXEMIUM,  Tibia.
  PR0CO3'LIUS,  Procos'lus, from rrpo, 'before,'
and KotXia, ' belly.'   One who has a large pendu-
lous abdomen.
  PROCCELUS, Proccelius.
  PROCON'DYLUS, trpoKovSvXo;, from rpo, 'be-
fore,'  and kov&vXos, 'a knot.'   The first joint of
the fingers; the second being called kov$v\os;  and
the third p.eraKovovXoc.
  PROCREATIO,  Generation — p.   Sanguinis,
Hasmatosis.
  PROCREATION,  Fecundation, Generation.
  PROC'TAGRA, from TtpuiKroi, 'anus,' and aypa,
' seizure.'  Gout in the rectum.  Proctalgia.
  PROCTAL'GIA,  Proc'tica  simplex, Proc'ta-
ejro, Dolor ani, Proctodynia, from trpoiKros, 'the
anus,' and aXyoc, ' pain.'  Pain in the anus : ge-
nerally symptomatic of disease, as of hemorrhoids,
scirrhus, &c.
  Proctalgia,  Clunesia — p.  Hasmorrhoidalis,
Hasmorrhois — p.  Inflammatoria,  Rectitis — p.
Intertriginosa,  Chafing — p. Rheumatiea, Proc-
torrheuma.
  PROCTATRE'SIA, Imperfora'tio ani,  from
npoiKroc, ' the anus,' and arpnata, ' imperforation.'
Imperforate state of  the anus.
  PROC'TICA.  Pain or derangement about the
anus,  without primary inflammation.  A genus in
the class Coel-iaca, order Enterica, of Good.
  Proctica Exania, Proctocele — p. Marisca,
Hasmorrhois—p. Simplex, Proctalgia,—p. Tenes-
mus, Tenesmus.
  PROCTISIS, Proctitis.
  PROCTI'TIS,  Proc'tisis, Archi'tis,  Clune'eia,
Cyeao'tie, from trpo>Kros, 'the anus.' Inflammation
of the anus and rectum.  Rectitis.
  Proctitis Gangrenosa, Proctocace.
  PROCTOC'ACE, Procti'tis  gangrandaa,  from
wpwKTOi, ' the  anus,' and kokos, ' evil.'   A  disease
of the rectum, so called by Fuchs, which, accord-
ing to him, is common in Peru, in the neighbour-
hood of Quito and Lima, on  the Honduras  and
Mosquito coasts, in Brazil, and on the Gold coast,
&c.  It is called by  the Portuguese, Bicho,  and
Bicho di Culo; by the people of Quito, Mai del
Valle, from its prevalence in the valleys ; and in
Africa, Bitioa de Kia.  It is an adynamic, inflam-
matory condition, frequently ending in gangrene.
It has been attributed to bad food, and the use
of spices.
  PROCTOCELE, from TtptoKroc, 'the anus,' and
KnXn,  'hernia.'   Prolap'aua Ani, Proctopto'ma,
Proctopto'aie, Procto'sia,  Hedroce'le,  Archeopto'-
mo, Archecpto'ma, Archoptdma,  Archeoce'/e, Ar-
chopto'aie, Exdnia, Hamor'rhoia proce'dena, Ha-
mor'rhois ab exa'nia. Procidentia Ani, P. intes-
ti'ni recti, P. sedia, Ecto'pia Ani, Sedea procid'ua,
Falling down of the Fundament,  Coming down of
the Body, (F.) Chute  du rectum, C. du Fondement,
Renveraement du rectum.   Inversion and prolapse
of the mucous coat of the rectum, from relaxation
of the sphincter with more or less swelling.  In
the treatment, the application of cold  water and
astringent lotions must be recommended: and
if other means fail, one of the radii of skin, which
converge  at the anus, may be snipped off.  On
cicatrizing, the verge of the  anus will be con-
tracted, and the cure probably complete.  In the
way of palliation, the parts may be retained by
an appropriate bandage.
  PROCTOCYSTOTOMIA, see Lithotomy.
  PROCTODYNIA, Proctalgia.
  PROCTOX'CUS,  from  tzpuiKrog, 'anus,' and
oyKoc,  'swelling.'  Swelling of the anus.
  PROCTOPARAL'YSIS, Proctoplegia, Paral'-
ysis Intesti'ni Recti.   Paralysis  of the muscles
of the rectum.
  PROCTOPLEGIA. Proctoparalysis.
  PROCTOPTOMA.  Proctocele.
  PROCTOPTOSIS,  Proctocele.
  PROCTORRHAGIA, Hemorrhoidal flux. 
PROCTORRHEUMA
716
PROLAPSUS
  PROCTORRHEU'MA. from  irpuncros, 'anus,'
and pevpa, ' defluxion.'  Rheumatism of the anus.
  PROCTORRHCE'A, from irpuiKroc, 'the anus,'
and p£ui, ' I flow.'  A discharge of blood or slime
from the anus.  See Hasmorrhois.
  PROCTOS, Anus.
  PROCTOSIS, Proctocele.
  PROCTOSPASMUS, Tenesmus.
  PROCTOSTENOSIS  ORGANICA,  Stricture
of the rectum.
  PROCTOTOREU'SIS, from  nptaKroc, 'anus,'
and ropvttv,' to perforate.' Perforation of a closed
anus.
  PROCTUS, Anus.
  PROCURATIO ABORTUS.   The  promotion
of abortion.
  PROD'ROMUS, from trpo, 'before,' and Spopos,
' course.'  Sta'dium opportunita'tis seuprodromd-
rum;  in contagious diseases,  Sta'dium laten'tis
contdgii.  The period immediately preceding an
attack of disease; in which the precursory signs
occur.
  PROD'UCT, from produco, 'I produce.'  (F.)
Produit.  The  result sought to be attained  by
any  pharmaceutical operation.
   PRODUCTIO, Prolapsus—p. Uvulae a pituita,
Staphylcedema.
   PRODUCTION, Produc'tio;  same etymon.
This word is used, especially by the  French,
synonymously -withprolongation.  The mesentery
is, in this sense, a production of the peritoneum.
   PRODUCTION ACCIDENTELLE. An ac-
cidental or adventitious structure.
   PRODUCTIVITAS, Fecundity.
   PRODUIT,  Product.
   PROEGUMENiE CAUSAE,  Causes,  predispo-
nent.
   PR07A.IUM, Press, Tourniquet.
   PROKM'INENT, Proem'inens, from pro, 'for-
wards,' and eminere, 'to project.'  Some anato-
mists call the 7th cervical vertebra the preeminent
vertebra, on account of the length of its spinous
process, which passes  the  level  of that of  the
neighbouring vertebras.
   PRCEO'TlA, Pro'i'otea, -npintornc, or  7rpoiorns,
from nptot,  ' early.'   ' Precocity.'  Pracox matd-
ritaa, Preco'cious matu'rity.  Premature develop-
ment of sexual organization or power. — Good.
   PROFLUVII CORTEX, Nerium antidysente-
ricum.
   PROFLU'VIUM, Discharge, Fluxus,  Polyr-
rhoe'a, Flux; from profiuo, 'I run down.  A term
under which some nosologists have'comprised all
morbid discharges or fluxes : — others, increased
 excretions attended by fever.
   Profluvium Alvi, Diarrhoea—p. Genitale  mu-
liebre, Menses—p. Mucosum urethras, Gonorrhoea
 — p. Muliebre, Leucorrhcea, Menses—p. Sangu-
 inis, Hasmorrhagia—p. Sanguinis e Renibus, Ne-
 phrorrhagia—p. Sanguinis ex Ore, Stomatorrhagia
 —p. Sanguinis ex Utero, Metrorrhagia — p. Se-
 minis, Pollution—p. Ventris, Diarrhoea.
   PROFUN'DUS,  (pro, and fundus, 'base.')
 Altus, 'having a deep base.'  A name given to
 different parts, which  are  seated profoundly as
 regards others.
   Profunda Arte'ria Fem'oris, A. vaeta poete'-
 rior seu musculdris fem'oris, Artere-grande mus-
 culaire de la cuisse.  (Ch.)  This large branch
 arises commonly from the  posterior part  of the
 crural, between the pubis and lesser  trochanter.
 It descends deeply, situate before the  adductors;
 passes through the third  adductor  above  the
 opening in it for the trunk  of  the femoral;  and
 terminates in  the  short portion of the biceps.
 The muaeularis profunda gives off, 1. The external
 circumflex: 2. The internal circumflex:  and, 3.
 The three perforantes.
  Profunda  Arte'ria  Hu'meri, P.  supe'rior,
Arte'ria spira'lis, (F.) Artere h u m i rale prof on de,
A. collatirale externe, Grand musculaire du bras,
(Ch.)  Its origin is variable. AVhen it arises from
the brachial artery, it is given  off opposite the
groove of the humerus  destined  for the radial
nerve, and descends backwards between the three
portions of the triceps, accompanied by the nerve;
giving branches to  that muscle and to the hume-
rus.  AVhen it reaches the posterior part of the
bone, it divides into two branches, which  are dis-
tributed to  the triceps, supinator longus,  &c.
  Profunda Arteria Inferior vel  Minor  is
often  a  branch of the last;  but, commonly,  is
given off from the brachial, near the  middle of
the arm.  It gives off branches  to  the muscles,
&c, about  the inner side  of the os  humeri.  It
is, also,  called large communicating ulnar or pro-
fundo-ulnar.
  Profunda Arteria  Penis.    Chaussier has
given this name to the cav'ernotta ar'tery, which
arises from the artery of the penis, furnished by
the internal pudic.
  Profunda Arteria Superior, Profunda hu-
meri.
  Certain muscles are distinguished by the names
profound or deep-seated, and euperficial.  Thus,
we speak of the euperficial and deep-aeated mus-
cles of the  neck, &c; the Flexor prof undue per-
forana,  &c.
  PROFUSIO, Hasmorrhagia.
  Profusio Aqvje.  The  discharge or breaking
of the waters at birth.
  Profusio Sanguinis,  Hasmorrhagia — p. Se-
minis,   Ejaculation — p.  Subcutanea,  Purpura
simplex.
  PROGAS'TOR, from trpo, 'before,' and yaurnp,
'belly.'   One who  has a pendulous belly.
  PROGENIES, Epigone.
  PROGENY, Epigone.
  PROGLOS'SIS, from ttpo, 'before,' and yXoooa,
' the tongue;' Apex lingua.  The  extremity or
tip of the tongue.
  PROG'NATHOUS,  from  irpo, 'before,' and
yvaOos, 'the jaw.'  Having a projecting  jaw.   A
term  applied to the form of the head  in which
there is a prolongation  or forward  extension of
the jaws, as in the negro.
   PROGNO'SIS,  Pro'dgoreu'sis, Prorrhe'sis,
PracognW'io, Prognoa'tice, Prano'tio,  Pranun-
tia'tio, Praacien'tia, PrasciV'io, Pronm'a, Proph'-
asis, Pradic'tio, (F.) Prognostic,  Pronostic, from
irpo, 'before,' and yvoiuic, 'knowledge.'  A judg-
ment formed by the physician regarding the  fu-
ture progress and termination of any disease.
   Prognosis, General.   The  opinion formed
of a disease in the abstract.  Thus, we  say, the
 General  prognoeia  of  Cynanche  tonsillaris  is
favourable; — of Phthisis pulmonalis, unfavour-
able,  <fcc.
   Prognosis, Particular.  The opinion formed
of any particular case of disease.  The piorticular
prognosis of one case of typhus, for example, may
be  favourable, whilst that of another may be un-
favourable.
   Prognosis ex LinguI, Glossomantia.
   PROGNOSTIC, Prognosis.
   PROGNOSTICE, Prognosis.
   PROGRESSIO, Augmentation.
   PROGRESSUS, Augmentation.
   PROIOTES, Prasotia.
   PROJECTURA, Process.
   PROLABIUM,  Procheilon.
   PROLAP'SUS, from prolabor, prolapsus, (pro,
 and labor, lapsus,  'to slide,') 'I slip down.' Pro-
 cidentia,  Delap'aio,  Delop'sus,  Hypor'rht/ais
 Propto'ma, Propto'sis, Produc'tio, Propendedtia 
PROLECTATIO
717
PROPOLIS
Prominentia, Ptejais,  Casus, (F.) Chute; a pro-
trusion ; a falling down.   A genus of diseases in
tho class  Loea/'-a and order Ectopia of Cullen,
distinguished by the  falling down  of a  part
through the orifice  with which it  is naturally
connected.
   Prolapsus Ani, Proctocele—p.  Bulbi oculi,
Exophthalmia — p. Corneas, Staphyloma of the^
cornea—p. Iridis, Ptosis iridis—p. Linguae, Glos-
socele, Paraglossa — p. Oesophagi, Pharyngocele
— p.  Palpebras, Blepharoptosis — p. Pharyngis,
Pharyngocele — p. Umbilici, Exomphalus.
   Prolapsus  U'teri, Exome'tra, Metropto'eia,
Metropropto'aia, Orthysteropto'sis, Orthyateropto''-
mo, Falling down of the womb, ^Edopto'sis u'teri,
Hysteropto' sis,  Ilysteroee.'le  inula, Prodded tia
u'teri, (E.) Abaiaaement de  lo motrice,  Chute de
la motrice, Descente de la motrice, Pricipitation
de lo  motrice.  Some use the  term, ' Procidentia
Uteri' for a  minor  degree of the affection  than
prolapsus;—Rt-btxatio uteri expressing the slight-
est state  of  all.  A falling down of the uterus,
owing to relaxation of the parts about the utero-
vaginal region.  In the treatment, the horizontal
posture must be insisted upon;  the  injection of
astringent substances per vaginam  be  advised;
and if  the  affection be  not remedied  by these
means, a  pessary may be employed  as  a pallia-
tive,  or the operation of Epieioraphy be  per-
formed.
   Prolapsus Vvtjlje, Staphylcedema.
   Prolapsus Vagi'na,  Hyateropto'eia  Vagi'na,
Prolapaua ^Et/optosia  Vagina,  Coleopto'sia, Col-
popto'aia, E/ytropto'aia — Protrusion  of the upper
part of the vagina into the lower.  This, like the
descent of the uterus, may be relaxation, proci-
dentia, pro/eipaua, or complete inveraion.
   Prolapsus A*esic*e, Exocyste.
   PROLECTA'TIO; from pro, and legere, tec-
tum, ' to gather.'   Action of separating the finer
parts of a body from the grosser.
   PROLEP'TICS, Prolep'tice, from -ttpo, 'before,'
and Aa/i/3ui/(j, ' I seize hold of.'  A term proposed
by Dr.  Laycock to  signify the art and science of
predicting in medicine.
   PROLEPTICUS, Anticipating.
   PROLES, Epigone.
   PROL'ICIDE, Prolicid'ium ; fromprolea, 'off-
spring,' and  cadere,  'to  kill.'   Destruction of
offspring: a term,  which  includes  foeticide as
well as infanticide.
   PROLIF'IC, Prolif'icus;  from  prolea,  'off-
spring,' and facio, ' I make.'  That which has
the faculty of engendering.  Applied to man, and
animals, and to  their sperm or  seed; as well as
to remedies,  which, by strengthening the genital
organs, increase the secretion of sperm.
   PROLIG"EROUS, Pro'tiger,  Prolig"erus,
from prolea,  ' offspring,' and gero, ' I carry.'  That
which is connected with  carrying the offspring.
   Proligerous Disc or Layer, Diacua prolig"-
erus, Discus vitellinus, Stratum  prolig"erum, Go-
nostro'ma,  (F.)  Disque  proligere.  A  granular
layer, situate generally towards the most promi-
nent part of the ovarian vesicle, in the  centre of
which the true ovum or ovule exists.—Von Baer.
   PROLONGEMENT RACHIDIEN, Medulla
spinalis—p. Sous-occipital, Basilary process.
   PROMALACTE'RIUM, from  irpo,  'before,'
and fiaXaaat>>, ' I soften.'   The room, in the an-
cient gymnasium, in which the body was softened
and anointed.  One of the operations in bathing.
   PROM AN US, see Digitus, Pollex.
   PROMETOPIDIA, Frontal bandages.
   PROMETO'PIS,  Prometopid'ion,  from  irpo,
 'before,'  and pcroitrov, 'the forehead.'  The  skin
 of the forehead.
  PROMINENTIA, Prolapsus, Protuberance —
p. Annularis Cerebri, Pons \rarolii — p. Corneae,
Ceratocele—p. Ossis Continua, Apophysis.
  PROMINENTIAS ALBICANTES,  Mammil-
lary tubercles—p. Semib'vales Medullas Oblonga-
ta, Corpora olivaria.
  PROMONTORIUM, Promontory—p. Faciei,
Nasus — p. Ossis Sacri, see Sacrum.
  PROM'OXTTORY,/Vomo»to'ri'nm,(fromjoroand
mons, montis, ' a mountain,') seu Tuber seu Tube-
roa'itaa Tym'pani.   A small projection at the in-
ner paries of the cavity of the tympanum, which
corresponds to the external  scala of  the cochlea,
and especially to the outer side of the vestibule.
  Promontory of the Sacrum, see Sacrum.
  PRONATEUR CARRE, Pronator radii qua-
dratus—-p. Grand ou rond, Pronator radii teres—
p. Petit, Pronator radii quadratus.
  PRONA'TION, Prona'tio,  from  promts,  'in-
clined  forwards.'   Anatomists  understand,  by
pronation, the motion by which the  inferior ex-
tremity of  the radius passes before the ulna, and
thus causes the hand to execute a kind of rotation
from without inwards.
  PRONA'TOR.   That which produces the mo-
tion of pronation.   This name has been given to
two of the muscles of the forearm.
  Pronator Obliquus, P. radii teres — p. Qua-
dratus, P. radii quadratus.
  Pronator Ra'dii Quadra'tus, P. quadratus,
Quadratus ra'dii, P. quadratue seu  transvers'us
(Winslow), Pronator radii brevia seu  quadratus
(Cowper,) (F.) Cubito-radial (Ch.), Petit ou carre
pronateur.   This muscle  is situate  at the ante-
rior, inferior, and profound part of the forearm.
It is flat and square, and  is attached, within, to
the inferior quarter of the anterior surface of the
ulna;  and, without, to  the inferior quarter of the
anterior surface of the radius.  It produces the
motion of pronation.
   Pronator Radii Teres, P. teres sive obli'quus
(Winslow),  (F.) Epitrochlo-radial (Ch.), Grand
ou  rond pronateur.  A muscle  seated at the upper
and anterior part of the forearm.  It is long, flat,
and larger above than below.   It  is attached,
above, to the inner tuberosity of the humerus and
to the coronoid process of the ulna.  From thence
it passes obliquely downwards and outwards, and
terminates at the middle of the outer  surface of
the radius.  It causes  the radius to turn  on  the
ulna, to produce  the  motion of pronation.   It
can, also, bend the forearm on the arm, and con-
versely.                                     '
   Pronator Teres, P. radii teres.
   PRONAUS, Vestibulum.
   PRONERVATIO, Aponeurosis, Tendon.
   PRONCEA,  Prognosis.
  PRONOSTIC, Prognosis.
  PROPENDENTIA, Prolapsus.
  -PROPERTIES, PHYSICAL, OF THE TIS-
SUES.  These are flexibility, extensibility and
elaaticity, racornisaement and imbibition.
   Properties, Atital.  Those which depend upon
organization, as contractu'ity.
   PROPHASIS, Prognosis.
   PROPHYLACTIC, Prophylac'ticua, Diophy-
lac'tie, Diasos'tic, Synteret'icue, Praaervato'rivs,
from Ttpo, and tpvXaaow, ' I  defend.'   A preserv-
ative.
   PROPHYLAXTS, Prophylace, Prophylac'tice,
 Syntere'sia.  Same etymon.   Praaervdtio, Pra-
cau'tio, Pracusto'dia. Preservative or  preventive
treatment.
   PROP'OLIS,  from  irpo, 'before,'  and iroAif,
 'city;' literally, 'that  which  is before the city.'
 Ceranthe'mua, Commo'aia, Bee-bread.   A red, re-
sinous matter, with which the bees cover the hot- 
18             PROSTRATION
                 PROPOMA                7

torn of the  hive.  Its  fume has been  esteemed
antiasthmatic.
  PROP'OMA,  from vpo, 'before,'  and itopa, 'a
drink.'  Ancient name of a medicine, composed
of seven parts of honey and four of icine.  It was
drunk before a meal.— Paulus of iEgina.
  PROPORTIO, Symmetry.
  PROPOSITUM, Intention.
  PROPOTIS'MOS. Same etymon. Prapo'tio.
An ancient name for medicines which were given
to the patients before purging them, and, in some
sort, to prepare them.
  PROPRIUS  AURIS EXTERNA, Retrahens
auris.
  PROPTOMA, Prolapsus.
  Propto'ma Auricula'rum, Parasthe'sis audi'-
fus fiacca,  Flap  Ear. Lobe of the ear broad,
loose, and pendent from birth.— Good.
  Proptoma Scroti, Raehosis.
  PROPTOSIS, Prolapsus—p. Palpebras, Ble-
pharoptosis—p. Uvulas, Staphylcedema.
  PROPTYSIS, Expectoration.
  PRORA, Occiput.
  PRORRHESIS, Prognosis.
  PRORUPTIO SANGUINIS, Hasmorrhagia.
  PROS, itpoc.  In composition, this prefix gene-
rally signifies 'in  addition to,' 'over and above,'
' besides *
  PROSARTHROSIS, Diarthrosis.
  PROSBOLE, Impression.
  PROSCHYSIS, Affusion.
  PROSCOLLESIS, Adherence, Agglutination.
  PROSECTEUR, Dissector.
  PROSECTIO, Anatomy.
  PROSECTOR,  Dissector.
  PROSLEPSIS, Prehension.
  PROSODOS, Aditus.
  PROSOPALGIA, Neuralgia, facial.
  PROSOPANTRA, Frontal sinuses.
  PROSOPANTRI'TIS,  from  proaopantra, the
frontal sinuses, and itis, denoting inflammation.
Inflammation of the frontal sinuses.
  PROSOPARALYSIS, Palsy, Bell's.
  PROSO'PIS  DULCIS.   A tree of rather large
size, native of Peru.  The  fruit—LPacay — is
a  pod, from  20 to  24  inches  long,  contain-
ing black seeds imbedded in a white, soft, flaky
substance; which last is eaten by the Limertos
with pleasure.— Tschudi.
  PROSOPODYNIA, Neuralgia, facial.
  PROSOPODYSMOR'PHIA, from  irpoo-ontov,
' the face,' <5us,' with difficulty,' and poptpn,' shape.'
Malformation or atrophy of the face,— as where
the process of  nutrition suffers from diminished
nervous influence.
  PROSOPOLOGIA,  Physiognomy.
  PROSOPOMANTIA, Physiognomy.
  PROSOPON, Face.
  PROSOPORRHEU'MA, Rheumatia'mus faciei,
from  Ttpoo-wirov, 'face,' and  pivpa,  ' defluxion,'
' rheumatism.'  Rheumatism affecting the face.
  PROSOPOSIS, Physiognomy.
  PROSOPOSPASMUS,  Canine Laugh.
  PROSOPOSTERNODYMIA,seeCephalosoma-
todymia.
  PROSPERITAS VALETUDINIS, Sanitas.
  PROSPHORA, Prehension.
  PROS'PHYSIS,  Adnascen'tia, Coalif'io, 'ad-
hesion, adherence, connexion,' from  rtpoc, and
qjvta,  ' I  grow.'  In a more limited  sense, this
word means  morbid  adhesion of  the  eyelids,
either between themselves, or with the globe of
the eye ; Ankylobleph' aron.
  PROS'TASIS, rpoo-raaic, (irpo, and crams, 'sta-
tion,') 'superiority, preponderance;'  same ety-
mon as Prostate.   A predominance  or abundance
of excrementitious humour.—Hippqcr.
  PROSTATA, Prostate —p. Bartholini, Coo-
per's glands  in the female — p. Muliobris, Cow-
per's glands in the female.
  PROSTATA, Prostate.
  PROSTATAL, Prostatic.
  PROSTATAL'GIA, from Ttpoarara, < tho pros-
tate,' and aAyoj. ' pain.'  Pain in the prostate.
  PROSTATAUXE,  Prostatoparectasis.
  PROSTATE, ttpoarara, from irpo, 'before,' andia-
rnpi, 'Istand.'—Pros'tata,P.gland'ula,Proa'tata,
P. glandnlo'ea, Paraa'tota adeno'ides seu glandu-
lo'aa, Adstans, Paraa'tata, P. gland'ula, Pros'ta-
ta adenoi'dea,  Teatia minor, Corpus glondule/sum
seu glando'aum,  C. adeniforme,  C.  glandiform?,
G. glandulo'sum,  C. adenoi'des, Asaisten'tes glan-
dula, Ads'tites glandulosi; the  Prostate gland.
A glandular, cordiform  body, of the size  of  a
chestnut, situate  before the neck of the  bladder,
behind the symphysis pubis, and surrounding the
first portion of the urethra.  Its excretory out-
lets, to the number of 10 or 12, open into the part
of the  urethra that traverses it, and pour into it
a whitish viscid humour, intended to lubricate the
interior of the urethra, and to serve as a vehicle
for the sperm in its ejaculation.
  PROSTATELCO'SIS, from  Ttpoarara, 'pros-
tate/ and 'iXkos, 'an ulcer.'   Ulceration of tho
prostate.               A
  PROSTATES  INFERIEURES,  Cowper's
glands—p. Petitea, Cowper's glands.
  PROSTATIC, Prostat'icua, Pros'fatal.   That
which  relates to the  prostate.   Winslow  has
named—Superior Prostatic Muaclea — ligaments
which pass from  the pubis to the lateral parts of
the prostate.  He, also, calls—Inferior proatatic
muaclea—the fleshy fibres, which, from the lateral
parts of the  urethra,  near  its  membranous por-
tion, pass to be inserted into the pubis.
  Prostatic  Bisec'tor.  An  instrument  em-
ployed by Dr. Stevens, of  New York, in the  bi-
lateral operation of lithotomy.  In form it resem-
bles a large  olive, with a beak at the extremity,
with cutting edges at the sides parallel to its
longest axis, and with a straight handle.
   Prostatic Liquor, Liquor prostat'icua.   The
fluid secreted by the  prostate, which mixes with
sperm during emission.
  Prostatic Portion  of  the Urethra.   The
part of  the canal of the urethra included by the
prostate : it  is about 15 lines long.
  Prostatic Sinus, see  Sinus, prostatic.
   PROSTATICUS SUPERIOR, Compressor
prostatas.
  PROSTATITIS, Inflamma'tio Pros'tata, from
ttpoarara, 'the prostate,' and itia, denoting inflam-
mation.  Inflammation of the prostate.
   PROSTATOCELE, Prostatoncus.
   PROSTATON'CUS, Prosto-toce'Ze, Tumor pros-
tata, from Ttpoarara, ' the prostate,' and oyKoc,  ' a
tumour.'  Swelling of the  prostate.
   PROSTATOPARECTASIS,  from  Ttpoarara,
' prostate,'  and  TtaptKruvav, ' to extend.'   En-
largement of the prostate ;  also, induration of the
same, Proetatoscir'rhua,  Proatataux'e.
   PROSTATOSCIRRHUS,  see  Prostatoparec-

   PROSTERNID'IUM, from ttpo, 'before,' and
trrepvov, ' the sternum.'  Any agent applied to the
anterior part of the chest;  a plaster to the breast.
   PROSTHESIS, Prothesis.
   PROSTHETA, Subdita.
   PROSTHIUM, Penis.
   PROSTOMTA,  Commissu'ra  labio'rum; (F.)
fpo, 'before,'and aropa, 'mouth.'   The commis-
sure of the lips.
   PROSTRA'TION,  Prostrdtio   vi'rium,  (F.)
Prostration  des  forces,  Abattement.  Great  de- 
                   PROTEA

prcssion of strength.  Almost total loss of power
Over the muscles of locomotion.
  PRO'TEA MELIFE'RA.  A South  African
plant,  Nat.  Ord.   Proteaceas,  whose involucra
and  flowers, at the time of inflorescence, are
filled with a sweet watery liquid, which contains
a great deal of honey.  By inspissation it forms a
delicious syrup—Syrdpus Pro'tea, which is much
used in pulmonary affections.
  Protea  Lepidocarpon, and some other Pro-
teas, supply the same kind of juice.
  PKO'TEAN,  Pro'triform, Protciform'is,  from
Proteus, who could assume various shapes.   As-
suming different shapes.
  PROTEIFORMIS, Protean.
  Proteiform'is  Morbus.  A  disease which as-
sumes  various characters.
  PRO'TEIN, Protcinc, Protei'na : from trptarevo),
' I take first rank.'  A product of the decomposi-
tion  of albumen, &c., by potassa.   When animal
albumen, fibrin or  casein is dissolved in a mode-
rately strong solution of caustic potassa, and the
solution is exposed for some time to a high tem-
perature, these substances are decomposed.   The
addition  of acetic  acid causes, in  all three, the
separation of a gelatinous translucent precipitate
which  has exactly  the same  characters and  com-
position.  This is protein. — Mulder.
  Protein is the basis of animal and vegetable
fibrin,  albumen, and casein,  and of gluten, which
have been, consequently,  classed under the " pro-
teinaceous alimentary principle," by Dr. Pereira.
  PROTEINACEOUS, Proteinous.
  PRO'TEINOUS, Proteino'ceous, Proteino'sua,
(F.)  Protiique.  Of, or belonging to protein; —
as "  a proteinous alimentary principle."
  PROTEIQUE,  Proteinous.
  PROTENSIONES  GLANDULARES, Mam-
millary eminences.
  PROTH'ESIS, Proa'theaia, Adjunc'tio, Adjec'-
tio, Appoai"tio, ' addition, application ;' from rrpoj,
'in addition to,' and rt^i,  'I put.'  That part
of surgery whose object is to add to the  human
body some artificial part,  in place of one that may
bo wanting, as a wooden leg, an artificial eye, &c.
  PROTMESIS, Umbilicus, Kidney.
  PRoTOGALA, Colostrum.
  PROTOIATROS, Archiater.
  PROTOMEDICUS, Archiater.
  PROTOMUS, Dissector.
  PROTOPATHIA, Idiopathia.
  PROTO'PIIYTE,  Protoph'yton,   from  ttpoiroc,
'first,'  and ipvrov, 'a plant.'  A vegetable produc-
tion  at the foot  of  the  scale; as a  cryptogamous
plant, —a fungus.
  PROTOSPOROS, Os uteri.
  PROTOZO'ON,  from nptaroc,  'first,' and  faov,
' an animal.'  An animal low in the scale ; — as a
monad.
  PROTRUSION, Prolapsus.
  PROTU'BERANCE,  Protuberadtia,  Extube-
ra'tio, Prominen'tia, Excreacen'tia, Extuberan'tia,
from  pro,  'before,' and tuber, 'a  projection.'
(F.)  Basse.   A name  given to rough, unequal
protuberances, seen at the surface of certain or-
gans ; the parietal protuberances,  occipital pro-
tuberances, annular protuberances, &c.
  Protuberance,  Annular, Pons A"arolii — p.
Cerebral, Medulla  oblongata, Pons A"arolii—p.
Ci/lindroide, Cornu ammonis.
 'PROTUBERANTIA. Eminence—p. Annularis
AVillisii,  Pons  Ararolii — p.  Cylindrica,  Cornu
ammonis.
  PROTRUSOR. Detrusor urinae.
  PROULIMATE'SIS.  A  word  employed by
Forestus for hernia of the stomach.
  PllOUNE, Prunus domestica.
9                PRUNUM

  PROVENTRICULUS, Bulbua  glanduldsus,
 Infundibdlum,  Second stomach; from  Ttpo, ' be-
 fore,' and ventriculua, 'the stomach.'  A bulbous
 expansion at the termination of  the oesophagus,
 immediately  above the gizzard of birds, the walls
 of which are thickly studded with  a  layer  of
 glands or follicles which secrete a digestive fluid.
  PROVERBS, MED'ICAL.  A proverbial ex-
 pression frequently contains  sound sense  in  its
 directions.  In medicine, the greatest collection
 is in the Regimen of Health of the School of Sa-
 lernum, composed in the 11th century, by John
 of Milan.  Yet, although good sense is  often in-
 culcated, we frequently meet with the reverse.
  Most of the proverbs are hygienic.  The fol-
 lowing are a few.
 1. Qd apris  la soupe un coupe d'excellent vin
   Tire tin ieu de la poehe du midecin.
 2. Surge quintd, prande nond, ccena quintd, dormi
     nana, nee eat morti vita prona.
 3. Nunquam  recti corpua  exereeri  sine animo,
     neque animum sine corpore posse.
 4. Viande bien machie est d demi digirie.
 5. Optimum condimentum fames.
   Appetite is the best sauce.
 6. Plures occidit gula quam gladius.
 7. Early to bed and early to rise,
   Makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.
 8. One man's meat's another man's poison.
 9. An ounce of prevention is better than a pound
     of cure.
  PROVERSIO, Anteversion.
  PROVINS, MINERAL AArATERS OF.   Cha-
 lybeate springs in the  department of Seine et
 Marne,  France, which contain carbonic  acid and
 iron.
  PROVOCATORIUS, Intercalary.
  PROXTMAD, see Proximal aspect.
  Prox'imal,  from  proximus,  'next.'  Proxi-
 mate;  nearest; next.
  Proximal Aspect.  An  aspect  towards the
 trunk, in the course of an extremity. — Barclay.
 Proximad is used by the same  writer adverbially
 to signify ' towards the trunk.'
  PRUNA, Anthrax.
  PRUNE, Prunum.
  Prune Juice Expectora'tion or Sputa. The
 sputa resembling prune juice, which occur  in the
 third or purulent stage of pneumonia.
  PRUNELLA,  Angina pectoris, Aphthas, Cy-
 nanche, Pupil.
  Prunel'la,  P. vulga'ris seu officindlia, Bru-
 ncl'lo,  Conaol'ida minor, Sym'phytum minus, Self-
 heal, Heal-all, Bugle, (F.) Prnnelle, Bruncllc;
 Family, Labiatas.  Sex. Syst.   Didynamia  Gym-
 nospermia.   This plant has been recommended
 as an astringent, in hemorrhages and fluxes; and,
 also, in gargles against aphthas, and in inflam-
 mation  of the fauces.
  PRUXTELL^E SAL, Potassas nitras fusus sul-
 phatis paucillo mixtus.
  PRUNELLE, Prunella, Pupil.
  PRUNELLIER, Prunus spinosa.
  PRUNELLOE, Prunum Brignolense.
  PRUNEOLA SYLVESTRIS, Prunus spinosa,
  PRUX'ES,  see Prunum — p. Pulp  of,  Pruni
 Pulpa.
  PRUNI PULPA,  Pulp of prunea.   Take  of
 prunea  a sufficient quantity, soften them in the
 vapour  of boiling water, and  having separated
 the stones, beat the remainder in a marble mortar
and press through a hair-sieve. — Ph. U. S.
  PRUNIER,  Prunus domestica—p.  Sauvage
Prunus  spinosa.
  PRUNUM.   A Plum,  a Prune.   Three sorts
71 
PRUNUS                 ?20               PSELL1SMUS
of plums have been usually ranked amongst the
articles of the materia medica.  1.  The Prunum
Brignoledse;  the Brignole plum or Pruncl'loe;
from Brignole in Provence.  It is of a reddish-
yellow colour; and has a  very grateful, sweet,
subacid taste.  2. The Prunum Gal'licum, Pru-
num (Ph. U. S.), the French Prune; and  3. The
Prunum  Damasce'num or  Damson,  Brab'ylon.
All these possess  the same general qualities  as
the other summer fruits.  They are emollient and
laxative.
   Prunum Stellatum, Averrhoa carambola.
   PRUNUS  ACACIA, Prunus padus.
   Prunus  Armeniaca, Armeni'oca vulga'ris seu
epiroti'ca.   The A'pricot, Apricoek, Bericoc'ce,
(ScptKoKKn, Pracoc'ia, (¥.) Abricot. Family, Rosa-
cea).   Sex. Syst.  Icosandria  Monogynia.  The
apricot, Melum Armeniacum, when ripe, is easily
digested, and considered as a great delicacy.
   Prunus  A'vium, P. cer'asua seu sylvest'ris  seu
macrophyl'la, Black  Cherry Tree, Cer'asua A'vi-
um  seu  nigra seu dulcis,  (F.) Mirisier.  The
fruit is eaten; and a gum exudes from the tree,
the properties of which are similar to those of gum
Arabic.
   Prunus  Capulin,  (S.) Capuliea, grows in  the
open fields of Peru; and is cultivated in gardens in
the towns. The fruit is acid, and not often eaten;
but on account of its agreeable odour it is used in
making Pucheroa de  flores ; or with odoriferous
flowers to perfume linen. -— Tschudi.
   Prunus Cer'asus, Cer'asus ac"ida seu horted-
sis  seu  vulga'ria seu rubra.   The  Red  Cherry
 Tree; (F.) Ciriaier.   The fruit Cer'asum, Cerd-
sion, has a pleasant, acidulous sweet flavour.  It
is wholesome.   See Prunus avium.
   Prunus Domes'tica.   The  Plum or  Damson
tree, Coccyme'lea, Proune, (F.) Prunier ordinaire.
The damson, when perfectly ripe, affords a whole-
some  fruit for pies, tarts, &e.  It is gently laxa-
tive.  See Prunum.
   Prunus Hortensis, P. cerasus.
   Prunus Insi'tia.   The  Bullace Plum Tree.
The fruit of this tree is used like the damson.
   Prunus Lauro-Cer'asus, Cer'asus lauro-cera-
sus, Padus lauro-cerasus, Poison Laurel, Cherry
Laurel, Common Laurel, Lauro-cer'asus, (F.) Lau-
rier-eirise, L. amandier.  The leaves have a bit-
ter, styptic  taste, with the flavour of bitter al-
monds.  The flowers  have a similar flavour.  The
powdered  leaves, applied to  the nostrils, excite
sneezing.  The flavour  of the leaves has given
 occasion to  their being  employed in  tarts,  cus-
tards, &c.;  but in large quantities they are  poi-
 sonous.  The poisonous principle is the prussic
 acid.  The distilled  water, called Laurel-water,
 is poisonous. (See Poisons, Table of.)
   Prunus Macrophylla, P. avium.
   Prunus  Padus,  Padua, P. a'vium,  Cer'aeua
 Padua, Cer'asus racemo'sus sylves'tris, Wild clus-
 ter or Bird Cherry Tree, (F.) Ciriaier d groppes,
 Bois puant.   The bark of the tree has a fragrant
 smell, and a bitter sub-astringent taste, somewhat
 similar to that of bitter almonds.  It has been
 recommended in intermittents, <fcc. in the form of
 decoction. The berries have been used in dysen-
 tery.
   Prunus Sebastina, Sebastina.
   Prunus Spino'sa.  The Sloe  Tree, P. eylvea'-
 tria seu Aca'cia, Agriococcime'lea, Agru'na, Agru-
 ne'la, (F.)  Prunellier,  Prunier eauvage.  The
 fruit—the aloe—is sometimes employed in gargles,
 and was  formerly much used  in  hemorrhage,
 owing to its astringent properties.  The  Aca'cia
 noetrae seu German'ica  seu vulga'ris, Prunc'ola
 sylves'tria,  Succua acacia  nostra'tia,  S. Acacia
 Germanica inepiesa'tu8 is obtained from this.
   Prunus Sylvestris,  P. Avium, P. Spinosa.
   Prunus  A'irginia'na,  Cer'asus  sero'tina, C,
Virginia'na, Wild (lurry  Tree, (F.) Ciriaier de
Virginie.  The bark of  this tree has been found
useful in intermittents. The leaves are poisonous
to certain animals, and the  berries intoxicate dif-
ferent kinds of birds.  The Indians use the bark
in the cure of  syphilis.  It is  bitter and astrin-
gent, and  possesses some aromatic warmth, and,
likewise, a narcotic quality.  It is stimulant and
tonic.   The leaves contain prussic acid.   Tho
distilled oil of the bark is very nearly identical
with that of the bitter almond.   A strong decoc-
tion of the bark is anthelmintic.
   Prunus ArULGARis, P. Padus.
   PRURIG'TNOUS, Prurigino'sus; same  ety-
mon as the next.  Relating, or belonging to,  or
resembling prurigo.
   PRURI'GO, Pruri'tua, Chria'ma; from prurio,
'I itch.'  The word is often used synonymously
with itching.  AA'illan and Bateman use tho term
for a genus of cutaneous diseases, the character-
istic symptoms of which  are a severe  itching,
accompanied by an eruption of papulae of nearly
the same colour as the adjoining cuticle;  Cneemos,
Scabies papuliform'is,  Exor'mia  pruri'go.   It
affects the whole surface of the skin, under three
varieties of form; — the P. mitis, P. formi'cane,
P. seni'lia, &c. as well as some parts of the body,
as the P. pod'iris, and P.puden'di mulie'bris seu
Puden'dagra pru'riens.
   Prurigo, Heat—p. Pedicularis, Phtheiriasis.
   PRURIT, Itching.
   PRURITUS, Gargle, Itching, Prurigo.
   PRUSSIAN BLUE, Ferrum Zoot'icum, F. Bo-
rus'sicum, F.  Cyanogena'tum, F. oxydula'tum hy-
drocyan'icum, Ferri Ferrocy'anas,  F. Ferrocya-
nure'tum,  Borus'sias  Ferri, Caru'leum Bortta'ai-
cum, 0. Beroliuen'ae,  Pruaaiaa Ferri, Hydrocy'-
anae Ferri, Ferri Cyanure'tum,  Ferri percyun'i-
dum,  Trito-hydro-ferrocy'anate of iron, Ferrocy-
anurct of iron, Ferro-prua'aiate of iron, (F.)Bleu
de Pruaee.  In the Pharmacopoeia of the United
States, the pure salt—Ferri ferrocyanuretum—is
directed to be made as follows :  Ferri Sulph. ""jiv,
acid sulph. f^iiiss, acid nitric, f "Jvj or q. s., po-
tassii ferrocyanuret. ^ivss, aqua, Oij.   Dissolve
the sulphate in  a pint of water,  and having add-
ed the sulphuric  acid, boil the solution.  Pour
into it the  nitric acid,  in  small portions, boiling
the liquid for a minute or two  after each addi-
tion, until it  no longer produces a dark colour;
then allow the liquid to cool.  Dissolve the ferro-
cyanuret  of potassium in the remainder of the
water, and add this solution gradually to the first
liquid, agitating the mixture after each addition;
then pour it upon a filter.   Wash the precipitate
with boiling water until the washings pass taste-
less.   Lastly, dry and rub  into  powder.   This
salt is chiefly used in the preparation of the hy-
drocyanic acid and the cyanuret of mercury.   It
has been advised in the  treatment of intermit-
tents, and in  epilepsy and scrophulosis.  Exter-
nally, it has been applied to ill-conditioned ulcers.
(3i to 3J> of cerate.)  Dose, four to six grains.
   PSALIDIUM,  Fornix.
   PSALIS, Fornix, Scissors.
   PSALTERIUM, Lyra.
   PSAMMA, see Gravel.
   PSAMMIS'MUS,  Ammie'mus,  Gammis'mus,
from tpappos, ' sand.'  Arendtio.  The application
of sand to any part of the body for the cure  of
disease. — Paulus.
   PSAMMODES, Sabulous.
   PSAMMUS, see Gravel.
   PSELLIS'MUS,  tpeXXtapoc,  from i^AAjfo  'I
stutter.'  Imperfect or  depraved state of the arti-
culation.  A genus in the class Pneumatica, order
 Phonica, of Good.
   Psellismus Nasitas, Rhinophonia — p. Rho-
 tacismus, Rotacism. 
PSELOTES               721                 PSOITIS
  PSELOTES, Balbuties.
  PSEUDACACIA  ODORATA,  Robinia pseu-
dacacia.
  PSEUDAC'OE, Pseudacdi'o, PeeudccoV'a, from
tptvcnf, ' false,'and 0x017, ' audition.' Pseudacu'sis.
False hearing.
  1'SEUDACORUS, Iris pseudacorus.
  PSEUDA'STHE'SIA, Senaus perver'stta, from
tpcvoric, ' false,' and atoSavoftai, 'I feel.'  Parapsis
illuao'ria,  Peeudo'phe, Paeudaph'ia.  Depraved
feeling.  Imaginary sense of touch or general
feeling in  organs that have no existence.  Com-
mon to those  who have suffered amputation; and
in hypochondriacs and the insane.
  PSEUDALEI MORBI,  Feigned diseases.
  PSEIIDANGUSTURINUM, Brucine.
  PSEUDAPHE, Pseudassthesia.
  PSEUDARTHRO'SIS, Paeudarticuldtio,
Paeudartic'ulua, Articuldtio notha seu artificid-
lis,  from xpcvSns, ' false,' and apSpov, ' a joint.'  A
false joint or articulation.
  PS E UDARTICULATIO, Pseudarthrosis.
  PSEUDECOIA, Pseudacoe.
  PSEUD EXCEPH'ALUS, Paraceph'alue, from
tptvonc, ' false,' and eyKcq)aXov, ' the encephalon.'
A monster, whose cranium is open  in its whole
extent, from before to behind, its base supporting
a vascular tumour.— G. St. Hilaire.
  PSEUDO,  False — p. Asthma,  Dyspnoea.
  PSEUDOBLEP'SIA,  Peeudoblepais,  Paeudo-
ro'sis, Suffu'aio oc'uli, from  tptvins,  'false,'  and
PXtiptc, ' sight.'  Paeudopa'ia, Parop'sis illuao'ria,
Suffu'sio,  Phantaa'ma, False sight.  A  generic
name, used  by Cullen  for perversion of vision.
See Metamorphopsia.
  PSEUDOBLEPSIS, Paropsis.
  PSEUDOCARCINOMA LABII, Cancer aqua-
ticus.
  PSEUDOCROUP, Asthma thymicum.
  PSEUDOCYESIS, Pregnancy, false—p. Cye-
sis  molaris, Mole.
  PSEUDOENCEPHALITIS, Hydrencephaloid
disease.
  PSEUDO-FEVER, Irritation, morbid.
  PSEUDOGEU'SIA,  Pseudogeu'sis,  Pseudo-
geua'tio, from tycoons,  'false,' and yevots, 'taste.'
Holliiciuo'tio gustua.   False taste.
  PSFUDOGEUSTIA, Pseudogeusia.
  PSEUDOHELMINTHES, Ectozoa.
  PSEUDOLI'EN, Paeudoaplen.   Glands situate
in the neighbourhood of  the spleen; probably,
lymphatic glands.
  PSEUDOMECHOACANA. Convolvulus pan-
duratus.
  PSEUDOMEDICUS, Charlatan.
  PSEUDOMELANOTIC FORMATIONS,  see
Anthracosis—p. Membrane, Membrane, false.
  Pseudomelanotic Meninx, Membrane, false—
p. Metamorphosis polyposa, Polypus.
  PSEUDOMEMBRANA, Membrane, false.
  PSEUDONARCISSUS, Narcissus pseudonar-
cissus.
  PSEUDOPERIPNEUMONIA,Peripneumonia
notha.
  PSEUDOPHLOGOSIS  VENTRICULI RE-
SOLUTIVA ET  COLLIQUATIVA, Gastroma-
lacia.
  PSEUDOPHTIII'SIS.  False phthisis. Ema-
ciation occasioned by other cause than organic
lesion of the lungs.
  PSEUDOPLAS'MATA, from  t^tvini,  'false,'
and ttXaaau),  ' I form.'   A term applied to malig-
nant heterologous tumours. — Vogel.
   PSEUDOPLEURITIS, Pleurodynia — p.  Po-
       40
lypi, see Polypi — p. Pyrethrum, Achillea ptar-
mica— p. Spleen, Pseudolien.
  PSEUDOPNEUMONIA, Peripneumonia  no-
tha.
  PSEUDOPNEUMONITIS, Peripneumonia no-
tha.
  PSEUDOPSIA, Pseudoblepsia.
  PSEUDORASIS,  Pseudoblepsia,
  PSEUDOREXTA, Peeudorex'ie,  from tpivSr,c,
'false,' and opet-ts, 'appetite.'  False appetite.
  PSEUDO-RHONCHUS,  from ^tv&ns, 'false,'
and poy%os,  ' rattle.' A sound heard during re-
spiration, which appears to be produced, like the
ordinary rhonchi, in the air-tubes, but is exterior
to them—as in the case of pleural pseudorhonchi.
See Rattle, and Rdle.   •
  PSEUDOS'MIA, Pseudoaphre'sia,  Pseudos-
phre'aia, from tptvins,  'false,' and 007117, 'smell.'
False sense of smell.
  PSEUDOPHRESIA, Pseudosmia.
  PSEUDOSYPHILIS, Syphilis pseudosyphilis.
  PSEUDOTHANATOS, Asphyxia.
  PSEUDOVARIOLJE, Varicella.
  PSEUDYMEN, Membrane, false.
  PSID'IUM POMIF'ERUM.  The Apple Guo-
va, Guava, Guayava.  This plant and P. Pyrif-
erum bear fruits;  those of the former like apples,
— of the latter like  pears.   The apple kind has
an acid flavour, the  other is sweet.  Of the inner
pulp of either, the  natives of the  Indies make
jellies ; and, of the outer rind, tarts, marmalades,
4c.  They are somewhat  astringent;  this qua-
lity, indeed, exists in every part of  the tree, and
abundantly in the leaf-buds, which  are occasion-
ally boiled with barley and liquorice as an excel-
lent drink  in  diarrhoea.  A simple decoction of
the leaves  is said to be useful in  the  itch, and
most cutaneous eruptions.
  PSILOSIS, Depilation.
  PSILOTHRUM,  Bryonia alba, Depilatory.
  PSIMMYTHON,  Plumbi subcarbonas.
  PSOA, Dysodia.
  PSOAS, Peoia,  Paya, Lumbi, 'the loins,' Alop'-
ecee,  Nephrome'tra, Neurome'tree.  The psoas
muscles.
  PSOAS MAGNUS, Psoas seu lumbdris inter'-
nus, Pri-lombo-trochantin, Pri-lombo-troehan-
tinien  (Ch.), Femur moved Hum sextus.  A mus-
cle, seated on the lateral parts of the lumbar por-
tion of the vertebral column; and passing down
to the  superior and anterior part of the thigh.  It
is long,  fusiform, and attached, above,  to  the
body  and transverse processes of  the  first  four
lumbar vertebras, and last dorsal.   Below, it ter-
minates, by a very  thick tendon, common  to itv
and the iliacus muscle, — which is inserted  into
the top  of the lesser trochanter.  This muscle
bends  the thigh upon the pelvis, and carries it in
rotation outwards.  It may, also, bend the pelvis
on the thigh, and the loins on the pelvis.  It acts
considerably in station  and progression.
  Psoas  Parvus,  Pri-lombo-pubien,  (Ch.)  A
muscle situate anteriorly to the last.  It is long,
thin, flat, and narrow;  and is attached,  above, to
the body of the last dorsal vertebra, and below,
to the linea ileo-pectinea, by means of a slender
tendon, which furnishes two expansions — one to
the Iliac aponeuroaia, and the other to the pelvis.
This muscle bends  the vertebral column  on the
pelvis; and, reciprocally, the pelvis on the ver-
tebral column.
   PSODYMUS, Gastrodidymus.
   PSOLE, Psoas.
   PSOfTE, Psoitis.
   PSOI'TIS, Inflamma'tio mus'culi, Psoas, Lum-
ba'go inflammato'ria spasmod'ica, (F.) Pso'ite, Iu- 
PSOLE
722
PSYLLIUM
flammation du  muscle Psooa.  From i^oai,  'the
loins,' and itis, denoting inflammation.   Inflam-
mation  of the  psoas muscles  and of the parts
situate before the lumbar vertebras: accompanied,
from its commencement, by considerable fever,
violent pains  in the part affected and in the thigh
of the same side, which remains commonly half
bent.  Psoitis may terminate by suppuration, and
form lumbar abscess.
  PSOLE, tlwXn,  'the male  organ.'  Also, the
glans when uncovered.
  PSOLON, Membrosus.
  PSOLON'CUS,  from d-wAi?,  and oyKoc, 'a tu-
mour.'   Swelling of  the  glans, or of the penis
generally.
  PSOLUS, from \I01A17.  One who has the glans
uncovered.  One who has been circumcised.
  PSOPHOMETER, Stethoscope.
  PSOPHOS, TpoQoc,  'a noise.'  A loud noise; a
hollow sound.
  PSORA, from iptota, 'I touch, I feel.'  Sca'bies,
Phlyaie  Scabies, Ecpye'eie Scabiea, Scabiola, Itch,
Scratch, Scotch fiddle, (F.) Gale, Mai Saint-Main,
Rogne.  A contagious eruption  of very  minute
pimples—pustular, vesicular, papular, intermixed,
and alternating, itching intolerably and termina-
ting in scabs.   It seems to be connected with an
insect of the genus  Acarua; — the  Ac'orus seu
Sarcop'tea seu Sarcop'tus sen Phthi'rium seu Chey-
le'tus Scabiei, Ac'arus Ciro, Itch-insect, (F.) Ciron.
The itch occupies, particularly, the spaces between
the fingers, the  back  of the hands, wrists,  elbows,
axillas,  groins,  hams, 4c., and rarely affects the
face.  The best applications, for its cure, are,—
the Unguentum Sulphuris or  Ung. Sulph. comp.
night and morning;  but the unpleasant smell of
the sulphur has given occasion to the use of other
means ; — as the White Hellebore, Potass  in deli-
quescence, Muriate of Ammonia,  Sulphuric Arid,
4c.  The  repugnance to the  smell of  sulphur
ought not, however, to  be regarded; especially
as, in the course of four or five days, it  will, in
almost all cases, produce a perfect cure.
  Psora Agria, Psoriasis inveterata—p. Lepro-
sa, Psoriasis—p. Squamosa, Psoriasis.
  PSORA'LEA GLANDULO'SA,  Alvaquil'la.
Family, Leguminosas. Sex. Syat. Diadelphia De-
candria.  A shrub, used in Chili as a vulnerary.
  PSORA'LEA PentAPHYL'lA, Paordlia,  Contra-
yer'va novo, Mcx'ican Contrayer'va.   The root is
little, if at all,  inferior to the contrayerva in  its
medical properties; which, by the by, are unim-
portant.
  PSORALIA, Psoralea pentaphylla.
  PSORENTERIA,  Cholera.
  PSORI'ASIS, formerly, the state of being af-
fected with \ptapa. Lepido'eie peori'aaie, Serpe'do,
Serpi'go, Impeti'go (of some), Scdbiea aic'ca, S.
feri'na, Paora  lepro'sa, P. squamo'sa, Scaly Tet-
ter, Dry Scale,  Dry Seall, (F.) Dartre squameuse
licheno'ide, D. icailleuse,  Gratelle, Gale  miliare,
G. canine ou seche.   A cutaneous affection, con-
sisting  of patches of rough, armorphous scales;
continuous,  or  of indeterminate outline;  skin
often chappy.  Psoriasis occurs under a consi-
derable  variety of forms.  The surface, under the
scales, is more tender and irritable than in lepra,
which psoriasis, in some respects, resembles. Dr.
Willan  has given  names to eleven varieties of
psoriasis: the chief  of which  are the Psoriasis
guttdta, P. diffu'sa  (one form of which is the
Baker's Itch  and Grocer's Itch, and  another, the
 Waaherwoman's Seall),  the P. gyra'ta,   and  P.
inveterdta seu Paora a'gria.   The treatment of
psoriasis must be antiphlogistic, with the internal
use of the fixed alkalies, sulphur, &c.  The irri-
table kinds do  better without any local applica-
tion.  The more local and less inflammatory aro
ameliorated by  emollient and soothing applica-
tions ;  or by slightly stimulating  means, sea-
bathing,  the  Ung. hydrarg. nitrico-oxyd.,  Ung.
oxidi zinci, 4 c.
  PSO'RICUS.  That which has the nature of
itch.  A  medicine for curing the itch.
  PSOROPHTHALMIA, Ophthalmia tarsi —p.
Neonatorum, see Ophthalmia (purulenta infan-
tum).
  PSYiE, Psoas.
  PSYCHAGOGA, Psychagogica.
  PSYCIIAGO'GICA, Peychago'ija, from  uVu^i;,
'life,' 'soul,' and ayu>, 'I lead.'  Medicines which
resuscitate, when life seems extinct; as in syn-
cope and apoplexy.
  PSYCHE, Anima.
  PSYCHIATRI'A,  from  ^Ivxn, 'mind,'  and
tarpcia, 'healing.'  Treatment of diseases of the
mind.
  PSY'CHICAL, Pey'chicua, from ipvxn, 'mind.'
That which relates to the mind  or mental endow-
ments.   Peychologicdl is not unfrequently used
with the  like signification.
  PSYCHOLOGICAL, see Psychical.
  PSYCHOLOGY,  Paycholog"io,  from  ->lvxn,
'mind,' and Xoyos, 'discourse.'  A treatise on  the
intellectual and moral faculties.   Also, the  intel-
lectual and moral faculties  or sphere.
  PSYCHONOSOL'OGY, Psychonoaolog"io, from
tpvxn, ' mind,' 1100-05, ' disease,'  and Xoyoc,  ' a de-
scription.'  The doctrine of, or  a treatise on, dis-
eases of  the mind.
  PSYCHOPATHIES, Psychoses.
  PSYCHOR'AGES, Agoni'zona, Moribun'due,
Mor'ibund, from 4-'vX"i> ' mind,' and pay?;, ' rup-
ture.'  Dying.   In Articulo Mortia.   3Ioribund
means, also, one who is dying.
  PSYCHORAGIA, Agony, Death.
  PSYCHORRHAGIA, Agony, Death.
  PSYCHOS, Cold.
  PSYCHO'SES, from ^xn, ' mind.'  Neuroses
of the intellect.   Diseases of  the  mind.  Pay-
chop' athiea.
  PSYCHOTICA, Analeptica.
  PSYCHOTRIA, Analeptica—p. Emetica, Ipe-
cacuanha.
  PSYCHOTROPHUM, Betonica officinalis.
  PSYCHROLU'SIA, Paychroldtron, from  <//«-
j^pos, 'cold,' and Xovta, 'I wash.'  A cold bath.
  PSYCHROPHOB'IA, from ^vXpoc, 'cold,' and
folios,  ' fear.'   Dread of cold,  especially of cold
water.  Impressibility to cold.
  PSYCHTICA, Refrigerants.
  PSYDRA'CIA,  quasi,   xpvKpa  'vipaKta,  'cold
drops.'   The ancients sometimes used this term
for pimples ; at others, for vesicles.   Willan and
Bateman define Psydracium to be, a small pus-
tule, often irregularly circumscribed,  producing
but a slight elevation of the cuticle, and termi-
nating in a lanyuated  scab.   Many of the psy-
dracia usually appear together, and become con-
fluent; and, after the discharge of pus, they pour
out a thin, watery  humour;  which  frequently
forms  an irregular incrustation.  Frank  limits
the term to a  psoriform eruption, which differs
from itch in not originating from an insect,  and
is  not contagious; — perhaps  the lichen.   Au-
thors have differed regarding its acceptation.
  Psydracia Acne, Acne.
  PSYLLIUM,  Plantago psyllium—p. Erectum,
Plantago psyllium. 
23                PTERYGOID
                    PTARMICA                7!

      PTARMK'A, Achillea ptarmica—p. Montana,
    Arnica, montana.
      PTARMICUM, Errhine, Sternutatory.
      PTAR.MOS, Sneezing.
      PTELEA, Ulmus.
      PTERIS, Polypodium filix mas.
      Pterin  Aquili'na,  'Eagles' Wings'  so  called
    from its leaves.  Pter'ia, Thelyp'terie, Filix Nym-
    pha'a seu fe'mina, Asple'nium tupuili'num,  Com-
    mon Brake or Female Fern; Eagle Fern, Bracken,
    (F.)  Fowferc fcmellc,  La grande Fougere.  Nat.
    Ord. Filices.   The root is considered to be an-
    thelmintic; and as efficacious as that of the male
    fern in cases of tapeworm.
      Pteris  Palustris,  Asplenium filix foemina.
      PTERNA, Calcaneum.
      PTERNIUM, Calcaneum.
      PTERNOBATES, Calcigradus.
      PTEROCARPUS ERINACEA, see Kino—p.
    Marsupium, see  Kino—p. Sandalinus, P. Santa-
    linus.
      Pterocar'pus  Santali'nus, P.  Sandali'nus,
    Sau'talum seu San'dalum Rubrum, Red Sanders
    or Saunders Tree, (F.) Santal rouge.   Family,
    Leguminosas.  »SV.r. Syat. Diadelphia Decandria.
    Red  Saunders  wood,  Sodtolum (Ph. U. S.,) Lig-
    num sandali'num is used only as a colouring mat-
    ter :  it gives  to  rectified spirit a fine deep red.
    The  juice of this tree, like that of P. Draco, af-
    fords a species of Drat/on'a Blood.
      PTEROS'PORA ANDROMEDEA, Scaly Dra-
    gon claw.  Dragon root, Fever root, Albany beech-
    drop.   An indigenous plant, AW.  Ord. Mono-
    tropeas, Sex. Syat. Decandria Monogynia:—found
    in the state of New A'ork, which blossoms in July.
    The root has been regarded as an anthelmintic,
    diuretic, emmenagogue, 4c.:  but it is not used.
      PTERYGTON, i'teryg'ium, Ala,  from irrepv?,
    'awing.'  A small wing.   Onyx, Pyo'aia, Unguia,
    (F.)  Dropeou, Onglct.  A varicose excrescence
    of the conjunctiva, of a  triangular  shape, and
    commonly occurring  at the inner angle  of the
    eye; whence it extends over the  cornea.  Some-
    times two or three pterygia occur on the same
    eye,  and  cover the whole cornea with a thick
    veil, which totally prevents vision.  According to
    Scarpa, the ancients  gave the name Ponnic'tilua
    to this last complication.  If the  pterygion can-
    not be dispelled by means of discutient collyria,
    it must be removed by the scissors.
      PTERYGIUM, Pterygion,  Scapula—p. Digiti,
    Paronychia—p. Lardaceum, Pinguecula—p. Pin-
    gue, Pinguecula.
      PTERYGO-ANGULI-MAXILLAIRE, Ptery-
    goideus internus—p. Colli-ma.rillaire, Pterygoid-
    eus externus—p. Maxillaire, grand, Pterygoideus
    internus—p. Maxillaire, petit, Pterygoideus ex-
    ternus—p. Palatine canal, Pterygoid canal — p.
    Pbaryngeus, Constrictor pharyngis—p. Staphy-
    linus, Circumflexus.
      PTER'YCO-PAL'ATINE, Pterygo-Palati'nua.
    That which belongs to the pterygoid process and
    palate.
      Pterygo-Palatine Artery or Superior pha-
    ryngeal is  a very small arter}', and is given off by
    the internal maxillary at the bottom of the zygo-
    matic fossa:  after having passed through  the
    pterygo-palatine canal, it is distributed  to the
    superior part of the pharynx, the sphenoid bone,
    and the Eustachian tube.
      Pterygo-Palatine  Canal.  A small canal,
    formed by the  internal ala of the  pterygoid pro-
    cess,  and the palate  bone.   It gives passage to
    the vessels of the same name.
      PTERYGO-STAPHYLINUS INTERNUS,
    Levator palati—p. Syndesmo-staphyli-pharyngien,
s   Constrictor pharyngis.
      PTERYGODES, Alatus.
  PTER'YGOID, PtcrygoV des, Pterygoideus, Ali-
for'mis; from irrtpuf, 'a wing,' and etSos, 'form.'
A name given to two proceeaee at the inferior sur-
face of the sphenoid bone ; the two laminas which
form  them  having  been  compared  to wings.
These ala or winga or proceases,—Proces'sus ali-
form'es,—have been distinguished, according  to
their position, into internal and external.
  Pterygoid Artery, Vidian Artery, Ram'ulus
Ductua Pterygo'idei, Arte'ria pharynge'a supre'ma,
arises from  the internal  maxillary artery, at the
bottom  of the zygomatic fossa, and  enters the
pterygoid canal with the nerve of the same name,
to proceed to be distributed on the Eustachian
tube and velum palati.  The name, pterygoid
arteries, is likewise given to the branehes, which
the internal maxillary and some of its divisions,
as the meningea media, and posterior temporalis
profunda, furnish to the pterygoid muscles, be-
hind the neck of the lower jaw.
  Pterygoid Bone, Sphenoid.
  Pterygoid Canal, Vidian canal, Ductua pte-
rygo'ideua, Candlia Vididnus, (F.) Conduitptiry-
go'idien ou  Vidien, Pterygo-palatine canal, is a
narrow channel, which traverses, in a  direction
from before to behind, the base of the pterygoid
process, and gives passage to the pterygoid nerve.
The foramina of the sphenoid, which terminate
the canals,  have  the  same epithets  applied  to
them.
  Pterygoid  Fossa,  Fossa Pterygdidea, (F.)
Foeae ptirygo'idienne ou ptirygoide,  is the de-
pression which  separates the two laminas or alas
of the pterygoid process.
  Pterygoid  Mus'cles, Ala'rea mus'culi, Ali-
form'es mus'culi,  are  two  in number.  1. The
Pterygoideus externus, P.  minor, (F.)  Ptirygo-
colli-maxillaire,  Petit  Ptirygo-maxillaire  (Ch.)
Petit  ptirygo'idien,  Ptirygo'idien  externe,  is  a
thick, short  muscle, which  arises, by short apo-
neuroses, from the outer surface of the external
ala of the pterygoid process, and from the  outer
surface of the great ala of the  sphenoid bone;
and is inserted  at the anterior part of the  neck
of the lower  jaw-bone, and the corresponding part
of the inter-articular fibro-cartilage. This muscle
draws the condyle of the lower jaw and the inter-
articular ligament  forwards.  It carries the chin
forwards, and  to  the opposite side.  If the two
external pterygoids act together, the jaw is car-
ried directly-forwards.   2.  The Pterygoideus in-
ternus,  P. major, Moaae'ter interdtia, Lotens  in
Ore, (F.) Grand  Ptirygo-maxillaire,  Ptirygo-
anguli-maxillair£, Grand Ptirygo'idien  ou Ptiry-
go'idien interne.   A thick,  quadrilateral muscle,
which is attached by short  and very strong apo-
neuroses ; above, to the pterygoid  fossa, whence
it proceeds downwards, backwards, and outwards,
to be inserted into the inner surface of the ramus
of the  lower jaw,  near its  angle.   This muscle
raises the lower jaw, and carries it a little for-
wards.  It also performs the grinding motion.
  Pterygoid Nerves.  These are  two in  num-
ber,   i. The Pterygoid  or Vid'ian Nerve.   It
arises  from  the posterior  part  of the spheno-
palatine ganglion ; traverses the Vidian canal of
the sphenoid ;  and, beyond, divides into two fila-
ments.  1. A auperior or cranial, Nervua auperfi-
cia'lis sive petro'sus, which ascends into the cra-
nium, and enters the hiatus of Fallopius to  unite
with the facial nerve.   2. An inferior or carotid,
Nervus profundus sive major, which traverses the
carotid  canal, and unites  with  the  ascending
branches of the superior cervical ganglion of the
trisplanchnic.   n. The Pterygoid  Nerve,  pro-
perly so  called, Nervus  musculi pterygo'idei,  is
given off by the inferior maxillary branch of the
5th pair. 
PTERYGOlDIEN
724
PUDIBILIA
  PTERYGOt'DIEN GRAND ov INTERNE,
Pterygoideus internus—p. Externe, Pterygoideus
externus—p. Petit, Pterygoideus externus.
  PTERYGO'MA.  Same  etymon.  A  wing; a
projecting or pendulous body.   A swelling of the
vulva, which prevents coition.—M. A. Severinus.
  PTERYX, Ala.
  PTILOSIS, Deplumatio, Madarosis.
  PTISANA, Tisane — p. Communis, Decoctum
hordei  compositum—p. Hippocratica, Decoctum
hordei.
  PTISSANA, Tisane.
  PTOCHIA'TER, Ptochidtrus, same etymon as
the next.  A physician to the poor, or to an esta-
blishment for the poor.
  PTOCHIATRI'A,  from vrux°s>  'poor,'  and
tarpeta,  ' healing.'  Practice  amongst the  poor.
Also, an institution for the treatment of the dis-
eases of the poor.
  PTOCHOCOMI'UM, from irnox"?,  'a poor per-
son,' and Kopeta, ' I take care of;' Ptochodochi'um,
Ptochotrophe'um.  An almshouse.
  PTOCHODOCHIUM, Ptochocomium.
  PTOCHOTROPHEUM,  Ptochocominm.
  PTOMA, Cadaver.
  PTOSIS, Prolapsus —p. Bulbi  oculi, Exoph-
thalmia.
  Ptosis Ir'idis,  Iridoce'le, Her'nia Ir'idis, Iri-
dopto'sia, Prolap'sus  Iridia, from irruoif, ' a fall-
ing.'  A prolapsus of the  iris  through  a wound
of the cornea. It is known by a blackish tubercle,
which projects a little from the cornea in various
forms.
  Ptosis Palpebr^e, Blepharoptosis.
  PTYALAGOGUE, Sialogogue.
  PTYALIN, see Saliva.
  PTYALISM, Salivation.
  PTYAL IS ME ME ROURI EL, Salivation,
mercurial.
  PTYALISMUS, Salivation—p. Acutus  melli-
tus, see Salivation—p. Acutus  sympathetica, see
Salivation—p. Hydrargyratus, Salivation, mercu-
rial—p. Iners, Slavering—p. Mercurialis, Saliva-
tion, mercurial—p. Pyrosicus,  Pyrosis.
  PTYALOGOGUE, Sialogogue.
  PTYALON, Saliva.
  PTYASMAGOGUE, Expectorant, Sialogogue.
  PTYELON, Saliva, Sputum.
  PTYSIS, Exspuition.
  PTYSMA, Saliva.
  PTYSMAGOGUE, Sialogogue.
  PTYSMATIS'CHESIS, Ptyamatoa'cheats, from
rrvapa,  'sputum,' and io^mi/,  'to  retain.'   Sup-
pression of pulmonary expectoration.
  PTYSMATOSCHESIS, Ptysmatischesis.
  PUANTEUR, Dysodia.
  PUBENS, Ephebus.
  PUBER, Ephebus.
  PU'BERAL; same etymon  as Puberty.  Re-
lating or appertaining to the age of puberty—as
'apuberal disease.'
  PUBERE, Ephebus.
  PUBERTAS, Ephebia.
  PU'BERTY,  Pubertas,  Hebe, Pubes, Aphro-
dis'ia, Ephebi'a, Ephe'bia, Ephe'botes, Ephebo'-
syne,  Pubes'cence, from pubeseere,  'to begin to
have hair on the  chin and sexual organs.'   The
period of life at which young people of both sexes
are pubea'eent or nubile.  According to the  civil
law, puberty occurs at 12 years in females, and
14 in males.  The period varies somewhat  in dif-
ferent  climates, and in different individuals of
the same climate.
  PUBES, Epia'chion, Epicten'ion, Cteis, Pecten;
the Pubic region.  Same etymon.   The middle
part of the hypogastric region; so called, because
it is covered with hair, in both  sexes, at the
period of puberty.  The hair is also called Pubes-
Lonu'go seu  /'//",  Pudendo'rum Planta'rium;
and, of old, pubertas signified the same.
  Pubes, Puberty.
  PUBESCENCE, Puberty.
  PUBESCENT,  see Puberty.
  PUBI.EUS, Pubic.
  PUBIC,  Pdbian, Pdbicus,  Pubia'us, (F.)
Pubien.  That which belongs to or concerns the
pubis.
  Pubic Arch or  Arch of the Pubis, (F.) Arcads
pubienne.   The arch at the anterior part of the
inferior circumference of the pelvis.  It is nioro
expanded in the fernale than in the male; to cor-
respond with the  additional functions which she
has to execute.
  Pubic Articula'tion, or Sym'physia Pubis,
results from the junction of the ossa pubis.  Tho
medium of union  is  cartilage.
  Pubic Lig'aments are two very solid, fibrous
fascias, situate before and beneath the symphysis
pubis, which they strengthen.  The one is called
the anterior pubic ligament ; the other the infe-
rior or eubpubic.
  Pubic Region, Re'gio Pubis.  The region of
the pubes.
  PUBIEN, Pubic.
  PUBIO-COCCYGIEN-ANNUL AIRE,
Pubio-coccyge'ua  annula'ria.  Dumas gave this
name to the levator ani and  ischio-coceygeus,
which he considers a single muscle.
  PUBIO-GOCCYGIEN-ANNULAIRE, Leva-
tor  Ani—p. Fimordl, Pectinalis—p. Femoralis,
Adductor longus  femoris—p.  Ombilicol,  Pyra-
midalis  abdominis — p.  Prostaticus,  Compressor
prostata)—p. Soua-ombilical, Pyramidalis abdo-
minis—p. Sternal,  Rectus  abdominis—p. Ure-
thral, see Compressor Urethras.
  PUBIS,  OS, Epiaei'on, Episi'on, Epia'chion,
Share Bone, Bar-bone,  Oa  Pec'tinis.  The ante-
rior  part of the  os  innominatum; so called be-
cause it corresponds to the genital organs and
pubic region.  The  angle of the pubis is formed
by the union of the  body and rami of each side.
  PUB'LICA^I PARTES.   Those organs  are so
called, the object  of whose functions is the nutri-
tion of all the others.  Such  are the  digestive
and respiratory organs.
  PUCCOON, Sanguinaria Canadensis — p. Red,
Sanguinaria  Canadensis — p. Yellow, Hydrastis
Canadensis.
  PUCE,  Pulex  irritans — p.  Maligne, see An-
thrax— p. Pinitrante,  Chique.
  PUCELAGE, Virginity.
  PUCELLE, AHrgin.
  PUDDING-GRASS, Mentha pulegium.
  PUDENDA, Genital organs.
  Pudenda Virorum, Pudibilia.
  PUDEND'AGRA.  A hybrid word ;  from pu-
denda, (pudere,  ' to be ashamed,') ' the genital
organs,' and the Greek aypa, 'a seizure.'  Accord-
ing to some, this term  means pain in the genital
parts :  Dolor pudendo'rum, Men'tulagra, sEdiro-
dyn'ia.; according  to  others,  it is synonymous
with syphilis.
  Pudendagra Pruriens, Prurigo pudendi mu-
liebris.
  PUDEN'DAL HER'NIA.  Hernia, which de-
scends between the vagina and ramus ischii, and
forms an oblong tumour in the labium;  traceable
in the pelvis, as far  as the  os uteri.
  PUDENDALIS LONGUS  INFERIOR, see
Sciatic nerve, lesser.
  PUDENDUM,  FEMALE, Vulva—p. Muliebre,
Vulva.
  PUDENDUS, Pudic.
  PUDIBIL'IA;  from pudere, ' to be ashamed. 
PUDIC
725
PULMONARIA
The male genital organs; Genita'lio Viri, Viril'ia,
P'uail'ia, Instrumen'ta, Puden'da virdrum, Pon-
dua.
   PUDIC, Piidi'rna,  Puden'dus, (F.) Honteux.
Same  etymon.  That which  causes shame.  A
name given to the genital organs as well as to
different other pai' -t
   Pudic Arteries are distributed to the organs
of generation.  They are,—1. The internal Pudic,
Arteria  Piidi'co,  A.  puden'da  commu'nis,  (F.)
Artere honteuse interne, A. Sous-pubienne (Ch.),
Geditol Ar'tery.  It  is furnished by the hypo-
gastric, and divide? into two  branches; the  one
— the inferior or perineal — which gives off the
inferior hemorrhoidal and the artery of the sep-
tum ; and the other—the auperior, (F.)  Iachiopi-
nienue — which furnishes the transverse perineal
artery, and divides into two branches ; the artery
of the corpus cavernosum, and the doraalia penis,
This latter, in the female, has the name' Doreo'lis
 Clitor'idis.   2. The external Ptalic Arteries, (F.)
Ar/rres scrotolcs ou  vulraires (Ch.), A.  honteueca
evtcrnea, which are two in number.   The one is
superficial or subcutaneous, and the  other deep-
seated  or  subaponeurotic.  They are given  off
from  the  femoral artery,  or some  one of its
branches; and are  distributed to the external
 parts of generation.
   Punic Nerve,  (F.) Nerf honteux, Nerf iechio-
 pinien ou Ischio-clitorien (Ch.), is a branch  fur-
 nished by the sacral plexus, which is distributed
 to the genital organs; and especially, to the penis
 in man, and the clitoris in the female.
   PU'ERILE,  Pueri'lis,  from puer, 'a child,'
(F.)  Respiration puirile, R. exagirie, R. suppli-
 vientoire, R.  hypervieiculaire.  A  term applied
 to the respiration  when it is  heard loud through
 the  stethoscope, as in healthy children.
   PC ERILITAS, Dementia of the aged.
   PUERITIA, see Age.
   PUER'PERA, from£>uer, 'a child,' andparere,
 'to bring forth.'   Tokas, Lochos, Enix'a, Lecho,
 a lying-in woman,  (F.)  Femme en Couche, Ac-
 couchie.  A female in child-bed.  One recently
 delivered.
   PUER'PERAL, Puerperdlis; from puerpera.
 Relating to parturition and its consequences.
   Puerperal Convulsions, Eclampsia gravida-
 rum ct parturientium.
   Puer'peral  Fever.   Any  fever  occurring
 during the puerperal state—Febris puerpera'rum,
 Lechop'yra, Lochioccelii'tis, Lochiop'yra, Child-
 bed fever.  Most  commonly  restricted  to  a ma-
 lignant variety of peritonitis.
   PUERPERIUM, Child-bed state.
   PUERPEROUS, Parturient.
   PUFF, VEILED,  see Cavernous respiration.
   PUFF-BALL, Lycoperdon, Leontodon taraxa-
 cum.
   PUF'FINESS. from (D.) poffen, 'to blow:'
 In tio'tio, Suffidtio; Tumefac'tio mollis, (F.) Bouf-
  p'ssitre, Boursouflure.  A soft intumescence, with-
 out redness, which may be partial or general, and
 be produced by accumulation of serous fluid, ex-
 travasation of blood, effusion of air into the sub-
 cutaneous  areolar tissue, 4c.  Puffiness is most
 frequently seen in the face and legs; and  some-
 times appears around a wound.
    PUGIL'LUS,  Drax, Dra'chion,  from pugnus,
 'the fist.'  Drogiuo, Dragmis,  (¥.) Pincie.   Tho
 quantity of any substance, which may be taken
 with the end  of two or three fingers.  The eighth
 part of a handful.
    PFISSANCE DU MOULE INTERIEUR,
 Plastic force.
    PUKE. Emetic.
    PUKEWEED, Lobelia inflata.
    PUKING, Vomiting, Regurgitation.
  PULEGIUM, Mentha pulegium—p. Cervinum,
Mentha cervina.
  PULEX IRRFTAXS.  The common flea, (F.)
Puce.  A  parasitic insect found on the bodies of
man and animals.
  Pulex  Penetrans, Chique.           ,
  PULICARIA  DYSENTERICA, Inula dysen-
terica.
  PULICA'RIS,  Puliculdris,  from  pulex,  'a
gnat.'   An epithet given to cutaneous eruptions
resembling gnat-bites;— and, also, to diseases m
which such eruptions occur.
  Pui.icaris Herba, Plantago psyllium.
  PULLNA, MINERAL AVATERS  OF.  These
Bohemian springs contain sulphates  of soda and
magnesia, and chloride of magnesium.
  PULMO, Pulmo'nes,  by  transposition of the
letter I from pleumon, nXtvuiav;  Pneiimon, Pleti-
mon, Spiramen'tum an'ima, Ergaate'rion sptr''itus,
Fldbell'um et ventildbrum cordia, the Lung.  The
essential  organ of respiration,  which is double,
and occupies the two sides  of  the  chest.   The
lungs, which are  of a spongy, soft, flexible, com-
pressible, and dilatable  structure, fill exactly the
two cavities of the thorax, and are separated from
each other by the  mediastinum and the heart.
The right lung,  which is  shorter  and broader
than the  left, is  divided, by two oblique fissures,
into three unequal lobes, Lobi seu Ala pulmo'num.
The left  has only two lobes, and consequently
only one  fissure.   At the internal surface of those
organs, which is  slightly concave, there is, about
the middle, a pedicle, formed by the bronchia and
pulmonary vessels, and called, by anatomists, the
root of the lungs, (F.) Racine des Poumons.  Es-
sentially, the lungs are composed of prolongations
and ramifications of the bronchia, and of the pul-
monary arteries and  veins,—the divisions of which
 are supported by a fine, areolar tissue.
   When the surface  of the lungs is examined in a
 clear light, we may  see, even through the pleura,
 that their parenchyma  is  formed by  the aggrega-
 tion of a  multitude of small vesicles,  of an irregu-
 larly spheroid or ovoid  shape, full of air,  and
 separated by white  and opake septa.  These ve-
 sicles are called Air-cells, Spiramedta  seu Spi-
 ram'ina seu  Cell'ula Pulmo'num.  Along the par-
 titions or septa  is  deposited, in  greater or less
 quantity, black  pulmonary matter,  (F.) Ma-
 tiere pulmonaire noire, as  it  has  been  called,
 which  seems to be natural.  Sometimes it is seen
 in points; at others, in spots.   The colour of the
 lungs varies according to  age and other circum-
 stances.  In youth, it is more red;  and after-
 wards, grayish  or bluish; often, as if  marbled.
 The pleura  pulmonalis is  their investing mem-
 brane.   The air is carried to the lungs by means
 of  the trachea and  bronchia.   The  black venous
 blood, which requires oxygenation, is conveyed to
 them from  the  heart,  by the pulmonary artery;
 and when it has undergone  this  change,  it is
 returned to the heart by the  pulmonary veins.
 The blood-vessels inservient to the nutrition  of
 the lungs  are  the  bronchial arteries and veins.
 Tho pulmonary lymphatics are very numerous.
 Some  are superficial; others, deep-seated.  They
 pass, for the most  part, into the bronchial  gan-
 glions or glands.   The nerves are  furnished  by
 the pulmonary plexus.
    PULMONAIRE DES  FRANCAIS,  Hiera-
 cium murorum.
    PULMONA'RIA, P. officina'lis,  P. Macu'lata,
 P. Maculo'sa, Lungwort, Spotted Lungwort, Jerd-
 8alem  Cowslip, Jerusalem Sage, Spotted Comfrey,
  (F.) Sauge de  Jerusalem.  Family, Boragineas.
  Sex. Syst.  Pentandria Monogynia.   The leaves
  of this plant have  been  used  as  demulcents and
  pectorals; partly from their resemblance to lungs, 
PULMONARY
726
PULSE
and, partly, because  they  have a slightly mu-
cilaginous taste.  The plant is" not worthy of no-
tice.
   Pulmonaria, Pneumonia—p. Arborea, Lichen
pulmonarius — p. Gallica, Hieracium inuroruin—
p. Officinalis, Pulmonaria.
   PUL'MONARY, Pulmona'ris, Pulmona'lis.
' That which relates or belongs to the lungs.   A
name given to  various parts.
   Pulmonary  Artery, Arte'ria  pulmona'ris,
 Vena arterio'ea,  arises  from the upper and left
part of the right ventricle  of the heart;  whence
it passes obliquely upwards and to the left side ;
 dividing into  two trunks, opposite the  second
 dorsal vertebra — one passing to each lung.  At
 its origin, it is furnished with three sigmoid  or
 semilunar valves.  It carries the blood to the
 lungs for aeration.
   Pulmonary Matter, Black, see Pulmo.
   Pulmonary Plexus, Plexua pulmona'ris.  A
 considerable nervous network, situate behind the
 bronchia, which is formed  by the filaments of the
 pneumogastric nerve or par vagum, and by other
 filaments from the inferior cervical ganglion and
 the first thoracic ganglia.  This plexus forms a
 kind of areolar web, with numerous meshes  of
 different sizes, in which vessels are lodged, sur-
 rounded by much areolar tissue.   This plexus
 sends filaments to the  bronchia, which  they ac-
 company to their extremities.
   Pulmonary Veins, Vena pulmona'res, Arte'-
 ria veno'sa.  These  arise  in the lungs from the
 final terminations of the  arteries  of  the same
 name; collect in ramusculi and rami  of greater
 and  greater size, and  ultimately unite in four
 trunks; two  of  which issue from  each lung to
 open into the left auricle of the heart.   The pul-
 monary veins have  the same  structure as  the
 other veins of the  body; from which they differ,
 in containing  arterial  blood, as the pulmonary
 artery differs from the others in conveying venous
 blood.   They  carry the blood back to the heart

   PULMONES  TARTARIZATI, Lithiasis pul-
 monum.
   PULMONIA, Phthisis pulmonalis, Pneumonia.
   PULMONIC, Pulmodicus, Pneumodicus, Pul-
 mona'rius, Pneumon'ic.  One affected with phthisis
 —one labouring under diseases of the lungs.  Any
 thing relating or belonging to the lungs.  A me-
 dicine for the  lungs.
  PULP, Pulpa, Pulpa'mcn, Sarx.  The soft and
parenchymatous parts of vegetables reduced to a
paste by the operation of pulping.
  Pulp of the Tooth, Dental pulp.
  PULPA CASSIA-', see Cassia fistula—p. Den-
tis,  Dental pulp—p. Pruni, see Pruni pulpa—p.
Prunorum sylvestrium condita, Conserva  pruni
sylvestris — p. Tamarindi, see Tamarindi pulpa.
  Pulpa  Testis, Paredchyma testis.   The  pa-
renchyma of the testis.
  PULPAMEN, Pulp.
  PULPE DENTAIRE, Dental pulp.
  PULPEZIA, Apoplexy.
  PULPING, Pulpa'tion, Puipa'tio.   An opera-
tion— the object of which is to reduce certain
vegetable substances  to  a pulp.  For this pur-
pose, they are bruised in a mortar,  and then
passed through  a hair sieve, by the aid  of a
wooden spatula, called a Pulper, (F.) Pulpoire.
  PULPOIRE, see Pulping.
  PULQUE, see Agave Americana.
  PULS EX OVIS et LACTE, Oogala.
  PULSATILLA  NIGRICANS,  Anemone pra-
tensis—p. Pratensis, Anemone pratensis—p. Vul-
garis, Anemone pulsatilla.
  PULSATILLE  NOIRE,  Anemone pratensis
—p. des Pris, Anemone pratensis.
  PULSATIO, Pulsation—p. Cordis, Palpitation.
  PULSA'TION,  Pulsa'tio,  S}>hygmos, Sphyxis,
Pede'sis, Pedeth'mos, (F.) Battement.  The beat-
ing of the heart and arteries.  Also, the beating
felt in an inflamed part.
  PULSATIVUS, Throbbing.
  PULSATORY, Throbbing.
  PULSE, from pulso, 'I beat;' Pulsus, Pulsa'-
tio, Pulsus cordis  et arteria'rum, letue cordia et
arteria'rum,   Ineur'sus arteria'rum,  Sphygmoa,
Sphygmo, Dioaphyx'is, (F.)  Poula.  Beating of
the arteries, produced by the afflux of the blood
propelled by the heart in its contractions.  For
the sake  of  convenience,  we choose  the  radial
artery at the wrist to detect the precise character
of  the pulse.   These characters  relate  to  the
number  of pulsations in  a given time; to their
degrees of quickness ; hardness and strength; to
the equality or inequality either of the pulsations
themselves or of their intervals ; to the develop-
ment or fulness of the artery, and to the different
impressions it may produce on the finger.
   The following estimates have been made of the
pulse at various ages :
Agea.
Number of Beata per minute, according to
In the embryo
At birth......
One month
One year.....
Two years....
Three years...
Seven years ..
Twelve years.
Puberty......
Adult age.....
Old  age.......
130 to 140
   120
120 to 108
108 to 90
 90 to 80
   72
   70
120
110
 90
   150
   Do.

115 to 130
100 to 115
 90 to 100
 85 to 90

 80 to 85
 70 to 75
 50 to C5
  It does not appear that the pulse of the aged
is less  frequent, but the contrary.  In general it
is more frequent in females and in irritable per-
sons, than in males and those of an opposite tem-
perament.  In  the healthy state, the pulse, be-
sides having the proper number of pulsations, is
neither hard nor unusually soft; it is moderately
developed; of a medium strength ;  and perfectly
equal,  both as regards the pulsations and their
intervals.   In diseases it wanders, more  or  less,
from these  physiological conditions.  The diffe-
rent characters of the pulse  that have been  re-
corded, are remarkably numerous.   In a diction-
ary, it is necessary to detail them, although many
of them are not now regarded, and some are ri-
diculous.
  Pulse, Ardent, Pulaua ardcna, (F.) Poula  ar-
dent, Poula ilevi.  One which  seems  to raise itself
to a point in order to strike the finger.
  Pulse, Cap'rizant, Pulsus Copri'zans, P. dor- 
PULSE
727
PULSE
 rod is* sans, P.  gazell'ans, P. fusa'lis, Goatleap
 pulae, (F.) Poula copriaont.  One which seems to
 leap, as it were; an  imperfect dilatation of the
 artery being succeeded by a fuller and a stronger
 one.
    Pulse,  Complex, (F.) Poula combini ou com-
 poai, P. com pi iq ui.  A pulse which has the cha-
 racter of several critical pulses united.
    Pulse,  Contract'ed, (F.) Poula serre,  P. con-
 nntri.   One whose pulsations  are  narrow, deep,
 and slightly hard.
    Pulse,  Convul'sive, Pulsus convulsi'vus, (F.)
 Poula convulsif.  That  which  is unequally  fre-
 quent or unequally  hard;  in short, which resem-
 bles the irregular pulsations  of a muscular fibre
 in a state  of convulsion.
    Pulse,  Crit'ical,  Pulsus crit'icus. A pulse
 which, after having possessed  the  characters of
 irritation,  becomes free, open, soft, 4e.
    Pulse,  Decurtate, Pulsus myurus: see, also,
 Myurus.
    Pulse,  Deep, Pulsus profun'dua,  (F.) Pouts
 prof ond.  One which  cannot be felt without diffi-
 culty, and without strong pressure  by the finger.
    Pulse,  Deficient, Pulsus deflc"iens, P.Flick-
 ering, Pulsus oii'nuens et circum'nuena, (F.) Poula
 difoillant, P. insensible. One which seems, every
 instant, about to cease.
    Pulse,   Depressed, Pulsus depressus, (F.)
 Poula diprimi.   That which is deep and weak.
   Pulse,   Devel'oped, (F.)  Pouts %diveloppi.
 That which is broad, full, strong, and frequent.
    Pui.se,  Dicrot'ic, Pulaua Di'crotua, P.  bi'cro-
 tua, P. intestino'lis, P. bife'riens,  P. mailed ris,
 P. interci'sus, (F.) P. dicrote, P. rebondiaaant, P.
 redoubts.    That in  which the finger  is  struck
 twice at each pulsation; once  lightly, the other
 timo more  strongly.
   Pui.se,  Equal,   Pulsus aqua'lis.   That  in
 which the pulsations  resemble each other, and
 return at equal intervals.
   Pulse,  Febrile, Pulsus febri'lie.  One very
 frequent.
   Pulse,  Feeble, AVeak, Pulsus  deb'ilis, (F.)
 Fouls foible.  One which strikes the finger  feebly.
 , Pulse, Fil'iform, P. thready.  One which re-
 sembles a  thread slightly vibrating.
   Pulse, Flickering, Pulse, deficient.
   Pulse,  Form'icant, Pulaua formi'eana,  (F.)
 Poula formicont.  One which  resembles, by being
 small and  scarcely perceptible,  the  motion of an
 ant.
   Pulse, Frequent, (F.) P. agiti, P. pricipiti.
 One which strikes more frequently than usual in
 a given time.
   Pulse, Full, Pulsus plenus,  (§.) Pouts plein.
 One which gives the notion of great repletion in
 the vessel.
   Pulse, Goat-leap,  P. Caprizant.
   Pulse,  Gut'tural,  Pulsus  gnttura'lis, (F.)
 Pauls guttural.   A  pulse which has been 'sup-
 posed  to indicate the termination  of  affections
 of tho throat.                •••■
   Pulse,  Hard, Pulsus durus, (F.) Pouts dur.
 That  in  which the  pulp of the finger  seems to
 yield to the pulsation.
   Pulse,  Hectic, Pulaua  hec'ticus.  The weak,
 frequent pulse observed in hectic fever.
   Pulse,  Hemorrhoid'al, (F.) Fouls des Hi-
 morrho'iilcs.  A  critical pulse, announcing the
 appearance of the hemorrhoidal flux.   It  is de-
 scribed  as  unequal; — the pulsations not being
alike in force, and still less the intervals.
   Pu i.sk. Hf.paj'ic, (F.) Poula du Foie. A pulse
imagined to indicate affections of the liver. It is
not worthy of description.
  Pui.sk.  Inferior, (F.) Pouls infirieur,  P. ab-
dominal, P. rentral.   One supposed to  announce
evueuatious below the diaphragm.
   Pulse,  Intercurrent,  Pulsus intercurrent
 seu inter'cidens.  .One in which  a superfluous
 pulsation seems to occur from time to time.
   Pulse,  Intermittent, (F.) Poula intercadent.
 One in which the pulsations fail  from time to
 time.
   Pulse,  Intf.s'tinal,  (F.) Pouts'des intestins,
 P. de  la diarrhie.  A critical pulse, presumed to
 announce an evacuation by  the intestines.
   Pulse,  In'tricate, Pulaua  intrica'tua,  (F.)
 Poula embarraaaie.   That which is but little de-
 veloped and unequally slow.
   Pulse,  Irreg'ular, Pulaua anormdlia.  One
 whose pulsations are unequal, and return at un-
 equal  intervals.
   Pulse of Irrita'tion, Pulsus ab irritatio'ne
 seu nervi'nus seu acrit'icus.  One which is  fre-
 quent, hard, and contracted.
   Pulse,  Jarring,  P. vibrating — p. Jerking,
 Pulse, sharp.
   Pulse,  Languid,  (F.) Pouts languissant.  A
 slow and feeble pulse.
   Pulse, Large, Pulsus craseua, P. magnus, (F.)
 Poula grand, P. large.  That which is large and
 full.
   Pulse, Long.  One which strikes the finger to
 a great extent in length.
   Pulse,  Low, Pulaua hu'milis, (F.) Pouls bas.
 One in which the pulsations are scarcely percep-
 tible.
   Pulse, Nasal, (F.) Pouls nasal, P. capital,
 P. du  Nez.  One supposed to announce the end
 of an irritation in the nasal fossas.
   Pulse,  Nat'ural,  (F.)  Pouls naturel  des
 adultes, P. parfait,  P. des  adultes, P. modiri.
 One that is equal and regular  in  strength and
 frequency ;  compressible, and devoid of hardness.
   Pulse, Organic,  (F.) Pouls organique.  One
 which  indicates the affected organ, or the organ
 by which an evacuation will take place.
   Pulse, Pkc'toral, (F.) Pouls de I'expectora-
 tion.   A critical pulse, announcing the  termina-
 tion of some pulmonary irritation.
   Pulse, Quick.   One which  strikes sharply,
 but not forcibly, against the finger.
   Pulse, Reg'ular,  Pulsus norma'lis aut regu-
 la'ria.   One whose pulsations are equal, and suc-
 ceed each other at equal intervals.
   Pulse, Resisting,  (F.) Poula risistant.  One
 a little tense, a little hard.
   Pulse, Sharp,  (F.) Pouls prompt, P. vite, P.
 vif.  One which  strikes the finger sharply,  ra-
 pidly.   AVhen to a greater extent, it is called a
jerking pulse.
   Pulse,  Sharp-tailed, Pulsus  myurus:  see
 Myurus.
   Pulse,  Simple,  Pulsus simplex.  A critical
 pulse,  indicating an  evacuation by  one organ
 only.
   Pulse,  Slow,  Pulsus tardus, P. rams,  (F.)
 Pouls lent,  P. tardif, P. rare.  One which strikes
 the finger slowly.
   Pulse, Small, Pulsus parvus, (F.) Poula petit.
 One whose pulsations are slender and weak.
   Pulse,  Soft, Pulsus mollis,  (F.) Pouls mou.
 One which  yields under the finger.
   Pulse,  Stom'achal, (F.) Pom?s stomacdl, P.
 de Vestomae.  One supposed to announce an eva-
 cuation by the stomach.
   Pulse, Strong,  Pulsus fortis, (F.) Pouls fort,
 P.  vihiment.   One  which  strikes the  finger
 strongly.
   Pulse, Supe'rior,  Pulsus Superior, (F.) Pouls
supirieur.   A critical  pulse,  supervening on irri-
tation of organs situate above the diaphragm.
   Pulse,  Supple, Pulsus elas'ticus, (F.) Pouls
aouple.  One in which the pulsations have strength
without hardness.
   Pulse of Sweat, Pulsus Sudora'lis, (F.) Pouls 
PULSELESS                728                 PULVIS
Sudoral,  P. de la sueur.  A critical pulse, indi-
cating an approaching perspiration.
  Pulse,  Tense, P. Cordy,  Pulsus tensus, (F.)
Pouls tendu, P. roide.  One in which the artery
resembles a cord fixed at its two extremities.
When resembling a wire, it is called wiry.
  Pulse, Thready, P. filiform.
  Pulse,  Trem'ulous, Pulaua  trem'ulua, (F.)
Pouls tremblant,  P. palpitant.   One-  in which
each pulsation oscillates.
  Pulse,  Un'dulating, Pulsus fluctuo'sus,  P.
fluena, P. in'cidena  Soldni, (F.)  Pouls  ondttlant,
P. ondoyant. One which resembles, in  its move-
ments, those of the waves.
  Polse,  Une'qual,  Pulaua inaqudlis,  (F.)
Pouls inigal.   One whose  pulsations are  not
alike, or return at unequal intervals.
  Pulse, U'rinal,  Pulaua urina'lia, (F.) Pouls
de I'Urine.  A critical  pulse, fancied to denote
an approaching evacuation of urine.
  Pulse, U'terine,  Pulsua uteri'nua, (F.) Pouls
Utirine,  P. de la Motrice, P. des Regies.  One
which indicates  the flow of the  menses, or the
occurrence of metrorrhagia.
  Pulse, \rEN0U.s, Pulsus venarum.
  Pulse, Vermic'ular.  That  which imitates
the movement of  a worm.
  Pulse, A'i'brating,  Jarring  Pulse.  One  in
which the artery  seems to vibrate  like  a musical
string.
  Pulse, Wiry, see Pulse, tense.
  PULSELESS, Asphyc'tos, Devoid of pulsation.
  PULSELESSNESS, Asphyxia.
  PULSIF'IC, Pulsificus;  from pulsus, 'pulse.'
That which causes or excites pulsation.
  PULSILE'GIUM,  Pulailo'gium, Pulaim'eter,
from  pulaua,  ' the  pulse,'  and  lego,  ' I tell.'
Sphygmometer, Sphygmoscop'ium.   Any instru-
ment for measuring the quickness or force of the
pulse.
  PULSIMANTI'A;   from pulsua and pavrtta,
' divination.' The art of predicting or prognosti-
cating by the pulse.
  PULSIMETER, Pulsilegium.
  PULSUS, Pulse—p. Acriticus, Pulse of irrita-
tion— p. iEqualis, Pulse, equal — p. Annuens  et
circumnuens,  Pulse,   deficient — p. Anormalis,
Pulse, irregular—p. Bicrotus, Pulse, dicrotic—p.
Biferiens, P. dicrotus — p. Caprizans,  Pulse,  ca-
prizant — p. Crassus,  Pulse,  large — p. Debilis,
Pulse, feeble — p. Deficiens, Pulse, deficient—p.
Dicrotus, Pulse, dicrotic—p. Dorcadissans, Pulse,
caprizant—p. Durus, Pulse, hard — p.  Elasticus,
Pulse, supple—p. Fluctuosus, Pulse, undulating—
p. Fluens,  Pulse,  undulating—p.  Formicans, For-
micant, and Pulse,  formicant — p. Fortis, Pulse,
strong — p. Fusalis, Pulse, caprizant — p.  Gazel-
lans, Pulse, caprizant — p. Heterochronicus,  see
Heterochronicus—p. Humilis, Pulse, Low—p. In-
cidens Solani, Pulse, undulating—p. Intercidens,
Pulse, intercurrent—p. Mallearis, Pulse, dicrotic
—p. Intercisus, Pulse,  dicrotic—p. Intercurrens,
Pulse, intercurrent—p. Intestinalis, Pulse, dicro-
tic—p. Intricatus, Pulse, intricate — p. Magnus,
Pulse, large—p.  Mollis, Pulse, soft.
   Pulsus Myu'rus, Pulee, decurtate;  P.  sharp-
tailed,  (F.) Poula  myure.   One which goes on
diminishing.  See Myurus.
   Pulsus Nervinus, Pulse of irritation—p. Nor-
malis, Pulse, regular—p.  Parvus, Pulse, small—
p. Plenus, Pulse, full—p. Rarus, Pulse, slow.
   Pul'sus  Serri'nus, (F.) Poula aerrin, P. aer-
ratile.  One which strikes,  sometimes strongly,
at others feebly,  and recalls the  idea of a saw.
   Pulsus Striatus, (F.)  Poula itroit.   One that
strikes the finger to a  small extent in breadth.
   Pulsus Sudoralis,  Pulse of sweat—p. Tardus,
Pulse, slow—p. Urinalis, Pulse, urinal—p. Uto-
rinus, Pulse, uterine.
  Pulsus Vac'uus, (F.) Pouls vide.   One which
gives the idea of emptiness of the artery.
  Pulsus A'ena'rum, Venous Pulse, Phlcbopdlia.
  A pulsation occasionally noticed in the jugular
veins.  It is owing to  some of the  blood  of the
right ventricle reflowing  into  the right auricle,
and communicating an impulse  to  the venous
blood arriving in the auricle through  the descend-
ing cava.  It is often a  sign of impediment to the
flow of blood along the  pulmonary artery.
  PULTATIO, Atheroma.
  PULTICE, Cataplasm.
  PULTICULA, Bonillie.
  PULVERES EFFERVESCENTES, Powders,
soda.
  PULVERI'ZABLE,  Pul'verable.   Capable of
being reduced to powder.
  PULVERIZA'TION, Pulverisa'tio, Pulrerd-
tio, (F.) Pulviriaation,  from pulvia, 'dust;' Coni-
osto'sis.   The operation  of dividing substances,
so as to reduce them to powder.
  Most drugs are reduced to powder  by persons
who make it a special  business, and who are
called  drug-grinders.   This is done on a large
scale in drug mills;  and the implements used are
the grinding mill and the stamping mill.  In the
shop of the apothecary, pulverization is effected
by  the pestle and mortar, and the sieve.
  Where substances require the addition of other
bodies to facilitate their reduction to powder,—
as where camphor needs a few drops of alcohol—
the process is called pulverization by mediation.
  PULVILLUS, Pad, Bourelonnet — p. e Lina-
mentis  confectus,  Bourdonnet — p.  Rotundus,
Bourdonnet.
  PULVI'NAR, Pulvina'rium.  A pillow.
  Pulvinar Humuli, see Humulus  lupulus.
  Pulvinar Medica'tum seu Medicina'le, Sac'-
culus medicina'lis.   A medicated pillow; as  of
hops.
  Pulvinar Parvum,  Pad—p. Ventriculi, Pan-
crcfis.
  PULVINULUS, Pad.
  PULVIS, Coin's, (F.)  Poudre.   A substance,
reduced  into  small particles by pulverization.
Simple powders are those of a single substance;
compound, those which result from  a mixture of
several different powders.  An impalpable powder
is one which is so fine  that it can scarcely be felt
under the finger.   A compound  powder  was,
formerly, called Spe'cies, (F.) Espice.
  Pulvis Absorbens, P. de magnesia compos.—
p.  Adspersorius,  Catapasma — p. Alexiterius,  P.
contrayervas comp. — p. Alexiterius,  P. ipecacu-
anhas compositus—p. Algarothi, Algaroth.
  Pulvis Aloes Compos'itus, Compound  powder
of  Aloea, Pulvia Aloea cum Guai'aco. P.  aloet'icus
cum Guaiaco.   (Aloes spicat. ext.  5iss,  guaiac.
gum.'res. ^j, pulv. cinnam. comp. ^ss.  Rub the
aloes  and guaiacum  separately, "then  mix the
whole. Ph. L.)   Cathartic, stomachic, and sudo-
rific.  Dose, gr. x to "**)j.
   Pulvis Aloes cum  Canel'la, Pulvis aloea et
canella, (Ph. U. S.,) Powder of Aloea with Cunella,
Species Hi'era picra, Hiera picra,  Pulvia Alo'et'-
icua.  (Aloea Ibj. canell. giij.   Rub separately
into a powder,  and mix.  Ph. U.  S.)  A warm
cathartic.  Dose, gr. x. to *"")j.
   Pulvis Aloes cum Guaiaco, P. A. composi-
tus—p. Aloeticus, P. aloes cum canella—p. Alo-
etieus, Hiera picra—p. Aluminosus, P. sulphatis
aluminas compositus—p. Aluminis compositus, P.
sulphatis aluminas compositus—p. Aluminis kino-
satus,  see P. sulphatis  aluminas compositus.
   Pulvis de Ama'ris Compos'itus, Pulvia out;.
arthrit'ieua oma'rus, (F.) Poudre antiarthritique 
                  PULVIS

amire.  (Rod. gentian., ariatoloch. rotund., aa p.
3, flor. centaur, min. p. 4, fol. chamadr., chama-
pith. manipul. — f. pulvis, Ph. P.)  In gouty af-
fections, dyspepsia, 4c.   Dose, gr. xx.
  Pulvis Angelicus, Algaroth — p.  Anodynus,
P. ipecacuanh.c  comp. — p. Antiacidus, P. cretas
compositus — p.  Antiacidus,  P.  de  magnesia,
compos. — p. Antiarthriticus  amarus,  P. de ama-
ris compositus—p. Antiarthriticus purgans, P. de
senna, scarnmonea et lignis—p. Autiasthmaticus,
P. de sulphure et scilla.
  Pulvis Antilys'sus,  Mead's  Powder against
the bite of a mad dog.  It consisted of ash-coloured
liverwort  in  powder, with  an equal quantity of
black pepper;  a drachm and a  half of the  two
forming a dose for an adult.
  Pulvis Antimonialis, Antimonial powder.
  Pulvis de Aro Compos'itus,  Compound Pow-
der of Arum, (F.) Poudre de Birckmann,  (Rad.
ari, acori veri, pimpinell. eaxifrag. aa, 40 p. ocul.
cancror. ppt. 12 p., cinnam.  7 p., potaaaa  sulph.
6 p.,  ammonia muriat.  2 p. — f.  pulv. Ph.  P.)
Sternutatory.
   Pulvis Aromaticus, P. cinnamomi compositus.
   Pulvis  As'ari  Compos'itus,  P.  stemutato'-
rius, P. errhi'nus, P. capita'lis Sancti Adgeli, P.
ceplial'icus, Cephalic snuff;  Compound powder of
Asarobac'ca, (F.) Poudre d'aearum eompoaie  dite
sterniitotfiire, P. de Soint-Ange.  (Folior. aaor.
Europ. p. Ires.,y>,<\ origan, majorana, flor. lavand.
spic, sing. p. I.   Rub into powder. Ph. L.) Ster-
nutatory.
   Pulvis Auri, see Gold—p. e. Bolo compositus
cum opio, P. cretas compositus cum opio — p. e.
Bolo compositus sine opio, see P. cretas  composi-
tus—p. Cambogias compositus, P. e. gummi gutta
—p. Capitalis Sancti Angeli,  Pulvis asari compo-
situs—p. Carbonatis calcis compositus, P. cretas
compositus—p. Cardiacus, P. contrayerva1 comp.
—p. Carthusianorum, Antimonii sulphuretum ru-
brum—p. Catharticus, P. scammoneas comp.—p.
Ccphalicus, P. asari compositus.
   Pulvis  Cinnamo'mi Compos'itus, Compound
Poivder of Cin'namon, Pulria seu Spe'ciea Impe-
rato'ris, P.  vita Imperato'ria, P. Diaro'maton,
Species diacinnamo'mi,  S.  latificon'tes  Rhazis,
 Tra'gea aromat'ica, Species  Diam'bra sine odo-
ra'tis. Species aromat'ica, Pulvia  aromaticua (Ph.
U. S.), Aromatic powder, (F.) Poudre de candle
coinposic  ou aromatiqne.  (Cinnam., zingib.  aa
5 ij, can/am., myriet. aa, 3J- Rub to a fine powder.
Ph. U.  S.)   Stimulant and carminative.   Dose,
gr. x to 9j.
  Pulvis  Cobbii  seu Tunquinen'sis.  The fa-
mous Tonquin powder, introduced into England
by a Air.  Cobb.  It was composed of 16 grains
of musk,  and 48 grains of cinnabar;  and was
mixed in  a gill of arrack.   It was formerly re-
garded as a specific in hydrophobia.
  Pulvis  Comitis AVarwicensis, P.  Cornachini
— p.  Comitissas, Cinchona.
  Pulvis  Contrayer'va Compos'itus, Lapia
contrayerva, Contrayerva balls, Compound Powder
of Contrayer'va, Pulvia cardi'acus, P. alexitc'rius,
P. Mantua'nua.   (Contrayerv. rad.  contrit.  §v,
teat. prap. Ibiss.  Mix.  Ph.  L.)   Stimulant  and
sudorific.   Dose, gr. xv  to _^ss.
  Pulvis Counachi'ni, Diaceltatrs'son Paracelei,
Earl of Warwick'e Powder, Pulvis Ox'ydi Stib'ii
compos'itus, Pulvis Com'itis Warn-icm'sis, Pulvis
de Tribus, Cer'berus  Triceps, Pulvis  Scommo'nii
antimonia'Iis,(F.)Poudre Cornachine.  (Scammon.
Alt p., potass, aupertart., antim. diaph. aa p. as. f.
pulvis. Ph. P.)   Cathartic.   Used chiefly in cu-
taneous diseases.  Dose, "^ss to 3J.
  Pulvis Cornu Usti Cum O'pio, Pulvis opidtua,
Powder of Burnt Hartahorn with  opium, (F.)
Poudre de come brtdie avec I'opium.  (Opii duri
)                  PULVIS

 cont. Jj,  corn. net. prap.  ^j,  coccor. cont.  Jj-
 Mix. Ph. L.)  Ten grains contain one of opium.
 Anodyne.
   Pulvis Cretaceus, P. cretas compositus.
   Pulvis  Cret.-e  Compos'itus. P.  Carbona'tis
 Calcis compositus, Compound Powder of chalk, P.
 creta'ceua, Spe'ciea e Scorpio aine opio, Dioecor'-
 dium,  Pulvia  antoc"idua, P. terrea'tris, Species
 Diacre'ta, (with Bole Armeniac in place of chalk
 — the Pulvie  e  Bolo compoaitus aine opio,)  (F.)
 Poudre de craie eompoaie.   (Creta ppt. Ibss, cin-
 nam. cort. giv, tormentill. rod., acacia gum., sing
 %\\}, pip.  long. fruct."Z\v.  Reduce  separately to
 a fine powder, and mix.   Ph.  L.)  Antacid, sto-
 machic, absorbent.  Dose,  gr. xx to J"*)ij.
   Pulvis Cret^e Compos'itus cum O'pio, Com-
 pound Powder  of Chalk with opium,  Pulvia  e
 Creta compoaitua  cum opio (with Bole Armeniac
 instead of chalk—Pulvis e Bolo compoaitua cum
 opio,) Speciea e  Scordio cum opio, (F.) Poudre de
 croie composie avec I'opium.  (Pule. cret. c. 3VJSS,
 opii duri cont. *"*)iv. Mix. Ph. L.)  Contains one
 grain of opium  in 40.  Anodyne and absorbent.
 Dose, Qj  to 9*j.
   Pulvis Diaphoreticus, P. ipecacuanhas comp.
 —p. Diapnoicus, P. ipecacuanhas comp.—p.  Dia-
 romaton,  P. cinnamomi compositus  — p. Diasenas
 P. sennas compos.—p. Diaturpethi compositus, P.
 jalapas compositus.
   Pulvis  Ducis  Portlan'dlk, Duke  of Port-
 land's Gout Powder.  (Rad. aristoloch., gentiana,
 summit, chamadr., centaur, min. aa  p. as.)  Dose,
 "Jss  to Jj.
   Pulvis Emmenagogus, P. myrrhas compositus
 — p. Epilepticus Marchionum,  P.  de magnesia
 compositus — p. Errhinus,  P. asari  compositus —
 p. Galactopceus, P. de magnesia compos.
   Pulvis e Gummi Gutta, P. Combo'gia compo-
 aitua, P. hydrago'gua, Camboge Powder, (F.) Pou-
 dre  hydragogue ou de gomme gutte, P. de Querce-
 ta'nua. (Rad. jalap.  24 p., rad. mechoacan. 12
 p., cinnam., rhei. aa 8 p., gruin. cambog. 3. p., fol.
 soldanella sice. 6 p., aemin. aniai 12  p., fiat pulvis.
 Ph.  P.)   A drastic cathartic.  In  anasarca and
 in worms.  Dose, gr. xv to xxx.
   Pulvis Gummo'sus Alkali'nus,  Sapo Vegetd-
 bilia,  (F.) Poudre de savon vegetal.   (Guaiac.
 pulv.  32. p..  potass,  carb. 4 p.  Make into  a
 powder.   Ph. P.)  Antacid.
   Pulvis ex  Helminthocort'o Compos'itus, P.
 vermif'ugus absque mercn'rio, (F.) Poudre vermi-
 fuge sans mercure.   (Fuc. helminthocort.,  sem.
 contra., summitat. absinth.,  tanaceti, fol. scordii,
 seniice, rhei. aa p. as, fiat pulvis. Ph. P.)  Dose,
 9j to ^j.
   Pulvis Hydragogus, P. e gummi gutta,—p.
 Hydrargyri cinereus, see  Hydrargyri oxydum
 cinereum — p. Hypnoticus, Hydrargyri sulphu-
 retum nigrum — p. Imperatoris, P.  cinnamomi
 compositus—p. Incisivus, P. de sulphure et scilla
 —p. Pro infantibus, P. de magnesia compos.—p.
 Infantum, P. de magnesia compos.—p. Infantum
 antacidus, P. de magnesia compositus.
   Pulvis Ipecacuan'h.s Compos'itus, P. alexi-
 te'riua, P. onod'i/nus, P. diaphoret'icua, P. diop-
 no'icua, P. audorif'icua Dove'ri, Compound powder
 of Ipecacuanha, P. Ipecacuanha et Opii (Ph. U.
 S.),  Dover'a Powder,  (F.) Poudre  de Dover ou
 d'ipecacuanha et d'opium, P. de Dower.  (Ipeca-
 cuanh. pule, opii pulv., sing """"j, potaaaa aulphat,
 §j. Mix.)  Diaphoretic.  Dose, gr.  v to gr. xij.
   Pulvis Ipecacuanha et Opii, P. ipecacuanhas
 compos.
   Pulvis Jalap'^e Compos'itus, P. Dlaturpe'thi
 compoaitua,  Compound powder  of Jalap,  Pulvis
 laxans, P. Purgans, P. laxati'vus vegetab'ilia, P.
 letxona cum sole, P. Jalap'a sali'nns, P. j. tartar'-
 icus, Spe'cies Diojalopa,  (F.) Poudre de jalap
72 
PULVIS
730
PUNCTIO
 composie.  (Pulv. jalap. 5j, potass, bitart. gij.
 Mix.)  Cathartic.  Dose, yj to gij.
   Pulvis Jalap.e Salinus, P. jalapas composi-
 tus—p. Jalapas  tartaricus, P. jalapas compositus
 — p. de Jalapa et scammonio  compositus,  P.
 scammoneas comp.—p. Jamesii, Antimonial pow-
 der—p. Jesuiticus, Cinchona—p. Joannis de Algo,
 Hydrargyri nitrico-oxydum.
   Pulvis  Kino Compos'itus, Compound Powder
 of kino, (F.) Poudre  de kino  composie.   (Kino
 gxv, cort. cinnam. """"iv, opii duri """"j.   Rub each
 to powder, and  mix. Ph. L.) Astringent.  Dose,
 gr. v to xx.
   Pulvis  Laxans, P.  jalapas compositus — p.
 Laxans cum sale, P. jalapas compositus—p. Lax-
 ativus vegetabilis, P. jalapas compositus.
   Pulvis de Magne'sia Compos'itus, P. Galac-
 topoz'ue, P. Nutri'cum, P. Infan'tum, P. Infantum
 antac"idus, P. pro Infan'tibua,  P. antiac"idtts, P.
 absor'bens, P. epilep'ticus Marchio'num, Compound
 powder of Magne'sia, (F.)  Poudre absorbante et
 anti-acide.  (Magnesia, sacehar. aa, p.  83. Mix.
 Ph. P.)
   Pulvis Mantuanus, P. contrayervas comp. —
 p. Marchionis, Marchionis Pulvis—p. Mercurialis
 cinereus,  Hydrargyri  oxidum  cinereum — p. ad
 Mucum pulmonalem liberius ciendum, P. de sul-
 phure et scilla.
   Pulvis Myrrh.se Compos'itus, P. e Myrrhd
 compositus, Compound  Myrrh  Powder, Pulvis ad
 ul'cera tend'inum, P. Emmenagdgus, (F.) Poudre
 Balsamique.  (Myrrha, sabina, ruta, caator. Ruaa.
 aa gj.)  A stimulant, antispasmodic, and emme-
 nagogue.   Dose, gr. xv to xl.
    Pulvis Nutricum,  P. de magnesia compositus
 — p. Opiatus, P.  cornu usti cum  opio — p. Oxydi
 stibii compositus, P. cornachini — p. Parturiens,
 Ergot — p. de Phosphate calcis et stibii composi-
 tus, Antimonial powder—p. Principis, Hydrargyri
 nitrico-oxydum — p. Purgans, P. jalapas compo-
 situs— p. Quercetanus, Hydrargyri submurias.
    Pulvis Quercus Mari'na, Powder of  Yellow
 Bladder-Wrack.  (Tho wrack  in  fruit,  dried,
 cleaned, exposed to a red heat in a crucible, with
 a perforated lid, and  then reduced to powder.
 Ph. D.)  Virtues dependent on iodine: used, con-
 sequently, in bronchocele, 4c.  Dose,  gr. x to xl.
  See Fucus vesiculosus.
    Pulvis Scammo'nea Compos'itus, Compound
 Powder of Scammony, Pulvia  e  Scammonio com-
  positus, Pulvia Scammonii, Pulvia de Jalopd et
  Seammo'nio  compositus dictus Cathar'ticus, (F.)
  Poudre cathartique ou Poudre  de Scammonie com-
  posie.  (Scammon.,  ext. jalap,  dur.,  sing., gij,
  zingib. rad. gss.   Rub  separately to powder  and
  mix. Ph. L.)  Cathartic.  Dose,  gr. viij to gr. xv.
    Pulvis Scammo'nii cum  Aloe, P. e Scammonio
  cum Aloe, Scammony and Aloes Powder.   (Scam-
  mon. gvj, ext. jalap, dur., aloes  Socotr. aa giss,
  zing. oss0   Cathartic.  Dose, gr. x to xv.
    Pulvis Scammonii  Antimonialis, P.  corna-
  chini.
    Pulvis Senna Compos'itus, Compound powder
  of Senna, Pulvis e Send compositus, P. e Sennd
  compositus, Pulvis Diase'na, (F.) Poudre de sini
  eompoaie.   (Senna folior., potass, supertart. sing.
  gij, scammon. gss, rad. zingib. gij. Ph.  L.)   Ca-
  thartic, hydragogue.   Dose, 9j  to gj.
    Pulvis de Senna, Scammo'nio et Lignis Com-
  pos'itus  dictus Antiarthrit'icus Purgans, (F.)
  Poudre de Pirard.  (Gum Arab., potass, super-
  tart., fol. senna, china, aa 4 p., scammon., rad.
  sarsapar., china, guaiac. lign.  aa, 2 p., fiat pulvis.
i Ph. P.) Purgative. Used  to obviate gout.  Dose,

    Pulvis Stanni, see Tin—p. Sternutatonus, P.
  asari compositus—p. Stibiatus, Antimonial pow-
der— p. Stypticus,  P.  Sulphatis aluminas com-
positus—p. Sudorificus, P. ipecacuanhas comp.—
p. Sudorificus  Doveri,  P. Ipecacuanhas compo-
situs.
  Pulvis  Sulpha'tis  Alu'mina Compos'itus,
P. alumino'sus, P.  alu'minis kinosu'tus,  Pulvia
styp'ticus,  Pulvis aluminis  comjiositus, Alu'men
kinoaa'tum, Compound Alum Powder, (F.) Poudre
atyptiqtie ou d'alun eompoaie.  (Sulpluttia  alumi-
na, p. iv,  kino, p. 1.  Ph. E.)  Astringent.  In
intestinal  hemorrhage and diarrhoea.  Dose, gr.
x to xv.
  Pulvis  de  Sul'phurE et Scilla,  P. Anti-
asthmatics, P. Inciai'vu8, P. ad mucum pulmo-
na'lem libe'riua cien'dum, (F.) Poudre incisive ou
anti-asthmatique.  (Sacehar.  alb.  p.  3, sulphur.
lot. p. 2, scilla. siccat.  p. j.   Ph. P.)  Dose, gr.
v to gss.
  Pulvis de Sulpha'te Potas'sa Compos'itus,
P. tem'perans Stah'lii,  (F.) Poudre tempirante de
Stahl. (Potaaa. eulph., P. nitrat. Ha, 9 p., hydrarg.
sulph. rubr. 2 p.  Mix.  Ph. P.)   As an anti-
phlogistic, and in acidity of the first passages.
Dose, Qj  to Qij.
   Pulvis e Sulphure'to  Hydrar'gyri Nigro
et Scammo'nio, dictus Vermif'ugus Mercuria'-
LIS, (F.)  Poudre vermifuge mercurielle.  (Pulv.
cornachin., hydrarg. sulphuret. nigr. recent.prasp.,
aa p. as.  Mix.   Ph. P.) Dose, *"*)j to gss.
   Pulvis  Sympathetica, Sympathetic  powder
—p. Temperans  Stahlii, P. de  sulphate potassas
compositus—p. Terrestris, P. cretas compositus.
   Pulvis  Tragacan'tha  Compos'itus, Species
Diatragacadtha frig"ida, Pulvis e Tragacan'thd
compoaitua,  Compound  Powder of  Tragacanth,
(F.) Poudre de gomme  adragant composie. (Tra-
gacanth. contus., acacia gummi cont., amyli, sing.
giss, sacch. purif. giij.  Ph. L.) Demulcent. In
coughs, 4c.  Dose, gss to giij.
   Pulvis de Tribus, P. cornachini—p. Tunqui-
nensis, P. Cobbii — p.  ad  Ulcera tendinum,  P.
myrrhas compositus—p. Vermifugus  absque mer-
curio, Pulvis ex helminthocorto comp.—p.  Ver-
mifugus mercurialis, P. e sulphureto hydrargyri
nigro et scammonio—p. Vitas Imperatoris, P. cin-
 namomi compositus.
   PUMEX, Lapis pu'micis, Pumice, (F.) Pierre
 Ponce.  This was formerly employed as a desic-
 cative and dentifrice.
   PUMICE, Pumex.
   PUMILIO, Nanus.
   PUMILUS, see Nanus.
   PUMP, BREAST, Antlia lactea—p. Stomach,
 Antlia gastrica.
   PUNA,  Veto, Sorocco,  Soroche,  Mareo, (S.)
 A sickness common in  the elevated districts  of
 South  America  and  elsewhere, which attacks
 those unaccustomed to breathe the rarefied atmo-
 sphere.   It strongly resembles sea-sickness, with
 a most acute  and  depressing throbbing in the
 head.  It  does  not often affect the respiration
 considerably.
   PUNAISE, Cimex.
   PUNAISIE, Ozasna.
   PUNCH, Rhi'zagra, from pungere, 'to prick.'
 Repuleo'rium, (F.) Repouaeoir.  A surgical instru-
 ment used for  extracting the stumps of teeth.
 See Lever.
   Also, an agreeable  alcoholic drink, made of
 spirit, wine, sugar, lemon-juice, and water.   Milk
 is sometimes substituted in part for  the water: it
 then forms Milk Punch.
   PUNCTA  OSSIFICATIONIS,  Ossification,
 points of.
   PUNCTiE  MUCOSA, see Acne.
   PUNCTICULA, Petechias.
   PUNCTIO, Paracentesis,  Puncture—p. Nervi
 Neuronygme.               -                ' 
PUNCTUM
731
PURPURA
  PUNCTUM, Stitch.
  Punctum  Au'reum,  Punc'tura  aurea.   For-
merly, when an intestinal hernia was reduced by
an incision made  through the integuments down
to the upper  part  of  the  spermatic vessels, a
golden wire was fixed and  twisted, so as to pre-
vent the descent of any thing down the tunica
vaginalis.  Hence the term.
  Punctum  Sa'liens,  P.  sanguin'eum  sa'liens,
Glob'ulua  sanguin'eus,  Functus  ruber  sa'liens.
The first moving point which makes its appear-
ance after the fecundation  of the germ.  It has
been generally, but erroneously, applied to the
heart of the embryo.
  PUNCTURA, Paracentesis — p. Aurea, Punc-
tum aureum.
  PUNCTURE,  Punctdra, Punc'tio,  Cente'sis,
Paracentesis,  Nyxis, from pungere, 'to prick;'
Tresis  Punctura, (F.)  Piqure.   A wound made
by a pointed  instrument,  as a  sword, bayonet,
needle, thorn,  4c.  A puncture is,  generally, of
trifling consequence; but, sometimes, it becomes
important from  the parts  implicated,  and the
after consequences.
  PUNCTURING.  Same etymon.  Compunc'-
tio, Paracente'sia, (F.) Ponction.  The  operation
of opening, by means of a trocar, lancet, 4c., any
natural or accidental cavity, with the  view of
evacuating  any  fluid, effused  or  accumulated
therein.   Poracenteaia is a  sort of puncturing.
  FUNCTUS   RUBER  SALIENS,  Punctum
saliens.
  PUNGENT, (F.) Pongitif.  Pain is said to be
pungent, when it seems as if a pointed instrument
were forced into the suffering part.
  PU'NICA GRANA'TUM.  The Pomegranate,
Rhoo,  Rhoea,  Grana'turn,  Malograna'turn, (F.)
Grenadier :  Family, Myrtoideas.   Sex. Syat. Ico-
sandria Monogynia.  The rind of the fruit, called
Ma/,ieh.o'rium,  Jlo/ocorium,  or Malicorium;  and
the flowers—called Bolauatine flowers—are used
in medicine.   They have been employed both in-
ternally and externally as astringents.  The seeds
arc called Cocco'nea, kokkwvcs.  The portion, how-
ever, of the plant, that has attained most  cele-
brity, is the bark of the root, Grana'ti Radi'cis
Cortex, which  appears  to  be very efficacious in
tiDuia.   It is  given in decoction, (Granat. rod.
cort.  gij ; Aqua Oij, boiled  to Oiss.)  Dose, fgij,
every half hour.   Three or four doses are usually
sufficient to expel the worm.
  The  bark contains a peculiar matter called
Grciiiielin.
  PUNK, Boletus igniarius.
  PUOGENIA, Pyogenia.
  PUPIL,  Pupil'la, Pdpula, Pupil'io, Vis'io,
Opsis,  Core, Cora, Rhox,  Fenes'tra  seu  Nigrum
seu Fora'men  Oc'uli, Prunel'la, Lumen; Glene,
Sight of the eye,  (F.) Pupi/le,  Prunelle.  The
aperture of the iris, through which the rays of
light pass that havo to impress  the image of an
object  on the  retina.  This aperture can be  di-
lated  or  contracted so as  to allow a greater or
smaller quantity of luminous rays to penetrate.
The pupil, in man, is round, and by it the ante-
rior and  posterior chambers of  the eye commu-
nicate with each other.  In the foetus, during the
first  six  months  of gestation, it is closed by the
pupillary membrane.
  Pupil, Closure of the, Synezizis.
  Pupil, Pinhole.  A condition of the pupil in
typhus, in which it is so contracted as  to resem-
ble a pinhole.   It indicates a dangerous form of
brain affection.
  PUPILL.E  AELUM. Pupillary membrane.
  PUPILLARIS HERB A. Lapsana.
  PU'PILLAKY, Pupilldris.   That which be-
longs to the pupil."
  Pupillary  Membrane, Membrasna Pupilla'-
ris, Pupil'la velum, Membra'no Wacliendorfia'na.
The central  aperture of the iris is closed, in the
foetus, during a certain period of gestation, by a
very thin membrane. It disappears in the seventh
month.
  PUPPET ROOT, Veratrum viride.
  PUPPIS  OS, Frontal bone.
  PUPULA, Pupil.
  PU'PULAS, A'pices digito'rum.  The pulps or
extremities of the fingers.
  PURBLIND, Myopic.
  PURBLINDNESS, Myopia.
  PURGAMENT, Purgative.
  PURGAMENTA, Excrement —p. Alba, Leu-
corrhcea—p. Infantis, Meconium — p. Puerperii,
Lochia—p. Uteri, Lochia.
  PURGANS MEDICAMENTUM, Cathartic.
  PURGATIO, Catharsis —p. Alvi, Catharsis—
p. Muliebris alba,  Leucorrhcea — p.  Puerperii,
Lochia.
  PURGATION, Catharsis.
  PURGATIONES, Menses —p. Menstruas,
IVIonscs.
  PURGATIONS, Menses.
  PUR'GATIVE, Purgati'vus, Purgans,  Moch'-
licue,  Catoret'icua, Catoter'icua, Cathar'tic, Pttr'-
gament, Purge, (F.) Purgatif from purgare, 'to
cleanse.  A  medicine which operates more  pow-
erfully on the bowels than a laxative, stimulating
the muscular coat, and exciting increased seere-
tion from the mucous coat.
  PURGE,  Purgative—p. Root, Euphorbia co-
rollata.
  PURGING, Diarrhoea.
  PURIF'ICANS,  Purif'icua, from purificare,
'to make pure or clean.'  Purifying : hence :—
  Purificantia; Medicines that cleanse or pu-
rify the blood.
  PURIFICUS, Purificans.
  PU'RIFORM, Purifondis; from pus, and for-
ma.  Having the appearance  of pus.
  PURL.  A  medicated  malt liquor, in which
wormwood and aromatics are infused.
  PURO-HEPATITIS, see Hepatitis.
  PURO-MUCOUS, Puro-muco'sus,  from pus,
puria, and mucua.   Having the character or ap-
pearance of  pus and mucus.
  PURPLES, Purpura hasmorrhagica.
  PUR'PURA,  Por'phyra, 'a  purple colour.'
This word has  been employed in  many  senses.
It generally means, livid spots on the skin  from
extravasated blood, with languor and  loss  of
muscular strength,  pains in  the limbs. — (F.)
Pourpre.
  In Purpura Simplex, Porphyra aimplex, Pe-
techia sine febre, Pelio'aia, Phoenig'mua Petechia'-
lie,  Profu'sio subcuta'nea, Pete'chial Scurvy, the
spots  are  numerous, but  small  and  flea-bite-
shaped ; chiefly on  the breast, arms,  and  legs;
with paleness of countenance.  At times, the  af-
fection is accompanied by severe pains in  the ex-
tremities, constituting Pelio'sis rheumat'ica.
  In Purpura Hamorrhag"ica, Porphyra ha-
morrhagica,  Stomac'ace universalis, Hamorrhagia
universalis,  Petechiano'sis, Morbus  maculo'sus
hamorrhag" icus  Werlhof'ii,  Pelio'sis   hamor-
rhag" ica,  Scorbdtua, Seliorbu'tua, Hamorrhoe'a
petechia'lis,  HamatospiUia, Land Scurry, Pur-
ples, (F.) Scorbut, S. de Terre, Maladie de  Werl-
hof Himacelinose,  Pelioae  himorrliagique— the
spots are circular, and of different sizes ; often in
stripes or patches, irregularly scattered over the
thighs, arms, and trunk ; with  occasional haemor-
rhage from  the mouth, nostrils, or viscera, and
great debility and depression  of spirits.
  In  Purpura  Nau'tica,  Porphyra nautica,
Scorbdtus, Pechytyrbe, Gingibra'chium, Gingipe'. 
PURPURIC
73 2
PYCNANTHEMUM
dium, Scelotyr'be, Stomac'ace,  Scorbdtus n'au'ti-
cus or Sea scurvy, (F.) Scorbut, there are spots of
different hues, intermixed with the livid, princi-
pally at  the roots  of the  hair;  the teeth are
loose; the gums are spongy and bleeding; the
breath is fetid, and the debility universal and ex-
treme.  This occurs chiefly at sea, after exposure
to a  moist, cold, foul atmosphere; with long use
of one kind  of food and of  stagnant water.
  All these  varieties  of purpura  resemble each
other considerably.  In  the  first two, however,
there seems, at times, to  be  some  excitement,
which has led to the employment of purgatives,
and  even of bleeding, with  advantage.   They
are dependent upon a peculiar diathesis, which
has been termed Scorbu'tic  Cachex'ia, Lues Scor-
bu'tica, and  Cacochym'ia Scorbutica.  Generally
speaking, the use of the mineral acids will be in-
dicated ;  and, in sea sourvy, vegetable acids must
be regarded  as the best antiscorbutics.   Nitre is,
also, a good antiscorbutic, and in cases of great
prostration it may be united with  Peruvian bark
or turpentine.  Tamarinds and cream of  tartar,
made into drink, are also serviceable.   But the
great remedy is change from low to cheerful spi-
rits ; from filth to cleanliness ; and  from a cold
and  damp, to a temperate and dry climate, with
change of food, and especially the use of green
vegetables.
  The general principles of management are the
same in sea, as in land scurvy.
  Purpura,  Scarlatina—p. Alba benigna et ma-
ligna, Miliary fever—p. Maligna, Petechias—p.
Miliaris,  Miliary fever—p. Puerperarum, Miliary
fever—p. Urticata, Urticaria.
  PURPURIC URINE, see Porphyruria.
  PURPURINE, see Porphyruria.
  PURPURISSUM,  Hydrargyri sulphuretum
rubrum.
  PURRING TREMOR, Frimissement cataire.
  PURSE,  Scrotum — p.  Shepherd's, Thlaspi
bursa.
  PUR'SINESS, Dyspnce'a pinguedino'aa, (F.)
Potteee.   Dyspnoea accompanied with oppressive
fatness.   The word is, also, applied to  dyspnoea
of every kind.  One so affected is said to he pursy
or ehort-ivinded.
  PURSLAIN, Portulaca —p. Milk, Euphorbia
corollata — p. Speedwell, Veronica peregrina—p.
Water, Areronica beccabunga.
  PURSY, see Pursiness.
  PURULENCE, Pus, Suppuration.
  PURULENCY, Pus, Suppuration.
  PU'RULENT,  Purulen'tua, Em'pyos,  Pyo'des,
Py'lcua.   That which has the character of pus or
consists  of pus ; as purulent matter, a purulent
collection, 4c.
   Purulent Deposit, Pus.
   PURULENTIA, Suppuration.
   PURVAIN, Verbena officinalis.
   PUS, Humor purulen'tus,  Pyon, Pyono'ma,
Matter, Pdrulent depos'it, Pdrulenee, Pu'rulency.
A secretion from inflamed textures, and especially
from the areolar membrane.  It is, almost always,
of the same  nature, whatever may be the part it
proceeds from. Pus of a good quality, — laudable
pus, Pus bonum seu laudab'ile seu nutriti'vum seu
verum, (F.)  Pus louable,—is of a yellowish-white
colour,  opake, inodorous, and of a  creamy ap-
pearance.  Heat, acids, and alcohol coagulate it.
When analyzed by SchwilguS, it afforded albu-
men and water, a particular extractive substance,
and  a small quantity of soda, phosphate of lime,
and  other salts.  Normal pus consists essentially
of two distinct parts, pita corpuscles or pus globulca,
and  a colourless, aqueous fluid, liquor puris, in
which the corpuscles  are suspended.  A variety
of the pus corpuscles is described by M. Lebort
under the name pyoid.
  Pus Bonum,  see Pus — p. Corpuscles, see Pus
— p. Corrosivum, Sanies — p.  Globules, see Pus
— p. Laudabile, see Pus—p. Louable, see Pus —
p. Malignum, Ichor — p. Malignum, Sanies — p.
Nutritivum, see Pus — p.  Verum, see Pus.
  PUSILLA'TUM, Puanla'tum,  from puaillus,
' small.'  A coarse powder.
  PUSILLUS, Nanus.
  PUSTULA, Pustule —p.  Ardens, Eczema—p.
Oris, Aphthas—p. Gangrasnosa, see Anthrax — p.
Livida Esthonias, see Anthrax.
  Pustul.e Sicca, Lichen.
  PUSTULAR, Puatuloua, Puatuldria, Pustnld-
sus.   Of or belonging  to pustules.   Affected with
pustules.
  PUSTULA'TION,  Pustuldtio,  from pustula,
' a pustule.'  The formation of pustules.
  PUSTULE,  Pus'tula,  from pus.  Ecpye'ais,
Ecthy'-mo, Benath, Bube, Epanas'taais.  An ele-
vation of the cuticle, with an inflamed base, con-
taining pus. Willan  and Bateman reckon  four
varieties of pustules :  Phlyzdrium, Paydrdcium,
Achor, and Favua.  The variolous pustule is often
called, by the French, Groin;  by us, Pock.
  PUSTULE  MALIGNE, see Anthrax.
  PUSTULOUS, Pustular.
  PUSULATUM, Pusillatum.
  PUTIUM, Prepuce.
  PUTREDO,  Hospital Gangrene, Putrefaction.
  PUTREFACTION, Putrefac'tio,Putreecedtia,
Sepsis,  Sap'rotes, Putrid fermenta'tion, Putre-
fact'ive fermentation,  from putris, putre, 'rotten,'
and facere, ' to make.'   A decomposition, expe-
rienced by animal substances, when deprived of
life, and placed under particular circumstances.
The  presence  of water is  indispensable.   The
temperature most favourable to it, is from 60° to
90° of Fahrenheit. The most common products
of putrefaction are, water,  carbonic acid, acetic
acid, ammonia, carburetted hydrogen, and a semi-
putrid substance, which is volatilized, and has an
infected odour.  It has been supposed that some-
thing like putrefaction may occur in the living
body, as in  case of putrid fever.  To this condi-
tion,  Piorry has given  the name Typhoha'mia,
conceiving  it  to be owing to  alteration  of the
blood  by putrid animal matters.  Putrefaction
signifies the state of becoming  putrid : whilst Pu-
tridity, Ptttre'do,  Ptttrid'itas,  Pu'tridness,  (F.)
Pourriture, is the state of rottenness.
  PUTRESCENT, Hyposaprus — p. Poison, see
Poison.
  PUTRESCENTIA, Putrefaction — p.  Uteri
gravidi, Hystero-malacia.
  PUTRID, Pu'tridna, Soproa, (F.)Putride, from
putrere, ' to rot.'  An epithet for some affections,
in which the matters  excreted and the transpira-
tion itself exhale a smell of putridity.  It is par-
ticularly applied to typhus.
  PUTRIDITAS, see Putrefaction.
  PUTRIDITY, see  Putrefaction.
  PUTRILA'GO, Putror, (F.) Putrilage.  Same
etymon.  The pultaceous matter or alough, which
forms  in  certain gangrenous  and other ulcers,
and is thrown off.
  PUTROR, Putrilage.
  PUTZOCHILL, see Myroxylon Peruiferum.
  PYEMIA, Pyohasmia.
  PYARTH'RUM, from ttvov,  'pus,' and apOpov,
'joint.'  A suppurated joint.
  PYCNAN'THEMUM  INCA'NUM,  Common
Mountain Mint, Wild Baeil. An indigenous plant
of the mint family — Labiatas—which flowers in
August.   It has the  aromatic properties of the
mints. 
PYCNICMASTICA
733
PYRAMID
  Pycnan'tiiemum Linifo'lium, Virginia Thyme,
has like virtues.
  PYCNICMASTICA, Incrassantia.
  PVt'NOSIS, Inspissatio.
  PYCXOTICA, Incrassantia.
  PYEC'CHA'SIS, from trvov, 'pus,' and txyuo-is,
' effusion.'  An effusion of pus.
  PYELI'TIS, from ttvtXos, ' pelvis,' and itis, de-
noting inflammation.  Inflammation of the pelvis
and calices of the kidney.
  PYELOMETER, Pelvimeter.
  PYELONEPHRI'TIS, from  trvcXot, 'pelvis,'
vcbpos, 'kidney,' and itis, denoting inflammation.
Inflammation of the kidney, and of the pelvis and
calices.
  PVELOS, Pelvis.
  PVEMESIS, Pyoemesis.
  PA'ESIS, Suppuration.
  PYETIA,  Colostrum.
  PYGE, Nates.
  PYti.M/E US, Pygmy.
  PYCM.E. Fist, Forearm.
   PYGMEB, Pygmy.
   PYGMY, Pigmy, Pygma'us, (F.) Pygmie, from
 iruy/ji?,  'the fist; as  big  as the fist.'  A  dwarf.
 The Pygmasi were a fabulous nation of dwarfs in
 the extreme  parts of India;  or, according  to
 others, in Ethiopia.
   PYGORID'YMUS, Did'ymus symphyoperina'-
 us,  Pygop'agcs, from itvyn, ' the nates,' and Siiv-
 pos, ' a twin.'  A monstrosity, in which twins are
 united by the sacrum and coccyx.
   PYGOPAGES,  Pygodidymus.
   PYICUS, Purulent.
   PYLE, Porta.
   PYLEMPHRAX'IS,  from trvXn,   'porta,'  'a
 gate,' and c^ppal-n, ' obstruction.'  Obstruction of
 the vena porta1.
   PYLORTC, Pylor'icus.  Same  etymon as py-
 lorus.  That which relates to the pylorus.  An
 epithet given to different parts.
   Pyloric Artery, Arte'ria Corona'ria dextra,
 (F.) Petite artere gaatrique droite, arises from the
 hepatic, and is distributed to the  pylorus and to
 the lesser curvature of the stomach, anastomosing,
 particularly, with the A. coronaria ventriculi and
 A.  gastro-epiplo'ica dextra.
   Pyloric Vein follows the same distribution as
 the artery.
   PYLO'RUS, Jan'itor, Portona'riitm, from trvXn,
 'a  gate,' and oopos, 'a guardian.'  Oa'tium ven-
 tric'uli duodena'le seu pylor'icum seu  dextrum seu
 infe'rius,  Orifi.c"ium dextrum  seu inferius seu
 Egres'sus seu Os in fe'rius sea. An'nulus seu Sphinc-
 ter ventri'culi, Ostia'rins, Hostia'rius,  (F.) Pylore.
 The lower or right orifice of the stomach—Orifice
 inteatinal  (Ch.) — is called Pylorus, because it
 closes the entrance into the intestinal canal, and
 is  furnished  with a circular, flattened, fibro-mu-
 eous  ring, which occasions  the total closure of
 the stomach  during digestion in that organ. This
 ring  has  been called the Valve of  the Pylorus,
 Sphincter Pylo'ri, Pylo'rua proprii sic dictus, (F.)
  Valvule du pylore.  It is a  fold of  the mucous
 and muscular membranes  of the stomach; and
 is  the Pyloric muacle of some authors.
    PVOBLENNICUS, Mucopurulent.
    PYOBLEXXOURHfR'A,  from   iruov,  'pus,'
 fiXcvva, ' mucus,' and peu>, ' I flow.'   A discharge
 of puriform mucus.
    PYOCEXO'SIS, from wov,  'pus,' and Ktvuais,
  'evacuation.'  Evacuation of pus.
    PA'OCHEZ'IA,  Diarrhoe'a  puruledta, from
  nvov, 'pus,' and s^w, ' I go to  stool.' Discharge
  of pus by stool.  Pi.rulent diarrhoea.
     PYOCOE'LIA, Asci'tes purttlen'tus, from trvov,
' pus,  and KotXia, ' the belly.'  Pus in the abdo-
minal cavity.
  PYOCYSTIS, Vomica.
  PYODES, Purulent.
  PYO'DE'MA, from  iruov, 'pus,' and  otSnua,
'swelling.'   Tumefaction of the surface owing
to effusion of pus.
  PYOEM'ESIS, Pyem'esis, Vom'ituspurulentus,
from ttvov, ' pus,' and tucots, ' the act of vomiting.'
Vomiting of pus.
  PYOGENESIS, Pyogenia.
  PYOGEN'IA, Puogedia, Pyogen'esis, Pyopoe'-
eie, from trvov, 'pus,' and  ytvtcts,  'generation.'
Generation of pus.  The theory or mechanism of
the formation  of pus.  Some have believed that
pus is formed by the arterial  system, and is de-
posited, by way of excretion, in  the inflamed
parts ; others,  that it is formed by the destruction
of solid parts.  These opinions are, however, in-
admissible ; and pus  is now regarded as mainly
the product of a particular secretion in the dis-
eased part.
   Pyogenia Cohrosiva, Ulceration—p. Simplex,
Suppuration.
   PYOGEN'IC,  Pyogen'icus.   Same  etymon.
Having relation to the formation of pus.
   PYOHAS'MIA, Pya'mia, from trvov, 'pus,' and
'aiua, 'blood.'  Alteration of the blood by pus.
   PYOID  CORPUSCLES or GLOBULES, see
Pus.
   PYOME'TRA, P. puruledta, from trvov, ' pus,'
and pvrpa, ' womb.'  A collection  of  pus in the
uterus.
   Pyometra  Purulenta, Pyometra.
   PYON, Pus.
   P YONEPHRITE, see Nephritis.
   PYONOMA, Pus.
   PYOOTORRHCEA, Otirrhoea.
   PYOPERICAR'DIA, Pyopericar'dium,  from
 trvov, ' pus,' trept, ' about,' and  Kapbia, ' the heart.'
 A collection of pus in  the pericardium.
   PYOPHTHALMIA, Hypopyon—p. Neonato-
 rum, see Ophthalmia (purulenta infantum).
   PYOPLEURITE, Empyema.
   PYOPOESIS, Pyogenia.
   PYOP'TYSIS,  from trvov, 'pus,' and trrvta,  'I
 spit.'  Spitting of pus.
   PYORRHAG"IA, from ttvov, 'pus,' and pay>7,
 ' violent rupture.'  A sudden discharge of a large
 collection of matter.
   PYORRHCE'A,  from ttvov,  'pus,' and pcta,  'I
 flow.'  A discharge of pus.
   Pyorrhoea Alvina, Pyochezia—p. Aurium,
 Otirrhcea — p.  Nasalis, Ozosna — p. Palpebras,
 Blepharopyorrhoea—p. Urinalis, Pyuria—p. VL,
 arum lacrymalium, Dacryopyorrhcea.
   PYOSIS, Hypopyon, Pterygion,  Suppuration
 — p. Pectoris, Empyema.
   PYOTHORAX VERUS, Empyema.
   PYOTORRHEE, Otorrhcea.
   PYOTURIA, Pyuria.
   PYR, Fever.
   PYRA, Anthrax—p. Crustumina, Crustumina-
  tum—p. Crustumerina, Crustuminatum.
   PYR'AMID, Pyr'amis, Eminedtia pyramida'-
  lis tym'pani,  from trvp, ' flame,' which has a coni-
  cal appearance. (?)  A small bony projection in
  the cavity of the tympanum,  which is excavated,
  to lodge  the muscle of the stapes.   Also, the
  Centre-pin of the trephine.  Also,  a small, ob-
  tusely pointed eminence of the inferior vermiform
  process of the cerebellum.
   Pyramid,  see Calumba—p. of Malacarne, Ver-
  miform process, inferior. 
54                 PYROSIS
               PYRAMIDAL               7S

  PYRAMIDAL DE L'ABDOMEN, Pyrami-
dalis abdominis—p. de la Cuisse, Pyramidalis —
p. du Nez, Pyramidalis nasi—p. Stapidien, Sta-
pedius.
  PYRAMID ALE, (OS,) Cuneiform, (bone.)
  PYRAMIDA'LIS  ABDOM'INIS,  Mus1 cuius
Fallo'pii vel succenturia'tus vel auxilia'rius, (F.)
Pubio-ombilical, Pubio-sous-umbilical, (Ch.,) Py-
ramidal de Vabdomen.  A small, fleshy, pyrami-
dal fasciculus, whose existence is not constant;
and which is  inserted, by its base, into the upper
part of the pubis, and terminates, by its summit,
at the inferior part of the linea alba.  AVhen it
contracts, it stretches the linea alba.
  Pyramida'lis, P. Fem'oris, Ili'acus exter'nus,
Pyriform'ia, Piriformis, Primua et superior quad-
rigcm'inns, (F.) Sacro-trochantirien (Ch.), Py-
ramidal de la cuisae.   A  flat, triangular muscle,
situate at the posterior part of the pelvis.  By its
base, it is attached to the anterior surface of the
sacrum ;  to the corresponding surface of the great
sacro-sciatic  ligament  and to the posterior part
of the ilium.  It terminates  by a tendon, which
is attached to the inner surface of the great tro-
chanter.   This muscle is a rotator  of the thigh
outwards, or of the pelvis in an opposite direction.
  Pyramidalis Femoris, Pyramidalis.
  Pyramida'lis  Nasi, Prod'erua  naai, Naaum
dildtons, (F.) Fronto'naaal (Ch.), Pyramidal du
nez.  A  thin, triangular muscle, which has its
summit upwards.  Above, it is continuous with
the occipito-frontalis.  It descends vertically be-
fore the root  of the nose, on which it terminates;
becoming  confounded  with  the  transversalis.
This  muscle  wrinkles the skin of the root of the
nose transversely, and stretches that which covers
the tip.
  PYRAMIDES, Corpora pyramidalia.
  PYR AMIDES ANTERIEURES,  Corpora
pyramidalia—p. Ferreini, Ferrein,  pyramids of
—p. Malpighianas, Papillas of the kidney—p. Pos-
tirieurea du cervelet,  Corpora restiformia.
  PYRAMIDS OF MALPIGHI, Papillas of the
kidney—p. Posterior,  Corpora  restiformia — p.
of Wistar, Sphenoidal cornua.
  PYRAMIS, Penis, Pyramid—p. Cochleae, Mo-
diolus—p. Trigona, see Temporal bone.
  PYRCAilA, Incendium.
  PYREC'TICA, 'febrile;' from trvptro;, 'fever.'
Fevers :  the first order in the  class  Hamatica of
Good.
  PYRENOIDES, Odontoid.
  PYRETHRE, Anthemis pyrethrum.
  PYRETHRUM, Anthemis pyrethrum,  Urtica
—p. Parthenium, Matricaria parthenium—p. Syl-
vestre, Achillea ptarmica.
  PYRETICO'SIS,  from  trvp,  'fire,'  trvptro?,
'fever;'  Morbus febri'lie.  A febrile  affection.
  PYRETICUS, Febrifuge.
  PYRETOGRAPH'IA,  from  trvpt.ro;, 'fever,'
and ypatpn,  'a description.'   A  description  of
fever.
  PYRETOL'OGY, Pyretolog"ia, from trvperos,
' fever,' and Xoyos, ' a discourse.'  Pyrol'ogy.   A
treatise  on fevers.  A title sometimes given to a
monograph on fever.
  PYRETOS, Fever.
  PYRETOTYPOSIS, Intermittent.
  PYREXTA, Pyrex'is.  Same  etymon as the
next.  Fever.  The febrile condition.  Also, a
paroxysm of fever—Paroxysmus febri'lis.
  PYREX'LE, from trvp, 'fire.' Febrile  diseases.
The first class of Cullen's Nosology.
  PYRI MARTIALES, Ferrum tartarizatum.
  PYRIA, Fomentation, Vaporarium.
  PYRTATERTUM. A'aporarium.
  PYRIPAUSTUM, Burn.
  PYRIFORMIS. Pyramidalis.
  PYRIPH'LEliES, trvpitpXeym, from irwp, 'fire,
and tpXeyo), ' I burn.'   One who has a burning
fever.
  PYRITES, IRON,  Ferri sulphuretum.
  PYRMOXT,  MINERAL  WATERS  OF.  A
celebrated mineral spring, on the Weser, in AVest-
phalia, four leagues from  Ilamelet.   The waters
are tonic, and contain chlorides of sodium  and
magnesium, sulphates of soda and magnesia, and
carbonates of iron, lime, and magnesia  dissolved
in carbonic acid, with some resinous principles.
It is a highly carbonated chalybeate.
  Artificial Pyrmont Water may be formed
of Epsom salt, gr. xv; common salt, gr. v; mag-
nesia, gr. x; iron-filings, gr. v; ivater, Oiij.  Im-
pregnated with the gas from marble-powder and
sulphuric acid, aa gvij.
   PYRC5NUS, Spiritus rectificatus.
   PYR'OLA, P. rotund i[fo'lia, Round-leaved Win-
tergreen. Order, Pyrolaceas.  This plant was once
used as  a gentle astringent and tonic.
   Pyr'olA  Macula'tA,  Spotted  Pipsis'seua,
Spotted Wintergreen,  Whiteleaf White 1'ipeieee-
wa, King  cure,  Ground holly, Rheumatism weed,
4c, has similar properties.
   Pyrola Umbella'ta,  Chimaph'ila  vel  Chi-
moph'ila umbella'ta, C. Corymbo'ea, Ground-holly,
Pipaieacwa, Wintergreen, Rheumatiam weed,Herbe
a piaaer (Canada). This common American plant
is allied to the uva ursi, in botanical as well as
medical qualities.  It is tonic and diuretic.  The
bruised  leaves irritate the skin.   From the de-
coction  or infusion an agreeable beverage  may
be formed by adding sugar, ginger to  flavour it,
and yeast  to produce fermentation.  Under the
name Pipaia'aewa Beer it  has been used  in scro-
fulous affections.
   PYROLEUM  OSSIUM  RECTIFICATUM,
Oleum animale Dippelii.
   PYROLIG'NEOUS ACID, Ac"idum py-
roace'ticum, A. pyroligno'eum  seu pyroxi/l'ieum,
A. ligni pyro-oleo'aum,  A. ace'ticum  empyreu-
mat'icum,  A.  lig'neum,  Pyrolig'nic acid,  (F.)
Acide pyroligneux,  Vinaigre de bois.  An acid,
obtained  by distillation,  from wood,  coal,  4c,
which was once believed to be of a peculiar  cha-
racter.  It is now known  to be formed of acetic
acid and an empyreumatic oil, from which it may
be freed;  and, in this state, is sold in  commerce
for Acetum dietillatum.   It is used for similar
purposes as distilled vinegar, and for preserving
animal  substances.   It has  also been used as an
antiseptic in gangrene and sphacelus, and to foul
ulcers;  wherever indeed  creasote is indicated.—
The dose of the impure pyroligneous acid inter-
nally is from five to  thirty drops, three or  four
times a day.
   PYROMA'NIA, Inceddiary monoma'nia, from
irvp,  ' fire,' and mania.  Insanity, with an  irre-
sistible  desire to destroy by fire.
   PYROPH'AGUS,  Igniv'orua, from trvp, 'fire,'
and ^ayai, ' I eat.'  One who eats fire. A juggler,
who eats bodies in a state of ignition.
   PYROS, Triticum.
  PYRO'SIS, from trvp, 'fire,'  'the act of burn-
ing.'  Ptyalia'mus pyros'icua, Limo'sis cordiol'gin
eputato'ria,  Ardor etom'achi, A. ventric'uli,  Cor-
dial'gia eputatoria, Pyroaia Suec"ico, Apoceno'aia
vom'itua pyroaia, Dyapepaia pyroaia, Cniamoreg'-
mia, Ebullit"io stom'achi,  Orex'is (of some),  Wa-
terbrash, Waterqualm, Black-water, (F.) Ardeur
de Vestomac, Fer chaud,  Cremaeon,  Soda,  Gor-
gosaet.   This affection consists of a hot sensation
in the stomach, with eructations of  an acrid,
burning liquid, that causes  a distressing sensa- 
                PYROSOPHIA               7

tion in the parts over which it passes.  Attention
to diet, and tho use of bitter absorbents, will
usually relieve, when the  disease is  functional.
Occasionally, it is symptomatic of organic disease
of the stomach.
   Pyrosis  also signified,  of old,  inflammation,
gangrene, and a burn.
   Pyrosis Suecica, Pyrosis.
   PYROSOPHIA,  Chymistry.
   PYROTECIINIA, Chymistry.
   PYROTECIINY, Pyrotech'ne, from itvp, 'fire,'
and Ttxnh  'art.'  Art of making fire-works, 4c
Also,  chymistry.   M. Percy has  used the term
Pyroti t-huic Chirurgicolc for the art of applying
fire or the actual cautery in surgery.
   PYROTHOXIDE, from  trvp, 'fire,' and oOovn,
'linen.'  Liquor pyro-oleo'sus e lidteo para'tus.
A kind of pyrogenous or empyreumatic oil, pro-
duced  by the combustion  of  textures of hemp,
linen, or cotton  in  a copper vessel.   The brown
product is acid.  Its medical properties probably
resemble those of creasote.  Diluted with three
or four times its weight of water, it has been used
as a gargle in cynanche tonsillaris, but is not
now employed.
   It is said, also,  to be  a popular remedy for
toothach and skin diseases. When prepared from
rags, it is called Rag oil;  when from paper, Pa-
per oil.
   PYROTICUS, Caustic.
   PYRUS CYDO'NIA,  Cydo'nia malifor'mis sen
vulga'ris,  Sorbus Cydo'nia, Cydo'nia, Coto'nia,
Quince Tree, (F.) Ooignaaaier.  Family, Rosaceas.
Sex. Syat. Icosandria Pentagynia.  The fruit  is
termed Cydo'nium malum, Malum  canttm, Malum
coto'neum, Melum cydo'nium, Quince, (F.)  Coign.
  Q., see Abbreviation.
  QUABEBE, Piper cubeba.
  QUACK, Charlatan.
  QUACK-MEDKTNE, Arcanum.
  QUACKSALVER, Charlatan.
  QUADRANS, Quarta para  libra.  A quarter
of a pound.  Three ounces (Troy).
  QUADRANTAL, Amphora.
  QUADRATUS,  Depressor labii inferioris— q.
Dorsi, Q. lumborum.
  Quadra'tus  Fem'oris,  Quadratua, from qua-
dra, ' a square.'   Quartus  quadrigem'intta quad-
ratua, (F.) Tuber-iachio-trochantirien ( Ch.),  Is-
chio-aoua-trochantirien,  Carri  de la Cuieae.  A
muscle situate at the posterior and upper part of
the thigh.  It  is thin, flat, and  quadrilateral,
and is attached to the outer part of the tuberosity
of the ischium ; whence it proceeds transversely
to the inferior part of the posterior margin of the
great trochanter.   It rotates  the limb, turning
the toe outwards.
  Quadratus (Jen*, Platysma myoides—q. Ra-
dii, Pronator radii quadratus.
  Quadratus Lumbo'hum, Quadratua seu Lum-
bdria externus, Electens par lumbo'rum, Quadra'-
tus dorsi,  (F.)  Ilio-costal,  (Ch.) Rio-lombi-costal,
Carri des lombes.   A flat, somewhat thick, irre-
gularly quadrilateral muscle, situate in the loins,
at the sides of the vertebral  column.  It is at-
tached,  below,  to  the crista ilii and ilio-lumbar
ligament; and  above,  to  the  inferior margin of
the last rib; and besides, to the base of the trans-
                QUANDROS

Quince-seeds—Cydo'nium (Ph. U. S. 1851)—are
sometimes used in decoction as a demulcent. The
fruit makes a pleasant preserve.
   Pyrus Domestica, Sorbus domestica.
   Pyrus Malus, Mollis, M. daeyphyl'la seu com-
mu'nis seu sylves'tris, Sorbus malus, Melea, the
Apple Tree,  (F.) Pommier.   The  apple — (F.)
Pontine—is an agreeable fruit when ripe.  When
unripe, it disagrees, especially with those of weak
digestive powers.  The  same may be said of the
pear, (F.) Poire; the fruit of the Pyrus commu'-
nis, Apios, P.  Sorbus, P. Sati'ca, (F.) Poirier.
   Apple Brandy is  a spirituous liquor  obtained
from the juice of the apple, and much used in the
United States.
   PYTIA, Colostrum.
   PYTISMA,  Sputum,  Sperm.
   PYUL'CON, from  ttvov, 'pus,' and  'iXkoi, 'I
extract.'  (F.) Tire-pus.  A surgical instrument
for extracting pus from  any cavity. Many pyulca
have been employed, all of which act as exhausting
syringes.
   PYU'RIA, Pyotdria, Pyorrhoe'a urina'I is, from
trvov, 'pus,' and ovpov, 'urine.'  Discharge of pu-
rulent urine: a  symptom which occurs in many
diseases; particularly in cases  of renal calculi,
and in organic affections of the bladder.  It re-
ceives  various epithets, according to  the part
whence the pus proceeds: — as Pyuria urethra'lis,
P. rena'lis, and P. veaica'lia.
  Pyuria Chylosa, Chyluria — p. Lactea, Chy-
luria — p. Mucosa, Cystirrhcea — p. Serosa, Cys-
tirrhcea— p. Viscida, Cystirrhcea.
  PYXIS, trv^tc.  A box;  a pill-box.  Also, an
emollient ointment. — Ae'tius, and Paulus.
  Pyxis, Boite, see Cotyloid.
verse processes of the last four lumbar vertebras.
This muscle  inclines the loins to its side; de-
presses the last rib, and is thus a muscle of respi-
ration.  It can also raise the hip.
  QUADRIGEMTNA TUBER'CULA, Emined-
tia Quadrigem'ina seu Bigem'ina, Optic Lobea,
Optic Ganglia, Pona Syl'vii,  Cor'pora quadri-
gem'ina, Natea et Testes, Corpora bigem'ina, (F.)
Tubercles  quadrijumeaux, Eminences  bigiminiee.
Four medullary tubercles, situate at the posterior
surface of the tuber  annulare.  They are white,
externally ; gray, internally; oblong; rounded ;
connected by pairs, and separated by two grooves,
which divide them crucially.   Of these tubercles
— the superior, called nates, Tuber'cula anterio'ra,
Glu'tia, are larger and more prominent than the
lower, called testes, Tuber'cula posterio'ra.   The
pineal  gland  corresponds exactly to the  point
of intersection of the two furrows that separate
them.
   QUADRIGEMINUS  PRIMUS  ET  SUPE-
RIOR, Pyramidalis—q. Quadratus quartus, Qua-
dratus femoris — q.  Secundus  et  tertius, Ischio-
trochanterianus.
   QUADROON, see  Mulatto—q. Black, see Mu-
latto.
   QUAFADIL, Melanthium Alrginicum.
   QUAHOIL, Cacao.
   QUAIL, Tetrao coturnix.
   QUAMASH, EASTERN, Scilla esculenta.
  QUAXDROS.  Ancient name  for  a  precious
stone, believed to exist in the  brain of the vul-
Q-
55 
QUARANTINE
736
QUINIA
ture;  and to which was attributed the property
of augmenting the secretion of milk,  and pre-
serving from deadly accidents.  No such stone
exists.
  QUAR'ANTINE,  Qnar'entine,  Quarentaine,
from (I.) Quaranti'na, itself from quaranta, 'forty.'
(F.)  Quarantaine.   The time during which tra-
vellers, returning from a country where the plague
or any other pestilential disease exists, are com-
pelled to remain on board ship or in a lazaretto.
They, as well as  the ship,  are said ' to perform
quarantine.'  Quarantine is sometimes extended
beyond forty  days, whilst  its duration is  fre-
quently much less.  It is sometimes enforced by
land;  for example, when contagious diseases re-
quire  the establishment of cordons sanitaires, and
when persons are desirous of leaving infected dis-
tricts.  During quarantine, no communication is
allowed between  the travellers and the inhabit-
ants of the  country.   Quarantine is a great im-
pediment to commerce; and is, doubtless, very
frequently enforced when there is but little dan-
ger of contagion.  The evils, however, that might
arise  from the introduction  of a widely-spreading
contagious disease, are so disastrous, as to induce
legislators to maintain  these laws in perhaps an
unnecessary degree of  rigour.
   QUARTAN, 'of or  belonging to the fourth.'
Quarta'na Febris, An'etus Quarta'nus, Tetarta'us,
Quartan Ague, (F.) Quarte.  An intermittent,  the
paroxysms  of which  recur every fourth day,
leaving between them two  days' interval.  We
speak also of the  Quartan Type. A Double Quar-
tan is one in which one paroxysm occurs on  the
third  and another on the  second  day,  so that
there  is only  one day of apyrexia and two of
paroxysms  in  succession ; — the paroxysms of
every fourth day resembling each, other.  A  Tri-
ple Quartan is one in which there is a paroxysm
every day; and on every three days the paroxysms
correspond.  A redoub'ling or repeating quartan,
(F.) Fievre  quarte  doublie, is one in which there
are two paroxysms every fourth day.  See Inter-
mittent.
   QUARTANUS  REMITTENS, Tetartophia.
   QUARTA'RIUS. An ancient measure, equal
to one-fourth of the sextarius.  See Weights and
Measures.
   QUARTE, Quartan.
   QUARTERON,  see Mulatto —q.  Black,  see
Mulatto.
   QUARTIO, Astragalus.
   QUARTI-STERNAL, •Qnadristerna'lis.  The
fourth osseous portion of the sternum, correspond-
ing to the fourth intercostal space.— Beclard.
   QUASSATIO, Conquassation.
   QUASSATURA, Conquassation.
   QUAS'SIA, Quassia ama'ra, Quaaey, Quaasia
excel'sa, Picra'na  excel'sa, Febrif'uqum lignum,
Lofty Bitterwood  Tree, Bitter-ash, (F.) Quaseie.
A West India  tree, from which is  obtained  the
Lignum Quaasia, Quassia,  (Ph. U.  S.)  It is an
intensely durable  bitter,  without  astringency;
and has been employed as a tonic and stomachic.
It is  generally given in the form of infusion.  The
bitter principle is called Quassin.
   Quassia  Simarou'ba, Simarouba, Simartiba,
S. officina'lis, Euon'ymus, Bitter Simartiba, Moun-
tain  Damson.  The bark  of the  Simarouba is
bitter, and  not unpleasant.   Both water and al-
cohol extract its  virtues.  It is not astringent.
It is exhibited wherever a simple tonic is required.
   QUASSIN, see  Quassia.
   QUATERNIO,  Astragalus.
   QUATRE EPICES, see  Myrtus pimenta.
   QUATRIO, Astragalus.
   QUEASINESS, Nausea.
  QUEEN'S  DELIGHT,  Stillingia —q. of tho
Meadows, Spira'a ulmaria—q. Root, Stillingia.
  QUERCIXI HERBA, Lichen plicatus.
  QUERCULA MINOR, Teucrium chama-drys.
  QUERCUS ALBA, the  White  Oak;  Qukiiuus
Robur, the Common Oak;  Q. Tincto'ria, the
Black  Oak;  Q. rubra monta'na,  the  Red Oak
or Spanish Oak; Family, Amentacca1; »SV.r. Syst.
Moncecia Polyandria; (F.) Chine.   The bark of
all these varieties is, probably, alike in medicinal
properties.  It is powerfully astringent and tonic,
and has been used internally in intermittents, and
externally in decoction, as an astringent wash,
where  such is indicated.
  Acorns,  Oeces, Nuces  Quercus,  (F.)  Glands,
were at one time much used  as food ; and a de-
coction of them was  once recommended in dys-
entery and diarrhoea, in  glandular obstructions,
4c.  A pessary made of them has been advised
in immoderate flow of the  menses.  They are not
now used.
  Quercus  Infecto'ria.  A tree of Asia Minor,
which  affords Turkey Galla,  Nut Golla,  Golla
Tur'cica, G. Querci'na, G. Tincto'ria, Nux Galla,
Galla  max'ima orbicula'ta, Cicia, Casaenoles, Gal-
la,  Galla, Gall-nut, (F.) Noix  de Galle.   The iitir-
gall—Galla (Ph. U. S.)—is a morbid protuberance
or tubercle, produced by the puncture of the Di-
plo'lepia Galla Tincto'ria  or  Cynijja Quercus
folii.   It is powerfully astringent and tonic, and
has been employed in diarrhoea, intestinal hemor-
rhage,   and  intermittents: but  is chiefly  used,
externally, in gargles and injections.  The pow-
der, made into an  ointment with lard, is used in
piles.
  Quercus Coccifera, see Kermes—q. Marina,
Fucus  vesiculosus—q. Suber, see Suber.
  QUEUE DE CHEVAL,  Cauda  equina,  see
Medulla spinalis—q. de la Moelle ipiniere, Cauda _
equina—q. de Pourceau, Peucedanum.
  QUICK-IN-THE-HAND,  Impatiens.
  QUICKEN TREE, Sorbus acuparia.
  QUICK'ENING, from  Sax. cpicenn.  '     ke
alive.'   The period of gestation when i        ,n
of the  foetus first becomes  perceptible.  Tins usu-
ally occurs about  the eighteenth week, and was
at  one time erroneously believed  to  mark  the
time at which the foetus becomes alive—Anima'-
tio  fcefus.  It need scarcely  be said, that it pos-
sesses  the principle of life from the moment of
the union of the materials furnished  by the sexes
at a fecundating copulation.   When the motion
is felt, the female is said to be 'quick with child.'
  QUICKENS, Triticum repens.
  QUICKLIME, Calx viva.
  QUICKSILVER, Hydrargyrum.
  QUIES, Acinesia.
  QUINA, Quinine—q. Quina, Cinchona.
  QUINJE  ACETAS, SULPHAS, 4c, see Qui-
nias Acetas, 4c
  QUINCE, see Pyrus cydonia—q. Tree, Pyrus
cydonia.
  QUINIA, Quinine—q. Acetate of, Quinias acetas
—q. Amorphous, see Quinia, extract of—q. Arsen-
iate of, Quinias arsenias—q. and Cinchonia, tannate
of,  Quinias et Cinchonias  tannas—q. Arsenite of,
Quinias arsenis—q. Citrate of, Quinia1 citras.
  Quinia, Extract of, Qui'nia sulphas impu'rus.
A preparation which consists in evaporating the
liquor poured off the crystals of sulphate of quinia,
to the  consistence  of a pilular mass.
  It has the properties of sulphate of quinia, and
its   active  principle  appears  to  be amorphous
quinia.  Twenty-four grains will generally arrest
ague.
   Quinia, Ferrocyanate of, Quinias ferrocyanas
— q. Hydriodate of, Quinias  hydriodas — q. Im_
pure sulphate of,  Quinia, extract of— q.  Iodhy- 
QUINLtE
737
QUININE
drato of, Quinias hydriodas—q. Iodide of, Quinias
hydriodas—q. Iodide of, Iodhydrate of, see Quinias
hydriodas — q. Ioduret of, Quinias hydriodas — q.
nnd Iron,  Hydriodate of, see Quinia, Iodide of
Iodhydrate of—q. Lactate of, Quinia) lactas—q.
and Mercury, protochlorido  of, Hydrargyri et
Quinia.' Protochloridum — q. Muriate of, Quinias
murias — q. Nitrate of, Quinias nitras — q. Phos-
phate  of, Quinias  phosphas—q. Sulphate of, Qui-
nine, sulphate of.
  QI'l'NLE  ACE'TAS, Chi'nium ace'ticum, Ace'-
tas Chi'nil sen. Cliini'ni seu chi'nicus seu Qui'nia
seu Quina  seu Quini'ui seu Kiui'ni,  Quina ace'-
liea, Acetate of Qui'nia or of Quinine.   Prepared
by  saturating  Quinia  with diluted  acetic  acid.
litis the properties of the other salts of Quinia.
  Quinia Aiisen'ias, Quiui'na seu  Qui'nia Ar-
sen'ias, Chini'num Arseitieo'sum seu Araenic"icum,
Araeniote of Quinia or of Quina or  of Quinine.
Formed by the union of areenic acid and quinia.
Employed as  an antiperiodic in the dose of from
three quarters of a grain to a grain and a half in
the twenty-four hours.
  Qiinia Ar'senis, Q. Diar'senis,  Ar'aenite of
Qui'nio.  A  salt resulting from the double  de-
composition of arsenite of potaaaa and  ettlphate
of quinio.  It has been used in chronic cutaneous
diseases; and as an antiperiodic in  ague, neu-
ralgia, 4c  Dose, one-third of a grain, three times
a day.
  Qiinia  Citras, Quinia seu  Cliini'ni  citraa,
Citras chi'nicus seu qui'nicus, Chi'nium seu Chi-
ni'num Ci'tricum, Citrate of Quinia, of Quina, or
of Quinine.   Formed  from the union  of citric
acid and quinia.   It has the same properties as
the sulphate.
  Quinia et Cinchonia Tannas,  Chini'num seu
Chi'nium tadnicum, Tannate of Quinia and Cin-
eho'nia.  This salt has  the same properties as the
salts of quinia in  general.
  Qiinia Diarsenis, Quinias Arsenis.
  Quinia Ferrocy'anas,  Chi'nium ferrocyano-
gena'tum sen ferrohydrocyan'icum, Ferrocy'anate
or hydrocyanoferrate of Quinia or of  Quinine.
This salt is obtained by the decomposition  of sul-
phate  of quinio by means of a solution of ferro-
cyanuret of jiotasaium.  It has all the properties
of sulphate of quinia, and, according to some, in
a superior degree.
  Quinia Hydri'odas, Chini'num hydriod'icum,
Hydriodate or Iodhydrate of Quinia ; called, also,
lodure'turn  seu  Iod'idum  Qui'nia,  Iod'uret  or
1'mlide of Qui'nia, (F.) Hydriodate ou Iodhydrate
de Quinine, lodure de  Quinine.   This is  formed
by precipitating sulphate of quinia by means of
iodide of potassium.  Given  in  scrofulous affec-
tions ;  half a grain to a grain, three times  a day,
to a child.
  An iodide  and a biniodide have been  formed;
the latter made by mixing double the quantity of
the iodide of potassium with the sulphate of quinia.
  An  Iodide of Iodhy'drate  of Qui'nia, (F.)
lodure </'Iodhydrate de Quinine, is prepared by
pouring into  an acid solution of quinia a solution
of iodide of iron„containing a slight excess of
iodine.  The  precipitate is treated with boiling
alcohol: the liquor filtered, and crystals suffered
to form.  The salt possesses all the properties of
tho other salts of quinia.   Under  the name, Hy-
driodate or' Iron and  Quinia, a preparation  has
been  introduced by Mr. Battley.  It is possessed
of tonic and  antiperiodic  virtues.
  Quini.e  Iodidum, Quiniae hydriodas—q. Iodu-
retuui, Quinias hydriodas.
  Quinia Lactas, Quina lactas, Chini'num fac'-
ticum, Lactate of Qui'nia  or  of Quinine.   Made
by the action of  lactic acid on quinia.   Used in
the same cases as the other salts of quinia.
         47
  Qui'nia Mu'rias, Chi'nium  muriat'icum seu
salt'turn  seu hydrochlo'ricum, Mu'rias chi'nicus,
Muriate  of Quinia or  of Quinine.  May be pre-
pared by dissolving quiniain dilute muriatic acid.
Given  as an antiperiodic.   Dose, half a grain to
a grain.
  Quinia  Nitras, Chi'nium seu  Chini'num ni'-
tricum, Nitrate of Quinia or of Quinine.  May be
formed by the  addition of nitric acid'to quinio.
Its properties are those of the sulphate of quinia.
  Quinia  Phosphas, Chi'nium  seu Chini'num
phoajihor'icum, Phoaphote  of Quinia or of Qui-
nine;  may be prepared by the addition of dilute
phosphoric acid to quinia.  It is  thought by many
to be next to the sulphate of quinia in its remedial
powers.
  Quinia Sulphas, Quinine, sulphate of.
  Quinia A*aleria'nas, Chini'num seu Chi'nium
 Volerion'icum, Valerianate of Quinia, of Quina,
or of Quinine;  may be formed  by the  union of
valerianic  acid with quinia.  It has the proper-
ties of the salts of quinia.
  QUININE, Qui'nia, Quina, Kini'num, Chini'-
num, Quinina.  An alkaline, uncrystallizable sub-
stance  ; under the form of a porous, whitish mass;
almost insoluble in water, soluble  in alcohol and
ether.  It forms, with acids, salts that are in gen-
eral soluble.   It  is obtained from different cin-
chonas, but chiefly from  the  yellow, and  is the
active principle of those valuable drugs.
  Quinine, Acetate of, Quinias acetas — q. Ar-
seniate of, Quinias arsenias — q.  Arsenite of, Qui-
nias  arsenis — q. Citrate  of, Quinias  citras — q.
Ferrocyanate of, Quinias ferrocyanas — q. Hydri-
odate  de,  Quinias  hydriodas — q.  Iodhydrate de,
Quinias hydriodas — q. Iodide  of, Quinias hydrio-
das—q. lodure  de, Quinias hydriodas — q. lodure
d'iodhydrate de, Quinia, iodide of iodhydrate of—
q. Lactate of, Quinias lactas—q. Muriate of, Qui-
nias murias — q.  Nitrate of, Quinias  nitras — q.
Phosphate of, Quinias phosphas.
  Quinine, Quina or Qiinia, Sulphate of, Qui-
nia seu  Qui'na  seu  Quini'na Sulphite, Quina
Disul'phas, Chi'nium seu  Chini'num  Sulphu'ri-
cum, (F.) Sulfate  de Quinine — the  salt usually
employed in medicine—occurs  in needles of a
pearly and  satiny  appearance.   It is employed
with great success in the treatment of intermit-
tents ;  and is available in many cases, where the
bark in substance could not be retained, or would
be injurious.   Dose, as a tonic from 3 to 10 grains
in  the  24 hours.   As an  antiperiodic  it may be
carried much farther.  Its action,  in a large dose,
is decidedly sedative.  It is obtained, by treating
the yellow bark with sulphuric acid.  The follow-
ing form is adopted in the Pharmacopoeia of the
United States,—Cinchon. flav.in pulv. crass. Ibiv;
Acid, muriat. fgiij; Calcis, in pulv. gv; Aqua,
cong. v; Acid. Sulphur.,  Alcohol; Carbon,  ani-
mal, aa q. s.   Boil the bark in  one-third of the
water  mixed with the one-third of the muriatic
acid, and strain through linen.  Boil the residue
twice successively with the same quantity of acid
and water as before, and strain.   Mix the decoc-
tions, and, while the liquor is hot, gradually add
the lime, previously mixed with two pints of
water, stirring constantly, until the quinia is com-
pletely precipitated.  AVash the precipitate with
distilled water, and having pressed and dried it,
digest it in boiling alcohol.  Pour off the liquor
and repeat the digestion several times, until the
alcohol is no  longer rendered  bitter.  Mix the
liquors, and distil off  the  alcohol, until a  brown
viscid  mass  remains.   Upon this substance, re-
moved from the vessel, pour about half a gallon
of distilled water, and having heated the mixture
to the boiling point, add  as much sulphuric acid
as may be necessary to dissolve the impure alkali. 
QUININISM
738
RACHITIS
Then add an ounce and a half of animal charcoal;
boil for two minutes ; filter the liquor while hot,
and set it aside to crystallize.   Should the liquor,
before filtration, be entirely neutral, acidulate it
very slightly with  sulphuric acid.  Should it, on
the  contrary, change  the colour of litmus paper
to a bright red, add more animal charcoal.  Sep-
arate the crystals from the liquor, dissolve them
in boiling*water slightly acidulated with sulphu-
ric acid,  add a little  animal  charcoal,  filter  and
set  aside to crystallize.  AVrap the crystals in
bibulous  paper, and dry  with a gentle heat.   The
mother-waters may be made to yield an additional
quantity  of sulphate  of quinia by precipitating
the quinia with solution  of ammonia, and treating
the precipitated alkali with water, sulphuric acid,
and animal charcoal, as  before.
   Quinine,  Tannate of, Quinias et einehonias
tannas—q. Valerianate of, Quinias valerianas.
   QUINI'NISM,  Quininis'mus, Quinism, Cid-
choniam.   The aggregate of encephalic  or neuro-
pathic phenomenainduced by over-doses of quinia.
   QU1NOIDINE,  Chinioidine.
   QUINQUEFOLIUM,Potentillareptans—Quin-
quefolium majus, Potentilla reptans.
   QUINQUINA, Cinchona—q. Aromatique, Cro-
ton  cascarilla — q.  Bicolor,  Cinchonas  Caribasas
cortex — q. Faux de Virginie, Cusparia febrifuga
—q. Gria de Loxa, Cinchonas  lancifolias cortex—
q. Jaune, Cinchonas cordifolias cortex—q. Orange,
Cinchonas lancifolias cortex—q. Piton, Cinchonas
Caribasas  cortex—q. Rouge, Cinchonas oblongifo-
lias cortex.
  QUINSEY, Cynanche tonsillaris—q. Nervous,
Angone—q. AVolf, Lycanche.
  QUINTAN, Febris quintdna, F. pempta'a, F.
> R is placed at the commencement of a pre-
scription, as a contraction of Red'ipe.  (See Ab-
breviation.)   Originally,  it was  the sign If.  of
Jupiter, and was placed at the top of a formula,
to propitiate the  king of the gods, that the com-
pound might act favourably.
  RABDOIDES, (SUTURA,)  Sagittal suture.
  RABID, Rab'idua, (F.) Rabique, Rabiiique,
from rabiee, 'canine madness.'   That which be-
longs to hydrophobia; as rabid virus, 4c.
  RABIEIQUE, Rabid.
  RABIES  CANINA, Hydrophobia.
  RABIQUE, Rabid.
  RACAHOUT, Amylum querneum.   A name
given by the Arabs  to the starch prepared  from
an edible acorn obtained  from Quercus Ilex, but,
according to Plagge, the  so called Racahout of
the Arabs, sold in Paris, is a compound  of pota-
toe  starch, chocolate, and  aromatics,—as vanilla.
  RACCOON BERRY, Podophyllum montanum.
  RACE, from radice, abl. of radix, 'root,' breed.
The union or aggregate of individuals whose con-
formation or particular condition differs percep-
tibly  from those of neighbouring varieties.   In
the human species,  several races are designated.
See Homo.
  RACEMEUX, Racemosus.
  RACEMO'SUS,  Rad'emous, Rad'emose, (F.)
Racemenx.   In clusters, like grapes.
  RACE'MUS.  A  cluster—as of grapes.
  RACHAMEL'CA, from Hebr. Dm (rechem)
'the womb,' and Y7D (molech,) 'a king:' Recha-
quinta;  from quintus, 'a fifth.'  A fever whose
paroxysms return only  every five  dnys inclus-
ively ; and between which there are, consequently,
three days of apyrexia.
   QUINTE, (F.)  This  word  is used  synony-
mously with paroxysm or fit, when speaking of
cough,—as une Quinte de Toux—'a fit of cough-
ing.'  Also, the influenza.
   QUINTEFEUILLE, Potentilla reptans.
   QUINTERON,  see Mulatto —q.  black,  see
Mulatto.
   QUINTES, see  Pertussis.
   QUINTESSENCE, Quinta Esscn'tia.   A name
formerly given to  alcohol, impregnated  with the
principles of some drug.  It was, consequently,
often synonymous with Alcohol'ic tincture.  The
most volatile  principles of  bodies  were, also,
called Quintca'aences.
   QUINTI'STERNAL.  The fifth osseous  por-
tion of the sternum.  It corresponds  to the  5th
and 6th intercostal spaces.
   QUINUA, Chenopodium quinoa.
   QUOTID'IAN, Quotididnus, Ephe'merua,—it-
self from quotidii, 'daily.'  That which  takes
place every day.
   Quotid'ian  Fever, Febria quotidio'na seu he-
mere'sia seu hemer'ina, Q. ague, An'etue quotidi-
a'nua, Cothe'merua, Ccitlienier'inus, Meihemer'inos,
Amphemer'inos, Amphimer'inua, Amphe'merua, Fe-
bria amphe'mera seu methemer'ina seu metheme'-
ria, Quotidia'nua,  (F.) Fievre quotidienne, is an
intermittent, the paroxysms of which recur every
day.
  A simple, double, or triple quotidian, is  a quo-
tidian, which has one, two, or three paroxysms in
the 24 hours.
mal'ca.  A peculiar formative principle, supposed,
by Dolasus, to exist in the uterus.
   RACHE, Porrigo.
   RACHLEI, Rachiasi.
   RACHIALGIA, Colic, metallic, Rhachiodynia,
Vertebral disease—r. Mesenterica, Tabes mesen-
terica—r. Pictoniensium, Colic, metallic—r. Pic-
tonum, Colic, metallic.  ,
   RACHIALGIE MESENTERIQUE, Tabes
mesenterica.
   RACHIALGITIS, Rhachialgitis.
   RACHIDIAN ARTERIES, Spinal arteries—r.
Bulb, see Medulla oblongata—r. Canal, Vertebral

   RACHIOPHYMA, Racbiphyma.
   RACHIPHY'MA, Rhachiphy'ma, Rochiophy-
ma,  Tumor Dorsi, from  'paxts,  'the spine,' and
tpvua, 'a tumour.'  A tumour on the spine  or on
the back.
   RACHIS, Vertebral column.
   RACHIS'AGRA,  Rhachis'agra,  Rhach'iagra,
Rhach'eagra, Rhachid'agra, Rhachi'tis spindlis%
from 'paxts, 'the spine,' and aypa, 'a seizure.'  A
gouty or rheumatic affection of the spine.
   RACHIT.E, Rhachitas.
   RACHITIC, Rachit'icus, Rhachit'icus,  (F.)
Rachitique.  Same  etymon  as  the next.   Re.
lating or appertaining to, or affected with rickets,
Weak, feeble in the joints; defective in develop!
ment.
   RACHI'TIS, Rhachi'tia, from  'paxts,  'the
spine,' and itis,  a suffix  denoting  inflammation.
Inflammation of the spine.   Also,  Cyrto'sis Ra,''- 
RACHITISME
739
RADICAL
chia, Cyrtodonus, Morbus Aug'liens. Oateomala'eia
Infan'tum, Tabes peeturea: Innutritio ossium, Spina
nodo'ea, Rachitis'mus, English  disease, Rickets;
from 'paxtft 'the spine.'  (F.) Rachitiame, Nouure.
A disease characterized by crookedness of  the
long bones; swelling of their extremities; crooked
Bpine; prominent abdomen; large head; and often
precocity  of intellect.  It is accompanied by lean-
ness, general debility, indigestion; and frequently
induces atrophy and hectic.  Rickets occurs, par-
ticularly,  during the first years of existence, in
weakly children, born  of  rickety or scrofulous
parents;  brought up in damp  or confined situa-
tions; who are badly nourished, and do not take
sufficient exercise.   The progress and termination
of the disease are very  variable.   Some children
gradually recover  their health: others  become
more and more deformed, and ultimately die of
consumption, dropsy,  or  other organic  disease.
The treatment is almost wholly hygienic.  Pure
air; a healthy situation; nourishing diet;  exer-
cise ;  sea or common cold bathing, and tonics,
afford the best prospect of success.
   Rachitis Adultorum, Mollities ossium.
   RACHITISME.  Rachitis.
   RAOIIO'SIS, Rhncho'sis, Rokdsia, from 'paxoto,
or 'paKoto, ' I wrinkle.'   A relaxation of the scro-
tum.   Propto'ma  8CU  lax'itaa Seroti,  Scrotum
pen'ilitluin.  An excoriation of the relaxed scro-
tum. — Dictionaries.
   RACINE A  BECQUET,  Geranium  moscha-
tum — r. de Bengal,  Cassumuniar—r. de Chorda,
Dorstenia contrayerva — r. de Dracke, Dorstenia
contrayerva—r. dea Philippines, Dorstenia con-
trayerva— r. de Safran, Curcuma longa — r. de
Saint  Esprit, Angelica — r. Salivaire, Anthemis
pyrethrum — r.  de  Turbcth, Convolvulus turpe-
thum.
  RACINES DU CERVELET,  Corpora resti-
formia.
   R AC LURES DES  BOY AUX, Ramenta in-
testinorum.
   RACORNISSEMENT,  (F.) from se racornir,
'to shrivel in the fire as leather does.'   Cor'nifi-
cation.  A  physical property,  possessed by ani-
mal substances, which consists in a kind of con-
tractility, accompanied  with  sudden corrugation
and curling.  It is produced  by heat,  and  by
chemical  agents, especially by the strong mineral
acids.
  RADCLIFFE'S ELIXIR, see Tinctura aloes
composita.
  RADESYGE, Radzyge.
   RADEZYGE, Radzyge.
  RADIAD, see Radial aspect.
  RA'DIAL, Rodia'lia, from radius, a bone of
the forearm.  That which relates to the radius.
  RADIAL ANTERIEUR, Palmaris magnus.
  Radial Artery, A. extern'a Cdbiti.  It arises
from the  brachial, at the upper and anterior part
of the forearm;  descends on the outer side as far
as  the lower part  of the  radius, and  proceeds
downwards and backwards towards the superior
extremity of the space  which separates the first
two metacarpal bones.   It then buries itself in
the palm  of the hand,  where  it forms  the pro-
found or  radial palmar arch.   The radial artery
gives  off the recurrent radial, several radio-mua-
cular branches, the transverse palmar radio-carpal
artery, the e.rternal superficial artery of the palm
of the hand, the external dorsal of the thumb,  the
doraalia carpi, dorsal  interoaaeoua artery of the
index, 4 c.
  Radial Aspect.  An aspect towards the side
on which  the radius is situated. — Barclay.  Ra-
diad is used by the same writer, adverbially, to
signify ' towards the radial aspect.'
  RADIAL EXTERNE PREMIER,  see  Ra-
dialis—r. Externe second, see Radialis—r. Grand,
see Radialis.
  Radial  Nerve,  Radio-digital  (Ch.), Spiral
Nerve, Spiral muscular N, Musculo-spiral nerve,
arises from the four inferior branches of  the  bra-
chial plexus.  It is, at first, situate behind the
other nerves of the plexus.  It then becomes en-
gaged between the three portions of the triceps
brachialis,  passes behind  the humerus,  and de-
scends between  the supinator longus and  bra-
chialus internus, as far as opposite the upper ex-
tremity of  the radius.  In its course it gives nu-
merous filaments to the triceps, supinator longus,
extensor carpi radialis longior, and to the inte-
guments.   Opposite the upper extremity of the
radius it divides into two branches; — the one
posterior, which turns backwards into  the  sub-
stance of the supinator brevis, and when it has
reached the space  between the  two layers of
muscles on the posterior surface of the  forearm,
divides into a great number of filaments, which
are distributed to those  muscles, and to  the inte-
guments of the hand.   The other branch is ante-
rior: it descends before the supinator brevis and
the radius; until, near the inferior third of that
bone, it engages itself between the  tendons of the
supinator longus and extensor carpi radialis  lon-
gior; and, becoming  afterwards  subcutaneous,
divides into two  branches,  whose filaments are
distributed to the  integuments of the  thumb,
index, middle  finger,  to  the outside of  the  ring
finger, and to the first interosseous muscle of the
back of the hand.
  RADIAL PETIT, see Radialis.
  Radial Aains, Deep-Seated, follow the same
course as the radial artery.
  RADIA'LIS EXTER'NUS BRE'VIOR,  Ex-
tensor Carpi Radialis Bre'rior, Radialis seeun-
dus, (F.)  Second radial  externe,  Petit radial,
Epicondylo-sus-mitacarpien, (Ch.)   An  extensor
muscle of the wrist, situate beneath the  extensor
carpi radialis longior.   It is attached, above, to
the external tuberosity of the humerus,  and ter-
minates below, by  a  long tendon, inserted  into
the posterior part of the upper extremity of the
third bone of the metacarpus.   It has the same
uses as the next muscle.
   Radia'lis  Exter'nus Lon'gior,  Extensor
Carpi Radia'lis Lon'gior, Radialis externus  pri-
mus, (F.) Premier radial externe,  Grand radial,
Humiro sus-mitacarpien,  (Ch.)  It is seated at
the outer part of the forearm; is thin, but thicker
on the outside than on the inside.   It is attached,
above, to the inferior part of the outer edge, and
to the corresponding tuberosity, of the humerus;
and terminates,  below,  by a long  tendon, which
is attached to the superior extremity of the second
bone of the metacarpus.  It extends the hand on
the forearm.
   Radialis Externus Brevior,  see Radialis —
r. Externus primus, see Radialis — r.  Extensor
longior, see Radialis—r. Internus,  Palmaris mag-
nus— r. Secundus, see Radialis.
   RADTATED, Radia'tua, from rodiua, 'a ray;'
(F.) Royonni.   That which  is  arranged in rays;
in lines, diverging from  a common centre.  An
epithet given  to  several  ligaments, 4c, as to
those which unite the ribs to the sternum ; those
which unite the tibia and fibula at their inferior
extremity,  4c
  Radiated  Substance  of the  Kidney, see
Kidney.
  RADTCAL, Radicdlis, from radix,  'a root.'
A radical cure, cura radica'lie, is  one in which
the disease  is destroyed, as it were, from the root.
It is used in opposition to palliative cure.
  Radical Moisture, Humidum radicale. 
RADICES
740
RALE
  Radical Vessels, Vas'cular Radicles, (F.)
Radiculee vaaculaires, are  the  small vessels that
take their  origin in the  tissues, and by their
union form larger vessels.
  RADICES OSSIS  HYOIDEI,  Cornua ossis
hyoidei.
  RADICIS'ECA, from radix, radicis, 'a root,'
and secare, 'to cut.'  One  employed in collecting
and preparing plants was formerly so called.
  RADICULA, Raphanus hortensis.
  RADICULES VASCULAIRES, Radical ves-
sels.
  RADII CILIARES, Ciliary processes.
  Radii  Frontis.  The folds or wrinkles of the
forehead.
  RADIO-CARPAL, Radio-carpid nua.  That
which relates to the radius and carpus.
  Radio-Carpal Articulation is the toriat joint,
or articulation of the os scaphoides, os semilunare,
and os cuneiforme of the carpus with the inferior
surface of the radius, and the fibro-cartilage, situ-
ate below the ulna.  It is strengthened by lateral,
anterior, and posterior ligaments.
  Radio-Carpal Transverse Palmar Artery,
(F.) Artere Radio -carpicnne-transversale - pal-
maire.  A transverse branch,  given  off by the
radial artery, opposite the lower edge of the pro-
nator quadratus, which sends several branches to
the anterior or palmar surface  of the carpus.
  RADIO-CUTANE (NERF,) see Cutaneous—
r. Phalangettien du pouce, Flexor longus pollicis
manus.
  RADIOLUS, Sound.
  RADIO-MUS'CULAR, Radio-mnsculdria.  A
name given to the branches sent off from the ra-
dial artery to the muscles of the forearm  in the
first part of its  course; as well as to  the nervous
filaments which the radial  nerve sends to the
same muscles.
  RADIS, Raphanus hortensis.
  RADISH, Raphanus hortensis—r. Water, Nas-
turtium amphibium.
  RADIUS, 'a spoke:'—so called from its shape.
Cercia, Foc"ile minus seu  superius, Canna minor,
Os  adcubita'le, Additamen'tum ulna, Alanu'brium
mantia, Parope'chyon, Arun'do bra'chii  minor,
(F.) Oa du Rayon.   A long, prismatic bone, the
upper and lesser extremity of  which is called the
head.  This  is  supported by  a cervix or neck.
At  the part where the neck is  confounded with
the  body of the bone is  the tubercle or bicipital
tuberoaity  or eminence  for  the  insertion of the
biceps.  The radius is articulated,  above, with
the os humeri and with the lesser sigmoid cavity
of the ulna: below, with the scaphoides, semilu-
nare, and the head of the ulna.  Its  inferior ex-
tremity, which is larger than the superior, is flat-
tened before and behind : is  irregularly quadri-
lateral;  and has, below,  a  double facette to be
articulated with the first two bones of the carpus.
On the outer side is the styloid  process; and, on
the inner, a concave facette, which joins the ulna.
Behind, are grooves for the passage of the exten-
sor tendons. The radius  is developed from three
points of ossification;  one for the body, and one
for each extremity.
   RADIUS, COL DU, Collum radii.
   RA'DIX, Rhiza.  A root: also, the male organ.
   Radix, Root or fang of a tooth, is the part con-
 tained in the alveolus.  The radix or root of the
 nail  is  the portion hidden under the  skin,  &c.
 Surgeons  give  the  name to  the  prolongations,
 sent by scirrhous, cancerous,  or  other  tumours
 into  the neighbouring parts.
   Five  Aperient  Roote,  Quinque radi'ees  ape-
 rien'tea, were, of old, asparagus, butchers' broom,
 fennel, parsley, and smallage.
   Five Leaaer  Aperient  Roots,  Quinque radi'ees
apcrien'tes mino'rea, — were caper, dandelion,
eryngo, madder, and rest-harrow.
  Radix Asclepiadis  Crispa,  see  Oomphocar-
pus crispus — r. Braziliensis, Ipecacuanha.
  Radix Cordis, Basis Cordis.   The base of tho
heart.
  Radix  Indica Lopeziana,  Lopez radix — r.
Lingua), see Tongue — r. Lopeziana, Lopez radix
—r. Ninsi, Sium ninsi—r. Rubra, Rubia—r. Ser-
pentuin,  see  Ophiorrhiza  mungos — r.  Unguis,
Nail, root of—r. Arentris, Umbilicus.
  RADULA, Raspatorium.
  RADZYGE,  Radzygin, Radesyge, Radesyyc,
Tha'ria,  properly Theria, from dnptov, ('cXkos,)
' a malignant ulcer.' Lepra bored lis seu Norre-
gica, Norwegian Lep'roay.  A name given, in
Norway, to  a disease, bearing considerable ana-
logy to the yaws.  Some have esteemed it a spe-
cies of lepra or elephantiasis.
  Another form — the ,Spedaleke, or Spedalekhed
—of Norway, appears to be a variety of elephan-
tiasis Grascorum.
  RAGE, Ira, Furor brevia, Orge, Thymoa, (F.)
Colere. Alolent  passion,  characterized by con-
traction of the muscles of the  face, violence in
every  movement, extreme irritation of the ner-
vous system, acceleration  of the blood's  motion.
and redness and swelling of the face.
  Rage, Rhage.
  RAGE, Hydrophobia.
  RAGAVEED, Ambrosia elatior—r. Great, Am-
brosia  trifida.
  RAGAVORT, Senecio Jacobasa.
  RAID EUR  CADAVER IQUE, Rigor mortis.
  RA1FORT,  Raphanus hortensis — r. Sauvage,
Cochlearia armoracia.
  RAINBOW-AVORM, Herpes iris.
  RAINURE, Groove — r.  Digastriquc,  Mastoid
groove.
  RAISIN, see  Vitis  vinifera — r. d'Amiriqne,
Phytolacca, decandra — r.  de  Boie,  Araccinium
myrtillus — r. dOurs,  Arbutus uva ursi — r. dc
Renard, Paris.
  RAISINIERE (F.)  A name given to a small
granular, brownish or blackish tumour, which
forms  occasionally at the surface of the cornea,
in consequence of ulcers or accidental wounds of
that membrane. — Nysten.
   RAISINS, Uvas passas,  see Vitus vinifera—v.
de  Corinthe, see Altus  Corinthiaca.
   RAISON, Reason.
   RAKASIRA.  An  American balsam; of a
brownish or brownish-red colour;  semi-transpa-
rent;  brittle; softening and becoming tenacious
by heat;  inodorous when  cold, but exhaling a
very agreeable smell when heated ; and possessing
 a balsamic and slightly bitter taste. The precise
 vegetable that furnishes it is not known. It has
 been used chiefly as a balsam  in gonorrhoea and
urinary affections.
   RAKIA, see Spirit.
   RAKOSIS, Rachosis.
   RALE, Rattle,  Rhonchus, Rhenchus, Rhcnxis,
 from (D.) Ratel; Rhoncus, Cerchnus, Rhogmoa,
 (F.) Rdle.  Noise produced by the air in passing
 through mucus,  of which the lungs are unable to
 free themselves.   This condition is chiefly obser-
 ved at the approach  of death, and is commonly
 called, " the rattles."
   The term  Rdle has  been  given  to different
 sounds  during  respiration, caused  by  the  air
 passing through fluid contained in the bronchi,
 or areolas of the pulmonary  tissue;  which  are
 perceived by the stethoscope.
   RALE BRONCHI QUE SEC, Rdle s„„orc—r.
 Bronchique humide, R. muqueux — r.  Corevn,,,, r
 Gurgling — r. Cavernuleux,  see Gurgling—,._ (jr£_ 
rAle
741
RANUNCULUS
pitanf, Rhonchus  crep'itans, see Crepitant—r. c. |
R< dux, see Crepitant.
  HALE  MlrQl'EfrX, Rhod chits muco'sus, Mu-
cous Itattle, R. bronchique humide.  The sound
produced by the passage of air through mucus  ac-
cumulated in  the larger bronchi or trachea, or
through softened tubercular matter.  This rale
occurs in  catarrh,  and  in softened tubercle.
When  carried to a very high degree, it consti-
tutes gurgling, (V.) Gargoui/lcinent.  The s»6-
crep'itant  rhonchus,  (F.)  Role  sous-cripitant, is
produced  by the  bubbling of air through liquid
of variable  consistence in the  minute bronchial
tubes.  AVhen heard at the base of both lungs, it
is a sign of capillary bronchitis.  AVhen  heard at
one base only, it  is generally connected with tu-
berculosis higher up.
   RALE  SIBILANT, Rhon'chussib'ilussensib'-
ilam, Sib'ilant  Rattle.   A  slight, though pro-
longed, whistling sound,  occurring either at  the
commencement of inspiration,  or of expiration,
owing to the presence  of  mucus, thin and viscid,
but not abundant, which obstructs, more or  less
completely, the smaller bronchial ramifications.
It  is seated in  the small  tubes, and occurs in
the first stage of bronchitis.   The clicking  and
whistling  varieties  differ, in  the former being
short, tho  latter prolonged.   The former is  a
quick sharp sibilus  or whistle, which ceases al-
most instantaneously;  the latter a prolonged
sibulus,  of less  sharpness,  lasting almost  the
whole time of the movement which it accompa-
nies.  To these may be added  the hiaeing vari-
ety, the name sufficiently indicating its character.
   RALE SONORE, Rdle bronchique ace, R. ron-
ftant,  Rhonchua  aono'rus, Sono'roua Rattle.   A
6ound resembling at times the snoring—(F.) Ron-
flement — of a person asleep; at others the sound
of  the bass string of an instrument when rubbed
with the linger, and not unfrequently the cooing
—(F.) Roueoutement—of  a dove.  It seems to be
caused by a contraction  of the bronchial tubes,
and is characteristic of chronic catarrh.
   RALE  SOUS-OREPITANT, see Rale  mu-
queux.
   RALE VESICULAIRE, see Crepitation.
   RAMEA U, Ramus.
   RAMEN'TA   INTESTINO'RUM,  (F.)  Ra-
clures des Royaux.  The shreds  or scrapings, as it
were, of the mucous membrane of the bowels,
often discharged in malignant dysentery.  The
evacuation in which these are contained  has been
termed Diaehore'ma xysmato'des.
   RAA1ENTUM, Fragment, Scobs.
   RAM EX, Hernia—r. A'aricosus, Varicocele.
   RAAIIFICA'TION,  Ramiflca'tio, from ramus,
'a branch,' and fio,  'to become.'  A  division of
arteries* veins, or nerves  into branches.  Also, a
branch itself.
   RAMILLE, Ramusculus.
   RAMOLLISSEMENT, Mollities —r. du Cer-
veau, Mollities cerebri—r. du Coeur, Cardiomala-
cia—r. de I'Estomae, Gastromalacia—r.  du Foie,
Hepatomalacia—r. Gris,  see Hepatization—r. de
la Moelle ipiniere, Mollities medullas spinalis—
r. Rouge, see Hepatization—r.  de V Litest in,  En-
tero-malacia—r.  ilea Oa, Mollities ossium.
   R A M P A N T, (F.) ro mpcr, ' to climb.'   Repens.
Reptans.    That which  creeps  or  drags on the
earth.  The French Bandage   rampant has the
folds arranged spirally around  the part, leaving
intervals  between them.  It is a retentive  ban-
dage, but is  easily displaced, and, therefore, not
employed.
   RAMP IS DU  LIMAQON,  Scalae  of  the
cochlea.
  RAMPHOS. Rostrum.
  RAMULUS. Ramusculus.
  RAMUNCULUS, Ramusculus.
  RAMUS,  Cladoa, a branch, (F.) Rameau.  A
division of an artery, vein, or nerve.  Also, the
male organ.
  Ramus Durior  Septima Conjugation-is, Fa-
cial nerve.
  RAMUS'CULUS,  Ram'ulus,  Ramun' culue,
Sur'culus,  Cladis'cos,  diminutive  of  ramus.  A
division of a ramus.  (F.) Ramuscnle, Ramil/e.
  RANA ESCULEX'TA, (F.) Grenouille.  This
frog and the bull-frog, Rana Touri'na—are eaten
as a delicacy.  They are nutritious, and easily
digested.
  Rana, Ranula.
  RANCE, Rancid.
  RAXCTD, Ran'cidus, Sapros, (F.) Ranee, from
rancere, 'to be stale.'  An  epithet given to fatty
bodies, which have become acrid from age, or the
contact of air.   Mild ointments may thus become
very irritating, and  unfit for the purposes  for
which they were originally intended.
  RAXINE, Rani'na;  from  Rana,  'a  frog.'
The termination of the lingual artery is  so called;
that is,  the portion of the artery which advances
horizontally between  the genio-glossus and lin-
gualis muscles as far as the point of the tongue.
The ranine vein follows the  same course as  the
artery,  and opens into the internal jugular or in-
to the superior thyroid.
  RAN'ULA, from Rana, 'a frog,' so called from
its resemblance ;  Dysphdgia Ranula, Emphrag'-
ma salivdre, Frog Tongue,  Ba'trachos, Batra'-
chium,  Hydroglos'sa, Hypogloeaia, Hypogloaaum,
Hypoglot'tia, Hypogloa'eium, Bona, (F.) Grenouil-
lette.   A small, soft, fluctuating, and semi-trans-
parent  tumour,  which forms under  the tongue,
owing to the accumulation of saliva in  AVharton's
duct.   In order to give exit to the accumulated
fluid, and  to establish a permanent opening for
the discharge of the saliva, the cyst may be punc-
tued, and  the opening maintained by  a minute
cylinder, with a button at each extremity, as has
been recommended by Dupuytren; or a portion of
the cyst may be removed by the scissors, and the
mouth  be  frequently washed by any  astringent
lotion.   Sometimes,  the  salivary duct is  found
plugged by a small calculus.
   Ranula Lapidea, see Calculi, salivary.
   RANUN'CULUS,  (F.)   Renoncule.  Family
Ranunculaceas.   Sex.  Syst.  Polyandria  Polygy-
nia.  A genus of plants, most of the  species of
which,  when taken internally, act as  acrid poi-
sons.   See Poison.   They  are,  also,  acrid  and
vesicant, when applied to the skin, and have ac-
cordingly  been often  used  as counter-irritants.
The following species answer to this description.
   Ranunculus Abortivus, Small flowered Crow-
foot,  Chicken-pepper.
   Ranunculus  Acris, R. praten'sis seu Stevenii
seu rdfulus seu sylvat'icus seu Sic'ulus, Upright
Meadow  Crowfoot,  Butter   Cups,  Yellow-treed,
 Blister-weed,  Pilcwort, Burwort, Meadow-bloom,
 Yellows, (F.) Bouton d'or.
   Ranunculus Albus, Anemone nemorosa.
   Ranunculus Aquaticus,  R. sceleratus.
   Ranunculus  Bulbo'sus,  R. latus,  Ranuncu-
lus (Ph.  U. S.),  Bnlboua-rooted Crowfoot, (F.)
Renoncule bulbeuae, Bassinet.
   Ranunculus Digitatus, R.  sceleratus.
   Ranunculus Declinatus, R.  flammula.
   Ranunculus  Fica'ria,  Chelido'nium minus,
Scrophula'ria  minor, Fica'ria  ranunculoVdes,
seu verna seu commu'nis, Chelido'nia rotundifo'lia
minor,  Cur'suma  hamorrhoida'lis herba, Ranun- 
RAPA
742
RASTETA
cuius vernus senpracox JEgole'thron, Leaaer celan-
dine, Pile wort, (F.) Petite Chilidoine, Petite Ec-
laire, Ficaire.  The leaves and root  have been
used medicinally ;—'the leaves as an antiscorbu-
tic;  the root as a cataplasm in piles.
   Ranunculus Flam'mula, R. declindtus, Flam'-
mula, Surrec'ta alba,  Smaller  Water Crowfoot,
Lesser Spearwort, (F.)  Petite Douve.
   Ranunculus Illyricus.
   Ranunculus Lingua.
   Ranunculus Latus, R. bulbosus — r. Nemo-
rosus, Anemone nemorosa—r. Palustris, R. sce-
leratus— r. Pratensis,  R. acris.
   Ranunculus Pennsvjjvanicus, Bristly Crow-
foot.
   Ranunculus Pracox, R. ficaria.
   Ranunculus Pubes'cens.  Grows in ditches
and marshes in South Africa. The expressed juice
is used by the Cape Colonists in cancerous ulcers.
   Ranunculus Rufulus, R. acris.
   Ranunculus Scelera'tus, R. Palus'tris seu
umbella'tus seu digita'tus seu  aquat'icus,  Riaua
A'pium, Hecato'nia polua'tria, Marsh Crowfoot.
   Ranunculus Siculus, R. acris — r. Stevenii,
R. acris — r.  Vernus, R. ficaria — r. Virginianus,
Lobelia syphilitica — r. Umbellatus, R. scelera-
tus.
   RAPA NAPUS, Brassica rapa — r. Rotunda,
Brassica rapa.
   RAPE, Brassica napus, Stuprum.
   RAPHANE'DON, from patpavtc,' a radish, like
a radish.'   Rhaphanedon.   A transverse fracture
of a  long bone, leaving no  splinters ;—what has
been called, in France, Fracture en rave.
   RAPHA'NIA,  Convul'sio Raphania, Raphd-
nia,  31orbus spaamod'icus malig'nus seu popula'-
ris, 31.  Silesiacus,  Eclamp'eia  typho'des, Sync'-
lonua Raphania.  Linnasus gives this name to a
convulsive  disease, not uncommon in Germany
and  Sweden, and which has been attributed to
the seeds of the Raph'anus Raphania'trum seu
sylves'tris, Raphania'trum seg"etum seu orvenae,
Ropiatrum, being mixed with the corn.  The con-
vulsions are seated in the limbs, and are attended
with acute pain. See Convulsio cerealis.
  Raphania  Maiztica, Pellagra.
  RAPHANIS, Raphanus hortensis —r. Magna,
Cochlearia armoracia.
  RHAPHANISTRUM  ARVENSE,  see   Ra-
phania.
  RAPHANUS, R. hortensis.
  Raph'anus Horten'sis, Raphanus, R.sati'vus
seu  niger,  Raph'anis,  Rhaph'anus, Radic'ula,
Rhaphye, Raphye,  Rhapa, Ropya,  Radiah,  (F.)
Roifort, Rodia.  Family, Cruciferae, Sex.  Syat.
Tetradynamia Siliquosa.  The root of this plant
is a common  esculent.  It has, also, been  given
as a  diuretic in calculous affections.  The juice,
made into a syrup, is exhibited to relieve hoarse-
ness.  Radishes have long been celebrated as an-
ti-scorbutics.
  Raphanus  Marinus, Cochlearia armoracia —
r. Raphanistrum, see Raphania — r. Rusticanus
Cochlearia armoracia — r. Sylvestris, see Rapha-
nia.
  RAPHE, Rhaphe, 'a suture.'   A name given to
prominent lines resembling  a raised stitch. Such
is the raphe or tramie which divides the scrotum
into two parts, and which extends from the ante-
rior part of the anus to the extremity of the pe-
nis.   The name Raphe seu  Linea Media'na  seu
Sutu'ra cor'poris callo'ai exter'na seu chorda lon-
gitudina'lia, is, also, given to two prominent lines
which are  longitudinal and parallel, and  are
seen  at the  upper surface of the corpus callosum,
extending from the anterior to  the posterior ex-
tremity of that commissure.
   RAPHEX, Chenopodium vulvaria.
   RAPHIANKIS'TROX, from patpiov, 'a needle,'
 and ayKtarpov,  "a hook.'   An instrument  em-
 ployed in tho formation of artificial pupil.
   RAPIIION, Needle.
   RAPH1S, Needle.
   RAPHYS, Raphanus hortensis.
   RAPISTRUM. see Raphania.
   RAPPORT (F.), Rcldtio, Rcnunria'tio.   A
 deposition made  by a physician  or surgeon  to
 prove the condition of a person, the nature of a
 disease, the existence or non-existence  of preg-
 nancy, sudden or violent death, 4c.  Formerly,
 there were the Rapports denonciatifs, made at the
 desire of the injured or their friends, and intended
 to point out to the judges the details of the crime
 or misdemeanor,—the Rapports provisoires, the
 object of which was to  obtain ]n-ovisions for the
 injured individual,  both  as  regarded food  and
 medicine, and to defray the expenses of  prosecu-
 tion;—and Rapjmrta mixtca, or those which were
 both dinonciotife  and proviaoirea.  At  present,
 reports or depositions are generally divided into
 judiciary, or those which serve to throw light on
 the subject matter of any civil or criminal cause;
 and administrative, which afford information on
 subjects relating to any branch of the public ad-
 ministration, as on the nuisance, or otherwise, of
 certain establishments, the character of  any epi-
 demic, 4c
  RAPPORT, Eructation.
  RAPTUS POST-TERGANEUS, Opisthotonos.
 . RAPUM MAJUS, Brassica rapa.
  RAPUNTIUM SYPHILITICUM, Lobelia sy-
 philitica.      •
  RAP 1'RE, Rasura.
  RAPYS, Raphanus hortensis.
  RAQUETTE, Cactus  opuntia.
  RAREFA'CIENS,  Rarifa'ciens, Araot'icus,
 (F.) Raiijiant from rams, 'rare,' and facere, 'to
 make.'  Medicines were so  termed, which were
 supposed to be possessed of the power of giving
 more bulk or extension to the  blood or other
 humours.
  RAREFIANT, Rarefaciens.
  RARIFACIENS, Rarefaciens.
  RA'RITAS, (F.) Rareti.  Rarity; scantiness;
 fewness.
  Raritas Den'tium.  A large space between the
 teeth, which appear to be, and may be, too few.
  RASCATIO, Excreation.
  RASCETA, Carpus, Malleolus—r. Pedis, Tar-
 sus.
  RASCHA, Carpus, Malleolus.
  RASETA, Carpus, Malleolus.
  RASETTA, Carpus, Malleolus.
  RASH, Exanthem — r. Fever, Scarlatina — r.
 Lichenous, Lichen—r. Mulberry, see Typhus—r.
 Nettle, Urticaria—r. Rose,  Roseola—r. Summer,
 Lichen tropicus — r. Tooth,  Strophulus.
  RASOIR, Razor.
  RASORISM.   The  Italian medical  doctrine
of  contro-stimulus, of  which Rasori was  the
founder.
  RASORIUM, Raspatorium.
  RASPATO'RIUM,  Rasdrium,  Rat'ula, Scal-
 prum raao'riiiin,  Xyster, Xyate'rium, Xyatrum,
 Rod'ula,  Runci'na, Runcin'ula,  Scalprum, (F.)
 Rngiue, Grattoir.   An instrument used for rasp-
 ing bones, to detach the periosteum, — either  in
certain surgical operations, or for anatomical pur-
poses.
  RASPBERRY, Rubus idasus—r. Ground, Hy.
drastis Canadensis—r. AVild, Rubus strigosus
  RASSETA PEDIS, Tarsus.
  RASTETA,  Carpus, Malleolus. 
RASURA
743
RECLINATION
    RASU'RA, Xysma, Xysmos, (F.) Rdpure, from
 radere, rasum, ' to scrape.'  A rasure, or scratch,
 or erosion.  Also, the rasping or shaving of any
 substance;  as Rasdra Cornu Cervi, Hartshorn
 shavings.
    Rasura,  Scobs.
    RATAIT'A. A liquor prepared by imparting
 to ardent spirits the flavour of various  kinds  of
 fruits, adding sugar.
    RATAXHY, Krameria ratanhia—r. of the An-
 tilles, Krameria ixina.
    RATE, Spleen.
    RATE\leUX,  Spleneticus.
    RATELIER, see Dentier.
    RATIO, Rationa'litas, from reor, ratua, ' to
 think.'  A  reason, a  cause,  an explanation, a
 mode or manner; as Ratio  eymptom'atum, an ex-
 planation  of the symptoms, — Ratio mededdi,
 Genus curatio'ids,  Via curandi;  the  mode  or
 manner of cure.
   Ratio,  Reason — r.  Medendi, see Ratio — r.
 Symptomatum, see Ratio.
   RAT" ION AL,  Rationa'lis.   That which  is
 conformable to reason.   This epithet  is  often op-
 posed to empirical; as rational treatment.  The
 French, also, say Signes rationales, in opposition
 to Signes sensibles.  See Organic.
   RATIONALITAS, Ratio.
   RATSBANE, Arsenious acid.
   RATTLE, Rdle.
   RATTLES, THE, see Rdle.
   RATTLEBUSII, Sophora tinctoria.
   RATTLESNAKE, Crotalus horridus—r. Leaf,
 Goodyera pubescens — r. Plantain, Goodyera pu-
 bescens—r. Root, Nabalus albus, Polygala senega,
 Trillium latifolium—r. Weed, Hieracium venosum.
   RATTLESNAKE'S MASTER, Agave  Virgi-
 nica, Liatris  scariosa, Nabalus albus.
   RATTLEWEED, Actasa racemosa.
   RATULA, Raspatorium.
   RAUCE'DO, Rau'citae, Parapho'nia  rattca,
 Asper'itas  Arte'ria  aa'pera, Vox rauca,  Bran-
 chua, Hoarseness, (F.) Enrouement, Raueiti.   A
 change in the voice, which loses  its smoothness
 and becomes low and obscure.  It is  a  common
 symptom in diseases of  the larynx and trachea.
   Raucedo  Catarrha'lis.   Hoarseness  from
 cold.
   RAUCITAS, Raucedo.
   RA UCITE, Raucedo.
   RAUCOUS, Raucua.   Hoarse;  as  a  raucous
 voice— Vox rauca seu raueis'ona.
   RA YE, Brassica rapa.
   RA YONNE, Radiated.
   RAYONS SOUS-IRIENS, Ciliary processes.
   RAZOR, Gutter Tonaor'ius, Macha'ria, Norad-
 ula, Xyrum,  Xyrua, (F.) Rasoir, from radere,
 rasum, ' to  shave.'  An  instrument  for shaving.
 Used in surgery to remove hairs, where they
 would interfere with any operation.
   REACHING, A*oniiturition.
   REACTION, Read tio, from re,  'again,' and
 agere,  actum,  'to act.'   An  action of resistance
 to a power applied.  A species of vital move-
 ment or excitement, tending to prevent or de-
 stroy the effects of any noxious power applied to
 the animal economy, and which, by  some, has
 been  attributed to the  vis medicatrix  natura.
 It is certainly dependent on  the organic  instinc-
 tive actions of the frame.  It is the state of acti-
vity which succeeds the action  on the  nervous
system of certain morbific influences.
  REAL'GAR, Realgal, Arlada, Arladar, Auri-
pigmen'tum rubrum, Arsen'ieum rubrum facti"-
tittm, Abessi,  Sandara'cha Gracdrum, Red Sul-
 phuret  of Mercury.   A  violent poison.   See
 Poison.
    REASON, Rdtio, Logos, (F.) Raison.   Same
 etymon as Ratio.  The faculty or property of the
 mind by means of which man perceives the dis-
 tinction between right and wrong, in physics  as
 well as in morals.   Reaeon is a just conclusion
 resulting from the comparison of two ideas, by
 virtue of which we form a judgment.
    REBOLEA, Mummy.
    REBOXA, Mummy.
    REBOUTEUR, Renoueur.
    RECEIVER, Ampulla, (F.) Ballon, Ricipient.
 In pharmacy, a wide-necked globular vessel, the
 neck  of  which widens  gradually  outwards,  to
 receive the tapering beak of the retort in distilla-
 tion.  Like the retort, the receiver may be plain
 or tubulated.
    A quilled receiver is one that  has a tapering
 tube from its lower surface, which is inserted into
 a graduated  bottle through a cork joint, when it
 is  desirable  to  know  accurately  the amount  of
 fluid that has passed over.
    RECEPTACULA DUR.E MATRIS, Sinuses
 of the dura mater.
    RECEPTACULUM CHYLI,  'receptacle  of
 the chyle;' R. Pecquet'i seu Pecquetia'num, Di-
 verao'rium Chyli, Stognum chyli,  Sac'culus  chy'-
 lifer seu  ro'rifer, Saccus lac'teus, Al'veus ampul-
 lo'sus  seu ampulles'cens, Utric'ulus lacteus, Ve-
 sic'ula chyli, Ampul'la chylif'era seu chyli, Cis-
 ter'na lumbdria, G. Chyli, Chylocya'tia, Chylodo-
 chi'um, Lot'ices lactei, Lumbar cistern, Reservoir
 of Pecquet, (F.) Riservoir du chyle, R. de Pec-
 quet, Citerne  lombaire.  A considerable dilatation
 of the thoracic duct, in front of the lumbar region
 of  the vertebral column.  It  is the commence-
 ment of the duct.
   Receptac'ulum Cotun'nii.  A triangular
 space, formed by a separation of the two laminas
 of  the dura  mater of the internal ear, near the
 middle of the posterior surface of the pars pe-
 trosa of the temporal bone, where the aquasduc-
 tus vestibuli terminates.  It is always filled with
 the Fluid of Cotugno.
   Receptaculum  Pecqueti, R. Chyli—r.Sellae
 equinas lateribus appositum, Cavernous sinns.
   RECEPTIVITY,  Receptiv'itas, (F.) Ricepti-
 viti, from recipere,  receptum, ' to  receive.'   A
 word used by Tissot to express the susceptibility
 of certain organs to receive morbific impressions.
  RECEPTUM, Prescription.
  RECESSIO, Paroxysm.
  RECESSUS_, Abscess, Sinus — r. Sulciformis,
 see Fovea vestibuli.
  RECHAMALCA, Rachamelca.
  RECHUTE, see Relapse.
  RECIDIVA MORBI, Relapse.
  RECIDIVE, see Relapse.
  RECIPE,  (L.) (re, and capere, 'to take.')
 A Latin word which signifies 'take,' (F.) Prenez,
 and with which prescriptions are  commenced.
 It is, often, represented by  R, R, and was for-
 merly  by  4, the symbol of Jove.   See Abbrevia-
 tion.
  RECIPIENT, Receiver.
  RECIPROCATION, VIBRATIONS OF, see
 Sound.
  RECLINATIO, Reclination—r. Palpebrarum,
 Ectropion.
  RECLINA'TION, Reclina'tio,  from reclinare,
 (re, and clinarc, 'to  bend,') 'to bend back.' A
 mode of operating  for  the  cataract, which  con-
 sists in applying the needle in a certain manner
 to  the  anterior surface of the  cataract and  de-
pressing it into the vitreous  humour, in such  a
way, that the  front surface of the cataract is  the
upper one and its back surface  the lower one. 
RECLUSOR
744
RECTUS
  RECLUSOR PALPEBRARUM, Levator pal-
pebras superioris.
  RECOMP0SITI0N, Metasynchrisis.
  RECONVALESCEXTIA, Convalescence.
  RECORDATIO. Memory.
  RECORDATUS, Memory.
  RECORPORATIVUS, Metasyncritic.
  RECOVERY, Restauratio.
  RECREATIO. Restauratio.
  RECREMEXT,  Recremen'turn, from  re, and
cernere, cretum, 'to sift.'  A humour, which, after
having been  separated from the blood, is  again
returned to it;  such  as  the saliva, the secretion
of serous membranes, 4c  Such fluid is said to
be recrementitial,  (F.) Ricrimenteux, Ricrimen-
titiel.
  RECREMENTA VESICE, Urine.
  RECREMEN'TO- EXCREMENTIT"IAL.
Applied to secreted fluids, as the saliva, bile, 4c,
which are in part reabsorbed and in part excreted.
  RECREMENTUM, Recrement.   '
  RECRUDESCEN'TIA,  Palincote'sia, Rceru-
des'cence, from re, 'again,'' and  crudus, 'raw.'
An increase  of a  disease after  a temporary re-
mission.
  RECTAL,  Rectdlis. Appertaining, or relating
to,  the  rectum, — as  ' rectal  tube.'   See  Tube,
rectal.
  RECTIFICATION, Rectified tio,  from rectum
facere, 'to make right.'  An operation by which
certain  liquids are purified  by distilling  them
either singly  or after admixture with other sub-
stances.
  RECTI'TIS.   A hybrid word, from  rectum,
and itis,  denoting inflammation;  properly orchi-
tis, or proctitis.  Inflammation of the rectum.
Proctitia, ProctoVgia inflammoto'ria.
  RECTOSTENOSIS, Stricture of the rectum.
  RECTO-VAG"INAL, Recto-vagindlie.  That
which relates or belongs to the rectum or vagina.
  Recto-vaginal Fistula is  owing to a preter-
natural communication between the  rectum and
vagina, through the above septum.
  Recto-vaginal Septum, (F.)  Cloison  recto-
vaginal, is formed by the junction — back to
back — (or by what the French term adoesement)
of the rectum and vagina.   It  separates  these
two canals from each other.
  RECTO-ArESTCAL, Recto-vesicdlis.   Having
relation to the rectum and bladder; as the "recto-
vesical fold or pouch" of the peritoneum, between
the rectum and bladder.
  RECTUM; so  called from  a notion that it is
straight.   It is  not  so.   Intesti'num  Rectum,
Apcuthys'menos, Euthyen'tcron, Longaon, Longas,
Longanon, Archos, Cys'saros, Princeps, Monoeo'-
lon (?).   The third and last portion of the  great
intestine. It forms the continuation of the sig-
moid flexure  of the colon, occupies the posterior
part of the pelvis, and extends from  the left side
of the sacro-vertebral articulation to the coccyx,
before which it opens outwards  by the  orifice
called the anus.  It is cylindrical, but saccated,
as it were, at its inferior portion, where it is con-
sequently larger, and  is attached to  the  sacrum
by the mesorectum.  Like the other portions of
the canal it is formed of three  membranes.   To-
wards the  lower extremity, some parallel and
longitudinal wrinkles are observable  on its  inner
surface:  these are the Columns,  Coin id na  car'-
nea of the Rectum or of Morgagni, (F.) Colonnea
du  rectum,  ou de Morgagni.   They  are  merely
folds of the mucous membrane, between which is
a number of Lacuna.  The arteries of the rectum
are numerous.  They proceed  from  the inferior
mesenteric, hypogastric, and internal pudic, and
are caUed hemorrhoidal.  The  veins open, partly
into the hypogastric vein, partly into the inferior
mesenteric.   The nerves proceed from tho sciatio
and hypogastric plexuses.  The rectum receives
the  fascal matters, as they pass from the colon,
which serves as a reservoir.
  RECTUS  ABDOM'INIS,  (F.)  Pubio-atcrnal,
Sterno-pubien (Ch.), Droit de I'abdomen.  A long
flat  muscle,  situate  at  the anterior part of the
abdomen, and separated from that of the opposite
side by the linea alba.   It is attached, above, to
the  cartilages  of the last three true ribs;  and,
below, to the pubis by a very strong tendon, the
outer edge of which is continuous with the fascia
transversalis.  This muscle  is enclosed in  an
aponeurotic sheath ; and, in its course, has three
or four transverse aponeurotic  intersections.  It
bends the chest on the pelvis, and  conversely.
  Rectus Anterior Brevis, Rectus capitis in-
ternus minor—r. Anterior longus, R. capitis in-
ternus major—r. Capitis anticus  longus,  R. c.
internus  major.
  Rectus Capitis Internus Major, R. internus
major, R. anterior longua, Rectue capiitia  unti'cus
longua, (F.)  Trachilo-baailaire, Grand droit an-
tirieur de la  fete.   This muscle is long in pro-
portion to its  breadth,  flat,  and  broader above
than below.   It is  situate  at the anterior  and
lateral part  of the  neck, and arises  from  the
transverse processes of the  third, fourth,  fifth,
and sixth cervical vertebras.   It is inserted into
the basilary process of the occipital bone.
  Rectus Capitis Internus Minor, R. internus
minor, Reduens, Adnuens,  R. anterior  brevis,
(F.) Petit trachilo-basilaire, Petit  droit antirieur
de la tete.  This is situate deeper than the last.
It is thin,  flattened,   irregularly quadrilateral,
and passes from the anterior surface of the body
of the first vertebra, near the origin of the trans-
verse process,  to  be inserted into  the basilary
process.
  Rectus Capitis Latera'lis, R. lateralis Fal-
lo'pii, Transversa'lis anti'cus primus, Rectus late-
ralis,  (F.) Trachilo-atlo'ido-baailaire, Atlo'ido-
sous-occipital (Ch.), Droit latiral  de la  tete.
There is a muscle of this name on each side of
the  head. It  is flat,  quadrilateral, and passes
from the transverse process of the atlas to the
occiput, behind the jugular fossa.  It inclines the
head to one side.
  Rectus Capitis  Posti'cus Major, R. Major,
R.  Capiitia posti'cua minor (Albinus),  Spini-ox-
o'ido-occipita'lia,  (F.)  Axoido-occipititle  (Ch.),
Grand droit  poatirieur de la tete.   A flat, trian-
gular muscle, situate at the posterior and superior
part of the neck.   It  extends from the spinous
process of the  second  cervical vertebra to the
external  surface of the  lower semicircular ridge
of the occipital bone.   This muscle extends the
head, inclines it to one side, and causes it to ex-
perience  a rotary motion, which directs  the face
to its side.
  Rectus Capitis  Posti'cus Minor,  R. minor,
(F.)  Tuber-atloido-occipital,  Atlo'ido-occipital
(Ch.), Petit droit poatirieur  de la tete.   A flat,
triangular muscle, situate beneath  the last, which
passes from the posterior arch of the atlas to the
occipital  bone.   It extends the head.
  Rectus Capitis  Posticus  Minor,  R.  c. p.
major — r. Cruris, R. femoris.
  Rectus Externus Oculi, Abductor oculi, In-
dignabuddua,  Indignatdrius, Iracun'dua,  O'u-
lum  movens secun'dus,   Orbito-extua-ac/eroticien.
All  the recti  muscles of tho eye, four in number*
arise from the bottom  of the  orbit, and arc in-
serted into the sclerotic coat  of  the eye.   The
Rectus externua, (F.) Droit externe.  Irascible ou
Abducteur, is divided, at its posterior extremity
into two portions, one of which is attached to the 
RECUBITORIUM              745                 REGIMEN
 outer part of the foramen opticum, and the other
 to the sphenoid bone.
   Recti's Fem'oris, Rectua sive  Grae"Uis ante-
 rior, Rectus cruris, (F.) Ilio-rotulien, Droit anti-
 rieur de la cuirae.  A straight muscle, seated at
 the  anterior part of the thigh.  It extends from
 the  anterior and inferior spine of the ilium  and
 the  cotyloid  cavity of the patella.  This muscle
 extends the leg upon the thigh, and conversely.
 It can,  also, bend the thigh upon  the pelvis or
 carry the pelvis forward.
   Rectus Inferior Oculi, Deprea'aor oculi, Tim'-
 idua, lhp'rimena, lid mills, Oc'ulum movena quar-
 tua,  (F.) Soita-optico-aphino-acliroticieu, Droit in-
 firieur  ou abaiaaeur  de I'oeil,  Muacle humble,
 arises below the optic foramen, from the sphenoid
 bone.   It depresses the eye.
   Rectus Internus  Oc'uli, Adddcena oculi, Bi-
 bito'riua, Oculi adductor, Oculum  movena primua,
 (F.)  Orbito-intus-acliroticien,  Droit  interne de
 I'oeil ou  adducteur  ou buveur.  It arises from the
 sphenoid at the inferior part of the foramen opti-
 cum.  It turns the eye towards the  nose.
   Rectus Superior  Oculi, Attol'lena oculi, At-
 tol'lena oc'ulum, Lend tor oculi, Superbua, Elcva'-
 tor oculi, OnUum movens tertius, (F.) Sus-optico-
 sphino-seliroticien, Droit supirieur  ou ilivateur
 de Vail, Didaigneur, is attached to the circum-
 ference of the foramen opticum.
   All  the recti  muscles are concerned  in  the
 voluntary motions of the eye.  The oblique mus-
 cles  have been supposed by  Sir C. Bell  to execute
 the  involuntary.*"?]
  Rectus Irferior  Femoris, Gracilis — r.  In-
 ternus major, R. capitis internus  major — r.  In-
 ternus minor, R.  capitis  internus minor — r.  La-
 teralis, R. capitis lateralis — r. Lateralis Fallopii,
 R. capitis lateralis—r. Major, R. capitis posticus
 major — r. Minor, R. capitis posticus minor.
  RECUBITORIUM, Anaclinterium.
  REU U P ERATION, Restauratio.
  RECUPERATIVE, Reed per atory,  from recu-
 pcratio,  ' recovery.'  Restorative.   Recovering.
 Belonging to recovery.
  RECUR'RENT, Recur'rens,  from  reeurrere,
 (re,  and  ciirrere),  'to run back.'   A name given
 to several arterial  and nervous branches, which
 seem to re-ascend towards the origin of the trunk
 whence they emanate.
  Recurrent Arteries.  This name has been
 given to several arteries of  the  forearm, and to
 one of the leg.  In the forearm, there are,  1. The
 Radial  recurrent,  Artire ricurrente  de Vipicon-
 dy/e  (Ch.), which  arises from the superior part
 of the radial, and^ascends between the supinator
 longus, s. brevis, and  the brachialis internus.   2.
 The  anterior cubital  recurrent, A. ricurrente de
 Vipitrochlie (Ch.), which arises  from  the upper
 and  inner part  of the  cubital, and  ascends  be-
 tween the pronator teres and brachialis internus.
 3. The posterior  cubital recurrent, which arises
 from the preceding artery, or from the cubital
 itself, and ascends between the olecranon and in-
 ternal  tuberosity of the humerus.  4.  The poste-
 rior  radial recurrent, A. ricurrente olicranienne
 (Ch.).  It arises  from the posterior interosseous,
 and  ascends  between the posterior  cubital and
 anconeus muscles.  In  the leg, — the Arteria re-
 currens tibia'lis, A. ricurrente du genou (Ch.), is
furnished by the anterior tibial, and ascends to
 the tibialis anticus muscle.
  Recurrent Bandages are formed  by convo-
lutions of  the bandages, which make  a kind of
cap for  the part — as the head — to which they
are applied.
  RECURVATIO. see Hump.
  RECUTITUS. Apella,
  REDBEAN, Abrus precatorius.
   REDBERRY, Arbutus  uva ursi, Gaultheria,
 Panax quinquefolium — r. Bitter, Cornus Florida
   RED  HEAD, Asclepias Carassavica—r. Root,
 Celastrus, Sanguinaria Canadensis — r. Swamp,
 Vaecinum oxycoccos.
   REDIMICULUM, Diadema.
   REDINGOTES ANGLAISES, see Condom.
   REDINTEGRATIO,  Regeneration, Restau-
 ratio.
   REDIVIA, Paronychia.
   REDONDANCE, Plethora.
   P£,PO(7P/,PJ/£Ar'T,Exacerbation,Paroxysm.
   REDS, Menses.
   REDUCTIO, Taxis —r. Prasputii  Impedita,
 Phimosis.
   REDUCTION, Reduc'tio,  Reposit"io, Resti-
 tutio, Diap'lasis, Diaplaa'mua, Syntax'is, from
 re, and  ducere, ductum, 'to  lead.'  A surgical
 operation, the object of which is  to restore dis-
 placed parts  to their original situation.   Thus,
 we say  the  reduction  of a luxation, when  the
 displaced parts are again brought  to their proper
 relative  situation.  The reduction of a  hernia is
 the restoration of the protruded parts to the ca-
 vity of the abdomen. This is, also, called Taxis.
   In pharmacy, the process of restoring oxides,
 chlorides, sulphurets, 4c, to the metallic state.
   REDUNDANTIA, Plethora.
   REDUVIA, Paronychia.
   REED MACE,  Typha latifolia.
   REFECTIO, Restauratio.
   REFECTIVA, Analeptica.
   REFECTUS, Restauratio.
   REFICIENTIA, Analeptica.
   REFLECTION, Duplicature.
   REFLECTOR  EPIGLOT'TIDIS. A muscle,
 which arises from the arytenoid cartilage and in-
 ner part of the thyroid, and is inserted into the
 lateral edges of the epiglottis.
   REFLEX  SYSTEM   OF NERVES,  see
 Nerves.
   REFLEXIO PALPEBRARUM, Ectropion.
   REFRACTION,  Refrac'tio,  Photocamp'ais,
 Didclaaia, from re, and frango, 'I break.'  The
 change of direction which rays of light experience
 when they pass obliquely from one medium into
 another of different density.   If the light passes
 from  a rarer to a denser medium, it approaches
 the perpendicular raised at the point of immer-
 sion.   The contrary occurs, when  it goes from  a
 denser to a rarer medium.   The theory of lenses,
 telescopes, and of the eye, rests entirely on this
 property of light.
  REFRAICHISSANTS,  Refrigerants.
  REFRIGERANT, see Alembic.
  REFRIG"ERAX'TS, Refrigeradtia, Paych'ti-
 ca, Antither'ma, Frigefacien'tia, (F.) Rifraichia-
 sana, Rifrigerotifa, from re, and frigere, ' to cool.'
 Medicines which depress the morbid temperature
 of the body.   The chief reputed refrigerants are
 the Potassas Nitras (?), the Sodas  Boras (?), but
 chiefly the abstraction of caloric by  ice and ice-
 drinks, cold water, cold lemonades,  soda-water,
 and effervescing draughts internally; and exter-
 nally,  cool air, cold water,  evaporating lotions,
 and frigorific mixtures.
  REFRIGERATIFS, Refrigerants.
  REFRIGERATOR, see Alembic
  REGENERATIO, Reproduction.
  REGENERATION, Regenerdtio, Palingene'-
 aia, Redintegra'tio,  from  re,  and generare, 'to
 beget.'   Reproduction of a part  of the  body,
which has been destroyed.
  REG"IMEN,  from regere,  'to govern.'  The
rational and methodical use of food, and of every
thing essential to life; both in a state of health
and disease.   It is often restricted, in its mean- 
REGINA
746
REMISSION
ing, to Diet. It is sometimes used synonymously
with hygiene.
  REGINA PRATI, Spirasa ulmaria.
  REGIO, Region.
  Regio Auricularis.  The region of the ear.
  Regio Bucca'lis.  The region of the cheeks.
  Regio Cardiaca, Epigastric region.
  Regio Cervica'lis.   The region of the neck.
The cervical region.
  Regio Epigastrica,  Epigastrium.
  Regio Facia'lis.  The facial region.
  Regio Frontalis.  The frontal region.
  Regio Gastric a, Umbilical region — r. Hypo-
gastric)., see Hypogastrium—r. Hypochondriaca,
Hypochondre—r. Iliaca, Iliac region—r. Ingui-
nalis, Inguinal region — r. Ischiadica, Ischiadic
region — r. Jugalis, Jugal region—r. Lumbalis,
Lumbi—r. Mentalis, Mental region—r. Mesogas-
trica, Umbilical region—r. Nasalis, Nasal region
—r. Nuchas, Nuchal region—r. Nuchalis, Nuehal
region—r. Occipitalis, Occiput—r. Occipitalis in-
ferior, Nuchal region — r. Perinasi, Perinasum —
r. Prascordiaca, Prascordial region — r.  Pubis,
Pubic region — r. Stomachalis, Epigastric region
—r. Stomachica, Epigastric region—r. Tempora-
lis, Temple — r. Umbilicalis, Umbilical region.
  RE'GION, Re'gio. Same etymon. Anatomists
have  called regions, determinate spaces  on the
surface  of the  body or of different organs.  Thus,
the abdomen  has  been divided  into several; to
which different names  have been given.   See
Abdomen, Epigastrium, Hypochondrium, Hypo-
gastrium.
  REGION 031BILICALE, Umbilical region.
  REGIONAL ANATOMY, see Anatomy.
  REGIES, Menses — r. Diviis, Menstruation,
vicarious—r. Difficiles, Dysmenorrhcea.
  REGLISSE, Glycyrrhiza.
  REGLUTINATIO, Dicollement.
  REGNE ANIMAL, see Animal.
  REG'ULAR, Reguldria, from regula, 'a rule.'
According to  rule.  Applied to the types of a
disease,  and  to the pulse,  when  according to
rule.
  Regular Phactit"ioner. One who practises
his profession  according to the rules established
by law  or custom.
   REGULUS  ANTIMONII, Antimonium.
   REGURGITATION, Regurgita'tio.  The  act
by which a canal or reservoir frees itself, without
effort, from substances accumulated in it.   Usu-
ally,  it  is  applied to  the puking or posseting of
infants; and  to the rising of solids or fluids into
the mouth in  the adult,—from re, and gorge, 'the
throat.'   AVhat is called " vomiting at pleasure"
is regurgitation.
   The  substances brought into the mouth by re-
 gurgitation, the French call Renvois.
   REIN, Kidney.
   PEINE DES PRES, Spirasa ulmaria.
   REINERZ, MINERAL AVATERS  OF. Rein-
 erz is a small town in Silesia, three German miles
 from Glatz.  The  waters are  acidulous  chaly-
 beates.   The principal springs are the tepid
 drinking spring, the cold spring, and three bath-
 ing springs.
   REINFORCE'MENT, FASCICULUS  OF, F.
 Cunea'tus.  A band of fibres from  the corpus in-
 nominatum, or lateral part of the antero-lateral
 column of the medulla, which  is continued up
 behind and around the corpus olivare, is lined on
 its inner or central surface with cineritious sub-
 stance,  enlarges as it  ascends, passes over  the
 upper surface of the pons A'arolii, and is expanded
 into  the optic thalamus.  It  thus forms, in its
 course, the anterior paries of the fourth ventricle,
 and  is  brought into view by brushing away the
tuberculum  cinereum  or  gray matter of tho ven-
tricle. The band has received these names owing
to its constantly increasing as it ascends, and be-
ing mixed up with gray  matter on its inner face,
from which it seems to derive new fibres.
  REINS,  Kidneys, Lumbi.
  REJEC'TIO, Anago'ge, from  re, and jacere,
'to cast.'   Every excretion by the mouth;  spit-
ting, expectoration, regurgitation, or vomiting.
  Rejectio Sanguinis e Pulmonibus, Hasmop-
tysis.
  REJUVENES'CENCE, Rejuvcnescedtia, from
re,  ' again,  and juvenescens,  ' growing young;'
(juvenis, 'a youth').  A renewal of youth.  The
state of being young again.  The assumption of
the characteristics of youth by the aged.
  RELACHE3IENT, Relaxation.
  RELAPSE,  Hypot'rope,  Epia'trophe, Hypos'-
trophe,  3Iorbi reeidi'vo, Hypotropius'mus,  from
re, ' again,' and labor, ' I fall down.'  The return
of a disease, during, or shortly after, convales-
cence.   The French use Rechute in this  sense;
and Ricidive (3Iorbus recidi'vus) for the return
of a complaint, at a greater or less period after
the complete restoration of health.
  The terms Relapsing fever, Short fever, Five-
day fever,  Seven-day fever, Bit'ions  Remitt'cnt
fever, Remitting Icteric fever,  and Mild Yellow
fever, have been  given  to a form of continued
fever, which has occasionally appeared epidemi-
cally, as in Edinburgh,  in  1843 and 1847, and
was  generally  attended with icteric  symptoms.
The main phenomena disappeared at about the
end of a week; but  in  many cases a relapse oc-
curred about the end of a fortnight.   Few died
of the affection.
   RELAPSING FEVER, see Relapse.
   RELATIO, Rapport.
   RELATION, FUNCTIONS OF, see Function.
   RELAX'ANT, Laxans, Maloct'icum, Chalas'-
ticum,  Parct'icum, (F.)  Relachant, from re, and
laxare,  'to loose.'  A medicine which diminishes
the tension of  organs.  Mucilaginous and fatty
substances are  relaxants.
   RELAXANTIA, Emollients.
   RELAXATIO CORDIS ET ARTERIARUM,
Diastole.
   RELAXA'TION,  Relaxa'tio.  Same etymon.
 Chala'sis, Chalas'mos, (F.) Relachement. In P/i.i/-
eiology, relaxation is opposed to contraction.  In
Pathology, it means great looseness of a part.
   RELEVEUR DE L'ANUS, Levator  ani —
r. de la Levre infirieure, Levator  labii inferioris
— r. du Menton,  Levator labii inferioris — r.  de
 V Omoplate, Levator scapulas — r. de la Prostate,
 Levator prostatas — r. de V Urlihre, Levator ure-
thras.
   RELIQUAT,  (F.)  The  remnant  or remains

   REMAK FIBRES, see Fibres, Remak.
   REMANSIO MENSIUM, Amenorrhcea.
   RE3IEDE,  Clyster,  Medicament — r. du Ca-
 puchin, Liquor hydrargyri nitrici—r. de Durand,
 Liquor anodynus terebinthinatus — r. du Due
 d'Antin, Liquor hydrargyri  nitrici.
   REMEDIAL, Medicinal.
   REMEDIATE, Medicinal.
   REMEDILESS, Incurable.
   REMEDIUM, Juvans, Medicament — r. Den-
 tifricium, Dentifrice.
   REMEDY, Medicament—r. English, Cinchona.
   REMISSIO, Decline, Remission —r. Cordis et
 Arteriarum, Diastole — r. Morbi, Remission—r.
 Alrium, Atony.
   REMIS'SION, Remis'sio, Epadcsis, Au'csis,
j Submis'sio, Aph'esis, En'dosis, Remis'sio, 3Icio'-
! si's,  from remittere,  (re, and mittere,  ' to  send'), 
REMITTENS
747
REPRODUCTION
'to relax.'   In a more extensive signification, a
temporary diminution of the symptoms of a dis-
ease,  cither acute or chronic, Remis'sio morbi.
Diminution  in the febrile symptoms, such  as
occurs in a  remittent fever, between the exacer-
bations.
  RE.A1ITTENS  ICTERODES, Fever, yellow.
  REMITTENT, Remit'tens.   Same etymon.
Any disease which presents remissions.
  Remittent of  Children, Fever, infantile re-
mittent.
  Remittent Fever, Febris remit'tens, Epode-
tua,  Exac"erboting,  paroxysmal, sub-continual,
endem'ic, entlem'ial or endem'ical fever, (F.) Fie-
vre rimittente, is one which strikingly exacerbates
and remits, but without intermission.  The ordi-
nary bilious fever of the United States is a simple
remittent—Epanctus mitis, (F.) Fievre rimittente
simple.
  Remittent  Fever, Bilious, Remittent fever,
see Relapse.
  Remitting Icteric Fever, see Relapse.
  REM'ORA, from remorari, (re, and  mora, 'de-
lay,) 'to arrest.'  The name of two surgical in-
struments, intended to retain parts in  situ.  The
one was used, formerly, in castration,  to prevent
the intestines from  protruding at  the inguinal
ring; the other,  called Remora Hilda'ni,  (F.)
Arret  el'Hildan,  Echene'is, was  employed  to
maintain fractures and luxations reduced.  It is
not now used.
  Remora Aratri, Ononis spinosa.
  REN, Kidney.
  RENAL,  Rena'lis, from Ren, 'the kidney.'
That which relates to the kidney.
  Renal Arteries, Emulg"ent Arteries, are very
large and short, and commonly two in  number—
one to each  kidney.   They arise from the sides
of the abdominal aorta, forming with  it a right
angle.  The left is commonly a little more ante-
rior and elevated  than the right.  After a short
course, they arrive at the fissure of the kidney,
where they  divide, before  entering it,  into three
or four very considerable branches.
  Renal Capsule, Capsule, renal—r.  Nerve, see
Splanchnic Nerves.
  Renal Plex'uses, Emulgent Plexuses.  These
are two :—one on each side.  They proceed from
fasciculi of the solar and cceliac plexuses; from
the outer side of the  semilunar ganglion and the
final expansion of the small splanchnic nerves.
These plexuses begin by three  or four  ganglions,
situate at the commencement of the renal artery;
aud they give  off from their circumference many
fine, straight filaments, which do not anastomose,
and which  enter  the kidney with the divisions
of the renal artery.   These divisions they  ac-
company.
  Renal  A eins,  Emulgent Veins.   These  are
very large.  Their roots follow the  same course
as the arteries in the substance of the kidney.
In the fissure  or pelvic portion of the kidney,
they unite  into  a single trunk, which passes
transversely inwards, and opens at the side of the
vena cava descendens.
  REXCHUS, Snoring, Stertor.
  REX'CULUS, Renic'ulus, Ren'ulus, diminutive
of Ren, ' a kidney.'  A small kidney.  A lobe of
the kidney.
  REXES  SUCCEXTURIATI, Capsules, renal.
  REXICULUS, Renculus.
  R EX IFORM. Nephroid.
  RENNES, MINERAL AVATERS OF.   Ther-
mal salines in the department of Aube, France,
containing carbonic acid and chloride of magne-
sium.  Temperature 103 to 121°, of Fahr.
  RENNHT, Ruunet, from (G.) gerinnen, 'to
coagulate.' (?)  When the fourth stomach or Abo-
maeue of the calf is salted and dried, it possesses
the property of coagulating milk, when a portion
of it is  soaked in water, and the infusion—Ren-
net—is added to milk.
  Rennet Whey, see Serum lactis.
  RENNSELA3RIA, Leptandra Virginica.
  RENONCULE, Ranunculus—r. Bulbeuse, Ra-
nunculus bulbosus.
  RENO UEE, Polygonum aviculare.
  RENOUEUR,  (F.) Reboutenr, Rhabilleur.   A
bone-doctor: — a  bone-setter.  One who makes a
trade of reducing fractures and dislocations.
  RENOVATIO,  Ananeosis.
  RENUENS, Rectus capitis internus minor.
  RENULUS, Renculus.
  RENUM ATONIA, Nephratonia —r. Paraly-
sis, Nephratonia.
  RENUNCIATIO, Rapport.
  RENVERSE31ENT DE LA LANGUE, Pa-
raglossa—r. de la Matrice, Uterus, inversion of
the—r. des Paupie'rcs, Ectropion—r.  du Rectum,
Proctocele—r. de  la Vessie, Exocyste,  Exstrophia
of the bladder.
  RENVOIS,  see Regurgitation.
  REPANDATIO, Lordosis.
  REPARATION, Restauratio.
  REPAR'ATIVE, Repar'atory.  Having the
power of restoring or repairing.
  REPELLENTIA, Repellents.
  REPEL'LENTS, Repelledtia, Repercutien'tia,
Apocrus'tica,  Repercua'sives,  (F.)  Ripercussifs,
from re, and pellere, 'to drive.' Medicines which,
when applied to a tumefied part, cause the fluids,
that render it  tumid, to recede, as  it were, from
it.  Astringents, cold water, ice, 4c, are repel-
lents.^
  REPERCUSSIFS, Repellents.
  REPERCUSSIO, Contra-fissura, Repercussion.
  REPERCUS'SION,  Repercus'sio,  Anac'lasis,
from re, per, and quatere,  'to  shake or batter.'
Disappearance of a tumour or cutaneous eruption,
in consequence of the application of a repellent.
The action of a repellent remedy.  The French
writers use the term Dilitescence, Deliteaeedtia,
for the  sudden disappearance of a tumour,  in-
flammation, eruptive disease, or purulent collec-
tion, without the disease occurring in any other
part of the body:  in this respect delitescence dif-
fers  from metastasis:  Dilitescence of an inflam-
mation or ' sudden disappearnce' is distinguished
by certain French pathologists from  Reaolution.
Repercussion also means Ballottement.
   REPERCUSSIVE&, Repellents.
  REPERCUTIENTIA, Repellents.
  REPLETION,  Fulness, Plethora.
  REP LI LONGITUDINAL  DE  LA  ME-
NINGE, Falx cerebri.
  REPOSITIO, Anaplasis, Reduction, Taxis.
  REPOUSSOIR, Punch—r. d'Aretes, Probang.
  REPRIMENS, Epischeticus.
  REPRODUCTION,Pejoro(Z»c'ti'o,Pe(7enera'tio,
from re, and producere, (pro,  and ducere.)   The
function by which living bodies  produce  bodies,,
similar  to themselves.   See Generation.   As a
general remark, it will be found true, that the
larger animals  are uniparous; and the smaller,
which are more exposed to destruction, multipa-
rous.  The mammalia being of the same natural
class as man, it may be useful to compare them
in this respect. 
REPRODUCTION
748
RES
COMPARATIVE  TABLE OF REPRODUCTION IN  THE  CLASS  MAMMALIA.
Species.
      Primates.
Man.................
Monkeys (large)......
  Do.    (long tailed)

      Carnivora.
Bear.................
Badger ...............
Hedgehog ............
Ferret................
Otter.................
Pole-cat,
Marten,
Weasel, and
Ermine,
Didelphus,    1
Opossum, and v......
Philander,    )
Lion.................
Tiger,   j
Leopard (............
Lvnx................
Wild Cat.............
Wolf ................
Dog, in the most )
  natural state,  j ' ""
Fox..................
Jackall  ..............
Isatis................
Phoca  ...............

      Rodentia.
Squirrel..............
Flying Squirrel.......
Ondatra  .............
Beaver..............

Hare.................

Rabbit...............
Rat.................
Mouse...............
Marmot..............
Guinea Pig...........
Dormouse............

      Edentata.
Armadilla............

     Ruminantia.
Camel................
Dromedary...........
Buffalo  ..............
Beef..................
Lama................
Reindeer.............
Buck and Doe........
Roebuck..............
Saiga (Antelope)......
Chamois and WildGoat
Goat.................
Musimon ............
SJieep................

      Solipedes.
Horse................
Ass..................
Zebra................

    Pachydermata.
Hog .................
Elephant.............
Rhinoceros...........
Hippopotamus  .......
Morse  ...............
Age capable of en-
   gendering.
14 years
 3 years
 2 years
2 years
 1 year
11 months
before 1 year
  2 years

    Do.


before 1 year
  2 years

 10 months
  1 year
1 year
   1 year

  6 months
    Do.
    Do.

5 to 6 weeks
   1 year
4 years
 Do.
3 years
2 years
3 years
2 years
11 year
 Do.
1 year
 Do.
 Do.
li year
1 year
2J years
  Do.
  Do.
9 months or 1 year
    Hi years (?)
    5 years (?)
Duration of gesta-
     tion.
9 months
7 months
6 months
    112 days

1 mo. and 10 days
      Do.
    3 months
56 days
3 to 4 months

  3 months

  9 weeks
 56 days
 73 daya

 63 days

  2 months
    Do.
 63 days
  3 months (?)
 45 days


 4 months

 30 days

  Do.
5 or 6 weeks
 1 month
 6 weeks
 3 weeks
11 months or ly'r
      Do.
   9 months
      Do.

   8 months
      Do.
   5 months
      Do.
      Do.
      Do.
      Do.
      Do.
290 days
  Do.
  Do.
  4 months
9 to 11 months
9 months
Number of young at
   each birth.
1 to 3 l
 Do. \
 Do. S
      1 to 4
      3 to 4
      3 to 5
5 to 9 twice a year
      3 to 4


      3 to 6
3 to 4
4 to 5

3 to 4
4 to 6
5 to 9

3 to 6

 Do.
5 to 8
6 to 7
2 to 3
3 to 4 twice a year
     3lo 4
     3 to 5
     2 to 3
 j 2 to 4 several j
 ( times a year j
    4 to 8 do.
    5 to 6 do.
      Do.
     2 to 4
5 to 8 times a year
     3 to 5
4 times a year
    1
    1
    1
  1 to 2
   Do.
    1
  lto2
   Do.
   Do.
1, 2, and 3
   Do.
  1 to 2
   Do.
1 to 2
 Do.
 Do.
10 to 20
 1 or 2
 1 or 2 (?)

   1
Period of cessation of
   the function.
At a somewhat ad-
  vanced age.
  25 to 30 years.
  20 to 25 years.

Produces during life.
 8 to 10 years.


 10 years. (?)

20 to 25 years.

     Do.


 9 years.
15 to 20 years.
15 years.

10 or 12 years.
Produces during life.
       Do.
   Lives 6 years.


   Lives 8 years.

Lives 8 or 9 years.
Produces during life.
       Do.
       Do.
       Do.
  7 to 8 years. (?)


  40 to 50 years.
       Do.
  15 to 18 years.
   9 years.
  12 years.
Lives 16 years.
Lives 25 or 30 years.
Lives 12 or 15 years.
Lives 15 or 20 years.
Lives 18 or 20 years.
   7 years.
   8 or 10 years.
   8 years.
25 or 30 years,
    Do.
    Do.
    15 years.
Lives 70 years. (?)
Lives 60 years. (?)
  REPULSORIUM, Punch.
  REPURGA'TIO,  Anacathar'ris, from re, and
purgare, 'to  cleanse.'   According to  Castelli —
purgation by transpiration or by expectoration.
Medicines producing this effect are called Repur-
gan'tia.
  REQUIES, Acinesia.
  REQUIETIO, Acinesia.
  RES  CONTRA-NATU'RAM.  'Things against
nature,' (F.) Ohoses contre-nature, are those things
which  tend to destroy man ; — as disease, and
every thing connected with it.
  Res Culinaria, Culinary art—r. Medica, Me-
dicina.
  Res Natura'les, (F.) Choses naturelles. Those
things, which, by their union, were conceived to
constitute  the nature of man; such as the ele-
ments, temperaments, humours, spirits, 4c. 
RESEAU                 749               RESPIRA'TION
   Res  non Natura'les, (F.) Choses non-natu-
 relles.  Those things which, anciently, formed
 the matter of hygiene.  See Non-naturals.
   Res  Veneiiea, Coition — r. Vestiaria,  Vestitus.
   RESEAU,  Rete — r. Admirable, Rete mirabile
 —r. .Meweilleux, Rete mirabile.
   RESECTIO,  Resection — r. Articulorum, see
 Resection.
   RESECTION,  Resee'tio, from  reaecare, (re,
 and sec«re,) 'to cut off.'  A name, given, espe-
 cially by the  French  surgeons, to operations  in
 which the carious  extremities of long bones,  or
 the unconsolidated extremities of fractured bones
 forming irregular joints, are removed with the saw
 —Resectio articuldrum, Decapita'tio articulo'rum.
   RESECTION, see Amputation.
   RESEDA CRISPATA—r. luteola— r. Lanceo-
 lata—r. luteola.
   Rese'da  lute'ola, R. lanceola'ta sen criepa'ta,
 Lute'olo,  Welti,  Dycr'a  Weed.  A European plant
 naturalized  in the United  States, which was  at
 one time used as a diaphoretic and diuretic.
   RESERANS, Aperient.
   RESERVE AIR, see Respiration.
   RESERVOIR  DE LA BILE, Gall-bladder
 — r. du Chyle, Receptaculum chyli — r. des Lor-
 mes, Lachrymal  sac—r. of Pecquet, Receptaculum
 chyli — r. de Pecquet,  Receptaculum chyli—r. of
 the-Thymus, see Thymus.
   RESIDENTIA, Sediment.
   RESIDUAL  AIR, see Respiration.
   RESIMUS, Camus.
   RESIN, Resi'no, Rheti'ne.  A vegetable pro-
 duct,  commonly dry  and concrete, more or less
 brittle, inodorous or slightly odorous,  insipid, or
 of an  acrid warm taste ; of a smooth, glassy frac-
 ture,  heavier than  water, inflammable, insoluble
 in water, soluble in alcohol, ether, and  yolk of an
 egg, and negatively electrifiable by friction. Many
 resins are used in medicine;  the  greater part are
 purgative and  irritating.   Some act  like acrid
 poisons.
   Resin,  Cayenne, Caoutchouc—r. of the Spruce
 fir, see Pinus abies.
   RESIXA,  Resin — r.  Abietis,  Pinus  Abies,
 Pinus  picea —  r.  Abietis  humida, Pinus  abies
 — r.  'Abietis  sicca, see Pinus  abies — r. Alba,
 see Pinus sylvestris — r. Alba humida, see Pinus
 Abies—r.  Cayennensis, Caoutchouc—r.Copal, Co-
 pal—r. Elustica, Caoutchouc—r.  Flava, see Pinus
 sylvestris — r. Fluida Canadensis, see Pinus bal-
 samea—r. Juniperi, Sandarac—r.  Laricis, see Pi-
 nus larix — r. Lentiscina, see Pistachia lentiscus
 — r. Liquida pini balsameas, see  Pinus balsamea
— r. Liquidi pini laricis, see Pinus  larix — r. Ni-
gra, Colophonia—r. Pini, see Pinus sylvestris—r.
 Pini empyreumatica liquida, see Pinus sylvestris
 — r. Pini  abietis sponte concreta, see Pinus abies
 — r. Strobilina,  see Pinus balsamea,  and  Pinus
 mughos—r.  Terebinthi, see Pistachia terebinthus.
  RESINA'TUM, Rhetindton.   An epithet for
 wine  impregnated  with  resin, and used by the
 ancients as  a stomachic.
  RES1NE DE GAlAC, see Guaiacum—r. Go-
mart,  see  Burscra gummifera — r. de Lierre, see
 Hedera helix.
  RESIXOCE'RUM, Rhetinoce'ron, from pirnvij,
 'resin,' and  Knpos, 'wax.'   A mixture of resin and
wax.—Galen.
  RESOEUTIO, Resolution—r. Membrorum, Pa-
ralysis.
  Resoi.utio  Morbi.  The resolution or  disap-
pearance of a disease; especially when without
any critical  evacuation.
  Resolutio et Diabrosis A'f.ntriculi, Gastro-
 malacia—r.  Nervorum, Paralysis — r.  A'entriculi
 autopeptiea, Gastromalacia—r. Alrium, Dialysis.
  RESOLUTION,  Resold tio,  Discue'sio,  from
 reeolvere, (re and solvere, 'to loosen.')  Removal
 or disappearance, as of a disease.  Resolution is
 one of the terminations of inflammation, in which
 the inflamed part returns gradually, and without
 suppuration, to the healthy condition.
   RESOL UTION DES ME3IBRES, Paralysis.
   RESOLVENTIA, Discutients.
   RES'ONANCE,  (F.) Retentiaeement, Riaon-
 nance, Rieonnement, from  re, 'again,' and sono,
 'I sound.'  'A return of sound.'  A resounding;
 a reverberation  of  sounds.  A  thrilling of  the
 voice more loud than natural;  or its existence in
 a part where it  is  not heard in health,—as de-
 tected by auscultation.  A thickened and hard-
 ened state of the lungs, caused  either by a mass
 of crude  tubercles, or by  inflammation, is gene-
 rally considered to produce this phenomenon, by
 rendering the lung  a  better  conductor of  the
 murmur of the voice in  the bronchi.   Hence the
 origin of the term Bronchoph'ony, from fipovxos,
 'bronchus,' and tpwvn,  'the  voice;'  (F.)  Yoix
 bronchique, Voix tubaire,  V. bourdonnante.
   Resonance, Vibrations of, see  Sound.
   RESONITUS, Contra-fissura.
   RES'ONANT, Res'imans, Res'ontts, (F.)  Re-
 tentissant, Reeonnant, Resounding, see Resonance.
   RE'SONNANCE, Resonance.
   RE'SONNEMENT, Resonance.
   RESORBENS, Absorbent.
   RESORPTIO, Absorption, Resorption— r. Cu-
 tanea, see Absorption — r.  Cutis, see Absorption.
   RESORPTION, Reeorp'tio, from reaorbere, (re,
 'again,' and sorbere,) 'to absorb again.' Absorp-
 tion of a  fluid which has been previously depos-
 ited in a part by the  exhalants,—as of pus, blood,
 serum, 4c.
   RES'PIRABLE,  Reapirab'ilia.   Same ety-
 mon as Respiration.   Capable of being breathed.
 Adapted for respiration.
   RESPIRAMEN, Respiration.
   RESPIRAMENTUM. Respiration.
   RESPIRATIO, Respiration —r. Abolita,  Ap-
 ncea—r. Brevis, Dyspnoea—r. Difficilis, Dyspnoea
 —r. Stertens,  Stertor—r. Stertuosa, Stertor.
   RESPIRA'TION, Reapirdtio, Anop'noe,  from
 reapiro, (re, and apiro,)  T take breath.'  Anttp-
 neu'aia, Pneu'aia apira'tio,  Reapirdmen, Respira-
 mentum,  Respira'tus,  Respir'itus,  Spir'itus.   A
 function  proper to animals, the object of which
 is, to place the materials of the blood—the mix-
 ture of the venous blood with lymph and chyle—
 in contact with atmospheric air, in order  that it
 may acquire the vivifying qualities that belong to
 arterial blood.   The  organs for executing  this
 function  are,  in the mammalia, birds, and rep-
 tiles, the lungs.  In man, the respiration consists
 of mechanical and chymical  phenomena.  The
 mechanical are Inspiration  and Expiration.  The
 evident chymical phenomena consist in the form-
 ation of a certain quantity of carbonic acid, the
 absorption of a part of the  oxygen of the air, and
 the disengagement of a quantity of water in the
 state  of vapour.  In the healthy condition  the
 respiration is  easy, gentle, regular, and without
 noise.   In man, the respirations are  generally
 about 35  per  minute in the first year  of life; 25
 during the second; 20 at puberty;  and 18 in the
 adult age.
   The air of respiration has been  divided into,
first, the residual air or that which cannot be ex-
 pelled from the lungs but remains after a full and
 forcible expiration, estimated at  120 cubic inches:
 secondly, the supplementary or reserve air or that
 which can be  expelled by a forcible  expiration
 after an ordinary outbreaking,  valued at 130 cu-
 bic inches: thirdly, the breath, tidal or breathing
 air, valued at 26 cubic inches:  and fourthly, the
 complementary or complemental air, or that which 
RESPIRATION
750
RETIA UTERI
can be inhaled after an ordinary inspiration, which
amounts to 100 cubic inches.   This estimate gives
250 cubic  inches as the  average  volume of air
which the chest contains  after an  ordinary expi-
ration.
  RESPIRATION BRONCHIQUE, see Mur-
mur,  respiratory — r.  Exagirie, see Puerile — r.
Hypervisiculaire, see Puerile.
  Respiration, Jerking, (F.) R. saccadic When
the murmur of inspiration, in place of being con-
tinuous, is interrupted as by starts, it is called
'jerking.'   It is a concomitant of  incipient pleu-
risy, pleurodynia, spasmodic asthma, and tuber-
culosis of the lung with  corresponding pleuritic
adhesion.—Walshe.
  Respiration of the Cells, Murmur, respira-
tory—r. Metallic,  Tintement mitallique—r. Nulle,
see Murmur, respiratory — r. Proof,  Docimasia
pulmonum—r. Puirile, see Puerile—r. Rapeuse,
see Murmur, respiratory — r. Rude, see Murmur,
respiratory—r. Silencieuse, see Murmur, respira-
tory—r. Saccadie, R. jerking—r. Soufftante, Mur-
mur, respiratory — r. Supplimentaire, see  Puerile
—r. Tubal, see Murmur, respiratory.
  RESPIRATOR, same etymon.  Various in-
struments, under  this name, have been devised
for the purposo of tempering the  air before it
reaches the lungs in winter.  One of the best is
that of Jeffrey, which is  made of several layers
of fine wire tissue.
  RESPIRATORIUM VENTRIS, Diaphragm.
  RESPIRATORIUS, Respiratory.
  RES'PIRATORY,  Respiratdrius, same  ety-
mon.   Appertaining to respiration.  An  epithet
applied to the murmur heard by auscultation in
a healthy adult, during inspiration and  expira-
tion.  It marks the entrance of the air into the
cells, and its passage out  of them.   See Murmur.
  Respiratory, External, Nerve, see Thoracic
nerves —  r.  Internal, nerves,   Diaphragmatic
Nerves — r. Nerve of the  face, Facial Nerve — r.
Superior, nerve, Spinal Nerve.
  Respiratory Tract,  Tractus  respirato'rius.
The middle column of the  spinal  marrow, de-
scribed  by Sir Charles Bell  as that whence the
respiratory nerves originate.   See Nerves.
  RESPIRATUS, Respiration.
  RESPIRITUS, Respiration.
  RESSERRE, (VENTRE,) Constipation.
  RESTA BOVIS,  Ononis spinosa.
  RESTAGNATIO, Eructation.
  RESTAURANS, Corroborant.
  RESTAURATIO,  Rcfec'tio, Refec'tus, Ana-
lep'aia, Anatrep'eia, Anacom'ide, Analte'sis, Anac-
te'eie, Apocataa'taaie.   Restoration of  strength,
after disease or great fatigue; Eponortho'aia, Re-
credtio, Redinte.grdtio, Reatourdtio virium.  Re-
turn of the  organs  to their  normal  condition.
Recov'ery, Recuperdtion,  Repara'tion.
  Restauratio Virium, see  Restauratio.
  REST HARROW, Ononis spinosa
  RESTIFORMTS, from restis, 'a rope,' and for-
ma, 'shape.'  Shaped like a rope, as the 'Corpora
reatiform ia.'
  Restiformis  Processus, Coracoid.
  RESTITUTIO, Reduction—r. Organiea, Morio-
plastice—r. Partium deperditarum, Morioplastice
  RESTLESSNESS, Agitation.
  RESTORATION, Restauratio.
  RESTORATIVE, Corroborative.
  RESTRICTIO INTESTINI RECTI vel ANI,
Stricture of the rectum.
  RESUMPTI'VUS,  Reaumpto'rius; from re,
'again,' and sumere, 'to  take.'  Causing  to re-
sume.  Reeumpti'vum.  Any agent calculated  to
restore flesh and strength to one  who has been
reduced.
  RESUMPTORIUS, Resumptivus.
  RESURRECTION-MAX, Resurrectionist.
  R E S U RR E C'T 10 N I S T, Reaurrcction-man,
Body snatcher: from  re, and surgerc, ' to  arise.'
An individual who violates the sanctuary  of the
grave to obtain subjects for dissection.
  RESUSCITATION, Resuscito'tio, from rcsiis-
cita're, (re, and suscitare, siirsum citarc seu  ci'cre,)
'to move up,' 'to stir  up anew.'  Reririfica'tion.
The restoration of persons,  apparently dead, to
life.  See Asphyxia and Suffocation.
  RETCHING, Vomiturition.
  RETE, Plexus—r. Malpighii, Corpus  muco-
sum.
  Rete, Rctic'ulum ;  'a net;' Dict'yon, (F.) Ri-
aeau.    A name  given to  the  interlacing  and
decussation  of blood-vessels, lymphatics,  fibres,
and nerves when  they form a kind of network.
  Rete  has also  been applied to the epiploon.—
Castelli.
  Rete Majus, Epiploon, gastro-colic.
  Rete  Mirab'ile, (F.) Riseau  admirable, R.
merveilleux.  A name given  to the ramifications
and anastomoses  of the internal  carotid and ver-
tebral arteries at  the base of  the brain.
  Rete Mirabile vel Rete Vasculo'sum Mal-
pig'hii  is the plexus  formed on the  cells  of the
lungs by the minute ramifications of the pulmo-
nary artery.
  Rete Mucosum, Corpus mucosum.
  Rete seu Rete ArASCULo'suM  Testis.  An
irregular plexus or network, formed by the com-
munication of the Vaaa recta at the upper and
back part of the  testicle.  These Arasa recta are
sent out at the back part of the testicle, from the
convoluted seminal tubes.   The Rete Arasculo-
sum testis sends out from  twelve to eighteen
straight tubes, called  Vaea efferentia, which con-
vey the semen from the testes to the epididymis.
  RETENTIO, Retention —r. Aerea,  Dyspnoea
—r. Alvina, Constipation — r. Bilis, Iscbocholia.
  Retentio Fluxus  HvEmorrhoidalis.   Sup-
pression of the haemorrhoidal flux.
  Retentio Fcetus, Dystocia—r. Lactis, Ischoga-
lactia—r. Lochiorum, Ischiolochia—r. Mensium,
see Amenorrhcea—r. Spermatis,  Ischospermia —
r. Sudoris, Hydroschesis.
  RETENTION, Reten'tio, Ajjohp'eia, Apolep'-
sis, from retinere,  (re,  and tencre,) 'to hold back.'
Accumulation of  a solid or liquid substance, in
canals intended for its excretion, or in a reser-
voir, intended to contain it for a short period.
  Retention  of  Urine;  Paru'ria  Retentio'nis
veeica'lie, lachu'ria veaica'lia, Retentio Uri'na,
(F.) Ritention d'urine.  A disease in which the
urine accumulated in the bladder cannot be evac-
uated ;  or, at least, cannot  be passed without
extreme difficulty. In the  former case, the re-
tention  is said to be complete ; in the latter, in-
complete.  Many writers have distinguished three
degrees of this affection, to which they have given
the names Dysury, Strangury, and Ischury.  Re-
tention of urine  may  depend upon loss of con-
stractility,  paralysis of the  bladder, 4c,  or on
some obstacle to the passing of the urine, as in
cases of pressure of the womb on the bladder, of
tumours in its vicinity, foreign bodies in its cavity,
inflammation of the urethra, swelling of the pros-
tate, stricture, 4c.  The pain  is extremely violent,
and the bladder may  be found  distended  above
the pubis.  The treatment consists in introducing
the  catheter, or puncturing  the  bladder, and in
combating the cause, which has produced the re-
tention, by particular means adapted to each case
  RETENTISSANT, Resonant.
  RETENTISSE3IENT, Resonance—r. Auto-
phonique, see Autophonia.
  RETIA UTERI, see Uterus. 
RETICULAR               751             RETROVERSION
 _  RETICULAR, Re'tiform,  Reticula'ria, Ret'-
 inus, Amphibleatro'i'dea,  Dyetdi'dea, Relifor'mis,
 from rete, ' a net.'  That which resembles  a net.
 An  epithet applied to many structures  in  tho
 body.
   Reticular'Bony, Corpus mucosum — r. Sub-
 stance, Cellular tissue.
   RETICULARIA OFFICINALIS, Lichen pul-
 monarius.
   RETICULUM:  diminutive of  rete, 'a net.'
 The  Bonnet or Honeycomb bog—the second sto-
 mach of the ruminant animal.  See also, Epiploon,
 and Rete.
   Reticulum  Cutaneum,  Rete  mucosum — r.
 Mucosum,  Rete mucosum.
   RETIFORM, Reticular.
   RET'INA, from  rete,  'a net:' Tu'nica  ret'ina.
 seu  reticula'ria  seu retifor'mis seu  in'tima oc'itli,
 I n ml dentin reti com para'tum, Verricttld ria mem-
 bra'na,  Amphiblcstroi'des membrana.   A soft,
 Pu'py> grayish, semi-transparent, very thin mem-
 brane ; extending  from the  optic  nerve  to the
 crystalline, embracing the vitreous humour, and
 lining the choroid; without,  however,  adhering
 to either of those parts.   It terminates by a de-
 fined edge — mar go denta'tne — at the  posterior
 extremities of the ciliary processes.  It is  consti-
 tuted, according to most anatomists, by the ex-
 pansion of the optic nerve. The retina appears to
 be formed of two laminas ; so joined together, that
 it is almost impossible  to separate them.  The
 one — the innermost — is medullary, and pulpy;
 the other—the outer—is stronger, and fibro-vas-
 cular. The retina is the essential organ of vision;
 ou it the images of objects are impressed.  Both
 it and the optic nerve  are devoid of general sen-
 sibility.  They  may be  punctured or lacerated
 without pain being experienced.   The nerve of
 general sensibility distributed to the eye  is  the
 fifth  pair.
   RETINACULA,  see  Retinaculum —r. Mor-
 gagnii, see Fraena of the valve of Bauhin.
   RETINACULUM,  from rctinere, (re, and te-
 nere,) 'to  hold back.'   A surgical instrument,
 formerly used in the operation of castration ; and
 in that of hernia, to prevent  the  intestines from
 falling into the scrotum.— Scultet.  Rctinacula
 are  also band-like extensions of a cellulo-mem-
 branous  structure,  which  seem to suspend  tho
 ovum in the Follicle of De Graaf.  They  appear
 to correspond to the  chalazas of the egg of the
 bird.
   Retinaculum, Bride.
   Retinaculum Ten'dinum Peroneo'rum, Va-
 gi'na malleola'ris  exterda.   The  ligamentous
 sheaths that retain in  situ at the outer ankle the
 tendons of the peroneal muscles.
   RETINITIS, Inflamma'tio Ret'ina, Amphi-
 blestroidi'tis, Diety'i'tis,  from retina  and  itis, a
 suffix denoting inflammation, — a term of  hybrid
 formation.   Inflammation  of the retina;  an un-
 common affection, except as  an accompaniment
 of other forms of ophthalmia.
   RETINOS'OoPY, Retinoscop'ia, from  retina,
 and  aKo-tio, 'I view.'  Examination of the retina.
   RETIXIS, Reticular.
   RETORT',  Retor'to, Ratio, Cornu, Cornu'ta,
 Cornea'ta, Cornumuaa, (F.) Cornuc. from retorqueo,
 (re, nnd torqueo, tortum,) 'I bend back.'   A ves-
sel, commonly of glass or earthenware, employed
in distillation.  It may be plain, or have a tubu-
lure  for admitting substances whilst the distilla-
tion  is going on.  In the latter case, it is  said to
be tu'bulatcd, (F.) Cornue tubulie.
  RETRACTION.  Retrac'tio,  from retrahere,
 (re and trahere,) 'to  draw back.'   State of a
part, when drawn towards the centre of the body
or backwards; — as retraction of  the testicles.
 Sometimes it is used synonymously with short-
 ening or  drawing up;  as in retraction of  the
 thigh.
   RETRACTION DE LA MATRICE, Retro-
 versio uteri.
   RETRACTOR ANGULI ORIS, Buccinator.
   RET'RAHENS AURIS, Poste'rior Auris, Tri-
 cauda'lia, Triceps Auris, Retrahena Auric'ula, R,
 Auriculam, Secun'dus proprio'rum Auric'ula,  Bi-
 cauddlis, Dep'rimens Auric'ula, Proprius Auris
 externa, (F.) 3Iasto'ido-conchinien, Mosto'-ido-ori-
 culaire (Ch.), Auriculaire poatirieur.  It consists
 of one  or more  small  fasciculi or fleshy, thin,
 somewhat irregular fibres, situated behind  the
 ear.  These are  attached to the mastoid process,
 and pass horizontally  forwards, to terminate at
 the convexity  formed  by the  concha of the  ear.
 If this  muscle had any use, it would carry the
 ear backwards.
   RETRECISSE3IENT, Arctatio, Stricture.
   RETRIMENTA VESICAE, Urine.
   RETRIMENTUM, Excrement.
   RETROCES'SION,  Retroces'sio, Retroces'sus,
 Retrogres'sus,  from retrocedere, (retro, 'back-
 wards,' and cedere, ' to give place.')  The act of
 going back.  A disappearance or metastasis of a
 tumour, eruption", 4 c.,  from the outer part of the
 body to the inner.
   RETROCESSUS, Retrocession.
   RETROFLEXIO UTERI, Retroversio uteri.
   RETROGRESSUS, Retrocession.
   RETROPHARYNGE 'AL,  Retropharynge 'us,
 from retro, 'backwards,' and pharynx,  'the pha-
 rynx.   Relating to parts behind the pharynx,—
 as ' retropharyngeal abscess,'—an abscess behind
 the pharynx.
   RETROPULSIONDE LA 3IATRICE,  Re-
 troversio  uteri.
   RETROVACCINATION;  from  retro, 'back-
 wards,' and vaccination. A*"accination with matter
 obtained from the cow, after inoculating the ani-
 mal with vaccine  matter from the human subject.
   RETROVER'SIO U'TERI, Retroversion of the
 Uterus, jEdopto'sis Uteri retrover'sa, Retroflex'io
 Uteri, Anapod'isia  seu  Anopodia'mua Uteri, (F.)
 Retroversion, Ritractiou,  Obliquiti  ou  Ritropul-
 sion de la Motrice.   A change in the position of
 the uterus,  so  that the fundus  of  the organ is
 turned  towards  the  concavity  of  the sacrum,
 whilst  the neck  is  directed towards  the  sym-
 physis  pubis.  This displacement is commonly
 attended with constipation, tenesmus, and reten-
 tion of urine.   Its usual period of occurrence is
 between the third  and fourth  months  of preg-
 nancy; before the uterus has  escaped  above  the
 superior aperture of the pelvis.  In the treat-
 ment, the catheter must be regularly used twice
 a day, until the uterus, by its growth, rises above
 the  pelvis.  The  catheter  should be small, flat,
 and curved  considerably more than common, in
 consequence  of the distorted course of the ure-
 thra.  The bowels must be  kept open ;  and abso-
 lute rest, in  a recumbent  posture,  be  enjoined.
 Should it be impracticable to draw off the  urine,
 attempts  must be made to replace  the uterus.
 The woman being on  her hands and knees,  the
 fore and middle fingers of the accoucheur's  left
 hand are to be passed up the rectum to the fundus
 uteri: which they must elevate, whilst the cervix
 uteri is  carefully depressed by  two  fingers of  the
 right hand in  the vagina.  Should  the fingers
 employed to elevate the fundus not be long enough
 to effect this object, a piece of whalebone may be
 substituted, having  a small piece of spono-e at-
 tached to one extremity as  a pad.
  RETROVERSION DE LA MATRICE, Re-
troversio uterL 
REUNIO
752
RIIENXIS
  REUNIO, Synthesis—r. Partium separatarum,
see Synthesis — r. per Primam intentionem, see
Intention—r. per Secundam intentionem, see In-
tention—r. A*asorum, Anastomosis.
  REUNION PRIMITIVE, see Intention — r.
Secondaire, see Intention.
  REVASSERIE, Incoherence; see Somnium.
  REVE, Somnium.
  RE VEIL, see Sleep—r.  en Sursaut, see  Sleep.
  REVELLEXT, Derivative.
  REVERY, Aphelxia.
  REVIVIFICATION, Resuscitation.
  REVULSIF, Derivative.
  REVUL'SION, Revul'sio, from re, and vellere,
'to pluck;' Antis'pasis.  The act of turning the
principle of  a disease from the organ in which it
seems to have taken  its seat.  Rubefacients, vesi-
catories, bleeding in the foot, 4 c., are often used
for this  purpose.   See Derivation.
  REVULSIVE,  Derivative — r.  Bleeding, see
Bloodletting.
  REVULSORIUS, Derivative.
  REX METALLORUM, Aurum.
  REYNOLDS'S SPECIFIC, see Vinum colchici.
  RHA, Rheum.
  RHABARBARUM, Rheum — r. Album, Con-
volvulus mechoachan — r. Antiquorum," Rheum
Rhaponticum—r. Dioscoridis, Rheum Rhaponti-
cum—r. Monachorum, Rumex patientia—r. Ni-
grum, Convolvulus jalapa—r. Pauperum, Thalic-
tron—r. Sibericum, Rheum—r.Tartaricum Rheum
—r. Turcicum, Rheum.
  RHABARBE,  Rheum —r. Blanche, Convol-
vulus mechoacan — r.  des Moines,  Rumex Al-
pinus.
  RHABDOIDES (SUTURA), Sagittal suture.
  RHABILLEUR,  Renoueur.
  RHACHETA3, Rhachitas.
  RHAC1IETRUM, Medulla spinalis.
  RHACHIA3I, Rhachitae.
  RHACHIAGRA,  Rachisagra.
  RHACHIALGIA, Rachialgia, Rhaehiodynia,
Spinal irritation.
   RHACHIALGITIS, Spinal irritation, Myelitis.
  RHACHIDAGRA,  Rachisagra,  Rachialgia,
Rhaehiodynia.
   RHACHIOCYPHOSIS,  Gibbositas.
   RHACHIODYN'IA; from paXn, 'the vertebral
column,' and oSwn,  'pain;' Rhachial'gia.  Pain
in the vertebral column.
   RHACHIOMYELITIS, Myelitis.
   RHACHIOPLEGIA, Paraplegia.
   RHACHIOSCOLIOMA, Scoliosis.
   RHACHIOSCOLIOSIS, Scoliosis.
   RHACHIOSTROPHO'SIS;  from paXn, 'the
vertebral column,' and urpttpo), ' I turn ;' Contor'-
tio colum'na vertebra'lis. Deviation of the verte-
bral column.
   RHACHIOT'OMUS,  Rhachiot'omum; from
pax's, 'the  vertebral column,'  and roun, 'inci-
sion.'   An instrument for opening the vertebral
column.
   RHACHIPARALYSIS, Paraplegia.
   RHACHIPHYMA, Racbiphyma.
   RHACHIRRHEUMA, Lumbago.
   RKACHIS, A"ertebral  column—r.  Nasi  see
 Nasus.
   RHACHISAGRA, Rachisagra.
   RHACHI'TAS,  from  p«yk, 'the  vertebral
 column;'  Rhachia'i, Rachi'ta, Rhache'ta, or
 Rochia'i.   The muscles of the spine.
   RHACHTTES, Medulla spinalis.
   RHACHITICUS, Rachiticus.
   RHACIIITIS,  Rachitis—r. Adultorum, Molli-
 ties ossium—r. Spinalis, Rachisagra.
   RHACHITISMCS, Rachitis.
  RHACHOSIS, Rachosis.
  RHACHUS, Rhacus, Rhagus; from pno-aciv, 'to
tear.'  A wrinkle.  A laceration of the skin.  A
lacerated ulcer—ulcua lac"erum.
  RHACUS, Rhachus, Wrinkle.
  RHA3BOCRANIA, Torticollis.
  RHAG'ADES, payaSn, Rhaga'dia; from pny-
vvftt, 'to break  or  rend;'  Scissu'ra,  Fissu'ra,
Fima.   Ruptures,  chaps,  or  narrow and  long
ulcers,  which form  near the  origin of mucous
membranes, especially  around  the  anus, and
which are generally owing to the syphilitic virus.
  Rhagades, see Fissure.
  RHAGE, Rage;  payn.  Same etymon.  A suf-
fix  denoting violent rupture or discharge, as in
Hemorrhage, Menorrhagia, 4c.
  Rhage, Fissure.
  RHAGES,  Uva? passaa.
  RHAGODEITIS, Uveitis.
  RHAGOI'DES, Rhogo'des,  Rhagdideus, Rha-
giens, from pal;, 'a grape.'  Grape-like;  as  Tu-
nica Rhagoides:  the uvea.  Also, the choroid
coat of the eye.
  RHAGUS,  Rhachus, Wrinkle.
  RHAMNUS,  Rhamnus cathar'ticus, Spina, cer-
vi'na seu domes'tica, Rhamnus soluti'vtts, Spina
infecto'ria,  Cervispi'iio, Buckthorn, Purging buck-
thorn, (F.) Nerjirun purgatif.  Family, Rham-
noideae.  Sex. Syst. Pentandria Monogynia.  The
berries — Ilhamni Bacca — have a faint and dis-
agreeable odour; and  bitterish, nauseous taste.
They are cathartic, and are apt to excite griping,
which must be obviated by the use of diluents.
  Rhamnus Alatek'nus, R. Hispan'icus, Alater'-
nus latifo'litis, Common alaternua,  (F.) Alo.terne.
The leaves  have been used as detergents and as-
tringents, in the form of gargle especially.
  Rhamnus Fran'gula.   The  Block  Alder,
Frangula Alnus, Alnus Nigra, (F.) Anne noir,
Bourdone,  Bourgene.  All the parts of this tree,
as well  as ~of the common alder,  are astringent
and bitter.  The bark is  most so.  The inner,
yellow bark of the trunk or root acts  as a ca-
thartic.   It has also been employed as an anthel-
mintic.
  Rhamnus Hispanicus, R. alaternus—r. Jujuba,
see Jujube—r. Lotus, see Jujube—r. Ziziphus, see
Jujube.
  RHANTER,  Canthus, (greater.)
  RHAPHANEDON, Raphanedon.
  RIIAPHANIA, Raphania.
  RHAPHANIS, Raphanus hortensis.
  RHAPHANUS, Raphanus hortensis.
  RHAPHE, Raphe, Suture.
  RHAPHOSYMPH'YSIS; from patpv, 'suture,'
and avfitpvois, 'union.'  Union by suture,—as of
the bones of the cranium.
  RHAPHYS,  Raphanus hortensis.
  RHAPONTICUM,  Rheum  Rhaponticum — r.
Vulgare, Centaurea centaurium.
  RHAPONTIQUE, Rheum rhaponticum.
  RHAPS, Raphanus hortensis.
  RHAPYS, Raphanus hortensis.
  RHATANIA, Krameria ratanhia.
  RHAX,  see A'itis vinifera.
  RREGE, Cramp, Contusion, Laceration.
  RHEGMA,  Cramp,  Contusion,  Laceration,
Rhexis — r. Ligamentare, Apospasma.
  RHEGMUS, Cramp, Contusion, Laceration.
  RHEMBASMUS, Somnambulism.
  RHEMBE, Rhembua; from pcpfieiv, 'to wander
about.'   Irregularity in the return of febrile pa-
roxysms.
   RHEMBUS, Rhembe.
   RIIEXCHUS, Rattle, Snoring.
   RIIENXIS, Rattle,  Snoring. 
RHEON
753
RHEUMATISM
   RIIEON, Rheum.
   RIIETIXE, Resin.
   RHETINOCERON, Resinatum.
   RIIETINOTOX, Resinatum.
   RHEUM, (pronounced room,)  Rheu'ma, (F.)
 Rhume;  from  pto>,  'to flow.'  Any thin watery
 discharge from the mucous membranes or skin;
 as the thin discharge from the air passages arising
 from  cold.
   Rhei m, Salt.  A popular name in the United
 States, like  ' tetter,' for various cutaneous affec-
 tions  of the eczematous and herpetic forms more
 especially.   It is at times applied to a kind of
 chronic psoriasis;  and likewise to cutaneous af-
 fections in those who immerse  the hands in me-
 tallic  or  acid solutions.  Webster defines it "a
 vague and indefinite popular  name, applied to
 almostjill  the non-febrile cutaneous eruptions
 which are  common  among adults, except ring-
 worm and itch."
   Rhe'um, Rhabar'barum, Rheon, Rha,  Rluxum,
 Lap'athum orienta'le, L. Chined se, Rhabar'barum
 ve'rum, R. Tartar'icum, R. Siber'icum,  R. Tur'-
 cicum, Rhubarb, (F.) Rhabarbe.  Family, Poly-
 goneoe.   Sex. Syst.  Enneandria Trigynia.  The
 root—Ithe.itm—is the part used in  medicine.  Its
 odour is aromatic, peculiar, and rather nauseous;
 taste,  somewhat aromatic, subacrid, bitterish, and
 astringent.  It colours the  saliva  and the urine
 yellow.   It is easily pulverized, and forms a pow-
 der of a  bright buff-yellow colour.  Both water
 and spirit extract  its virtues.  Rhubarb  root is
 purgative, stomachic  and astringent.  (?)  It is
 chiefly used for  the properties  first mentioned.
 Externally,  the powder is  sometimes sprinkled
 over ulcers, to assist their granulation.  Dose, "**)j
 to  gss of the powder.  In a smaller dose, it is
 stomachic.
   Numerous species  of Rheum, Rh. palmatum,
 Rh. undulatum, and Rh. compactum, have purga-
 tive roots.
   The rhubarbs most used in the United States
 are the Chinese or India  Rhubarb — Rheum Si-
 nedsevel In'dicum; the Russian, Turkey, or Bu-
 charian Rhubarb—Rheum Rus'sicum vel Tur'ci-
 cum;  and European Rhubarb.
   Rheum Compactum, Rheum — r. Indicum, see
 Rheum—r. Palmatum,  Rheum.
   Rheum Rhapon'ticum, Rhapodtic Rhubarb;
 Rhopodticum,  Rhabar'barum  Dioscor'idis,  R.
 Antiquo'rum, (F.) Rhapontique, Rhapontic. The
 root of this seems to have been the rhubarb of
 the ancients.  It is more astringent than that of
 the rheum palmatum, and  less purgative ; for the
 latter  purpose,  two or three drachms being re-
 quired for a dose.  French, Rhapontic, or Krimea
 Rhubarb,  is obtained from this species, as well as
 from Rh. undulatum, and Rh. compactum.
  Rheum Russicum, see Rheum—r. Sinense, see
 Rheum—r. Turcicum, see Rheum—r. Undulatum,
 see Rheum.
  RHEUMA, Catarrh, Diarrhoea, Rheum, Rheu-
 matism.   Also, inflammation of a fibrous  tissue,
 as in rheumatism and gout.— Fuchs.
  RnEi'MA  Catarrhale,  Bronchitis, (chronic)
 — r. Epidemicum, Bronchitis, chronic, Catarrh,
 epidemic — r. Pectoris,  Catarrh — r. Uteri, Leu-
 corrhosa.
  RHEUMAPYRA, Rheumatism,  acute.
  RHEUMARTHRITIS,seeRheumatism,acute.
  RHEI".AI ARTHROSIS, see Rheumatism, acute.
  RHEUMATALGIA, Rheumatism, chronic—r.
 Arthritica, see Rheumatism, acute.
  RIIEUMAT'IC, Rheumot'icus, Rhcumatis'mal,
 (F.) Rhnmatismale,  Rhumatique.  Belonging to
rheumatism ; as rheumatic fever.  Also, applied
to one affected  with rheumatism;  (F.) Rhuma-
 tisant.
       48
   Rheumat'iC Diath'esis, Diath'esis rheumat'-
 ica.   The special condition of the body that gives
 occasion to  rheumatism.  It may exist without
 presenting the usual phenomena in the joints;
 whilst the heart  may be seriously affected.
   RHEU'MATISM, Catarrhal'a; from pevua, 'a
 defluxion, catarrh.'  Dolor Rheumot'icus et ar-
 thrit'icua, (Hoffman,)  Rheumato'aia, Myoao'tia,
 Rheuma, Myodyn'ia, (F.) Rhumatieme.   A  kind
 of shifting phlegmasia, sometimes  seated in the
 muscles, sometimes in the parts surrounding the
 joints;  and  at others, within them.  Hence the
 names 3Iuscular, Articular, and Synovial, which
 have  been applied to it.  The disease  may  be
 acute, or chronic.
   Rheumatism of the Abdomen,  Cceliorrheuma.
   Rheumatism,  Acute, Rheumatis'mus acu'tus,
 Rh. articulo'rum  acu'tus, Rh. universa'lis febri'lis,
 Arthro'sia acuta, Rheumatismus, Rh. inflammato'-
 rius seu hypersthen'ieua, Rheumat'ic Fever, Rheu-
 matop'yra, Rheumap'yra, Febris rheumat'ica in-
 flammato'ria,  Sydocha rheumat'ica, Myoso'tis,
 Myi'tis,  Cauma rheumatis'mus, Arthri'tia rheuma-
 tiemua, Arthro-rheumatia'mua, Synovi'tis rheuma-
 tiama'lia, Hamo-arthri'tia,  (¥.')  Rhumatisme
 aigu'e, Fiivre  rhnmatismale,  usually comes  on
 with the ordinary symptoms of fever; soon after
 which, or simultaneously, or even  before the ap-
 pearance of febrile signs, excruciating pains are
 felt in different parts of the body, particularly in
 the larger joints, which are more or less  red and
 swollen; the pain shifting from  one to the other,
 at times with great rapidity.   The disease rarely
 terminates in less than six weeks, during the
 greater part of which period the febrile symptoms
 remain severe; and what is peculiar to the dis-
 ease, the skin may be covered daily with a  pro-
 fuse perspiration, although  it feels extremely hot,
 and the  pulse appears in no way modified by  it.
 It is one of the  essential symptoms of the affec-
 tion,  and  consequently affords no relief.   The
 only clanger to be apprehended from acute rheu-
 matism,  notwithstanding the apparent severity
 of the symptoms, is the translation or extension
 of the disease (metastat'ic rhedmatism) to some
 internal  part, especially to  the heart.  This  ten-
 dency  must  always be  borne  in mind.  Acute
 rheumatism seldom terminates in chronic; they
 who are  liable to  the former are rarely so to the
 latter,  and conversely.  The disease  will gene-
 rally run its  course in spite of treatment.   The
 usual antiphlogistic plan had better be pursued
 during the first  days of the disease.  Blood-let-
 ting may be employed, if the vigour of the pa-
 tient and of the  disease seem to require it;  but,
 although the blood is generally buffy, bleeding
 does not  usually seem to afford much relief.   The
 bowels must be kept open;  effervescent draughts
 be administered, and opium be given in full doses
 to allay pain.  This is, generally, all that is ne-
 cessary during the first week;  after which, ad-
 vantage  will usually be obtained from the exhi-
 bition  of the sulphate of quinia with sulphuric
 acid.   It does not augment the  excitement,  and
 will be_ found proper in almost all cases.  Rheu-
 matic inflammation is very different from other
 varieties, and this may account for the anomaly.
 After a few weeks, the disease usually goes  off,
 but leaves the patient very liable to a recurrence
 on  slight exposures or errors of diet: at times,
 acute rheumatism of the joints  puts on  the  ap-
 pearance  of gout,  and seems to be a complication
 of the  two affections.  It is then called Gouty or
 Arthrit'ic rheumatism or Rheumatic gout, Rheu-
 matal'gia arthrit'ica, Rhcumarthro'sis, Rheumar-
 thri'tis, Arthri'tis  rheumat'ica seu juveni'lis.
  Rheumatism  of the Arm, Brachiorrheuma__
r. Arthritic,  see  Rheumatism, acute — r. of  the 
             RHEUMATISMAL             7;

Bladder, Cystorrheuma—r. of the Bowels, Ente-
rorrheuma.
  Rheumatism, Cap'sular, Rheumotis'mua cap-
sula'ria.  Rheumatism seated in the lining mem-
brane of the joints and  bursa1 of  the  tendons.
The  parts most liable to its  attacks are the feet
and hands, where it is generally easily recognised
by the enlargement of the joints; but the pecu-
liar characters of the disease are, perhaps, most
strikingly seen when it attacks the knee.
  Rheumatism of  the Chest, Pleurodynia.
  Rheumatism, Chronic, Arthro'aia  chron'ica,
Rheumatiamue chronicus seu  nonfebri'lia, R. vul-
ga'ria seu invetera'tua seu habitua'lis seu frig"i-
dua, Rheumatol'gia, Rheumatodyn'ia, Arthrodyd-
ia, Arthritis arthrodynia, (F.) Rhumatieme chro-
nique, Rhumatalgie, is attended with pains in the
hips,  shoulders, knees,  and  other  large joints.
These  are, sometimes, confined to one  joint; at
others, shift from  one to another, without  occa-
sioning inflammation,  or fever.  In this manner,
the complaint often continues for a great length
of time, and then  goes  off.   There is no danger
attendant upon it;  but the patient may become
lame, and is always liable to painful recurrences.
Neither variety generally terminates in suppura-
tion ; but effusion of coagulable lymph is apt to
occur,  so as  to occasion permanent thickening of
the parts.  The great preventive of  chronic rheu-
matism, and  one of the most valuable curative
agents, is flannel, worn next the  skin.   The
whole  class of rubefacients  may, also, be used
with advantage.  The. warm bath, especially the
natural warm bath,  the temperature of which
does not vary, is  perhaps the most  successful
remedy of all.
  Rheumatism of  the Extremities, Acrorrheu-
ma—r. of the Face, Prosoporrheuma—r. Gouty,
see Rheumatism, acute—r. of the Heart, Cardior-
rheuma—r. Lead, see Lead rheumatism—r. of the
Leg, Scelorrheuma—r. of a Limb, Merorrheuma
—r. Local, Merorrheuma—r. of the Loins, Lum-
bago— r. Metastatic, see Rh. acute — r. of the
Neck, Torticollis—r. Partial, Merorrheuma.
  Rheumatism, Preabdom'inal, (F.) Rhumatis-
me pri-abdominal.  Rheumatism of the muscles
of the  anterior and lateral portions of the abdo-
men ; supposed by MM. Genest and Requin to
be the same as the nervous affection of the  peri-
toneum of Gooch.
  Rheumatism of  the Skin, see Dermalgia—r.
Topical,  Merorrheuma — r. of the  Uterus,  Me-
trorrheuma.
  Rheumatism, Visceral.   Rheumatism affect-
ing the muscular or fibrous tissues of the viscera.
  Rheumatism Weed, Pyrola maculata, P. um-
bellata.
  RHEUMATISMAL, Rheumatic.
  RHEUMATISMUS, Abdominis, Coeliorrheu-
rna — r.  Acutus,  Rheumatism, acute — r. Arti-
culorum  acutus,  Rheumatism, acute — r.  Bra-
chii, Brachiorrheuma — r. Cancrosus,  Neuralgia
faciei — r. Cervicis, Torticollis—r.  Colli, Torti-
collis—r. Cordis, Cardiorrheuma—r. Cruris,  Sce-
lorrheuma—r. Dorsalis, Lumbago—r.  Extremi-
tatum, Acrorrheuma — r.  Faciei, Prosoporrheu-
ma—r. Febrilis, Dengue—r. Inflammatorius seu
hypersthenicus, Rheumatismus acutus—r. Intes-
tinorum, Enterorrheuma — r. Intestinorum  cum
ulcere, Dysentery—r.  Larvatus, Neuralgia  faciei
—r. Localis, Merorrheuma—r.  Membrorum  sin-
gulorum, Merorrheuma—r.  Non febrilis, Rheu-
matism,  acute — r. Partialis, Merorrheuma — r.
Pectoris, Pleurodynia—r. Phlegmonodes, Myosi-
tis—r. Spurius nervosus, Neuralgia—r. Univer-
salis febrilis, Rheumatism, acute — r. Uteri,  Me-
trorrheuma— r. Vesicae urinariae, Cystorrheuma
              RHINORRAPnY

r. Vulgaris seu inveteratus seu habitualis seu fri-
gidus, Rheumatism, chronic.
  RHEUMATODYNIA, Rheumatism, chronic.
  RHEUMATOPHTHAL'MIA, Rhcimophthal'-
mia;  from pcvpa,  'rheumatism,'  and otfiOaXpta,
'inflammation of  the  eyes.'  Rheumatic  oph-
thalmia.
  RHEUMATOPYRA, Rheumatism, acute.
  RHEUMATOSIS, Rheumatism.
  RHEUMOPHTHALMIA,   Rheumatophthal-
mia, Sclerotitis.
  RHEXIS,  Rhegma,  Dirup'tio,  Rup'tio, Rup-
tdra, Rupture.  Rupture  of a vessel or organ.
Spontaneous opening of an abscess.
  Rhexis Oc'uli.   Bursting of the eye from any
cause ; spontaneous or excited.
  RHICNO'SIS, from piKvoo/nai, 'to become wrin-
kled;' Cutis corruga'tio.  AVrinkling of the skin
from extenuation of the body; opposed to tKraats,
or distension from  repletion.
  RHIGOS, Rigor.
  RHIN, Nasus.
  RHINAL'GIA,  Rhinodydia,  from  piv, 'the
nose,' and ayXos, ' pain.'  Pain in the nose.
  Rhinal'gia ab  Intru'sis.  Pain  in the  nose
from foreign bodies.
  Rhinal'gia Vermino'sa.   Pain  in the  nose
from worms.
  RHINAN'CHONE, Rhinan'gia, Rhinostegnd-
aia; from $iv, 'the nose,' and ayxovi> 'narrow-
ness.'  Contraction of  the nose.   Snuffles.
  RHINANGIA, Rhinanehone, Snuffles.
  RHINCHOS, Rostrum.
  RHINENCEPHALIA,  Cyclopia.
  RHINEN'CHYSIS,  Rhinenchya'ia, from piv,
'the nose,' cv,  'in,' and xvb>>  'I pour.'  An  infu-
sion or injection, made into  the nostrils, with  a
syringe called Rhinedchitea.
  RHINES, Nares.
  RHINITIS,  Naai'tia,  from piv, pivot;,  'the
nose,' and itis, denoting inflammation.  Inflam-
mation of the  nose.  Coryza.
  Rhinitis Ulcerosa, Ozaena.
  RHINOBLENNORRHCEA, Rhinorrhcea.
  RHINOC'ACE,  Cory'za scarlatina'sa;  from
piv, 'the  nose,' and kokos, 'evil.'  The offensive
discharge from the nose, and other symptoms in-
dicating  a morbid  condition  of the Schneiderian
membrane  that  accompany the worst forms  of
scarlatina.
  RHINOCATARRHUS, Coryza.
  RHINOCNES'MUS, from piv, 'the nose,' and
Kvnttptos, 'itching.'   Itching of the nose.
  RHINODYNIA, Rhinalgia.
  RHINOPHO'NTA,   from  piv, 'the nose,' and
tpoivn, ' the voice.'  A  nasal voice,  called, also,
Dyspho'nia  immoduldta  nasa'lis,  Parapho'nia
naaalie, Paraphonia res'onans, Psellia'mua  na'ai-
taa, Mycteropho'nia, Na'sitas, Vox nasa'lis, Pa-
rala'lia naaa'lia.   Speaking through the nose.
  RHINOPLASTIC,  Rhinoploa'tica (ars), from
piv, ' the nose,' and trXaaam, ' I form.'  An epithet
applied to tho operation for  forming a new nose.
The Taliacotian operation, so called because de-
scribed by Tagliacozzi. It consists  in  bringing
down a  portion of flesh from  the forehead, and
causing it to adhere to the  anterior part of the
remains  of the nose.
  RHINOPTIA,  from piv,  'the  nose,' and oir-
ropat, 'I see.'  The act of seeing over the nose.
Squinting over the nose.
  RHINORRHAGIA, Epistaxis.
  RHINOR'RHAPHY,   Rhinorrhaph'ia,  from
piv, 'nose,' and patpn,   'a suture.'  An operation
for the removal of epicanthis, which  consists  in
pinching up  a longitudinal fold of  the skin, in-
cluding this fold in two elliptical incisions, remo-
>4 
RniNORRHfEA
755
RHUS
ving it, and bringing together the edges of the
wound by harelip suture.
  RIIIN'ORRIIG'/A,  Rhinoblennorrha'a,  from
piv, ptvos,  'the nose,' and ptw, ' I flow.'   A dis-
cbarge of limpid mucus from the nose without
any inflammatory symptom.  A gleet from the
nose.
  RHINO'SIS, from  ptvos, 'a skin, leather,'  or
from piKvos, ' rugous.'  The state of looseness and
excess of skin  observed in phthisis.— Vogel.
  RIIINOSTEGNOSIS, Rhinanchone.
  RHIITASMOS, Jactation.
  RHII'TOLUSIA, Affusion.
  RIUS, Nasus.
  RIIIZA, Radix.
  RHIZAGRA, Punch.
  RHIZO'MA, Rhizome, from pi^a, 'a root.' The
part of the root of a plant, which consists of wood
or flesh, as in  the carrot.
  RIIIZOPII'AGUS, from  pt^a,  'a root,' and
tpayta, ' I eat.'   One who lives on roots.
  RIIIZOTOMIST, see Simples.
  RIII/.OTOMUS, Apothecary.
  RIIOA. Punica granatum.
  RIKUIELjE'ON, Oleum road rum. Oil of roses,
or oil impregnated with roses.
  RHO'DlA,  Rhotli'ola ro'eea, Roaea, Roaewort,
(F.) niiodiolc.  Sex. Syat. Dicecia Octandria. The
root, Roacroot, when dry, has a very  pleasant
smell, and is slightly astringent.  It is not used.
  RIIO'DIXUS,  Rliddiua,  Roadceus,  Ro'seus,
Roaa'tna.  Rosy. Formed of,  or containing, roses.
  RIIODIOLA ROSEA, Rhodia,
  RHODIOLE, Rhodia.
  RHODITES VINUM.  Wine in which roses
have been macerated.
  RHO'DllM LIGXUM, Rhodium or Rosewood.
The wood or root of a tree supposed to be Ge-
nis'ta  Canaricdais of Linnaeus.   (F.)  Boia  de
rose,  Boia de  Chypre.  Family,  LeguminosaD.
Sex. Syat. Diadelphia Decandria.   The essential
oil  is a perfume, and possesses cordial and tonic
virtues.  Its smell is attractive to fish, rats, 4c.
  RHODIUS, Rhodinus.
  RHODODAPHNIS, Nerium oleander.
  RHODODENDRON CHRYSANTHEMUM,
R.  chrysadthum seu ad renin seu officina'le, the
Olean'dcr, Rose-bay, Yellow rhododendrum, Aloun-
tain Laurel,  (F.) Rosage, R. chrysanthe.   Nat.
Ord.  Ericaceae.   Sex. Syst.  Decandria Monogy-
nia.  This plant has been recommended  in rheu-
matism, gout,  and syphilis.   In an overdose, it
produces aero-narcotic symptoms.
  Rhododen'dronMax'imum, Great Laurel, Ame-
rican Roae-bay.  An indigenous  shrub, Order,
Erieacea1, which flowers in July.  It is stimulant
and astringent, and has been used by the Indians
in gout and rheumatism.
  RIIODOME'LA PALMATA, Dulee, Sac'cha-
rine Fucus.   One of the Algae,  eaten  in large
quantities throughout the maritime countries of
the north of Europe, and in the  Grecian Archi-
pelago.
  RHODOAIELI, Mel rosas.
  RHODON, Rosa centifolia.
  RHODOSACC1IARUM, Confectio rosae gal-
licRs.
  RHODOSTACTON, Mel rosae.
  RHODOSTAGMA, Aqua rosae.
  RIUEA, Punica granatum.
  RHGLAS. Papaver rhceas.
  RIIOEIUtESIS, Absorption.
  R1103UM, Rheum.
  RHOGMOS, Rattle.
  RHOl'TES.  potrns, a wine impregnated with
the  pomegranate;  from  pois, Pomegranates,—
Dioscorides.  A confection, maae by boiling the
juice of the pomegranate in honey. — Paulus of
iEgina.
  RHOMBOIDEUS, from popfas, 'a rhombus,'
whose sides  are  equal, with two obtuse and two
acute angles.  Rhombo'ideus major  and  minor,
Rhombo'i'dea, Cervici-doreo-acapulaire.  A muscle
situate at the posterior inferior part of the neck,
and at the posterior part of the  back.  It has a
rhomboidal shape, and is attached, by its inner
edge, to the posterior  cervical  ligament,  and to
the spinous processes of the last cervical verte-
bra, and of the first four or five dorsal.   By its
outer edge, it  is attached to the spinal or poste-
rior edge of the scapula.  It is divided into two
fasciculi, constituting the Rhomboideua major and
minor, the  latter being situate  higher than the
other. This muscle draws the  scapula backwards
and  upwards,  and impresses  upon it a rotatory
motion, which brings its inferior angle nearer to
the spine;  and, consequently, depresses the an-
terior angle and the shoulder.
  RHOMBOS, pouflos.  A bandage mentioned by
Galen, so called on account of its rhomboidal
shape.
  RHONCHAL, Rhonchdlis,  from ronchus, 'rat-
tle.'  Relating or appertaining to  rhonchus; —
as 'rhonchal fluctuation,' the fremitus that occurs
through the influence of respiration  as an attend-
ant on cavernous rhonchi. —Walshe.
  RHONCHUS, Rattle, Snoring, Stertor—r. Ca-
vernous, see Gurgling —t.  Cavernulous, see Gur-
gling—r. Crepitans, Rdle cripitant—r. Crepitans
Redux,  see Crepitant — r.  Mucous,  see Rale mu-
queux—r. Sibilans, see Rdle cripitant—r. Sibilus,
Rdle eibilant — r. Sonorus, Rdle aonore—r. Sub-
crepitant, see Rdle muqueux.
  RHOPALISMUS, Priapismus.
  RHOPALOSIS, Plica, Pupil, Uvea.
  RHOPE, Congestion.
  RHOTACISMUS, Rotacism.
  RHUBARB, Rheum — r. Chinese, see Rheum
— r. French,  Rheum  Rhaponticum — r. India,
see Rheum — r.  Krimea,  Rheum Rhaponticum
—r. Monk's, Rumex Alpinus,  Rumex patientia—
r. Poor man's, Thalictron—r.  Rhapontic, Rheum
Rhaponticum—r. Russia, see Rheum—r. Turkey.
see Rheum—r. Wild, Convolvulus panduratus.
  RHUBARBE FAUSSE, Thalictron — r. des
Pauvrca, Thalictron.
  RHUE, Ruta.
  RHU3IATALGIE, Rheumatism, chronic.
  RHU3IATIQUE, Rheumatic.
  RHUMATISANT, Rheumatic.
  RHU31ATIS3IALE, Rheumatic.
  RHU31ATISME, Rheumatism — r. Aigu,
Rheumatism, acute—r. Chronique,  Rheumatism,
chronic — r. Priabdominale,  Rheumatism, prae-
abdominal — r. de VUtirua, Metrorrheuma.
  RHU3IE, Rheum—r. de Cerveau, Coryza —
r. de Poitrine, Catarrh.
  RHUS CORIA'RIA, Sumach, Shumach, Rhus
Glabrum,  Addrion,  Elm-leaved Sumach,  (F.)
Sumac dea Corroyeura.  Family, Terebinthaceae.
Sex. Syat. Pentandria  Monogynia.   This is the
only species of the genus  rhus  that is innocent.
Both the leaves and berries  have  been used as
astringents and tonics.
  Rhus Glabrum, Rh. coriaria.
  Rhus Radi'cans, Rhus  vernix, Poison  vine
(America).  This plant is poisonous (see Poisons,
Table of), and is  extremely acrid, when applied
to the skin, producing erysipelas and vesications,
and  has been  used, like the next variety, in pa-
ralysis and other nervous affections.
  Rhus Sylvestris, Myrica gale.
  Rhus Toxicoden'dron, Toxicodendron, Poison
Oak (America), (F.) Sumac vinineux.  This plant
has been used  in paralytic affections and cutane- 
56               RINGAVORM
                RHYPARIA                7

ous  eruptions.   It is  poisonous, like the last.
Dose, gr. ss to gr. iv.
  Rhus A'ernix, Rh. radicans.
  RHYPARIA, Rupia, Sordes primarum viarum.
  RHYPOS, Sordes.
  RHYPTICA, Detergents.
. RHYPTICUS, Abstergent.
  RHYSIS, Flux.
  RHYSMUS.  Rhythm.
  RHYSSEMA, AVrinkle.
  RHYTHM,  Rhythmus, Rhyamus,   'measured
movement.'  The order or proportion, as regards
time, which reigns between the different move-
ments of an organ — as of the heart; — or  of the
organism in  health and disease.  Thus, rhythm
is applied to the diurnal variations of  the pulse;
and  to the paroxysmal movements of an  inter-
mittent.
  RHYTHMICAL, Periodical.
  Rhythmical Contractions of Muscles, are
those that  succeed one another after regular in-
tervals.
  RHYTHMUS, Rhythm.
  RIIYTIDOSIS,  Rutidosis.
  RIB, Costa—r. False,  see Costa—r. Floating,
see Costa — r.  Sternal, see Costa — r. True, see
Costa.
  RIBES  NIGRUM,  R. ol'idum,  Grosauldria
nigra, Cassia.   The Black currant, (F.) Groseil-
lier  noir.   Sex. Syst.  Pentandria  Monogynia.
The  berries  have  been  recommended in sore-
throat, as diuretics.  The leaves have been  ad-
vised for the same purpose.  They  are chiefly
used as preserves.
  Ribes  Olidum,  R. nigrum — r. Officinale, R.
rubrum.
  Ribes  Rubrum,  R.  officina'le  seu vulga're,
Grossula'ria non spino'sa seu rubra, the Red cur-
rant,  (F.) Groseillier rouge; of which the  White
is only a variety.  It is  cultivated, and affords
an agreeable fruit.   It  possesses  the qualities of
the subacid fruits  in general, and makes an ex-
cellent preserve.
  Ribes Vulgare, R. rubrum.
  RIBS,  NECK OF THE, Collum costarum —
r. Short, see Costa.
  RICE,  Oryza—r. Disease, Cholera—r. Ground,
see Oryza—r. Jelly, see Oryza.
  Rice AVater, see Oryza.  The evacuations of
cholera have been termed — from their resem-
blance to  rice-water — ' rice-water discharges ;'
and  in India,  ' congee  discharges;' — congee  in
Hindoostanee meaning  'rice-water.'
  Rice, AVild,  Zizania  aquatica.
  RICHARDSONIA, see Ipecacuanha.
  RICHLEAF, Collinsonia Canadensis.
  RICHAVEED, Actaea racemosa, Ambrosia tri-
fida,  Collinsonia Canadensis, Pilea pumila.
  RICIN, Ricinus communis
  RICINOIDES, Jatropha curcas
  RICINUS  COMMU'NIS.   The   Caator oil
plant, Catapu'tia  major,  Ricinus  vulga'ria seu
vir'idia, Palma  Chrieti, Faba purga'trix  Cerua
Kerua, Cici, (F.)  Ricin, Five purgati'f.   Fa-
mily, Euphorbiaceae. Sex. Syat. Monoecia Mona-
delphia.  Castor-oil seeds, whence the oil  is ob-
tained, are inodorous; taste acrid and  slightly
sweetish.  One  or two seeds—Sem'ina Catapu'tia
majoris seu Ric"ini vulga'ris — will act as a ca-
thartic ; but the oil is alone used.  It is obtained
by bruising the castor-seeds, previously decorti-
cated, and then expressing the  oil without the
application of heat.  Recently-drawn castor oil,
Oleum de kerva, 0. kervi'num, Alker'va, Oleum
Rid'ini,  0. Cid'inum,  0. Palma liq'uidum,  0.
de Palma Christi, (F.) Huile de Ricin, is inodor-
ous and nearly  insipid.  It is cathartic, operating
speedily,  and may be  used in all cases where
powerfully stimulating nurgatives  would be in-
jurious.  Dose, f£j to f^iss.  Hufeland recom-
mends that a drop of croton oil  shall  be  ad-
ded  to an ounce of the  oil of poppy,  and that
the mixture shall be called O'leum Die"ini Offi-
cina'le.
  At the Cape of Good Hope the oil is obtained
from Ricinus liv'idus.
  A variety of Ricinus at Cape A'erd is employed
by the inhabitants  to  increase the secretion of
milk.  It is applied in the form of poultice, made
with the  green  leaves, to the mamma;, or of a
strong decoction, with which  the  mammas  and
the external parts of generation are washed.
  Ricinus Lividus, see  Ricinus communis — r.
Major, Jatropha curcas—r. Minor, Jatropha  ma-
nihot— r. Viride, R. communis—r. Vulgaris, It.
communis.
  RICKETS, Rachitis.
  RICKETY, Rachiticus.
  RICTUS LUPINUS, see Harelip.
  RIDE, Wrinkle.
  RIDE, Wrinkled.
  RIDING (of Bones).   Oeeium supcrposW'io,
(F.) Chevauchement.  Displacement of  the frag-
ments of a bone, chiefly produced by the contrac-
tion of muscles, which occasions shortening of
the limb;  the fractured  extremities riding over
each other, instead  of being end to end.
  RIGIDITAS, Rigidity.
  Rigiditas  Articulo'rum,  Ancylo'sis spu'ria.
Stiffness of the joints.  False ancylosis.
  RIGIDITY, Rigid'itas, iromrigere, 'to stiffen.'
Great stiffness  of  fibre,  or want  of suppleness.
The stiffness of the dead  body, (F.) Roideur ca-
davirique, is one of the most certain signs of the
cessation of life.
  RI'GOR, Rhigos, Algor,  Coldneea, Cheim'ia,
(F.) Friason.  Same etymon.  Sensation of cold,
with involuntary shivering of the whole body :—
a symptom of fever.  A slighter degree, and at
times full  rigor, is occasionally termed  a chill,
frigus ten'ue, perfrigerdtio.
  Rigor Artuum,  Contractura—r. Cadaverosus,
Rigor mortis — r. Corporis  mortui, Rigor mortis
—r. Emortualis, Rigor mortis — r. Maxillae infe-
rioris, Trismus.
  Rigor  Mortis, R. cor'poris mor'tui, R. cada-
vero'sua, R. emortudlia, Necronarce'ma, (F.) Roi-
deur  ou  Raideur  cadavirique.   ' Stillness  of
death.'  Death  stiffening.  The rigidity of limbs
that occurs on dissolution.
  Rigor Nervorum, Tetanus—r. Nervosus, Te-
tanus.
  RIMA,  Schisma,  Schizo.   A fissure, a cleft; as
Rima,  or Ri'mula Glot'tidia seu Laryn'gis, 'the
opening of the  glottis.'  Rima vulva, 11. magna,
Intro'itus, Sinus vulva, Scapha, Scaphus seu Fis-
su'ra magna seu Scissdra  vulva,  Schiza, 'the
opening of the vulva.'  See A'ulva.
  Rima Canalis Orbitarii, Suborbitar fissure—
r. ad Infundibulum, \"ulva  cerebri—r. Laryngis,
Rima glottidis—r.  Magna, Vulva, see Rima—r.
Transversa Magna  Cerebri,  Fissure, transverse,
of the brain.
  RIMA"*;, Rhagades.
  RIMULA  GLOTTIDIS,  Rima glottidis —r.
Laryngis, Rima glottidis.
  RINiEUS, Compressor naris.
  RINCHOS, Rostrum.
  RING,  Sax. hrinS, pins, Germ. Ring, Cricos,
(F.) Anneau. A name given to natural, circular,
or roundish apertures, with muscular or aponeu-
rotic parietes, which serve  for the passage of
some vessel or canal: —as  the umbilical rino
inguinal ring, 4g.
  RINGAVORM,  Herpes circinatus —  r. of the 
EIRE
757
ROSA
 Scalp,  Porrigo scutulata — r. Ulcerative, Herpes
 exedens — r. Vesicular, Herpes praeputii.
   HIRE on RIS, Risus—r. Couin, Canine laugh
 — r. Maqneur, Canine laugh — r. Sardonien, Ca-
 nine laugh,  Risus  sardonicus — r. Sardonique,
 Canine hi ugh.
   RISAGOX. Cassumuniar.
   RISIGALLUM. Orpiment.
   RISING, see Regurgitation—r. of the Lights,
 Cynanche trachealis.
   Hising or Eleva'tion  of the  Pulse,  Pulsus
 elKidtio.  The pulse is said to rise, when it be-
 comes  more full and frequent,  as occurs in the
 exacerbation of acute diseases.
   RJSO'RIUS  NOVUS.   Santorini gives  this
 name to a portion  of the platysma  myoides,
 which passes  from the cheek towards  the com-
 missure of  the lips.
   RISSIOALLUM, Orpiment
   RISUS, from ride re, riaum, 'to laugh.'  Gelus,
 Laughing,  Laughter, Lough, (F.)  Rire OU  Ria.
 An involuntary movement of the muscles of the
 face, and of the lips in particular, accompanied
 with a sonorous and interrupted  respiration, com-
 monly indicating mirth and satisfaction.
   Rrsus  Apium, Ranunculus sceleratus — r. Ca-
 ninus,  Canine laugh — r. Involuntarius, Canine
 laugh — r. Sardonicus,  Canine laugh — r. Spasti-
 cils, Canine laugh.
   RITA-CRIST! XA.  A celebrated double mon-
 ster,  born in  Sardinia, in 1829.   It lived to be
 nearly  nine months  old.   Two  distinct  bodies
 were united at the pelvis.  Below, the monster
 was single.
   RIVER AVEED, Conferva rivalis.
   RIZ, Oryza.
   ROAN TREE, Sorbus acuparia.
   ROB, Roob, Robub, Rohob, Rohab,  (F.) Extrait
 des fruits.   This word,  of Arabic  extraction,
 means  the  juice of any fruit thickened  to  the
 consistence of honey by  evaporation, before it
 has fermented.  The juice of the grape,  boiled to
 this consistence, was called Sapa, and, when not
 quite so thick, Defru'tum.
   Rob  Cynosbatos, Confectio rosae  caninae — r.
 ex Moris, Diamorion — r.  Nucum, Diacaryon.
   ROI?IN RUN-AWAY, Glechoma hederaceum.
   ROUINTA  AMA'RA,  Family, Leguminosae.
 Sex. Syat. Diadelphia Decandria.  The  roots of
 the Robinia amara of  Cochin China are  bitter,
 and  have been recommended, especially in that
 country, in diarrhoea and dyspepsia.
   Robinia  Pseudo-Aca'cia, Paeudacdcia odo-
 ra'ta, False Aca'cia, Black  Locust, Locuat-tree ;
 native of America.  The flowers are said to pos-
 sess antispasmodic properties.
   ROBORANS, Corroborant.
   ROBORANTIA, Tonics.
   ROBUB,  Rob.
   ROCCELLA,  Lichen roccella — r. Tinctoria,
 Lichen roccella.
   ROCHE'S EMBROCATION FOR HOOPING-
 CuUOIL   An empirical preparation, composed
 of oL oliv. £ xvj, ol. auccin. ^ viij,  ol. caryoph.,
 q. s. to scent it strongly.              •
   ROCIIER, see Temporal bone.
   ROCII ETTA ALEXANDRINA, Soda.
   ROCKET, GARDEN, Brassica eruca—r.  Ro-
man,  Brassica eruca.
   ROCK  ROSE, Helianthemum  Canadense, H.
 Corvmbosum.
   ROCOU, Terra  Orleana,
  RODSCIIIEDIABIRSAPASTORIS, Thlaspi
bursa.
  ROGNE, Psora.
  ROHAB,  Rob.
  ROHEXA BARK, Swietenia.
  ROHOB, Rob.
   ROTIUN, see Strychnos nux vomica.
   ROIDEUR  CAD A VER 1 QUE, Rigor mortis.
   ROISDORFF,  MINERAL  AVATERS  OF.
 Alkaline waters in  Germany, which contain car-
 bonic acid and carbonate of soda.
   ROLLER, Bandage, Fascia.
   ROMARIN, Rosmarinus—r. Sauvage, Ledum
 sylvestre.
   ROME, (CLIMATE OF.)   The  climate of
 Rome, as regards its plnsical  qualities, is con-
 sidered to be one of the best  in  Italy.  It is pe-
 culiarly  still;  and,  hence,  has been esteemed
 favorable as a winter climate in pulmonary dis-
 eases, and for invalids generally, as it admits of
 their taking exercise in the  open air at a lower
 temperature than they  otherwise could do.  In
 the early stages of consumption, Sir James Clark
 generally found the climate favourable.
   R031PEURE, Hernia.
   PONCE, Rubus  idaeus— r. Bleue,  Rubus cae-
 sius — r. de Montague, Rubus chamaemorus — r.
 Noire, Rubus  fruticosus.
   RONCHUS, Snoring, Stertor.
   ROND, Round — r. Grand,  Teres  major — r.
 Petit, Teres minor.
   RONFLEMENT, Snoring, Stertor, see Rattle
 — r. de Diable, Bruit de Diable.
   ROOB, Rob.
   ROOF OF THE  MOUTH, Palate.
   ROOT, Radix — r. Ague, Aletris farinosa — r.
 Bitter, Apocynum androsasmifolium — r. Canada,
 Asclepias tuberosa—r. Red, Celastrus—r. Rough,
 Liatris—r. of Scarcity, Beta hybrida—r. Squaw,
 Actaea racemosa — r. Sweet, Acorus calamus—r.
 Unicorn, Aletris farinosa—r. Yellow,  Xanthoriza
 apiifolia — r. Yellow, Jeffersonia Bartoni.
   ROPE BARK, Dirca palustris.
   ROQUETTE,  Brassica eruca, Soda.
   RORELLA, Drosera rotundifolia.
   RORIF'EROUS,  Ror'ifer, (F.) Rorifire, from
 roe,' dew,' and ferro, 'to carry.'  An epithet given
 to vessels which pour exhaled fluids on  the sur-
 face of organs.
   Roriferous  Duct, Thoracic duct.
   ROS, Sperm—r. Calabrinus, Fraxinus ornus—
 r.  Solis, Drosera rotundifolia.
   ROSA, R. centifolia — r. Afzeliana,  R. canina.
   Rosa Alba, R.  usitatis'sima, R.   leucan'tha.
 The White Rose, (F.) Rosier blanc. Family, Ro-
 saceae.  Sex. Syat.  Icosandria Polygynia,  The
 flowers of this species possess  similar but inferior
 qualities to the damask.
  Rosa Armata, R. canina — r. Austriaca,  R.
 Gallica — r. Calycina, R. canina.
  Rosa Cani'na, R. sylves'tris seu sentico'sa seu
 Swartzia'na seu Afzelia'na seu arma'ta seu caly-
ci'na seu rubra vulga'ris, Oynor'rhodon,  Cauiru'-
 bus, Cani'nus Sentis, Cynocyt'isua, Cynoapaa'tum,
 Cynoa'batoa, Dog Roae,  Wild  Briar,   Hip  Tree,
 (F.)  Roae du ehien,  Eglantier de chien, E. eau-
 vage.  The fruit  of this variety, called  Heps or
 Hips, has a sourish taste, and is formed into a
 conserve.  See Confectio cynosbati. It is seldom
 employed,  except to give form  to more active
 remedies; as to pills, boluses, linctuscs, 4c.
  Rosa Centifo'lia; Hecatomphyl'la,  Damask
 Rose, Rosa Damasce'na, R. Pal'lida, (F.) Roeier
 d cent feuillee,  Rhodon, Roaa.   The petals of this
 rose have an extremely fragrant odour, and sub-
 acidulous  taste.  They are  laxative;  but are
 scarcely used  for any  purposes except for the
 distillation  of  rose  water, Oil  of Roaes, Oleum
 Roaa, and the  formation of a  syrup.
  Rosa  Damascena, R. centifolia.
  Rosa Gal'lica, R. Austriaca, Rosa rubra, Red
 Rose. (F.) Rosier de Provine.   The petals of this
variety are astringent;  and are used in infusion,
conserve, 4c. 
58
ROUCOU
ROSACE
  Rosa Leucantha, R. alba—r. Pallida, R. cen-
tifolia—r. Rubra, R. Gallica—r. Rubra vulgaris,
R. canina — r. Saltans, Essera — r. Senticosa, R.
canina—r. Swartziana, R. canina—r. Sylvestris,
R. canina—r. Usatitissiuia, R. alba.
  ROSACE, Roseola.
  ROSACEUS, Rhodinus.
  ROSAGE, Rhododendron chrysanthemum.
  ROSAGO, Nerium oleander.
  ROSALIA, Scarlatina.
  ROSALLE, Scarlatina.
  ROSATUS,  Rhodinus.
  ROSE,  Erysipelas — r. Christmas, Helleborus
niger—r. Corn, Papaver rhceas—r. Damask, Rosa
centifolia—r. Dog, Rosa canina—r. Dog, conserve
or confection of, Confectio rosae  caninae — r. du
chien, Rosa canina — r. Rash, Roseola — r. Red,
Rosa Gallica — r. Rock, Helianthemum Corym-
bosum—r. Spots, Spots, red—r. White, Rosa alba.
  ROSEA, Rhodia.
  ROSEBALM,  SCARLET, Monarda coccinea.
  ROSEBAY,  AMERICAN,   Rhododendron
maximum.
  ROSE DROP, Gutta rosea.
  ROSELLINA, Roseolae.
  ROSEMARY, Rosmarinus—r.  Marsh, Statice
limonium, and S. Caroliniana — r. Wild, Erioce-
phalus umbellulatus.
  ROSENHEIM,  MINERAL  AA^ATERS  OF.
Rosenheim is  34 miles S.  E. from Munich,  in
Bavaria.  The waters  contain sulphuretted hy-
drogen, carbonic acid,  carbonate  of lime, chlo-
rides of calcium and magnesium, carbonate  of
soda, and oxide of iron.  They are used as tonics.
  ROSE'OLA, Exanthe'sis  Roseola, Rose  Rash,
(F.) Rosiole, Eruption anomale, Rosace, Fievre
rouge, Efflorescence irysipilateuae.  An  efflores-
cence in blushing  patches,  gradually deepening
to a rose-colour, mostly circular  or oval; often
alternately fading and reviving; sometimes, with
a colourless nucleus; and chiefly  on the cheeks,
neck, or arms.  It is  frequently  found, as  a
symptom, in dentition, dyspepsia,  rheumatism,
4c, and  is of no  consequence.   See Roseola,
Rubeola, and Scarlatina.
  Roseola Acnosa, Gutta rosea.
  Roseola iEsTi'v.v.  The  affection which pre-
vails in summer.   The eruption  is of  a darker
colour, and is attended with  more itching.
  Rose,ola Annola'ta. Characterized by patches
in the  form of rose-coloured rays,  with central
areas of the colour of the skin.
  Roseola Ficosa, Sycosis — r. Variolosa, Ro-
seolae.
  ROSE'OLiE, Roaeola, Roaclli'no, Folae mea-
etra, French measles, (F.) Rosiole, Fauaae rougiole.
This name is also given by some to  an acute ex-
anthem, midway between measles  and scarlatina,
and which belongs  to neither one nor the  other,
as it affords no  protection against either.  It is,
also, termed  Rubeola  by some.   An eruption
which often precedes that of small-pox is termed
Roaeola Varioldaa.
  ROSE OLE, Roseola, Roseolaa.
  ROSE PINK, Chironia angularis.
  ROSES, MILK OF.  A cosmetic wash, formed,
according to one method, of subcarbonate of po-
taaa, gr. vj ;  oil of almonds, *§j ;  eeeeiice of berga-
mot, ^ij ;  aqua roaa, ^iijj orange flower water,
Zij. Mix.
  ROSE US, Rhodinus.
  ROSEAVOOD, Rhodium lignum.
  ROSEAVORT, Rhodia.
  ROSIER  BLANC, Rosa alba — r. it  Cent
feuilles, R. centifolia — r. de Provine, Rosa Gal-
lica,
  ROSIN, BLACK, Colophonia —r. Brown, Co-
lophonia — r. AVeed, Silphium terebinthaceum —
r. AVhite,  see  Pinus sylvestris — r. Yellow,  see
Pinus sylvestris.
  ROSIO  STOMACHI, Cardialgia —r. Ventri-
culi, Cardialgia.
  ROSMAR'lNUM, Rosmarinus.
  ROSMARl'NUS, R. officina'lis seu latifo'lius
seu hortedsis, Alchochil, Libano'tis  corona'ria,
Dendrolib'anua, Roaemory, (F.) Romorin.  Family,
Labiatae.  Sex. Syat. Diandria Monogynia.  The
tops of this plant,-Rosmarinus, (Ph. U. S.) Herba
Anthos, have a fragrant, grateful smell; and an
aromatic, warm, bitterish taste, which is  depend-
ent upon an essential oil, combined with camphor.
Rosemary has been  recommended in  nervous
headachs,  in the form  of infusion.  It is  now
rarely used,  except  for its odour.   The flower is
called Anthos, av%s-  Its oil—Oleum Rosmarini
—is officinal.  From two to six or  ten drops are
given in  nervous complaints, rubbed  up with
sugar.
  Rosmarinus Hortensis, Rosmarinus—r. Lati-
folius, Rosmarinus—r. Officinalis, Rosmarinus—
r. Staechadis facie,  Teucrium creticum — r. Syl-
vestris, Ledum sylvestre.
  ROSSALIA, Scarlatina—r. Squamosa, Scarla-
tina.
  ROSSIG'NOL.   A name given,  in France, to
an  affection  to which pressmen are subject.  It
is a sprain, followed by tumefaction of the radio-
carpal joint.
  ROSSOLIO, see Spirit.
  ROSTRUM, Rhinchos, Rinchos, Ramphos, 'a
beak.'  (F.) Bee.   A name given to  several old
forceps, ou account of their resemblance to the
beaks of different birds.  The principal were the
Rostrum corvi'num, anati'num, psittaei'num,  vul-
turi'num, cyg'neum vel olori'num, grui'num, lacer-
ti'num, 4c.
  Rostrum Externum, Olecranon—r. Porcinum,
Acromion—r. Posterius, Olecranon—r. Sphenoi-
dale, Azyges processus.
  ROSY  BUSH, Spiraea  tomentosa — r. Drop,
Gutta rosea — r. AArhelk, Gutta rosea.
  ROT, Eructation.
  ROT, Grinders', Asthma, grinders'.
  ROT'ACISM, Rotacisidus,  Rhotacia'mua, Peel-
lis'mus rhotacia'iniia,  (F.) Graaaeyement.  A vi-
cious pronunciation of the Greek, P, Rau, com-
mon in the northern parts of England; especially
near Newcastle.
  ROTACISMUS, Graaaeyement.
  ROTATOR, from rota,  ' a wheel.'   A name
given to several  muscles that turn the parts to
which they are attached upon their axes; — such
as, the oblique muscles of the eye,  the pronators,
supinators, 4c.
  Rotator, Trochanter.
  ROTATO'RES  DORSI.  Eleven  smull  mus-
cles on each side of the dorsal vertebrae, which
arise from the point or upper edge  of each trans-
verse process, and pass to the lower edge of the
arch of the vertebra above, as far as the base of
the transverse process.  Their action is to rotate
the individual vertebrae on each other.
  Rotatores. Femoris,  Obturatores — r. Oculi,
Oblique muscles of the eye.
  ROTULA, Patella, Trochiscos — r. Genu, Pa-
tella.
  ROTULAD, see Rotular aspect.
  ROT'ULAR; from rotula,  'the  patella.'  Re-
lating or appertaining to the patella.
  Rot'ular  Aspect.   An aspect towards the
side on which the rotula is situated. — Barclay.
Rot'uhid is used by the same  writer, adverbially,
to signify  'towards the rotular aspect.'
  ROTULE, Patella.
  ROTUNDUS, Round.
  ROUCOU,  Terra Orleana. 
ROUEN
759
RUBUS
  ROUEN,  MINERAL AVATERS  OF.   This
water, known under the name, Eau des fontainea
de lo  Moriguerie, is cold, and contains carbonate
of iron, carbonic acid, carbonate of lime, chloride
of calcium, -4c.  It is tonic.
   ROUGE,  Colcothar — r.  d'Angleterre,  Colco-
thar.      ,
   ROUGEOLE, Rubeola — r. Fausse, Roseolae.
   ROUGEURS, Flush.
   ROC (J II ROUT, Liatris.
   ROUILLE, Rubiginous.
   ROUND,  Teres, Rotnddus, (F.) Rond.   Ana-
tomists  have given  this name to many  organs
whoso fibres are collected in round fasciculi. See
Teres.
   Round  Foramen, Fora'men rotund'um.   A
foramen of the sphenoid bone, a little behind the
foramen  lacerum superius, which  gives passage
to the second branch of the fifth  pair of nerves,
called auperior maxillary.
   Round  Hi:art, Thaspium atropurpureum.
   Round  Ligaments of the Uterus, Ligamen'ta
rotund'a  U'teri,  (F.)  Cordona sua-pubiens (Ch.),
Cordons  roaculoirea, Ligaments ronds de I'utirua.
Two cords, which arise from the lateral and su-
perior parts of the uterus, whence they proceed
towards the abdominal rings,  which they  pass
through, and terminate by vanishing in the areo-
lar tissue of the groins, mons veneris, and labia
majora.   These  cords are whitish, flattened, and
narrower  in  the  middle  than at the  extremities.
According to  Mr.  Rainey, they are composed
chiefly of the striped muscular fibre.
   ROUTINE PRACTITIONER, Routinist.
   ROUTINIST,  pronounced routeen'ist;  (F.)
Routinier; from (F.) routine; ' a regular habit or
practice, unvaried  by circumstances.'  One  who
practises  in such an unvaried manner: — a rou-
tine practitioner.
   RUBBER, INDIAN, Caoutchouc.
   RUBBING  SOUNDS, Bruit de Frottement.
   RUBE'DO,  Rubor,  Redness;  from  rubere,
' to bo red.'  A diffused, but not spotted, redness
on any part of the skin;  like that which arises
from  blushing.   Blushing.
   RUBEFA'CIENT, Erethis'ma,  Erethis'ticum,
Rubefdciena, from rubens,  'red,'  and fdcio, 'I
make.'  (F.) Rubifiont.   That which produces
redness.   A  medicine which causes redness of
the skin.  The action is called Rubefaction.
   RUBEFIANT,  Rubefacient.
   RUBE'OLA, Rubeola vulga'ris, from rubere,
'to be red.'  Rose'ola, Exanthe'sia Rubeola, Ve-
tera' no, Blac'cia, Bovil'la, Morbil'li, Scarlati'na
pustulo'sa, S. Milia'ris, Febris morbillo'sa, Ty-
phus morbillosus, Phcenicis'mus, Ecphy'mata, 3Iea-
alea;  (F.)  Rougiole,  Fievre morbilleuae.  One of
the major exanthemata; generally affecting indi-
viduals but once, and produced by specific conta-
gion.   The rash usually appears  on the fourth,
but somotimes on the third, fifth, or sixth  day of
a  febrile  disorder; and, after a continuance of
four  days, gradually declines with the fever.
The  disease generally commences from  ten to
fourteen  days after  the contagion has  been re-
ceived.   The eruption first shows itself in dis-
tinct,  red, and  nearly circular spots, somewhat
less than  the ordinary  areolas of flea-bites.  As
these  increase in number, they coalesce; forming
small patches of an irregular figure, but approach-
ing nearest  to  that of  semicircles or  crescents.
Those patches are  intermixed with single, circu-
lar dots and with interstices of the natural colour
of the skin.  On the face they are slightly raised,
so as to give the  sensation of inequality of surface
to the finger passed over the cuticle.   The disap-
pearance of  the  eruption is followed by desqua-
mation of the cuticle.  Measles is  not dangerous
of itself; but it is liable to induce pneumonia in
winter, and  dysentery in summer, which are, at
times, very fatal.   These are apt to come on at
the time of, or  soon after, the  disappearance of
the eruption.  AVhen they supervene, they must
be treated as idiopathic affections.  It demands
a general antiphlogistic treatment.  AVillan has
pointed out a kind of Rubeola spu'ria, which
he calls Rubeola sine Catar'rho.  In  this the
rash runs its regular course, with little fever or
catarrhal affection ; affording no certain  security
against the common or regular disease.  He also
gfves the name, Rubeola Nigra or Black Mea-
sles, to  an  unusual appearance of the measles
about the seventh or eighth day, when the rash
becomes  suddenly livid,  with a mixture of yellow.
It is devoid of inconvenience or danger; and is
removed in a week or  ten  days by the mineral
acids' and tonics.
  RUBEOLvE, Roseolae.
  RU'BIA, R.  Tittcto'rum seu peregri'na seu syl-
vea'tri8,  Erythrod'onum, Rubia  major, Radix
rubra,  Dyer's Madder,  Madder, (F.) Garance.
Family,  Rubiaceae.  Sex. Syat.  Tetrandria Mo-
nogynia.  The roots of this plant have  a bitterish,
somewhat austere, taste, and a slight, not agree-
able, smell.   They were formerly considered de-
obstruent, detergent, and diuretic.
  RUBIG'TNOUS,  Rubigino'aua, from  rubigo,
'rust.'  (F.) Rouilli. Rusty.  Having the colour
of rust.   An epithet given to the sputa in certain
cases of pneumonia.
  RUBINUS VERUS,  Anthrax.
  RUBOR, Rubedo.
  RUBRI'CA FABRI'LIS.   A red, heavy,
earthy  matter,  formerly employed for  making
drying plasters ; Hard Ruddle,  Red Chalk.
  Rubrica Sinop'ica.   A heavy, compact, red-
dish earth : formerly used in diarrhoea.
  RUBRIN, Haematin.
  RUBUS AFFINIS, R. fruticosus.
  Rubus Arc'ticus.  The Shrubby Strawberry,
Bacca  Norland'ica.  Family,  Rosacea?,.   Sex.
Syat. Icosandria Polygynia.   The fruit is recom-
mended by Linnaeus as  possessing antiseptic, re-
frigerant, and antiscorbutic qualities.
  Rubus Batus,  R. Csesius.
  Rubus C^e'sius, R. botus; the Dewberry plant,
(F.) Ronce bleue.   The fruit resembles the black-
berry in  appearance and properties.  The bark
of the root of R.  Trivia'lis, American Dewberry,
is astringent.
  Rubus  ChamjEMo'rus ;  the Cloudberry  Tree,
Chamamo'rua, C.  Norwegica, Chamadrya, Cloud-
berriea,  Knot-berriea,  (F.) Ronce  de  Montague.
The ripe fruit is sometimes prepared like a jam,
and used in  fevers, 4c., to  allay thirst.   It has
been much extolled as an antiscorbutic.
  Rubus Frambcesianus, R. Idteus.
  Rubus Frutico'sus, R. affi'nis seu paniculd-
tu8  seu niger seu vulga'ris; the Common Bram-
ble, which affords Blackberries, (F.) Ronce noire.
The berries are  eaten as  a summer fruit, of which
they form a poor variety.  The  bark of the root
of  the  Rubua  villo'aua, American Blackberry,
High or  standing blackberry, Hairy American
Bramble, is astringent, and  has been used in the
last stages of dysentery,  and in cholera infantum.
  Bubus Id^e'us, R. framboesia'nus, Batos ; the
Raspberry, (F.) Framboise, Ronce.  The fruit of
the best  varieties is extremely agreeable ;  and is
much used.   It  was,  formerly,  called Batinon
moron.
  Rubus  Niger, R. fruticosus — r. Paniculatus,
R. fruticosus.
  Rubus Strigo'sus, Wild red  raspberry, of tho
United States.  The leaves are often  used as a
mild astringent. 
RUCTAMEN
760
RUTA
  Rubus Trivialis, see Rubus caesius — r. Yil-
losus, see Rubus fruticosus — r. A'ulgaris, R. fru-
ticosus.
  RUCTAMEN, Eructation.
  RUCTATIO, Eructation.
  RUCTUATIO, Eructation.
  RUCTUOSITAS, see Eructation.
  RUCTUS,  Eructation—r. Acidus, Oxyregmia
—r. Nidorosus, Cnissoregmia.
  RUDDLE, HARD, Rubrica fabrilis.
  RUDOLPHIA FRONDOSA, Butea frondosa.
  RUE, Ruta—r. Common, Ruta—r. de Chevre,
Galega officinalis—r. Goat's, Galega officinalis —
r. Goat's, Virginia, Galega Virginiana — r. Mea-
dow,  Thalictron — r. des  Mprailles,  Asplenium
ruta muraria — r. des Pres, Thalictron — r. Sau-
vage,  Ruta.
  RUFT, Eructation.
  RUGA, AVrinkle.
  RUGINE,  Raspatorium.
  RUGISSEMENT, Rugitus.
  RUGITUS,  Brycheth'mos, from rugire, rugi-
tum, 'to roar.'  (F.) Rugissement.  A Latin word,
which ordinarily expresses  the roaring of the lion:
and which  is used, by  some medical writers, to
designate  a particular species  of borborygmus
compared to it.
  RUGOSE, Wrinkled.
  RUGOUS,  Wrinkled.
  RUM, Tafia, 3Iolaa'aes  Spirit.  A  spirit dis-
tilled  from  sugar, or  molasses.   See Spirit.
  RUMA, Mamma.
  RUMEN, Hypogastrium.
  RUMEX ACETO'SA, R. tubero'aus seu inter-
me'diua,  Lap'athnm  pratenae,  Common  Sorrel,
Ox'alis  Accto'aa, Acetoaa vulga'ria sen pratedaia,
Anax'yria,  A. arven'sis, Sorrel, Sour dock,  Ace-
tosa nostras,  (F.) Oaeille.   Family, Polygoneae.
Sex. Syst.  Hexandria Trigynia.   The leaves are
sour,  and are used in cookery, and also as a re-
frigerant.
  Rumex  Acu'tus ;  Sharp-pointed  Wild dock,
Oxylap'athtim,  Lap'athnm, L. sylves'tre seu acit'-
tum, Rumex, R. pialudo'sus seu  pusil'lus, Lap'a-
thos,  (F.)  Patience  sauvage.  The decoction  of
the root has long been used in cutaneous affec-
tions.  It is, sometimes, employed for the  cure
of the itch.
   Rumex AUtnensis, R. scutatus.
   Rumex Alpi'nus,  Aceto'sa Alpi'na.  The sys-
tematic name of the plant  that affords the Monk's
Rhubarb, (F.) Rhabarbe des Moines.  See Rumex
patientia.
   Rumex Aquaticus, Rumex hydrolapathum —
r.  Britannica, Rumex  hydrolapathum — r.  Con-
fertus, R. patientia—r. Digynus, Oxyriareniformis
—r. Glaucus, R. scutatus—r. Hastatus, R. scuta-
tus—r. Hastifolius, R. scutatus.
   Rumex  Hydrolap'athum,  Water-Dock, Hy-
drolapathum, Rumex aquat'icua, Herba Britad-
nica,  Rumex  Britan'nica, Lap'athum aquat'icum,
 (F.) Parelle, Patience d'eau.  The leaves of this
plant are subacid, and said to be  laxative.  The
root  has been used  as  a  tonic, astringent, and
antiscorbutic.  It has also been employed exter-
nally in some cutaneous affections.
   Rumex Intermedius, R. acetosa.
   Rumex  Obtusifo'lius, Lap'athum  sylvestre,
Blunt-leaved Dock.   The root of  this, as well as
 of R. crispua, has similar virtues to  that of the
 other species.
   Rumex  Oxyotus, R. scutatus — r. Paludosus,
 R. acutus.
   Rumex  Patien'tia, R. confer'tua, Lap'athum
 Tiorten'se, Rhabar'barum monacho'rum, Hippolop'.
 athum, Patien'tia, Garden Patience, Monk's Rhu-
 barb, (F.) Patience.  This root, which  is sup-
 posed to possess the virtues of rhubarb, but in an
inferior degree, is, according to Linnaeus, obtained
from the Rumex patientia ; according to Murray,
from the Rumex  alpi'nus.
  Rumex  Pusillus, R. acutus.
  Rumex  Sanguin'eus.  The root of  the bloody
dock has  an austere and astringent taste;  and
has been  employed in  dysentery.   It  is called,
also, Lap'athum  sanguin1cum, (F.) Oecille ou  Pa-
tience Rouge, Sangdragon.
  Rumex  Scuta'tus, R. glaucus seu hastifo'lius
seu yEtncn'sis seu oxyotus seu  hasta'tus, French
Sorrel,  Aceto'sa  rotundifo'lia seu  Roina'no seu
Rotundifolia hortedsis  seu  scuta'to, Lap'athum
scuta'turn  seu rotundifo'lia,  Roman or Garden
Sorrel, Green Sauce, (F.) Oseille boucher, Oseille
ronde,  Petite 0.   Virtues the same as those of
the common sorrel.
  Rumex  Tuberosus, R. acetosa.
  RUMINATION,  Rumindtio,  from ruma or
rumen,  ' the  gullet.' Merycis'mus.   A function
peculiar to ruminating  animals, by which  they
chew a second  time the food  they have swal-
lowed.  An  analogous phenomenon is sometimes
seen in man.
  RUMP, Croupion—r. Bone, Coccyx.
  RUNCINA, Raspatorium.
  RUNCINULA, Raspatorium.
  RUNNET, Rennet.
  RUNNING, Cursus, (F.) Course.  A succession
of leaps, executed with  rapidity, to transport the
body quickly from one  place to another.
  RUNUNCULA, Raspatorium.
  RUPES, Lips  of the Vulva.
  RU'PIA,  Ulcus aton'icttm, Ecphly'sis Rhy'pia,
Rhypu'ria, from pvttos,  'filth.'  An eruption of
large flattish blebs, which contain a fluid—at first
serous,  afterwards puriform, and  often bloody,
which  rapidly concretes into crusts, at the base
of which are ulcers of variable  depths.
  It requires the use of tonics internally, and of
stimulating  ointments externally.
  RUPTIBILITAS, Fragilitas.
  RUPTIO, Rhexis.
  RUPTORIUM, Cauterium —r. Commune, Po-
tassa fusa.
  RUPTURA,  Ecrexis,  Hernia,  Laceration,
Rhexis—r.  Corneae, Ceratorrhexis—r. Herniosa,
Hernia—r. Ovarii, Oariorrhexis—r. Uteri, Uterus,
rupture of the — r. Vaginae, Colporrhexis.
  RUPTURE,  Hernia,  Rhexis — r.  du  Coeur,
Cardiorrhexis — r. of the Groin, Bubonocele—r.
de  la Matrice, Uterus, rupture  of the — r. Wort,
Herniaria glabra.
  RUPTURED, see Hernial.
  RUSCUS, R. aculedtus, Bruscus, Oxymyr'-
rhinc,  Oxymyr'sine,  Myrtacan'tha, Catan'gelos,
My acrid tha, Sco'pia re'gia,  Wild 3Iyrtle, Ccntro-
myrine, Butcher's Broom, (F.) Petit houx, Fragon.
Family, Smilaceas.  Sex. Syst.  Diceeia Monadel-
phia.  The  root has been recommended as an
aperient and diuretic.
  Ruscus Aculeatus,  Ruscus.
  Ruscus Hypoglos'sum;  Uvula'via, Hypoglos-
sum, Bislin'gua,  Bonifdeia, Laurus Alexandrina
anguatifo'lia, (F.) Lourier Alexandria  Formerly
used against relaxed uvula.
  RUSH, SAVEET, Acorus calamus, Juncus odo-
ratus.
  RUSMA,  see  Orpiment.
  RUSPIXI'S STYPTIC, see Styptic, Ruspini's.
  Ruspi'ni's Tincture for the Teeth.  An em-
pirical preparation, composed of Florentine orris
gviij, clovea %j,  rectified apirit  Oij, amberqria h}i
  RUT, Heat,                        y    W
  RUTA, Ruta graveolens seu hortedsis seu «/'_
tern, Common Rue, Peg'anum, lic.sa'sa, (F.) Rue
Rhue, Rue   sauvage.   Family, Rutaceae.   Sex.
Syat.  Decandria Monogynia.'  The plant has  a 
RUTABULUM
761
SACCHARUM
strong,  ungrateful  odour,  and  bitter pungent
taste.  It is acrid, so as to blister the skin.  Its
properties are reputed to be tonic, stimulant, an-
tispasmodic, and emmenagogue.  Dose,  gr. xv
toB'J-
  Oleum Ruta, distilled Oil of Rue,  is antispas-
modic ;  and, externally, rubefacient.  Dose, gtt.
ij to vj.
  Ruta Altera, Ruta—r. Capraria,  Galega offi-
cinalis—r. Graveolens, Ruta—r. Hortensis, Ruta
— r. Muraria, Asplenium ruta muraria.
  RUTABULUM, Penis.
  RUTA'CEUM, from Ruta, 'rue.'  Vinegar of
rue.
  RUTIDOMA, see Rutidosis.
  RUTIDO'SIS,  Rytido'sis,  Rhytido'sis,  from
p»ri(5o<i>,  ' I wrinkle.'  The act of wrinkling; as
Rutido'ma means a shrivelled or wrinkled body,
A  destruction  or atrophy of the eye.  Corruga-
tion and subsidence of the cornea.
  RUYSCHIA'NA TU'NICA, (F.) Lame ou
3Iembrane Ruyachienne.   According to Ruysch,
and the greater part of his disciples, the choroid
coat  of the eye is formed of two lamina?.  His
son gave to the inner the name  Tunicri Ruyschi-
dna  or Membra!na Ruyschia'na  seu Ruyach'ii.
   Tu'nica Cellulo'sa Ruyschidna is the areolar
substance  under the peritoneal covering of the
stomach.   It is not numbered  among the coats
of that organ.
  RYE, Secale — r. Horned, Ergot — r. Spurred,
Ergot.
  RYTIDOSIS, Rutidosis.
  RYTIS, Wrinkle.
s.
   S. A. 4c, see Abbreviation.
   SABADILLA, Veratrum sabadilla, see Vera-
trina.
   SABADILLIN, see Veratrina.
   SABATILEA, Veratrum sabadilla.
   SABBAT1A, Chironia angularis—s. Angularis,
Chironia angularis.
   SABINA, Juniperus sabina.
   SABINE, Juniperus sabina.
   SABLE, Moculo'sus, 'sanded.'   Having the
appearance as if strewed with sand.  The terms
eabli and piqueti are sometimes applied to the
brain, when a slice of it exhibits red points as if
it had been strewed with red sand.   Such is the
case in cerebral hyperasmia.
   SABOT DE VE'NUS JAUNE, Cypripedium
luteum.
   SABUCUS, Sambucus.
   SAB'ULOUS, Sabulo'sua, Areno'sus, Paammo'-
dea.  The sandy deposit often seen in the urine.
   SABULUM CONARII,  see Pineal'gland.
   SABURA,  Saburra.
   SABUR'RA, Sobu'ra, Sordes.  This word sig-
nifies, by derivation, coarse sand, or ballast.  In
its common acceptation, it means foulness of the
stomach, as it  is sometimes called;—vitiated mat-
ters supposed to be retained and accumulated in
the stomach—the result of imperfect digestion—
and which have been sometimes considered as a
morbid product of the mucous secretion of that
organ, or of the biliary secretion;  at others, as a
residuum  from alimentary  substances badly di-
gested.  The Saburral state, Collu'vies gas'trica,
Crudita'tes ventric'uli, Gastris'mus, (F.) Embarras
gastrique, Etat saburral, is  an accumulation of
saburras, (F.) Saburre.s gastriques, in the stomach,
which the Humourists considered to be the cause
of a number of diseases.
   Saburra A'erminosa, Helminthiasis.
   SA1.URRATIO, Arenatio.
   SARURRES GASTRIQUES, see Saburra.
   .S'.t C HER NT AIRE, Hernial sac.
   SACCATUS. Encysted.
   SACCHAR, Saccharum.
   SACCH A RIX A% Saccharolis.
   SACCHAROLES (¥.),  Sacchari'na, from sac-
charum, 'sugar.'  A name given by MM. Henry
and Guibourt  to medicines which have sugar or
honey for excipient, or for predominant principle.
M. B6ral so calls an exact mixture of pulverized
sugar with other  substances also in powder, but
in less quantity.
  SACCHAROM'ETER,(F.)^acc^aro»iatre,Pl8e-
airop, from saccharum, 'sugar,' and ptrpov, 'mea-
sure.'  A hydrometer adapted for determining the
density of syrups.
  SACCHAROMYCES, Torula cerevisiee.
  SACCHARORRHCEA, Glycyrrhcea — s.  Cuta-
nea, Sudor dulcis.
  Saccharorrhce'a Lac'tea, Galactorrhea'a sac-
chara'ta.  A secretion of unusually sweet milk.
  Saccharorrhcea Pulmona'lis,  Sputum dulce
seu sacehar a'turn.  The copious expectoration of
unusually sweet matter from the lungs.
  Saccharorrhcea Urinosa, Diabetes  mellitus.
  SACCHARUM,  Sacehar.   From Arabic, or
rather Sanscrit, Sa-kar,  'white earth;'  Sueliar,
Succhar, Sutter, Znchar, Zu'caro,  As'sakur, Ti-
gala, Zac'charum, Zozar, Zdcharum, Zuc'carum,
Zuchra, 3Iel arundindceum, Sugar,  (F.) Sucre.
The produce of the juice of the Sac'charum offi-
cindrum vel officinale of Linnaeus,  Cal'amus In'-
dicus,  Cal'amus Sacchari'nus,  Sugar Cane, (F.)
Canne d  Sucre,  Cannamelle;  Arttn'do saccha-
rif'era  of  Sloane.  Family,  Gramineas.   Sex.
Syst. Triandria Digynia)  and  also of the  beet,
maple, 4c.
  True  Sugars are those with which  alcoholic
fermentation may be effected, by the addition of
yeast and water.  They are :—
 Species.              Varieties.
,         f Hard sugar of the cane, maple,  beet,
 ........... [  chestnut, 4c.
2        f Liquid  sugar,  sugar of malt, of the
         {  sweet potato, molasses, honey, 4c.
,        J Hard sugar of the grape, ripe fruits,
    ....... {  starch, diabetes, 4c.
4...........  Hard sugar of the mushroom.
  Imperfect sugars are those in which  alcoholio
fermentation cannot be effected by means of yeast
and water.
 Species.              Varieties.
1............Manna,
2............Sugar of Milk.
3............Sugar of jelly or glue.
4............Liquorice.
5............Picromel.
  Sugar is prepared from the expressed juice of
the sugar-cane, boiled with the addition  of quick-
lime or common vegetable alkali.   It is used, in
pharmacy, for  the  preparation of syrups,  con-
serves, lozenges, 4c.  It is very nutritious, and
is employed as an aliment, and as a demulcent 
SACCHARURE              762            SACROCOCCYGEAL
and antiseptic.  Dissolved in small quantities in
water, as in tea, it is apt to disagree with  dys-
peptics ;  an evil which does  not always occur
when the same substance is taken more largely.
  Saccharum Acer'num,  S. Canadedse, Maple
Sugar, is often used as a demulcent.
  Sac'charum Album, S. purified turn,  Saccha-
rum  (Ph.  U. S.), White Sugar, Refi'ned Sugar,
Sal  Indue, is the  Loaf  Sugar.  Double-refined
Sugar has been called Tabarzet.
  Saccharum Can'didum, S. candum seu cantum
seu canthum, Al'phenic, Nabot, Sugar candy, (F.)
Sucre Candi, is the crystallized juice of the cane.
  Saccharum Candum, S. Candidum—s. Cantum,
S. Candidum — s.  Canthum,  S.  Candidum — s.
Commune, Saccharum non-purificatum.
  Saccharum Hordea'tum, Barley  Sugar,  Pe-
nidee, Penid'ium, Sac'charum penid'ium, is a va-
riety of sugar candy.
  Saccharum Lactis, Sugar of milk.
  Saccharum  Non-Purifica'tum, Muscova'do,
raw  or brown or moist sugar, is the S. commu'ne,
S. rubrum, 3Iel canna, or coarse sugar.
  Saccharum Officinarum, see  Saccharum — s.
Penidium,  Hordeatum — s. Rosaceum, Confectio
rosae gallicae—s. Saturni, Plumbi superacetas.
  SACCHARURE, from aaccharum, 'sugar.'  A
medicine  resulting from the  intimate union of
sugar with the medicinal principles of alcohol or
ethereal tinctures.—Beral.
  SACCULATED, Encysted.
  SACCULATUS, Encysted.
  SACCULI ADIPOSI,  Fatty vesicles—s.  Cha-
licophori, see Lacunae of Bone—s. Laryngei,  Ven-
tricles  of the larynx.
  Sac'culi Medicina'les. Bags containing me-
dicinal substances.
  Sacculi Medullares, see Medullary mem-
brane.
  SAC'CULUS, diminutive of saccus,  'a  little
sac.'   This name  has been given to  two  sacs
formed by the membranous vestibule, which  open
into each  other, and contain  the  otolithes  and
otoconies:  one of  these is termed the sacculus
vestib'uli, the other sacculus.  See  Semicircular
canals.
  Sacculus, Marsupion — s. Cephalicus, Cucu-
pha—s. Chylifer seu rorifer, Receptaculum  chyli
—s. Cordis, Pericardium—s. Ellipticus, see Semi-
circular canals.
  Sac'culus Laryn'gis.  A  caecal pouch,  of
variable size, formed by the mucous membrane
in the  ventricles of the larynx.—Hilton.
  Sacculus  Medicinalis, Pulvinar medicatum
— s. Sphericus, see Semicircular  canals — s. Ves-
tibuli,  Semicircular canals.
  SACCUS,  Sac — s. Coli, Caecum — s.  Cordis,
Pericardium—s. Herniosus, Hernial sac—s. Epi-
ploicus, Epiploon—s. Intestini crassi, Caecum —
s. Lacrymalis,  Lachrymal sac — s. Lacrumalis,
Lachrymal sac — s. Lacteus, Receptaculum  chyli
— s. Mucosus, see Bursas mucosae — s. Pleurae,
Pleura—s. Venarum cavariim, Sinus dexter cordis
—s. Venarum pulmonalium, Sinus  pulmonalis.
   SACER, Sacral — s. Ignis, Herpes  zoster — s.
Morbus, Epilepsy — s.  Musculus,  Transversalis
 dorsi.
   SACERDOTIS PENIS, Arum maculatum.
   SACHET (¥.), Sac'culus, 'a bag.'  A  small
bag containing perfumes  to  be placed among
clothes to communicate to them  an  agreeable
odour.   The following is a formula for the  pow-
der  they contain.  Powdered cloves  and powdered
caaaia, each one ounce;  powdered  orris root, an
ounce  and a half; powdered yellow sandal wood,
one drachm; otto of roses, twenty-four drops; oil
of  lavender, oil of bergamot, each one  drachm;
musk,  six grains.  A scent-bag.
  SACK.  A wine used by our ancestors; Yin see.
Probably Sherry.
  Sack, Saccus, Secluso'rium ; Sax. fac.  A bag
or pouch.
  Sack, Her'nial, Saccus hernio'sus, (F.)  Sac
herniaire.  An envelope or pouch, formed by the
serous membrane of the  cavity, whence a viscus
has  escaped.  We distinguish, in  a hernial  sac,
its orifice or the opening by which  it communi-
cates with the great cavity lined by  the serous
membrane:  its  cervix  or neck, (F.)  Collet, the
narrow portion on the  outside of  the  orifice,
where strangulation sometimes occurs : the body,
(F.) Corps, which  is the round prominent part;
and the fundus or bottom,— the part opposite to
the orifice.
   Sack Posset; from  sack, 'the wing,' and pos-
set.  A posset made of sack, milk and other in-
gredients.
   Sack, Serous.   The  shut  cavity formed  by
any serous membrane, as by the pleura or perito-
neum.
   SACRAD, see Sacral.
   SACRA FISTULA,  Vertebral column.
   SACRAL, Sacer, (F.) Sacri.  That which be-
longs or relates to the sacrum.  A name given to
several parts.
   Sacral Arteries  are distinguished  into 1.
The anterior or middle sacral. Median Artery of
the Sacrum  of Chaussier, which arises from the
posterior part of the abdominal aorta, in front of
the 4th lumbar vertebra.  It descends, in a ser-
pentine manner, upon the sacro-vertebral articu-
lation, and on the anterior surface of the sacrum.
It furnishes many lateral branches, which  unite
with the lateral sacral arteries, and enter the an-
terior  sacral foramina, to be distributed to the
membranes  of the marrow, 4c.  2. The lateral
sacral arteries, which are two in number ; one on
each side.  They arise from the hypogastric, from
the ilio-lumbar, or from the gluteal; and descend
before the anterior sacral foramina, anastomosing
in an  arched  manner, towards the coccyx, with
the  middle  sacral.  They give off external and
posterior  branches, which enter the sacral fora-
mina;  and  internal branches, which are distri-
buted to the pyramidalis, sacrum, 4c.
   Sacral Aspect. An aspect towards the region
where the sacrum  is situated.—Barclay.  Sacrad
is used by the same writer adverbially to signify
'towards  the sacral aspect.'
   Sacral Extremities.  The lower limbs.
   Sacral Grooves, (F.) Gouttieres sacri.es.  Two
longitudinal excavations, slightly marked,  at the
posterior surface of the sacrum ;  which appear to
terminate the vertebral grooves or gutters.
   Sacral Nerves, (F.) Nerfs aacria, are  gene-
rally six in  number.  They arise from the termi-
nation of the spinal marrow.  The first, united
with the  great cord which  descends from the
lumbar plexus, concurs with the three others in
the formation of the sacral or sciatic plexus. The
 third  and  fourth, with branches  of the great
 sympathetic, form  the hypogastric plexus.  The
fifth and sixth (coecyge'al nerve) are distributed
to the ischio-coccygeus muscle, and to the sphinc-
 ter and levator ani.
   Sacral Plexus, Sciat'ic plexus, — the  sacral
 portion of  the crural  plexus  of  Chaussier, con-
 stituted as  just mentioned, is situate in front of
 the  pyramidalis.  It gives off, backwards,  two
 branches, called the pudic, (F.) honteux, and the
 lesser sciatic.   It terminates in  the great sciatic
 nerve.
   SACRE, Sacral.
   SACROCOCCYGEAL, Sacro-coccygeus.  Re-
 lating to  the sacrum and coccyx.
'   Sacrococcygeal  Articula'tion is  that of 
              8ACR0C0STALIS

the lower extremity of the sacrum with the su-
perior facette of the coccyx.   It is closed by two
ligaments; — an anterior and a posterior sacro-
cocet/t/eal.
  SACROCOSTALIS, Sacro-lumbalis—s. Fimo-
ral, Glutaeus major.
  SACKOCOXAL'GIA,  from sacrum,  'the os
sacrum,' coxa, ' the hip,' and aXyos, ' pain;'  a
hybrid term.  Some authors have called thus a
rheumatic affection of the sacro-iliac symphysis.
  SACROILTAC,  Sacro-ili'acue.   That which
relates to the sacrum and ilium.
  Sacroiliac Articula'tion,  Sym'physis, or
Synchondro'sis,  Ilio-eacral  articula'tion,  sym-
phyeis or synchondrosis, is the union of two  sur-
faces;— two inclined planes, broader above than
below;  one formed by the sacrum, the other by
the ilium.   Both  surfaces are incrusted by an
articular cartilage.  The bands which strengthen
them  are  the two  sacro-sciatic ligaments,  the
sacrospinal, a sacro-iliac ligament, and some ir-
regular fibres.  The sacro-iliac ligament is a very
thick  assemblage of short, dense, irregular fibres,
occupying  the space which the sacrum and ilium
leave  between them, behind their articular  sur-
face.   Some authors have termed some irregular
fibres, situate  in front of the sacro-iliac articula-
tion, anterior  sacro-iliac ligaments,  in opposition
to the preceding fasciae, which they call posterior
sacro-iliac.
  SACROISCIIIATICUS, Sacro-sciatic.
  SA CR O L O MBA IRE, Sacro-lumbalis.
  SACROLUMBAR, Sacro-lumbdlis, Sacro-lom-
baire.   That which belongs  to  the sacrum  and
loins.
  Sacholumbar,  Sacro-lumba'lia, Sacro-lumbd'-
ria Muscle, Sacro-costa'lis, Dorso-trache'lian por-
tion of the Sacrospinal of Chaussier, (F.) Lombo-
eosto-traehilien, Sacro-lombaire,  is  seated at the
posterior part of the trunk ; is thick and triangu-
lar below;  flat and thin  in the remainder,  and
terminates in  a point at its upper extremity.  It
is attached to  the posterior surface of the sacrum;
to the corresponding portion of the  crista ilii; to
the extremities of the transverse processes of the
lumbar vertebrae;  to the angles of the eleven in-
ferior ribs; to the tuberosity of the first, and the
posterior tubercle  of the transverse processes of
the last  five cervical vertebrae.   The sacro-lum-
balis straightens the vertebral  column when bent
forwards, and maintains  it straight.  By means
of its  insertion into the ribs, it can elevate or de-
press  these bones,  according as it contracts from
above to below, or from below to above.  It acts,
consequently,  sometimes  as  an  inspiratory, at
others as an expiratory muscle.
  From six or eight of the lower ribs arises an
equal number of fleshy portions, which terminate
at the inner side  of this muscle, and are called
Mus'culi Accessor'ii vel Additamen'tum ad Sacro-
lumbdlem, (F.) Accessoircs du Sacro-lombaire.
  From the upper part of the sacro-lumbalis,  a
fleshy slip, called Cervica'lis  desceddena, Cervi-
citis  descendens  Diemerbroeck' ii,  Transversa'lie
collotero'lis colli,  Accesso'rius ad  Sacro-lumba-
lem, (F.) Tranavcreaire grele, runs up, to be fixed
to the  transverse processes of the fourth, fifth,
and  sixth   cervical vertebrae, by three distinct
tendons.   These  last parts, though  separated by
some  anatomists, belong to the sacro-lumbalis.
  SACROSCIATTC,  Sacro-ischiat'icus.  That
which belongs to the sacrum and ischium.
  Sacrosciatic  Ligaments are two ligaments,
which assist in  securing the sacro-iliac articula-
tion.   The great  or posterior sacro-sciatic liga-
ment  extends from  the  crista ilii and  the sides
of the sacrum and coccyx to the tuberosity of the
ischium.   The less or anterior sacro-sciatic liga-
i3                  SACRUM

 ment arises from the same point, and terminates
 in the spine of the ischium.
   SACROSPINAL, Dorso-trachelian portion of
 the sacro-lumbalis.
   SACROSPINA'LIS.   That which relates to
 the sacrum and spine.  Under this name, Chaus-
 sier  describes the  sacro-lumbalis,  longissimus
 dorsi, transversalis, transverso-spinalis, and  in-
 tertransversalis.  He  divides it  into three por-
 tions.                   ,
   SACROTROCHANTERIEN, Pyramidalis.
   SACROVERT'EBRAL, Sacro-vertebrdlis.
 That which relates to the  sacrum and the ver-
 tebrae.
   Sacrovertebral Articulation is the junc-
 tion  of the last vertebrae of the loins with the
 sacrum.  The angle which these two bones form
 at the anterior part has been called the Prom'on-
 tory of the Sacrum, or the Saero-vertebral Angle.
   Sacrovertebral Ligament is a  strong liga-
 ment, which passes from  the anterior part of each
 of the transverse processes of the  last  lumbar
 vertebra to be attached to the base of the sacrum.
 Its use  is to  maintain the articulation of  those
 two bones in situ.
   SACRUM,  Os sacrum,  Oa baaila're, Oa Alagas,
 Oa latum, Oa clun'ium, Ver'tebra magna, Alba-
 giazi, Hi'eron ost'eon,  Clunis,  Subver'tebra, Sub-
 ver'tebrum, Vet'ula; from  sacer,  'sacred;' be-
 cause it contributes to protect the genital  organs,
 which were considered sacred, or because it was
 offered in sacrifice.  The  bone, which forms the
 posterior part of the pelvis,  and is a continuation
 of the vertebral column.  The sacrum is symme-
 trical and triangular, situate at the posterior part
 of the pelvis,  and concave anteriorly.  It has, —
 1. A pelvic or anterior surface, which  corresponds
 to the pelvic cavity, and has four transverse fur-
 rows, that point out the parts where the primitive
 portions  of the bone were  separated from  each
 other.   On each side  there are four foramina,
 called anterior  sacral;  these are oblique, and
 decrease in size, from above downwards. Through
 these  pass the  anterior  branches of the sacral
 nerves.  2. A spinal or poaterior surface, which
 is convex, rough, and covered  by muscles. Upon
 the median line are four horizontal, tubercular
 eminences, forming a continuation of the spinous
 processes of the vertebrae  ; and below, a triangu-
 lar notch, where the sacral  canal terminates. On
 each side of the surface are four foramina, called
 poaterior aacral, which are  smaller than the an-
 terior, and give passage to the posterior branches
 of the sacral nerves.   3. The vertebral surface or
 baee.   Its greatest  extent is transversely.  It is
 articulated with the last lumbar vertebra,   On it
 is seen the orifice of the sacral canal, of a trian-
 gular shape, which decreases in width from above
 downward; terminates the vertebral canal; is
 lined by a prolongation  of the  cerebral mem-
 branes;  contains the fasciculi of the sacral nerves;
 communicates, externally, by the sacral foramina;
 and terminates at the triangular notch  on the
 posterior surface of the bone.  At the sides of the
 upper orifice of the sacral canal are two articular
 processes, which receive  the  articular processes
 of the last lumbar vertebra. The projection formed
 by the  union  of the base  of the sacrum with the
 last lumbar vertebra, is called the Prom'ontory,
 Promonto'rium  Ossis Sacri, Great Angle of the
 Sacrum  or Sacro-vertebral Angle.  4.  A  coccygeal
 face  or apex, (F.) Face  coccygienne  ou Sommet,
 which is very narrow, and is articulated with the
 coccyx.   5. Two lateral  margina, which  have,
 above, a broad, oblique surface, articulated with
 the ilium.
  The sacrum is developed  by 30 to 36  points of
 ossification.
7i 
SADDLE
764
SAINT  PARDAUX
  SADDLE, TURKISH, Sella Turcica.
  SvEPES, Sepes.
  SAFFLOAV,  Carthamus tinctorius.
  SAFFLOAVER, Carthamus tinctorius.
  SAFFRON,  Crocus —s. Bastard, Carthamus
tinctorius—s. Dyers', Carthamus tinctorius — s.
Flower, Carthamus tinctorius—s. Meadow, Col-
chicum autumnale.
  SAFRAN BATARD,  Carthamus  tinctorius,
Colchicum  autumnale — s. dea Indea,  Curcuma
longa—s.  de Mars apiritif, Ferri subcarbonas —
s. de  Mars astringent,  Colcothar — s.  des Prls,
Colchicum  autumnale — s. Racine  de, Curcuma
longa.
  SAFRANIIM, Carthamus tinctorius.
  SAFRE, Smalt.
  SAGA, Sago.
  SAGAPE'NUM,  Sag'apin,  Serapi'non,  (F.)
Gomme siraphiqtte.   A gum-resin, supposed to
be obtained from the Fer'ula Per'sica.  Family,
Umbelliferae.    Sex. Syst.  Pentandria Digynia.
Its  odour  is fetid and alliaceous; taste pungent,
bitterish, nauseous.  It is  in small, agglutinated
masses of a yellow colour; tenacious; breaking
with  a horny fracture.  It is a reputed antispas-
modic and emmenagogue.  Dose, gr. x to gss.
  SAGAPIN,  Sagapenum.
  SAGE,  Salvia — s. Indian, Eupatorium perfo-
liatum—s. Jerusalem, Pulmonaria—s. Tree, Lan-
tana—s. Wild, Salvia Africana.'
  SAGE-FEMME, Midwife.
  SAGENA, Epiploon.
  SAGESSE  DES  CHIRURGIENS,  Sisym-
brium Sophia.
  SAGIMEN  VITRI,  Soda, subcarbonate of.
  SAGITTAL,  Sagittdlie,  Sagitta'tus,  from
sagitta, 'an arrow.'
  Sagittal Furrow, Sagittal Groove,  (F.) Gout-
tiere aagittale, is a channel on the median line of
the inner surface of the skull-cap.  It is exca-
vated in the  os frontis, in the two parietal and
occipital bones, and extends  from the crista galli
to the internal occipital protuberance.  It lodges
the longitudinal sinus, which has been called the
sagittal sinua.
  Sagittal Suture, Obela'a sutu'ra,  0. Raphe,
Suturo Virga'ta, S. juga'lia, S. Rabdo'i'des, Rhab-
do'i'dea, Rhabdo'dea, Rhabdoideua seu Biparietd-
lis.   The  suture which unites the two  parietal
bones, and which extends, from before to behind,
on  the median line, from the coronal suture to
the lambdoidal. It is so called, from sagitta, ' an
arrow,' because it seems to meet the coronal su-
ture as an  arrow meets the string of a bow.
   SAGITTA'RIA VARIABTLIS, Arrowhead,
Arrowleaf, Wapata of Oregon;  Nat.  Ord. Alis-
maceae ;  esculent, yielding fecula like arrow-root.
 The roots are cooling and sub-astringent, and are
at times applied to the feet in cases of yaws and
 dropsical  swellings of the legs.  The leaves are
 applied to the breasts to dispel milk.
   SAGITTA'RIUM   ALEXIPHAR'MACUM,
 Malac'ca radix, Canna In'dica, Arun'do Indica.
 A  root cultivated in the West Indies, and sup-
 posed to  be a remedy for  wounds by poisoned
 arrows.
   SAGITTATUS, Sagittal.
   SAGO, Sagus, Saga, Sagu, Segu, Am'ylum pal-
 ma'eeum,  (F.) Sagou, Sague.  A fecula, obtained
 from the pith of the  Sague rumph'ii, Cycae circi-
 na'lis, C. revoldta, 4c, growing in the Moluccas,
 Philippine Isles, 4e., and which is brought to us
 in small  grains.  The same substance  is,  also,
 obtained  from the West Indies, but it is inferior
 to that  from the East.   By boiling in water or
 mi'k, sago becomes  soft and transparent, and
 forms an agreeable and nutritious food in febrile,
calculous, and other disorders.  It is made pala-
table by sugar,  lemon-juice,  or wine, whero the
last is not contra-indicated.
  To make sago into a proper mucilago for the
sick, a tablespoonful of it should be macerated
in a pint of water for two hours, and then boiled
for  fifteen  minutes, stirring assiduously.  Caro
must be taken, that the grains are perfectly dis-
solved by long boiling and constant stirring.
  Sago posaet is made by putting aogo, "$ij, into
water, Oij ;  boiling until the mucilago is formed:
then rubbing sugar, §ss, on the rind of a lemon,
and putting it  with  tincture of ginger, f """"j* int0
sherry, Oss ; adding this mixture to the mucilage,
and boiling for  five minutes.—It is a good resto-
rative.
  Sago,  French,  see  Solanum tuberosum, and
Arrow-root, common — s. Portland Island, see
Arum maculatum.
  SAGOU, Sago.
  SAGU, Sago.
  SAGUE, Sago — s. Petit, see Solanum tube-
rosum.
  SAGUS, Sago — s. Rumphii, see Sago.
  SAHARA, Insomnia.
  SAIGNEE,  Blood-letting—s. Spoliative, Spo-
liativa phlebotomia.
  SAIGNEMENT DU NEZ, Epistaxis.
  SAILORS, DISEASES, 4e., OF.  Sailors, by
nature of their occupation,  are  liable to  many
diseases.  Several  of  these  may, however, be
warded off  by proper attention to cleanliness and
ventilation.
  SAIN BO IS, Daphne gnidium — *. Doux,
Adeps praeparatus.
  SAINT AMAND, MINERAL WATERS OF.
Sulphuretted waters, in the  department of Du
Nord, France.   They contain  carbonic and sul-
phohydric  acids.  The Boue or deposit contains
sulphobydric acid, and salts of iron and magne-
sia.  Temperature, 64° to 82° Fahr.
  SAINT  AUGUSTINE, CLIMATE OF.  This
sea-port of Florida is  a frequent retreat during
the winter  season for the valetudinarian from the
more northern parts of the United States.  The
climate is certainly comparatively mild and equa-
ble ; but it  is liable to frequent north-east storms.
There are  only a  few days, however, in winter,
in which the invalid cannot take exercise in the
open air.  Tampa Bay, and Pensacola, in Florida,
and Mobile, in Alabama, which are  sometimes
visited by the consumptive, are less liable to the.
storms in question.
   SAINT  CHARLES'S  ROOT,  Carlo Sancto
 (Radix).
   SAINT  CROIX, Santa Cruz.
   SAINT  JAMES'S WORT, Senecio Jacobaea.
   SAINT  JOHN'S DANCE, see Mania, dancing
— St. John's Wort, Hypericum perforatum.
   SAINT  KITTS, see AVest Indies.
   SAINT  LEONARD'S,  CLIMATE OF.  This
 place, which is situate about a mile to the west-
 ward of Hastings, in Sussex, England, is less shel-
 tered than it,  and is therefore a less favourable
 retreat, during the winter months, for the phthi-
 sical valetudinarian.
   SAINT  MYON, MINERAL  AVATERS  OF.
 Some cold, acidulous waters at Saint Myon, near
 Riom, in the department of Puy-de-D6me.  They
 contain free carbonic acid, subcarbonate of soda,
 chloride of sodium, and carbonate and sulphate
 of lime.
   SAINT  NECTAIRE,  MINERAL AArATERS
 OF. Springs in the department of Puy-de-Dome,
 France. They contain carbonic acid, bicarbonate
 of  soda, and chloride of sodium.  Temperature
 75° to 103° Fahr.
   SAINT  PARDAUX, MINERAL WATERS 
SAINT SAUVEUR
765
SALIVA
 OF.   Chalybeate springs  in the  department of
 Allier, France.   They contain  carbonic acid and
 iron.
   SAINT  SAUVEUR, MINERAL  AVATERS
 OF.   Sulphurous waters in the  department of
 Hautes-Pyren6cs, France.  Temperature, 76° to
 93° Fn.br.
   SAINT VINCENT'S, see West Indies.
   SAINT VITUS'S DANCE, Chorea, see Ma-
 nia,  dancing — s. Vitus's  Dance of the Voice,
 Balbuties.
   SAIRE,  Essera,
   SAL, Salt—s. Absinthii, Potassae subcarbonas,
 see Potash — s. Acetosellae, Potass, oxalate of—
 s. Acetosus ammoniacalis,  Liquor ammoniae ace-
 tatis — s. Acidum benzoes, Benjamin—s. Albus,
 Soda, muriate of— s. Alembroth,  Alembroth salt
 —s. Alkali, Soda, subcarbonate of—s. Alkalinus
 fixus fossilis, Soda — s. Amarum, Magnesiae sul-
 phas— s. Ammoniac, volatile,  Ammoniae carbo-
 nas — s.  Ammoniacum, Ammoniae  murias — s.
 Ammoniacum  martiale, Ferrum ammoniatum —
 s. Ammoniacum  secretum Glauberi,  Ammoniae
 sulphas — s. Ammoniacum tartareum, Ammoniae
 tartras — s. Ammoniacum vegetabile,  Liquor am-
 moniae acetatis — s. Ammoniacus nitrosus,  Am-
 moniae nitras — s. AmVnoniae, Ammoniae  murias
 — s.  Anglicanum, Magnesiae sulphas — s. Anti-
 epilepticus  of  AVeissman,  Cuprum ammoniatum
 — s.  Antimonii,  Antimonium  tartarizatum — s.
 Ammoniacum,  Ammoniae murias—s. Artis, Alem-
 broth  salt—s. Asphaltitis,  Bit noben—s. Cathar-
 ticus aniarus, Magnesiae sulphas—s. Catharticus
 Glauberi, Soda, sulphate of—s. Communis, Soda,
 muriate of—s. Cornu  cervi, volatile, Ammoniae
 carbonas — s. Culinaris, Soda, muriate of—s. Di-
 gestivus Sylvii, Potossso murias — s.  Diureticus,
 Potassae acetas — s.  de  Duobiis, Potassae sulphas
 — s. Ebsdamense, Magnesiae sulphas — s. Enix-
 um,  Potassa1 supersulphas—s. Epsomensis, Mag-
 nesia? sulphas — s. Essentiale Benzoes, Benjamin
 —s.  Fcbrifugus of Lcmery, Potassae supersulphas
 —s.  Febrifugus Sylvii,  Potassa1  murias—s. Fon-
 tium, Soda, muriate  of—s. Fossilis, Soda, muriate
 of—s. Fuliginis, Ammoniae  carbonas—s. Gemmae,
 Soda, muriate of—s. Herbarum, Potassae subcar-
 bonas— s. Indus, Saccharum album — s. Lixivi-
 osum, see Lixivium — s. Lucidum, Soda, muriate
 of—s. Marinus,  Soda,  muriate of—s.  Martis,
 Ferri sulphas — s. Martis  muriaticum sublima-
 tuni, Ferrum ammoniatum—s. Mirabile perlatum,
 Soda, phosphate of—s.  Mirabilis Glauberi, Soda,
 sulphate of—s. Muriaticum baroticum, Baryta,
 muriate of—s. Nitrum,  Potassae  nitras — s. Os-
 sium, Ammoniae carbonas—s. Panchrestum, Po-
 tassae tartras—s. Petrae, Potassae nitras—s. Tar-
 tarum, Potassae subcarbonas—s. Plumbi, Plumbi
 superacetas—s. Polychrestus, Potassae sulphas—
 s.  Polychrestus Glaseri, Potassae sulphas cum
 sulphuro — s. Polychrestum Seignetti, Soda, tar-
 trate of— s. Prunellae, Potassae nitras fusus sul-
 phatis paucillo  mixtus—s. Rupellensis, Soda, tar-
 trate of—s. Sapientiae,  Alembroth salt, Potassa}
 sulphas — s. Saturni,  Plumbi  superacetas — s.
 Scientia-, Alembroth salt — s. Secretus Glauberi,
 Ammoniae sulphas — s.  Sedativus Hombergi, Bo-
 racic acid — s. Sedlieensis,  Magnesiae  sulphas —
 s.  Seignetti, Soda, tartrate  of—s.  Sennerti, Po-
 tassae acetas — s.  Seydschutzense, Magnesiae sul-
 phas— s. Soda1, Soda,  subcarbonate of—s. So-
 domenus. Bit nob-en  —  s. Succini,  Succinic  acid
—s. Tartari, Potassas subcarbonas, see Potash—
s.  Tartari essentiale, Tartaric acid — s. Tartari
sulphuratum, Potassa'  sulphas — s. Urinae,  Mi-
crocosmicum Sal—s. Urinosum, Urea—s. A"ege-
tabilis. Potassa1 tartras—s.  A"ita\ Alembroth salt
— s.  A'itrioli, Zinci sulphas — s. A'itrioli narcoti-
 cum,  Boracic acid — s.  A'olatile, Ammoniae  ear-I
 bonas, Spiritus  ammoniae  aromaticus — s. A'ola-
 tile Benzoes, Benjamin — s. A'olatile boracis, Bo-
 racic acid — s. Volatile oleosum Sylvii, Spiritus
 ammoniae aromaticus — s. A'olatile succini, Suc-
 cinic acid — s.  Volatilis  salis ammoniaci,  Am-
 moniac  carbonas — s. Vomitorium vitrioli, Zinci
 sulphas.
   SALAAM  CONVULSION,  see  Convulsion,
 Salaam.
   SALAB, Salep.
   SALACITAS,  Satyriasis — s. Vulvae, Nym-
 phomania.
   SALAD, CORN, Valeriana dentata.
   SALAP, Salep.
   SALCOMBE, (CLIMATE OF.) A small place
 — the Montpelier of Huxham — which is one of
 the  warmest spots on the S. AV. coast of England,
 and, therefore,  in this respect adapted for the
 phthisical invalid as a winter retreat,
   SALEP, Saloop' (so pronounced.)  Salab, Sa-
 lop.  The prepared  bulb of the Orchis mas'cula
 and other species of Orchis.  The salep of Caeh-
 mere is from a species of Euloph'io.   Salep is in
 small, irregular, hard masses.  In its composition
 in  relation to water,  it is closely analogous to
 tragacanth.  It is possessed  of similar virtues
 with sago, tapioca, 4c.  The mucilage is prepared
 by dissolving  the powdered salep in hot water,
 with assiduous stirring, and adding  to the solu-
 tion sugar and milk.
   SALER'NUM,  (SCHOOL  OF.)  An ancient
 school of medicine at Salerno in Daly.  It was
 established by Charlemagne, in 802 ;  and was the
 first Christian university at which medicine was
 taught.  It was much celebrated,  especially in
 the  12th  century.  The work on hygiene, " De
 Cornervanda Valetudine," which bears its name,
 has  passed through several  editions in various
 languages.  It is supposed to have  been written
 by John  of Milan,  in 1100, and is in Leonine
 verses.
   SALICARIA, Lythrum salicaria.
   SALICINE, see Salix.
   SALICORNIA ARABICA,  4c., see Soda.
   SALINE', Sali'nus, Salina'cius, Sulinac"idus,
 Sal i'tus,  Salsus,  Half nus, Holmy'rus, Ha/ico'dcs,
 Sali'nous, from sal.  That  which contains a salt,
 or has the properties of a salt.
  Saline Draught or Mixture.  This may be
 made as follows :—Potaaa. carbon. *"")j, acid, citric.
 vel tartar,  gr. xv, vel succ. limon.  recent, ^ss,
 aqua f § viij, syrup, cujusvis gj- M.  Given in di-
 vided doses as a febrifuge.
  Saline Effervescing Draught or Mixture
 is made by adding a due proportion of either of
 the acids  above  mentioned, or of lemon-juice, to
 the proper proportion of the carbonate of soda or
potassa.  About  25 grains of the  acid saturate 30
 grains of the carbonate.  See Powders, soda.
  SALINOUS, Saline.
  SALIS AMMONIACI   FLORES,  Ammoniae
 carbonas.
  SALITIO, Leap.
   SALITUS, Saline.
   SALIUM, Saliva.
   SALIUNCA, Valeriana Celtica.
   SALI'VA, Si'alon, Si'elon,  Sialo'ma, Ptyema,
 Pty'alon,  Pty'elon, Sa'lium,  Sputa'men, Sputa-
 men'tum, Sputum, Spittle.  An inodorous, insipid,
 transparent, slightly viscid fluid; secreted by the
 pariftid, submaxillary and sublingual glands, and
 poured into the mouth by the  ducts of Steno,
 Wharton and Rivinus; the use of which is to mix
 with the alimentary bolus, and  to  serve in the
process of digestion.   It is composed, according
to  Berzelius, of 992.2 parts  of water, 2.9 of a par-
 ticular animal matter, soluble in water, and in-
soluble in alcohol, pty'alin, princip'ium saliva'le 
SALIViE
766
SALT
mate'ria siali'na, of 1.4 of mucus, 1.7 of chlorides
of potassium and sodium, 0.9 of lactate  of soda
and animal matter, and 0.2 of soda.
  SALIVA FLUXUS CIBO VISO, see Saliva-
tion.
  SALIVAIRE, Salivary.
  SALIVAL, Salivary.
  SALIArANS, Sialagogue.
  SALIVA NT, Sialagogue.
  SALIA'ARIS, Salivary — s. Herba, Anthemis
pyrethrum.
  SALTA'ARY, Salivdrius, Saliva'ris,  Salivo'-
8us, Sali'val, Sali'vous, from saliva, (F.) Salivaire.
That which belongs to the saliva.
  Salivary Calculi, see Calculi, salivary.
  Salivary  Fis'tula, Sialosyridges, are  such
as depend upon an accidental opening into the ex-
cretory ducts of the salivary  glands. Fistulae are
most commonly met with in the duct of Steno.
  Salivary  Glands,  Secreting  organs  of the
saliva, Salival glands, are situate symmetrically,
to the number of four, on each  side of the face.
Their form  is very irregular, and  their extent
varies according to individuals.   Their excretory
ducts — Ductua Salivdrii, (F.) Ganaux ou Con-
duits salivaires, carry the saliva directly into the
mouth, without pouring it into any intermediate
reservoir, as happens in the case of some of the
other glands.  The salivary glands have  been
distinguished into,—1. The parotid; 2. The sub-
maxillary ; 3. The sublingual; and 4. The intra-
lingual or lingual, seated at  the  inferior surface
of the tongue, where the mucous membrane forms
a fringed fold.
  SALIVATIO, Salivation—s. Mercurialis, Sali-
vation, mercurial.
  SALIVATION, Saliva'tio, Saliva'tio cal'ida,
Epiph'ora ptyalis'mus, Sialis'mus,  Sputum  Oris,
Sial'achus,  Sieli8moa,  Sialorrhoe'a, Sialoze'mia,
Ptyalia'mua,  Pty'aliam,  Fluxus  aoli'va,  (F.)
Flux de  Bouche,  Flux  aalivaire.  A super-
abundant secretion of saliva;  occasioned either
locally, by the use of irritating masticatories, or
under the influence of some cause which acts on
the whole economy, and especially of mercurial
preparations.  In this last case it is accompanied
by a coppery taste in  the mouth, by swelling of
the  gums,  and  sometimes  by  looseness of the
teeth.  Salivation may usually be diminished by
the use of astringents, laxatives, 4c.
  Ptyalismtta acu'tus sympathet'lcus, Saliva fluxus
cibo viso, Mouth watering, the increased flow of
saliva produced by the sight, smell, or  thought of
agreeable food, is a species of ptyalism, as well as
the  Ptyaliemua acutua melli'tua, Apoceno'sia pty-
alia'mua  mellitua, or Sweet  spittle.  In  this the
saliva has a sweet or mucilaginous taste.
   Salivation, Mercu'rial,  Saliva'tio  mercu-
rialis, Sialoze'mia mercurialis, Ptyalia'mua mer-
curia'lis, P. hydrargyra'tus, (F.) Ptyalisme mer-
curiel, Salivation mercurielle.   Salivation pro-
duced by mercury.  The stomatitis that accom-
panies it is  termed mercurial, Hydrar' gyro-sto-
mati'tie,  (F.) Stomatite mercurielle.
   SALIVATION MERCURIELLE, Salivation,
mercurial.
   SALTVATUM, Sialagogue.
   SALIVOSUS, Salivary.
   SALIVOUS, Salivary.
   SALIX.   The Willow, Ttea, (F.)  Saule.   A
genus of plants in the Linnaean system.
   Salix Frag"ilis,  S. peddula  seu decip'iens
seu amygdali'na seu persicifo'lia seu Russelia'na
geu pippoph'aefolia seu Trevira'nii, or Crack wil-
low (Ph. D.) Salix Alba, S. earu'lea seu virtel-
 li'na, or White willow (Ph. D. and Ph. U. S.) Sa-
 lix Latifo'lia, or broad-leaved willow.   Salix
 Ca'prea, S. sphaceldta seu tomento'sa, or  Great
round-leaved willow  (Ph. L.)  Salix Pentan'-
dria seu Hermapiiroditi'ca.  Salix Hu'milis,
Low bush willow, Speckled willow.  Salix A'itd-
li'na, Salix Eryoceph'ala.  The bark of each
of these has a slightly aromatic odour, and  a bit-
ter astringent taste, which is nearly the same  in
all the species.   It is tonic  and  astringent, and
has been used in intermittents, and  in cases  of
dyspepsia, worms, 4e.  The active principle has
been separated, and called Sal'icine.   It is like
the quinia in medicinal efficacy.  Dose, "**)j to  3JJ
of the  powder.  Dose of  Solieine from 4 to 6
grains.
  Salix .ZEgyptiaca, Calaf.
  SALLOAV, Lurid.
  SALMIAC, Ammoniae murias.
  SALOOP, Salep.
  SALPETRA, Soda, nitrate of.
  SALPINGEMPHRAX'IS, from oaXtrtyt, 'the
Eustachian tube,' and tp<j>pa%is, ' obstruction. Ob-
struction of the  Eustachian tube; — a cause  of
deafness.
  SALPINGITIS, from  aaXtnyZ, 'a tube,' and
itis, ' denoting inflammation.'  Inflammation  of
the Eustachian tube.
  SALPINGOCYE'SIS, Paracye'sis tubdria,
Gravid'itas  tuba'ria, from  aaXtrty^,  'a tube  or
trumpet,' and Kvnats, 'pregnancy.'   Tubal preg-
nancy.— See Pregnancy.
  SALPING03IALLEEN, Tensor  tympani —
s. Staphylinus internus, Levator palati.
  SALPINGOPHARYNG^'US, from aaXtrtyt,
'a  trumpet,' and  t/iapvy!;, 'the  pharynx.'   Val-
salva and  Douglas have  given  this name to a
bundle of fibres, which passes from the Eustachian
tube to the pharynx.
  SALPINGOSTAPHYLINUS, Circumflex
muscle.
  SALPINGOSTENOCHO'RIA, from aaXtnyt,,
' a  tube,'  a-cvos, ' narrow,'  and  xM?a> ' space.'
Narrowness or stricture of the Eustachian  tube.
  SALPINX, Tuba,
  SALSAFI, Tragopogon.
  SALSAMENTUM CRUDUM, Omotarichos.
  SALSAPARILLA GERMANICA, Sarsapa-
rilla Germanica.
  SALSEDO MUCRUM, Potassae nitras.
  SALSEPAREILLE, Smilax sarsaparilla — *.
d'Allemogne, Sarsaparilla Germanica.
  SALSILAGO, Muria.
  SALSOLA DECUMBENS, S. Kali.
  Salso'la  Kali,  S. Decum'bena,  Kali  soda,
Prickly Saltwort, Kali  spino'sum   cochlea'turn,
 Tragua sive Tragum Matthi'oli.  This plant, as
well as the  Saleola aati'va and the Salaola aoda
seu longifo'lia, Kali iner'mis seu soda, Herba vitri,
produces the alkaline salt, commonly called Ba-
rilla, Soda, or Kelp.
   Salsola Longifolia, S. Kali—s.  Sativa, 4c.,
see S. Kali, and Soda — s. Soda, see S. Kali.
   SALSUGINOSUS, Halmyrodes.
   SALSUS, Saline.
   SALT, Sal, Hal, Hale,  'a\s, (F.) Sel. A name
formerly given to a considerable number of sub-
stances of very different nature.  At present, chy-
mists apply the term Salte exclusively to the com-
bination of an acid with one or more  bases. Ncu-
tral salts are those in which the acid and base
reciprocally saturate  each  other.  Acid salts or
supcrsalts, (F.) Sur-sela,  are those in  which  the
acid predominates over the  base.  Alkaline salts
or subsalts, (F.)  Sons-sela, those in which the base
is, on the contrary, predominant.  The different
denominations of the salts are compounded, 1. Of
the name of the acid; the termination of which
is changed into its, when the name of the  acid is 
SALTANS
767
SANABILIS
in on* ,• — otc, when it is in ic.  Thus the salts
formed by  the sulphurejus acid are  sulphites;
those by the sulphuric, sulphates.  2.  This name
is followed  up  by that of  the oxyd,  that enters
into the composition of the salt.  Thus, the sul-
phate of protoxi/d of iron is a combination  of
sulphuric acid with the protoxyd of  that metal.
Frequently, to  shorten the name, the word oxyd
is suppressed ; and  proto, deuto, trito, 4c, put
before the acid:—as protoaulpjhate of iron. Sim-
ple salts are those resulting from the combina-
tion of an  acid with a single base:  double salts
with  two different bases:  triple with three, 4c.
A haloid  salt is one  constituted  after  the type  of
common  salt, or which contains a metal and a
salt-radical, as chlorine, iodine, 4c.   An  oxysatt
is formed from the combination of an acid with
an oxide.
   AVhen salt is used  in an abstract sense, it means
the chloride of sodium.
   Salt Aperient, of Frederick, Soda, sulphate
of—s. Baker's, Ammoniae carbonas—s. of Barilla,
Soda, subcarbonate  of—s.  Bay,  Soda, muriate of
—s. Bitter purging,  Magnesiae  sulphas—s. Com-
mon, Soda, muriate  of—s. Epsom, Magnesiae sul-
phas—s.  Glauber's, Soda, sulphate of—s. Glau-
ber's, Lymington, see  Soda, sulphate of—s. Ro-
chelle, Soda, tartrate of—s. Rock, Soda, muriate
of—s. Sea,  Soda, muriate of—s.  Secondary, Neu-
tral  salt — s. Seignette's,  Soda, tartrate  of— s.
Smelling, Ammoniae carbonas—s. of Soda, Soda,
subcarbonate of—s. Sore-throat, Potassae nitras
fusus sulphatis paucillo mixtus—s. of  Tartar, see
Potassae  subcarbonas,  and Potash —  s. Tasteless
purging, Soda,  phosphate  of—s. of Urine, Am-
moniae  carbonas—s.  White, Soda, muriate of—s.
of Woodsoot, Ammoniae carbonas — s. of AVorm-
wood, see Potash.
   SALTANS ROSA, Urticaria.
   SALTATIO, Dancing—s. Sancti Viti,  Chorea,
   SALTERTON.  A village about four miles  to
the eastward of Exmouth,  England,  frequented
as a winter  abode by invalids.   It is  in a small,
open  valley on the seashore, and is well protected
from  winds, particularly the northerly.
   SALTISH, Halmyrodos.
   SALTPETRE, Potassae nitras.
   SALTUS, Leap, Vulva—s. Tendinum, Subsul-
tus tendinum.
   SALTWORT, PRICKLY, Salsola kali.
   SALUBRIOUS, Salutary.
   SALUBRIOUSNESS, Salubrity.
   SALUBRIS, Salutary.
   SALU'BRITY, Saldbritaa,  Salu'briousness,
(F.) Salubriti, from  salus,  'health.'   Any thing
which contributes to  the health of individuals  or
of communities.  Situations differ materially from
each other in this respect;  and the cause of the
difference is often an interesting topic of inquiry.
   SALUS, Sanitas.
   SALUTAIRE, Salutary.
   SAL'UTARY,  Peries'ticos, Salutdria,  Sold-
ber, Soldbvis,  Hygiei'nue,  Hygiaatic.ua, Hygie'-
rua,  Soldbrina, (F.) Salutaire.   Same etymon.
Healthy.  That which  is favourable  to  health.
Some diseases  have been  considered salutary;
but this is doubtful.
   SALUTIF'EROUS,   Saldtifer;  from  salus,
'health,' and fero,  'I  bear.'  Bringing health;
health bearing.
  SALA'ATEE'LA;  same etymon, (?) Vena sal-
vatel'la, is situate on the back of the  hand, near
its inner margin.  It begins on the posterior sur-
face of the fingers and dorsal surface of the hand,
by a plexus, formed of a number of radicles, fre-
quently anastomosing  with  each other;  it then
ascends to the inner part of the  forearm, where it
takes  the name—posterior cubital. The ancients
 recommended this vein to be  opened in certain
 diseases, as in melancholic and hypochondriacal
 affections; and they attributed to such abstraction
 of blood considerable efficacy in the cure of dis-
 ease : hence its name.
   SALVE, BLISTERING, Unguentum lyttae—
 s. Eye, Unguentum oxidi  zinci impuri — s. Eye,
 Singleton's, Unguentum hydrargyri nitrico-oxydi
 —s. Healing, Cerate of calamine.
   SAL'VIA, S. officina'lis seu horten'sia seu vul-
 ga'ris seu minor,  Elelie'phacoe,  (F.) Sauge, Petite
 Sauge,  Thi dEurope, The" de France.  Family,
 Labiatae. Sex. Syat. Diandria Monogynia.   Sage
 has a peculiar, aromatic odour, and a warm, aro-
 matic, bitterish taste.  Its virtues  depend upon
 an essential oil.  It  is tonic, stimulant, and car-
 minative.  In  the form of a weak infusion, it is
 occasionally used as a diluent, and as a wash for
 sore mouth.  Dose, gr. xv to xxx or more.
   Salvia  Africa'na, Wild Sage, a South Afri-
 can species, has the same medical  properties  as
 Salvia.
   Salvia  Colorata, Salvia.
   Salvia  Hormi'num, Hormi'num, S. colordta,
 Hormi'num, coloro'tum seu aativum, (F.) Sauge-
 hormin, of the  Pharmacopoeias, is used in similar
 cases.
   Salvia Hortensis, Salvia—s. Minor, Salvia—
 s. Officinalis, Salvia.
   Salvia Scla'rea, Sclarea,  Gallit'richum,
 jEthio'pia, Biaer'mas, Colus Jovia, Common Clary,
 (F.) Sauge aclarie, Grande sauge, Orvale ou Toute-
 bonne.  The leaves  have  been  recommended  as
 corroborants and anti-spasmodics.
   Salvia  AriT7E, Asplenium ruta  muraria — s.
 Vulgaris, Salvia.
   SAMBU'CUS,  Sabdcus, Sambucus  nigra,  S.
 vulga'ris, S. Arbo'rea, Acte, Infe'lix lignum; the
 Elder, (F.) Sureau commun.  Family, Capparifo-
 liaceae.   Sex.  Syst. Pentandria Digynia — (The
 flower and bark were formerly called Cano'pum.)
 The flowers, berries, and bark of the  elder have
 been  used  in medicine.  The flowers have been
 reputed diaphoretic  and discutient: the berries,
 aperient and sudorific : the bark, purgative, and,
 in small doses, deobstruent.   The  flowers are
 sometimes  used in fomentations, and to form a
 cooling ointment.
  Sambucus Arborea, Sambucus — s.  Chamae-
 acte, S. ebulus.
  Sambucus Eb'ulus, Ebulue, Chamaac'te, Od-
 ocos, Sambucus Chamaac'te seu He'lion, Sambu-
 cus hdmilis seu  Herba'cea, Dwarf-elder, Dane-
 wort, (F.) Hieble.  The root, interior bark, leaves,
 flowers, berries, (Dacca seu  Grana  Actes,)  and
 seeds  have all been  given  in  moderate  doses as
 resolvents  and deobstruents; and in large doses
 as hydragogues.  The berries of Sambucua Cana-
 densis,  the Common Elder of America, are made
 officinal in  the  American Pharmacopoeia.
  Sambucus Helion, Sambucus ebulus—s. Her-
 bacea, S. ebulus—s. Humilis, S. ebulus—s. Nigra,
 Sambucus—s.  A'ulgaris, Sambucus.
  SAMI TERRA, Sdmian Earth.   An argilla-
 ceous earth, found  in  the island  of Samos, to
 which were ascribed virtues similar  to those of
 the Terra Lemnii.— Galen, Dioscorides.
  SAMIUS LAPIS.  A stone  found in the Isle
 of Samos, which  the ancients believed to be as-
 tringent and refrigerant,
  SAMPHIRE, Crithmum maritimum.
  SAMPSON, BLACK, Echinacea purpurea.
  SAMPSUCHUS, Thymus mastichina.
  SAMPSUCUS,  Origanum majorana.
  SAMPSYCHTNON, Sumpsu'chinum. Anoint-
ment composed of aapAvxov; which was perhaps
marjoram.— Dioscorides.
  SANABILIS, Curable. 
SANABLE
768
SANITAS
  SANABLE, Curable.
  SANAMUNDA, Geum urbanum.
  SANATIO, Curation, Cure.
  SANATIVE, Curative.
  SAN GIULIANO, MINERAL AVATERS OF.
At the foot of the mountain San  Giuliano, a
league and a half from Pisa, are several mineral
springs; temperature from 84° to 107° Fahr.
  The  spring, Pozzetto, contains carbonic acid,
sulphates of soda, lime, and magnesia; chlorides
of sodium and magnesium; carbonates of lime
and magnesia;  argil and silica.— Santi.
  SAND, see Gravel.
  SANDALUM C"ERULEUM, Guilandina mo-
ringa—s. Rubrum,  Pterocarpus santalinus.
  SANDARAC, Sandara'cha, Gum Jdniper, Gum
Sandarach, Pounce, Gummi Junip'eri, Sandara'-
ca, Vernix sicca,  Resina Junip'eri.  A  name
given, by the  Arabs,  to an odorous resin, that
flows from the Thuya aphyl'la. Family, Coni-
ferae.  Sex. Syst. Monoecia Monadelphia.  It is
stimulant, like  all  the resins; but is very little
used.
   SANDARACHA GRA3CORUM, Realgar.
   SAND-BLIND.  A defect  of vision, in which
small particles  seem to fly before the eyes.   See
Metamorphopsia.
   SANDERS, see Saunders.
   SANDIVER, see Vitrum.
   SANDIX, Plumbi oxydum  rubrum.
   SANDYX, Plumbi  oxydum rubrum.
   SANG, Blood—s. Artiriel,  Arterial blood — s.
Dragon, Rumex sanguineus—s. Dragon, see  Ca-
lamus  rotang — s.  Globules du, Globules of the
blood—s. Perte de, Haemorrhagia.
   SANGAREE'.   Wine  and water, sweetened
and  spiced.
   SANG LOT, Sob.
   SANGSUE, Hirudo.
   SANGUIDUCTUS VVRM MATRIS, Sinuses
of the dura mater.
   SANGUIFICATIO, Haematosis — s.  Debilior,
Hyphaematosis.
   SANGUIFLUXUS, Haemorrhagia—s. Uteri-
nus, Metrorrhagia.
   SANGUIMOTION, Circulation.
   SANGUIMOTORY, Circulatory.
   SANGUIN, (Vaisseau,) Blood-vessel.
   SANGUINALIS CORRIGIOLA,  Polygonum
aviculare.
   SANGUINA'RIA, S. Canadensis seu acau'lis,
Bloodroot, Bloodwort, Puccoon, Red Puccoon, Red
Root, Indian Paint, Tur'meric.  Nat. Ord. Papa-
veraceae.   Sex. Syst. Polyandria Monogynia. A
North American plant, the rhizoma and seeds of
which are used in medicine.  They are  emetic.
Dose of the powder, 8 to 20 grains.  They are
 said  to  reduce the  velocity of the pulse,  like
 digitalis.
   Sanguinaria, Polygonum  aviculare.
   SANGUINE, Sanguin'eus, Sanguino'sus, Ha-
 mat'ieus,  Hamatddea, Hamate'rua, Hamati'nus,
 Hamo'des, Hamo'i'des, Sanguineoua; (F.) San-
 guin.  Bloody, blood-like; having the colour of
 blood, as 'a sanguine  countenance.'   Relating to,
 or containing blood—as ' sanguine temperament.'
 Plethoric.
   SANGUINEA,  Potassae nitras.
   SANGUINENESS, Plethora.
   SANGUINEOUS,  Plethoric, Sanguine.
   SANGUINEUS, Sanguine.
   SANGUINIS ABSORPTIO, Haemorrhophesis
 —s. Congestio, Congestion—s. Dissolutio, Haema-
 teclysis—s. Fluor, Haemoptysis—s. Fluor A'esicae,
 Cystorrhagia—s. Ictus,  Apoplexy — s.  Missio,
 Blood-letting—s. Profluvium copiosum, Haemor-
 rhagia^—s. Profluvium ex Ore, Stomatorrhagia,—
 s. Stagnatio, Haemostasia.
  SANGITN'OLENT, Songuinoledtus, from san-
guis, 'blood.'  Tinged  with  blood.  An epithet
applied, particularly, to the sputa when so tinged.
Bloody.
  SANGUINOSUS, Sanguine.
  SANGULPUR'GIUM,  from sanguis, 'blood,'
and  purgare,  'to  cleanse.'   Purgation of the
blood.   A name given  by some authors to  mild
fevers, from an idea that  they purged  the blood
of noxious matters.
  SANGUIS,  Blood, Sperm—s. Cmicretus,  Coa-
gulum—s. Draconis, see Calamus rotang—s. Hirci
siccatus, see Blood—s.  Mcnstruus, see  Menses—
s. in Urina,, Haematuria.
  SANGUISOR'BA CANADEN'SIS,  Canada
Burnett.  A tall indigenous  plant— family, Ro-
saceae—with  white, sometimes purple,  flowers,
which appear from August to October.   It has
the same virtues as
  Sanguisor'ba  Officina'lis, S.  car'nea seu
rubra,  hid'ion  Pim'pinel,  Pimpinel'la  ItaV-
ica  seu officina'lis, (F.) Pimprenelle  noire.  It
was formerly  used as an astringent and tonic, in
hemorrhages,  dysentery, 4c.
  SANGUISUGA, Hirudo.
  SANGUISU'GUM.  A barbarous term, to de-
note too great an accumulation of blood in the
heart.— Bonetus.
  SANICLE,  Sanicula, S. Marilandica—s. Ame-
rican,  Heuchera  cortusa—s. de Mariland,  Sani-
oula Marilandica—s. Yorkshire, Pinguicola vul-
garis.
  SANICULA,  S. Europa'a seu  officina'rum,
Astradtia diapeneia,  Cauca'lie Sanic'ula, Cucul-
la'ta, Dodeca'theon, Sym'phytum petra'ttm, Sa-
nic'ula mae,  Diapen'sio, IJ.  cortu'aa, San'iele,
(F.)  Toute-saine.   Family,  Umbelliferae,   Sex.
Syst. Pentandria Digynia.  This herb was for-
merly used as a mild  astringent.  It is bitterish,
and somewhat austere.
   Sanicula,  Saxifraga granula—s. Eboracensis,
Pinguicola vulgaris—s. Europaea, Sanicula,
   Sanic'ula  Marilan'dica, San'iele, Mdryland
Sanicle, Black Snakeroot,  (F.) Sanicle de Mori-
 land.   This indigenous plant grows in marshes,
 or  low and shaded ground.  It is  possessed of
 tonic virtues ; and the  powdered root is employed
 in  popular practice as a favourite remedy  in in-
 termittent fever.   It has  been recommended,
 also, in chorea.
   Sanicula  Montana, Pinguicola vulgaris — s.
 Officinarum, Sanicula.
   SANIDO'DES^aiu'o'cses, 'resembling a board,'
 from oavis, gen. aavtbos, 'a board,' and u&os, 're-
 semblance.'   One whose thorax is narrow, and,
 as  it were, contracted.
   SANIE, Sanies.
   SA'NIES,  Ichor, Tabum,  Virus, Pus malig'-
 num, P. corroai'vum, (F.) Sanie.  A thin, serous
 fluid, presenting some of the qualities of pus and
 blood,  and commonly exhaled at the surface of
 ulcers ■
   SANIODES, Sanidodes.
   SANIOSUS, Ichorous.
   SANIOUS, Ichorous.
   SAN'ITORY,  San'atory, Healing.  (F.) Sani-
 taire.  That  which  relates to health, and espe-
 cially to public health; as itablissement sanituire;
 police sanitaire.
   SANITA'RIUM, Sanatorium; from sanitas,
 ' health.'  A  retreat selected for valetudinarians,
 in consequence of its  salubrity.  Also, an  estab-
 lishment for  the treatment of the sick.
   SANITAS, Hygi'e'a, Hyge'a, Hygian'sis, Hy-
 gi'asis, Integ'ritas, Prosper'itas Valetu'dinia, Mel-
 ius,  Hygiei'a,  Valetu'do,  Valitddo,  Valetu'do
 bona seu secun'da seu com'moda, Hygei'a,  Euzo-
 iidyna'mia,  Health,   (F.)  Santi,  from   sanus 
                  SANITY                  7(

'sound.'   Health has been  defined,— a state, in
which all the functions are  exerted with regula-
rity and harmony.  A  person  may, however, be
in health, although certain functions are not per-
formed.  A blind man, for example, has health
when all  his functions, except sight, proceed with
regularity.  Sanity  is often used for soundness
of mind.
   Sanitas, Cure.
   SAN I TV, Sanitas.
   SANKIRA, Smilax China.
   SANS  PA IRE, ( Veine,) Azygos vein.
   SANTA CRUZ, (CLIMATE OF.)  This West
India island is frequently selected as a winter re-
treat for the phthisical valetudinarian from the
United States;  but it does  not seem  entitled to
any preference, in such cases, over the other isl-
ands of the AVest Indies, whilst its general salu-
brity is >aid to be less  than that of many.
   SANTAL BLANC, Santalum  album — s.
Rouge, Pterocarpus santalinus.     ,
   SANTALUM, see Pterocarpus santalinus.
   San'talum Album, S.  cit'rinum seu pal'I idum
seu  uiyrtifo'lium,  Sir'ium  myrtifo'lium,  Yellow
Saunders,  (F.) Santa/  blanc.   Sex. Syst. Tetran-
dria Monogynia.  The virtues of the wood of the
white saunders reside  in a volatile oil and resi-
nous principle.   The odour is  fragrant, and re-
sembles  a mixture of ambergris and roses.  It
has been used as a stimulant and sudorific, but it
is not  now employed.  The saunders woods  are
called, collectively, in French, Santaux.
   Santalum Myrtifolium,  S. album — s.  Ru-
brum,  Pterocarpus santalinus.
   SANTE, Sanitas.
   SANTON'ICUM, Artemisia santonicum.
   SAN'TONTNE, Sodtouin, Cinin.  A peculiar
crystalline substance  obtained  from Artemisia
Santonica.  It  possesses the  anthelmintic pro-
perties of the plant.  Dose, five or six grains.
   SANTORI'NI, FISSURES OF, (F.) Incisures
ou Sciaeurea de  Santorini.   Clefts at the upper
and  back part of the fibro-cartilaginous  portion
of the external car.
   Santorini, Tu'bercles  of.   Small cartilagi-
nous projections at the top of the arytenoid car-
tilages, which support the ligaments of the glottis.
See Comiculum  Laryngis.
   SAN17s', Sinapis.
   SAP, Sax. raepe, (G.) Saft, Arborum Succua
seu Lympha, (F.) Seve.  The circulating fluid of
the vegetable, which corresponds to the blood of
the animal.
   SAPA, see Rob.
   SAPHA'DA.  Paracelsus has given this name
to reddish scales adherent to  the hair in some
eruptions of the hairy  scalp.
   SAPII.ENA, Saphena.
   SAPIIE'NA, Sapha'na,from tratpns> 'manifest,'
'evident.'  (F.)  SapMne.  A name  given to two
subcutaneous veins  of the lower limb.   These
arc:  1.  The Great  Saphena Vein, Saphena
interna, Tibio-malleolar, (Ch.,) (F.) Grande Veine
Saphene ou Sophhte interne.  Its radicles occupy
the inner part of the great toe,  and form a trans-
verse arch on the back of the foot, which unites
with  the saphena  externa, and receives at its
convex part, which is turned forwards, a number
of branches coming from the toes.   These radi-
cles, when united, ascend before the inner ankle,
and form  a trunk, the size  of which is farther
increased by several branches that proceed from
the region of the tarsus, and that of the meta-
tarsus.   This trunk  ascends  vertically at  the
inner part of the leg; passes  behind the inner
condyle of the  femur; proceeds along the inner
part of the thigh; receives  other subcutaneous
veins,  such as the  abdominal  subcutaneous, the
       49
9                   SAPO

external pudic, 4c,  and passes through the in-
ferior opening of the crural canal to empty itself
into the femoral vein.   2. The Lesser A'ena
Saphena or  Saphena  externa;   the  Peroneo-
malleolar Vein of Chaussier,  (F.) Petite Veine
Saphene ou Saphene  externe, commences by seve-
ral roots, which are  spread over the dotsum and
outer side of the foot,  and embrace the outer
ankle.   Behind this, they unite  into  a single
trunk, which ascends obliquely, approaching the
tendo Achillis, and  proceeds vertically towards
the ham to open into the popliteal  vein.
   SAPHENE, Saphena.
   SAPHE'NOUS, Sapjheno'sus; from  Saphhie.
Of or belonging to the saphena.
   Saphenous Nerves  are two in number, and
are  branches of the crural or femoral nerve.
They are the short saphenous — nervus cutaneous
internus; and the long  saphenous, — nervus cuta-
neous internus longus.
   The external saphenous, formed by the union
of the communicans poplitei  and  communicans
peronei, passes down the leg by the side of the
external saphenous vein of the foot,
   SAPID, Sei'porous, Sap'idus, (F.) Savoureux.
Possessed of sapidity.    Having  the  power  of
affecting the organs  of taste.
   SAPID'ITY,  Sap'idness, Saporos'ity, Sapor,
(F.)  Sapiditi, from sapere,  'to  taste.'   The
quality of bodies that gives them taste.
   SAPIN C03I3IUN,  Pinus picea.
   SAPIN'DUS, S. Sapona'ria, Sapona'ria, Soap
Tree, (F.) Savonnier commun.  The name of the
plant that  affords the Soap  Nats,  Sapona'ria
Nu'cula, Bac'ca Bermuden'ses, Soap-berriea.  A
spherical fruit about the  size of  a  cherry, the
cortical  part of which  is yellow, glossy, and  so
transparent as to show the spherical  black nut
that rattles within, and includes a white kernel.
The cortical  part of this fruit, which has similar
effects with  soap in washing, has been recom-
mended in  chlorosis, and as a stomachic  and
deobstruent.
   SAPO, Soap,  Sax. rape, Smegma, (F.) Savon.
A product obtained by treating fatty bodies  with
caustic alkalies dissolved in water. In  the Phar-
macopoeia of the United  States, it means  Soap
made with soda and olive oil.
   Yellow Soap is formed of turpentine, oil, and
alkali.
   Castile Soap, being  made of fine olive oil, is
generally used internally.  The yellow and soft
soaps are the most stimulating; and are, conse-
quently, best adapted  for particular cutaneous
eruptions.
   Internally, soap is purgative and diuretic ; ex-
ternally, it is detergent and stimulant.  Soapy
water is used  with the greatest success, in cases
of poisoning by acids.   It is mostly applied ex-
ternally to bruises and sprains.   In Pharmacy,
it is used to favour the solution of  resins.
   Sapo Ac"idus, Acid Soap, is a combination of
a fixed oil with an acid.
   Sapo  Ammoniacalis, Linimentum  ammoniae
fortius—s. Ammoniae oleaeeus, Linimentum am-
moniae fortius — s. Amygdalinus, Sapo medicina-
lis — s. Cacaotinus, Sapo coconeus — s.  Calcarius,
Linimentum aquae  calcis — s. Castiliensis, see
Sap Medicinalis.
   Sapo  Coco'neus,  Soap  of  Cocoa-Nut Oil,  S.
cacaoti'nua, (F.) Savon  de cocoa, has been much
used in Germany in  herpetic affections.
   Sapo  Durus,  S.  Hispanicus — s. Hispanicus,
see S. medicinalis.
   Sapo Kalicus, S. Mollis.
   Sapo  Liq'uidus, Liquid Soap, Lotio sapona'-
cea, is a cosmetic which is composed of olive oil 
SAP ON AIRE
770
SARCOLOGIA
§iv, ol. tartari per deliquium ^ss.  Rub together,
and add aqua rosarum 3x1,1.
  Sapo  Medicina'lis, Medi.c"inol  Soap, Sapo
amygdali'nus, (F.) Savon midicinal, is made with
oil of sweet almonds and half its weight of caus-
tic alkali, or, like the Sapo Hispani'cus seu Cas-
tilien'sis, Sj>anish or  Castile soap,  Sapo durus,
(F.) Savon dur, of olive oil and soda,
  Sapo Mollis, Common or Soft Soap, S. vir'idis,
S. ni'ger, S. ka'licus, (F.)  Savon mou, Savon noir,
is made of potass and  oil or tallow.  The Sajyo
vulgaris, or 'common soap' of the Pharm. U. S.
is made with soda and animal oil.
  Sapo Niger, Black Soap, Melanosmeef ma, is a
composition of train oil and an alkali : and Green
Soap, Sapo vir'idis, of hempseed, linseed,  or rape
oil, with an alkali.  See Sapo mollis.
  Sapo ArEGETABiLis, Pulvis gummosus alkali-
nus — s. Viridis, Sapo mollis — s. Vulgaris, see
Sapo mollis.
  SAPONA'CEOUS; Sapondceus; from Sapo,
' soap.'   Soapy.  Containing soap,  as Linimen-
tum saponaceum, Soap liniment.
  SAPONAIRE, Saponaria.
  SAPONA'RIA, from Sapo, 'soap.'  Soap-wort,
Bruise-wort,  Stru'thium,  Land ria,  Lychnis syl-
ves'tris, Ibix'uma, Bootia vulga'ris Lychnis offici-
na'lis, (F.)  Saponaire.   Family,  Caryophylleae.
Sex. Syst. Decandria Digynia.  A  decoction of
the leaves of this plant  has been recommended
in scrofula, cancer, old syphilis, cutaneous erup-
tions, jaundice, visceral  obstructions, 4c.  It  is
hardly ever used.
   Saponaria, Sapindus saponaria.
   SAPONARLE NUCULE, see  Sapindus sapo-
naria.
   SAPO'NEA, from Sapo, 'soap.'   A pectoral
medicine, prepared with  sweetened  syrup of vio-
lets, and oil of sweet almonds.
   SAPON'ULES,  Sapon'ula, (F.)  Savonules.
Same  etymon.  Combinations  of volatile or es-
sential oils with different bases.
  Acid Saponules are combinations of such oils
with different acids.
   SAPOR, Sapidity, Savour.
   SAPOROSITY, Sapidity.
   SAPOROUS, Sapid.
   SAPOTA, Achras Sapota seu austra'lis seu
Zapota,  Sapota alchrae,  El niapero, Oval-fruited
Sapota, (F.) Sapotier, Sapotillier, Sapotilla.  Fam.
 Sapoteae. Sex. Syat. Hexandria Digynia.  A tree
which grows" in the  Antilles, and particularly at
 St. Domingo.  Its  fruit is much esteemed.  It
resembles the marmalade of quinces; and hence
has been called natural marmalade.   The seeds
 make  an emulsion, which  has  been given  in
 nephritic affections.  The bark has been recom-
 mended as a febrifuge.
   Sapota alchras, Sapota.
   SAPOTIER, Sapota.
   SAPOTILLA, Sapota.                    .
   SAPOTILLIER, Sapota.               y
   SAPROPYRA, Typhus  gravior.
   SAPROS, Putrid, Rancid.
   SAPROS'TOMUS, from aatrpos, 'foul, of a bad
 odour,'  and aro^a,  'mouth.'   One who has an
 offensive breath.
   SAPROTES, Putrefaction.
   SAR'APUS, ^ara^oiis.   One who  has a large
 foot; whose toes are largely separated, or whose
 feet are much asunder in walking; from aatpui,
 'I grin,' and trovs, ' the foot.'   See Kyllosis.
   SARATO'GA, MINERAL WATERS OF. The
 Saratoga springs in New York are  ten  miles
 north-east  from Ballston.   They contain the
 same  ingredients as those of the  latter place;
 and are much frequented  by visiters  from every
part of the United States.  The following analy-
sis has been given of the Congress spring.   In a
wine gallon — gaseous  contents: carbonic acid,
311 cubic inches ; atmospheric air, 7.   Solid con-
tents.   Chloride of sodium, gr. 385;  iodide  of
sodium, gr. 3.5 ; bicarbonate of soda, gr. 8.982;
bicarbonate of magnesia,  95.788;  carbonate  of
lime,  98.098;  carbonate of iron,  0.075; silica,
1.5 ; bromide of potassium,  a  trace.  Total  gr.
597.943.—Steel.
  The Walton or Iodine spring contains  chloride
of sodium, carbonate of magnesia, and iodide of
sodium.
   SARCEPIPLOCELE, Sarcoepiplocele.
   SARCEPIPLOMPHALOCELE, Sarcoepi-
plomphacele.
   SARCEPIPLOMPHALUS,  Sarcoepiplompha-
lus.
   SARCIDIUM, Caruncle.
   SARCINA, Foetus.
   Sar'cina Ventric'uli,  Sarcina,  'a  pack, a
woolpack.'  A microscopic  cryptogamous  plant
found in the fluid of waterbrash.
   SARCION, Caruncle.
   SARCITES,  Anasarca — s. Flatuosus,  Em-
physema,
   SARCITIS,  Myositis.
   SARCOCE'LE, Hernia carno'sa, Scirrhus Tea-
tic'uli, from  aapl, 'flesh,' and K17X17, 'a tumour;'
Sarco'ma ecroti, (F.) Hemic charnue.  Scirrhus
or cancer of the  testicle.  This disease affects
adults particularly; and appears most commonly
after an  inflammatory swelling of  the testicle.
Sometimes it  is dependent  upon a blow; at
others, it makes  its appearance without any  ap-
preciable cause.  It is well known  by a hard,
heavy, ovoid or spherical swelling of the testicle,
which is, at first, slightly, or  not at  all painful,
and merely causes an  unpleasant traction on the
 spermatic cord.  There is no  heat or change of
 colour of the skin; the spermatic cord is swollen,
 and participates in the affection; very painful
 shootings occur;  the lymphatic glands of  the
 abdomen become swollen,  and form a tumour,
 which may,  at times,  be felt  through the  abdo-
 men; and the patient, at length, dies with every
 sign  of the cancerous diathesis.   The  prognosis
 is very unfavourable.   The only means, indeed,
 that can save life is the extirpation of the testicle.
   SARCOCOL'LA,  (F.)  Colle-chair, from aapi,
 'flesh,' and KoXXa, 'glue.' A resinous matter, ob-
 tained from  Pena'a Sarcocol'la, P.  mucrona'ta,
 and other species of Penaea.  An  African shrub,
 which has been so called from a belief that it
 facilitates the consolidation of flesh.  It is in the
 form  of small, oblong, semitransparent globules,
 of a yellowish or reddish blue, and smells  like
 aniseed.  It was once employed as an astringent
 and detergent.
    SARCODES, Carneous.
    SARCOEPIPLOCE'LE,  Sarcepiploce'le, from
 tsapt,,  ' flesh,'  ttrttrXoov, ' the epiploon,'  and kijXij,
 'a tumour.'  Epiplocele, complicated  with  sar-
 coma or sarcocele.
    SARCOE PI P L 0 M'PHALUS,  Sarcepiplom'-
 phalus, Sarcepiplomphaloce'le, from trap!;, 'flesh,'
 ttrttrXoov,  ' the epiploon,' and optpaXos, ' the navel.'
 Umbilical hernia, formed by  scirrhous epiploon
 or complicated with sarco'ma.
    SARCOHYDROCELE, Hydro-sarcocele.
    SARCOLEM'MA,  Sarcoid ma, from trapf,
 'flesh,' and  Xeuina, 'a coat.'   The  sheath  which
 surrounds the  fibrils of muscle that form a fibre.
 It is  quite  distinct  from the  areolar  membrane
 that binds  the fibres  into  fasciculL — Bowman.
 See Perymisium.
    SARCOLOGIA, Myology. 
SARCOLOGY               771               SATYRIASIS
   RARCOL'OGV, Sarcolog"ia, from aap\, 'flesh,'
 and Xoyos, 'a discourse.'  The part  of anatomy
 which treats of the soft parts.  It comprises my-
 ology, angiology, neurology, and splanchnology.
   SARCO'MA,  Emphy'ma Sarcoma,  Sorcom'a-
 toua tumour, Sarco'sia, Porrua, Sorcophi/'in, Ecaor-
 co'mo, Exaorco'ma, Tumor car'neus, Excrescen'tia
 carno'sa,  Po/'ypna coruo'aua,  from trapf, 'flesh.'
 Any species of excrescence having a fleshy con-
 sistence.
   Sarcoma,  Carcinomatous, Scirrhus — s. Cer-
 cosis,  seo Cercosis — s. Epulis, Epulis — s. Mas-
 foi.l, Mammary sarcoma —s. Medullare, see En-
 cephaloid— s.  Medullary  Encephaloid, Haema-
 toilcs fungus —s. Pulpy, ILematodes fungus — s.
 Scroti, Sarcocele.
   Sarcoma,  Common Vascular or Organized
 of Abernethy,  Emphy'ma Sarcoma Vasculo'sum,
 is vascular  throughout: texture simple:  when
 bulky, napped on  the  surface with  arborescent
 veins. Found over the body and limbs generally.
   SA IK'OMA TEUX, Sarcomatous.
   SARCOMATODES. Sarcomatous.
   SAROOMATOSUS, Sarcomatous.
   SARCOMATOUS,  Sarcomato'aua,  Sarcoma-
 to'tlcs, (F.) Sorconioteux. Belonging to, or having
 the  characters of sarcoma.
   SARCOMPHALUM, Sarcomphalus.
   S A It C 0 M ' PIIA L U S, Sarcom'phalum, from
 trap!;, 'flesh,' and  o/upaXos,  'the  navel.' A sc'
 rhous or fleshy, tumour,  developed at the navel
   SAIU'OATVCES, Sarcospongus.
   SARCOPHAGUS, Carnivorous, Catheretic.
   SARCOPHATA, Excrescence, Sarcoma.
   SAP. COP TE, Acarus.
   SARCOPTES SCABIEI, see Psora.  -
   SARCOPYO'DES,  from  <rapf,  'flesh,'  trvov,
 'pus,' and ethos, 'resemblance.'  Having the ap-
 pearance  of  pus  mixed with flesh.  An epithet
 given  to  certain  excreted matters, and particu-
 larly to the  sputa of those labouring under con-
 sumption.
   SARCO'SIS, from aap%, 'flesh.' The  formation
 of flesh.   Also, sarcoma.
   Sarco'sis  Bulbi, Exophthal'mia fungo'sa seu
 sarcomat'ica.  A fleshy growth from the lobe of
 the eye.
   Sarcosis Uteri, Metrauxe.
   SARCOSPONG'US, Sarcomy'ces,  from  aapl,
 ' flesh,' and atroyyos, ' fungus.'  A fleshy fungus.
   SARCOSTOSIS, Osteo-sarcoma.
   SARCOTIC,  Incarnans.
   SARCOUS. from <rapf, 'flesh.'  Of, or belong-
ing to, flesh  or muscle — as 'sarcous tissue.'
   Sarcous Elements, Prim'itive par'ticles. The
elementary particles, which, by their union,  form
the mass of muscular fibre. — Bowman.
   SARDIASIS, Canine laugh, Risus sardonicus.
   SARDONIASIS, Canine laugh,  Risus sardo-
nicus.
   SARE,  Essera.
   S A If R.AS IN. Polygonum fagopyrum.
   SARRETE,  Trismus infantum.
   SARRIETTE, Satureia hortensis—s. defirlte,
Satureia capitata,
   SARSA, Smilax sarsaparilla.
  SARSAPARILLA, Smilax S.—s. False,  Ara-
lia nudicaulis.
  Sarsaparil'la  German'ioa,  Gramen major,
G. rubrum, Salsaparil'la Germanica,  Carex  Are-
na'ria, (F.) Laiche, L. des Sables,  Salsepareille
d'Allemagne.  Family, Cyperoideae.   Xc.r.  Syst.
Monoecia Triandria.  A plant, which grows plen-
tifully on the sea-coasts  of Europe.  It has  been
recommended in some mucous affections of the
trachea, in rheumatism, gout, 4c.
   Sarsaparilla, Indian, Hemidesmus Indicus.
   SARTAPARILLA, Smilax sarsaparilla.
   SARTO'RIUS, from sartor, ' a tailor,' because
 used in crossing the legs.  Suto'riua, Longis'ei-
 mua Fem'oris, Fascia'lia, F. Longus seu  euto'rius,
 (F.) IVio-creali-tibial, Ilio-pritibial (Ch.), Coutu-
 rier.  A  muscle,  situate  at  the anterior part of
 the thigh.  It is  long, small, and flattened, and
 extends, obliquely, from the anterior and superior
 spine of the ilium to the superior and inner part
 of the tibia,  This muscle can, also, bend the pel-
 vis on the thigh, and conversely.
   SARX, Flesh, Pulp.
   SARZA, Smilax sarsaparilla.
   SASSAFRAS, Laurus sassafras — s. Medullae,
 see Laurus sassafras—s. Radicis cortex,  see Lau-
 rus sassafras — s. Swamp, Magnolia glauea.
   SATELLITE,  Satellee.  That which guards.
 That which is placed near.
   Satellite  Veins  are  those that accompany
 arteries.
   SATHE, Penis.
   SATIES, Satiety.
   SATIETAS, Plesmone.
   SATI'ETY,  Sati'etae,  Satdritas, Sdties, Sa-
 tura'tio, Plethos, Plesmone, from satiare  (itself
 from satis, ' enough'), ' to  give enough.'  Disgust
 for food ;  commonly produced by repletion.
   SATIN, Lunaria rediviva.
   SATURANS, Absorbent (medicine).
   SATURATIO, Satiety,  Saturation.
   SATURATION, .Satura'tio,  from  satis,
 'enough.'  The state of a  compound in which its
 elements are combined in  such  proportions that
 a fresh quantity of either  cannot be added with-
 out producing excess.
   SATUREI'A CAPITA'TA, Cil'iated  Sa'vory,
 Thymus, Thymus eylvee'tria seu capitdtua, Thy-
 mus  Cret'icus,  Cuni'la, (F.)  Sarriette de  Crete.
 Possesses  similar properties to thyme.
   Saturei'a Horten'sis,  Satureia,  S.  sati'va,
 Cuni'la sativa  Plin'ii, Thymbra,  Summer Sa'-
 vory,  (F.)  Sarriette.  Family,  Labiatae.   Sex.
 Syat. Didynamia Gymnospermia.  An aromatic
 plant,'cultivated  for  culinary purposes.   It has
 been used, as an  excitant, in anorexia, anaphro-
 disia, 4c.
   Satureia  Origanoides, Cunila mariana — s.
 Sativa, S.  hortensis.
   SATURITAS, Satiety.
   SATURNI DULCEDO, Plumbi superacetas.
   SAT'URNINE, Saturni'nua,  from saturnus,
 ' lead.'  Containing or caused by lead.
   Sat'urnine Breath.   The peculiar odour of
 the breath in one labouring under Saturnismu3.
   SATURNISM'US,  Intoxica'tio seu Cachex'ia
 saturni'na, from saturnus,  'lead.'  Poisoning by
 lead ; lead-poisoning; saturnine cachexy.
   SATURNUS, Plumbum.
   SATYRI'ASIS, from  Xarvpos, 'a Satyr;' be-
 cause the Satyrs  are said to have been greatly
 addicted to venery.   Satyrias'mus, Satyris'mus,
 Priapie'mue, Salad'itaa,  Brachdna,  Arae'con,
 Satyriasis furens,  Lagne'eis Salad'itas, Lagneaia
 furor masculi'nus, Lagne'a, Lagni'a,  Lagno'aie,
 Lasriv'io,  Laaciv'itae, Tenti'go vere'tri.  An irre-
 sistible  desire,  in  man,  to have  frequent con-
 nexion with females, accompanied by the power
 of doing so without exhaustion.   The  causes are
 commonly obscure.  Sometimes,  the abuse  of
 aphrodisiacs has  occasioned it.   The principal
 symptoms are :—almost constant erection; irre-
 sistible and almost insatiable desire for venery;
frequent nocturnal pollutions.  Cold lotions; the
cold bath; a mild  diet; active exercise,  4c, are
the only means that can  be adopted for its re-
moval.
  Satyriasis Furens, Satyriasis. 
SATYRIASMUS
772
SCALE
  SATYRIASMUS, Satyriasis.
  SATYRION, Orchis mascula.
  SATYRISMUS, Satyriasis.
  SATYRIUM, Goodyera pubescens.
  SAUCE-ALONE, Alliaria.
  SAUCE,  GREEN, Rumex scutatus.
  SAUER  KRAUT (G.),  'sour cabbage,' (F.)
Chou-croitte.  A culinary preparation, made with
chopped cabbage, left to attain an incipient state
of acetous fermentation.  It is  reputed by the
Germans to be salubrious, easy of digestion, and
eminently antiscorbutic.
  SA UGE,  Salvia — s. des Bois, Teucrium scor-
dium — «. Grande,  Salvia sclarea — s. Hormin,
Salvia horminum — s. de Jiruaalem, Pulmonaria
— s. Petite, Salvia — s. Sclarie,  Salvia sclarea.
  SAULE,  Salix.
  SAU3IURE, Muria.
  SAUNDERS, RED, Pterocarpus santalinus—
s. Tree, Pterocarpus santalinus—s. Yellow, San-
talum album.
  SAURA, Lizard.
  SAURU'RUS CER'NUUS, Lizard's Tail. In-
digenous ; Order, Saururaceae; flowering in June.
It has been used in lumbago.
  SAUSAGE POISON, Allantotoxicum.
  SAUT, Leap.
  SAUVE- VIE, Asplenium ruta muraria.
  SAVEUR, Savour.
  SAVINE, Juniperus sabina.
  SAVINIER, Juniperus sabina.
  SAVON, Sapo — s. Ammoniacal, Linimentum
ammoniae fortius — s. Cacao, Sapo coconeus — s.
Oalcaire, Linimentum aquae calcis—s. Dur, Sapo
durus—s. 3Iidicinal, Sapo medicinalis—s. 3lou,
Sapo mollis — s. Noir, Sapo mollis.
  SAVONNIER  C03I3IUN,   Sapindus sapo-
naria.
  SA VONULE, Saponulus.
  SAVONULUS,  Saponulus.
  SAVORY, CILIATED, Satureia capitata — s.
Summer, Satureia hortensis.
  SA'VOUR, Sapor, Taste, (F.) Saveur. Quality
of bodies, by which they act upon the sense  of
taste.  Chymists, at times,  avail themselves  of
this quality to analyze an unknown substance.
  SAVOUREUX,  Savoury.
   SA'A'OURY, Sap'idus,  (F.)  Savoureux.   An
epithet  given to  bodies  that  have  taste; and
particularly to those that excite a very agreeable
impression on the organ of taste.
   SAVOYAN, Galium verum.
   SAAV, Prion, Serra,  (Da.) Sawe, (Sax.) ra3a,
(F.) Scie.  A surgical instrument, made like a
common saw; and  used for sawing the bones in
amputations, or for removing exostoses, 4c. Saws
of different sizes and shapes are used in surgery.
The crown of the trepan is nothing more than a
species  of circular saw.
   Saw,  Amputa'tion,  Serra amputato'ria.  The
saw used in amputation.
   Saw,  Hey's. An instrument used by Mr. Hey,
of Leeds, in fractures of the cranium.  It consists
of a long  handle, to which a  smaU saw with a
convex or straight edge is attached, and by which
a piece  of  bone of any shape may be removed.
With the trephine, the saw must always be cir-
 cular.
   SAW PALMETTO, Chamaerops serratula—s.
Wort, Liatris.
   SAXIFRAGA,  Pimpinella saxifraga —s. An-
 glica, Peucedanum silaus.
   Saxif'raga Crassifo'lia.   Family, Saxifra-
 geae.  Sex. Syst.  Decandria Digynia.  The root
 of this species of saxifrage has been extolled  by
 Pallas, as pre-eminently antiseptic.
   Saxifraga  Granula'ta, S. alba, Sanic'ula,
Sedum, White sax' if rage, (F.) Saxifrage granulie.
Recommended as diuretic and lithontriptic; but
not used.
  Saxifraga  Rubra,   Spiraea filipcndula — a.
Vulgaris, Peucedanum silaus.
  SAXIFRAGE, BURXET, Pimpinella saxifraga
—s. Granulie, Saxifraga granulata—s. Meadow,
Peucedanum  silaus — s. AVhite,  Saxifraga gra-
nulata.
  SAXIFRAGUS, Lithontriptic.
  SAXONTCUS PULVIS.  A powder, prepared
with the roots of the wild and cultivated ange-
lica;  the asclepias vincetoxicum,  4c.   It was
considered formerly as an antidote.
  SCAP), from Sca'bies,  and ecabere, 'to dig.' An
incrustation,  which forms upon a sore, owing to
the concretion of the fluid  discharged  from it.
An eschar.
  SCABBY or SCABBED.  Covered or  diseased
with scabs.
  SCABIES,  Psora — s. Agria, Lichen — s. Ca-
pitis, Porrigo  lupinosa, Porrigo  scutulata—s.
Capitis favosa,  Porrigo favosa — s.  Fera,  Ec-
thyma.
  Sca'bies Feri'na, Itch of animale, dfange.  A
cutaneous  disease, which  affects almost all do-
mestic animals, but especially the horse, sheep,
dog, and cow. It is said to have been transmitted
to man ; but this is questionable.
  Scabies Ferina,  Psoriasis — s. Papuliformis,
Prurigo — s. Sicca, Lichen, Psoriasis—s. Venerea
contagiosa, Seherlievo.
  SCABIEUSE ORDINAIRE, Scabiosa.
  SCABIOLA, Scabies.
  SCABIO'SA,  S. arven'sis,  Tri'chera arven'sis,
Field  Sca'bious, (F.) Scubieuse ordinaire.  Fa-
mily, Dipsaceae.  Sex. Syst.  Tetrandria Monogy-
nia.  The plant is bitter and sub-astringent, and
was formerly used in the cure of leprous affec-
tions and diseased lungs.
  Scabiosa Arvensis, Scabiosa—s. Carduifolia,
Echinops.
   Scabiosa Succi'sa, Succisa, S. prated aia, Aate-
roceph!dlua succiao,  Moraua Diab'oli, Devil'a bit,
(F.) Alora du Diable, has similar properties.
   SCABIOUS, Erigeron  Philadelphicum — s.
Field, Scabiosa—s. Sweet, Erigeron heterophyl-
lum.
   SCABISH, Oenothera biennis.
   SCABRITIES, Lichen.
   SCALA, ' a ladder.'  A machine formerly used
for reducing  dislocations of the humerus.
   Scal.e of the Coch'lea, Gyri seu Ductus sjn-
rdles  seu Candlea cochlea, (F.)  Rampes  ou
Echelles du  Limacon — are  the cavities in  the
cochlea, separated from each other by the spiral
septum.  The one — Scala inter'na seu paste'rior
seu inferior  coch'lea, S. tym'pani — would com-
municate with the cavitas tympani by the fenes-
tra rotunda, were it not for the membrane  that
closes it.  The other — Scala exter'na seu ante'-
rior seu superior coch'lea,  S. vestib'uli—opens
into the cavity of the vestibule.  The scalae com-
municate with each other by an opening at  the
top of the partition.
   Scala Anterior  Cochlea,  see Scala —s.
Clausa, see Scala—s. Externa cochleae,  see Scala
—s. Inferior cochleae, see Scala—s. Interior coch-
leae,  see Scala — s. Posterior cochleae,  see Scala
— s. Superior cochleae,  see  Scala — s. Tympani,
see Cochlea, and Scala—s. Vestibuli, see Coch-
lea, and Scala.
   SCALE,  Sax. rcale,  from rcylan, < t0 divide,
separate;' (G.)  Schale, ' shell, peel;' schalen,
 'to shell, to  peel.'  Squama, Lepie, (F.) Eacaille,
Ecaille.  An  opake and thickened lamina  of
 cuticle; commonly produced by some degree of 
                 SCALANE                 11

inflammation of the true skin, over which it is l
formed.
  Scale, Dry, Psoriasis.
  SCALES1E ANTERIEUR,  Scalenus anticus
—*. Poatirieur, Scalenus posticus.
  SCALE'NUS,  'irregular  or  unequal.'   Geo-
meters employ this word to designate a triangle
whoso three sides are unequal.  Anatomists have
given  the  name  to two muscles.   1. Scalenus
Anti'cUS, Portion of the Coato-trachelion  (Ch.),
(F.) Scalane antirieur, is situate at the internal
and inferior  parts of the neck.  It is long and
triangular;  and is inserted, below, at the upper
surface of  the first rib;  and, above, at the ante-
rior tubercle of  the transverse processes  of  the
3d, 4th, 5th,  and 6th  cervical vertebrae.  This
muscle bends the neck,  and draws it to its side.
It can also raise the first rib.  2. Scalenus Pos-
ti'cus, (F.)  Scalane poatirieur, Portion  of  the
Coato-trav.lielian (Ch.), is situate behind the last.
It is, also,  long and triangular; but more bulky
than the ,S'. anticus.  It  is attached, below, to  the
outer surface of the first two ribs ; and terminates,
above, at  the summit of the transverse processes
of  the last six vertebrae of the  neck.  This mus-
cle bends the neck laterally, and can elevate  the
first two ribs.  Some anatomists, as Albinus and
Sotnmering, have described five scaleni muscles
on  each side, and have called them Scalenus prior,
S. midimus, S. latera'lis, S. me'dins, S.poeti'cue.
Riolan and Chaussier only describe one scalenus
muscle on each side.  Cowper and Douglas, and
the generality of the  English anatomists,  admit
three,  S. anli'cua, me'diua, and poati'cue; or, pri-
mus, seeuddiis, and ter'tius; AVinslow, Boyer, and
many of the French anatomists, — two, as above
described.
  SCALING—same etymon as  Scale—in dentis-
try, is an operation, which consists in removing
the tartar from the teeth.
  SCALL, Impetigo—s. Asbestos, see Eczema of
the hairy  scalp — s.  Dry, Psoriasis—s. Honey-
comb, Porrigo favosa—s. Milky, Porrigo larvalis
—s. Running, Impetigo—s. Running, Eczema—
s. AVasherwoman's, Psoriasis diffusa.
  SCALLED  HEAD, Porrigo scutulata.
  SCALP, Teut.  S c h e  1 p e, ' a shell.'  The  in-
teguments  covering the head.   The hairy scalp)
is called, also, Capillit" ium,  Tricho'ton, (F.) Che-
velure.
  SCALPEL, Scalpel'lum,  Sealpel'lus,  Cutter,
Inciao'rium, Smi'leon;  from acalpo, ' I rasp, I
cut.'   A cutting  instrument, formed of a blade
of well-tempered steel,  very sharp, of  variable
shape and size, and fixed solidly in a handle.  Its
use is to divide the soft parts in operations, dis-
section, 4c.
  SCALPELLUM*. Scalpel—s.  Lenticulare, Pha-
copis.
  SCALPEULUS, Bistouri, Scalpel.
  SCALPEU.AI, Bietouri.
  SCALPRUM,  Raspatorium — s.  Chirurgicum,
Lancet.
  Scalprum  Denta'rium, Lima  denta'ria.   A
tooth-file.   A file used by the dentist.
  Scalprum Rasorium, Raspatorium.
  SCALY, Squamous.
  Scaly Diseases or Squam.e, Lepido'ses, form
the second order  in AAlllan and Bateman's system
of  cutaneous diseases.
  SCAMMA. Fossa.
  SCAM3IONEE D'ALEP, Convolvulus scam-
monia.
  SCAMAIONTUM, see Convolvulus scammonia
__s, Svriacum, Convolvulus scammonia.
  SCAMMONY.  Convolvulus scammonia—s. of
Montpellier, Cynanchum Monspeliacum.
3                SCAPHOID

  SCAMXON HIPPOC'RATIS. Bothron Hippo-
crati'ou of Galen, (F.) Banc  d'Hippocrate.  A
machine invented by  Hippocrates for reducing
fractures.   It was a sort of bed, six feet long, on
which the patient was fixed.  Straps were  at-
tached above and below the fracture or luxation,
and extension and counter-extension were effected
by a winch.  It is described in Galen, Oribasius,
Scultetus, 4c.  See Bathron.
  SCANDIX, S. cerefolium.
  Scandix Bulbocastanum, Bunium bulbocas-
tanum.
  Scandtx  Cerefo'lium,  Scandix,  Seandyx,
Peetcn  Ven'eria,  Cerefolium, Douctta Sepridius,
Charophyl'lum,  Ch.  Sati'rum  seu Cerefo'lium,
Anthris'cus  cerefolium,  Charefo'lium,  Chervil,
(F.) Cerfeuil.   Family, Umbelliferae.  Sex. Syat.
Pentandria Digynia.   A culinary herb, which is
slightly aromatic and grateful.   It is  said to be
gently aperient and diuretic.
  Scandix Odora'ta, Sweet Cic"ely.   Properties
the  same as  the other.   Also,  Chaerophyllum
odoratum.
  SCANDULARIUS  MUSCULUS, Parathenar,
Transversus pedis.
  SCANDYX, Scandix cerefolium.
  SCAPHA,  Scophus, ' a skiff or cock-boat,' from
oKatrrw, 'I make hollow.'   The excavation or
cavity of the external ear, between the helix and
anthelix.  The meatus auditorius externus.   The
rima vulvae.  Also the  name of a bandage for the
head, mentioned  by Galen, and called, likewise,
Tholus Diocle'ns.
  SCAPHIA, Nates.
  SCAPHION, Cranium, Papaver (Capsule).
  SCA'PHIUM  OCULA'RE,  Pelvis Oculdris,
Eye-glaaa, (F.) Boaain oculaire, Gondole oculaire,
(Eilliere.  A  small porcelain,  glass  or metallic
vessel, used for applying lotions to the eye.
  SCAPHO - CARPO - SUPER- PHALANGEUS
POLLICIS, Abductor  pollicis  brevis.
  SCAPHOID, ScaphoVdes, from aKatpn,  'a skiff,'
and ttSos, ' form.'  A name given to several parts.
  Scaphoid Fossa, Fosaa  Scaphdi'dee, (F.) En-
foncement  Scaphoide.   A  small cavity at  the
upper part of the internal  ala of the pterygoid
process, in which the peristaphylinus internus is
attached.
  Scaphoid Bone of the  Hand, Oa Scaphoides
Mantle, Oa navicula're, Oa cymbifor'me, Boat-like
bone,  (F.) Scaphoide de la main.  The first bone
of the first row of the carpus.  The upper  sur-
face is  convex, and  articulated with the radius.
The under and outer surfaces are also convex,—
to be articulated with the trapezium and  trape-
zoides.  Between the upper and under cartilagi-
nous  surfaces there is a rough foasa, for the inser-
tion of the capsular ligament.   The anterior and
inner surface has an oval cavity, where it is arti-
culated with  the os magnum, which  gives name
to the bone.   There is a proceaa on the outer end
of the bone, for the attachment of part of the  an-
terior transverse ligament of the wrist.
  Scaphoid  Bone of  the Foot, Oa Scaphoides
Pedis,  Oa navicula're, Os cymbifor'me, Boat-like
 bone, (F.) Scaphoide du Pied.  This bone is si-
tuate at the forepart of the astragalus and inner
part of the foot.  The poaterior aurfaee forms a
cavity, somewhat like that of a boat, for receiving
the head of the astragalus.  There is a promi-
nence at the  inner side of the bone, for the inser-
tion of tendons, muscles, and  strong ligaments.
The forepart of the bone is convex, and divided
into three articular surfaces for articulation with
the ossa cuneiformia.  Between the os naviculare
and astragalus, the foot has its principal lateral
and  rotary motions; although  each of the other 
SCAPHOIDE
774
SCARLATINA
joints of the tarsus contributes a little.  Part of
the tibialis posticus is inserted into it,
  SOAPHOIDE DE LA MAIN, Os scaphoides
manus—a. du Pied. Os scaphoides pedis.
  SCAPHOIDO-ASTRAG'ALAN,  Seaphoido-
aetragaldnua.   That  which relates  to the  sca-
phoid bone and astragalus.   The articulation of
these bones is so called;  and the ligament which
strengthens it is termed the Scaphoido-astragalan
ligament.
  SCAPHOIDO-CUBOID,  Scapho'ido-cubdida'-
us.   That which relates to the scaphoid and cu-
boid bones.  The articulation of those bones is
so called.
  SCAPHULA, Navicularis fossa.
  SCAPHUS,  Auditory canal,  external, Rima
vulvae, Scapha.
  SCAP'ULA, Scap'ulum, Plata, Omopla'ta, Ho-
moplata, Scop'tula, Epiino'tion, Latitddo hu'meri,
 Omop'late, Oa  latum  hu'meri,  Scutum thora'cia
seu cordis,  Spoth'ula,  Pteryg'ium,  Chelo'nium,
Spat'ula; the Blade-bone, the Shoulder-blade,
(F.) Omoplate.   An irregular,  broad,  flat bone,
of a triangular shape, situate at the posterior part
of  the shoulder.   It has, 1. A poaterior or doraal
surface or Dorsum,  Testddo seap'ula,  divided
transversely into two parts, by a triangular pro-
 cess, called Spine of the Scapula ;  which termi-
nates by a considerable eminence,  called Acro-
 mion.   Above  the spine, is the  Fossa  supra-spi-
nata ; below it, the F. infra-spinata.  2. An an-
 terior or costal  surface, or  venter,  forming the
 Fossa subsca])ularis.  3. A  superior or  cervical
 edge, which is thin, and terminates, anteriorly, by
 a strong, curved  apophysis, called  the coracoid
 process.  4. A posterior or vertebral edge, called,
 also, the  base.  5. An  outer or axillary or infe-
 rior  edge, having a thick,  truncated angle, in
 Which is  the glenoid cavity.  AVith this is articu-
 lated the head  of  the  humerus.   The  glenoid
 cavity is  separated from the body of the bone by
 a narrower part, called  the cervix or neck.  The
 edges or margins are,  also, called costa.  The
 scapula has three angles—an inferior, superior,
 and anterior.
    Scapula, Humerus.
    Scapulae  Nasi,  Partes laterdles nasi.   The
 lateral parts of the nose.
    SCAPULAL'GIA; from scapula, 'the shoul-
 der-blade,' and aXyos, ' pain.'  Arthralgia of the
 shoulder-joint.
    SCAP'ULAR,  Scap'ulary,  Scapula'ris,  from
 scapula,  'the  shoulder-blade.'  That which  re-
 lates or belongs  to the scapula.
    Scapular Aponeuro'sis.  A broad, thin apo-
 neurosis, with  decussating  fibres;  which is  at-
 tached, above, to the spine of the scapula; below,
 to a crest between the teres major and infra-spi-
 natus; within, to the spinal edge of the  scapula;
 and which, at its middle, unites with  the thin
 aponeurosis that covers a part of the  external
 surface of the deltoid.
    Scapular   Arteries.  These are   several.
 a. The Superior scapular,  Superficial  scapular
 of Sommering, Dorsdlis scapula superior, Trans-
 versdlis scapula, T. Hu'meri.   This arises from
 the subclavian; and often from the inferior thy-
 roid, or from a trunk common to it and  the pos-
 terior scapular or traneveree scapular  or cervical.
 It passes behind the clavicle, above the superior
 edge of the scapula, and buries  itself between the
  dorsal surface of that  bone and the muscles in-
  serted into it.  6. The inferior scapular or com-
  mon scapular or internal scapular or subacapular
  artery, A.  Thorad'ica axilla'ris vel ala'rie, is of
  considerable  size. It arises from the inferior part
  of the axillary artery, behind the brachial plexus
  —gives  off several branches to the armpit, and
divides into two branches :—the one, Scapula'ris
interna, and the smaller of  the two, is distribu-
ted, almost entirely, to the  serratus major anti-
cus,  and latissimus  dorsi; the other,•the larger
of the two, the Dorsa'lis  Seap'ula inferior vel
Circumflex'a  Scapula'ris,  which  distributes its
branches to the subscapular  and  supra-spinal,
and infra-spinal regions.
  Scapular Notch, see Notch, scapular.
  Scapular A^eins follow the same course as the
arteries, which they accompany.
  SCAPULARE, Scapulary.
  SCAP'ULARY, Scapula're, Fascia Scapula'-
ris, from scapula.   A broad, linen bandage,  divi-
ded into two tails for three quarters of its length,
the undivided extremity of which is attached to
the posterior and middle part of a  bandage car-
ried round the  body; the tails passing over the
shoulders; and being attached to the anterior
part  of the body bandage, to prevent  it  from
slipping down.
   SCAP'ULO-HU'MERAL.  An  epithet given
to the shoulder-joint.  It is an orbicular articula-
tion,  resulting from the reception of the head of
the humerus into  the glenoid cavity of the sca-
pula.  To  keep the bones in connexion,  there
are :  1. A very strong, conoidal  capsular liga-
ment; passing from the circumference of the gle-
noid  cavity around the neck of the humerus.  2.
A fibro-cartilaginous ring, called the glenoid liga-
ment, and a synovial capsule.
   SCAPUL0-HU3IERAL, Teres major—s. Hu-
miro-olicranien, Triceps extensor  cubiti—s. Hy-
 o'idien, Omohyoideus — s. Radial, Biceps flexor
 cubiti—s. Trochitirien, grand, Infra-spinatus.
   SCAPUS, Penis, see Hair.
   SCAR, Cicatrix.
   Scar, Seam.   To mark with  a cicatrix or
 seam.
   SCARAB^EO'LUS HEMISPH.ERICUS, Coc-
 cus cacti.
   SCARBOROUGH, MINERAL AVATERS OF.
 Scarborough  Spa.  A celebrated  English chaly-
 beate, at Scarborough, in Yorkshire.  One  of the
 springs is a  simple, carbonated chalybeate, like
 that of Tunbridge : the other has an admixture
 of purging salt.  Scarborough, having the addi-
 tional  advantage  of sea-bathing, As much fre-
 quented by invalids.
   SCARDAMYG'MUS, Scardamyx'is, (F.) Clig-
 ncment, from aKapiapvaattv, 'to wink.'  AVinking,
 nictation.
   SCARIFICATION,  Scariflca' tio  (Galen,)
 Amy x'is,  Sehasis,   Catacas'mus,  Catachae'mua,
 Amyg'mus, Schaemus, Encharax'is, from aKapttjiao-
 pat, 'to make a slight scratch.'  The act of sca-
 rifying.  Also, a small incision, Am'yche, made
 into  the skin with a lancet, bistoury, or scarifica-
 tor,  for different  therapeutical purposes,— as to
 draw blood, or to discharge  some effused fluid.
 AVhen the scarifications are very superficial, and
 do not go farther than the skin, they are termed
 by the French, Mouchetures.
   SCARIFICATOR,  Scarificatdrium, Schaste'-
 rium.  An instrument for making scarifications.
 It consists  of a  small brass box, of a  cubical
 shape, in which 10 or 12 lancet points turn upon
 a common pivot.   By means of a spring, all these
 blades can be made to  issue at once, and make
 as many scarifications.
   SCARIFICATORIUM,  Scarificator.
  _ SCARIOLA, Cichorium endivia, Lactuca sea-
 riola.
   SCARIOLE, Cichorium endivia.
   SCARLATA, Scarlatina.
   SCARLATI'NA, from seat-lotto (I.),  'a drop
 red.'  Scarlata,  Enanthe'eia Roaa'lio,  Rosa'lia
 Rosaa'Ua,  R. squamo'sa, Rosa'lia,  Rube'ola of 
SCARLATINOUS
775
SCHIZATRICHIA
Borne, Morbil'li  ig'nei,  31. confluedtes,  Morbus
ecarlatino'aus, Febria scarlatinosa, Gttt'turis mor-
bus cpitlem'icua Forest'i, Pur'pura, Typhus ecar-
lati'nua, Febria rubra, Scarlet Fever, Rash-fever,
Porphyria'mus, Porphyria'mo, (F.)  Fievre  rouge,
F.  pourprie.  The  characteristic  symptoms  of
scarlatina are :—a scarlet  flush, appearing about
the second  day  of fever on the face, neek, and   b
fauces;  and progressively  spreading  over the   b
body; terminating about the 7th day.  Two great   j
varieties may  be reckoned; — the  S. simplex, S.
febria, S. bcnig'nu,  S. aine angi'nd, in which the   1
fever is  moderate and  terminates with the efflo-   a
rescence; prostration of strength being trifling,   c
and tho contagious  property slight;—and the S.   t
Angino'sa, S.  Pariathmit'ica, S. Cynanch'iea, S.   s
mil"tor, in which the fever i3 severe; the throat  c
ulcerated; the eruption later in its appearance,   d
and less  extensive;  often,  changing  to  a livid  a
hue ; the fever being highly contagious.  Scoria-  j
ti'na malig'na, S. gra'vior, has been reckoned a  c
variety  of this,  in  its worst degree.  It  agrees
with the Cynanche maligna of Cullen.           i
   Scarlatina belongs to the Major exanthemata,
and is a disease, chiefly, of children. The eruption
differs from that of measles,in being an efflorescence  c
not raised above the cuticle.  Measles, too, is at-  <
tended with catarrhal symptoms, whilst the com-  (
plication, in scarlatina, is  cynanche.   The treat-
ment >of simple scarlatina need not be much.  It
must be  antiphlogistic.   If the throat be very
much ulcerated, acid gargles and counter-irri-
tants must be  employed;  and if the affection be-
come manifestly typhoid, and the  sore throat of
a malignant character, the case must be  treated  j
like typhus gravior; with antiseptic gargles of  J
bark, acid, 4c.  Anasarca sometimes supervenes  "■
on scarlatina, and  requires attention  Purgatives  J
are here demanded as well as the use of sorbefa-  '
cients, such as mercury and squill, 4c.
   Scarlatina Anginosa, see Scarlatina — s. Be-
nigna, see Scarlatina — s. Cynanchica, see Scar-  <
latina—s. Febris, see Scarlatina—s. Gravior, see  '
Scarlatina — s. Miliaris, Rubeola — s. Mitior, see
Scarlatina—s. Paristhmitica, see Scarlatina — s.
Pustulosa, Rubeola — s. Rheumatica, Dengue —
s. sine Angina,, see  Scarlatina—s. Urticata, Urti-
caria.                                         ]
   SCARLATI'NOUS, Scarlati'nal,  Scarlatind-  ,
sus.  Relating or appertaining to scarlatina.
   SCARLET  BERRY, Solanum dulcamara.      ]
   SCARLET  FEArER, Scarlatina.               i
   SCATACRASIA, Scoracrasia.                 <
   SCATACRATIA, Scoracrasia.                 ]
   SCELAL'GIA, from  okiXos, 'the leg,' and  i
aXyos, ' pain.'   Pain of the leg.                  ]
   Scelalgia  Antica, Neuralgia femoro-pretibi-  ]
alis — s. Postica, Neuralgia femoro-poplitea — s.
Puerperarum, Phlegmatia dolens.
   SCELETEU'SIS.  Mummification.  Also, the  <
mode of making a skeleton, Skeletopoe'a, Syn-
tax'is.
   SCELETOLOGIA, Skeletology.
   SCELETON, Skeleton.
   SCELETOP03A, Sceleteusis.
    SCELETUM, Skeleton—s. Artificiale, see Ske-
 leton— s. Naturale, see Skeleton.
    SCELONCUS, Phlegmatia dolens.
    SCELORRHEU'MA, Rheumatis'mus cruris,
 from ckcXos,  ' the  leg,'  and ptvua,  ' defluxion,
 rheumatism.'  Rheumatism of the leg.
    SCELOS. Leg.
    SCELOTYRBE,  Chorea, Porphyra nautica —
 s. Febrilis, see Subsultus tendinum—s. Festinans,
 Paralysis agitnns — s. Tarantismus, Chorea.
    SCEPARNON. Amnios,  Ascia.
    SCEPASTER1UM,  Couvrechef.
  SCEPASTRI/M, Couvrechef.
  SCEPTRCM, Penis.
  SCHASIS, Scarification.
  SCHASMUS, Scarification.
  SCHASTERION, Fleam, Lancet, Scarificator.
  SCHEBA ARABUM, Artemisia santonica.
  SCHERBET', Sherbet', Serbet', Tscherbet', Sor-
be'thum, Sorbet'tum, Sorbe'tum.  A drink prepared
by the Turks, Persians, 4c, with sugar  and the
juice of acid fruits.
  SCHERLIEVO, Mai di  Seherlievo,  Mai  di
Breno, 3Iul di Fiume, 3Iargaretizza, 31orbus Cro-
atus, Frambee'eia Blyr'ica, 31. fluminiedaia, Fol-
cadina, 3Ialo di Scarlievo, Scabies  venerea con-
tagiosa.   A name given to  a particular form of
syphilis,  observed in  Illyria.  It is said to  be
capable of being  communicated without imme-
diate contact; and, that  its principal symptoms
are:—pains in the bones, ulceration of the fauces,
pustules, and fungous growths in different parts
of the body.
  SCHERO'MA.  A dryness of the eye from the
want of lachrymal secretion. — Dictionaries.
  SCHIAS, Neuralgia femoro-poplitaea.
  SCHIDAKE'DON,  Schidace'dum, Schindace'-
dum, Schindal'amus,  Schindal'mus, from aKt^ta,
' I cleave.'  A longitudinal fracture of a bone. —
Galen.
  SCHINDACEDUM, Schidakedon.
  SCHINDALAMUS, Schidakedon,Schindylesis.
  SCHINDALESIS, Schindylesis.
  SCHINDALMUS, Schidakedon,  Schindylesis.
  SCHINDYLESIS, Schindale'sis, Schindal'a-
mus, Schindal'mus.  An articulation of  bones —
by furrowing, as it were; as in that of the vomer,
which constitutes, in part,  the  septum  narium.
Also, the act of splitting into small pieces; from
axivivXem,  'I  split  into  small  pieces. — Hippo-
crates.
  SCHINELAVON,  from  ax'vos, 'the mastic
tree,' and  eXatov,  'oil;'  Oleum lentis'cinum.   Oil
of mastic. — Dioscorides.
  SCHINOCEPHALUS, Scillocephalus.
  SCHINOS, Scilla.
  SCHINZNACH or HAPSBURG, MINERAL
WATERS OF.   These springs  are situate three
leagues from Baden, and are amongst the most
celebrated bathing-places in Switzerland.   The
waters are of the saline sulphurous kind;  and
have a high reputation in cutaneous and rheu-
matic affections, visceral obstructions, and  glan-
dular  enlargements.  They contain sulphate of
lime, sulphate of soda, chloride  of sodium, chlo-
ride  of magnesium, sulphate of magnesia, sul-
phate of lime, carbonate of magnesia, and oxide of
iron ; sulphohydric  acid, and carbonic acid gases.
   SCHISMA, Fissure, Rima.
   SCHISTOCEPH'ALUS,  from aX^ros, 'cleft,
separated,' and KttpaXn, 'head.'  A monster having
some part of the head cleft or fissured. — Gurlt.
   SCHISTOCOR'MUS, from oX">TOs> <cleft> sePa"
rated,'  and Kopuos,- 'trunk.'  A  monster having
 some part of the  trunk  cleft or fissured. — Gurlt.
   SCHISTOMELUS, from ax^ros, ' cleft, sepa-
 rated, and peXos, 'a limb.'  A monster whose
 limbs are fissured.
   SCHISTORRHACHIS, Hydrorachis.
   SCHISTOSO'MUS, from ax'aT0*> 'cleft,' and
 awpa, ' body.'   A malformation  of the abdomen,
 in which the fissure and eventration extend over
 the  entire length of the  abdomen ;  the lower ex-
 tremities being absent, or very  little developed,
 so  that the body appears  as if truncated infe-
 riorly. — ATogel.
   SCHIZA, Rima,  Rima vulvae.
   SCHIZATRICH'IA,  Trichos'chisis, Schizo- 
             SCHLANGENBAD             1

trich'ia, from ax^a, 'a cleft,' 'a split,' and 0f>if,
'a hair.'   The splitting of the  hairs at their ex-
tremities. — J. P. Frank.
  SCHLANGENBAD,  MINERAL AVATERS
OF.   Schlangenbad is a much-frequented water-
ing-place  in Germany.   The  waters  contain  a
little carbonic acid, and carbonate of soda.  Tem-
perature 86° Fahrenheit,
  SCHNEIDERIAN  MEMBRANE,   Pituitary
membrane.
  SCHOENANTHUS, Juncus odoratus.
  SCHOLA, School.
  SCHOLLERA OXYCOCCOS, Vaccinium oxy-
coccos.
 ^SCHOOL, Schola.  A place of education. (F.)
Ecole. In Europe the large Medical Schools are
usually attached to the universities.  In England,
however, there has been  no medical  school of
celebrity  at  either of the  universities  of Oxford
or Cambridge ;  owing greatly to their provincial
situation.  Of late, two  schools have  existed in
London, attached  to the  London  University —
University College and  King's  College.  Excel-
lent private  schools have, however, long existed
in that metropolis.   The medical schools of Eu-
rope which have been most celebrated, are those
of Edinburgh, Leyden, Berlin, Halle,  Tubingen,
Paris, Montpellier, Bologna, Padua, Pavia, and
Pisa.  In the United States, the medical schools
are numerous;  at this time not fewer than 30 or
40.  Those most numerously  attended, are the
medical department of the University of Penn-
sylvania, Jefferson Medical College of Philadel-
phia,  the  University of the City of New York,
and the Louisville Medical Institute.
  SCHOOLEY'S  MOUNTAIN, MINERAL
WATERS OF.   The waters of this New Jersey
Spring are chalybeate.   According to Dr. McNe-
viu, they contain  extractive, chloride of sodium,
chloride of calcium, chloride of magnesium, car-
bonate of lime, sulphate  of lime,  carbonate  of
magnesia, silex, and carbonate, and oxide of iron.
  SCHORBUTUS, Purpura.
  SCHOUSB.&A COCCINEA, Cacoucia  cocci-
nea.
  SCHAVALBACH, MINERAL AVATERS OF.
Schwalbach is a town of Germany, seated on the
Aa, 32 miles west of Frankfort.  The waters con-
tain chloride of sodium, carbonates of lime and
magnesia, iron, sulphate of lime, carbonic acid,
oxygen, 4c.   Employed as a tonic.
  SCHWANN, AVHITE  SUBSTANCE OF, see
Substance, white, of Schwann.
  SCHAVENDECK, MINERAL AVATERS OF.
These waters are about 5  leagues from  Munich,
in Bavaria.  They contain carbonic acid; carbo-
nate and sulphate of lime, chloride of calcium;
chloride of magnesium; carbonate of soda, and
oxide of iron, and  are much used  for  cutaneous
affections.
  SCIAT'IC, Iachiat'ic,  lechiat'icua,  Sciat'icua,
from  io-%iov, 'the haunch.'  A word formed by
contraction from iachiatic, which  latter is still
used.   See Ischiatic.
  Sciatic Nerve, Great,  Nervus iachiad'icue,
Great fern'oro-poplite'at, (Ch.)  (F.) Grand nerf
sciatique, ought to be esteemed a continuation of
the sacral plexus.  It issues from  the pelvis be-
tween the pyramidalis  and superior  gemellus;
descends along the posterior part  of the thigh;
and after having given  branches to the gemini,
quadratus, obturator externus, glutaeus maximus,
semi-membranosus, semi-tendinosus, biceps and
third  abductor  muscles, it divides, about the in-
ferior third of the thigh, into two branches; the
one, named the external popliteal;  the other, the
internal.
                 SCINCUS

  Sciatic  Nerve,  Lesser,  Inferior  glu'teal
branch of tin sacral'■ jdcxtta, Leaser J"em''oro-popli-
te'al nerve, (Ch.) (F.) Nerf pel it sciatique, which
seems especially formed by the 2d and 3d sacral,
is given off from tho lower part of the plexus, and
escapes from the  pelvis beneath the pyramidalis
muscle.  It gives branches — nervi cuto'nei cld-
nium  inferio'ree— to the glutaeus  maximus:  a
sciatic branch or  infra-pelvic cutaneoua  or jieri-
nealcutaneous, Pudenda'lis longus infe'rior, which
passes under the tuberosity of the  ischium, and
furnishes filaments to thje glutaeus maximus, and
to the muscles of the  perinaeum, urethra, penis,
scrotum,  4c.;  and a posterior femoral cutaneoua
branch — middle posterior cutaneous nerve — the
filaments of which traverse the femoral aponeu-
rosis, to be distributed  on the skin  of the poste-
rior part  of the thigh.   The principal branch of
the lesser  sciatic nerve  divides,  near the ham,
into two or three  filaments, which descend under
the integuments almost as far as the inferior  part
of the leg.
  Sciatic Notch, Great, Sciatic Fora'men, In-
cisu'ra ischiadica major, (F.) Grande iehunerure
sciatique  ou grand trou sciatique, is a large notch
at the posterior edge of each os innominatum,
below the posterior and inferior iliac spine, which
is converted into a foramen  by the sacrum  and
sacro-sciatic ligaments.  The lesser sciatic notch,
Incisu'ra ischiadica minor, Luna  Albi'ni,  (F.)
Petite  ichancrure iscliiotique, is  much  smaller
than the  last, from which it is separated by the
sciatic spine.  It  gives passage  to  the tendon of
the obturator internus, and to, the internal pudic
vessels and nerves.
  Sciatic Region, Ischiadic region.
  Sciatic Spine, Spine  of the  Ischium,  Spinous
Prod'eaa  of the Ischium, is a short, flat, pyramidal
eminence on the os innominatum, above the  pre-
ceding foramen; which gives insertion "to the
lesser sacro-sciatic ligament.
  SCIATICA, Neuralgia femoro-poplitaea.
  SCI A TIQ UE, Neuralgia femoro-poplitaea.
  SCIE,  Saw.
  SCIENTIA HERMETICA, Alchymy—s.  Me-
dendi, Medicina — s. Medica, Medicina,
  SCIERO'PIA,  from aKitpos, 'shady,'  and wif,
'the eye.'  A defect of vision, in which all ob-
jects have a darker hue than natural.
  SCILLA,  Scilla marit'ima, Scylla, Aschil,
Schinos,  Oc'ulus  Typho'nis,  Ornithog'ulum  ma-
rit'imum  seu squil'la,  Stella'ris scilla,   Sqnilla,
Squill or sea onion, Eye of Typihon, (F.) Ognon
marin. Family, Liliaceae.  Sex. Syst. Hexandria
Monogynia.  Native of Spain, Austria, 4e.  The
bulb or root of  the squill has a bitter, nauseous
taste, and is extremely acrid; inflaming the  skin
when rubbed on  it.  Its acrimony, on which its
virtues depend, is destroyed by heat, drying, and
keeping.   It is extracted by vinegar, spirit, and
water. In large doses, squill is emetic and  pur-
gative ; in small doses, diuretic and expectorant.
Its  active  principle  has  been called scillitine.
Dose, gr. j  to v of the  dried root,  united or not
with mercury.
  Scilla Esculen'ta, Phaladgium esculen'tum,
Eaatern Quamosh, Wild  Hy'acinth; indigenous;
flowering in  May.  An  article of diet  amongst
the Western Indians.   It is made into bread and
poultices  for inflamed breasts.
  SCILLOCEPH'ALUS,  Schinoceph'alua, from
ttKiXXa, 'a bulbous-rooted plant, the squill,' and
Kt^aXij, 'head.'   One who has a large bulbiform
head.
  SCINCUS, aKiyKos  or cKtyyos.   A  species of
Saurue or Lacer'ta, common in Egypt, and much
extolled  by the ancients, as alexipharmic  and
aphrodisiac.
!6 
SCINTILLA
777
SCLEROTICONYXIS
   SCINTIL'LA  VEN'ERTS, 'a relic of ATenus.'
 A name given, by  Paracelsus, to the impotence
 and  loss of power in the limbs,  produced by
 syphilis.
   S C 10 M' A C II V,  Skioma'chia,  Skiamachia ;
 from aKta, ' a shade,'  and uaxn, ' a  fight.'  An
 exorcise with the ancients, which consisted in  a
 mock encounter at boxing  and  jumping with
 one's own shadow.
   SCIRRHE, Scirrhus.
   SCIRRIIOBLEPHARONCUS, see Scleriasis.
   SCIRRHOCELE, Orcheocele scirrhosa.
   SCIRRHOGAS'TRIA, (F.) Septirrogaetrie ;
 Scirrhua  ventric'uli;  from  oxtppos, 'hard,' and
 yacrnp, ' stomach.'  Scirrhus of the stomach.
   SCTR'RIIOID, Scirrltoi'dea, Scirrhddea, from
 uKtppos, ' scirrhus,' and ttSos,  ' resemblance.  Re-
 sembling scirrhus.
   SCIRRHOMA, Scirrhus.
   SCIRRIIOPHTHAL'MIA, Scin-h ophthaV mua,
 from trKippos, ' scirrhus,'and  otpSaXuos, 'the eye,'
 Cancer oc'uli.  Cancer of the eye.
   Scirrhophthalmta  Palpebrarum, see  Scle-
 riasis.
  _ SCIRRHOSARCA  NEONATORUM,  Indura-
 tion of the cellular tissue.
   SOIRRIIOSIS, Scirrhus.
   SCIRRHOUS, Scirrho'sus; same etymon  as
 scirrhus.   Of or belonging to scirrhus.
   Scirrhous Sarco'ma  or   Ab'ernethy,  Em-
 phy'ma sareo'ma scirrho'sum.  Hard, rigid, vas-
 cular infarction of  glandular follicles; indolent,
 insentient, glabrous;  sometimes shrinking and
 becoming more indurated.  Found  in glandulous
 structures.
   SCIRRHUS,  Squirrlius, Scirrho'ina, Scirrho'-
 eis,  Cancer ecirrho'8US,  Carcino'ma simplex,  C.
 flbro'sum, Indura'tio malig'na, Schirrua,  Sclerua,
 Corcinoin'atous sarco'ma, Hard cancer,  Fibroua
 cancer;  from oKtppos,  'hard,' 'indurated;' (F.)
 Sqnirre, Seliirre, Skirre.  A disease, so called
 from the hardness that characterizes it.  It is  a
 state of induration, of a peculiar kind, affecting
 glandular  structures  generally, but  capable of
 occurring in  other textures.  It usually precedes
 carcinoma, of which it may, indeed,  be considered
 as  the  first  stage.   Scirrhus must not  be con-
 founded  with the induration  which succeeds in-
 flammation,  although  the two states are often
 complicated,  and may  stand,  occasionally, in the
 relation of cause and effect to each other.  Scir-
 rhus is ordinarily accompanied by violent shoot-
 ing pains.  It  is also irregular on its  surface;
 and when cut into  has a bluish or grayish white
 colour.   AVhen the  surgeon is satisfied of the ex-
 istence of  scirrhus, he had  better  remove  it at
 once. No other treatment seems to  possess much
 advantage.
   ("alen uses tho term  Scirrlm'ais for  a livid ex-
 crescence caused  by inflammation.
   SriRRiius et Carcinoma Ventriculi, see Gas-
 tro.-tenosis cardiaca et pylorica—s.  Hepatis, He-
 patoscirrbus—s. Intestinorum, Enteropathia can-
 cerosa.— s. Palpebrarum, see Scleriasis — s. Tes-
 ticuli,  Sa.rcoccle — s.  Uteri,   Metroscirrhus — s.
 A'entriculi, Gastroscirrhus.
  SCISSIPARITE, see Generation.
  SCISSORS,  Forfx, Forpex, Psalis,  Tomis,
 (F.) Ciscaux.  A  well-known  instrument  in com-
mon use, and often  employed in surgery.  Scis-
sors are composed of two cutting blades, crossing
 each other and  moving upon an axis.  They are
straight or curved.   Sometimes the curve  is on
the flat side, when  they are  called, in  France,
 Ciscaux  d cuiller;  at others, on  their  edges.
 The scissors, bent so that the blades make an
 obtuse  angle  with the handles, are  also  much
 used.   They are called in France Ciseaux coudis.
 Scissors are used for dividing soft, loose, isola-
 ted parts, which it would be difficult to reach and
 to  cut  with the  bistoury.  They are  employed,
 likewise, in the operation for harelip, and for re-
 moving warts, fungous excrescences, 4c.
   SCISSURA, Fissure—s. Vulvae, see Rima.
   SCISSURiE, Rhagades.
   SCISSURE DE GLASER, Fissure, glenoid—
 s. Grand midiane du Cervelet, Yalley—s. de San-
 torini,  Santorini, fissure  of.
   SCLAREA, Salvia sclarea.
   SCLEREMA,  Induration of the cellular tissue.
   SCLERE3IE, Induration of the cellular tissue.
   SCLEREMIA, Induration of the cellular tissue.
   SCLEREMUS, Induration of the cellular tissue.
   SCLERENCEPHA'LIA,  Indura'tio  cer'ebri,
 from oKXnpos, 'hard,' and tyxtipaXov, 'the brain.'
 (F.) Endurcissement du  cerveau.  Induration  of
 the brain.
   SCLERIA, Scleriasis.
   SCLERI'ASIS, Sclero'ma,  Sclerdsis, Scle'ria,
 Scterys'mns, Seph'irus, from aKXnpos, 'hard.'  Any
 kind of hardness or induration.  Sometimes hard-
 ness of the eyelids, Callo'aitoa palpebra'rum, Scir-
 rhoblepharon'cus,  Scirrhophthal'mia palpebra'-
 mm, Scirrhus palpebra'rum; at others, hardness
 of  the  genital organs of  the female;  probably
 synonymous  with scirrhus. —  Galen.   Paulus.
 Hardness of bones, Fragil'itas Os'sium.
   SCLERITIS, Sclerotitis.
   SCLERODERMA, Induration of the cellular

   SCLERODES, Sclerotic.
   SCLEROMA, Induration of the cellular tissue,
 Scleriasis.
   SCLEROMENINX, Dura mater.
   SCLERONYXIS, Scleroticonyxis.
   SCLEROPHTHALMIA, Hordeolum.
   SCLEROS, Hard.
   SCLEROSARCO'MA, from cKXnpos, 'hard,' and
 trapKtaixa, ' a fleshy tumour.'   A hard, fleshy tu-
 mour,  seated  on  the  gums, and resembling a
 cock's comb.
   SCLEROSIS, Induration of the cellular tissue,
 Scleriasis.
   SCLEROSTENOSIS CUTANEA, Induration
 of the cellular tissue.
   SCLEROT'IC,  Sclerot'ica,  from aKXnpooj,  'I
 harden.'  Cornea opa'ca, Sclerddes, Tunica dura
 seu albugin'ea seu du'rior et crass'ior seu ex'tima
 seu alba  seu  can'dida  seu innomina'ta  oc'uli
 Sclcro'tis,  (F.) Sclirotique.  A  hard,  resisting
 opake  membrane, of a pearly white colour and
 fibrous  nature, which covers nearly the posterior
 four-fifths of the globe of the eye,  and has the form
 of a sphere truncated before. It is strengthened by
 the expansion of the muscles of the eye, to which
 expansion many anatomists have given the name
 Tu ntca albugin'ea.  It forms the  white of the
 eye, Albu'men, Album oc'uli,  Lon'chades, Lod-
 adea, Loch'adea, Leu'cadea.  The sclerotic is pe-
 netrated posteriorly by a round opening, for the
 passage of the optic nerve;  and, anteriorly, it
 has a much larger opening, into which the trans-
 parent cornea is  received.  There  are, besides
 many small oblong apertures in it for the passage
 of nerves and  vessels, proceeding to the interior
 of the eye.  In the  foetus, the sclerotic may be
 separated into  two very distinct laminae.
  SCLEROTICA CERATOIDES, Cornea,
  SCLEROTICITIS, Sclerotitis.
  SCLEROTICONYX'IS, Scleronyx'is, Seleroto-
nyx'is, from  aKXnpos, 'hard,' and  vvfc, 'punetur- 
SCLEROTICUS
SCROFULA
Ing.'  Perforation of the sclerotica in the opera-
tion for cataract by depression.
  SCLEROTICUS, Indurans.
  SCLEROTIQUE, Sclerotic.
  SCLEROTIS, Sclerotic.
  SCLEROTITIS, Inflamma'tio Sclerot'ica,Leu-
ci'tia, Lonchadi'tia, Logadi'tia, Scleri'tia, Sclero-
citi'tia, Rhcumat'ic ophthal'mia,  Ophthal'mia ar-
thrit'ica,  from sclerotica, and itis,  denoting in-
flammation.  Inflammation of the sclerotic coat
of the eve.
  SCLEROTIUM CLAVUS, see Ergot.
  SCLERUNTICUS,  Indurans.
  SCLERUS, Induration, Scirrhus.
  SCLERYNTICUS,  Indurans.
  SCLERYS'MA, from aKXnpos,  'hard.' Indura-
tion ; also,  induration  of the liver.
  SCLERYSMUS, Scleriasis.
  SCLIRUS, Scirrhus.
  SCLOPETA'RIUS,  from sclopetum, 'a  gun.'
Relating to a gun.  Hence, Aqua eclopeta'ria, a
water for gunshot wounds.  Vul'nera sclopetdria,
gunshot  wounds,  4c.
  SCLOPETOPLAGJE, Wounds, gunshot.
  SCOBS,  Prisma, Xyama, Ramen'tum, Raeu'ra.
A shaving, also, an alkali; and the scoria of any
metal.
  SCCENANTHUM, Juncus odoratus.
  SCOLECESIS, Helminthiasis.
  SCOLECIASIS, Helminthiasis.
  SCOLEX, Ascaris lumbricoides.
  SCOLIOMA, Scoliosis.
  SCOLIO'SIS,  Scolio'ma, Rhachio-scolio'ma,
from itkoXios, ' crooked.'  A distortion of the spine
to one side.  See Hump.
  SCOLOPENDRA, Asplenium seolopendrium.
  SCOLOPENDRIA,  Asplenium ceterach, and
A. seolopendrium.
  SCOLOPENDRIUM  LINGUA,  Asplenium
seolopendrium — s. Officinarum, Asplenium seo-
lopendrium — s.  Phyllitis, Asplenium seolopen-
drium—s. Ruta muraria, Asplenium ruta muraria
—s. Vulgare, Asplenium seolopendrium.
  SCOLOPOMACH,E'RION, from cKoXotra^, 'the
woodcock,' and  uaxatpa, ' a knife;' so called be-
 cause  it is  bent  a little at the extremity  like a
 woodcock's bill.  A sort of blunt-pointed bistoury.
 — Scultetus.
   SCOLYMUS SATIVUS, Cynara scolymus.
   SCOOP,  Teut. Schoepe,  Cochledre, (F.)
 Curette.  A surgical instrument of the shape of
 a spoon, which is used for the extraction of cer-
 tain foreign bodies. The scoop  is often employed
 to extract balls impacted in the soft parts;  to  re-
 move  calculi from the urinary bladder in lithoto-
 my, 4c.   A small scoop is sometimes  used  to
 extract foreign bodies from the meatus auditorius
 externus, nasal fossae, 4c.
   SCOPA  REGIA, Ruscus.
   SCOPARIUS, see Spartium scoparium.
   SCOPE, oKo-trn, Scop'io, Scopoa,  from aKotrita,
 'I look around.'  A common  suffix to  words
 meaning 'view,  inspection,' as cranioscopy, ste-
 thoecopy, 4c.
   SCOPOLINA  ATROPOIDES,  Hyoscyamus
 scopolia.
   SCOPTULA, Scopula.
   SCOPULA, Brush.
   SCOR, Excrement.
   SCORACRATI'A,  Scoracrdsia,  Scatacra'sia,
 Scatacrati'a, Oopracrati'a, Copracrdsia, Inconti-
 nen'tia Alvi, from ovc&ip, 'excrement,' and aKpaaia,
 ' want of control.'  Want of power to retain  the
 faeces.  Involuntary  evacuation of the faeces.
   SCOR BUT,  Porphyra  nautica, Purpura hae-
 morrhagica—s. des Alpes, PeUagra—«. de Terre,
 Purpura hemorrhagica.
  SCORBUTIC, Scorbu'ticus.   That which "be-
longs to scurvy.  One affected with scurvy.
  SCORBUTUS, Purpura—s. Alpinus, Pellagra
—s. Nauticus, Porphyra nautica—s. Oris, Cancer
aquaticus.
  SCORDINEMA, Carebaria, Pandiculation.
  SCORDINISMUS, Carebaria, Pandiculation.
  SCORDIUM, Teucrium scordium.
  SCORDON, Allium.
  SCORITH, Sulphur.
  SCORODON, Allium.
  SCORPIODEX'IS, from aKoptrttov, 'the scor-
pion,' and Sn^ts, 'bite:'—more properly, Scorpi-
ostig'ma ; from cKoptraov, and artypa, ' puncture.'
The  sting of the scorpion.
  SCOR'PION, Scor'pio, Scorpiua, from aKoptriom,
' I puncture.'  A genus of insects having a sting
at the extremity of their tail, with which  they
make dangerous  wounds.  An  Oil of Scoipion
was  once made from them, which is not now used.
  SCORPIOSTIGMA, Scorpiodexis.
  SCORPIUS, Scorpion.
  SCORTUM, Scrotum.
  SCORZONE'RA,  S. hdmitis seu lana'ta seu
nervo'sa, Escorzone'ra, Yipera'ria, Serpenta'ria
Hispan'ica, Offic"inal viper's grass, Viper's grass,
 Goat's grass.  Family, Cichoraceae.   Sex.  Syst.
Syngenesia Polygamia.   The  roots have  been
used as  alexipharmics, and in  hypochondriacal
disorders and obstructions of the viscera.  The
root of the Scorzonera Hispan'ica is esculent, but
inefficacious as a drug.
  SCOTAS'MA,  Scotdma,  Scoto'dia,  Scoto'sis,
Scotos;  from okotos, ' darkness.'  Obscurity of
vision,  darkness, Suffu'sio ra'dians.   Also  Sco-
todinia.
  SCOTCH FIDDLE, Psora.
  SCOTODIA, Scotasma,  Scotodinia.
   SCOTODINTA, Scotdma, Dinus Scotdma, Seo-
 todi'ne, Tenebrico'sa verti'go, Scotos,  Scotas'ma,
 Scoto'sis, Scot'omy, from gkotos, ' darkness,' and
 iSivoo, ' I turn round.'  Giddiness, with impaired
 sight, often succeeded by headach.  See Vertigo.
   SCOTOMA, Scotasma, Scotodinia.
   SCOTOMY, Scotodinia.
   SCOTOS, Scotasma, Scotodinia.
   SCOTOSIS, Scotodinia.
   SCOTT'S  ACID  BATH, Nitro-muriatic acid
 bath.  A bath of dilute aqua regia, employed by
 Dr.  Scott, of India,  as a remedy in hepatic dis-
 eases.  Three pints by measure of muriatic acid,
 and two of  nitric acid,  are mixed to form the
 aqua regia.  In preparing this  for use, a pint of
 it is mixed  with an  equal  quantity  of water.
 The acid  bath consists of three ounces of this
 dilute acid to every  gallon of water.
   SCRATCH, Psora.
   SCREATUS, Excreation.
   SCRIPTULUM, Scruple.
   SCRIPULUM, Scruple.
   SCRIPULUS, Scruple.
   SCRIVENER'S  CRAMP, Cramp, writers'.
   SCROBICULUS, Scrobic'ulum,  (F.) Fossette.
 A little ditch or furrow;  diminutive of scrobs,
 ' a ditch.'
   Scrobic'ulus Cordis,  Anticar'dium, Procar'-
 dium, (F.) Fossette  du coeur, Avant-cceur, Anti-
 cceur.   Tie pit of the stomach.  The depression
 at the  anterior part of the abdomen, below the
 xiphoid cartilage.
   Scrobiculus Variolve, Pockmark.
   SCROFF^E, Scrofula.
   SCROF'ULA,  Scroph'ula, Scroph'ttla;  from
 scrofa,  'a sow;' because swine were presumed to
 be subject to a similar complaint.  Scrophulo'sis,
 Morbus  scrophulo'sua, Vifinm  scrophnlo'sum,
 Cacochym'io  seu Cachex'ia seu Dyscra'sia scro-
 phulo'sa, Padatroph'ia glandulo'sa, Struma, 
              SCROFULAIRE

Chirms,  Coiras,  Tabes Glandularis,  Adeno'sis
scrofulo'sa,  Scroffa,  Chrceas, King's  evil,  The
Evil, Gruels (Scottici), (F.) Scrophttles, Scrofules,
Strumea, Ecroucllea, Humeurs froidea, Tuberculea
des gloutles lymphatiquea, 3Ial du Roi.  A state
of the system characterized by indolent, glandu-
lar tumours, chiefly  in the  neck;  suppurating
slowly and imperfectly, and healing with diffi-
culty ; the disease ordinarily occurring in those
of a sanguine temperament, with thick upper lip,
4c.   The tumours, after suppuration, degenerate
into ulcers; which, in process of time, cicatrize,
leaving scars.   The internal organs are apt to be
attacked in those disposed to  scrofula;  hence
they are often the subjects of phthisis and me-
senteric affections.  Scrofula is  hereditary; and
is frequently excited  by insufficient or improper
regimen, and by a close, confined air during the
first years of existence.  The best treatment is :—
to strengthen  the system by animal diet; pure
air,  and exercise,  cold  bathing,  or  sea-water
bathing, 4c.
  Scrofula Abdominalis Interna, Physconia
strumosa.
  SCROFULAIRE,  Scrophularia  nodosa — s.
Aquotique, Scrophularia aquatica.
  SCROFULARIA, Scrophularia.
  SCR OF ULEUX, Scrofulous.
  SCROF'ULOUS, Scrojihulo'sus, Scrophula'rius,
Strumous, Strumo'sus, (F.) Scrofuleux,  Strumeux.
Suffering from, or relating to, scrofula.
  SCROPHULA, Scrofula—s. Mesenterica, Tabes
mesenterica—s. Moluccana, Framboesia.
  SCROPHULA, Scrofula—s. Gonorrhoicae, Go-
norrhoea impura.
  SCROPHULARIA, S. Nodosa.
  Scropiiula'ria  Aquat'ica, Beton'ica aquat'-
ica,  Fica'ria, Ferra'ria,  Caatran'gula, Greater
Water Figwort,  Water Bet'ony,  (F.) Scrofulaire
aquatiepie.   The leaves are celebrated as correc-
tors of the bad flavour of senna.  They were at
one  time  regarded as eminently antiscrofulous,
stomachic, and carminative.
  Scrophularia Fcetida, Scrophularia nodosa
— s. Lanceolata,  S. Nodosa — s. Marilandica, S.
Nodosa — s. Minor, Ranunculus  ficaria.
  Scrophula'ria  Nodosa, Figwort, Kennelwort,
Holmeaweed, Heal-all, Scrophula'ria foe'tida seu
vulga'ria seu lanceola'ta, seu Alarilan'diea, 3IU-
lemor'bia, Scrophula'ria, (F.) Scrofulaire, Herbe
aux icrouellee.  The root and leaves of this plant
have been celebrated,  both as an  internal and ex-
ternal remedy, against inflammations, piles, scro-
fulous tumours, ulcers, 4c.
  Scrophularia Vulgaris, Scrophularia nodosa.
  SCROPHULARIUS, Scrofulous.
  SCROPHULES, Scrofula —s. Misentiriques,
Tabes mesenterica.
  SCROPHULOSIS,  Scrofula.
  SCROPIIULOSUS, Scrofulous.
  SCROTAL, Scrota'lis; from scrotum. Relating
to the  scrotum, — as Hernia scrota'lis, scrotal
hernia,
  Scrotal Nerve, see Genito-crural Nerve.
  SCROTOCE'LE.  A hybrid term ;  from (L.)
scrotum, and Ki/Xr;, 'a  tumour.' Hernia Scrota'lis,
Scrotal  her'nia.   Inguinal  hernia, descending
into tho scrotum; Oscheocele.
  SCROTUM, from ecorteua, scorteum, 'made of
leather.' (?)  Oaehe, Oa'cheus,  Os'chus, Oa'cheon,
Och'eue, Pcrin,  Scortum,  3Iarau'pium, Bttr'aula,
Bitraa tes'tium  seu viri'lie,  Cap'ulua, (?) Orchas,
Oa'cue, Follic'ulus genitu'lia,  Her'nia,  the  Purse,
the  Cod,  (F.)  Les bourses.   The  integuments
which cover the testes.  These are nothing more
than  a  prolongation  of the  skin  of the inner
part of the thighs, perinaeum, aud penis.  The
skin is  remarkable for its brown colour,  for the
9                 SEA AIR

 numerous rugae, especially when  the  scrotum is
 contracted; for the  great  number  of sebaceous
 follicles  it contains; and for the long and few
 hairs which issue from it in the adult.  The scro-
 tum is divided into two equal parts by a raphe,
 which extends from  the anus to  the root of the
 penis.  Its  organization is similar to that of the
 skin of other parts of the body, except that the
 chorion is thinner.
   Scrotum Cordis,  Pericardium—s. Pendulum,
 Rhachosis.
   SCRUPLE,  Diob'olon, Gramma'rium,  Scru'-
 pulus, Scru'pulum, Scrip'tulus, Scrip'ulum, Scrip'-
 ulus.   A weight of twenty grains, Troy; twenty-
 four grains, Poids de marc.
   SCUDAMORE'S  MIXTURE,  see  Mixture,
 Scudamore's.
   SCULL, Cranium — s. Cap, Calvaria.
   SCURF, Sax. r-cnvV, Teut. Schorft; Fur'-
 fura.   Small  exfoliations  of the cuticle  are  so
 called.
   SCURFY, Furfuraceous.
   SCURVY OF THE ALPS, Pellagra—s. Grass,
 Sisyrinchium  Bermudianum — s.  Land, Purpura
 haemorrhagica—s. Petechial, Purpura simplex—
 s. Sea, Porphyra nautica — s. Grass,  common,
 Cochlearia officinalis—s. Grass, lemon, Cochlea-
 ria officinalis — s. Grass, wild, Cochlearia coro-
 nopus.
   SCUTELLA, Cup.
   SCUTELLARIAGALERICULATA, Cassida
 galariculdta,  Tertiandria, Skull-cap, (F.) Cas-
 side bleue.   Family,  Personeae.  Sex. Syst. Didy-
 namia Angiospermia.   This  plant has a bitter
 taste  and a garlic  smell.  It  has  been esteemed
 especially serviceable in tertian ague.
   Scutellaria Lateriflo'ra, Skull-cap, Mad-
 weed, Hoodwort, Blue Pimp'ernel.  An indigenous
 plant, which  grows in all parts  of the United
 States in moist places.  It was at one time es-
 teemed a preventive of hydrophobia,  but is pro-
 bably possessed of little virtue  of any kind.
   Scutellaria Integrifo'lia, — another indi-
 genous variety, — is  an intense  bitter.
   SCUTICULA DIGITORUM MANIJS, Pha-
 langes of the fingers.
   SCUTULvE  DIGITORUM MANUS, Pha-
 langes of the fingers.
   SCUTUM, Thyroid  cartilage —s. Cordis, Sca-
 pula, Sternum — s. Genu,  Patella — s.  Pectoris,
 Thorax.
   Scutum  Stomach'icum.  A large plaster, ap-
 plied to the breast or stomach.
   Scutum Thoracis, Scapula.
   SCYB'ALA, plural of oKv(iaXov, 'dung.' Ente-
 rol'iihus Seyb'alum, Excrementa  Alvi  siccio'ra,
 Faces indura'ta.  Hard fecal matters discharged
 in round lumps.
   SCYLLA, Scilla.
   SCYPHOPHORUS  PYXIDATUS, Lichen
 pyxidatus.
   SCYPHUS  AUDITORIUS,  Infundibulum of
 the  cochlea — s. Cerebri, Infundibulum  of the
 brain—s. Arieussenii, Infundibulum of the cochlea.
   SCYROS, Callosity.
   SCYTALIDES DIGITORUM  MANUS, Pha-
 langes of the fingers.
   SCYTHICA, (RADIX,)  Glycyrrhiza.
   SCYTHROPASMUS, from aKvdpos, 'gloomy;'
 oKvdptiitta^ttv, 'to look gloomy;'  Vultus tet'ricua et
 mwstus.   A gloomy, depressed countenance,  of
 bad augury in serious diseases.
   SCYTITIS, Cytitis.
   SCYTODEPSIUM, Tannin.
   SEA AIR.   The air in the neighbourhood of
 the sea contains saline particles commingled with
 it, which render it a valuable change for scrofu-
 lous and debilitated individuals.   The sea and
1\ 
               SEA-SICKNESS              7'

sea-coast are usually, also, more equable in their
temperature than places inland.
  SEA SICKNESS, Nausea marina —s. Water,
see AVater,  Sea.
  SEAL, GOLDEN, Hydrastis Canadensis —s.
Solomon's,  Convallaria polygonatum.
  SEAM. Cicatrix.
  SEARCHING, Sounding; from (F.) chercher,
'to seek.'   The operation of ascertaining, by the
introduction of a metallic instrument, whether a
patient has a stone in the bladder.
  SEASONING, Acclimation —s. Fever, FeVer,
stranger's.
  SEAT, Anus — s. Bone, Ischion.
  SEBACE, Sebaceous.
  SEBA'CEOUS, Seba'ceus, (F.)  Sibaci;  from
sebum, 'suet.'  That which has the nature of suet.
  Sebaceous Flux, Stearrhcea.
  Sebaceous or Sebip'arous Glands, Sebaceous
Fol'licles,  Sebaceous Crypts, Follic'uli  seba'cei,
Crypta eeba'cea, Oil Glands, Mil'iary glands, are
small hollow organs, of  a  rounded or pyriform
shape, seated in the substance of the skin, and
opening on its surface by a small, excretory duct;
furnishing  a yellow, unctuous  humour,  Smegma
cutdneum, Sebum cuta'neum, having some analogy
with suet, which is destined to lubricate  the sur-
face of the body.  Follicles of a  similar nature
exist around the corona glandis of the male, and
under the skin of the labia  majora and nymphae
of females.   They secrete  a  sebaceous  matter,
which emits a  peculiar odour; and hence, after
the name of one who described them, have been
called Gland'ttla odorif'era Tyso'ni, G.  Tyso'ni,
Tyson's glands.
  SEBESTE'NA, Cordia myxa seu sebeste'na seu
Afriea'na seu domes'tica  seu obli'qua, Sebeste'na
officina'lis,  Sebes'ten, Sebsten, 3Iyxa, Cornus san-
guin'ea, Prunus sebesti'na,  Smooth-leaved  Cor'-
dia, Assyr'ian plum, (F.) Sebestier  myxa.   The
dark, black fruit of the Sebestina possesses  gluti-
nous and aperient  qualities, and is exhibited, in
decoction, in various diseases of the chest.
  SEBESTIER M YXA, Sebestena.
  SEBIPAROUS, see Sebaceous.
  SEBORRHAGIA, Stearrhcea.
  SEBORRHCEA,  Stearrhcea.
  SEBSTEN, Sebestina.
  SEBUM, Pinguedo, Sevum—s.  Cutaneum, see
Sebaceous glands.
  SECA'LE, S. ceredle seu barbdtum.  The Rye
plant.  (F.) Seigle.  Rye is chiefly  used  as  an
article of diet, particularly in  the  northern parts
of Europe,  where a spirit is also  extracted from
it.   The grain  is  disposed to acescency: and
hence its internal use  at  first generally produces
a laxative effect.
  Secale Barbatum, Secale—s.  Cornutum, Er-
got— s. Luxurians, Ergot.
  SECALIS MATER, Ergot.
  SECERNENT, Secreting.
  SECERNING, Secreting—s. Substance, of the
kidney, see Kidney.
  SECESSIO F^CUM, Defecation.
  SECESSUS NIGER, Melaena.
  SECHE, Sepia.
  SECLUSORIUM, Sac.
  SECONDARY,  from secundus, 'the  second.'
Something that acts subordinately to another;
as the secondary symptoms of a disease;  that is,
those which supervene  on the primary.
  SECONDINES, Secundines.
  SECRETA. Same etymon as Secretion. Things
or matters  secreted or separated from the blood.
  SECRE'TING,  Secretdrius, Secer'ning, Se'-
cern'ent, Excer'nent.  Same etymon as Secretion.
That which secretes,—as  a secreting organ.
                 SEDLITZ

  SECRETIO, Secretion—s. Lactis, Galactosis--
s. Lotii, Uropoesis—s. Urinae, Uropocsis—s. Vi-
caria, see Alcarious.
  SECRETION, Secre'tio, Apoc'risia; from se-
cemere, 'to separate.' An organic function, which
is chiefly executed in the glands, and consists in
an elaboration or separation of the materials of
the blood, at the very extremities of the arterial
system, or rather of the vascular secretory sys-
tem; and which  differs  in  each organ according
to its particular  structure; hence the  formation
of different fluids;—bile, saliva, urine, milk, 4c.
The secretions are of three kinds :—exhalant, fol-
licular, and  glandular.
  SECRETORIUS, Secreting.
  SECT, METHODICAL, Methodists.
  SEC'TIO, Section.  The act of cutting.  A di-
vision.
  Sectio Alta,  see Lithotomy — s. Anatomica,
Dissection — s. Cadaveris, Autopsia cadaverica—
s. Cadaveris legalis, Autopsia cadaverica—s. Cae-
sarea,  Caesarean section — s.  Franconiana,  see
Lithotomy—s. Hypogastrica, see Lithotomy — s.
Lateralis, see Lithotomy—s. Legalis, Obductio—
s.  Mariana,  see Lithotomy — s.  Nympharum,
Nymphotomy — s. Rectovesicalis, see Lithotomy
— s. Renalis, Nephrotomy—s. Tendinum, Teno-
tomy— s. Vagino-vesicalis, Colpoeystotomia — s.
Vesicalis, Lithotomy.
  SECTION, Sectio —s. Sigaultian, Symphyse-
otomy.
  SECUNDI, Secundines.
  SECUNDINiE, Secundines.
  SECUNDINES, Hys'tera, Deuter'ion,  After-
birth, Secun'da,  Secundi'na, (F.) Arriere-faix,
Secondines,  Dilivre.  All  that  remains in the
uterus after the birth of the child,—viz., the pla-
centa,  a portion  of the umbilical  cord, and the
membranes  of the ovum.   These are  commonly
not expelled till  some time after the birth of the
foetus ; hence their name.   See Dilivrance.
  SECUNDUS  PROPRIORUM AURICULA,
Retrahens auris.
  SEDANTIA,  Sedatives.
  SED'ATIVES, Sedati'va, Pauodta, Sedan'tia,
Adec'ta,  Catastal'tica, Deprimen'tia, (F.) Cal-
mants, Tempiranta, from  aedo,  'I  settle  or as-
suage.'   Medicines which directly depress the
vital forces, and which are consequently employed
whenever it is necessary to diminish preternatu-
rally increased action.  The chief reputed seda-
tives are : Acidum Hydrocyanicum, Acidum  Hy-
dro-sulphuricum, Tabacum, Missio Sanguinis, and
certain gases  by inhalation,  as azote,  carbonic
acid, (?) carburetted and sulphuretted hydrogen.
  SEDEM ATTOLLENS, Levator ani.
  SEDES, Anus, Excrement — s. Cruentae, Dy-
sentery, Haematochezia—s. Lactescentes, Cceliac
flux—s. Procidua, Proctocele.
  SEDHEE, Bangue.
  SED'IMENT, Sidimen'tum, Lemma, Resided-
tia.  Same etymon.  (F.) DipQt. A deposit formed
by the precipitation of some  one or more of the
substances held in solution or  suspension by a
liquid.  That which is formed in urine,  at the
time of cooling, has been called Hypos'tasis, Hy-
poste'ma, Residen'tia, Subsidedtia, (F.) Dipot de
I'urine.  This  sediment or deposit varies in dif-
ferent states of the  system.   In calculous affec-
tions, it is one of the most important objects of
attention.
 _ SEDIMENTUM, Sediment —s. Urinae lateri-
eium, see  Lateritious — s. Urinae pityroides, see
Furfuraceous.
  SEDITIA, Nates.
  SEDLITZ, MINERAL WATERS  OF, Seid-
litz, Seidschiitz or Seydschiitz  water.  Springs in
Bohemia, near Prague, which are simple salines.
0 
                  SEDON

They contain  a largo quantity  of  sulphate  of
magne.-ia, a little sulphate of soda and sulphate
of lime,  carbonic acid,  carbonates  of lime and
magnesia, and  a resinous matter.(?)  They are
employed as purgatives in  a multitude  of dis-
eases.
  Sedlitz Powders may be formed of Soda tar-
tar izata  gij, Soda carbon.  *"}ij,  in one  paper;
Acid tartaric, gr. xxxv, in another.  For half a
pint of water.
  SEDON  BRULANT, Sedum— s. Reprise,
Sedum telephium.
  SEDUM,  Sedum  acre seu glacia'le  seu minua
seu n rmiculdre, Rlec"ebra,  Hclled'ebra, Illee'-
ebriim Vc rmiculdre, Vermiculd tie, Piper murdle,
Sempt rvi'vum  acre,  Wall pepper,  Stone  crop,
Biting Stone crop, Small Houeeleek, Aei'chryaon,
;Eo'nt'on, (F.) Jouburbe dcre, Orpin brulant, Ver-
miculaire brdlante,  Sidon brulant. Family, Cras-
sulaceae.  Sex. Syat. Decandria Pentagynia.  In
its  recent state it is very acrid, and proves  both
emetic and cathartic.  Externally, in the form of
cataplasm, it produces vesications and erosions.
It has been  recommended in  cancerous and ma-
lignant  ulcers.
  Sedum, Saxifraga granulata — s.  Glaciale, Se-
dum—s. Minus, Sedum—s. Majus, Sempervivum
tectorum—s. Minus, Sedum.
  Sedum Tele'phium, S. telepho'ides, Faba crassa,
Cms'sulci, 0. 3lojor, Illed'ebra major, Tele'phium,
I-'aba'ria eras'sula, Faba craeaa, Anacamp'seros,
A. al'bieans sou triphyll'a seu vulga'ris, Orpine,
(F.) Sedon  reprise, Grand orpin, Five ipaisse,
Jouburbe des vignes,  4c.   Formerly used  as a
cataplasm in cuts, hemorrhoids, corns, whitlows,
4c.
  Sedum Telepho'ides, S. Telephium—s. Vermi-
culare, Sedum.
  SEED, Sperm.
  SEGMENTA CARTILAGINEA, see Trachea.
  SEGNIT"IA,  SegnW'ies, from segnis, 'slug-
gish.'  Sluggishness or torpor in the exercise of
a function : — as Segnities Alvi, Torpor of the
bowels :  Segnities Virium, Languor.
  SEGNITIES, Segnitia.
  SEO KAY, MINERAL  WATERS OF.   Near
Pithivicrs, in Gatinais, in the French department
of Loiret, there is a chalybeate spring, which has
some reputation.
  SEOU, Sago.
  SEIDLITZ,  Sedlitz.
  SEIDSCHUTZ, Sedlitz.
  SE/GLE, Secale—s. Ergotie, Ergot,
  SEIN, Uterus, see  Mamma.
  SEIR1ASIS,  Coup  de Soldi.
  SEIZURES, HIDDEN, see Seizures.
  SEKISKAYAVODKA, see Spirit,
  SEL,  Salt—«. Admirable de Limery, Magnesias
sulpiias—s. Admirable perli,  Soda, phosphate of
—s. de Cuisine,  Soda, muriate of—s. de Dirosne,
Narcotine—s. d'Egra, Magnesiae sulphas—s. 3fa-
rin, Soda, muriate of—s. d' Opium, Narcotine—s.
de Satttrne, Plumbi superacetas—s. de Verre, see
Vitrum —s. Volatil d'Angleterre, Ammoniae car-
bonas.
  SELAGO, Camphorosma Monspeliaea, Lyco-
podium  selago.
  SELENE, Moon, see Nail.
  S ELE N IAS IS, Somnambulism.
  S ELE N IA S M US, Somnambulism.
  SELEXOBLETUS, Lunatic.
  SELE N OCA AHA. Somnambulism.
  SELF PA'. Apium graveolens.
  SELFABUSE, Alasturbation.
  SELF-HEAL, Prunella.
  SELF-LIMTTED.  An epithet applied to dis-
eases which appear to run a definite course, but
1              SEMICEPHALUS

 little  modified  by  treatment, — small-pox, for
 example-
   SELF-POLLUTION, Masturbation.
   SELI'BRA, Semili'bra, Sembella, half a pound.
 Six ounces, Troy; eight, Avoirdupois.
   SELINITES,  atXtvirris.   AVine impregnated
 with the seeds of the aeXtvov or smallage. — Dios-
 corides.
   SELINUM ANGELICA, Angelica Sylvestris
 — s. Galbanum, Bubon galbanum — s. Impera-
 toria, Imperatoria—s. Opoponax, Pastinaca opo-
 ponax— s.  Oreoselinum, Athamanta aureoseli-
 num— s. Ostruthium, Imperatoria—s. Pastinaca,
 Pastinaca sativa—s. Peucedanum, Peucedanum
 — s. Pubescens, Angelica sylvestris — s. Sylves-
 tre, Angelica sylvestris.
   SELLA, S, Turcica — s.  Equina, S. Turcica —
 s. Familiarica, Lasanum—s. Obstetricia, Diphrus
 —s. Sphenoidalis, S. Turcica,
   Sella  Tur'cica, Ephip'pium,  Fossa Pitui-
 ta'ria,  Sella,  S.  equi'na seu sphenoida'lis,
 Turkish Saddle,  (F.)  Selle  Tureique  ou  du
 Turc.   A  depression  at  the  upper surface of
 the sphenoid bone, which is bounded, anteriorly
 and posteriorly, by the clinoid processes;  and
 lodges the pituitary gland.  It is so  called  from
 its resemblanee to a Turkish saddle.
   Sella Turcica, Pituitaria fossa.
   SELLE  TURCIQUE, Sella  Turcica —8. du
 Turc, Sella Turcica.
   SELS NEUTRES, Neutral  salts.
   SELTZ or SELTZER, MINERAL WATERS
 OF.  Cold, acidulous springs, the source of which
 is at Seltz, nine leagues from Strasburgh, and in
 the Department of the  Bas-Rhin.  They contain
 carbonates of lime, magnesia, and soda, chloride
 of sodium,  and much  carbonic acid.  They are
 refrigerant, tonic, diuretic,  and aperient.
   Artificial Seltzer Water may  be made
 from muriat. acid. gr. xxxv, water Oj, white mar-
 ble gr. iij.  Stop up  till dissolved. Add carbonate
 of 31agnesia, gr. v, and, after some time,  subcar-
 bonate of soda, gr. xxxij.   Close it till used.
   SEMBELLA, Selibra.
   SEMECARPUS  ANACARDIUM, Avicennia
 tomentosa.
   SEMEIOG'RAPHY, Semeiograph'ia,  Serio-
 graphy,  Semiogra'phia, from  anpeiov, 'a symp-
 tom,' and ypaipn, ' a description.' A description
 of symptoms or signs of disease.
   SEMEIOL'OGY, Semeiot'ice, Semiology, Se-
 miotice, Phanomenolog"ia, from annuov, ' a symp-
 tom,' and Xoyos, 'a discourse.'   (F.) Simiiotique.
 The branch of pathology whose object is the doc-
 trine  of the symptoms or signs of disease.
   SEMEION BOETHEMATICUM,  Indication.
   SEMEIOSIS, Semeiology.
   SEMEIOTIQUE, Semeiology.
   SEMEN, Sperm — s. Badian, Illicium anisa-
 tum— s. Cinae, Artemisia santonica — s. Contra,
 Artemisia santonica—s. Contra vermes, Artemi-
 sia santonica—s. Maseulinum seu virile  seu geni-
 tale, Sperm—s. Muliebre, Sperm (of the female)
 —s. Sanctum, Artemisia santonica—s. Zedoariae,
 Artemisia santonica.
   SE3IENCE, Sperm.
   SEMENTINA, Artemisia santonica.
   SEMI, from  'nptav, 'half.'   Semi  or demi, in
 composition, universally signifies 'half;' both in
 French and English.
   SEMIAN'IMIS,  Semimor'tuua, Sem'inex, Se-
 mivi'vua; from semi, 'half,' and animus, 'soul'
 Half-living.  Half-dead.
   SEMI-BULB OF  THE FEMALE,  Bulbus
 vestibuli.
   SEMICANALICULUS, Sulcus.
   SEMICANALS, Sulcus.
   SEMICEPHALUS, Hemicephalus.
78 
SEMICIRCULI
782
SEMISPINALS
   SE3TICIRCULI OSSEI, Semicircular canals.
   SEMICIRCULAR, Semicirculdris.  That
 which represents the half of a circle.
   Semicircular Canals, Cana'les seu Ductus
 semicirculdres seu tubaform'es seu circula'res,
 Semicir'culi  os'sei, Funee  seu  Canalic'uli semi-
 annula'res labyrin'thi,  (F.)  Canaux  demicircu-
 laires, are seated in the pars petrosa of the tem-
 poral bone, and open into the vestibule, behind
 which they are situate.   They are three in num-
 ber, of which one is superior or vertical,  cana'lis
 semicircula'ris vertica'lis supe'rior; anotherpoete-
" rior or oblique, cana'lis  semicircula'ris vertica'lis
 poste'rior, and  the third  exterior or horizontal,
 canalia  semicircula'ris  horizonta'lis.  Their pa-
 rietes are formed of a bony, compact, hard plate.
 Their uses in audition  are not known:  at their
 termination they have the elliptical arrangements
 called ampul'la; and by both extremities they
 open into the vestibule, in the sac at its superior
 part—the Sac'cuius Ellip'ticus, Al'veus sen Utrid-
 ulus commit'nis, Utricle, Sinus or Alveus utriculo'-
 eus, Sacculus vestibuli or 3Iedian sinus.  In front
 of the S. ellipticus, nearer the cochlea, and oppo-
 site the foramen ovale, is the Sac'culus spher'icus
 or aaccul.ua.
   SEMICIRCULUS EXSCULPTUS, Hiatus
 diaphragm a tis aorticus.
   SEMICON'GIUS.  Half a gallon, or four pints.
   SEMICU'BIUM,  Semicupium,  Inaea'aio,  In-
 ces'sio, Encathis'ma, Excathis'ma, (F.) Demibain,
 from  semi, ' half,'  and  cubare, ' to lie down.'  A
 half-bath, or such  as receives only the hips or
 extremities.
   SEMICUPIUM, Bath, half, Semi-cubium—Se-
 mi-fibulaeus, Peronaeus  brevis — Semi-interosseus
 indicis,  Abductor indicis — Semi-interosseus pol-
 licis, Opponens pollicis.
   SEMILIBRA, Selibra.
   SEMILLA DEL GUACHARO. Various kinds
 of hard and dry fruits,  found in the stomachs of
 the young Guacharoes,  a sort of  nocturnal bird.
 The fruits  are  a  celebrated  South American
 remedy in ague.
   SEMILU'NAR, Semilundris,  (F.)  Demi-lu-
 naire ou Semi-lunaire, from semi,' half,' and luna,
 'the moon.'   Having the shape of a half-moon.
   Semilunar Cart'ilages,  Semilunar fibro-car-
 tilages,  Sigmoid  car'tilages, Cartilag"ines sig-
 mo'idea seu semiluna'res, are two  fibro-cartilages,
 which exist  between the condyles of the os femo-
 ris and  the articular surfaces of the tibia,  The
 innermost, which is longer from before to behind
 than  transversely, is nearly semicircular.  The
 outermost forms almost an entire circle; an ar-
 rangement,  in both cases, corresponding to the
 different surfaces of the tibia.  They are thicker
 at their outer  circumference,  which is convex,
 than  at the inner, which is concave and very
 thin.  Both are inserted, before and behind, into
 the spine of the tibia, by means of fibrous fasciae.
   Semilunar Ganglion,—Ganglion abdomina'le
 seu splanch'nicum seu  tranaver'eum seu  soldre,
 G. surrinal, (Ch.), belongs to  the  great sympa-
 thetic.  These  ganglia present considerable va-
 riety, and are  deeply  situate  in the abdomen,
 above and behind the supra-renal capsules. They
 correspond,  posteriorly, to the pillars of the dia-
 phragm and the aorta.   They have the shape of
 a crescent reversed, often surrounded  by other
 ganglia of a smaller size.  From their periphery
 the numerous filaments proceed, which  go to the
 formation of the solar plexus.
   Semilunar Notch of the  Sternum, Fourchette
 — s.  Valves,  Sigmoid  valves — s. Masculatus,
 Eunuch.
   SEMILUNULA UNGUIUM, see Nail.
   SEMI-MAS, Eunuch.
  SEMTMASCUUUS, Eunuch.
  SEMIMEMBRANEUS, Semimembranosus.
  SEMIMEMBRANO 'S US,  Semimembro 'ncua,
(¥.) Ischio-popliti -femoral, Ischio -popliti-1 il< ia I,
(Ch.) Demimembraneux.  A muscle situate at the
posterior part of the  thigh.  It is flat, thin, nar-
row, and aponeurotic in its upper third ;  broader
and fleshy in the middle,  and tendinous below.
It is attached above  to the tuberosity of the is-
chium; and below—by a tendon, which has threo
divisions—to the outer condyle of the femur, and
to the  posterior and inner part  of  the  internal
tuberosity of the tibia. This  muscle is a rotator
inwards, and a flexor of the leg.  It can also bend
the thigh upon the leg. In standing it maintains
the pelvis in position, and can  even draw it down-

  SEMIMORTUUS, Semianimis.
  SEMINA CATAPUTLE MAJORIS, see Rici-
nus communis.
  Se'mina Frig'ida Majo'ra. The greater cold
seeds.  The ancients  gave this name to the emul-
sive  seeds of the cucumber,  melon,  gourd, and
water-melon.
  Semina Frigida Minora. The lesser cold seeds.
The ancients gave this name  to the  seeds of the
lettuce, purslane, endive, and cichory.
  Semina Ricini Vulgaris, see Ricinus commu-
nis.
  SEMINAL, Spermatic—s. Filaments,  Sperma-
tozoa—s. Fluid, Sperm—s. Granules, see Granule.
  SEMINALE MEMBRUM, Penis.
  SEMINALIS, Spermatic.
  SEMINERVOSUS, Semi-tendinosus.
  SEMIORBICULARIS, Orbicularis oris.
  SEMIPESTIS, Typhus.
  SEMINEX, Semianimis.
  SEMINIA MORBORUM, Predisposition.
  SEMINIF'EROUS, from semen,  'sperm,'and
fero, ' I carry.'  Spermatoph!orous.   An epithet
given to the vessels which secrete and convey the
seminal fluid.
  SEMINIUM, Sperm.
  SEMIOGRAPHY, Semeiography.
  SEMIOLOGY, Semeiology.
  SEMIOTICE,  Semeiotice—s.  Faciei, Physi-
ognomy.
  SEMIPLEGIA, Hemiplegia.
  SEMISEXTUM,  Hemiecton.
  SEMISICIL'ICUS.  A weight of one drachm
or three scruples. — Rhodius.
  SEMISIDERATIO, Hemiplegia.
  SEMISIDERATUS, see Hemiplegia.
  SEMISOMNIS, Coma.
  SEMISOPITUS,  Coma.
  SEMISOPORUS,  Coma.
  SEMISPECULUM.   An instrument used for
dilating the incision made into  the  neck  of the
bladder in the operation of lithotomy.—Fabricius
Hildanus.
  SEMISPINA'LIS COLLI, Semi api,id tua colli,
Artie'ulo-spindlis, Transver''sospinalis Colli, Spi-
nalis cervi'cis, Spinalis Colli, Transversa'lis Colli,
Transversospinal,  (F.) Demi-ipineux ou  trans-
veraaire-ipineux du eou.  This muscle arises from
the transverse processes  of  the six uppermost
dorsal  vertebrae, by an equal number of distinct
tendons, which run  obliquely  under the  com-
plexus, and is inserted in  the spinous processes
of all the cervical vertebrae,  except the first and
last.  Its action is, to extend the neck obliquely
backwards and to one side.
  Semispinals Dorsi,  Semi-spinalis  externus,
Tranaver'sospinalia  dorsi, Semispina'tua, (Rio-
Ian),  Transversospinal,  (F.) Demi-ipineux  du
dos, Transversaire-ipineux du dos.  This muscle
arises  from the transverse processes of the se-
venth, eighth, ninth, and  tenth  dorsal vertebrae, 
SEMISPINATUS             783
by  as  many distinct  tendons, which  soon  grow
fleshy: and then again  become tendinous, and
are inserted into the spinous  processes of the
Bixth or seventh uppermost dorsal, and two low-
est cervical vertebrae, by as many tendons.  Its
action  is, to extend  the  spine  obliquely  back-
wards.
  Semispinals Externus, Semi-spinalis dorsi—
s.  Internus,  Transversalis dorsi — s.  Spinatus,
Longissimus dorsi, Semi-spinalis dorsi.
  SEMISPINATUS  COLLI, Semispinalis  colli.
  SEMIS'SIS, Semis.   The  half of a pound,
ounce, drachm, 4c.
  SEMITENDINO'SUS, Semi-nervdeua, (F.) Ia-
chio-criti-tibio.1, Iachio-pritibied, (Ch.) Demiten-
diiicux.  This muscle is situate at the posterior
part of the  thigh.  It extends obliquely, down-
wards  and inwards, from the tuberosity of the
ischium—to which it is attached by a flat tendon,
common  to it and the biceps—as far as the pos-
terior and inner part of the tibia, to which it is
attached by means of another  round  tendon.
Its fibres are commonly interrupted by an apo-
neurosis.  Its uaea  are the same as those of the
semimembranosus.
  SEMITERTIANA, Hemitritaea — «.  Tierce,
Hemitritaea.
  SEMIUNCIA, Hemiuncion.
  SEMIVIR, Eunuch.
   SEMI VITUS, Semianimis.
  SEM'OLA, BULLOCK'S.   A farinaceous  ar-
ticle of diet,  which is recommended  as highly
nutritious and easily digestible, consequently well
adapted for infants and invalids, is said to consist
of the gluten of wheat, with a small  proportion
of starch.  Semola  and Semolina resemble each
other greatly.  They appear, indeed, to be  iden-
tical.
  SEMOLI'NA,  3Ionno croup.  This may be
made by grinding wheat in an  apparatus,  sepa-
rating tho flour from the middlings, dressing the
latter four different times in  a bolting mill, and
sifting through parchment sieves, until the pro-
duct is perfectly freed from bran.  In  Poland it
is called  Cracow groats.
  Semolina is  generally imported into England
from the Baltic, and  in Russia is said to be ma-
nufactured from buckwheat.   It has  a granular
form like some kinds of oatmeal, a dingy  white
colour, a farinaceous, somewhat insipid,  taste,
and is  well adapted for the diet of children affect-
ed  with  derangement of the bowels.  A recent
analysis makes it consist of the gluten of wheat
with a certain proportion of the starch, part of
the latter having been removed.
  SF.MPERVIVUM  ACRE, Sedum.
  Sempervivum  Tecto'rum,  S. majus,  House-
Leek, Sedum Majus  seu Tecto'rum, A'izoon,  Beia-
halolen,  Buphthalmua,  Borba   Jovis,  Sengreen,
Agrioain'ara,  Andrachahara,   Chryeosper'mum,
(F.) Joubarbe des toita.   The leaves have a mild,
subacid austerity, and are often applied to bruises
and old ulcers.
   SEMUNCIA, Hemiuncion.
   SEX A, Cassia senna.
   SENE, Cassia senna — s.  d'Amirique, Cassia
Marilandica—s. Faux, Colutea arborcsccns.
   SEXEBIERA CORONOPUS, Cochlearia  co-
ronopus.
   SENE'CIO, S. vulga'ris, Erig"erum, Cortalon,
Erigeron, Grounded,  Firewced, (F.) Senecon com-
mun.   Family, Corvmbiferaa.   Sex. Syst. Synge-
ne>ia Polygaraia Superflua.   A common plant in
Europe; frequently applied,  bruised, to inflam-
mations and ulcers, as refrigerant and anti-scor-
butic.
   Senecio  Hieracifolia, Erechthites  hieraci-
folius.
I                   SENSE

   Senecio Jacob,e'a, Jacoba'a, St. James' Wort,
Ragwort, (F.) Jacobie.  The leaves have arough-
ish, bitter, subacid, and extremely nauseous taste.
A decoction has been used in dysentery.   A poul-
tice of the leaves has been recommended in rheu-
matic  affections;  und a  decoction of  the  root
has often been employed in cases of wounds and
bruises.
   SENEgON C03I3IUN, Senecio.
   SENECTA, Senectus.
   Senec'ta An'guium.  The cast skin of a ser-
pent.  A de*coction of it is said to cure deafness!
   Senecta Decrepita, Decrepitude — s. Extre-
ma, Decrepitude — s. Summa, Decrepitude — s.
Ultima, Decrepitude.
   SENECTUS, Senec'ta, from senere, 'to be old.'
Geras, Se'nium, JEtas  seni'lis seu provec'ta seu
mala, Old age, Senil'ity, (F.)  Viellesse.  The last
period of life, commencing, according to some,
at 60 years of age, but varying according to nu-
merous circumstances.   It is characterized by
progressive diminution of the physical and moral
faculties.
   Senectus Ultima, Decrepitude.
   SENEGA, Polygala senega.
   SEN'EGAL,  GUM, Gummi Senegaledse seu
Sedeeo seu Sen'ega seu Sen'ica.  The exudation
from the Aca'cia seu Mimo'ea Senegal—Family,
Leguminosae, Sex.  Syst. Polygamia  Monoecia—
which grows in the country  of Africa through
which the river Senegal runs.  It is in loose or
single drops, much larger than gum Arabic, or
the gum which exudes from the cherry tree ; and
is much more difficult of solution than the former.
   SENEGINE, see Polygala senega.
   SENEKA, Polygala senega.
   SEND VE, Sinapis.
   SENGREEN, Sempervivum tectorum.
   SENILE, Seni'lie, from  senere, ' to be  old.'
Relating or belonging to old age :—as 'senile de-
lirium ;'  dotage.
   SENILITY, Senectus.
   SENNA, Cassia senna—s. Alexandrina, Cassia
senna—s. American, Cassia Marilandica—s. Blad-
der, Colutea arborescens—s. Essence of, prepared,
Selway's, see Infusum sennas compositum — s.
Germanica, Colutea—s. Italica, Cassia senna—s.
Prairie, Cassia chamaecrista—s. AVild, Cassia cha-
mae crista, Cassia Marilandica.         i
   SENS, Sense.
   SENSATION, Sensa'tio, from sentire, sensum,
'to feel;' JEsihe'ma.  The consciousness or cog-
nizance by the brain of an impression caused by
an external body on the organs of the senses.  (F.)
Sentiment.  It is not necessarily, however, confined
to bodies external to us; for we can receive an im-
pression by touching any part of our own body. The
body which communicates the impressions needs
but to be external to the part impressed.  Sensa-
tions are divided into external, internal and mor-
bid.  The  external are communicated by the five
organs of the senses.  The internal are  such as
occur within the body, and arise from some alter-
ation  in the function  of the  part, for  the  time
being.  Hunger and thirst are  internal sensa-
tions,  as well as all the natural wants.   Alorbid
sensations  may be either internal or external.
 Objec'tire sensations are produced by impressions
on the peripheral  nerves; as  in vision, audition,
4c.  Subjective sensations, such as originate cen-
trically,  or  in  the encephalon, —  as   tinnitus
aurium.
   SENSATIONAL, Sentient.
   SENSE,  Sensus, Sen'sio, uEathe'eia, (F.) Sens.
Same etymon as Sensation.  A faculty, possessed
by animals, of appreciating impressions from ex-
ternal objects.  The senses are five in number:
sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch. Of these, 
SENSIBLLITAS              784                 SEPTUM
the first two and the last administer more to the
intellect; and, hence, have been called by some,
the intellectual senses:  the other two seem more
destined for  the nutrition of  the  body:  and,
hence, have been  termed corporeal or nutritive
senses.  Other senses have been suggested — as
the intense sensation experienced during the ve-
nereal act; a sense of heat and  cold; a muscular
sense, a common sense  or ccenaesthesis, 4c.
  Senses,  Nervous System  of the, Medulla
oblongata.
  SENSIBLLITAS, Sensibility—s. Anomala, see
Irritable — s. Aucta, see Irritable — s. Morbosa,
gee Irritable.
  SENSIBIL'ITY, Sensibil'itas.  Same etymon
as Sensation;  sEsthe'ma.  The  faculty of receiv-
ing impressions, and having the consciousness of
them.  Bichat defines it as the property possessed
by  living  bodies, of receiving impressions, whe-
ther the individual be  conscious of them or not.
In the former case, where conscious, he calls the
sensibility  animal: in  the latter, where not, he
terms it organic.   This last is  common to vege-
tables and animals, and presides over nutrition,
absorption, exhalation,  secretion, 4c.  The other
does not exist in  vegetables: it is the origin of
the sensations—olfaction, vision, gustation, audi-
tion,  thirst, hunger, pain, 4c.   There are few
parts of the animal body, but what are sensible
— if not in health — in disease.  The free extre-
mities of the hair and  nails, and the  epidermis,
are not so.  See Insensibility.
  SENSIFEROUS, Sentient.
  SENSIO, Sense.
  SENSITORIUM, Sensorium.
  SENSORI-VOLIT"IONAL.   A term applied
to nervous fibres which pass to and from the ce-
rebro-spinal axis, and are respectively concerned
in sensation and volition.
  SENSO'RIAL, Sentient.
  Sensorial Powder, according to Dr.  AVilson
Philip, is composed of  the two  functions  of  sen-
sation and volition. Dr. Darwin included in it
the power of muscular  contraction; but it ought
not to be extended to acts in which there  is not
consciousness.
  SEXSO'RIUM, Senso'rium commu'ne, Or'ganon
senso'rium internum, Sensito'rium, Empo'rium spi-
rituum, ^Esthete'rion,  Sen'sory.  The common
centre of sensations.
  SENSORY, Sensorium, Sentient.
  Sensory Gang'lia.  A name given by Dr.
Carpenter to a series of ganglionic masses at the
base of the brain, which are in direct communi-
cation with the nerves  of sensation—as the olfac-
tory, optic, auditory and gustatory.
  Sensory Nerves, Nerves  of sensation, are so
called in contradistinction to Motor nerves.  There
are general sensory nerves — as those connected
with the posterior part of the  spinal marrow, and
the fifth pair; and special sensory, as those of the
senses.
   SENSUS iEGRITUDINIS,  Indisposition—s.
Osmometricus, Olfaction—s. Perversus, Pseudaes-
thesia.
   SENTIENT, Sen'tiens, Sen'eory, Ide'dej"enous,
Senao'rial, Sensdtional,  Senaif eroua.  Feeling,
causing feeling.
   Sentient Extremities of Nerves are their
minute terminations in the organs.
   SENTI3IENT, see Sensation.
   SEPARATO'RIUM, from separo, T separate.'
A surgical instrument,  for separating the pericra-
nium from the skull.
   A  Sep'aratory,  Vitrum  Hypoclep'ticum,  is a
pharmaceutical vessel for separating fluids of dif-
ferent densities from each other.
   SEPEDOGENESIS, Sepedonogenesis.
  SEPEDCNOGEX'ESIS, Sepedogen'esis, from
<Ti;ir£<W, 'putrescency,'  and ytvtats, 'generation.'
A septic  disposition or  tendency;  such as is met
with in typhus gravior.
  SEPES, Sa'pea, 'A hedge,' ' a  row :' as Sepca
seu Sc'riea seu Pecten dedtium :—a row of teeth.
  Sepes Dentium, See Sepes.
  SEPHIRUS, Scleriasis.
  SE'PIA, S. officina'lia, Se'pium, Guttle-Fiah,
(F.) Seche.   The osseous part of the cuttle-fish—
Praeip'itona mog'num—has been used as an ab-
sorbent, and is often added to tooth-powders.
  SEPLASIA'RIUS.  A name formerly given to
one  who sold perfumes, ointments,  4c  It is
derived from Seplaaio,  the name of a public place
at  Capua,  where  such  preparations were  fre-
quently sold.  A druggist,
  SEPSICHYMIA, Septochymia.
  SEPSIS, Putrefaction.
  SEPTiE'MIA; from antrros, 'rotten,' and 'atpa,
'blood.'  A morbid  condition of the blood pro-
duced by septic or putrid matters.
  SEPTANA FEBRIS,  Fever septan.
  SEPTENARY, Septendrius, (F.) Septinaire,
from  septem,  ' seven.'    ' Consisting  of seven.'
The septenary years of the old believers in cri-
tical  periods were times at  which, it was sup-
posed, important  changes might  be  expected to
take place.  The grand  climacteric was fixed at
63, and it was considered that if a person passed
that age, he had well-founded expectations that
his life might be protracted to 90.
  SEPTENNIAD, Climacteric, (years.)
  SEPTFOIL, UPRIGHT, Tormentilla.
  SEPTIC, Sep'ticus,  Septus,  from  anttttv, 'to
rot,' antrros, 'rotten.'   That which produces pu-
trefaction.   A substance which corrodes and dis-
organizes the soft parts without causing much
pain.
  Septic Poison, see Poison.
  SEPTICAEMIA, Septaemia.
  SEPTIMESTRIS FCETUS, see Foetus septi-

  SEPTINERVIA, Plantago.
  SEPTOCHYMTA, Sepsichym'ia;  from on<j<is,
'putrefaction,' and Xvuos,  'juice.'  Putrefaction
or putrescency of the humours.
  SEPTOPYRA, Typhus gravior.
  SEPT'ULUM; diminutive of septum, 'a parti-
tion.'  A division  between small  spaces or cavi-
ties— as the septula or fibrous cords given off by
the mediastinum testis to be inserted into the in-
ner surface of the  tunica albuginea.
  SEPTUM, (F.)  Cloison.  A part  intended to
separate two cavities from each  other, or to di-
vide  a principal cavity into  several secondary
cavities.
  These septa are numerous in the human body.
The chief are the following : —
  Septum Cerebelli,  Falx cerebelli—s. Cerebri,
Falx  cerebri—s. Cochleae auditoriae,  Lamina spi-
ralis.
  Septum  Cordis, Septum me'dium cordis.  The
partition which  separates the two ventricles of
the heart.
  Septum Encephali, Tentorium.
  Septum Lu'cidum seu pelluci'dum  seu tedue et
pellucidum seu medium seu  Spec'ulum lucidum
seu Lapis specula'ris seu Mediasti'num  seu Dia-
phragma ventriculo'rum latera'lium cer'ebri, Spe-
culum, (F.) Septum midian, (Ch.) Cloison trans-
parente.  The  soft  portion  or medullary  sub-
stance, which separates the two lateral ventricles
of the brain from each other.   This septum is
composed of two laminae; between which a small
cavity exists, filled by a serous fluid, and called
the Foeea of Syl'vius, bth ventricle of Cuvicr, Sinus
of the median septum, (Ch.)  The brothers Wen- 
SEPTUM
785
SERUM
 zel  are  of opinion that this cavity is lined by a
 peculiar membrane.
   SEPTU31 MEDIAN,  S. lucidum—s. 3Iidian
 du ccrrelet, Falx cerebelli—s. Medium cerebri, S.
 lucidum.
   Septum Na'rium, Interaeptum seu Diaacpimed -
 turn  seu Interfi'nium seu Diacri'meu seu Imbrex
 seu Diophrog'ma na'rium, (F.) Cloiaon des Foaaea
 iioso/ea.  The partition between the nares.  It is
 formed by the vomer, the perpendicular plate of
 the ethmoid bone, and a cartilage of a triangular
 shape.  These parts are lined by  the pituitary
 membrane, which receives a considerable number
 of nerves and vessels.
   Suptim Nasi, see Nares.
   Septum Parvum  Occipitale, Falx cerebelli—
 s. Pectiniforme, see Cavernous bodies — s. Pellu-
 cidum, S. Lucidum—s. Scalae, Lamina spiralis—
 8. Stophylin, A'elum pendulum palati — s. Tenue
 et pellucidum, S. lucidum — s. Thoracis, Medias-
 tinum— s. Transverse, Tentorium — s. Transver-
 sum, Diaphragm — s. Vestibuli nervoso-membra-
 naceum, see  Labyrinth.
   SEPTUS, Septicus.
   SEPUM, Sevum.
   SEQUESTRUM, from sequestro, 'I separate.'
 The  portion of  bone, in necrosis, which is dead,
 and separated from the living bone;  acting, whilst
 retained, as an  extraneous  body.  When the se-
 questrum is superficial and  small, it  is called
 Exl'olio'titin.
   SEKAPEUM, Syrup.
   S FRAP I NON, Sagapenum.
   SFRAPIUM, Syrup.
   SERBET, Scherbet.
   SER'ICUM, Silk; from Serea—the Thibetans
 probably — from whom it  was first  obtained.
 (F.)  S'lie.   The thread spun by  the Bombyx
 3Iori or  Silkworm.   Silk is used by surgeons for
 ligatures, 4c.
  Sericum Anglicum, see Sparadrapum adhaesi-
 vum.
  SERIES DENTIUM, see Sepes.
   SERIE UN, Serious.
  SERINGUE, Syringe.
  SERIOLA, Cichorium intybus.
  SE'RIOUS, (F.)  Sirieux, Grave.   A term  ap-
 plied to a disease, Dyepathi'a, 31'orbua gravia, and
 to a symptom that is attended with danger.
  SERIS, Cichorium intybus.
  SERMOUNTAIN, Laserpitium album.
  SERO-COLITIS,  see Colitis.
  SERO-CYSTIC, Sero-cyat'icus.  An epithet to
 tumours  of the  female breast, which consist, in
 the first stage, of one or more membranous cysts,
 produced perhaps by dilatation of portions of the
 lactiferous tubes.
  SERO-HEPATITIS, see Hepatitis.
  SER'OLIX, from scrum,' whey.'   A fatty mat-
 ter  detected  in  the blood  by Boudet, Lecanu,
 Sanson, and others.
  SEROSITE,  Serum.
  SEROSITY, Scrum.
  SEROUS, Sero'sus, (F.) Sireux. Thin; watery.
 Relating to the  most watery  portion of animal
 fluids, or to membranes that secrete them.   See
 Serum.
  Serous Layer, see Tache embryonnaire.
  Serous Membranes, Membranes, serous.
  SERPEDO, Psoriasis.
  SERPENT,  Serpens, Anguis, Ophis;  from
serpo, ' I creep.'   A snake.
  Snake Broth was, at one time, recommended
as a restorative.
  Many serpents are venomous :  and the bites of
some fatal.   See Poisons, Table of.
  SERPENTAIRE NOIRE,  Actaea racemosa.
  SERPENTARIA, Aristolochia serpentaria —
       50
 s. Gallorum, Arum  dracunculus — s.  Hispanica,
 Scorzonera—s. Minor, Arum maculatum—s. Ni-
 gra, Actaea racemosa.
   SERPENTARIA BRAZILIENSIS  RADIX,
 Cainca? radix.
   SERPEXTIN, see Alembic.
   SERPEXTIXE, Ophites.
   SERPEXTIN US, Ophites.
   SERPES, Herpes.
   SERPIGINOUS, from serpere, 'to creep.'
 An  epithet  given  to  certain  affections,  which
 creep, as it were,  from one part to  another,—
 c Serpiginous erysipelas,' (F.) Erysipele serpigi-
 neux.
   SERPIGO,  Herpes  circinatus, Lichen  pso-
 riasis.
   SERPILLUM, Thymus  serpyllum.
   SERPOLET, Thymus serpyllum.
   SERPULLUM, Thymus serpyllum.
   SERPYLLUM, Thymus serpyllum —s. Citra-
 tum, see Thymus serpyllum.
   SERRA, Saw — s. Amputatoria, Saw, amputa-
 tion — s. Versatilis, Trepan.
   SERRAT'ULA AMA'RA, Family, Cynaroce-
 phaleae.  Sex. Syst. Syngenesia  Polygamia aequa-
 lis.   A  species  of Sawwort,  recommended in
 ague.
   Serratula Behen,  Centaurea behen.
   SERRATUS  ANTICUS MINOR,  Pectoralis
 minor — s. Major, Serratus magnus.
   Serra'tus Magnus.  So called from its ser-
 rated appearance; from serra, ' a saw.'  Serratus
 major anti'cus,  Serratus major, (F.)  Coatobaai-
 8capulaire, Coato-acapulaire, (Ch.,) Grand dentele.
 A very broad  (especially anteriorly,) thin, flat,
 irregularly  quadrilateral muscle, situate at the
 sides of the thorax.  It is attached,  before, to
 the external surface of the first  8 or 9 ribs, by as
 many distinct  digitations; and, behind, to  the
 spinal edge of the scapula.  The superior fibres
 are almost horizontal;  the lower become gradu-
 ally more and more  oblique upwards  and back-
 wards.  This muscle carries the  scapula forwards,
 and causes it to execute a movement of  rotation,
 which directs its inferior angle forwards, and the
 anterior  upwards.  AVhen the shoulder is fixed,
 it raises the ribs.
   Serratus Posti'cus Inferior,  (F.) Dorao-
 lombo-coatol, Lombo-coatal,  (Ch.,)  Petit dentele
 poatirieur  et infirieur. A broader and thinner
 muscle than the  following, but nearly of  the
 same shape.  It is situate  obliquely at the lower
 part of the back; and  extends  from the spinous
 processes of the last two or three dorsal verte-
 brae,  and the first  two or  three lumbar, to the
 inferior margin of the last  four false ribs.  This
 muscle depresses the ribs,  and  thus concurs  in
 expiration.   It is an antagonist  to the next.
   Serratus Posti'cus Supe'rior,  (F.)  Cervici-
 doreo-costal, Dorao-coatal, (Ch.)  Petit denteli su-
 pirieur.   A flat,  thin, quadrilateral   muscle;
 situate obliquely at the posterior inferior part of
 the neck, and the superior part  of the  back.   It
 passes from the posterior cervical ligament, the
 spinous process of the  last  cervical  vertebra;
 from  the spinous processes of  the first two or
 three dorsal, to the second,  third,  fourth,  and
 fifth ribs; into which it is  inserted by as many
 digitations.   It  raises  the  ribs, and is, conse-
 quently, an inspiratory muscle.
  SERTULA CAMPANA, Trifolium melilotus.
  SERUM, Sperm.
  Serum, 'whey.'   Orrhos, Oros, Seros'ity, (F.)
 Sirositi.   The  most watery  portion of animal
fluids, exhaled  by serous  membranes.  It is a
constituent part of blood, milk, 4c
  Serum of -the   Blood,   Ha'mydor,  Orrhos,
Ichor  san'guinis, (F.)  Sirum du Sang, is  the 
Si RUM
786
SEVUM
liquid  which separates from  the blood,  when
coagulated at rest.  It is of a greenish-yellow
colour; viscid, slightly coagulable'by heat, acids,
and alcohol.  It is composed of water; chloride
of sodium;  certain phosphates ;  and albumen,
constantly united  to soda, almost in a  sapona-
ceous combination.
  The fluid which exudes from the albumen of
the serum of the blood, when coagulated by heat,
is by some called seroaity.
  SERUM DU SANG, S. of the blood.
  Serum Lactis,   Aqua lactis;  Serum  of
Milk,  Whey,  (F.)  Sirum  du  lait,  Petit lait.
That  part of milk, from which the butter and
caseous matter have  been  separated.  It is a
transparent,  citrine-coloured liquid,  containing
sugar  of milk,  mucilage, acetic acid, phosphate
of lime,  and some other saline substances.  It
is used as a slightly nutritious diluent and refri-
gerant.
  Serum  Lactis  Hoffman'ni,  (F.) Petit-lait
dHoffmann, is a name given to the liquid  re-
sulting from treating  with  boiling  water milk
which has been evaporated to  an almost solid
consistence.  It is not much used.
  Rennet Whey  is made  thus: milk 2  pints;
rennet *~";ss, infused in a little hot water; mix and
keep in a gentle heat for some hours, then  strain.
—Gray.
  Serum of Serous Membranes, Serum mem-
branarum  serosa'rum,   Water of Dropsy, (F.)
Sirum des membranes  sireuses, Eau des hydro-
piques.  It resembles the serum of the blood,—
especially in cases of hydrocele.   The water of
hydrothorax and ascites contains much  less al-
bumen :—sometimes enough to coagulate  on  the
application of heat:  at others, not.
  SERVICE, MOUNTAIN, Sorbus acuparia —
s. Tree, Sorbus domestica.
  SERVIETTE EN CARRE, Couvrechef.
  SES'AMOID, Sesamo'i'des,  Seeamo'de8, Sesa-
mo'ideua, from anaapn, ' a grain of sesamum,' and
etSos,  ' resemblance.'
   Sesamoid Bones, Oaaa seu Ossic'ula  sesamoi-
dea, are small  bones, situate in the substance of
tendons, near  certain joints.   Their number is
various.   They are commonly more in the male
than  female.   Two are constantly met  with  be-
neath the metatarso-phalangal  articulations of
the  great toe.  Sometimes, the articulations of
other  bones of the metartarsus with the pha-
langes of the toes have them likewise.   In  the
hand, there are two before the metacarpo-pha-
langal joint of the thumb.   At  times, they  are
met with in the other  metacarpo-phalangal arti-
 culations.   Occasionally, two  exist behind  the
 condyles of the femur, in  the tendons  of  the
 gastrocnemii muscles.  A considerable  6s sesa-
 moideum is also met  with in  the tendon of  the
 peronaeus  longus.   These bones are commonly
 round, and flattened  only on one surface, which
 is incrusted with  cartilage,  Their size is very
 variable, according to the joints in which they
 exist.   Traces of sesamoid bones  are not  ob-
 served in infants : in them,  they are replaced by
 small, cartilaginous concretions.  They  are  de-
 veloped by  a  single point of ossification : and
 are, like  the patella (which is a true sesamoid
 bone,) composed  of  much cellular substance,
 covered by a thin  layer of compact tissue.  The
 use of these bones is, — to allow the tendon to be
 inserted  into the  lever at a greater angle; and
 thus enable the power to act  more advanta-
 geously.
   Riolan has given the name Ossa sesamoidea to
 two bony points sometimes met with ;—the  one
 at the outer side of the carotid canal of the tem-
poral bone; and  the other at  the  edge of tho
cavernous sinus, at the side of the internal caro-
tid artery.
  SESAMUM, see Sesamum orientale.
  Ses'Amum Orienta'lE, S. edu'le seu oleif'eruin,
Benne, Oily Grain.   The  seeds  of  this African
plant are cultivated in Georgia and South Caro-
lina, where the negroes use them with Indian corn
as an article of food.  They yield a larger propor-
tion of oil than any other vegetable;  one hundred
weight producing ninety pounds of oil, which is,
at least, equal to Florence oil.
  Benne oil, Oleum Ses'ami, is used in the South-
ern  States as  a  laxative.   The leaves — Sesa-
mum (Ph. U. S.) — afford, by infusion, an excel-
lent mucilage.
   SESCUN'CIA, Sesquiudcia,  HcmioVion.  An
ounce and  a half.  See Sesqui.
   SESELI, Laserpitium siler — s.  iEgopodiuin,
Ligusticum podagraria — s. Annuum,  S.  tortuo-
sum — s. Carum,  Carum — s. Carvi, Carum — s.
Creticum,  Tordylum officinale — s. Foeniculifo-
lium, Sison ammi—s. Graveolens, Apium grave-
olens — s. Meum, iEthusa meum — s.  Patens, S.
tortuosum — s. Pratense, Peucedanum silaus—s.
des Pris, Peucedanum silaus.
   Ses'eli  Tortuo'sum,  Seseli  Massilien'se  seu
adnuum seu patens, (Enadfhe stria'ta rig"ida,
Hartwort of Alaraeillea.   The seeds  have a warm
taste; and a greater degree of pungency  than
those of Laserpitium siler, which is the Seaeli of
the Pharmacopoeias.
   SESQUI.  This word, joined with  any num-
ber, weight, measure, 4c., signifies one and a
half; as seaquigranum, ' a grain and half.'
   SESQUIUNCIA,  Sescuncia.
   SETA EQUI'NA, 'a horse's hair.' Hairworm,
Helmin'thua Gor'dii.  A kind of worm, found in
stagnant water, from 4 to 6  inches  long,  and
twisted into various knots and  contortions;  co-
lour  pale-brown, with  dark  extremities.   It ia
common in  the  intestines of  the Laplanders;
causing the Col'ica Lappodica, in which the gri-
pings are,  at times, exceedingly severe.
   SETA'CEUM,  Seto, Seton, from seto, 'a bristle.'
A long strip of fine  linen or cotton twist, passed
through the skin and areolar membrane, to keep
up an  issue;  or through suppurating cavities,
between the fragments of fractured bones, 4c.,
to fulfil certain indications.   The  term  is, also,
applied to the issue so established.  The opera-
tion  is simple.   It  consists in  laying hold of a
fold of skin, and passing a seton-needle through
it, with the thread attached.  Every day a fresh
portion of the  thread is drawn through the sore.
Setons are established in many  diseases;—in
obstinate  ophthalmiae,  cephalalgiae; epilepsy,
thoracic and abdominal affections, 4c.; but they
are not as much used as formerly.
   SETARIA ROCCELLA, Lichen rocceUa.
   SETFAST, see Furunculus.
   SETO, Setaceum.
   SETON, Setaceum.
   SETTERWORT,  Helleborus fcetidus.
   SEVADILLA, Veratrum sabadilla.
   SEVATIO, Steatoma.
   SEVE,  Sap.
   SE VR A GE, Weaning.
   SEVUM, Pinguedo.
   Sevum,  Sebum,  Sepum, Stear,  Adeps ovil'li,
 Sevum  verveci'num.   Suet, mutton  suet;  Pin-
guedo.
   Sevum  Pr*:para'tum,  Sevum (Ph. U. S.),—
 Ovil'li  Sevum  Prapara'tum,  Prepared  Suet,
 (F.)  Graiese  de Mottton, Suif, is formed by
cutting suet in pieces;  melting over a slow fire,
and  straining  through linen.   It is  emollient, 
SEX
787
SIBBENS
and is sometimes  boiled  in  milk (""jij to Oj),
and  is  used in diarrhoea and  dysentery.   Its
principal  employment is  in  the formation  of
plasters.
  Sevum A'ervecinim, Sevum.
  SEX, Scrua, Genoa, Phyaia.   The physical dif-
ference  between male and  female in animals and
vegetables; — as the Mole aex, Sexua po'tior seu
 for'tior  sen  viri'lie;  and  the  Femole  aex,
S'-.r.ns aeq'uior,  S.  mulie'bris,  Alter Sexua, ' The
Sex.'
  SEXTANS, Sexto pars  libra.   The sixth part
of a pound.— Galen.
  SEXTA'RIUS.   An  ancient measure for  li-
quid and solid substances.   See Weights and
Measures.
  SEXTULA,  Hcxogium, 't^aytov.  The sixth
part  of an ounce.
  SEX'UAL, Sexua'lia, from  aexua, 'sex.'   That
which relates to the sex ; which characterizes the
sex.
  Sexual Diseases, 3forhi sexudlea, are the dis-
eases of the genital organs; as Sexual Func-
tions are the genital functions.
  Sexual Intercourse,  Coition — s.  Organs,
Genital organs.
  SEXUS,  Sex — s. Alter, see Sex — s. Fortior,
seo Sex — s. Muliebris, see  Sex — s. Potior, see
Sex — s. Seipiior, see Sex—s. Virilis, see Sex.
  SEYDSOHUTZ AVATER,  Sedlitz water.
  SHALLOT, Echalotte.
  SHAM POO TNG,  Massing,  (F.)  Jfassagc,
.Massement.   A Hindoo process, which  consists
in pressing the body  of the bather in a peculiar
manner; cracking the various joints,  and em-
ploying blows and  friction.
  1 Kneading'  consists  in pressing  alternately
upon a part of the  body to arouse the muscles to
more energetic action.  It is employed at times
in dyspepsia.
  silAMROCK, INDIAN, Trillium latifolium—
s. Water, Menyanthes verna.
  SHAXKER, Chancre.
  SIIAUOX SPRIXGS,  NEAV YORK.  These
springs, which  are  situate about  10  or  12 miles
south of Canajoharie,  N.  Y., and 45  miles west
of Albany, are  much frequented.  They contain,
according to the analysis of Dr. Chilton, sulphate
of magnesia, sulphate of lime, chloride of sodium,
chloride of magnesium, sulphohydrate of sodium,
sulphohydrate of  calcium, vegetable extractive
matter, and  free  sulphohydric acid gas.  Their
temperature is 48° Fahr.
  SHEATH, Vagina.
  SHEEP POISOX, Kalmia latifolia,
  SHE LLP ARK,  see Hickory.
  SHELL FLOAVER, Trillium  latifolium — s.
Liquid,  see Calcis murias  — s. Membrane, Mem-
brana testie.
  SHEPHERD'S  PURSE, Thlaspibursa.
  SHERBET,  Scherbet—s. Orange, see Syrupus
 aurantii.
  SHERMAN'S AVORM LOZENGES, see Worm
lozenges, Sherman's.
  SIIERRA', Sack, see Wine.
  SHIELD, AVATER, Nelumbium luteum.
  S111X,  O'crea,  Crista  tib'ia.  The  spine  or
 anterior part of the tibia or leg. It is, also, called
 Anticne'inion, and Crea.
  SIIIXGLES. Herpes zoster.
  SHIP  FEVER, see Typhus.
  SHOCK, see Concussion.
  SHORT, Sax. rceopc, from rcirnn, 'to cut, to
shear,' shored, shor'd, short, (F.) Court.   A word
 used, by anatomists, in opposition to long; and
 to distinguish  parts from each other that have
 otherwise the same name.
  Short Bones, for example, are those in which
the three dimensions—length, breadth, and thick-
ness — are nearly alike; such are the vertebrae,
bones of the carpus, tarsus, 4c.
  Short Ribs, see Costa.
  SHORTSIGHTED, Myopic.
  SHORTSIGHTEDNESS, Myopia.
  SHORTAVINDED, Pursy.
  SHOTBUSII, Aralia spinosa.
  SHOULDER-BLADE, Scapula.
  SHOVEL PICKEREL AVEED, Unisema del-
tifolia — s. Pond, Unisema deltifolia.
  SHOAV, see Parturition.
  SHOAV-CHOO, see Spirit.
  SHOAVER-BATH, see Bath.
  SHRUB, perhaps, from Arabic, sharab,' syrup.'
A compound of spirits, lemon-juice, and sugar.
  Shrub, Sweet, Calycanthus—s. Sweet-scented,
Calycanthus.
  SHUD'DERING, Frem'iius, Phryag'ma, from
(G.) Schauder, Schauer,  (F.) Frimissement,
Tressaillement.   A peculiar sensation, felt either
externally or internally; and which seems to be
the result of a spasmodic movement of the parts
in which  it occurs.   A slight  feeling of cold
sometimes accompanies it.  It is, at times,  the
result  of a moral cause, and is often the precur-
sor of  shivering.
  SHUMAC, Rhus coriaria.
  SIAGANTRI'TIS,  from atayuv,  'the jaw,'
avrpov,  ' a cavity,' and t'ti's, denoting inflamma-
tion.   Inflammation  of the lining membrane of
the antrum of Highmore.
  SIAGON, Maxillary bone.
  SIAGO'NAGRA, from ataytav, ' the jaw,' and
aypa, 'a seizure.' Arthri'tis muxilldris, A gouty
or rheumatic affection of the joint of the lower
jaw.
  SIALACIIUS, Salivation.
  SIAL'AGOGUE, Sialago'gus, Sial'ogogue, Pty-
al'agogtte, Ptyas'magogue, Soli'vans,  Saliva'turn,
Sialocinet'icua,  Apophleejmut' isans  per f)a,  (F.)
Solivont; from  ataXov, 'saliva,' and  ayoi, T ex-
pel.' That which provokes the secretion of saliva.
Pyrethrum and mercury are sialogogues.  Siala-
gogues may be of two kinds, — those which act
through the circulation, and those which act im-
mediately on the salivary organs.  Mercury be-
longs to the former, — pyrethrum to the latter
class.   The chief sialagogues are armoraci, cala-
mus, mezereum,  pyrethrum, tabacum, and zin-
giber.
  SIAL'ICA, from trtaXov; 'saliva.'  Medicines,
which affect the salivary glands.— Pereira.
   SIALISMUS, Salivation.
   SIALOCINETICUS, Sialagogue.
   SIALOLITHI, Calculi, salivary.
   SIALOLOG"IA,  from anaXov,  ' saliva,' and
Xoyos,  ' a discourse.'  A treatise on saliva.
   SIALOMA, Saliva.
   SIALON, Saliva.
   SIALORRHEA, Salivation.
   SIALOSCHESIS, from ataXov,  'saliva,' and
aXcais, ' retention.'  Retention or suppression of
the  saliva.
   SIALOSYRINGES, Salivary fistulae.
   SIALOZE.AIIA,  Salivation — s.  Mercurialis,
 Salivation, mercurial.
   SIAMESE TAVINS, see Twins, Siamese.
   SIBARE, Phrenitis.
   SIBBENS,  Sivvens, Framboe'sia Sco'tica.  An
infectious disease in the mountainous parts of
 Scotland, viewed to  be of the venereal kind.
 S'urin, in the Keltic, means raspberry; and it is
said that, in this affection, fungi appear like rasp-
berries.  From aiu-in, the inhabitants have made
sievin,  sibben, sibbens, and  sivvens.   By  some,
this affection is regarded as a complication of the 
                  SIBILANT                7

venereal and itch.   In  the  Orkneys, sibbena
means itch. — Jamieson.
  SIBILANT, Sib'ilus, Sib'Hans, from sibilo, 'I
hiss or whistle.'  Making  a hissing or whistling
sound.  See Rule sibilant.
  SIBILISMUS AURIUM, Tinnitus aurium.
  SIBILUS AURIUM, Tinnitus aurium.
  SICCANTIA, from siccare, 'to dry.' Xerad-
tica, (F.) Siccatife.  Drying medicines.— Galen.
  Sicoantia, Desiccativa.
  SICCA TIES, Siccantia.
  SICCATIO, Drying.
  SICCHA'SIA, ciKxatrta,  ' disgust.'  A distress-
ing disgust for food;  such as is  experienced by
women with child.
  SICIL'ICUM.  A Roman weight of about two
drachms.
  SICK, Sax. reoc, -eEger, ^Egro'tua,  Noa'eroa,
Noao'dea, Jacens, Laborio'sus, Laborans, (F.) 31a-
lade.  Labouring under disease. Such is its accep-
tation in old English, and generally in the United
States.  In England, it most commonly means,—
affected with disorder of the stomach or nausea.
  A sick person, dEger, JEgro'tua, (F.) 31olode,
who is under the charge of a physician is said to
be a, patient, or the patient of the physician.  At
times,  but rarely, patient is used for a sick per-
son in the abstract.
  Sick Stomach, Milk sickness.
  SICKLY, Alorbo'aua,  Voletudina'riua, Adyd-
atoa, Noaac'eroa, Noao'dea, 3Iorboae, (F.) 3lalodif.
One who  is subject  to be sick, or is  in feeble
health.
  SICKNESS, Disease —s. Falling, Epilepsy —
s. River, Milk sickness — s. of the Stomach, Vo-
miting— s. Swamp, Milk sickness.
  SICLIUM, Sicilicum.
  SICUA, Cupping-glass.
  SICULA, Beta, Penis.
  SICYEDON, Cauledon.
  SID.T A1S1TIL0N, Abutilon cordatum.
  SIDE, PAIN  IN THE, Pleurodynia.
  SIDERATIO,  Sydera'tio, Sidera'tion, from
sidtts, 'a star;' because the condition was thought
to be produced by the influence of the stars. The
state of one  struck suddenly, without apparent
cause, and as if by the influence of the stars or
planets—Planetstruck. The ancients comprised,
under  this name,  different morbid  conditions,
such as paralysis, apoplexy, and  gangrene.
  Sideratio, Apoplexy, Asphyxia, Phrenitis —
s. Ossis, Spina ventosa.
  SIDERATION,  Astrobolismos, Sideratio.
  SIDERION, Ferramentum.
  SIDERITES,  Magnet.
  SIDERITIS, Magnet, Teucrium chamaepitys.
  SIDEROS, Ferrum.
  SIDEROXYLON, Chrysophyllum cainito.
  SIDHEE, see Gunjah.
  SIDMOUTH (CLIMATE OF).  Sidmouth is
in Devonshire, England,  on the  sea-beach, at
the mouth of the Sid.  It is much frequented by
invalids, both during the summer and winter.
The climate  is, however,  damp,  and subject to
sea-fogs.
  SIEGE, Anus.
  SIELISMOS,  Salivation.
  SIELON, Saliva.
  SIEVE, see Cribration — s. Drum, see Cribra-
tion.
  SIFFLE3IENT (F.), from siffler, 'to whistle.'
Whistling.
  SIFFLE3IENT 3IODULE, Chant dea ortcrea,
Bruit muaical, 'modulated whistling, or music of
the arteries.' A kind of sound heard on auscul-
tation, resembling, at times, the humming of cer-
tain insects.
                  SILENE

  The sound is chiefly met with in those labour-
ing under chlorosis.
  SIGAULTIAN SECTION, Symphyseotomy.
  SIGE, Taciturnity.
  SIGH, Suspirium.
  SIGHT,  A'ision — s. Askew, Dysopia lateralis
— s. False, Metamorphopsia, Pseudoblepsia—s.
Feebleness  of. Amblyopia.
  SIGILLUM SALAMONIS,  Convallaria poly-
gonatum — s. A'irginitatis, Hymen.
  SIGMATOID, Sigmoid.
  SIGMOID, Siymoid'al, Sig'matoid, Sigmo'i'dcs,
Sigmo'dea,  SigmoVdeus.  That which  has  the
form of the Greek S or C; from sigma, and tiios,
' resemblance.'
  Sigmoid  Cartilages, Semilunar cartilages.
  Sigmoid Cavities or FossjE of the Ulna, (F.)
Cavitia ou Foaaes aigmo'idea, are two notches at
the upper part of that bone, — one for the recep-
tion of the hnmerus; the other for that of  the
radius.
  Sigmoid  Flexure  of the  Colon,  F/exdro
aigmo'i'deo, is a turn the colon takes immediately
before its termination in the rectum.
  Sigmoid  or Semilunar Atalves, Valvula Sig-
mdi'dea, Proces'sus Sigmoi'des, (F.) Valvules  sig-
mo'ides ou scmilunoirea, are three valvular folds,
at the  commencement of the  pulmonary artery
and aorta.   These valves  have the form  of a
crescent, when  applied  against the parietes of
the vessel.   AVhen the blood  is  sent from  the
ventricles by their contraction,  the valves  are
applied against the sides of the vessel;  but, dur-
ing the diastole of the ventricle, they are de-
pressed, and prevent the blood from returning to
the heart.  At the middle  of  the convexity of
each valve  is a small, hard,  triangular granulum,
called Corpus'culum seu Glob'ulus Aran'tii, which
completely  closes  up  the passage.  It  is,  also,
called Corpuacitlum Morgagn'ii, and C. SesamoV-
deum, (F.)  Globule d'Arantius.
  SIGN, Signum, Semi'on, (F.) Signe.   Any
present or past circumstance, afforded by the ex-
amination of a patient, or of matters concerning
him, whence a conclusion may be drawn regard-
ing the nature and seat of his disease.   The phe-
nomena which precede the disease are called an-
amnes'tic or commcm'orative signs;—those which
accompany it are  termed   diagnos'tic,  if  they
reveal the  nature  or seat of the disease, —pro-
gnoa'tic, when they indicate its probable duration
and termination.
  SIGNA  ASSIDENTIA, see  Assidens.
  SIG'NATURE,  Signotdra, Signa'tio, from
signum,   'a, sign;' Episphagism'os.   This  term
was applied  in  the Eastern  countries, in  the
middle ages, to mystic characters of good or bad
augury, with which it was pretended that every
one was marked by the star under which he  was
born.
  Signatures of Plants meant certain peculia-
rities in their external formation or colour, which
indicated that they were adapted for particular
diseases :—as in  the case  of the Lungwort, Liver-
wort, 4c.
  SIGNES AVANT-COUREURS, Precursory
signs—s. Pricuraeura, Precursory signs.
  SIGNUM,  see Parturition — s. Characteristi-
cum, see Pathognomonic — s. Conjunetum, see
Pathognomonic — s.  Diacriticum, see Diacritica
sigma—s. Morbi  essentiale,  see Pathognomonic.
  SILACH, Silac.   An  Arabic  word,  used to
designate thickening of the eyelids, Crossit"iea
Palpebra'rum;  and, also, Alopecia. — Forestus,
Stephanus.
  SILENCE, see Murmur,  respiratory.
  SILENE CRASSIFOLIA, Cucubalus behen—
38 
SILER
789
SINUS
  b. Tnflata, Cucubalus behen — s. Thorei,  Cucuba-
  lus behen.
    Sii.e'ne A'n:f;iN'iCA, Ground Pink, Wild Pink,
  Cttt<-h Fly.   The root has been employed, in de-
  coction, as an efficacious anthelmintic."
    SILER  LANCIFOLIL'M,  Laserpitium siler
  ■— «.  Montanuni, La.-erpitium siler.
    SIL'lQl'A,  Cera'tion;  the  carat.  A weight
  of about four grains.   A pod.
    Siliqua Arabica, Taraarindus—s. Araci aro-
  matici, see A'anilln — s. Banillae,  see A'anilla —s.
  Dulcis, Ceratonium siliqua,—s. Vanigliae, see A'a-
  nilla—,«. Vanillin", f-ee Vanilla.
    SILlQUASTRUMPLlNII,Capsicum annuum.
    SILK, Sericum — s. Weed, Asclepias Sullivan-
  tii, Asclepias tuberosa,—s. Weed,  common, Ascle-
  pias Syriaca —s. Worm, see Sericum.
    SILLON, Sulcus — s. Horizontal  de  la veine
  ombiliea/e, see Liver — s.  Transversole, see Liver
  — s. de la I a no cave infirieur, see Liver — s. de
  la Veine porte, see Liver.
    SILO, Camus.
    SILP1IIUM,  Laserpitium.
    Sil'phii m Perfolia'tum,  Cup Plant,  Turpen-
  tine Sun Flotrer, and
    SlLPIl'lUM TeREBINTHINA'ceUM, Pra'ir'u: Bur-
  dock, Roein W'-ed; Not. Order, Compositoe ; in-
  digenous in  Ohio and Michigan, and flowering
  from  July to September; yield a fragrant gum,
  which is esteemed stimulant and antispasmodic.
    SILI'S, Camus.
    SILVER, Argentum—s. Ammonio-chloride of,
 see Argentum — s. Chloride of, see Argentum —
 s. Chloruret of,  see Argentum—s.  Cyanide of, see
 Argentum—s.  Cyanuret'of,  see  Argentum—s.
 Iodide of, see Argentum—-s. Ioduret of,  see Ar-
 gentum—s. Leaf, Magnolia macrophylla—s. Mu-
 riate of,  see  Argentum — s. Nitrate of, Argenti
 nitras—s. Oxide of, see Argentum — s. and Am-
 monia, Chloride  of, see Argentum — s. and Am-
 monia, Chloruret of, see Argentum.
   SILYBUM, Carduus marianus—s. Maculatum,
 Carduus  marianus — s. Marianum, Carduus ma-
 rianus.
   SIMAROUBA, Quassia simarouba — s. Bitter,
 Quassia simarouba—s. Faux, Malpighia mourella.
   SI.AI.A RUB A,  Quassia simarouba.
   Simaruba  Cedron.  A  South American tree,
 the seeds of  which — cedron aeeda — have been
 used as an antidote for snake-bites.  They have,
 also,  been proposed  in mental diseases  and in
 epilepsy.   The scrapings of the wood have been
 used as a substitute for sulphate of quinia,
   Simaruba Officinalis, Quassia simarouba.
   SIMILATIO, Assimilation.
   SI.AIITIUM, Plumbi subcarbonas.
   SI MO, Camus.
   SIMONEA FOLLICULORUM, Acarus  folli-
 culorum.
   SIMOTRACHELUS, Bysauchen.
   SIMPLES.  Medicinal herbs.  One skilled in
 simples is called  a  Simpliat, a Rhizot'omist.
   S1MPLIST, see  Simples.
   SIMULATED DISEASFS, Feigned diseases.
   SI M I' I.ATI MORBI, Feigned diseases.
   SI AIUS, Camus.
   SINA LEA'AXTTOA, Artemisia santonica.
   SIXAPEL.E'OX, from aivam, 'mustard,'and
 tXmor.  • oil.'   Oil impregnated with mustard.
   SIXAPI. Sinapis.
   SIX A'PIS, Sinapis nigra seu cer'nua seu Olirc-
 rio'no,  Bras'sica nigra, Napus, Eru'ca, Sina'pc,
 St'iw'pi. Xa'piunt, Napy, Common Black Mustard,
 (F.) 3Ioutarde  nto're, Sinevi,   Sanre.  Family,
 Crucifene.  Ne-i-. Syst.  Tetradynamia  Sili.|uosa.
The seeds are inodorous, when entire;  but, when
bruised, the odour is very pungent; taste bitterish
and acrid.  They yield their virtues to water, and
 afford a bland oil  by expression.  The seeds are
 stimulant, diuretic, emetic, and rubefacient.  They
 are  sometimes  recommended  to  be  swallowed
 whole, in dyspepsia, torpor of the  bowels,  4c.
 Externally, they are applied in the form of cata-
 plasm.   See Sinapism.
    Sinapis Alba,S.folio'sa, liononuia officina'lis,
  White 3Iustard.  Napus Leucoaina'pif, is also used
 medicinally.  It is somewhat less pungent than
 the black.  The distilled oil—Oleum Sinapis—is
 a powerful stimulant and rubefacient.
    Whitehead's Essence of 3tuatard consists of oil
 of turpentine, camphor, and a portion of spirit of
 Rosemary:  to which is added  a small quantity
 of jlour of mustard.   It is  a celebrated embroca-
 tion for rheumatism, 4c.
    Whitehead's Essence of Mustard Pills consist
 of yellow resin  and balsam of tolu  enough to
 make into pills.
   3luatard Whey is made by taking bruised mus-
 tard seeds ^ss, and milk Oj.  Boil together until
 the milk is curdled, and strain.
   This whey is used in dropsy.
   Sinapis Arven'sis, S. Timoria'na,  Charlock,
 Wild .Mustard,  has the seeds sometimes substi-
 tuted for black mustard.
   Sinapis Cer'nua, Sinapis — s. Eruca, Brassica
 eruca—s.  Foliosa,  S. alba—s. Oliveriana, Sinapis
 —s. Tamoriana,  S. arvensis — s. Tuberosa, Bras-
 sica rapa.
   SINAPISIS, Bole Armenian.
   SINAPISM,  Sinapis'mus, from atvatrt, 'mus-
 tard.'  A  cataplasm, of which mustard forms  the
 basis, which is  used  for exciting redness, and
 acting as  a counter-irritant.  It is prepared  by
 mixing flour of  mustard and vinegar together to
 the due consistence.  See Cataplasma sinapis.
   SINCIPUT, Sincip'itol Region, Bregma, Syn'-
 ciput, 31esoeio'niiim,  Mesoc'ranum, Hemicepha-
 la'um, Ilemicephal'ium, Hemiceph'atitm ; the top
 of the head. The French  use  it synonymously
 with vertex.   By some it is  applied to the frontal
 region or fore-part  of the cranium.   The parietal
 bones have been  called sincipital bones, Ossa sin-
 cip'it is, (F.) Oa du  sinciput.
   SINDOA", atvouv,  very  fine  linen.  A small
 piece of rag, or a round  pledget, supported by a
 thread at its middle, and  introduced into the
 opening in the cranium made by the trephine.
  SINEW, Tendon.
  SINGLETON'S  GOLDEN  OINTMENT  is
 formed of sulphuret of arsenic (realgar,) and lard
 or spermaceti ointment.
  SINGULT'OUS, Lygmo'des, Lygo'des, Lyngo'-
 des, Lynggo'des; from Singultus, 'hiccough.' Re-
 lating to or affected with hiccough.
  SINGULT'US, Lynx, Lygmus, Spasmolyg'mus,
 Clonus singul'tus; Pneueie singul'tus,  Hiccough,
 Hiccup, (F.) Hoquet.   A noise made by the sud-
 den and involuntary contraction of the diaphragm,
 and the  simultaneous  contraction of the  glottis,
 which arrests the  air in the trachea.   It is a
 symptom of  many  morbid conditions, and espe-
 cially of gangrene, but occurs, frequently, in per-
 sons otherwise in good health.
  SINTSTRAD, from sinister, 'to the left hand.'
 A term used by Dr. Barclay, adverbially, to sig-
 nify ' towards the sinistral aspect.'  See Mesial.
  SINISTRAL ASPECT, see Mesial.
  SIN FEUX, Sinuous.
  SINUOSITAS, Sinus.
  SIN'UOUS. Sinuo'eue, (F.) Sinuenx, from sinus,
 'a bay or  curve.'  An epithet given to certain
 ulcers, and especially to certain fistulae, which
 are tortuous.
  SINUS,  Sinuo'sitas, Colpos, Abscon'sio, Eurn-
cho'ria, Rcces'sua, (F.) Golfe.  Any cavity, the
interior of  which  is more expanded than the en- 
SINUS
790
SINUS
trance.  In this sense, anatomists have applied
the term to cavities in certain bones of the bead
and face.   It has been, also, applied to certain
venous  canals, into which a number of vessels
empty themselves; such  as  the sinuses  of the
dura mater and of the spine; the sinus of the vena
porta; uterine sinuses, 4c.;—and to the bosom.
  In  surgery, it means a long, narrow, hollow
track, leading from some abscess, diseased bone,
4c, (F.) Clapier.
  Sinuses of bones form part of the nasal cavities.
They are  the frontal, sphenoidal, maxillary, 4c.
The name has also been given, occasionally, to
the ethmoid and mastoid cells.
  Sinus Acusticus, Auditory canal, internal —
s. Ampullaceus, Cavitas elliptica—s. Aortici, Si-
nuses of Valsalva—s. Arteriosus, S. pulmonalis—
s. Basilar, Sinus transversus—s. Caverneux, Caver-
nous  sinus — s. Cavernosi uteri, Sinus uterinic—s.
Cavernosus,  Cavernous sinus — s. Cerebri, Arcn-
tricles of  the brain—s.  Chordidien, S. quartus—
s. Circular, of Ridley, Sinus  coronarius — s. Cir-
cularis, S. coronarius — s. Coronaire du coeur, see
Cardiac veins.
  Sinus Corona'rius, Sinus rirculdris, S. circu-
la'ris Ridleyi, Circular sinus of Ridley, Cor'onary
sinus.   A venous  canal, which  surrounds, in a
more or less regular manner, the pituitary fossa
and gland, emptying itself into the corresponding
cavernous sinus by each  of its extremities.
  Sinus,  Coronary, Sinus coronarius — s. Coro-
nary of the heart, Sinus coronary, venous.
  Sinus Coronary, Venous, Coronary sinus of
the heart.  A name given, on account of its great
size,  to that portion of the great coronary vein
which embraces the left auriculo-ventricular fur-
row.
  Sinus Coxje, see Cotyloid—s. Droit, S. quartus.
  Sinus Dexter  Cordis, Sinus vena'rum cavd-
rum, S. veno'sus, Saccus vena'rum cava'rum.  The
right auricle of the heart: — A'trium cordis dex-
trum.   See Auricula.
  Sinuses of the Dura Mater, Sinus seu Fis'-
tula  seu  Cavita'tes seu  Ventric'uli seu  Tdbuli
seu Sanguiduc'tua seu Receptac'ula Dura matris,
are formed by a separation of the layers  of the
dura mater, which acts as a substitute  for the
outer membrane of veins.  Bichat admits only
four great sinuses, of which  all  the  others seem
to be dependencies; — the two lateral sinuses, the
straight ainua, and the  longitudinal sinus.   To
the lateral sinuses belong, — the petrous sinuses,
superior and inferior; the transverse sinus; the
cavernous sinusea;  the coronary  ainua, and the
oceijntal  sinuses.   To  the straight sinus belongs
the inferior longitudinal.  The longitudinal sinus,
properly so caUed, has no sinus under its depend-
ence.
   Sinus Falciformis Inferior, S. longitudinal,
inferior—s. Falciformis superior, S. longitudinal,
superior—s. Fourth, Torcular Herophili—-s. Genae
pituitarius, Antrum of Highmore—s. of the Jugu-
lar vein,  see Jugular veins — s. Lacrymalis, La-
chrymal sac.
   Sinuses of the Larynx, Ventricles of the
larynx.
   Sinuses, Lat'eral, Sinus transver'si, S. magni,
S.  laterdles, (F.)  Sinus latiraux.  Each of these
sinuses, distinguished into right and left, begins
at  the torcular Herophili, or  confluence  of the
sinuses, and terminates at the sinus of the jugular
vein.           ,,
    SINUS LATERAUX, Sinuses, lateral.
    Sinuses,  Longitu'dinal, S.  Longitudina'les.
 These  are two in  number.  1. Superior Longi-
 tudinal  Sinus, S. falcifor'mis superior, S. trian-
gularis,  Sinus midian, (Ch.)  A long, triangular
 canal; convex above, concave below; which oc-
cupies the wholo of the  upper edge of the falx
cerebri.  It is broad behind, and much narrower
before, where it commences by a cul-de-sac, at
the cristi galli  of the ethmoid bone.  It passes
along the frontal or coronal crest, sagittal suture,
and the vertical groove of the occipital bone.  It
receives several veins from the dura mater; and
all those that  are spread over  the  convex and
plain surfaces  of the  two  hemispheres of the
brain.  It discharges itself into the upper part
of the torcular  Herophili.  2. Inferior Longi-
tudinal Sinus, Sinus falcifor'mis  inferior,  Vena
falcis cer'ebri.   This is much  narrower than the
last, and occupies the inferior edge of the falx
cerebri, from its anterior third to  the  tentorium
cerebelli, where it terminates, commonly by two
branches, in  the straight sinus.
  Sinus Magni, Sinuses, lateral-—s. Maxillary,
Antrum of Highmore — s. Miti ion,  Sinus longi-
tudinal superior — s. Median,  see  Semicircular
canals — s. Muliebris, A'agina.
  Sinus, Occip'ital, Sinus  occipitalis.  These
sinuses commence  at the sides of the foramen
magnum ossis  occipitis, and ascend — becoming
broader and  nearer each other — into  the sub-
stance of the falx cerebelli, where they frequently
unite.  Each opens into  the inferior part of the
torcular Herophili.  They receive the veins of
the falx cerebelli, of the  dura mater which  lines
the fossae cerebelli, and of the  posterior part of
the  cerebellum.  Haller and  Sommering  have
given them the name of posterior occipital sinuses,
to distinguish  them from the  transverse  sinus,
which they have called anterior occipital sinus.
   Sinus Occipitalis Anterior, Sinus  transver-
sus—s. Ophthalmic, see Cavernous sinus—s. Per-
pendicularis, S. quartus — s.  Pituitarii frontis,
Frontal sinuses — s.  Pooularis, see Ejaculatory
ducts—s. Polymorphus, Cavernous sinus—s. Por-
tarum, see Liver.
   Sinus, Prostat'ic, Sinus proetat'ieua.  A fossa
on each side of the verumontanum, in which are
seen the numerous openings of the ducts  of the
prostate.
   Sinus Pudendi, Vagina — s. Pudoris, Vagina,
Vulva.
   Sinus Pulmonales, Sinuses of  A"alsalva.
   Sinus Pulmona'lis, S.ainis'ter cordis, A'trium
cordis sinis'trum, S. vena'rum  pulmonu'lium, S.
arterio'sus, Saccus  vena'rum pulmona'Hum.   The
left  auricle of the heart.  See Auricula,
   Sinus of the Pulmonary A'eins, Auricle, left.
   Sinus Quartus, S. pcrpendicula'ris, (F.) Sinus
chordidien (Ch.), Sinus droit, Straight sinus. This
sinus—triangular throughout;  wide posteriorly;
narrower anteriorly; slightly oblique downwards
and backwards—passes  along the  base of the falx
cerebri, from the termination  of the inferior lon-
gitudinal sinus to the torcular Herophili.   It re-
ceives the inferior  longitudinal  sinus, the veins
of the lateral ventricles or vena Galeni, the supe-
rior cerebellous veins, 4c.
   Sinus Renum, Pelvis of the kidney—s. Rhom-
boideus, see  Ventricles of the  brain — s.  of  the
Septum lucidum, Ventricle, fifth—s. Sinister cor-
dis, S. pulmonalis — s.  Sphenoidalis,  Cavernous
sinus — s. Straight, S. quartus — s.  Superciliares,
Frontal sinuses—s. Terminalis, Circulus venosus
—s. Transversi, Sinuses, lateral.
   Sinus Transver'sus, S. occipitalis ante'rior,
Bas'ilar sinus.  This sinus lies  transversely at
the  anterior part of the basilary process  of the
oocipital bone.  It forms a  communication be-
tween the two  petrous sinuses, and the cavernous
sinus of one side, and  those  of  the  other.  Its
breadth is commonly very great.  It  is  situate
between two layers of the dura mater,  and pre-
sents, internally, a kind of cavernous  tissue. 
SIPEERI
791
SIUM
  Sinus Triangularis, S. longitudinal, superior
—s. Urogenitalis, Urogenital sinus.
  Sinus  Uteri'ni, Sinus caverno'si U'teri,  U'te-
riue  sinuses.   A name  given  to cavities,  formed
by the uterine veins in the substance of the  uterine
parietes.   They are very large during pregnancy.
  Sinus  Utriculosus, see Semicircular canals—
g. des Vaiaeeaux aiminiferes, Corpus Highmori.
  Sinuses of Valsal'va are three depressions
in the aorta—Sinus aor'tici—and  pulmonary ar-
tery— Sinus pulmona'les—immediately opposite
the semilunar  valves.  Their use is to  leave the
edges of the  valves free, so that  they  can  be
caught by the refluent blood.  AVhere the  aorta
is about to send off the first of its large  branches,
at the top of  the  thorax, it is of great size, and
has been called the Large sinus of Valsalva.
  Sinus  of the A'ena  Cava, Auricle,  right — s.
Venarum cavarum, S. dexter cordis—s. Venarum
pulmonalium,  S. pulmonalis—s. Venosus,  S. dex-
ter cordis.
  Si'nuses, A^er'tebral, (F.)  Sinus vertibraux.
Two great venous  sinuses, different from those of
the dura mater, which extend  the whole length
of the vertebral canal,  from the occipital foramen
to the, end of the sacrum, behind the bodies of the
vertebrae, before the dura mater, and at the sides
of the posterior vertebral ligament.   At their  in-
ner side they communicate with each other  by
means of  branches, which form  true  transverse
sinuses.  They are situate at  the  middle of the
body  of each vertebra, passing under the posterior
vertebral ligament.  They receive, at their mid-
dle part, the veins that arise in  the spongy tissue
of the vertebrae.  By their external side, the ver-
tebral sinuses  communicate  with the posterior
branches  of the vertebral, intercostal,  and  lum-
bar veins.  At their posterior  side they receive
the veins, which creep  on the prolongation of the
dura  mater that envelops the  marrow.
  Sinus  A'ulvje, Rima vulvae.
  SIPEERI.  Bebeeru.
  SIPEERINE, seo Bebeeru.
  SIPI1AR, Peritoneum.
  SIPIIILIS, Syphilis.
  SIPI1ITA,  Somnambulism — s. Parva,  Chorea.
  SIPIIO, Siphon—s.  Urinae, Diabetes.
  SIPHON, Sipho, anpiav, 'a tube.'  A  bent tube,
whose limbs are of unequal length, employed  in
pharmacy for  transferring liquids from  one vessel
to another.  AVith this view,  the shorter  limb is
plunged  into  the  fluid; and  air is sucked from
the extremity of the lower limb.   The pressure
of the atmosphere forces the fluid through the
tube; and the flow will continue  as  long as the
extremity of the longer limb is below the level
of the fluid in  which the shorter limb is immersed.
  An exhausting syringe is, at times, attached to
the longer extremity of the siphon by means of
which the air  can  be drawn from it.
  Siphon, Plunging.  An instrument, used  in
pharmacy for  obtaining a specimen,—at times, a
measured  specimen, — of any liquid.  AA'ith this
view, the instrument is immersed into liquid, and
allowed to remain there until full.   The opening
at the top is then  closed with the thumb; and
the contents,  thus removed, are allowed to flow
out by removing the thumb  and permitting the
entrance of air.  It  is  a form of the pipette.
  SIPIIONIA CAIIUCHU, see Caoutchouc —s.
Elastica, see Caoutchouc.
  S1PIIUNCULUS, Syringe.
  SIRA,  Orpiment.
  SI KENS, Symmeles.
  S1RIASIS,  Coup de Soleil,  Insolation, Phre-
nitis— s. ..Eirvptiaca, Coup de Soleil.
  SIUIUM MYRTIFOLIUM, Santalum album.
   S1RIUS, Canicula.
  SIR OP DE OAPILLAIRE, see Adiantum
capillus veneris — s.  de Coralline, see Corallina
Corsicana.
  SIRUP, Syrup.
  SISON AMMI, JEthu'saammi, Cnid'ium tenui-
folium, Pimpinella laterifo'lia, Sea'cli fceniculi-
fo'lium.  Family, Umbelliferae.  Sex. Syat. Pen-
tandria Digynia.   The plant that affords  the
Ammi  verum  of the shops;  (F.)  Ammi  des Bou-
tiques.  The  seeds — Semen Am'mios cretiei  seu
veri — were once used as a carminative.
  Sison Amo'mum, (F.) Amome faux,  is consi-
dered to be excitant and diuretic.  It is the field
honewort.
  Sison Anisum,  Pimpinella anisum—s. Poda-
graria, Ligusticum podagraria.
  SISTENS, Epischeticus.
  SISYMBRIUM ALLIARIA, Alliaria—s. Bar-
barea, Erysimum barbarea—s. Erucastrum, Bras-
sica eruca—s. Menthastrum, Mentha aquatica.
  ■Sisym'brium Nastur'tium, Nasturtium aquat'-
icum  seu officina'le,  Lover  odora'tum, Cratcva'-
ainm,  Cressi, Cardami'ne fonta'no seu nastur'tium,
 Water Cress, (F.) Cresson de fontaine.   Family,
Cruciferae.   Sex.  Syst. Tetradynamia  Siliquosa.
Water-cresses are commonly used in salad. They
have obtained a place in the materia medica for
their antiscorbutic qualities.
  Sisymbrium Officinale, Erysimum — s. Par-
viflorum, S.  sophia.
  Sisymbrium  So'phia, S. parviflo'rum,  Herb
Sophia, Sophia Chirurgo'rum, Flix or Flux-weed,
(F.)  Sageaae  dea Chirurgiena.  It was  once re-
puted  to be anthelmintic, and valuable in hyste-
rical affections.  It is not used.
  Other species of Nasturtium, as N. Palus'tre,
3Iorah water-creas;  and N. amphib'ium, Water-
radiah, possess similar virtues with Nasturtium
officinale.
  SISYRINCHIUM BERMUDIA'NUM, Blue-
eyed graea, Lily groaa, Phyaic graaa, Scurvy grass;
indigenous;  Order,  Iridaceae;  flowering from
June  to August.   Used as a cathartic by  the
Thompsonians.  A decoction of  the root is acrid
and cathartic.
  SITICULOSUS, Dipsodes, see Alterative.
  SITIENS, Dipsodes.
  SITIS, Thirst —s.  Intensa,  Polydipsia — s.
Morbosa, Polydipsia.
  SITKA, MINERAL AVATERS OF. See Arch-
angel, New, mineral  waters of.
  SITOS, Aliment.
  SITUS ANOMALUS seu  PERA7ERSUS IN-
TESTINORUM,  Splanchnectopia — s. Mutatus,
see Monster.
  SITZBATH, see Bath, half.
  SIUM, Sium nodiflo'rum  seu angustifu'lium seu
Ber'ula seu  erec'tum seu inci'sum, A'pium eium,
Ber'ula angustifo'lia, Ber'ula,  Creeping HVitcr-
parsnep, (F.) Berle nodiflore.  Family, Umbelli-
ferae.   Sex. Syst.  Pentandria Digynia.   It is sti-
mulant, and  supposed  to be diuretic and lithon-
triptic.  It is, sometimes, employed in cutaneous
eruptions.
  Sium Angustifolium, S. nodiflorum—s. Apium,
Apium graveolens — s. Berula, S. nodiflorum — s.
Bulbocastanum, Bunium bulbocastanum—s. Car-
vi, Carum—s. Erectum, S. nodiflorum—s. Grave-
olens,  Apium graveolens — s. Incisum,  S. nodi-
florum.
  Sium Latifo'lium is the common Water-par-
snep of the United States.  It is said to be poi-
sonous.
  Sium Ninsi.  The  plant  whose root is called
Radix Ninsi, Ninzin, Nindsin.   This  roof, was
long supposed to be  the same as ginseng, and it
possesses similar, though weaker properties.
  Sium Silaus, Peucedanum silaus. 
92                 SMILAX
                  SIVVENS                 71

  Sium Sis'arum, Skirret,  is used as a salad in
Europe ;  and has been supposed a useful diet in
chest affections.
  Sum AruLGARE, Ligusticum podagraria.
  SFWENS, Sibbcns.
  SKELETIA, Emaciation.
  SKELETOL'OGY, Secletolog"ia, (F.) Squelet-
tologie, from cKtXtros, ' a skeleton,' and Xoyos, ' a
discourse.'  A treatise on  the solid parts of the
body.  This part of anatomy comprehends Oete-
ology and Syndeemology.
  SKEL'ETON,  Sccl'etum,  from ttKcXtros,  Ca-
dav'er  exeicca'tum;  (F.)  Squelcttc, Sceleton,  a
dried body; from trKiXXw,  ' I dry.'  The  aggre-
gate of the hard parts of the body, or  the bones.
A  skeleton is found in almost all  animals, al-
though it may not always be formed in the same
manner.  In  some, as in the Crustacea and  tes-
tacea, it is wholly or partly external, Exo-ekeleton,
Dermoskeleton. In others, as in birds, the mam-
malia, 4c, it is internal, Endo-ekeleton, Neuro-
skeleton.  It serves as a support for other organs.
On  it the general shape of  the body and of its
various parts is greatly dependent.   AVhen  the
bones are united by their natural ligaments, the
skeleton is said to he natural, Seel'etumnatura'le;
when articulated by means  of wires, artificial,
Scel'etum artiflcia'le.
  SKELETOPfETA,   Sceleto])ce'a,  Sceletedeie,
from aKtXtros, 'a skeleton,' and trottu,  'I  make.'
The part of practical  anatomy which treats of
the preparation of bones, and the  construction
of skeletons.  Bones are prepared to  exhibit their
conformation,  structure, chymical composition,
mode of development, and changes ;  the different
cavities formed by the union; and to demonstrate
their connexions, relations, modes of union, 4c.
  SKEATSCH, Erigeron Philadelphicum.
  SKEVISH, FLEABANE,  Erigeron Philadel-
phicum.
  SKIN, Cutis.
  SKIN-BOUND DISEASE, Induration of the
cellular tissue.
  SKIOMACHIA, Sciomachy.
  SKIRRET, Sium sisarum.
  SKIRSE, Scirrhus.
  SKOKE, Phytolacca decandra.
  SKOLEMORA  FERNAMBUCENSIS, Geof-
fraea vermifuga.
  SKUE-SIGHT, Dysopia lateralis.
  SKULL, Cranium.
  SKULL-CAP,Calvaria, Scutellaria galericulata.
  SKUNK-CABBAGE, Dracontium fcetidum.
  SKUNK-AVEED, Dracontium fcetidum.
  SLATE, IRISH, Hibernicus lapis.
  SLATERS, Onisci aselli.
  SLATKAIA TRAVA, see Spirit.
  SLAVERING, from saliva. Ptyalis'mus iners,
Driv'elling,  (F.) Bave.  Involuntary flow of sa-
liva, from sluggishness of deglutition, without in-
creased secretion.  It  is seen in  the  infant, the
aged, and the idiot.
  SLEEP, Sax. jTep;  Somnus, Sompnus, Sopor,
Dormit"io, Hypnos, (F.)  Sommril.   Temporary
interruption of our relations with external objects.
A repose of the organs of sense, intellectual facul-
ties, and voluntary motion.
  The act of ^quitting this condition is called
awaking, (F.)Evigilation, Reveil. Sometimes this
is progressive and natural; at others, sudden and
starting; (F.) Reveil en sursant,—as in nightmare,
affections of the heart, hypochondriasis, 4c.
  Sleep, Magnet'ic, Hypno'sis biomagnet'ica, is
the  sleep induced by the  so called animal mag-
netism.  See Magnetism, animal.
  Sleep, Nervous, see Magnetism, animal.
  SLEEPLESSNESS, Insomnia.
  SLEEP-AVALKTNG, Somnambulism.
  SLIACS,  MINERAL AVATERS  OF.  Sliacs
is a favourite bathing-place in Hungary, a few
miles from Neusohl.  Some of  the  waters are
cold; others, thermal: the former are carbonated
chalybeates;  the latter are much used  in the
same cases as thermal springs in  general.
  SLING, (G.)  Schlinge, MiteVla, Mit'rium.
A bandage employed to keep the forearm bent  on
the arm, in cases of injury done to those parts,
in  fracture of the clavicle,  injury of the  hands,
4c.  A handkerchief is often  sufficient for this
purpose.  It must be folded diagonally, and  be
tied, by the  extremities, round  the neck.  The
French surgeons have used  many  varieties  of
Echarpee or slings; as the Grande icharpe,Echarpe
moyenne, Petite  icharpe, Echarpe de J.  L. Pe-
tit,  4 c.
  SLIPPERS, Impatiens.
  SLIT  AND TAIL BANDAGE,  Invaginated
bandage.
  SLOE-TREE, Prunus spinosa.
  SLOUGH, Eschar.
  SLOAVS, Milk-sickness.
  SLUG, Limax — s. Sea, Biche de Mer.
  SLUMBER, Somnolency.
  SMALLAGE, Apium graveolens.
  SMALL-POX, Variola—s. Modified. Varioloid.
  SMALT, Protox'ide of Cobalt, Smalium, Sofre,
Azur, Blue Starch.  This oxyd has been given in
rheumatism, in the dose of ten to twenty grains.
A larger quantity excites vomiting.
  SMARAG'DUS, (F.) Emeraude. The emerald.
It was formerly regarded as a tonic.
  SMARTWEED, Polygonum punctatum.
  SMECTICA, Detergents.
  SMECTIS,  Cimolia terra.
  SMECTRIS, Cimolia. terra.
  SMEGMA,  apnypa, from apnxelv>  ' to wipe, to
rub off.'  Soap, grease, a salve, a liniment. Also,
the  secretion  from the sebaceous follicles of  the
skin.
  Smegma Articulare, Synovia—s. Cutaneum,
see Sebaceous glands.
  Smegma Pr^epu'tii.  The fatty secretion from
the sebaceous follicles of the glans penis.
  SMEGMATORRHCEA, Stearrhcea.
  SMEGMORRHCEA, Stearrhcea.
  SMELL,  SENSE  OF, Olfaction.
  SMELLING,  Olfaction.
  SMELLOME'S  OINTMENT  FOR THE
EA'ES, Ceratum resinae.
  SMILAX, Taxus baccata — s. Aspera Chinen-
sis, Smilax China—s. Aspera  Peruviana, Smilax
sarsaparilla—s. Canellaefolia,  S.  pseudo-China.
  Smilax  China,  Smilax aa'pera  Chinen'sis.
Family,  Smilaceae. Sex. Syat. Dieecia Hexandria.
The root— China, Ch. orientdlia seu pondero'sa
seu vera, Sankiro,  Gauquara,  Chino  root,  (F.)
Stjin'ue, Esquine.  Formerly much used in cuta-
neous  and venereal affections.
  Smilax Glauca, S. sarsaparilla—s. Hederaefo-
lia, S.  pseudo-China—s. Indica Spinosa, Smilax
pseudo-China—s. Officinalis, Smilax sarsaparilla.
  Smilax Pseudo-China, Smilax In'dica spind-
sa seu canellafo'lia seu hederafo'lia, China occi-
denta'lis, China spu'ria  nodo'sa,  American or
 West India China.   In scrofulous disorders,  the
root has been often preferred to the oriental kind.
In  other cases, it possesses similar virtues.
  Smtlax Sarsaparil'la, S. offiriua'lis sen glau-
ea, Sarsaparil'la,  Sortojjari/'/a, Smilax os'pera
T'eruvia'na, Sarzo, Sarsa, Oarivillan'di,  Dm  Pe-
can'go, Maeapatli, Zarsa, Zarzaparil'la, (F.) Sal-
aepareille. The root of the Sarsaparilla. is inodor-
ous; taste bitterish,  feculaceous, and fibrous; 0f
a dark colour externally; white within.  It is 
SMILE
793
SODA
  possessed  of diuretic  and demulcent  properties,
  and has been  often employed in the sequelae of
  syphilis;  when, after a  mercurial  course, noc-
  turnal pains,  ulceration,  4c, continue.  It has,
  also, been advised in scrofula, chronic rheuma-
  tism, 4o.; but its efficacy is, to say the least of
  it,  a matter of doubt.  Dose,  """) j to  """"j of the
  powder. _
    SMILE, truiXn.  A curved, two-edged bistoury.
  A knife.
    SMILEON,  Scalpel.
    SMYRNA, Myrrha.
    SMYRNISMOS, Embalming
    SMYR'NIUM OLUSATRUM, lUpposeli'num,
  Smyrnium, Mitcero'na,   3locedonis'ium, Herba
  Alexondri'na,  Gri'elum,  Agrioaeli'num,  Alexod-
  dera, Alsondcra.  A plant formerly cultivated for
  culinary purposes.  The seeds are bitter and aro-
  matic,  and the roots more powerfully bitter.
  They have been recommended as resolvents, diu-
  retics,  emmenagogues, 4c
   SNAGREL, Aristolochia serpentaria.
   SNAIL, Limax—s. Shell, Cochlea.
   SXAKEHEAD, Chelonc glabra.
   SNAKEROOT, Garuleum  bipinnatum — s.
  Birthwort, Aristolochia  serpentaria — s. Black,
  Acttca   racemosa,   Sanicula   Marilandica — s.
  Button,  Eryngium  aquaticum,  Liatris  spicata
  — s. Canada,  Asarum Canadense — s. Dewitt,
  Prenanthes — s. Evergreen,  Polygala paucifolia
 — s. Heart, Asarum Canadense — s. Alrginiana,
 Aristolochia serpentaria — s. White,  Eupatorium
 ageratoides.
   SNAK KAVEED, Aristolochia serpentaria, He-
 lenium autumnale, Polygonum bistorta—s. Ame-
 rican, Cicuta masculata.
   SNEEZING, from Sax. nieran, (G.) Niesen,
 Clonus  Sternuto'tio,  Sternuto'tio, Sternutomed-
 tuin,  Steriuimen'tum,  Ptarmos, (F.) Eternucment.
 A convulsive motion  of the  expiratory muscles,
 by which  the  air is  driven  rapidly, and rushes
 sonorously, through  the  nasal  fossae, carrying
 with  it the mucus and foreign bodies,  which ad-
 here  to the pituitary membrane, and have occa-
 sioned  the movement.
   SNEEZEAVORT, Achillea ptarmica, Helenium
 autumnale.
   SNORING, Rhenchus, Rhenxis, Ronchus, Rhon-
 chus, Stertor, Rcnclius, (F.) Ronflemcnt, from(G.)
 Scharnen.  Noise made in the posterior  part
 of the  mouth and nasal fossae during the move-
 ments of inspiration, particularly in  sleep,  both
 when the  person is in health, and in disease, as
 in apoplexy.  In certain affections of the chest—
 in some cases of pulmonary catarrh — a kind of
 snoring may be distinctly  heard by applying the
 ear or the stethoscope to the chest.
  SNOT, Nasal mucus.
  SNOUT,  Nasus.
  SNOW,  Sax.  piny,  Nix,   Chion,  (F.) Ncige.
 AVater in a solid state, which falls from the at-
 mosphere in white flakes.  It is used externally
 as a tonic and discutient.
  SNOWBALL, Cephalanthus occidentalis.
  SXOWBERRY. Syniphoricarpus racemosus.
  SNUFF,  CEPHALIC, Pulvis asari  compositus.
  SNUFFLES,  Teut.  Snuffeln, Grare'do ne-
 onato'rum, Rhinan'gia, Rhinaneh.'one.  Breathing
 bard through the nose,  often owing to accumula-
 tion  of  the mucous  secretions,—an  affection to
 which infants are liable, and which is relieved by
 oiling the interior of the nostrils.
  SOAP,  Sapo—s. Acid, see Sapo — s. Berries,
 Sapindus  saponaria—s. Black, see Sapo—s. Cas-
tile,  Sapo  durus — s.  of the  Cocoa-nut oil, see
 Sapo — s. Common or soft, see Sapo — s. Liquid,
see  Sapo — s. Medicinal, see  Sapo — s. Spanish,
 Sapo durus — s. Yellow, sec Sapo.
   SOAPAVORT, Saponaria.
   SOB, from Sax. reofian, 'to grieve;' (F.) San-
 ejlot.   A  spasmodic,  sudden,  and  momentary
 contraction  of the diaphragm, immediately fol-
 lowed  by  relaxation, by which the little air, that
 the contraction has caused to enter the chest, is
 driven out with noise.   It is  an evidence of cor-
 poreal or mental suffering.
   SOBOLES, Epigone.
   SOBRIETAS, Temperance.
   SOCIA  PAROTIDIS, see Parotid.
   SOCI'ETY,  Soci'etas,(E.) Sociiti,from eociare,
 ' to associate.'   An association for the promotion
 of some common object.
   Societies, Medical.  Associations of medical
 gentlemen for the promotion of science have been
 numerous, and productive of  valuable results.
 In the United  States, societies exist in many of
 the states, possessing the  power of  examining
 into  the qualifications of every one who may be
 desirous of practising within  their particular ju-
 risdiction.  In  some of the states, however, the
 qualified  and unqualified are  permitted to exer-
 cise  their  profession with equal  privileges  and
 immunities.
   Amongst  the medical  associations  that  have
 issued  from  time  to time useful  transactions or
 publications, are the following: In America, —
 The  3Iassachusett8 3/ei/ical  Society;  the Phy-
 sieo-medicol, and 3/edical Societies of the State
 of New York;  the College  of  Physicians  of
 Philadelphia,  and the  American fled ical  As-
 sociation.    In  Europe, — The  Aasociotion  of
 Fellows  ami. Liccntiotea  of  the King's  and
 Queen's College of Physicians of Ireland;  the
 3Iedieo-C/iirurgical and Phrenological Societies
 of  Edinburgh; the College of Physicians,  the
 3Icdieo-C!iirurgical, the 31edical and  the Syden-
 ham Societies of London ; the Associated Apothe-
 caries and Surgeon Apothecaries of England and
 Wales, and the Prorinriol 31edical and Surgical
 Association; the Royal Academy of Surgery, the
 Royal Society of 3Iedicine, the Sociiti 3Iidicole
 d'Emulation, the Sociiti de  3/idcciuc, the Royal
 Academy of 3ledicinc, and the Sociiti 3Hdicole
 d'Observation, of Paris; the 3Ietlieo-Chirurgical
 Academy  of Vienna;  the  3tedieal Societies of
 Berlin and Copenhagen, 4c,   4c.  In Asia.__
 The 3Iedical and Physical Society of  Calcutta.
  A*"aluable medical essays are  likewise contained
 in the  published  Transactions of the  American
 Philosophical Society .- of the  Royal Societies of
 London, Edinburgh, Gottingen, 4c; of the Roiptl
 Academy  of Sciences  of 'Paris; the Imperial
 Society of  Sciences of St. Petersburg; the Royal
 Academy of  Sciences  of Turin; the Academia
 Imperialis Leopoldina Natures  Giiriosorum, 4c.
  SOCORDIA, Hallucination.
  SODA.   An Arabic word.   Protox'ide of so-
 dium, (F.) Soude, is obtained by  adding caustic
 lime to a  solution of carbonate of soda.  The
 soda in solution may be obtained by evaporation
as hydrate of soda.  Its action is like that of
 potassa ; but it is not officinal.
  Soda
mineral alkali is obtained from  several sources •
— naturally, in Egypt: artificially, from the in-
cineration of marine plants ;  and from  the  de-
composition of sulphate of soda, 4c.  It is prin-
cipally, however, derived from  plants growing on
the sea-coast : — as the  Salso'la sati'vn, S. soda
S. tragus, Salicoii'nia herba'cea, Salicornia Arab'-
ica, 4c.  The Barilla ashes are from the  ashes 
SODA
794
SODA
of the Salicor'nia Europa'a : the Kelp, Soude de
 Varecq,  from the Fucus veeiculo''eit8 aud other
varieties;—the Turkey Barilla, Roipiette, Oendre
du Levant, Rochet'ta Alexandri'na, from the .1/e-
sembryan'themum Cop'ticum; — the Al'icant Ba-
rilla, Soda Alicanti'na, S. Alonedsis,  from the
Mesembryadthemum nodiflo'rum ;—and the Car-
thage'na Barilla, from  the Salicor'nia and Sal-
so'lu.
   Impure  subcarbonate of soda, (F.) Soude  du
commerce, consists of subcarbonate of soda, pot-
ash, chloride of sodium,  clay and other earthy
substances.  It is chiefly used  for  preparing the
pure subcarbonate.
   Soda, Cardialgia, Cephalalgia, Pyrosis.
   Soda  Aceta'ta,  Soda Ace'tas, Ad'etate  of
 Soda,  Terra folidta minera'lis, (F.) Acitate de
soude.  This salt is used in similar cases with the
 acetate of potass.
   Soda  Aerata, Sodae carbonas — s. Alonensis,
 Soda — s. Biborate of, Borax—s. Bicarbonate of,
 Sodae carbonas — s. Borate of, Borax—s. Borax-
 ata, Borax.
   Soda, Car'bonate  of, Soda  Car'bonas, Car-
 bonaa  Ntt'tricum, Soda  A'era'ta,  Soda  Bicar'-
 bonas, Bicarbonate of Soda, Carbonate of pro-
 tox'ide  of So'dium, (F.) Carbonate  de Soude,
 S. efferveacente,  S. airie,  S.  Crayeuee.   (Soda
 subcarb, Ibj,  aqua deatill.  Oiij.   Dissolve the
 subcarbonate of soda, and pass  carbonic acid
 through the solution ; set it aside to crystallize.)
 Its  use  is the same as  the subcarbonate, than
 which it is less  caustic, and better adapted  for
 effervescing draughts.
   Soda Cau'stica, Protox'ide of So'dium, Caus-
 tic  Soda,  (F.) Soude caustique, S. d la Chaux,
 Soude pure.  The  impure subcarbonate, treated
 by quicklime, and  consequently deprived of its
 carbonic acid.   It  may be used as a caustic, like
 the Potassa fusa, and is even  preferable to it, as
 it does not deliquesce and run.
   Soda, Chloride of, S. Chlorina'ta, Soda Chlo'-
 ridum, Chlo'rinated Soda, Natrum Oxymuriat'-
 icum, Soda  Chlorure'tum, Oxymu'riate  of Soda,
 (F.) Chlorure  de Soude, Chlorure  d'oxide de So-
 dium.  This salt is used as a disinfecting agent;
 both to remove offensive smells in  chambers, and
 to alter  the condition of fetid ulcers.   See Liquor
 Soda; Chlorinatae.
   Soda,  Chlorinated,  Soda, chloride of—s.
 Hispanica, Soda—s.  Hydrochlorate  of,  Soda,
 muriate of.
   Soda,  Hyposulph'ite  of, Soda hyposulph'is,
 (F.) Hyposulflte  de Soude.  This  salt has been
 lately extolled in chronic cutaneous, and scrofu-
 lous affections.  It is given in syrup.
   Soda, Lithate of, Urate of soda—s. Mephite
 of,  Soda, subcarbonate of.
   Soda, Mu'riate of, Soda  murias, Soda mu-
 ria'ta, S. muriat'ica, Al'kali mine rdle sali'num,
 Sal commu'nis, Sal culina'ris, Sol fon'tium, Sal
 gemma,  Sal mari'nua,  Natron muria'turn,  Sal
 albua,  Natrum muriat1 icum, Common salt, Sea
 salt, Hydrochlo'rinas Na'tricua,  Sol foa'ailia,  Sal
 lu'cidmn,  3Iuria, Rock aalt, Bay salt, White salt,
 Quadrichlo'ruretof Sodium, Hydrochlo'rateofpro-
 tox'ide of Sodium, Hydrochldrate  of Sodo, Chlo-
 rure'tum So'dii, So'dii Chlo'ridum, Chloride of So-
 dium, (F.) Chlorure de Sodium, Sel marin, Sel de
 Cuisine.  In an impure state, this salt is one of
 the most abundant of natural productions.   It
 is soluble in 3 parts of water, and is tonic, pur-
 gative, and anthelmintic. Externally, stimulant.
 It is a well-known and useful culinary substance.
    Soda, Nitrate of, Soda Nitras, Natron  ni'-
 tricum,  Al'kali minera'le nitra'ium,  Nitrum Cd-
 bicuin, Nitrate of protox'ide of Sodium, Protoni'-
trate  of Sodium, Nitrum Rhomboida'le,  Nitras
Natricum, Salpe'tra, Cubic Nitre.  Its virtues are
similar  to  those of the nitrate  of  potass, for
which it has been substituted.
  Soda, Oxymuriate of, Soda, chloride of.
  Soda, Phosphate  of, S. Phoaphora'ta, Soda
phoa'phaa, Subphoaphate of protox'ide of Sodium,
Phoaphoa Ndtricum, Natrum Oxyphoaphoro'dea,
Sttbprotophoaphate of Sodium, Subphoe'phatc  of
Soda, Sal mirab'ile perla'tum,  Tribdaic phos-
phate of Soda,  Alkali minera'le phosphora'tum,
Tasteless purging salt, (F.) Phosphate de Soude,
Sel admirable perli.  (Bone burnt to whiteness
and powdered,  Ibx;  Sulphuric acid, Ibvj ; Car-
bonate  of soda, q. s.   Mix  the bone  with the
acid in  a covered vessel, add a gallon  of water,
and  stir.   Digest  for three days,  occasionally
adding a little water to that  lost by evaporation,
and frequently  stirring the  mixture.   Pour in
now a gallon of  boiling water, and strain through
linen, gradually adding more boiling water, until
the liquor passes nearly tasteless. Set the strained
liquor by, that the dregs may subside; from which
pour off the clear solution, and boil down to a gal-
lon.  To this solution, poured off from the dregs
and heated in an iron vessel, add by degrees the
carbonate  of soda previously  dissolved in hot
water, until  effervescence  ceases, and  the phos-
phoric  acid is completely neutralized; then filter
the liquor, and  set  it aside to crystallize.  Having
removed  the crystals, add, if necessary, a small
quantity of carbonate of soda to the liquor, so as
to  render it slightly  alkaline; then  alternately
evaporate  and  crystallize so long as crystals  are
produced.   Lastly, preserve the crystals in a well
stopped bottle.—Ph. U. S.) Cathartic, in the dose
of from *§ss to  ""jj.
   Soda, Phosphate of, tribasic, S. Phosphate
of.
   Soda, Subcarb'onate of, <SW<2  Subcarbonas,
 Soda Carbonas (Ph. U. S.),  Subcarbonate of pro-
 tox'ide of  Sodium, 31emphite  of Sodo, Natron
 prapardtum, Sal Soda, Salt of Soda, Flos Salts,
 Sagi'men Vitri, Salt of Barii'la, Sol al'kali, Car-
 bonas Soda of some, (F.) Sous-carbonate de Soude.
 The impure subcarbonate,  dissolved  in  water;
 the solution filtered and crystallized.  Soluble in
 two  parts of water at 60°.  It is much used as
 an antacid; and also as a deobstruent in scrofu-
 lous and other  affections.   Dose, gr. x to 5ss.
   The dried Subcar'bonate of Sodo,  Soda Sub-
 car'bonas  exsiceoto, Soda  carbonas exsieca'tus,
 (Ph. U. S.) Carbonas Soda aicea'tum, (F.) Sous-
 carbonate de Soude desaichi, is employed as an
 antacid and lithontriptic.   Dose, gr. x to xv.
   Soda, Subphosphate of, S. phosphate of.
   Soda,  Sulphate of,  Sodce  Sulphas,  Natron
 vitriola'turn,  Sal cathar'ticus  Glaube'ri, Al'coli
 minera'le  sulphu'ricum,  Nutrum  sulphu'ricum,
 Sofia vitriola'ta, Sulphite na'tricua, Sol  mi rob'-
 ilia Glaube'ri, Ape'rient Salt of Frederick, Glau-
 ber's Salte, (F.) Sulfate de Soude.  Obtained from
 the salt that remains after the distillation of mu-
 riatic acid; the superabundant acid being satu-
 rated with subcarbonate of soda.  It is soluble in
 three parts of  water at 60°;  is purgative, and,
 in small doses,  diuretic.  Dose, ^vj to Xx.
   The Lymington Glauber's Salts  is  a Sulphate
 of 3Iagnesia and Soda, and is obtained  from the
 mother liquor of sea-water, or by dissolving Ep-
 som salt in a solution of Glauber's salt.
   Soda,  Tartrate of, Tartrate of potass  and
 Soda,  Soda Tartarizdta, Tar'tarized Sodo,  Sal
 Rupellen'sis, Rochelle  Salt,  Sal Polyclu is'turn
 Seignet'ti,  S. Seignetti, Seignette's  Salt, Natron
 tartarizdturn, Tartris potas'sa et Soda, Soda et
 Potas'sa Tartraa (Ph. U. S.),  Soda potassio-tar-
 trae, Tartras Potas'sa et Soda, Tartrate de  po- 
                    SODII

taaac et de Sonde.   (Soda carb. ft»i; potass, bitart.
in  pulv. "fxvj, Aq.  bullient.  Ov.   Dissolve the
carbonate  in  water;  and add,  gradually, the
bitartratc.  Filter the solution  and crystallize,
Ph. C. S.)  It is a gentle  cathartic.  Dose, ^ss
t0 o.i-
   Soda, Urate of, Urate of Soda — s. Vitrio-
lata,  S: sulphate of—s. Water, Acidulous water,
simple.
   Sod^e Acetas,  Soda, acetate of— s. Biborasi
Borax — s.  Bicarbonas, Soda, carbonate of— s-
Boras, Borax — s. Boras  alcalescens, Borax — s-
Boras supersaturus,  Borax — s. Carbonas,  Soda
— s. Carbonas, Soda,  subcarbonate of—s. Car-
bonas exsiccatus, see Soda, subcarbonate of— s.
Carbonas impurus, Soda—s. Chloras, Soda,  chlo-
rate of—s. Hyposulphis, Hyposulphite  of soda
—s. Murias, Soda, muriate of—s.  Nitras, Soda,
nitrate of—s. Phosphas, Soda, phosphate of—s.
et Potassae tartras, Soda, tartrate of—s. Potassio-
tartras  Soda, tartrate of—s.  Subboras, Borax —
B. Subcarbonas impura, Soda.
  SODII AURO-TERCHLORIDUM, see  Gold
— s. Chloridum, Soda, muriate  of—s. Chlorure-
tum,  Soda, muriate of.
  SO'DIUM, Ndtrium, Natro'nium. The metal-
lic  basis of  soda.
   Sodium, Carbonate of  Protoxide of, Sodae
carbonas — s. Chloride of, Soda, muriate of—s.
Chlorure de, Soda, muriate of—s. Chlorure d'Ox-
ide de, Soda,  chloride of—s.  Protonitrate  of,
Soda, nitrate of—s.  Protoxide of, Soda—s. Pro-
toxide of, hydrochlorate of, Soda, muriate of—s.
Protoxide of, nitrate of, Soda, nitrate of—s. Pro-
toxide of, phosphate of, Soda, phosphate of—s.
Protoxide of, subcarbonate of, Soda, subcarbonate
of—s.  Quadri-chloruret  of, Soda, muriate of—
s. Subborate of protoxide of, Borax—s. Subproto-
borate of, Borax—s.  Subprotophosphate of, Soda,
phosphate of.
  SODOMA GALLORUM, Syphilis.
  SODO,AHA, Buggery.
   SODOMY, Buggery.
  SOFTENING, Mollities.
  SOI-POUR-SOI, Homoeozygy.
  SOLE, Sericum.
  SOIF, Thirst—s. Excessive, Polydipsia.
  SOL, Gold.
  SOL-LUNAR,  Sol-lundris;  from  sol,  'the
sun,' and tuna,  ' the  moon.'   An epithet  applied
to  a  fancied influence exerted by  the  sun and
moon on man in a state of health and disease.
  SOLAMEN  INTESTINORUM, Pimpinella
anisum—s. Scabiosorum, Fumaria.
  SOl/ANOID, Solano'i'dea;  from solanum, 'the
potato,' and ubos, ' resemblance.'  Resembling a
potato; potato-like.   An  epithet applied  to a
form of cancer, which appears to be intermediate
between scirrhus  and encephaloid,  increasing
more  rapidly than the former,  yet approaching
it in  firmness.
  SOLA'NUM, S. nigrum seu vulga're seu vulga'-
tum.  Common Nightshade, Garden Nightshade,
(F.)  Morelle d fruit  noir.  Family,  Solaneae.
,S'(.»-.  Syat.  Pentandria  Monogynia.   A narcotic
poison.   The Huile  de Alorelle is  made, by ma-
cerating in  oil, for several days, the leaves and
fruit of this plant.   The oil is anodyne and dis-
cutient.
  Solanum Dulcama'ra, Dulcamara, D.flexuo'-
sa, Salomon Scantlcns, Glycipi'croa,Ama'ra dulcia,
Solatium ligno'auin,  Srpue^vos of Theophrastus,
Bittersweet,  Woody Nightshade, Bittersweet Night-
shade. Bittersweet  Vine, Nightshade Vine, Violet
bloom, (F.) Douce-amere, Morelle grimpante.  The
taste of the stalks is bitter,  followed  by sweet-
5            SOLDIER'S WEED

ness; hence its name.  It has been used in many
diseases, as a diuretic and sudorific, especially in
chronic rheumatism,  humoral  asthma, dropsy,
various skin diseases,  scrofula,  and  jaundice.
Dose, in powder, Qj to ^j-
   Solanum  Esculentum, S. tuberosum — s. Fce-
tidum, Datura stramonium—s. Furiosum, Atropa
belladonna—s. Humboldtii, S. Lycopersicum—
s. Lethale, Atropa belladonna —s. Lignosum, S.
dulcamara.
   Solanum  Lycoper'sicum;  Lycoper'aicon eacu-
lent'ttm, Lycoper'sicum pomum amo'ria, S. Ilum-
bold'tii seu pseudolycoper'sicum, 3lalum lycoper'-
sicum, Love-apple plant.  The fruit of this, called
Tomdta or  Love-apple, (F.) Pomme dAmour, is
much eaten  in the United States; and, with the
French, Spaniards, Portuguese, 4c, forms an es-
teemed sauce.
   Solanum Magnum A^irginianum Rubrum, Phy-
tolacca decandra — s.  Maniacum, Atropa bella-
donna,  Datura stramonium — s.  Melanocerasus,
Atropa belladonna.
   Solanum  Melon'gena, 3Ielongena, Egg-plant,
31 ud Apple  plant; (F.) Aubergine.  A native of
Asia, Africa,  and America.   Its  oblong, egg-
shaped  fruit, Ponum Melon'gena, Malum- insa'-
num, is prepared in soups and  sauces in those
countries, like the tomata.
   Solanum  Nigrum, Solanum.
   Solanum  Niv'eum.   A  South African  plant,
the leaves of which, applied to foul ulcers, cleanse
them.   The fresh juice of the berries and leaves,
made into an ointment with lard or fat, is used
by the farmers for the same purpose.
   Solanum   Parmenterii,  S.   tuberosum — s.
Pseudolycopersicum,  S. Lycopersicum  — s. Qua-
drifolium, Paris — s.  Racemosum Americanum,
Phytolacca decandra.
   Solanum   Sanctum ;   Palestine  Xightahade.
The fruit of this is  globular,  and is much eaten
in the countries where it is a native.
   Solanum  Scandens, S. Dulcamara.
   Solanum  Tuberos'um, Bata'baa, Solanum es-
culen'tum seu Parmentc'rii, Lycoper'sicum tuberd-
sum,  Papas America'nus,  Pappus  America'nus,
America'num Tubero'sum, Battdta Virginia'na;
the  Pota'to, (F.)  Pomme de Terre.  A  native of
Peru.   A nutritious  and wholesome vegetable;
one of the most useful, indeed, that exists.   One
hundred pounds of potatoes afford ten  pounds of
starch, which is equal to arrow-root, as  a nutrient
and demulcent.   It is called Potato  Flour, P.
Starch, French Sago, Petit Sague,  Common Arrow-
root, 4c
   Solanum  Urens, Capsicum annuum  — s. ATesi-
carium, Physalis—s. Vulgare, Solauum.
   SOLAR, Sold ria, from eol, 'the sun.'  Relating
to the sun ;  having rays like the  sun.
   Solar Plexus, Plexua sola'ria, Centrum com-
mu'ne,  Cer'ebrum abdomina'le.   A  collection of
ganglions and filaments, interweaving  and anas-
tomosing with each other repeated^, and belong-
ing to the system of the great sympathetic.  This
vast "plexus, lying on  the vertebral column, the
aorta,  and the  pillars of the  diaphragm, has a
very irregular shape.   The ganglions  and  fila-
ments composing  it are  soft, reddish, and almost
all issue from the semilunar ganglions.   It re-
ceives,  also, branches from the  pneumogastric.
It seems to be chiefly intended for the aorta, and
accompanies all  its branches; furnishing many
secondary plexuses, which are called the  infra-
diaphragmatic,  coeliac, superior  meaenteric, in-
ferior meaenteric, renal  or emulgent, spermatic,
4c
   SOLDANELLA, Convolvulus soldanella.
   SOLDIER'S AVEED, Matico.
75 
SOLE
796
SOLUTION
  SOLE,  Solum, Solea, Basis codporia, Ichnua,
Superfic"iea plantdris pedis, Peti'na, Veatig" ium,
Pe'dion, Pezo, Pelma, Plantdris superficies pedis,
Fo'cies conca'va seu infe'rior seu  Planum seu
Concavum seu Pars inferior seu Planit"ies seu
Planta seu Vola pedis, ^F.) Plontc du Pied.  The
sole of the foot; the under surface of the foot.
  SOLEA, Sole — s.  Ipecacuanha, see Ipecacu-
anha.
  SOLE AIRE,  Soleus.
  SOLEN, Cradle, see A*"ertebral column.
  SOLENA'RIUM,  from 0-01X171', 'a canal.'  An
instrument of surgery, representing a kind  of
gutter, in the  cavity of which the  penis was
placed,  like a limb  in a cradle. — Galen.  The
word  Solcn itself—otaXnv,  Cana'lis—was used, in
antiquity, for a grooved channel, in which a frac-
tured limb was placed.
  SOLENOSTEMMA ARGEL,  Cynanchum
oleaefolium.
  SOLE'US,  Gastrocne'mius inter'nus, Tibiocal-
canien,  (Ch.;) (F.) Soliaire, from solea, 'a sole
of a shoe.'  A muscle situate at the posterior part
of the leg.  It is  broad,  flat,  and  almost oval;
and is attached, above, to the posterior edge of
the fibula, to the  oblique line on the posterior
surface, and to  the inner edge of the tibia.  It
terminates, below, by a large tendon, which unites
to that of the gastrocnemius externus, to form the
tendo Achillis.   This muscle extends the foot on
the leg, and conversely.
  SOLID, Sol'idus, Ste'reos.  A body whose in-
tegrant molecules are  so  united by the force  of
cohesion, that they will not separate by their own
weight.  The solids, in the human body, are the
bones, cartilages,  tendons,  muscles,  ligaments,
arteries, veins, nerves, membranes, skin, 4c The
anatomy, or rather study of the solids, is  called
Stereol'ogy,  from  arepcos,  'solid,'  and Xoyos,  'a
discourse.'
  SOLIDAGO, see Solidago virgaurea—s. Sara-
ceniea, S. virgaurea.
  Solida'go Rig"ida, Rigid  Goldenrod, Bones'
styptic; indigenous;   of  the Composite family,
flowering in August and September;  is astringent
and tonic
  Solida'go Virgau'rea, S. vulga'ris seu Sara-
cen'ico, Virgo aurea, Herba do'rea, Cony'za coma
aurea, Sym'phytum Petra'um, Elichry'sum, Con-
sol'ida seu Saracen'ica, Golden rod.  Nat. Ord.
Compositae Corymbiferae.   Sex. Syst. Syngenesia
superflua.  (F.)  Verge d'or.  The leaves of Soli-
da'go odo'ra — Solida'go  (Ph. U. S.) — and the
flowers have been recommended as aperients and
tonics, in urinary diseases, and in internal hemor-
rhage.
  Solidago Vulgaris, S. virgaurea.
  SOLTDISM, Patholog"ia solida'ris.  The doc-
trine  of those physicians who refer all diseases to
alterations of the solid parts of the body.   To the
believers in  this doctrine, the appellation  Sol'id-
ists has been given.   The solidists think that the
solids alone  are endowed with vital properties ■
that  they alone can  receive the  impression  of
morbific agents, and be the  seat of pathological
phenomena.   Solidism has  been the prevalent
doctrine.  It is scarcely necessary to say, that in
all our investigations, the  condition of both solids
and fluids must  be regarded.
  SOLIUM, Baignoire, Taenia solium—s. Pedis,
Metatarsus.
  SOLUBIL'ITY,  Solubil'itas, from solvere,  so-
lution, 'to dissolve.'   That property  of a body by
virtue of  which it can be dissolved in a men-
struum.
table  of the solubility of some substances
                  in water.
NAMES OF SALTS.
            Acids.
Benzoic.............
Citric...............
Oxalic.............
Tartaric...........
            Salts.
Acetate of Potassa.
--------Soila---
Bitartrate of Potassa...
Borate of Soda.........
Carbonate of Ammonia
----------Magnesia .
         — Potassa...
            Soda
Chlorate of Potassa.
---------Soda
Chloride of Lime.......
---------Magnesium
---------Potassium..
         - Sodium
Muriate of Ammonia.
Nitrate of Potassa....
         Soda
Phosphate of Soda ...
Sulphate of Ammonia
---------Copper ...
---------Iron.....
---------Magnesia
---------Potassa ..
---------Soda......
Supersulphate of Potassa.......
Tartrate of Potassa...........
---------Potassa and Soda___
---------Antimony & Potassa
Solubility in 100
  parts water.

  at 00°   al'-'ia*
   0.208
  133
   50
very soluble

  100
   35
   1.5
   BA
   50
   2
   25
   50
   0
   35
  200
  100
   33
   35.42
   33
   14.25
   33
   25
   50
   25
   50
  100
   6.25
   37
   5.0
   25
   20
   6.6
  4.1«
200
100
 3.3
10.8
 30.16
100
inn
100
 50
1U0
 50
1(10
133
 ■20
125
100
33
  SOLUM, Sole.
  SOLUTE, Solution.
  SOLUTIO, Solution — s. Alexiteria Gaubiana,
see Disinfection — s. Ammoniae  subcarbonatis,
Liquor ammoniae subcarbonatis — s.  Arsenicalis,
Liquor arsenicalis—s. Arsenicata, Liquor arseni-
calis—s.  Arsenitis kalicae, Liquor arsenicalis — s.
Calcis, Liquor calcis — s.  Camphorae aetherea,
Tinctura  aetherea  camphorata — s.  Camphorae
oleosa, Linimentum camphorae — s. Continui, So-
lution  of continuity — s. Ferri  nitratis, Liquor
Ferri nitratis — s. Guaiaci  gummosa,  Mistura
guaiaci — s. Muriatis  barytae, Baryta, muriate of
—s. Muriatis calcis, see Calcis murias —s. .Muri-
atis ferrici aetherea, Tinctura seu alcohol sulfu-
rico-aethereus ferri—s.  Muriatis hydrargyri oxy-
genati, Liquor hydrargyri oxymuriatis—s. Potas-
sii iodidi iodureta, Liquor iodini compositus — s.
Resinae guaiaci aquosa, Mistura guaiaci—s. Sub-
carbonatis  ammoniaci spirituosa, Spiritus ammo-
niae.
  Solutio Sulpha'tis  Cupri Compos'ita, Aqua
vitriol'ica card lea, Sydenham's  Styptic Water.
(Sulph.  cupri, giij, alum.,  acid,  sulph.,  5a 3if,
aqua, gviij : dissolve, and filter.)  A styptic, anil,
largely diluted, an astringent collyrium.
  SOLU'TION, Solu'tio, Lyaie, (F.)  Dissolution.
An operation which consists in dissolving a solid
body in a menstruum.  Likewise, the product of
such operation—Solu'tum, (F.) Solute. It means,
also, with many, the termination of a disease : —
with others, a termination accompanied by critical
signs;—and, with others, again, it is synonymous
with crisis.
  Solution of Acetate  of  Ammonia, Liquor
ammoniae acetatis —s.  of  Acetate  of morphia,
Liquor morphiae acetatis —s. Alkaline, see Fuli-
gokah —s. of Alkaline iron, Liquor ferri  alkalini
   s. of Alum, compound, Liquor aluminis  com-
positus —-s. of Ammoniated copper, Liquor cupri
ammoniati — s. Arsenical, Liquor arsenicalis — s
ot Charcoal, concentrated, see Tinctura  catechu 
SOLUTIVUS
797
SONDE
—8. of Chlorinated soda, Liquor sodae chlorinatae
—s. of Citrate of magnesia, see Magnesiae citras
—s. of Citrate of potassa, Liquor potassae  citratis
—s. of Continuity, see Continuity—s. of Corrosive
sublimate,  Liquor  hydrargyri oxymuriatis — s.
Donovan's, see Arsenic and  Mercury, Iodide of
— s. Fowler's, Liquor arsenicalis — s. of Hydrio-
date of potass, Liquor potassae hydriodatis — s.
of Iodide of iron, Liquor ferri iodidi—s. of Iodine,
compound, Liquor iodini compositus—s. of Iron,
nitrated, see Tinctura ferri muriatis — s. Labar-
raque's Eau de Javelle—s. of Lime, Liquor calcis
— s.  Lugol's, Liquor  iodini compositus — s. of
Magnesia,  condensed,  Magnesia,  fluid — s.  of
Monro, Liquor of Monro — s. of  Nitrate of iron,
Liquor ferri nitratis — s. of Oxymuriate of mer-
cury, Liquor hydrargyri oxymuriatis—s. Plenck's,
see Hydrargyri oxydum cinereum—s. de Potaaae,
Liquor potassae—s. of Potassa, Liquor potassae—
s. of Sesquinitrate of iron, Liquor  ferri nitratis—s.
of Subaeetate of  Lead, Liquor plumbi subacetatis
—s. of Subaeetate of lead, diluted, Liquor plumbi
subacetatis dilutus—s. of Subcarbonate of potass,
Liquor potassae subcarbonatis—s. of Sulphate of
morphia, Liquor morphiae sulphatis—s. of Tartar-
ized antimony, Vinum  antimonii tartarizati—s. of
Ternitrate of sesquioxide of iron,  Liquor ferri ni-
tis — s. of Van Swieten, Liquor hydrargyri oxy-
muriatis.
  SOLUTIVUS, Laxative.
  SOIil'TUM, Solution.
  SOLA'ENS,  Solvent — s. Minerale, Liquor  ar-
senh alis.
  SOLVENT, Solvate, (F.) Fondant, from aolvcre,
'to dissolve.'  A medicino- supposed  to  possess
the property of dissolving or removing obstruc-
tions  and extraneous substances.   Thus we have
aolventa of  the  stone  in the bladder,  4c  See
Dissolventia.
  Solvent, Mineral, Liquor arsenicalis.
  SOMA, Body,  Corpus.
  SO.AIACETICS, Gymnastics.
   SOMAT'IC, Souioi'icua; from o-u/ia, 'thebody.'
That which concerns the body ;—as eomotic death,
or  death of  the body,  in  contradistinction to
molf en/or death or the death of a part.
   SOMATODYM'IA,  from  cuipa,  ooijxaros,  'the
body.'' and  &vt»,  'I enter into.'  A double mon-
strosity in which the trunks are united.   Of this,
there  are  several  varieties;—Vertebrodym'ia,
where the union is by the vertebrae ; lachiodym'ia,
by the ossa  ischii; Sternodym'ia,  by the sternum;
 Siipraomjdiiilodym'ia,  (F.) Sus-omphalodymie, by
the super-umbilical regions;  Supira et  infra-om-
pholodymia, by  the superior and inferior um-
bilical regions; and Sterno-omphalodym'ia, where
the union is by both the sternal and  the  umbili-
cal regions.— Cruveilhier.
   SOM'ATOL'OGY,  Somatolog"ia, from  aiaua,
'the  body,'and  Xoyos, 'a discourse.'  A  treatise
on the human body.   Anatomy.
   SOMATOTOMY, Anatomy.
   SOMMEIL, Sleep.
   SoMNAMBULATION, Somnambulism.
   SOMNAM'BULISM, Somnambula'tio,  Hypno-
 bate'sis, I/y/inobatdsis, Hypnobati'a, Rhembas'-
mus,   Liinatis'tnus, Hypnoner'gia,  Selenoga'mia,
 Nt/ctobate'sis, Autonyctobati'o, Seleni'asis, Selen-
itic nuts, Somiiombulis'mus, Nyctob'asia, Noctam-
 bula'tio. Noctambulis'mus, Nyctoba'dia, Nyctoba'-
 tt'a,   Sipli'ito,  Syph'itaK  Paroni'ria  am'bulans,
 Nt>etisiir't/iuiii, Oneirodyn'ia acti'vo, Somno-vigil,
 Somiutnibiila'tion,  Sleep-walking,  from  somnus,
 •sleep,' and ambularc, 'to walk.'  A condition of
 the brain which occasions the individual to  exe-
 cute,  during fleep. some of  those actions that
 commonly  lake  place  when awake.  It has been
 imagined that the somnambulist is guided solely
by his internal  senses; but there are many facts
which induce the belief that the external  senses
are not always entirely suspended.  The  causes
of somnambulism are very obscure; and the prin-
cipal indication of treatment is, — so to arrange
the bed-chamber of the  somnambulist, that he
cannot get out of it during sleep; and to avoid sup-
pers, as well as  all bodily and mental excitement.
   Somnambulism,Magnet'ic Mesmeric,or Arti-
Fld'lAl, Somnambulis'musartificia'lis, Cataph'ora
magnet'ica, Hyp'notism, Somnip'athy, is that pe-
culiar condition, into which individuals  have been
thrown by the Animal 3Iognetizer.  It has oc-
curred only in  those  of weak nervous tempera-
ment;  in hysterical females, 4c.
   S 0 M NAM B U LIS M U S, Somnambulism—s.
Artificialis, Somnambulism, magnetic.
   SOMNAM'BULIST, Somnam'bulus,  HypnoV-
ates, Noctam'bulus, Lunat'icus,  Noctam'bulo, Som-
nam'bulo.  A sleep-walker.
   SOMNAMBULIS'TIC.  Relating  or  apper-
taining to  somnambulism, — as the ' somnambu-
lie'tic etate.'
   SOMNAMBULO,  Somnambulist.
   SOMNIA'TIO, from somnium, ' a dream.'  The
act of dreaming.
   Somniatio Morbosa, Oneironosus—s. in Statu
Vigili, Hallucination.
   SOMNIF'EROUS, Som'nifer, Sopor'ifer, Hyp-
not'icua, Hypnopoe'ua, Soporoti'vita,  Soporific,
Soporif eroua.  A medicine which causes sleep.
   SOMNIL'OQUIST ; same etymon as the next?
One who talks  in his sleep.
   SOMNILO'QUIUM, Soinniloquis'mns, SomniV-
oquism, from somnus, 'sleep,'  and loquor,  'I
speak.'  Talking in the sleep.
   SOMNOPATHY, Somnambulism, magnetic.
   SOM'NIUM, Enyp'iiiim, Insom'niuni, o Dream,
(F.) Revc,  Songe.  A confused  assemblage,  or
accidental and  involuntary combination of ideas
and images, which  present themselves  to the
mind during sleep.  Dr. S. Mitchell, of New York,
used the word Somnium to signify the state be-
tween  sleeping and  waking,  in which  persons
perform acts of which they are unconscious.
   For ' waking dreams,' see Hallucination.
   Those distressing  dreams which occur  during
a state of  half sleep, are called, by the French,
Rivasseries.
   SOMNO-A'IGIL, Somnambulism.
   SOM'NOLENCY, Somnolentia, Hypnasthe'sis,
Hypno'dia,Dormita'tio. Headiness,CoruaLethar-
gus Cataph'ora, Cataphora,  Coma Somnolen'tum,
 Caro'sia, Slumber, (F.) Aaaoupiaaement.   Sleepi-
ness.  Also a state intermediate between sleeping
and waking.   It is often a symptom of disease.
   SOMNUS, Sleep.
   SOMPNUS, Sleep.
   SON, Furfur, Sound.
   SONCHUS,  S.  Olerdceus,  Hiera'cium  olerd-
 ceum,  Ciccr'bita, Sow Thistle, (F.) Laiteron doux.
 Family, Cichoraceae.  Most of the species of Son-
 chus abound with a milky  juice, which is very
bitter,"and said to possess diuretic virtues.
   Sonchus  Floridanus,  Mulgedium Florida-
 num.
   SONDE,  Sound,  Specillum —s. Cannlie, Di-
rector.
   SONDE D'ANEL.  A very fine stylet, of sil-
 ver, awl-shaped at one end.   It is used for pro-
 bing the lachrymal passages through the punc-
tum lacrymale.
   SONDE DE BELLOC.   An instrument in-
vented by Belloc for plugging  the  nasal fossae,
in cases of hemorrhage.   It consists of a curved
silver  canula. open  at both ends, and furnished
with a button.  The instrument is passed through
the nares to  the throat;  and a plug is attached 
SONDE                 798
to the button, so  that, when the instrument is
drawn forwards through the nose, the posterior
nostril is stopped.
   SONDE BRIS^E, (F.), Eyed probe.  A long,
straight stylet, composed of two parts, which may
be screwed to each other; blunt at one end,  and
furnished at the other with an eye, so that it may
be used either as a probe for punctured  wounds,
or for a seton needle.
   SONDE A CONDUCTEUR, (F.)  A modifi-
cation of the ordinary catheter;—to facilitate the
changing of catheters, without the fear of making
false passages.  It is a common catheter, open at
its beak.  The Stylet or Mandrin is  one  half
longer than  that  of the ordinary catheter.  To
use  the instrument, the stylet is pushed into the
cavity of the bladder through the catheter.   The
latter is then withdrawn by slipping it over the
stylet, which is kept in its place, and serves  as a
guide to a fresh catheter.
   SONDE A DARD, see Lithotomy (high ope-
ration.)
   SONDE DE LAFOREST.  A small, crooked
canula, used for probing the nasal duct  from be-
low upwards, and  for throwing injections into it.
   SONDE  ou PINCE DE HUNTER.  A cy-
lindrical silver canula;  of the size of  a  common
 catheter; open at  both extremities, and contain-
ing  a wire of iron, one  of the  ends of which  is
split into two parts; each being terminated by a
"•small silver scoop,  and separating from each other
 by virtue of  their  elasticity, when pushed out of
 the  canula, and again approximating when drawn
 in.  It has  been  used for laying  hold of small
 calculi in the urethra.
   SONDE DE VARECQ, Soda.
   SONGE, Somnium.
   SONITUS  AURIUM, Tinnitus aurium —s.
 Fluidi, Hygrecbema — s. Hepatieus, Hepateehe-
 ma — s. Intestinalis, Enterechema — s.  Stoma-
 chicus, Gasterechema.
   SONOROUS RHONCHUS,  Rdle sonore.
   SONUS, Sound—s. Vocis, Accent.
   SOOJA, see Dolichos.
   SOOJIE,  BASTER'S, a farinaceous article
 of diet, is said to consist of wheat flour sweetened
 with sugar.
   SOOL, Gastroperiodynia.
   SOOT, Fuligo —s. Tea, see Fuligokali — s.
 Wart, Cancer, chimney-sweeper's.
   SOPHIA,  Sisymbrium sophia — s.  Chirurgo-
 rum, Sisymbrium  sophia.
   SOPHISTICATION, Falsification.
   SOPHO'RA  HEPTAPHYL'LA,  Anticholer'-
 ica.  Family, Leguminosae.   Sex. Syat. Decan-
 dria Monogynia.   The  root  and seeds of this
 shrub are intensely bitter, and are said to have
 been found useful in cholera, colic, dysentery, 4c
   Sophora   Tincto'ria,  Baptia'ia  tincto'ria,
 Podalyr'ia  Tincto'ria,  Indigof'era,   Wild In-
 digo, Indigo  Weed, Broom, Indigo Broom, Horse-
 fly Weed,  Yellow Broom, Clover  Broom, Rattle
 Bush, Yellow  Indigo.   An American plant, the
 taste of  whose root is unpleasant, sub-aerid, and
 nauseous — very  similar to ipecacuanha.  In  a
 large dose, the bark of the root acts both as an
 emetic and cathartic.   It has been  considered
 antiseptic and febrifuge, and has been used, in
 the form of  fomentation or cataplasm, in phage-
 denic and  gangrenous ulcers.  A liniment, pre-
 pared by simmering the cortical part of the root
 in cream, has been found an efficacious applica-
 tion to sore nipples and to ulcerated breasts.
    Baptis'ia Leiieadtha, Tall  white false Indigo,
 an  indigenous plant, has the same properties.
    SOPHRONIST.E DENTES, see Dentition.
SORE
  SOPIIRONISTERES DENTES, see Dentition.
  SOPHROSYNE, Temperance.
  SOPIENS, Paregoric.
  SOPIO, Opium.
  SOPOR.  A profound sleep, from which the
person can  be roused  with  difficulty.   It is a
symptom in  many of the neuroses.
  Sopor Caroticus, Carus.
  SOPORARI^E ARTERLR, Carotids.
  SOPORATIVUS, Somniferous.
  SOPORIFEROUS, Somniferous.
  SOPORIFIC, Somniferous.
  SO'POROUS,  So'porus, from  sopor,  'sleep.'
Sleepy : causing sleep.
  SORA,  Essera.
  SORB TREE, Sorbus domestica.
  SORBASTRELLA, Pimpinella saxifraga.
  SORBEFA'CIENT,  Sorbefa'ciens, from sor-
bere,  'to  suck  in,' and facere,  'to make.'   A
remedy that promotes absorption.
  The following are the chief sorbefacients : —
Acida Vegetabilia; Alkalia;  Ammoniacum; Bro-
minum;  Galbanum ; Hydrargyri Prasparata; Io-
dinum;  Liquor  Calcii chloridi;  Spongia usta ;
Compression, (methodical;) Friction;  Mental
Sorbefacients, (Imagination,  Emotions.)
  SORBETHUM,  Sherbet.
  SORBETTUM, Sherbet.
. SORBETUM, Sherbet.
  SORB IE R DES OISELEURS, Sorbus acu-
paria.
  SORBITIO, Jus.
  Sorbitio  Carnis seu Ex Carne.  Broth  or
soup  made of meat.
  SORBITUM, Jus.
  SORBUM, see Sorbus domestica.
  SORBUS, Crataegus  aria,  S. domestica..
  Sorbus Acupa'ria, seu  Aucupa'ria, 3Ies'pilus,
31.  acupa'ria, 3Ionntain Service, Mountain Aeh,
Quicken tree, Roan tree,  (F.) Sorbier ties Oise-
leura.  The  berries  of  this tree are employed for
similar purposes as the last.
  Sorbus Alpina,  Crataegus aria—s. Aria, Cra-
taegus aria—s. Aucuparia,  S. acuparia—s. Cydo-
nia, Pyrus cydonia.
  Sorbus Domest'ica, Sorbite, Pyrus domes'tica,
Mes'pilus domea'tica, Oie,  Service or Sorb Tree,
(F.)  Cormier.   Family,  Rosaceae.  Sex. Syst.
Icosandria Trigynia.   The fruit of this tree, Sor-
bum, is astringent, and has been recommended in
diarrhoea and dysentery.  It is given in  the form
of rob.  A kind of cider is made from it, and also
brandy.
   Sorbus Malus, Pyrus malus.
   SORDES, Rhypos.  A dirty-looking  sanies,
discharged  from ulcers.  Also, accumulations of
the secretions of the mouth, on the teeth in ady-
namic fevers more especially, and of foul matters
in the stomach—Sordes prim'arum via'rum,Rhy-
pa'ria.   The French  call  an ulcer, exhibiting
such  an  appearance,  sordid. Also dirt  of any
kind.
   Sordes,  Ichor,  Saburra — s. Acidae,  Acidities
—  s.  Aurium, Cerumen — s. Primarum viarum,
Embarraa gastrique, see Sordes — s. Ventris, Ex-
crement.
   SORDICUL.E AURIUM, Cerumen.
   SORE, Ulcer.
   Sore, Bay. A disease which Mosely considers
to be a true cancer.   It is  endemic in  the Bay
of Honduras.
   Sore   Mouth,  Stomatitis — s.  Clergyman's,
Pharyngitis, follicular —  s.  Gangrenous,  Cancer
aquaticus — s.  Inflammatory, Cynanche tonsil-
laris— s. Putrid, Cynanche  maligna — s. Throat,
 Cynanche — s.  Throat, tubercular, Pharyngitis,
follicular — s Throat, ulcerous,  Cynanche  ma-
ligna. 
SORENESS
799
SPAGYRISTS
  SORENESS, from  Teut. seer,  (G.)  Sehr,
'very,'  Sax.  Tap,  Porop'ais  acria  teneritu'do.
Painful uneasiness or tenderness, local or gene-
ral, on being touched with a pressure that does
not usually excite distressing feeling.  Often, a
febrile  symptom.  Also,  the  tenderness  of a
wound, ulcer, 4c
  S0RO1IUM, Panicum Italicum.
  SOROCCO, Puna.
  SOROCHE, Puna.
  SORORIA'TIO.  The  period at which  the
breasts of the female become developed.  The act
of becoming thus developed.  A young maiden,
whose mammae begin  to show, was formerly
called aororiana riri/o. —Plautus.
  SORREL,  COMMON, Rumex  acetosa — s.
French,  Rumex  scutatus — s.  Garden,  Rumex
scutatus — s. Mountain, Oxalis  acetosella, Oxy-
ria  reniformis—s. Salt  of, Potass, oxalate of—s.
Human, Rumex scutatus — s. Tree, Andromeda
arborea—s. AVhite, Oxalis acetosella—s. AVelsh,
Oxyria reniformis.
  SOSTRUM, improperly Sotrum; from  ctii^ttv,
'to save.'  A reward given to one who saves the
life of another.  A physician's fee or honorarium.
   SOTEKIA DOCTRINA, Medicina.
   SOTERI^E AQUiE, AVaters, mineral.
   SOTIREL'LA.  Ancient name of  a medicine
 composed of opium, several narcotics,  nutmeg,
saffron, camphor and eoot.  It was used in  cer-
 tain diseases of the teeth.
   SOTRUM,  Sostrum.
   SOUIIh'ESAUT, Subsultus tendinum.
   SOCCHERLOON, Bit noben.
   SOUCHET DES  IN DES, Curcuma longa —
». Odorant, Cyperus longus—s. Rond, Cyperus
rotundus.
   SO I'CI, Calendula  officinalis, Panophobia —
8. des Champia, Calendula arvensis—s. Ordinaire,
 Calendula officinalis.
   SOUDE, Soda — s. Acitate  de,  Soda,  acetate
 of—s. Airi, Sodae carbonas — s. Borate de,  Bo-
 rax—s. Borate sursaturi de, Borax—s. Carbonate
 de, Sodae carbonas — s. Caustique, Soda  caustica
 —s. a lo Chaux, Soda  Caustica—s. Chlorure de,
 Soda, chloride  of—s.  du Commerce, Soda  — s.(
 Crai/citse, Sodae carbonas—s. Efferveacente, Sodae
 carbonas—s. Hypoaulfite  de, Soda, hyposulphite
 of—a. Phosphate de, Soda, phosphate of—s. et de
 Potasse,  Tartrate de, Soda, tartrate of — s. Pure,
 Soda caustica—s. Sottsborate de. Borax—s. Sous-
 carbonate de, Soda, subcarbonate of—s. Sulfate
 de,  Soda,  sulphate of.
   SOUFFLE, see Murmur, respiratory—s.  Am-
 phorique, see Cavernous  respiration — s. 3Iital-
 lique, see Cavernous respiration — s. Placentaire,
 Bruit placentaire — s.  Tubaire, see Murmur, re-
 spiratory—s.  Utirin, Bruit placentaire—s. Voili,
 see Cavernous respiration.
   SOUFRE, Sulphur — s. lodure  de, Sulphuris
 iodidum—s. Sublime, Sulphur sublimatum.
   SOUND,  Specill'um, Stylua, Explorttto'rium,
 Radi'olua, (F.) Sonde.  An instrument used by
 surgeons to discover whether there be a stone  in
 the bladder.   It is usually made  of highly po-
 lished steel, and is shaped like the  catheter.  The
 operation is termed sounding.
   The French Sonde has, however, a more ex-
 tensive signification.   It means different instru-
 ments introduced into cavities  of certain organs,
 or into wounds, fistulas, 4c, to investigate  their
 condition, or to fulfil  some  therapeutical indica-
 tion.   See Simile
   Sound, Sonus, Echos,  Noiae, (F.) <Sb», Bruit.
 The sensation produced on the  auditory nerve by
 the vibrations of a sonorous body.  Sounds may'
 be propagated in three modes.  1.  By reciprocd-
 tion or con'sona/ice, as  when a sounding body,  of
a definite pitch, produces a musical tone when
another body of the  same pitch is sounded near
it.  2.  By rea'ononce, as  when  a  sounding body
is placed in connection with another, one or more
of whose parts may be thrown into reciprocal vi-
bration ; and 3. By conduction, as where the vi-
brations are transmitted through fluid, liquid, or
solid media.
  Sound, Catheterize, S. Auricular, Apyromele—
s. Bellows, friction,  rasp, saw, lancet,  4c, see
Rruit—s.  Crumpling, pulmonary, Froissement
pulmonaire—-s. Laryngeal, Laryngeehe.
  SOUNDING, Searching, see Sound.
  SOUNDNESS OF  MIND, Sanity.
  SOUPIR,  Sigh.
  SOUR BERRY, see Oxycantha Galeni, Vacci-
nium oxycoccos — s.  Dock, boreal, Oxyria reni-
formis— s. Leaf, Andromeda  arborea — s. Tree
Andromeda arborea — s. AVood, Andromeda ar-
borea.
  SOURCIL, Supercilium.
  SOURCILIER, Corrugator  supercilii, Super-
ciliary.
  SOURDS 3IUETS, see Mutitas surdorum.
  SO ORIS,  Nictation.
  SO US-A CR03IIO-CLA VI-HUMERAL, Del-
toid— 8. Atloidien, Subatloidaeus — s. Axo'idien,
Subaxoidaeus—s. Clavier, Subclavius—s. Costaux,
Intercostal — s. Cutani,  Subcutaneous — s. Epi-
neux, Infra-spinatus—s. Lingual,  Sub-lingual—-s.
Maxillaire,   Submaxillary — s. Maxillo - Labial,
Depressor anguli oris—s. Mental, Submental—s.
3litacarpo-latiri-pholanejien, Prior annularis — 8.
 Optico-sphino-scliroticien, Rectus inferior oculi—
s. Orbitaire,  Suborbitar—s. Pubio-coecygien, Le-
vator ani—s. Pubio-eriti-tibial, Gracilis—s. Pu-
bio-pritibial, Gracilis—a. Pubio-troclioiitirien-ex-
tcrne, Obturator externus—s. Pubio-trochontirien-
inteme, Obturator internus — s. Scopuloire, Sub-
 scapularis — s. Scopulo-trochinien, Subscapularis
—s. Sela, see Salt,
   SOUTHERNAVOOD,  Artemisia abrotanum —
 s. Field, Artemisia campestris—s. Maritime, Ar-
 temisia maritima—s. Tartarian, Artemisia santo-
 nica.
   SOAVBREAD, Arthanita, Cyclamen.
   SOAVENS, Flummery.
   SOY, see Dolichos soja.
   SOYMIDA, Swietenia febrifuga,
   SPA, MINERAL AVATERS  OF.  A town
 seven  leagues southeast of Liege, where there
 are several springs, possessing  a  sharp acidulous
 taste ; containing much carbonic acid, carbonates
 of iron, lime, and magnesia;  carbonate  of soda,
 and chloride of sodium.  The water is much used
 as a tonic.
   Spa  AVater,  Artificial.  Soda subcarb., gr.
 vij ;  magnesia carbon., Qj ; limat. ferri., gr. iij ;
 sodii  chlorid.,  gr. j ; aqua, Oiij.    Impregnate
 with  gas from marble powder and sulph. acid.,
 aa p)x.
   SPACE, INTERPEDUNCULAR,  Tarini pons
 — s. Perforated, anterior. Locus  perforatus anti-
 cus—s. Perforated, posterior, Tarini pons.
   SPADO, Castratus, Eunuch, Spasm.
   SPAGYRIA, Chymistry.
   SPAG"YRISTS,"  from'aTtato, 'I separate,' and
 ayeipto, 'I assemble;' because they reduced com-
 pounds into  elements, and formed the latter into
 compounds (?).  A sect  of physicians,  who pre-
 tended to account for the changes that occur in
 the human body in health and disease, in the same
 manner as the chymists of their day explained
 those of the  inorganic kingdom. — Medici'na Pa-
 racelcis'tica seu Spoyyr'ica, was likewise called
 Hermet'ica,  because it  was  believed  that the 
SPAN.EMIA
800
SPAS3IE
means of cure adopted in it had been found in
the books of Hermes.
  SPANiE'MIA,  from atravos, 'poor,' and 'atpa,
'blood.'  Poverty of tho blood.   Diminution in
the quantity of fibrin  and red corpuscles of the
blood, — as where bleeding has been carried be-
yond certain limits.—Simon.
  SPANAi'MIC, Sjiana'mieum (remedium), Dys-
plas'ticum, Plosrilyt'-icum et  erethilyt'icum, Ha-
matolyt'icum, Dyscraaiacum.  Same etymon as
the last.  Relating to spanaemia.
  A medicine whose  protracted  use is  said to
impoverish the blood, — as iodine, bromine, 4c.
  SPANDARAPUM, Sparadrapum.
  SPANISH FLY, Cantharis.
  SPANOPO'GON, from a-avos, 'rare,' and trto-
yoiv, ' beard.'  One who has lost his  beard, or has
a thin beard.
  The Greeks called those who had little beard,
or who had lost it, Spanopogo'nes.
  SPARADRAPA, Sparadrapum.
  SPARADRAPIER.   The name  of a machine
for spreading sparadraps.  A Plaster  machine.
It consists  of a table, with two raised pieces, mo-
vable, and furnished  with points, by which the
cloth can be  stretched, and  of a lamina or blade
of metal  to extend the plaster over it.
  SPARADRA'PUM,  Sparadra'pa,  Sparadra-
pus,  Tela emplas'tica, Spandara'pum,  (F.) Spa-
rodrap.  Any adhesive plaster spread upon linen
or paper.   The chief sparadraps are the follow-
ing:—
  Sparadrapum Adh^esi'vum, Adhe'sive Plaster.
A spread plaster of the  Empilastrum adhaaivum.
It is also called Strapping.
  English  Court  Plaater is a Sparadrap,  (F.)
Toffetoa  ogglutinatif T. gommi, Tuffetas d'An-
gleterre; Ser'icum An'glicum, Emplas'trum  An-
glicum,  E. Anglica'uuui,  E. Adhaai'vum Wood-
atock'ii, E. Ichthyocol'la  tela indue'turn, E. Glu-
tino'sitm, Tela Ichthyocol'la glu'tinana, Isinglass
Plaster.  It is made by stretching black silk, and
brushing it over with a  solution of isinglass 5j,
in proeff spirit ^xij, to  which tinct. benzoin gij,
are added.  When dry, this is repeated five times;
after this, two coats are given it of  a solution of
tereb. Chia 3jiv, in tinct.  benz. ^vj,  which render
it less liable to crack.
   Liaton'a  lainglaaa Plaater is made  by spreading
several  coats  of  strong  solution  of isinglass in
weak spirit over oiled silk, or, still better, over
animal  membrane previously prepared  for the
purpose from the peritoneal  coat of the caecum of
the ox.
   Sparadrapum pro Fontic'ulis,  Iaaue Plaater,
is sometimes made of simple diachylon, Ibij ; Bur-
gundy pntch  and aarcocolla, each ,^iv;  common
turpentine, ^j.  Spread upon linen and polished
with a moistened calendering glass  rubber.
   Sparadrapum seu Tela Galteri, Defensive
Plaster,  (F.)  Toile de Gautier.  This is made of
olive oil,  Ibss;  suet, *§iv;   wax, ^x ;  litharge,
common  turpentine, thus, and mastich, aa  "*";ij ;
bole  armeniac, flour,  aa, §j.   Pour it, while
liquid, upon cloth, and spread.  Used for issues
and to keep on dressings.
   Sparadra'pum A*"esicato'rium.   Several sub-
stances  have been introduced as substitutes for
blistering plaster, (see Emplastrum Lyttae,) under
the names, Tela vesicato'ria, Blistering Tiaaue,
 4c,  and other forms of which  are the_ Taffetas
viaicant, Papier ipispastique, Charta vesicato'ria,
 Taffetas ipiepaatiqite.   They  are  made of an
 ethereal or alcoholic extract of cantharides, or of
 cantharidin, mixed  with wax and  spread,  in  a
 very fine layer, on silk or paper previously oiled
 or waxed.   They are efficient agents.
  Sparadrapum  A'ir'ide,  Com Plaster.   Thia
may be made of yellow -wax,  Ibij ;  Burgundy
pitch, """"xij ; common turpentine, ^vj ; verdigris,
5iij ; spread on cloth and polished.
  Kennedy's Corn Plaster is made of yellow wax,
Ibj ;  Venice turpentine,  ^ij ; verdigris, ^j.
  SI'ARADRAPUS, Sparadrapum.
  SPARAGMA, Laceration.
  SPARAGMOS, Spasm.
  SPARAGUS, Asparagus.
  SPARAL'LIUM, Clyster uteri'nus.  An injec-
tion into the vagina.—Ruland and Johnson.
  SPAREDIA.   A  ligature  covered with the
white of egg.— Paracelsus.
,  SPARGA'NIUM  RAMO'SUM,  Great  Bur-
reed.  Indigenous ; Order, Typhacea1; flowering
in July and  August.  The roots are subastrin-
gent, but esculent; yielding a fine fecula,  simi-
lar  to salep.   They are sometimes made into a
poultice for inflamed mammae.
  SPAR'GANON, Spar'ganum,  from ctrapyu, 'I
swathe, ' I wrap.'  ' Swathing clothes ;' a kind
of bandage, with which children were formerly
surrounded.— Foesius.  Also, a fascia.
  SPARGANO'SIS,  Spargo'sis,  Intumescen'tia
lac'tea mamma'rum, 3Iastodyn'ia polyg'ala, from
atrapyaoi, ' I am ready to burst.'  Extreme disten-
tion  of the  breasts by milk.  Sparganosis also
means the wrapping of a child in swathing clothes.
  Sparganosis  Puerperarum, Phlegmatia do-
lens.
  SPARGANUM, Sparganon.
  SPARROWGRASS, Asparagus.
  SPARSUS, Sporadic
  SPAR'TIUM   JUN'CEUM,  Spanish broom.
A small European shrub, cultivated in  the gar-
dens of the United States, on account of its yel-
low flowers.  The seeds  are  diuretic and  tonic,
in small doses;  emetic and cathartic in  large.
They have been used in dropsy —10 or 15 grains
three times a day.
  Spartium Scopa'rium, Cyt'isus scopa'rius, Ge-
nie'ta,  G. scopdria, Genis'ta hirsu'ta, Broom, Cy-
tiso-genista, (F.) Ginet d balai.   Family,   Legu-
minosae. Sex. Syst. Diadelphia Decandria,  Broom
Topa, Spartii Cacumina, Scopdriua, Ph. U. S.,)
have a bitter taste, and are possessed of diuretic
properties.  They have been used in  dropsies.
Dose, of the powder, *"*)j to 3J-  All the genistae
have  similar  virtues.   A  decoction of genista,
along with the cauterization of the pustules under
the tongue, has been recommended in hydro-
phobia.
  Spartium Tinctorium, Genista tinctoria.
  SPASM, Spasmus, Sparag'mos, Synol'ce, Spado,
from atraiii, ' I draw.'  The Greeks gave this name
to all  kinds of convulsions.  It is now usually
applied  to  involuntary  muscular  contractions;
and these, agaiu, have been divided, into tonic
spasm, Paraton'ia, which consists  in permanent
rigidity and immobility of the muscles that are
the seat of it (see Tetanus); and  clonic  spasm,
which consists in alternate contractions and re-
laxations (see Convulsion).
  Cullen  has  a  class,  Spasmi—the neurospasmi
of Fuchs.
  Spasm, Clonic, Convulsion — s. Cynic, see Ca-
nine laugh—s. of the  Glottis, Asthma thymicum
— s. of the Larynx, Asthma  thymicum — s. with
Rigidity, Tetanus.
  Spasm, Writers'.   Involuntary spasms of the
muscles of the thumb and index finger, observed,
at times, in those who are much accustomed  to
writing.  See Cramp,  writers'.
  SPASMATICUS, Spasmoticus.
  SPASMATODES, Spasmoticus.
  SPASME, DE LA  GLOTTE ET DU  THO- 
•
SPASMI
      RAX, Asthma  thymicum —«. de la Veasie, Cys-
      tospasmns.
         SPASMI, sec Spasm.
         SPASM ODES, Convulsive.
         SPASMODIC, Spasmoticus.
         SPASMOI/OGV, Spoamolog"ia, from atraapos,
      'spasm,  and Xoyoj, 'atreatise.'   A  treatise on
      spasms.
         SPASMOLYGMUS, Singultus.
         SPASAIOT'ICUS, Spnsmat'ieus, Spasmatddes,
      Spas'ticus, Spastic, Spasmodic.   Any thing re-
      lating to spasm.  Also, an antispasmodic.
         3Iorbi constricta'cii, M. spasmot'iei, 4c,  are
      diseases accompanied with spasm.
         SPASMUS,  Convulsion,  Spasm — s. Aurium,
      Otalgia—s. Caninus, see Canine  laugh—s. Cloni-
      cus, Convulsion—s. Cynicus, see Canine laugh—
      s. Facialis, Tic — s. Glottidis, Asthma thymicum
      —s. Linguae, Glossospasmus—s.  Maxillae inferio-
      ris, Trismus—s. Muscularis, Cramp—s. Musculo-
      rum Faciei, Canine laugh — s. Universalis, Syn-
      clonus—s. A'entriculi, see Cardialgia—s. Vesicae,
      Cystospasmus.
         SPAS'NIA, same etymon as Spasm.  A term,
      used by Mercurialis, to designate the lancinating
      pain produced, at times, in the  chest by violent
      fits of coughing.
         SPASTIC, Spasmoticus, Tonic spasm.
         SPASTICU.M, Tetanic.
         SPATHA, Hypaleiptron.
         SPATHES'TER, from attain, 'I draw.'(?)  A
      surgical instrument, used for drawing the prepuce
•     over the glans,  when too short.—P. Amman.
         SPATHOMELE, Spatula.
         SPATHULA,  Scapula,  Spatula —s. Foetida,
      Iris fcetidissima.
         SPATHYEMA  FCETIDA,  Dracontium fceti-
      dum.
         SPAT'ILE,  atranXn,  'human excrement.'  A
      liquid  fecal evacuation.    Excrement. — Hippo-
      crates.
         SPATIUM ORIS, Mouth—s. Trigonum, Lyra.
         SPAT'ULA,  Spath'ula, diminutive  of Spatha,
      a-a&n, ' a broad-sword.'  Spathome'le, Specill'um
      latum.  An instrument used for spreading plas-
      ters, stirring ointments, holding down the tongue,
      4 c.  Also, the  scapula.
         Spatula pro Ore, Glossospatha.
         SPEARWORT. Ranunculus flammula.
         SPEAUTER, Zinc.
         SPFC1ES, Powders, compound—s. Aromaticae,
      Pulvis cinnamomi compositus — s. Diacinnamo-
      mi, Pulvis  cinnamomi compositus — s.  Diacretae,
      Pulvis cretae compos. — s.  Diajalapae, Pulvis ja-
      lapae compositus—s. Diambrae sine odoratis, Pul-
      vis cinnamomi  compositus — s.  Diatragacanthae
      frigidae, Pulvis tragacanthae compositus—s. Hierae
      pierae, Pulvis aloes cum canella—s. Laetificantes
      Rha/.is, Pulvis  cinnamomi compositus—s. e Scor-
      dio cum opio, Pulvis cretae compositus cum opio
      —s. e Scordio sine opio, Pulvis cretae compositus.
         SPECIF'IC, Specif'icus, from apeciea, 'a form
      or fashion,' and facere, ' to make.'  A substance
      to which is attributed the property of removing,
      directly, one disease rather than  any other.  Pro-
      bably no such remedy exists.  Mercury in syphi-
      lis, and sulphur in the itch, have been regarded
      as the strongest examples.
         Specific of Herrenschwand. A once  cele-
      brated German vermifuge.  It  is said to have
      consisted of 10  grains of Gamboge, with 20 of
       Carbonate  of Potassa.  It is affirmed, that mer-
      cury and arsenic have also been found in it. —
      Paris.
         SPECIFICUM  PARACELSI, Potassae  sul-
      phas.
         SPECIL'LUM, 3Iele,  Stylus, Exploratdrium,
      from specio, 'I  examine,' Specldrion, a probe,
             51
SPERM
(F.) Stylet, Sonde.  A  surgical instrument, em-
ployed for examining wounds, fistulas,  and for
passing setons, 4c.  It is  usually formed of sil-
ver; and is terminated, at one end, by an  olive-
shaped button.  The eyed  probe has an aperture
at the other extremity.
  Specillum, Everriculum, Hypaleiptron, Sound
—s. Auricularium, Apyromele—s. Cereum, Bou-
gie—s. Excavatum,  Stylus excavatus—s. Latum,
Spatula—s. Minus, Melotis.
  SPECLARION, Specillum.
  SPECTACLES,  from  spectare,  'to behold;'
Conspicil'la, (F.) Besides, Lunettes  ordinaires,
Conserves.  Glasses  to assist the sight; arranged
so as to be adapted  to both eyes.  These glasses
are  more or less  concave or convex, according as
the  sight is more or less short, (myopic,)  or long,
(presbyopic.)  AVhen the glass is adapted to one
eye, it is called an Eyeglass, Conspicil'lum, Per-
spicil'lum,  Vitrum ocula're.
  SPECULA'RIS LAPIS.  A transparent mine-
ral, but of what  nature is not  clear, which was
formerly employed in epilepsy.  In old  times it
was used for glass.— Pliny.
  SPECULUM, Catop'ter, Catop'tron, Diop'tron.
In Latin, ' a mirror;' from  specio,  ' I see.'   In
surgery, it means  different instruments for  dila-
ting cavities, and  facilitating their examination.
See Dilator.  There are various instruments of
this kind, — the  S. Ani,  S. Auris, S.  Vagina,
(Colpeuryn'ter, Elytreurynter,)  S.  Jfotri'cis, S.
Oculi,  S.  Oris (  (F.)  Baillon,) S.  Gutturis,  S.
Vesica.
  Speculum Citrinum, Orpiment — s. Indicum,
Ferri limatura—s. Lucidum, Septum lucidum—s.
Oris, Glossocatochus—s. Veneris, Achillea mille-
folium.
  SPECUS, ATulva — s. Cordis, A'entricle of the
Heart—s.  Pro medulla  spinali, see  A'ertebral co-
lumn—s. Vertebralis, see Vertebral column.
  SPEDALSKE, see Radzyge.
  SPEDALSKHED, see Radzyge.
  SPEECH, Voice,  articulated.
  SPEECHLESSNESS, Mutitas.
  SPEEDIMAN'S  PILLS,  see Pilulae  aloes et
myrrhae.
  SPEEDWELL, BROOKLIME, Veronica bec-
cabunga—s. Female, Antirhinum elatine—s. Offi-
cinal,  A"eronica—s. Purslain, Veronica peregrina
—s. AVater, Veronica beccabunga.
  SPELTRUM, Zincum.
  SPERAGUS, Asparagus.
  SPERM,  from cirtipo>,  'I sow.'  Spermat'ic
fluid  or liquor,  Sem'inal fluid, Seed, Semen, S.
viri'le. seu masculi'num seu genita'le, Semidium,
Genita'le, Medul'la, Rytis'ma, Ros, Sanguis, Se-
rum, Humor genita'lis seu semina'lis  seu  vene'-
reus,  Uri'na genita'lis, Genitu'ra,  Sperma,  S.
viri'le, Spermi'um,  Tho're, Tho'rus, Lac maris,
Lagne'a, Lagni'a,  Lagneu'ma, Germen,  Male's
milk, Prop'agatory  or genital  liquor,  Vita'le vi-
ru8, Vital or quickening venom, (F.) Sentence, Flu-
ide  seminal.  A whitish, viscid  fluid, of a peculiar
smell, secreted by the testicles, whence it is car-
ried by the vasa deferentia to the vesiculae  semi-
nales, to be thrown into the vagina, during co-
ition,  through the ejaculatory ducts and the ure-
thra.   It is the fecundating fluid, and must come
into actual contact with the  germ of the female.
The Aura sem'inis,  Gonau'ra, is incapable of ef-
fecting fecundation.  The  semen, at the time of
emission, is composed of two different  fluids ; the
one liquid and transparent,  which  is  considered
to be the secretion  of the prostate,— the  other,
white, and as  thick as mucilage;  the product of
the testicular secretion.  The sperm contains, ac-
cording to A'auquelin, 900 parts of water,  50 of
animal mucilage,  10 of soda, and 30 of calcareous 
1
SPERMA
802
SPERMATOP03IA
phosphate.  The  animal matter is peculiar, and
by some termed spermatin.
  Microscopic observations  show that it contains
spermatozo'a, or more  properly  spermatozo'ids;
for their animalcular nature is not demonstrated.
They are produced in  cells — sperm-cells — and
have probably no more title to be considered ani-
malcular, than the cilia of the ciliated epithelium.
By  careful  examination, other  minute,  round,
granulated bodies may almost  always  be de-
tected, which are in all cases much less nume-
rous than the spermatozoa.   These bodies are the
seminal granules, gran'ula sem'inis.  Pure sperm,
in its  most perfect state, consists principally of
spermatozoids and seminal  granules; both  of
which are enveloped in a small quantity of fluid,
liquor sem'inis.
  It has been  imagined, but erroneously, that
during coition there is a secretion of female sperm
—Semen mulie'bre, Thelyg'onum.   The increased
secretion  that takes place is chiefly from the
glands of  Duverney.
  Sperm also means spermaceti.
  Sperm  Cell, see Sperm.
  SPERMA, Sperm — s. Mercurii, Hydrargyrus
acetatus.
  Sperma Rana'rum, Spern'i'ola seu Sperni'olum
seu Spermi'ola seu Spermi'olum rana'rum.  Frog's
spawn. Once used in medicine.
  SPERMACETI, Cetaceum—s. Whale, see Ce-
taceurn.
  SPERMACRASIA, Spermatorrhoea.
  SPERMATACRASIA, Spermatorrhoea.
  SPERMATACRATIA, Spermatorrhoea.
  SPERMAT'IC, Spermat'icus, Semindlis,  Sem'-
inal.  That which relates to the  sperm. A name
given to different parts connected with the organs
of generation.
  Spermatic Arteries, A. Spermat'ica, A. pra-
paran'tes,  (F.) Arteres testiculaires, A. de Vovaire
(Ch.), are two in number—one on each side—and
arise from the sides of the aorta, sometimes from
the  renal  arteries.  They  descend, almost verti-
cally, at the sides of the vertebral column, and
are distributed differently in the two sexes.   In
man, the spermatic artery, situate at the side of
the vas deferens, issues by the abdominal  ring;
gives  numerous  ramifications  to the  spermatic
chord, and divides into two fasciculi of branches,
one of which goes to the testicle,—the other to
the  epididymis.   In the female,  the  spermatic
artery, ova'rian artery, dips into the pelvis, and
passes to the ovarium, Fallopian tube, and round
ligament.
   Spermatic Chord, Testic'ular Chord, Funic-
ulus Spermaticua, Corpus varico'aum, (F.) Cordon
spermatique ou  testiculaire.  The vascular and
nervous chord, by which the testicle is suspended.
 It is composed of the spermatic  artery and veins;
 of  other small vessels;  of lymphatics; of ner-
 vous  filaments  from the  spermatic plexus, and
 from  the  genito-crural branch of the  lumbo-ab-
 dominal plexus; of the vas deferens, and, very
 often, of a fibro-cellular chord, which' unites  the
 peritoneum to the upper part of the tunica vagi-
 nalis, and  in which encysted hydrocele of  the
 spermatic chord  occurs.  All these parts are uni-
 ted together by a very lax, areolar tissue, and
 surrounded by coats, which, reckoning from with-
 out, are: — 1. The  skin and areolar membrane.
 2.  A fibro-cellular membrane, formed by the fas-
 cia superficialis.   3. A very thin layer, formed by
 fibres of  the cremaster muscle, united archwise
 before, and often also behind, the chord.   4. The
 proper sheath of the spermatic vessels, or the tu-
 bular prolongation furnished by the fascia trans-
 versalis to the chord, on a  level  with the superior
 orifice of  the  inguinal canal.  The  spermatic
chord is commonly shorter on the right side than
on the left; and of a different size in different
individuals.  It ascends, almost vertically, from
the superior margin of the testicle  as  far as the
lower orifice of the inguinal canal; passes through
this canal and enters the abdomen, crossing tho
epigastric artery.   Here it forms nn  evident  el-
bow,  directing its  course  backward.   At this
part, also, the organs composing it  separate from
each other : — the  vas deferens descending into
the pelvis to pass behind the bladder ;—the blood-
vessels  and lymphatics ascending towards the
lumbar region, 4c.
  Spermatic Fluid, Sperm.
  Spermatic  Ganglion.   A  large  ganglion,
formed by branches from the hypogastric gang-
lion, and from the  spermatic plexus.   It supplies
the fundus uteri.   Besides these ganglia, Dr.
Robt. Lee describes ves'ical and vag"inal ganglia,
and anterior and posterior subperitoneal ganglia
and plexuses, which communicato  with  the pre-
ceding,  and constitute an extensive nervous rete
over th* entire uterus.
   Spermatic Liquor, Liquor, Sperm.
   Spermatic  Passages or Ways, Via Sperma-
tica,  are the canals concerned in  the excretion
of semen.
   Spermatic Plexuses of nerves,  Plexus testicu-
lares, are two in  number, and are furnished by
the renal plexuses.  Their filaments, called Sper-
matic nerves, follow the arteries of the  same name
to the testicle in man ; and to the ovary and Fal-
lopian tube in the female,—ova'rian nerves.  They
cannot  be traced into  the  substance  of these
organs.
   Spermatic Veins are two or three in number,
on each  side.  They accompany  the spermatic
artery,  and open — those of the  right, into  the
vena cava  inferior;  those of the left, into  the
corresponding  renal  vein.   These  veins  form,
above the  testicle, a kind of venous  network,
called, by some, the Spermatic Plexus; and  an-
other plexus before the psoas muscle, called  the
 Corpus pampiniforme.
   SPERMATIN,  see Sperm.
   SPERMATIS'MUS,  Emis'sio   sem'inis, from
atrtpua,  'sperm.'   The emission of sperm.
   SPERMATOCELE, Hernia semindlis scroti,
 Oscheoce'le semina'lis,   Gonoce'/e, from  ttTttpua,
 ' sperm,' and 107X17, ' a tumour.'   The ancients
gave this name to certain swellings  of the testi-
cle which were regarded as produced by an ac-
 cumulation of sperm in the organ.  Also, vari-
 cocele.
   SPERMATOCLEMMA, see Pollution.
   SPERMATOCLEPSIS, see Pollution.
   SPERMATOCYSTIDORRHAG'TA,  Caulor-
rhag"ia ejaculato'ria, Hamatu'ria ejaculato'ria,
H. semina'lis, from  tnrtppa,  atrtpparos,  ' sperm,'
 Kvarts, 'bladder,'  and payn, 'a breaking  forth.'
 A discharge of blood from the urethra, or the act
 of ejaculation of sperm.
   SPERMATODES, Gonoides.
   SPERMATOGONIA, Spermogodia, Sperma-
 topoe'ia, Spermatopo'C sis, Spermi'um, from atrtppa,
 ' sperm,' and ytvvao), ' to beget.'  The preparation
 or secretion of sperm.
   SPERMATOID, Gonoides.
   SPERMATOLEPSIS, see Pollution.
   SPERMATOLIPSIS, see Pollution.
   SPERMATOL'OGY,  Spermatolog"ia,  from
 atrtpua, ' sperm,' and  Xoyos, ' a discourse.'  A trea-
 tise on  sperm.
   SPERMATOPH'OROUS, Seminiferous, from
 atrtpita,  ' sperm,'  and  tjitpta, ' I carry.'   Sperm-
 bearing.  The cells  or granules  in the  sperm
 have been so  called.
   SPERMATOPCRIA, Spermatogonia. 
SPERMATOPOESIS            803              BPHENOIDES
  SPERAIATOPOESIS, Spermatogonia.
  SPERMATOPOETIC, Spermatopoeus.
  SPERAIATOPfE'US, SpermatopoWicua, Sper-
matopoiet'icus, Spcrmalopoil'ic, Gonepoe'us, Gone-
poiet'icus, Gonopoiet'icua, from atrtppa, 'sperm,'
and ttoitiv, 'to make.'  Food, to which has been
attributed the property of augmenting the secre-
tion of semen ; and, consequently, of exciting the
venereal act. Very succulent and very nutritious
substances have been  so considered.
  SPERMATORRHOEA, Spermorrha'a,  Sper-
maera'sia, Spermatoze'mio, Spermatacro'sia,  Go-
itacra'sitt, Gonocrati'a, S/iermatacrati'a,  Gonor-
rhoe'a  vera, (F.) Flux  de Sperme, Pollutions, Per-
tea eimi nulca ; from attip\ia,  'sperm,'  and  ptta, 'I
flow.' An emission of  sperm, without copulation.
See Gonorrhoea, and Pollution.
  Spermatorrhoea Atonica, Gonorrhoea laxo-
rum.
  SPERMATOS'CHESIS, from  atrtpua, 'sperm,'
and axmis, ' retention.'  Retention or suppression
of the spermatic secretion.
  SPERAIATOZEMIA, Spermatorrhoea.
  SPERAIATOZO'A,  Zooeper'm.ata, from  atreppa,
'sperm,'and 2,o>ov, 'animal.' Zoospermes, Sper-
motozo'dirca, Spermatozo'ida,  Animal'cula aemina'-
lia seu apcrnuit'ica, Vermic'uli apermat'ici, Semi-
nal filaments, Spermatic or seminal animalculee (?).
Reputed animalcules  seen in the sperm; by most
physiologists supposed to be the formative agents
in generation.  See Sperm.
  SPERMATOZOAIRES,  Spermatozoa.
  SPERAIATOZOIDS, Spermatozoa.
  SPERMIOLUM  RANARUM, Sperma rana-
rutn.
  SPERAIIUM, Sperm, Spermatogonia.
  SPERMOBOLE, see  Ejaculation, Spermatis-
mus.
  SPERMOEDTA CLAVUS,  Ergot.
  SPERAIOGONIA,  Spermatogonia.
  SPERAIORRHffiA, Spermatorrhoea,
  SPERNIOLUM  RANARUM, Sperma rana-
rum.
  SPEAVING, Amounting.
  SPHACELATION, Mortification.
  SPHACELE,  Sphacelus — s.  de  la  Bouche,
Cancer aquaticus.
  SPHACELIA SEGETUM,  see Ergot.
  SPHACELISMUS, Sphacelus — s.  Cerebri,
Phrenitis.
  SPHACELUS, Gangra'na Sphacelus, Spha-
celia'mna, Gold mortification, (F.) Sphacele, Gan-
grene f roide, from o-0a^d>, 'I  slay.'  This word  is
used, by some, synonymously with gangrene ; by
others, with gangrene when it occupies the whole
substance of a limb.  Commonly, it means the
disorganized portion, in cases of mortification,
anthraconecro'eie, which must  be thrown off—or
is, in other  words, totally dead.   The foul disor-
ganized portion of an ulcer—called the slough—
must be considered a  kind of sphacelus.
   Sphacelus was formerly used to denote excessive
pain :  and for agitation  from excessive pain,  or
violent emotion.
   Sphacelus  Cerealis, Ergotism—,s. Nosoco-
mials. Hospital gangrene.
   SPH-ERA. Pila —s.  Marina, Pila marina — s.
Thalassia. Pila marina.
   SPII.EKANTHUS INDICUS, Adaca.
   Sl'ILERIUloN, Pilula.
   SPH EKION, Globule, Pilula.
   S1MI.EROCEPHALA ELATIOR. Echinops.
  SPU.F.ROCOCCUS CRISPUS, Fucus crispus
__s. Hclminthochortiis,  Corallina Corsicana — s.
Lichenoides, Fucus amylaceus.
   SP1I.ERULA3 SANGUINIS,  Globules of the
blood.
  SPHAGE, Throat.
  SPHENDONE, Funda.
  SPHENOID, Spheno'i'des, Spheno'des, Sphe-
noidale, Spheno'iddlia, from tt^nv, 'a wedge,' and
ctio;, 'resemblance.'  Wedge-shaped.  Hence,
  Sphenoid Bone, Sphenoidea oa, Oa baeildre seu
cuneifor'me seu cdneo compardtum sen aphenoi da'-
le seu multiforme seu az'ygoe seu papilla're seu
polymor'phon seu paxilldre seu baxilla're seu
alafor'me seu sphecoi'dea seu veapifor'me seu in-
conjuga'tum, Pter'ygoid bone.  An azygous bone,
situate on the median line, and at the base of the
cranium.  It articulates with all the other bones
of that cavity; supports them, and strengthens
their union.  Its form is singular, and resembles
a bat  with its wings  extended. It has, 1. An
inferior or guttural eurface, on which is situate
the crista, that joins the vomer; a channel, which
concurs in forming the pterygopalatine foramen;
the pterygoid process; the pterygoid fossa; the
scaphoid  depression;  the Vidian  or  pterygoid
canal; the foramina — ovale, spinale, 4c  2. A
auperior or cerebral eurface, on which  are :—the
clinoid processes; the pituitary fossa; the  fora-
mina (ovale, rotundum, and spinale); the Apo-
phyeia of Ingraaeias or lesser wing ; the  foramen
optieum, 4c 3.  An occipital or posterior surface,
which is  articulated with the basilary process of
the occipital bone. 4. An anterior or  orbitar-
nasal  surface;  having, anteriorly, a crista  to
unite with the ethmoid bone;  and, on each side,
a round aperture, which leads  into two cavities
in the  substance of the bone,  separated by a
middle septum, and called the sphenoidal sinuaes.
5. Two zygomato-tcmpordl  or  external surfaces,
which correspond to the temporal and zygomatic
fossae.
  Some divide the sphenoid into body or middle
portion;  and ala, which are four in number, and
are subdivided into great  (Temporal Plates or
 Wings) and little (Apophyaee of Ingraaeias). The
Sphenoid suture  surrounds the  bone.
  Sphenoid, Spinous Process of the, Sphenoid
spine.
  SPHENOID'AL, Sphendiddlis.   That which
belongs or relates to the sphenoid bone.
  Sphenoida'lia Cor'nua, (F.) Cornets sphino-
'idaux,  Cornets de  Berlin;  Ossic'ula  Berti'ni,
Ossa  trianguldrio, Pyr'amids of Wistar.  Two
small, thin, and curved bones, situate  between
the sphenoid and ethmoid, with which  they are
confounded in the adult.   They have the shape
of a hollow pyramid, with the  base turned back-
wards ; and are developed by a single  point of
ossification.  They are articulated with the sphe-
noid, ethmoid, palate bone, and vomer.
  Sphenoidal or Supe'rior Or'bitary Fissure,
Fora'men laC'erum supe'rius,  (F.) Fente spino'i-         I
dale, is a large fissure, situate between the great
and little ala of the sphenoid.   It is seen at the
upper and back part of the orbit between which
and the cranium it is a means of communication.
   Sphenoidal Spine, (F.) Epine sphinoidale,
 Spinous Process of the Sphenoid; — 1. A project-
ing crista at the inferior surface of  the sphenoid-
bone,  for articulation with the vomer.  2. A tri-
angular process, Apophyse sous-temporale (Ch.),
met with  near the posterior margin of the  same
bone,  behind the foramen spinale.  At the point
of  the spinous process, a styloid process is fre-
quently met with.
   SPHENOIDES, Cuneiform, Sphenoid —s. Os,
 Sphenoid bone.
   SPHENOMAXILLARY, Spheno-maxilldris.
That which relates to the sphenoid and maxillary
bones.
   Sphenomaxillary Fissure, Inferior or'bitar 
SPHENO-ORBITAR
804
SPICEBUSH
Fissure, (F.) Fente sphino-maxillaire ou orbitaire
infirieure; called, also, Fora'men laC'erum in-
fe'riua, F. apheno-maxilla're,  is  situate  at the
posterior part of  the angle formed by the union
of the internal and inferior parietes of the orbit.
It is  constituted, above, by the sphenoid bone;
below, by the superior maxillary and palate bones;
and, before, by the malar  bone.   It is  narrower
at the middle than at the  extremities, and forms
a communication between  the orbitar cavity and
the zygomatic fossa.
  Sphenomaxillary Fossa is a name given by
some anatomists, to a depression at the union of
the sphenomaxillary and  pterygomaxillary fis-
sures.
  SPHENO-OR'BITAR.  A name given, by Be-
clard to  the  anterior part of the body  of the
sphenoid bone, which is developed by a variable
number of points of ossification.
  SPRENOPAL'ATmE,Sphenopalati'nus.  That
which  relates to the sphenoid and palate bones.
  Sphenopalatine Artery, Large lateral nasal
A., is the termination of the internal maxillary.
It enters  at the posterior part of the superior
meatus of the nose, through the spheno-palatine
foramen, and  spreads its numerous branches on
the pituitary membrane covering the  septum, the
cornua, and the meatus.
  Sphenopalatine  Fora'men is  a round aper-
ture, formed by the verticai portion of the os pa-
lati and the sphenoid.  It establishes a commu-
nication between  the nasal fossae and the zygo-
matic fossa.
  Sphenopalatine Ganglion, Ganglion of 3Iec-
kel, Sphenoidal G. (Ch.)   A small, nervous, cor-
diform, or triangular ganglion, of variable size,
situate without the  foramen sphaeno-palatinum,
in the pterygomaxillary fissure.   It  seems sus-
pended by several nervous filaments to the trunk
of the superior maxillary nerve, and  gives off
internal or sphenopalatine filaments,  inferior or
palatine filaments, and & posterior filament, which
is the  Vidian or pterygoid nerve.
  Sphenopalatine NERVES,iat'cra?na8aZnerDes,
arise from the ganglion—just described — at its
inner part, and enter the nasal fossae by the sphe-
nopalatine foramen. They  are five or  six in num-
ber, and distribute  their  filaments to the outer
and inner parietes of the  nasal  fossae.  One of
the most  remarkable  branches is the  Naso-pa-
latine.
  SPHENOPALATINUS, Levator palati.
  SPHENOPARI'ETAL,  Spheno-parietd-
li8.  That which belongs or relates to  the sphe-
noid and parietal  bones.
  Sphenoparietal Suture is formed by the ar-
ticulation  of  the extremity of the greater ala of
the sphenoid with the anterior and inferior angle
of the  parietal bone.
  SPHENO-PTERYGO-PALATINUS, Circum-
flexus — s. Salpingostaphylinus, Circumflex — s.
Solpingo-mallien, Laxator tympani.
  SPHENOSIS, see Wedged.
  SPHENOSTAPHYLINUS,  Levator palati.
  SPHENOTEMP'ORAL, Spheno-temporalis.
That which belongs to the sphenoid  and tempo-
ral bones.
  Sphenotemporal Suture is the suture at the
articulation of the great alae of the sphenoid bone
with the squamous portion of the temporal.   Be-
clard gives the name sphenotemporal to the pos-
terior part of the  body of  the sphenoid, which  is
developed by distinct points of ossification.
   SPHEX, Wasp.
  SPHINCTER,  Oonstric'tor, Musc'ulus constric-
to'rius, from atptyyta, ' I constrict.' A name given
to  several annular muscles,  which constrict or
close certain natural openings.
       50
  Sphincter Ani, Annuldris  Ani.   Many ana-
tomists have described two sphincter muscles of
the anus: — 1.  The »V. exter'nus, Aapidia'coa, S.
cutdneua,  Coccygio-cutani-aphincter, Orbiciilo'ria
Recti, Constrictor Ani, Coccygio-anol, (Ch.)  It
is situate around the anus;  is elliptical from be-
fore to behind;  flattened, and pierced at its mid-
dle.  Its fibres  describe  concentric ares,  which
are attached, behind, to the extremity of the coc-
cyx, by a  dense, areolar substance ; and are con-
founded, anteriorly, with the bulbo-cavernosi and
transversi perinaei  muscles.   This muscle con-
tracts and closes the  anus. 2. The inner or in-
ternal  Sphincter  Ani,  Sphincter intestina'lis  of
AVinslow,  is by  many  anatomists considered  as
the termination of the circular fibres of the rec-
tum.  It is annular, and  situate around the infe-
rior  extremity  of the  rectum, to the extent of
about a finger's breadth.  It  has the same uses
as the other.
  Sphincter Gvlje, Constrictores pharyngis —
s. llei, Bauhin, yalve of—s. Intestinalis, Sphinc-
ter ani internus—s. Labiorum, Orbicularis  oris—
s. Oculi, Orbicularis palpebrarum — s. Palpebra-
rum, Orbicularis palpebrarum—s. Pylori, sec Py-
lorus— s. A'agina1, Constrictores cunni—s. A'en-
triculi, Pylorus.
  Sphincter Vesi'ce, Sphincter of the bladder.
Some anatomists have given this name to whitish,
elastic, and circular fibres, which surround the
neck of the bladder, but  do not constitute  a par-
ticular muscle.   Morgagni has given the name
Pseudo-Sphincter to  the  anterior fibres  of the
levator ani, which pass beneath the neck  of the
bladder,  and, by their  contraction,  close that
opening.  See Compressor urethrae.
  SPHONDYLIUM, Heracleum spondylium.
  SPHONGUS, Spongia.
  SPHRAGIDONYCHARGOCOME'TA,   from
trtppayis, ' a seal,' ovuf,  ' the nail,' apyos, ' white,'
or perhaps apyvpos, ' silver,' and so yow, ' I adorn.'
A charlatan who adorned his  fingers to the very
nails with rings. — Aristophanes, Hippocrates.
  SPHYGMA,  Pulse.
  SPHYG'MICA ARS, Sphygmic art, from atpvy-
lios, 'the pulse.'  The art of judging by the pulse,
in health  or" disease.
  Sphygmica Doctrina, Sphygmologia.
  SPHYGMICUS,  Throbbing.
  SPHYGMOCEPHALUS, Crotaphe.
  SPHYGMODES, Throbbing.
  SPHYGMOLOG"IA,  Sphyg'mica  Doctri'na,
from aifivypos, 'the pulse,' and Xoyos, 'a descrip-
tion.'  The doctrine of the pulse.
  SPHYGMOMETER, Pulsilegium.
  SPHYGMOS, Pulsation, Pulse.
  SPHYGMOSCOPIUM, Pulsilegium.
  SPHYRA, Malleolus.
  SPHYXIS, Pulsation.
  SPIC, Lavendula,
 _,SPICA, Faa'cia repens, the Spica bandage, (F.)
Epi.  A bandage so called in  consequence of its
somewhat  resembling  a  spike of barley.   The
turns of the bandage  cross like the letter Ar; —
each leaving a third of the roller uncovered.   It
is  distinguished into  ascending and descending.
It may be applied over various parts of the body,
and in a different manner in each case ; thus, there
isNthe Spica seu Fascia inguina'lis, Spica ingui-
na'lis duplex, the spica for the shoulder, and an-
other for the thumb.
  Spica, Lavendula.
  Spica Alpina, Valeriana Celtica — s. Celtica,
Valeriana Celtica — s. Indica, Nardus Indica—s.
Nardi, Nardus Indica.
  SPICEBERRY, Gaultheria, Laurus Benzoin
  SPICEBUSH, Laurus  Benzoin. 
                   SPICES                  8(

  SPTCES, FOUR, see Mvrtus pimenta.
  SPICEWOOI), Laurus Benzoin.
  SPICILLCM, Specillum.
  SPIDER, see Araneae tela.
  SPIDER WORT,  Liliago, Tradescantia  Arir-
ginica.
  SPIGELIA, S. Marilandica.
  Spige'lia Marilan'dica, Anthel'mia, Spige'lia
l.oniC't va, LoniC'cra Marilan'dica, Pcren'nial
 Wormgrass or Indian  Pink, C'aroli'na Pink, Star-
bloom, Wormroot.  Nat. Ord. Gentianea.'. C/aae,
Pentandria. Oi-der, Monogynia, Indigenous. The
root— Spigelia (Ph. U. S.) — is celebrated as an
anthelmintic, particularly in cases of lumbrici.
  It is, also, asserted  to have been found service-
able in remittent fever.  It is  a  narcotico-acrid.
Dose, gr. x to gsn.
  SPICNEL, vEthusa meum.
  SPIKENARD,  Conyza squarrosa, Nardus In-
dica— s. American, Aralia racemosa — s. Small,
Aralia nudicaulis—s.  Tree, Aralia spinosa.
  SP1LANTHES  ACMELLA,  Spilanthus ac-
mella.
  SPILANTHUS ACMEL'LA,  S, cilia'ta seu
fi.mbria'ta, Spilan'thes oemel'la,  Bidene acmella,
Aelundlo,  Acmella,  A..  Mauritiana, Verbeai'na
acmella, Balm-leaved Spilanthus.  Family,  Co-
rymbiferae.   Sex.  Syat. Syngenesia Polygamia
aequalis.  This plant  possesses  a glutinous, bitter
taste,  and fragrant smell.   The herb and  seed
are said  to be diuretic and emmenagogue.  They
have been used in dropsies, jaundice, fluor albus,
and  calculous complaints; given  in infusion.
  Spilanthus, Balm-leaved, Spilanthus acmel-
I3, — s. Ciliata, S.  acmella — s. Fimbriata, S. ac-
mella,
  Spvlanth'us  Olera'ceus, Spear-leaved  Spi-
lanthus,  (F.)  Creeson <lc Para.  A tincture of the
plant has been recommended in toothach.
  SPILI, see Naevus.
  SPILOMA, see Naevus.
  SPILOSIS, Epichrosis — s. Ephelis, Ephelides
s. Poliosis, Poliosis.
  SPILSBURY'S ANTISCORBUTIC  DROPS.
An  empirical  preparation, formed of  hydrarg.
oxi/mttr., rad. gentian., cort. aurant. sice, aa gij ;
antimon. crud., santal. rubr. aa, gj ; spiritus -vini
reel if., aqua, aa ^ viij.
  SPINA, 'a thorn;'  Spine, (F.)  Epine.   A pro-
cess  on  the surface of a  bone, which has  been
compared to the spines or thorns on certain vege-
tables.   The  chief processes of this name are :—
the naaal apine, the spine of the  scapula, the epine
of the ischium, the four iliac spines, the palatine
spine, the maxillary, the sphenoid, 4c  The spine
of the back is the collection of vertebrae constitu-
ting  the  vertebral column.
  Spina, Penis — s. Acida, Oxycantha Galeni —
s.  Aigyptiaca,  see  Acaciae gummi — s. Alba,
Carduus  marianus,  Mespilus  oxycantha, Ono-
pordum  acanthium — s. Bifida,  Hydrorachis —
8. Cervina, Rhamnus — s.  Domestica,  Rhamnus
—s.  Dorsi, A'ertebral column, see Nasus—s. Dorsi
introrsum  Flexa, Lordosis — s. Ferrea, Pin — s.
llelinontii, Aiguillon—s. Hirci, Astragalus verus
—s.  Infectoria, Rhamnus — s. Nodosa, Rachitis.
  Spina A'knto'sa,  Spina ventos'itos,  Tere'do,
Fungus Artic'uli, Osturthroc'/ice, Tumor fungo'sus
artic'uli, Ldpia junctdra, Hyperspon'gio, Flatua
spina,  Arthroc'ace, Padarthroc'ace, White Swell-
ing (of some,) Sidero'tio Oeei8, Cancer Oasis, Gan-
gra'na Ossis, Exosto'sis.  A term of no definite
meaning, as is obvious from  these various words
having been considered its synonymes.  By some,
it is  defined to be — a disease of the osseous sys-
tem,  in which the texture of  the  bone dilates,
seeming  to be distended with  air, and  constitu-
ting  a variety of osteo-sarcoma.  By others, it is
5                 SPINAL

 considered to be a tumour arising from an internal
 caries of a bone; occurring most frequently in the
 carpus or tarsus.  The term itself is a translation
 from the Arabic  of Rhazes.  See, also, Hydrar-
 thrus, and Mollities Ossium.
   Spina A'ertebralis, Vertebral column.
   SPINACH, Spinacia.
   SPINACHIA,  Spinacia.
   SPINA'CIA, Spino'chia, Spina'cia olerdeea,
 Spin'age, Spinach, (Y.) Epinard.  Family, Atri-
 pliceae.   Sex. Syst.  Dicecia Pentandria.   A plant
 which resembles the cabbage in its dietetic powers.
 The leaves  boiled, with the addition of oil, form
 a good emollient cataplasm.  It has been used in
 phthisical complaints; but  its medicinal proper-
 ties, if it have any, are not  now regarded.
   Spinacia Oleracea, Spinacia.
   SPINAS,  Spinous  processes — s.  ATentositas,
 Spina ventosa.
   SPINAGE, Spinacia.
  ^SPINAL, Spina'lis, Spino'sua,  Spina'tus, (F.)
 Epiniere, from spina, 'the spine.'  That which
 relates to the vertebral column.
   Spinal Arteries  are two  in number, viz: 1.
 The posterior  spinal, Artere midiane postirieure
 du Rachis,  (Ch.)  It arises from the vertebral,
 near the corpora pyramidalia, and descends  on
 the  posterior surface of the spinal marrow, dis-
 tributing its ramifications to it.   2. The anterior
 spinal artery, A. midiane  antirieure,  (Ch.,) is
 larger than the last, and arises, also,  from  the
 vertebral.   It descends, in a serpentine manner,
 upon the anterior surface  of the marrow; fur-
 nishes ramusculi to it, and unites with that of
 the opposite side, opposite  the foramen magnum
 occipitis. A  very  tortuous branch arises from
 this union, which descends  as far as  the inferior
 extremity of the marrow, to  which it sends nume-
 rous divisions.
   The term Spinal  Arteries  or Rachinian Arte-
 ries is also  given, in the abstract, to all the arte-
 ries of  the  spinal marrow  and vertebral canal.
 The same may be said of the veins and nerves.
   Spinal Cord, Medulla spinalis.
   Spinal Foram'ina, (F.)  7Vous rachidiens, in
 the  abstract,  are the foramina formed  by every
 two contiguous vertebrae, through which the spi-
 nal nerves issue.   See Vertebral.  The  term Fo-
 ra'men  Spina'le  is especially applied,  however,
 to a small foramen, in front of the spinous pro-
 cess of  the  sphenoid bone, through which  the
 middle artery of  the  dura  mater enters the cra-
 nium.  It is, likewise, called Foramen spheno-spi-
 no'aum, (F.) Trou Sphino-ipineux ou petit rond,
 Trou ipineux.
   Spinal Irrita'tion, Rhachialgi'tis, Rhachial'-
 gia, Neural'gia spina'li8, Notal'gio.  A modern
 pathological view, which refers most nervous dis-
 eases to  irritation of the spinal cord.   This irri-
 tation is presumed to be indicated by tenderness
 on pressure over the spinous process of one or
 more vertebrae, or  over  the nerves  proceeding
 from the cord and distributed to the parts at the
 sides of the spine.   Such  tenderness,  however,
 by no means indicates the pathological  condition
 in question, as it is  often met with in  those en-
 joying perfect health.  The treatment advised is
 cupping and  counter-irritation  on each side of
 the  spine, which may be  beneficial in  such dis-
 eases, no matter what part of the  frame may  be
 in a morbid state, by exciting a new and revel-
 lent impression on a very sensible portion of the
 cutaneous surface.
   Spinal Nerve, Ac'ceseory of the  Par vagum
 or Sth pair.  Aeceaaory nerve  of Willis, Spinal Ac-
 cessory, Sjiino-cranio-trapizien, Superior rcs'pira-
 lory N.,  Eleventh pair of encephalic nervea,  Tra-
 chilo-doraal (Ch.),  arises  from the medulla spi- 
                 SPINALES                8(

nalis, within the vertebral canal, between the an-
terior and posterior roots of the cervical nerves
at a greater or less distance from the cranium.
The roots unite to form the nerve, which ascends
into the cranium through the  foramen magnum
of the  occipital bone, and issues by the foramen
lacerum posterius, crossing the sterno-cleido-mas-
toideus, to which it gives filaments, and  losing
itself entirely on the trapezius muscle.  The pneu-
mogastric and spinal accessory nerves together—
nervus vagus cum accesso'rio—resemble the spinal
nerves; the former, with its ganglion, being the
posterior root; the latter, the anterior.
  Spinal Nerves, Vertebral nerves—s. Prolon-
gation, Medulla spinalis.
  Spinal System of Nerves, see Nerves.
  SPINALES COLLI MINORES, Interspinales
colli — s. et Transversales lumborum, Transver-
salis dorsi.
  SPINALIS CERVICIS, Semi-spinalis colli —
s. Colli, Semi-spinalis colli.
  Spinalis Dorsi, Grand ipineux du dos, Spina-
lis Dorsi major.  Winslow calls thus some fleshy
fasciculi, which are situate on the lateral surfaces
of the spinous processes; from the third dorsal
vertebra to the first or second lumbar; and which
form part of  the transverso-spinalis of most au-
thors.  The same anatomist calls—Spina'lis Dorsi
minor, Petit ipineux du dos — some small, fleshy
fibres,  situate on each side of the interspinal liga-
ment.   They are short, flat, and  pass  from one
spinous process to the other.   Like the preceding,
they form  part of the transverso-spinalis.  All
these  fleshy  fasciculi strengthen  the  vertebral
column.
  SPINATI, Interspinales colli.
  SPINATUS, Spinal.
  SPINDLE TREE, Euonymus Americanus.
  SPINE,  Vertebral  column — s.  Curvature of
the, Gibbositas—s. Haemal,  Sternum—s. Neural,
Spinous process.
  SPINI-AXOIDO-OCCIPITALIS, Rectus  ca-
pitis posticus major—s. Axo'ido-trachili-atlo'idien,
Obliquus inferior capitis.
  SPINITIS, Myelitis.
  SPINO-DORSITIS, Myelitis.
  SPINOLA,  see Ilydrorachis.
  SPINOSUS, Spinal.
  SPINOUS,  Spino'sus, (F.) Epineux.  Having
the shape of a spine or thorn.
  Spinous Proc"esses  or  Apoph'yses  of  the
 Ver'tebra, Acan'tha, Spina, CynoVophoi, Neural
Spines of Mr. Owen, (F.) Apophyaea ipineuaea,
are situate at the posterior part of each vertebra,
and afford attachment to the muscles, whose office
it is to extend the spine.   See Vertebra.
  SPIRACULA, (F.) Spiraculea, from apiro, 'I
breathe.'  Respiratory pores of the skin.
  SPIR.E  CEREBRI, Convolutions, cerebral.
  SPIR.EA DENUDATA, S. ulmaria.
  SpiRjE'A Filipen'dula,  Filipcndula, Saxif-
raga rubra, Dropwort, (F.) Filipendule.  Family,
Rosaeeae. Sex. Syat. Icosandria Pentagynia. The
root of this plant is said to possess astringent and
lithontriptic virtues.
  Spiraea Tomentosa, Hardhack, Red meadow-
sweet,  Steeple bush, Roay buah, White leaf.  This
indigenous species, which  is abundant  in the
northern States of the Union, is tonic and astrin-
gent;  and  is usually administered either in the
form of extract or decoction, (Spiraa 5ss ; aqua
Oj.)
  Spiraa Trifoliata, Gillenia trifoliata.
  SpirvEA Ulma'ria, S.  denuddta, Ulmaria, U.
palus'tris, Regi'na Prati, Barba eapra, Meadow
Sweet,  Queen of the 31eadows,  Bar'bula capri'na,
(F.) Ulmaire,  Reine des Pria.  The leaves have
                  SPIRIT

been recommended as mild  astringents: — the
flowers as antispasmodics and diaphoretics.
  SPIRAMENTA  PULMONUM, see Pulmo.
  SPIRAMENTUM ANLAUE,  Pulmo.
  SP1RAMINA PALPFISRARUM, Lachrymal
puncta — s. Pulmonum, see Pulmo.
  SPIRATIO, Respiration.
  SPIRIT, Spir'itue; from epirare, 'to exhale;'
(F.) Eaprit.   A name given to every liquid pro-
duct of distillation.  Spirits were formerly distin-
guished into — inflammable, acid,  and alkaline ;
and consequently a number of substances  were
crowded together, which  often resembled  each
other in no other property than in being volatile.
The term is now confined to alcoholic liquors, of
which the following are the chief:
  Arrack.  Distilled  from coarse  palm  sugar,
named jaggery, fermented with the bark of the
Mimosa leucophlea; also from rice  and the fer-
mented juice of the Palm ; made in India.  Its
varieties are :—
  1. Mdhwah Arrack.  Made in  India from the
flowers of the Madhuca tree, Bassia butyracea.
  2.  Tuba.  Made from palm wine, in the Phi-
lippine Islands.
  Araka.  Distilled, by the  Tartars,  from kou-
mis, fermented  mares' milk.
  Aroki.  Distilled from dates, by the Egyptians.
  Arika.  A variety of koumis, distilled from fer-
mented mares' milk, in Tartary and Iceland.
  Brandy.  Distilled from wine, figs, peaches, per-
simmon, apple, mulberries, and sometimes  other
fruits, in Europe, Asia, North  and South Ame-
rica, wherever wine is made.  The best  brandy
is that of Cognac; the next, that  of  Bordeaux
and Rochelle.   The varieties  are —
  1. Aguardiente,  (S.)  In Peru,  the common
brandy obtained from grapes is the Aguardiente
de Pisco, so called, because shipped at the port
of Pisco.  Another kind, much  dearer,  and of
excellent flavour, is made  from  Muscatel grapes,
and is  called Aguardiente de  Italia.  It is some-
times seen in the United States.
  2. Lou.  Made from rice, in Siam.
  3. Rakia.  Made in Dalmatia  from the husks
of grapes mixed with aromatics.
  4. Roaaolio.  Made at  Dantzic,  from  a com-
pound  of brandy, rossolis, anil other plants.
  5.  Troater.   Made on  the Rhine,  from the
husks of grapes, fermented with barley and rye.
  6. Sekie-kuyovodka.  Made from the  lees of
wine and fruit at Scio.
  Geneva Hollanda, (genievre,  French for juni-
per.)  Distilled from malted barley and rye, rec-
tified on juniper berries, in Holland.  Its variety
is —
  Gin.   Made  in England, from  malted barley,
rye, potatoes; rectified with turpentine.
  Goldwa88er.  Distilled at Dantzic, from wheat,
barley, and rye, rectified with aniseed, cinnamon,
and other spices.
  Kir8chwaaaer.  Distilled from  the  Maiacheb
cherry, in Switzerland.
  Maraschino.   Distilled  from  the  Macarska
cherry, at Zara, the capital of Dalmatia.
  Rum, (supposed to be derived from the termi-
nal syllable of the word saccharum : but the abo-
riginal Americans call this liquor  Rum.)   Dis-
tilled, in the AVest Indies and South America, from
cane-sugar and molasses, and in  North America
from maple-sugar.  Its variety  is —
  Slatkaia trava.   Made  in  Kamtschatka, from
a sweet grass.
  Show-choo.   Distilled,  in China, from the lees
of mandarin, a wine made from boiled rice.
  Whisky, (supposed to  be derived from tiaqtie,
the first two  syllables of ttsqueboyh, the original
name in Ireland.)  Distilled, in Scotland and Ire-
6 
                   SPIRITS

land, from malted and raw barley, rye, oats, and
potatoes; and in the south of France, from sloes.
In  Ireland  it was  called buil-ceaun, or madness
vf the head.  The best Scotch whisky is Glenlivet,
the best Irish, Enniehowen.
   Y-wer-a.   Distilled, in the Sandwich Islands,
from the root of the Tee-root, baked, pounded,
and fermented.
  To these may be added an intoxicating liquor
made  by the Affghanistans,  from  ewes' milk;
and that made  in  Kamtschatka, from a species
of mushroom, named muchumer.
  Spirit of Aniseed, Spiritus anisi—s. Bathing,
Freeman's,  see  Linimentum saponis  compos.—
s. Bathing,  Jackson's,  see  Linimentum saponis
compos.—s. Bezoardic of Bussius, see  Bussii spi-
ritus Bezoarticus—s. Bone, Liquor volatilis cornu
cervi—s. of Burrhus, Burrhi spiritus matricalis—
s. of Carraway,  Spiritus carui — s. of Ether, aro-
matic, Spiritus  aetheris aromaticus — s. Fuming,
of Beguin, Ammoniae sulphuretum — s. Fuming,
of Boyle, Ammoniae sulphuretum — s. of Harts-
horn, Liquor cornu  cervi — s.  of Horseradish,
compound, Spiritus armoraciae compositus—s. of
Lavender, Spiritus lavandulae—s. of Lavender,
compound, Spiritus lavandulae compositus—s. of
Mindererus, Liquor ammoniae acetatis—s. of  Ni-
tre, sweet, Spiritus  aetheris  nitrici—s. of Nitric
ether, Spiritus aetheris nitrici—s. of Pennyroyal,
Spiritus pulegii—s. of Peppermint, Spiritus men-
thae piperita: — s. Proof, Spiritus tenuior — s. of
Salt, Muriaticum acidum — s. of Scurvygrass,
golden,  see Spiritus armoraciae  compositus—s. of
Spearmint, Spiritus menthae viridis — s. of Sul-
phuric ether, Spiritus  aetheris  sulphurici — s. of
Sulphuric ether, compound, Spiritus aetheris sul-
phurici compositus—s. of Turpentine, Oleum tere-
binthinae rectificatum — s.  Verdigris,  Aceticum
acidum—s. of Vitriol, Sulphuric aeid—s. of Wine
and camphor, Spiritus camphorae.
  SPIRITS, ANIMAL, Nervous fluid.
  SPIRITUOUS, Alcoholic
  SPIRITUS,  Breath, Life, Respiration, Spirit
— s. ASthereus   nitrosus, Spiritus aetheris nitrici
— s. ^Ethereus  vitriolicus, Spiritus  aetheris sul-
phurici.
  Spir'itus jEtheris Aromat'icus, jEther Sul-
phn'ricns cum alcoho'le  aromat'icus, Elix'ir vi-
trio'li dulce, Sweet Elix'ir of  Vit'riol, Viga'ni's
Elixir  of Vitriol, Aromat'ic  Spirit  of Ether.
(Cinnam. cort. contus. giij. cardam.  sem. contus.
giss. pipcris longi fruct.  cont., zingib. rad. con-
cis., sing. gj. spiritCis atheris sulphuric. Oj.   Ma-
cerate, for 14 days, in a stopped  glass vessel and
strain.   Ph. L.)  It is used as a stimulant in
nervous  affections.  Dose, fgss to fgj.
  Spiritus  JEtheris Nit'rici, Sp.  sEtheris ni-
tre/si, Sp. nitri  dulcis, Sp.  sEtlte'reus nitro'sus,
Sweet Spirit of  Nitre, Nitre drops, yEthcr nitri-
cus alcooliaa'ttt8, Spirit of Nitric Ether.  (Ni-
trate of Potaaaa, in coarse powder, Ibij, Sulphuric
acid, Ibiss;  Alcohol, Oixss ; Diluted Alcohol, Oj;
Carbonate of Potosso,  3'.   Mix the nitrate of
potassa  and the alcohol  in a large  glass retort,
and having gradually poured in the acid, digest
with a gentle heat  for two hours; then raise the
heat, and distil  a gallon.  To the distilled liquor
add the  diluted  alcohol and carbonate of potassa,
arid again distil a gallon.— Ph.  U. S.)   It is re-
frigerant, diuretic, antispasmodic, and  diaphore-
tic.   Dose,  gtt.  xxv to fgj.  Specific gravity,
0.8.14.
  Spiritus  AStheris  Sulphu'rici, ri-Jther  Sul-
phuricus t urn Alcoho'le, Liquor sEthe'reus Sul-
phuricus, Spiritus Vitrioli dulcis, Spiritus jEthe-
ris  ritriol'ici, Liquor Sulphuricus  alcoolisa'tus,
Spirit of Sulphuric  Ether.  (uEther. sulphuric.
Oss;  sp. rec. Oj.  Mix.  Ph. L.)    Stimulant,
17                 SPIRITUS

 Raphoretic,  diuretic, and antispasmodic.  Dose,
 fgss to fgiij.
   Spiritus jEtheris Sulphurici Compos'itus,
 (Ph. U. S. 1842), Sp. atheris vitriol'ici  compoai-
 tua, Spiritus sE'therie compositus (Ph. U.  S. 1851),
 Liquor unod'ynus Heiffmonni, Compound  Spirit
 of Sulphuric Ether, Hoffmann's Anodyne Liquor.
 (yEthcr Sulphuric. Oss;  Alcohol, Oj ; Ol. sEther.
 fgiij.  Ph. U.  S.  Ph.  L.)  Mix.  A stimulant
 and antispasmodic.   Specific gravity, 0.816.
   Spiritus  JEtheris Vitriolici  Compositus,
 Spiritus aetheris sulphuric comp.
   Spiritus Ammo'ni*, Al'kali ammoni'acum
 apirituo'sum, Al'cohol ammonia'tum, Sp. satis am-
 moni'aci,  Ammoni'aca alcoholisa'ta, Liquor am-
 mo'nii vino'sus, L. ammonia spirituo'sus, Lixiv'-
 itim  ammoniacdle  vino'sum,  Spiritus salis  am-
 moni'aci  vino'sus  seu dulcis seu dulciflea'tus,
 Solu'tio  subcarbona'tis  ammoni'aci  apirituo'sa,
 (F.)  Eaprit d'ammoniaque.   (Amnion, muriat. in
 pulv. subtilissim., calcia, tia Ibj ;  alcohol, fgxx;
 aqua, fgix.   The  water is employed  to  slake
 the  lime;  the muriate of ammonia is then well
 mixed with it, and by means of heat, the ammo-
 nia is made to pass into the  distilled water con-
 tained in a quart bottle.  Ph. U.  S.)  Stimulant
 and antispasmodic.   Dose, fgs.s to fgj.
   Spiritus Ammonite Aromat'icus, Alcohol am-
 monia'tum aromaticum, Aromatic ammonia'ted Al-
 cohol, Sal volat'ile Dropa, Spiritus salis  volat'ilis
 oleo'su8, Sp. volatilis aromaticus, Sal volatile oleo-
 sttm Sylvii, Sp. ammonia compos'itus, Tinctu'ra
 aromatica  ammoniata, Liquor oleo'sus Sylvii,
 Lixiv'ium ammoniaca'le aromaticum.   (Ammon.
 muriat. gv; Potaaa.  carb.  3*viij,  cinnam. cont.,
 caryophyll. cont.aa gij; Limon. cort. giv ;  alco-
 hol., aqua aa,, Ov. M.  Distil Ovijss.  Stimulant.
 Dose, fgss to fgj.
   Spiritus Ammonite Compositus, Spiritus aro-
 maticus.
   Spiritus  Ammonia: Fce'tidus,  Sp. volat'ilis
 fcetidue, Fit Dropa, Al'cohol ammonia'tum fceti-
 dum, Tinctu'ra aaafcetida ammoniata, Fetid Spirit
 of Ammonia.  (Sp. ammonia Oij,  aeafostida gij.
 Macerate for 12 hours, and distil  Oiss.  Ph. L.)
 Stimulant and antispasmodic  Dose, fgss to fgj.
   Spiritus  Ammonite Succina'tus, Succinated
 Spirit of Ammonia, Common Eau de Luce, Am-
 moni'acum auccina'tum, Aqua Lu'cia, Liquor ex
 Ammonia et  Oleo Suc'cini, Liquor ex'citane, Spi-
 ritua Ammonia  cum Suc'cino, Sp. Sali8 Ammoni'-
 aci  lacteCcens seu lacteus.    (Alastich.  giij,  ap.
 red. f gix, ol. lavand, gtt. xiv, ol. auccin. gtt. iv
 liq. amnion, fgx.  Macerate the mastich in the
 alcohol, and pour off the clear tincture :  add the
 rest  and  shake. Ph. L.)   Stimulant and  anti-
 spasmodic   Dose, gtt. x to fgss,  or fgj.
   Spiritus Animales, see Nervous fluid.
   Spiritus  Ani'si,  Spiritus  Anisi  compos'itus,
 Aqua anisi for'tis, Aqua Sem'inum Anisi compo-
 sita, Spirit of An'iseed, (F.) Esprit d'anis. (Anisi
 sem.  cont. Ibss, spirit tenuior. cong., aqua  quod
 satis sit ad prohibendum  empyreuma.  Ph. L.)
 Carminative.  Dose, fgs.s to fgss.  In the com-
 pound spirit, angelica is usually an ingredient.
   Spiritus Anthos, Spiritus rosmarini.
   Spiritus Armora'cia Compos'itus, Sp. Ra'ph'-
 ani compositus,  Aqua Raphani composita,  Com-
 pound fyririt of Horseradish, (F.) Esprit de rai-
 fort composi.   (Armorac.  rad. recent,  concis.,
 anrant. cort.  exsicc, sing. Ibj, myrist. nuc. contus.
 gss,  spirit, ten.  cong. aqua q. s. ad prohibendum
 empyreuma.   Ph. L.)   Stimulant and  antiscor-
 butic (?)  Dose, fgj, to fgiv.
   The Golden Spirit  of Scurvy grass—an em-
 pirical preparation — is  formed by adding  gam-
 boge  gviij, to one gallon  of the  sp. armoracia
 compositus.
81 
SPIRITUS
SPIRITUS
  Greenough's Tincture for the teeth, is formed of
amygd. amar. gij,  lig.  Bresil.,  cassia  bacc, aa
giv, irid. Florent. gij, coccinelL, sal. acetosella,
alum, aa, gj, sp. vin. rect. Oij, sp. armoracia comp.
fgss.
  Spiritus Beguinis, Ammoniae sulphuretum—
s. Bellidis, see Osmitopsis asteriscoides.
  Spiritus  Camph'ora,  Sp.  camphora'tus,  Sp.
vino'sus camphoratus, Tinctu'ra  Camphora,  (Ph.
U. S.) Spirit of  Wine  and Camphor,  Spirit of
Camphor, (F.) Esprit de Camphre, Alcool camphri,
Eau  de Vie camphrie.  (Camphor, giv, alcohol.
Oij.   Dissolve.)  Stimulant, anodyne and discu-
tient. Used only externally.
  Spiritus  Car'ui, Sp.  Cari Carui,  Spirit of
Car'raway, Aqua Sem'inum Carui fortis, A. Sem'-
inum Carui, Strong Carui Waters, (F.)  Esprit de
Carvi. (Carui  sem. cont. Ibiss, sp. tenuior. cong.,
aqua q. s.  Distil a gallon.  Ph. L.)   Carmina-
tive.  Dose, fgj to fgss.
  Spiritus  Cinnamo'mi,  Sp. Lattri Cinnamomi,
Spirit of Cidnamon,  Aqua  Cinnamomi fortis,
Aqua Cinnam. spirituo'ea, Strong Cinnamon   Wa-
ter, (F.) Eaprit de Cannelle.  (Cort.  cinnam. """)v,
sp.  rect. Oivss.)   Stimulant and  carminative.
Dose, fgj to fgss.
  Spiritus  Col'chici Ammonia'tus, Ammoniated
Spirit of Colchicum.  (Sem. colchic.  cont. gij, sp.
ammon. aromat. Oj.   Ph. L.)   Narcotic, cathar-
tic, and diuretic.   Used in gout, rheumatism, and
dropsy.  Dose, from gtt.  xxx to fgj.
  Spiritus  Cornu Cervi, Liquor C. C. — s. Fu-
mans Beguini,  Ammoniae sulphuretum—s. Geni-
talis, Aura seminis.
  Spiritus  Junip'eri  Compos'itus,  Compound
Spirit of Juniper, Aqua Junip'eri composita, (F.)
Esprit de genievre composi.  (Ol. junip. giss, 01.
carui, Ol. fcenicul., aa  gx ; Alcohol dilut. cong.
Solve. Ph. U.S.)  Stimulant and diuretic. Dose,
fgj to fgss.
  Spiritus  Lauri  Cinnamomi,  Spiritus cinna-
momi.
  Spiritus  Lavan'dula, Sp. Lavandula spica,
Spirit of Lav'ender, Sp.  Lavand. simpl., Laven-
der  Water,  (F.) Esprit de Lavande.   (Lavand.
recent.  Ibij, Alcohol, cong.,  aqua Oij.  Distil a
gallon.)   Usually made by  adding the oil to
rectified spirit.  Used as  a perfume  chiefly.
  Spiritus  Lavandulae  Compos'itus,  'Tinctu'ra
Lavandula  composita, Red Hartshorn,  Lavender
drope, Compound Spirit of Lavender, (F.) Eaprit
de Lavande compoai.  (Sp. Lavand. Oiij, 8p. ros-
marin. Oj, cinnam. contus. gj, myristic.  cont. 3SS-
caryophyll.  cont. gij, santali cone.  giij.  Mace-
rate for 14 days, and filter through paper.  Stimu-
lant.  Dose, gtt. xl to fgij.
   Spiritus Lethalis, Carbonic acid — s. Lum-
bricorum, Liquor  volatilis cornu cervi.
   Spiritus Mentha Piperi'ta, Spirit of  Pep-
 permint,  Aqua 31entha  jii/ierit'idis spirituo'ea,
Sp. Alentha piperit'idis  (F.) Esprit  de  3Ienthe
poivrie.   (Olei  menth. pip. *"")vjss,  sp. rectif.
Oivss, aqua, q. s. distil a gallon.  Ph.  L.)   Car-
minative and stimulant.  Dose, fgss to fgiij.
   Spiritus Mentha Sativa,  Spiritus menthae
viridis.
   Spiritus  Mentha Vir'idis, Spearmint,  Spi-
ritus mentha  aati'va,  Aqua 3Ientha  vulga'ria
spirituo'sa, (F.) Esprit de 3Ienthe  verte.   (Olei
Menth. virid.  9viss, sp. rectif.  Oivss, aq.   q.  s.
Distil a gallon.   Ph. L.) Like the last in pro-
perties and dose.
   Spiritus Millepedarum, Liquor cornu  cervi.
   Spiritus Myris'tica,  Spiritus Myristica  3Ios-
 cha'ta, Sp.  Nueis 3fo8chata, Aqua Nucis  3Ios-
 chata,  Nutmeg  Water, Aqua Nephrit'ica,  (F.)
Eaprit de 3Iuacade.  (Myriat. cont, gij, Alcohol.
dil. cong., aqua Oj.  Distil  a gallon.)  Cordial
and carminative.   Dose, fgj  to fgiv.
  Spiritus  Myrti Pimenta, Spiritus  piinentae
— s. Nitri acidus, Nitric  acid — s. Nitri  dulcis,
Spiritus  aetheris nitrici — s. Nitri  duplex, Nitric
acid — s. Nitri  fumans,  Nitric acid—s. Nitri
Glauberi, Nitric acid—s.  Nitri simplex, see  Ni-
tric acid — s. Nitri vulgaris,  see Nitric acid — s.
Nucis  moschatae,  Spiritus myristicae — s. Oph-
thalmicus Mindereri, Liquor ammoniae acetatis.
  Spiritus  Pimen't.e, Sp. Myrti Pimenta,  Spi-
ritus  Pimento, Sjiirit of Pimento,  Aqua 3/irab'-
ilis.  (01. Piment. f. gij,  Alcohol,  dilut. cong.
Solve. Ph. U. S.) Cordial and carminative. Dose,
f<5J t0 f3iv-
  Spiritus Pule'gii, Spirit of Pennyroyal, Aqua
Pulegii apirituo' sa, Spirituoue Pennyroyal  Water,
(F.) Eaprit de Pouliot.   (Olei pulegii  J^vij, ap.
rect.  Oivss, aqua, q.  s.   Distil  a gallon.  Ph.
L.)  Same  as spirit of spearmint in  properties
and dose.
  Spiritus  Pyro-aceticus, Acetone.
  Spiritus Rectifica'tus, Sp. Vini rectificatus,
 tEnostag'ma,  OSnela'um,  Pyrix'nus,  Sp.  Vino'-
sus rectificatus, Al'cohol, A. Vini, Spirit of Wine,
(F.) Esprit de Vin rectifii.   Rectified spirit is
much used in Pharmacy to dissolve resinous and
other substances.   It is seldom exhibited inter-
nally; although it exists  in  the  diluted state in
all  vinous and spirituous liquors.   Externally, it
is employed as a discutient. — S. g., according to
the London Pharmacopoeia,  0.838 ;  according to
that of Dublin, 0.840; of Edinburgh and United
States, 0.835, (see Alcohol,)  and  of Paris, 0.819
to 0.827.
  Spiritus Rector, Aroma—s.  Raphani com-
positus,  Spiritus armoraciae compositus.
  Spiritus  Rosmari'ni,   Sp. Rosmarini  offici-
na'lis, Spirit of Rosemary, Spiritus Anthos, Hun-
gory  Water, (F.) Esprit, de  Romarin.  (Ol. ros-
marini giv, Alcohol, cong.  Solve.  Ph.  U.  S.)
Stimulant.  Dose, fgj to  fgiv.
  Spiritus Salis Acidus seu Fumans, Muria-
ticum  acidum — s. Salis ammoniaci,  Spiritus
ammoniae — s. Salis ammoniaci aquosus, Liquor
ammoniae — s. Salis  ammoniaci  lactescens seu
lacteus,  Spiritus ammoniae succinatus — s. Salis
ammoniaci sulphuratus, Ammoniae sulphuretum
—s. Salis'Glauberi, Muriaticum acidum—s. Salis
 marini,  Muriaticum  acidum — s.  Salis marini
 coagulatus, Potassae murias — s.  Salis volatilis
 oleosus, Spiritus ammoniae  aromaticus — s. Sul-
 phurico-aethereus camphoratus, Tinctura aetherea
 composita — s.  Sulphurico-aethereus  martialis,
 Tinctura seu Alcohol sulphurico-aethereus  ferri
 — s.  Sulphuris, Sulphurous  acid — s. Sulphuris
 per campanam, Sulphurous  acid — s.  Sulphuris
 volatilis, Ammoniae sulphuretum — s.  Sulphuro-
 sus volatilis, Sulphurous acid.
   Spiritus Tenu'ior, Alcohol dilu'tum,  Spiritus
 vino'sus tenu'ior, Proof Spirit (F.)  Esprit de vin
 dilayi.   Generally made  for pharmaceutical pur-
 poses, by mixing  equal  parts of rectified spirit
 and  water.   S.  g. Lond.  0.920; Edinb.  and
 United  States,  0.935.  It is employed in  the
 same cases as those in which the alcohol is used:
 — chiefly, as a solvent of vegetable matters, in
 the form of tinctures.
   Spiritus Veneris, Aceticum acidum — s. A'ini
 rectificatus, Spiritus rectificatus—s. Vinosus cam-
 phoratus, Spiritus camphorae—s. Vinosus tenuior,
 Spiritus  tenuior — s. Vitalis, Nervous fluid — s.
 Vitrioli, Sulphuric acid — s. Vitrioli acidus Vog-
 leri,  Sulphuricum acidum dilutum — s. A'itrioli
 eoagulatus Mynsichti, Potassae sulphas—s. A'itrioli
 dulcis,  Spiritus  aetheris   sulphurici — s. A'itrioli
 phlogisticatus,  Sulphurous  acid — s. A'olatilis 
SPIROID CANAL
809
SPLENIC
 aromaticus,  Spiritus  ammoniae  aromaticus — s.
 Volatilis foctidus, Spiritus ammoniae fcetidus.
   SPIROID CANAL, Aquaeductus Fallopii.
   SPIROM'ETER; badly  compounded  from
 spiro, ' I breathe,' and ptrpov, 'a measure :'—pro-
 perly Anapnoideter, Pin naom'eter, Pneumom'eter,
 J'uiumotoiu'eter.  Any instrument for measuring
 the quantity of air concerned in respiration, and,
 consequently, the capacity of the lungs.
   SPIROPTERA HOMINES, see Worms.
   SPISSANTIA, Incrassantia.
   SPIT, Sputum.
   SPIT'AL, MINERAL  AVATERS  OF.  The
 village of Spital is situate on the  south side of
 the Tweed, near Tweedmouth.  The springs there
 oontain chloride of calcium, sulphate of soda, sul-
 phate and carbonate of lime.  They act as saline
 cathartics.
   SPITH'AAIA, Dorans.  A measure of twelve
 fingers' breadth.
   SPITTING, Exspuition.
   SPITTLF, Saliva—s. Sweet, see Salivation.
   SPLANCIINA, Entrails.
   SPLANCHNECTOP'IA, Splanchnodias'tasis,
 Situsperver'sus seu anom'alus intestino'rum; from
 trtrXay-^vov, ' an intestine,' c/c, ' out of,'  and ratios,
 'place.'   Misplacement  or ectopia of the intes-
 tines.
   SPLANCHNELMINTHA, Worms.
   SPLANCHNEURYS'MA, from atrXayxvov, 'an
 intestine,' and  cvpvvta, 'I dilate.'  Morbid dilata-
 tion of the intestines.
   SPLANCHNIC, Splonch'nicus, Via'ceral,  from
 arXayxvov, ' viscus.'  Relating or belonging to the
 viscera.
   Splanchnic Cav'ities  are  the three great ca-
 vities of the body; — those of the cranium, chest,
 and abdomen.
   Splanchnic Nerves belong to the great  sym-
 pathetic,  and are two in number on  each  side.
 They are distinguished  into : — 1.  The   great
 splanchnic nerve,  (F.)  Grand  eurrinal (Ch.),
 Its roots—four or five in number, come from the
 6th, 7th, Stb, 9th, and sometimes the  10th, tho-
 racic ganglia.   They descend inwards, on the
 sides of the vertebral  column, beneath the pleura,
 and unite into  a single  trunk, which  enters the
 abdomen  through a separation of the fleshy fibres
 of the pillars of the  diaphragm;  passes behind
 the stomach, and divides into several branches,
 which pass into  the semilunar ganglion.  2. The
 lesaer ajrionch.uic nerve, Renal nerve, (F.) Splanch-
 niqite occessoire  of AValther, Petit eurrinal, (Ch.,)
 is composed of  two distinct branches, proceeding
 from the 10th and 11th thoracic ganglion, which
 unite on  the 12th dorsal vertebra into a cord, that
 pierces the diaphragm singly ; enters  the abdo-
 men, and divides into two branches, one of which
 anastomoses  with the greater splanchnic nerve,
whilst the other sends its filaments to the renal
and solar plexuses.
  SPLANCH'NICA.   Medicines adapted to dis-
eases of  the  bowels.   Also, the  2d order of the
class  Coti oca of Good ; defined,—diseases affect-
ing the collatitious viscera, and characterized by
disquiet or diseased action in the organs auxiliary
to the digestive process,  without primary inflam-
mation.                ,
  SPEANCIINOPTASTASIS, Splanchnectopia.
  SPLANOHNOD'A'NE, from atrXayxvov, 'a vis-
cus ' and otW/i, 'pain.'  Pain in the bowels.
  S PL A N C11N (X i R A PHI A, Splanchnography.
  S P L A N (' H N Oil 'R A PHY,  Splanchnogra'phia,
from cr-Vr vw,  ' a viscus,' and Xoyos,  ' a descrip-
tion.'  The part of anatomy which  treats of the
   SPLANCHNOLITHFASIS;  from atiXayxvov,
 'a viscus,'  and Xidos, 'a  stone.'   The formation
 of a calculous concretion in any viscus.
   SPLANCHNOLOGY,  Splanchnolog"ia, from
 atiXayxvov, ' a viscus,' and Xoyos,  ' a discourse.'  A
 treatise on the viscera:—also, Splanchnography.
   SPLANCHNOPATHI'A, from  atrXayxvov,  'a
 viscus,' and  TtaSos, ' suffering.'   A disease of the
 intestines.
   SPLANCHNOSCLERO'SIS, from atrXayxvov,
 ' a viscus,' and BKXnpos,  ' hard.'  Induration of a
 viscus.
   SPLANCHNOT'OMY,   Splanchnotom' ia,
 Splanchnot'ome, from atrXayxvov, 'a viscus,' and
 ripvia, 'I  cut.'  Dissection or  anatomy  of  the
 viscera.
   SPLAYFOOT, see Kyllosis.
   SPLEEN, Lien, Hepar  sinia'trum seu adulte-
 ri'num, (F.) Rote.  A soft, spongy, parenchyma-
 tous  organ;  of a more or less deep violet red,
 situate deeply in the left  bypochondrium, below
 the diaphragm, above the colon, between the great
 tuberosity of the stomach and the cartilages  of
 the false ribs, and above and anterior to the kid-
 ney.  Its ordinary length  is 4£ inches;  its thick-
 ness 2J; and its weight 8 ounces.  Its parenchyma,
 which is bathed in blood, contains  a multitude of
 grayish,  soft, and semi-transparent granulations
 — splenic corpuscles or 3iolpighian bodies of the
 spleen.   It is  covered  by a  serous membrane,
 furnished by the peritoneum;  and by  a proper
 coat, of a fibrous nature, which is intimately united
 with  it, and transmits into its interior delicate,
 solid, and very elastic prolongations — trabeeula.
 At its inner edge  is  a  fissure,  by which the
 vessels and  nerves enter the organ.  The  func-
 tions  of the spleen  are unknown.  One  of the
 latest opinions is, that it belongs to the lymphatic
 system ;  and acts as a diverticulum to the vas-
 cular system.
   Spleen, Hypochondriasis — s. Malpighian bo-
 dies of the, see Spleen—s. Supernumerary,  Lien-
 culus.
   SPLEENAVORT, Asplenium, A. filix fcemina,
 Asplenium seolopendrium — s.  Bush, Comptonia
 asplenifolia.
   SPLENAL'GIA, Neural'gia lie'nia, Sple'nica,
 Spilenodyn'ia, from atrXnv, 'the spleen,' and aXyos,
 ' pain.'   Pain in the spleen.
   Splenalgia Bengalensis, see Cachexia, sple-
 nic— s. Phlegmonodea,  Splenitis — s. Subinflam-
 matoria chronica, Splenoncus.
   SPLENATROPHTA, Atroph'ia Lie'nia, from
 tnrXnv, ' spleen,' and atrophia, 'atrophy.'  Wasting
 or atrophy of the spleen.
   SPLENAUXE, Splenoncus.
   SPLENECTAMA. Splenoparectama.
   SPLENECTASIS, Splenoparectama.
   SPLENECTOMY, Splenec'tome,  from  atrXnv,
 'the spleen,'  ik, 'out of/ and repvw, 'I cut.'   Ex-
 tirpation of the spleen.
   SPLENECTOP'IA, Disloca'tio lie'nis  seu sple-
 nis; from tsttXnv, 'the spleen,' and tKrotros, 'out
 of place.'  Dislocation of the spleen.  Not a com-
 mon occurrence.
   SPLENEMPHRAXTS,  Splenophrax'ia,  from
 o-trXnv, 'the spleen,' and tji-ppaacsoj,  'I obstruct.'
 Obstruction of the spleen.—Arogel.  See  Splenon-
 cus.
   SPLENES. Hypochondriasis.
   SPLENET'ICUS,  Sple'nicus, Splenit'icus, Lie-
no'sus, (F.) Ratileux.  That which relates  to the
spleen : one labouring under diseased spleen.  A
medicine adapted for diseases of the spleen.
  SPLENIC, Sph'nicus, Sple'nius, from o-trXnv,
' the spleen.'  That which relates to the  spleen. 
SPLENICA
810
SPONDYLOPATHY
  Splenic Artery.  It arises from the cceliac; I
and  passes  from right to  left, forming  many
windings along the upper  edge of the  pancreas,
which  lodges it in a special groove.  It reaches
the fissure of the spleen, and divides into several
branches that enter the organ.  In its course it
furnishes the pancreatic, left gastro-epiploic, and
the vasa brevia.
  Splenic Cachexia, see Cachexia splenica—s.
Corpuscles, see  Spleen.
  Splenic  Plexus is a nervous network, which
proceeds from the cceliac  plexus, and  accompa-
nies the splenic artery, sending secondary plex-
uses to each division.
  Splenic A'ein arises from the spleen, and ac-
companies  the  splenic artery; proceeding from
left to  right, to unite with the superior mesenteric
vein, and to form, with  it, the abdominal vena
porta.  In its course, it receives veins correspond-
ing to  the vasa brevia, the right and left gastro-
epiploic, the duodenal, pancreatic, coronaria ven-
triculi, and inferior mesenteric veins.
  SPLENICA, Splenalgia. Also, medicines which
affect the spleen. — Pereira.
  SPLENICUS, Spleneticus, Splenic.
  SPLENIOLA, Compress.
  SPLENIS TUMOR, Ague cake.
  SPLENISATION, Splenization.
  SPLENISCUS,  Compress.
  SPLENITICUS, Splenic
  SPLENI'TIS, from ntrXnv, 'the spleen,'  and
itia, denoting inflammation. Inflammation of the
spleen. Empres'ma splenitis, Inflamma'tio lie'nia,
I. splenis, SplenaVgia phlegmono'dea, (F.) Inflam-
mation de la Rate.  A rare disease, characterized
by local pain, swelling, and heat, which  sometimes
terminates by suppuration.  It must  be treated
like other inflammations.
  SPLENIUM, Compress — s. Corporis Callosi,
see  Corpus callosum — s. Cruciatum, Croix de
31 alt e.
  SPLE'NIUS, S. Cap'itis, S. Colli, (F.) Cervico-
dorso-maato'idien et dorso-trachilien, Cervico-mas-
to'idien (Ch.), Poaterior maatoid muscle.   So called
from its resemblance to the spleen of certain  ani-
mals.   A muscle situate  at the posterior part of
the  neck, and upper part of the back.   It is much
broader above than below, where it terminates in
a point.  It is attached, by its inner edge, to the
spinous processes of the first five dorsal vertebrae;
to that of the 7th cervical, and to the inferior part
of the posterior cervical ligament.  By its upper
extremity, it is attached to the transverse  pro-
cesses of the first two cervical vertebrae, to the
mastoid process, and to the posterior  surface of
the occipital bone.   Some have considered this
muscle to be formed of two portions, which  they
 have called Splenius colli, and Splenius cap'itis.
 The splenius  extends the head, inclines it, and
 rotates it.  If the splenii of each side act together,
 they extend the head.
   SPLENIZA'TION, Splenizatio, (F.) Splinisa-
 tion, from atrXnv, 'the spleen.'  A term applied to
 the state of the lung  in  the first or second stage
 of pneumonia in which  its tissue resembles that
 of the spleen.    _
   SPLENOCE'LE, Her'nia liena'lis, from oirXnv,
 'the spleen,' and KnXn, 'a  tumour.' Hernia formed
 by  the spleen.
   SPLENODYNIA, Splenalgia.
   SPLENOG'RAPHY,  Splenography,  from
 o-rrXnv, 'the spleen,' and ypatpn, 'a description.' A
 description of the spleen.
    SPLENOH^E'MIA,  (F.)  Splinohimie,  from
 a-Xnv, 'the spleen,' and  'aipa, 'blood.'  Conges-
 tion or hyperaemia of the spleen,  a common phe-
 nomenon in many diseases, especially in typhoid
 and intermittent fevers.
  SPLENOID,  Splenoi'des,  Splcno'des,  from
tnrXnv, ' spleen,' and aSoz, 'resemblance.'  Spleen-
like.  Having the appearance of the spleen.
  SPLENOL'OGY,   Splenolog"ia,  from  aitXnv,
'the spleen,' and Xoyos, ' o, discourse.'   A treatise
on the spleen.
  SPLENONCIE, Splenoncus.
  SPLVX ON'CViS,Megalo8ple'nia,Hypertroph'ia
seu Supernutrit"io splenis seu lie'nia, Intumescen'-
tia  seu Infarc'tus seu Pbyaco'nia lienis, SplenaV-
gia subinflammato'ria chron'ica, Splenemphrax'ie,
Splenaux'e,  Hypereplenotroph'ia,   Lien  ingena,
(F.) Splinoncie, Hypertrophic  de la Rate; from
aitXnv, 'the spleen,' and oyKos, 'a tumour.'  Tu-
mefaction of the spleen.  See Ague cake.
  SPLENOPARECTAMA, Splencc'tama,  Sple-
noparee' toaia,  Splenec'toaia,  from  tstrXnv,  'the
spleen,' and traptKrapa,  ' excessive volume.'  Ex-
cessive enlargement  of  the spleen.—Ploucquet.
  SPLENOPARECTASIS, Splenoparectama,
  SPLENOPHRAXIA, Splenemphraxis.
  SPLENORRHAG"IA,from aitXnv, 'the spleen,'
and payn,' rupture.'  Hemorrhage from the spleen.
  SPLENOSCIR'RHUS,from atrXnv, 'the spleen,'
and aKippos, 'hardness.'  Scirrhus or cancer of the
spleen.
  SPLENOT'OMY,  Splenotom'ia,  Splenot'ome,
from c-trXnv, 'the spleen,' and rtpvta, 'I cut.'  Dis-
section of the  spleen.
  SPLINT, Teut. Splinter,  from s p 1 i j t e n,
'to split;' Haatel'la, Ass'ula, Asser'culum, Plag'-
ula, Narthcx,  Fer'ula, (F.) Attelle,  Eclisee.  A
flexible and resisting lamina of wood, used in the
treatment of fractures,  to keep the fragments in
apposition,  and  prevent  their   displacement.
Splints are made of iron,  wood, bark  of trees,
leather,  gutta percha, pasteboard, 4c.  They are
generally padded, and are fixed by a roller or by
tapes, according to circumstances.
   SPLINTER, (F.) Eaquille.   Same  etymon.
This term is sometimes applied  to a small portion
of wood, which occasionally enters the skin, and
gives  occasion to much  irritation until it is re-
moved,—Acu'leua lig'neua, (F.)  Echarde.
   It is also applied to fragments that separate
from a fractured or  diseased bone.
   SPLITROCK, Heuebera cortusa.
   SPODIUM GRiECORUM, Album graeeum.
   SPOLIARIUM, Apodyterium.
   SPO'LIATIVE,  Spoliati'va,  from apolio, 'I
 take away.'  Phlebotom'ia epoliati'va, (F.) Soignie
 apoliative.   Blood-letting, used for  the purpose
 of diminishing the mass  of blood.
   SPOLIATORIUM, Apodyterium.
   SPONDYLAL'GIA, Spondylodynia,  from
 trtrovSvXos, ' a vertebra,' and aXyos, ' pain.'   Pain
 in  the vertebrae.  Cacorrhachitis.  See  Arertebral
 Disease.
   SPONDYLARTHRI'TIS, from atrovbvXos,  'a
 vertebra,' apdpov, 'a joint,' and itis, denoting in-
 flammation.  Gouty or rheumatic inflammation
 of the spinal column.
    SPONDYLARTHROCACE,  Vertebral disease.
    SPONDYLI, Vertebrae.
    SPONDYLIS, Coccyx.
    SPONDYLITIS, Inflamma'tio ver'tebra, from
 trtrovSvXos, and itia,  denoting inflammation.  In-
 flammation  of the vertebrae.
    SPONDYLIUM, Coccyx, Heracleum spondy-
 lium.
    SPONDYLOCACE, Vertebral disease.
    SPONDYLODYNIA,  Spondylalgia.
    SPONDYLOPATHI'A, from trtrovSvXos,  'a ver-
 tebra,' and  traQos, ' a disease.'  A  disease of the
 vertebral column. 
SPONDYLOPYOSIS
811
SPUTUM
  SPONDYLOPYOSIS, Vertebral disease.
  SPOND'VLUS,  atrov&vXos.  A vertebra;  and,
especially, the two  large cervical vertebrae. Also,
the vertex.
  SPONGE, BASTARD, Alcyonium.
  SPONGE  The  tumefied glands of the neck.
  Sl'ON'GIA, Spongoe, Sphongue,  Spongia offi-
cindlie, Spon'gia Mari'na, Sponge, (F.) Eponge.
An organized marine substance, of the great class
of Zoophytes, met with in  many seas, but espe-
cially in the Mediterranean and Arabian.   It is
supple, elastic, porous, and capable of absorbing
fluids in which it may be placed, and of thus in-
creasing in size.   It is employed  in  surgery, for
cleansing  or  washing; for absorbing acrid dis-
charges from ulcers; suppressing  hemorrhage
when the mouth of the vessel can be compressed
by it, and for forming tents for dilating wounds;
in which case, the  sponge is immersed in melting
wax, and  cooled before being used.  It is then
called Prepared Sponge or Sponge Tent.
  Spongia Assa, S. Usta—s. Cynosbati, Bedegar.
  Spongia Usta,  ,S'. Assa,  Carbo spon'gia, Burnt
Sponge, contains carbonate and phosphate of lime,
carbonate  of soda, charcoal, and iodine.   It  is
used  in  bronchocele,  scrofulous affections, and
herpetic eruptions; and its good effects seem to
be dependent upon iodine.  It is made by cutting
sponge  into  pieces,  and heating it, that any ex-
traneous matter may be separated; burning it in
n close iron vessel  until it becomes black and
friable,  and, lastly, rubbing  it into  very fine
powder. — Ph. U.  S.
  SPON'GIA  LAPIS.  A name  given to small
friable stones found  in sponge.  They  were for-
merly esteemed  lithontriptic.
   SPONGIODES, Spongoid.
  SPONGIOLE,  Spongiolum : from atroyytov, 'a
small sponge.' The soft succulent extremity of the
fibrils or true roots of a plant, by which  it absorbs
or sucks up fluid.  Similar spongioles have been
supposed  to exist at the terminations of the
absorhents in animals.
   SPON'GION.   Ancient  name  of  an epithem
made of goats'  dung: and also  of  a  malagma,
which was considered capable of absorbing the
serum in dropsies, like a sponge. — Paulus, Gor-
nciis.
   SPONGIOSUM (OS), Ethmoid bone.
   SPONGIOSUM, Spongoid.
   SPONGOID,  Spongoides, Spongio'des,  Spon-
gio'sus, from airoyyta, 'sponge,' and tthos, 'resem-
blance.'   Resembling  sponge.  Of the nature of
sponge.
  Spongoid  Inflammation, Haematodes fungus.
  Spongoid  Tissue, (F.)  Tissu spongo'idc.  An
adventitious  spongy tissue, found  in  cases  of
rickets. — GuSrin.
  SPONGOS. Tonsil.
  SPONS.A SOLIS,  Calendula officinalis.
  SPONTA'NEOUS,  Sponta'neus, from s^onte,
'voluntarily.'  That which occurs of itself, or
without any manifest  external cause.   Evacua-
tions are termed spontaneous, which are not pro-
duced  by  medicine.   Sponta'neous  las'situde  is
that which is not the result of fatigue.   Diseases
are aUo  spontaneous  which  supervene without
apparent cause.  Sponta'neous  Amputa'tion  is the
separation of a limb from the foetus in utero.
  Spontaneous Evolution, see  Evolution — s.
Version, Evolution,  spontaneous.
   SI'OXTEPARITE", Generation, spontaneous.
  SPOONWOOD, Kalmia latifolia, Tilia.
  SP< • E AD'IC, Sjior'ades, Sporad'ici, Morbi dis-
per'si, Morbi apaeai,  from trtrupcn;  'to spread.'
Diseases are so called  which  supervene indiffer-
ently in every season and situation, from acci-
dental causes, and independently of any epidemic
or contagious influence.
  SPORE, Spor'ule, Sporum, Spor'ulum, from
ntrupta, ' I sow.'  The reproductive body in cryp-
togamous plants, which is analogous to the seed
of phanerogamous plants.
  SPORIDTUM; same etymon. The reproduc-
tive  body in  algaceous plants, which  resembles
the spore of other plants.
  SPORULE, Spore.
  SPORUM,  Spore.
  SPOTS, GERMINAL,  see Molecule.
  Spots,  Red, (F.)  Taehes rouges, Rose spots.
Small red spots which appear in typhoid fever,
from the 8th to the 15th day of the disease. They
are most frequently seen on the lower and middle
portions of the chest, and upper part of the ab-
domen.
   Spots, Rose, Spots, red.
   SPRAIN, corrupted from strain  : — Subluxa'-
tio, Distor'tio, Dios'trophe, Diastrem'ma,  Luxd-
tio imperfec'ta, Exarthre'ma, Exarthro'sis, Strem-
ma,  Thlasma  Stremma;  a wrench, (F.) Ditorse,
Entorae,  Foulure. A violent straining or twisting
of the soft parts surrounding the joints.   Accor-
ding to the degree of the  sprain, the fibrous parts
of the joint  may be  simply  stretched,  or they
may be ruptured. This affection, which has been
regarded as incomplete luxation, occurs, particu-
larly, in the ginglymoid joints ; — as in the foot,
wrist, knee, 4c.  The violence  causes an afflux
of blood; the serum of the blood is poured out,
and  often the blood itself, owing to the rupture
of vessels ; and inflammation arises, which ends
in resolution or induration. Local, antiphlogistic
applications are required, with perfect rest; and,
when the inflammatory action has subsided, cold
pumping and friction, with the  application of a
plaster and bandage, will afford support  till the
parts affected recover their due  tone.
   SPRAT, YELLOAV-BILLED, Clupea thryssa.
   SPRUCE BEER, White Spruce Beer.   A'beer
made as follows : To 10  gallons of water, add 6
pounds of sugar, and 4 oz. of essence of spruce.
Add yeast, and bottle, when ready. It is grate-
ful and antiscorbutic
   Spruce Beer Powders may be formed of
white sugar, gj, and *"*)ij ;  soda subcarb., gr. xxvj;
eeeence of epruce, gr. x, in each blue paper; and
acid of tartar, gss in each white paper. For half
a pint of water.
   SPUITIO, Exspuition.
   SPUMA ARGENTI,  Plumbi oxydum semi-
vitreum—s. Cerevisiae, Yest—s. Trium draeonum,
Antimonium muriatum.
   SPUMEl'X, Frothy.
   SPUMOSUS, Frothy.
   SPUNK, Boletus igniarius.
   SPUR, Sax.  ppup, (F.) £peron des Arteres.
The angle at which the arteries leave a cavity or
trunk.
   Spur, Ergot.
   SPURGE,  CAPER, Euphorbia lathyris — s.
Cypress, Euphorbia Cyparissias—s. Flax. Daphne
gnidium — s. Flowering, large,  Euphorbia corol-
lata—s.  Garden, Euphorbia lathyris—s.  Greater,
Euphorbia palustris—s. Ipecacuanha, Euphorbia
ipecacuanha — s. Laurel, Daphne  laureola — s.
Marsh, Euphorbia palustris — s. Olive, Cneorum
tricoecum—s. Olive, Daphne mezereum—s. Sea,
Euphorbia paralias.
   SPUTA, PRUNE JUICE, see Prune Juice.
   SPUTAMEN, Saliva, Sputum.
   SPUTAMENTUM. Saliva, Sputum.
   SPUTATIO, Exspuition.
   SPUTATION, Exspuition.
   SPUTUM. Plural..Sputa, Apochrem'ma,Ctirem-
ma,  EmptyCina,  Sputa'men,  Pty'elon, Pytia'ma, 
SQUALLING                812             STAPHISAIGRE
Spit, from spuere, sputum, 'to spit.' (F.) Orachat.
The secretions ejected from the mouth in the act
of spitting.  It is composed of saliva, and of the
mucus secreted by the mucous membrane  of the
nasal fossae  and fauces, and often  by the mem-
brane of the larynx and bronchia.  The sputa
are, sometimes, called eruginous, when of a green-
ish-yellow colour; gummy, when  they resemble
a thick  solution  of gum; frothy, (F.) mousseux,
when covered with froth;  rubiginous, (F.) rubi-
gineux ou rouillis, when of a reddish-yellow; and
streaked, (F.) striia, when  mixed  with lines of
blood.   Also, saliva.
  Sputum Cruentum, Haemoptysis — s.  Dulce,
Saccharorrhcea pulmonalis—s. Oris, Salivation—
s. Saccharatum, Saccharorrhcea pulmonalis — s.
Sanguinis, Haemoptysis.
  SQUALLING, Vagitus.
  SQUAMA, Scale, Table.
  SQUAMAE, Scaly diseases.
  SQUAMARIA, Plumbago Europaea.
  SQUAMEUX, Squamous.
  SQUAMIFORMIS, Squamous.
  SQUAMOUS,  Squamo'sus, Lepiddi'des, Lepi-
do'dee,  Squamifor'mis, Scaly; from  squama, ' a
scale.' That which relates to or resembles a scale.
  Squamous Portion of the temporal bone, (F.)
Portion  squameuee ou icailleuae du Temporal, is
the upper part of the temporal, so called from a
fancied resemblance to a scale.
  Squamous Suture, Sutu'ra squamo'sa, S.  men-
do'aa seu lepidoei'des seu lepido'des, Sutu'ra cra'-
nii squamo'ea, (F.) Suture squameuse ou icail-
leuae.  The suture which  unites  the squamous
portion  of the temporal bone to the parietal.
  Certain scaly  cutaneous  affections are  also
called squamous,  (F.) squameux.   See Scale.
  SQUARE STALK, Monarda coccinea.
  SQUAAV-MINT, Hedeoma.
  SQUAAV-ROOT, Actaea  racemosa, Caulophyl-
lum thalictroides.
  SQUAW-AVEED, Erigeron Philadelphicum.
  SQUEAMISHNESS, Fastidium cibi.
  SQUEAZINESS, Nausea.
  SQUELETTE, Skeleton.
  SQUELETTOLOGIE, Skeletology.
  SQUILL, Scilla—s. Vinegar of, Acetum scillae.
   SQUILLA, Scilla.
   SQUINANCIE, Cynanche, Cynanche tonsil-
 aris.
  SQUINANCY,COMMON,Cynanchetonsillaris.
   SQUINANTHIA, Cynanche.
   SQUINANTHUS, Juncus odoratus.
   SQUINE, Smilax China.
   SQULNSY, Cynanche tonsillaris.
   SQUINT-EYED, see Strabismus.
   SQUINTER, see Strabismus.
   SQUINTING, Strabismus.
   SQUIRRE, Scirrhus.
   SQUIRREL CORN, Dicentra Canadensis.
   SQUIRROGASTRIE, Scirrhogastria.
   SQUIRRUS, Scirrhus.
   SQUIRT, Syringe.
   STACHELBERG,  MINERAL WATERS OF.
 Stachelberg Springs  are far down in the valley
 of  the  Linth, in Switzerland.   The waters are
 sulphureous, and are much visited by gouty and
 rheumatic invalids.
   STACHYS FffiTIDA, Galeopsis.
   STACTE, Myrrha.
   STADE, Stage.
   STADIUM, Period, Stage.
   Sta'dium Acmes seu Sta'seos.  The period of
 the height of a disease.
   Sta'dium Annihilations' seu  Convalescen'-
 tia seu Reconvalescentia.   The period of
 recovery from disease.
   Stadium Augmen'ti seu Incremen'ti  Morbi.
 The period or stage of increase of a disease.
  Stadium Caloris, Stage, (hot) — s. Convales-
centiae, S. annihilationis.
  Stadium Decremen'ti.  The period or stage
of decrease of a disease.
  Stadium Frigoris,  Stage, (cold) — s. Incre-
ment! Morbi, S.Augmenti morbi—s. Latentis Con-
tagii, Prodromus — s. Opportunitatis, Prodromus
— s. Prodromorum, Prodromus — s. Reconvales-
centiae, S. Annihilationis.
  STAFF, (D.) Staf.  An instrument of great
importance in lithotomy,—being the director for
the  gorget or knife.  It is made of steel;  and tho
handle is flat and rough, in order  that it may bo
more securely held.  The groove is on its convex
surface.
  STAFF TREE, CLIMBING, Celastrus scan-
dens.
  STAFFA,  Stapes.
  STAG'S PIZZLE, see Cervus.
  STAGE, Sta'dium, (F.) Estage, Etage, Stade.
The period or degree of a disease; especially the
period of an  intermittent: — as  the cold stage, —
sta'dium fri'goris—hot stage, 4c
  STAGGERWEED, Delphinium.
  STA'GIUM.   The sixth part of an ounce.
  STAGMA, from  crania, ' I distil;' Stalag'ma.
Any distilled liquid or liquor.
  Stagma, Gutta.
  STAGNA'TION, Stagna'tio, from  stagnare,
'to  form a pond.' Accumulation and retardation
of fluids in any part of the body.
  STAGNUM CHYLI, Receptaculum chyli.
  STAHLIAN.   One who follows the  doctrine
of Stahl.
  STAHL'IANISM.  The  doctrine of  Stahl,
which  considered every vital  action under the
direction and presidency of the soul.  See Animist.
  STALAGMA,  Stagma.
  STALAGMI'TIS CAMBOGIOI'DES, S. Cam-
bo'gia. Gamboge was long ascribed to this fancied
Ceylonese plant,  It is now known, that the name
was given by Murray to specimens of two distinct
trees of different genera.  See Cambogia.
  STALAGMOS, Distillation.
  STALTICUS,  Inearnans.
  STAMMERING, Balbuties—s. of the Fingers,
Cramp, writers'.
  STAMPING MILL, see Pulverization.
  STANGOS, Tin.
  STANNI  MURIAS, Tin, muriate of—s. Oxy-
duli murias, Tin, muriate of—s.  Pulvis, see Tin.
  STANNIOLUM, Tinfoil.
  STANNUM, Tin —s. Cinereum, Bismuth—s.
Foliatum, Tinfoil—s. Glaeiale,  Bismuth—s.  Gra-
nulatum, see Tin — s. Indicum, Zincum.
  STAPEDIEN, Stapedius.
  STAPE'DIUS, Stapes, (F.)  Stapidien, Pyra-
midal-stapidien.  A muscle of the middle ear,
which draws the stapes obliquely upwards.
  ^STAPES, Stapha, Staffa,  'a stirrup.'  (F.)
Etrier. The innermost of the small bones of the
ear, so called because it resembles a stirrup.  It
is situate horizontally in the cavity of the tympa-
num.  Its head, which  is directed outwards, is
articulated with  the os orbiculare. Its base  faces
inwards, and is applied to  the  fenestra ovalis,
which it closes imperfectly, and to the membrane
of which it is united.  Its branches are one  ante-
rior, and the other poaterior.   They are curved ;
and the space between them is parabolic.  Sur-
geons have  given the name Stapes to a bandage
used in bleeding from the  foot; which  forms a
figure of 8 around  the ankles.
  STAPHA, Stapes.
  STAPHIS, Delphinium staphisagria.
  STAPHISAGRIA, Delphinium staphisagria
  STAPHISAIGRE, Delphinium staphisagria! 
STAPHYLiEMATOMA           813
STATURE
  RTAPHYLA"MATO'MA,  from aratj,vXn, 'the
uvula,' and hamatoma.  A tumour formed by ef-
fusion  of blood  beneath the mucous  membrane
of the uvula.
   STAPHYLAGRA, Staphylepartes.
   RTAPHYLE.  Uvula, see Vitis vinifera,
   STAPIIYLEPAR'TES,  from  trratpvXn,  'the
uvula,' and ttratpoi, ' I lift up.' Staph'ylagra.  An
instrument for laying hold of, and removing  the
uvula.— Paulus.
   STAP1IA'LINT, see Azygos muscle—s.  Medii,
see Azygos muscle.
   STAPIIYLINO-PHARYNGEUS, Palato-pha-
ryngeus.
   STAPIIYLINUS EXTERNUS, Circumflexus.
   STAPIIYLIS, Nipple.
   STAPHYLITIS, Uvulitis.
   STAPHYLI UM, Nipple.
   STAPHYLODIALYSIS,   Cionis,  Staphylce-
dema.
   STAPHYLn:i)F'MA, Angi'na uvula'ria, Dya-
plio'gia urulo'so, Hypoataph'yle, Hypoatophyli'tis,
Stophyloilial'ysis. Prolapsus  seu Propto'aia dvilla,
 Casus drula, Himas,  Himanto'ina, Himanto'eie,
Stapliylode.ns, Staphylnd'cia/Ede''ma u'vula,Pro-
duc'tio uvula d pitni'til,  U'vula decid'ua seu re-
loxa'ta, Oras'pcflon. Relaxation and tumefaction
of the uvula, which, cither from inflammation or
infiltration, hangs down so as to occasion difficult
deglutition, cough, 4c   Scarification, astringent
gargles, and, if necessary, excision, constitute the
treatment,
   STAPHYLO'MA,  from  aratpvXn,  'a grape.'
 Uro'tio, Myoeeph'alon, 31yiocep!i'alum, Parop'eia
Stophy/o'mo, Stophylo'sia, Polygro'ma.  A name
given to different tumours of the anterior surface
of the globe of the eye.
   Staphyloma  Conicum, Staphyloma of the cor-
nea—s. Pellucidum conicum, Staphyloma of the
oornea.
   Staphyloma  of the  Cornea, Sugar-loaf Cor-
nea,  Con'ical Cornea, Con'ical hydrophthal'inia,
 Stophylo'ma  cod icum,  S. pellu'cidum cod icum,
 Conop/itho/'inia, Prolop'sua  cor'nea, Ceraton'cua,
llyperccroto'sis, Hypercer'osia, is an  unequal,
embossed,  bluish or  whitish,  round or conical
tumour ; of variable size; formed by the projec-
tion of the transparent cornea, which is some-
times  extenuated and distended, at others thick-
ened.
   Staphyloma  of the  Irts is the  disease  de-
scribed by Scarpa under the name Procidentia
Iridis.  It is hernia of the iris, through an acci-
dental opening of the cornea.  Also,  iridauxesis.
   Staphyloma  of the  Sclerot'ic  differs from
the last, in the prominence existing on a part of
the eye covered by the sclerotic, which is  much
thinner.
   Staphyloma  Uvea, Iridauxesis.
   STAPHYLONCIA, Staphylcedema.
   STAPIIYLONCUS, Staphylcedema,
   STAPUYLOPLAS'TIC,   Staphyloplasties,
from ariitpvXn, 'the uvula,' and trXaaaia,  'I form.'
An epithet applied to the operation for replacing
the soft palate,  when  it has  been lost,
   STAPIIYLOR'RAPIIY,   Velosynth'esis,  Sta-
 pliylorrha'phio, Kionorrha'phia, Cionorrhaph'io,
 I'runor'rhaphe,  Uronorrha'phia,  Uraniecorrha'-
 pbio,  Uraniscor'rhaphe, from arattivXn, 'the uvu-
la.' and pait>v> 'a suture.'  The operation for uni-
ting a cleft palate.  It consists in paring the edges
of the cleft:  passing ligatures through them,  and
bringing them together.
   STAPHYLOSIS, Staphyloma.
  STAPHYLOTOMY, Staphylotom'ia, from ara-
tpvXn, ' the uvula,' and roftn, ' incision.'   Amputa-
tion of the uvula.
  STAR-APPLE,  BROAD-LEAVED,  Chryso-
phyllum cainito—s. Blazing, Aletris farinosa—s.
Bloom,  Spigelia Marilandica — s. Grass, Aletris
farinosa, Hypoxys erecta — s. Knap-weed, Cen-
taurea  calcitrappa—s. Stroke,  Coup - de - soleil
— s. AVort,  Aletris farinosa—s.  AVort, golden,
Bubonium.
  STARBECK  SPA.   A chalybeate spring at
Harrogate.
  STARCH, Amylum— s. Blue, Smalt.
  Starch, Iodide of,  Iod'idum  seu lodure'turn
Am'yli,  Am'ylum ioddtum, (F.) lodure dAmidon;
prepared by triturating iodine and starch, is said
to have the eutrophie effects of iodine; but,  by
some,  is  esteemed  inert.  Dose,  four to  six
grains.
  Starch, Potato, see Solanum tuberosum — s.
Sugar, Glucose.
  STARKEY'S PILLS, see Pilulae ex helleboro
et myrrha.
  STASE, Stasis.
  STASIS', araats, from araoi, 'I stop,' (F.) Stase.
This word has nearly the same signification as
stagnation.  Stagnation, however, sometimes  in-
cludes a morbid condition of the fluids, — Stasis
never.
  Stasis, Station.
  STATIC.  An epithet applied to the physical
phenomena presented  by organized bodies  in
contradistinction to the organic or vital.
  STATTCA  SEPTI  NA'RIUM, Appen'dix eu-
ta'nea aepti na'rium.   The cutaneous  appendage
to the septum narium.
   STATTCE  CAROLINIA'NA  of the United
States, Amer'ican Thrift,Marsh Roae'mary,3Iarah
Root, Seaside  Thrift, Inkroot, Seo Lavender, is
considered to be a mere variety of the statice li-
monium.
   Stat'ice Limo'nium, S. Marit'imum, Behen ru-
brum, Lima'nium, L. majus seu vulga're, Behen, Sea
Lov'ender, Red Behen, Behmen Ackmar, Marsh
Rosemary, Lavender Thrift,  (F.) Behen rouge.
Family, Plumbagineae.  Sex.  Syst. Pentandria
Pentagynia.   The roots have been  esteemed as-
tringent, tonic, and eminently antiseptic.
  Statice Maritimum, S. limonium—s. Vulgare,
S. limonium.
  STA'TION,  Sta'tio, Stasis,^ Status,  from stare,
'to stand.'  The act of standing.
  STA'TIONARY, Stationa'riua, from store,  ' to
stand.'  A name given by Sydenham and Stoll
to certain diseases, which depend upon a particu-
lar state  of the atmosphere;  and which prevail
in a district for a certain  number of years, and
then give way to others.
   STATISTICS,  MEDICAL,  Vital  Statistics,
Biostat'ics, (F.) Statiatique midico/e.   That part
of medicine which relates  to details — medico-ato-
tiatical — connected with the mortality, salubrity,
4c, of different countries and situations.
   It has, also, been used in a wider sense to sig-
nify the same as Numerical method, (F.) 3Iithode
numirique; which is applied to the systemization
of medical facts, or to  the use of numbers in  the
investigation of disease.
   Statistics, Vital, Statistics, medical.
   STATURE,  Statu'ra.  3/eg'ethoa, Magnitu'do
cor'porie, from eto, etatnin, ' I stand.'  The height
of the human figure. The following table exhibits
the results of several  admeasurements, with  the
heights of some of  the monkey species, on  the
authority of Mr. Lawrence. 
STATUS
814
STEREOTICA
stature.
Feet.   In.
An Englishman,.
An Englishwoman,,
  44
o
 00
  4
to
00
 5
104
 54
 8
00
11
 74
 4
00
 2
 7
European male skeleton,..................  5
         Do.            ..................  5
A Negro at the Lunatic Hospital, Liver- j fi
    pool,.......................................J
Another from A'irginia....................,..  5
Another from the Gold Coast,............  5
Another,.......................................  *>
Negro skeleton,..............................  4
Another,.......................................  5
A Lascar,......................................  5
Arenus de Medici,...........................  5
Tyson's Chimpanse (Simla Troglodytea)  2
Mr. Abel's Orang Otang,..................  2
Camper's      Do.     .............. less than 30
Mr. White's Monkey,.......................  2     2
   STATUS, Acme — s. Cruditatis,  Crudity — s.
Erethiticus, Nervous diathesis—s. Gastricus, Em-
barraa gaatriqae—s. Nervosus, Nervous diathesis
— s.  Sthenicus, Sthenia —s.  Verminosus,  Hel-
minthiasis.
   STAA'ESACRE, Delphinium staphisagria.
   STAXIS, Apoatax'ie.   A slight epistaxis or
nasal hemorrhage. —Hippocrates.
   STEAM-DOCTOR.   A term applied  to one
who treats all or most diseases by steam.
   STEAR, Pinguedo, Sevum.
   STEARIN, see Pinguedo.
   STEARINUM CETACEUM, Cetaceum.
   STEARRHGE'A, Steatorrhce'a, Seborrhoe'a,
 Scborrhag"ia, Smegmatorrhce'a, Smegmorrhce'a,
 Seba'ceous Flux, from arcap, ' suet,' and ptta, ' I
flow.'   Augmentation of secretion from the seba-
 ceous follicles of the skin.
   STEATITES, Polysarcia.
   STEATOCE'LE, from  artap,  'suet,' and KnXv,
 ' a tumour.'   A tumour formed by a collection of
 steatomatous  matter in the scrotum.
   STEATO'MA,  Tumor  lar'deua,  from artap,
 ' suet.'  Seva'tio,  Steato'sis, Emphy'ma encys'tis
 steatoma.  An encysted tumour, whose contents
 are similar to fat.
■   STEATOP'YGA, from artap, 'fat,' and trvyn,
 ' buttocks.'  Buttock-hump.   Fat buttocks;  such
 as exist in the Hottentot females.
    STEATORRHEA, Stearrboea.
    STEATO'SIS, Steatoma.
    Steato'sis Cordis,Degcnerdtio adipo'sa cordis,
  Cardiethmolipo'sis and Cardiomyolipo'sis (Pior-
  ry), Fatty heart.   Unusual deposition of fat on
  the heart:—by some presumed to be occasionally
  a true adipous degeneration of the substance of
  the heart, which is probably incorrect.
    STEATOZOON  FOLLICULORUM,  Acarus
  Folliculorum.
    STEEL, Chalybs.
    STEEPLE-BUSH, Spiraea tomentosa.
    STEER'S  OPODELDOCH, see Opodeldoch,
  Steer's.
    STEGANOP'ODES, ttrtyavotrolts, Planip'edes.
  They who have flat feet, or are web-footed, from
  nrtyavos, 'covered,' and ttovs, 'foot.'
    STEGNO'SIS, Steno'sis, Constipa'tio, Stipa'tio,
  Condensa'tio, Obatruc'tio, from urtyvou), ' I  con-
  strict.'  Constriction  or  narrowness of the pores
  and vessels.  Stricture. Constipation.  Suppression
  of the evacuations.  See Arctatio.
    STEGNOTICA, Astringents.
    STEIROSIS, Sterilitas.
  STELENCIS. Stridor dentium.  ^
  STELLA, Fas'cia stella'ta, (F.) Etoile. A ban-
dage, improperly compared to a star, because it
is crossed like the letter X.  This bandage is ap-
plied upon  one or both  shoulders.  In the first
case,  it is  called simple; in the second, double.
It was employed in cases of fractures of the ster-
num, clavicle, and scapula;  in  luxations of the
humerus, 4 c.
  Stella Terr^c, Plantago coronopus.
  STELLARIA MEDIA, Alsine media—s. Scil-
la, Scilla. "
  STELLATA RUPINA, Centaurea calcitrapa.
  STELOCHITIS, Osteocolla.
  STENAGMUS, Suspirium.
  STENAXIS, Suspirium.
  STENIA, Sthenia.
  STENICUS, Active.
  STENOBREGMATE, see Cranium.
  STENOCARDIA,  Angina pectoris,  Cardioste-
nosis.
  STENOCHO'RIA, Stenochori'asia.   Angustia.
Employed  by some for contraction of the vagina.
  Stenochoria Intestini Recti, Stricture of the
rectum—s. (Esophagi, Dysphagia constricta.
  STENOMYCTE'RIA,  from  crtvos,  'narrow,'
and pvKrnp, 'nose.'   Contraction of  the nasal
passages.
  STENOSIS, Stegnosis.
  STENOSTEGNOSIS, Stenostenosis.
  STENOSTENO'SIS, Stenostegndsis, from Ste-
no, and arevuiais, 'contraction.'   Obatruc'tio duc-
tus  Stenonidna.  Narrowness or contraction of
the duct of Steno.
  STENOSTOMTA,  from artvos, 'narrow,'  and
oropa, 'mouth.'  Contraction of the mouth.
   STENOTHORA'CES, from  artvos,  'narrow,'
and -Supaf, 'the chest.'  They who have narrow
chests.
   STENTOROPHO'NUS, from Ynvrmp, Stentor,
a Greek  in the army before  Troy;  and tjitovn,
 'voice.'  One who has a strong voice.
   STEPHANE, Crown.
   STEPHENS,  MRS.,  REMEDY  FOR THE
 STONE.   This consisted of lime, prepared by
 calcining the  shells of eggs and snails, made into
 pills with  soap.  A decoction was, also, adminis-
 tered, consisting of chamomile,  fennel, parsley,
 and burdock, with a portion of Alicant soap.  Its
 virtues were  dependent upon  the lime and the
 tonic properties of the decoction.  Hales, Hartley,
 Kirkpatrick,  Lobb,  and others, wrote in favour
 of this nostrum ; and it was ultimately bought by
 the British parliament for £5000.
   STERA, Uterus.
   STERCORA'CEOUS,  Stercordrius,  Diacho-
 ret'icus, Ster'coral, from stercus,  ' dung.'  Fecal,
 Facal, (F.) Stercoraire, Stercoral.
    The French use the term Fistulcs stercoraires
 for those which are kept up by the constant pas-
 sage of fecal or stercordceoua matter.   The name
 Stercoraires  is sometimes given, in  derision, to
 those physicians who are fond of purging  their
 patients :  « poateriori has been similarly used.
    STERCORAIRE, Stereoraceous.
    STERCUS,  Excrement, Fimus—s. Anseris,
  Fimus anseris—s. Caninum album, Album  Grae-
  cum—s. Diaboli, Asafoetida—s. Equi non castrati,
  Fimus.
    Stercus Huma'num,  Homerda.   Human  ex-
  crement.
    Stercus Lacert^f.,  Croeodilia.
    STEREOCYSTTS,  from artptos,  'hard,' and
  Kuans, ' cyst.'  A bard steatoma.
    STEREOS, Solid.
     STEREOT'ICA, from artptos,  'hard.'  Fortui- 
STERILE
815
STETHOMETER
tous lesions or deformities affecting the  hard
parts.   The 2d order, class  Tyehica of Good.
  STER'ILI'*,  Ster'ilia, A'gonoa, Ajilt'orus,  Aph-
or'icus, Ablttat'es, Infecuddus, (F.) Sterile.  Same
etymon as Sterilitas. Not producing fruit: infecund.
  STERILIS,  Sterile.
  STERIL'ITAS, Agodia,  Steiro'sis,  Stiro'sis,
Agenne'sio, AgennCsis, Infecun'ditas, Steril'ify,
Acye'sis,  Bor'renness,  Infecuddity,  Apho'ria,
Atee'nia, Atoc'io,  from areppos,  or  artptos, 'hard,
barren.'  Quality  of that which is barren.   Ste-'
rility may be absolute  or relative. The former
depends upon some vicious  conformation of the
genital organs, apparent or concealed, and  occa-
sionally admits of cure.  Sterility is relative when
a female does not conceive with one individual,
but does  with another.  Sterility in  females is
often dependent upon a condition of the uterus
characterized by membranous menstruation.
   STERNAD, see Sternal.
   STERNAL,  Sterna'lis,  from  sternum,   ' the
breast  bone.'  Relating or  appertaining to the
sternum or breast bone.
   Sternal  Aspect.  The  aspect of the  body
where the sternum is situate.—Barclay.  Sternad
is used by the  same writer adverbially to signify
 towards the sternal aspeet.
   STERNALGIA, Angina pectoris.
   STERNOCLAVICULAR,   Stcrno-claviculd -
ris. That which relates to the sternum and clavicle.
   Sterno-clavic'ular  Articula'tion is the
union of the inner extremity of the clavicle with
a round facette at each  side of the superior ex-
tremity of  the  sternum.   In  this  articulation
there are, besides the incrusting cartilages, two
radiated  stcrno-clavieiilar,  (F.)  Sterno-clavicu-
laires rayonniea ;  one anterior,  and one posterior
—an inter-clavicular ligament, extending between
the two clavicles, and two synovial capsules, se-
parated by an inter-articular fibro-cartilage. The
costo-cla vicular ligament may also be considered
 to  lielong to this articulation.
   STERNO-CLA VIO-MASTOIDIEN, Sterno-
 cleido-mastoideus — s. Cleido-hyoideus,  Sterno-
 hyoideus.
  "STEENO-CLELDO BRACHIALIS, Pectoralis
 major.
   STERNO-CLEIDO- MASTOIDEUS,  Sterno-
 moato'idcua, Cleido-moato'ideus, Masto'itlcus,  31as-
 to'ideus anterior,  Nuta'tor cap'itis; (F.) Sterno-
 clavio-masto'idien, Sterno-masto'idien ; from artp-
 vov, 'the  sternum,' kXus, 'the  clavicle,'  and paa-
 ros, 'the mastoid  process.'   A muscle situate at
 the anterior and lateral part of the neck.   It is
 long and  flattened : simple, above : and divided
 into two portions below ; where it is inserted into
 the anterior and superior part of the  sternum,
 and the inner  quarter of the clavicle.  Above, it
 terminates at the mastoid process, which  it em-
 braces, at the  neighbouring part of the  temporal
 bone, and at the outer third of the upper curved
 line of the occipital bone.  It carries the head
 forward;  inclines,  and  rotates  it to one  side.
 AVhen both contract, they bend the head directly
 forwards.
    STERNOCOSTAL,  Triangularis sterni —s.
  Costo-clavio-humiral, Pectoralis major—s. Dynia,
 see Somatodynia—s. Humeral,  Pectoralis major.
    STERNO-HYOIDEUS.  Steruo-cleido-kyoide-
 us, Sterno-hyo'ides, Hyoides primus ; from artpvov,
 'the slernum,' and 'votiSns, 'the os hyoides.'  A
 muscle situate at the anterior  part of the  neck;
 inserted, above, at the inferior edge of  the body
 of the hyoid  bone; below, into the  upper part
 of the posterior surface of the  sternum;—at the
 posterior  part of the  sterno-clavicular articula-
 tion, and sometimes into the cartilage of the first
 rib.  It depresses the os hyoides.
  STERNO - MASTOIDIEN,  Sterno - cleido -
mastoideus—s. Pubien, Rectus abdominis.
  STERNO-THYROIDEUS,  Stemo-thyro'idcs,
Bron'chius.   A muscle, situate  at the anterior
part of the neck.  It is attached, above, to the
oblique line seen on the outer surface of the thy-
roid cartilage; and terminates, below, at the up-
per part of the posterior surface of the  sternum,
and the  cartilage of the  second rib.  AVhen it
contracts, it depresses  the  thyroid cartilage  and
os hyoides, by the  medium of the  thyro-hyoid
membrane.
  STERNODYNIA SYNCOPATES, Angina
pectoris—s. Syncoptica et Palpitans, Angina pec-
toris.
  STERNO-OMPHALODYMIA,  see  Somato-
dymia.
  STERNUM, Sternon,  from  trrtppos, ' solid;'
Pectus,  Os asser seu pec'toris  seu xipho'ides seu
ijlaili'oli seu  ensifor'me,  Scutum  cordis,  Breast
Bone, Ilamal Spine of Owen.  An azygous sym-
metrical bone, situate at the fore-part of the chest.
It is flat; broad above ; narrower in the middle ;
and terminates, below, by  a pointed cartilage—
the xiphoid.   It has an anterior or cutaneous sur-
face, a posterior  or  mediastinal — a superior or
clavicular  extremity, and an inferior or abdomi-
nal.  It is articulated with the clavicles and the
seven upper ribs  on each side, by means of their
cartilages.   According  to  Beclard,  it is  formed
of  six principal  bones, which  he names, from
their position, 1.  Primi-sternal  or cluvi-sternal:
2.  Duo-sternal:  3.  Tri-sternal: 4.  Quarti-ster-
nal: 5. Quinti-sternal: 6.  Ultimi-sternol or ensi-

  STERNUMENTUM, Sneezing.
  STERNUTAMENTORIA, Achillea ptarmica.
  STERNUTAMENTUM, Sneezing.
  STERNUTATIO, Sneezing.
  STERNUTATOIRE, Sternutatory.
   STER'NUTATORY, Stemutatdriua, from ater-
nutore, 'to sneeze.'  Sterntttomen'tum, Errhi'num,
Ptttr'micum, Anorrhi'num, (F.) Sternutotoire.  A
substance which  provokes  sneezing; as tobacco,
4c—Sec Errhine.
   STERTEUR, Stertor.
   STERTOR, Ronchtts or Rhonchus, Renchus,
Rhencus, (F.) Stertettr,  Ronflcment, from stertere,
' to snore.'  The  deep snoring which accompanies
inspiration in some diseases, particularly in apo-
plexy.  Such respiration is said to be ster'torous;
Reapiro'tio stertuo'sa seu stertens seu stertoro'ea.
   STERTOROUS, see Stertor.
   STETH^E'MIA, Hypera'mia Pulmo'num seu
Pec'toris, Conges'tio Pulmonum seu Pectoris, (F.)
Hyperimie des Poumons, Congestion des Poumons.
Hyperaemia of the lungs.   Congestion or  accu-
mulation of blood in the pulmonary vessels.
   STETHOCATHARSIS, Expectoration.
   STETTIOCHYSIS, Hydrothorax.
   STETHODESMIS, Corset.
   STETIIODESAIIUM, Corset,
   STETHODESMUS,  Corset.
   STETHOM'ETER, from  crnBos,  'the  chest,'
and iitrpov, ' measure.'  An instrument, proposed
by Mr.  Richard Quain, for measuring the  extent
of movement of the walls of the  chest, as a means
of  diagnosis in thoracic diseases.  It consists of
a flat case, not unlike a watch-case, having on its
upper surface a graduated  dial and  index, which
is acted on by a simple mechanism.   A silk cord,
long enough to  surround one-half  the  chest,
passes through an aperture in the case.  The dial
is graduated into fifty equal parts, each of which
represents the l-200th of an inch.   In using the
instrument, the dial is  placed firmly against the
spine, and the point of the  tape over the sternum,
or  at any other spot according to the part to be 
STETHOPARALYSIS           816              STIZOLOBIUM
examined.  The extension of the string, as indi-
cated by the dial, shows the amount of elasticity
of the parietes of the thorax.
  STETHOPARAL'YSIS, Paral'ysis nervo'rum
tho ml ris, phrenicorum, 4c;  from 0x17605,  'the
chest,'  and trapaXvots, 'paralysis.'  Palsy of the
muscles of the chest.
  STETHORRIIEUMA,  Pleurodynia.
  STETH'OSCOPE, Stethoscop'ium,  Stethos'co-
pum, Echoscop'ium, Paophoideter, Thoracoscop'-
turn, from arn$os, ' the chest,' and aKotnoi, ' I exa-
mine.'   An instrument invented by Laennec, of
Paris, for exploring the chest.   The stethoscope,
sometimes called  Pectoriloqtte, is a cylinder of
wood, from four inches to a  foot long; pierced
through and through  by a longitudinal  canal
about a quarter of an inch  in diameter.  The
longer are  generally composed of two portions,
that fit together  by means of a screw, one of
which is hollowed at the extremity, in the  shape
of a funnel.  These two  portions being screwed
to each other, the physician lays hold of the in-
strument, as he would of a pen, puts the funnel-
shaped  extremity on the chest of the patient, and
applies  his ear to the other.  To explore the pul-
sations  of the heart, the funnel is plugged  up by
a piece of the same  kind of  wood accurately
adapted to it, and pierced by a canal of the same
width  as that  in  the  body of  the instrument.
Stethoscopes  are  sometimes  flexible,  like the
flexible ear-trumpet.
   This  mode of examining affections of the chest,
Steth'oseopy,  Stethoscop'io, 4c, is what Laie'nnec
terms Auscultation midiatc, Mediate Auscultation.
   STETHOSCOPIA, see Auscultation, and Ste-
thoscope.
   STFTHUS, Thorax.
   STEW, Stove.
   STHENI'A,  Steni'a, Diath'esis sthen'ica, Sta-
tus sthedicus, Vis aucta,  from oStvos, ' strength,'
'power.'  Excess of strength ; excitement  of the
organic actions.  A word used, especially by the
Brunonians, as well as Asthenia,— its antitheton.
Sthenic or dynamic diseases are  such as depend
upon excessive excitement.
   STHENICUS, Active.
   STHENOPYRA, Synocha.
   STIBI. Antimonium.
   STIBIALIS, Antimonial.
   STIBIATUS TARTRIS LIXIVLE, Antimo-
nium tartarizatum.
   STIBII  BUTYRUM,  Antimonium muriatum
— s. Deuto-murias  sublimatus, Antimonium mu-
riatum—s. et Potassae deuto-tartras, Antimonium
 tartarizatum—s. Hydrosulphuretum rubrum, An-
 timonii sulphuretum  rubrum — s. Oxidum acido
 muriatico oxygenato paratum, Algaroth—s. Oxi-
 dum album  mediante nitro confectum, Antimo-
 nium diaphoreticum — s. Oxidum pnecipitando
 paratum, Algaroth — s. Oxodes album, Antimo-
 nium  diaphoreticum — s.  Oxodes sulphuretum,
 Antimonii sulphuretum praecipitatum — s.  Oxydi
 sulphurati hydro-sulphuretum luteum, Antimonii
 sulphuretum praecipitatum—s. Oxydulati sulphu-
 retum,  Antimonii sulphuretum praecipitatum—s.
 Oxydulum vitreatum, Antimonii vitrum—s. Oxy-
 dum semivitreum, Antimonii vitrum—s. Oxydum
 sulphuratum,  Oxydum  stibii  sulphuratum — s.
 Subhydrosulphas, Antimonii sulphuretum rubrum
 — s. Submurias praecipitando paratum, Algaroth
 — s. Sulphurati hydrosulphuretum rubrum, An-
 timonii sulphuretum  rubrum—s. Sulphuretum
 nigrum,  Antimonium — s. A'itrum,  Antimonii
 vitrum.
   STIBIOSUM HYDROSULPHURETUM
 CUM SULPHURE, Antimonii sulphuretum prae-
 cipitatum—s. Oxidum,  Antimonium  diaphore-
 ticum.
  STIBIUAI, Antimonium.
  STICHAS ARABICA, Lavendula stccchas.
  STICKAVORT. Agrimony.
  STICTA  PULMONALE A, Lichen  pulmo-
narius.
  STIFF JOINT, MUSCULAR, Contraetura.
  Stiff Joints, Milk sickness.
  STIFFNECK, Torticollis.
  STIGMA, Cicatricula.
  STIGMATA, see Naevus. The breathing pores
of insects are so called.
  Stig'mata Ovario'rum, Cicatri'ces Ovario'rum.
The cicatrices left in the  ovary after the escape
of ova,
  STILBOMA, Cosmetic.
  STILL, Alembic.
  STILLA, Gutta.
  STILLATIO  SANGUINIS  E  NARIBUS,
Epistaxis.
  STILLICIDTUM,  Substil'lum, from  stillore,
' to drop.'  This term is often used synonymously
with Strangury.  It means the flow of any fluid
—particularly the urine — drop by drop.   Also a
kind of embrocation, Stillicid'ium supra partem,
effected by dropping  a liquid upon a part.
  Stillicidium Lacrymarum, Epiphora—s. Na-
rium, Coryza. — s. Sanguinis  e  naribus, Epis-
taxis — s. Supra partem, sec Stillicidium.
  STILLINGIA, S. aylrat'iea,  Queen's Root,
 Queen's delight, Yaw root, 3Iar'cory, Coekup hat.
An indigenous plant, which grows in pine bar-
rens, from Alrginia to  Florida.  Sex.  Syst. Mo-
noecia  Monadelphia,   Not. Ord.  Euphorbiaceae.
The root is said to be used in syphilis, obstinate
cutaneous affections,  4c, like sarsaparilla.
  STIMATO'SIS,  Stymatosis,  Hamorrhaef'ia
Penis, Stymatorrhag"ia, Phallorrliag"ia,  Caulor-
rhaefia, from arvpa, 'priapism,' itself from arvtiv,
'to  erect.'   Hemorrhage  from  the male organ,
accompanied or not with priapism.
   STIMMI, Antimonium.
   STIM'ULANT, Stim'ulans, Ex'dtans,  Exci'-
tant, In'citans, Incenti'vum,  Irri'tans,  Inci'tant,
Hypersthen'ic, from stimulare, ' to goad.'   A me-
dicine which has  the power of exciting the orga-
nic action of the different systems of the econo-
my.  Some stimulants  are diffusible, — that is,
have a prompt but temporary action ;  others are
permanent or persistent.   The action of stimu-
lants is called Stimula'tion, Stimulu'tio, Iucita'tio.
   The chief stimulants are the following: iEther
 Sulphuricus, Ammonia, Asafoetida, Brucia, Cam-
 phora, Capsicum, Castoreum, Cinnamomum, Co-
 paiba, Cubeba,- Guaiacum, Hydrargyri  Praepa-
 rata, Iodinum, Nux Aromica,  Olea  Essentialia,
 Opium (in small dose), Piper, Sinapis, Strychnia,
 Zingiber, — Alcohol, Caloric,  Electricity, Mental
 Emotions,  (the Impetuous.)
   STIM'ULUS, 'a goad.' Incitamen'tum, Irri-
 ta'men, Irritamedtiim, Potcn'tia Irri'tans.  Any
 thing which excites the animal economy.
   STINK  POKE, Dracontium fcetidum—s.Weed,
 Chenopodium  anthelminticum,  Datura  stramo-
 nium, Polanisia graveolens.
   STIPATIO, Stegnosis.
   Stipatio Tel^j Cellulo'SvE Infant'um.  In-
 duration of the cellular tissue of children.
   STIROSIS,  Sterilitas.
   STITCH, same root as  etick, Sax. rucian, (G.)
 s t e c k e n, (F.) Point, (L.) Punctum; (from pnn-
 gere, punctum, 'to prick or sting.') An acute lan-
 cinating pain, like that produced by the  puncture
 of a sharp needle.
   Stitch,  Common,  Suture, common — s. Royal,
 Suture, common — s. in the Side, Pleurodynia.
   STIZOLOBIUM,  Dolichos pruriens. 
«•■'              .STLENGIS                817                STOMATITIS
 »   STLENGIS, Stridor dentium.
     STOILE'A RUBRICAI'LIS.  A South Afri-
   can plant, Not. Ord. compositae.  A  tincture of
  4J*nc bi ui • Li'".>ts is diuretic, and of great service
   in fprt-.^r
     S'l'oi 'III-: ION, Element,
^^STOCKING, LACED, (F.) Bos laaai.  A ban-
wThi.ge u.-sed by surgeons, which consists of a stock-
   ing made of firm cloth or dog-skin, admitting of
   being tightly laced anteriorly.   It is employed in
   varices and ulcers of the legs.
     ST<E*>IIAS ARABICA, Lavendula stcechas.
     STO.MA, Mouth.
     STOMAC'ACE,  Stomotoc'ace, Stomol'gio, La-
   brisiU'vrum, Cliei/oc'aee, U/oe'uce, Clieiloinala'cia,
   Stomatono'nia, Stoinittnnecro'aia, from  arofiu, ' the
   moutb,'^fi<l  kukos, 'evil:' Cancer  Oris, Canker.
   Feetor of the  mouth  with  a bloody discharge
   from  the  gums.   (F.)  Cancer  aquatique;  see
   Cance^'Aquaticus.   Also, Scurvy.
     Stomacace, Porphyra nautica—s. Gangraeno-
   sura, Cancer  aquaticus — s.  Universale, Purpura
   haemorrbagiea.
     STOMACAL, Stomachal.
     STO.MACALOIA,  Cardialgia,
     STOMACH,  Stom'achue,  Ventrie1'ulna, Nedys,
   Anocidliu, Gaster,  (F.) Estomae, from arofia, 'a
   mouth.'  One of the  principal organs of diges-
   tion.  It is a musculo-mcmbranous reservoir; con-
   tinuous, on the one side, with the oesophagus; on
   the other, with the duodenum.   It is  situate  be-
   neath the diaphragm, between  the liver and  the
   spleen ;  and occupies the epigastrium  and  a part
   of the  left  bypochondrium.  In it the food is
   converted into chyme.  AVhen viewed externally,
   the stomach  has, 1. An anterior face, which looks
   a little upwards.  2. An inferior face, directed
   downwards.    ',). An  inferior  or colic margin,
   which is convex and  extensive, and is called  the
   greater curvature, (F.) Grand courbure.  It gives
   origin to the  omentum majus.  4. A superior or
   diaphragmatic  margin, which  is  shorter, con-
   cave, and is called the lesser curvature, (F.) Petit
   courbure   The lesser omentum is attached to
   this.  5. A left or oesophageal orifice, called, also,
   the cardin, Os  ventric'uli or upjjer orifice.  6. A
   right or intestinal, or inferior  orifice, called the
   pylorus.  7.  A considerable  dilatation, situate to
   the left of the  cardia  and greater curvature —
   the great tuberosity of the stomach;  and,  8. A
   less extensive dilatation, situate to the right of
   the  greater curvature, — the lesser tuberosity or
   lesser cul-de-sac, Antrum Pylo'ri. The inner sur-
   face of the stomach is of a reddish-white colour,
   and has a marbled appearance.   It is constantly
   covered  by thick mucus, and is  lined  by  a mu-
   cous membrane, which  presents numerous wrin-
   kles.  The parietes of the  stomach  consist  of
   three membranes in superposition.   The  outer-
   most is serous, and is an extension of the perito-
   neum ;  the middle  coat is muacular, — some  of
   its fibres  running longitudinally; others, trans-
   versely, and others obliquely; the innermost mem-
   brane is of a mucous  nature, Crueta ri/lo'sa ven-
   tric'uli, Gostro-mycod'eris, but not exactly  a con-
   tinuation of the membrane that lines the oesopha-
   gus. The mucous and muscular membranes form,
   at the pylorus, a valve, called the Pyloric  valve.
   These  three  coats are  united by a dense,  close,
   areolar membrane ;  and, betweeu the mucous and
   muscular coats,  along the two curvatures especi-
   ally, is a quantity of muciparous glands,  called
   Glands of Brunner.  The arteries of the stomach
   are very numerous, and  proceed  from the coro-
   naria ventriculi, the pyloric, splenic,  and  right
   and left gastro-epiploic.  The veins  have the
   same name, and pursue the same course  as the
   arteries.   They pour their blood into  the  trunk
        52
 of  the vena porta.  Its  lymphatic vessels  are
 very numerous, and pass into ganglia,  situate
 along the two curvatures.   The  nerves  of  the
 stomach proceed  from the pneumogastric, and
 three divisions of  the coeliac plexus.
   Stomach Cell, see  Favulus — s. Disease,  Li-
 mosis — s. First, Ingluvies.
   Stomach Pump,  Gaatredchyta,  Antli'a gas'-
 trica.  A useful instrument for conveying fluids
 to the stomach, when deglutition is impracticable,
 and for pumping out the contents of that organ.
 It  consists of a forcing syringe,  to the bottom
 and  nozzle of which  flexible tubes can  be  at-
 tached.  When the object is to force  fluids into
 the stomach, the stomach-tube must be attached
 to the nozzle, and passed down  the throat,— the
 tube connected with the bottom  of the syringe
 being placed  in  the fluid to be  injected.   To
 empty  the stomach, the  stomach-tube must be
 attached to the bottom of the instrument.  This
 instrument has been of great service where poi-
 sons have been taken.  The antidote, when any
 exists, and is at  hand, should  be administered
 immediately prior to its use.
   The  stomach   pump  was  first  employed in
 America by Dr. Physick, in the year 1812.
   Stomach, Second,  Proventriculus — s. Sick,
 Milk sickness — s. Third, Arentriculus callosus —
 s. Tube, see Tube, oesophageal.
   STOM'ACHAL, Stomach'ic, Stomach'ical, Car-
 di'acus,  Stomach'icus,  Stomachdlis,  Viseera'lis,
 (F.) Stomacol, Stomachique. That which belongs
 to the stomach;  that  which is good for the sto-
 mach ; which strengthens  the stomach.  A me-
 dicine that gives tone to the stomach.
   STOMACHALGIA, Cardialgia.
   STOMACHI RESOLUTIO, Dyspepsia.
   STOMACHIC, Stomachal.
   STOMACHICAL, Stomachal.
   STOMACHIQUE Stomachal.
   STOM'ACHUS, from aropa,  'mouth.'  This
 word has been used in several different accepta-
 tions ; for  example, for the oesophagus, for  the
 cardiac orifice of the stomach, (see Cardia,) and
 for the stomach itself.  Hippocrates calls the neck
 of the bladder arofxaxos Kvartws-; and the neck of
 the uterus rns pnrpas aroytaxos.
  STOMAL'GIA,  Stomatal'gia, Stomatodyn'ia,
 from arojia, ' mouth,' and aXyos, ' pain.'  Pain in
 the mouth; Stomac'ace.
  STOMAPYRA,  Aphthae — s. Aphtha, Aphthae.
  STOMATALGIA, Stomalgia.
  STOMATTC, Stomat!icus, from arojxa, 'mouth.'
 A medicine used in  diseases, 4c, of the mouth.
 Dentifrices, masticatories, 4c, are stomatics.
  ST03IATITE  APHTHEUSE, Stomatitis,
 aphthous — s. Charbonneuse, Cancer aquaticus —
 s. Couenneuse, Stomatitis, pseudo-membranous —
 s. Cremeuse pultocie, Aphthae — s. Folliculeuae,
 Stomatitis,  aphthous — s.  Gangrineuse,  Cancer
 aquaticus—s. Mercurielle, see Salivation, mercu-
 rial— s. Ulcireuse, Stomatitis, aphthous.
  STOMATI'TIS, from aropa, 'the mouth,' and
 itia, denoting inflammation.  (F.) Inflammation
 de la Bouche ; Inflammation  of the mouth.
  Stomatitis,  Aphthous, S. follicular, S. ul'-
 ceroua, Emphly'sis Aphtha, A. Adulto'rum, (F.)
 Stomatite,  S. aphtheuee,  S. folliculeuee,  S.  ul-
 cireuse.   An inflammation of the follicles  of the
 mouth,  constituting the  aphthae of the  adult,
 which is generally  accompanied by cephalic, gas-
 tric, and general disturbance.  It may be either
descrete or confluent, and requires  general and
local treatment, adapted to the case.
  Stomatitis, Erythematous.  Simple inflam-
mation of the mouth. 
STOMATITIS
818
STRANGALIDES
   Stomatitis, Exsudativa, Aphthae—s. Follicu-
lar, S. aphthous — s. Gangrenous, Cancer aqua-
ticus.
   Stomatitis, Mercu'hial, Hydrargyrostom'-
atis, Hydrargyrostomati'tis, Stomati'tis mercurid-
lis.  Inflammation of the mouth induced by mer-
cury.
   Stomatitis of Nursing-women appears to be
a variety of S. aphthous.
   Stomatitis, Pseudomembranous, (F.) Stoma-
tite  coucnneuse,   Diphthirite buccale,  Paeudo-
membranou8 inflammation of the  mouth ;—in its
worst form, Stomatyphua, (F.) Figorite.  Inflam-
mation of the mouth accompanied by the exuda-
tion  of a false membrane, — a disease which  is
rarely seen except in large foundling establish-
ments.
   Stomatitis, Ulcerous,  S. aphthous — s. Ve-
siculosa infantum, Aphthae.
   STOMATOCACE, Stomacace.
   STOMATODYNIA, Stomalgia.
   S TO M A T O-GAS'T RIC, Stdmato-gos'trieus,
from aropa,' the mouth,' and yaarnp, the stomach.'
Appertaining to the mouth and stomach,—as the
etomato-gaetric ganglia of the lower animals.
   STOMATOMALACIA PUTRIDA, Cancer
aquaticus.
   STOMATONECROSIS, Cancer aquaticus, Sto-
macace.
   STOMATONOMA, Stomacace.
   STOMATOPA'NUS, from  aropa, 'the mouth,'
and iravos, 'a glandular tumour.'  Stomatophy'ma
glandulosum, Panua Fau'cium.   Tumefaction of
the glands of the mouth.
  STOMATOPHY'MA, from aropa, 'the mouth,'
and tpvpa,' a swelling.' A swelling in the mouth.
   Stomatophyma Glandulosum, Stomatopanus.
  STOMATOPLAS'TIC, Stomatoplad ticus; from
oroua,  ' the mouth,' and rXaaato,  ' I form.   The
operation of forming a mouth, where the aperture
has been contracted from any cause.
  STOMATORRHAGIA, Stomatorrhce'a, Ha-
morrhag" ia oris,  H. fau'cium, San'guinis profld-
vium ex Ore, HamorrhoVdes Oris, Stomato'sis,
Stomorrhag"ia,  (F.) Himorrhagie buccale, from
aropa,  ' the mouth,' and pnywpt,  ' I break out.'
Hemorrhage from the mouth.
  Stomatorrhagia  Alveolorum, Phatnorrha-
gia — s. Gingivarum, Ulorrhagia.
  STOMATORRHCEA, Stomatorrhagia.
  ST03IATOSCOPE, from  aropa, ' mouth,'and
aKotrtta, 'I view.'  Any instrument for  keeping
the mouth open,  so as to permit the parts within
to be inspected;  Speculum oris.
  STOMATOSEPSIS, Cancer aquaticus.
   STOMATOSIS, Stomatorrhagia.
   STOMATOSPASMUS, Trismus.
   STOMATYPHUS, Stomatitis, pseudomembra-
nous.
   STOMOMANICON, Platysma myoides.
   STOMORRHAGIA, Stomatorrhagia.
   STONE IN THE  BLADDER,  Calculi, vesical
— s. Binder,  Osteocolla — s. Crop,  Sedum__s.
Crop, biting,  Sedum — s. Mint, Cunila mariana
— s. Pock, Acne — s. Root, Collinsonia  Cana-
densis.
   STONES, THE, Testes.
   STOOL, Dejectio.
   Stool, Calomel, see Calomel.
  STORAX, Styrax —s. Liquida, Liquidambar
styraciflua.
  STOREY'S WORM CAKES.   An empirical
preparation, formed  of calomel "^j, jalap, gj, z{n.
gib. """*)ij, sacch. ^j, cinnab.  antim. q. s. to colour
them ; syrup, simpl. q. s. to make into cakes.
  STORKBILL, Geranium maculatum.
  STOVE.   Old  French Estuve,  Stupha;  a
 Stew, jEatua'rium, (F.) Etuve.   A limited space, «
 warmed artificially, and in which the air is slowly
 renewed. It is used for drying various substances,
 as plants, extracts, conserves, 4c, or. for  taking^
 vapour  baths.  In this  case, the eteil\r^atove is
 said to be -wet or humid ; in the opposite case, it
 is said to be dry, (F.)seche.   The latter, which ds"%
 used by the Turks, is the Lacon'icum or Ca/ida'^d
 rium of the Romans.  The  former is their Tepi-
 da'rium  or Vapora'rium.  These kinds of baths
 greatly excite the cutaneous transpiration; and
 are valuable agents in rheumatic aud other affec-
 tions.
  STRABI, see Strabismus.
  STRABILISMOS, Strabismus.
  STRABIS'MUS, Slrabilis'mos, Parop'sis Stra-
 bismus, from arpajios, 'twisted,' 'one who squints;'
 Strabos'itas, Loxoplithal'mus, Distor'sio, Lus'citas,
 Illo'ai8, Ilo'8ia, Helo'ais, Squinting, Goggle Eye,
 (F.) Strabisme, Vue louche,  Louchemcnt.   Want
 of concordance  of the optic  axes.  It may be
 dependent  upon natural or acquired inequality in
 the  action  of the motor muscles of the eye ; on
 a convulsive state of one  of those muscles;  a
 difference in the sensibility of the two eyes; or a
 cerebral affection. In the treatment, if the dis-
 ease seem to depend  upon an excess of strength
 in one of the motor muscles, we must endeavour
 to give tone to  that which is too weak, by placing
 before the  eye a mask  having a small aperture
 on the side to which it is necessary to  direct the
 pupil; or by wearing glasses, provided  with  a
 piece of looking-glass, on, the side to which the
 eye  is vitiously  turned; so that the reflection
 may be inconvenient,  and occasion the organ to
 be turned in an opposite direction; or by putting
 a black patch  on the angle opposite  to  that to
 which the eye is turned.  If owing to  weakness,
 the  organ  must be strengthened  by  being  ex-
 erted alone,  and by leaving the  other  at rest.
 If the disease  be  symptomatic of cerebral affec-
 tion, attention must, of course, be directed to the
 latter.
  Strabismus may be single or affect one eye only,
 or double, and it  may be convergent or divergent.
  Those affected with  Strabismus are  called
 Strabi, Strabo'ne8, Strabo'ni, Strebli, Ilii, Squint'-
 ers,  Squint-eyed; in French, Louches,  Bigles.
  Strabismus, Convergent,  see  Strabismus —
 s. Divergent, see Strabismus — s.  Double, see
 Strabismus — s. Single, see Strabismus.
  STRABONES, see Strabismus.
  STRABONI, see Strabismus.
  STRABOSITAS, Strabismus.
  STRABOT'OMY, Strabotom'ia,  from  crpafas,
 ' one who  squints,' and ropn,  ' incision.'  The
 operation for the removal  of squinting  by the
 division of  the muscle or muscles that  distort the
 eye-ball.
  STRAIN, Sprain.
  Strain,  colore, (F.) couler, from  arpayyttv,
 etringere, (F.) estreindre, 'to constrict or squeeze.'
 To pass decoctions, infusions, 4c, forcibly through
 linen;  also, to  exert an effort.  This is  accom-
 plished by  fixing  firmly the parts where the mus-
 cles  to be  exerted originate, in order that their
 full power may be developed.
  STRAINING,  Nisus.
  STRAITS OF THE PELVIS, see Pelvis.
  STRA3IOINE, Datura stramonium.
  STRAMONIA, Datura stramonium.
  STRAMONIUM, Datura stramonium—s. Fce-
 tidum, Datura stramonium—s.  Majus album, Da-
 tura stramonium— s. Spinosum, Datura  stramo-
 nium— s. Vulgatum, Datura stramonium.
  STRANGAL'IDES,  from arpayyvtto,  <1 tor-
ment.'   Small, hard tumours, which form in  the
breast, when the milk  does not find issue. 
STRANG ALION
819
STROPHE LE
    STRANGALTON, Tubercle.
    STRANGALIS, Tubercle.
    STRANOALISMUS, Strangulation.
    STRANOERS' FEVER, see Fever, strangers'.
    STRANGULATIO, Orthopncea, Strangulation
  —'s. Uisrina, Angone.
   ' S T R A N G U L A'T10 N, Strangula'tio, Pnix,
  Pnig'mos,  Strangalie'mus, (V.)  Etranglement,
  Strangulation.  State of a  part too closely con-
  stricted. Thus we say that there is stram/ulation
  of an  intestinal hernia, when the  opening that
  gives passage  to the portion  of protruded intes-
  tine contracts,  so as to intercept the continuity
  of the  digestive  canal.  In  Legal 3ledieine,  it
  means the forcible obstruction  of the  air pas-
  sages,  by a ligature or by the hand, for criminal
  purposes.  See Suffocation.
    STRANGULATOR, see  Lycoides.
    STRANGURIA, Enuresis—s. Cruenta, Cystor-
  rhagia.
    STRANGIJRIE, Strangury — s. 3Ienstruelle,
  Dysmenorrhea.
    STRANGU'RIOUS; same etymon as the next.
  Affected with,  or of the nature of, strangury.
    STRANGURY, Strangu'ria,  Paru'ria at ilia-
  ti'tia,  from arpayyciv, 'to squeeze,' and ovpov,
  'urine:' Dyed ria, I'ri'na  Stillicidium vel Sitb-
  stil'lum,  (F.) Strangurie.   Extreme difficulty in
  evacuating the urine, which issues only drop by
  drop, and is accompanied with heat, pain, tenes-
  mus at the neck of the bladder, 4c See Ischuria,
  and Retention.
    STRATIIPEFFER,  MINERAL AVATERS
  OF. A sulphuretted water, at Strathpeffer, a few
 miles  west from Dingwall, in Ross-shire, Scot-
 land.   It contains sulphate of soda, sulphate of
 lime, chloride  of sodium, sulphate of magnesia,
 and sulpho-hydric acid.
   STRATIOTES, Achillea  millefolium.
   STRATUM   BACILLATUM,  see Tunica Ja-
 cobi —s. Malpighii, Corpus mucosum — s. Pig-
 men ti,  see Choroid — s. Proligerum, Proligerous
 disc.
   STRAAVBERRY, Fragaria —s. Bush, Euony-
 mus Americanus — s. Shrubby, Rubus arcticus—
 s. Tree, Euonymus Americanus—s. Wild, Fragaria
 A'irgiuiana.
   STREAK, PRIMITIVE, Groove, primitive.
   STREATHAM,  MINERAL  AVATERS  OF.
 Strcatham is a  village near London. The waters
 are saline and cathartic.
   STREBLI, see Strabismus.
   STREBLOSIS, Luxation.
   STREMMA, Luxation, Sprain.
   STREPITO'SUS MORBUS.   'Noisy disease.'
 A kind of flatulent disease, said by Sorbait to be
 not uncommon  in the Austrian Alps, in which
 emphysematous tumours form on  different parts
 of  the body, — accompanied by sonorous excre-
 tion of gas by the mouth and anus.
   STREPITUS AURIUM,  Tinnitus aurium.
   STRETCHING, Pandiculation.
   STRI.E, A'ibices—s. Ciliares, Ciliary processes
 —s. Corneae, Tenia semicircularis—s. Longitudi-
 nales Lancisii,  see  Corpus  callosum — s. Medul-
 lares, see Processus teretes —s. Retinae subjectae
 liganicnto ciliari, Halo signatus—s. Semilunares,
 Taenia semicircularis—s. Terminales, Taenia semi-
 circularis—s. Transversa) AVillisii, see Corpus cal-
 losum.
  STRIATED  MUSCULAR FIBRE, see Mus-
 cular fibre.
  STRIATES,   Canneli, Grooved,  see  Corpora
 striata,
  STRIBILIGO, Efflorescence.
  STRICTURA, Stricture —s. Ani, Stricture of
the rectum — s.  Intestini recti, Stricture  of the
rectum — s. Intestini recti spasmodica, Stricture
of the rectum, spasmodic — s. CEsophagi callosa,
 Dysphagia constricta—s. OZsophagi spasmodica,
 (Esophagismus—s. Pharyngis seu oesophagi vera,
 Dysphagia constricta — s. Praeputii, Phimosis__
 s. Urethrae, Urethrostenosis—s. Ventriculi, Stric-
 ture of the stomach.
   STRICTURE, Strictdra, from stringere, etric-
 tum,  ' to tie  hard.'  Coarcta'tio,  Stegno'sis, (F.)
 Ri.tr icissement.  A diminution or contracted con-
 dition of some tube  or duct, as the  oesophagus,
 rectum, urethra, 4c.  This must be  dilated by
 appropriate bougies.   Strictures may, also,  occur
 in  the  intestines: they are unmanageable, with
 the exception of those of the rectum, which admit
 of  topical applications.
   Stricture  of the  (Esophagus,  Dysphagia
 constricta — s. of the Pharynx, Dysphagia con-
 stricta.
   Stricture of the Rectum, Spasmod'ic, Stric-
 tdra Intesti'ni Recti spaamod'ica, Obatruc'tio Recti
 apaa'tico.   An affection occurring in the nervous
 especially, which subsides spontaneously, after a
 longer or shorter continuance.
   Stricture of the rectum, Strictdra Ani seu In-
 testi'ni Recti,  Archostegndma, Rectosteno'sis, Eu-
 thyenterosteno'ma, Archostegnd sis, Archosteno' sis,
 Procto'encli'sis, Angusta'tio et Restric'tio intestini
 recti  vel ani, Stenocho'ria intesti'ni recti, Procto-
 stendsis organ'iea, occurs also organically, and is
 a very serious affection; being generally depend-
 ent upon scirrhus.
  Stricture  of the Stomach,  Gaatroeteno'ais,
 Coarcta'tio seu Strictdra ventric'uli.  See  Gas-
 trostenosis cardiaca,  4 c
  Stricture of the Urethra, Urethrostenosis
 — s. of the Urinary bladder, Cystostenochoria—
 s. A'esicae urinariae, Cystostenochoria.
  STRIDOR  DENTIUM, Brygmus.
  STRIGA CARTILAGINOSA CORDIS,  Isth-
 mus of the fossa ovalis.
  STRIGIL,  Strig'ilia, Stledgia, Stelen'gis.  A
 flesh-brush.  Also, an instrument, anciently used
 in the baths, for scraping off the sweat.
  STRIPED MUSCULAR FIBRE, see Muscu-
 lar  fibre.
  STROBILITI'TES,  from crpofaXos, strdbilus,
 'a  cone of the pine.'  AVine impregnated  with
 the cones of the pine.
  STROEMIA, Cadaba.
  STROKE,  APOPLECTIC.  An  apoplectic
seizure.
  Stroke, Back, of the Heart, Impulse, dia-
stolic.
  Stroke, Paralyt'ic   A sudden attack of en-
cephalo-spinal paralysis.
  STROMA,  Strag'ulum,  Stramedtum;  from
tt-rpiovvvw, crrpwwvpt,  'to spread out;  to  cover.'
The bed or foundation-texture of an organ, —as
the  stroma of the ovary.  Applied,  also, to the
bed or base of any deposit —as the 'amorphous
stroma' of scrofulous deposits
  STROMBULCUS,  Forceps (bullet.)
  STRONGLE, Strongylus—s. Giant, Strongylus
  STRON'GYLUS, from arpoyyvXos, 'round.'
Hippocrates, Chabert, and others, mean the As'-
caris lumbricdi'des by this term.  The Strongylus
Gigas, (F.)  Strongle, S. giant, is, however, dis-
tinct.  It has  an obtuse, flat head; mouth sur-
rounded with six flattish papillae: the whole bursa
of the male truncated:  the  tail of the  female
rounded.  It is sometimes met with,—five  inches,
a foot, a foot and a half, and even three feet long^
—and from two lines to half an inch in diameter.
It is occasionally found  in the human kidney
rarely in other viscera, and still more rarely in
the intestinal tube.     »
  Strongylus, Teres.
  STROPHOS, Tormina.
  STROPHULE, Strophulus. 
STROPHULUS               820               STRYCHNOS
  STROPH'ULUS, Lieheni'aais  strophulus,
Ebullit"io,  Exanthe'ma  strophulus,  Exor'mia
strophulus, Red  Gum,  Red  Gown,  Tooth Rash,
 White Gum,  Milk-spots, (F.) Strophule, Feux de
dents.  It consists of an eruption of red, or some-
times whitish pimples; occurring in early infancy,
chiefly about the face, neck, and arms, surrounded
by a reddish halo; or interrupted by irregular
patches of cutaneous  blush.   All the varieties
under this genus arise in consequence of  the ex-
treme vascularity and  irritability of the  skin  at
this period of life, when the constitution is liable
to be disturbed by irritation, either  in the ali-
mentary canal,  gums or other parts.  None  of
these eruptions  are of any  importance,  and no
medical treatment is  usually necessary.   If the
stomach seem at all disordered, a little rhubarb
and  magnesia may be administered occasionally.
AVillan and Bateman reckon five species,— Stro-
phulua intertinc'tus, Red gum or gown; S. al'bidus
or unite  gum;  S.  confer'tus or rank red gum,
 Tooth rash; S. volat'icus or Erythe'ma volat'icum,
and  S. caddidus.
  Strophulus Sylvestris, Ignis sylvaticus—s.
Arolaticus, Ignis sylvaticus.
  STROPHUS, Tormina.
  STRUCTIO, Structura.
  STRUCTURAL;  same  etymon as the next.
 Of, or belonging to, structure.
  STRUCTURE, Structu'ra, St rue'tio,  Confor-
ma'tio, Catasceu'e, from struere, structum,  'to
build.'  The arrangement of the different tissues
or organic elements of which animals and vege-
tables are composed.
  STRUMA, Bronchocele, Scrofula.
  Struma Adipo'sa,  Obea'itae colli.  Fatty neck.
 Prominence of the neck from obesity.
  STRU3IES, Scrofula.
  STR U3IEUX, Scrofulous.
  STRUMOSIS CEREBRI, Encephalophymata
 — s.  Pulmonum, Tubercles  of the lungs.
  STRUMOSUS, Scrofulous.
  STRUMOUS, Scrofulous.
  STRUT H10 PH'AGUS, from arpovStov,  'a
 young ostrich,, and tpaym, ' I eat.'  Struthiopha-
 gous tribes still exist in some parts of Africa.
   STRUTHIUM, Saponaria.
   STRUVE'S LOTION FOR  HOOPING-
 COUGH, see Lotion, Struve's, for hooping-cough.
   STRYCHNIA, Strychni'na, Strych'nine,Stryeh-
 ni'num, Strych'nium,  Vauqueline.  An  alkaline
 principle; solid, crystalline, inodorous, bitter, and
 excessively poisonous, which has been discovered
 in  the Strychnos nux vomica.  (Nucis vomica.
 rasur. Ibiv; calcis pulv. ^vj; acid, muriat. f^iij;
 alcohol.,  acid, sulphuric, dil., liquor, ammonia,
 carbon, animal, purif, aqua, aa q. s.  Digest  the
 nux vomica in  two gallons of water, acidulated
 with a fluidounce of muriatic acid, for 24 hours :
 then boil for two hours, and strain with expres-
 sion through a  strong linen bag.   Boil the resi-
 duum twice successively in the same quantity of
 acidulated water, each time straining as before.
 Mix the decoctions, and evaporate to the consist-
 ency of thin syrup; then add the lime previously
 mixed with a pint of water, and boil for ten  mi-
 nutes, frequently stirring.   Pour the mixture into
 a double linen  bag, and having washed  the pre-
 cipitate  well with water, press, dry, and powder
 it.   Treat the powder repeatedly  with boiling
 alcohol,  until deprived of its bitterness; mix  the
 liquors, and distil off the alcohol by means of a
 water-bath.   Mix the residue with  water, and
 having applied heat, drop in sufficient diluted sul-
 phuric acid to neutralize,and dissolve the strych-
 nia ; then add  purified animal charcoal;  boil for
 a few minutes, filter, evaporate,  and crystallize.
 Dissolve the crystals in water, and add  sufficient
solution of ammonia to precipitate the strychnia.
Lastly,  dry  the precipitate on  bibulous  paper.
Ph. U. S.)   The medical action of strychnia on
man and animals is exactly like that of the alco-
holic  extract of nux vomica.   It  is, however,
more active.  An eighth of a grain is sufficient to
kill a large  dog; and  a quarter of a grain  pro-
duces marked effects on the human body, when
in health.   It has been given  in  paralysis and
other cases  like the  nux vomica.   Dose,  one-
twelfth to one eighth of a grain.
  Strychnia, Acetate rii, Siryebniae acetas —
s. Hydriodate of, Strychniae hyilriodas—s. Iodate
of, Strychniae iodas — s. Iodide of, Strychniae hy-
driodas.
  Strych'nia,  I'odide of Iodhydrate of, (F.)
lodure d'Iodhydrate de Strychnine, is made  by a
solution  of ioduretted iodide of potassium into a
solution  of a salt of strychnia ; treating the pre-
cipitate  with boiling alcohol, and  crystallizing.
Used in the same cases as strychnia.  Dose, a
sixth of a grain.
  Strychnia, Nitrate of, Strychniae nitras—s.
Sulphate of, Strychniae sulphas.
  Strychnia and  Zinc,  Double  Iodide  of,
double Iodide of Zinc  and  Strychnia,
  STRYCH'NL/E   ACE'TAS,  Strych'nium  seu
Stryehni'num ace'ticum,  Ace'tas  strych!nil seu
strych'nicua, AC'etate of Strychnia or Strychnine.
This salt is  formed by the direct combination of
strychnia with  acetic  acid.   It is  given  in the
same cases as pure strychnia.
  Steych'nije Hydri'odas,  S. iodhy'dras,
Slrych'nium hydroiod'icum, Hydri'odas seu Iod-
hy'dras strych'nicus,  Hydri'odate or Iodide of
Strychnia, is prepared by  mixing  a solution of
iodide of potassium with a concentrated  solution
of acetate of strychnia.
  Strych'ni2E I'odas, Strychni'na I'odas, Strych-
ni'na loda'ta, Strych'nium seu Stryehni'num lod'-
icum, I'odas Strych'nii seu Strych'nicus, I'odoie
of  Strych'nia or Strychnine.   This salt may be
formed  by   adding  a concentrated solution  of
iodic acid  to  strychnia;  treating with  boiling
alcohol; filtering, and leaving it to spontaneous
evaporation.
   Strychnia Nitras, Strych'nium ni'tricum, Ni-
trate of Strychnia or Strychnine.   Used in the
same cases  as strychnia.
   Strych'niyE  Sulphas, Strych'nium sulphu'ri-
cum, Sulphate of Strychnia or Strychnine.   Has
the same properties.
   STRYCHNINA, Strychnia.
   STRYCHNINE, Strychnia.
   STRYCHNINUM,  Strychnia.
   STRYCHNIUM, Strychnia —s. Aceticum,
 Strychniae  acetas—s.  Nitricum, Strychniae  nitras
— s. Sulphuricum, Strychniae sulphas.
   STRYCHNOS, Solanum dulcamara —s.  Guia-
 nensis, see  Curare — s. Ignatii, Ignatia amara.
   Strychnos  Nux A'om'ica, Nux Vomica, Nux
 3Ietel'la, Caniram, Koochla tree.  Family, Strych-
 noideae.  Sex. Syst. Pentandria Monogynia. (F.)
  Vomiquier. A tree  of the  family Stryclnw'ides,
 which  grows in India, and the  seeds  of  which
 have  been  long  sold  in  the shops, under the
 names,  Nux  Vomica, Vomic  nut,  Poison  nut,
 Bachelors'  buttons, 4c, (F.) Noix  vomique.  For
 a long time, these seeds were used only, for poi-
 soning rats; but  of late years, an alcoholic ex-
 tract has been prepared from them, which has
 been administered in paralytic affections, in small
 doses.   Dose of the Alcoholic Extract, Extrac'tum
 nucia vom'ica apirituo'anni, E. nucis vomica resi-
 no'sum, E. ii.  v. alcohol'icum,  (F.) Extrait alco-
 holique de  noix vomique, one or two  grains.  It
 produces a kind of tetanic convulsion in the pa-
 ralyzed parts, when given to the requisite extent.
 It has, also, been  administered in chronic diar- 
STRYPHNA
821
STYLO-MASTOID
rhoea and dysentery.  The following is the for-
mula for the preparation of the Extrac'tum Nu-
cis A'om'k'.e of the Pharm. U. S.  Take of Nux
vomica, tbj ; Alcohol, a sufficient quantity.   Ex-
pose the Nux A'omiea to steam till it is softened;
then, having sliced  and dried it, grind it into
powder.   Introduce it into an apparatus for dis-
placement, and pour  alcohol upon it gradually,
until the liquid parses without bitterness.   Distil
off the greater part of the alcohol from the filtered
liquor, and evaporate the residue to  the proper
consistence.
   The bark is the false angustura or false  cuspa-
ria burk;  Rohun.
   The wood of Strychnos  colubri'na, an Indian
tree, contains  strychnia.   It was formerly consi-
dered  a  specific  against the bites of venomous
animals; and was  recommended  by  Boerhaave
in intermittents.  It is  the Lignum Colubri'num,
(F.) Hois de Couleuvre.
   Strychnos  Toxicaria, see Curare.
   STIiYPIINA,  Astringents.
   STRYPHNOS, Acerb.
   STUDIOSUS  MEDICINE, Philiatros.
   STUDIUM INANE, Aphelxia otiosa.
   STUDY. BROWN, Aphelxia otiosa.
   STUFFING, Cynanche trachealis.
   STULTITIA,  Fatuitas.
   STUMl', (G.) Stumpf,  (D.)  Stomp,  'a
stump;' also, 'blunt.'  (F.) 3toignon.   The part
remaining from which a,  limb  or other part has
been amputated or removed in any manner.
   STUNNED.   Old  French, Estonni, (L.) atto-
uitus,  'astonished.'   (F.) Etouni.  An  epithet,
applied to one who, in  consequence of a fall or
other  accident, has received such a  concussion
of the brain as to deprive him, for a time,  of his
mental manifestations.
   STUPA, Stupha, Stuppa, Stupei'on.  Tow, used
in certain surgical  apparatuses  and  dressings.
Also, a Stupe, that is, cloth  or tow used  in  fo-
mentations.  A flannel or other article wrung out
of hot water, plain or medicated, applied to a
part, is a stupe.  The act of applying such stupe
is called stuping.
   STUPE, Stupa.
   STUPEFACIENTIA, Narcotics.
   STUPEFA CTIES, Narcotics.
   STUPEFACTIO, Narcosis.
   STUPEFIANTS, Narcotics.
   STUPEION, Stupa.
   STUPEUR, Stupor.
   STUPHA, Stove, Stupa.
   STUPIA, Tin.
   STUl'IDITAS, Idiotism, Imbecility.
   STUPING, see Stupe.
   STUPOR,  Erplex'is, Ecplex'ia, Consterna'tio,
(F.)  Stopeur,  from  stupere,  'to  be  stupified.'
Diminished activity of the intellectual faculties;
often amounting to lethargy.   It occurs in many
affections, especially  in the neuroses.
   Stupor, Narcosis—s. Artuum, Obdormitio—s.
Dentium,  Jla'inodia—s. Formicans, Formication
— s.  Mentis, Fatuitas — s. Vigilans, Catalepsy.
   STUPPA, Stupa.
   STUPRATION, Stuprum.
   STUPRUM, Rape, Stuprdtion, (F.) Diflora-
tion,  Viol.  Forcible and illicit enjoyment of a
married or unmarried female.   AVhen committed
upon  the  latter, which  is most  commonly the
case, it  is also called, Dtflora'tion,  Defloro'tio.
Jlerirgina'tio,  Vilio'tio, A pia nth is'mus, 4 c.   In
judging whether rape has been committed under
such circumstances, the state of  the genital or-
gans ; the age of the individual; and the possibi-
lity of accidents and diseases of the  parts, will
 have to be considered.  It will be  necessary, also,
to be acquainted with the evidences of virginity;
and to determine,—if signs of virginity no longer
exist, —whether its loss be attributable to  copu-
lation, or to the introduction into  the vagina of
any other body than the male organ, 4c  /,'«.-oil
de/lou-e,-ing can, of course, be much more readily
distinguished  than  that which has taken place
some time.
  STUTTERING, Balbuties.
  STYAN, Hordeolum.
  STYE, Hordeolum.
  STY3IATES.   M. J. Cloquet  has  proposed
this word, or Stigmatea,  from any pa, 'a mark,'
to designate the marks, in  form of cicatrices,
which remain on the peritoneum after the oblite-
ration of the neck of the hernial sac.  They are,
commonly, radiated folds, of  a  whitish appear-
ance,  more or less thick, and of a fibrous or fibro-
cartilaginous nature.
  STYLET, Specillum.
  STYLI,  Styloid processes.
  STYLIFOEM, Styloid.
  STYLO - CERATOIDES,  Stylo-hyoideus — s.
Cerato-hyoideus, Stylo-hyoideus.
  STYLO-CHONDRO-IIYOIDEUS.   A name
given, by  Douglas and Albinus, to a fleshy fasci-
culus  which the stylo-hyoid  muscle  sometimes
presents, and which is  attached  to  the  lesser
em-«u  of the os hyoides.  It is the same fascicu-
lus which  Santorini  calls  Stylo-hydi'des  novus,
Stylo-hyoideus alter.
  STYLO-GLOSSUS.  A muscle  situate at the
anterior and superior part of the  neck.  It is nar-
row  behind, much  broader before; is  attached
to the styloid process of the temporal bone, and
to the stylo-maxillary ligament; and  is inserted
into the side of the  tongue.  It raises the base of
the tongue and carries it backwards.
  STYLO-HYOIDEUS, Stylo-hyo'idien,  Stylo-
cer'ato-hyoidetia, Stylo-cerato'i'dee,  Stylo-hyoides
major. A muscle, situate at the superior, ante-
rior, and lateral part of the neck.  It is thin and
narrow, — especially posteriorly :  anteriorly,  it
opens to give passage to the tendon of the digas-
tricus. It is attached to the styloid process of
the temporal bone, and to the body of the os
hyoides.  It raises  the os hyoides, and carries it
backwards.
   Stylo-hyoid Ligament is  a  fibrous, flattened
cord, which passes from the  styloid process to the
lesser cornu of the  os hyoides.
   Stylo-hyoid Nerve is  the second branch
given off  by the facial nerve.
   STYLOID,  Sty'liform, Styloi'dee,  GraphioV-
des,   GraphoV des,  Graphiodes,   GraphidoV dea,
Belono'dca, from crvXos, 'a style,' 'a peg,' 'a pin,'
and £«5of, 'shape.'   Shaped like a peg or pin.
   Styloid Cornua, see Hyoides os.
   Styloid  Proc"esses, Pencil-like Processes,
 Proces'sus Belo'ides seu Belemno'ides seu Belonoi'-
 dea  seu Graphio'idea seu Grophoi'dea, Styli, are,
 1. A  long and slender process  of the  temporal
 bone, to  which are attached the  stylo-glo.-sus,
 stylo-pharyngeus,  and stylo-hyoideus  muscles,
 and  the  stylo-hyoid and stylo-maxillary  liga-
 ments.  2. Two slender and pyramidal processes
 at the inferior extremities of the radius and ulna.
   STYLO-MASTOID,  Stylo-maatdideua.   That
 which relates to the styloid and mastoid pro-
 cesses.
   Stylo-mastoid Artery  arises from the poste-
 rior auricular, and, in some  subjects,  from the
 occipital.   It enters the stylo-mastoid foramen;
passes along  the  aqueduct  of Fallopius, and
spreads  its  ramifications on the  mucous mem-
brane of the tympanum, and in the mastoid cells,
and semi-circular canals; and terminates by anas- 
            STYLO-MAXILLARY           8

tomosing with a branch of the Arteria meningaa
media,  which enters by  the Hiatus  Fallopii.
Murray has given the name—Stylo-mastoid — to
the posterior auricular artery itself.
  Stylo-mastoid Fora'men, Foramen Stylo-mas-
toitlcum or F. Aquaduc'tus Fallo'pii, (F.) Trou
anonyme, is situate at the inferior surface of the
petrous portion of the temporal bone,  between
the styloid and mastoid processes.  It terminates
the aqueduct of Fallopius, and gives passage to
the facial nerve.
  S T Y L 0 - M A X' IL LARY, Stylo-maxilldris.
That which relates  to the styloid processes and
jaw.
  The Stylo-Maxillary Ligament is a  liga-
mentous, flat cord, extending between the styloid
process and the angle of the jaw.
  STYLO -PHARYNGEUS,   (F.)  Stylo-thyro-
pharyngien.  A  muscle,  situate  at the  anterior
and lateral part of the neck.  It is slender; thin
above;  attached  to  the  styloid process of the
temporal bone, and terminates in the parietes of
the pharynx, as well as at the posterior margin
of the thyroid cartilage.  It raises  the pharynx
and  carries it backwards.   Professor Chaussier
has  united, under the name Stylo-pharyngien,
the three constrictor muscles of the pharynx, the
stylo-pharyngeus, and palato-pharyngeus.
  STYLOPH'ORUM DIPHYL'LUM, Aleconop'-
sis  diphyl'la,  Cel'andine  Poppy, Horn Poppy,
Bruise root.  An indigenous plant, of the family
Papaveraceae, growing from western Pennsylva
nia to AVisconsin, which flowers from May to Au-
gust.   The juice is fetid and narcotic  Infused
in wine, it  has been  given  internally in gravel;
and has been applied externally to contusions, 4c
  STYLO-THYRO- PHAR YNGIEN,   Stylo-
pharyngeus.
  STYLUS, Sound.
  Stylus  Excava'tus,  Specil'lum  excava'tum.
A hollow sound.
  STYMA, Erection, Priapismus.
  STYMATOSIS, Stimatosis.
  STYM'MATA,  from orvupa, 'that which con-
stricts  or  thickens.'   The most solid ointments.
Also, the ingredients  proper for increasing their
consistence.
  STYPSIS, Astriction, Constipation.
  STYPTERIA, Alumen, Styptics.
  STYPTIC, EATON'S.   A name first given to
Helretius's Styptic, when introduced into  Great
Britain-   It  is now  usually made  of calcined
green vitriol, gj ; proof epirit, tinged with a little
oak bark,  Oij.
  Styptic, Helvetius's, see Ferrum tartarizatum.
  Styptic, Ruspini's, Liquor Stypt'icus Ruspini.
A nostrum, said to consist of gallic acid, a small
quantity of sulphate of zinc and opium, dissolved
in a mixture of alcohol and rose-water, which has
had much reputation as an internal and external
astringent.
  Styptics, Contrahedtia, Constricti'va Aledica-
men'ta,  Constringen'tia, Anastal'tica, Stypte'ria,
from  arvtrto, ' I constringe.'  Sometimes used sy-
nonymously with astringent, but generally ap-
plied to a substance  employed to arrest hemor-
rhage,— Ena'mon.   A mechanical styptic is one
that arrests the flow of blood, by being applied
immediately to the mouth of the bleeding vessel,
or by inducing a  coagulum, mechanically,  in
it.   A  chymical  styptic  is  one which  coagu-
lates, chymically, the  blood  around a bleeding
orifice.
  STYRACTNUM  O'LEUM.   Oil obtained by
boiling  storax in good olive oil.
  STYRAX, from orvpaZ, ' a reed,' in which it
               SUBCLAVIAN

 was preserved.  A  resin obtained from the Sty-
 rax officiiia'lis and S. cotami'ta.   It is the solid
 storax; — officinal storax.  There arc two kinds
 of  storax met with:  1. The Red Storax, Gum
 Storax, Thua Jutlao'rum, Styrax  rubra, Styra'cis
 bal'eamum,  Balsamum styracis officinalis, which
 is obtained by incision from the Styrax officina'/ia,
 and, perhaps, from  the Liquidam'bar orienta'lis.
 The purest is in tears ; but it has lost some of its
 smell in drying.  2. Common Storax, Styrax ca-
■ lami'ta.  That which has been received in reeds
 or vessels, and has  had saw-dust added immedi-
 ately to thicken it.   The odour of storax  is fra-
 grant;  the taste aromatic.   It is  considered, like
 the  other balsams,  to be stimulant and expecto-
 rant, but is rarely used long.
  Pc'rified Storax,  S.cola'ta, S. purifiedta, is
 prepared by dissolving storax in alcohol;  strain-
 ing the solution; then distilling off the alcohol
 with a gentle heat,  until the storax acquires the
 proper  consistence. — Ph. U.  S.   Dose,  gr. x
 to xxx.
  Styrax Alba, see Myroxylon  Peruiferum—s.
 Benzoin, see Benjamin—s. Calamita, see  Styrax
 — s. Liquida, Liquidambar styraciflua—s. Offici-
 nalis, see Styrax.
  STYSIS, Erection, Priapismus.
  SUAVEOLENS, Beneolens.
  SUB.  A  common  Latin prefix, signifying
 'beneath.'
  SUBACTIO, Chirdsis, Cheirosis.  The ope-
 ration of making plasters, extracts, 4c, with the
 hand, or with the pestle and mortar.
  SUBAFFECTIO, Hydropathia.
  SUBAGITATRIX,  Tribade.
  SUB-ATLOIDEUS, Infra-atldideus, (F.) Sous-
 atlo'idien.   That which is  situate beneath the
 atlas or first cervical vertebra.   Chaussier has
 given this name to the second  pair of  cervical
 nerves.
  SUB-AXOIDEUS, Infra-axoideua,  (F.) Soua-
 axo'idien.  That which is below  the a.ria or ver-
 tebra dentata.  Chaussier has given this name to
 the third pair of cervical nerves.
  SUBBORAS NATRICUM, Borax.
  SUBCARTILAGINEUM, Hypochondre.
  SUBCLA'A'IAN, Subcla'viue, Subcloricula'ris,
 from sub,  ' under,' and  clavia,  ' the  clavicle.'
 That which is under the clavicle.
  Subclavian Arteries,  (F.) Arteres sous-cla-
 viiree, are situate at the upper part of the chest,
 and the lateral and lower  parts of  the neck.
 The right arises at  the corresponding side of the
 trachea, and comes off from  the  arteria innomi-
 nata or  brachio-cephalic trunk.  The left leaves
 the aorta at the end of the arch.  Both  extend
 as  far as the superior surface of  the first rib, in
 the  space between  the scaleni muscles,  beyond
 which  they  take  the  name  axillary arteries.
 The subclavian arteries run, for some distance,
 without sending off any branch.   In the neigh-
 bourhood of the first  rib, however, they give off,
 1. Upwards, the vertebral and inferior thyroideal.
 2. Downwards, the  internal mammary and  supe-
 rior intercostal.  3.  Outwards, the tronaverae cer-
 vical or poaterior scapular, the auperior scapular,
 and the posterior cervical or pirof'unda.
  Subclavian or Subclavius Muscle, Snbcfa-
 via'nus, (F.)  Costo-claviculaire (Ch.),  Sous-cla-
 vier, is  situate at the superior  and anterior part
 of the chest.  It is attached, by its inner extre-
 mity, to the superior surface of  the cartilage of
 the first rib;  and  by  its superior  margin and
 outer extremity^ to  the inferior surface  of the
 clavicle.  This muscle depresses the clavicle, and
 carries  it forward.   AVhen the shoulder is fixed,
 it can raise the first rib.
  Subclavian Veins, (F.)  Veines sous-cluvieres,
22 
SUBCLAVICULA             82J
are continuations of the axillary, and extend from
the inferior extremity of the scalenus anticus, in
front of which they pass, to the vena cava supe-
rior, which they form by their union.  The right
subclavian vein  is very short; the left, longer
and  broader.   These veins receive the mouths of
the internal and external jugulars, vertebral and
superior intercostal.  The left subclavian receives
two  veins more than the right,—the left internal
mammary and left inferior thyroid.  The thora-
cic duct opens into the left subclavian :—the cor-
responding great lymphatic vessel into the right.
   SUBCLAVICULA,  from sub,  'under,' and
clavieu/o, ' the clavicle.'  The first rib.
   SUI3CLAVICULARIS,  Subclavian.
   SUBCLAVIUS, Subclavian muscle.
   SUBCRUEN'TUS, 'somewhat bloody;' from
sub,  and cruentus, 'bloody;' Hypha'mos.  That
which has  the colour  and nature of blood.  An
epithet given to certain excreted substances, which
are mixed with blood, or have the appearance of
blood.
   SUBCRURiEI, see Cruraeus.
   SUBCUTA'NEOUS,  Subcutdneus, from sub,
'under,' and cutis, 'the skin;' Intercuta'neus, (F.)
Sous-cutani.  That which  is placed immediately
under the skin.
   Sibcutaneus  Colli,  Superficialis  colli — s.
Mala; (Nervus), Orbitar nerve.
   SUBDELIRIUM, Typhomania.
   SUB'DITA, SubditW'ia, from subdere, 'to put
under;' Pros'theta.   Medicines  introduced into
some one of the natural apertures;—as supposi-
tories, pessaries,  4c.
   SUBDITITIA, Subdita.
   SUBDUCTIO, Dejection.
   SUBER, Cork:—the bark of the Quercus Suber
or Cork Tree.  (F.) Liige.   Family, Amentaceae.
Sex. Syst.  Monoecia  Polyandria.   Cork,  when
burnt,  is  applied  as  a mechanical  styptic  to
bleeding piles, 4c  Surgeons use it for making
tents ; and it has  been recommended to be worn
as an amulet to suppress the secretion of milk!
   SUBETH,  Coma.
   SUBFRONTA'LIS SUTU'RA.  A suture re-
sulting  from  the articulation  of the os frontis
with the  nasal process of the superior maxillary
bone, and the proper bones of the nose.
   SUBGRONDATION, Depression.
   SUBHI'MFRATIO, Catomismos.
   SUBIGATOR,  Tribade.
   SUBINFLAMMATIO,  Subinflammation — s.
Hepatis,  Hepatitis, chronic.
   SU BI N FL A M M A'TION,  Subinflamma'tio,
from sub, ' under,' and inflammatio.  Inflamma-
tiun'cula, Hypophlegma'sia.  A mild degree of
inflammation, so slight as  hardly to deserve the
name inflammation.   Broussais understood by the
term, an augmentation in  the  vital phenomena
of the  vessels that convey  white blood.  Lym-
phatic engorgements, scrofula, herpes, and cancer
he considered subinflammations.
  SUBINTRAN'TES FEBRES, from sub,
'under,' and intrare, 'to enter.'  Communican'tes
febres.   Fevers   primarily  intermittent, whose
paroxysms approximate, so that one paroxysm
begins  before  that which  preceded it has gone
through its stages. — L. Bellini.
  SUBJECTIVE SENSATIONS, see Sensation.
   SUB.IEE, Bangue.
  SUBLIGACULUM, Truss.
  SUBLIGATUBA. Truss.
  SUBLIMAMENTUM, Enasorema.
  SUBLIMATE, CORROSFVE,  Hydrargyri
oxymurias.
  SUBLIMA'TION,  Sublima'tio, .Meteoris'mus,
Ht/pso'sis, from sublimo, ' I  raise up.'  An opera-
tion by which dry and solid matters are volatilized
3              SUBMENTAL

 and condensed at the upper part of a subliming
 apparatus.' Calomel, sal ammoniac, 4c, are com-
 monly obtained by sublimation.  The product of
 sublimation is a Sub'limate Sublima'tum, (F.) Sub-
 limi.
   SUBLIMATUS  CORROSIVUS, Hydrargyri
 oxymurias.
   SUBLIME, Sublimis.
   SUBLIME, Enaeorema, Sublimate — s. Corro-
 eif, Hydrargyri oxymurias.
   SUBLI'MIS,  (F.) Sublime, 'high,  elevated,
 superficial.'  Anatomists have given  the name
 sublimis to certain  muscles, which are situate
 more superficially than  their kindred  muscles.
 These last they have  called profundi.   Of the
 former, the flexor sublimis digitorum is an ex-
 ample.
   The French use the term 'respiration sublime'
 for the respiration which is accompanied by con-
 siderable elevation of the ribs, and with separa-
 tion of the alae nasi at the time of inspiration.
   SUBLINGUA, Uvula,
   SUBLIN'GUAL,  Sublingua'lis,  (F.)  Souslin-
 gual, from sub, 'under,' and lingua,  'the tongue.'
 That which is seated under the tongue.
   Sublingual Artery, with  some, is the Lin-
 gual.  AVith  others,  it is a branch  given  off by
 the lingual opposite the genio-glossus muscle,
 which is distributed particularly to the sublingual
 gland, to the mylo-hyoid, and genio-glossus mus-
 cles, 4c
   Sublingual  Gland,  Gladdula  sublingua'lis,
 G. Bartholinia'im, G. Rivinia'na, is  seated in the
 substance of  the inferior paries of the mouth, be-
 neath  the  anterior part of the tongue.   It  is
 smaller than the  submaxillary,  of which  it fre-
 quently seems to be only a prolongation.  It  is
 oblong, flattened, amygdaloid, and is covered by
 the mucous  membrane  of the  mouth, beneath
 which it projects.  This gland has 10 or 12 ex-
 cretory ducts — Ductus Rivinia'ni  sen Walthe-
 ria'ni—some of which open beneath the fraenum
 linguae, joining AVharton's duct,  whilst  others
 pierce the mucous membrane of  the mouth sepa-
 rately.  It has the same structure as the parotid.
   SUBLINGUIUM, Uvula.
   SUBLINGUIIM,  Epiglottis.
   SUBLOB'ULAR, Sublobula'ris;  from  sub,
 'under,' and Zo6us, 'a lobe.'  That  which  is
 placed under a lobe.
   Sublobular A'eins of the  Liver.  The veins
 in which the intra-lobular veins terminate.  By
 their union, the sublobular veins  form the hepatic
 veins.
   SUBLUXATIO, Sprain.
   SUBMAXILLARY,  Submaxilldris,  Infra-
 maxilla'ris,  (F.) Sous-maxillaire,  from  sub,
 ' under,' and maxilla, ' the jaw.'  That which  is
 seated beneath the jaw.
   Submaxillary Ganglion is a small nervous
 ganglion, situate opposite  the gland.  It seems
 to be formed by the superior branch of the Vidian
 nerve, and communicates with the lingual nerve  *
 of the inferior maxillary.  Its filaments form a
 plexus which penetrates the submaxillary gland.
   Submaxillary Gland, 31ax'illary Gland, Hy-
 pognath'aden, is a salivary gland, less  than the
 parotid, seated at the inner side of the ramus and
 body of the inferior maxillary bone, in the trian-
 gular space between  the two bellies of the digas-
 tricus.  Irregularly ovoid, and flattened on three
 surfaces, it has the same aspect and organization
 as the other salivary glands.   Its excretory duct
 is called Wharton's  Duct, and terminates  at the
 side of the fraenum linguae, by a v ery small orifice.
 It is also called Ductus inferior.
   SUBMENTAL, Submentdlis,  (F.) Sousmental, 
SUBMERSION
824
SUBSULTUS
from sub, 'under,' and mentum, 'the chin.'   Situ-
ate under the chin.
  Submental Artery is furnished by the facial,
near the base of the jaw.  It passes forwards
along the attachment of the mylo-hyoideus, to
which it furnishes branches that cross it to  anas-
tomose with those of the sublingual.  Near the
median  line it bifurcates, to be distributed to the
chin and muscles of the infra-hyoid region.
  Submental  Atein, which accompanies the ar-
tery, opens into the labial.
  SUBMER'SION, Submcr'sio, from si/6, 'under,'
and mergere, mersum, ' to plunge.'   The act of
plunging, or being entirely plunged, in a liquid.
  Asphyx'ia by submersion, Drowning, Asphyxia
Imtuerso'rum, is  not owing to a certain,quantity
of liquid being introduced into the alimentary or
air-passages; but simply to the interception of
air, and of the respiratory  phenomena.  It is a
case of suffocation, the signs of which, on dis-
section, are  equivocal,  without  circumstantial
evidence.
  SUBMISSIO, Remission—s. Cordis, Systole.
  SUBMU'COUS, Submuco'aua;  from  sub,
'under,' and  mucua.  Under a  mucous  mem-
brane,— as the 'submucous areolar tissue.'
  SUBMURIAS  AMMONIACO-HYDRARGY-
RICUS, Hydrargyrum praecipitatum.
  SUBMUS'CULAR, Submuacu/dris ; from sub,
'under,' and muaculus,  'a  muscle.'  Seated be-
neath muscles or a muscular layer.
  SUBOCCIPITAL, Suboccipitdlis;  from sub,
'under,' and  occiput.   That which  is situated
under the occiput.
  Suboccip'ital Nerve, Occipital nerve.
  SUBOR'BITAR, Suborbitdrius, Infra-or'bitar,
Infra-orbita'lis, Infro-orbita'rius, (F.) Soua-orbi-
taire, from sub, ' under,'  and orbita, ' the  orbit.'
That which is seated beneath the orbitar cavity.
  Suborbitar Artery,  Infra-orbitar, A., pro-
ceeds from the internal maxillary, from which it
separates near the anterior and superior part of
the zygomatic fossa.  It enters the infra-orbitar
canal, and passes through it, giving  branches to
the anterior and superior dental canal; issues by
the foramen infra-orbitarium ; and divides, in the
fossa canina, into a number of branches, which
lose themselves in the neighbouring  parts.   The
infra-orbitar vein follows the same course.
  Suborbitar Canal, Infra-orbitar Canal, (F.)
Canal ou Conduit aoua-orbitiiire, is a  small canal,
which runs obliquely through the substance of
the inferior paries of the orbit.  It begins, behind,
by  a simple gutter, and  divides, anteriorly, into
two branches, one  of  which descends into the
anterior paries of the maxillary sinus, whilst the
other passes out, in  the  canine fossa, by an ori-
fice, called Foramen-infra-orbitarium, (F.) Trou
soue-orbitaire. The infra-orbitar artery and nerve
pass along it.
  Suborbitar  Fissure, Infra-orbitar Fiaaure,
Rima cana'lis orbita'rii, Fissu'ra infra-orbita'lis.
A fissure in the superior maxillary bone ; the su-
perior commencement of the suborbitar canal.
  Suborbitar Fossa, Canine fossa.
   Suborbitar  Nerves,  Infra-orbitar  Nerves,
seem to terminate the superior maxillary.   They
issue from the infra-orbitar canal by  the foramen
of  the same name, and spread out in  a radiated
manner in the fossa canina, to divide into superior
or palpebral filaments, inferior or labial, internal
or  naaal, and external or buccal.
   SUBPERITONEAL, Subperitonea'lis;  from
su*-, ' under,'  and peritoneum.  That which lies
under the peritoneum.
   Subperitoneal Aponeurosis, Fascia, subpe-
ritoneal— s. Ganglia, see Spermatic ganglion.
   SUBPLACENTA, Decidua membrana.
  SUP.POPLTT.EUS. Poplitaeus muscle.
  SUBPUBIC  ARCH,  Arcus  eubptt' bicus.  A
strong  arch  of  the  superior pelvic aponeurosis,
which completes the posterior orifice  of the ob-
turator or subpubic canal.
  Subpubic  Membrane, Obturator membrane.
  SUBPUBI0-FEMORAL1S,  Abductor brevis
—s. Prostaticus, Compressor prostata1.
  SUBPUTRIS, llyposaprus.
  SUBSCAPULAR,  Subacopuldris, (F.) Soua-
scopuloirc,  Sons-scapulo-troch inicn,  from  sub,
'under,' and scapula, 'the shoulder-blade'  That
which is beneath the scapula.
  Subscapular  Fossa, Fossa  Subacapula'ris.
A considerable  excavation at the anterior surface
or venter of the scapula, in which the subscapu-
laris is seated.
  Subscapular Muscle, Subscapula'ris 3Iuscle,
Immer'aus, Infra-scapula'ris, (F.)  Soua-scujm/o-
trochinien (Ch.), Porte-feuillc, Muacle aons-seojiu-
loirc.   A muscle situate in the  above-mentioned
fossa.  It is  flat, broad, and triangular ;  is  at-
tached, by its base, to the subscapulary fossa and
to the anterior lip of the edge of the spine of  the
scapula, and is  inserted  into the lesser tuberosity
of the  humerus.  It carries the  arm in rotation
inwards.   It can  also depress it, and bring  it to-
wards the body.
  Subscap'ular Nerves  are  two in  number.
One  arises from the  brachial plexus above  the
clavicle;  the other  from the posterior aspect of
the plexus within the axilla.   They  are  distri-
buted to the subscapularis muscle.
  SUBSE'ROUS, Subsero'8us; from sub, 'under,'
and serous.  Under a serous membrane, — as  the
'subserous areolar tissue.'
  SUBSIDENTIA, Sediment,
  SUBSTANCE E3IAILLEE DES DENTS,
Enamel of the teeth — s. Horny, see Tooth.
  SUBSTANCE, HYALINE, Cytoblastema —s.
Intercellular, Cytoblastema—s.  Yitrie des Dents,
Enamel of the teeth.
  Substance, AVniTE, of  Schwann.   A hollow
cylinder within  the tubular nervous fibre, which
differs in composition and  refracting power from
the matter that occupies the centre of the tube.
  SUBSTANTIA ADAMANTINA DENTIUM,
Enamel — s.  Filamentosa dentium, Enamel — s.
Hyalina,  Cytoblastema — s. Ossea dentium,  see
Tooth—s. Ostoidea, see  Tooth.
  Substantia  Perfora'ta Me'dia.  AVhen  the
pia mater has been removed from the space be-
tween the crura cerebri termed the intcrcrdral
or interpeduncular, the surface appears cribriform
from' the  perforations of  the numerous minute
vessels which penetrate  it.  This is the substadtia
perfora'ta me'dia of Vieq d'Azyr.
  Substantia Pulposa Dentis, Dental pulp—s.
Rhomboidea, Corpus dentatum — s. Spongiosa
Urethrae,  Corpus spongiosum urethrae—s. A'itrea
dentium, Enamel of the teeth — s. A'itrea, Cyto-
blastema,
  SUB'STANTIVE, Substanti'vue; from substare,
(anb and stare,) 'to stand under or subsist.'  An
epithet applied by  Dr.  Paris to aliments  which
are nutritious,  in contradistinction to  adjective
aliments,  which are themselves  not possessed of
nutritive virtues, but impart to the digestive or-
gans greater energy, so as to enable them  to ex-
tract  more  nutriment from the substantive ali-  v
ments.    Meat, for example,  is  a  substantive
aliment: the condiment, as mustard, eaten with
it, an adjective  aliment.
  SUBSTILLUM,  Stillicidium.
  SITBSULTIO, Palpitation.
  SUBSUL'TUS  TENDINUM.  Soltua  teddi-
num,  Clonus subsultus,  Subsultus,  Curpholorj"ia
spasmodica, 3lyopal'mus,  Twitching of the Ten- 
               SUBSURDITAS

dona, (F.) Soubresout, from aubailire, subanltttm,
(aub and satire,) ' to make short leaps.'   Twitch-
ing, communicated to the tendons by the invo-
luntary  and instantaneous contraction  of  the
muscular fibres.   It  is more  observable at the
wrist than elsewhere; and is an evidence of great
cerebral irritability, and debility, when it occurs
at an advanced period of fever.
  The muscular agitations or twitehings observed
in  febrile diseases, especially  of children,  have
been termed ('tinvuhibil'itas, Sclerotyr'be febri'lis,
and Irritabil'itas morbo'aa.
  SUBSURDITAS, Deafness.
  SUB'UBERES, from sub, 'under,' and ubera,
'the breasts.'   Infodtes sugen'tes,  Sucking chil-
dren.  Infants at the breast, in contradistinction
to the Exdbcres, airoyaXaKrot, or those which have
been weaned.
  SUBUN'OUIAL, Subun'guical,  (F.) Sous-ttn-
giale, from  aub, 'under,' and ungu ia, 'a nail.' Be-
longing  to parts under the nail; — as subunguial
exostosis, (F.) Exoatoae aoua-ungidle, an exostosis
under the nail  of the great toe  especially.
   SIIBVERSIO  STOMACHI, Vomiturition.
   SUP.VERTEBRA, Sacrum.
   SUBVERTEBRUM, Sacrum.
   SUBVOLA,  Hypothenar.
   SUC.  Succus—s. de Citron,  see Citrus medica
— s. Gaatrique,  Gastric  juice—s.  31irlullaire,
Marrow — s. du Limon, see Citrus medica.
  SUCOA'GO, from succua, 'juice.'   The inspis-
sated juice  of plants; robs, jellies, 4c
  SUCOEDA'NEUM,  Sucddo'iieum, Subatitd-
tum,  Antibollom'enum,  Surrogo'tuin, Antembal-
loin'cnuin,  Quid pro quo,  from euccedere,  (sub,
and eedcre), 'to go under,  to  come  in place of
another.'  An  epithet for medicines that may be
substituted  for others possessing  similar pro-
perties.
  SUCCENTURIA'TUS, from auccenturiare (anb,
and centnrio),  'to  supply a soldier to  fill a va-
cancy ;'  and hence,  ' to substitute or put in the
room of.' That which is a substitute for another;
as  Renes auccenturiati, Ventriculus suecenturia-
tus. 4c.
  SUCCHAR,  Saccharum.
  SUOOIDANEUM, Succedaneum.
  SUOGTN. Succinum.
  SU<TINCTURA, Diaphragm.
  SUCCINCTUS, Diaphragm.
  SUOOIXI RESINA, Musk,  artificial.
  SUCCINIC  ACID, Ac"idumSuc'cini,A. Suc-
cin'icuiti, Acor Siiccideus, Sal Succini, Sal volat'-
ile  Snccini, has been considered antispasmodic
and diaphoretic, in the dose of from five to twenty
grains.
  SUCCINUM, Elec'trnm, Ambra, Ambram, Am-
par, Pereni'ce,  Amber, Yellow Amber, (F.) Succin,
Ambre jaune.   This substance,  which is found on
the shores of the Baltic, is composed of a resinous
matter, of essential  oil, and an acid  sni generis.
It is inodorous, except when heated  or rubbed;
insipid :  in  fragments of a pale  golden-yellow co-
lour:  transparent, and has a shining lustre. S.g.
1.0S;  insoluble in  water, and  slightly acted on
by  alcohol.   It is used for affording its essential
oil—the O'leum or Bal'samum Suc'cini, (F.) Huile
de Succin.  This oil possesses stimulant, antispas-
modic, diuretic, and rubefacient properties.
  The O'lcinn Suc'cini rectifica'tum, Rectified Oil
of Amber, is made as follows :—Oil of Amber, Oj ;
water, Ovj.  Alix in a glass retort, and distil until
Oiv of the water have passed with the oil into the
receiver; separate the oil  from the  water,  and
keep it in well-stopped bottles.—(Ph. U.  S.)
  The White  amber, Leucelec'trum,  (F.) Ambre
blanc, is a variety.
5               SUDAMINA

   Succinum Cinereum, Ambergris — s.  Griseum,
 Ambergris.
   SUCf.'ION, Sucking.
   SUCCTSA,  Scabiosa succisa — s. Pratensis, S.
 succisa.
   SUCCOLATA, Chocolate.
   SUCCORY,  AVILD, Cichorium intybus, Chi-
 ronia angularis.
   SUC'CUBUS,  from sub, and cubare, 'to  lie.'
 Some authors have used this word synonymously
 with  nightmare.  Others mean  by it  a female
 phantom, with which a man in his sleep may be-
 lieve he has intercourse; — as Incubus  has been
 applied to the male phantom, with which a female
 may  dream she is similarly situate.
   SUCCUS,  Chylus,  Opos,  Opis'ma, Chylis'ma,
 Ecchylo'ma, Apothlim'ma, Juice, (F.) Sue.  The
 fluid obtained by pressing plants, flesh, 4c; suc-
 cus expres'sus.   It is, also, applied to certain ani-
 mal fluids, as S. Gastricus, 4c
   Succus Acaci.e  Germanice Inspissatus, see
 Prunus spinosa—s. Acaciae nostratis, see Prunus
 spinosa — s. Arborum, Sap — s.  Cicutae  spissatus,
 Extractum conii — s. Cyrenaicus, Laserpitium.
   Succus Enter'icus, S. Intestina'lis, Intes'tinal
 Juice.  The fluid secreted from the lining mem-
 brane of the  small intestines.
   Succus Expressus, Apothlimma — s. Gastri-
 cus, Gastric  juice — s. Glycyrrhizae, Extractum
 glycyrrhizae — s. Hypocistidis,  see Cytinus — s.
 Intestinalis, Succus entericus — s. Japonicus, Ca-
 techu— s. Limonis, see Citrus medica—s.  Liqui-
 ritiae, Extractum glycyrrhizae — s. Nerveus, Ner-
 vous fluid—s. Nutritius, Chyle — s. Orni concre-
 tus,  see Fraxinus  ornus — s. Pancreaticus, see
 Pancreas  — s. Spissatus  Aconiti Napelli, Extrac-
 tum aconiti — s. Spissatus atropae  belladonnae,
 Extractum belladonnae — s.  Spissatus conii  ma-
 cula ti, Extractum cicutae — s. Spissatus hyoscy-
 ami nigri, Extractum hyoscyami — s.  Spissatus
 lactucae sativae, Extractum lactucae.
   SUCCUS'SION,  Hippocrat'ic Succus'sion, Suc-
 cus'sio,  from succutio (sub,  and quatio), 'I shake
 from beneath.'  A  mode of ascertaining the ex-
 istence  of a  fluid in  the thorax, (fluctuation by
 succussion,) by giving the body one or more slight
 shakes.
   Succussion, Ballottement.
   SUCHOR. Saccharum.
   SUCKING,  Suc'tio, Suctus, Athelx'is, Bdalsis,
 Myze'sis,  (F.)  Succion, from sugere,  suctum, 'to
 suck.'  The act of drawing liquid into the mouth,
 by forming a vacuum with the tongue  acting as
 a piston,  during inspiration.
   Sucking Bottle.   A bottle  so formed, that,
 when filled with milk, it can be  sucked from in-
 stead of the breast.
   Sucking Child, Lactens.  A suckling.
   SUCKLE, Lactare,yaXaKTorpoiptiv,TtSn<pvitv,(V.)
 Allaiter ou Alaiter.  To give suck.   To nurse.
   SUCKLING, Lactation, Sucking child.
   SUCRE,  Saccharum — s.  Candi,  Saccharum
 candidum—s. de Lait, Sugar of milk — s. de Sa-
 turne, Plumbi superacetas.
   SUCTIO, Exsuctio, Sucking,
   SUCTION  POAVER.  The  force  exerted on
 the blood in  the veins, by the  active  dilatation
 of the heart.   Sec Derivation.
   SUCTO'RIA, from sugo,  'I  suck.'  Animals
 provided  with mouths for sucking.   Also, organs
 for sucking or adhesion,—hence termed suctorial
 — as ' suctorial oscula,'
   SUCTORIAL, see Suctoria.
   SUCTUS.  Sucking.
   SUDAMTNA, Hydrdata, Hidrdta, Pap'ula
 sudordles,  Suffersu'ra, Alha'sef  Planta noe-
 tic, Boa,  from sudor, 'sweat.'   Small  vesicles,
82 
SUDARIUM
826
SUGAR
which appear upon the skin, especially in  the
summer  time, in  hot  countries,  and  in  dis-
eases attended with much sweating.  It is a mi-
liary eruption.  See Miliary fever.
  Sudamina, Desudatio, Echauboulures, Lichen
tropicus.
  SUDARIUM,  Achicolum.
  SUDATION, Hidrosis.
  SUDATORIA,  Hidrosis —s. Maligna, see Su-
dor Anglicus.
  SUDATORIUM, Achicolum.
  SUDOR,  Hidros,  (F.)  .SWtir, 'sweat.'   The
product of cutaneous  transpiration, when visible
on the surface of  the  body.  It is colourless; of
an odour more or less strong and variable; and of
a saline taste.  It is composed, according to Ber-
zelius, of water, lactic acid, lactate of soda united
with a little animal matter, chloride of sodium,
and  a little chloride  of potassium, an  atom of
earthy phosphate, and some oxyd of iron.
  Sudor, Miliary fever.
  Sudor  An'glicus,  Hidron'osos, Hidrop'yra,
Hidropyr'ctos, Febris audato'-ria, 3Ii!ia'ris auda-
to'ria, Sudor milia'ris, 31orbus sudatorius, Ephem!-
era malig'na, E. sudatoria, E. Britadnica, Pestis
Britannica,  Sudato'ria malig'na, E. Ad glica pes'-
til ens, Sweating  Sickness, Sweating Fever,  (F.)
Suette, S. 3Iiliore, S. ipidemique, Sueur Anglaise.
A very severe epidemic disease, characterized by
profuse  sweating, which appeared in England in
1486 ; and recurred, at different times, until about
the middle  of the 16th century.  It was accom-
panied  with coldness,  excessive  prostration of
strength,  palpitation, frequency and  inequality
of the pulse, 4c, and terminated  favourably or
unfavourably in  the  course of 24 hours.   The
French  have given the name Suette  de Picar-
DIE, Suette dea Picarda, Fievre suante ; 3Iiliaria
sudatoria, Sudor Picard'icus, to an epidemic dis-
ease, which has  appeared several  times in  that
province ; the principal symptoms  of which were
profuse  sweats and a miliary eruption.   The dis-
ease recurred in  1821, and has been described, at
length, by M. Rayer, who considers it to consist
of a simultaneous state of inflammation of various
tissues;  and proposes to class it with variola,
scarlatina, and measles.
  Sudor  Colliquativus, S. Profusus.
  Sudor Cruen'tus,  S. sanguin'eus, Hamatidrd-
sis, Hamathid.ro'sis, Epidro'aia cruen'ta, Hamor-
rhag"ia  per Cutem,  (F.) Himatidrose, Sueur de
Sang; Sweating  of blood, Bloody sweat, Hem'-
orrhage from  the akin.  Cutaneous perspiration
intermixed  with  blood : — a very  uncommon af-
fection.
  Sudor Dulcis, Sacehar or rhex''a cuta''nea, Ephi-
dro'aia  aacchardta.   A discharge  of  saccharine
matter by perspiration.
   Sudor Localis, Meridrosis—s.  Miliaris, Mili-
ary fever, Sudor Anglicus—s. Partialis, Meridrosis.
   Sudor Perfu'sus,  S. Colliquati'vua.  A  pro-
fuse or  immoderate sweat.
   Sudor Sanguineus,  Sudor cruentus — s. Uni-
versalis, Panhidrosis.
   SUDORIFER, Sudoriferous, Sudorific.
   SUDORIF'EROUS, Sudor'ifer,  Hydroph'orua,
from sudor, ' sweat,' and fero, ' I carry.'  That
which carries sweat, as the sudoriferous ducts or
 glands.
   SUDORIF'IC, Sudorificum, Sudor'if er, Hi-
drot'icum, Hydrote'rium, Hydrotopee'um, Hidro-
poet'icum,  from  sudor, 'sweat,'  and focio, 'I
make.'   A  medicine which  provokes sweating.
 See Diaphoretic.
   Four Sudorific Woods, Quat'uor  ligna sudo-
rifica, were, formerly, guaiacum, perfumed cherry,
sarsaparilla, and sassafras.
   SUDORIPAROUS, see Perspiration.
  SUDORIS  NULLITAS,  Anidrosis — s. Pri-
vatio, Anidrosis — s. Suppressio, Ischidrosis.
  SUET, Sevum.
  SUETTE,  Sudor Anglicus — s. Epidimiquc,
Sudor Anglicus — s. 3liliaire, Sudor Anglicus —
s. de Picardie, Sudor picardicus—8. des Picarda,
Sudor picardicus.
  SUEUR, Sudor—8. Anglaise,  Sudor Anglicus
— s. dExpression,  Expression, sweat of—s. de
Sour/. Diapedesis, Sudor cruentus.
  SUFFERSUR/E, Sudamina.
  SUFFIMEN,  Suffimentum.
  SUFFIMENT'UM, Hypocapnie'ma, Suffi'mcn,
Thymi'ama, Suffi'tus, Suffumiga'tio, Suff'umiga'-
tion, (F.) Parfum.  A perfume; suffumige; fumi-
gation.
  SUFFITIO, Fumigation.
  SUFFITUS, Fumigation, Suffimentum.
  SUFFLATIO, Puffiness.
  SUFFOCATIO,  Suffocation,  Orthopncea— s.
Hypochondriaca, Hypochondriasis—s. Hysterica,
Angone — s.  Stridula, Cynanche trachealis — s.
Uterina, Angone.
  SUFFOCA'TION,  Suffoca'tio,  Prafoca'tio,
Apopnix'is,  Asphyx'ia, Melana'ma, -from  sub,
'under,' and  focus,  'a  fire-place.'   Death, or
suspended animation from impeded  respiration,
whether caused by the inhalation of noxious gases,
droicning, hanging, strangling, or smothering.  The
principal  morbid appearances in such cases are:
—the lungs of a deep-blue colour, with the blood
extravasated in  the air-cells ; right  auricle and
ventricle filled with dark blood, as  well  as the
neighbouring veins; lividity of the countenance,
turgescence, and, perhaps, rupture of the vessels
of the brain.
   Treatment of euepended animation by suffocation
in general.  The patient must be conveyed into
a room not too warm.  Blood-letting  must be
used, if at all, with caution; — friction must be
employed with salt, or warm flannels ; stimulating
fluids, in  a  dilute state, be poured into the sto-
mach by means  of a tube, and attempts be made
to inflate  the lungs.   Laryngotomy, if necessary.
  Suffocation, Pnigopho'bia,  (F.) Etouffement,
is used for  threatened  suffocation, as strangling
is.   It  means the state of dyspnoea and oppres-
sion experienced when a sufficient quantity of air
does not  enter  the lungs, or when the chemical
phenomena  of respiration are  imperfectly exe-
cuted ;  as in cases of asthma.
   SUFFOCATION  UTERINE, Hysteria.
   SUFFRAGO, Poples.
   SUFFUMIGATION, Suffimentum.
   SUFFUMIGE, Suffimentum.
   SUFFUMIGIUM.  Fumigation.
   SUFFUMINATIO, Fumigation.
   SUFFUSIO,  Pseudoblepsia—s.  Auriginosa,
Icterus—s. Bilis, Icterus—s. Colorans, Chromop-
sia—s.  Dimidians, Hemiopia—s. Exclarans, Oxy-
opia — s. Fellis, Icterus — s. Lentis crystallinae,
Cataract—s. Metamorphosis, Metamorphopsia—
s. Multiplicans,  see Diplopia — s. Myodes, Meta-
morphopsia—s.  Nigra, Amaurosis—s. Oculi, Ca-
taract,  Pseudoblepsia — s.  Oculorum, Metamor-
phopsia— s. Radians, Scotasma — s. Sanguinis,
Ecchymoma.
   SUGAR, Saccharum — s. Barley,  Penidium —
s. Candy, Saccharum  candidum — s. Cane, see
 Saccharum—s.  Diabetic,  Glucose—s. Fruit, Glu-
cose— s. Grape, Glucose — s. Honey,  Glucose —
s. of Lead, Plumbi superacetas.
   Sugar of  Milk, Sac'charum lactis, Gaiac'to-
aac'charum, Lactine, (F.) Sucre de  Lait, is ob-
tained  from whey by evaporation and crystalli-
 zation.   It possesses the demulcent properties of
 the sugars. 
SUGARBERRY
827
SULPHURIC
  Sugar, Pine,  see Arrowroot—s. Starch, Glu-
cose.
  Sugars,  A'arioits, see Saccharum.
  SUGARBERRY, Celtis occidentalis.
  SUGGILLA'TION, SugiUdtio, Livor, Sugilla-
tion, (Ei/e'iiia cruentum,; a bruise; from sugillare,
'to give a black eye.'   By most  authors used
synonymously with ecchymosis  and ecchymoma.
It is, also,  applied to the spots, or fecchymoses
which occur in consequence of intrinsic causes,—
in disease  and in  incipient putrefaction.  It is
common in dead bodies.   To this last case it is,
indeed,  restricted by some medico-legal writers;
and an  interesting question sometimes arises :—
AVhether the appearance have  been induced be-
fore death or afterwards ?  AVhether it be a  case
of ecchymoaia or of auggillation?  In the  former,
the extravasated blood will usually be coagulated;
not so in the latter.  It is often, however, diffi-
cult to form a correct judgment  without reference
to the history of the case.
  SUGGRUN'DIUM,  perhaps  from  suggredi,
'to go under.'  The eave of a house.
  Suggrundium  Oculi,   Superciliary  arch — s.
Superciliorum, Frontal protuberance.
  SUICIDA, Autochir.
  SUICIDAL INSANITY, Suicide.
  SUTCIDE, Suici'i/iitin: from aui cades, 'mur-
der of one's self.'  The act of killing one's  self.
Autochi'ria, Autocton'-ia, ldiocton'ia, Aulophodia.
Suicide  is  very frequently the  result of disease
of the mind; the individual seeming, at times, to
be irresistibly impelled to self-destruction. — Me-
lancho'lia  Suicid'ium,  M. autochi'ria,  Suici'dal
Insanitip   Also, one who commits self-murder.
  SO IE, Fuligo.
  SUIF, Sevum.
  SUITES DE COUCHES, Lochia.
  SULCATUS, Canneli,  Grooved.
  SULCULUS LABII  SUPERIORIS,  Lacuna
Labii superioris.
  SULCUS,  Semicana'lie, Semicanalic'ulua. A
furrow.   A groove.   (F.) Sillon.   Anatomists
have  given this  name to grooves on the surface
of bones and other organs.
  French writers on anatomy often use the term
Sillona  for  the grooves which lodge the  arteries
and creep on the surface  of bones; whilst  those
that receive veins are called gouttiirea, ' gutters.'
Also,  the vulva.
  Sulcus Antero-posterior Jecoris, see Liver
—s. Labii superioris, Lacuna Labii superioris.
  Sulcus,  Lat'eral, ante'rior, of the Spinal
Marrow.  A mere trace  on the marrow, marked
only by the attachment of the  filaments  of the
anterior roots of the spinal nerves.
  Sulcus,  Lateral, posterior, of the  Spinal
Marrow, corresponds with the attachment of the
posterior roots of the spinal nerves.
  Sulcus Transversalis, see  Liver—s. Umbi-
licalis, see  Liver.
  SULFATE  D'A3IMONIAQUE,  Ammoniae
sulphas.
  SULFIDUM  CARBONII, Carbonis sulphure-
tum.
  SULFUR, Sulphur.
  SULFURE DE  CARBON,  Carbonis sulphu-
retum.
  SULPIIAS ALUMINARIS, Alumen—s. Am-
moniacae  Cupratus,  Cuprum  ammoniatum — s.
Cadinieus,  Cadmii Sulphas—s. Kalico-alumini-
cum,  Alumen—s. Natricus, Soda, sulphate of—s.
Zincicutn,  Zinci sulphas.
  SULPHUR, Sulfur, Scorith,  Thei'on, Thion,
Averich, Terra folio'to, Fumus  cit'rinue, Aq'uila,
Brimstone, (F.)  Soufre.  The Notice  Sulphur is
called Rock Sulphur,  Sulphur  vivum, 4c.   Sul-
phur, as we meet with it, is in rolls, Sulphur in
rot'ulis, S. rotuddum, Roll Brimstone.  It is  a
volcanic  production, and is  obtained, in large
quantities, from Solfatara, in Italy.  Roll Sulphur
is impure sulphur, melted, and run into moulds.
It is unpleasantly odorous, when heated or rub-
bed;  insipid;  solid, and brittle.    S.  g. 1.99.
Fusible at 226°; volatili/able by heat, and con-
densing unchanged.
  Sulphur Antimoniatum, Antimonii sulphure-
tum praecipitatum—s. Carburet of, Carbonis sul-
phuretum—s. Chloratum, Sulphur, Chloride of.
  Sulphur, Chloride of, Sul'phuris  Chlo'ridum,
Sul'phuria Dichldridum, Dichlo'ride  of Sulphur,
Protochldride of Sulphur, Hypochlo'ride of Sul-
phur, Subchlo'ride of Sulphur,  Sulphur chlord-
tum, IlypochlorCtiim sulphuro'8itm, Biaulph'uret
of Chlorine, Chlorum hyperaulphurdturn, is  ob-
tained by passing dry chlorine  gas over washed
and dried flowers of sulphur, until they are for
the most part dissolved, and distilling the de-
canted fluid from the excess of dissolved sulphur.
One drachm of the liquid to an  ounce of lard has
been used in  lepra, psoriasis, and other chronic
cutaneous  diseases.   Ten drops, dissolved in
ether, have been given in adynamic fever.
  Sulphur, Dichloride  of,  Sulphur,  chloride
of—s. Hypochloride of, Sulphur, chloride of— s.
Iodatum, Sulphuris iodidum — s. Iodide of, Sul-
phuris iodidum—s. Ioduret of, Sulphuris iodidum
— s. Liver of, Potassae  sulphuretum.
  Sulphur Lotum, Sulphur  sublima'tum  lotum,
 Washed  Sulphur,  Magiste'rittm Sulph'ttris, Sul-
phuris Flores  loti, is prepared by pouring boil-
ing water on  sublimed sulphur, so  as to wash
away any acid it may contain, and then drying it.
  Sulphur PrjECIpita'tum, Lac Sulph'mis, 31 ilk
of Sulphur, Precip'itated Sulphur, (F.) Crime de
Soufre, is prepared  by boiling sublimed sulphur
and lime  together, and  adding muriatic acid  to
precipitate the sulphur.
  Sulphur, Protochloride  of,  Sulphur, chlo-
ride of—s. Subchloride of, Sulphur, chloride  of.
  Sulphur Sublima'tum, Sulphur,  (Ph. U. S.)
Sublimed  Sulphur,  Flowers of  Sulphur,  (F.)
Soufre sublimi, Flettrs  de Soufre, is  the sulphur
of commerce, sublimed in close vessels.
  Sulphur is  possessed of  stimulant,  laxative,
and diaphoretic properties.  As a laxative, it  is
used in hemorrhoidal and other affections.  In the
itch, applied externally and taken internally, it
has been considered as a specific (?), and it  is a
valuable remedy in most cutaneous affections that
are local.  Dose, gss to gij.
  The faeces or dregs, left in the purification  or
sublimation of sulphur, are called Horse Brim-
stone, Dregs oj Sulphur vivum, Sulphur caballi'-
num, S. vivum, Sulphuris vivi recremen'ta.  They
are very impure, and are only used exterually.
  Sulphur, Vegetable, Lycopodium—s. Wort,
Peucedanum.
  SULPIIURATUS, Sulphureous, Sulphurated.
  SULPHU'REOUS, Sulphuro'sus,  Sulphu'rius,
Sulphurdtus, Sulph'uretted.   Possessing the pro-
perties of, or relating to, or containing sulphur.
  SULPHURETTED, Sulphureous —s. Hydro-
gen, see  Hydrogen, sulphuretted.
  SULPHURETUM AMMONIAC^!, Ammoniae
sulphuretum—s. Ammoniae hydrogenatum,Liquor
fumans Boylii—s. Kalicum, Potassae sulphuretum
—s. Lixiviae, Potassa1 sulphuretum.
   SULPH'URIC ACID, Ac"idum Sulphu'ricum
vel Sulfuricum, Oleum  Vitridli, Spir'itus Vitri-
oli, S. v. fortis, Acidum vitriol'icum, Oil of Vitriol,
Spirit ef Vitriol, Yitriol'ic Acid, Acidum Vitrioli
dephloejiatica'tum,  Acor  Sulphuris,  (F.) Acide
Sulphurique ou  Sulfurique.  Sulphuric acid  is
inodorous;  has a strong acid taste, and is corro-
sive.   S. g. 1.S45 (Ph. U. S.)  It is escharotic, 
SULPHURIS                828          SUPERFCECUNDATIO
stimulant, and rubefacient.  Mixed with lard, it is
sometimes used in local pains, and certain cuta-
neous affections.
  Sulphuric Acid, Aromat'ic, Ac"idum Sulphu'-
ricum Aromat'icum, A. vitriol'icum aromat'icum,
A. vitriolicum alcoho'le aromaticum, Elixir vitri-
o'li, E. v. aromaticum, E.  vitrioli 3fynsich'ti, E.
vitrioli Eelinburgen'aium, E. vitrioli cum tinctu'ra
aromatica,  E. vitrioli dulce seu acido-aromat'i-
cum,  Alcohol cum  aromat'ibus  aulphuriea'tua,
Tinctu'ra acidi eulphurici, is formed of 8tdphuric
acid,  f^iijss;  ginger, bruised, 5j :  cinnamon,
bruised, 3iss; Alcohol, Oij. — Ph. U. S.  Dose,
gtt. x to xxx.
  Sulphuric Acid, Dilu'ted, AC'idum Sulphu'-
ricum  Dildtitm,  Acidum   vitriol'icum  dilutum,
Elixir of  Vitriol, Elixir vitrio'li, Spir'itus vitri-
o'li aC'idus  Vogle'ri, (F.)  Acide sulfurique di-
layi, is formed, according  to the Pharmacopoeia
of the United  States, by adding aq. destillat.
f "fxij, to acid, sulph. f *"jj.   It is tonic, astringent,
and refrigerant.  Dose, gtt. x to xx,  largely di-
luted.  When used  as a gargle, half a drachm
may be added to  ^vj of water.
  Very dilute sulphuric acid was formerly termed
Phlegma vitrioli.
  SULPHURIS  CHLORIDUM, Sulphur, chlo-
ride of—s. Dichloridum, Sulphur, chloride of.
  Sulph'uris Io'didum,  S. Iodure'tnm, Sulphur
Iodei'tum, loduret or I'odide of Sulphur, (F.) Sou-
fre loduri, lodure de Soufre.  It is thus directed
to be prepared  in  the  Pharmacopoeia  of the
U.S.  (lodin. §iv;  sulphur, ^j.)  Rub the iodine
and sulphur together in  a glass, porcelain, or
marble mortar, until they are thoroughly mixed.
Put the mixture  into a*matrass, close the orifice
loosely, and  apply a gentle heat, so as to darken
the mass without melting  it.  AVhen the  colour
has become uniformly dark throughout, increase
the heat  so  as to melt the iodide;  then incline
the matrass in different directions, in order to re-
turn into the mass any portions of iodine which
may have condensed on the inner surface of the
vessel: lastly, allow  the matrass to  cool, break
it, and put the iodide into bottles, which are to
be well stopped.
  SULPHURIUS, Sulphureous.
  SULPHUROSUS, Sulphureous.
  SULPHUROUS, Sulphureous.
  Sul'piiurous  Acid, Ac'idum  aulphuroa'icum,
 A. sulph'uris volat'ile, A.  Sulphuro'sum vel  Sul-
furosum,  Spir'itus sulphuris, Spiritus 8ulphuro'-
8ua volat'ilis, Sp. eulphurie per campa'nam, Sp.
vitrio'li phlogistica'tus, Gas sulphuris, (F.) Acide
Sulfureux, A ir Acide Vitriolique.  Obtained by
treating  mercury with concentrated  sulphuric
acid, or  by  burning sulphur.   It is sometimes
used in  the  gaseous,—at  others, in the liquid
state.   Sulphurous  acid gas is used to disinfect
cloths, confined air,  letters coming from infected
places, 4c  It is also exhibited, with great suc-
cess, in the form of  fumigation, in the treatment
of certain chronic cutaneoous  affections, and of
sciatic and rheumatic pains  in general.  If re-
spired pure, it acts in the manner of violent irri-
tants ; and is not long in producing death.
   SULTZMALT,  MINERAL  AVATERS  OF.
 Sultzmalt is a village in the department of the
 Upper Rhine; where are several sources of cold,
 acidulous waters, which seem to contain carbonic
 acid, subcarbonate of soda, subcarbonate of lime,
 sulphate of lime, and a little bitumen.  They are
refrigerant, aperient, and alterative.
   SU3IAC DES CORROYEURS, Rhus coria-
ria—s\ Vinineux, Rhus toxicodendron.
   SUMACH, Rhus  coriaria.
   SUMBUL.  The  name of a root, Sum'buli ra-
 dix, Jatamansi, 3Iusk-root, presumed to belong
to the Umbelliferie family, much employed  in
Russia and Germany against cholera.  Its exact
botanical history is not determined.   It contains
a strongly odorous principle like  that of musk;
and is regarded as an antispasmodic
  SUMBULI RADIX, Sumbul root.
  SUAIEN, Hvpogiistrium.
  SUMMER  COMPLAINT.  A  popular name
in the United  States, for diarrhoea occurring in
summer.  It is often, also, made  to include dy-
sentery and cholera infantum.   AVith some it
means cholera infantum only.
  Summer Diseases, see  Estival — s. Rash, Li-
chen tropicus.
  SUMMITAS CUTIS, Epidermis.
  SUMMUS  HUMERUS, Acromion.
  SUNBURN,  Ephelides — s.  Dew, Drosera ro-
tundifolia—s. Flower, false, Helenium autumnale
— s. Flower,  swamp,  Helenium autumnale — s.
Flower,  tickweed,  Coreopsis  trichosperma — s.
Flower,  turpentine,  Silphium perfoliatum—s.
Pain,  see  Hemierania — s. Rash,  Lichen — s.
Stroke, Coup  de Soleil — S.Egyptian, Coup de
Soleil.
  SUPELLECTILE  DIOGENIS, Palm.
  SUPELLEX ANATOMICA, Museum anato-
micum—s. Diogenis, Palm.
  SUPER. A common Latin prefix; in compo-
sition, signifying ' above.'
  SUPERBUS, Rectus superior oculi.
  SUPERCHLORIDUM  F  ORiAIYLICUM,
Chloroform.
  SUPERCILIARIS, Corrugator supercilii.
  SUPERCILTARY, Supercilidris, from super,
'above,' and cilium,  'the edge  of  the  eyelid.'
That which relates to the  supercilia or eyebrows.
(F.) Sourcilier  ou Surcilicr.
   Supercil'iary Arches, Superciliary  Ridges,
Arcus supercilia'res, Suygruddia oculo'rum, (F.)
Arcades sourcilieres, are two  slightly projecting
apophyses, situate at the anterior surface of the
os frontis, above  the  superior margin of the or-
bits.   They are separated by the  nasal bosse, and
covered by the  superciliaris  muscle, to which
they give attachment.
   Superciliary Ridges, Superciliary arches.
   SUPERCILTUM,  Ophrys,  Oph'rya,  Vallum,
(F.) Sourcil.   Same etymon.   The eyebrows are
two arched eminences,—convex above, and more
or less prominent, according to the individual,—
which lie on the  superciliary arch of the os fron-
tis, above the eyelids, and extend from  the sides
of the root of the nose to the  temple.  Their in-
ner  extremity  or head  is  more prominent than
the  outer or  tai7.  The  eyebrows  are  covered
with short and stiff hairs, which are directed, ob-
liquely,  from  within outwards,  and are, com-
monly, of the  colour of the hair.  The skin in
which these hairs are implanted, rests on the or-
bicularis palpebrarum, frontalis, and supereilia-
rie muscles, which  move  the  eyebrows in  differ-
ent directions.   The  eyebrows serve as an orna-
ment  to  the countenance; and by covering the
eye  defend it from the  impression of too  strong
a light.   They direct the perspiration also from
the eye.
   Supercilium  Acetab'uli.   The  edge of the
cotyloid cavity of the os innominatum.
   SUPERCONCEPTION, see Superfcetation.
   SUPEREArACUATIO, Hypercrisis.
   SUPERFECUNDATION,  see Superfcetation.
   SUPERFICIA'LIS COLLI, Subcutdneus
 Colli.   A nerve  formed  by  communicating
branches  from the second  and third  cervical
nerves.   It is distributed to the superficial parts
of the neck.
   SUPERFICIES PLANTARIS PEDIS, Sole.
   SUPERFCECUNDATIO, Superfcetation. 
SUPERFCETATIO
829
SUPRA-PUBIAN
  SUPERFCETATIO, Superfcetation.
  SUPERFGETA'TION, Superfcetdtio, EpieyC-
aia,  Hypt rcye'ais,  Snperiinpragna'tio,  Epig'one,
Superfu euiido 'tio,  Superfeeunddtion,  Snperim-
pregna'tion,  from super, 'upon,' and fictare, 'to
bring forth young.'  Conception of a foetus—epi-
cye'ma—in a uterus which already contains one.
The impregnation of a female already pregnant.
The possibility of this has been denied; but there
is abundant evidence  to  show, that it is possible
at a very early period of pregnancy.  Twin cases
may be of this kind of sujierconception.
  SUPERGEMINALIS, Epididymis.
  SUPERGFN UAL1S, Patella.
  SUPEK HUMERALE, Epomis.
  SUPERIMPR/EGNATIO, Superfotation.
  SUPERIOR AURIS, Attollens a'urem—s. Ro-
tundus clitoridis, Ischio-cavernous.
  SUPERLABIA, Clitoris.
  SUI'ERLIGAMEN, Epidesmus.
  SUPERL1GULA, Epiglottis.
  SUPERNUTRITIO  LIENIS, Splenoncus—s.
Splenis, Splenoncus.
  SUPEROXALAS  KALICUM, Potass,  oxa-
late of.
  SUPERPURGATIO, Hypercatharsis.
  SUPERSCAPULARIS, Supraspinatus—s. In-
ferior, Infraspinatus.
  SI'PINATEIR CO CRT ou PETIT,  Supi-
nator radii brevis — s. Grand ou long, Supinator
radii longus.
  SUPINA'TION, Supina'tio, from supinus, 'ly-
ing on the back.'  The movement  in  which  the
forearm and hand are carried outwards, so that
the anterior surface of the latter becomes superior.
  In Pathology, Supination, Sttpinatio, Hyptias'-
ma, Hyptiaa'mue, means  the horizontal position
on the back, with the head thrown  back, and the
legs and arms extended.  It is  often a sign of
great weakness in disease.
  SUPINA'TOR.  Same etymon.   That  which
produces supination. A name given to two mus-
cles of the forearm.
  Supinator Brevis seu Minor, Supinator radii
brevis — s. Longus seu  major,  Supinator radii
longus.
  Supinator Radii Brevis, S. brevis seu minor,
(F.) Epicondylo-radial  (Ch.), Supinateur court
ou  petit supinateur.  A  muscle, seated  at the
outer and  back part of the forearm.   It is  flat-
tened, triangular, and curved upon  itself, in such
a manner that it embraces the superior extremity
of the radius.   It is attached, on the one  hand,
to the external tuberosity of the humerus, and to
a small portion  of the posterior surface of the
ulna, and is inserted into the upper third  of the
outer and upper surfaces  of the radius.  It pro-
duces,  by  contracting,  the motion  of supina-
tion.
  Supinator Radii Longus, S. longus sive major,
Bra'chio-radia'lis, (F.) Humiro-sus-radial (Ch.),
Long ou grand supinateur, is seated at the  ante-
rior and outer part of the forearm.  It arises from
the  inferior part of the outer  edge  of  the os
humeri, and from the external intermuscular
aponeurosis; and is inserted, by a long tendon,
into the outer edge of tho radius, near the base
of the styloid process.   It causes the  supination
of the forearm, which it can likewise bend  on the
arm.
  SUPPED AXE A, Hypopodia,
  SUPPLANTALIA, "Hvpopodia.
  SUPPLEMENT.--. EPIPLOICA, Epiploic ap-
pendages.
  SUPPLEAIENTARY AIR,  see Respiration.
  SUPPORTER,  ABDOAIINAL. Bolt, Russian
—s.  Utero-Abdominal, see Belt, Russian.
   SUPPOSITION DE PART, Pregnancy, pre-
 tended.
   SUPPOSITORIUM,  Suppository — s.  Uteri-
 num, Pessary.
   S U T P 0 S'l T 0 R Y, Supposito'rium, Hypoth'-
 eton,  Bacil'lus,  Balanis'mus,  Bal'anua,  Glans,
 from  aupponere, (aub, and ponere,  ' to  put,')  ' to
 put under.' Any solid medicine, in the form of a
 cone  or cylinder, intended to be introduced into
 the rectum ;—either for the purpose of favouring
 intestinal  evacuations, or to act as an anodyne.
 Purgative  suppositories are made of soap, aloes,
 or any other irritating substance.
   SUPPRESSIO  ALVI, Constipation —s. Lo-
 chiorum, Ischolochia—s. Lotii, Ischuria—s. Men-
 sium, Amenorrhcea—s. Menstruationis, Amen-
 orrhcea—s. Sudoris. Ischidrosis.
   SUPPRESSION  DU FLUX MENSTRU-
 EL, Amenorrhcea—a. de Part, see Parturition—
 s. d Urine, Ischuria.
   SUPPURANS, Suppurative.
.  SUPPURA'TION, Suppura'tio, Ecpye'ma, Pu-
 rulen'tio,  Pyo'sis,  Pip/sis,  Diopye'via, DiapyC-
 sis, Pyogen'io  simplex, Pdrulence,  Pdruleney,
 (F.)  Aboutissement.   Formation or secretion  of
 pus, (see, also Pyogenia,) from sub, 'under,' and
 pus.  It is a frequent termination of inflamma-
 tion,  and may occur in almost any of the tissues.
 This  termination is announced by slight chills;
 by remission of  the pain, which, from being lan-
 cinating, becomes  heavy; by a sense of weight
 in  the  part, and,  when the collection  of pus
 can be  easily felt,  by fluctuation.  AA'hen pus is
 thus formed in the areolar membrane, and is col-
 lected in one or more cavities, it constitutes an
 abscess.  If it be formed from a surface exposed
 to the air, it is an ulcer :  and such ulcers we are
 in the habit of establishing artificially in certain
 cases  of disease.
   SUP'PURATIA'E,  Suppu'rans, Suppurati'rus,
 Diopyc'tieus, Ecpyo'ticus,  Ecpyiscoii'tus.   That
 which facilitates suppuration.   Suppuratives are,
 generally, vesicants mixed with lard.
   SUPRA.  A common Latin prefix : in compo-
 sition, signifying ' above.'
   SUPRA-COSTA'LES, Levatdrcs  Costa'rum,
 (F.) Sur-costaux, from supra, 'above,' and costa,
 ' a rib.'  A name given  to  twelve small, fleshy
 fasciculi, which are flattened, triangular, and with
 radiating fibres.  They pass from the transverse
 processes of the dorsal vertebrae to the superior
 margin  of the rib  beneath.  Spigelius, Cowper,
 Boyer, Chaussier,  and others  consider them  to
 form part  of the intercostales externi.
  SUPRA-OMPHALODYMIA, see Somatody-
 mia—s. et Infra-omphalodymia, see Somatody-
 mia.
   SUPRA-OR'BITAR, Supra-orbitdlis,  Supra-
 orbita'rius, (F.) Sus-orbitaire,from sujira, 'above,'
 and orbita, ' the orbit.'  That which  is situate
 above the orbit.
   Supra-Or'bitar  Fora'men,  Fora'men Supra-
 orbita'rium, F.  orbitarium supe'rius, (F.)  Trou
 sus-orbitaire ou orbitaire supirieur, is  a foramen
 or notch completed by a ligament  at the inner
 third  of the orbitar arch.  It gives passage to the
 supra-orbitar or superciliary artery, a branch of
 the ophthalmie, which ascends the forehead, and
 is distributed thereto.
   SUPRA-PU'BIAN, Supra-pubic,  Supra-pu-
 bia'nus, from supra, and pubes.  That which is
 seated above the pubis.
   Supra-Pubian Nerve, (F.) Nerf sus-pubien,
 is the internal  ramus of the inguino-cutaneous
 branch of the first lumbar nerve. It is the genito-
 crural branch of Bichat.  It descends almost ver-
 tically before the  psoas  muscle; and, near the
 crural arch, divides into two  branches.  One of 
SUPRA-RENAL
830
SUS-CARPIEN
these accompanies the  spermatic  cord, and is
distributed to  the cremaster, scrotum, and inte-
guments on the inner part of the thigh.  The
other issues from the pelvis with the femoral fila-
ments ;  traverses  the aponeurosis  of the  thigh,
and is distributed to the integuments of the upper
and anterior part of the  limb.
  SUPRA-RE'NAL, Supra-rendlis, (F.) Surri-
nal, from  supra, 'above,' and ren,  'the  kidney.'
Seated above the kidney—as the supra-renal cap-
sule.
  SUPRA-SCAPULAR;Supra-scapuldria; from
supra, ' above,' and  scapula.  Seated above the
scapula; — as
  Supra-scapular  Nerve.   This  arises from
the fifth cervical;  passes through the supra-sca-
pular notch, and  is distributed to  the supra-spi-
natus and infra-spinatus muscles.
  SUPRA-SCAPULARIS,  Supra-scapular, and
Supraspinatus muscle.
  SUPRA- SEMIORBICULARIS, Orbicularis
oris.
  SUPRA-SPINA'TUS,  Supra-spino'sus,  (F.)
Sur-ipineux, Sue-ipineux, from supra, and spina.
That which is seated above the spine.
   Supra-Spinata Fossa, (F.) .Fosse sus-ipineuse,
is a triangular depression above the spine of the
scapula.
   Supra-Spinatus  Muscle,  Super-scapuldris,
Supra-acapularia,  (F.) Sua - spino - scapulo - tro-
chitirien, Petit  sus-scapulo-trochitirien  (Ch.), is
situate in the fossa supra-spinata. It is elon-
gated, thick, and triangular, and  is attached, on
the one hand, to  the two inner thirds of the fossa
supra-spinata; and  terminates, on the  other,  at
the  anterior part of the great tuberosity of the
humerus.  This muscle raises the  arm.
   Supra -Spino'sa   Ligamen'ta,  Supra-spinal
 lig'aments, are two  in  number.   1. The  Dorso-
 lumbo-eupra-epinal  ligament,  (F.) Ligament sur-
 ipineux doreo-lombaire, extending above the spi-
nous processes of the dorsal and lumbar vertebrae
 from the  7th cervical as far as  the median crista
 of the sacrum. 2. Cervical-supra-spinal  ligament,
 (F.)  Ligament-aur-ipineux cervical,  which  ex-
 tends above  all the cervical spinous processes,
 and is  attached, above, to the outer occipital pro-
 tuberance.
   SUR,  Supra.  A French  prefix, signifying
 ' above.'
   SURA, GastrocnCme, Gastroene'mia, Gastroc-
 ne'mium; calf  of the leg,  (F.) 3Iollet, Gras  de
 Jambe.   The  projection, formed at the  posterior
 part of  the  leg  by the gastrocnemii  muscles.
 Also, the fibula.
   SURCILIER,  Corrugator supercilii, Superci-
 liary.
   SUROOSTAUX, Supracostales.
   SURCULI FELLEI, Pori biliarii.
   SURCULUS,  Ramusculus.
   SURDENT(F.), supra, 'above,' and dens, 'a
 tooth.'  When a milk-tooth  does  not fall out at
 the period of the second dentition, but  is merely
 forced to one side by the new tooth, it is called a
 surdent.
   SURDITAS, Cophosis, Deafness.
   SURDITE, Cophosis, Deafness.
   SURDOMUTITAS,  Deaf-dumbness.
   SURE A U COM31UN, Sambucus.
   SURELLE, Oxalis  acetosella.
   SUREPINEUX, Supra-spinatus.
   SUR-EXCITATION, see Excitement, and Su-
 per-excitation.
    SURFEIT, Colica crapulosa.
   SURGEON, Chirur'geon ; old French, Surgien,
  Chiro'nax, Chirur'gus, VuVnerum med'ieus,  Chei-
 ria'ter,  Ohiria'ter,  Idtrus, (F.) Chirurgien, from
 Xttp,' the hand,' and tpyov,' work.' One  who prac-
tises surgery.   The surgeon, says Celsus, ought
to be young, or, at all events, not advanced in
life.  His hand must be steady, expert, and never
tremulous: he  must use the right or left with
equal facility : his sight must be clear and pene-
trating:  his mind  intrepid;  and although  un-
moved when he proceeds to operate, he must not
be in haste, nor cut less than is  necessary, but
finish his operation, as if the  cries of the patient
made no impression upon him.
  In the middle ages,  the  Universities of Italy
and  Spain sent out  educated surgeons, as well as
physicians, under the name chirurgi-phyaici.
  SURGEON-APOTH'ECARY.  One who unites
the practice of  surgery with that of the apothe-
cary.  A general practitioner.
  SURGEON-DENTIST, Dentist.
  SUR'GEONCY.  The office of a surgeon.
  SUR'GERY, Chirur'gia, Chiriatri'a,Cheirix'ia,
 Chi'rieis, Chirix'is, Chiria'mus,  Aletacheirix'is,
 3Ietachi'risis, 31etachiris'mue, Tracta'tio mantta'-
 ria, 3Iedici'na operati'va, 31edici'na ef'ficax, (F.)
 Chirurgie.  The part  of the healing art which
 relates  to external diseases; their  treatment;
 and, especially, to the manual operations adapted
 for their cure.  Also, the office of a surgeon.
   Surgery, Anaplastic, Morioplastice — s. Au-
 toplastic, Morioplastice — s. Dental, Dentistry.
   Surgery, Mil'itary, (F.) Chirurgie militaire,
 is that which relates to the operations to bo per-
 formed on the  field of battle, or subsequently ; —
 with the attention to be paid to the wounded, 4c
   Surgery, Op'erative, is termed  Aciur'gia,
 Acur'gia, and  Acidur'gia,  (F.) Alidecine opira-
 toire.
   Surgery, Plastic,  Morioplastice.
   SUR'GICAL,  Chirur'gicue, (F.)   Chirurgieal,
 Chirurgique.   That which relates to surgery ;  as
 surgical anatomy,  surgical  operations,  surgical
 instruments, 4c.
   SURGIEN, Surgeon.
   SURINAMINE, see Geoffraea  Surinamensis.
   SUR-IRRITATION, see Irritation.
   SUROXYGENESES.   A  name  given by
 Baumes to diseases attributed by him  to super-
 abundance of oxygenT
   SURPEA U, Epidermis.
   SURRECTA ALBA, Ranunculus flammula.
   SUR-RENAL, Supra-renal.
   SURROGATUM, Succedaneum.
   SURSELS, see  Salt.
   SUR TO UTS LIGA3IENTEUX  DE LA CO-
 LONNE VERTEBRALE,YertehrsX ligaments.
   SURU3IPE (S.)  A disease to which the tra-
 veller in the Cordilleras is liable.  It consists of
 a violent inflammation of the eyes, caused by the
 reflection of the bright rays  of the sun. The eyes
 become highly inflamed, and the lids  swell and
 bleed.   The pain  is intense, and frequently in-
 duces delirium. — Tschudi.
   SUR VIE, Survivorship.
   SURVIVORSHIP, (F.) Survie,  from super-
 vivere, (super, and vivere,) (F.) survivre, 'to live
 longer.'  In legal  medicine,  this  word means the
 probability  that  any  individual  has  survived
 others in an accident, which has been fatal to all.
  This is often  an  important question, connected
 with the inheritance of property, and on which
 physiology can rarely afford more than presump-
  tive grounds for conclusion.
    SUS,  Supra.   A  French prefix,  signifying
  ' above.'
    SUS-ACR03IIO-HUMERAL, Deltoid.
    SUS-CARPIEN;  from sus,  (F.)  'above,' and
  carpe, 'the wrist'  Above the wrist.  An epithet
  given  by Chaussier to  the  dorsal artery of the
  wrist — Artere sus-carpienne — a branch of  the
  radial. 
SUS-EPINEUX              831                 SUTURE
   SUS-fiPINEUX, Supra-spinatus—s. MaxlUo-
 labial.  Levator anguli oris — 8.  3Io.rillo-labial,
 grain/, Levator labii superioris  alaeque nasi — s.
 Maxillo-ltibial  moyen, Levator  labii  superioris
 proprius — ». 3Inxillo-nasal, Compressor naris —
 ». thnplitilodytiiie, see Somatodymia — s. Opt'u-o-
 aphino-acliroticieii, Rectus superior oculi—8. Or-
 bitaire, Supra-orbitar — s. Phalangien  du pouce,
 Abductor pollicis brevis—s. Pubio-fimoral, Pec-
 tinalis— s.  Scapitlo-trochitii ien,  le  plus petit,
 Teres minor —8. Seapulo-trochitirien.  petit, Su-
 pra-spinatus— s. Spino-scapulo-troehitirien, Su-
 pra-spinatus.
   SUSCEPTIBILITY,  Facile suscipiens,  (aub
 or sus,  and copio,  ' I  take,') ' easily taking, or
 undertaking.'   Sensibility, in its most enlarged
 acceptation.  Impressibility.  This term, with the
 epithet nervous, is  sometimes used  for that in-
 crease in the moral sensibility which is particu-
 larly observed in nervous affections.
   SUSCEPTIO INTESTINORUM, Intussuscep-
 tion.
   SUSPENDICULUM, Cremaster.
   SUSPENSA, Enaeorema.
   SUSPENSOIRE, Suspensory.
   S U S P E N S 0 RIU M,  Suspensory—s. Testis,
 Cremaster.
   SUSPENSORY, Suapenao'rius, from  suapen-
 devc, (aub or aua, 'under,' and^senoJere, 'to hang,')
 ' to hang under.'  (F.) Suapensoire.  That which
 sustains or suspends.
   Suspensory Bandage, Suapenao'rium,is a ban-
 dage intended to support the scrotum, in cases
 of disease of the testicle or  of scrotal hernia.  It
 consists of a kind of bag, fixed above  to a cinc-
 ture, and retained  below by strings  passing be-
 tween the thighs, and  fixed to  the cincture be-
 hind.
   Suspensory  Ligament of the Liver, Liga-
 men'titm suapenao'rium  he'patis, Perpendic'ulum
 he'pa tie, is a triangular duplicature of the perito-
 neum, between  the inferior surface  of the dia-
 phragm and the upper surface of the liver, which
 is continuous with the grgat falx of the  umbiliqal
 vein.
  Suspensory Ligament of the Penis  is a fibro-
 cellular  fascia, of a triangular shape, which ex-
 tends  from the anterior part of the symphysis
 pubis to the corpus cavernosum, which it sustains.
 A similar ligament belongs to the  clitoris.
  SUSPENSUM,  Enaeorema—s.  Urinae, Enaeo-
 rema.
  SUSPIRATION, Suspirium.
  SUSPIRATUS, Suspirium.
  SUSPIRITUS, Suspirium.
  SUSPIR'IUM,  Snapirdtio, Suapira'tua, Sua-
pir'itua, from aub or ena, 'under,' and  sjuiro, 'I
breathe;' Mygmus, Mycli'mus,  Mychthis'mua, Ste-
nag'mus,  Stenax'is, Sigh, Suspira'tion, (F.) Sou-
 pir.    A  short  breathing.   A  slow, Voluntary
 contraction of  the  diaphragm  and  intercostal
 muscles, the effect of which is to restore the due
 relation between the circulation  and respiration,
 or to free ourselves from an inconvenient sense
 of weight felt in the chest, when we are much
 depressed,— a weight, which appears to be chiefly
 dependent on the functions of  the heart  being
 disturbed through the moral influence.  The sigh
 differs from the so6 ; — the latter being involun-
 tary  and spasmodic.  Sighing, occurring in fevers
to a great extent, indicates  considerable depres-
sion.   AVhen accompanied with a vocal  sound, it
constitutes a groan.
  Suspirium Cardiacum, Angina pectoris.
  SUSTENTACULUM. Aliment.
  SUSTENTATOR CLITORIDIS, Erector clito-
ridis — s. Penis. Erector penis.
  SUSURRATION, AVhispering.
   S U S U R R U S, Bourdonnement: — s. Aurium,
 Tinnitus aurium.
   SUTELA, Suture.
   SUTERBERRY, Xanthoxylum fraxineum.
   SUTORIUS, Sartorius.
   SUTTER, Saccharum.
   SUTURA  ABDOMINALIS,  Gastroraphy —
 s. Arcualis, Coronal suture — s. Biparietalis, Sa-
 gittal  suture — s.  Clavata,  Suture, quilled — s.
 Corporis callosi externa, see Raphe — s.  Cranii
 squamosa,  Squamous  suture — s.  Dentata, see
 Suture — s. Frontoparietalis, Coronal suture—s.
 Jugalis, Sagittal suture—s. Lambdoidalis, Lamb-
 doid suture — s. Limbosa, see Suture—s. Lepi-
 doides,  Squamous suture — s. Mendosa,  Squa-
 mous suture — s. Notha, see Suture-—s. Obelaea,
 Sagittal suture — s. Ossium  Spuria, Harmony —
 s. Prorae, Lambdoid suture—s. Punctata, Suture,
 common—s. Puppis, Coronal suture — s. Rhab-
 doides,  Sagittal suture — s.  Serrata, see Suture,
 Sagittal suture — s. Vera, see Suture.
   SUTURAL, Sutura'lie;  same etymon as the
 next.  Relating to a suture.
   SUTURE,  Sutu'ra, SutCla, Arme,  Rhaphe,
 from auere, autum, 'to stitch ;' Dove-tail joint, (F.)
 Engrenure.  A kind of immovable articulation,
 in  which the  bones unite by means of serrated
 edges, which are, as it were, dove-tailed into each
 other.   The articulations of the  greater part of
 the bones of the scull  are  of this kind.   The
 coronal,  lambdoidal,  and sagittal  sutures are
 called true auturee, the two  temporal are  called
 fdlae auturea, eutura notha.
  A  dentated suture — Sutu'ra denta'ta — is one
 in  which the processes are long and dentiform,
 as  in the interparietal  suture.   In a serrated
 suture — sutu'ra seu ayntax'is serra'ta — the in-
 dentations and processes are small and  fine, like
 the  teeth of a  saw, as in the suture between the
 two portions of the frontal bone.   In the eutu'ra
 limbo'ea there  is along with  the dentated  mar-
 gins  a degree  of bevelling  of one, so  that one
 bone rests on the other, as in the occipito-parie-
 tal  suture.
  Suture, in Surgery, Rha'phe, means an opera-
 tion which consists in stitching the lips of a wound
 to procure their union.  The suture was, at one
 time, largely  employed; but, in modern times,
 its use has been wisely restricted.  There are few
 wounds in which the edges may not be brought
 together by adhesive  plaster appropriately ap-
 plied.   This  kind of union, by adhesive plaster
 simply, has been absurdly termed Sutttra eicca
 or dry euture, in opposition to the Sutura cruenta
 or suture properly so called.  The suture is  gene-
 rally performed with waxed  thread and straight
 or curved needles, according to the arrangement
 of parts.
  The chief sutures are the  interrupted suture,
 the quilled suture,  the  glover's suture,  and the
 twisted  suture.   1.  The Interrupted  Suture,
 (F.) Suture d points sipnris,  Suture  entrecoupie,
 is performed by passing a needle, armed with a
 ligature, through the lips  of the  wound previ-
 ously brought into contact; and then tying the
 extremities  of  the  thread.   The other stitches
 are made in the same manner.  They  are sepa-
 rate or interrupted.  It is the suture most com-
 monly used.   2. The Quilled Suture, Sutura
 clava'ta, (F.) Suture enchevillie ou  emplumie ou
 empennie, Compound Suture,  is merely the inter-
 rupted suture, with this difference, that the liga-
 tures are not tied over the face of the wound, but
 over two quills or rolls of  plaster, or  bougies.
 which are laid along the sides of the wound.  It
 is used by some surgeons, on account  of  there
 being less danger of the stitches tearing out.  It
is not much  employed.   3.  The  Glover's Su- 
SWAB
832
SYCOSIS
TURE, Oontidued  Suture, Unintcrrup'ted Suture,
(F.) Suture de, Pelletier, Suture en eurgtt, is exe-
cuted by introducing the needle first into one lip
of the wound from within outwards, then into
the other in the same way; and, in this manner,
sewing up the whole extent of the wound.  It
has been chiefly used in wounds of the intestinal
canal.  It is now rarely  employed  except for
stitching up dead bodies.  The common stitch or
suture, Sutura punctdta,  (F.)  Suture  d points
jiaseie, has been  used  in similar cases.   4. The
Royal Stitch or Suture is the name of an old
operation for  the  cure  of bubonocele.'  It con-
sisted in  putting a ligature under the hernial sac,
close to the abdominal ring, and then tying that
part of the  sac, so as to render it impervious by
the adhesive  inflammation thus excited.   5.  The
Twisted  Suture, (F.) Suture entortillie, is  em-
ployed, chiefly, to unite wounds of the cheeks
and of the free edges of the lips.  To perform it,
a pin  or  needle is passed  through the edges of
the wound, so as to keep them  accurately in
contact.   A piece of thread is then wound accu-
rately around the pin, from one side of the divi-
sion to the  other, in  the  form of the figure co.
The number of pins and sutures must, of course,
correspond with the extent of the wound.   This
is the suture  used in cases of harelip.   6.  The
SUTURE A ANSE, of Le Dran, has only been
employed in  cases of  wounds of the intestines.
For this purpose, the  edges of the  wound are
brought together, and as many needles, with un-
waxed threads, used as there are to be  stitches.
Each  stitch is then made by passing a needle
through  the  edges; and all the ligatures  which
belong to one side of  the wound are tied toge-
ther, and twisted  so as  to form a thread, which is
fixed  externally.
   Suture, Compound, Suture, quilled — s. Con-
tinued,  Suture,  glover's—s. Eeailleuse,  Squa-
mous  suture — s.  Empennie, Suture,  quilled — s.
Einplumie, Suture, quilled — s. Enchevi/lec, Su-
ture, quilled — s.  Entortillie, Suture, twisted — s.
Entrecoupie, Suture, interrupted—s. False, Har-
mony— s. Occipitalc, Lambdoid suture—s. Oc-
cipitoparietal, Lambdoid suture—s. de Pelletier,
Suture,  glover's — s.  d  Points  pasaia,  Suture,
common—s. d Pointa aipari8, Suture, interrupted
— s. Sagittal, see Sagittal suture—s. Squomeuee,
Squamous suture — s. en Surget, Suture, glover's
—s. Superficial, Harmony—s. Uninterrupted, see
Suture, glover's.
   SWAB, from Sax. pr-ebban, 'to clean with a
mop.'  A piece of sponge or rag tied to a rod of
whalebone or wood, for cleansing the mouth of
the sick, or applying  remedial  agents  to deep-
seated parts.
   SWADDLING CLOTHES, Swathing  clothes.
   SAVAGBELLY, Physconia.
   SAVALLOAV,  Hirundo —s. AVort, Asclepias
vincetoxicum — s. AVort, orange, Asclepias tube-
rosa— Wort, tuberous-rooted, Asclepias  tuberosa
—s. AArort, white, Asclepias vincetoxicum.
   SAVALLOAV'S  NEST, Nidus hirundinis.
   SAVAMP CABBAGE, Dracontium fcetidum —
s. Dogwood, Petela trifoliata — s. Sickness, Milk
sickness — s.  AVood, Cephalanthus occidentalis,
Dirca palustris.
   SAVATHING CLOTHES,  Swaddling Clothes,
Incunab'ula, Fascia,  Panni, from Sax. r t>eSan,
'to bind.'  (F.)  .Maillot.  The kind of clothing
or bandaging formerly  applied to children  dur-
ing the  first  year of life.  It is now, properly,
laid aside, and every freedom allowed to muscu-
lar exertion.
   SAVE AT, Sudor—s.  Bloody, Sudor cruentus —
s.  Glands,  see Perspiration — s. Root,  Polemo-
nium reptans — s. Scab, Crusta genu equinae.
  SAVEATING, Hidrosis—s. Bath, Achicolum—
s. of Blood, see Diapedesis, and Sudor cruentus—
s. House, Achicolum—s. Plant, Eupatorium per-
foliatum — s. Room, Achicolum—s. Sickness, Su
dor Anglicus.
  Sweating  Sickness,  Malwaii.   A disease
which appears to be allied to the worst  form of
cholera, and to bear a close relation to malignant
congestive fever.  As its name imports, it occurs
in Malwah in India.
  SWEET BITTER, Triosteum—s. Bush, Comp-
tonia  asplenifolia — s. Fern, Comptonia aspleni-
folia — s. Flag, Acorus calamus—s. Pod, Cerato-
nium siliqua — s. Root, Aralia nudicaulis.
  SWELLING, Epanaetc'ma, Exar'ma, ExailC-
sis, Presis, Preanta, Oncita, Extumcj'tic'tio, Tumor,
TumcfaCtio, (F.) Enjlure, Gonflcment, from Sax.
)")iellan, (D.) swellen  (G.) schwellen, 'to
swell.'  Morbid increase of bulk in the  whole, or
a part, of  the body.  See Tumour.
  Swelling, AVhite, Hydrarthrus.
  SAVERTIA  CHIRAYITA, Gentiana  chirayita
— s. Difformis, see Calumba — s.. Frasera, see
Calumba — s. Lutea, Gentiana lutea.
  SAVIETE'NIA FEBRIF'UGA,  S. Sdmida,
Soym'ida,  S. Febrifuga, Feb'rifuge Stride'nia,
(F.) Mahoganfebrifuge.  Family, Meliaceae. Sex.
Syst.  Decandria Monogynia.  The bark of this
tree, which is a native  of the East  Indies, and
called there Rohena Bark, has an aromatic odour
and bitter taste.  It is tonic and  stomachic, and
has been  used in  tntermittents, and in diseases
where  bitter tonics are  indicated.   Dose, "**)j to
*"*)ij of the powder.
  Swiete'nia Mahog'ani,  Cedrua  3Iohog'ani,
3Iahotjany Tree, grows in the AVest Indies and
tropical America, and is possessed of similar pro-
perties.
  Swietenia Somida, S.  Febrifuga.
  SAVIMBLADDER, Airbladder.
  SWIMMING, Natation —s. Bladder, Airbiad-
der — s. of the Head, Vertigo.
  SAVOON, Syncope.
  SAVOONING, Syncope.
  SYALADENI'TIS,  Inflamma'tio  glanduld-
rum aalivdlium, from ataXov, ' saliva,  a£nv,  ' a
gland,' and itia, denoting inflammation.  Inflam-
mation of the salivary glands.
  SYCAMINOS, Morus nigra.
  SYCAMINUM,  see Morus nigra.
  SYCE,  Ficus, Ficus carica,
  SYCEA, Ficus.
  SYCEPH'ALUS, from cw, 'with,' and KttpaXv,
'head.'  A monster having two heads  united to-
gether.
  SY'CION, cvKtov, from ovkov, ' a fig.'  A decoc-
tion of dried figs.
  SY'CIOS  ANGULA'TUS.   One-seeded star
cucumber, Wild  Bry'ony.  The roots and seeds
of this  indigenous plant,  Order  Cucurbitaceae,
are bitter, purgative and diuretic.  It is used in
dropsy in the same cases as bryony.
  SYCI'TES, from cvkov, 'a fig.'  Wine, in which
figs have been infused.
   Sycites, Catorchites.
   SYCOMA, Ficus.
   SYCO'SIS.   Same  etymon.  A tumour of the
shape of a fig.  Also, a fungous ulcer.   A horny
excrescence  about the  eyelids.   Dr.  Bateman
defines it:—an eruption of inflamed but not very
hard  tubercles occurring on the bearded portion
of  the  face and on  the  scalp, in  adults;  and
usually clustering together in irregular patches ;
— Phyma Sycosis, Rose'ola flco'sa.   Of this  he
has given two species: 1. Sycosis 3Icnti, S. bailor.,
3Iedtogra, 3Ienti'go, Varus 3Ien'tagra, Chinwetk
Barber's  Itch, (F.) Dartre pustuleuse  mentagre: 
SYCUM
833
SYMPHYSEOTOMY
 and,  2. Sycosis  Capil'li,  S. Copillit'ii.   The
 treatment, in both  cases, resembles that for por-
 rigo favosa.
   Sycosis, Ficus.
   SYCUM, Ficus.
   SYDERATIO, Sideratio.
   SYLLEPSIS, Conception.
   SYLLEPSIOLOG"IA, from  avXXv^ts, 'con-
 ception,' and  Xoyos, 'a  description.'   The  doc-
 trine of conception.
   SVM, SYN, aw, 'with,, together,' like the  cum,
 con,  col,  cor,  4c,  of  the Latins.   A common
 jirelix.   Before b,  p, ph, pa, and  m, — sym, or
 xyn,  is  changed into aym or xym, (com;) before
 c, ch, g, k, and x, into ayn or  xyn, cvy, £uy, (con ;)
 before I info syl or xyl, (col;) before r into ayr or
 xyr (cor;) and before s into ay or xy, and sys, (co
 and cos.
   SYMBLEPHARON, Ankyloblepharon.
   SYMBLEPIIARO'SIS,  Concre'tio palpebrd-
 rum  cum bulbo  oc'uli,  from aw, 'with,'  and
 PXttpapov, ' an eyelid.'  A preternatural adhesion
 between the eyelids ; and especially between the
 upper eyelid and globe of the eye.
   Sv mblepharosis, Ankyloblepharon.
   SA'MBOL, Sym'bolum, Oharac'ter, (F.) Carac-
 tere,  from avufiaXXo} (aw, 'with,' and (3aXXu>, 'I
 throw'), 'I compare.'  A sign or representation
 of something else.
   The  following  are the symbols used in  pre-
 scriptions :
    R, Recipe.  See R.
    gr., Granum, a grain.
     :"-), Scritpnlus seu serupulum, a scruple.
     g, Drachma, a drachm.
     ,5, Undo, an ounce.
     lb, Libra, a  pound.
    H"L, .Minimum, a minim.
    fg, Fluidrachma, a fluidrachm.
    (£, Fliiidiineio, a fluidounce.
      0, Octorius, a pint.
      C, Congiua,  a gallon.
   SYAIBOLE, Commissure.
   SYMBOLEUSIS, Consultation.
   SYMBOLISMUS, Sympathy.
   SYMBOLIZATIO, Sympathy.
   SYMP.OLOGICA, Symptomatology.
   SYMBOLUM,  Sympathy.
   SA'M'MELES,  from trw, 'with, and ptXos, 'an
 extremity.' 3Ion'opua. A genus of monsters whose
 extremities are joined  together: Sirena. — I. G.
 St. Hilaire.
   SYMMETRIA, Symmetry.
   S Y M M E T' RIC A L,  Symmet'ricua,  avp/itrpos,
 from  aw, ' with,'  and ixtrpttv,  ' to measure.'  An
 epithet  given to  those parts of the body, which,
 if seated on the median line, may be divided  into
 two equal, and perfectly like halves; or which—
 if situate, the one to the right,  the other to the
 left of  this line — have  a similar conformation,
 and a perfectly analogous arrangement.
   Symmetrical Diseases, see Symmetry.
   SA'M'METRY, Symmet'ria, Commen'sum, 3Iem-
 bro'rum Om'nium Competen'tia, Propor'tio.   The
 regularity in form, observed in many parts, situ-
 ate on the median line; and, also,  the resemblance
 which exists between many organs that are situ-
 ate on each side of tho median line.  Bichat  first
 noticed  that this  symmetry was  confined to the
 organs of animal  life:  as the head, brain, spine,
 organs of sense, locomotion,  4c.
  It has been affirmed — and there is evidence in
favour of the assertion — to be a law of the ani-
mal economy,  that, when uninfluenced by  dis-
turbing  agents, all general or constitutional  dis-
eases affect equally and similarly the correspond-
      53
 ing parts of the two sides of the body.  This has
 been  called the Symmetry of Diseases;  and the
 resulting diseases are said to be symmetrical.
   SYMMETRY OF DISEASES, see Symmetry.
   SYMPARATERESIS, Observation.
   SYMPAS.MA, Catapasma,
   SYMPATHESIS, Sympathy.
   SYMPATHET'IC,  Sympath'icus, Sympatheti-
 cus, (F.) Sympathique, from aw, 'with,' and tra&os,
 ' suffering.'  That which depends on sympathy.
 Sympathetic affections  of an organ  are those
 morbid phenomena that supervene without any
 morbific cause acting directly on it, and by the
 reaction of  another  organ  primarily affected.
 Thus, itching of the nose is a sympathetic affec-
 tion,  produced by  irritation  in the intestinal
 canal.
   The epithet sympathetic is, also, given to dif-
 ferent nerves.  See Trisplanchnic,  Pneumogas-
 tric, and Facial.
   Sympathetic, Great, Trisplanchnic nerve—s.
 Middle, Pneumogastric.
   Sympathetic  Powder, Pulvis sympathet'icus
 of Sir Kenelm Digby, was composed of calcined
 sulphate of iron, prepared in a particular manner.
 It was long supposed to' be able to cure a wound,
 if applied to the weapon that inflicted it; or even
 to a portion of the bloody clothes.  It is proper
 to remark, however, that the wound  itself was
 carefully excluded from  the air, and from all irri-
 tation.
  SYMPATHETICUS  MINOR, Facial nerve.
  SYMPATHETISMUS, Sympathy.
  SYMPATHIA, Consent of parts.
  SYMPATHICUS, Sympathetic.
  SYM PA THIQ UE, Sympathetic
  SYM'PATHY, Sympathi'a, Sympathe'sis, Com-
 paa'aio, Conaenaua, Sympothetia'mus, Xympathi'a,
 Conflux'io,  Conspira'tio, Commer'cium, Conaor'-
 tium,  Homoiopathi'o,  HomoVth'nia,  Adelphix'is,
 Symbolis'mus, Symboliza'tio, Sym'bolum.  The con-
 nexion that exists between the action of two or
 more  organs, more  or  less  distant from  each
 other; so that the affection of the first is trans-
 mitted, secondarily, to the others, or to  one of
 the others, by means unknown.  A knowledge
 of the particular sympathies  between different
 organs throws light on the etiology of diseases,
 their  seat, and the particular organ towards which
 our therapeutical means should be directed.  See
 Irritation.
  SYMPEPSIS, Coction.
  SYMPEXIS, Concretion.
  SYMPHORA, Congestion.
  SYMPHOREMA, Congestion.
  SYMPHORESIS, Congestion.
  SYMPHORICAR'PUS RACEMO'SUS, Snow-
 berry. An indigenous plant, Order Caprifoliaceae,
 Tribe Lonicerae, whose  berries are large, bright
 white, and remain  till  winter;  flowering  from
 June  to  September.   The root is tonic  and as-
 tringent, and has been used in ague; and by the
 Indians in  syphilis.
  SYMPHYIA, Symphysis.
  SYMPHYOCEPH'ALUS, 3Ietop'ages,  Cepha-
 lop'agea,  from cvptpvns,  'united together/ and
 KttpaXn,  'head.'   A monstrosity in which twins
 are united by the head.
  SYMPHYSEOT'OMY,  Symphyaot'omy,  Syn-
 chondrot'omy, Symphyaeotom'ia, Symphyaiotom'ia,
 from ovptpvais, and rtuvu), ' I cut.'  The operation
 or section of the Symphysis, Sigaultian operation,
 Sigaultian section.  This operation is performed
 with the view of augmenting the  diameter of the
pelvis, in order to facilitate delivery in certain
 cases  of faulty conformation of that cavity, with
wedging  of the head  of the child therein.  To
perform the operation, (F.) Disymphyser,  the fe- 
SYMPHYSIA
834
SYNCOPE
male is placed on her back; the pubes is shaved;
and, with  a strong scalpel, the soft parts are di-
vided on  the  median line.  The articulation is
then cut.   As soon as the fibrous parts, which
hold the bones together, are divided, they sepa-
rate to  a  certain distance from each other; and
the delivery may be accomplished.  The knife,
with which the operation is performed, is called,
by the French, Couteau aymphyaien.
  SYMPIIYSTA, from avptpvots, 'a growing to-
gether.'  A malformation consisting in the union
of parts that are usually  divided. — Breschet.
  SYMPHYSIOTOMIA, Symphyseotomy.
  SYM'PHYSIS, Symphy'ia,  Coalesced tia,  Co-
al'itus; from avutpvto (aw,  'with,' and  ipvio,  'I
grow'), ' I linite  together.'  A union of bones.
The bond of  such union.   The  aggregate  of
means used for retaining bones in  situ in the
articulations.  The name symphysis has, how-
ever, been more particularly appropriated to cer-
tain articulations;  as  to the  symphysis pubis,
sacro-iliac symphysis, 4c  See Monster.
  Symphysis, Coalescence,  Commissure, Inser-
tion — s. Cartilaginea,  Synchondrosis — s. Liga-
mentosa,  Syndesmosis — s.  Ossium  muscularis,
Syssarcosis—s. Pubis, Pubic articulation.
  SYMPHYSOTOMY, Symphyseotomy.
  SYMPHYTDS, Hereditary.
  SYM'PHYTUM.  Same etymon.  Symphytum
officina'le seu album seu Bohe'micum, Oonsol'ida
major,  Comfrey,  Alum, Alua,  (F.) Grande Con-
soude.   Family, Boragineae.  Sex. Syat. Pentan-
dria Monogynia.  The  roots  of this European
plant are very mucilaginous, and  are employed
as  emollients.  They  are used  in  decoction in
haemoptysis, dysentery, chronic diarrhoea, 4c '
  Symphytum, Solidago virgaurea — s. Album,
Symphytum — s. Bohemicum,  Symphytum — s.
Minimum, Bellis—s. Minus,  Prunella — s. Offi-
cinale, Symphytum.
   Symphytum Petr^e'um, Coris 31onapelien'sis,
Montpel'lier Coris.  An intensely bitter  and nau-
seous plant, which is said to have been  useful  in
syphilis.   See, also, Sanicula.
   SYMPLOCARP'US  ANGUSTISPATHA,
Dracontium angustispatha — s. Foetida, Dracon-
tium fcetidum.
   SYMPOD'IA, 3Ionopod'ia, from aw, 'together,'
and trovs,  troSos,  ' a  foot.'   -A monstrosity  in
which there is coalescence of the lower extre-
mities.
   SYMPTOM, Sympto'ma, Ac'eidens, Casus, from
aw, 'with,' and vrtapa,  'a fall,' from tmrrtii,  'I
fall.'  Any change, perceptible to the  senses, in
any organ or function, which is connected with
morbific influence.  It is by the aggregate and
 succession of symptoms that a disease is detected.
 The term symptoms of symptoms has been used
 for the effects which result from the symptoms
 of a disease ; but which effects are not essentially
 connected with  the disease itself.  Thus, the de-
 bility arising  from the frequency of evacuations
 in  dysentery  is  a symptom of symptoms.  See
 Sign.
   SYMPTOMA  TURPITUDINIS, Nympho-
 mania.
   SYMPTOMATTC, Symptomat'icua. That which
 is a symptom of some other affection.   Thus we
 speak of a symptomatic  disease, in opposition to
 one that is idiopathic
    S Y M P T 0 M AT 0 L'OGY,  Symptomatolog"'ia,
 Symbolog"ica, irom avjitrrwua, 'a symptom,' and
 Xoyos, 'a treatise.'  The  branch of pathology, the
 object of which is the  knowledge of symptoms.
    SYMPTO'SIS, from aw,  'with,' and trttrro), 'I
 fall.'   Depression or collapse,  emaciation or atro-
 phy, either of the whole body or of a part.
  SYN.EREMA. Corrugation.
  SYNJET I ON, Concausa.
  SYNANCHE, Cvnanche, Cynanche tonsillaris.
  SYNANCIE, Cvnanche.
  SYNAPI1YMENITIS, see Ophthalmia.
  SYNAPTASE, see Amygdalin.
  SYNARTHRODIA, Synarthrosis.
  SYNARTHRO'DIAL,  Synarthrodidlis, from
aw,  'with,'  and apSpwot;, 'articulation.'  That
which belongs to synarthrosis; as Synarthrodial
articulation.
  SYNARTHRO'SIS, Synarthrodia,  Abarticu-
la'tio, Coarticula'tio.  An immovable articulation.
Synarthrosis includes three species : Suture, Har-
mony, and Gomphoaia.
  SYNATHROESIS, Congestion.
  SYNATHROISMUS,  Congestion.
  SYNCAN'THUS, from aw, 'with,' and KavBos,
' the corner of the  eye.'   A morbid adhesion be-
tween the globe of the eye and the orbit.
  SYNCHONDRO'SIS,  Sym'phyeia seu Cop'ula
seu Conncx'io cartilagidea,  Chondroayndesidtie,
from  aw,  'with,' and   %ov&pos,  'a  cartilage.'
Union or articulation of bones by means of car-
tilage : — as the articulations of the ribs with the
sternum, by means of their cartilages  of prolon-
gation.
  SYNCHONDROTOMY, Symphyseotomy.
  SYNCHRONICS, Synchronous.
  SYN'CHRONOUS, Sydchronne, Synchron'iua,
Iaoch'ronoua,  from  aw, 'with,' and %povos, 'time.'
That which  occurs at the same time.  Thus the
pulsations of an artery may be synchronous with
those of the heart.
  SYNCIIRONUS, Synchronous.
  SYNCHYSIS, Confusion.
  SYNCIPUT, Sinciput.
  SYNCLONESIS, Synclonus.
  SYNCLONUS,  Synclone'sis,  from ovyKXovtto,
(aw, 'with,' and KXovto), 'I shake,') 'I shake to-
gether.'   Clon'ici  univeraa'lea, Clonua, (Young.)
Tremulous,  simultaneous, and chronic agitation
of various muscles,  especially when  excited by
the will.  Also,  general spasm, apoa'mus univer-
sdlis.   See Tremor, Chorea, 4c
  Synclonus Ballismus, Paralysis agitans — s.
Beriberia, Beriberi — s.  Chorea,  Chorea — s. Ra-
phania, Raphania — s. Saltans, Chorea — s. Tre-
mor, Tremor.
  SYNCOMIS'TUS, from (ray/co^w, (aw,  and
Koptt^o),)  'I bring  together.'   Autop'yros, Pania
domes'ticus, secundarius, ciba'rius,  confusa'neus.
Bread of the whole wheat or of the unsifted meal.
Household bread.  Also, a cataplasm made of the
same.
  SYN'COPAL, Syneopdlis,  Syncop'ticus, Syn-
cop'ti j.  Same etymon as Syncope; as Sydcopal
Fever,  Febris Syncopal'lis.  A pernicious inter-
mittent, characterized  by repeated  attacks  of
syncope.
  SYN'COPE,  from avyKotrru>,  'I  fall  down.'
An'imi defec'tio, Ani mi deli'quium, Leipopsych'ia,
Lipopsyeh'ia, Apeych'ia, Apayx'ia, Lipsis An'imi,
Asphyx'ia, Apopsych'ia, Lipothym'io, Lcipothym'-
ia, Eclipa'is, Su'bittis onimi eoaua, Swoon, Swoon-
ing, Fainting, Fainting flt, Faintneee,  Exoldtion,
( F. )  Evanouissemcnt,   Difaillance,  Pamoison.
Complete and, commonly, sudden  loss of sensa-
tion and motion,  with  considerable  diminution,
or  entire suspension of the  pulsations  of the
heart and the respiratory movements.  Syncope
is,  commonly, an  affection of no  consequence;
but, sometimes, it is an index of diseased heart.
Placing the patient in the  horizontal posture;
sprinkling cold water over  the face, and the ap-
plication of  volatile substances to the  nose, are 
SYNCOPTICUS
835
SYNOVIAL
 all that will be required during the fit.  See As-
 phyxia, and Suffocation.
    An approach to this condition is termed faint-
 ishneee.
    Syncope Angina, Angina pectoris — s. Angi-
 nosa, Angina pectoris.
    SYNCOPTICUS, Syncopal.
    SYNCOPT US, Syncopal.
    SYNCRITICA, Astringents.
    SYNDACTYLUS, Aschistodactylus.
    SYNDESMI'TIS, see Ophthalmia.  Also,  in-
 flammation of articular ligaments; Inflamma'tio
 ligamenta' rum.
   'SYNDESMOGRAPHY,  Syndesmograph'ia,
 from  awita/jios,  'a ligament,'  and ypatpn,  'a  de-
 scription.'  A description of the ligaments.  The
 part of anatomy which describes the ligaments.
    SYNDESMOL'OGY,  Syndeemolog"ia,  from
 avvatapos,  'a ligament,' and  Xoyos, 'a treatise,
 discourse.'  A treatise on  the ligaments.
    SYNDES'MO-PHARYNGEUS.  A fasciculus
 of the constrictor pharyngis superior.
    SYNDESMOS, Ligament.
    SYNDESMO'SIS, Synneuro'sia, Synyincdeaia,
 Conncx'it, seu Sym'phyaia  ligoinento'aa, Cummis'-
 su'ro iter'rea, Connervo'tio, Cot/.igti'tio, from avv-
 Seapios,  'ligament.'  The articulation of two or
 more bones by means of  ligament; — as  of the
 radius  with the ulna.
   SA'NDESMOT'OMY,  Syndeematom'ia,  from
 awotaiios,  'ligament,'  and  rtpvia,  'I cut  or dis-
 sect.'   Dissection of the ligaments.
   SYNDESMUS, Bandage, Ligament.
   SA'N'DROME, from  aw, 'with,' and vpopos, 'a
 course.'  Con cur'sus, Concourse.  A name given
 by the  Empirical Sect to the union of symptoms
 which takes place in diseases.  Syndrome plethd-
 riea. for example, meant the union of symptoms
 produced by plethora.
   SYNDYASMUS, Coition.
   SYNECHES,  see Continued fever.
   SYNECIII'A, from  aw, 'with,' and t^siv, 'to
 have,' or 'to  hold.'  Adhesion between the iris
 and transparent cornea, or between  the iris and
 crystalline lens.   The former case  is called Syne-
 chia ante'rior: the latter, S. poste'rior.
   SYNENERGIA, Synergy.
   SYNERGIA,  Synergy.
   SYNEHGIE, Synergy.
   SYN'ERGY,  Synergi'a,  Synenergi'a, (F.) Sy-
 nergic; from aw,  'with,'  and tpyov, 'work.'  A
 correlation or concourse of action between differ-
 ent organs in health; and, according to some,  in
 disease.
   SYNESIS, Intellect.
   SYNEUROSIS, Syndesmosis.
   SANEZI'ZIS, Synize'sis, Considen'tia, from
 cw, 'with,' and  fyvyvvuv,  'to  join.'   Parop'sis
 Synizesis, Cali'go  d Synizeai,  Caligo Pupil'la,
 Im perfordtio  pnpilla,  Closure, or  occldaion  or
 obliteration  of  the Pupil, Phfhisia  Pupil'la,
 Amyo'sia.  This disease is  sometimes faulty con-
 formation,  depending upon  the continued  exist-
 ence of the membrana pupillaris, or the absence
 of the pupil.  It  is, in other words, congenital.
 At other times, it is owing to accident, and su-
 pervenes on violent ophthalmia, or on the opera-
 tion for cataract.   They who  are  affected  with
 synezizis are completely blind ; — the iris having
 no central aperture.  In certain cases, a remedy
 may be obtained by making an opening  in the
iris, which may supply the place of the pupil,
 and through which the rays of light may reach
the retina.  This operation is called the operation
 for artificial pupil.
  SYNGENES,  Hereditary.
   SYNGENICUS, Congenital.
   SYNIIYMENESIS, Synymenesis.
   SYNIMENESIS, Synymenesis.
   SA'NIZESIS, Considentia, Synezisis.
   SYNNEUROSIS, Syndesmosis.
   SYNOCHA, from  awtxw, (aw,  and t^w, 'I
 have or hold,') 'I continue.'  Inflam'matory Fe-
 ver, Dynam'ic Fever, Angiop'yra,  Sthenop'yra,
 Febria cauao'des, F. caumato'dea, Febria dedrens,
 F. ardens, Febria eontin'ua  eanguiriea, Febris
 contin'ua  non putrie,  Syn'ochua (Vogel), Febris
 acmaa'tica, Synochua  impu'tria  (Galen,) Febris
 acu'to, F.  acu'ta eanguin'ea,  F. con'tinena, F.
 continena non pu'trida, F. angiotedica, F. atheni-
 eo, F. eanguin'ea, Homot'onoe, F. inflammato'ria,
 Ene'cia cauma, Enccia, F. ton'ica, Phlogop'yrua,
 Cuuino, Calentura continua, (F.) Fievre ardente,
 F. ■ continente inflammatoire, F. sanguine, F. ir-
 ritatire, F. angeiotinique, F. in/lammatoire, Gas-
 tro-entirite intense, General  inflammation.   A
 species of continued  fever, characterized by  in-
 creased heat;  and by quick, strong, and hard
 pulse;  urine high-coloured;  disturbance of mind
 slight.   It requires,  of  course,  the most  active
 treatment.
   Synocha Rheumatica, Rheumatism, acute—s.
 Vaccina, Vaccina.
   SYN'OCHAL, Synocha'lie; same etymon.  Re-
 lating to, or having the characters of, synocha.
   SYN'OCHUS,  Ene'cia eyn'ochua, Febria lenta,
 (Linnaeus,) same  etymon.  Continued fever, com-
 pounded of synocha and typhus: — in its com-
 mencement often resembling the former;  in  its
 progress,  the latter:  Mixed fever, Common con-
 tinued fever, Sydochoid fever.   See Continued
 fever, Fever, and Typhus.
   Synochus, Synocha—s. Biliosa, Fever, gastric,
 Fever, bilious—s. Catarrhalis, Influenza,—s. Icte-
 rodes,  Fever, yellow—s. Imputris,  Synocha—s.
 Miliaria, Miliary  fever—s. Varicella, Araricella.
   SYNOLCE, Spasm.
   SYNONIA, Synovia.
   SYNOSTEOG'RAPHY, Synoeteogrdphia, from
 aw,  'with,' oartov,  a  'bone,' and ypatpto,  'I  de-
 scribe.'   The  part of  anatomy  which describes
 the joints.
   SYNOSTEOL'OGY, Synosteolog"ia, from aw,
 'with,' oartov, 'a bone,' and Xoyos, 'a treatise.' A
 treatise on the joints.
   SYNOSTEO'SIS, Synostosis, from aw, 'with,'
 and oartov, ' a bone.  Union by means of bone.
   SYNOSTEOT'OMY, Synosteotom'ia, from aw,
 'with,'  oortov,  'a bone,' and rtpvttv,  'to cut.'
 Dissection of the joints.
   SYNOSTOSIS, Synosteosis.
   SYNO'ArIA,  from cw, 'with,' and  uov, 'an
 egg.'  3Iucila'go,  Udguen articulo're,  Syno'nia,
 Axun'gia  articula'ria,  Unguen'tum  seu Smegma
 articula're, 3Iucila'go  articulo'rum sen jitnctura'-
 rum, Humor articula'ria, Hydrarthrus, Humor seu
 Hdmidum nati'vum seu Gluten articulo'rum (F.)
 Synovie.  A fluid resembling the white  of egg,
 which  is  exhaled by  the  synovial  membranes
 surrounding the  moveable articulations.  The
 synovia has been found, on analysis, to consist
 of water, a little albumen,  soda, chloride of  so-
 dium, phosphate of lime, and—Fourcroy fancied
 —uric acid. Its use is to lubricate the joints, and
 the sheaths in which tendons play.
   SYNO'ATAL, Synovia'lis.  That which relates
to the synovia.
   Synovial Glands, Havers's Glands, Gland'ula
 articula'res, G.  Synovia'les, G. Havcrsia'na, are
the secretory fringes, which float in  the interior
of the synovial capsules  (see Capsules.)  They
do not seem to be glandular.  They have been 
SYNOVITIS
836
SYRINGE
called  Syno'vial fim'bria, (F.)  Franges synovi-
a'les.
  SYNOVI'TIS; from Synovia,  and itis,  a ter-
mination denoting inflammation.  A term, badly
compounded,  applied  at times  to inflammation
of the synovial membrane.
  Synovitis Rheumatismalis,  Rheumatism,
(acute.)
  SYN'TASIS, awraats, from cwtuvii), (aw, and
tuvu), ' I stretch,') ' I strain.'  Tension of  parts :
hence awrartKa, are medicines which render parts
tense.  Syntex'is, on the other hand, means 6W/i-
quo'tio, or wasting  of the  body; from awrnKto,
' I melt together.'
  SYNTAXIS, Articulation, Reduction, Taxis—
s. Serrata, see Suture.
  SYNTECOPYRA, Hectic fever.
  SYNTECTYCOPYRA, Hectic fever.
  SYNTENO'SIS, from aw, 'with,'  and rtvwv,
'a tendon.'   A species of articulation in  which
two bones are joined by means of tendon ;  as the
sesamoid bones with the toes, the rotula with the
tibia, 4c.
  SYNTERESIS, Prophylaxis.
  SYNTERETICUS,  Prophylactic.
  SYNTEXIS, Colliquation, Consumption.
  SYNTHENA.  A term employed  by Paracel-
sus to designate a species of epilepsy, accompanied
by cardialgia and tormina.
  SYN'THESIS,  Reu'nio,  'composition or
putting together,' from aw, and n&npt, 'I  place.'
A surgical operation,  which  consists in uniting
parts that are divided;  and approximating such
as are separated or distant  from each other, Re-
u'nio petr'tium sejiarata'rum, Sydthesis of con-
tindity, means the union of the edges of a wound,
or the approximation of the extremities of  a frac-
tured bone.  Synthesis  of contigu'ity is the  reduc-
tion  of displaced organs; as in cases of  hernia
and  luxations.
  Synthesis, Composition.
  SYNTHETIS'MUS,  same etymon.   The ag-
gregate of operations  and means for  reducing  a
fracture, and maintaining it reduced: — compris-
ing extension, counter-extension, coaptation, and
bandaging.
  SYNTRIMMA, Contritio.
  SYNTRIPSIS, Contritio.
  SYNTROPHOS, Connutritus.
  SYNULOS1S,  Cicatrization.
  SYNULOTICA, Cicatrisantia.
  SYNUSIA, Coition.
  SY'SY^,lWN^SlS,Synhyme'nesis,Synime'nesis,
from aw, ' with,' and 'vpnv, ' a membrane.'  Union
of bones by membrane, as in the  case  of the
bones of the  head in the foetus.
   Synymenesis, Syndesmosis.
  SYPHAR, Peritoneum.
  SYPHILIDES, Syphili'da, (F.) Dermo-syphi-
lides, Dermatosies viroleuses.   Same etymon as
Syphilis.  The cutaneous  eruptions that accom-
pany constitutional syphilis are so  denominated
by the French writers.
   SYPHILIDIA'TER, Syphilidia'true, from Sy-
philis, and tarpos, ' a  physician.' A pox  doctor.
One who occupies himself in treating syphilis.
   SYPHILIDOMANIA, Syphilomania.
   SYPHYLIPHO'BIA; from Syphilis and <po$os,
' dread,'  A morbid dread of syphilis, giving rise
to fancied symptoms of the disease: a form of hy-
pochondriasis.
   SYPH'ILIS,  3Iorbua Gal'licue, Siphilis, Sy-
philis'mite, Cachex'ia  venerea, Cachochym'iu Ve-
ne'rea, 3Iolum  vene'reum,  3Ior'bus Ital'icus, 31.
Hispan'icus, Pudeddagra, Lues, Me'vium, Lues
vene'rea, Lues syphilis, Morbus aphrodis'ius, Sy-
philis venerea, S. maligna, Morbus Ne.apolita'nns,
3Iorbue In'dicus, Pattirsa, Baailis'cus, Boa, Sod'-
oma Gallo'rum; Venereal, Venereal Diacaac, Pox,
French Pox;  (F.)  Virole, Alolodie rinirienne,
3Iol de Naples, Mai Francais, Ma/adic de IVmis.
The etymology of syphilis is unknown.   Some
consider  it to proceed from  ovs, ' a hog;'  and
others, from anpos,—formed, by contraction, from
attraXos, 'shameful,'  'dirty,' 4c    It is  an  infec-
tious disease, communicable by coition, or by the
contact of parts that are only lined with a  thin
epidermis; as the lips, nipple, 4c  It  generally
makes its first appearance by a chancre, followed
sooner or later by a bubo.  The chancre is a pri-
mary  symptom  or  sore;  but there are  others
which are secondary or  constitutional.   These
are: — ulcers  in the  throat;  copper-coloured
blotches  on the skin; pains in the bones,  nodes,
4c :  the last are sometimes termed tertiary  phe-
nomena.  The origin of syphilis is  not known.
It is   believed  to  have  been  introduced  into
Europe from  America, at the  end of the  l.r;th
century [?].  Its progress is extremely variable,
as well as its duration, which is  often unlimited,
if left to itself.  Mercury may be esteemed the
best remedy, but the disease admits of cure with-
out it.  Almost every antisyphilitic composition,
whose use is attended with success, probably con-
tains  mercury united with diaphoretics or other
medicines.  It is generally sufficient to keep the
mouth sore for a fortnight for the cure of chancre:
for venereal sore throat, and other recent consti-
tutional  symptoms, eight or ten weeks  will be
required; and, of course,  a longer time, if these
symptoms  have persisted longer.   Sometimes,
after  mercury  has  been  given  for a  time, the
symptoms continue stationary; and do not yield
until  the mercury  has been discontinued, and
tonics and eutrophics have been administered.
The preparations of iodine have been much used,
of late, in the revellent treatment of this disease.
   Syphilis Indica, Frambcesia.
   Syphilis Pseudo-Syphilis, Lues Syphilo'dca,
Pseudo-syphilis.  A term given to ulcers or other
affections that resemble syphilis, but  arc inde-
terminate in  their  character, — the  symptoms
being irregular in their appearance, and usually
yielding spontaneously, or under the use of tonics,
change of air, 4c  The  condition  has not  been
at all well defined.   The Sivvens, Radesyge, 4c,
have  been referred  to this head.
   SYPHILISMUS, Syphilis.
   SYPHILOG'RAPHER, from syphilis, and
ypatpw, ' I describe.'  A writer on syphilis.
   SYPH'ILOID,  Syphilo'i'des; from ayphilis,
and tt&os, ' resemblance.'   Resembling syphilis,—
as ' a aijphiloid affection.'
   SYPIIILOMA'NIA,  Syphilidoma 'nia, — vul-
garly, Noddle Pox.  A mania, with which  some
persons are affected, so that they subject them-
selves to antivenereal treatment, under the notion
that they are affected with syphilis.
   SYPHITA, Somnambulism.
   SYPHOAURICULARIS, Otenchytes.
   SYPHON, see Siphon.
   SYRIGMOPHO'NIA, from  avpiypos,  'whist-
ling,' and tpavn, 'voice.'  A piping state of the
voice.
   SYRIGMUS, Tinnitus aurium.
   SYRINGA, Eustachian Tube, Fistula, Syringe,
Trachea.
   Syringa Ci>ysmatica, Syringe, (Clyster.)
   Syrin'ga Vulga'ris, Lilac vulga'ris, Common
Lilac. The leaves and fruit are bitter and some-
what acrid, and have been used as a  tonic and
antiperiodic.
   SYRINGE,  Syr'inx, Syrin'ga, Sipho Siphnd-
culus, Squirt, (F.) Seringue, from avpiy^, 'a pipe.' 
               SYRINGICUS

A familiar apparatus through which any liquor
is  squirted.
  Various forms of syringe are used in medicine
and surgery.
   Syringe,  Clyster, Syrin'ga clysmat'ica, Cly-
sautli'um, (V.)  Clyaopoinpe.  A syringe  for ad-
ministering clysters.
   Svi'.ingi:,  Cupping, Antlia  sanguisuga,
   SA' R1N G IC US, Fistulous.
   SVRINGI'TIS  EUSTA'CHII,  Inflammation
of the Eustachian tube.
   SYRING.MOS, Tinnitus aurium.
   SYR ENCODES, Fistulous.
   SYRINGOT03IE,  Syringot'omua, Syringot'-
omum, from avptyi;, 'a pipe,' 'a fistula,' and rtpvttv,
' to cut.'  A surgical instrument, formerly used
in the  operation  for Jistulo in  ano.  It is  a bis-
touri, concave at  its edge, and terminated by a
long, flexible, probe-pointed  stylet.  This  stylet
or probe was  first introduced by  the external
opening  of the  fistula into the rectum, whence it
was drawn externally through the anus, carrying
with it the cutting edge of the instrument, which
divided  the  intermediate parts.  The operation
for fistula in ano  has been called Sijrimpitomy.
   SYRINGOT'OMY, Syrinyotom'ia.  Same ety-
mon as the last.   The operation for fistula in ano
by incision.
   SA'RINX, Eustachian tube,  Fistula,  Syringe,
Trachea—s.  Hiera, Arertebral column.
   SYRMAIS'MOS, from avp/iat^w, 'I evacuate.'
A gentle evacuation by vomiting or stool.
   SYROP, Syrup — s. d'Ail, Syrupus  allii — s.
d'Armoiae compoai, Syrupus  aromaticus — s.  de
Chicorie compoai, Syrupus de cichorio compositus
—a. dea  Cinq rocines, Syrupus  e quinque radici-
bus — s.  de Cuiainier, Syrupus  de sarsaparilla et
senna,  compositus — s. d'Ether, Syrupus cum
;vthere sulphurico paratus—s. de Gingembre, Sy-
rupus zingiberis—s.dc Guimauve, Syrupus althaeae
—s. de Longue  vie, Mellitum  de mereuriali com-
positum— 8. de Jlercure, Syrupus  de inercurio
mediante gummi—a. de Sliiree, Syrupus mori—s.
de  Nerprun, Syrupus  rhamni — s.  de Pavots
blancs, Syrupus papaveris —  s.  de  Pommea com-
poai, see Syrupus sennae — a. de Quinquina avec
le Vin, Syrupus de kina, kina,  cum vino — s.  de
Rosea  pdl-ca, Syrupus rosae—s. de  Roaes rougea,
Syrupus rosae—s. de Vinaigre,  S. aceti.
   SYRUP, Sirup, Syr'upus,  Serapi'urn, Serape'-
um, (F.) Syrop ; derived, according to some, from
cvpta, ' I  draw,' and ottos, 'juice;' but more pro-
bably, from the Arabic Siruph, Sirab, or Scharab,
which  signifies  ' a potion.'  A saturated solution
of sugar in  water, either simply, or united with
some vegetable or other principle.   Syrups,  in
general,  require two pounds of sugar to the pint,
and  they are judged to be sufficiently boiled when
a  portion,  taken up  in  a spoon, flows like oil.
In the  Pharmacopoeia  of  the United  States,
it is directed, that syrups, whose density is not
precisely determined by the process, should have
the s.  g. 1.261, when boiling, and of about 1.319
at ordinary temperatures.  Syrups should be kept
in small bottles in a cool place.  They are chiefly
used to render medicines palatable.  See Syrupus
simplex.
   Syrup, see Syrupus—s. of Almonds, Syrupus
amygdalae—s. Antiscorbutic,  Syrupus antiscorbu-
ticus — s. of Buckthorn, Syrupus rhamni — s.  of
Capillaire, common, Syrupus simplex—s. of Cin-
chona with  wine, Syrupus de kina kina cum vino
— s. of Citric acid, Syrupus  acidi citrici — s.  of
Clove  July flower, Syrupus  earyophylli  rubri —
s.  of Clove  pinks,  Syrupus Caryophylli  rubri —
s.  of Ether,  Syrupus cum aethere sulphurico pa-
ratus—s. of  Five  roots, Syrupus e quinque radi-
cibus—s. of  Garlic, Syrupus  aliii — s. of Ginger,
17                 SYRUPUS

 Syrupus zingiberis — s. of Gum Arabic, Syrupus
 acaciae — s. Hive, Syrupus scillae compositus — s.
 of Honey,  Mellitum simplex—s. of Iodide of iron,
 Liquor Ferri iodidi—s. of Ipecacuanha, Syrupus
 ipecacuanhas — s. of Lemon, Syrupus  limonis —
 s. of Marshmallows, Syrupus althaeae—s. of Mea-
 dow saffron, Syrupus colchici autumnalis — s. of
 Milkwort,  compound, Syrupus aromaticus—s. of
 Mulberries, Syrupus mori—s. of Orange juice, see
 Syrupus aurantii — s.  of Orange  peel, Syrupus
 aromaticus — s. of Orgeat, Syrupus amygdalae —
 s. of Poppies, Syrupus papaveris — s.  of Poppy,
 red, Syrupus rhoeados — s. of Rhatany, Syrupus
 krameriae — s. of  Rhubarb, Syrupus rhej ■— s. of
 Rhubarb,  aromatic, Syrupus rhei aromaticus — s.
 of Rhubarb, spiced, Syrupus rhej aromaticus —
 s. of Saffron, Syrupus croci — s. of Squills, Syru-
 pus scillae—s. of Squill, compound, Syrupus scillae
 compositus — s. of Succory,  compound, Syrupus
 de cichorio compositus—s. of Tolu, Syrupus tolu-
 tanus — s. of A'inegar, Syrupus aceti — s. of A'io-
 lets, Syrupus violae—s. of AVild cherry bark, Sy-
 rupus Pruni Virginianae.
   SYRUPUS, S. simplex.
   Syrupus Aca'cia, Syrup of Gum Arabic, (Aca-
 cia ^ij, Sacehar. 5-nv, Aq. f^ viij. Dissolve the
 gum in the water; add the sugar, and strain.
 Ph. U. S.) A good pectoral  syrup. Dose,  fgj to

   Syrupus Ace'ti, S. AC'idi Aceto'ei, Syrup of
 Vinegar, (F.) Syrop  de Vinaigre.  (Aceti Oiiss,
 sacch. purif. Ibiiiss.   Boil to form a syrup. Ph.
 E.)  It is  refrigerant and antiseptic.   Dose, fgj
 to fgij.
   Syrupus Acidi Acetosa,  S. aceti.
   Syrupus Ac"idi Cit'kici, Syrup of Citric Acid.
 (Acid, citric, pulv. gfj :  Ol. Limon. TTUiv;  Syrup.
 Oij.  Rub the  acid and oil with an ounce  of the
 syrup; add the rest of the  syrup, and  dissolve
 with a gentle heat.  Ph. U. S.)  Virtues the same
 as those of the  Syrupus Limonis.
   Syrupus cum ..E'there Sulphu'rico Para-
 tus, Syrup of Ether, (F.) Sirop dither.   (Very
 pure sugar, 1000 p.;  distilled water, 500 p.;  dis-
 solve in the cold, and strain ; add sulphuric ether,
 48 p.   Shake for five or six days, and draw off
 the limpid syrup. Ph. L.)  Properties like those
 of ether.
   Syrupus Al'lii, Syrup of  Garlic,  (F.) Syrop
 d'ail.   (Allii recent,  concis. """jvj, acet. deatillat.
 Oj,  aacchar. Ibij.  Macerate  the garlic in the vi-
 negar, in a glass vessel, for four days; then ex-
 press the liquor and set it by, that the dregs may
 subside; lastly, add the sugar to the clear liquor,
 and proceed in  the  manner directed for  syrup.
 Ph. U. S.)  Use, same as that of garlic.  Dose,
 fgj to fgiv.
   Syrupus Alth^e'^e,  Syrup  of Marshmalloio,
 Syrupus ex Altha'a,  S. de  Althad,  S. Althaa
 officina'lis, (F.) Syrop  de Guimauve.  (Althaa
 rod. recent, cont. Ibss, sacch. pur.  Ibij, aqua Oiv.
 Boil the root in the water to one-half, and press
 out the liquor;  when cold, defecate;  add the su-
 gar, and boil.   Ph. I.)  Emollient and  demul-
 cent.   Dose, fgj to fgiij-
   Syrupus Amomi Zingiberis, S. zingiberis.
   Syrupus Amyg'dal.e, Syrup of Almonds, Sy-
 rup of Orgeat, Orgeat.  (Amygdol. dule. Ibj,
 amygdal.  amar. ^iv, aqua,  Oiij, sacehar. Ibvj.
 Blanch the almonds, and rub  them in a mortar
 to a very  fine  paste, adding, during the tritura-
 tion, three fluidounces  of the water, and a pound
 of the sugar.   Mix the paste thoroughly with  the
 remainder of the water; strain with  strong  ex-
 pression ;  add the remainder of the sugar  to  the
 strained liquor, and dissolve it with the aid of a
 gentle heat.  Strain the syrup through fine linen,
 and having allowed it to cool, put it into bottles,
d. 
SYRUPUS
S38
SYRUPUS
which must be well stopped, and kept  in a cool
place.  Ph. U. S.)
  Syrupus Anticausoticus, see Anticausodic.
  Syrupus Antiscorbu'ticus, S. de Armora'cia
compoaitua, Antiacorbu'tic Syrup.   (Leave8  of
cochlearia, buckbean, water-creases, horse-radish
root and bitter oranges, each Ibj, cinnamon, 5iss.
Cut, and pour on xohite wine Ibiv.  Macerate for
two days; distil  over Oj in a sand-bath; add to
this of  sugar, Ibij, and  form a syrup.  Again,
take  what remains in  the  cucurbit: pass  it
through cloth; let it rest; decant, and  addstiQ-ar
Ibij ;  make into  a syrup, and clarify with white
of egg.   Mix it with the first while yet warm.
Ph. P.)  Antiscorbutic, alterative, tonic, stoma-
chic,  4c.   Dose, fgij to fgij.
  Syrupus Aromat'icus, S. de Artemis'ia com-
positus, Compound Syrup of 3Iugwort, (F.) Syrop
d'armoise composi.   (Tops of artemisio vulgaris,
in flower, gvj, inula root, ligusticum  levisticum,
and fennel, each  gss, pennyroyal, catmint, savine
leaves,  each  gvj, marjoram, hyssop, pyrethrum,
rue, basil, each """"ii*, aniseed and cinnamon, each
gix;  bruise and  macerate  in hydromel Ibxviij ;
distil over Oss;  add to  this a pound  of sugar.
Again, take the liquid that remains in the cucur-
bit, strain it gently ; and add sugar Ibiv.  Then
mix the two.  Ph. P.)  Tonic, emmenagogue, 4c
  Syrupus de Armoracia Compositus, S. anti-
scorbuticus—s. de Artemisia compositus, S. anti-
scorbuticus—s. Asparagi, see Asparagus.
  Syrupus Auran'tii, S. Aurantio'rum, S. Citri
Aurantii, S.  Cor'ticis Aurantii, S. Aurantii Cor-
ticis (Ph. U.  S.),  S. e CortiC'ibue Aurantio'rum,
S.  de Cortice Aurantio'rum, Syrup of Orange
peel.  (Aurant. cort. cont. gij, aq.ferv.  Oj, aacch.
Ibijss.  Macerate the peel in the water for twelve
hours.  Add  the sugar.   Ph. U. S.)  Stomachic
Dose, fgj to fgij.
  A Syrup of Orange Juice, Orange Sherbet, Sy-
rupus e  8ucco Aurantiorum, may be made by add-
ing white sugar Ibij to H>j of the juice of oranges,
strained and  clarified.
  Syrupus Balsamicus, S. tolutanus.
  Syrupus  Caryophyl'li  Rubri,  S. Dianthi
Caryophylli,  Syrup of  Clove July flower, Syrup
of Clove Pinks, Syrupjus infusio'nis florum cary-
ophyllo'rum.  (Petnloruin dianth., caryoph. re-
cent, unguibus resectis ibj, aqua bull. Oiv, sacch.
purif. Ibvij.  Ph. E.)  Aromatic.
  Syrupus Cassi.e Sennse, S. sennae.
  Syrupus  de  Cicho'rio  Compos'itus, S.  de
Rheo, Compound Syrup of Succory, (F.) Syrop de
chicorie  compoai.  (Root of euccory gvj,  leavea
of succory gix, leaves of fumitory and  seolopen-
drium, each giij, Alkekengi berriee gij. Boil in
water Oxiv to Oxij : pass through cloth, and dis-
solve in white eugar Ibv.  Boil till it has the con-
sistence of syrup.  Again, take water Oviij, rhu-
barb gvj, yellow sanders and cinnamon,  each gss.
Infuse for twenty-four hours ; pass through linen,
and add the preceding  syrup.   Ph. P.)   It is
laxative and  stomachic.  Dose, fgj to fgss.
  Syrupus Cinchona cum Vino, S. de kina kina
cum vino.
  Syrupus  Cincho'nl,e, Syrup of  Cincho'nia.
(Simple syrup one pound; sulphate of  cinchonia
nine grains.  Mix.) Six spoonfuls are commonly
sufficient to arrest an intermittent.
  Syrupus Citri Aurantii, S. aromaticus.
  Syrupus Col'chici Autumna'lis, S. Colchici,
Syrup of Aleadow Saffron.  (Rod. colch. autumn.
recent, gj, acidi acetosi fgxvi, sacch. pur. gxxvj.
Macerate  the root in the vinegar  for  two days,
occasionally shaking the vessel; then strain, with
gentle expression.  To the strained fluid add the
sugar, and boil to a syrup.   Ph.  E.)   Diuretic,
antiarthritic.  Dose, fgj to  fgss, or more.
  Syrupus Corticis Aurantii, S. aromaticus —
s.  Citri medicae, S. limonum — s. 0  Succo citro-
num, S. limonum.
  Syrupus  Croci, Syrup  of  Saffron.  (Croci
etigmat.5), aqua fervent. Oj, sacch. purif. Ibiiss.
Ph. L.)  Cardiac.   Chiefly used for colouring.
  Syrupus  Diacodion, Diacodion— s. Dianthi
Caryophylli, S. caryophylli rubri.
  Syrupus Emeti'n.e, Syrup of Em'etine.  (Sim-
ple ayrupHbj, emetine 16 gr.)  In small doses, ex-
pectorant; and in  large, emetic.
  Syrupus Empyreumaticus, Melasses—s. Ferri
iodidi, Liquor Ferri iodidi—s. Hydrargyri, Syru-
pus de mercurio mediante gummi — s. Infusionis
florum caryophyllorum,Syrupus caryophylli rubri.
  Syrupus Ipecacuan'ha;, Syrup of Ipecacuan-
ha.  (Ipecac, in pulv. crass.  gj, alcohol, dilut. Oj,
eacchar. Ibiiss, aqua q. s.  Macerate the ipecacu-
anha in the alcohol for 14 days, and filter.  Eva-
porate the filtered liquor to 6 fluidounces, again
filter, and add sufficient water to make the liquid
measure a pint; add the sugar, and evaporate by
a water-bath to a proper consistence.  Ph. U. S.)
It may also be prepared by  displacement.
  Syrupus de Jalap'a, Syrup of Jalap. (Pulv.
JalapajZ)'s., sem. coriandr., fcenicul. dule. aa gss ;
aqua fgxijss, aacch. gxxv.   Ph. P.)  Cathartic.
Dose, fgij to fgss  for children.
  Syrupus de Kina Kina cum Vino, S. Cincho'-
na cum vino, Syrup of Cinchona loith trine, (F.)
Syropi de  quinquina avec le rin.   (Cort. cinchona
officinalis  gij, ext.  cinchona gvj, vini albi ( Vin.
Lunel. vel cujusvis ei  aimilis,)  Oj,  alcohol (s. g.
.985,  to .915.) fgj,  sacehar. alb. Ibiss.  Bruise
the cinchona; gradually add the alcohol, so  as
to form a soft mass ; pour on the wine ; macerate
for  two days,  and  strain.   Dissolve  the extract,
add the sugar, and  make a syrup. Ph. P.)  Dose,
fgss to fgj.
  Syrupus Krame'ri^e, Syrup of Rhatany. (Ext.
Kramer, gij,  aqua Oj, sacehar. Ibijss.  Dissolve
the extract in the water, and filter;  then add the
sugar, and form into syrup.  Ph. U. S.   It may
also be made by displacement from Kramer, in
pulv. crass. Ibj, sacehar. Ibiiss;  aq. q. s.)   An
adjunct to astringent mixtures; or given in diar-
rhoea, a tea-spoonful to a child.
  Syrupus Limonis, S. Limonum—s. Succi limo-
nis, S. limonum.
  Syrupus Limo'num, S. limonis, (Ph. U. S.) S.
citri med'ica, S.e succo citro'num, S. e succo limo'-
num,  S. succi limo'nis, Syrup  if Lemon, Lemon
Syrup.  (Limon. succ. colat. Oj, sacehar.  ft)ij.)
Cooling, antiseptic
  Syrupus  e Meconio,  S. papaveris — s.  de
Melle, Mellitum  simplex.
  Syrupus  de Mercu'rio  Median'te  Gummi,
Mercu'rius gummo'sus Plenck! ii, Syrupus Hydrar'-
gyri, (F.)  Syrop de mercure  ou  Alercure gommeux
de Plenck. .  (Hydrargyri pur. gj, p. gum.  aca-
cia, giij, syrup diacod. gss.  Rub  together till
the mercury is extinguished. Ph. P.)  Possesses
the properties of the blue pill.  Dose, gr. ij to
viij, or more.
  Syrupus  Mori, S. e succo moro'rum, S. succi
mori,  Syrup of Mul'berries,  (F.) Syrop de mures.
(3Iori succ. colat. Oj, sacehar. purif. Ibij. Ph. L.)
Gratefully refrigerant.
  Syrupus e  Succo Mororum, S. mori.
  Syrupus Morph'l*: Aceta'tis, Syrup of ace-
tate of morphia.  (Syrup, one  pint, acetate  of
morphia, gr. iv.)   Dose, two tea-spoonfuls, as an
opiate.  It is  about  the  strength  of the  same
quantity of syrup of poppies.
  Syrupus Morphia Sulpha'tis is made in the
same way.
  Syrupus Niger, Melasses.
  Syrupus Papav'eris, S.papaveris somnif'eri, 
SYRUPUS
839
SYRUPUS
S. pnpareris albi,  S. e meed nio, S. de meconio,
Dioco'tlion,  Syrup of poppies, (F.) Syrop tie pa-
vots blanca ou diocode.   (Popav.jupaul. exsiccat,
et contus. cxeinptis seminibus, 3xiv, aacch. pur.
tt>i], aq. fervent, cong.  ijss.   Macerate  the cap-
sules in wa'ter for 12 hours;  boil to a gallon, and
express strongly.   Boil the  liquor to  Oij; and
strain  while hot.  Defecate by rest, and boil to
Oj, adding the sugar so as form a syrup. Ph. L.)
One  ounce  contains about one grain  of opium.
Anodyne and demulcent.
   The Dublin college has  a Syrupus Opii, called
Ciaiiiiinii Syrup  of Poppnea, which is made by dis-
solving IK grains of the  Watery Extract of Opium
in 18 ounces of boiling water.  Properties, those
of opium  and syrup.
   Syrupus  de Papavere Erratico, S. rhceados
— s. de Pomis  compositus, see S. sennae.
   Syrupus  Protea', see Protea mellifera. Syrd-
pus  Pruni  Virginia'na,  Syrup of  Wild cherry
bark.   (Pruni  Virginia, in pulv. crass, gv, sac-
clior.  Ibij, Aqua q. s.   Moisten the  bark with
water; let it stand for 24 hours; transfer it to a
percolator;  pour water gradually upon it, until a
pint of filtered  liquor has  passed.  Add the sugar
in a bottle, and dissolve by agitation.  Ph. U. S-,
1851.)  Dose,  as a demulcent expectorant,  fgj
to fgiij.
   Svrupu"S Qui'nia, Syrup  of Quinia.  (Simple
syrup, 2 pints, sulphate of quinia, 64 grains.)  Six
spoonfuls are commonly sufficient to arrest  an in-
termittent.
   Syrupus e Quinque Radi'cibus,  Syrup  of five
roots,  (¥.) Syrop des cinq rarinea.  (Rod. apii,
focniculi, opii  petrosdini, aa gv.  Infuse  for 24
hours  in  boiling water Oiiss, and strain.  Rad.
asparag., rusci aeuleoti, aa, gv, aqua, Ovij.  Boil
and reduce to half; adding, towards the end, the
residue of the preceding infusion.  Boil again for
some  minutes ; strain, and add white sugar, Ibvj.
Ph. P.)  Aperient and diuretic. Used in obstruc-
tions of the liver, spleen,  and mesentery ; and in
dropsy, 4c  Dose, fgss  to fgj, or more.
   Syrupus Rhamni, S. Rhamni cathar'tici, S. de
Spind cervi'ud, S. epina cervi'na, Syrup of Buck-
thorn, (F.)  Syrop de nerprun.  (Rhamn. baccar.
succ.  recent,  Oiv,  zingib. rod. concis., pimenta
bacc. contrit, aa, gss, aacch. purif Ibiiiss.  Defe-
cate the juice  for 3 days, and strain.   To a pint
of this, add the ginger and pimento; macerate for
4 hours, and strain; boil what remains to Oiss.
Mix  the  liquors and add sugar, so  as to form a
syrup. Ph.L.)  Cathartic, but apt to gripe.  Dose,
fgiv to fgij.
   Syrupus Rhej,  Syrup of Rhubarb.  (Rhei, in
pulv.  crass, gij;  Alcohol, Oss; Aqua  Oiss;  aac-
c/ior. Ibij.  Mix the alcohol and water; pour f5iv
on the rhubarb, mixed with an equal bulk of sand,
and allow the  whole to stand four hours; put the
mass into a percolatcr, and gradually pour on the
remainder of the  alcohol and water.   By means
of a water-bath,  evaporate to f.^xiij: add  the
sugar, and  make a syrup.   Ph. U. S.) Dose to
a child, as a, laxative,  one or two teaspoonfuls.
   Syrupus Rhej  Aromat'icus, Aromatic Syrup
of Rhubarb, Spiced Syrup  of Rhubarb.   (Rhej,
 cont.  giiss; Caryophyl.  cont., Cinnam. cont. aa
 g.-s:' 31,/rist. cont.  gij; Alcohol, dilut. Oij; Syrup
 Ovj.   Macerate the rhubarb and aromatics in the
 diluted alcohol for 14 days,  and strain ; then, by
 means of a water-bath, evaporate the liquor to a
pint, and while still hot,  mix with the syrup pre-
viously heated.  Ph. U. S.)   It may also be made
by the process of displacement.
   The aromatic syrup of rhubarb is a gentle car-
minative cathartic  Dose to a child, fgj; to an
 adult, fgj.
  Syrupus de Rheo, Syrupus de Cichorio com-
posito.
  SYRUPUS Rhce'aDOS, S. de papav'ere errat'ico,
S. papaveris erratic't, Syrup of Red Poppy, (F.)
Sijrop de coquelicot.  (Rhcead. petal, recent. Ibj,
aq. fervent, fgxviij, sacch. purif. Ibiiss.  To the
water,  heated in a water-bath, add the petals.
Remove the vessel;  macerate  for 12 hours; ex-
press ;  defecate, and add sugar to form a syrup.
Ph. L.)  Chiefly used to give colour.
  A  factitious syrup is often made of aloes, dis-
solved in simple syrup.
  Syrupus  RoSjE, Syrupus rosdrum soluti'vus,
S. e  roeie eiccia, S.  roaa  centifo'lia,  S. rosa'ceus
soluti'vus, Syrup of Rosea, (F.)  Syrop  de roses
poles.  (Rosa centif. petal, exsicc.  gvij, sacch.
purif. Ibvj, aq. fervent. Oiv. Macerate the petals
for 12 hours.  Evaporate the strained liquor  to
Ibiiss.  Add the sugar.  Ph.L.)  Gently laxative.
Dose, fgij to fgiss, or more.
   Syrupus  Uosje Gal'lica, Syrup of Red Rosea,
(F.) Syrop de roses rouges.  (Rosa Gallic, petal.
exsicc.  gvij,  aqua bull. Ov, sacch.  purif Ibvj;
prepared  like the last.   Ph. #.)  Mildly astrin-
gent.  Added to stomachic infusions.
   Syrupus  Sacchari, S. Simplex.
   Syrupus  Sarsaparil'LjE, Syrup  of Sarsapa-
rilla.  (Rad. Sarsap.  cont. Ibj, aqua   bullient.
cong., sacch. purif. tt>j.   Macerate the root for 24
hours;  boil to Oiv.  Strain while hot;  add the
sugar, and boil. Ph.L.)   Used in the same cases
as the root.   Dose, fgj to fgiv, and more.
   Syrupus  de Sarsaparil'la et Senna Com-
pos'itus,  Compound Syrup of Sarsaparilla and
Senna,  (F.) Syrop de  Cuisinier.  (Rad. Sarsap.
concis. Ibij.  Infuse for  24 hours in warm ivater
Oxij ;  boil for a quarter of an hour; pass with
expression,  and boil again the residuum in Ox of
water.  Reduce this to  Ovj, and repeat  the ope-
ration 2 or 3 times.  Mix all the liquors  and boil
them together with fioioers of borage, white roses,
senna leaves and aniseed, each gij; reduce to half,
pass, and add honey Ibij.  Boil to a syrup. Ph. P.)
It is considered to be  alterant,  depurative, and
 sudorific.  Dose, fgss to fgij.
   A similar  syrup, under the name Syrupus
 Sarsaparil'l.e Compos'itus, Compound  Syrup
 of Sarsaparilla, is directed in the Pharmacopoeia
 of the  United States.   (Sarsaparill. cont.  Ibij ;
 Lign. guaiac. rasur. giij ;  Rosa centifol., Senna,
 Glycyrrhiz. cont. aa gij; Ol. Sassafras, Ol. Anisi.
 aa m. v.; Ol. Gaultheria  m.  iij; Alcohol, dilut.
 Ox.; Sacehar. ft>viij.  Macerate the sarsaparilla,
 guaiacum wood, roses, senna, and liquorice root
 in the diluted alcohol for 14 days; express and
 filter.  Evaporate the tincture in a warm bath to
 four pints;  filter, add the sugar, and form into
 syrup.  Lastly, having  rubbed  the oils with a
 small quantity of the syrup, mix them thoroughly
 with the  remainder.  Ph.  U. S.)
   It may also be made by the process of dis-
 placement.
   Syrupus de Scammo'nio, Syrup of Scam'mony.
 (Pulv. Scammon. gss,  sacch.  alb. giv. alcohol.
 (s. g. .985  to .915) fgviij.  Heat  the  mixture
 moderately: then  set fire to  the alcohol with a
 lighted taper; agitate constantly, until the flame
 is extinguished.   Suffer it to  cool: pass through
 cloth, and add Syrup of Violets, fgiv.  Ph. P.)
 gj  contains 18 grains of scammony.  Dose, fgj
 to fgss.
   Syrupus  Scill.e, S. scillit'icus, S. scilla ma-
 rit'ima, Syrup of Squills.  (Acet. scilla. Oj, sacch.
 Ibij.)  Diuretic, expectorant, and emetic.   Used
 in the same cases as the oxymel.
   Syrupus   Scilla  Compos'itus, Mel  Scilla
 Compositum, Compound Honey of Squill,  Com-
 pound Syrup of  Squill,  Hive Syrup.   (Scilla 
SYRUPUS
840
SYZYGIUM
cont.;  Senega cont. aa, giv; Antim. et  Potaaaa
Tart. gr. xlviij; Aqua  Oiv;  Sacehar. Ibiiiss.
Pour the water upon the squills and seneka, and,
having  boiled to one-half, strain  and  add the
sugar.   Then evaporate to three pints, and while
the syrup is  still hot, dissolve  in it the tartrate
of antimony and potassa.)
  It may also be  made  by the process of dis-
placement.  Ph. U. S.
  It is often given as an emetic in cases of croup,
and  in  catarrh, especially in children.   Dose, to
infants, 10 drops to a drachm, repeated  every 15
minutes, if vomiting be desirable.
  Syrupus Sen'eg.b, Syrup of Seneka.  (Senega
cont. giv; Aqua Oj; Sacehar. Ibj.   Boil the wa-
ter with the seneka to one-half, and strain ; then
add the sugar, and  form into syrup.  Ph. U. S.)
  It may also be formed by the process of dis-
placement.  Rh. U. S.
  This  is a favourite stimulant expectorant (?)
with many practitioners.   Dose, fgj or fgij.
  Syrupus  Sennse, S.  caaaia  aenna, Syrup of
Senna, (Senna gij,  aem. fcenicul. cont. gj, aacch.
pur. gxv, aqua bullient. Oj.  Macerate the senna
leaves and fennel-seeds with a gentle heat for an
hour.  Strain; add the  sugar,  and  make into a
syrup.   Ph.  U.  S.)  Cathartic.  Dose,  fgij to
fgiss, or more.
  The  Parisian Codex has a Syrupus de Senna of
a compound  character, called  Syrupus de points
compos'itus,  (F.) Syrop  de pommes  composi.  It
contains, also, borage, bugloss, 4c.  Dose, fgss
to fgij.
  Syrupus  Simplex, Syrupus  (Ph. U. S.), &
Sac'chari, Sac'charum clarifica'turn, Liquet'rium,
Simple Syrup, Syrup, Common syrup of oapillaire.
(Sacch. purif Ibiiss, aqua Oj. Dissolve the sugar;
set aside for 24 hours; remove the scum,  and pour
off the  clear .liquid.)   Used to cover nauseous
tastes, 4c
  Syrupus de Spina Cervina, Syrupus rhamni
— s. de Stceehade communis, see Lavendula.
  Syrupus Toluta'nus, S. Tolutdni, S. toluif-
era  bal'sami, S. balsam'icus,  Bolsatdic  syrup,
Syrup  of tolu.   (Tinct.  Tolut.  fgiss; Aqua 0j ;
Sacehar. Ibiiss.  Mix the tincture with the  sugar
in coarse powder;  expose it on a shallow dish to
a gentle heat, until the  alcohol has evaporated;
pour the water upon it;  heat gradually until the
sugar is dissolved, and strain.  Ph. U. S.)  Use—
to give flavour.
  Syrupus  Vi'ol^e, S. viola odordta, S. viola'-
rum, S. e succo viola'rum, Syrup of Violets. (Flor.
recent, viol, odorat. Ibij, aq. bull. Oviij, sacch. pur.
lb xv.  Macerate, in a covered vessel, for 24 hours;
pass, without expression, through linen; add the
sugar  so as to  form a  syrup. Ph.  E.)  Very
gently laxative.   Dose, fgj to fgij.
  Syrupus e Succo A'iolarum, S. violae.
  SYRUPUS ZlNGIB'ERIS, aS". amo'mi zingiberis, Sy-
rup  of  Ginger, (F.) Syrop de gingembre.  (Tinct.
Zingib. fgiv; Aqua Oiv; Sacehar. Ibx.  Mix the
tincture with four pounds of the sugar in coarse
powder;  and expose it  in  a  shallow dish  to  a
gentle  heat  until  the  alcohol has evaporated.
Add the rest of the sugar, and then the water in
a covered vessel; heat gradually until the sugar is
dissolved, and strain.  Ph. U.S.)  To the strained
liquor add the sugar, and form a syrup.
  N. B.  The  Parisian  Codex  contained a few
other  compound syrups  besides those enume-
rated ;  amongst these is a  Syrup of calf's lungs,
Syrupus e pulmodibus vititli'nis,  (F.)  Syrop de
mou  de veau, as an expectorant.
  These syrups are made according to the usual
rule, and  possess the virtues of  tho substances
after which they are named.
  SYSPA'SIA, from ovaTtato, (aw,  and atrato, ' I
draw,') 'I contract.'  Clonic spasm, with dimi-
nished sensibility and inability  of utterance.  A
genus in Good's Nosology, which includes con-
vulsion, epilepsy, and hysteria.
  Syspasia Convulsio, Convulsion — s. Epilep-
sia, Epilepsy — s. Hysteria, Hysteria.
  SYSSARCO'SIS, from aw, 'with,'  and  aapl,
'flesh.'  Commissu'ra ossium car'nea, Sympih'ysis
ossium musculo'ris, Connex'io ossium corm/so, Car-
na'tio,  Concarno'tio.   Union of bones  by means
of muscles; such as the union of the os  hyoides
with the lower jaw, of the scapula with the ribs, 4c.
  SYSTALCIS, Systole.
  SYSTAL'TIC, Systal'ticus, Peristal'tic ; from
avartXXo), (aw, and artXXw,) ' I contract.'  A sys-
taltic motion in  a part is one in which there is
alternate contraction and dilatation. See Systole.
  SASTAT'ICA, from awiarnut, (aw,  and tarnut,
'I place,') 'I associate.'  Diseases affecting seve-
ral or all of the sensorial powers simultaneously;
irritation  or inertness of mind, extending to the
muscles,  or external senses; or  of the muscles,
or external senses, extending to the mind; — the
4th order, class Neurotica,  of Good.
  SYSTEM, Syate'ma, from aw, ' together,' and
tarnut, ' I place.'  This word,  taken  in a good
sense, means the collection and  arrangement of
different matters having an  analogy  to each other,
or working towards the  same  end.  In natural
history, it means  a  methodical arrangement of
beings for the purpose of facilitating their study.
System is, however, sometimes  used in an unfa-
vourable  sense  in  physical science,  and  often
means, — a purely  gratuitous  supposition, by
which the march  of nature is  attempted to be
universally explained, and to which every thing
is made to bend.  In anatomy, system is an as-
semblage of organs, composed of the same tissues,
and intended for similar functions ; for instance,
the nervous ei/atem, muecular ai/atem, 4c
  SYS'TEMATISM.  A  method,  according to
which every fact of a science is collected around
an opinion, true or false.  One who reduces things
to such a method is called  a Sya'temoiiat.
  SYS'TEMATIST, see  Systematism.
  SYSTEMATOL'OGY, Syatematolog"io,  from
avarnpa,  ' system,' and Xoyos, ' a discourse.'   The
doctrine  or a treatise of systems.
  SYSTE3IE VASCULAIRE A SANG NOIR,
see  Vascular—s. Vaaeulaire d  sang  rouge, see
Vascular.
  SYSTEMIC.   Belonging to the general  sys-
tom — as ' systemic circulation' in  contradistinc-
tion to the 'pulmonic'
   SYS'TOLE.  Same etymon as  Systaltic; Sys-
tal'sia, Conatric'tio, Contrac'tio sen Anguata'tio seu
Submiaaio seu 3Iico'tio cordia.  The  movement
of constriction or contraction of the heart, to give
impulse to the blood, or to cause its progression.
It is opposed to the Diaatole of the organ.
  SYS'TOLIC,  Syatol'icua;  same  etymon.   Re-
lating to the  systole of the heart,  — as ' systolic
murmur.'
  SYZYGIUM  NERVORUM, Par nervorum. 
T                      841                  TABES
   T Bandage, T. faa'cio, Fas'cia T. formis seu
Heliodo'ri, Cru'cial Bandage. A bandage shaped
like the letter T.  It consists of a strip of linen,
of variable  length and breadth, the middle  of
which is attached, at right  angles, to  the extre-
mity of another strip, also of variable length and
breadth.  AVhen two such strips are attached, at
a distance from each other, the  bandage is called
a double  T.   This bandage  is  used, principally,
for supporting the dressings after the  operation
for fistula in ano, in diseases of the perinaeum,
groin, anus,  4c
   T Fascia, T Bandage.
   TABAC, Nicotiana tabacum—t. dea Savoyards,
Arnica montana—t. des Vosges, Arnica montana.
   TABACUM, Nicotiana tabacum.
   TABARZET, Saccharum album.
   TAB'ASHEER, Tabaschir, Tabaxir.  A  sub-
stance found in the knots of the bamboo, in the
East Indies,  as a consequence of a morbid condi-
tion of the part.  It  is distinguished for its great
proportion of silicic  acid, in combination with a
small quantity of mineral and vegetable matters;
as well as for  its slight refractive property.  It
has been  used  in obstruction of  the bowels.  The
sweet  juice of  the bamboo  stalks has  also been
called Talmshccr.
   TABEFACTION, Emaciation.
   TABEFY, Emaciate.
   TABEL'LA,  Tab'ula,  Tabuldtum,  Lozadga,
Lozan'gio, 3Ior'sulus, 3Iorscl'lus, a lozenge ;  Tcs-
eel'/a,  (F.)  Tablette, 'a small  table.'   A  solid
medicine, composed of a powder, sugar, and  mu-
cilage ; and generally shaped like a disk.  See
Pastil, and Troch.
   Tabella,  Table.
   TABELL.E  ABSORBENTES,  T.  de Mag-
nesia.
   Tabell.e  Ac"idi  Oxal'ici,  T. ad sitem, Lo-
zenges if Oxalic Acid.  (Arid,  oxalic,  gj, sacch.
alb. g~s, ol. limonis, gtt. xviij vel gtt. xij. Make
into lo-'.enges with mucilage of gum tragacanth.
Ph.  P.)   Lozenges are made in  the same  way
with the citric and tartaric acids.  They are re-
frigerant.
   Tabella  de Altha'a,  Lozenges of Alarsh-
ma/lows.  (Rod. althaa, pulv., giss, sacehar. alb.
pulv. givss;  f. massa.  Ph. P.)   Demulcent; ex-
pectorant.
   Tabei.l.-e Antimonia'les Kuncke'lii,  Tabella
de stib'ii sn/jthure'to, Lozenges  of Sulph'tint  of
Ant'imony. 3Ior'suli  antimonia'lea,  31. stibii, 31.
stibio'ti, Trochia'ci stibiati.   (Ainygdal. dule. 5',
sacch.  Ibss,  se»i. contain., cinnam.  pulv., sulph.
antim.  prapar., aa  gj ; fiant tabellae.   Ph.  P.
Each to  weigh 10  grains.)  Recommended  in
cutaneous.discases, blennorrhagia, arthritic pains,
4c  Dose. 4 or more.
   Tabell.e ad Ardorem A'entriculi,  Trochisci
carbonatis calcis — t. Cardialgicae, Trochisci car-
bonatis calcis.
   Tabelly.  de  Cat'echu  et  Magne'sia,  Lo-
zent/cs of Catechu and .Magneeia, (F.) Tablettes  de
ca eh on et tie mognieie. (P. catech. gvj, p. magnea.
giv. ;'• cinnam. giij. sacch.  alb.  Hiss.  g. tragac.
ut. xij, aq. cinnam.  q. S.  ut f.  massa.   Ph. P.
Each to weigh  12 gr.)  Antacid, absorbent,  and
stomachic.  Dose, 5 to 10 lozenges.
   Tabell.e  Oincho'n.e, T. de  kind  kind, Bark
Lozenges.  (Ext. cinchon.  sice.  5SS> sacch. ^iv,
cinnam. gss,  mucxlag. g. trag. q. s. ut f. massa. 1
Ph. P.)   Tonic                               I
   Tabellae  de Citro  et Diacarthamo, T. de
 Scammonio et Senna.
   Tabellae  de  Ferro,  Steel lozenges,  Tabula
 martio'les, T. instauradtes,  T.  antichlorot'ica.
 (Ferri  limat. porphyriz.  gss, p. cinnam. gj, p.
 sacch. gv, g. trag. et aq. cinnam. q. s., ut fiat
 massa,   Each lozenge  to weigh  12 gr.  Ph. P.)
 Tonic, stomachic.  Dose, v to x.
   Aromatic  lozenges  of steel.  These consist of
 sulphate of iron, with a small proportion of the
 Tincture of Cantharides.
   Tabella de Kina Kina, T. cinchonae.
   Tabella  de  Magnesia, P. absorben'tes, 3Iag-
 nesia lozenges.  (3Iognes.  gj, sacehar. alb. giv,
 mucil. g. tragac. q. s.  Ph. P.)   Absorbent and
 antacid.
   TabelLjE  de  Rheo, Rhubarb lozenges. (P. rhej
 gss,  aacch.  gv, mucilag. gum. tragac. q. s.;  f.
 massa.   Each to contain  12 grains.  Ph.  P.)
 Stomachic and laxative.
   Tabella  de Scammo'nio et Senna Compos'-
 itje,  Compound  lozengee of ecammony and senna,
 T. de citro  et  diacar'thamo.   (Scammon. giij,
 Senna  givss, rhej.  giss,  caryoph.  gj,  corticis
 limon. confect. gj, sacch. gvj ; f. massa.  Ph. P.)
 Purgative.   Dose, gij to gvj, or  more.
   Tabella  ad  Sitem, T. acidi  oxaliei — t. ad
 Sodam, Trochisci  carbonatis calcis — t. de Stibii
 sulphureto, T. antimoniales Kunckelii.
   Tabella  de  Sul'phure  Sim'plices,  Simple
 sulphur lozenges.  (Sulphur lot. gss.  sacch. giv,
 mite. g.  tragac. cum aqua, rosa, praepar. q.  S.  Ph.
 P.)   Expectorant, demulcent, 4c.   I'sed in  dis-
 eases of the  chest, and in  cutaneous affections.
 Dose, a lozenge.
   Tabella  de  Sulph'ure  Compos'ita, Com-
 pound  sulphur  lozenges.   (Sulph. lot. gij, acid.
 benzoic, gr. xij,  rad.  irid. p.  gss, ol. anisi, gtt.
 viij, sacch. gvss, g. trag. q. s.  Ph. P.)  Aperient,
 expectorant,  and stimulant. (?)   Dose, 4 a day.
   TABERNA MEDICA, Pharma copolium.
   TABES, 3Iaras'mna  Tabes,  Tabum, Tab'itluess,
 from tabere,  'to consume;' Te'kedon, Atroph'ia,
 Decline.  Emaciation  of  the  whole  body, with
 general languor, hectic fever, and, for the most
 part, depressed  spirits.
   Tabes, Atrophy, Phthisis — t. Coxaria,  Ischio-
 phthisis — t.  Diabetica,  Diabetes mellitus—t. Di-
 uretica, Diabetes mellitus.
   Tabes  Dorsa'lis,  T.  Dorsua'lis,  3Iaras'mus
 tabes dorsa'lis, Phthisis no'tiaa seu dorao'lia seu
 sicca, 3Iyelophthi'sis, Myelotroph'ia,  Tabes oseis
 sacri.   By this  term is meant a wasting of the
 body, attended at first with a pain in  the back or
 loins, and afterwards  in  the neck  or head,—
 caused, it has been conceived, by too  early or too
 frequent addiction to  venery.
   Tabes Glandularis, T. mesenterica, Scrofula
 — t. Ischiadica,  Ischiophthisis—t. Lactea, Atro-
 phia lactantium, see Galactia.
   Tabes  Mesenter'ica, Atroph'ia mesenter'iea,
 Atroph'ia Infant'um, A. glandularis,  A. infanti'-
 tis, A. dorsi,  Parabya'ma  meaenter'icum, Mo'cies
 Infan'tum, Padatrojih'ia,  Tabea glandula'ria, T.
 Scrofulo'sa,  Scrofula  mesenterica, Rachial'gia
 mesenterica, 3Iyelophthi'sis sicca, Febria hec'tica
 infan'tum,  Phthisis mesara'ica,  Physeo'nia  me-
 senterica, 3Ieaenteri'tia,  3Ieaenter'ic Disease, (F.)
 Correan, Chartre, Scrofulea ou Ecrouelles misen-
 tiriques, Etiaie miacutirit/ue, Rachialgie mieenti-
rique, Atrophie misentii ique, Physconic misenti-
rique, Entiro-miacntirite,  Tubercles dea ganglions
misentiriques, Phthisie misentirique.  An  en- 
TABESCERE
842
T.ENIA
gorgement and tubercular degeneration of the
mesenteric glands,  followed by  emaciation and
general disorder of the nutritive functions.   The
disease is  often owing to inflammation or irrita-
tion  of the lining membrane  of  the  intestines,
giving occasion to enlargement of the  glands of
the mesentery, — as injury to the upper or lower
extremities causes inflammation, and enlargement
of the lymphatic  glands of the axilla and groin.
It occurs,  particularly, in children of a scrofulous
diathesis ; and in  those who are weaned too early,
or fed on indigestible substances.   Diarrhoea,
emaciation, anorexia,  or  immoderate  appetite;
hardness and swelling of the abdomen ; and, to-
wards  the end, hectic fever, are the chief symp-
toms of this affection ;  the prognosis of which is
usually unfavourable.   On opening the bodies of
those who die of the  disease,  the mesenteric
glands are found disorganized, tubercular,  or in
a  more or less advanced state  of  suppuration.
The  treatment  is the same as in  scrophulosis.
Frictions  may be added over the abdomen and
spine; and mercury, in small doses, so as to ex-
cite a new action  in the system.   The food  must
be easy of digestion,  and  the  bowels be kept
soluble.
   Tabes  Nutricum,  Atrophia  lactantium, see
Galactia — t. Ossis sacri, Tabes dorsalis—t. Pec-
torea, Rachitis—t. Pulmonalis, Phthisis pulmona-
lis—t. Scrofulosa, T. mesenterica—t. Senum, Ma-
rasmus senilis.
   TABESCERE, Emaciate.
   TABID, Tab'idus, (F.) Tabide.  Same etymon
as Tabes.   Relating  or appertaining to tabes.
Wasted by disease.
   TABIDNESS,  Tabes.
   TABLE, Tab'ula, Tabell'a,  Tabula'turn, Lam'-
ina,  Paries, Squama.   A  name given to the
plates of compact tissue, which  form  the  bones
of the cranium.  Of these, one is external; the
other internal, and  called Tab'ula vi'treo, on ac-
count of its brittleness.
   TABLES  DE  3IORTALITE,   Mortality,
bills of.
   TABLET, Trochiscus.
   TABLETTE,  Tabella.
   TABLETTES DE GACHOU ET DE 3IAG-
NESIE, Tabellas de catechu et magnesia.
   TABLIER, Ventrale cutaneum.
   TABOURET, Thlaspi bursa.
   TABULA, Tabella, Table.
   Tabula Antichlorotica,  Tabellas  de ferro—
t. Instaurantes, Tabellas de ferro — t.  Martiales,
Tabella1 de ferro.
   TABULATUM, Tabella, Table.
   TABUM, Ichor, Sanies, Tabes.
   TAG, Influenza.
   TACAMAHACA, Fagara  octandra —t. Ca-
ragna, Caranna.
   TACHE, Macula.
   TACHE E31BRYONNAIRE,  'Embryonic
gpot;'  Cdmulus,  Ger'minal cu'mulus,  Cdmulus
germino.ti'vus seu prolig"erus, A'rea germinati'va,
Ndcleus cicatric'ula seu blastoderm!atis.  A name
given  by M. Coste to a spot seen on the blasto-
derma  about the end of the first week,   from
which the development of the embryo  proceeds.
   According to Bischoff, the blastodermic vesicle
consists  here of  a double layer — the upper one
the serous or animal; the lower, the  mucous or
vegetative; and  between  these  is   afterwards
formed the vascular layer.
   TACHE GER3IINATIVE, see  Molecule — t.
 de Naissance, Naevus.
   TACHENCAUSIS, Combustion,  human.
   TA CHES HE PA TIQ UES, Chloasma.
   TACHES  LAITEUSES,  Plaques laiteuses,
'milky spots or patches.'  AVhite spots occasion-
ally seen on the heart, and regarded by many
pathologists as the results of previous pericarditis.
  TACHES DE ROUSSURE,  Ephelides —t.
Rouges, Spots, Red.
  TACIIYIA'TER, Tachyiatrus.  Same etymon
as the next.  One who cures speedily.
  TACIIYIATRI'A, from  raXvs,  'quick,'  and
ta-ptta, ' healing.'  The art of curing quickly.
  TACH'YTOMY,  Tachytom'ia,  from  raxvs,
'quick,' and ropn,  'incision.'   The art of cutting
or operating rapidly.
  TACITUR'NITY, Tacitur'nitae, Sige, 'silence,'
from taeere, ' to be silent.'  ' State of a person
who does not  speak.'   Morbid taciturnity some-
times exists as a symptom of the neuroses, espe-
cially of melancholy.
  TACT, Tactile, from tangere, factum, 'to touch.'
A modification of the sense of touch.  Passive
judgment by the cutaneous nerves regarding bo-
dies exterior to the skin.  Tact is passive : Touch,
active.
  TACTILE,  Tac'tilis;  same etymon. Relating
or appertaining to touch.
  TACTION, Touch.
  TACTUS, Tact, Touch—t. Dolorificus, Ilapto-
dysphoria.
  T^lDiE, Das, Sats.  A term used  for a medi-
cine employed under the form of fumigation, pes-
sary, or troch.
  TiE'NIA, TCnia, Fas'cia, from ratvta, 'a fillet,
a riband.'  See Bandage. Also a genus of intes-
tinal worms, characterized by an  elongated, flat-
tened,  and articulated body, with four  suctorial
oscula on the head.  Of this genus, two only in-
habit the human body—the  Tania lata, (see Bo-
thriocephalus  latus,) and Tania solium.
  Tania Acephala,  Bothriocephalus latus—t. d
Anneaux courts, Bothriocephalus latus—t. d An-
neaux  longs, Taenia solium — t. Articulos demit-
tens, Taenia solium—t. Cueurbitina, Taenia solium
— t. Dentata, Bothriocephalus latus — t.  Grisea,
Bothriocephalus  latus — t. Hippocampi, Corpora
fimbriata—t. Humana armata, Taenia solium — t.
Humana inermis,  Bothriocephalus latus—t. Hy-
datigena,  Hydatid — t. Lata,  Bothriocephalus
latus—t. d Longues articulations, Taenia solium—
t. Membranacea, Bothriocephalus latus ■— t. Ner-
vosa Halleri, Ganglion of Gasser — t. Non armi,
Bothriocephalus latus — t. Osculis lateralibus ge-
minis, Bothriocephalus latus—t. Osculis  laterali-
bus solitariis, Bothriocephalus latus — t. Osculis
marginalibus  solitariis, Taenia solium—t, Osculis
superficialibus, Bothriocephalus latus—t. Prima,
Bothriocephalus latus — t. Sans ipinc, Taenia so-
lium—t. Seeunda, Taenia solium.
  Tania Semicircula'ris, T. striata, Gcm'inum
centrum semicircula're, Limbus poete'rior cor'po-
ris stria'ti, Striae cor'nea  seu semiluua'res seu
termina'les, Frannlum  novum, Faacia semicircu-
la'ris,  (F.) Bandelette des imineuecs pyrifomes
(Ch.),  Bandelette,  B. demicirculaire, Lame cornie.
A medullary, grayish, semitransparent layer, situ-
ate in  the groove that separates the thalamus op-
ticus from the corpus striatum in the lateral ven-
tricle.
  Tania So'lium, T. os'culis marginal'ibus soli-
ta'riis, Tania cucurbiti'nu, Tania huma'na ar-
ma'ta,  Hal'ysis  solium,  Vermis  cucurbiti'nus,
Lumbri'cus latus, Tenia sans ipinc,  Tania arti-
culos  demit'tens,  So'lium,  T. seeunda, Tinia  d
longues articulations, Tinia d anneaux longs, Ver
solitaire, V.  cuciirbitain, Long Tape Worm, has
an almost hemispherical, discrete head;  an ob-
tuse beak ; the neck full anteriorly ;  all the joints
slightly obtuse, the anterior very short;  the next
almost square, and the rest oblong; the marginal 
TiENLE
843
TAPSAB IA
foramina vaguely alternated.  The taenia solium
is commonly  a few  feet long:  sometimes its
length is enormous.  It is said to have been met
with 600 feet long.  It principally  inhabits  the
small intestines, and is not common.  The oil of
turpentine, in some form, largely  exhibited, is
perhaps the best remedy.
   Tania Striata, T. semicircularis — t. Tarini,
Lamina cornea—t. Tenella, Bothriocephalus latus
—t.  Vulgaris, Bothriocephalus latus.
   TIES1M COLI, see Colon.
   TA5'NIAFUGE,  Taniaf'ugum,  from tania,
and fngo, ' I  drive off.'  A remedy calculated to
expel taenia.
   TA3NIOLA, Bandelette.  Used by Gerber for
a simple, band-like, or flat fibre, Filum tania-
forme, seen under the microscope.
   TAFFETAS AGGLUTINATIF,  Sparadra-
pum adhaesivum — t. dAngleterre, see Sparadra-
pum adhaesivum — t. Epiapaatique, Sparadrapum
vesicatorium  — t. Gommi, see Sparadrapum ad-
haesivum — t. Visicant,  Sparadrapum vesicato-
rium.
   TAFIA,  Rum.
   TA1LLADE, Incision, see Entaille.
   TAILLE,  Lithotomy — t. Hypogastrique, Hy-
pogastric operation of lithotomy, see Lithotomy
—t. Par le rectum, see Lithotomy—t. Poetirieure,
see Lithotomy— t. Recto-vieicale, see Lithotomy
— t. Stia-pubiinne, see Lithotomy.
   TAKAMAHAKA, Fagara octandra.
   TAL.  A word formerly employed  for alkali.
It also meant the dung of the peacock.
   TALC EARTH, Magnesia.
   TALCUM  NEPHRITICUM,  Nephreticus
lapis.
   TALEN'TUM, raXavrov.  An ancient weight
equal to 54  pounds, 2 oz., 5 dr., and 24 grains
Poide de 3Iarc.  See AVeights and Measures.
   TALEOLUS, Malleolus.
   TALIACOTIAN  OPERATION, Rhinoplastic
   TALINUM UMBELLATUM, see 3Iistura.
   TALIPES,  Kyllosis (Clubfoot) — t. Equinus,
see Kyllosis — t. Valgus, see Kyllosis — t. Varus,
see Kyllosis.
   TALON, see Calcaneum.
   TALPA, 'a mole.'   Topindria, Tttpina'ria,
Ta/po'ria,  Teetddo, (F.) Taupe.  A  tumour situ-
ate on  the head, which  has  been  supposed to
burrow like a mole.
   TALPARIA, Talpa.
   TALUS, Astragalus, Malleolus, see Calcaneum.
   TAMARA  CONGA, Averrhoa carambola.
   TAMAR.EA ZECLA, Tamarindus.
   TA .MARIN. Tamarindus.
   TAMARIN'DI PULPA,  Pulp of tamarinde,
(Tomarinda,  q. s.  Digest them with  a small
quantity of water, until they become  of a uniform
consistence;  then separate  the seeds  and fila-
ments, by |iressing through a hair-sieve. Ph. U. S.)
   TAAIARINDS, PULP  OF,  Tamarindi pulpa.
   TAAIARIN'DUS,  T.  In'dica, Thamarindue,
O.riphoenicoii, Sil'iqua  Arab'ica,  Balampul'li,
Tainara'o  zecla,  Oxyphceni'cia,  Aca'cia Indica,
Tamarind  tree,  (F.j  Tamarin.  Family, Legu-
minosae.  Sex. Syat.  Triandria Digynia, The pulp
of the  tamarind with the seeds connected by nu-
merous tough strings, is exported from the AVest
Indies, preserved in syrup, — Tamarindus, (Ph.
U.S.)  It is refrigerant and laxative.  Tamarind
udiei/ is made by boiling gij of the pulp with Ibiss
of milk.  AVhen strained, it is used as a diluent
in fever.
  TAMARISCl'S, Tamarix  Gallica.
  TAM'ARIX,  T. Gal'lica, T. Pentaddra, Ta-
maris'cus.  The Tamarisk tree.  Family, Portu-
laceae.   St x. Syst. Pentandria Pentagynia.  The
bark, wood, and  leaves were formerly employed
medicinally; — the former  for its aperient and
corroborant virtues, in obstructions of the liver;
the latter in icterus, haemoptysis, and some cu-
taneous affections.
   TAMBOUR, CAVITE DU, Tympanum.
   TAMPA BAY, see Saint Augustine.
   TAMPON, see Plugging.
   TAMPONNE3IENT, Plugging.
   TAN ACE'TUM, T. vulga' re,Tana'sia, Athana'-
eia, Parthe'nium mae, Tansy, (F.) Tanaieie vul-
goire.   Family,  Corymbiferae.  Sex.  Syat. Syn-
genesia Polygamia.  The leaves and flowers of
tansy have a peculiar, strong odour, and warm,
bitter taste.   They are tonic, deobstruent(?), and
anthelmintic.  Dose, gss to gj.  The infusion is
usually drunk as tea.
   Tanace'tum Balsami'ta, Bdlaami'ta mas seu
vulga'ria, B. auaveolena, B. major, Tanacetum hor-
ten'se,  Costus  horto'rum,  31entha Roma'no seu
Saracen'ica,  Coatmary, Alecost,  Cock-mint, (F.)
3Ienth.e coq, Herbe au coq, Grand Baume.  A fra-
grant-smelling herb,  somewhat resembling mint,
and formerly  much  esteemed as  a corroborant,
carminative, and emmenagogue.
   Tanacetum Hortense, T. balsamita.
   Tanace'tum Multiflo'rum.  A South African
plant, which  is  used  as a  tonic, antispasmodic
and anthelmintic  It is given in flatulency, gout,
amenorrhcea and dropsy : but is especially pre-
scribed in cases of  ascarides lumbricoides and
other entozoa.  It is  administered in the form of
powder or infusion; the latter acting  also, as  a
diaphoretic and diuretic  It is used likewise as
a resolvent and anodyne fomentation.
   TANAISIE VULGAIRE,  Tanacetum.
   TANASIA,  Tanacetum.
   TANGE,  rayyn,  'rancidity.'   A  putrescent
tumour.
   TANINUM, Tanninum.
   TANNIC ACID, Tannin.
   TANNICUM PURUM, Tannin.
   TANNIN,  from (F.) tanner,  'to tan.'   Tad-
nicum purum, Tanni'num, Tani'num, Princip'ium
adstringens  seu  Scytodep'sicum  seu Byrsodep'-
aicum  seu  Coria'ceum,  Scytodep'sium, Acidum
Tan'nicum,  A.  Quercitan'nicum,  Tannic  acid,
(F.) Acide tannique.   A principle obtained from
oak bark and other astringent vegetables, so
called from its forming the principal agent in the
process of tanning.  Pure tannin, obtained from
galls, by the action of ether, (see Ph. U. S.) has
been  employed  as an excellent  and powerful
astringent.  Dose, two grains repeated several
times a day.
   TANSY, Tanacetum —t. Wild, Potentilla an-
serina.
   TAPER, HIGH, Verbascum nigrum.
   TAPE'TUM,  Ta'pestry,  Tape'tum  choroidea.
A shining spot, on the outside of the optic nerve,
in the  eyes of certain animals, which is owing to
the absence of the pigmentum nigrum, occasion-
ing the reflection of a portion of the rays from the
membrana Ruysehiana.  Its use appears to be,
by reflecting the rays, to cause a double impres-
sion on the retina, and thus add to the intensity
of vision.
   Tapetum,  see Corpus Callosum.
   Tapetum Alve'oli, 3Iembra'na exter'na ded-
tium.   The outer membrane  of the teeth.   The
lining membrane or periosteum of the alveoli.
   TAPEAVOBM, BROAD, Bothriocephalus latus
— t. Long, Taenia solium.
  TAPIOCA, see Jatropha manihot — t. Pearl.
see Jatropha manihot.
  TAPSUS BARBATUS, \rerbascum nigrum.
  TAPSARIA, Decoctum hordei. 
TAR                    S44               TARTRE BRUT
  TAR, see Pinus sylvestris —t. Barbadoes, Pe-
troleum— t. Mineral, Pissasphaltum.
  TAR'ACHE, Tarax'is,  Tarag'ma, Tarag'mtte,
'disorder.'  A  disorder of  sight, which arises
from a blow, compression of the eye, or the action
of dust, smoke or other external cause. By some,
it is understood to signify mild or incipient oph-
thalmia.
  Tapa\n rns KoiXtas,  ' disturbance of the belly.'
Diarrhoea.
  TARAGMA, Tarache.
  TARAGMUS,  Tarache.
  TAR AG ON, Artemisia dracunculus.
  TARANTALISMUS, Tarantismus.
  TARANTISM'US, Tarentia'mus,  Tarantalis'-
mus,  Dinoma'nia,   Chore'a  Sancti  Valenti'ni,
Taredtulisin,  Tor'autism.  A feigned or imagin-
ary disease in Apulia, characterized by excessive
avidity for dancing a,t the sound of instruments,
and which  was ascribed, by  the vulgar, to the
bite of the tarantula. A sort of tarantismus, con-
sidered peculiar  to Africa,  and believed to be
spontaneous, has been called Tarentismus  Tan-
gita'nus, Janon-tarentisme.
  TARAN'TULA,  from Tarentum  or Tarento,
a town of  Italy where it abounds;  Taren'tula,
(F.) Tarentule. A species of spider—the Arn'iiea
 Tarentula of Linnaeus, Lyco'sa Tarentula of La-
treille, whose bite has been looked upon as  dan-
gerous.   Music has  been thought to cure it.
  TARASCON, MINERAL AVATERS OF.  Cha-
lybeate springs  in  the department of  Arriege,
France.   They contain iron and  carbonic acid.
  TARAXACUM,   Leohtodon  taraxacum — t.
Dens leonis, Leontodon taraxacum.
  TARAXIS, Tarache, see Ophthalmia.
  TARCHON SYLVESTRIS, Achillea ptarmica.
  TARENTISMUS, Tarantismus — t.  Tangi-
tanus, Tarantismus.
  ♦TARENTULA, Tarantula.
  TARENTULISM, Tarantismus.
   TARGAR, Juniperus communis.
   TARE  Palm  or cocoa wine, from which sugar
was obtained, called Jagre.  It was once used as
 a tonic.
   TARI'NI PONS, Interpedun'cular space, Pos-
 terior perforated space, Locus perfora'tus posti'-
 cus.  A  cineritious  substance, between  the cor-
 pora albicantia, which assists in forming the bot-
 tom of the third  ventricle.
    TARO, Arum  esculentum.
    TARQUETTE, Horniaria glabra.
    TARSAL,  Tar'seue.  That which relates to the
 tarsus.
    Tarsal Articulations  result from the union
 of the bones of the tarsus with each other.
    TAR'SEA  LATA (LIGAMENTA).   Three
 ligaments,  described by AVinslow as stretching
 from  the edge of the orbit to that of the tarsi,
 with which, he thought, they formed a  complete
 layer of the  eyelids.  Zinn  could not trace the
 ligaments all the way to the tarsi;  whilst Haller
 doubted altogether their ligamentous texture, and
 Zeis regards them as merely areolar substance.
    TARSEUS, Tarsal.
    TARSOMETATARSAL, Tarso-metotor'seus.
 That which relates to tarsus and metatarsus.
    Tarso-Metatarsal Articulations  are those
 between the bones of the second row of the  tarsus
 and the  metatarsal bones.   The term Tarso-me-
 tatarsal is likewise applied to ligaments connected
 with these joints, some of which are dorsal, and
  Others plantar.
    TARSO-3IETATARSI-PHALANGIEN DU
  POUCE, Adductor pollicis pedis—t. Phalangien
  du pouce, Flexor brevis pollicis pedis — t. Sous-
  phalangien d\ petit orteil, Flexor brevis minimi
digiti pedis—t. Sous-phalangettien du premier or-
teil, Flexor brevis pollicis pedis.
  TARSOPHY'MA, from Tarsus,  and tpvpa,  'a
tumour.'  A swelling of the tarsus.
  TARSORRHAPHY, Tarsorraph'ia, from tar-
sus,  'the tarsal cartilage,'  and patpn,  'suture.'
An operation for  diminishing  the  size  of  the
opening between the eyelids,  when it is enlarged
by surrounding cicatrices.
  TARSOT'OMY,  Tarsotom'ia, from taraue, and
ropn, ' incision.'   The  section or removal of the
tarsal cartilages.
  TARSUS, Planta jiirima pedis,  Raaee'ta  seu
Raece'ta pedia, Pe'dium, Covie'ula pedia nodus.
1. The posterior part of the foot.  The tarsus
consists of 7 bones, arranged transversely, in  two
rows, between which  amputation  is sometimes
performed.   The first or Tibial row,  (F.) 7're-
miere rangie, R.  jambiere, consists of the astra-
galus and os calcis; the  second or metatarsal, (F.)
seconde  rangie,  R. mitatarsienne,  of  the  sca-
phoides, cuboides,  and  three  ossa  cuneiformia.
2. The  Tarsi, Tarsal cartilages, Tarsal fibro-car-
tilages,  Orchoi, Crcpid'ines seu Coro'na seu 67ic-
la seu  Un'gula Palpebra'rum, Thorsi,  are  two
small cartilaginous  layers, seated in the substance
of the  free edge of each eyelid.   The upper ia
larger and broader than the lower.  Both  com-
mence  at the bifurcated  extremity of the tendon
of the  orbicularis  palpebrarum, and pass to  the
opposite commissure  of the  eyelids.   They  are
broader in the middle than at their extremities.
   TARTAR, Antimonium  tartarizatum  (impro-
perly),  Potassae  supertartras  impurus — t.  Cal-
careous, Potassae  subcarbonas — t. Crystals of,
Potassae  supertartras — t. Emetic,  Antimonium
tartarizatum — t. Soluble, Potassas  tartras,  see
Potash.
   TARTA'REI  MORBI.   A term  employed by
 Paracelsus to designate  certain diseases which he
 attributed to tartar.
   TARTARI CRYSTALLI,  Potassae super-
tartras.
   TARTAR'IC  ACID,  Ac"idum  tartar'ieum, A.
 tartaro'sum,  Acor  tartar'icus, Acidum  tar'tari
 essentia'le, Tarta'rcoue  acid,  Sal tartari  essen-
 tiale.   (Potassa bitart.  ibiiss, aq. destillat. ferv.,
 cong. iij, creta ppt. Ibj,  acidi sulph. Ibj.   Boil the
 bitartrate with two gallons of the  water, and gra-
 dually add  the  prepared chalk,  until  no  more
 bubbles appear; let the tartrate of lime  subside;
 then pour off the fluid  and  wash the tartrate of
 lime with  distilled water,  until it is  tasteless.
 Pour upon it the  sulphuric acid, diluted with a
 gallon of boiling distilled  water;  and set the
 mixture aside for  24  hours, occasion-ally stirring
 it.  Filter and evaporate to crystallize.  Ph. L.)
 It is refrigerant  and  antiseptic,  but is chiefly
 used for making effervescent draughts with soda.
   TARTARUM, Potassae supertartras impurus—
 t. Vitriolatum, Potassae sulphas.
   TARTARUS  AMMONLE, Ammonias tartras
 — t. Chalybeatus, Ferrum tartarizatum — t.  Cru-
 dus, Potassae supertartras impurus — t. Dentium,
 Odontolithos — t.  Emeticus, Antimonium tartari-
 zatum—t. Kalicoferricus, Ferrum tartarizatum—
 t. Kalinus, Potassae tartras—t. Lixiviae, Potassas
 tartras — t. Martialis,  Ferrum tartarizatum — t.
 Potassae ferruginosus,  Ferrum tartarizatum—t.
|  Subpotassieus, Potassae supertartras—t.  Superpo-
 tassieus,  Potassae  supertartras — t. Tartarizatus,
  Potassae tartras.
    TARTRATE D'AM3IONIAQUE, Ammonias
 tartras.
    TARTRE BRUT, Potassae supertartras impu-
  rus—t. Cru, Potassae  supertartras impurus—t. des
  Dents, Odontolithos — t.  Emitique, Antimonium 
TARTRUM
845
TELEPHIUM
tartarizatum — t.  Stibii,  Antimonium tartariza-
tum.
  TARTRUM SOLUBILE, Potassae tartras.
  TASIS, Extension, Tension.
  TASTE, dnstus, Gcutis, Geuma, Geuthmos,(F.)
Gout.  One of the five  external senses, which in-
structs us of the savours  of bodies, aud of which
the tongue is the principal organ.
  Gnatation, Guatutio, is  the exercise of this fa-
culty.  In disease, the taste frequently becomes'
variously vitiated.  The  nerves of taste are  pro-
bably the lingual branch  of the fifth pair and the
glossopharyngeal.
  Tastb, Savour.
  TAUPE, Talpa.
  TAUROCOL'LA,  from ravpos,  'a bull,'  and
KoXXa, ' glue.'  (Hue made of the ears and genitals
of the bull.  It was formerly much esteemed.
  TAURUS, Penis, Perineum.
  TAXIS, 'arrangement;' from raaato, 'I order,'
'I arrange;' Reposit"io,  Redue'tio, Syntax'is.  A
methodical pressure exerted  by  the hand on a
hernial tumour, for the  purpose of reducing it.
This  operation is  generally easy in  hernias  that
are free from adhesions, of small size, and with a
large opening into the sac; but it is very  difficult
and frequently impracticable in those that are
adherent or strangulated.  To perform the taxis,
tho patient should be put in the  horizontal  pos-
ture,  and in one in which the  parietes of the ab-
domen are relaxed.  The manual procedure va-
ries in each species of  hernia.  In all cases, too
strong pressure of-the parts must be avoided; as
inflammation  and gangrene might  be induced.
The displaced organs  must be pushed into the
abdomen, according to the  direction of the  axis
of the hernial sac  The reduction is sometimes
favoured  by  blood-letting  ad  deliquium;  the
warm bath ; warm fomentations ; tobacco; emol-
lient glysters ; and, at times, by cold applications,
as  ice, 4c.  In a case  of strangulated  hernia,
should the taxis  fail,  an operation becomes ne-
cessary.
   TAXUS BACCA'TA.   The Yew tree,  Smilax,
 Smilas,  Thym'alos, (F.) If.   Family, Coniferae.
 Sex.  St/st. Dhecia Monadelphia.   The ancients
 believed  the yew  to be poisonous; but the  fruit
may be eaten  without inconvenience. The leaves
have been often recommended in epilepsy.  The
 resin, obtained  from the bark, has been called
 albir.
   TA YE. Caligo.
   TAYLOR'S REMEDY  FOR  DEAFNESS,
 see Allium.
   TEA,  Thea — t. Apple, see Apple tea — t. Ba-
 hama, Lantana camara — t. Beef, see Beef tea —
 t. Berried, Gaultheria — t. Berry, Gaultheria—t,
 Blankenheiin, see Galeopsis grandiflora—t. Bra-
 zil, Lantana pseudothea—t. Bushman's,  Methys-
 cophyllum glaucum —t,  Caffre, Helichrysum nu-
 difolium —t.  Chicken, see Chicken tea—t. Flax-
 seed, Infusum Lini compositum—t. Ginger,  Infu-
 sum  Zingiberis — t,  Hottentots',  Helichrysum
 scrpvllifoliuin — t. Labrador, Ledum latifolium—
 t. Lemon-peel, see Citrus medica — t. Marsh, Le-
 dum palustre — t. Mexico, Chenopodium ambro-
 sinides—t. Mountain, Gaultheria—t. Mutton, see
 Mutton tea—t. New Jersey, Celastrus—t. Oswego,
 Monarda coccinea—t. Redberry, Gaultheria — t.
 Slippery elm, Infusum Lini compositum—t. Soot,
 see Ful'igokali—t. South sea, Ilex vomitoria—t.
 Spanish,  Chenopodium ambrosioides — t.  A'eal,
 see Veal tea.
   TEAR, Sax. ceap, Lac'ryma, Lack'ryma,  Lac'-
 rima, Lac'ruma,  Dacry,  Dac'rymo,  Dac'ryon,
 Humor lacrymdlis. Eyedrop, (F.) Lorme.  An ex-
 crementitious humour, secreted by the lachrymal
 gland, and poured between the globe of the eye,
and the eyelids, to facilitate the motions of those
parts.  The tears are saline, inodorous, and co-
lourless.   They turn the syrup of violets green;
and contain chloride of sodium, with excess  of
base, phosphates of lime and soda, and albumen.
  TEARS, DEERS',  Bezoar of the deer.
  TEASEL, CULTIVATED,  Dipsacus  sylves-
tris.
  TEAT,  Nipple.
  TEAZEL, Eupatorium perfoliatum.
  TECEDON, Phthisis.
  TECNOCTONIA, Infanticide.
  TECOLITHOS, Judaeus (lapis.)
  TECO'MA RADI'CANS, Bigno'nia radi'cans,
Trumpet flower, Trumpet creeper, Yirgin'ia creep-
er.  Indigenous; the orange and scarlet flowers
appearing in July.   Order,  Bignoniaeeae.  The

  TECTARIA  CALAHUALA, see Calagualas
radix—t. Ferruginea, see Calagualae radix.
  TEETH, see Tooth —t. Eye, Canine teeth—t.
Jaw, Molar teeth—t. Milk, see Dentition—t, Neck
of the, Collum dentium — t. Altreous substance
of the, Enamel of the teeth.
  TEETHING, Dentition.
  TEGIMEN, Integument.
  TEGMEN, Integument.
  TEGULA HIBERNICA, Hibernicus lapis.
  TEGUMEN, Integument.
  TEGUMENT, Integument.
  TEGUMEN'TARY. Relating or appertaining
to the integument.
  TEGUMEN'TUM, Integument —t. Auris, see
Tympanum — t. Ventriculorum  cerebri, Centre,
oval, of the brain.
  TEIGNE, Pityriasis, Porrigo, Porrigo lupinosa
— t. Annulaire,  Porrigo scutulata—t. en Anneau,
Porrigo scutulata — t. Faveuse, Porrigo favosa—
t. Fuifuracie,  Porrigo furfurans—t.  Nttmmulaire,
Porrigo scutulata.
  TEINESMOS, Tenesmus.
  TEINODYNTA; from rttvttv, 'to extend,'and
oiwn, ' pain.'  Pain of the sinews or tendons.
  TEINOPHLOGO'SIS; from rttvuv,  'to ex-
tend,' and tfXoyoiats, ' inflammation.'  Inflamma-
tion of the sinews or tendons.   ^
   TEINTURE, Tincture — t.  Ethirie, ethereal
—t. Rubifiante, Tinctura cantharidis.
   TEKEDON, Tabes.
   TELA, Texture, Tissue —t. Accidentalis Me-
 dullaris, Encephaloid — t, Cellulosa, Cellular tis-
 sue— t. Emplastica, Sparadrapum — t. Erectilrs,
 Erectile tissue — t.  Galteri, Sparadrapum Galteri
 —t. Hippocratis cribrosa, Cellular  tissue—t. Hy-
 menochondroides, Tissue, cartilaginous — t. Hy-
 menochondrodes, Tissue, cartilaginous — t. Ich-
 thyocollae glutinans,  see Sparadrapum adhiesi-
 vum — t. Inodularis, Tissue, inodular — t. Orga-
 nica, Histos — t. A'esicatoria, Sparadrapum vesi-
 catorium.
   TELAMON,  Habena.
   TELAMO'NES,  rtXaptavts, 'bandages.'  Char-
 pie, used for wounds; or linen,  employed  for
 bandages.
   TELANGECTASIS, Telangiectasia.
   TELANGIECTASIA, Telangiectasis,  Telan-
 gec'tasis, Angieotelecta'sia,  Hainatotelangio'sis,
 Hamotelangio' sis,  Angiecta'  sia,   Anastomo' sis
 aneurysmat'ica; from rtXos, 'far,'  ayytiov, 'ves-
 sel,' and  tKraats, ' dilatation.'   Dilatation of ves-
 sels.   Naevus  maternus.  Aneurism by anasto-
 mosis.  According  to some, fungus haematodes.
 See Haematodes fungus.
   Telangiectasia Oculi, Cirsophthalmus.
   TELEPHTUM, Ulcus telephium.  The ancients
 gave this name to  any ulcer of a very bad kind,
 and difficult to cure, because  the  wound, which 
               TELLURISMUS             8

Achilles inflicted  on Telephus, degenerated into
a similar ulcer.
  Telephium. Sedum telephium.
  TELLURISMUS, Magnetism, animal.
  TELUM, Penis.
  TE3IPE, Temple.
  TEM'PERAMENT, Temperamen'tum, Temper-
atu'ra, Tempera'tio,  Tempe'ries; originally from
tempus, ' time,' the  great temperer ;  Complex'io,
Crasis, Eucra'sia.  A name given to the remark-
able differences that exist between individuals, in
consequence of the variety of relations and pro-
portions  between the constituent parts of the
body.  Thus, of old,  it was supposed that, ac-
cording to  the predominance of any one of the
four humours then  generally admitted,— blood,
lymph, bile, and atrabilis or black bile,—the ma-
nifestations of the  functions were tempered or
modified so as to give rise to -a sanguine, lympha-
tic,  choleric, or atrabilious or melancholic predo-
minance or temperament.   The idea of the exist-
ence of certain of these humours  has been ba-
nished ; yet the influence of some, as of the blood,
lymph, and bile, is still admitted by many.  Too
much influence has, doubtless, been assigned to
temperament in the sense  in which it was for-
merly and  still is  generally understood, although
there can be no question that difference of orga-
nization occasions a difference in the  activity of
organs.                                       '
  Temperament, Bilious, Choleric temperament,
  TEM'PERANCE,  Sophroa'yne,  Nephal'iotea,
Sobri'etas,  Sobri'ety.  Moderation, opposed  to
gluttony and  drunkenness.  The  advantage of
temperance, in a hygienic point of view, requires
no comment.
  TE3IPERANTS, Sedatives.
  TEMPERATIO, Temperament.
  TEMPERATURA, Temperament.
  TEMPERIES,  Temperament.
  TEMPLE, Tempus, Re'gio  Tempora'lis, Crot'-
aphus,  (F.) Tempe.   A depression, on each side
of the head, between the forehead and eye ante-
riorly, and  the ear posteriorly.   The temples, dis-
tinguished  into right and left, correspond to the
temporal fossa on each side.  The word is said
to be from the Latin tempus, ' time,' because in
this part the hair first begins to turn white, and
to indicate  age.
  TEMPORAL,  Tempora'lis.   That  which re-
lates to the temples.
  Temporal Aponeuro'sis is a very strong apo-
neurosis, of a bluish, shining colour, which is  at-
tached to  the whole of the curved  line of the
temporal bone ; to the posterior edge of the malar
bone; to the superior margin of the  zygomatic
arch; and  forms  an  envelope for the temporal
muscle.
  Temporal Arteries, Crot'aphite Arteries, are
several: — 1. The Temporal Artery, properly so
called, arises from the outer side of the  superior
part of the  external  carotid.  It ascends between
the  ramus  of the  jaw, the meatus auditorius ex-
ternus, and the parotid gland, which covers it as
far as the zygomatic arch.  Above this it becomes
subcutaneous;  and,  when  it  has  attained  the
middle of the temporal region, it divides into two
branches ;  the one anterior—A. tempora'lis fron-
ta'lis seu inter'na seu ante'rior;  the other poste-
rior— the A. temporalis occipita'lis seu  exter'na
seu  supe'rior.   The  temporal  artery,  before  its
division, gives off, 1.  Branches to the parotid; to
the joint of the lower jaw; to  the  meatus audi-
torius, and  to the masseter.  2. The  transverse
artery of the face.  3. The middle temporal, which
arises beneath the cheek-bone, and traverses the
temporal aponeurosis, immediately beneath that
bone.   II.  The Deep-seated Tern!porals. A. tem-
                 TE3IPORO

pora'les profudda.  These  are  two in number.
They arise from the internal maxillary, and have
been  distinguished, from their position, into an-
terior and posterior.  They send their principal
divisions to the temporal muscle.
  Temporal Bone, Oe  tern'ports sen tempora'le
seu arcudle  seu arma'le seu paricto'le inj'crius
seu crotaphit'icum seu memen'to mori seu nundo'-
sum seu erot'aphus, is seated at  the lateral and
inferior part of the cranium,  of which  it forms
part; and contains, within it, the special organs
of  audition.   It  is usually divided  into  three
portions :—1. The squamous, Pars squamo'sa, Os
lepido'i'des seu squamo'sum seu squainifor'nic, (E.)
Portion icailleuse ou squameuse.  2.  The mastoid
portion, and, 3.  The  Petrous portion, Petrous
ProC'ess, Pars petro'sa, Pyr'amis  trigo'nu,  Os
lapideum seu lopido'sum seu saxeum sen jietro'aum
seu liiho'ides  seu durum seu prarupta rnpi assi-
mildtum seu nervate, Para pyramidalia oasis tem-
pori,  (F.) Portion pierreuae, Rocher, Oa pitrcux,
Apiophyae pyramidole, A. pitrie.
  It has, first, an auricular or external face, on
which is a surface that makes  part of the tempo-
ral  fossa; the zygomatic process ; the glenoid ca-
vity ;  the fissure of Glaser;  the meatus  audi-
torius externus;  the mastoid process; the digas-
tric groove ;  the  canalis caroticus ; the jugular
fossa;  the styloid process ;  the stylo-mastoid fo-
ramen,  4c   2. A cerebral  or internal surface,
which corresponds to the cavity of  the cranium,
and on which is the Para pietroao, the hiotua Fal-
lopii,  the meatus auditorius interims, the fissure
of the aquaductus vestibuli,  a portion of the gut-
ter for the lateral einue, 4c  3. A circumference,
on which is observed the orifice  of the bony por-
tion of the Euatachian tube and  the acquaductus
cochlea,  4c  The temporal bone is  articulated
with the sphenoid, occipital, parietal, malar, and
inferior maxillary  bones.  It  is  developed from
five points of ossification.
  Temporal Fossa is an excavation, observed
at each side of the head.   It is filled by the mus-
cle  whose name  it bears, and is formed by the
temporal  and sphenoid,  below; by  the parietal
and frontal  bones, above; is  separated, by a
transverse crista, from the zygomatic fossa; and
completed, before, by the cheek-bone.
  Temporal Muscle, Tempordlie, Crotaphi'tes,
(F.) Areadi-temporo maxillaire,  7'emporo-maxil-
laire (Ch.), is a broad, flattened, triangular mus-
cle, which fills the temporal  fossa.  Its fibres are
attached to  the temporal aponeurosis and fossa;
and all  converge  into  a strong tendon, which
passes under the zygomatic  arch, and is inserted
into the coronoid process of the lower jaw.  This
muscle raises the lower jaw, and applies the teeth
against each  other.
  Temporal Nerves.  These are distinguished
into the superficial temporal, furnished by the
inferior maxillary branch of the fifth pair, behind
the condyle  of the jaw ;  and the temporalcs pro-
fundi,— anterior and posterior,—furnished by
the same nerve,  at its exit from the  cranium.
Sommering  has given the name  temporal  to the
divisions sent by the facial nerve to the temporal
regions.
  Temporal Veins were formerly called jEtoi
or Aetoi Phlebes, Aq'uila Vena.
  TE3IPORO-AURICULAIRE, Attollens au-
rem.
  TEM'PORO-FA'CIAL, Tern'poro-facid lis. Be-
longing to the temple and face.
  Temporo-facial Nerve, Nervus temporo-faci-
a'lia.  A branch of the facial nerve  distributed
to the face and temple.
  TE3IP0R0-MAXILLAIRE,  Temporal
muscle.
[6 
TEMPORO                 847                   TENT
  TEMPORO-MAX'ILLARY,  Tem'poro-maxil-
la'ris.  That which belongs to the temporal bone
and lower jaw.
  Temporo-maxillary Articulation  or joint
of the lower  jaw, is seated  between the glenoid
cavity and transverse process  of the temporal
bone  on the  one hand, and  the condyle  of the
lower jaw  on the  other.  Two thin cartilages
cover the surfaces  of these  bones.   The one is
common to the  transverse process and the por-
tion of  the glenoid cavity, anterior to the fissure
of  Glaser;  the  other belongs to the  condyle.
This articulation is furnished with an inter-arti-
cular fibre-cartilage, two  synovial capsules, and
two lateral  ligaments: — the one internal, and
the other external.
  Temporo-maxillary  Nerves  of  Bichat  are
tho divisions of the  facial  nerve, distributed to
the temporal and maxillary regions.
  T I'M PUS, Temple — t. Intercalare, Apyrexia,
Intermission.
  TEMULENCE, Temulentia.
  TFMULEN'TIA,  Ebri'ctae,  Ebrios'itas, 3Ie-
thys'tints, Tem'ulence, Tem'ulency, Inebridtion,
Iutoxica'tion. Drunk'enncsa :—from wine, Qino-
phlyg"ia,  (Entiplilyx'is, Vinoledtia,  Vi'nolence,
(F.) Ivreaee.   Plater gave this name to delirium;
Ettmuller, to an apoplectic  condition, depending
upon drunkenness;  the  Ajioplex'ia  Temulen'ta
or dead drunkenness.  Commonly, Temulentia is
used synonymously  with drunkenness,  Methe;
and is  often employed in the description of dis-
eases to indicate a state resembling drunkenness.
Mania  e Timulentid is the same as Delirium Tre-
mens.
  TENACULA, Bone-nippers —t. Volsella, For-
ceps (lithotomy).
  TENACULUM, from teneo,  'I hold.'   A kind
of fine hook  attached to a handle which is thrust
through the  parietes  of a blood vessel to  draw it
out and enable it to be tied.
   Tenaculum, Assalini's.  An ingenious instru-
ment, invented by Assalini.  It consists of a for-
 ceps, or double  tenaculum,  the points of which
 are fine, sharp, and bifurcated, so as to be readily
 received into each other when the instrument is
 closed  on the artery,  which it is by a spring.  It
 is of great use when the surgeon has  no assistant
 at  hand.  The  instrument  is figured in S. Coop-
 er's " First Lines."
   TEN AIL LE  INCISIVE, Bone-nippers.
   TENASMUS, Tenesmus.    »
   TENDON, Tendo,  Pronervdtio, from rttvoi, 'I
 stretch.'  Tenon, a Sinew.  A  fibrous cord, more
 or  less round, long, or flattened ; of a white, pearl
 colour, and composed of very close parallel fibres.
 The  tendons are attached to  the bones, by one
 extremity; by the other, they receive the inser-
 tions of the  fleshy fibres : sometimes they afford
 attachment  to fleshy fibres  at both ends; —as in
 the digastric muscle.  The tendons must be  con-
 sidered as  so many cords,  for transmitting  the
 motion of muscles to the bones or levers.
    TENDON D'ACHILLE, Achillis tendo.
   Tendon, Cordiform, of the Diaphragm, Cen-
 tre, phrenic.
   TENDONS,   TAVITCHING OF  THE, Sub-
 sultus  tendinum.
   TENEOTOMIA, Tenotomy.
    TENES3IE, Tenesmus — t.  de  I'OSsophage,
 (Esophagismus — t.  Viaical, Bradysuria.
    TENES'MUS.  Teinea'moe,  Tenaa'mus, from
 ravui,  ' I Stretch.'  Proc'tica  Tenesmua,  Procto-
 eptte'mua,  Obatipa'tio Tenesmus, Tinag'mua,  (F.)
 Tineame, Epreintea.  Frequent, vain, and painful
 desires to go to stool; — one of the  chief symp-
toms of inflammation of the lining membrane of
the digestive tube, as of dysentery.
  Tenesmus  A'esic.e,  Bradysuria — t. Vesicae
mucosus, Cystirrhcea.
  TENETTES, Forceps (craniotomy).
  TENIA, Taenia.
  TENNESSEE', MINERAL AVATERS OF.
On the waters of the French Broad River, in this
state, is a large, clear, thermal spring.   The heat
is  so great that, on  first going into the water, it
is almost insupportable.
  TENON, Tendon.
  TENONT'AGRA, from  rtvoiv,  'tendon,' and
aypa, ' seizure.'  A variety of gout, which  affects
the tendinous parts of musdes, or the tendinous
ligaments which strengthen certain articulations.
   TENONTOTOJIIA, Tenotomy.
   TENONTOTRO'TI, from rtvtov, 'tendon,' and
TirpiDOKbi, ' I wound.'   They who are wounded in
the tendons. — Galen.
   TENOTOMY,  Tenotom'ia,  Teneotom'ia,   Te-
nontom'ia, Sec'tio seu Diaaec'tio ten'dinum, from
revtav,  'a tendon,' and roftn, incision.'  The ope-
ration of dividing a tendon, often practised  for
the removal  of loxarthrus, or deviation  of  the
joints—as in club-foot.      ,           _,
   TENS EUR DE L'APONEVROSE FE3I0-
RALE. Fascia lata muscle.
   TEN'SION,  Ten'sio, Tenau'ra, Taeis,  Diat'-
aaie, Entonia, (Enton'ia  is, also,  used for over-
tension,) Conten'eio, Disten'aio, from tendere,  'to
stretch.'  State  of a  part, which is stretched,
when its textures  are distended  by the afflux
of  fluids, or  the accumulation of gas; or when
its fibres are drawn, as  it were,  in an opposite
direction, and are, consequently, more  resisting
than usual.
   TENSOR  CHOROIDEA^, Ciliary muscle —t.
Palati,  Circumflexus musculus.
   Tensor Tarsi.  A small muscle, belonging to
the inner commissure of  the  eyelids,  well  de-
scribed by Professor Horner, of Philadelphia,  and
hence termed 3Iuscle of Horner. It is about three
lines broad and  six long; arises  from the poste-
rior flat surface of the os  unguis, near its junction
 with the ethmoid bone, and passes forwards  and
 outwards, lying on the posterior face of the lach-
 rymal  ducts.  As it approaches  the commissure
 of the  lids, it splits into two nearly equal parts,
 each of which is appropriated  to  a duct, and in-
 serted  along its  course,  almost to the  punctum
 lacrymale.   Its chief  office seems to be, to influ-
 ence the position of the puncta  lacrymale,  and
 to regulate the course of the tears through  the
 lachrymal ducts.
    Tensor Tym'pani, Inter'nus Auris, Internus
 3Ial'lei, (F.) Salpingo-mallien.  A small muscle,
 which  arises from the petrous portion of the tem-
 poral bone,  and the cartilage of  the  Eustachian
 tube,  and terminates  by  a tendon, which is  re-
 flected over the processus cochleaformis, and is
 inserted into the apophysis of the handle of the
 malleus.
    Tensor A'agina Femoris, Fascia lata muscle.
    TENSURA, Tension.
    TENSUS, Penis.
    TENT, Tenia, Tttrun'do, and  its  diminutive,
 Turuddula, Penic'ulua,  Penieil'lns, Penicil'lum,
 3Iotoa, Lemnis'cus,  (F.)  Tente, Ml-che, from  ten-
 tare, 'to try or  explore.'  In surgery, tents  are
 small rolls of lint, of  a cylindrical or pyramidal
 shape,  which  are introduced  into wounds  and
 deep ulcers,  to prevent them from closing before
 they are  fille.d up  from the bottom.  Tents are
 sometimes, also,  made of prepared sponge, gen-
 tian  root, 4 c  They are  not  so much used as
 they formerly were. 
TENTACULARIA
848
TERRA
  TENTACULARIA,Filariahominis bronchialis.
  TENTACULUM  CEREBELLI. Tentorium.
  TENTA'MEN MEDTCUM. ' A medical trial.'
An examination in  medicine, in the Prussian
universities, which is conducted both in writing
and viva voce before the  Dean of  the Medical
Faculty.
   TENTE, Tent — t. du Cervelet, Tentorium.
  TENTIGO  ArENEREA,  Nymphomania —t.
Veretri, Satyriasis.
  TENTIPEL'LUM, from tendo,  'I stretch,' and
pellis, ' the skin.'  Ancient name of a cosmetic,
with which, it was pretended, wrinkles could be
effaced.
   TENTO'RIUM, T. cerebel'lo super-extedsum,
T. cerebelli, Tentac'ulum cerebelli, Sejttum trans-
verse (Ch.), Transverse septum, Septum enccph'ali,
Intersep'ta  horizonta'lia Pacchio'ni,  Proces'sus
transver'sus dura matris, Lateral  Proceeaee of the
Dura 3Iater, Diaphrag'ma cer'ebri, (F.) Tente du
cervelet, Plancher du Cerveau, from tendere, ten-
turn, ' to stretch.'  A process of the  dura mater,
which separates the cerebrum from the cerebel-
lum.   It extends from  the internal horizontal
spine of the occipital bone, directly forwards  to
the sella Turcica of the  sphenoid.
   Tentorium Cerebelli, Tentorium.
   TENTUM, Penis.
   TENTAVORT, Asplenium ruta muraria.
   TENUIS  MATER, Pia mater.
   TENUITAS AQUOSA, Predominium aquas.
   TEPHROSIA VIRGINIANA, Galega Virgi-
niana.
   TEPIDARIUM, see Stove.
   TEPLITZ, Toplitz.
   TERAS, Monster.
   TERATOG"ENY, Teratogen'ia,  from  rtpas,
rcparos,  'a monster,' and ysvtats,  'generation.'
The formation of monsters.
   TERATOL'OGY, Teratolog"ia, from rtpas, rtp-
aros,  'a monster,' and  Xoyos, 'a discourse.'  A
description, or the doctrine of monsters.
   TERATOSIS, see Monster.
   TERCERON, see Mulatto —t. Black,  see Mu-
latto.
   TEREBELLA, Trepan.
   TEREBENTHINE, Terebinthina—t. de Bor-
 deaux, see Pinus sylvestris — t. de Ghio, see Pis-
 tacia terebinthus—t. de  Copahu, Cppaiba—t. Com-
 mune, see Pinus sylvestris—t. d'Egypte, see Amy-
 ris opobalsamum—t. de Giliad,  see Amyris opo-
 balsamum — t. du Grand Caire, see Amyris opo-
 balsamum—t. de Judie,  see Amyris opobalsamum
 —t. de 31eleze, see Pinus larix.
   TEREBIN'THINA,  from rtppivSos, or rtptfitv-
 •Sos,  'the  turpentine tree.'   Tur'pentine, Botin,
 Albotim, Altilibat, Brutino,  (F.)  Tiribenthine. A
 substance,  of  the  consistence  of honey, which
 flows from many trees of the terebinthaceae  and
 coniferas families.   It  is viscid; shining; more
 or less transparent; inflammable;  of a warm,
 pungent taste;  strong smell;   and is  entirely
 composed of resin and  essential oil, without ben-
 zoic acid.   It is soluble in alcohol.  See Turpen-
 tine, Pinus palustris and Pinus sylvestris.  All
 the turpentines are  stimulant, diuretic, and ca-
 thartic.
   Terebinthina  Argentoratensis,  see  Pinus
 picea—t. Balsamea, see Pinus balsamea—t. Ca-
 nadensis,  see Pinus balsamea — t. Chia, see Pis-
 tacia terebinthus — t. Communis, see Pinus syl-
 vestris — t. Cypria, see Pistacia terebinthus — t.
 Empyreumatica, see Pinus sylvestris — t. Larici-
 na, see Pinus larix—t.  Areneta, see Pinus larix—
 t, Vera, see Pistacia terebinthus—t. A'ulgaris, see
 Pinus  sylvestris — t. de Viniae, see Pinus larix.
  TEREBINTHUS, Terminthus—t. Gummifera,
Bursera gummifera—t. Lentiscus, Pistacia len-
tiscus— t. Arulgaris, Pistacia terebinthus.
  TEREBRA, Trepan.
  TEREBRATIO, Trepanning.
  TEREDO OSSIUM, Caries, Spina ventosa.
  TERES, Strodgylua, Cylindroi'dea, 'long and
round.'   An epithet given  to  many  organs, the
fibres of which are collected into round fasciculi.
  Teres  Ligamen'tum,  (F.)  Ligament  rond.
This name is given to the round ligament in the
cotyloid  cavity  of the os  innominatum,  which
is  attached to the head  of the bone, and to the
bottom of the  cavity.   It is,  also,  given to a
small fibrous fascia, which extends from the co-
ronoid process of the ulna to below the bicipital
tubercle of the radius.
  Teres Major, (F.) Anguli-scapulo-humeral,
Scapulo-humiral (Ch.), Grand rond, is situate at
the inferior and posterior part of the shoulder.
It is attached, on the  one hand, to the outer sur-
face of the scapula; to the  corresponding part of
its  axillary margin;  and,  on  the other,  to the
posterior  margin of the bicipital  groove  of the
humerus.  It carries  the  arm backwards  and
inwards, and carries it, also, inwards in rotation.
AVhen it acts with the longissimus dorsi and pec-
toralis major, it applies the arm against the late-
ral part of the chest,  and keeps it forcibly there.
   Teres  Minor, (F.)  Le plus  petit  sus-scapulo-
trochitirien,  (Ch.)  Petit rond,  3Iargini-au8-eca-
pulo-trochitiricn, Nanus hu'meri Placenti'ni,  is
situate at the posterior and inferior part of  the
shoulder;  it  is narrow and flattened, from above
to below, in its  inner  half; and, from before  to
behind, in the outer.  It is attached, on the one
part, to the outer surface of the scapula, near its
inferior angle;  and, on the other, to the inferior
part of the great tuberosity of the humerus.   It
depresses the arm, and  causes it to  turn on its
axis  from within  outwards.   It also carries it
backwards.
   TERESIS, Observation.
   TERETRIUM, Trepan.
   TERETRON, Trepan.
   TERGAL, Dorsal.
   TERGEMINI, Trigemini.
   TERGUM, Dorsum, Vertebral column.
   TERMINALIA, see Myrobalanus.
   TERMINOLOGY, Nomenclature.
   TERMIN'THUS, Terebin'thus, from rtputv^os,
 'the turpentine tree.'  Phyma Anthrax, Termin-
 thus, Berry or Fungous carbuncle.  The ancients
 gave this name to a tumour, surmounted by a
 black pustule,  and resembling the  fruit of the
 turpentine tree.
   Terminthus, Pistacia terebinthus.
   TERMINUS SUPERIOR  ASPERA  ARTE-
 RliE, Larynx.
   TERMONOLOGY, Nomenclature.
   TERMS, Menses.
   TERRA ABSORBENS MINERALIS, Magne-
 sias carbonas—t. Aluminis, Argilla pura—t. Ama-
 ra aerata, Magnesiae  carbonas—t. Amara sulphu-
 rica, Magnesiae sulphas—t. Bolaris, Argilla pura
 —t. Foliata, Sulphur—t. Foliata mineralis, Soda
 acetata — t. Foliata  tartari, Potassas acetas — t.
 Fornacum, see  Bricks — t.  Fullonica,  Cimolia
 purpurescens — t. Japonica,  Catechu, Nauclea
 gambir.
   Terra Lem'nia, Argilla bolus flava, Lem'nian
 Earth, Lemp'nias. A  name given by the ancients
 to a solid, reddish,   astringent, substance,  pre-
 pared with the pulp  of the fruit of  the Baobab,
 an  African tree,  according  to Prosper Alpinus.
 It seems, however, to  be an argillaceous earth. It
 has been  employed as an astringent. 
                TERRAPIN

  Tf.RRA Livon'ica.  A terra sigilla'ta or sealed
earth from Livonia, redder than that from Silesia,
and very astringent.
  Terra Merita, Curcuma longa.
  Terra Noceria'na.  A whitish, soft, and as-
tringent earth, found in the environs of Nocera,
in Italy.
  Terra Orlea'na, Pigmen'tum- urucu,  Urucu,
(F.)  Rocou, Roucou, Bichet. A pigmental matter
obtained  from  the seeds  of Bixa Orleana  seu
Orelldna seu America'na,  Oeclla'uo, Orlea'na.
In Jamaica, it is recommended in dysentery, and
is considered to possess astringent and stomachic
qualities.  It is called, according to  its  shape,
Flog, Roll, or Egg Anuotto.
  Spanish Annotto,  Bixa, is in  small,  oblong
cakes.  It is  chiefly employed  as  a colouring
matter.
  Terra Os'sea,  31ate'ria oesea.  Bony matter.
The  earthy portion of bones.
  Terra Ponderosa, Baryta—t. Ponderosa mu-
riata, Baryta, muriate of— t. Ponderosa salita,
Baryta, muriate of—t. Saponaria, Cimolia pur-
purescens.
  Tebra Portugal'lica, Barroe, Bucaroa.  A
reddish, astringent,  styptic earth, obtained from
Portugal.
  Terra Sigilla'ta, Sealed Earth.   A  bole or
earthy matter, made  into little  cakes  or  flat
masses, and  stamped with  certain impressions,
as with the  head of  the Grand  Seignior.  To
these belong the  Terra Sileaiaca, Terra Lemnia,
T. Turcica.   See Bolus alba.
  Terra Silesiaca, see Terra sigillata—t. Tal-
cosa  oxyanthracodes,  Magnesiae  carbonas — t.
Turcica, see Terra sigillata.
  Terra Uri'na.   The earthy deposit in  the
urine.
  Terra Vitrioli Dulcis, Colcothar.
  TERRAPIN, Emys  palustris.
  TERRE BOLAIRE, Bolus—t. Noix, Bunium
bulbocastanum — t.Peeante, Baryta — t. Sigillie,
Bolus alba.
  TERRETTE, Glecoma hederaceum.
  TERTIAN  FEVER, Febris tertidna, An'etus
tertianus,  Trita'us,  Tertian  Ague, (F.)  Fievre
tierce.  An intermittent, whose  paroxyms recur
every third day, or every 48 hours.  The mildest,
and  the most pernicious, intermittents belong to
this  head.   As a general rule, it is the most ma-
nageable form of ague.
  TERTIANARIA, Scutellaria galericulata.
  TESSARA, Cuboid.
  TESSELLA, Tabella.
  TEST, DANIEL'S,  see Docimasia pulmonum
— t.  Hydrostatic,  see Docimasia pulmonum — t.
Ploucquet's, see Docimasia pulmonum—t. Static,
see Docimasia pulmonum.
  TESTA, see Ostrea.
  Testa P r e p a r a' t a, Prepared Oyster-shell.
Oyster-shell, freed from extraneous matter,washed
with boiling water, reduced to powder, and pre-
pared in  the same manner as Creta prasparata.
  TESTA'CEOUS, from testa, 'a shell.'  A pow-
der,  consisting of burnt  shells.   These  contain
carbonate of lime chiefly, and  hence the  term
has  been applied  to cretaceous substances.   See
Creta.
  TEST.E FORNACE,E, Bricks—t. Ostreas, see
Ostrea.
  TESTES.  Tho Testicles. Vulgarly, the Stones.
A name, also, given to the inferior tubercles of
the  corpora quadrigemina, to distinguish them
from the superior, called Nates.
  Testes Cerebri, see Quadrigemina  corpora.
  TES'TICLE,  Teatis,  T.  viri'lia,  TeatiCulus,
Orchis, Poinum ttino'ris, Did'ymus, Her'nia, Gem'-
ini (pi.), Gemelli (pi.),  Ovum, (F.)  Testicule, from
       54
9                 TETANUS

teatis, 'a witness;' because the testicles are evi-
dences of virility.  The  name of two glandular
organs, contained in the  scrotum, whose office is
to secrete sperm.  The substance of the  testicle
consists of numerous conical, flattened lobules —
lob'uli testis — whose bases are directed towards
the surface of the  organ, and the apices towards
the corpus Highmorianum.  They are formed of
a  gray and softish substance, composed of tor-
tuous canals, called Tu'buli aeminif'eri vel Vasa
semina'lia, folded on each other, and of extreme
fineness ;  the number of which, according to the
estimate of Monro, is 62,500, and the total length
5,208 feet.  All these canals,  uniting in their
course, pass through the corpus Highmorianum,
concur in forming the epididymis, and give origin
to the vas deferens.   The testicles  are  covered,
immediately, by a fibrous membrane, of an opake
white colour, and very tough, called Tu'nica Al-
bugin'ea,  or, simply, Albugin'ea, Perites'tis, of
which the corpus Highmorianum is only an en-
largement.  Over  this, again, is the tunica vagi-
nalis, the second envelope of the testis.
   Testicle, Swelled, Hernia humoralis.
   TESTICONDUS, Crypsorchis.
   TESTICULE, Testicle.
   TESTICULUS, Testicle —t. Accessorius, Epi-
didymis — t. Caninus, Orchis mascula.
   TESTIMONIUM  MATURITA'TIS.   'Evi-
dence of fitness.'  A certificate of complete edu-
cation, required, in the Prussian universities, of a
candidate, before he can be admitted to examina-
tion for the degree of Doctor of Medicine.
   TESTIS FEMINEUS, Ovary — t.  Irritable,
Orchidalgia — t. Minor,  Prostate — t. Muliebris,
Ovary — t. A'irilis, Testiclo.
   TESTUDINATIO CRANII, Camarosis.
   TESTU'DO, Chelo'ne, (F.) Tortue.  A genus
of reptiles, including the turtle, the flesh of which
is  much esteemed as an article of diet.
   Also, an encysted tumour, which has been sup-
posed to resemble the shell of a turtle ; Emphy'-
ma encys'tis gang'lion.   See Talpa.
   Testudo  Cerebri,  Fornix — t.  Scapulas, see
Scapula.
   TETAN'IC,  Tetan'icum, Spas'ticum, Convulsi'-
vum,  Convul'sive, from rttvta, 'I stretch.'   A re-
medy, which acts on  the  nerves,  and, through
them, on  the muscles, occasioning, in large doses,
convulsions.   The chief  agents of this class are
Nuv  Vomica,  Strychnia, Brucia,  Arnica, and
 Toxicodendron.
   Also, an epithet for a tonic convulsion.
   TETANOMATA, Tetanothra.
   TETANO'THRA,  Tetanom'ata,  Erugato'ria,
from  reravos,  ' free from wrinkles.'  Medicines
which remove wrinkles. — Gorraeus.
   TETANOS, Tetanus.
   TET'ANUS,  from  rttva,  'I  stretch.'   Spasm
with rigidity, Convul'sio In'dica, Holoton'ia, Ho-
lotodicus, Holotct'anus,. Tet'anus unircrsa'lis, Ri-
gor nervo'sus  seu  nervo'rum, Extedsio seu Dis-
ten'sio, Entdsia tetanua, Cot'ochua cervi'nua, Cat-
ochua holoton'icus, (F.) Titanoa.  A  disease which
consists  in  a permanent contraction of all the"
muscles or merely of some,  without alternations
of relaxation.  It is characterized  by closure of
the jaws; difficulty or impracticability of deglu-
tition ; rigidity and immobility of the limbs and
trunk, which is sometimes curved forwards (Em-
prosthot'onos),  sometimes backwards (Opisthot-
onos),  and sometimes to one side (Pleurothot'o-
nos).   AVhen tetanus  is confined to the muscles
of the jaws,  it is  called Trismus.  It is a most
formidable affection.   The  means  of treatment
are: — copious  and repeated blood-letting; bath-
ing, cold and warm; powerful  doses of opium,
8' 
TETART^EUS
850
THALAMUS
and other narcotics.  In Traumat'ic Tetanus, or
that which supervenes on a wound, every extra-
neous matter must, of course, be removed  from
the wound, and soothing  applications be made
to it.
  Tetanus Anticus, Emprosthotonos — t. Dolo-
rifieus, Cramp — t.  Dorsalis,  Opisthotonos — t.
Lateralis,  Pleurothotonos — t. Maxillae inferioris,
Trismus — t.  Posterganeus,   Opisthotonos — t.
Posticus, Opisthotonos — t. Universalis,  see Te-
tanus.
  TETART^EUS, Quartan.
  TETARTOPHI'A, from rtrapros, 'the  fourth,'
and  tpva>,  'I  arise.'   Quarta'nus remit'tens.   A
quartan, in which the intermission is inordinately
short or imperfect.
   TETEX Caput, Head — t. de Veau, Elephanti-
asis of the Greeks.
  TETRADRACH'MON, from rtrpas, 'four,' and
ipaxpot,  ' a drachm.'  A weight of four drachms
or half an ounce.
  TETRAGONUS, Platysma myoides.
  TETRAHIT LONGIFLORUM, Galeop-
sis grandiflora.
  TETRAMY'RON, from rtrpas, 'four,'  and pv-
pov, ' an ointment.'   An ointment of four ingre-
dients. — Galen.
  TETRANGURIA, Cucurbita citrullus.
  TETRANTHE'RA  PICHU'RIM,  Faba  Pi-
churim, F. Pechu'rci.  The seeds of this Brazilian
plant have been used in diarrhoea,  dysentery,
flatulent colic, 4c  Dose, ^ij.
  TETRA'O  COTUR'NIX, Cotumix, the Quail,
(F.) Caille.   The quail is  an esteemed article of
diet.  The Greek name is oprv^;  and the places,
called Ortygia, are named after it.  The excre-
ments of the  quail were formerly extolled in epi-
lepsy, and the fat in specks of the eye.
  TETRAPHAR'MACUM, from rtrpas, 'four,'
and tpapnaKov, 'a medicine.'  A medicine  consist-
ing of four ingredients.
  TETRAS'CELUS, from rtrpa, 'four,' and ontXos,
'leg.'  A monster having four legs. — Gurlt.
  TETROB'OLON.  The weight of four oboli,
or two scruples. — Gorraeus.
  TETROROS, Astragalus.
  TETTER,  Herpes —t. Crusted, Impetigo—t.
Honeycomb,  Porrigo favosa—t. Humid, Eczema
impetigo — t. Milky, Porrigo larvalis — t. Pustu-
lar, Impetigo — t. Running, Impetigo — t. Scaly,
Psoriasis.
  TETTERAVORT, Chelidonium majus.
  TEUCRIUM  A^GYPTIACUM, T. capitatum
—t. Belium, T. capitatum.
  Teucrium   Capita'tum, Foley Mountain of
Montpel'lier,  T.  Bel'ium seu  JEgypti'acum, Po'-
lium Capita'tum, is, generally, substituted for the
last.  The common Poley Mountain is the Teu-
crium montdnum; and the Golden Poley Aloun-
tain, the Teucrium Po'/ium, Po'lion.
   Teu'crium  Chama'drys, T. officina'le,  Cha-
madrys,  C. minor repens,  C. vulga'ris, Quer'cula
minor  seu Calamandri'na,  Trissa'go,  Chama'-
drops, Trixdgo,  Common  German''tier, Creeping
Germander,Small Germander,EngliehTreacle, (F.)
Petit chine, Germandrie officinale.  Family, Labi-
atae. Sex. Syat. Didynamia Gymnospermia.  This
is possessed  of aromatic  and  bitter  properties.
The dose  of the dried powder is from gss to gj.
   Teucrium  Chamap'itys, Chamapitya, Arthet'-
ica, Arthretica, Aju'ga, A. Chamap'itye, Bu'gula
Chama'p'tys, Abiga, Chamamo'rue, Iva arthrit'-
iea, Iloloc't/ron, Io'nia, Sideri'tie, CommonGround-
pine, (F.) Petite Ivette. Properties like the last.
The tops or  leaves have  been recommended as
aperients and tonics;  especially in female ob-
structions, and in paralytic disordors.
  Teucrium  Cret'icum,  T.  hyssopifo'lium seu
Roemarinifo'lium, Rosmarinus sttv'cliatlia facie,
Poley-mountain  of  Candy,  Po'lium  Cret'icum.
The  tops and whole herb enter into  the old com-
pounds, Mithridatr and  Theriaca.   It has a mo-
derately aromatic smell; and a  nauseous, bitter
taste, and is placed among the aperients and cor-
roborants.
  Teucrium Flavum has  similar properties to
T. chamaedrys.
  Teucrium Hyssopifolium, T. Creticum.
  Teucrium Iva, Chama'jiitya  moacha'ta, Iva
moacha'ta 3Ionspelieit'sium, Iva,  Chamtrpitya an-
thyl'ltte, French  Groundpine, (F.) Irette nutaqiiie.
It has similar virtues to T. Chamaepitys,  but ia
weaker.
  Teucrium Maritimum, T. Marum.
  Teucrium Marum, T. marit'imum, 3Iornm Sy-
riacum, 31 arum  Cret'icum, 3Iajora'na Syriaca,
Marum verum, 31. Cortu'si, Chama'drys inca'na
marit'ima seu marum, Marum germander, Syrian
herb mastich,  Cat thyme,  Orig'anum Syriaeum,
(F.) Alarum ou Germandrie maritime, llcrbe aux
chats.   A very aromatic plant, of a  camphorated
smell;  formerly much used in medicine as a tonic,
antispasmodic, emmenagogue, Ac
  Teucrium Officinale,  T.  chamaedrys—t. Pa-
lustre,  T. scordium — t, Pyramidale, Ajuga — t.
Rosmarinifolium, T.  Creticum.
  Teucrium Scor'dium, T. paltte'tre, Water Ger-
mander, Scordium, Trissa'go  palns'tria, Chama-
drye palustris seu scor'dium, Al'lium  red'olens,
(F.)  Germandrie Scorodone, Sauge des boia, Ger-
mandrie aquatiqne.  The leaves have a garlicky
smell,  and  bitterish, slightly  pungent  taste.  It
has the tonic properties of the other Teucria,
  TEXTUM INTERLOBULARE, Interlobular
tissue.
  TEXTURA, Texture —t. Organica, Histos.
  TEX'TURAL. Same etymon as Texture. Re-
lating  or appertaining to a texture.
  TEXTURE,  Textu'ra, Textua, from texere, tex-
tum, 'to weave.' Tela,  Hypha, Hyphe.  The par-
ticular arrangement  of the tissues that constitute
an organ.
  TEXTUS, Texture, Tissue—t. Cellulosus, Cellu-
lar tissue—t. Desmosus, Desmoid tissue—t. Ner-
vorum, Plexus nervorum—t. Organicus, Cellular
tissue—t. Papillaris,  Corpus papillare—t.  Paren-
chymalis, Cellular tissue.
  THAilRIA, Radzyge.
  THAL'AMUS, SaXapos, ,(F.)  Couche. 'A room
or chamber; a bed.'  The place at which a nerve
originates,  or has been considered to originate.
  Thal'ami Nervo'rum Optico'hum seu Op'tici,
Eminedtia magna cer'ebri, Ganglia cerebri poa-
ti'ca, Crura medul'la oblonga'ta (of some), Stri-
a'ta cor'pora. super'na  posterio'ra, Collic'uli ner-
vo'rum optico'rum, Ofttic thal'ami, Posterior ccr' -
ebral gan'glion,  (F.) Couches des nerfs oculairea,
(Ch.) Couchea dea nerf a optiques,  Couches optiques.
Two rounded and irregular  surfaces, which are
seen exposed in the lateral ventricles of the brain,
and  in the third ventricle, the inferior surface of
which  presents  two  projections, called Corpora
genicula'to, that furnish several filaments to the
optic nerves.  The name was given from a belief
that the optic nerves originate from them.  They,
however, arise more posteriorly, and adhere merely
to the  inner margin of  those bodies.  Gall consi-
ders, that  the thalami act as  ganglions to the
nerves ; and, hence, he  calls them Grand ganglion
ciribral infirieur.   They are, also, called Paste.
rior ganglion of the cerebrum.  From the thalami
and corpora striata fibres proceed upwards to con-
stitute the  convolutions  of the  brain, and the 
THALICTRON
 various bands that connect the different parts of
 the  brain together.   The upper and inner parts
 of the thalami are so closely connected as to form
 one continued surface, called Commissu'ra mollis.
 Tho  posterior  parts  turn downwards  and out-
 wards ; after which they are elongated to form
 the two white cords, termed Tractus op'tici.
   Thalamus Reualis, Pericardium.
   THALICTRON,  Tholietrum, T. magnum, seu
 flavum sen Jla res'cens seu prated ee sen nigricans
 seu  rugo'sttm seu  vagina'tum, 31'eadow-rue, Poor
 3Lin's Rhubarb, Rhabar'barum padperum, (F.)
 Pigumon  joundtre, Rue dea prea, Fouase-Rhu-
 borbe, Rhuborbe dea pane rea.  Family, Ranuncu-
 laceue.  Sex. Syat. Polyandria Polygynia.  The
 root resembles rhubarb in its properties.
   THALIC'TRUM  ANEMONOI'DES, 31eadow
'Rue, Rue-leaved Anem'ony ; an indigenous plant,
 flowering in April and May.
   THAMARINDUS. Tamarindus.
   THANASI.MUS, Mortal.
   THANATODES, Mortal.
   THAN'ATOID,  Thanatoi'des;  from  Bavaros,
 ' death,'  and  £ii5os,  ' resemblance.'  Resembling
 death.  Apparently dead.
   TUANATOL'OGY,  Thanatolog"ia,  Thnesco-
 loif'io, from davaros, 'death,' and Xoyos,  'a dis-
 course.'  A description, or the doctrine, of death.
   THANATOS, Death.
   THAP'SIA,  from  the island Thapsus.  The
 deadly carrot, Thapaia aacle'piaa.  Family, Um-
 belliferas.  Sex. Syst. Pentandria Digynia.  The
 root operates violently, both upwards and down-
 wards.  It is not used.
   THAPSUS  BARBATUS, Verbascum nigrum.
   TIIARSI, see Tarsus.
   TH AS PI UM ATROPURPU'REUM,  Th. cor-
 da'turn, Round heart.   The flowers, which appear
 in June, are of a dark purple.
   Tiias'pium Barbino'de, 3Icadow Parsnep. An
 indigenous plant,  of the Northern and Western
 States,— Order, Umbelliferas, — which flowers in
 June.  Flowers, yellow.
   Both plants have been esteemed vulnerary,
 antisyphilitic, and diaphoretic; and as antidotes
 to the bite of a rattlesnake.
   Thaspium Cordatum, Th. atropurpureum.
   THE, Thea — t. des Apalaches, Ilex vomitoria
 — t. de France, Salvia—t. d'Europe, Salvia vero-
 nica— t. de la 3Icr du sud, Ilex vomitoria—t. du
 Mexique,  Chenopodium ambrosioides — t. de Si-
 mon Paiili, Myrica gale — t. Suisse, Falltranck.
   THEA, Chou, Tea,(¥.) TU. There are two
 principal  species of tea-plant; the Thea Bohe'a,
 and  Then vir'idis; the black tea, and the green.
 Family, Hesperideas.   Sex. Syst. Polyandria Mo-
 nogynia.  In commerce, many kinds of  tea are
 met with.  Several  of the  differences between
 these appear to result from the age at which the
 leaves have been collected, and the mode  of their
 desiccation.
   Tea-drinking was introduced into Europe about
 the year 1666; since which time its use has become
 almost universal; and, in spite of the assertions of
 medical terrorists, it is, except in particular idio-
 syncracies, entirely harmless.
   By an  analogical transference,  very common
 in language, the word Tea has been used almost
 synonymously with infusion,  as Beef  tea, 3Iint
 tea, 4c
   Tiika Germanica, Veronica.
   TIIEBE'SIUS. A'EINS OF.  A name given to
 supposititious  branches  of  the coronary veins,
 which Christopher Adam Thebesius, a German
 anatomist, described  as opening  into the heart
 by small  depressions  observable  in the  right
 auricle; and which have been  called Foram'ina
,1                 THEORY

 Thebe'sii.  No such veins can be demonstrated.
 The valve, at the orifice of the coronary vein,
 in the right ventricle, is called Valvula Thebe'sii,
 V.  Guiffartidna, V.  vena magna.
  THECA, Case, A""agina,  Sheath — t.  Cerebri,
 Cranium—t. Cordis,  Pericardium—t. Vertebralis,
 see Vertebral canal.
  THE ION, Sulphur.
  THEIOPEGA^", AVater, mineral (sulphureous.)
  THEIOTHERM.E,  Waters, mineral, sulphu
 reous.
  THELASIS, Lactation.
  THELASMUS, Lactation.
  THELASTRIA, Nurse.
  THELE, Nipple, Papilla.
  THELI'TIS,  from dnXn, 'the female nipple,'
 'the female'breast,' and itis, denoting inflamma*
 tion.   Inflammation of the nipple.
  THELON'CUS, Mastoncus.
  THELOS, Mamma.
  THELYGONTA,  from ^Aoy, 'pertaining to
 the female sex,' and  yovn, 'generation.'  The part
 taken by the female  in the act of generation.
 Also, nymphomania.
  THELYGONUM, Sperm (of the female.)
  THELYPTERIS, Pteris aquilina.
  THENAD, Thenal.
  THENAL,  Thenar; same etymon as thenar.
 Relating or appertaining to the thenar.
  Thenal Aspect. , An aspect towards the side
 on which the thenar  is  situated.—Barclay. Thc-
 nad is used,  adverbially, by the same writer, to
 signify ' towards the thenal aspect.'
  THENAR, Stvap,  from Stvw, 'I strike.'  The
 palm of the hand, or sole of the  foot.
  Thenar, Flexor brevis pollicis manus, Palm.
  Thenar or  Thenal Em'inence is the projec-
 tion at the anterior and  outer part of the hand,
 formed  by the abductor brevis, opponens,  and
 flexor brevis pollicles.
  Thenar or  Thenal  Muscle.   Riolan  and
 Winslow  give  this  name to  the  fleshy mass,
 formed of the  abductor brevis, opponens pollicis
 and the anterior part of the flexor brevis pollicis
 In  the  foot, Winslow gives  the name  Thenal
 muscle to the  abductor and flexor brevis pollicii
 pedis.
  THEOBROMA CACAO, Cacao.
  THEOMANIA, Demonomania.
  THEOPLEGIA, Apoplexy.
  THEOPLEXIA, Apoplexy.
  THEORET'ICAL,  Theoret'icus,   Theo'ricut,
 from dtwptio, ' I contemplate.'  (F.)  Thioritiqut
 Thiorique.  That which is confined to theory, or
 is connected with it.  An epithet also applied tr>
 a sect of physicians, who founded their doctrine
 chiefly on reasoning.
  THEORIA, Theory.
  THEORIQUE, Theoretical.
  THE'ORY,  Theo'ria, from Stupta, 'I contem-
 plate.'  The speculative part of  a science.  Tho
 connexion established  in the mind between  a
 general fact, or the least possible number of gene-
 ral  facts, and all the particular  facts dependenf
 thereon: for example, the motions of the heavenly
 bodies,  and the most important natural  pheno-
 mena are connected with a single fact, previously
 known by observation; viz. that the force of gra-
 vity acts inversely according to the square of the
 distance.  This constitutes the theory of univer-
 sal  gravitation.  Theory must not be confounded
 with system.  Theory regards nature as it is,  and
 is a rigid deduction from facts.  System is too
 often the  creature of the imagination, to which
 nature is made to bend.
  Theory of  Medicine, Institutes of 3Iedicine,
 Theoretical 3Icdicine, is that part of the  science 
THEIOTHERM.E
852
THIRST
 which attempts  philosophically  to  account for
 the various phenomena that present themselves
 during health as well as in disease.  It is the
 philosophy of Medicine.  The Inetitutee of 3Iedi-
 cine are  generally considered to  comprise  Phy-
 siology  and its  applications to Pathology,  Hy-
 giene, and  Therapeutics.  By some, it  is  con-
 sidered to include General  Pathology and Gene-
 ral Therapeutics.
   THEIOTHERM.E, AVaters,  mineral,  sulphu-
 reous.
 '' THERAPEIA, Curation,  Therapeutics.
   THERAPEUSIS, Therapeutics.
   THERAPEUTA, Therapeutist.
   THERAPEUTICE, Therapeutics.
   THERAPEU'TICS, Therapedtice, Theraped-
 sia, Therapeu'eie, Iatrotech'nice, Practice  of Phy-
 sic, Therapei'a, Therapi'a, Curato'ria 3Ieth'odua,
 Methodus 3Iededdi, from SepaTttvu), ' I wait upon,
 I alleviate, I attend upon the sick.'  (F.) Thira-
 peutique.  That part of medicine, the object of
 which is the treatment of disease.  With others,
 the department which comprises  an  explanation
 of the modue operandi of medicines.
   THERAPEUTIQUE, Therapeutics.
   THERAPEU'TIST, Theropedta.   Same  ety-
 mon.   One who  practises therapeutics.   A prac-
 titioner of medicine.  To be a good therapeutist,
 a man must be well versed in every department
 of medicine, and be  capable of observing and rea-
 soning well.   He may be a good observer,  and
 yet a  bad reasoner.   He cannot practise well un-
 less he is both.  Hence, the comparatively small
 number of good  therapeutists.
  THERAPIA, Therapeutics.
  THERIA, Radzyge.
  THERIAC, Theriaca —t. of Antipater, Anti-
 patri theriaca.
  THERIACA,  SnpietKa, The'riac, from  &np, 'a
ferocious or venomous  animal,' and  aKto/xai, ' I
 cure.'  Treacle.   (F.) Thiriaque.   A medicine,
believed  to be capable  of curing or  preventing
 the effects of the bite of a venomous animal.   In
this sense it is chiefly used by writers.   Theriac
and Theriacal have  been used  adjectively for
medicinal.
  Theriaca Androm'achi, Venice Treacle, is an
 ancient  alexipharmie electuary; consisting  of a
 farrago  of 61 different  ingredients,  which  pos-
 sessed the  most  opposite properties.  It was in-
vented by Andromachus of Crete, and prepared
by order  of Nero.  It has received various modi-
fications ; and, to the discredit of  the  Faculti de
 Midecine of Paris,  has  held its  place  in their
 Codex, with even an additional number of ingre-
 dients.   The Electua'rium  Opia'tum  polyphar'-
 macum of the Codex has contained  acid ingre-
 dienta, 5; aatringent, 5; bitter, 22; indigenous  aro-
 matica, 10;  umbelliferous aromatics,  7;  balsams
 and resinous substances, 8; fetid  ingredients, 6;
 narcotica, 1; earthy substances,  1; gummy or amy-
 laceous,  4; saccharine, 3; total 72!  and one of
 these  the flesh of the viper I  A little more than
 a grain of opium is contained in each drachm of
 the compound.
  Theriaca Celestis,  Tinctura  opii — t. Com-
 munis, Melasses — t. Edinensis, Confectio opii.
  Theriaca Germano'rum.  An  extract or  rob,
prepared from juniper berries.   Used as a  sto-
 machic.
  Theriaca Londinen'sis, Cataplasma Cymi'ni.
A cataplasm of cumin eeed,  bay berries, german-
 der, snakeroot, clovea, honey, and sometimes opium,
 or syrup  of poppies.
  Theriaca Rusticorum, Allium.
  THERIAQUE, Theriaca.
  THERIAKI.  In  Turkey, opium-eaters, or they
 who indulge largely in the use of opium, are so
 called.
   THERIATRICA, Veterinary art.
   THERIODES, Ferine.
   THERIO'MA, Therion, from $ijp, 'a venomous
 animal.' Any extremely malignant ulcer.  Some-
 times confined to ulcers of  the lungs.
   THERION, Therioma.
   THERIOTOMY, Zootomy.
   THERMA, Heat—t. Emphytum, Animal heat.
   THERMA3, Stppai,  Ther'mata.  AVarm  baths
 or springs.  See AVaters (mineral.)
   Therma  Fabaria, Pfeffers Mineral AVaters
 of—t. Piperinas, Pfeffers, Mineral  AVaters of—t.
 Plumbarias, Plombieres, Mineral AVaters of.
   THERMAL,  Therma'lis; from  Stppn,  'heat,'
 Stpnos, 'hot.'  Relating or  appertaining to heatr,
 Hot, warm.  As 'a thermal mineral water.'
   THERMANTICA, Calefacients.
   THERMASMA, Fomentation.
   THERMATA, Thermae.
   THERMUM EMPHYTUM, Animal heat, Bio-
 lychnium.
   THESIS,  Otais, from  nBnpt, 'to  place.'  'A
 position or proposition.'  Disjnitit'tio, Inaug'ural
 Dieeertdtion.  The name  usually given  to the
 essay composed  by a candidate for graduation in
 medicine, which he is at times required to defend
 publicly.   Often, however, it  is  a  mere  form,
 giving useless labour and trouble  to  the student,
 inasmuch as it is executed as a task, and  never
 afterwards regarded by the preceptor or by others.
 Sandifort, Haller, Smellie,  and Stoll, have pub-
lished collections of these.
  Also, a suffix denoting 'arrangement;' hence
 Diathesis.
  THEVE'TIA A'HOUAI, Ahottai.  The kernels
 of the  nut of this Brazilian tree are said to be a
 violent  poison.   At the Antilles, its  nuts are
 called Noix de Serpent; and they are used against
 the bites of serpents.
  THIGH,  Sax.  tfeoh, Femur, Femen, Cms, Me-
 rits,  Me'rium, (F.) Cuisse.   The part  of the lower
 limb which extends from the pelvis  to the leg.
 The thigh  is larger at its  superior than inferior
part, and has the form of an inverted and trun-
 cated cone, slightly depressed  from  within out-
 wards.  Above, it is bounded, anteriorly, by the
 groin;  externally, by the hip; behind, by the fold
 of the nates; and within, by the perineal region.
 Below, it is bounded,  anteriorly, by  the promi-
nence of the knee; posteriorly, by the ham. It
is  formed of a  considerable number of muscles,
blood-vessels, lymphatics,  nerves,  4c.; and  is
covered by a strong aponeurosis.
  THIGHBONE, Femur—t. Neck of the, Collum
femoris.
  THION, Sulphur.
  THIRST, Sax. 3yprc, (D.)  Dorst, Sitis,
Dipea, Potio'nia deaide'rium, (F.) Soif  A simple
desire or an absolute want for liquids.   Physio-
logists  are not entirely agreed regarding the seat
of thirst; some place it in  the  fauces;  others in
the stomach. Its immediate cause is not known.
It has  been attributed to a dry condition of the
nervous papillae  of the  pharynx, produced by
suppression of  the  salivary and mucous  secre-
tions.  This is  probably true; but, again, it is
owing to the wants of the system, — a supply of
fluid being required to compensate the numerous
losses that are  constantly  taking  place.  Thirst
is  an internal sensation, — an instinctive wont —
arising from organization,  and  inexplicable. It
is an urgent symptom in many  disease, particu-
larly in those of vascular excitement.
  Thirst,  Excessive,  Polydipsia— t.  Morbid,
Dipsosis. 
THIRSTY                 853           THORACODIDYMUS
  THIRSTY, Dipsodes.
  THISTLE,  BLESSED,  Centaurea benedicta
■—t. Cotton, Onopordium acanthium — t. Globe,
Ecbinops—t. Holy, Centaurea benedieta—t. La-
dies', Carduus Marianus—t. Milk, common, Car-
duus Marianus — t. Pine,  Atractylus gummifera
■—t. Sow, Sonchus olcraceus — t. Star, Centaurea
calcitrapa — L Yellow, Argemone Mexicana.
  THLADIAS, Eunuch
  THLASIAS, Eunuch.
  THLASIS, Contusion — t. Depressio, Depres-
sion.
  TIIL.ASMA, Contusion—t. Concussio, Concus-
sion— t Stremma, Sprain.
  THLASPI, Pennycreaa.   Family, Cruciferae.
Sex. Syat. Tetradynainia Siliculosa.   Two species
of thlaspi are directed, in  some pharmacopoeias,
for medical use:—the Thlaapi orvedee or Treacle
mustard, and the Thlaspi eampee'tre seu hireu'tum
8eu vulga'tiue, Lcpid,'ium rampes'tre,  Lep'io cam-
pee'trie, Ibe'ris cam pes'trie, Alith'ridate  mustard.
The pharmaceutical properties of both kinds re-
semble those of common mustard.
   Tiii.aspi Bursa, Th. bursa'turn, dapscU'abursa
pasto'ris, Roe'ris bursa jiaetoris, Naetur'tium bursa
pastoris, Rodachie'dia burao pastohris, Bursa pas-
to'ris, (F.) Bourse  A berger, Hmtrse d  jiasteur, Ta-
bouret, Shepherd's purse.   A common European
plant, introduced into this country.  It is slightly
astringent, but is little used.
  Thlaspi Buksatum, Thlaspi bursa — th. Na-
sturtium, Lepidium sativum—th. Sativum, Lepi-
dium sativum.
  THLIBIAS, Eunuch.
  THLIPSENCEPH'ALUS, from flAi^iy, 'com-
pression,' and  tyKttpaXos,  ' the encephalon.'   A
monster in whom the skull  is open, not merely in
the frontal and parietal, but also in the  occipital
regions — a distinct fontanelle not existing.
  TIILIP'SIS,  SXtipts, Compres'sio.   Compres-
sion, and especially constriction of vessels by  an
external cause.  Oppression.
  TIINESCOLOGIA, Thanatology.
  THOLUS, Achicolum—t. Diocleus, Scapha.
  TllOMPSO'NIAN.  One who practises or be-
lieves in Thompsonianism.
  TIIOMPSO'NIANLSM,  Thomp'souism.  Afan-
ciful doctrine, of which a person of the  name of
Thompson, of New York,  is the founder.  One
of its leading principles is, that the human body
is composed  of  four elements  (?), earth, air,  fire
and water;  and  one of  its 'apothegms, — that
metals and minerals are in the earth, and, being
extracted from  the  depths of the earth, have a
tendency to carry  all down into the earth  who
use them; that the tendency of all vegetables is
to spring up from the earth, and therefore to up-
hold mankind from the grave.
  The Thompsonians are Botanic Physicians.
  THORACENTE'SIS, Paracente'aia Thora'cia,
from i\o/juf, 'the thorax,' and  Ktvrnats, 'perfora-
tion.'  Tapping  the thorax.  Perforation  of  the
thorax.
   THORACHIQUE, Thoracic.
  THORACIC, Thorad'icue, from  thorax, 'the
chest:' (F.)  Thoraeique ou Thorachiquc.  That
what relates or belongs to the chest; as Thoracic
vis'c< ro,  4 c
  Thoracic  Inferior Artery, Arte'ria Tho-
raC'ica Exter'na  Life'rior vel Longa,  A. mam-
mo'ria externa, A. Thoracica inferior, (F.)Deux-
ieme des  Thoraciquea (Ch.), arises from  the axil-
lary, a little below the preceding, and descends
vertically over the lateral part of the thorax, and
the serratus major anticus.   It afterwards bends
inwards : becomes  subcutaneous, and divides into
several branches, which embrace the breast.   It
gives numerous ramifications  to the pectoralis
major, serratus anticus, intercostals, ganglions of
the axilla, mamma, 4c
  Thoracic Superior Artery, Arte'ria Thora-
cica Exter'na Superior, (F.) Artere thoraeique su-
pirieure, Premiere des Thoraciques (Ch.), arises
from  the  axillary artery or from the acromial;
and descends forwards  between the pectoralis
major and P. minor, to which it distributes itself
by a great number of branches.  In some sub-
jects, there  are two or  three Arteria thoracica
externa superiores.
  Thoracic Duct, Ductus thorac"icns seu chy'li-
fer seu chyli seu lac'teue seu ro'rifer seu Pecquet!
seu Pecquetio'nua,  Vena alia  thora'cis,  Alveua
ampulles'cens, Distribnto'ria lactea thoracica, Duc-
tus thoracicus poate'rior seu vertebro.'lia, Galax'ia,
Duct of Pecquet, Alimen'tary Duct, (F.) Canal ou
Conduit Thoraeique,  is  the duct in which  the
lymphatics of the lower limbs, abdomen, left su-
perior extremity,  left side of the head, neck,  and
thorax terminate.  It begins at the receptaculutn
chyli, which is formed by the union of five or six
large lymphatic trunks,—themselves formed from
the union of all  the  absorbent  plexuses of the
abdomen.   The  duct  ascends  into the chest
through the pillars of the diaphragm, and by the
side of the aorta  and vena azygos.  It contracts
in dimension, as  far as  the  6th dorsal vertebra,
when it inclines towards the left hand; ascends
behind the arch of the aorta; passes behind the
left internal jugular vein, and opens at the poste-
rior part of the subclavian vein of the same side.
Its embouchure  is furnished  with  two  valves,
which prevent the blood from passing  from the
vein into the duct.
  Thoracic Limbs are the upper limbs; so called
because they are articulated with the lateral  and
upper parts  of the chest.
  Thoracic, Long or Inferior, Mammary infe-
rior external artery.
   Thoracic Nerves.  The short or anterior tho-
racic nerves are two in number.  They arise from
the brachial plexus, and divide into an anterior
and a posterior branch : — the former distributed
to the pectoralis major muscle; the latter uniting
with a branch of  the  other to form a loop, from
which numerous  branches are given off to the
pectoralis major and p. minor.
   The long  thoraC'ic nerve, Poate'rior ihoraC'ic,
External respiratory of Sir Charles Bell, is a long
branch, which arises  from the fourth  and fifth
cervical nerves, immediately after  their escape
from the intervertebral  foramina,  and passes
downwards  to be distributed upon the  serratus
magnus muscle.
   Thoracic Regions are the different regions of
the  chest.   Thus  we say, anterior, lateral,  and
superior thoracic, 4c
   THORACICA, Pectorals.
   THORACICS,  FIRST OF  THE, Mammary
superior external  artery.
   THORACIQUE, Thoracic.
   THORACOCENTESIS,  from  Sapat,  'the
chest,' and  Ktvrnats,  'puncture.'   Paracentesis
thora'cia.  Puncture of the chest to evacuate con-
tained fluid — as in empyema.
   THORACOCYSTIS, Thoracystis.
  THOR'ACO-GASTRODTD'YMUS,  Did'ymus
sym'phyo-thoracogoa'triua, Nyjihodid'ymus : from
$wpa£, ' the chest,' yaarnp, ' the belly,' and ittepos,
' a twin.'  A monstrosity in which twins are uni-
ted by the chest and abdomen.— Gurlt,
   THORACO-FACIAL, Platysma myoides —t.
Alaxillo-facial, Platysma myoides.
  THORACODIDYMUS,from $upa{, 'thechest,'
and  6ilwos,  'a twin.'  A monstrosity in  which
twins are united by the thorax.— Gurlt. 
THORACODYNE
854
THYMUS
  THORACODYNE, Pleurodynia.
  THORACOPATHI'A, from $o>pa%, 'the chest,'
and ttaQos, ' disease.'  Disease or suffering in the
chest.
  THORACOSCOPIA, see Auscultation.
  THORACOSCOPIES!, Stethoscope.
  THORACYST'IS,  Thoracocyetis,  from 0wpa£,
'the chest,' and Kvans, 'a bladder.'   Encysted
dropsy of the chest.   Hydatids in the chest.
  THORAX, Otopa!;, ' a cuirass, a coat of mail.'
Citli'arus, Venter me'dins, Pectus, Stethus, Scutum
pec'toris, the Breast, the Chest, Bir,  Chelys, Cas-
sa, (F.) Poitrine.  One of the splanchnic cavities ;
bounded, posteriorly, by the vertebras ; laterally,
by the ribs and scapula;  anteriorly, by the ster-
num ; above, by the clavicle; and below, by the
diaphragm.  It  is destined to lodge and protect
the chief organs of respiration and circulation —
the lungs and the heart.
  Thorax, Corset.
  THORE, Sperm.
  THORN APPLE, Datura stramonium—t. Red,
Datura Sanguinea.
  THOROUGHSTEM, Eupatorium perfoliatum.
  THOROUGHAVAX, Eupatorium perfoliatum.
  THOROUGHAVORT, Eupatorium perfoliatum.
  THOROAV-AVAX, Bupleurum rotundifolium.
  THORULUS  STRAMINEUS, Fanon.
  THREADWORM, Dracunculus—t. Long, Tri-
chocepbalus.
  THREPSIS, Assimilation,  Nutrition.
  THREPSOL'OGY, Thrcpsoloej" ia, from §pt-l>is,
'nutrition,' and Xoyos, 'a description.'  The doc-
trine of, or a treatise on, the  nutrition of organ-
ized bodies.
  TIIRKPTICE, Assimilation.
  THRIDACE,  Lactucarium.
  THRIDAX, Lettuce.
  THRIFT, LAA'ENDER, Statice limonium—t.
American, Statice Caroliniana — t. Sea-side, Sta-
tice Caroliniana.
  THRIX, Capillus, Hair.
  THROAT, Spoce,  opota, Jugulum, Interatit"-
ium Juguldre, Guttur, Sphage. The  anterior part
of the neck.  (F.) Gorge.   Also, the Faucea, (F.)
Goaier.
  THROATROOT, Geum Virginianum, Liatris.
  THROATAVORT,  Campanula trachelium.
  THROBBING,   Pulaati'vua,  Sphyg'micua,
Sphygmo'de8, Pul'satory.  A  throbbing pain, (F.)
Douleur pulaative, is a kind of pain which is, or
seems to  be, augmented by the pulsation of ar-
teries.
   THROE, Agony, Pains, labour.
   THROMBI  LACTEI, Infarctus  mammae
lacteus.
   THROMBOCYS'TIS,  from Spop/Sos,  'a clot,'
and kvctis, 'a cyst.'   The  cyst occasionally sur-
rounding a clot  of blood — as in encephalic he-
morrhage.
   THROMBOSIS, Coagulation, Thrombus.
   THROMBUS, QpoplSos, 'a clot,' from rpttpttv,
'to  coagulate;'  Thrombo'eie,  Trumbua, Haniato'-
ma. A small, hard, round, bluish tumour; formed
by an effusion of blood  in  the vicinity of a vein
which has been opened in the operation of blood-
letting.   The thrombus is most commonly owing
to the opening in the vein  and that of  the skin
not corresponding; to excessive smallness of the
cutaneous orifice;  or to small, fatty granules,
which prevent the discharge  of the blood.  Com-
presses, dipped in salt water; camphorated spirit,
and slight compression, usually disperse it.  See
Blood.
   Thrombus Neonatorum, Cephalasmatoma.
   THROTTLE, Trachea.
   THROAV, Agony, Pains, labour.
  THROAVORT, Leonurus cardiaca.
  THRUSH,  Aphtlno — t. Milk,  Aphthas—t.
AVhite, Aphtlue.
  THRYPSIS. Comminution.
  THUJA  OCCIDENTAL1S,  Thuya  occiden-
tal! s.
  THUREA, Juniperus lycia—t. A'irga, Junipe-
rus lycia.
  THUS, see  Pinus abies—t. Fcemininum, see Pi-
nus abies—t. Judaeorum, Croton cascarilla, Sty-
rax, Thymiama—t. Libanotos, Juniperus lycia—
t. Masculum,  Juniperus lycia—t. Arerum, Junipe-
rus lycia—t. A'ulgare, see Pinus abies.
  THUYA APHYLLA, see Sandarac.
  Thu'ya seu Thuja Occidenta'lis, T. obtdsa,
Cupres' sua Arbor Vita, Arbor  Vita:,  'Tree of
Life.   Nat. Family, Conifcrae.  The leaves and
wood  were formerly in high repute as resolvents,
sudorifics, and expectorants, and  were  given in
phthisical  affections,  intermittent  fevers, and
dropsies.  The expressed juice has been applied
to condylomata.   The arrangement of the medul-
lary matter  of  the  cerebellum,  termed  Arbor
 Vita, is also  called  'Thuya.
  TIIYLACIITIS, Gutta rosea.
   THY31,  Thymus.
  THYMA, Thymion.
  THYMALOS, Taxus baccata.
  THYMASTI1MA, Asthma thymicum.
  T1IYMBRA, Satureia hortensis—t. Ilispanica,
Thymus mastichina.
  THYME, CAT, Teucrium Marum—t.  Common,
Thymus—t.  Lemon, see Thymus serpyllum — t.
Mother of,  Thymus   serpyllum — t.  A'irginia,
Pycnanthemum linifolium—t. AVild, Thymus ser-
pyllum.
  THYMELiEA, Daphne gnidium—t.  Laureola,
Daphne laureola — t.  Mezereum,  Daphne meze-
reum—t. Monspeliaea, Daphne gnidium.
  THYMELCO'SIS, from ^oj, 'thymus,' and
'iXkos, 'an ulcer.'  Ulceration of the thymus gland,
   THYMI'AMA, Bv^at^a, 'a perfume;'  Aluak-
wood,  Thus Jodao'rum, (F.) Narcaphte.  A bark
from  Syria, Cilicia, 4c, supposed to be the pro-
duct of the liquid storax tree.   It has an agree-
able,  balsamic smell;  approaching that of liquid
storax.
   Thymiama, Fumigation, Suffimentum.
   THYMIASIOTECHNIA, Thymiatechny.
   THYMIASIS, Fumigation.
   THYMIATECH'NY, Thymiatech'nia,  Thymi-
 asiotech'nia,  Cura fumigoto''ria, from Svpta/ja, 'an
 odour,' and rtxyn, 'art.'  The  art of employing
 perfumes in medicine.
   THYM'ION, Thyma, Thymus, Porrum, Porrus,
 Verru'ca rhago'i'dea,  Ycrrdca minor, from Bvpos,
 'thyme.'   A small wart on the  skin, resembling
 a bud of thyme.
   TIIYMIOSIS, Framboesia — t. Indica, Fram-
 bossia.
   THYMI'TES.  AVine impregnated with thyme.
   THYMI'TIS,  from -Su/io?, 'thymus,' and itis,
 denoting  inflammation.  Inflammation  of  the
 thymus gland.
   THYMOPATHI'A, Peychopathi'a, from Sv^os,
 'the  mind,' and  TtaBos, 'affection.'  A  disease of
 the mind.
   THYMOS, Rage.
   THYMOXAL'ME, from  Svfxos, 'thyme,' o$v{,
 'acid,' and 'aXs, 'salt.'   A compound  of thyme,
 vinegar, and salt.
   THYMUS, Svpos,  Gland'ula Thymus, Corpus
 IThymiamum seu Thy'micum, Gladdium, Thymus
 gland, Corjma incomprehenaib'ile of Jos. Frank.
 An organ, the uses of which are totally unknown, 
THYRA
855
THYROID
and which  is  seated in the upper separation of
the anterior mediastinum.  The thymus has the
appearance of a glandular body.   It  is oblong;
bilobate; soft, and very variable in size and co-
lour.   In the foetus, it is very large, and contains
in a central cavity — reservoir of the thymus — a
milky  fluid; but it  gradually disappears, and  in
old age  is  scarcely discernible.   The arteries,
called  thymic, are from the inferior thyroid, inter-
nal mammary, bronchial,  and mediastinal.  The
veins  have  the same arrangement.   It receives
some nervous  filaments from the pneumogastric
nerves, the phrenic,  and the inferior cervical
ganglia.
   Thymus,  T. vulga'ris seu tenuifo'lius seu hor-
tcn'aia, Common Thyme, (F.)  Thym, T. ordinaire.
Family, Labiatae.  Sex. Syat. Didynamia Gymno-
spermia.  This herb has  an  agreeable, aromatic
smell; and a warm, pungent taste.  It is reputed
to be resolvent, emmenagogue, tonic,  and stoma-
chic.   It is not much used.
   Thymus, Satureia capitata, Thymion—t. Cala-
minthus, Melissa calainintha—t. Capitatus, Satu-
reia capitata—t. Ciliatus, T. mastichina—t. Cre-
ticus,  Satureia capitata—t. Hortensis,  Thymus—
t. Includens, T. serpyllum.
   Thymus  Mastich'ina,  T. cilidtua, Common
herb .Moatielt, 3Iorum vulga're, Samp'suchus, 67 i-
nopo'dio, .Mastieh'ina Gallo'rum,  Thymbra Hie-
padica, Jaca  In'dica.  A low, shrubby, Spanish
plant, used as an  errhine.  It has a  smell like
mastich. Its virtues resemble those of the Marum
Syriacum ; but it is said to be less powerful.
   Thymus AIultiflorus, Melissa nepeta—t. Ne-
peta, Melissa  nepeta.
   Thymus Serpyl'lum, T. inclddens, Mother  of
 Thyme,  Wild Thyme, Her'pylos, Herpyl'loa, Ser-
jtyl'luin, Serpul'lum,  Scrpil'lum, Gild rum, Ser-
pyl'lum vnlejo're minus, (F.) Serpolet.   This plant
has the  same sensible properties as the garden
thyme; but has a milder,  and rather more grate-
ful flavour.  Lemon Thyme, the Serpyllum citra'-
tum, is merely a variety of the Thymus  Serpyllum.
It is very pungent; and has  a particularly grate-
ful odour,  approaching that of lemons.
   Thymus  Sylvaticus,  Clinopodium vulgare —
th. Sylvestris, Satureia  capitata—th. Tenuifo-
lius, Thymus.
   THYRA, Bvpa, 'a gate, folding-door.' In com-
position, Thyreo  and Thyro, Svpeos, 'a shield  re-
sembling a folding-door,' mean the thyroid car-
tilage.
   THYREMPHRAXIS,  Bronchocele.
   THYREO,  Thyro, in composition, relate to the
thyroid cartilage or gland.
   THYREOADFNITIS, Thyreoitis.
   TIIYR E 0-A RY T'E N 01D, Thyro-arytenoi-
deu*,  or Thyro-aryteno'idea.  That which relates
 to the thyroid and  arytenoid cartilages.
   Tiiyreo-arytenoid Ligaments, Inferior Liga-
ments of the  Larynx, Lips of the  Glottis, Vocal
 Cords, are  two ligaments about two  lines broad,
 formed of elastic and parallel fibres, which are
 contained in  a duplicature of the mucous mem-
 brane of the  larynx.  They extend horizontally
 from  the anterior  projection at the base  of each
 arytenoid  cartilage to the middle of the angle of
 union of the  thyroid cartilage.    They  are the
 essential organs of voice.  See Glottis.
   Thyreo-arytenoid Muscles,  Thyreo-ary-
 tenoidei, are thin muscles, which arise from  the
 middle and inferior part  of the posterior surface
 of the thyroid cartilage; whence they  proceed
 backwards and outwards, to be inserted into  the
 outer part of the base of  the arytenoid cartilage.
 They  :rive the necessary tension to the ligaments
 of the glottis, in  the production of the voice.
Santorini has given the name Thyreo-aryteno'i-
deus obliquus to  a  portion  of the  aryteno'ideus
muscle.
  T H Y R E 0-E PIG L 0 T'T IC, Thyreo-epiglot-
tideus, Thyrepiglott'icus.  Sabatier and Santorini
have given this name to the  outer portion of the
thyro-arytenoid muscle;  because  it passes  from
the thyroid cartilage to the  anterior part of the
epiglottis.
  THYRE0-H1T0ID, Thyro-hyoideus, Thyro-
hyo'ides, Hyodeothyreo'dce.   That which belongs
or relates to the thyroid cartilage and os hyoides.
  Thyreo-hyoid or  Hyo-thyroid  Membrane
is a very broad, yellowish, fibrous membrane,
thicker  at  the  middle than at the extremities,
which is attached above to the posterior surface
of the body and  great cornu of the os hyoides;
and, below, to  the  whole superior edge of the
thyroid cartilage.
   T H Y R E 0-H YOID E U S or Hyo-thyredidens
3Iuacle  is situate at  the  anterior  and superior
part of  the neck. It is attached to the oblique
line on the anterior surface of the  thyroid car-
tilage ;  to the inferior edge of the body of the os
hyoides, and to the anterior portion of its great
cornu.   It  approximates the thyroid  cartilage
and os hyoides to each other, by raising the car-
tilage, and with  it  the whole larynx: or, it can
depress the os hyoides.
   THYREO-PHARYNGEUS, Thyro-Pharyn-
geus.
   THYREOID, Thyroid.
   THYREOIDEUS, Thyroideal.
   THYREOI'TIS, Thyreoddeni'tia, Angi'na thy-
reoidea, from Svptos,  ' a shield,' and itia, denot-
ing inflammation.  Inflammation of the thyroid
gland.
   THYREONCUS, Bronchocele.
   THYREOPHRAXIA, Bronchocele.
   THYREPIGLOTTICUS, Thyroepiglottic
   THYRO, see Thvreo.
   THYRO-ARYTENOID, Thyreo-arytenoid.
   THYRO-CRICO-PHARYNGEUS, see Crico-
pharyngeal.
   THYRO-HYOIDEUS, Thyreo-hyoid.
   THYRO-PHARYNGEUS, Thyreo-pharyngeus.
A*alsalva, Morgagni, Santorini, and Winslow have
given this  name  to  the portion of the constrictor
pharyngis inferior, which is attached to the thy-
roid cartilage.
   Thyro-Pharyngeus,  Constrictor  pharyngis,
see Crico-pharyngeal.
   THYRO-PHARYNGO-STAPHYLINUS, Pa-
lato-pharyngeus.
   THYROCELE, Bronchocele.
   THYROID,  Thy'reoid, Thyro'i'des, from Svpa,
' a gate or folding-door,' or from Svptos, ' a shield,'
and £<i5oj, ' form.'  That which has the shape of a
folding-door.
   Thyroid Car'tilage,  Cartila'go Scutifor'mis,
 C. Scuta'lis, C. Clypea'lis, Coopertorium, C. Pel-
ta'lis seu pelta'tus, Scutum, Add mi 3Ioreua Os,
is the largest of  the cartilages of the larynx, at
the anterior part of which it is  situate.  It  is
larger transversely than vertically; broader above
than below; and seems formed  by the junction
 of the  two quadrilateral plates,  which  produce,
 by their union, an  angle  that projects forwards.
 Its  two posterior margins  terminate above, and
 on each side, by an ensiform prolongation, called
 the greater cornu of the thyroid  cartilage ; and,
 below,  by  a  less prominent eminence, the leeeer
 cornu, which is articulated with the cricoid.
   Thyroid Gland. Corpue Thyreo'idettm,  Glad-
 dula Thyredidea, (F.) Gland ou  Corpa Thyro'ide,
 is an organ, the uses of which are not known.  It
 covers  the anterior and inferior part of the larynx, 
THYROIDEAL
856
TIBIALIS
as well as the first rings of the trachea, and seems
to be composed of two lobes, flattened from before
to behind, which are united by a transverse pro-
longation of the same nature as themselves, called
the lathmua of the Thyroid Gland.  The tissue of
the thyroid is  soft, spongy,  and of a brownish
colour;  but its intimate structure  is unknown.
It is formed of  several distinct lobules;  collected
in lobes of greater or less size.   These  are com-
posed of granulations, some  of which contain a
yellowish or milky fluid.  The thyroid gland re-
ceives four large arteries,  called Thyroideal, as
well as corresponding veins.  Its nerves proceed
from the  pneumogastric, and from the cervical
ganglia.   No excretory duct has ever been found
in it,  Its uses  are not known.
  THYROIDEAL, Thyrdideus, Thyredideua,(F,)
Thyroidien.  That  which  concerns the thyroid
gland or cartilage.
  Thyroideal Arteries are two on each side.
1. The superior Thyroideal,  superior laryngeal,
superior guttural, arises from  the anterior part of
the external  carotid, and proceeds to the upper
part of the thyroid gland, after having  given off
a laryngeal branch and a crico-thyroid. 2. The
inferior  Thyroideal,  inferior  gut'tural,  much
larger  than the last,  arises from the upper part
of the subclavian.   It  passes,  in  a  serpentine
manner, to the inferior part of the thyroid gland,
to which it is distributed, after  having given a
number of branches to the neighbouring parts,
among which is the cervicalis ascendene.
  Thyroideal \"eins  are,  1. A  auperior thyroi-
deal, and several middle thyroideal, which open
into  the  internal jugular vein.   2. An inferior
thyroideal, much larger than the preceding, whose
branches form — by anastomosing with those of
the opposite  side, in  front  of the trachea — a
very remarkable venous plexus, which J. Cloquet
calls the  infra-ihyroideal plexus.  The inferior
thyroideal  veins  open,—the  left into the corre-
sponding  subclavian;—the right,  into  the vena
cava superior.
  THYROIDIEN, Thyroideal.
  THYROPHRAXIA, Bronchocele.
  THYRSUS, Penis.
  TIB I-PER 0 NJE 0- TA R SIEN, Peronasus
longus.                              ,
  TIB'IA.  A Latin word, which signifies a, flute
or pipe.  Cneme, Procne'me, Procne'mium, Fo'cile
majua, Arun'do major, Canna  major, Canna major
seu domea'tica  crttria.   The  largest bone of the
leg.   A  long,  irregular,  and  triangular  bone,
situate on the inner side of the fibula.   It has, 1.
A Superior or femoral extremity, which is  very
large, rounded, and has two eminences at the
sides, called Tuberoe'itiea of  the Tibia, or Tibial
tuberoaitiea.  The outermost  is articulated  with
the fibula.  On its head are  two articular, oval,
concave  surfaces, separated by a process, called
Spine of the tibia, which are articulated with the
condyles of the Oa femorie.  2. An inferior  or
tarsal extremity, having an articular surface be-
neath, which joins the astragalus ; within, a tri-
angular eminence, which forms the malleolus in-
ternus ; and, on the outside, a triangular surface,
which articulates with the fibula,  3. The body
or shaft of the tibia has three faces, separated  by
three angles, the anterior of which is  the most
prominent, and is called the spine or crista of the
tibia or tibial spine.   It is the ehin.  The tibia is
articulated with the femur, fibula, and  astragalus.
It is developed by three points of ossification,
one for the body, and one for each extremity.
  Tibia Minima, Fibula.
  TIBLEUS, Tibial.
  TIB'IAL, Tibia'lia, Tibia'ua, (F.) Tibial, Jam-
bier.  That which relates to the tibia or to the leg.
  Tibial Aponeuro'sis,  (F.)  Aponirrosc Jam-
bih-e, surrounds the muscles of the leg.  It is con-
tinuous, above, with the femoral aponeurosis, and
arises, also, from the head  of the fibula, and from
several  fibrous expansions which detach them-
selves from the tendons of the  triceps, sartorius,
gracilis, and semitendinosus.  Thence it descends
around  the leg, attaching  itself to the  whole ex-
tent of the anterior and inner edges of the tibia.
It sends, below, an expansion,  which passes be-
fore the tendo Achillis, and is continuous  with
the anterior annular ligament of the tarsus.  It
is attached, also,  to the  sheath  of the  peronei
muscles.
  Tibial Arteries  are two in number.   1. The
Tibia'lis Anti'ca, which arises from the popliteal
artery, before its bifurcation; passes immediately
through the opening in the upper part of the in-
terosseous ligament, and reaches the anterior part
of the leg; when  it turns downwards, and de-
scends obliquely, between  the extensor communis
digitorum pedis and the tibialis anticus, anterior
to the interosseous ligament;  glides under the
anterior annular ligament  of the tarsus, and takes
the name Dorsalis  torsi.  Amongst the numerous
branches, given off by the tibialis antica, may be
distinguished — the Tibialis  recur'reus, A.  mol-
leoldris interna, and A. malleolaris externa.  2.
The Tibialie poati'ca, arises from the bifurcation
of the popliteal artery;  and,  slightly tortuous,
descends between the two planes  of the posterior
muscles of the  leg;  until it arrives under the
arch of  the calcaneum, where it divides into two
branches — the Plantar arteries.
  TIBIAD, see Tibial  aspect.
  TIB'IAL ASPECT.  An aspect  towards the
the side on which the tibia is situated.—Barclay.
Tibiad is used adverbially by the same writer, to
signify,  ' towards the tibial aspect.'
  Tibial Nerves are two in  number.   1. The
anterior tibial nerve, Pritibio-auaplantaire, (Ch.)
One of the two branches  ill  which  the external
popliteal terminates.  It accompanies the arteria
tibialis  antica.  2. The  poaterior tibial nerve,
Branche tibiale du nerf fimoro-poplitic,  (Ch.) is
the internal popliteal.
  Tibial Veins, Anterior and Posterior, have
the same arrangement as  the arteries which they
accompany.
  TIBIA'LIS  ANTI'CUS,  Cate'na  mua'culns,
(F.) Tibio-aua-mitataraien, Tibio-auataraien, (Ch.)
Jetmbier antirieur.  A muscle  situate at the an-
terior part  of the leg.  Above, it has  the shape
of a triangular  prism; below,  it is slender and
tendinous.   It is attached, above, to the  anterior
part of the external  tuberosity of the tibia; to
the  superior. half of the  outer  surface  of that
bone; and to the anterior surface of the interos-
seous ligament.  Below, its tendon terminates at
the base of the first cuneiform bone,  and at the
posterior extremity of the first metatarsal bone.
This muscle bends the foot on the leg, and directs
its point inwards,  at the same  time  that it raises
its inner edge.   It can, also, bend the leg on the
foot,  and  prevent it from falling backwards in
standing.
  Tibialis Gracilis, Plantar muscle.
  Tibialis Posti'cus, (F.) Tibio-tareien,  Tibio-
sous-taraicn, (Ch.) Jetmbier poatirieur.  This mus-
cle  is situate at the posterior and  deep part of the
leg.   It is thicker  above  than  below ; and is at-
tached,  above, to  the posterior  surface of the
fibula; to the posterior surface of the tibia, and
to the interosseous ligament.   Its tendon termi-
nates, below,  at the  tuberosity  on the  inferior
extremity of the os scaphoides.  This muscle ex-
tends the foot on the leg; at the  same time rais- 
TIBIO-CALCANIEN           857                 TINCTURA
ing its inner edge.  It, likewise, extends the leg
on tho foot.
   TIBIO-CALCANIEN, Sulcus—t. Phalanrjet-
tien, Flexor  longus digitorum pedis profundus
perforans — t. Soua-torsien, Tibialis posticus — t.
Sus-niitatureien, Tibialis anticus — t. Sus-tarsien,
Tibialis anticus.
   TIB'IO-TARSAL,  Tibio-tar'seus, (F.)  Tibio-
tarsienne.  AVhat relates to the tibia and tarsus.
   Tibio-Tarsal  Articula'tion is the  articula-
tion of the foot with the leg.   It is formed by
the tibia and the astragalus; and is strengthened
by lateral, and by anterior and posterior  liga-
ments.
   TIRIO-TARSIEN, Tibialis  posticus.
   TIC, Twitching, Vcllication.  A local and habi-
tual convulsive motion of certain  muscles;  and,
especially, of some of those  of the  face.   It  is,
sometimes, called in France Tic convulsif ou Tic
non douloureux, to distinguish it from Tic doulou-
reux or neuralgia faciei, and has  been  termed a
partial chorea or form of chronic chorea, Spas-
mus facitt'lis, Chore'a fo'ciei.
   TIC DOULEUPEUX, Neuralgia, facial — t.
non douloureux, see Tic.
   TICKLE AVEED, Veratrum  viride.
   TICKLING, (F.) Chatouillement.   This word,
sometimes, means the action of tickling (titilld-
tio,  titillotion;) at others,  the sensation  pro-
duced by this action (pruri'tus).   A vivid sensa-
tion, which  commonly  causes  laughter, and a
state of  general spasm that may be dangerous if
too  long protracted.   There are some  parts  of
the body, where we are easier tickled than others;
for example, the  sole of the  feet,  and the hypo-
chondriac regions.
   TICKSEED SUNFLOWER, Coreopsis tricho-
spertna.
   TICK AVEED,  Hedeoma —t. Sunflower, Core-
opsis trichosperma.
   TIDAL AIR, see Respiration.
   TIERCE, see  Tertian.
   TIGE PITUITAIRE,  Infundibulum  of the
brain — t. Sue-ephino'idale, Infundibulum of the
brain.
   TIGILLUM, Crucible.
   TIGLIA  seu  TIGLII  GRANA,  see  Croton
Tiglium.
   TlGRETIER, see  Mania, dancing.
   TIGULA, Saccharum.
   T1KIMMA, Cacoucia coccinea.
   TILBURY,  AIINERAL WATERS OF.  A  sa-
line chalybeate at AVest  Tilbury, in  Essex,  Eng-
land.  It is not much frequented.
   TIL 1 A, T. Eu ropes'a seu grandiflo'ra seu cordi-
fo'lia  seu pouciflo'ra seu platyphyll'a,  Phil'yra.
The Lime tree or Linden tree,  Ba8awood, White-
wood,  Spoon wood,  (F.)  Tiileul.   Family, Tilia-
ce;e.  The flowers have been supposed to-possess
anodyne  and antispasmodic virtues.
   T/LLEf'L, Tilia,
   TILLKTIERRY CORTEX, Nerium antidy-
senterieum.
   'ITEMA, Linteum.
   TILMOS, Evulsion.
   TILMUS, Carphologia.
   TILY, OF THE INDIANS, Viburnum denta-
tum.
   TTMAC.   The name of an East India root; but
of what  vegetable is not clear.  It is said to pos-
sess  diuretic  properties;  and hence  has  been
given  in dropsies.
   TIMIDUS,  Rectus inferior oculi.
   TIN,  (D.) Ten.   Stannum, Coaait'eros, Cat-
tit'eros, Stangos,  Ju'piter, Stu'pia,  Laos, Plumbum
album sen  can'didum, Plumbum candidum, (F.)
£tain.  A solid  metal;  of a peculiar odour when
rubbed;  insipid;  colour  whitish;  s.  g.  7.291;
giving a peculiar  tinkling sound  when struck.
It is used, in medicine, only as a mechanical an-
thelmintic.  Dose, 3J of the Pulvis Stanni, Stan-
num granuldtum or Granular tin, in molasses.
This is made by melting tin in an  iron vessel
over the fire, and, while it is  cooling, stirring
until it is reduced to a powder, which is  passed
through a sieve.—Ph. U. S.
  Tin, Butter of, Tin, muriate of—t. Chloruret
of, Tin, muriate of—t. Deutohydrochlorate of, T.
muriate of.
  Tin-Foil,  Stannum folia'turn, Stanni'olum, is
used for plugging carious teeth, 4c
  Tin-Glass, Bismuth — t. Granular, see Tin —
t. Muriate of, superoxygenated, T. muriate of.
  Tin, Muriate of, Butter of Tin, Fuming liquor
of Libdrius,  Mu'riaa Stanni, Murias Oxyd'uli
Stanni, Chlor'uret of Tin, Dedto-hydro-chlorate
of Tin, Superoxygendted Muriate  of Tin.   This
is formed of Tin, one part;  concentrated muriatic
acid, three parts.  To be crystallized by the aid
of heat.  A violent cathartic.  Dose, gr. ij or iij.
  Tin, Sulphuret of, Aurum musivum.
  TINAGMUS, Concussion.
  TINASMUS, Tenesmus.
  TINCTU'RA, from tingere, tinctttm, 'to  dye.'
 Tincture, Esseu'tia, (F.)  teinture, Aleoolat, Alco-
hol.   The term tincture is  generally restricted to
spirituous solutions of vegetable, animal, and some
saline substances.   It corresponds, therefore, with
the word Quintes'sence, in  one of its old signifi-
cations ; and with the Alcooldtum of the Codex
of Paris.   It  is not unusual, however, to  speak
of aqueous  tincture, ethereal tincture, 4c  Tinc-
tures are made either with pure alcohol or proof
spirit.   The former are precipitated  by water:
and, therefore, are seldom used internally; the
latter are common additions to infusions, decoc-
tions, , 4c.  They ought not,  of  course,  to be
united  with any  vehicle which can  decompose
them, or separate any thing from them in a pal-
pable form;  unless such decomposition is desired
by the  prescriber.  In making tinctures, the in-
gredients should be reduced to a coarse powder;
and the maceration be made in close vessels, ex-
posed to a heat  of  about 80°, and  frequently
 shaken.  When completed, they must be filtered,
 and put away for use in  close bottles.  AVhen the
 process of displacement is employed, great care
 must be  taken, so that the substances  treated
may be,  as far as possible,  exhausted of their
 soluble principles, and a perfectly clear tincture
be obtained.  To those who are not familiar with
the  process, the plan  of  maceration  is preferable.
—Ph. U. S.
  Tinctura Absin'thii Compos'ita, Compound
 Tincture of wormwood, Essen'tia  absin'thii  com-
posita  seu  amara.   (Absinth., artcni. pontic,
coryoph. aa $*fi, sacch. gij. alcohol. Oss.   Mace-
rate for fiftee'n days.  Ph. P.)  Tonic, stomachic,
vermifuge, and carminative.  Dose,  fgij to  f 5ss.
  Tinctura Acacia  Catechu, T. catechu — t.
 Acetatis ferri cum alcohole, see T. ferri acetatis
 — t. Acidi sulphurici, Sulphuricum acidum aro-
 maticum.
   Tinctura Aconi'ti, (Ph. U. S. 1842.)   Tinc-
 tu'ra Aconi'ti folio'rum, (Ph. U^S. 1851.)   Tinc-
 ture of Aconite, (Aconit. folior. $'\y, alcohol, dilut.
 Oij.  Macerate for 14 days, express, and  filter
 through paper.   It  may  also be  made  by dis-
 placement.  Ph. U. S.)  Dose, gtt, v.  It is rub-
 bed on the seat of neuralgia.
   Tinctura Aconi'ti Radi'cis, Tincture of Aco-
 nite root,  (Aconit. radicia,  contus. Ibj, Alcohol.
 Oij.  Macerate for 14 days; express  and  filter.
 It  may also  be  prepared by displacement.  Phi
 U. S.)   Uses same as the last. 
TINCTURA
858
TINCTURA
  Tinctura  ,Ethe'rea Camphora'ta, Solu'tio
cam'phora athe'rca, Liquor nervinue Bangii, Spi-
ritus sulphdrico-athereus camphora'tus, Naphtha
vitrioli camphora'ta.  (Camphor, p. i. HCthcr sul-
phuric, p. ii.)   Stimulant in atonic diseases, ar-
thritic cardialgia  and  spasm.   Dose, 20  to 30
drops in  white wine.
  Tinctura Aetherea Ferri, Alcohol (seu Tinc-
tura)  sulphurico-aethereus  ferri — t, Alcoholica
Chinae composita,  T. cinchonae composita—t. Al-
coholica  corticum aurantiorum  Whyttii, Tinctura
cinchonae amara — t. Alexipharmaca Huxhami,
Tinctura cinchonas composita.
  Tinctura Al'oes,  T. Al'oes Socotori'na, Es-
sen'tia Aloes, Al'cohol cum Aloe perfolia'td, Tinc-
ture, of Aloee.  (Aloea, pulv. gj, ext.  glycyrrh.
§iij, aqua Oiss, alcohol. Oss.   Macerate  for 14
days,  and filter.  Ph.  U. S.)  Properties, those
of aloes.   Dose, f^ss to fg"iss.
  Tinctura Aloes AEthe'rea, ^Ethe'real Tinc-
ture of Aloea,  Tinctura  aloea vitriola'ta.   (Aloea
Socot., Alyrrh, aa, g'iss, croci *§j, sp. atheris sulph.
Oj.   Digest the myrrh in  the ether for 4 days;
then add the aloes and saffron.  Ph. E.)  Stimu-
lant and cathartic.  Dose, fgj  to fgij-
  Tinctura Aloes Compos'ita, Elix'ir Proprie-
ta'tia.  E. aperiti'vum,  E. Aloea, Tinctura Aloea
cum 3Iyrrhd, T. Aloes et Myrrhce,  (Ph. U. S.,) T.
Aloea et  Myrrha  croca'ta,  Elixir of  long  life,
Compound Tincture of Aloea, (F.) Elixir de  longue
vie, Baume de vie de  Lelievre, (Aloes, in  pulv.,
giij. croci, g"j, Tinct. 3Iyrrha, Oij.)  Macerate for
14  days,  and  filter.  Purgative and stomachic.
Dose, fgj to fgij.
  Boerhaave's Elixir consisted of aloes,  myrrh,
saffron, and tartrate  of potassa, digested in alco-
hol  and water.
  Radcliffe's  Elixir is  formed of Aloes  Socotr.
gvj, cort. cinnam.,  rod.  zedoar, aa gss, rad. rhei
gj,  coccinelL gss, eyrup. rhamni g"ij,  sp. tenuior.
Oj.  aqua pura fgv.
  Tinctura Aloes et  Myrrha, T.  aloes com-
posita—  t. Aloes et myrrhae crocata, T. A. com-
posita—  t. Aloes  vitriolata,  T. A. aetherea — t.
Amara, T. gentianae composita — t.  Amomi re-
pentis, T. cardamomi — t, Amomi  zingiberis, T.
zingiberis.
  Tinctura Angustu'ra, Tincture of Anguatura.
(Cort. cuepar.  in pulv.  crass, redact. t*"";ij, sp. vin.
ten. Oij.  Digest. Ph. D.)  Dose, fgj to fgij.
  Tinctura Antifebrilis Warburgi, see  Be-
beeru.
  Tinctura Antiodontal'gica, Toothache Tinc-
ture.  (Tannin. "**)j, Alaetich, gr. v, ather. gij. M.)
To be applied on  cotton wool,  to  the tooth pre-
viously dried.
  Tinctura  Aristolochia  Serpentaria,  T.
serpentarias —1» Aromatica, T.  cinnamomi com-
posita—t. Aromatica ammoniata, Spiritus ammo-
niae aromaticus.
  Tinctura Assafce'tida,  T.  Fer'ula Aeeafceti-
da, Tincture of Assafa-tida,  T. foetida, T. aeeafce-
tida, (Aeeafietid. g"iv, alcohol. Oij.  Macerate for
14 days and filter.)  Dose, gtt. xv to  fgj.
  Tinctura Assafcetida Ammoniata, Spiritus
Ammonias fcetidus.
  Tinctura Auran'tii, T.  Cor'ticie Aurantii,
Tincture  of Orange Peel.  (Aurant. cort. recent.
"f iij, sp. rect. Oij. Digest for 14 days.)  Stomachic.
Used as an adjunct to stomachic draughts.  Dose,
fgss to gij.
  Tinctura Aurea, Alcohol  seu  tinctura  sul-
phurico-aethereus ferri.
  Tinctura Belladon'na,  Tincture of Bella-
donna.   (Belleidonna,  g"iv,  alcohol, dilut.  Oij.
Macerate for 14 days; express, and filter through
paper.  It may, also,  be prepared by displace-
ment.  Ph. U. S.)
  Tinctura Benzo'ini Compos'ita,  Compound
Tincture of Benzoin, T. Benzoes composita, Boi'-
somum  Cathol'icum,  B.  Per'sicum,   Rolsamum
traumat'icum,  Elixir  traumaticum, Friar's  Unl-
earn, Vervain's Balsam,  Wade's  Drops, Jesuit's
drops,  Commander's  Balsam,  Wound  Balsam,
Balsam for cuts.  (Benzoin. giij, styj-nc. purif.
gij, Balsam, tolut. gj, aloes, in pulv. gss, alcohol.
Oij.  Macerate for 14 days and filter.   Stimulant.)
Used chiefly to wounds and ulcers.
  The  basis of Turlington's Balaam of Life is the
Compound Tincture of Benzoin.   The following
form is recommended by a committee of the Phi-
ladelphia College of Pharmacy: — Alcohol. Oviij,
Rcnzoin. gxij, Styrac. liquid, ""jiv, Aloes Socotr in.
^j, Balsam Peruvian, gij, 3Iyrrha, gj, Rad. An-
gelic. g"ss,  Balsam Tolut., Ext. Glycyrrh. aa giv.
Digest for  10 days, and strain.
  The  Essence of Coltsfoot consists of equal parts
of the  Compound Tincture of Benzoin  and Bal-
sam of Tolu, to which  is added double the quan-
tity of Rectified Spirit of Wine.   It  is sold as a
pectoral.
  Tinctu'ra C.vlum'b.e, T. Columba, T. Colombo,
Tincture of Columbo,  Columbo Bitters, (Calumb.
rad.  cont.  g"iv, alcohol, dilut. Oij.  Macerate  for
14 days; express, and filter.  Ph. U.  S.)  Dose,
fgss to giv.   It may, also, be made by displace-
ment.
  Tinctura Camphora, Spiritus camphoras.
  Tinctura  Cam'phora  Compos'ita,  T.  Opii
Camphora'ta,  (Ph. U. S.,) Compound Tincture of
Camphor, Camphorated Tincture of Opium, Elixir
Parcgor'icum, Paregor'ic Elixir.   (Oj>ii, in pulv.
Acid Benzoic,  aa, gj, ol. anisi, fgj, mellia deajjit-
mat. *^ij, Camjihur. *"")ij, alcohol, t/ilut. Oij.  Ala-
cerate  for 14 days, and filter through  paper.  Ph.
U. S.)   One fluidounee contains nearly gr. ij of
opium.   Anodyne.  Dose, fgj to fgiij.
  Squire's Elixir, an empirical carminative pre-
paration, is thus made, according to one formula.
(Opii ^iv, camphor,  gj, coccinelL  *""jj,  fcenicul.
dule. gij,  tinct. serpent^  Oj, ap.  anisi.  cong. ij,
aqua Oij, auri mueivi, gvj.)
  Tinctura Canthar'idis,  T. C. Vesicato'ria, P.
Lytta,  T. 31 eloes vesicato'rii, Tincture of Bliitir-
ing Flies, T. of Spanish Flits, (F.) Teinturc rubi-
fiante.   (Cantharid. cont. g"ij, alcohol, dilut. Oij.
Macerate for  14 days;  express,  and  filter.   It
may, also, be prepared  by displacement.   Ph.
U. S.)  Stimulant and diuretic,  but not often
used internally.   Externally,  stimulant.  Dose,
gtt. x.
  Matthew's Injection, a once celebrated nostrum
for fistula in  ano,  consisted wholly  of a dilute
Tincture of Cantharides.
  Tinctura  Cap'sici,  Tincture of Capsicum.
(Capeic.  g*j.  alcohol,  dil. Oij.   Macerate for 14
days,  and  filter.   It may, also, be  prepared by
displacement.)  Stimulant,  Dose, fgss to gj.
  Tinctura  Cardamo'mi,  T. amo'mi repen'tis,
Tincture of Car'damoms.   (Cordain.  cont. giv,
alcohol, dilut.  Oij.  Macerate  for 14 days, strain,
and filter.   It may, also, be  made  by displace-
ment.)   Use, the same as the seeds.   Dose, fgj
to fgiv.
  Solomon's Balm of Gil'ead, an empirical prepa-
ration,  seems to be an aromatic tincture, — of
which  Cardamoms form a leading ingredient, —
made with brandy.  Some affirm that it contains
cantharides.
  Tinctura Cardamomi  Compos'ita, Compound
Tincture of Carri'amoms, Stomach  'Tincture, Tinc-
tura Stomach'ica.   (Cardamom, cont. gvj. Carui.
cont. gij, cinnam. cont. gv, Uva passa demptis
acinis,  gv, cocci,  cont. gj, alcohol,  dilut. Oiiss. 
TINCTURA
TINCTURA
Macerate for 14 days,; express and filter. Ph. U. S.)
Stomachic and carminative.  Dose, fgij to fgiv.
   Tinctura Carminati'va  Syl'vii, Aleoo/a'tum
Carmiimti'vuiii Sylvii, Carminative Elixir of Syl-
vius.  (Rod. angelic. 4 p., rad. itnpcrotor., galang.
aa, 6 p., fol. rosmorin., mojoron., ruta, baailic. aa
4S p., baccor. lour, nobil. 12 p. eem. angelic., li-
gust. levist., aula, ilii  16  p., zingib., uuc. mosehot.
aa 0 p., cinnam. 12 p., caryopli., cort. limon. 3a.  4
p.  Add alcohol 1500 p.  Macerate and distil,
1000 p.  Ph. P.)  A warm  stomachic,  carmiria-
tive, 4c.  Hose, gss to fgss.
   Tinctura Cascaril'l'e, T.  Croto'nia EleuihC-
ria, Al'cohol cum Croto'ne Caacarilld, Tincture
of Cascitrilla.  (Cascarill. cort. cont. g"iv, sp. ten.
Oij.  Ph. L.)  Dose, fgj to fgiv.
   Tinctura Casto'rei,  T. Castorei Roe'sici, Es-
sen'tia Castorei, Al'cohol castoria'turn, T. Castorei
Canitdeidsis, Tincture of Castor.   (Castor cont.
§ij, alcohol. Oij.  Macerate for 7  days, express,
and  filter.)   Tonic  and  antispasmodic.   Dose,
gtt. xx  to fgij, or more.
   Tinctura  Castorei   Compos'ita,   Compound
Tincture of Castor.  (Cast, "jjj, g.  asaftetid. gss,
alcohol, aminoniat. Oj.  Ph. E.) Antispasmodic.
Dose, fgj to fgiv. Called, also, Elixir foe'tidum,
Tinctura castorei ftrtida seu fcetida ammonia'ta.
   Tinctura Cat'echu,   Tinctura  Japon'ica, T.
3timo'sa  Catechu, T. Aca'cia  Catechu, Tincture
of Catechu.  (Catech. g"iij,  cinnam. contus. gij,
alcohol,  dilut. Oij.   Macerate for 14  days,  ex-
press and filter.  Ph. U. S.)  Astringent.   Dose,
t'3-i to f'3U-
   The Concentrated Solution of Charcoal, sold for
cleaning the teeth, seems  to be  little more than
the tincture of catechu.
   Tinctura Cicuta, T.  conii maculati.
   Tinctura Cincho'na,  T. Cor'ticis Peruvia'ni
Simplex, T. Cort. Peruvia'ni, Tincture of Cincho-
na, Tincture  of Bark.  (Cinchon. flav. in pulv.
g vi, alcohol, dilut. Oij.   Macerate for 14 days, ex-
press, and filter through paper.  It may, also, be
made by displacement.    Ph.  U. S.)   Dose,  fgj
to giv or more.
   Tinctura Cincho'na  Ama'ra,  Elixir antihy-
piochontlri'aeiiin, E. rob'orans  Whyt'tii, E. Whyt-
tii,  Eased tia  Cor'ticis   Peruvia'ni  Composita,
 Tinctu'ra alcohol'ica corticum aurantio'rum Whyt-
tii, T. Kinki'na ama'ra, Elixir stomach'icus  spi-
rituo'sus.  (Cinch, p. viij,  Gentian. Rad.,  Cort.
Aurant. p. iij. Alcohol (.900) 96 p. Digest.  Dose,
one or  two teaspoonfuls.
   Tinctura Cinchona  Ammonia'ta,  T. Cor'ticis
Peruvia'ni volat'ilis, Ammoniated  Tincture  of
Bark, Volatile Tincture  of Bark.  (Cinchon. lan-
cifol. cort. cont.  g'iv, sp.  ammon.  aromat. Oij.
Ph. L.)  In dyspepsia, combined with acidity and
languor.
   Tinctura  Cinchona  JEthe'rea Compos'ita,
 T. Kina Kina  athe'rea compos'ita,  Elixir'ium
Antiaep'ticum Docto'ris  Chaussier,  Chaussicr's
Antiaep'tic Elixir.  (Cinchon.  officin. g"ij,  cas-
carill.  gss, cinnam.  giij, croci gss,  saeclt. alb.
gxxxvi'ij.   Put these bruised  into a matrass, and
 add vin. alb. Hispanic,  vel  vin. muscat., alcohol.
 a a, Oj.  Macerate for two days, and add sulphuric
 ether fgiss.  Ph. P.)   Tonic, stimulant, and an-
 tiseptic.   Dose, fgss to fgj.
   Tinctura Cinchona  Compos'ita,   Compound
  Tincture of  Cinchona or Bark, Huxham's Tinc-
 ture of Bark; T. Cor'ticis Peruvia'ni  Comjyosita,
  T. febrifuga I lot-to'ris Huxha'ini, Eased tia China,
 E~. Cor'ticis Peruvia'ni Alexiphor'maea Huxhami,
 Essen'tia antiaep'tica Huxhami,-Tinctu'ra Alexi-
  phar'niaca Huxhami, Tinctu'ra Alcohol'ica China
  Compos'ita.   (Cinchon.  rubr.  pulv. gij, aurant.
 cort. emit.  "^iss, serpent, cont. giij, croci,  santal.
 aa gj, alcohol, dilut. fgxx. Macerate for 14 days,
express, and filter.  Ph. U. S.)   It may, also, be
made by displacement.   More grateful than the
simple tincture.   Dose, fgjto fgiij.
  TINCTURA ClNNAMO'MI, Tincture of  Cinnamon,
Essen'tia Cinnamomi, T. Lauri Cinnamomi, (Cin-
nam. cont. giij, alcohol, dilut. Oij.  Macerate for
14 days,  express, and filter.  Ph. U. S.)  It may,
also, be prepared by displacement.   Stomachic.
Dose, fgj to fgij.
  Tinctura Cinnamo'mi  Compos'ita,  Compound
Tincture of Cinnamon, Tinctu'ra Aromat'ica, Es-
sen'tia Aromatica, Alcobl cum Aromat'ibus Com-
pos'itus, Eau de Bonferme ou dArmagnac. (Cin-
nam.  cont. fA, cardam. cont. g*ss,  zingib. cont.
giij, alcohol', dilut.  Oij.   Macerate for 14 days,
express, and filter.   Ph. U. S.)   It may, also, be
prepared by displacement. Use, same as the last.
Dose, fgj to fgiij.
  Tinctura  de  Cochlea'riis,  Alcooldtum de
Cochlea'riis, A. antiscorbdticum.  (Fol. cochlear.
recent. 2500 p., rad. armoracia, 230 p., alcohol.
(22° to 32° Beaume)  3000 p., distil  off 2000 p.
Ph. P.)  Antiscorbutic.   Dose,  fgij to g"j.
  Tinctura Col'chici,  T. C. Sem'inis, (Ph. U.
S.), Tincture of Colchicum  Seed.  (Colchic.  sem.
cont.  giv,  alcohol,  dilut. Oij.   Macerate for 14
days, express,  and filter.   Ph.  U. S.) It may,
also, be prepared by displacement.   Dose, ten to
sixty drops.
  Tinctura Colchici Seminis, T. colchici—t. Co-
lombae, T. Calumbae.
  Tinctura Coni'i, T. C. 3Iacula'tt,JT.  Cicu'ta,
Tincture of Hemlock.  (Conii fol. giv, alcohol.
dil. Oij. Macerate for 14 days, express, and filter.
Ph.  U. S.)   It may also be made  by displace-
ment.  Use ; — the same as that of the leaves.
  Tinctura Conii Maculati, T. conii — t. Con-
volvuli Jalapae, T.  jalapii — t.  Corticis aurantii,
T. aurantii — t.  Corticis Peruviani  composita, T.
cinchonae comp. — t. Corticis Peruviani simplex,
T. cinchonae — t. Corticis  Peruviani volatilis, T.
cinchonae ammoniata.
  Tinctura  Croci  Sati'va, T. Croci, Tincture
of Saffron.  (Croci Angl. cont.  """{j, alcohol, dilut.
gxv.  Ph. E.)  Slightly stomachic (?).  Dose, fgj
to fgiij-
  Tinctura de Croco Compos'ita, Elixir'mm de
Garus, Alcoola'tum  de Croco Compoe'itum, Com-
pound Tincture of  Saffron, Elixir  of  Garus.
(Aloea Socotr.  320  p., myrrh. 64 p., croci. 32 p.,
cinnam., nuc. moachat., caryoph. aa, 16 p.  alcohol.
1000 p. aq. flor. aurant. 5000 p. Digest  for two
days; distil 4000 p. and add ayrup of copillaire,
5000 p.  Ph. P.)   Aromatic, cordial,  stomachic.
It is also called Elixir cordia'le et stomach'icum,
and E. anticol'icum croedtum.
   Tinctura Crotonis  Eleutheria, T. casca-
rill ae.
   Tinctura. Cubeb'.e, Tincture of Cubebs.   (Cu-
 beb. cont. giv, alcohol, dilut. Oij.   Macerate for
 14 days, express, and filter. Ph. U. S.)  It may,
 also, be prepared by displacement.  Dose, one or
 two fluidrachms.
   Tinctura Digita'lis, Tincture of Digitalis, T.
 Digitalis purpu'rea.  (Digital, giv,  alcohol, di-
 lut. Oij.  Macerate for 14 days, express, and filter.)
 It may, also, be prepared by displacement.  Use,
 same as that of the leaves.  Dose, gtt. x.
   Tinctura Febrifuga Doctoris  Huxhami, T.
 cinchonae composita.
   Tinctura Ferri Aceta'tis, Tincture  of Ace-
 tate  of  Iron.   (Potaaa. acetat. gij, eulph. ferri
 gj,  sp. rectif. Oij.  Rub the acetate and sulphate
 into  a soft mass.   Dry  and rub with the spirit.
 Digest for 7 days,  and pour off. Ph. D.)  Tonic
 and astringent.  Dose, gtt. xx  to fgj. The  Dub-
 lin college directs a  Tinctura Acetatis Ferri cum
 Alcoho'le, which differs from the other, in having 
TINCTURA
860
TINCTURA
half  the quantity,  only, of  the  Acetate  of
Potass.
  Tinctura Ferri Ammonia'ta, Tincture of Am-
moniated Iron, T. Ferri Ammoniaca'lis, T. Flo-
rum martia'lium,  T. Alartie  Alynsich'ti.  (Ferri
ammon. Jiv, sp. ten. Oj. Ph. L.)   Use — same as
that of the ammoniated iron. Dose,  fgss to fgij.
  Tinctura Ferri Chloridi, T. ferri muriatis.
  Tinctura Ferri AIuria'tis,  T. Ferri chlo'ridi,
(Ph.  U. S.),  T. Ferri  sesqui-chlo'ridi, Liquor
Ferri muria'tis, Tincture of  Aluriatc of Iron, T.
Martis in Spiritit Salia, T. 31. cum Spirit A Salia,
T. Ferri 3Inridti, Tincture of  Steel, Alcohol fer-
ra'tua.   (Ferri  subcarb.  Ibss,  acid, muriat.  Oj,
alcohol. Oiij.  Add the acid to  the subcarbonate
in a glass vessel, and  shake  during three  days.
Pour off and add the  spirit.   Ph. U. S.)  Tonic
and styptic.   Dose, gtt. x to xx.
  Bestucheff's Tincture or Klaproth's Tincture is
an  ethereal tincture  of chloride  of iron.   It is
composed of dry perehloride of iron, one  part;
Hoffmann's anodyne liquor, seven  parts.
  The Antivenereal Drops, at  one time so cele-
brated at Amsterdam, were examined by Scheele,
and found to be a tincture of chloride of iron and
corrosive sublimate.
  Tinctura   Ferri  Sesquichloridi,  T.  Ferri
muriatis — t. Ferulae Asafoetidae, T. Asafcetidae—
t. Florum martialium, T. ferri ammoniata—t. Foe-
tida, T. asafcetidae — t.  Foetida  ammoniata, T.
castorei composita—t. Fuliginis, see Fuligo.
  Tinctura  Gal'bani,  Tincture  of Galbanum.
(Galb. gij, ap.  tenuior. Oij.   Ph. D.)  Stimulant
and antispasmodic.  Dose, fgj to fgiij.
  Tinctura  Galla'rum,  T.  Galla, (Ph.  U. S.)
 Tincture of  Galls.  (Gall, contus.  Jiv, alcohol.
dilut.  Oij.  Macerate  for 14 days,  express and
filter.   Ph. U. S.) It may, also,  be prepared by
displacement.   Astringent.  Dose, fgj to giij.
  Tinctura  Gentia'na  Compos'ita,  Compound
 Tincture of  Gentian,  Tinct.  Ama'ra, Spirit Bit-
ters,  Elix'ir  Stomach'icum.  (Gent, concis. Jij,
aurant. cort.  gj, cardam. cont. Jss, alcohol, dilut.
Oij.  Macerate for 14 days, express,  and  filter.
It  may, likewise, be prepared by displacement.
Ph. U. S.)   Tonic and stomachic  Dose,  fgj to
fgiij-
  Brodum's Acrvous Cordial consists of the Ttnc-
 turee of Gentian, Columba, Cardamom, and Bark,
 with the Compound Spirit of Lavender, and Wine
 of  Iron.
   Stoughton's Elixir is a  compound tincture of
 gentian.  The Elixir'ium Docto'ris Stonghton seu
 Tinctu'ra Ama'ra of the Parisian Codex is pre-
 pared as follows : — Absinth,  summit, exsiccat.,
 Teucri chamadrys.,  Rad. gentian.,  cort. aurant.
 aa, gvj, cascarilla gj, rhei Jss, aloes  socotr.  gj,
 alcohol. Oij.)   Digest.
   Tinctura Guai'aci, T. G. Officindlia, Tincture
 of Guai'acum.  (Guaiac. Ibss,  alcohol.  Oij.  Ma-
 cerate for 14 days, and filter.)   Stimulant and
 sudorific.  Used  especially in  rheumatic and
 arthritic cases.  Nearly  the same as Hill's Es-
 se-.i'e  of Bar dona or Burdock.
   Tinctura Guai'aci Ammonia'ta, Ammoniated
 Tincture of Guai'acum, T. Guaiaci'na  Volat'ilia,
 Elixir Guai'aci Volatilis, Al'cohol  cum Guai'aco
 officina'le ammonia'tus, Al'cohol ammonia et Guai'-
 aci, T. Guai'aci, (P. L. 17'88,) Vol'atile Tincture of
 Guai'acum.   (Guaic. pulv. Jiv, sp.  ammon. arom.
 Oiss.  Macerate for 14 days, and filter.) Proper-
 ties same as the last.  Dose, fgj to  fgij.
   Hatfield's Tincture — a nostrum — consists of
 Guaiacum and Soap, aa, gij, rectified spirit, Oiss.
   Tinctura  Helleb'ori, T.  H.  Nigri, Tincture
 of Black Hellebore, T. Melampo'dii.  (Helleb. nigr.
 cont.  giv, alcohol, dilut. Oij.  Macerate for 14
 days, express  and  filter.  It  may also be pre-
pared by displacement,   Ph. U. S.)   Dose, fgsa
to f g.i-
  Tinctura Hiera, A'inum aloes.
  Tinctura Hu'muli, Tincture of Hops.   (Hu-
muli, gv, alcohol, dilut. Oij.)  Tonic and sedative.
Dose, fgss to fgiij.
  Tinctura Hyoscy'ami,  T.  Hyoacyami nigri,
Tincture of Henbane.  (Hyoaeyam. fol. giv, alco-
hol, dilut. Oij. Macerate  for 14 days, express and
filter.  It may also be prepared by displacement.
Ph. U.  S.) Narcotic, anodyne.  Dose, gtt.  xx
to fgij.
  Tinctura Io'dini, (Ph. U. S., 1842,)  Tinctu'ra
lodin'ii, (Ph. U. S., 1851,) Alcohol Io'dii, Tinc-
ture of Iodine,  (lodin.^j, alcohol. Oj.  Dissolve.
Ph. U.S.)  The tincture spoils by keeping, or at
least, deposits the iodine.  It has been much used
in goitre, 4c  Dose, ten  drops three times a day.
  Tinctura Iodini Compos'ita, (Ph. U. S., IS42,)
Tinctura lodin'ii  Composita, (Ph. U.  S^, 1851,)
Compound Tincture of Iodine.  (lodin. Z,**, Po-
taeaii iodid. Jj, Alcohol. Oj.  Dissolve.  Ph. U.
S.)   Dose, 10 to 30  drops.
  Tinctura Jala'ph, T. Jaldpa, (Ph. U. S.,) T.
Convol'vuli Jalapa, Tincture of Jalap, Vali'eja.
(Jalap, pulv. Jvi, Alcohol, dilut.  Oij.  Macerate
for 14 days, express, and filter.   Ph. U.  S.)  It
may also be made by displacement.   Cathartic.
Dose, fgj to fgiv.
  Tinctura Jala'ph  Compos'ita,  Elixir Ja-
lap'a  Gompoa''itttm,  Elixir  purgans,  Eaaen'tia
cathol'ica purgans Roth'ii,  Elixir anthelmin'ti-
cum Sueco'rum, Eau de  vie Allemande.   (Jalap.
Ibss, Scammon. Jj, Alcohol. (22°) Ovj.  Macerate
for eight days.  Ph. P.)  Dose, 60 to 100 drops.
  Tinctura Japonica,  Tinctura catechu — t.
Kinae  kinae  aetherea composita — t. Cinchonas
aetherea composita—t. Kinkinae amara, Tinctura
cinchonas amara.
  Tinctura Kino,  Tincture of Kino.  (Kino, in
pulv.,  gvj ; Alcohol, dilut. q. s.   Put the kino,
mixed with an equal bulk of sand, into a perco-
lator,  and  gradually pour  on  diluted  alcohol
until f Jviij of filtered liquor pass. The tincture
should be renewed frequently, and kept in closely
stopped bottles.  Ph. U. S.)   Astringent.   Dose,

  Tinctu'ra  Krame'ria, Tincture of Rhatany.
(Kramer, in pulv. Jvj, alcohol, dilut. Oij.  Mace-
rate for 14 days, express,  and filter.   Ph. U. S.)
It may also be prepared by displacement.  Dose,

  Tinctura Lauri Cinnamomi, Tinctura cinna-
momi—t. Lavandulas composita, Spiritus lavand.
comp.—t.  Lyttas, Tinctura cantharidis—t. Martis
Glauberi, see Ferrum tartarizatum—t. Martis in
spiritu salis, Tinctura ferri  muriatis — t.  Martis,
Mynsichti, Tinctura ferri ammoniata — t. Martis
vinosa,  Vinum ferri — t.  Melampodii, Tinctura
hellebori nigri — t. Meloes  vesicatorii, Tinctura
cantharidis—t. Metallorum,  Lilium Paracelsi—t.
Mimosas catechu, Tinctura catechu.
  Tinctu'ra  Lobe'lia,  Tincture  of Lobelia.
(Label. Jiv, alcohol, dilut. Oij.  Macerate for 14
days,  express, and filter.   Ph.  U.  S.)   It may
also be prepared  by displacement.    Dose, fgj
to fgij.
  Tinctu'ra  Lupuli'na, Tincture of Ldpuline.
(Lupulin. Jiv, alcohol. Oij. Macerate for 14 days,
and filter.  Ph. U.  S.)  Dose, fgj to fgij.
   Tinctura Meloes Vesicatorii, Tinctura can-
tharidis.
   Tinctura Moschi, Tincture of 3fusk,  Eseence
of Alusk.  (Mosch.  in pulv. redact,  gij, sp.  vini
rect. Oj.)  Dose, fgj to  fgiv.
   Tinctura Myrrha, Tincture of 3Iyrrh, Simple
 Tincture of Myrrh.  (Myrrha contusae Jiv, alco-
hol Oiij.   Macerate for 14 days, and filter.  Ph. 
TINCTURA
861
TINCTURA
U. S.)  Tonic, deobstruent, antiseptic, and deter-
gent.  It is chiefly used in gargles, and applied
to foul ulcers, spongy gums, 4c
  Hudson's Preservative for the Teeth and Gums
consists of Tinct. myrrh., tinct. cinch., aq. cinnam.
ail Jiij, can d'arquebusade, Jj, pulv. gum. Arab.
Jss.  M.
  Tinctura Nervina  Bestucheffii,  Tinctura
seu alcohol sulphurico-aethereus ferri—t. Nervina
Halensis, Tinctura seu  alcohol sulphurico-aethe-
reus ferri — t. Nervino-tonica, Lamotte's, Alcohol
seu tinctura sulphurico-aethereus ferri.
  Tinctura Nucis  Vom'ica,  Tincture  of  Nux
Vomica.  (Alcohol. 8. g. .837, fgj;  Dry Extract
of Nux Vomica, 3 gr.)   Dose, gtt. v to xxx, in
cases where the nux vomica is indicated.
  It is directed, in the last edition of the Ph. U.
S. (1851), to be prepared as follows: — Nucis vo-
mica rasur., gviij;  alcohol, Oij.   Macerate  for
14 days, express, and filter.  It may also be pre-
pared by the process of displacement.  Dose, gtt.
v to xx.
  Tinctura Olei  Mentha Piperi'ta, Tincture
of  Oil  of  Peppermint,  Essence  of Peppermint.
(01. mentha piiperita, f Jij, alcohol. Oj.  Dissolve.
Ph.  U.  S.)  Dose, 5 drops, as a carminative.
  Tinctura Olei  Mentha A'ir'idis, Tincture of
Spearmint,  Essence of Spearmint, is made in the
same manner.   Ph.  U.  S.
  Tinctura Opii,  Tincture  of  Opium,  Liquid
Ladilaiium,  Theriaca   cceles'tts,  Al'cohol   cum
Opio,  Tiuctura Thcba'ico, Tinctura  Setlati'ra.
(Opii  pulv.  Jijss, alcohol, dilut. Oij.   Macerate
for  14  days, express,  and  filter.  Ph.  U.  S.)
Nineteen minims  contain about one  grain  of
opium.   Properties,  those of opium. Dose,  gtt.
xx  to  Ix and more.  By macerating the dregs
remaining  after making the Tinctura Opii in a
solution of  Tartaric Acid, a solution is obtained,
which is said  to  be devoid of the  exciting  and
constipating properties of the tincture of opium.
Gray calls it Haden's Liquor Opii Scdati'rus.
  Tinctu'ra Opii Aceta'ta,  AC'ctatcd Tincture
of Opium.   (Opii Jij ;  oceti, fgxij ; alcohol. Oss.
Rub the opium with the vinegar; add the  alco-
hol, and  having  macerated  for 14 days, express
and filter.   Ph. U. S.)   Twenty drops  are  equi-
valent to a grain of opium.
   Tinctura Opii Ammonia'ta, Ammo'niated Tinc-
ture of Opium,  Edinburgh Paregor'ic  Elix'ir.
(Flor. benz., croci, aa giij, opii gij, ol aniai %,<*,
alcohol, ammoniat.  fg.xvj.    Digest.   Ph.  E.)
fgj  contains one grain  of opium.  Used like the
 Tinctura Camphora Composita.
   Tinctura Opii Camphorata,  Tinctura cam-
phorae  composita  — t. Plumbosa, Liquor plumbi
subacetatis dilutus.
   Tinctura  Quas'sia, T.   Quaaaia  excel'sa,
 Tincture  of Quaaaia.  (Quaaaia  rasur.  Jij, al-
cohol, dilut. Oij.  Macerate for 14 days, express,
and filter.  Ph. U. S.)   It may also be prepared
by displacement.   Tonic.  Dose, fgj to gij.
   Tinctura  Qui'ni.e  Sulpha'tis.  Tincture  of
 Sulphate of Qui'nia. (Sulphate of Quinia, gr. vj ;
alcohol, (.847) f Jj.  M.)  Dose, fgj to giv, in
the day.
   A Tinctura Cincho'nia Sulpha'tis may be made
in a similar manner.
   Tinctura Rhabarbari, Tinctura rhei—t. Rha-
 barbari composita, Tinctura rhei — t. Rhabarbari
 vinosa, Vinum rhei palmati.
   Tinctura  Rhei, T. Rhabarb'ari, T. Rhabar-
 bari spirituo'sa, T.  Rhtri, T. Rhei pttlma'ti, Tinc-
 ture of Rhubarb.  (Rhei,  contus.  giij,  cardam.
 cont.  Jss, alcohol,  dilut. Oij.   Macerate for 14
 days, express, and filter.  It may also be pre-
 pared  by displacement. Ph. U. S.)   Stomachic
 or purgative,  according to  the dose employed:
fgj to gij, as a stomachic; fgiv to gj, as a pur-
g'ative.
  Tinctura  Rhei  Compos'ita, T.  Rhabarbari
compoeita, Compound Tincture of Rhubarb. (Rhei
rad. concis. Jij, glycyrrhiz. rod.  cont, s,>^, zin-
gib.  rad.  concis., croci stigmat. aa, gij,  aqua
fjxij,  sp. ten. Oj. Ph. L.)  Properties same  as
the last.
  Tinctura  Rhei et  Al'oes,  Tincture of Rhu-
barb and  Aloes,  Elixir sacrum.   (Rhei concis.
gx, aloes,  pulv. gvj, cardam. cont. Jss,  alcohol.
'dilut. Oij.   Macerate  for  14 days,  express, and
filter.  Ph. U. S.)  Properties like the last.
  Rymer'a Cor'dioc Tincture consists of an infu-
sion of Capsicum,  Camphor,  Cardamom aeeda,
Rhubarb, Aloea and Caator in Proof Spirit,  with
a very small  quantity of Sulphuric Acid.
  Tinctura  Rhei  et  Gentia'na,  Tincture  of
Rhubarb with Gedtian, Tincttira  Rhei Ama'ra.
(Rhei cont. Jij, gentian, cont. gss, alcohol, dilut.
Oij.  Macerate for  14 days, express and  filter.
Ph.  U. S.) It may also be prepared by displace-
ment.  Properties same as the last.
  Tinctura  Rhei et Senna,  Tincture of Rhu-
barb and  Senna,  Warner's Gout Cordial.  (Rhei
cont. Jj,  eenna, gij,  coriandr.  cont., fcenicul.
cont. aa gj,  eantal. rasur. gij.  croci ext. glycyr-
rhiz. rad.  aa,  gss, near, passar. acinis exemptis,
Ibss, alcohol,  dilut. Oiij.  Macerate for  1.4 days ;
express and filter. Ph. U. S.) Dose,  fgss to f Jij.
  Tinctura  Rhcei,  Tinctura  rhei — t.  Rhoei
amara, Tinctura rhei et gentianae—t. Sacra, Vi-
num aloes.
  Tinctura  Sangi lna'ria,  Tincture of Blood-
root.  (Sanguinar. cont. Jiv, alcohol, dilut. Oij.
Alacerate for  14 days, express, and filter.  Ph. U.
S.)  It may  also be  prepared by displacement.
Dose, 30 to 60 drops.
  Tinctura  Saponis Camphorata, Linimentum
saponis — t. Saponis et opii, Linimentum saponis
et opii.
  Tinctura  Scilla,  Tincture of Squill.  (Scilla
giv, alcohol, dilut. Oij.  Macerate  for  14 days,
express, and  filter.  It may also be made by dis-
placement.   Ph.  U. S.)  Dose, gtt. xv to lx.
   Tinctura  Sedativa, Tinctura opii.
   Tinctura  Senna, T. Senna Compoa'ita, Elixir
Saldtis, Daffy's Elixir, Tincture of Senna.  (Sen-
na fol. Jiij.  carui aem. cont. giij, cardam. eem.
cont. gj,  uvavum passarum demptis acinis, giv,
sp. ten. Oij.  Ph. L. & D.)  Stomachic, carmina-
tive and cathartic.  Dose, fgij to f Jj.
   Tinctura Senna   et  Jai.a'pa,  Tincture  of
 Senna and Jalap.  (Senna giij. jalap, pulv.  Jj,
coriandr. cont., carui cont., aa gss, cardam. cont.
gij, aacch. giv, alcohol, dilut. Oiij.   Macerate for
14 days, express, and filter. Ph. U. S.)   It may
also be prepared by  displacement.  Dose, fgij
to f Jj.
   Tinctura Serpenta'ria, T. S.  Virginia'na,
 T. Arietolochi'a  Serpentaria, Tincture of Snake-
 root.  (Rad. serpent.  Jiij,  alcohol, dilut.  Oij.
 Macerate for 14 days, express, and filter.   Ph.
 U. S.)  It may also be prepared by displacement.
 Tonic.  Dose, fgss to fgij.
   Tinctura StomacHica,  Tinctura cardamomi
 composita.
   Tinctura Stramo'nii,  Tincture  of Stramo'-
 nium.  (Stramon. sem. cont. Jiv, alcohol,  dilut.
 Oij.  Macerate  for 14 days, express, and  filter.
 Ph. U. S.)  It may also be prepared by displace-
 ment.  Dose, ten to twenty minims.
   Tinctura Strych'nia.  Tincture of Strych'nia.
 (Alcohol,  s. g. .S.'!7, Oj, strychnia gr. iij.)  Dose,
 6 drops to 24.   Properties, those of strychnia,
   Tinctura seu Al'cohol Sulphu'rico-A"!the-
 reus  Ferri, Gutta nervi'na,  Liquor Amni'i/nita
Martia'lis, Al'cohol athe'reue ferra''tua, Noph'llia 
!62                  TISANE
                 TINCTURE                S

Vitrioli 3Iartidlia, Solutio 3Iuriatie ferrici aihe'-
rea,  Spir'itus  sulphurico - athe'reua  martial ia,
Tinctu'ra nervi'na Halcn'sis, T. Todico-ncrri'na
Halen'eie, Tinctura ad rea, T. nervina Beatucheffii,
T. nervino-ton'ica (Lamotte's), T. athc'rea ferri,
iEther 3Iartia'lis, De La 3fotte's Golden  Drops,
Beatucheff'e Ncrvoua Tincture, Elixir d'Or de 31.
le Giniral  De La 3Iottc  An ethereal solution
of muriate of iron.  It is much used in gout, hy-
pochondriasis, 4e.
  Tinctura  Sulphuris  Volatilis, Liquor fu-
mans Boylii — t. Thebaica, Tinctura opii,  Vinum
opii.
  Tinctura  Toluif'era Bal'sami, Tincture of
Balaam of Tolu, T. Bal'sami Toluta'ni, T. Tolu-
ta'ni, (Ph. U. S., 1842.)  T. Tolutdna, Ph. U. S.,
1851),  (Bats. Tolutan. Jiij, alcohol Oij.)  Repu-
ted to  be expectorant and corroborant.  Dose,
fgss to fgj, or more.
  Tinctura  Tonica  Nervina Halensis, Alco-
hol (seu Tinctura) sulphurico-aethereus ferri.
  Tinctura Valeria'n.e,  Tincture of  Valerian.
(Valerian, cont. Jiv,  alcohol,  dilut.  Oij.  Mace-
rate  for  14 days,  express, and strain.   It  may
also  be prepared  by displacement.   Ph. U. S.)
Stimulant and antispasmodic.  Dose, fgss to gij.
  Tinctura Valeriana Ammonia'ta, Ammo'ni-
ated or Volatile Tincture of Valerian, T.  Valeri-
ana  Volat'ilis.  ( Valeriana cont. giv, sp. ammon.
arom. Oij.  Macerate for 14 days,  express, and
filter.  It may also be  made  by displacement.
Ph. U. S.)  Like the former.   Dose,  fgss to  fgij.
  Tinctura  ArERA'TRl, T.  Veratri albi, Tincture
of White Hellebore.   (Rad.  veratri alb. cont.
J viij, alcohol, dilut. Oijss.  Ph. E.)  Emetic and
cathartic; but not very manageable.  Dose, gtt,
v to  x.
  Tinctura  Zingib'eris, T. Amo'mi Zingiberis,
Tincture of Ginger. (Zingib. cont. gviij, alcohol.
Oij.  Macerate for  14 days, express, and filter.
It may also be made by displacement. Ph. U. S.)
Stimulant and carminative.   Dose, fgss to fgj.
  TINCTURE OF ACETATE OF IRON, Tinc-
tura ferri acetatis—t. of Aconite, Tinctura aconiti
— t. of Aconite root, Tinctura aconiti radicis — t.
of Balsam of Tolu, Tinctura toluiferae balsami —
t. of Bark, Tinctura cinchonae — t. of Bark, am-
moniated, Tinctura cinchonae  ammoniata — t. of
Bark,  compound, Tinctura  cinchonae composita
—t. of  Bark,  Huxham's, Tinctura cinchonas com-
posita— t. of Bark, volatile, Tinctura  cinchonas
ammoniata—t. of Belladonna, Tinctura belladon-
nae—t. Bestucheff's, see Tinctura ferri muriatis—
t. of Blistering Fly,  Tinctura  cantharidis — t.
Cardiac, Rymer's, Tinctura  rhei et aloes — t. of
Colchicum seeds, Tinctura  colchici — t.  of Co-
lombo, Tinctura Calumbae — t. of Cubebs, Tinc-
tura cubebae —t. of Galls, Tinctura gallarum—t.
of Ginger, Tinctura zingiberis — t. for the Gout,
Dr. Wilson's, see Colchicum autumnale—t.  Hat-
field's,  see Tinctura guaiaci ammoniata—t. of
Hellebore, white, Tinctura veratri — t.  of Hem-
lock, Tinctura conii  maculati — t.  of  Henbane,
Tinctura hyoscyami — t. of Hops, Tinctura hu-
muli — t.  of  Iodine, compound, Tinctura iodini
composita—t, of Iron, ammoniated, Tinctura ferri
ammoniata — t. of Iron,  muriated, Tinctura ferri
muriatis—t. Klafroth's, see Tinctura ferri muria-
tis— t. of Lobelia, Tinctura lobelias—t. of Lud-
wig, see Ferrum tartarizatum — t.  of Lupuline,
Tinctura lupulinae — t. of Musk, Tinctura moschi
— t. Nervous, Bestucheff's, Tinctura seu alcohol
sulphurico-aethereus ferri — t. of Oil of Pepper-
mint, Tinctura Olei menthae piperitas — t. of Oil
of Spearmint, Tinctura olei menthae viridis — t.
of Opium, acetated, Tinctura opii acetata — t. of
Orange-peel,  Tinctura aurantii — t. of Rhatany,
Tinctura krameriae — t.  of Rhubarb,  Tinctura
rhei — t. of Rhubarb and aloes, Tinctura rhei et
aloes—t. of Rhubarb and gentian, Tinctura rhei
et gentianae—t, of Rhubarb and senna, Tinctura
rhei et sennas —t. of Saffron, Tinctura croci — t,
of Saffron, compound, Tinctura de croco compo-
sita— t. of Senna and jalap, Tinctura seniue et
jalapae—t. of Snakeroot, Tinctura serpentaria1 —
t. of Soap, camphorated, Linimentum saponis—t.
of Spanish Fly, Tinctura cantharidis—t. of Squill,
Tinctura scilla1 — t. of Steel, Tinctura ferri chlo-
ridi—t. Stomach, Tinctura cardamomi composita
— t, of Stramonium,  Tinctura stramonii — t. for
the Teeth, Greenough's, see  Spiritus armoraciae
compositus — t. Toothach,  Tinctura  antiodontal-
gica — t. of AVormwood, compound, Tinctura ab-
sinthii composita.
  TINDER, Boletus igtuarius.
  TINEA, Porrigo—t*. Faciei, Porrigo larvalis —
t. Favosa, Porrigo favosa — t.  Ficosa,  Porrigo
scutulata — t. Furfuracea, Porrigo furfurans — t.
Granulata, Porrigo scutulata, Porrigo lupinosa—
t, Lactea, Porrigo larvalis — t. Lupina,  Porrigo
lupinosa—t. Mucosa, Porrigo lupinosa—t. Porri-
ginosa,  Porrigo furfurans—t, Tondens, Porrigo
decalvans.
  TINKER'S WEED, Triosteum.
  TINKLING,  METALLIC,  Tintemcnt mital-

  TINNIMENTUM METALLICUM, Tintemcnt
mitallique.
  TINNI'TUS AU'RIUM, Fluctudtio seu Sod-
itus au'rium, Paraeu'sis imagindria, Susur'rus
ad rium, Ote'chus, Syrig'mue, Syring'mos, Sib'-
ilus aurium,  S.  clango'sua, Strep'itns  seu Sibilia'-
mua aurium, Echoa, Eneche'ino, Bombua, Mnrmur,
'ringing of tho  ears,'  from tinnire,  'to ring.'
(F.) Tintement, Tintouin, Bourdminement, Bruiaae-
ment.   An imaginary sound, like the  ringing of a
bell, the noise of wind, the murmur of water, 4c,
heard in health and in sickness.  It is, often,  an
accompaniment of cerebral disorder.
  TINTE3IENT, Tinnitus aurium —t. Bullaire,
T. mitallique.
  TINTEMENT 3IETALLIQUE  (F.), Tinte-
ment bullaire,  Tinnimcn'tum metal'licurn, Conor
atethoecop'icue,  Metallic  Respiration,  Alctal/ic
Voice,  Metallic Tinkling.   A  particular noise,
heard  by the stethoscope when  applied to the
chest, and which,  according to Laennec, resem-
bles that caused by  striking glass, metal,  or
porcelain, with a pin ; but  is, perhaps, more like
the sound of the keys of a musical  snuff-box.
The tintement mitallique or  metallic tinkling is
heard on causing the patient to speak or breathe;
but is more distinct when he coughs.  AVhen the
phenomenon  is not  so  strongly marked, it pro-
duces only the metallic reeonanec.  The 'metallic
tinkling,' is a pathognomonic symptom of a com-
munication between the bronchia and  cavity of
the chest; in other words,  of Pneumothorax.
  TINTINNABULUM, Uvula.
  TINTO UIN, Tinnitus aurium.
  TIPSARIA,  Decoctum hordei.
  TIRE-BALLE, Forceps (bullet.)
  TIRE-FOND,  (F.)  A surgical  instrument,
formerly used to elevate the piece of bone sawed
off by  the trephine.
  TIRE-PUS, Pyulcon.
  TIRE-T&TE,  (F.)  A name given to different
instruments  used for extracting the head of the
child when left in the uterus, and in  certain cases
of difficult labour.  The crotchet is one of those,
as well as the Tire-tete d baecule of  Levret, 4c.
  TIRES, Milk sickness.
  TISANE, Pti'aana or Ptia'aana, Ptisane,  from
ttriaavn, ' pearl  barley,' itself from Ttnaaut, ' I de-
corticate.'  A name given  to aqueous medicines,
containing but little,  if  any,  medicinal agent. 
TISANE
863
TOME
The ancients gave  the  name  particularly to the
decoction of barley.
   TISANE CO3/31 UNE, Decoctum hordei.
   TISIC, Phthisis.
   TISICAL, Phthisicus.
   TISSU, Tissue—t. Accidental, see Accidental,
and Tissue,  accidental—t. Caverneux, Cavernous
texture — t.  Cellu/eux des os, Cancelli — f. Inodu-
laire, Tissue, inodular—t. Lardace, see Larda-
ceous— t. Spongoide, Spongoid tissue.
   TISSUE,  Textna,  Tela, (F.) Tieett.,  By  this
term,  in  anatomy, is meant  the various  parts,
which, by their union, form the organs; and are,
as it were, their anatomical elements. Histological
anatomy is the anatomy of the tissues, which are
the scat of the investigations  of the pathological
anatomist.  The best division, indeed, of diseases
would be according to the tissues  mainly  impli-
cated.   For the elementary  tissues,  see  Fibre.
The compound tissues, which, by associating or
combining  variously,  form  every organ  of the
body, have  been  variously  classed: but  every
division  is  imperfect  and  liable to objection.
The following, by Messrs. Todd and Bowman, is
 one of the most recent.

 Tabui.vr View of the Tissues  of the Human Body.
                                   F,rumples.
                             ") Posterior layer of
 1. Simple membrane, homogene-I the cornea.— Cap-
     ous, or nearly  so, employed } sole of the lens.—
     alone, or in the formation of | Sareolemma   of
     compound membranes.      J muscle, &c.
2. Filamentous  Tissues, the eie- ) White  and  yellow
     merits of which are  real or V fibrous tissues.—
     apparent filaments.        ) Areolar tissue.
3. Compound membranes,  comA Mucous membrane
     posed ofsitnpleuiembraneand  _gkm —True or
     a  layer  of  cells of  various I set.r(,,in„  giands
     forms, (epithelium  or epider- ( _S(.rou| an(1 syn.
     mis.) or of areolar  tissue and   oyjal membranes.
     epithelium.                J
    I'issues which retain the pri-) Adipose  tissue.—
     initive areolar  structure  as V  Cartilage.—Gray
     their permanent character.   )  nervous matter.
 5. Sclerous or hard tissue.        Bone. — Teeth.
 G. Compound tissues.
 a. Composed of tubes of homoge- f
     nemis'membrane, containing vMuscle. —Nerve.
     a peculiar substance.       )
 b. Composed of while  fibrous tis- ' Fibr0.cartiiage.
4.
sues and cartilage.
  Tissue, Accidental or Adventitious, consists
of every substance — foreign to the primitive or-
ganization  of the economy, but  yet  organized
and  living — which may  be  developed  in  the
anterior  or at the  surface of  organs.   Lae'n-
nec divides the accidental issues into two sec-
tions :  1. Those that resemble others in the ani-
mal  economy,  or  analogous accidental tissues;
and. 2. Those that have nothing  analogous in the
body, and which are always the result of  a mor-
bid process — the heterologous or heteroclite acci-
dental tisanes.   To the first class belong, ossifica-
tions; accidental fibrous, fibro-cartilaginous, carti-
laginous, areolar, and corneous tissues; hairs: the
serous membranes of certain encysted tumours;
the mucous membranes of fistulous canals,  and
accidental  synovial  membranes.   To the  second
belong tubercles, scirrbi, melanosis, 4c
  Tissue,  Areolar, Cellular  tissue.
  Tissue,  Cartilag"inous, Hymenochondro'des
seu Hymenochondro'i'dcs (Texturn  seu  Tela.)
  Tissue,  Cribriform, Cellular  tissue — t. Fi-
brous, see  Fibrous — t. Filamentous, Cellular
tissue.
  Tissue,  Inod'ular, Tela inodula'ris, (F.) hw-
dttle, Tissu inodulaire.  A name  given by Del-
pech to an accidental  fibrous tissue developed in
suppurating wounds, which is the principal agent
in cicatrization.  It has, at first, the  appearance
of a reddish cellulo-fibrous layer; but soon loses
its vascularity; and its fibres, which pass in all
directions, become of a dull white colour, and of
a consistence  and hardness, that may be com-
pared to those of the  strongest articular liga-
ments.  It is well seen in the cicatrix left after
burns.
  Tissue, Laminated, Cellular tissue —t. Liga-
mentous, Desmoid tissue —t.  Mucous, Cellular
tissue — t.  Porous, Cellular  tissue —t. Reticu-
lated, Cellular tissue.
  TIT,  Nipple.
  TITHE NE, Nurse.
  TITHYMALUS CYPARISSA, Euphorbia cy-
parissias — t. Lathyris, Euphorbia lathyris — t.
Latifolius,  Euphorbia lathyris —t. Palustris, Eu-
phorbia palustris — t.  Paralias,  Euphorbia para-
lias.
  TITILLAMENTUM, Gargarism.
  TITILLATION, Tickling.
  TITTHE, Nipple.
  TITTHION, Nipple.
  TITTHIS, Nipple.
  TITTHOS, Mamma, Nipple.
  TITUBANTIA, Bredouillement.
  TITUBATIO,  Fidgets, Vacillatio.
   TO-AND-FRO-SOUND, Bruit de frottement.
   TOAD-FLAN, Antirhinum linaria — t, f. Bas-
tard, Comandra umbellata.
  TOAST-AVATEB,  Aqua tosta pania.   Toast
well  half a slice  of a stale quartern loaf; put it
into a pitcher, and pour over it a quart of water.
After two hours, decant the water from the bread.
It is a common drink in febrile affections.
   TOBACCO, Nicotiana  tabacum—t, English,
Nicotiana  rustica — t. Indian, Lobelia inflata —
t. Poison,  Hyoscyamus niger — t. AVild, Lobelia
inflata.
   TOCETOS, Parturition.
   TOCODOMYCODORITIS  MALIGNA VAGI-
 NALIS, Colpocace puerperarum.
   TOCOLOGY, Obstetrics.
   TOCOS, Parturition.
   TODDY TREE, Mamei.
   TOE, Digitus pedis.
   TOEPLITZ, see Toplitz.
   TOFUS, Tophus.
   TOILE D'ARAIGNEE, Araneae tela— t.
  Choroidienne, see  Choroid — t. de Gaultier, Spa-
  radrapum Galteri.
   TOKAS, Puerpera,
   TOKOLOGY, Obstetrics.
   TOLA,  Tonsil.
   TOL'ERANCE, Toleruu'tia; from tolerare, 'to
  bear.'  The power of bearing.  A word used by
  the Italian school of Rasori, to signify the power
  of bearing large doses of certain potent remedies,
  as tartrate of antimony  and potassa.  See Con-
  tro-stimulus.
   TOLES. Tonsil.
   TOLIUM, Tonsil.
   TOLLES, Tonsil.
   TOLLUM, Tonsil.
   TOLUIF'ERA BAL'SAMUM, 3Iyrox'ylon To-
  htif'erum.  Family,  Terebinthaceae.  Sex. Syat.
  Decandria Monogynia.   The name  of the tree
  which affords the Balaam  of Tolu, Balsamum
  Toluta'uum, Tolutdnum,  Toluif'era Balsami Bal-
  samum, Goac'onaz, Red  Balsam of  Peru, (F.)
  Baume de Tolu, B.  de  Corthagene.   It has a
  very fragrant odour,  and warm,  sweetish taste;
  is thick, and of a reddish-yellow colour.  It is
  stimulant and  expectorant, (?) and" is  used in
  coughs.   It is chiefly, however, employed on ac-
  count of its flavour.
   TOLUTANUM. see Toluifera balsamum.
   TO.AIATA, Solatium lycopersicum.
   TOME, Tom'us, ro\in, rouos, 'incision.'  A com-
  mon suffix, as in Lithotomy,  Bronchotoixjy, &c. 
TOMEION
864
TOOTH
  Tome, Cut, Incision.
  TOMEION, Knife.
  TOMEN'TUM CER'EBRI, from tomentum, 'a
flock of wool.' The infinite number of small ves-
sels which pass between the pia mater and con-
volutions of the brain.  They enter the substance
of the brain at right angles.
  TOMEUS,  Knife.
  TOMIS, Scissors.
  TOMOTOCIA, Caesarean section.
  TONE,  Tonus,  from  rttvto, 'I  stretch.'  The
state of tension or firmness proper to each organic
tissue.   It is  the effect of tonicity.
  Tone, Elasticity.
  TONGA, see Datura sanguinea.
  TONGUES, MINERAL AVATERS OF.  The
town of Tongres is about  a league from  Maes-
tricht in the  Low Countries.  The  springs, of
which there are several, are chalybeate, contain-
ing carbonates of iron and magnesia.
  TONGUE,  Sax.  tuns,  (D.)  Tong,  Lingua,
Glossa,  Giotto, (F.) Langue.  The tongue is a
muscular, symmetrical, and very mobile organ;
situate in the mouth, from the os hyoides and
epiglottis  to  the   incisor  teeth.   Its particular
use is,  to  procure the sensation  of savours;
and it aids in the acts of sucking, mastication,
deglutition,  pronunciation, and  expuition.  It
has the shape of a pyramid, flattened above and
below; rounded at its  angles, and  terminated,
anteriorly, by a blunt point. Its upper surface,
called  the dorsum, is  free, flat, and divided into
two portions by a median furrow, lin'ea medio'na;
at the posterior extremity of which  is the fora-
men cacum or Fora'men of 3Iorgagni.  The infe-
rior eurface is free, and covered  by  the mucous
membrane  on its  anterior third  and sides: but
behind and in the middle it is  attached  to the
lower jaw by means of the  genio-glossus ;  and to*
the hyoides by the hyoglossus.   Its  margins are
rounded; thick behind, thinner anteriorly.  Its
tip, or point,  or dental extremity is rounded and
free: — the root, baee, or hyoid  extremity,  Radix
lingua, is continuous  with the epiglottis and ve-
lum palati.   It is  very  thick at the foramen cae-
cum;  but  thinner as  it  approaches the hyoid
bone.  The tongue is composed of muscles, and
covered by a mucous  membrane — Periglot'tia,
Involu'crum  lingua, 3L:mbra'na seu  Tu'nica va-
gina'lis seu Cutis seu Epider'mis seu Tunica seu
Involu'crum muco'sum seu Crusta villo'sa  lingua
— which  forms also  the  fraenum beneath the
tongue. On this membrane are seen the different
papilla, k The nerves of the organ proceed from
the inferior maxillary, glosso-pharyngeal and hy-
poglossal.  The first  and  second are connected
with  taste;  the  last with the  motions  of the
organ.   Some recent observers, however, con-
sider the glosso-pharyngeal to  be the  special
nerve of gustation.  The arteries are the lingual,
from the external  carotid; and the palatine and
tonsillar,  from the labial.   The veins are the
superficialis  lingua,  ranina, lingualis, and sub-
mentalia.   They open into those of the pharynx
and larynx.  Its lymphatic vessels pass into gan-
glia, situate at the edge of the hyoglossi muscles.
   Tongue, Black.  A fever which  prevailed in
the western States in the winter of 1842-3; pro-
bably  typhoid fever.  According to  some, an
epidemic erysipelas.
   Tongue, Hernia of the, Glossocele — t. In-
flammation, of the, Glossitis — t.  Red, fever, see
Typhus — t.  Scraper,  Cure-langue — t. Tie,  see
Ankyloglossum.
   TON'IC,  Todicus,  Same etymon as Tone.
Relating to tone.
   Tonic, Todicus, Tono'ticus, Antaethedicus, (F.)
 Tonique,  Fortifiant,  in Therapeutics,  means  a
medicine, which has the power of exciting slowly,
and by insensible degrees, tho organic actions of
the different systems of the animal economy, and
of augmenting their strength in a durable man-
ner.   Bitter, vegetable substances which arc not
associated with  an  acrid  or  narcotic principle;
preparations of  iron;  cold  water,  4c, act as
tonics.  They are also called  Comfortaritia, Con-
fortati'va, Corroboradtia, Confirmon'tio, Robo-
ran'tia, 4c
  The following are the chief Tonics: — Acidum
Arseniosum, Acidum Nitricum, Acidum Sulphu-
ricum, Argenti Nitras, Bismuthi Subnitras, Carbo
Ligni, Cascarilla, Cinchona, Cinchonia, Colomba,
Cornus  Florida,  Cupri Acetas,  Cupri  Sulphas,
Cuprum ammoniatum, Cusparia, Eupatorium per-
foliatum,  Ferri  Praeparata, Gentiana,  Lirioden-
dron, Lupulina,  Piperina,  Prunus  Arirginiana,
Quassia, Quinia,  Salix, Salicina, Serpentaria, Zinci
praeparata;  Aquae minerales  acidulae et ferrugi-
niae, Mental Tonics, (Confidence, Hope, Amuse-
ment.)
  Tonic Power, Irritability.
  Tonic Spasm, Spasmu8 todicue, Convul'sio to-
nica, Conductio, Sptaa'ticue, Tonoa, Ento'nio, Ed -
taaia, Entdaia.  A  rigid contraction of muscles
without relaxation, as  in trismus,  tetanus, 4c.
See Tetanus and Spasm.
  TONICITY,  ToniC'itaa.   The  faculty  that
determines the general tone of the solids.   Ex-
cessive tonicity causes er'eihiam or erispneea; de-
ficient tonicity, atony or weakness.  'Tonicity has
been used in the same sense as irritability.
  TONIQUE, Tonic.
  TONOS, Tonic spasm—t. Trismus, Trismus.
  TONOTICUS, Tonic.
  TONSIL, Tonsil'la, Amyg'dala,  Paristh'rnia,
Paristh'mium, Amphibran'chium, Gladdula colli,
Tola, Tollea, Tolea, To'lium, Tollum, Spongoa, An'-
tioa, PI. Anti'adea, Almond of the ear, Almond of
the throat, (F.) Amygdale,  Toneille. An ovoid col-
lection of follicles, about half an  inch in length,
similar in shape to an almond, and situate, on each
side, between the pillars of the velum palati.  The
inner surface, projecting into the isthmus of the
throat, is  covered by the mucous membrane, in
which are the orifices of a dozen  cells, whence a
transparent, viscid mucus oozes on pressure.  This
mucus  is destined to facilitate  deglutition, by
lubricating  the  isthmus faucium; and is forced
out during the passage of the alimentary bolus.
   TONSILL,E  PESTILENTES, Cynanche ma-
ligna.
   TONSILLARUM  GANGR^ENA,  Cynanche
maligna.
   TONSILLE, Tonsil.
   TONSILLIT'IC, Tonsillit'icus.  Belonging or
relating to the tonsils ; as the 'tonsillitic branches
of the glosso-pharyngeal nerve.'
   TONSILLITIS, Cynanche tonsillaris.
   TONSORIUS CULTER, Razor.
   TOOTH,  Sax. Co3,  Dene, Odous, (F.) Dent.
The  teeth,  Dentes,  31ord'ices, are  small,  hard
bones, fixed in the alveoli of each jaw, and serv-
ing to lay hold of, and to cut, tear, and triturate
alimentary  substances.   True teeth  are  found
only in man, the mammalia, reptiles, and fish.
The teeth have, in general, the shape of an irre-
gular cone, the  base of which is  towards the in-
terior of the  mouth;  and  the  apex, single  or
divided, towards the bottom  of the alveoli. Each
tooth has a part situate out  of the  alveolus, and
covered by a  vitriform substance.   This part  is
called the crown or coro'na.  It is bounded by a
narrower portion,  called  the cervix,  (F.) collet,
which separates it from the pprtion in the alveo-
lus—the fang or root,  (F.) racine.  In the adult,
the  teeth are  32 in number; 16 to each jaw: 
TOOTn-ACH
865
TORTICOLLIS
these consist of 4 incisors, 2 canine, 4 bicuapidati,
and 6 mo/area.   (See these various terms.)  The
teeth enclose a vascular and nervous pulp, in  a
central  cavity,  Cav'itas Pulpa,  Cavum Dentis,
Antrum  dento'le.  They  are  formed of a  very
hard, compact tissue ; and the corona is covered
by a vitreous substance  called Euaidcl.   The
incisor  and  canine  teeth are developed by  a
single point of ossification ; the lesser molares, by
two; and the larger, by four or five.   See Denti-
tion. Researches by Rctzius, Miiller and others,
have led them to believe that the ivory of the
tooth or Dentine, Substantia os'sea of Malpighi,
proper  tooth substance, bone of the tooth, osseous
aubatonce of tooth, tooth bone,  consists of tubular
fibres, which contain organic deposits  of  calca-
reous salts ; and of intertubular substance, in
which are observed corpuscles or osseous cells of
the tooth, called by Professor Owen colciej"eroua
cells, which also contain earthy salts.   At the
part where the  enamel terminates at the cervix
of  tho  tooth, the crusta petro'ea,  cemen'tum or
cortical substance, commences in an  extremely
thin stratum,  passes down  and gradually in-
creases in thickness towards the extremity of the
root, where it  is generally the  thickest.   It  is
said by Nasmyth to have been traced on the ena-
mel, and Purkinje and  Er'ankel  thought that  it
lined the cavitas pulpae.  They gave it the name
Substantia osio'ideo.  It is the mate'ria tartdrea
of Malpighi. It has been  found, however, that
the  hard substance deposited on the inner sur-
face of  the dentine, at the age of twenty years or
later, and which encroaches on the cavity, has a
distinct structure from the cement, and resembles
in part  dentine, and in part bone.   It is the horny
substance  of Blumenbach, the  ostcodentine of
Owen, and the  aecondary dentine of Tomes.   In
the  compound teeth of the herbivorous animal, a
deposition is found on the surface of the enamel,
which  has been called cementum.  Miiller, how-
ever, regards it  to be a deposit from the salts and
the  saliva, and to be essentially the same as what
is called tartar in the human  subject.
   TOOTH-ACH, Odontalgia—t. Bone, see Tooth
— t. Bush,  Xanthoxylum  fraxineum — t.  Tree,
 Aralia  spinosa,  Xanthoxylum clava Herculis.
   TOOTH EDGE, Agacement dea denta, Haemo-
 dia—t.  Paste, Dentifricium—t. Rash, Strophulus
 —t. Shell, dog-like, Dentalium.
   TOPHACEOUS CONCRETION, Tophus.
   TOPHUS, Tofus, Osteot'ophus,  Topha'ceoua
 Concretion.  A collection of hard, calcareous mat-
 ter, which  forms, particularly, at the surface  of
 joints affected with gout; (see Calculi, arthritic,)
 and occasionally, in the interior of organs, around
 the  teeth,  4c.   It likewise  meant  gravel and
 chalaza.
   TOP'IC, Top'ical, Top'icus.  A local applica-
 tion; (F.) Topique.  See Local.
   TOPICUS, Local.
   TOPINABIA, Talpa.
   TOPIQUE,  Topic.
   TOPLITZ or TEPLITZ, MINERAL "WA-
 TERS   OF. Tciplitz is a town of Bohemia,  cele-
 brated   for its  numerous thermal springs.  The
 water  contains  chloride of  sodium,  carbonate,
 and sulphate of soda ; and carbonates of lime and
 iron, 4c.  Temp. 114° to 122° Fahr.
   Toplitz. Tciplitz.
   TOPOGRAPHICAL  ANATOMY, see Ana-
 tomy.
   TORCULAB, Tourniquet.
   Tor'cular HERoni'iLi, The Press of Heroph'-
 ilua, Lechenei'on, Lenoa, Lcnum, Fourth Sinus,
 (F.) Confluent  dea  Sinus,  Pressoir d'Hirophile.
 A smooth and polished cavity, of irregular shape,
 in which several sinuses of the dura mater meet.
        55
It is situate before the internal occipital protube-
rance, at the union of the three great duplicatures
of the dura mater.  It has six  openings into it:
— one  above, that  of  the superior longitudinal
sinus;  two below, answering to the occipital si-
nuses;  one  anterior,  belonging to the straight
sinus ;  and  two  lateral, and very  broad, which
lead into the lateral sinuses;  and convey from
the cavity the blood that has been poured into it
by the others.
  TORCULUM, Tourniquet,
  TORDY'LIUM,  T.  Officina'le,  See'eli  Cret'i-
cum seu 3Ionta'num, (F.) Siaeli de Crete.  Family,
Umbelliferae.   Sex. Syat. Pentandria  Digynia.
The seeds and roots of this Southern European
plant are considered carminative  and  diuretic.
They enter into the theriaca.
  TORE'NIA ASIAT'ICA, Cala-dolo.  A small
Malabar plant, the juice of whose  leaves, sweet-
ened with sugar,  is  said to cure gonorrhoea.
  TORMENTIL, Geranium  maculatum, Tor-
mentilla.
  TORMENTIL'LA, T. erec'ta seu sylves'tris seu
officina'lis  seu tubero'aa,  Fraga'ria tormentil'la
officina'lis, Potentill'a  tormentill'a,  Common  Tor-
men'til, Upright Sept foil, Heptaphyl'lum, ConsoV-
ida  rubra, (F.) Tormentille.  Family,  Rosaceae.
Sex. Syst. Ieosandria Polygynia.  The  root  has
a  slightly aromatic odour; and austere, styptic
taste.  It is astringent.  Dose, of the powder, gr.
x to &.
  TORMENTUM, Ileus,  Intussusceptio.
  TOR'MINA, Strophos, Cu-lial'gia, EncceliaV-
gia, Anile'ma, Anile'sis, Gripes, Mulligrubs,  (F.)
Tranchics.  Acute  colicky pains.  Dysentery.
  Tormina  Celsi,  Dysentery—t, Parturientium,
Pains, labour—t. Post partum, see Pains, labour.
   TORNACULUM, Tourniquet.
   TOROS'ITAS, Corpuledtia  carno'sa, Hab'iius
athlet'icus.    Muscular strength;  from  torosus,
'brawny,'—tori,  'brawn.'
   TOROSUS, Muscular.
   TORPEDO, Narcosis.
   TORPEFACTIO UNIVERSALIS,  Holonar-
cosis.
   TORPID, Tor'pidus, (F.) Engourdi;  from tor-
peo, ' I am  benumbed.'   Numb.   Incapable of
exertion and of feeling.   Dull, stupid, inactive.
   TORPIDITAS, Torpor.
   TORPIDUS, Narcotized, Torpid.
   TORPOR, Torpid'itaa, Noth'rotes,  Parap'sis
expers,  (F.) Engourdissement,  from torpere, 'to
be  numbed.'  State  of  a part which-becomes
numb,  and almost incapable of motion.   Torpor,
 Torpidity, Torpid'ness, Tor'pitttde are also ap-
plied to a debilitated, sluggish condition of a part
or of the whole of  the body; Aer'gia,  (F.) Acca-
 blement.
   Torpor,  Narcosis—t. of the Colon, see Colon,
 torpor  of the—t. Intestinorum, Constipation—t.
 Soporificus,  Nocar.
   TORQUAY.  A town in Devonshire, England,
 which, on account  of the mildness of its climate,
 and its sheltered  situation from the bleaker winds,
 is a frequent retreat for the phthisical invalid.
   TOR'SION, Tor'sio.  The act of twisting.
 Torsion of the  extremities  of bleeding  vessels,
 Angios'trophe, until the  blood ceases  to flow, is
 sometimes used to arrest hemorrhage from divided
 vessels.
    TOR TELLE, Erysimum.
   TORTICOL'LIS. Obstip'itas, Caput  obsti'pum,
 Obsti'pa cervix, Obstip'itas cap'itis seu  Colli, Col-
 lum  obsti'pum,  Trachel'agra,  Enta'sia  Loxia,
 Lox'ias,  Cephalox'ia, AncylodCre, Ancylode'ris,
 Rhabocra'nia, Auchenorrheu'ma,  Rheumatis'mus
 colli, Rh. Cervi'cia, Stiffneek, Wryneck;  from
 torquere, tortum,  ' to twist,' and collum,' the neck.' 
TORTOISE               866                TRACHE'LO
A variety of rheumatism, seated  in  the muscles
of the  neck, which prevents the motion  of the
head, and causes the patient to hold it inclined to
the side affected.  It is, commonly, of short dura-
tion ; usually disappearing in a few days.  Rube-
facients are the best topical applications.  The
term is also applied to permanent contraction of
the muscles of the neck, which causes the head
to be held to one side.   The remedy is the  divi-
sion  of the contracted muscles.
  TORTOISE,  FRESHWATER, GREAT, Hy-
draspis expansa.
  TOR TUB, Testudo.
  TORTURA  ORIS, Canine laugh,  Neuralgia,
faciei—t. Oris paralytica Linnaei, Paralysis, Bell's.
  TOR'ULA CEREVIS'LE, Saccharom'yces seu
Myeodcr'ma cerevisia, CryptocoCcits ferment'um,
 Yeast plant.  One of the simplest forms of vege-
tation,  capable,  under favourable circumstances,
of vegetating rapidly, and  assisting in producing
the fermentation of saccharine substanees.  The
plant has been found  in vomited fluids,  and in

  TORULUS GLANDIS, Crown of the glans.
  TORUS, Muscle — t. Mantis, Metacarpus.
  TOTA BONA, Chenopodium bonus  Henricus.
  TOTUM CARNOSUM,  Pancreas.
  TOUCH, Tactus, Tac'tio, Haphe, Hapsis, TaC-
tion, Palpdtion, (F.) Toucher.   One of the five
senses, and that which makes known  to  us the
palpable qualities of  bodies, such as  their con-
sistence,  quality, 4c.   It is seated,  particularly,
in the  hands;  and  differs from tact in being
active.
  Touch-me-not, Impatiens fulva.
  Touch, Royal.  It was at one time almost uni-
versally believed, in England, that the royal touch
would remove Scrofula or King's Evil, (as it was
thence  called.)  This superstition is now entirely
exploded.  Edward, the Confessor, was the first
English king who touched for the Evil.
  TOUCHER,  Esaphe, Touch.
  TOUCHAVOOD, Boletus igniarius.
  TOUR DE MA1TRE,  Coup de maltre.
  TOUR BILL ON  VASGULAIRE,  Vasa  va-
sorum.
  TOURNESOL, Heliotropium  Europaeum.
  TOURNIOLE, Paronychia.
  TOUR'NIQUET,  Tor'cular,  Tor'culum,  Tor-
nac'ulum, Pra'lium, Pra'lium, Pra'lium seu Pre-
lum arteridle, Verticil''turn, Fas'cia tor'tilis, from
(F.)  tourner,  'to  turji.' A surgical instrument
for shopping the course of  blood in the limbs, by
exerting a strong compression upon the principal
artery.   It was  invented by a French surgeon,
Morel,  in the middle of the 17th century; and
was  modified subsequently, by  Nuck, Verduc,
Monro, Petit, and  Louis.  It is used to suspend,
for a time, the circulation in a limb,  during great
operations; to arrest arterial hemorrhage in cases
of wounds; to compress certain  aneurismal and
other tumours, 4c.
  TOUS-LES-310IS, Am'ylum canna'ceum.  A
fecula obtained  from  the root of Canna coccin'ea.
It resembles  potato  starch, and  may  be  substi-
tuted for arrow-root.   It is  obtained from St.
Kitts.
  TOUTE BONNE, Salvia sclarea.
  TOUTE  EPICE, see  Myrtus  pimenta — t.
Saine,  Sanicula.
  TO UX, Tussis—t. Bleue, Pertussis — t. Bron-
chique, Bronchial cough, Cough, tubal—t.  Caver-
neuse, see Cavernous respiration — t. Convulsive,
Pertussis — t. Quinieuse, Pertussis — t. Tubaire,
Bronchial cough, Cough, tubal.
  TOXICvEMIA, Toxicohaemia.
  TOXICAL, Poisonous.
  TOXICATTO, Poisoning.
  TOXICODENDRON, Rhus toxicodendron.
  TOXICOH,E'MIA,  Toxica'mia,  from toZikov,
'a poison,' and 'atpa, 'blood.'  Poisoning of the
blood.— Piorry.
  TOXICOL'OGY,  Toxicolog"ia,  from to^ikov,
(itself from ro£ov, 'a bow,') 'a poison,' and Xoyos,
'a description.' A treatise on poisons.
  TOXICO'SES, (G.) Toxikosen, from ro^tKov,
'a poison.'  A family  of  diseases, according to
the classification of Fuchs, caused  by the recep-
tion of poisons into the system.
  TOXICUM, Poison,  Arenom.
  TRABECULA  CEREBRI, Corpus callosum-
t. Cordis, Columnae carneae.
  TRABECULE SPLENIS, see Spleen—t.AVil
lisii, Chordae AVillisii.
  TRABES CORDIS, Columnae carneae.
  TRABS, Penis—t, Cerebri, Corpus callosum—
t. Medullaris, Corpus callosum.
  TRACE, PRIMITIVE, Groove, primitive.
  TRACHE'A, (generally, however,  accented
Tra'chea,)  Trache'a  arte'ria, Bronchus, As'pera
arteria, Fis'tula spiritua'lis, F. pulmona!lis, Can-
na, Syrin'ga,  Syrinx; the  Windpipe,  Throttle,
(F.) Trachie  artere, from rpa^uj, 'rough,' and
aprnpta, ' artery,'  composed  of  anp, ' air,' and
rnptiv,  'to keep.'   The trachea  is  a cylindrical,
fibro-cartilaginous  and membranous tube, flat-
tened behind, and situate on the median line, be-
fore the vertebral  column, from  the inferior part
of the larynx, as far as the third dorsal vertebra.
There it divides into two branches, the  bronchia,
which separate to  go to each  lung.  The trachea,
the function of which is to convey air to  the
lungs during respiration, is composed, 1. Of car-
tilaginous rings, An'nuli cartilagin'ei, Segmen'ta
cartilagin'ea, Orbes cartilagino'si, incomplete be-
hind ; situate one above  the other, and kept in
situ  by a fibrous  membrane.  2.  Of a mucous
membrane, which lines it internally, and contains
numerous mucous follicles.  3.  Of transverse
muscular fibres, not well-marked, which occupy
its posterior surface.   4. Of vessels, which pro-
ceed from the  superior and  inferior thyroideal;
and, 5. Of nerves, that are given off by the pneu-
mogastric and the cervical ganglia.  The breath-
ing tubes of insects are termed  Trachea.
  Trachea Arteria, Trachea.
  TRACHEAE, see Trachea.
  TRA'CHEAL,  Trachea'lis.   Appertaining to
the trachea.   An  epithet applied  to respiration
as heard through  the stethoscope opposite the
trachea, larynx, and root of the  bronchia; the
air appearing  as if sucked in from the cylinder
during inspiration, and  expelled  during expi-
ration.
  Tracheal Glands.  Mucous follicles on the
posterior surface of the trachea.  They are small,
flattened ovoid bodies.
   TRACHEE ARTERE, Trachea.
  TRACHEITIS, Cynanche trachealis.
  TRACHELAGRA,  Torticollis.
  TRACHELIAN, Cervical.
  TRACHELISM'US, from  rpaXn^ov,' the neck.'
A  term proposed by Dr. Marshall Hall, for a fan-
cied spasmodic action of the muscles of the neck,
which he esteems  to be the cause of many morbid
phenomena, by inducing compression of the veins
of the neck and an impeded return of blood from
the head.
  TRACHELITIS, Cynanche trachealis.
  TRACHELIUM AMERICANUM, Lobelia car-
dinalis.
   TRA CH&L O-A TL OID 0- 0 CCIPITA L, Obli-
quus superior capitis—t. Atlo'ido-basi.laire, Rectus
eapitis lateralis — t. Baailaire, Rectus capitis  in- 
TRACHELO
867
TRANSPOSITIO
ternus major—t. Basilaire, petit, Rectus capitis
internus minor.
  TRACIIE'LO-DIAPHRAGAIAT'IC, Trachelo-
diophragmat'icus.  The fourth  pair  of  cervical
nerves, whence the phrenic nerve chiefly arises.
— Chaussier.
   TRACHELO-MASTOIDIEN, Complexus mi-
nor— t. Occipital,  Complexus —t. Phyma, Bron-
chocele — t. Scapulaire, Levator scapulae.
  TRACKELOS, Collum.
  TRACK EOCELE, Bronchocele.
  TRACKEOPHONY, Laryngophony.
  TRACKEOPHTHISIS, see Phthisis laryngea.
  TRACHEORRHAG"IA, Hamop'toe seu  Ha-
mop'tyeis  larynge'a et  trachea'lis, from  rpaytta,
' the trachea,' and pnyvv/ju, ' to break forth.'  Hae-
morrhage from the trachea.
  TRACHEOSTENO'SIS, from TpaXtta,  'the
trachea,' and artvoiats, 'contraction.' Contraction
or narrowness of the trachea.
  TRACHEOTOMA7, see Bronchotomy.
  TRACHITIS, Cynanche trachealis.
  TRACUO'.AIA, Aapre'do, from rpa%ys,  'rough.'
Gradular eonjuncti'va,  Gran'ular  eyelid,  (F.)
Aeperiti dea Paupiires.  A roughness of the inner
surface  of the eyelids;  granular eyelids. A va-
riety of ophthalmia, of which three  kinds  have
been designated :— T. sabulo'sum, from sand, 4c,
getting  between the eyelids;  T. carunculo'sum,
Phadaro'dee, Phadaro'aia, 3Iorum pal'pebra in-
ter'na, from fleshy excrescences; and T. herpet'-
icum, from hard pustules on the inner surface of
the eyelids.  This last is, also,  called Fico'sis, and
Pal'pebra fleo'sa.
  TRACT, OPTIC, see Optic nerves —t. Respi-
ratory, see Respiratory tract.
  TRACTATIO MANUARIA, Surgery.
  TRACTORATION, Perkinism, see Tractors,
metallic.
  TRACTORS,  METAL'LIC.  Metallic agents,
introduced by Dr.  Elisha Perkins, of Connecticut,
about the end of the last century, to cure diseases.
The parts were  rubbed with these tractors, and
hundreds of thousands of  cases were reported to
have been cured by the Tractora'tion. The affec-
tions, in which they were chiefly used, were  local
inflammations, and pains in different parts.  The
good effects were, doubtless, owing to the influence
exerted  by the mind over the body.  The bubble
did not exist long.  See Perkinism.
  TRACT US INTESTINORUM, Intestinal
Tube — t. Opticus, see Optic  nerves — t. Respi-
ratorius, Respiratory tract.
  Tractus Spira'lis Foraminulen'tus.  Minute
openings at the base of the modiolus, arranged
in a spiral manner, which transmit the filaments
of the cochlear nerve.   The central  canal of the
Tractus is longer than the rest, and is called Td-
bulue centra'lis modi'oli.
  T R A D E S C A N'T IA VIRGIN'IC A, Spider-
wort; indigenous; Order,  Commelynaceae; flow-
ering from  May to August.   The roots  are de-
mulcent.
  TRAGACANTHA,  Gummi Tragacan'tha,  G.
Astrag'ali Tragacantha, Gum Tragacanth,  Gum
Dragon.   The concrete juice of the Aetragalue
Tragacantha or Astragalus  Verus,  a native  of
Persia.   Family, Leguminosae.   Sex. Syst.  Dia-
delphia  Decandria. (F.) Gomme Adragant, Adra-
gant. This gum is inodorous ; nearly insipid; of
a whitish colour; semi-transparent, and striated.
It is in thin, vermiform pieces; and does not form
a smooth, uniform mucilage  with water.   It is
demulcent, but is rarely used  alone.
  TRAGEA  AROMATICA,  Pulvis  cinnamomi
compositus.
  TRAG"ICUS, Tragien (Ch.), from Tragus.  A
small, flat, triangular muscle which almost wholly
covers the outer surface of the tragus, arising
from its  base, and terminating at the top of the
eminence.
  TRAGIEN, Tragieus.
  TRAGOMASCHA'LIA, Tragomas'chale, from
rpayos,'a goat,' and paa%aXn, 'axilla.' The strong,
unpleasant odour of the armpits.
  TRAGOPHONIA, Egophony.
  TRAGOPO'GON, Barba hirci, from rpayos, 'a
goat,' and Ttoiywv,  ' beard.'  A genus of plants ;
Family, Cichoraceae.  Sex. Syst.  Syngenesia Po-
lygamia ASqualis.  (F.) Barbe de Bouc; of which
the roots of the Tragopogon porrifo'lium, Saleifi,
Oyeter-root, and the young shoots of the T. pra-
ted ee, 3Ieadow Saleifi, Common Goafs Beard, (F.)
Salsifis des prea, are eaten as food.  The root of
the latter has been used as a diuretic
  TRAGOSELINUM, Pimpinella saxifraga —t.
Angelica, Ligusticum podograria — t. Magnum,
Pimpinella magna—t. Majus, Pimpinella magna
— t. Saxifraga, Pimpinella magna,
  TRAGUS, rpayos, 'a goat;' from its being fur-
nished, in some persons, with hair, like the  beard
of a goat.  Hircue, Hirquue.   A small, flattened,
triangular nipple, situate before the meatus audi-
torius externus, which it appears to conceal.   It
is covered with  hair  in old people, whence its
name.  Also, the peculiar goat-like smell of the
axillae.
  Tragus Matthioli, Salsola kali.
  TRAINASSE, Polygonum aviculare.
  TRAMIS, Perinaeum.
  TRANCE, Catalepsy, Ecstasis.
  TRANGHEES,  Tormina —t.  Utirines, Pains,

  TRANSFIGURATIO, Transformation.
  TRANSFORMA'TION, Transforma'tio, Trans-
figura'tio,  Transmuta'tio, Aletab'ole, from  trans,
'beyond,' and forma, 'form.'  Change of form.
  TRANSFOR3IATIONS  DE  TISSU,  (F.)
The  French  pathologists  designate  thus the
change that occurs in an organ, the tissue  of
which  becomes similar to that of another organ.
The chief transformations are cartilaginous, osse-
ous, and  adipous.  See Tissue.
  TRANSFU'SION,  Transfueio, from tranefun-
dere (trane, and fundere, ' to pour'), ' to pour from
one vessel into another.'  Tronafueio San'guinis,
Cura  Aledea'na, Alethamachym'ia,  Hamatome-
tach'yaie, Hamometach'yaia,Diach'yeie,Traneplan-
ta'tio med'ica novo, Chirur'gia tranefueo'ria, Ex-
otichamato'eie.   The apt of passing  the blood of
one animal into the veins of another ; an opera-
tion which was  formerly used to  fulfil various
therapeutical  intentions.   It has been  revived
in cases of uterine hemorrhage; and, apparently,
with some success.
  The  operation can  only be performed safely
on animals having  like kinds  of blood.  See
Globule.
  TRANSLATION, Metastasis.
  TRANSMUTATIO, Transformation.
  TRANSPIRATIO,  Perspiration—t. Unilatera,
Hemidiaphoresis.
  TRANSPLANTA'TIO, 3Ietaphytei'a.  A pre-
tended method of curing diseases, devised by
Paracelsus—by making them pass from one indi-
vidual to another, either animal or vegetable.
  Transplantatio,  Morioplastice — t.  Medica
nova, Transfusion.
  Transplanta'tio Dentis. Insii'io dentie. The
act of transplanting a tooth from one person  to
another.
  TRANSPORT, Delirium.
  TRANSPOSITIO, Metathesis. 
              TRANSPOSITION            86

  TRANSPOSIT'TON, Tranepoaitio, from trana,
' over,' and ponere, ' to put.' Metath'esis.  Change
of situation.
  Transposition of  the Vis'cera, Polype'ria
promie'cua tranelati'va, Intus inver'sus, is a con-
genital vice of conformation,  which consists  in
the viscera being found out of the situations they
ordinarily occupy : the heart, for  example, being
on the right side; the liver on the left, 4c
  TRANSUDATIO, Diapedesis.
  TRANSUDA'TION, Tranauddtio, from trana,
'through,' and sudare, sudatum, 'to sweat.'  The
passage of a fluid through the tissue of  any or-
gan, which  may  collect  in  small drops  on the
opposite surface, or evaporate  from it.
  Transudation, Exosmosc.
  TRANSVERSAIRE  EPINEUX, Transver-
salis dorsi—t. Epineux du coti,  Semispinalis colli
— t. Grele,  see Sacro-lumbalis — t. Epineux du
dos,  Semi-spinatus dorsi.
  TRANSVERSAL DE LA  CONQUE, Trans-
versalis auris — t. du Nez, Compressor nasi—t.
des Orteils,  Transversus pedis.
  TRANSVERSALIS, Transverse.
  Transversa'lis  Abdom'inis, (F.)  Lombo-a.b-
dominal, (Ch.) Transverse de  VAbdomen.  This
muscle  is seated, deeply, on the  lateral parts  of
the abdomen.  It is flat, thin, and broader before
than behind.  It is attached, above, to the carti-
lage of the last true rib, and to those of  every
false rib; and, below, to the inner lip of the crista
of the ilium ; to the two outer thirds of the crural
arch, and to the upper part  of  the pubis.  Its
fibres, moreover,  are  inserted,  behind, by means
of broad aponeuroses, into the top of the trans-
verse and spinous processes of the first four lum-
bar vertebrce;  and,  before, into  the linea alba,
and  the ensiform cartilage.  This muscle, all of
whose fibres  have a transverse  direction, con-
stricts the belly, and diminishes the base of the
chest, by drawing inwards the ribs to which it is
attached.
  Transversalis Anticus Primus, Rectus ca-
pitis lateralis — t. Collateralis colli,  see Sacro-
lumbalis.
  Transversa'lis  Colli;  Traneveraalia Major
colli, Portion of the Sacro-apinal  (Ch.),  (F.)
 Tranavereoire.  A muscle, seated  at the posterior
and lateral  part  of  the  neck  and upper part of
the back.   It is  attached to the transverse pro-
cesses  of  the  five or six lowest vertebrae of the
neck;  and to those of the four or five first dorsal.
It extends the vertebrae of the neck, and  inclines
them to its  side.
  Transversalis Colli, Semi-spinalis colli.
  Transversalis  Dorsi,  Transverso-apinalis,
Multif'idus Spina,  Lumbo-cervical portion of the
 Spinal  ( Ch.),  (Transverso-spinalis  Lumbo'rum,
 Transverao-epinalie   Dorei, Tranavereo-8pinalia
 Colli,) 31ua'culua aacer,  Spinales et transversales
 lumborum, Semi-spinalia internus sive Transverso-
spinalis colli pars  interna (AVinslow),  Lombo-
 dorsi-spinal, 4c, (F. )   Transversal re  ipineux.
 This muscle,  usually called, by  English anato-
mists, 3Iultifidus spina,  and  including all the
 transverso -  spinales, is situate in the vertebral
 gutters, extending from the posterior part of the
 sacrum to  the second cervical vertebrae.  It is
 thicker in  the neck  and loins than in the back
 and behind the sacrum. Its use is—to straighten
 the vertebral column, and to impress upon it a
 slight rotary motion.
  Transversalis Nasi, Compressor naris.
   TRANSA'ERSARIUS, Transverse.
   TRANSA'ERSE,  Tronsver'sus, Transversa'lis,
 Transversa'riue,  from trans,  ' over,'  and vertere,
 ' to  turn.'  That which runs  across:  also, that
               TRAPEZIUM

which relates to the transverse processes of the
vertebrae.
  Transverse Artery of the Face, arises from
the temporal; passes transversely across the face,
in front of  the  condyle of the lower jaw,  and
gives its branches to the different muscles of the
cheek.
  Transverse Fissure, see Liver—t. Ligament
of the Atlas, Annular ligament.
  Transverse Perineal Artery,  Urcthro-bul-
bar (Ch.), is given off from  the upper branch of
the internal pudic;  and passes inwards and for-
wards above the transversus  perinaoi muscle, as
far as the  bulb of the urethra, into which it dips,
subdividing into numerous branches.
  Transverse Proc"esses of the  A'er'tebr^;,
Diapophyses, of Owen,  (F.) Apophyses transverses
des vertebree, are the bony eminences that jut out
transversely and posteriorly from the sides of the
vertebrae.
  Transverse Suture, Sutu'ra transversa'lis,
runs across the face,  and  sinks into the  orbit;
joining the bones  of  the skull  to  those  of the
face, but with so many irregularities and inter-
ruptions, that it can scarcely be recognised as a
suture.
   TRANSVERSE DE UABD03IEN,  Trans-
versalis abdominis — t. de I'Oricule,  Transversus
auris — t.  du Pirinie, Transversus perina'i.
  TRANSVERSOSPINAL,  Semi-spinalis colli,
Semi-spinalis  dorsi — t.  Spinalis, Transversalis
dorsi—t. Spinalis  colli.  Semi-spinalis colli — t.
Spinalis dorsi, Semi-spinalis dorsi.
  TRANSVER'SUS  AURIS, Transrer'sus Au-
ric'ula,^.) Transverse de I'Oricule (Ch.), Trans-
versal  de la  Conque,   is often  wanting.   It  is
formed  of some transverse  fibres, situate  trans-
versely, behind the projection of the helix  which
divides the  concha into two portions.
  Transversus Pedis, Scandula'rius, (F.)  Trans-
versal des Orteils, 31 itatorso-sous-phalangien trans-
versal du  premier orteil (Chaussier).  A muscle,
which arises by fleshy  slips  from  the heads of the
metatarsal  bones  of the three outer  toes.  Its
tendon  is inserted into the  base of the first pha-
lanx of the great  toe, being blended with that
of the adductor pollicis.
  Transversus  PeriNvEI,  Leva'tor Ani parrxts,
lachio-pirineal (Ch.,) (F.) Transverse du Pirinie,
is placed  at the posterior part of the perinaeum.
It  is thin,  triangular,  and situate  transversely.
Its external extremity is attached  to the  ramus
and tuberosity of the ischium: its inner extremity
is confounded with  its  fellow of the opposite side,
and with  the  anterior  part of the  sphincter ani
and posterior part of the bulbo-cavernosns.  The
use of this  muscle is, — to compress the urethra,
and to  support  the rectum and  bladder.   To a
fasciculus of this muscle, Santorini has given the
name Ure'thra E/cva'tor seu Ejoculti'tor.
   Transversus  Perina'i Alter,  Prostat'icua
inferior.  A small muscle which occasionally ac-
companies the last.
  _ TRAPA  NATANS, (F.)  3Iocrc flottante, Noix
d'Eou, Chataigne  tl'Eau.   Sex. Syst. Tctrandria
Monogynia. The plant which affords the  Nuces
Aquat'ica,  Trib'nli aquatici,  Caltrops.  The nut
is considered nutrient  and demulcent, and is said
to  be useful in diarrhoea  from  abrasion  of the
bowels, and in calculus.  A  poultice is sometimes
made of it^to discuss hard and indolent tumours.
   TRAPEZE, Trapezium, Trapezius.
  TRAPE'ZIUM  OS,  rpa^iov.  So called  from
its  shape.   Os multadyulum  majus, (F.) Os tra-
peze.  The  first bone  of the second row  of the
carpus.  It is articulated,  above, with the sca-
phoides;  below, with the first  bone  of the mcta- 
TRAPEZIUS
TRIANGULAR
 carpus;  within, with the trapezoides, and second
 metacarpal bone.  Anteriorly,  posteriorly,  and
 externally, it  gives attachment to ligaments.
   TRA PE'Z I US,  Cuculldria, (V.) Dorso-sus-
 acroiitien (Ch.),  Trapeze, Capuchon.   A muscle,
 seated at the posterior  part  of  the neck  and
 shoulder, and at the  upper part of the back.  It
 has the  shape of a trapezium; is attached, on the
 one band, to the inner third of the upper curved
 line of the occipital  bone;  to  the posterior cer-
 vical ligament; to the spinous  process of the 7th
 cervical vertebra; and to those of all the dorsal
 vertebrae; and, on the other hand,  to the spine
 of the scapula; the acromion and the outer third
 of the posterior margin of the clavicle. Its upper
 fibres  are situate obliquely downwards and  out-
 wards; the transverse and inferior, obliquely out-
 wards and inwards.   This muscle  elevates the
 shoulder; carries it  backwards, or  depresses it,
 according as  its upper, middle, or  lower fibres
 contract separately.   It straightens the  head,
 also, and inclines it to one side.
   TRAP'EZOID LIGAMENT.   The anterior
 part of  the coraco-clavicular ligament.   It  is a
 very strong,  fibrous  fasciculus, which  has the
 shape of a trapezium, and is  situate obliquely,
 between the acromion process and clavicle.
   TRAPEZOI'DES,  OS,  Oe multadgulum minus,
 Os pyrainit/a'/e carpi, from rpant^iov, 'a trape-
 zium,' and uSos,  'shape  or resemblance.'   The
 second bone of the second row  of the carpus,—so
 called from its shape.  It is smaller than the tra-
 pezium,  on the inside of which  it is  situate.  It
 is articulated, above, with the  os  naviculare;
 below, with the second metacarpal bone; on the
 outside,  with the trapezium; and internally,  with
 the  magnum.   Anteriorly  and  posteriorly, it
 affords attachment to ligaments.
   TRAUBENOUR, Grape cure.
   TRAULISMUS, see Balbuties and Blaesitas.
   TR.AULOTES, see Blaesitas.
   TRAUMA,  AVound.
   TRAU.A]AT'IC, Traumat'icue, Vulnera'rius,
 Vul'nerary; from rpavpa, ' a wound.'   Anything
 relating to a wound.
   TRAUAIATICA, Detergents, Vulneraries.
   TRAUMAT1CUS,  Traumatic, Vulnerary.
   TRAUMATOP'YRA, Febris traumatica; from
 rpavjiti, 'a wound,' and ttvp, 'fire.'  A wound fever,
 or fever  consecutive to a wound.
   TRAVAIL, Parturition.
   TRAVAIL D'EN FA NT, Parturition.
   TRAVELLER'S JOY,  Clematis vitalba.
   TREACLE,  Melasses,  Theriaca —t. English,
 Teucrium chamaedrys — t. A'enice, Theriaca.
   TREAD, Cicatricula—t of the Cock, Molecule.
   TREE, ELK, Andromeda arborea—t. of  Life,
 Thuya occidentals—t. Sour, Andromeda arborea.
   THE ELE D'EAU, Menyantb.es trifoliata.
   TREFOIL,  Hepatica triloba — t.  Bean, stink-
 ing,  Anugyris — t. Marsh, Menyanthes verna—t.
 Sour, Oxalis acetosella—t.  Shrubby, Petela tri-
 foliata— t. AVater, Menyanthes trifoliata.
   TRE.AIA, Foramen.
   TREMBLEMENT,  Tremor — t.  Alitaltique,
see Tremor.
   TREAIREES, Milk-sickness.
   TREMBLING. Tremor.
   TRE.MELLA AURICULA, Peziza auricula.
   TREAIOK,  Trepida'tio,  Syn'cloiius  Tremor,
 Tromo-spasmus, Tromus,  Trembling,  (F.) Trem-
blemcnt, from tremere, 'to tremble.'  Involuntary
agitation of the body, or of some part of it, with-
out any  obstacle  to  voluntary  motion.  It  de-
pends,  generally, upon debility of the muscular,
or of the  nervous system;  and,  hence, is  ob-
served in convalescence,  and in typhoid affec-
 tions.   It occurs, also, in old people ; in hard
 drinkers; workers in mercury, lead, 4c: in the
 last case, it is called by the French, Tremblement
 mitallique,  Tremor metal'ticus.  Tremor seems to
 resemble paralysis more  than convulsion.   See
 Paralysis agitans and Pavitatio.  _
   Tremor  Cordis, Hippus, Palpitation — t, Me-
 tallicus, see Tremor — t. Purring, Frimisaement
 cotoire.
   TREPAN,  Trep'anum,  Terebel'la,  Trip'otooi,
 Perctcr'iuin, Peretor'ium, Serra versat'ilie,  Chad-
 iris, Chcenic'ion, Ter'ebra, Ter'etron,  Tere'trium,
 ■ Vcrtib'ulum, Try'panon, (F.) Trepan, from rpvtiaw,
 'I perforate.'   A surgical instrument resembling
 a wimble, and  worked in the same manner.   It
 is used for  removing portions of bone, and par-
 ticularly of the  bones  of the skull.   The term
 trepan  is given more particularly to  the part of
 the  instrument that makes the perforation.  The
 handle  is so constructed as  to receive different
 bits, as the  Crown, the  Tripan perforatif or  Pe-
 rite'rion, the  T. exfoliatif or Deaquamato'rium
 trep'anum,  and the T. abaptie'ta.
   In Great Britain  and the United States, this
 instrument  has been superseded  by the trephine,
 which is more manageable.
   TREPANATIO, Trepanning.
   TREPANATION, Trepanning.
   TREPANNING, Terebra'tio,  Anatre'sis,  Ce-
 phalotripe' sis, Trepana'tio, Trype'sis, Tresis, Pri-
 eia,  Prismus, Ford tio,  (F.) Tripanation.   Same
 etymon as Trepan.   The  methodical application
 of the trepan.
   TREPANON, Trepan.
   TREPANUM, Trepan.
   TREPHINE.  The instrument which has  re-
 placed the trepan in some countries.   It consists
 of a simple,  cylindrical saw; with a handle  placed
 transversely like that of a gimlet, and from  the
 centre of the circle, described by the teeth of the
 saw, a sharp little perforator projects, called  the
 Centre-pin.  The centre-pin is capable of being
 removed, at the surgeon's option, by means of a
 key for the  purpose.  It is used to fix the  instru-
 ment until  the  teeth of  the saw have made a  cir-
 cular groove,  sufficiently deep for  it  to work
 steadily. The pin must then be removed.  Some-
 times the pin is made to slide up and down, and
 to be fixed in any position, by means of a screw.
   TREPHOUSA, Nurse.
   TREPIDATIO, Tremor—t. Cordis, Cardiotro-
 mus.
   TREPON'DO.  A weight of three  pounds. —
 Scribonius.
   TRE'SIS, rpnats, from rpm, 'I bore.'  Properly,
 a perforation.   A wound.   A forcible solution of
 continuity in a soft part, commencing externally.
 A genus in  the nosology of Good.
   Tresis, Trepanning, Wound —t, Causis, Burn
 — t. Punctura, Puncture —t. Vulnus, AVound —
 t. Arulnus laceratum, see Laceration — t. A'ulnus
 simplex, Cut.
   TRESS AILLE3IENT, Shuddering.
   TRESSO'RIA, Epiei'on, e-taetov.  A term for-
 merly applied  to the hair covering the mons  ve-
 neris, the absence of which has, by the vulgar,
 been esteemed a matter  of reproach.
   TRI,  rpt, in composition, 'three.'  Hence:
   TRIANGLE 3IEBULLAIRE, Fornix.
  TRIANGLE, VESICAL, see Urinary Bladder.
  TRIAN'GULAR,   Trigo'nos,  Triangula'ris,
 from trie, for tres, 'three,' and angulus, 'an angle.'
 That which  has three angles.
  Triangular  Ligament or Infra-pubian is a
ligamentous  fascia with short fibres, situate trans-
versely  beneath the symphysis pubis, which it
strengthens. 
TRIANGULARIS              870             TRICHOPHYIA
  TRIANGULARIS, Depressor anguli oris —t.
Coccygis,  Coccygeus—t. Nasi, Compressor naris.
  Triangula'ris Sterni,  Sterno-costal  (Ch.,)
Pectora'lis inter'nus. A muscle  situate at the an-
terior and inner part of the chest, behind the car-
tilages of the ribs.   It has the shape of a length-
ened triangle, the base of which is directed  down-
wards.  It is attached to the posterior, lateral,
and inferior part of the sternum, whence its fibres
pass upwards and outwards, and terminate by as
many distinct digitations at the cartilages  of the
3d, 4th, 5th, and 6th true ribs.  This muscle de-
presses the ribs and contributes  to expiration.
  TRIBAS,  (F.) Tribade, from rpifiw,  'I rub.'
Frictrix, Frica'trix, Futdtor, 3Ias'cula, Subagi-
ta'trix, Subiga'tor.  A female whose clitoris is so
large as to cause her to be regarded as an herma-
phrodite.  One who acts as a male with another
female.
  TRIBULI AQUATICI, see Trapa natans.
  TRIBUTUM LUNARE, Menses —t. Men-
struum, Menses.
  TRICjE, Plica—t. Incuborum, Plica—t. Scro-
forum, Plica.
  TRICAGO, Teucrium chamaedrys.
  TRICAUDALIS, Retrabens auris.
  TRICEPS, from tris for tree, 'three,' and caput,
' head.'   A name given to muscles that have three
fleshy bundles at one of their extremities.
  Triceps Adduc'tor  Fem'oris.   Under  this
appellation are comprehended three distinct mus-
cles ;  Adductor brevia, A. longus, and A. magnus.
  Triceps Auris, Retrahens auris—t. Brachialis,
Triceps extensor cubiti.
  Triceps Cruris, Femora'lis, (F.) Trifimoro-
rotulien (Ch.,)  Crural,  Trifimoro-tibi-rotulien,
 Triceps crural, T. de la cuisse,  is situate  at the
anterior, inner, and outer part of the thigh.  It
is formed of  three bundles  at its  superior extre-
mity, viz. 1. A middle fasciculus (the crura'lie of
most anatomists.)  2. An external fasciculus  (the
vastua externus)  and 3. An inner fasciculus  (the
vastus  internus.)  It is attached, above,  to the
anterior, inner, and outer surfaces of the  femur,
and to the two  edges  of the linea aspera, from
the base of the trochanter to within four fingers'
breadth of the knee.  Below, it terminates by a
large tendon, which is attached to the base and
edges of the  patella, as well as  to the inner and
outer tuberosities of the tibia.  The triceps ex-
tends the leg on the thigh, and  conversely.
   TRICEPS DE LA CUISSE, Triceps cruris—
t. Crural, Triceps cruris.
  Triceps Exten'sor Cu'biti,  Triceps brachia'-
lis, (F.) Scapulo-humiro-olicranien (Ch.), Triceps
brachial.  This  muscle,  which  occupies all the
posterior  part of the os  humeri, is  described as
two muscles  by  Douglas, and as three by AVins-
low.  It arises by three heads.  The first or long
head, — long head of the biceps externus of Doug-
las, Anconeus major of AVinslow,—arises from the
anterior extremity  of the inferior  costa  of the
 scapula, near its neck, and below the origin of
 the teres minor.  The second head, or short head
 of the biceps  externus of Douglas, Anconeus exter-
 nus of Winslow, arises from the upper and outer
 part of the  os  humeri, at  the base of the great
 tuberosity;  and the third head, — Brachialis ex-
 ternus of Douglas, Anconeus internus of AVinslow,
 — the shortest of the three, arises from the back
 part of the os humeri, behind the flat  tendon of
 the latissimus dorsi.   These three portions unite
 about the middle of the arm, so as to form one
 thick and powerful muscle, which is inserted at
 the upper part of the olecranon.  It extends the
 forearm on the arm, and conversely.
   Triceps Magnus, Adductor magnus—t. Minor,
Adductor longus femoris—t. Secundus, Adductor
brevis.
  TRICH.E INCUBORUM, Plica.
  TRICIIANCIECTA'SIA, Angidiectdaia,  Tri-
chocirstts,  from -Spif, rpi^os, 'a hair,'  ayytiov,  a
vessel,' and  ticraots, 'dilatation.'  Morbid dilata-
tion of the capillary vessels.
  TRICHAUX'E;  from  Spt|,  rpi^oj,  'hair,'and
avfy,  'increase.'  Increase  in  the quantity and
size of the hair, without change of texture.
  TRICHERA ARVENSIS, Scabiosa.
  TRICHIA,  Entropion.
  TRICHI'ASIS,  Trichio'sis, Tricho'sis,  from
Spif, rpvxps,  ' hair.'  3Iorbus pildris.  This  name
has been given to several affections.  1.  To  a dis-
ease of the kidneys or bladder, in which  filament-
ous substances, resembling hairs, are passed  in
the urine.  This is also called Pilimic'tio.  It
must  be  regarded as a variety of  Catar'rhus
vesi'ca.  2.  To a painful swelling of the breasts,
in child-bed women, when  the milk is  excreted
with  difficulty: — a disease attributed,  by  Aris-
totle,  to a hair swallowed by accident and carried
to the breasts  through the circulation"; and 3dly,
To inversion of the eye-lashes.  Seo Entropion.
   TRICHIASIS LACTEA, Infarctus  mammae
lacteus.
   TRICHILIA, Cathartics.
   TRICHI'NA SPIRA'LIS.   Same etymon.  A
small species of entozoa discovered in the muscles
of voluntary motion.  Trichinae  consist of very
minute cysts,  of an oblong  figure, having consi-
derable resemblance, in size and colour,  to young
pediculi, and  are  somewhat  allied to  the eels
found in paste and vinegar.  No symptoms have
as yet been observed to be pathognomonic of their
presence.
   TRICHIASIS, Trichiasis —t. Distrix, Distrix.
   TRICHIS'MUS.  Same  etymon.   Capilla'tio,
Fiaedra pila'ria.   A  capillary fracture, fissure,
or crack.
   TRICHIURIA, Trichocephalus.
   TRICHOCEPH'ALUS,   Trichoceph'alua dis-
par:  from  Sp»|,  xpi^oj,  'a hair,'  and KttpaXn,
'head.'   Tricliu'ris, Trichuris vulgaris,  Trichnris
intestina'lis, As'caris trichdria, Trichidria, Tri-
chocephalus  hom'inis, Alastigo'des hominis, Long
thread-worm.   A worm, from an inch and a half
to two inches long;  the head acute;  the body
spirally involuted in the  male, almost straight in
the female.  The trichocephalus dispar  generally
inhabits the caecum and colon, and  is rarely met
with in the small intestines.  It  gives  rise to no
peculiar  symptoms, and requires the usual an-
thelmintic treatment.
   TRICHOCIRSUS, Trichangiectasia.
   TRICHOLABIS. Madisterium.
   TRICHOLABIUM, Madisterium.
   TRICHOLOGIA, Carphologia.
   TRICHOMA, Capillamentum, Plica.
   TRICIIOMANES, Asplenium trichomanoides
—t. Crenata,  Asplenium trichomanoides.
   TRICHOMATION, Capillamentum.
   TRICHOMATOSE HAIR,  Plica.
   TRICHOM'ONAS,  Trichom'onad; from 0pi|,
rpt^os, ' a hair,' and povas, ytova&os, ' unity.'   An
animalcule found by by M. Donne*  in the mucus
of the vagina, where cleanliness has not been at-
tended to, and to which he has given  the name
 Trichom'onas  vagina'lie.  By some it is considered
to be nothing more than separated ciliated epi-
thelium from  the uterus.
   TRICHON'OSUS, from V£, rpiXoV  hair,' and
voaos, ' disease.'  A disease of the hair.
   TRICHOPHY'IA,  Trichophyt'ica, from &pt^, 
TRICHOPHYTON
871
TRISMUS
TPiX°<> 'hair,' and  tfrvttv,  'to  grow.   Remedies
that promote the growth of the hair.
  TRICHOPHYTON TONSURANS, see Porrigo
decalvans.
  TRICHOSCHISIS, Schizatrichia,
  TRICHO'SIS, Pildre malum; from Sptf, rpt-
%os, ' hair.'   Morbid  organization  or  deficiency
of hair.   A genus in the system of  Good.
  Triciiosis,  Entropion,  Trichiasis — t,  Area,
Porrigo decalvans — t. Athrix, Alopecia — t. Dis-
trix, Distrix—t.  Furfuracea, Porrigo furfurans —
t. Hirsuties, Hirsuties—t.  Plica, Plica—t. Polio-
sis, Poliosis — t.  Setosa, Hystriciasis.
  TRICHOTON, Scalp.
  TRICIIURIS, Trichocephalus.
  TRICLISPERMA GRANDIFLORA, Polygala
paucifolia.
  TRICUS'PID, Tricus'pis,  Tricuepiddlie, Tri-
cuspida'tus, from trie for tres, ' three,' and cuspis,
'a point.'  That which  has three points.
  Tricuspid Valves,  Val'vula Tricua'pides seu
triglo'chines  seu trisul'ca, are three triangular,
valvular duplicatures, formed by the inner mem-
brane of die right cavities of the heart, around
tho  orifice by which the auricle communicates
with the ventricle.   The  elongated  and pointed
top of each of these valves is continuous with the
chordio tendineae, which set out from the columnae
carneae of the heart.  These valves are depressed
to allow the blood to flow from the auricle into
the ventricle; and are raised to prevent its reflux
into the auricle.
  TRIENS, Un'cia qua'tuor.  The  third part of
a pound.  Four  ounces, Troy.— Galen.
  TRIFACIAL,  Trigemini.
  TRIFE3IORO-ROTULIEN, Triceps cruris—
t. Tihi-rotulicn, Triceps cruris.
  TRIFOLIUM ACETOSUM, Oxalis  acetosella
— t. Aquaticum, Menyanthes trifoliata — t. Au-
reum, Hepatica triloba—t.  Cervinum, Eupatorium
cannabinum—t.  Fibrinum, Menyanthes trifoliata
— t, Hepaticum, Hepatica triloba.
  Trifo'lium Melilo'tus Officina'lis, T.offic"-
ina'lc, 3Icli/o'tus cit'rina, Melilotus,  Lotus sylves'-
tris, Ser'tula Compa'na, Trifo'lium  caballi'num,
Coro'na  regia,  Trifolium odora'tum, Common
met'Hot,  (F.)   31ililot.   Family,   Leguminssae.
Sex. Syat. Diadelphia  Decandria.   The infusion
or distilled water of this plant has been employed
in cases of ophthaltnia.  It has also been used in
fomentations, glysters, 4c
  Trifolium Officinale, T. melilotus officinalis
— t. Paludosum, Menyanthes trifoliata — t. Pa-
lustre, Menyanthes, trifoliata.
  TRIGAS'TRIC, Trigaa'tricua, Triven'ter; from
rptts, 'three,' and yaamp, 'belly.'   That which
has three bellies.  An epithet for muscles so cir-
cumstanced.
  TRIGEM'INI, Tergem'ini, from tris, 'three,'
and gem 'inns, ' double ;'  ' threefold,'  ' triplets.'
The fifth pair of nerves, Par trigem'inum,  Nervi
divi'si, A', gustato'rii, Nervus quintus,  Par quin-
tum nervorum cerebrdlium, N. tremellua, N. mix-
tua,  N. sympotliet'icus  me'diua,  N.  sympath'icus
medius, N. anon'ymue, N. innomina'tus, Par trium
funiculo'rum, Trifa'cial, (F.)  Nerf  gusjatif inno-
mini, Nerf d trot's cordea, Nerf trijumcau.   This
nerve  arises below the tuber annulare by one
large posterior root from the corpora restiformia,
and by two small anterior roots from the corpora
olivaria, whence, proceeding forwards  to the side
of the sella Turcica, the filaments composing the
large  root  form  a ganglion — the  Gasserian.
Emerging from  this ganglion, the  filaments,  of
which the large root consists, form, with those
constituting the small roots, and which had not
passed through the ganglion, two flattened trunks,
each,of which is soon divided into three branches,
in such a manner, however, that the first, or oph-
thalmic branch,  and the second or upper maxil-
lary, are  composed  exclusively of the filaments
that arose from the corpora restiformia and passed
through the Gasserian ganglion; whilst the third
or lower maxillary branch is composed in part of
those filaments, and in part of those that arose
from the corpora olivaria, and passed on one side
of the ganglion  without going  through it.   The
whole, therefore, of the first and second branches,
and a part of the third are sensiferous nerves,
whilst the remaining part of the third—the man'-
ducatory or mae'ticatory — is wholly motiferous,
and passes  to the pterygoid and other muscles
concerned in mastication.
   TRIGONE CEREBRAL, Fornix—t. Viaical,
see Urinary Bladder.
   TRIGONEL'LA  FffiNUM, T.  Fae'num Gra'-
cum, Fen'ugreek, FoCnugreek, Fcenum Gra'cum,
Bu'cerae, B. Fcenum Gra'cum,  Carphoa, JEgoc"-
erae, (F.) Finugrec.  Family, Leguminosae.  Sex.
Syst. Diadelphia Decandria.   A native of  the
south of  France.  The seeds have a strong, dis-
agreeable smell,  and  an  unctuous, farinaceous
taste ;  accompanied by a slight bitterness.   They
are chiefly used in poultices.
  TRIGONOS, Triangular.
  TRIGONUS VESICiB, see Urinary bladder—
t. Lieutaudi, see Urinary bladder.
  TRIJUMEAUX, Trigemini.
  TRIL'LIUM LATIFO'LIUM,  Broadleaf
Bethroot, Bethroot, Rattlesnake  root, Wakerobin,
Coughroot, Indian Balm, Ground Lily, Jews' Harp,
Indian Shamrock,   Pariswort, Truelove.   Sex.
Syat. Hexandria Trigynia,  A  plant peculiar to
North  America, which blossoms  in the spring.
The root is astringent.
  There are many species of Trillium, all of which
possess the same properties.
  TRIOCEPHALIA, Aprosopia.
  TRIOR'CHIS, from rptts, 'three,' and op^is,
' a testicle.'  One who  has three testicles.
  TRIOSTEOSPERMUM, Triosteum.
  TRIOS'TEUM, T. Perfolidtum seu majus, Tri-
osteosper'mum, Bastard Ipecacuan'ha, Fever Root,
Feverwort, Tinker's weed, Horse gineeng, Ipecac.,
Wild Coffee, White gineeng,  Gen'tian,  White Gen-
tian, Sweet Bitter.  In very large doses, the bark
of the root proves emetic.  It is a good cathartic,
in doses of twenty or thirty grains.  It sometimes
operates as a diuretic.
   TRIPE DE ROCHE.  Different lichens of the
species Gyrophora, inhabiting the arctic regions
of America, bear this name.  They are eaten as
food by the hunters.
   TRIPHAR'MACUM, rpttpappaKov.  A medicine
composed of three ingredients.
   TRIPLET, from triplex,' triple.'  One of three
children born at the same accouchement or ges-
tation.  Also, relating  to  triplets — as a ' triplet
conception.'
   Triplet Monsters,  Monstra trip'lica seu  tri-
gem'ina, are such as have parts of the body tripled.
They are rare.
   TRIPSIS, Contusio, Trituration.
   TRIPUDIATIO SPASTICA, Chorea.
   TRIQUETRUM, (OS,) Cuneiform (bone.)
   TRISIS, Brygmus.
  TRISMUS, from  rptfa, 'I  gnash.'   Enta'eia
Triemue, Capia'trum, Tonoa Triamua, Locked Jaw,
Spaemua seu Rigor  seu  Tet'anua maxill'a  infe-
rio'ris, Gnathospas'mus,  Stomotoapas'mus,  (F.)
Mai de Alachoire.   Spastic closure  of the under
jaw; a partial tetanus.   Cullen  makes two  va- 
TRISPERMUM              872            TROCHANTINIAN
rieties—T. nascedtium, T. neonato'rum, Nineday
fits,  (F.)  Sarrete,  attacking infants  during two
weeks from birth; and T. traumaticus, originating
from a wound.
  Trismus Capistratus, Bridiasure—t. Catarrh-
alis maxillaris, Neuralgia maxillaris—t, Clonicus,
Neuralgia faciei—t. Cynicus, see Canine laugh—
t. Diastrophe  Sauvagesii, Paralysis,  Bell's — t.
Dolorificus, Neuralgia faciei—t, Maxillaris, Neu-
ralgia  faciei — t.  Naseentium,  see Trismus — t.
Neonatorum, see Trismus — t. Sardonicus, Risus
sardonicus.
  TRISPER'MUM, from rptts,  'three,' and c-ttip-
fia,  'a grain or seed.'   A cataplasm, consisting
of three seeds,—cumin, bay, and emallage.  Gor-
raeus.
  TRISPLANCHIA, Cholera.
  TRISPLANCH'NIC, Trieplanch'nicue ; from
rptts, 'three,' and atrXayxvov, 'viscus.'  That which
relates to three orders of viscera.
  Trisplanchnic Nerve, Great sympathetic, In-
tercostal, Ganglion' ic  nerve, Nerve  of organ'ic
life,  Vertebral nerve; — named  by Bichat  the
organic nervous system, in opposition  to the other
nervous parts, called the animal nervous system.
Gall terms it, the nervous system of the automat'ic
functions.  It has  also been called  the  organic
nervous system, and ganglionic nervous system.  It
is called Trisplanchnic, because it distributes its
branches to the organs in the three great splanch-
nic  cavities — the head, chest and abdomen.   It
is composed of a series of ganglia, united by in-
termediate branches, and passing along the side
of the  spine to the lowest part of the trunk;
communicating,  by a branch, with  each of  the
thirty pairs of spinal nerves and several of the
cerebral nerves; and detaching nerves from its
several ganglia, which  accompany the arteries,
and  are distributed, particularly, to the organs
of involuntary functions.  At its upper part, it is
concealed in the canalis caroticus and cavernous
sinus, and is joined there by a branch of the 6th
pair of nerves, and by a twig  from the Vidian
nerve of the  5th pair.   In passing down by the
side of the spine,  it forms three ganglia in  the
neck:—the superior, middle, (thyroid ganglion,)
and inferior, (ver'tebral ganglion); 12 in the back
— the thoracic; 5  in the loins—the lumbar; and
three or four sacral. AVhen it reaches the coccyx
it unites with its  fellow from the opposite side,
forming a small ganglion — the coccygeal,  Gan'-
glion impar, az'ygoue gan'glion.  Meckel divides
it into two portions — 1. The central  ganglions or
central part, composed  of the numerous gangli-
onic plexuses in the abdomen; the centre of which
is the semilunar and solar plexuses.   2.  The ex-
ternal ganglions,  Limitrophes  or external part,
which comprise the series of ganglions situate at
the sides of the  spine, from the base of  the cra-
nium  to  the  sacrum.  The great  sympathetic
seems to form a distinct nervous system, destined
for the organs of involuntary motion ;  for although
communicating with both brain and spinal mar-
row, it does not seem to be immediately under
the influence of either.
  TRISPLANCHNITIS, Cholera, (spasmodic.)
  TRISSAGO, Teucrium  chamaedrys—t. Palus-
tris, Teucrium scordium.
  TRISTEMANIA, Melancholy.
  TRISTERN'AL.  Beclard has given this name
to the third bony portion of the sternum; — that
which corresponds to the third intercostal space.
  TRISTITIA, Athyinia, Moeror.
  TRITAilOPHYA  AMERICANA,  Fever, yel-
low.
  TRITiEOPH'YES. Tritaoph'ya, from rptratos,
'tertian,' and tpvta, 'I originate.'  A fever, whose
type approaches the tertian.  Sauvages gave the
name Tritaophya Vratislarien'sis, to an epidemic,
which broke out in the Prussian army at lircslaw,
in the middle of  the last century.
  TRITiEUS, Tertian fever.
  TRIT'ICUM .KSTI'VUiAI, T. eeredle seu C, -
vallos seu compnCtum seu erina'ceum  seu  Gaert
neria'numsen Linnao'nuin seu jirnino'siim, ' Sum-
mer wheat;' and Trit'icum Hybern'u.m scui/t'iii-
cum sen Aid ticum seu Sic'ulitm, Winter wheat, (F.)
Froment.   Family, Gramineae.   Sex.  Syst. Tri-
andria Digynia.   From these plants our wheaten
flour is  obtained, by grinding the seeds — Wheat,
Pyrus, Frumen'tum—and to them we are indebted
for our  bread and pastry.  The nutritive proper-
ties of  wheaten  flour are so well known as not
to need comment.
  Bread, (F.) Pain, mixed with milk, constitutes
the ordinary emollient poultice;—and  the crumbs
of bread, Alica panis, are a common  excipient
for pills and boluses.
   Triticum Arvense, T. repens — t.  Cereale, T.
aestivum — t.  Cevallos,  T.  aestivum— t.  Com-
pactum, T. aestivum — t. Faginum,  Polygonum
fagopyrum — t. Gaertnerianum, T. aestivum — t.
Glaucum, T. hybernum, and T. repens—t. llyber-
num, see T. aestivum—t. Muticum, T.  hybernum
—t. Linnaeanum, T. aestivum — t. Pruinosum, T.
aestivum.
   Trit'icum Repens, T. arvedse seu glaucum,
Agrop'yrum lavis'simum, Bromus glaber, Gramen
cani'num, Gramen dioscor'idis,  G. repens,  Lolid-
ceum radi'ce  repedte, Dog-grase, Couch-grass,
Quickens, (F.) Chiendent.  The roots  are sweet,
and  possess aperient  properties.  They are said,
also, to be  diuretic.
   Triticum Siculum, T. hybernum.
   TRITIO, Contritio, Trituration.
   TRITON PALUSTRIS, see Ectozoa.
   TRITURA, Contritio.
   TRITURATION,  Triturdtio, Tritu'ra, Trilus,
Tri'tio, Tripeie,  from terere, tritum, ' to bruise.'
The act of reducing a substance to powder.
   Trituration, Contritio.
   TRITUS, Contritio, Trituration.
   TRIVELIN, see Liver.
   TRIVENTER, Trigastric
   TROCAR, Trochar, Acua parocent'ica sen pa-
racentet'ica, A.  triq'uetra vulga'ria, I'nriicenti'-
cion, Paracentete'rion.  Corrupted from the (F.)
Troisquarts or Trocart, 'three quarters;' so called
from the triangular shape of the point— Triq'uet-
rum.  An  instrument used  for evacuating fluids
from cavities, particularly in ascites,  hydrocele,
4c   A trocar consists of a perforator or stylet
and  a  cannula,  which is  so adapted to the per-
forator, that, when the puncture is made, both
enter the wound with facility; after which, the
stylet being withdrawn, the cannula  remains in
the wound and affords the fluid a ready passage
outwards.
   TROCART, Trocar.
   TROCH, Trochiscos.
   TROCHAN'TER,  Trokanter,  Rota'tor,  from
rpoxuto, 'I turn.'  Anatomists  have  given the
names greeit and little trochanter to two processes
at the upper extremity of the femur.   The great
trochanter, gltttua, is  the one on the outside': the
leas  is  lovjer  down and  more  internally.   Loth
afford attachment to rotator muscles of the thigh,
and  hence their name.  Chaussier, by the word
trochanter, means the larger process;  the  smaller
he calls trochantin.
   TROCHANTER'IAN,  Trochanter id nua, Tro-
kanter' ion. That which belongs  or relates to the
great trochanter.— Chaussier.
   TROCnANTIN'IAN, Trokantin'ian, Troch an-
tinia'ntte.  That which belongs or relates to the
trochantin or lesser trochanter. 
TROCIIAR                873            TROMOPARANfEA
  TROCHAR, Trocar.
  TROCHES  OF  CARBONATE  OF  LIME,
Trochisci  carbonatis  calcis — t. of Chalk, Tro-
chisci carbonatis calcis — t. E.icharotic, Trochisci
esctiarotici— t. Gum, Trochisci gumtnosi — t. of
Ipecacuanha, Trochisci ipecacuanhae — t. Liquo-
rice, Trochisci  glycyrrhizae — t. Liquorice, with
opium,  Trochisci glycyrrhiza;  cum  opio — t. of
Magnesia,  Trochisci  magnesiae — t. Nitre, Tro-
chisci nitratis potassae — t. of  Peppermint, Tro-
chisci menthae piperitae.
  TROCIIIA, Orbit.
  TROCHILIA,  Trochlea.
  TROCHIN, from rpoxctv, 'to turn.'  Chaussier
has given this name to the smaller of the tubero-
sities at the upper extremity of the os  humeri;
because it gives attachment to one of the rotator
muscles of the arm,— the subscapularis.
  TROCHIN'IAN, Trochinia'nus.  That  which
belongs or relates to  the trochin.
  TROCIIIS'CUS, Phthoia, Artia'cua, Collix, Co-
lix,  Phthois'cos,  Rot'tt/o,  Oyclis'nws, diminutive
of TP°X°s> 'a wheel.'  A troch or round table,  (F.)
 Troch isqne.  See Pastil, and  Tabella.  A solid
medicine, prepared of powders, incorporated by
moans  of mucilage,  crumb  of  bread, juices of
plants, 4c  In  Erencb nomenclature,  the  tro-
chiaque differs from the tablette,—the former con-
taining no  sugar.   This form  of preparation is
adapted for the purpose of allowing the medicines
of which the troch is composed to dissolve slowly
in  the  mouth,  and  to pass gradually  into the
stomach.
  The Parisian Codex has two formulae for troches
for external use.
  Trochisci  Bechici  Nigri, T.  glyeyrj-hizae
glabra1.
  Trochisci  Carbona'tis Calcis,  Troches of
 Car'bonateof lime, T. of chalk, Tabella ad ardo'-
rem ventric'uli,  Lozenges for the heartburn, Ta-
 bfl'la  cardial!gica,  T. ad sodam,  Trochis'ci e
 creta,  T. creta  (Ph. U.  S.)   (Cret. ppt. giv;
 acacia, in  pulv. gj : myrist. in pulv. gj ; sacch.
 in pulv. **"; vj. M. Eorm into troches with water.)
 Antacid and absorbent.
   Trochisci  e Creta, Tr. carbonatis calcis — t.
 Cretie. T. carbonatis calcis.
   Trochisci vel Pastil'li Emeti'nje Pectora'-
 le*, Pectoral Lozenges of Em'etine. (Sugar,  """"iv ;
 emetine, 32 grains.  Form into lozenges of nine
 grains each.)  One is a dose.
   Trochisci Escharot'ici, Escharot'ic Troches.
 (Ifiplrarg.  oxymur. p. 8;  amyli,  p. 16; mncilag.
 q. tragac. q. s.  Make into troches, to which a
 few drops of laudanum may be added. — Ph. P.),
 Used in foul ulcers, to remove excrescences, 4c
   Trochisci Escharot'ici de  Min'io.  (Oxyd.
 plumbi. rubr. p. 16 ; hydrarg. oxymur. p. 32 ; mic.
 panie, p. 128;  aq. rosa, q. s. — Ph. P.)  Used
 like the last.
   Trochisci Glyoyrri'z.f. Glabr.e, Liq'uorice
 trachea. Block pectoral lozenges, Trochie'ci  bech'ici
 nigri.  (Ext. glyc. glabr., gum. acac. aa, p. j ; aacch.
 purif. p. ij.  Dissolve in warm water;  strain;
 evaporate, and form into troches.— Ph. E.)   De-
 mulcent,   To allay cough.
    Trochisci Glycvrrhi'z.e  cum O'pio,  T. G. et
 opii (Ph. U. S.),  Trochisci Thebdici, T.  sedati'-
 vo-balsam'iei,  T. peetordles regis Dano'rum, Li-
 quorice  Troches with  Opium, Wistors  Lozenges.
 (Opii. in  pulv. 5ss; ext. glycyrrhiz.  in pulv.,
 sacehar. in pulv.. acacia,  in  pulv., aa gx; ol.
 anisi,  f,~j.  Make into troches. — Ph. U. S.)  De-
 mulcent and anodyne.
    Spitta's Lozenges for coryza,  hoarseness, and
  sorethroat, are composed as follows : —^(Cubeb.
  recent, in pulv. 3'j ; extract, glycyrrhiz. gj ; myr-
oxyl. £) ;' acacia, .^iv; syrup, q. s. ut fiant tro
chisci gr. x singulis.
  Trochisci  Gum.mo'si,  Gum lroches.
      amyli,  p. i;  eacch. pur. p.  xij
the
troches  with  rose-water. — Ph.
 (G. acac.
 Make up
E.)  De-
mulcent.
  Trochis'ci Ipecacuan'ha,  Trochee of Ipeca-
cuanha'.  (Ipecacuanh. in pulv. gss : aacchar. in
pulv  5xiv;  maranta, in  pulv.  5iv;  muctlag.
tragacanth. q. s.  Make into troches.—Ph. U. S.)
  Trochisci  Magne'sia,  Trochee of Magne sta.
(3Iaqnes.  giv;  aacchar. Ibj;  myriat. pulv. 3J ;
murilaq. tragacanth. q. s.   Make into troches.—
Ph. U. S.)  Useful in acidity of the stomach, with
constipation.
  Trochisci  Mentha Piperi'ta, Troches oj Rep-
permint.  (OL  menth. piperit. fgj; sacehar. in
pulv. H)j ; mucilag.  tragacantha, q- s. Make into
troches.—Ph. U. S.)   Used as a carminative.
  Trochisci Nitra'tis Potas'sje, Nitre Troches.
(Nitrat. potassa, p. j ; sacch. pur. p. iij.  Make
into troches with mucilage of tragacanth. — Ph.
E.)  In slight inflammatory sore-throat and fever.
  Trochisci Pectorales  Regis Danorum, Tr.
glycyrrhizae  cum  opio —t. Sedativo-balsamica,
Tr. glycyrrhizae cum opio.
  Trochis'ci Sod.e Bicarbona'tis,  Troches of
Bicar'bonate of Soda.  (Soda bicarb, giv; sac-
char, in pulv. Ibj ; mucilag. tragacanth. q. s.  To
be made into a mass, and  divided  into troches,
each weighing ten grains. — Ph.  U.  S.)
  The  Paetillee  de  Vichy,  Paatillea  digestives
d'Hauterive- Vichy, Paetil'li digeati'vi Dorcet'ii,
composed  of bicarbonate  of aoda, oil of per-
permint,  and eugar,  are much used in France,
like the A'ichy waters, in  cardalgia, gout,  and
lithiasis.
   Trochisci Stibiati, Tabellae   antimoniales
Kunckejii — t. Thebaici,  T.  glycyrrhizae  cum
opio.
   TROCHISQUE, Trochiseos.
   TROHTTER, from rpoxuv,  'to turn.'  The
larger of the two tuberosities at the upper extre-
mity of the os humeri; so called because it affords
 insertion to  rotator muscles. — Chaussier.
   TROCHITER'IAN, in the language of Chaus-
 sier, means  any thing belonging or relating  to
 the trochiter.
   TROCH'LEA, Trochil'ia, (F.) Trochlie ou
 Troklie.  A pulley; from rpoxadt, ' I turn,'— for
 example, the articular surface at the lower extre-
 mity of the os humeri; so called from its forming
 a kind  of pulley on  which  the ulna  moves,  in
 flexion and extension of the  forearm.   Also, the
 cartilaginous pulley over which the tendon of the
 trochlearis muscle passes,  at  the upper and inner
 part of the orbit.
   Trochlea Labyrinth:, Cochlea.
   TROCHLEARIS, Obliquus superior oculi.
    TROCIILEATEUR, GRAND,  Obliquus su-
 perior oculi—t. Petit, Obliquus superior oculi.
    TROCHLEE, Trochlea.
   TRO'CHOID, from rpoxos,  'awheel,' and ttvos,
 ' resemblance.'  Trocho'i'des, Ax'ea commiaadra.
 An  articulation, in which  one bone turns upon
 another, like a wheel upon its axle; as the Atlo-
 ido-axoid articulation.
    TROCHOIDES, Axea commissura.
    TROENE.  Ligustrum vulgare.
    TRO ISQ UAR TS, Trocar.
    TROKANTER, Trochanter.
    TROKANTERIAN, Trochanterian.
    TROKANTINIAN, Trochantinian.
    TROKLEE, Trochlea,
    TROMOMANIA, Delirium tremens.
    TR0M0PARAN03A, Delirium tremens. 
                  TROMOS                  8

  TROMOS, see Paralysis agitans.
  TROMOSPASMUS,'Trcnior.
  TR03IPE, Tuba— t. d'Eustache, Eustachian
tube—t. de Fallope, Tuba Fallopiana—t. Utirine,
Tuba Fallopiana,
  TROMUS, Tremor.
  TRONC, Trunk —t. Brachial, Brachial artery
— t.  Basilaire, Basilary artery.
  TROPjE'OLUM MAJUS, Indian Cress, Nas-
tur'tium  Indicum,  Aerivi'ola,  Flos sanguin'eua
monar'di, Naetur'tium Peruvia'num, Cardamid-
dum majue, Car'damum majua.   Family, Gerani-
aceae.  Sex. Syat.  Octandria  Monogynia.   (F.)
Cresson des Indes, Cresson du Mexique, Capucine.
An antiscorbutic.
  Trop.4-:'olum Tubero'sum, Ulluco. A tuberous
plant, cultivated in the Sierra, Peru. It is smaller
than the  potato.
  TROPHALIS, Colostrum.
  TROPHE, Aliment, Cibatio, Pabulum.
  TROPHI.  Same etymon as Trophy.  In in-
sects, the parts  of the mouth that are employed
in receiving and preparing the food.
  TROPH'ICAL, Troph'icus.  Same etymon as
Trophy.   Relating to nourishment or nutrition.
  Troph'ical  Nerves.   The organic nerves, or
nerves of  the sympathetic system,  have been
so termed, from a belief that they were concerned
in nutrition.
  TROPHIMOS, Nutrition.
  TROPHONEUROSIS, from  rpotpv, 'nourish-
ment,' and neurosis.  A morbid condition of the
process of nutrition owing to diminished nervous
influence.
  TROPHON'OSI, Trophonu'si,  from rpotj,n>
'nourishment,' and voaos, 'a disease.'  Diseases
of nutrition.
  TROPH'Y, Troph'ia, rpoipn, a suffix denoting
' nourishment or nutrition;' as hypertrophy,' ex-
cess  of nourishment or nutrition.'
  TROPONU'SI, 3L,rbi trop'ici, from rpoTtn, the
solstitial  or tropical point where the sun turns or
alters its course, and vovaos, 'a  disease.'  Dis-
eases that prevail in the tropics.
  TROSTER, see Spirit.
  TROU, Foramen—t. Anonyme, Foramen stylo-
mastoideum—t. Aveugle ou Borgne, Caecum fora-
men— t.  Borgne of the Medulla  oblongata, Fora-
men caecum of  the  medulla oblongata — t.  de
Botal, Botal foramen, Ovale foramen—t. Dichiri
antirieur, Lacerum anterius foramen—t. Dichiri
poetirieur, Lacerum posterius foramen — t. Epi-
neux, Spinale foramen — t. Alentonnier, Mental
foramen — t. Optiqtte, Foramen opticum — t.  Or-
bitaire supirieur, Foramen supra-orbitarium — t.
Orbitaire supirieur,  Orbitar foramen superior —
t. Ovale,  Ovale foramen — t. Rond, petit, Spinale
foramen — t. Soue-orbitaire, see  Suborbitar canal
—t. Soua pubien, Obturatorium foramen—t. Sphi-
no-ipineux, Spinale foramen — t. Sus-orbitaire,
Foramen supra-orbitarium.
  TRO US CAROTIDIENS, Carotica foramina
— t.  Condylo'idiens, Condyloidea foramina—t. de
Conjugaison, Conjugationis foramina—t. de  Con-
jugaiaon, see Vertebrae — t. Olfoctifa,  Olfactory
foramina—t. Rachidiens,  Spinal foramina.
  TROUSSE-GALANT, Cholera morbus.
  TROUSSEAU, Fasciculus^
  TR 0 USSEA UX  ARRIERE - MfSSENTE-
RIQUES, (F.)  A name given by Winslow to
the nervous plexus situate between the two me-
senteric  plexuses, of which it is  a dependence,
and  which descends into  the pelvis to concur in
the formation of the hypogastric plexus.
  TRUBS, Lycoperdon tuber.
  TRUCULENT US, Homicidal.
  TRUELOVE, Paris, Trillium latifolium.
                    TUBE

  TR UFFE, Lycoperdon tuber.
  TRUEELE. Lycoperdon tuber.
  TRUMBUS, Thrombus.
  TRUMPET CREEPER, Tecoma radicans—t.
Flower, Tecoma radicans—t. Weed, Eupatorium
purpureum.
  TRUNCUS, Trunk.
  TRUNK,  Truncus, (F.) "Troiic.  The principal
part of the body, to which the limbs are articu-
lated.  The  trunk has been divided into three
parts : —a superior, the head;  a middle, the tho-
rax, and  an  inferior, the pelvis.   These three
regions  contain the great splanchnic  cavities.
They are united by a common stalk — the verte-
bral column.   To the middle are articulated the
superior  extremities; and, to the inferior,  the
lower extremities.
  The  trunk  of an artery,  vein, nerve, or lym-
phatic, is its largest part, which has not yet given
off  branches.  It is,  also, applied to the parent
vessel, after branches have been sent off.
  TRUSS,from (F.) troueeer, ' to tie up.' BrachC-
rium,  Brachie'rium,  Brachi'le,   Braehi'roluin,
Bracheri'olum,  Amma,  Hamma,  Subligac'iilum,
Subligatu'ra, (F.)  Brayer.   A hernial  bandage
for  keeping hernia reduced.  The ancient trusses
were inelastic.  They consisted simply of a pad
and strap.  At the present day, elastic bandages
are  alone employed.  They possess the advantage
of making an equable and continuous pressure on ,
the  aperture of the sac; and of  yielding to the
changes of form in the abdominal parietes.  The
most important part of these bandages is a piece
of narrow steel, flat, and adapted to  the shape of
the  body.  This is the  epring, (F.) Reaaort.  It
embraces the body on the side affected;  extends
from beyond the spine,  and  terminates  opposite
the  ruptured part, by an iron plate to which it is
riveted.  The posterior  surface of this  plate is
furnished with a convex  pad, (F.) Pelote, adapted
in shape and size to the  aperture which it has to
close.  The spring is covered with leather, and its
inner surface is padded ; a strap extends from its
posterior extremity ;  passes round the sound side,
and is attached to the  plate of the pad.  This
strap is pierced with numerous holes, which allow
the patient to tighten or slacken  it at pleasure.
Trusses have  been variously  constructed; and
different patents obtained for the modifications.
They all act  upon the  above principle.  Some-
times they have a double pad.
  TRYGODES, Feculent.
  TRYPANON, Trepan.
  TRYPESIS, Trepanning.
  TRYPSIS, Friction.
  TSCHERBET, Sherbet.
. TSIANA, Costus.
  TSJAMPACA, Michelia champaca.
  TUBA, Tube—t. Aristoteliea, Eustachian tube
— t. Caeca, Tuba, Fallopiana — t. Uterina, Tuba
Fallopiana — t. Vocalis, Tube, vocal.
  TUBAL RESPIRATION, see Murmur, respi-
ratory.
  TUBE, Tuba, Trumpet, Salpinx, (F.) Trompe.
A name given to some parts  which are hollow,
and have the shape of a trumpet.
  Tube,   Alimentary,  Canal,  alimentary — t.
Eustachian, Eustachian  tube.
  Tube,  Fallo'pian, Tuba Fallopia'na seu Fal-
lopii, HyCterosalpinx, OviduCtua mulie'bris,  Vas
deferens muliCria, Tuba uteri'na, T. caca, Ductus
varico'sus seu Procea'sua latera'lis  seu 3Iea'tus
semina'lis seu  Me'atus  semina'rius  u'teri, (F.)
Trompe de Fallope, T. utirine, is a canal, floating
in the abdomen, and  extending on each side from
the  superior  angles  of the uterus as  far as the
sides of the brim of the pelvis.   They are 4 or 5
inches long.   Near the  uterus, they are  straight
r4 
TUBER
875
TUBERCULUM
 and  very narrow; but, in their course,  they
 widen, become tortuous, and terminate by a free,
 expanded, and fimbriated extremity;  called, also,
 I'olio'ceum ornnmedtum, Aloraus diob'oli, Infun-
 dib'ulum seu Digitntio'nea seu Fim'bria seu Vex-
 illa ttibdrum Fallo'pii, Lacidia tuba'rum Fallo-
 pii, (¥.) 3Iorce.au frangi, Pavilion de la trompe,
 Morccau du diable.  Within, the tubes are hol-
 low and lined  by a mucous membrane: the tis-
 sue exterior to which is spongy and orectile.  The
 use of the Fallopian tubes is to conduct the sperm
 to the ovarium, and tho fecundated ovum back to
 the uterus.   They establish  a communication
 between the cavity of tho peritoneum and that of
 the uterus,  the abdominal  termination  being
 termed Oe'tium abdotnino'le; tho uterine, Oa'tium
 uteri'num.
   Tube,  Intestinal, Canal, alimentary.
   Tube,  Gjsophage'al, Stomach Tube.  A long
 clastic gum tube,  capable  of being  passed into
 the oesophagus or stomach.
   Tube,  Rectal,  Defeca'tion tube.  An elastic
 gum tube, similar to the last, which is sometimes
 passed into the colon, to remove  air from that
 intestine, or to enable enemata to be thrown  up
 into it.
   Tube, Stomach, see Tube, oesophageal.
  _ Tube, Vocal, Tuba voca'lie.   The part of the
 air-passages above the  inferior ligaments of the
 larynx, including the passages through  the  nose
 and mouth.
   TUBER,  Hump, Lycoperdon  tuber,  Tubercle
 — t.  Atlo'ido-occipital,  Rectus  capitis  posticus
 minor—t. Cibarium, Lycoperdon tuber.
   Tuber Cine'reum.   A grayish tubercle,  seen
 at the base of the brain behind the commissure
 of the  optic nerves, which is continuous with the
 infundibulum.
  Tuber Frontale, Frontal protuberance — t.
 Gulosorum,  Lycoperdon tuber — t. Gutturosum,
 Bronchocele — t. Iachio-trochantirien, Quadratus
 femoris — t, Ischii, see Ischiatic—t. Nigrum, Ly-
 coperdon tuber—t. Pellagra, Pellagra—t. Tym-
 pani, Promontory of the tympanum.
  TUB BRA TERR.E, Lycoperdon tuber.
  TU'BERCLE, Tuber'culum,  Tuber, Strangal'-
 ion, Strodgalis,  Tuber'culous depoCit, a Kernel,
 (vulg.), a Knot (vulg.),  (F.) Tubercule. A tumour
 in the  substance of organs,  from the  production
 of new matter : — sensation null;  growth slug-
 gish.   In Pathological Anatomy,  the  term  is
 generally given  to a  species of  degeneration
 which  consists of an opake matter, of a pale yel-
 low colour :  this,  in  its crude condition, has a
 consistence  analogous  to  that of concrete albu-
 men : it  subsequently becomes soft and friable,
 and gradually acquires a consistence and appears
 analogous to those of pus.  Tubercles may be
 developed in  different parts of the body ;  but they
 are most  frequently observed in the lungs  and
 mesentery.   Pulmonary tubercles,  Pneuinophy'-
 mata, Tttber'cu/a Pulmo'num, (F.) Tubercules pul-
 monaires, are the cause of Tuber'eular Phthisis.
 Meaenteric tubercles are often  met with in the
 same affection, but particularly in Tabes Aleaen-
 terico.   Laennec classes  tubercles among  the
 accidental tissues which have no resemblance  to
 the natural tissues, and which never exist except
 in  consequence  of morbid action.  Others con-
 sider them as a scrofulous degeneration.  Brous-
 sais conceives that they  are produced exclusively
 by inflammation of the  white vessels, whose ex-
istence, however,  is  more   than questionable.
 AVhen tubercles in any organ are  few in number,
they may pass to the state of permanent indura-
tion without danger to the  patient;  but when
they are very numerous, they usually cause se-
rious mischief.  Dr. Baron considers that they are I
 produced  by hydatids.  The  morbid  condition
 which gives rise to the development of tubercles
 Tuberculization, is termed Tuberculo'eia, 31orbua
 tuberculo'sus, Strumoais seu  Phymoto'sia pulmo-
 num, and Dyacrdaia Tuberculoma.  Tubercles are
 seen of various forms,—to wit, in fine points, ( (F.)
 Poussilre  tuberculcuse,) gray and yellow granu-
 lations,  miliary tubercles; and  gray or yellow
 tubercular masses, softened, and cretaceous.
   Tubercle, Black,  Melanosis.
   TUBERCLES OF  THE AREOLA, see Mam-
 ma.
   TUBER'CULA ARANTII,  Cor'pora Arantii,
 Corpus'cula  Aran'tii,   Tuberclee  of Arantiua or
 Aranzi.   Small eminences at the middle part of
 the convex edge of  the semilunar valves of the
 pulmonary artery and aorta.
   Tubercula Arthritica, Calculi, arthritic — t.
 Cerebri, Encephalophymata—t. Gonorrhoiea, Go-
 norrhoea impura—t. Hepatis, Hipato-strumosie—
 t. Intestinorum, Enterophymata — t. Nervorum
 nodosa,  Ganglions, nervous — t, Parva durae ma-
 tris, Glandulae  Pacchioni — t. Peritonaei, Ccelio-
 phymata — t. Pulmonum, see Tubercles, (of the
 lungs) — t. Quadrigemina, Quadrigemina Tuber-
 cula.
   TUBER'CULAR, Tuber'culoue, Tuberculdsits,
 Tuber'culate, (F.) Tuberculeux.  That which re-
 lates to tubercles, or which is formed by tubercles.
   Tubercular or Tuberculous Constitution
 or Diathesis, Phthisio'sis, is the habit of body
 which predisposes to tubercular phthisis; as Tu-
 berculous Cachex'ia,  Tuber culo'sis, 3Iorbus tuber-
 culdsus, Dyscrdsia tubercttlo'sa, is the condition
 of one labouring under tuberculosis.
   Tubercular  Matter.  A morbid production,
 contained  in  cysts, or loose in the tissue of or-
 gans.  It  varies, in  its consistence, at the differ-
 ent periods of the tubercular affection : being, at
 first,  compact,  and yellowish;  at times,  calca-
 reous;  afterwards pultaceous,  semi-fluid,  and
 curdy.   See  Tubercle.
   Tubercular  Phthisis, is that produced by
 the development of tubercles in the  lungs.
   Tubercular  Sore Throat, Pharyngitis, folli-
 cular.
   TUBERCULATE, Tubercular.
   Tuberculate Sarco'ma of Ab'ernethy, Em-
 phy'ma  Sarcoma tuberculo'sum,  Tumor  tubercu-
 loaue.  Tubercles, firm,  round, and clustering;
 pea-sized or bean-sized; yellowish or brownish-
 red ; when large, disposed to ulcerate, and pro-
 duce  a  painful,  malignant, and often fatal  sore.
 Found chiefly in the  lymphatic  glands of the
 neck ; often, simultaneously, in other glands and
 organs.
   TUBERCULATED  LIVER,  Cirrhosis.
   TUBERCULE, Tubercle.
   TUBERCULES DES GLANDES  LY3T-
 PHATIQUES,  Scrofula—t. du Foie, Hipotostru-
 moaie—t. dea Gonglione miaentiriquea, Tabes  me-
 senterica—t.  of the Larynx and Fauces, Pharyn-
 gitis, follicular—t. Miliary, see Granulation — *.
 Piaiformea, Mamillary tubercles—t. Pulmonairee,
 see Tubercle — f. Quadrijumeaux, Quadrigemina
 corpora.
   TUBERCULEUX, Tubercular.
   TUBERCULIZATION, see Tubercle.
   TUBERCULOSIS, see Tubercle, and Tubercu-
 lar Cachexia — t. Laryngis et Tracheae, Phthisis
 laryngea—t. Pulmonum, Phthisis pulmonalis__
 t. Vertebrarum, ATertebral disease.
  TUBERCULOSES, Tubercular.
  TUBERCULOUS, Tubercular—t. Deposit, Tu-
bercle— t.  Disease of the Lungs, Phthisis  pul-
monalis —  t. Dust, Poussiere tuberculeuse
  TUBER'CULUM  CINE'REUM,  'Ash-co-
loured tubercle,' diminutive of tuber; Fasci'ola 
TUBEROSITAS              876                  TUNICA
cine'rea.  A mass of cineritious substance at the
top of the calamus scriptorius, which is continu-
ous below with the posterior horn of cineritious
substance in  the cord, and upon the sides with
the corpus restiforme.
  Tuberculum  Lacrymale,  see  Lachrymal
puncta — t. Loweri, Lower, tubercle  of.
  TUBEROSITAS, Tuberosity — t.  Tympani,
Promontory of the tympanum.
  TUBEROSITE  BICIPITALE, Bicipital  tu-
bercle—t. Sciatique, see Ischiatic.
  TUBEROS'ITY,  Tuberos'itge, from tuber, 'a
bump.'  Anatomists have given this  name to an
eminence or process, the surface of which'is un-
equal and rough; and which gives attachment to
muscles or ligaments.
  TUBI  MEMBRANACEI,  see  ATillous mem-
branes.
  TU'BULAR, Tubuldris, (F.) Tubulaire. Same
etymon as the next.  Relating to or having  the
form of a small tube.
  Tubular Blowing Sound, see Murmur, respi-
ratory—t. Neurine, see Neurine—t. Substance of
the Kidney, see Kidney.
  TUBULE, Tu'bulus; diminutive of  Tuba.   A
small tube.
  TUBULI BELLINI,  Uriniferous  tubes —t.
Durse matris, Sinuses of the dura  mater—t. Ner-
vei, Nerve fibres — t. Pelvis renum,  see Calix —
t. Uriniferi Bellini, Uriniferous tubes.
  TUBULUS,  Cannula—t.  Centralis Modioli,
see Tractus spiralis foraminulentus.
  TUBUS  ACUSTICUS, Ear-trumpet —t. Ali-
mentaris,  Canal,  alimentary — t. Intestinorum,
Canal,  alimentary—t. Nervorum,  Neurilemma—
t. A'ennicularis caeci, Appendix vermiformis caeci.
  TUCKAHO, Lycoperdon tuber.
   TUE-CHIEN, Colchicum autumnale.
  TULBAG'HIA ALLIA'CEA.   A South Afri-
can  plant,  Nat. Ord. Asphodeleae, the bulbs of
which, boiled in milk, are  recommended in phthi-
sis and as an anthelmintic.
   Tulbaghia cepa'cea and T. violdcea  serve  the
same purpose.
  TULIP TREE, Liriodendron.
   TULIP IE R, Liriodendron.
  TULIPIFERA LIRIODENDRON, Lirioden-
dron tulipifera.
  TUMEFACTIQ, Swelling—t. Mollis, Puffiness.
   TUxAlESCENTIA PITUITOSA,  Leucophleg-
matia.
   TU3IEUR, Tumour—t. Anomale, see Haema-
todes fungus — t. Blanche, Hydrarthrus — t.  Ca-
verneuee, see Haematodes fungus — t. Encipha-
lo'ide, Encephaloid — t. Erectile,  see Haematodes
fungus—t. Himorrhagiale circonecrite,  see Aneu-
rism— t. Lymphatique des articulations, Hydrar-
thrus—t. Yariqueuee, see Haematodes fungus.
   TUMOR, Swelling, Tumour—t, Albus, Hydrar-
thrus—t. Anomalus, Haematodes fungus—t. Artu-
um, Obdormitio—t. Capitis Sanguineus, Cephalae-
matoma—t. Carneus, Sarcoma—t. Cysticus, En-
cystis—t. Cysticus serosus, Hygroma—t. Fibrosus,
Tumour, fibrous—t.Ficosus, Ficus—t.Flatulentus,
Emphysema—t. Fugax, see Fugacious — t. Fun-
gosus articuli, Spina ventosa — t. Fungosus san-
guineus, Haematodes  fungus — t, Gangliformis,
Ganglion, nervous — t. Genarum, Meloncus — t.
Genu albus, Genocace — t. Glandulae  parotideae,
Parotidoncus—t. Lacteus, Galactoncus — t. Lar-
deus, Steatoma—t. Malarum, Meloncus—t. Ova-
rii,  Oarioncus — t. Parotidis, Parotidoncus — t.
Prostatae, Prostatoncus—t. Renalis, Nephroncus
— t. Sanguineus, Haematoma — t. Squamiformis
carnosus, Lepidosarcoma — t, Tuberculosus,  Tu-
berculate sarcoma — t. Tunicatus, Encystis — t.
 Uteri, Hysteroncus.
  TUMOUR, from tttmi-o, 'I swell;' Tumor, On-
coa, Oncite, Epar'ma, Eparsis, Emphy'ma,  E.rcre-
ecen'tia (Sauvages,) Ecphy'ma, (F.) Tumcitr. A ris-
ing or prominence, of greater or less size, develop-
ed by a morbific cause in some part of the body.
Cullen defines a tumour to  be  "a partial swelling
without inflammation."  Sauvages restricts the
term to a rising formed by the congestion  of a
fluid; and he calls excrescences those which have
a fleshy or osseous consistence.  Buyer defines it
" any preternatural eminence developed on any
part of the body."  Good  uses it synonymously
with tubercle.  Boyer's is  the best general  defi-
nition.  Tumours differ greatly from each other;
according to their seat, the organs interested,
their nature,  4c.
  The French  use the term  Tumeur blanche sy-
nonymously with White Swelling ;—see Hydrar-
thrus.   The  term is, however, applied by the
generality of surgeons to swellings  of the greater
joints, without  change of colour of the skin, and
of a more or less firm consistence, which are de-
pendent upon disease of the osseous or of the soft
parts about the joint.
  Scrofula is the most  common cause of these
affections.
  Tumour, Erec'tile.  A tumour produced  by
the development of a soft,  vascular tissue, which
is susceptible of elevation and  depression.  See
Erectile.
  Tumour, Fibrous,  Fibrous growth, Fibro'ma,
Tumour fibro'aua, Inohylo'ma. A tumour or growth
formed of fibrous tissue.
  Tumour, Laminated,  Nacreous Fatty, Cho-
lesteatoma— t.  Milk-like,  Encephaloid.
  Tumour,  A*ar'icose,  Tumor  varico'sus.   A
circumscribed, bluish tumour, formed'by the dila-
tation and turgescence of the  capillary vessels  of
a part.
  Tumour, Vascular, see Haemorrhois.
  TUNAS, see  Cactus opuntia.
  TUNBRIDGE, MINERAL WATERS  OF.  A
celebrated acidulous chalybeate in Kent, England,
a few miles distant from  the village of Tunbridge,
and thirty-six  miles south of London, which is
much frequented.  It contains carbonic acid, car-
bonate of iron,  and sulphate of magnesia.
  TUNDA OCULI, Conjunctiva membrana.
  TUNDUS  CORDIS, Mucro cordis.
  TUNIC, Tu'nica,  Chi'ton,  a coat.  An enve-
lope.   A name given to  different membranes,
which envelop organs; as the tunics  or coats of
the eye, stomach, bladder, 4c
  TUNICA ACINALIS, Uvea —t. Aciniformis,
Uvea — t. Acinosa, Uvea — t. Adnata, Conjunc-
tiva— t.  Agnata, Conjunctiva — t. Alba oculi,
Sclerotic — t. Albuginea, Albuginea — t. Albugi-
nea oculi, Sclerotic — t. Allantoides, Allantois —
t. Arachnodes,  Arachnoid  membrane—t. Aranea,
Arachnoid membrane — t. Caduca, Decidua — t.
Candida oculi,  Sclerotic—t. Carnosa, Panniculus
carnosus — t. Conjunctiva, Conjunctiva — t. Cos-
talis, Pleura—t. Crassa,  Decidua—t. Crystallina,
Arachnoid membrane — t. Dura oculi, Sclerotic
— t. Durior  et crassa,  Sclerotic — t.  Elytroides,
Vaginalis tunica — t.  Erythroides, Cremaster—t.
Exterior ovi, Decidua — t. Extima oculi, Sclero-
tic — t. Farciminalis, Allantois — t. Filamentosa,
Decidua
   Tunica Granulo'sa.   An investment of  the
ovum exterior to the zona pellucida, described by
Dr. Barry, but  the existence of which, as a. struc-
ture, distinct and independent from the membrana
granulosa, is denied.
   Tunica Hortensis, Dianthus caryophyllus —
t. Innominata  oculi, Sclerotic — t. Interna oculi,
Retina.
   Tunica Jaco'bi.   A highly delicate serous 
TUNICULA
877
TUSSILAGO
membrane, interposed between the retina and
the choroid coat,  discovered  by Dr. Jacob, of
Dublin.  Its structure is curious, being composed
of cylindrical, transparent, highly refractive staff-
Bhaped bodies, and hence called Stratum baeilld-
Uun, which are arranged perpendicularly to  the
Burf'ace of the retina, their outer extremities being
imbedded, to a greater or less depth, in a layer of
the pigmentum nigrum.
   Tunica  Muscui.aris,  Dartos—t.  Nervorum,
Neurilemma—t. Perforata, Uvea — t. Praetensa
abdominis, Peritonaeum—t. Reticularis,  Retina
— t. I'etiformis, Retina — t. Rhagoides,  Choroi-
dea tunica, Uvea—t. Rubicunda scroti, Dartos—
t.  Rubra, Dianthus caryophyllus—t. Ruyschiana,
see Choroid — t. Subcostalis, Pleura—t.  Thora-
cis, Corset — t, Uvalis, Uvea—t. Uvea, Uvea —
t.  Uviformis, Uvea — t Araginalis, see Vaginal—
t.  A'aginalis Linguae, see Tongue — t. Vaginalis
Propria, A'aginal coat of the  Testicle — t. Vagi-
nalis reflexa,  A'aginal coat of the Testicle—t.
A'asculosa oculi, Choroid, see Eye.
   Tinica ArASCULO'sA Testis, Pia  mater teetia.
An extremely  delicate membrane, consisting of
minute  ramifications  of  the   spermatic  vessels
united  by areolar  tissue,  which  separates  the
lobules of the testis from each other.  It is situ-
ate immediately within the tunica albuginea, and
encloses the substance of  the gland.  It sends
processes inward that separate the lobules, in the
same manner as the pia mater is reflected between
tho convolutions of the brain.
   Tunica  Vitrea, Hyaloid membrane.
   TUNICULA, Clitoris.
   TUYIQUE ALBUGINEE, Albuginea,
   TUNNYFISII,  SALTED, Omotarichos.
   TUPELO-ENTERITIS, Typhlo-enteritis.
   TUPHUS, Typhus.
   TUPINARIA, Talpa.
   TURBA 1UEM0RRH0IDALIS, see Haemor-
rhois
   TURBATIONES  ANIMI,  Affections  of the
mind.
   TUR'BINATED BONES, Oaaa turbindta.
Bones  shaped like a top ; from turbo or turben,
 'atop.'  Ossa spongio'ea, Cornua, Concha na'rium,
 Tur'bine.8 nasi seu na'rinm, Conchyl'ia, Bucci'na,
Lam'ina spongio'sa naei,  Oaaa tertia maxilla 8u-
perio'rie.  A'ery thin, bony plates, rolled up  in
the  form of horns, and situate in the nasal fossa.
 1. Os  spongio'sum supiCrius  or  Cornet de 3tor-
gagni;—the highest.  2. Os spongiosum me'diiim,
 the  -middle  cornu of French anatomists, — the
 ethmoidal cornu  or  Os spongiosum  superius,  Os
 turbinatum,  of  English  anatomists,  Os convold-
 tuni  superius,  Concha,  C. na'rium  superius,  C.
 Morgoguio'no,  (F.)  Cornet 3Ioyen.   This  bone
 projects inwards and downwards into the cavity
 of the nose, from the ethmoid cells at the side of
 the nasal lamella, and serves to enlarge the organ
 of smell.  It is convex  towards the  septum, and
 concave outwards.   3. Os spongiosum vel turbi-
 natum infei ins, Concha inferior, Convoldtum  in-
 ferius os,  Os sous-ethmo'idal, (Ch.), projects at the
 under  part of the  side of  the  nose, is convex  to-
 wards the septum, and  concave outwards.  It is
 connected to the os maxillare, os palati, and os
 unguis.  4.  Sjihenoid'al cornu.
   All the turbinated  bones extend the olfactory
 surface.
   TURBINES NASI seu NARIUM, Turbinated
 bones.
    TURBITH BLANC, Globularia alypum —t.
 Mineral,  Hydrargyrus  vitriolatus — t. Montpel-
 lier, Globularia alyputn — t. Plant,  Convolvulus
 turpeth uni.
   TURBO CEREBRI,  Pineal gland.
  TURGENTIA, Turgescence.
  T U R G E S'C E N C E, Turges'cency, Turgidity,
Tur'gidness, Turgeacen'tia, Turgen'tia, Orgaa'mus,
from turgeacere, 'to swell.'  Superabundance of
humours in a part.   The  term Turgeacence of
Bile was formerly used to denote the passage of
that fluid into the stomach, and its discharge by
vomiting.  A vital action of turgescence or ex-
pansibility— Turgor vitdlis—has been presumed
to exist  in certain organs, as in the capillaries;
but  the  generality of physiologists do not ad-
mit it.
  TURGESCENTIA, Turgescence.
  Turgescen'tia  A'esic'ulvE Fell'e.e, Aaci'tea
Hep'oto-cys'ticus, Phyacdnio bilio'ao, Hepatol'gia
Petitia'na, Cyetoce'le  bilio'ea, Hydrocholecys'tis,
Hi/drops vesi'ca fell'ea, (F.) Hydropisie de  la
 Visicit/e du  Fiel,  Distension de  la Viaicule du
Fiel, Cholicyatiectaaie.   Distension of the gall-
bladder by bile.
  TURGIDITY, Turgescence.
  TURGIDNESS, Turgescence.
  TURGOR VITALIS, see Turgescence.
  TURMERIC, Curcuma longa, Sanguinaria
 Canadensis.
  TURN OF LIFE, see Menses.
  TURNING, Veraio, V. fo tua, from  (F.) tour-
 ner, 'to turn.'  (F.)  Version.  The operation of
 bringing down the feet, or some part of the lower
 extremity, when the  presentation  of the child is
 such that  it cannot be delivered  by the natural
 efforts.
  TURNIP, Brassica rapa — t. Dragon, Arum
 triphyllum — t.  Indian, Arum triphyllum — t.
 Pepper,  Arum triphyllum.
  TURNS, Menses.
  TURPENTINE, Terebinthina— t. Bordeaux,
 see  Pinus sylvestris — t.  Brianfon,  see Pinus
 cembra — t.  Chio,  see  Pistacia terebinthus — t,
 Common,  see  Pinus sylvestris — t.   Common,
 American, see  Pinus sylvestris — t. Cyprus, see
 Pistacia terebinthus  — t.  Damarra,  see Pinus
 damarra—t.  Dombeya,  see Dombeya  excelsa—t.
 Horse,  see Pinus sylvestris — t.  Strasburg, see
 Pinus picea — t. Tree,  Pistacia terebinthus — t.
 Venice, see  Pinus larix — t,  A'enice,  true, see
 Pistacia terebinthus — t. AArhite, see  Pinus syl-
 vestris.
   TURPETHUM, Convolvulus  turpethum — t.
 Minerale,  Hydrargyrus  vitriolatus — t. Nigrum,
 Hydrargyri oxydum  cinereum.
  'TURQUOISE.  This stone has been long im-
 agined  to change its colour,  according  as the
 wearer is at the time in good  or  bad  health : —
 a superstitious notion.
   TURTLE BLOOM, Chelone glabra—t. Green,
 Chelonia mydas — t. Head, Chelone glabra.
   TURUNDA, Tent.
   TURUNDULA, Tent.
   TUSSACA RETICULATA, Goodvera pubes-

   TUSSEDO, Tussis.
   TUSSICULA, Tussis.
   TUSSIC'ULAR,   Tuaaicula'ria, Tusaiculo'aus,
 from tussis,  ' a cough.'   Relating  to a cough, or
 to a slight cough.
    TUSSICTLOSUS, Tussieular.
   TUSSILA'GO, T.  Far'foro seu vulga'ris, BC-
 chium, Be'chion, Cal'ceuin eqiii'num, Chama/cu'ce,
  Chamagei'ron,  Fi'liits  ante patrem, Forfaiel'la,
  Galliomarchua, Forfara, Farfara  Be'chiiiin, Ud-
 gulacaballi'na, Coltsfoot, (F.) Paa d'dne. Family,
 Corymbiferae.   <S'ex.  Syst. Syngenesia Polygamia
 Superflua.  It is demulcent and expectorant, and
 has been  used in coughs, and pulmonary  affec-
 tions in general, and in some cutaneous diseases.
   Tussilago  Farfara, Tussilago—t, Hybrida,
 T.  pelasites. 
                   TUSSIS                  8

  Tussilago Petasi'tes, T. hy'brida seu Pe-
tasites  hermaphrodita, Butterbur, Peatilent-wort,
Petasites,  Petasites  major seu rubens  seu  offici-
na'lis seu hy'bridus  seu  vulga'ris.  The roots of
this plant have  been recommended as aperient
and alexipharmic — They have a strong smell;
and a bitterish, acrid taste, of the aromatic kind,
but not agreeable.
  Tussilago Petasites  Hermaphrodita,  T.
petasites — t, A'ulgaris, Tussilago.
  TUSSIS —  diminutive,  Tueeic'ula ;  Cough,
Coughing, Begina, Bex,  Tueee'do, Bexis, Tussis
nervo'aa, Catar'rhus, Pneueis Tussis, (F.)  Toux.
Violent, sonorous, frequent,  and short expira-
tions,  by  means of which  the air, in passing
rapidly through  the bronchia and trachea, car-
ries along with it the mucus of the  parts,  which
forms the sputa. The cough is  said to be dry,
when  unaccompanied by expectoration.  It  is
symptomatic of  many diseases.  See Bronchitis.
  Tussis  Amphemerina, Pertussis — t. Asinina,
Pertussis—t. Bronchica, Cough, tubal, see  Bron-
chitis—t. Canina, Pertussis—t. Catarrhalis Sim-
plex, Catarrh — t. Clamosa,  Pertussis — t. Clan-
gosa,   Pertussis — t. Convulsiva, Pertussis — t.
Delassans, Pertussis — t.  Ferina, Pertussis — t.
Pueros strangulans, Pertussis — t. Quinta, Per-
tussis—t. Senilis, Bronchitis (chronic)—t. Spas-
modica, Pertussis — t. Stomachalis, Pertussis —
t. Suffocans,  Pertussis — t. Suffocativa, Pertussis
—t. Tussiculosa, Pertussis.
  TUSSIVE; Tussi'vus; from tussis, 'cough.'
Belonging or relating to cough:—as tuaaive vibra-
tion ; the  vibration  of the parietes of the  chest,
caused by coughing.
  TUTAM'INA, pi. of Tntdmcn, 'a defence,' 'a
protection,'  from tutare, ' to  defend.'  Parts are
so called which defend or protect each other.
  Tutamina Cer'ebri are the scalp, pericranium,
bones of the skull, and the meninges.
  Tutamina Oc'uli are  the eyebrows, eyelids,
and lachrymal apparatus.
  TUTENAG, Zincum.
  TUTHIA, Tutia.
  TU'TIA,  Pom'pholyx,  Cadmi'a,  Alfasa, Ale-
sera, Capni'tia, Tuthia, Ox'ydum, zinci impu'rum.
The oxyd of zinc that attaches itself to the  chim-
neys of furnaces  in which ores of zinc are smelted.
It is in the  form of gray incrustations; and  is
sometimes used  for making  an eye-salve.  It  is
prepared,  for this purpose, by levigation.
  TWIN, Gemellus.
  TAVINKLING OF THE EYE, Nictation.
  TAVINLEAF,  COMMON, Jeffersonia Bar'toni.
  TWINROOT,  Orchis.
  TWINS,  SIAMESE.    Two  brothers, Chang
and Eng, connected by means  of a ligamentous
band passing from the epigastrium of one to that
of the other, who  were exhibited in various parts of
Europe and America, about the year 1830.  They
are now [1851] living in North Carolina: both are
married, and have children.   See Xiphopages.
  TAVITCHING, Tic
  TYCH'ICA, from rv%n, 'accident.' Fortuitous
lesions or deformities.  The  7th class of Good's
Noeology.
  TYLE,  Callosity.
  TYLOMA, Callosity.
  TYLOSIS, Callosity.
  TYLUS, Callosity.
  TYMMA, Wound.
  TY3IPAN, Tympanum.
  TYMPANAL, Tympanic.
  TYMPANIA,  Tympanites.
  TYMPANIAS, Tympanites.
  TYM'PANIC, Tympadicus, Tym'panal; same
etymon as tympanum.  Relating to the tympa-
num, as ' tympanic  canal.'
                TYMPANUM

  Tympanic Nerve, see Petrous ganglion.
  TYMPAN [TA, Tympanites.
  TY31PAN1TE, Tympanites.
  TYMPANI'TES, Emphyse'ma Abdom'inis, Hy-
drops Tympanites, Affec'tio tympanit'ica,  Ettym-
pano'sis, Pneumato'sis Abdom'inis, Hydrops ab-
dominis aeretts, Aero'sis, Acro-enterecta'aia, Phy-
8ocoe'lio, Tympano'eie, Physe'ma,  Physe'sia, Hy-
drops aiccii8 et fiatulentue, I'ympa'nia, Tyinpo'nias,
Tympani'to, Tympani'tie, Emphyee'ma  Tympa-
nites, E.  Tyinpanit'icum, 3Ietercorismus,  Tyid-
pany,  Ale'teorism,  Wind dropsy, (V.).Tympa-
nite, Pneumatose piritoniale, Ballonnement, from
rvpntavov, ' a drum ;' so  called because the abdo-
men is distended with wind, and sounds  like a
drum when  struck.   A swelling of the abdomen,
caused  by'accumulation  of air in the intestinal
tube or in the  peritoneum.  Tympanites may be
idiopathic or symptomatic.  The former depends
upon exhalation of air from the inner surface of
the intestine, or from the decomposition  of sub-
stances contained in it; the latter is the result
of some  organic affection, and  often depends
upon obliteration of the  digestive tube,  which
prevents the gas from escaping.  Idiopathic tym-
panites may be more readily cured.  The sympto-
matic is usually fatal.   On  dissection  in such
cases, the stomach and intestines are found enor-
mously distended;  with  strangulation  or disor-
ganization of  some part of the mucous mem-
brane of  the  intestine.   Carminatives may  be
proper when tympanites  depends upon atony of
the digestive organs : but, in cases of the  symp-
tomatic kind,  they  cannot  be  productive  of ad-
vantage, and may do harm.
  Sometimes the air is contained in  the  cavity
of the peritoneum—constituting  Tympani'tes ab-
domina'lis, Airopiritnuie, of some:—the accumu-
lation in the intestines  being called Tympani'tes
intestindlis.
  Tympanites, Uterine, Physometra.
  TYMPANI'TIS,  Inflamma'tio tym'pani; from
rvpnavov, 'a drum,'  and itis, denoting inflamma-
tion.  Inflammation of the lining membrane of
the middle ear,  Also, tympanites.
  TYMPANOSIS, Tympanites.
  TYM'PANUM, rv/xTtavov, ' a drum.'  The Drum
or barrel  of the ear.  The names Cavity  of the
Tympanum or  Cavity of the Drum, Cav'itas Tym'-
pani, Antrum  seu cavitas antro'sa Auris,  Cavum
Tym'pani, (F.) Tympan, Caviti du tympan, Caisae
du tambour — have  been  given to a cavity of an
irregular shape, which constitutes the middle ear,
and has been compared to a drum.  It is  situate
in the pars petrosa of the temporal bone, between
the meatus auditorius externus and the labyrinth.
This cavity is lined  by a mucous membrane; and
communicates, externally,  by means of the Eu-
stachian tube,  which is situate between it  and the
pharynx.  The tympanum has six parietes.   1.
An external, which  is almost entirely formed of
the Alembrane  of the Drum, Membrana tympani,
Diaphrag'ma  auria, Mcdiaati'num seu Tcgumeu'-
turn auris, Myrin'ga, 31yrinx, (F.) 3Iembrane du
tympan — a  species  of thin, transparent, circular
septum; convex within,  and concave without,
which closes the inner extremity of the  meatus
auditorius.  2. An internal, on which are  the Fe-
nes'tra ova'lis,  Prordontory, and Fora'men  rotud-
dum.   3. A  superior.  4. An inferior, on which is
the glenoid fissure.   5. A posterior, on which are
the opening of the  mastoid cells, and the pyra-
mid.  6. An anterior, on which  are the Proces'-
sus cochleaform!is and the  inner orifice  of the
Eustachian  tube.  The cavity of the tympanum
is crossed by a series of four small bones,  articu-
lated with each other  by diarthrosis, moved by
!8 
TYMPANY                879                  TYPHUS
certain muscles, and representing a kind of bent
lever extending from the membrana tympani to
the fenestra ovalis.   They are called the Bones or
Ossicles of the  Ear, and are the malleus, incus,
os orbiculare, and stapes.
  For the nervous plexus of the tympanum, see
Petrosal Ganglion, and  Otic Ganglion.
  Tympanum Minus, see Fenestra — t. Secunda-
rium, see Fenestra.
  TYMPANY, Tympanites — t.  of the Womb,
Physometra.
  TYPE, Typus,  Periodus morbi,  from rviros, 'a
stamp,' itself from Twirru), ' I strike.'  The type is
the order in which the symptoms of a disease ex-
hibit themselves, and  succeed each  other.   It
may be continued, intermittent, or remittent.
  TYPHA ANGUSTIFOLIA has the  same pro-
ties as
  Typha Aromatica, Acorus calamus.
  Typha Latifolia,  Cattail,  Reed mace,  (F.)
Massette, Moase el'Eau, (ntpos,  'a marsh,' [?]).  A
plant  common in  marshes  and  ponds,  in  this
country and   in Europe.  Family,  Typhaceae.
Sex. Syat. Monoecia triandria.   Its roots  have
been used  in  dysentery and blennerhagia.   The
young  shoots, before they  reach  the  surface of
the water, taste like asparagus, when boiled.
   The  down, (F.) Aigrette, Poila, which accom-
panies  the flowers, has been applied to burns like
cotton.
   TYPIIICUS, Typhoid.
   T YPHIQI 'E, Typh oid.
   TYPHLITIS,  Typhlo-enteritis.
   TYPHLO-ENTERI'TIS, Tuphlo-enteritis, Ty-
phli'tis, Typhloteri'tia, Inflamma'tio Caci, Phleg'-
monoue Tumour of the Cacum, (F.) Inflammation
 du Cacum, from  rvtpXos, cacus, and enteritis, ' in-
 flammation of the  intestines.'  Inflammation of
 the caecum, occasionally leading to perforative
 ulceration.
   TYPIILOENTERUM, Caecum.
   TYPIILOPS,  Caecus.
   TYPHLOSIS, Caecitas.
   TY PHLOTERITIS, Typhlo-enteritis.
   TYPHLOTERON MONOCOLON, Caecum.
   TYPHLOTERUM, Caecum.
   TYPHLOTES, Caecitas.
   TYPHODES,  Typhoid^
    TYPHOE3HE ENTERIQUE, see Typhus.
   TA'PHOH.EMIA, see Putrefaction.
   TYPHOID, Typhoides, Typho'des,  Ty'phicua,
  Typho'stta, Loc'tica, (F.)  Typhique,   Typho'ide,
  Typhode.   Appertaining  to  or   resembling  ty-
 phus; as Typhoid Fever.  Also, according to some,
  Typhous Fever,  typhus.   Fuchs has  employed
  the word  Typho'ide for a family of diseases, to
  distinguish them from  phlogoeea;  of this family,
  Stomacace,  Pharyngocace, and Pneumocace  are
  examples.
    Typhoid Affection, see Typhus — t. Fever of
  India, Cholera.
    TYPHOMA'NIA, from  rvipos, 'stupor,'  and
  pavta, ' delirium.'   Delirium with stupor, Subde-
  lir'ium.   The  kind  of delirium common  in
  typhus.
    Typhomania, Coma vigil, Insomnia.
    TYPHONIA, Coma vigil.
    TYPHOSEPSES, Typhoseptoses.
    TYPHOSEPTO'SES, Typhosep'ses, from rvipos,
  'stupor,' and an^is, 'putrefaction.'  Typhous af-
  fections.
    TYPHOSUS, Typhoid.
    TYPHOUS. Typho'sue; same etymon as  Ty-
  phus.   Belonging or relating to typhus.
  '  Typhous  Depos'it.  A peculiar substance of
  new formation  found  in the areolar  membrane,
between the mucous and  muscular coats of the
patches of Peyer in typhoid fever.
  Typhous Fever, see Typhoid.
  TYPHUS, Semipes'tis, Tuphus, Febris Typho'-
des, Febris asthen'iea seu adynam'iea, Asthenop'-
yra,  (F.)  Fievre  adynamique,  F.  ataxique, F.
adynamique ataxique,  Typhus d'Europe,  from
rvipos, ' stupor.'  A fever characterized by small,
weak,  and unequal, but usually frequent pulse,
with great prostration of strength, and much ce-
rebral  disturbance;  its duration being  usually
from a fortnight to three weeks or longer.   It is
continued fever, accompanied with great cerebral
irritation and prostration.  (See Fever.)  By most
writers, this disease has  been  divided into two
varieties—the  Typhus mitior and Typhus gravior.
Typhus  Mit"ioh,  T.  simplex, T.  Itervo'sus,  T.
comato'sus, FCbris lenta nervosa, Blechrop'yrus,
F. pu'trida nervosa, F. hec'tica  malig'na nervosa,
Nervous  Fever, Neurop'yra,  Neuropyr'etus,  (V.)
Fievre nerveuse, is characterized by  slight shiver-
ings, heavy, vertiginous headach ; great  oppres-
sion, peculiar expression of  anxiety,  nausea,
sighing,  despondency, and coma or quiet  deli-
rium.  Typhus Gra'vior, Typhus  car'cerum, T.
castredsis, T.  anthropophthor'acus,  True  Typhus,
Exanthemat'ic typhus, Nervous fever with exan-
them'atous ertip'tion,  Contdgiotta typhus, Febris
nervo'sa epideni'ica, F. nervo'sa  exanthemat'ica,
F. malig'na cum sopo're, F. nervo'aa petechia'lis,
F. peatilentia'lia  Euro'pa,  Typhus contagidsus
mcanthemat'icus,   T. nostras, T.  Europa'us,  T.
commu'nia,  T. bel'licue, T. exanthemat'icus,  T.
Hiber'nicus, Pesti8 bel'lica, Febria pea'tilena ma-
lig'na, Febris  nau'tica pestilentia'lis, Febria  pete-
chia'lis,   Typhus petechia'Ha, Porphyro -typhua,
Puliculdria morbus, Febris puncticula'ris, F. Sa-
prop'yra, F. car'cerum et nosocomio'rum, F. Pu-
trida, F. con'tincns pu'trida, F. contidtia pu'trida,
Septop'yra, Putrid Fever, Jail Fever, Hospital
Feve'r,  Ship  Fever, (F.)  Fievre  des Camps,  F.
nautique, F.  d'Hdpital, F. noeocomiale, F. des
Prisona, F. lenticulaire, Typhus contagieux, is at-
tended with rigors and heat, alternating;  little
or no perspiration; pulse, tense and hard, usually
quick, but fluttering ; pain over the forehead and
vertex;  a ' mulberry rash,' appearing on  the fifth
to the seventh day of the  disease, and lasting till
the  end; delirium, succeeded by stupor,  signs of
incipient putrescency,—as true petechiae, vibices,
hemorrhages, 4c  Typhus, under  particular cir-
 cumstances, seems to be communicable by conta-
gion ;  but if proper attention be  paid to cleanli-
ness and ventilation, there is not much danger of
 communication.   The general principles of treat-
ment, laid down  under the  head  of Fever,  are
 applicable here.   All the varieties of continued
 fever resemble each other in the cardinal points,
 although they may differ in many  of their cha-
 racters.   Ventilation and cleanliness; warm or
 cold ablution or  sponging;  keeping the bowels
 free;  and attending to symptoms  as they may
 rise, with the avoiding of all irritation  of  every
 kind,  are the  main indications.   AVhen symptoms
 of great prostration occur, the strength must be
 supported by wine; and tonics be exhibited, with
 the mineral  acids.  Of the  tonics, the  sulphate
 of quinia is perhaps  as good as  any, whilst it is
 free from the objection  which applies to  most
 others,—of being too bulky.  In the whole man-
 agement of this affection, however, the physician
 has to discriminate carefully between oppression
 and prostration.   The former may require eva-
 cuants; the latter cannot.
   Of late, certain observers have endeavoured to
 show, that there is an essential difference between
 typhoid fever and typhus ; that the former is an
 abdominal affection, and  dependent upon, or con- 
                    TYPIC                  8

nected with, an inflamed or ulcerated condition
of the mucous  follicles  of the  intestines;  hence
it has received  the names Fievre miacntirique, F.
typho'ide, 3Ittlotlic ou Affection typho'ide, F. entiro-
misentirique, Entirite typho-himique, Typhoimie
entirique, Entiro-misentirite typho'ide, Exuntheme
intestinale, Dothincntirie, Dothinentirite, 4c, lleo-
diclidite, Entirite folliculeuse, Gastro-entirite with
nervous affection of the brain,  Follicular gastro-
enteritis, F. enteritis, Enteri'tia folliculo'sa,  Ty-
phus obdomiua'lis, T.intestina'lis, T. Sporad'icus,
Enterotyplius, T. gangliona'ris  abdomina'lia, Fe-
bria inteatina'lia ulcero'ao, F. nervo'sa gas'trica,
F. nervo'sa enter'ica, F. enter'ico, F. nervo'sa me-
senterial, Enterhclio'sis  nervo'sa, Typhus enter'-
icus,  lleop'yra,  Reotyphue, Typhoid affection,
Enteric fever.   Accompanying  this  form of fever
there  is generally a typhoid eruption, consisting
of rose-red papulae, (see Spots, red,)  which appear
mostly on the abdomen.   They are distinct from
true petechiae, as they can be  removed by pres-
sure ;  and distinct also from sudamina, which are
perhaps the universal accompaniments of sweat-
ing, and are consequently a variety of miliaria.
The  common  continued  fever or  synochus  of
Great Britain, and of this country,  has been pre-
sumed by some to be this variety : but farther
observations are  needed to establish the  distinc-
tions which have been  attempted;  and there is
reason to believe, that the abdominal affection is
a complication, existing in certain cases and epi-
demics of adynamic fever, and not in others. The
Reel  Tongue Fever of Kentucky is considered by
Professor Bartlett to be typhoid fever.
  Certain modern French writers have considered
the Typhus of the European continent, Typhus
of Europe, Peste </'Europe, pestilential fever, con-
tagioua  typhus, Hungary fever,  Hoapital  fever,
camp fer er, jail fever, lenticular  petechial  fever,
4c,  to  be identical with the  typhoid affection.
They  admit but one fever on the European con-
tinent— the typhoid.  Typhus, they maintain —
but by no means  establish the position — to be
peculiar to England.
  Typhus Abdominalis, see Typhus — f. d'Ami-
  UBERIS APEX, Papilla.
  ULA, Gingivae.
  UL ATROPH'IA, from ovXov, 'the gum,' and
atrophia, atrophy.   Shrinking of the gums ; fall-
ing away of the gums.
  ULCER, Ulcue, (diminutive Ulcus'culum,) Hel-
coa, Elco'aia, Elco'ma,  Helena, Helcdma, a /Sore,
(F.) Ulcere.  A solution of continuity in the soft
parts, of longer or shorter standing, and kept up
by  some local disease or constitutional cause.
Richerand  makes four great distinctions between
a wound and an ulcer.  1.  A wound arises  from
the action of an extraneous body :—the cause of
an ulcer is inherent in the economy.  2.  A wound
is always idiopathic : — an ulcer is always symp-
tomatic.  3. A wound has essentially a tendency
to heal, because the action of its cause has been
momentary : — an  ulcer, on the contrary, has  a
tendency to  enlarge, because its cause persists.
4. The treatment of a wound is  purely  surgical;
that of an  ulcer is  medical as well.  The imme-
diate cause of an ulcer is an augmented action of
the absorbents ; and a specific action of the small
vessels, which secrete pus from the blood.  Ulcers
have been variously  divided, according to  their
nature; — into  simple, sinuous, fistulous, fungous,
10                ULCEROUS

 riaue, Fever,  yellow—t. Antbracicus, Plague—t.
 Anthropophthoracus, Typhus — t.  Aphthoideus,
 Aphthae—t. Bellicus, Typhus — t.  Bengalensis,
 Cholera —t. Bubonicus,  Plague — t. Carcerum,
 Typhus gravior—t. Castrensis, Typhus gravior—
 t.  Comatosus, Typhus mitior — t. Communis, Ty-
 phus— t.  Coittagicux, Typhus — t.  Contagious,
 Typhus—t. Contagiosus exanthematieus, Typhus
 —t. d'Europe, Typhus—t. of Europe, see Typhus
 — t.  Exanthematieus, Typhus — t.  Ganglionaris
 abdominalis, see Typhus—t. Gravissinius, Plague
 —t. Hibernicus, T. gravior — t.  Icterodes,  Fever,
 yellow — t. Jaune, Fever,  yellow — t.  Intestinalis,
 see  Typhus — t. 3Iiaamatique  ataxique put ride
 jaune,  Fever, yellow—t.  Morbillosus, Rubeola—
 t.  Nervosus, Typhus mitior—t. Nostras, Typhus
 —t. d'Orient,  Plague—t.  Pestilentialis, Plague—
 t.  Pestis, Plague—t. Petechialis, Typhus gravior
 — t.  Puerperal,  see Peritonitis — t.  Scarlatinus,
 Scarlatina—t. Simplex, Typhus mitior—t.  Spora-
 dicus, see  Typhus—t. Tropicus, Fever, yellow—
 t.  True, Typhus—t, Aresicularis, Pemphigus.
   TYP'IC, Typ'ical, Typ'icum, (F.) Typique.
 Same etymon as Type.   Characterized by peri-
 odicity,— as a 'typical fever;'  or one which ob-
 serves a particular  type.
   TYPOSES, see Periodicity.
   TYPUS,  Type.
   TYRANNUS, see Critical days.
   TYRBASIA, Agitation.
   TYRBE, Agitation.
   TYREM'ESIS, Tyrotem'eeie,   from   rvpos,
 ' cheese,'  and  tptais, ' vomiting;'  Tyro'sis, Ty-
 reu'eis.   Vomiting  of curdy matter, in  infanta
 especially.
   TYREUSIS, Tyremesis, Tyrosis.
   TYRIA, Porrigo decalvans.
   TYRIASIS, Elephantiasis Arabica,
   TYRODES, Cheesy.
   TYROMA,  Porrigo decalvans.
   TYROS,  Cheese.
   TYROSIS, Tyremesis.   Also, the curdling of
 milk in the stomach; Tyredei8.
   TYROTEMESIS, Tyremesis.
gangrenoua, scorbutic, syphilitic, cancerous, inve-
terate, scrofulous, phagedenic, virulent, cacoethic,
sordid,  carious,  varicoee,  4c   The  treatment
consists in removing, by appropriate  means, the
internal and  the  local causes which keep up the
ulceration, and in exciting the  vessels of the part,
where necessary, by appropriate bandaging, 4c
  Ulcer,  Malignant, Hospital  gangrene — u.
Putrid, Hospital gangrene.
  ULCERA  INTESTINALIA, Gastrelcosis—u.
Laryngis, Phthisis  laryngea — u. Serpentia oris,
Aphthae—u. Uteri, see Metrophthisis—u. Ventri-
culi, Gastrelcosis—u. Vesicae, Cystophthisis.
  UL'CERATED, Ulcera'tue, Fxulccrdtus, Hel-
co'dea,  (F.)  Ulcire.   In the  state of  an  ulcer.
Affected  with ulcers.
  ULCERATIO  INTESTINALIS, Enterelcosis
—u. Arentriculi, Gastrelcosis.
  ULCERA'TION, Ulcera'tio, Exulcerotio, Pyo-
gen'ia corroai'ro.  A superficial ulcer.  The form-
ation of  an ulcer— Exelco'sis,  Elco'ais, and IIeU
co'sis.
  ULCERE, Ulcer — u. du Larynx, Phthisis la-
ryngea.
  UL'CEROUS,  Ulcero'sus, Helco'des, Heleoides.
TJ. 
                  ULCERS

Having the character of an ulcer.  Affected with
ulcers.
  ULCERS, EGYPTIAN, JEgyptia ulcera.
  ULCUS, Ulcer—u. Atouicum, Rupia—u. Ca-
coethes, see Cacoethes — u. Cancrosum, Cancer,
Chancre — u. Dacryodes, see Dacryodes — u. De-
pascens, Phagedenic ulcer—u. Ferinum, Phage-
denic ulcer—u. Fistulosum, Hypophora—u.  Hy-
pulum, see Hypulus — u. Narium fcetens, Ozaena
— u. Obambulans,  Phagedenic ulcer — u. Pulmo-
num, Phthisis pulmonalis — u. Sinuosum, Hypo-
phora—u. Syriacum, Cynanche maligna—u. Te-
lephium, Telephium—u. Tuberculosum, Lupus—
u. Uteri, Hysterelcosis, Leucorrhcea.
  ULCUSCULA PRASPUTII, Herpes praeputii.
  ULCUSCULUM,  Ulcer —u.  Cancrosum,
Chancre.
  ULE, Cicatrix.
  ULETICUS, Gingivalis.
  ULICUS, Gingivalis.
  ULI'TIS, from ovXos, 'solid,' (aapt- ovXn, 'solid
flesh :') hence, ovXov,  ' the gum.'   Inflamma'tio
gingi'va, Periodonti'tis gingiva'rum, (F.) Gengi-
vite, In/lamination des gengivee, from ovXov,  'the
gum,' and itis, denoting inflammation.  Inflam-
mation  of the  gums.
  Ulitis Septica, Cancer aquaticus.
  ULLUCO, Tropaeolum tuberosum.
  UL3IAIRE, Spiraea ulmaria.
  ULMARIA,  Spiraea  ulmaria — u.  Palustris,
Spiraea ulmaria.
  ULMUS, U. campes'tris seu glabra seu mon-
ta'na seu nudei seu sati'va seu scabra, Ptelea,
Common Elm, (F.) Orme.  Family, Amentaceae.
Sex. Syat. Pentandria Digynia. The inner, rough
bark of this tree is inodorous; and has a bitter,
austere, and mucilaginous taste.  It is considered
tonic, alterative, and diuretic; and has been used,
chiefly, in lepra and  other cutaneous affections.
  Ulmus  Ala'ta,  Lynn Wahoo.  The bark of
tho  root has  been used successfully as a cata-
plasm in phlegmonous inflammation.
  Ulmus America'na,  U. fulva, Rough-leaved
Elm, Red Elm, Slippery  Elm.  The inner bark is
highly mucilaginous, and is used in coughs, diar-
rhoeas,  and dysenteries;  also, as  a poultice for
tumours : lacerated and contused wounds, 4c
  Ulmus Campestris, Ulmus—u. Fulva, II. Ame-
ricana—u. Glabra, Ulmus—u.  Montana, Ulmus—
u. Nuda, Ulmus — u. Sativa, Ulmus — u. Scabra,
Ulmus.
  ULNA,  O'lene, FoC'ile  inferius  seu  majus,
Canna  Bra'chii, Oa  cu'biti inferitta, Os procubi-
tdle, Cdbitue,  Cubit, Arun'do  bra'chii  major.
Anatomists have given this name  to the bone of
the forearm which forms the  prominence of the
elbow, during the  flexion of that joint.  It is the
longer and  larger of the two bones, and is in-
serted at  the  inner  side.  Its upper and larger
extremity has, behind,  a  considerable process,
called olecranon; and, before, a'smaller  one,
oalled coronoid.  These two eminences are sepa-
rated from each other by the greater sigmoid or
semilunar foeea or olee'ranoid cavity, which re-
ceives the articular trochlea of  the humerus.
The tubercle of the  ulna is a small, rough  spot,
under the root of the coronoid  process, for the
insertion of the Brachialis internus.  On  the out-
side of this extremity of the bone is the lesser
sigmoid cavity.  It is  articulated with the head
of the  radius.  The  inferior extremity  of the
cubitus, which is  much smaller than the supe-
rior, ami  articulated with the radius, has a sur-
face that corresponds to the fibro-cartilage which
separates it from the  os cuneiforme; and a pointed
process, called styloid.  The body of  the  ulna is
manifestly triangular.   It is articulated with the
os humeri  and radius, and, mediately, with the
       56
1               UMBILICUS

os cuneiforme.   It is developed by three points
of ossification.
   Also, the elbow.
   ULNAD, see Ulnar aspect.
   ULNAR, Cubital.
   Ulnar Aspect.  An aspect towards the side
on which the ulna is situated.—Barclay.   Ulnad
is used adverbially by the same writer, to signify
'towards the ulnar aspect.'
   ULNARIS, Cubital—u. Externus, see  Cubital
muscles—u. Gracilis, Palmaris longus—u. Inter-
nus, see Cubital muscles.
   ULOCACE, Cancer aquaticus, Stomacace.
   ULON'CUS, from ovXov, 'the gum,' and oyxos,
' tumour.'  Swelling of the gums ;  epulis.
   ULORRHAG"IA,  Stomatorrhag"ia, Hamor-
rhag"ia gingivarum, Ulorrhoe'a, from ovXov, ' the
gum,'  and pnyvvpt,  'I break  forth.'  Bleeding
from the gums.
   ULORRHCEA, Ulorrhagia.
   ULOTICA, Cicatrisantia.
   UL'TIMI-STERNAL.   Professor Be"clard has
given  this appellation to the  sixth or last bony
portion of the  sternum.   He  calls it also Enei-
aternal.
   UL'TIMUM  MO'RIENS,  'last  dying.'   A
term given to the part of the economy which dies
last.
   ULVA CRISPA, Fucus crispus.
   UMBIL, YELLOW, Cypripedium luteum.
   UMBILIC, Umbilical, Umbilicus.
   UMBILTCAL, Um'bilic, Umbilica'lis,  Umbili-
ca'tus, from umbilicus, 'the navel.'  That which
belongs or relates to the navel.
   Umbilical Arteries, which exist only in the
foetus, seem, as it were, continuations of  the pri-
mitive iliacs.  They  clear the umbilical ring, and
proceed to the  placenta, to which  they carry the
residuum of the blood sent to the foetus by the
umbilical vein.  As  soon as respiration  is esta-
blished, the blood ceases to pass by the umbilical
arteries, which become obliterated, as well as the
vein, and are transformed into two very strong
ligamentous cords, — the vein  forming the Liga-
men'tum. rotun'dum of the liver.
   Umbilical Cord,  Funiculus umbilicalis.
   Umbilical  Region, Re'gio  umbilica'lis, Meao-
gaa'trium Re'gio gas'trica  seu 3Iesogostrica, (F.)
 Rigion ombilicale, is the middle region of the ab-
 domen, in which the  umbilicus is placed.  The
 sides of this are called the flanks or lumbar re-
gions.  In the umbilical region are the omentum
majus; the inferior extremity  of the duodenum;
the jejunum ;  and the  greater  part of the mesen-
tery;  the aorta; vena cava;  the trunks of the
renal  arteries and veins; the  origin of the sper-
matic arteries,  4c
   Umbilical Ring, An'nulus  umbilica'lis, (F.)
 Anneau  ombilical, is a fibrous ring which sur-
 rounds the aperture of the umbilicus, and through
 which umbilical hernia occurs  in children.
   Umbilical Vesicle, Vesicula umbilicalis.
   Umbilical Vessels, , (F.)  Vaisseaux ombili-
 caux,  include  the  two  arteries,  and umbilical
 vein.  The umbilical  vein arises  from the pla-
 centa, and terminates  at the fissure on the  infe-
 rior surface of the liver of the foetus, to which it
 conveys the blood necessary for its nutrition.
   UMBILICALIS, Umbilical.
   UMBILICATUS, Umbilical.
   UMBILI'CUS,  Umbo, Om'phalos, Umbili'cum,
 Radix  ventris,  3Iesompha'lium,  Mesom'phalum,
Pro'tme'sis, (navel of a new-born child;)  the um-
bilic, the  navel; from umbo, 'the button or pro-
minence in the  midst  of  a buckler,' or from 17*-
t/iaXos, or rather optpaXos, which signifies the same,
as well as the navel; (F.) Ombilic, Nombril.  A
8? 
                   UMBO                  81

round cicatrix, about the median line of the ab-
domen.   It is in the situation of  an  aperture,
which, in the foetus, affords passage to the ves-
sels of the umbilical cord.
  Umbilicus Mari'nus, Cotyle'don marina, An-
dro'eace, Acetab'ulitm  marinum, Andro'sace Alat-
thi'oli, Fungus petra'tts marinus.  A submarine
production, found on the rooks and the shells of
fishes, in the south of France.  It is reputed to
be anthelmintic and diuretic.
  UMBO, Elbow. Umbilicus.
  UMBRELLA  TREE, Magnolia tripetala.
  U31SCHL A G, see Compress.
  UNBOAVELING, Exenterismus.
  UNCARIA GAMBIR, Nauclea Gambir.
  UNCAS,  INDIAN, Areratrum viride.
  UN CIA, Ounce.
  UNCIFORM,  Uncifor'mi8,  Uneina'ttta, from
uncua, ' a hook,' and forma, ' shape.'  That which
has the shape of a hook.
  Unciform Bone, Os unciform'e, Os hamdtum,
Os uncina'tum, (F.) Os crochu.  The fourth bone
of the  second row of the  carpus.  Its shape is
very irregular.   Inwards and forwards, it has a
considerable eminence, which  is  curved  upon
itself, and gives  attachment to the annular liga-
ment of the carpus.   It is articulated with the
os semilunare, os magnum, os cuneiforme, and
the fourth and fifth metacarpal bones.  It is de-
veloped from a single  point of ossification.
  Unciform Eminence, Hippocampus minor.
  UNCTNATUS, Unciform.
  UNCINUS, Hook. (
  UNCTION, Inunction, Unguentum, Unguen-
tum hydrargyri.
  UNCUS, Hook.
  UNDERCLIFF, ISLE  OF  WIGHT,  ENG-
LAND,  (CLIMATE  OF.)  The Undercliff com-
prehends a tract of country from Dunnose to St.
Catherine's Hill, on the southeast coast,  about six
miles in length, and from a quarter to half a mile
in breadth.   It is well protected from the colder
winds ;  and the  climate is remarkably equable,
as well  as mild and  dry, so  that there are not
many days during the winter in which  the inva-
lid cannot take  some exercise in  the  open air.
It is an excellent climate for the pulmonary va-
letudinarian.
  UNDIM'IA.   A name  given, by Paracelsus,
to a tumour, filled with a gelatinous  matter, like
the white of an egg.
  UNDOSUS, Cymatodes.
  UNDULATIO, Fluctuation.
  UNEDO,  Arbutus  unedo—u. Papyracea, Ar-
butus unedo.
  UNGUEAL MATRIX, see Nail.
  UNGUEN, Unguentum—u. Articulare,  Sy-
novia,
  UNGUENT, ARMATORY, Hoplochrysma.
  UNGUENTARIA, see Myristica moschata.
  UNGUENTA'RIUS,  3Iyropoe'us, Alyrep'sus,
Myrtipa'les, Alyropdlus, Pigmentdrius;  from un-
guen'tum, 'an ointment.'   One who makes and
sells ointments.  A perfumer.
  UNGUEN'TUM,  Unguen,  3Iyron,  Unction,
(F.)  Ongucnt, from ungere,  'to anoint'   Oint-
ment.   Ointments are topical applications of a
consistence  more or less analogous to that of
lard.  They  are used, chiefly, as local applica-
tions to  ulcers and wounds;  but are sometimes
rubbed upon a part in cutaneous affections ; and
especially, where it is desired that the constitu-
ents of  the ointment should be absorbed.   Oint-
ments  are of less consistence  than cerates,-al-
though the terms are often used indiscriminately.
  Unguen'tum Ac"idi Nitro'si, Ointment of Ni-
trous  Acid,  Poma'tum vel Unguen'tum  Ni'tricum
vel Oxy gena'turn, (F.) Pommade oxy ginie, Graisse
               UNGUENTUM

oxyginie, Pommade d'Alyon.   (Adip. suilla, Ibj ;
acid, nitros. gvj.   Melt the fat, and rub in the
acid gradually,  till  cold.  Ph.  E.)   Stimulant.
Used in itch and other cutaneous eruptions, and
in foul ulcers.
   Unguentum  Adipocer.e Cetorum,  Ceratum
cetacei—u. -Egyptiacum, Linimentum aeruginis—
u. ASgyptium album,  Crinomyron — u.  Album,
Unguentum cetacei — u. Album Resolvens, Lini-
mentum ammoniae fortius.
   Unguentum de Altha:a, Marsh mol'low Oint-
ment, U. de  Terebin'thina et  cera, Cera'tum de
Althaa, Emplas'trum  mucilagino'sum, E. emuV-
liena, E. cit'rinum, E.  flavum,  E. tie Althaa, Un-
guentum J/avian,  U. Cit'rinum,  U. reei'na pini syl-
ves'tris comjxis'itum seu restunptirum.  seu leniti'-
vum, (F.) Onguent de guimouve, 0. d'altltia.  (Olei
de mucilaginibus, 1000 p., cera jlara, 250 p., re-
sina terebinth-in., aa 125 p. Liquefy;  strain and
stir till cold.   Ph. P.)   Common Olive Oil might
be substituted for the Oil of Alucilages.
   Unguentum Amygdalinum, Ceratum Galeni.
   Unguentum Antimo'nii,  U.  A. Tartariza'ti, U.
A.  Potassio-tar'tratis,  U.  tar'tari emet'ici,  Oint-
ment of tar'tarized an'timony.  (Antinmn. et po-
tass, tartrat.  in  pulv.  subtiliss. gij, adijn's. gj.)
If a drachm of this ointment be rubbed upon any
part, night and  morning, it will excite, in a few
days, a painful pustular eruption.  Hence, it is
employed as a counter-irritant. This preparation
is also called Ung.  Tar'tari stibia'ti seu emet'ici,
Ung.  e  Tar'taro etibia'to,  Adeps  Tartore  etibii
medica'tus, Ung. 1'ar'tratis Potaaa'a stibia'ti, (F.)
Pommade d'Autenrieth, Pommade stibiie.
  Unguentum Antimonii  Potassio-Tartratis,
Unguentum antimonii—u. Antimonii  tartarizati,
U. antimonii — u. Antipernium, see Antipernius.
  Unguentum Aqvje  Rosve,  Ointment of Rose
ivater, Cold Cream.  (Aq. Rosa, fgj; ol. amygdal.
fg'jj cetacei, gss; cera alba, gj.  Melw togeiher,
in a water-bath, the  oil,  spermaceti, and  wax;
then add the rose-water, and stir until it is cold.
Ph. U. S.)   Cooling to irritated surfaces.
  Unguentum  Armarium, Hoplochrysma — u.
Arthanitae, see Arthanita—u. Articulare, Synovia-
—u. Basilicon flavum, Ceratum resinae—u. Basi-
licon nigrum, Unguentum resinae nigrae — u. Ba-
silicum viride, Unguentum subacetatis cupri.
  Unguentum Belladon'n.-e, Ointment of Bel-
ladonna.  (Ext. belladonna gj ;  adipis gj ; M.
Ph. U. S.)   An anodyne application to irritable
ulcers, 4 c
  Unguentum Cantharidis, Unguentum lyttae.
  Unguen'tum Cer,e (alba veljlava), Wax Oint-
ment,  Unguentum simplex, (Ph. U. S.)   Linimen'-
tum simp/ex, Oil  and Bees'  Wax, (F.)  Ongucnt de
cire.  (Cera Ibj, adipis Ibiv, Ph. U. S. or__cera
gij, ol. oliv. gv.)  Emollient.  A mild  dressing.
Also,  the basis of most of the  compound oint-
ments.
  Unguentum Ceratdm,  Ceratum Galeni — u.
Cerussae, Unguentum oxidi plumbi albi,  Ungu-
entum plumbi subcarbonatis — u. Cerussae ace-
tatae,  Ceratum plumbi superacetatis,  U. plumbi
superacetatis—u. Citrinum, U. de althaea, U. hy-
drargyri nitratis.
  Unguentum Ceta'cei,  Unguentum  Sper'matis
Ceti, U. album, Linimen'tum album, Spermace'ti
ointment, (F.) Onguent de blanc de balcine.   (Ce-
tacei gvj, cera alba giv, ol. oliv. fgiij.  Ph. L.)
The ordinary dressing for blisters  and excoria-
tions.
  Unguen'tum Creaso'ti,  Ointment of Cre'osote.
(Creasot. fgss; adipis, gj.  Add the  creasote to
the lard previously melted with a moderate heat
and stir constantly till cold.   Ph. U. S.)   Used
in chronic cutaneous affections.
12 
UNGUENTUM              883              UNGUENTUM
  Unguentum Cupri Subacetatis, Unguentum
Bubacetatis cupri.
  Unguentum  Digesti'vum  Simplex,  U.  Tere-
bin'thina ct ovo'rum vitel.'li, Simple, ditpetive oint-
ment, (F.) Ongucnt digestif simple.   (Terebinthin.
pur. 64 p.  Vittll. ovor. No. 2, vel 32 p.  Mix, for
a long time, in a glass mortar, and add, gradually,
enough of the Oil of Hypericum (.Millepertuis) to
make a soft ointment.  Ph. P.)  Detergent.   It
may be rendered more so by adding a  little of the
Acetate of copper.
  Unguentum Elemi, Balsam of Arcaeus, Ungu-
entum elemi compositum.
  Unguentum Ei.'emi Compos'itum, Linimen'tum
Aretr.'i, Unguentum e gummi elemi,  I'ng.de Tere-
biu'thind et adip'ibus, U. elemi, Ointment of Elemi,
(/•'.)  Itaiuuc  d'Arcius.   (Elemi Ibj, terebinthina
vulgaris ^x,  sevi praparati Ibij, oliv a olei fgij.
Melt the elemi with the suet; remove it from the
fire; and mix in  the turpentine and oil.  Strain
the mixture through a linen cloth.  Ph. L.)  Sti-
mulant and digestive.  To keep open  issues, 4c
  Unguentum  Epispas'ticum  de  Daphne Gni-
DIO, Adeps Cor'tice daphnes  gnidii  medica'tus,
(F.) Pommade de Garou.   (Adip. prapar, 320 p.,
cera, 32 p., cort. daphn.  gnitl. 128 p.   Melt  the
fat  and wax; and add the bark  softened in water.
Boil until  the water  is  evaporated; then pass
through cloth.   Ph. P.)   To keep  open blisters,
issues, 4c   See Unguentum Mezerei.
  Unguentum Epispasticum Fortius, Cerate of
cantharides—u. Epispasticum mitius, Unguentum
lyttae—u. Epispasticum viride, Ungueutum lyttae
medicatum—u. Flavum, Unguentum de althaea—
u. e Gummi elemi, Unguentum compositum — u.
Hellebori albi, Unguentum veratri.
  Unguentum Gall.e, Ointment of Galls, (Galla
in pulv. ^^); adipis. gvij.  M.  Ph.  U S.)  As an
astringent in  piles, indolent ulcers,  4c.
  Ungukn'tum Hydrar'gyri,  U. caru'leum, U.
Neapolila'num, Blue  ointment, Cera'tum mercu-
ria It; Adeps Hydrar'gyro medica'tus, Alercurial
Ointment, Unction, (F.) Onguent mercuriel ou Na-
politain.
  The Strong 3Icrcurial Ointment. Unguentum Hy-
drargyri fortiua of the London Pharmacopoeia,
Unguen'tum Hydrar'gyri  (Ph. U. S.), is thus made
—Hydrarg. Ibij, adipis gxxiij, sevi gj.  Rub till
the globules entirely disappear.
  The 3Iilder 3Iercurial Ointment, — Unguentum
Hydrargyri Alitius, —is made  by adding, to one
pound of the strong, two pounds of lard.
  Mercurial ointment is antisyphilitic and discu-
tient.  It is rubbed on the inside of the  thigh, in
venereal affections; especially in those cases where
mercury, given internally, runs off by the bowels.
The stronger ointment is used  for  this purpose.
The weaker is employed as a  dressing, or as an
application to cutaneous eruptions.
  Unguentum  Hydrargyri Ammoniati, Ungu-
entum hydrargyri praeeipitati albi — u. Hydrar-
gyri calcis alba1, Unguentum hydrargyri praeeipi-
tati albi—u. Hydrargyri compositum, Unguentum
hydrargyri nitratis—u. Hydrargyri  deutoxydi ni-
trati, Unguentum hydrargyri nitrico-oxydi—u. ex
Hydrargyro mitius dictum cinereum, Unguentum
oxydi hydrargyri cinereum.
  Unguentum  Hydrargyri Nitra'tis,  U.  H.
nitrati, U. sitpernitra'tie hydrargyri, Ointment of
Nitrate of 3Icr'c,ury,  Citrine Ointment, Bal'samum
mcrcuria'le,  Ung. hydrar'gyri  compos'itum, U.
mercuriale  cit'rinum, Adeps  nitra'te  hydrargyri
medica'tus, Unguentum eitrinum ad scabiem, (F.)
Onguent de iiitratejde mercure,  0. citrin contre la
gale.   (Hydrarg. p.).  acid, nitric, fgxiv, olei  bu-
buli f'gix, adipis t^iij.  Dissolve the  mercury in
the acid ; and, while  hot, add the oil  and melted
lard.   Ph.  U. S.
  A milder ointment,— Ung. Nitratis Hydrargyri
mitiua,—is made with triple the quantity of oil
and lard.  It is stimulant and detergent, and is
much used  as an application  to herpes, porrigo,
and cutaneous eruptions.   The weaker ointment
is sometimes used in ophthalmia tarsi,  4 c
  Unguentum Hydrargyri   Ni'trico-ox'ydi,
Ung.  subnitra'tia hydrargyri,  Ung. Oxydi Hy-
drargyri rubri,  U.  H. oxidi rubri (Ph.  U. S.),
Ointment of Nitric Oxyd of Mercury, Bal'samum
ophthaVmicum rubrum, Unguentum deutox'ydi hy-
drarg. nitrati, Red Precip'itote Ointment, Golden
Ointment, Singleton's  Eye Salve, U. Hydrargyri
rubri,  U. ex Hydrargyro oxyda'to rubra,  U. mer-
curii rubrum,  U. opththal'mi cum rubrum, U. subni-
tra'tia  hydrargyr'ici.   (Hydrarg. oxid. rubr. in
pulv.  subtiliss. gj;  Ung. aimpl. gj.  Add the
oxyd,  reduced to  a fine  power, to the melted
ointment.  Ph. U. S.)  Stimulant and escharotic.
Applied  to  foul ulcers, to  inflammation  of the
tarsi,  4c 4c
  Belleville'e  Cerate, which has been  long  used
in cases of scalled head, and of chronic cutaneous
diseases in general,  is made as follows :—Plumbi
acet.Zj; hydrarg. oxid. rubr.  gss; hyd. chlorid.
mit. gij; cer<E alba giv;  ol. oliv. gvj.  Melt the
last two, and add the others in fine powder.
  Unguentum Hydrargyri Oxidi Rubri, Un-
guentum hydrargyri nitrico-oxydi — u. ex Hy-
drargyro oxydato rubro, Unguentum hydrargyri
nitrico-oxydi—u. Hydrargyri oxydi rubri,  Ungu-
entum  hydrargyri nitrico-oxydi.
  Unguentum Hydrargyri Pr^ecipita'ti Albi,
U. Hydrar'gyri ammonia'ti, (Ph. U. S.), U. sttb-
muria'tis hydrargyri ammonia'ti, Unguentum ad
scabiem Zelleri,  U.  mercuria'le  album, U. mun-
dif'icons Zelleri, Ointment  of white precipitate,
Ung. c mercu'rio pracipitdto, Ung. calcis hydrar-
gyri alba.   (Hyd. ammon. gj, ung. simpl. giss.
Melt the fat, and add the precipitate.)  Detergent.
Used  in  cutaneous  eruptions,  to destroy vermin,
4c.
  Unguentum Hydrargyri Rubri, U. Hydrar-
gyri nitrico-oxydi — u. Hydrargyri submuriatis
ammoniati,  U. Hydrargyri praeeipitati albi — u.
Hydrargyrici subnitratis,  U. hydrargyri nitrico-
oxydi—u. Hydrargyri subnitratis,  U. hydrargyri
nitrico-oxydi — u.  Hydrargyri supernitratis, U.
hydrargyri nitratis—u. Infusi  meloes vesicatorii,
U. lyttae—u. Irritans, U. lyttae.
  Unguen'tum Io'dini, U. lodin'ii, Ointment of
Iodine.  (Iodin. "**)j ; Potaae. iodid. gr.  iv; Aqua
nl,vi; Adipia. gj.  Rub the iodine and iodide first
with the  water until liquified, and  then with the
lard until mixed.  Ph. U. S.)   Used  as a local
application to goitrous and other swellings.
  Unguentum Io'dini Compos'itum, U. lodin'ii
compositum, Compound Ointment of Iodine. (Iodin.
gss; Potassii iodid. gj; Alcohol, fgj; adipia gij.
Rub the  iodine and iodide first with the alcohol
and then with the lard until they are well mixed.
Ph. U. S.)
  Unguentum  Lau'rinum, O'leum  lau'rinum,
Adeps  lauro-medica'tua, Bay Ointment, (F.) On-
guent  ou Huile de laurier.  (Fol. lauri, 500 p.,
adip. auilla, 1000 p.  Bruise in a marble mortar;
evaporate all humidity by boiling;  and add Bay
berries, in  powder, 500  p.  Digest  and  pass
through linen.  Ph. P.)   Reputed to  be corro-
borant and nervine.  It is simply emollient.
  Unguentum Lenitivum, U.  de althaea—u. Li-
liaceum,  Crinomyron.
  Unguentum Lyttae, Ung. canthar'idis, U. ve-
eicato'rium, U. irri'tane, U.  ad veeica'ta, Blister-
ing Solve,  Ung. infu'si mel'oes vesicato'rii, Oint-
ment of Spanish Flies, Ointment of Infusion of
Spanish Flies, Unguentum epispas'ticum mit"ius,
Milder blis'tering Ointment.  (Cantharid. in pulv. 
               UNGUENTUM               8;

 gij; aqua destillat. Oss; cerat. resin, gviij.  Boil
 down the water with the Spanish flies to one-half,
 and strain; then mix the  cerate with the strained
 liquor, and evaporate to  the  proper consistence.
 Ph. U. S.)  It is stimulant and epispastic;  and
 is chiefly used for keeping up the discharge from
 a blistered surface.
   Unguentum  Lyttae Medica'tum,  Adeps can-
 tharid'ibua medica'tus, Poma'tum  seu Unguentum
 epispaa'ticum  vir'ide atim'ulans  ac'ribus, Green
 blis'tering Ointment, (F.) Pommade ipispastique
 verte.  (Pomati vel  unguenti cantharid. 64  p.,
 unguent,  populei 168  p.,  cera alba 256 p., cupri
 acetat., ext. opii, aa, 24 p.   Melt the unguentum
 populeum,  and wax,  and add,  as they cool, the
 oxyd of copper, cantharides, and opium.  Ph. P.)
 Use, same as the last.
   Unguentum  Lyttae Medica'tum  A'liud,
 Adepa cantharid'ibua medica'tua aliua, Poma'tum
 epiapae'ticum flavum  et mit"ius,  Yellow Bliater-
 ing Ointment,  (F.) Pommade  ipiapaetique jaune.
 (Pulv. cantharid. 120 p., adip. prap. 1680  p.,
 aqua 250 p.  Melt the lard; mix the cantharides,
 and add the water  at the same time; place the
 whole on a gentle  fire;  stir  continually for two
 hours, and add a little water to replace that which
 has  been evaporated.  Pass  through linen  and
 strain.  Keep it in a water-bath, and add pow-
 dered turmeric, 8 p.   Let it cool till the super-
 fluous liquid separates; pour  off and add yellow
 wax, 250 p., Oil of Lemon, 8 p.  Ph. P.)  A com-
 plex preparation.   Use, same  as the last.
  An ointment, not  very  philosophically com-
 bined, was used by Dr. Physick, which is known
 by the name  of "Dr. Phyeick'a Issue Ointment."
 It is made by boiling half an  ounce of powdered
 cantharides in two ounces of rose-water, and eva-
 porating  until one-half of the fluid is driven off,
 having previously added 15 grains of tartar emetic.
 The decoction is to be strained, and three ounces
 of olive oil, an ounce and  a half of white wax, and
 one ounce of spermaceti added to it, and the mix-
 ture then boiled till all the water is evaporated.
  Unguentum  Melanicum Causticum, Causti-
 cum iEthiopicum.
  Unguentum Mercuriale Album, Unguentum
 hydrargyri pracipitati albi —  u. Mercuriale citri-
 num, Unguentum hydrargyri  nitratis—u. e Mer-
 curio praecipitato,  Unguentum  hydrargyri prae-
 cipitati albi — u.  Mercurii  rubrum, Unguentum
 hydrargyri nitrico-oxydi—u. Mundificans Zelleri,
 Unguentum hydrargyri praecipitati albi.
  Unguentum Mez'erei, Ointment of Mezcreon.
 (Mezer.  incis.  transversim, giv;  adipis, gxiv;
 cera  alba, gij; moisten  the mezereon with  a
 little  alcohol, and beat in an iron mortar, until
reduced to a fibrous mass; then digest it  with
 the lard, in a salt-water bath, for 12 hours; strain
 forcibly,  and allow the strained  liquor  to  cool
 slowly, so  that any  undissolved  matters  may
 subside;  from these separate the medicated lard;
 melt it with the wax at a  moderate heat, and stir
 constantly  till  they are  cold.  Ph. U. S.)   To
 keep open blisters, issues, 4c
  Unguentum Muria'tis Hydrargyri Oxyge-
 NA'to Medica'tum, Adeps mttria'te  hydrargyri
 oxygena'to  medicatus,  Cyrillo's Ointment, (F.)
 Pommade de  Cyrillo.  (Hydrar.  oxymur. 4 p.;
 adipis suilla prap. 32 p. — Ph. P.) Antivenereal
 and  alterative.  Used in friction, gss at a time.
  Unguentum Nardinum, see Nardus Indica—
 u. Neapolitanum,  Unguentum  hydrargyri — u.
 Nervinum,  Unguentum Sambuci — u. Nitricum
 vel oxygenatum, Unguentum  acidi nitrosi.
  Unguentum Ophthal'micum, Adeps ox'ido hy-
 drargyri rubro et plumbi  aeetdte medica'tus, Re-
gents Pommade ophthalmique,  (F.) Pommade oph-
 ihalmique. (Butyr. recent., aq. rosar. lavat. 4J p. ;
               UNGUENTUM

 camphor., oxyd. hydrarg. rubr., acetatis plumbi,
 ua 0.25 p.  Mix intimately.—Ph. P.)  In chronio
 inflammation of the conjunctiva or tarsi.
  Unguentum Ophthalmicum, Unguentum oxidi
 zinci impuri—u. Ophthalmicum rubrum, Unguen-
 tum hydrargyri nitrico-oxydi.
  Unguentum  Ox'idi  Hydrargyri  Cine'rei,
 Adeps seu Unguentum ex hydrargyro mit'ins dic-
 tum cinereum, Ointment of gray oxide of mercury,
 (F.) Onguent gris.   (Oxyd. hydrorg. ciner. p. j ;
 adipis suilli, p. iij. — Ph. E.)  Properties like
 the mercurial ointment.  It is not much used.
  Unguentum Ox'idi Plumbi Albi, Ung.  cerud-
 sa, Ung. album, Ung. subaceta'tis plumbi, Ointment
 of white oxide of lead,  White ointment.  (Ung.
 sintplicis, p. v; oxyd. plumb, alb. p. j. — Ph. E.
 and P.)  Cooling and desiccative.  Applied to
 excoriated and  burnt surfaces.
  Unguentum  Oxidi  Plumbi  Carbonati,  U.
 Plumbi subcarbonatis — u. Oxidi zinci, Unguen-
 tum zinci.
  Unguentum Ox'idi Zinci Impu'ri, Unguentum
 tu'tia, Ung. ophthaVmicum, Eye-salve, Adepa ox'-
 idi zinci medica'tua, Tutty ointment, Ointment of
 impure oxide of zinc.  (Linim. simpl. p. v ;  oxyd.
 zinc. imp. prap. p. j.— Ph. E.)  Generally used
 in ophthalmia tarsi and atonic ophthalmia.
  Unguentum Picis Liq'uidjE, Ung. Picis, Ung.
 e Pice, Tar Ointment.  (Picis liquid., sevi, sing.
 Ibj.  Melt, and stir till cold.)  Stimulant and
 detergent.  Used in tinea capitis, and other cuta-
 neous  eruptions.
  Unguentum Picis Nigr.*:,  Unguentum resinae
 nigrae — u. Plumbi acetatis, Ceratum plumbi  su-
 peracetatis — u.  Plumbi  carbonatis,  Unguentum
 plumbi subcarbonatis — u. Plumbi oxydi  carbo-
 nati,   Unguentum  plumbi   subcarbonatis—u.
 Plumbi subacetatis, Unguentum oxidi plumbi
 albi—u. Plumbici carbonatis, Unguentum plumbi
 subcarbonatis.
  Unguentum Plumbi Subcarbona'tis, U. plum-
 bi carbona'tis, Cera'tum de cerns'aa,  Ung. album,
 U. album eimplex,  U. carbona'tis plumbici,  U. ce-
 nts'sa, U.  oxidi plumbi carbono'ti,  (F.) Ongucnt
 blanc de Rhazes, O. de ceruaee, O. de Tornomira.
 (Plumbi carbonat.  in  pulv. subtiliss.  gij;  Un-
 guent,  simpl. Ibj.   Add the carbonate of lead to
 the ointment previously  softened over a  gentle
 fire,  and mix. — Ph. U.  S.)  Chiefly used as a
 dressing for burns.
  Unguentum Plumbi Superaceta'tis,  U. ace-
 ta'tis plumbi, Ointment of sugar of lead, Unguen-
 tum saturni'num, U. cerua'aa aceta'ta, Bal'samum
 universdle.  (Olive oil, Ibss;  white wax,  giss;
 auperacetate of  lead, gij.)  Cooling,  desiccative.
 Called, also,  Baleamum  saturni'num,  Buty'rum
 eotur'ni, Linimen'tum plumba'tum, Poma'tum  sa-
 tur'ni, Ung. triphar'macum.
  Unguentum Popule'um, Adepa papav'ere,  hy-
 oecy'amo, et belladon'nd medica'tua.  (Fresh buds
 of the populua nigra, 500 p., macerated in adeps
 suillus prap. melted, 1500 p.,  for 24 hours.  Pre-
 serve this.  Take black poppy leaves, belladonna,
 hyoscyamus, black  nightshade, aa, 128 p.;  bruise
 in a mortar with  the  former preparation; boil
 until all the humidity is evaporated, and strain.—
 Ph. P.)  Anodyne.  Applied  to local inflamma-
 tions,  hemorrhoids,  sore nipples,  cancer, 4c.
 Green  elder ointment is often  sold for this.
  Unguentum Populeum, see Populus.
  Unguentum Potas'sa Hydrioda'tis,  U. po-
 tas'sii io'didi, Ointment of hydri'odate of potass.
 (Potass, iodid.  in  pulv.  subtil, gj ; aq. bullient.
^3i > adipis, gj.  Dissolve the iodide in the water,
and mix the solution with the lard. — Ph. U.  S.)
 Half a drachm of this ointment is rubbed  on
scrofulous glands, goitre,  4c.
  Unguentum Potassii Iodidi, Unguentum Po-
^4 
               UNGUENTUM              88

tasBae Hydriodatis — u. Pulvis meloes vesicatorii,
Cerate of cantharides—u. Resinae flavae, Ceratum
resinae flavae.
  Unguentum Resi'NjE Nigr*, Ung.  resina ni-
grum, Ung. basil'icon nigrum, Ung. tetrapharm'a-
cum,  Illack basilicon, Black  resin ointment, Cn-
guentum picis nigra.   (Resin, nigr., cera flara,
resina ./lor. aa, t^ix : o?et oliva, Oj.—Ph. L.  Uses,
the same  as  the Ceratum reeina or Yellow baai-
lietm.
  I'nguentum Resins Pini Sylvestris  Com-
positum, Unguentum de Althaea—u. Resinosum,
Ceratum resinae flavae — u.  Resumptivum,  Un-
guentum de althaea.
  Unguentum Sabine, Ceratum Sabinae.
  Unguentum Sambu'ci, Ung. aambdcinum,Green
ointment, Unguentum nervi'num, Elder ointment,
(F.)  Onguent de sureau.   (Sambuci  flor. Ibij;
ti'/ipis prap. m\j.  Boil.— Ph. L. and D.)  Emol-
lient.
  Unguentum Saturninum,  Unguentum plumbi
superacetatis—u. ad Scabiem Zelleri, Unguentum
hydrargyri praecipitati albi—u. Simplex, Ceratum
Galeni, Unguentum cerae —u. Solidum de cicuta,
Emplastrum cicutae — u. Spermatis ceti, Unguen-
tum cetacei.
  Unguentum Stramo'nii, Ointment of Stramo'-
nium.  (Ext. stramon. fol. gj ;  adipis, gj.  Rub
the extract with  a little water until  uniformly
soft, and  then with the lard. — Ph. U. S.)  An
anodyne  ointment to  irritable ulcers,  hemor-
rhoids, 4c.
  Unguentum  Subaceta'tis  Cupri,   U. cupri
subaceta'tis (Ph.  U. S.),  Ung. deter'gens,  Ung.
basil'icum  vir'ide,  Ung. aru'ginia,  Bol'aomum
viride, Ointment of subaeetate of copper,  Ver'di-
gris ointment.  (Cupri subacct. in pulv. subtiliss.
gj ; ung. simpl. gxv.  Add the  subaeetate to the
ointment previously melted with a moderate heat,
and stir  till  cold. — Ph. U. S.)   Detergent  and
escharotic.
  Unguentum Sulphura'tum ad Sca'biem, Adeps
sul'phure et ammo'nia muria'te medica'tus. (Adi-
pis, 120 p.;  sulph. lot. 60 p. ; ammonia, muriat.,
alumina sulphat. 55, 4 p.;  fiat unguentum.— Ph.
P.)   Antipsoric
  Bailey's Itch Ointment is composed of olive oil,
lord, nitre, alum, sulphate of zinc, and cinnabar;
scented with oil of aniseed, oil of origanum, and
oil  of spike, and coloured with alkanet-root.
  Unguentum  Sulphura'tum Alcali'num  ad
Sca'biem,  Adepa sul'phure et carbona'te potassa
medica'tus, HeV meriek's Alcaline Sulphurd ted Itch
Ointment.  (Adip. prap. 800 p.; sulphur,  lot. 200
p. ; carbonat. potaaa. pur. 100 p.; fiat  ung.— Ph.
P.)   Use, same as the last.
  Botemads Itch  Ointment  resembles this.  It is
coloured with cinnabar, and scented with essence
of bergamot.
  Unguentum Sul'phuris, Ung. e sulph'ttre, Sul-
phur ointment.  (Sulph. Ibj ; adip. tbij. — Ph. U.
S.)    Used  chiefly  in  itch, and  some herpetic
affections.
  Unguentum  Sulphuris  Compos'itum,  Com-
pound Sulphur Ointment, Itch Ointment, Unguen-
tum Antipsor'icum, Jackson's Itch  Ointment, Pom-
made Autipeoriqtte de  Josaer.  (Sulph.  sublim.
Ibss; reratri rod. contus. ^ij ; potassa  nitrat. gj :
saponis mollis,  ibss; adi/iis,  Ibiss ; ol. bergamot.
HI, xxx.— Ph. L.)  The Unguentum Sulphuris
Compositum  of the Pharm.  U. S., is made as
follows:—Sulphur, ^j ;  hydrargyri  ammoniat.,
acid,  benzoic, aa gj ; ol. bergamot., acid,  sulphu-
ric, aa fgj ; potassa nitrat. gij ; adipis, Ibss.  To
the  melted lard add the other ingredients, and
stir till  cold.  Use, the same as the last; but it
is more stimulating.
  Unguentum Sulph'uris Iod'idi, Ointment of
Todide of Sulphur. (Sulphur, iodid. gss; adipis,
5               UNSTRIPED

 gj.  Rub the iodide with a little of the lard; add
 the remainder, and mix—Ph. U. S.)   An excel-
 lent application in chronic cutaneous affections.
   Unguentum Susinum, Crinomyron.
   Unguentum Tab'aci, Tobacco Ointment.  (Ta-
 bac. recent, concis. gj ; adipis, Ibj.  Boil the to-
 bacco  in the  lard, over  a gentle fire, till it be-
 comes friable; then  strain through linen. — Ph.
 U. S.)  Applied to irritable ulcers, tinea  capi-
 tis, 4c
   Unguentum Tartari  Emetici, U.  antimonii
 tartarizati — u. Tartari stibiati, U. antimonii tar-
 tarizati— u. e Tartaro potassae stibiati, U.  anti-
 monii  tartarizati —u. Tartratis potassae stibiati,
 U. antimonii  tartarizati —u. de Terebinthina et
 adipibus, U. elemi compositum — u. de Terebin-
 thina et cera,  U. de althaea,— u. Terebinthina? et
 ovorum vitelli, U.  digestivum simplex—u. Tetra-
 pharmacum, Basilicon, U. resinae nigrae — u. Tri-
 pharmacum, U. plumbi superacetatis—u. Tutiae,
 U. oxidi zinci impuri.
   Unguentum A^era'tri,  U. V. albi,  Unguentum
 helleb'ori albi, White hellebore ointment. ( Verati;
 pulv. gij ; adipis, gviij ; olei Union. ttuxx.)  Used
 in cases of itch, where sulphur is objected to.  It
 is not equally efficacious.
   The principal ingredients in the  Edinburgh
 Ointment are white hellebore and muriate of am-
 monia.
   Unguentum ad Vesicata,  U.  lyttae—u. ad
 Vesicatoria, Cerate of cantharides — u. Vesicato-
 rium.
   Unguentum Zinci, Ung. ox'idi zinci, U. zinci
 oxidi (Ph. U. S.), Zinc ointment.   (Zinci  oxid.
 gj ; adipis, gvj.   Use, the same as that of  the
 Unguentum tutia.
   Unguentum Zinci Oxidi, U. zinci.
   UNGUIS,  Hippocampus minor,  Nail, Ptery-
 gion—u. Avis, Hippocampus minor—u. Halleri,
 Hippocampus minor — u.  Odoratus, Blatta By-
 zantia.
   Unguis Os,  Os lachryma'le.  A small, quadri-
 lateral, very  thin, and  semi-transparent bone,
 which has been compared to a human nail, and
 is situate at the anterior and inner part of  the
 orbit.  It aids in the formation of the lachrymal
 gutter and the nasal  duct.   It is articulated with
 the frontal,  superior  maxillary, ethmoid,  and
 inferior spongy bones, and is developed by a sin-
 gle punctum oeaificationia.
   UNGULA  CABALLINA, Tussilago.
   UNGULiE  PALPEBRARUM, see Tarsus.
   UNILOCULAR,   Unilocula'ris,  from  units,
 'one,' and loculus, 'a  cell.'  Having one cell  or
 cavity, as Biloc'ular means having two cells or
 cavities ; multiloc'ular, having many.
   UNIO, Pearl.
   UNIOCULUS, Cyclops, Monoculus.
   UNIPARIENS, Uniparous.
   UNIPARIENT, Uniparous.
   UNIP'AROUS, Unipdrient, Unipariens, from
 units,  ' one,' and pario,  ' I  bring forth.'  Pro-
 ducing one at a birth.
   UNISE'MA DELTIFO'LIA, Pontede'rio cor-
 da'ta,  Shovel Pickerelweed, Pond Shovel, Shovel-
 lenfi Water Plantain.  An indigenous plant, Ord.
 Pontederiaceae, Sex. Syst. Hexandria Monogynia,
 which grows in water, and  flowers from June to
 August.  The root is emollient and astringent.
   UNI'TING BANDACE, _(F.)  Bandage  nnis-
 aant.  A bandage for bringing the  edges  of a
 wound into approximation.   The  arrangement
 of such a bandage  differs according as the wound
 is transverse or longitudinal.
   UNFVOCAL GENERATION, see Generation.
   UNOCULUS, Borgne,  Cyclops, Monoculus.
   UNORGANIZED, Inorganic.
   UNSTRIPED MUSCULAR FIBRE,seeMus-
 cular fibre.
86 
                  UNWELL                8!

  UNWELL, see Menstruation.
  UPAS.   A word used in the Archipelagos of
Molucca and Sunda, and  signifying  Vegetable
Poison, Ipo, Bohon Upas, Boa Upas,  Pohon  An-
tiar, Boon  Upas.   A substance used by the na-
tives of those places for poisoning their arrows.
The smallest quantity is capable  of destroying
the largest  animal.   The tree which  produces it
is said to be the Antia'ris  Toxicdria.  Another
species of upas, the U. Tieuti, is the produce of a
Strychnos.   Many  idle stories are told regarding
the upas, most of which are fabulous.
  U'RACHUS, U'racus, Urinae'idum, from ovpov,
'urine,' and e^w, 'I contain.' (F.)  Ouraque.  The
urachus, in certain  animals,  is a long membranous
canal, which arises from the bladder, makes its
exit from the abdomen by the umbilicus, and ter-
minates in  the pouch called allantois.  According
to Sabatier, this is the arrangement of the urachus
in  the human foetus; but Bichat and other ana-
tomists consider, that when  the canal exists in it,
it is a malformation.  They regard it as a kind
of suspensory ligament of the bladder, extending
from the top of that organ to the umbilicus ; and,
at the umbilicus, confounded with the abdominal
aponeurosis.
  URACRATIA, Enuresis.
  URACUS, Urachus.
  URjE'MIA,  from  ovpov, 'urine,'  and 'atpa,
'blood.'  A condition  of the blood in which it
contains urine or urea.
  URALI, Curare.
  URANA, Ureter.
  URANE, Urinal.
  URANISCONI'TIS, from ovpavtaicos, 'the pa-
late,' and itis, denoting inflammation. Palati'tis.
Inflammation of the palate.
  URANISCOPLAS'TICE, from ovpaviaKos,  'the
roof of the  mouth,' and r.XaartKos,  'forming.'  The
operation  of engrafting in case of deficiency of
the soft palate.
  URANISCORRHAPHY, Staphylorraphy.
  URANISCOS, Palate.
  URANORRHAPHY, Staphylorraphy.
  URAPOSTE'MA, Absces'aus  urino'sns,  Urce-
de'ma.  A  tumefaction  produced by the escape
of urine.   An abscess containing  urine.
  URARI, Curare.
  ERAS, Urate.
  URATE, Uras,  Lithate,  Liihas;  from ovpov,
'urine.' A generic name for salts, formed by the
combination of uric or lithic acid with different
bases.   Urate  or  Lithate  of Soda is found in
arthritic calculi:— Urate or Lithate of Ammo'nia
in  some urinary calculi.
  URE'A,   Uren,  Uren'ium, U'ricum, Mate'ria
urino'sa, Princip'ium seu  Sal  urino'sum,  (F.)
Urie.  Same etymon.  A white, pearly, brilliant
substance,  in transparent plates,  inodorous, and
of a cool taste; very soluble in water; deliques-
cent, and soluble in alcohol.  It exists, in great
quantity, in the urine; and is an  essential  part
of it.   It has been used as a diuretic.   Dose, gr.
xv  to *"*)j.
  UREC'CHYSIS, Urech'ysis, from ovpov, 'urine,'
and tK%vats, 'effusion.'  Effusion of  urine  into
the cellular membrane.
  UREDO, Urticaria.
   UREE,  Urea.
  UREMA, Urine.
  UREN.  Urea.
  URENIUM,  Urea.
  URENS, Caustic.
  UREORRHfEA, Diabetes.
  URESLESTHESIS,  Diuresiaesthesis.
  URESIS, Micturition.
                 URETHRA

  URE'TER.   Same etymon as Urate.   U'rana,
Vena alba renum, Caiia'lis ner'veus jistulo'sus re-
num, Ductus seu Ductor Uri'na, U«« urina'rutin,
(F.)  Uretere.  A long, excretory canal—membra-
nous and cylindrical— which conveys  the urine
from the kidney to the bladder.  It extends, ob-
liquely, between the pelvis  of  the kidney,  with
which it is continuous,  and the boa fond of the
bladder, into which  it opens.  It enters at the
posterior and inferior part, for some distance be-
tween the coats, and opens into the cavity of the
bladder, at  the posterior angle of the  Trigone
viaicol.   The ureter  is  formed of an  exterior,
white, opake, and fibrous membrane; and of an
inner, which is  mucous.
  URETERAL'GIA, from  ovpnrnp, ' the ureter,'
and  aXyos, ' pain.'  Pain in the  course of the
ureter,—as from calculus, Ureteral'gia calculo'aa.
  Ureteralgia Calculosa, see  Ureteralgia —
u. Inflammatoria, Ureteritis.
  URETERE, Ureter.
  URETER'ICUS.  An epithet for ischury, 4c,
arising from an affection  of the  ureter.
  URETERI'TIS, Ureteral!gia inflammato'ria,
Ureterophlegma''sia. Inflammation of the ureter;
generally caused by calculus.
  URETERO-LITH'ICUS,  from ovpnrnp,  'the
ureter,'  and XtSos, 'a stone.'  An epithet applied
to ischury or other affection caused by a stone in
the ureter.
  URETEROL'ITHUS.  Same etymon.  Calcu-
lus in the ureter.
  URETEROPHLEGMASIA,  Ureteritis.
  URETERO-PHLEGMAT'ICUS, from ovpnrnp,
'the  ureter,' and tpXtypa,  'phlegm  or  mucus.'
Any affection caused  by mucus accumulated in
the ureter.
  URETERO-PY'ICUS, from ovpnrnp,  'the
ureter,'  and Ttvov, 'pus.'  An epithet applied to af-
fections caused by the presence of pus in the ureter.
  URETERORRHAG'TA, from  ovpnrnp,  'the
ureter,'  and payn,  'rupture.' Hemorrhage  from
the ureter.
  URETERO-STOMAT'ICUS,  from  ovpnrnp,
'the ureter,' and aropa, 'orifice'  That which is
dependent upon obstruction of  the orifice of the
ureter.
  URETERO-TIIROMBOI'DES, from  ovpnrnp,
'the ureter,' Spoiifios, 'grumous blood,' and  ttios,
'resemblance.'   Ischury from grumous blood in
the ureter.
  URE'THRA, ovpn&pa, Cana'lis seu Mea'tus seu
Ductus urina'rius,  Uritts, Ure'tra, Fis'tula urina'-
ria,  Iter urina'rium seu  Uri'na; (F.)  Urethre,
Uretre,  from ovpov, ' urine.'  The excretory ducts
for the urine in both sexes; and for the sperm in
man. In the latter, it is 8 or 10 inches long ; and
extends from the neck of the bladder to the ex-
tremity of the penis, in which  its external  aper-
ture is situate.   In the male urethra, three por-
tions are distinguished:—1. A  Prostatic portion,
near the bladder, about an inch and  a  quarter in
length,  which  traverses the prostate gland : —
2. A membranoua portion, Isthmus ure'thra,  Furs
ure'thra membrana'cea, from 8  to 10 lines  long,
which is separated from the rectum by the  areo-
lar tissue only : — 3. A apongy portion,  which ex-
pands, anteriorly, to form  the  glans, and which
commences at  the bulb  of the urethra.   Before
opening externally,  the canal  has a dilatation,
called the Foeaa or Fotsic'ula  navicula'ris.  On
the interior of the urethra two white  lines are
perceptible — the  one above,  the other below.
The  latter commences at the rerumontanttm ; and
at the surface of this, the ejaculatory ducts, and
prostatic ducts open.  The urethra is lined, in its
whole extent, by a mucous membrane; on which
16 
URETHRAL
887
URINARY
are seen, particularly at the bulb, the orifices of
a number of follicular ducts, Lacuna  or Sinuses
of .Morgagni.   At about an inch and a half from
the opening of the meatus, one of these lacunae is
generally found, much larger than  the rest, and
is named Lacuna  3/ogna.  The  arteries  of the
urethra are numerous, and proceed  from the in-
ternal pudic, — the largest branches entering the
bulb. The veins follow the course of the arteries.
The lymphatics pass into the inguinal and hypo-
gastric plexuses.  The nerves come from the pu-
dic and gluteal.  In the female, the urethra is
only about an inch long.  It is wider than in
man, and susceptible of great dilatation.   It is
very wide at its  commencement;  and  descends
obliquely forwards, to terminate at  the top of the
external aperture  of the vagina by the mea'tus
wind rius.  In its  course, it  is slightly curved,
the concavity being forwards.
   Urethra,  Blind Ducts of the, see  Caecus —
u. Mucous lacunae of the, see Caecus.
   UEE'THRAL,  Urethra'lis.  Ure'thricue,  from
ovpnBpa,  'the urethra.'  Relating to the urethra.
   URETIIRAL'GIA, from ovpn8pa, ' the urethra,'
and aXyos, ' pain.'   Pain in the urethra.  Gonor-
rhu-a,
   URETHRE, Urethra.
   I'RET1IREMPHRAXIS, Urethrophraxis.
   URETERITIS,  Gonorrhoea.
   I'RETTIROBLENNORRIKE'A, from ovpn^pa,
'the urethra,'  PXtwa, 'mucus,' and pita, 'I flow.'
Gonorrhoea; gleet.
   URETIIROCYSTAUCHENOTOMIA, see Li-
thotomy.
   URETHROCYSTEOANEURYSMATOTOM -
IA, see  Lithotomy.
   URETHROCYSTEOTRACHELOTOMIA, see
Lithotomy.
   UR KTHROILEMORRHAGIA,  Urethrorrha-
gia.
   U R E TIIR 0 PIIRAX'I S,  Ureth rcmphrax'is,
from ovpn$pa,  'the urethra,'and tppaaoui, 'I ob-
 struct.'  Obstruction of the urethra.
   URETHROPLAS'TIC, Urethroplas'ticus; from
 ovpn$pa, ' the urethra,' and rXaaaw, ' I form.' An
 epithet given to the operation urethroplaaty which
 supplies defects in the canal of the urethra through
 which the urine escapes.
   URETHRORR HA'G IA, Urethrohamorrhd -
 gia, Caulorrha'gia stillatit"ia,  Hamatu'ria stil-
 latit"ia, from ovpnSpa, ' the urethra,' and pnyvvpt,
 ' I break out.'  Hemorrhage from the urethra. —
 Frank.
   URETIIRORRHCE'A, from ovpnSpd,  'the ure-
 thra,'  and ptiD, ' I flow.' A discharge of any kind
 from the urethra,
    URETHROSTENOSIS.  Strictdra  ure'thra,
  Urosteioi'sis,  from  ovpijdpa, 'the  urethra,' and
 ortvuats, ' narrowness.'   Stricture of the urethra.
    URETHROTOMES,  (F.)  Urithrotome, from
 ovpn?iiu, 'the  urethra,' and Ttjxvta, 'I  cut.' An
 instrument so called  by Le Cat, with  which he
 divided the skin,  and  laid open the urethra,  in
 the operation for lithotomy. Also, an instrument
 for dividing strictures of the urethra.
    URETHROT'OMY, Urethrotom'ia .-  same ety-
 mon.    An  operation, which consists in opening
 the urethra  for the removal of stricture.  See
 Boutonniire.
    URETHRYMENO'DES, from  ovpnSpa, 'the
 urethra,' and 'vpv>; ' a membrane.'  That which
 is caused by a membrane formed in  the urethra.
    URETICUS. Diuretic, Urinary.
    UEETRA,  Urethra.
    VEETRE. Urethra.
    URETRIS. Urinal.
    UR1AS, Fistula, (urinary,) Urethra.
  URIASIS, Lithia, Uresis.
  URIC  ACID, Ac"idum u'ricum, AC'idum uro-
lith'icum, Acidum  lith'ietim, Lithic Acid, Urylic
Arid.  An  acid which  exists in human urine,
chiefly, if not wholly, in  the form of urate of soda
or urate of ammonia, and which in  combination
constitutes  the greater  part  of  urinary calculi.
It is often  deposited from the urine in health.
See Calculi, urinary.
  URIC  OXIDE,  Ox'idum u'ricum, Xanthic ox-
ide, Xanthine, Urous acid.  A substance not dis-
covered in healthy  urine, although probably bear-
ing some relation to the  yellow colouring matter.
It is a very rare ingredient of calculous concre-
tions, and little is known either of its chemical or
pathological history.
   URICUM, Urea,
   URICUS, Urinary.
   URINA CEREBELLA, see Cerebella—u. Chy-
li, see Urine — u. Cibi, see Urine—u. Diabetica,
Urine, diabetic —  u. Febrilis,  Urine, febrile — u.
Furfuracea, see Furfuraceous—u. Galactodes, see
Galactodes—u. Genitalis, Sperm—u. Jumentosa
seu  Jumentaria, Urine,  jumentous — u. Mucosa,
Cystirrhcea — u. Nephelodes, see Nepheloid — u.
Oroboides  seu Orobodes, see Oroboides — u. Peri-
cardii, see  Pericardium  — u.  Potiis, see  Urine —
u. Sanguinis, see Urine—u. A*acc;e, Urine,  cows'.
   URINACULUM, Urachus, Urinal.
   URESLE PROFLUVIUM,  Diabetes —u. Sup-
pressio, Ischuria—u. Stillicidium, Strangury—u.
Substillum, Strangury.
   U'RINAL, Urinato'rium, Chernib'ium, Urane,
 Ure'tris,  Urinae:1'idum,  Urodochium, Urod'oche,
 Urodoche'um, Urotra'cium, Matra'cium, Mat'ula,
3Iatel'la;  from urina,  'urine.'  A name  given,
1. To certain vessels, used to pass the urine into.
2. To reservoirs, of different shapes and charac-
ter, which are adapted  to the penis, in cases of
incontinence of urine, and which are intended to
receive the urine as it flows off.
   URINALIS, Diuretic, Urinary.
   URINARIA, Antirhinum  linaria, Leontodon
 taraxacum.
   U'RINARY, Urina'rius,  Urina'lis, Urino'eus,
 U'ricua, Uret'icus.  Same etymon.  That which
 relates to  the urine.
   Urinary Bladder,  Veei'ca Urina'ria,  Cyetis,
 Urocya'tia, (F.)  Veaaie.   A musculo-membranous
 reservoir,  intended for the reception of the urine,
 until the accumulation  of a certain quantity so-
 licits its excretion.  The bladder is situate in the
 hypogastric region, between the rectum  and pubis
 in man ; and between the pubis and vagina in the
 female.   Its upper region is not covered,  except
 by the peritoneum, posteriorly.   From  its  centre
 arises the  urachus.  Its lower region is bounded,
 anteriorly, by the prostate, in man ; and rests on
 the vesiculae seminales and  rectum.  In  the fe-
 male, it corresponds to  the vagina.  The  lowest
 portion  of this region  bears the name  Bae-fond.
 The anterior surface of the  organ is not covered
 by peritoneum.  It is attached to the symphysis
 pubis by a fibro-cellular expansion  called the an-
 terior ligament.    The  posterior  ligaments are
 duplicatures of the peritoneum on its posterior
 surface, which  extend  from  this surface  to the
 rectum in the male, and to the uterus in the fe-
 male. The bladder is. composed of a serous mem-
 brane, formed by the peritoneum ;—of a muscular
 membrane ; of a somewhat thick layer of areolar
 tissue;  and is lined on  its  inner  surface, by a
 mucous membrane, which  is, sometimes, raised
 up, here and there, in long prominences or columns
 by the muscular fibres  beneath. To this  condi-
 tion, the French anatomists  give the term—veeeie
 ii colonnee.  In the baa-fond the two ureters open,
 and the urethra commences; and the  trian;rnlar 
               URINATORIUM              8:

space, which the apertures of these three  canals
leave between them, is called, by the French, the
Trigdne visical or Vesical  Triangle,  Trigo'nus
seu  Trigo'num vesi'ca seu  Lieutau'di.  In the
orifice  of  the  urethra, which  is also called the
neck of the bladder, there is, at its lower part, a
more or less prominent tubercle, which is formed
by the anterior angle  of the  Trigone vesical, and
is called the Vesical  uvula, U'vula vesi'ca, (F.)
Luette visicale.
  The  arteries of the bladder proceed from the
hypogastric,  umbilical, sciatic, middle  hemor-
rhoidal, and internal pudic.  Its veins, which are
more numerous than  the arteries, open into the
hypogastric venous plexus.  Its nerves emanate
from the sciatic and  hypogastric plexuses; and
its lymphatic vessels  pass into the hypogastric
ganglia.
  Urinary Calculi. The calculi which form
in the urinary passages.  See  Calculi, urinary.
  Urinary Passages, (F.)  Voies urinaires. The
aggregate of canals and cavities intended to con-
tain  the urine and convey it externally.   These
ways are  composed  of excretory  ducts,  which
form  the  tubular portion  of the  kidney; of
calices ; pelvis ; ureters ; bladder ; and urethra.
  URINATORIUM,  Urinal.
  URINE, Uri'na, U'ron, Ure'ma, Lot'ium, Lot,
Lapis au'reus, Omich'ma, Recremen'ta seu Retri-
men'ta vesi'ca, Aqua pedum,  Aqua.  An  excre-
mentitial fluid; secreted by the cortical part of
the kidney; filtered through the tubular portion;
poured  guttatim from the apices  of the tubular
papillae into the pelvis of the kidney ; and trans-
mitted by it  to  the  ureters;  which  convey it
slowly, but in a continuous manner, into the blad-
der, where it remains  deposited, until its accumu-
lation  excites a desire to void it.   The excretion
of the fluid takes place through the urethra; and
is caused by the action of the abdominal muscles
and  diaphragm and the contraction of the fibrous
coat of the bladder.   Urine is  transparent; of  a
citron-yellow colour ;  of a peculiar odour, and of
an acid, saline, and slightly bitter taste.  That
which is passed some time  after  taking fluid, is
less  coloured, and less odorous and dense than
that which is  voided 7  or  8 hours after  eating.
The first is  the  Uri'na potus, (F.) Urine de la
Boisson,,Urine from  drink: — the latter Uri'na
san'guinis, (F.) Urine de  la digestion,  Urine de
la coction, Urine  euitc, Coded urine, Urine of di-
gestion.  Three distinct varieties  of urine may,
according to  Dr. Golding Bird,  be recognised:
First.  That passed some little time after drinking
freely of fluids, which is generally pale,  and of
low  specific gravity—1.003 to 1.009—Urina po-
tus.   Secondly, That secreted after the digestion
of a full meal; s. g. 1.020 to 1.028, or even 1.030
— Urina chyli vel cibi.  Thirdly, That secreted
independently of the  immediate stimulus  of food
and drink, as  after a night's rest, which is usually
of average density—1.015 to 1.025, and presents
the  essential characters  of urine — Urina san-
guinis.
   The following are the ordinary constituents of
healthy human urine:—urea,  uric acid, [hippuric
acid ;] extractive matters, embracing alcohol ex-
tract, spirit extract, and water extract, with their
respective constituents ; mucus ; brown colouring
matter of the urine, (haemaphoein;) red colouring
matter of the urine, (uroerythrin ;) carbonic, lac-
tic,  hydrochloric, sulphuric,  phosphoric,  silicic,
and hydrofluoric acids;  soda; potassa;  ammo-
nia ; lime ; magnesia; and peroxide of iron. The
proportion of solid matters  in  1000 parts of urine
may vary from 20 to 70.  The following table
expresses  the relative amounts  of the different
 components in every 100 parts of the  solid mat-
8                  URINE

ter,  according  to  the analysis  of difforent ob-
servers :
                Berzclim. Lehm.inn.  Simon. Marchand
Urea,             45.10    49.08    33.80    48.i)l
Uric Acid,          1.50    1.61     140    1.5'J
Extractive matter, A
  Ammonia, Salts 13(. 30    2895    42G0   -j-,.^
  and  Chloride  off
  Podium,        J
Alkaline Sulphates, 10.30    11.58     8.14   10.18
Alkaline Phosphates, 0.88    5.96    0.50    4.57
Phosphates of lime j lgQ    j g7     , 59    JM
  and magnesia,   j

  Its average specific gravity is  about 1.015.  The
quantity passed by the adult  in  the 24  hours va-
ries.   On  the  average it may  amount  to  two
pounds and a half.  Sometimes, the  urine,  in
health and  disease,  exhibits appearances  that
have received special names.   Thus, that which
is characterized by a deficiency of solid  matters
generally, has been called Hydrdria,  ('vSwp, 'wa-
ter;')  by a deficiency  of urea,  Anazotd'ria, (av,
privative, and  azote;)  by a superabundance  of
urea,  Azotu'ria.  Urine  in which  the  deposit
consists of lithic acid, and the lithates, has been
termed Lithdria ; and  that in which the deposit
consists of the earthy and earthy-alkaline phos-
phates, Phosphdria Ceramdria,  (atpa/ios, 'potters'
earth,') &e. &c. At times, a pellicle forms on the
surface (Cremor urina) which consists  of mucus
and some  salts: at others, there is a cloud, (Nu-
becula, nubes,) towards its upper part, which  is
called Enaore'ma when  it is  suspended, as  it
were, about the middle  of the liquid.   Occasion-
ally, there is a sediment, to which the names Hy-
poa'taeie, Sedimedtum, &c, have been given. (See
these various words.)  The urine is often  deserv-
ing of attention in disease; but it has  been con-
sidered a matter of more importance than it me-
rits.  Some empirics have presumed to pronounce
on the nature of disease by simply inspecting  it.
 See Uroscopy.
  Human urine was,  at one time, considered ape-
rient; and was given in jaundice, in the  dose  of
 one or two  ounces.   Cow's urine, Urina  Vacca,
 Allfiower water, was once used, warm from the
 cow, as a purge, in the dose of  Oss.
   Urine has been variously designated  by pa-
 thologists, according to  its  appearance,  &c, for
 example: —
   Urine, An.e'mic,  Uri'na ana'mica.  Used, but
 not felicitously, for the form of  urine that occurs
 in anaemia, chlorosis, &c.— Becquerel.
   URINE ARDENTE, Ardenturine—u.Bloody,
 Haematuria—u. de la Boiaeon,  Urine, hysterical,
 see  Urine—u. de la  Coction, see Urine.
   Urine, Crude, (F.) Urine crue.  Urine that is
 thin, transparent, and but little coloured, afford-
 ing neither cloud nor deposite.
   URINE CRUE,  Urine, crude — u.  Cuite, see
 Urine.
   Urine, Cystinic,  Cystinu'ria.  Urine  contain-
 ing cystine or cystic oxide  in solution, or as a
 deposite.
   Urine,  Diabetic, Uri'na diabetica.   Urine
 passed in Diabetes mellitus, Melitdria.  It con-
 tains a large quantity of sugar  analogous to that
 of the grape, which may be separated in the form
 of  crystals.  In other respects, the urine is very
 abundant and  very limpid in that affection.
   URINE DE LA  DIGESTION,  see Urine.
   Urine, Drop'sical,  is an ammoniacal urine,
 often containing much albumen and scarcely any
 urea.
   Urine, Dyspep'tic, has been found  to precipi-
 tate tannin abundantly, and to  soon  putrefy.
   URINE EPAISSE, Urine,  mucilaginous.
   Urine,  Febrile,  Uri'na. febri'lis.   Urine dis-
 charged in inflammation and inflammatory fever. 
                   URINE                  8S

  Uiune, Filamentous, see Filamentous.
  Urine,  Floc'culent,  (F.) Urine floconneuse,
is when the fluid is troubled by flocculi, suspend-
ed in it.
  Uiune,  Ecrfura'ceous, see Furfuraeeous—u:
Floconneuse, Urine, flocculent — u. des Goutteux,
Urine, gouty.
  Urine,  Gouty,  (F.) Urine des goutteux, con-
tains much  phosphate of lime, and, after  severe
attacks of gout, precipitates a mixture of the uric
and rosacic acids.
   URINE HUILEUSE, Urine, oily.
  Urine,  Hyster'ical,  is clear, colourless, and
similar to the  Urine de la Boisson.
  Uiune,  Icter'ical, contains bile.
  Ukine,  Incontinence  of, Enuresis.
  Urine  of  Inflammatory  Diseases.  This
is,  generally,  small in quantity, and very high-
coloured.
  Urine,  Involuntary Discharge of, Enuresis.
  Urine,  Jiimen'tous, Uri'na jumento'sa  senju-
menta'rio, (F.) Urine Jumenteuse.  A term used,
by  the French,  for ammoniacal urine,  rendered
turbid by a substance  similar to small grains of
dust, which causes  it to resemble the  urine of
herbivorous animals.
   URINE LACTESCENTE,V. milky—u.Lai-
teuae, Urine, milky.
   Urine, Milky, (F.) Urine  locteacente ou lai-
teusc  AVhite and troubled urine.
   Urine, Mucilag"inous, (F.) Urine  ipaisse.
Urine containing much mucus.
   Urine, Nervous. Thin and very liquid urine;
such as is passed shortly after the attack of ner-
vous diseases.
   Urine  of Nervous Fevers is generally very
thin : and often  deposits a mixture  of  uric and
rosacic acids.
   Urine, Oily, (F.) Urine huileuee, is that which
pours like oil, or which has an oily pellicle at its
surface.
   Uiune, Oxal'ic, Oxaldria.   Urine containing
 a salt of the oxalic acid.
   Urine, VHOSPHOnEs'cent,Phosphordria,Phoe-
 phu'ria.  Urine which is  luminous  or  phospho-
 rescent.
   Urine, Pur'puric, see Porphyruria.
   Urine, Rick'ety, contains much phosphate of
 lime.
   Urine, Sandy, Arenosa urina—u. Stoppage of,
 Ischuria—u. Tinuc, Urine, thin.
   Urine, Thin, (F.) Urine tinue.  Urine  that is
transparent, slightly coloured, and but little dense.
   URINIF'EROUS, Urinifer, from ovpov, 'urine,'
and-./Vro,  ' I carry.'  That which carries urine.
   Uriniferous Substance of the Kidney, see
 Kidney.
   Uuinif'erous Tubes  or Ducts  of Belli'ni,
 Tu'buli vel  due'tus uriniferi  Belli'ni,  Tii'buli
 Belli'ni, licllinia'ni Ductus, Bellinidna Fis'tula.
 The collection of small tubes,  converging from
 the cortical part of the  kidney to  the  apices of
 the papillae.
    URI NODES. Urinous.
    URINOM'ETER, from ovpov, 'urine,' and ptr-
 pov,  ' measure.'   A  small hydrometer for taking
 the  specific gravity of urine.  The urinometer
 suggested by Dr. Prout is divided into 60 degrees,
 the  zero  being the point at which it floats in dis-
 tilled water.  The numbers on the scale added to
 1000, the specific gravity of water, give the par-
 ticular specific gravity : thus, supposing the num-
 ber  cut by the  surface of the liquid  to be 30, it
 would indicate a s. g. of 1.030.  The letters H. S.
 on  the back of the scale mean "healthy stand-
 ard," which ranges from 10° to 20°.
    U'RINOUS,  Urino'sus, Urino'des.  Having the
 character of urine.  Similar to urine.
)                UROPYGION

  UROCE'LE, (F,de'ma scroti urino'sum, Uros-
cheoce'le, Oscheocele urina'lis, from ovpov, 'urine,'
and KnXn, ' a rupture.'  A tumour of the scrotum,
owing to the effusion of urine into the same, and
into the areolar tissue.
  UROCHES'IA, Uroehez'ia, from ovpov, 'urine,'
and xc£uv> 'to &° to st°o1-'  A discharge 0f urine
by the bowels.
  UROCRASIA, Enuresis.
  UROCRIS'IA, from  ovpov, 'urine,'  and Kptvoi,
' I judge.'   Urocrite'rion.  A  judgment  formed
either of the urine, or of disease after inspecting
the urine.
  UROCRITERION, Urocrisia.
  UROCYSTIS, Urinary  bladder.
  UROCYSTITIS,  Cystitis.
  UROCYSTOCATARRHUS, Cystirrhoea.
  URODIAL'YSIS, from ovpov, 'urine,' and Sta-
Xvats, ' dissolution,  loss of strength.'  A partial
and temporary suspension of the function of the
kidney, such  as occurs  in the course  of most
acute diseases.  A  condition of the function of
the kidney and of the  urine, similar to that ob-
served in acute diseases,  but without local mis-
chief or preceding  inflammatory fever, has been
termed, when occurring in children, Urodial'ysis
Neonato'rum ; in the aged, Urodialysis Senum.—
Schonlein.
  URODOCHIUM,  Urinal.
  URODYN'IA, from  ovpov, 'urine,' and oSvvn,
'pain.'   Pain during the  excretion of the urine.
  URCEDEMA, Urapostema.
  UROGENITAL,  Urogenita'lis, Gen'ito-u'ri-
nary, Gen'ito-urina'rius.   Relating or appertain-
ing to the urinary and genital apparatuses.
  Urogenital  Sinus, Sinus  uro-genita'lis.   A
 cavity or canal  in the embryo of  the mammalia
 opening externally,  in which the excretory ducts
 of the AA'olffian bodies, the  ureters and the effe-
 rent parts of the generative apparatus, terminate
 internally.  It  is prolonged  into the  urachus.
 Subsequently it becomes  separated by a process
 of division into a^>ars urina'ria and a pars ge-
 nita'lis.   The former, extending towards  the ura-
 chus,  is  converted  into the  urinary bladder;
 whilst from the latter are  formed the  veeicula
 aeminalee in the male,  and the middle portion of
 the uterus in the female.—J. Miiller.
  UROLITHI, Calculi, urinary.
  UROLITHIASIS, Lithia.
  UROLITHOLOC'IA;  from  ovpov,  'urine,'
 Xtuos, 'a  stone,' and  Xoyos, 'a description.'  A
 description of urinary calculi.
  UROLITHOTOMIA, Lithotomy.
  UROMANTI'A,  from  ovpov, 'urine,' and pav-
 rtta, ' divination.'   The art of divining  diseases
 by  simple inspection  of  the urine;  Uroeco'pia.
 One professing to be able to do this is called Uro-
 man'tes.  Vulgarly,  a water-doctor.
  UROMPH'ALUS, Her'nia  U'rachi.   A mon-
 strosity, which  consists in the protrusion of the
 urachus at the umbilicus.
   URON, Urine.
   URON'CUS, from ovpov, 'urine,' and oynos, 'a
 swelling.'  A urinary  swelling.
   URONOL'OGY,  Uronolog"ia,  from ovpov,
 'urine,' and Xoyos, 'a  description.'  The part of
 medicine which treats of the urine.
   UROPHTHLSIS, Diabetes  mellitus.
   UROPLA'NIA, from ovpov, 'urine,' and TtXavrj,
 'wandering.'    The presence of  urine in other
 parts than the urinary organs.
   UROPOE'SIS, Uropo'iCsia, from ovpov, 'urine,'
 and ttoitui, 'I make.'  Secre'tio uri'na seu lo'tii.
 The secretion of urine by the kidney.
   UROPOIESIS, Uropoesis.
   UROPYGION, Coccyx. 
                UROPYGIUM               8

  UROPYGIUM, Croupion.
  URORRHAGIA, Diabetes.
  URORRHCBA, Enuresis, Diabetes.
  UROSCHEOCELE, Urocele.
  UROSCOPIA, see Uromantia.
  URO'SES, from ovpov,' urine.'  Diseases of the
urinary organs. — Alibert.
  UROS'TEALITH,  UroateaVithoa, from ovpov,
'urine,' artap, ' suet,' and Xidos, 'stone.'   A pecu-
liar fatty ingredient of urinary calculi, discovered
by Heller.
  UROSTENOSIS, Urethrostenosis.
  UROUS ACID, Uric oxide.
  UROZEMIA, Diabetes — u.  Albuminosa,  Kid-
ney, Bright's disease of the—u. Mellita, Diabetes
mellitus.
  DRTI'CA, U. Dioi'ca seu major seu  his'pida,
Pyr'ethritni, the Common stinging nettle,  Ad'ice,
(F.)  Ortie.  Family, Urticeae.  Sex. Syst. Monoe-
cia Tetrandria.  This plant has  been long  used
for  medical and culinary purposes.  The young
shoots, in the spring, are  considered to  possess
diuretic and antiscorbutic properties.
  Urtica Balearica, U. pilulifera — u.  Dioica,
Urtica —• u. Hispida, Urtica — u.  Iners  magna
fcetidissima, Galeopsis — u. Major, U. dioica—u.
Minor, U. urens — u.  Mortua, Lamium album.
  Urtica  Pilulif'era, Pill-bearing Nettle,  U.
Pilulo'sa seu Roma'na seu Baledrica, (F.)  Ortie
Romaine.   The seed was formerly given in dis-
eases of the chest.
  Urtica Pilulosa, U. pilulifera—u. Roman, U.
pilulifera.
  Urtica  Urens,  U. minor, Dwarf nettle, (F.)
Ortie brulante.  A lesser variety of  the nettle,
possessing similar virtues.
  Nettles  have been used  as stimulants to para-
lytic limbs.
  UR TIC AIRE, Urticaria.
  URTICA'RIA, from  urtica,  'a nettle;' Enan-
the'sia urtica'ritt,  Ure'do,  Scorloti'no ttrtica'ta,
Cnido'eie,  Urtica'ria porcel'lana, Exanthe'ma ur-
tica'turn, Epiuyc'tis prurigino'sa, Febris  urtica'ta,
Pur'pura  urticata, Febria  rubra  prurigino'sa,
Saltans rosa, (F.) Urticaire, Fievre Ortie, Po'rce-
laine, Nettle-rash; vulgarly  Hives, Bold  Hives;
from urtica, ' a nettle,' because the eruption re-
sembles that produced by the stings of  a nettle.
A disease distinguished by those elevations of the
cuticle called wheals.   They have a white top,
and  are  often  surrounded by  a diffuse  redness.
They excite intolerable itching, especially when
the person is warm in bed.   The eruption fre-
quently goes and comes once or more in the  24
hours, and is generally dependent upon  gastric
derangement.  In some people, nettle-rash is in-
duced by  shell-fish, eggs, nuts,  &c.   It is not
usually  a disease  of  any  consequence, and  its
treatment is limited to the use of absorbent laxa-
tives, and  simple general means.  AVillan has de-
scribed six varieties of the complaint;—Urtica'ria
febri'lis,  U. evadida,  U. perstans, U. confer'ta,
U. subcuta'nea, and U. tubero'ea.
  Urticaria Porcellana, Essera, Urticaria.
  URTICA'TIO, Cnido'siSfUrtica! tion, from urti-
ca,  ' a nettle.'   A sort of flagellation, with  net-
tles ;—used with the intention of exciting the  skin
  URUCU, Terra Orleana.
  URYLIC ACID, Uric acid.
  USNEA,  Lichen saxatilis — u. Florida hirta
Lichen plicatus — u, Hirta, Lichen plicatus__u.
Plicata, Lichen plicatus.
  ETSSACU, Hura Brasiliensis.
  USTILAGO, Ergot.
  USTIO, Burn, Ustion.
  USTION, Us'tio, Cauais, from urere, ustum, 'to
burn.' The act of burning or of applying the actual
cautery.   Also the effect of cauterization; a burn.
                   UTERUS

  USTULA'TIO, Ustulo'tion.  A pharmaceutical
operation  by which a substance is dried by heat
  USUALIA, Officinals.
  USUS,  Habit.
  UTER, Uterus.
 _ UTERI ADSCENSUS, Hysteria—u. Antever-
sio, Hysteroloxia anterior—u. Carcinoma, Metro-
carcinoma—u. Convulsivus morbus, Lorind matri-
cis—u. Coryza, Leucorrhcea—u. Exulceratio, Hys-
terelcosis—u. Flexio, Hysteroloxia — u. Inclina-
tio, Hysteroloxia—u. Obliquitas, Hysteroloxia,—
u. Pronatio, Hysteroloxia anterior — u. Pruritus,
Nymphomania — u. Reflexio completa, Hystero-
loxia posterior — u.  Retroversio,  Hysteroloxia
posterior — u. Rheuma,  Leucorrhcea — u.  Ileus,
Hysterelcosis—u.  Versio  incompleta, Hystero-
loxia.
  U'TERINE, Uteri'nus,from uterus, 'the womb.'
That which belongs or relates to the womb.
  Uterine Artery, Arte'ria uteri'na  hypogas,'-
trica.  Its  size  is  always  in  a ratio with the
greater or less state of development of the uterus.
It arises  from the hypogastric, either separately
or with the umbilical, or from the internal pudic;
passes upon the lateral parts  of the  vagina, to
which it gives branches; and afterwards ascends
on the sides of theTiterus, and divides into a con-
siderable  number  of  very  tortuous   branches,
which enter the  tissue of the organ.
  Uterine Muscle of  Ruyscii consists of some
fleshy fibres  at the fundus  of  the uterus, which
he regarded as forming a particular muscle.
  UTERI'NUS  FRATER.  In law, a brother
by the mother's side.
  UTERO-ABDOMINAL  SUPPORTERS, see
Belt, Russian.
  UTERO-GESTATION, Pregnancy.
  UTEROMANIA, Nymphomania.
  U'TERUS, liter, Utric'ulus,  Loci, Loci mttlie'-
bres, Vulva,  Venter, Arrum  natu'ra,  Coneepto.C-
ulitm, Alatrix, Ager natu'ra,  Hys'tero,  Metra,
Stera,  An-'gua,  Delphya, Alvue, Epompha'/ion,
Goste.r, Mater, Netlys, 'postrenin, the  Womb, (F.)
3Iatrice, Seiu.  The uterus,  destined to lodge the
foetus from the commencement of conception till
birth, is a hollow symmetrical organ, having the
shape of a truncated conoid : it is situate in the
pelvis, between the bladder and the rectum,- above
the  vagina, and below the  convolutions  of the
small intestine.  The uterus is  flattened from be-
fore to behind, and is nearly an inch in thickness.
It is two  inches broad  at  its  highest part, and
becomes narrower towards the vagina : termina-
ting in a contracted portion, called the cervix or
neck, to .distinguish it from the rest of the  organ,
called the body.   From its fundus or upper por-
tion, the Fallopian tubes pass off.  The mouth is
caRed Oa  U'teri or Oa Tinea.   The cavity is very
smalt, and its parietes are thick.  The portion of
the  cavity corresponding with the body is trian-
gular and flattened.  Its superior angles present
the  extremely fine orifices of the Fallopian tubes.
The  cavity of the neck is slightly dilated  before
opening into the vagina.  The uterus is composed,
1. Of a eeroue membrane.   This is external, and
furnished  by the peritoneum ; which is reflected
upon the uterus from the posterior surface of the
bladder and  the anterior surface of the rectum.
It forms, also, the broad ligaments of the  uterus,
Li gamed ta lata, Ala vespertilio'nis, Re'tia  U'teri.
These  contain, above, the  Fallopian  tube; bel
neath and anteriorly, the round ligaments ; and,
behind, the ovary.   They are  two membranous
productions or duplicatures of the  peritoneum,
sent from the edges of  the  uterus and posterior
extremity of the vagina, in a transverse direction,
to be fixed to, and  line, the side of the pelvis.
2. Of a mucous membrane, which is  a prolonga-
)0 
UTRICLE
891
UVULITIS
tion of that of the vagina, and extends into  the
tubes.   3.  Of a proper tieaue, whose thickness is
con-iderable.  It is of a close texture ;  is grayish
and elastic;  and resists the instrument that di-
vides it.   Its intimate nature is but little known.
During gestation it is truly muscular.  The arte-
ries of the uterus proceed from the spermatic  and
hypogastric.  Its veins follow  the same  course,
and bear the same name  as  the  arteries.  They
are very tortuous, and form large sinuses in the
parietes of tho  organ,  called  U'terine Si'nuses.
Its nerves proceed from the sciatic and hypogas-
tric plexuses.   Its  lymphatic vessels are very
multiplied ; and during pregnancy acquire enor-
mous  dimensions.  The changes  experienced by
the uterus  during gestation, and after delivery,
are very numerous and important to  be  known.
They regard its situation, direction, size, shape,
texture, connexions, vital properties, <fec.
   Uterus,  Abdomen —  u. Anteversion  of  the,
Hysteroloxia anterior.
   Uterus Bif'idus.  A double uterus.   One se-
 parated into two cavities.
   Uterus  Duplex, Dihysteria — u.  Hour-glass
 contraction of the, Chaton—u. Inclinatus, Hyste-
roloxia.
   Uterus, Ir'ritable, Neural'gia of the Uterus.
 A disease  characterized  by deep-seated pain  in
 the lower part of the abdomen,  and in  the back
 and loins; generally diminished by lying down,
 and increased by exercise, and more severe for a
 few  days  preceding  and during menstruation.
 On examination per vaginam, the uterus is found
 to be  tender on pressure;  and  the cervix and
 body slightly swollen, but not usually indurated.
 It is  an obstinate affection, but frequently  ends
 of itself after years of suffering.   The treatment
 must be,— the  horizontal posture; local blood-
 letting to  the  uterus; emollients; soothing in-
 jections; narcotics, warm bath,  &c.   See Hyste-
 ralgia.
    Uterus, Inversion  of the, lnver'sio U'teri,
 3Ict,-anas'trophe, JEdopto'aia Uteri inver'ao, (F.)
  Inreraion de lo 3Ititrice,  Renvcrsement de la Ma-
 trice.  The uterus,  displaced and turned inside
 out.  This can  only happen through want of cau-
 tion on the part of the medical  practitioner.  It
 is a fatal accident, unless speedily reduced.  This
 must be done by gradually returning the superior
  part, by grasping it with the hand, and making
  the  rest follow.
    Uterus Masculinus, see Ejaculatory ducts —
  n. Obliquus, Hysteroloxia — u.  Retroversion of
  the, Hysteroloxia posterior.
    Uterus, Rupture of the, 3Ietrorrhex'ie, Hys-
  terorrhex'is, Ruptu'ra  Uteri, Perfordtio  Uteri,
  Laceration of  the  Womb, (F.) Rupture de la 31a-
  trice.  This dreadful  accident occurs during la-
  bour, and is  known to have taken place, ,\s*hen
  the child's head suddenly recedes  during a pain,
  with vomiting, sinking of the pulse, cold sweats,
   &c.   AVhen it is evident that this has  occurred,
  the hand must be  passed into the uterus, and the
   feet of the child be brought down.
    Cases are on record, in which  partial lacera-
   tions of the uterus have healed, and the patient
   has done well.  This is a rare  event, and not to
   be anticipated.
     UTRICLE, see Semicircular canals.
     UTRICULAR,  Utriculo'ris; from  utriculus,
   'a  small bag  or  bottle.'   Relating to  or resem-
   bling a small  bag or bottle.
  Utricular  Glands,  Gladdula utricula'res.
The glands or follicles in the interior of the ute-
rus which are concerned in  the formation of the
decidua.
  UTRICULUS, see Ejaculatory ducts, Uterus—
u. Communis, see Semicircular canals — u. Lac-
teus, Receptaculum chyli.
   UA'A, Uvula,  see  Vitis vinifera — u. Inversa,
Paris —u. Lupina,  Paris —u. Ursi, see Arbutus
uva ursi—u. Vulpina, Paris.
   Uv.e Corinthiace,  see Vitis Corinthiaca.
   Uvve Pass^e, Phages, Dried Grapee, Raisins,
see Vitis vinifera.
   Uv,e Passae  Ma.tores, see Vitis vinifera — u.
Passae minores,  see Vitis Corinthiaca — u. Passae
sole siccatae, see Vitis vinifera.
   UVATIO, Ceratocele, Staphyloma.
   U'VEA, from uva, ' an unripe grape.'  Tu'nica
acino'aa seu acinifor'mis seu uvdlia seu actndlia
seu uvifor'mia, Rhogo'i'des, Tu'nica rhago'ides seu
uvea seu perfora'ta, Membrana uvea, Rhox, (F.)
 Uvie.  Some anatomists have given this name to
the choroid coat of the eye; others, to the poste-
rior layer of the iris, on account of the black and
very thick varnish that covers it.
   Uvea,  Commissure of the, Ciliary ligament.
   UVEE, Uvea.
   UA'EI'TIS; a word of hybrid formation; from
 uvea,  'the  uvea,' and itia,  denoting  inflamma-
 tion;  properly, Rhagodei'tis.   Inflammation of
 the uvea.
   UVIGENA, Uvula.
   UVIGERA, Uvula.
   UATLA, diminutive of uva, ' a grape.'  Pin-
 nac'ulum for'nicis  gutturdlis,  Uva,  Staph'yle,
  Tintinnab'ulum, Columel'la, Cion, Ci'onis, Gar-
 gdreon,  Colum'na  oris,  Gurgdlio, Intersep'turn,
 Processus seu Cartila'go U'vifer, Uvief ena,Uvig"-
 era, Pap  of the Throat, Himas, Plectrum, Sub-
I  lidgua, Sublin-'guium, (F.) Luette.  A  fleshy ap-
  pendix  or prolongation, which hangs from the
  middle  or free edge of the velum palati.  The
  uvula has a conical shape, and is of a greater or
  less size  in individuals.  It is formed, especially,
  by the mucous membrane of the velum  palati;
  and contains, within it, the azygos uvulae muscle.
  Its use is not clear.
    Also, a small prominence or lobule in the por-
  tion  of the cerebellum that forms the posterior
  boundary of the fourth ventricle.  It is  on  the
  median line, and behind the nodulus.
    Uvula, see Vermiform process inferior — u.
  Decidua, Staphylcedema — u. Relaxata, Staphy-
  lcedema—u. Vesicae, see Urinary bladder—u. Ve-
  sical, see Urinary bladder.
    UVULAR, Uvuldris, from uvula.  That which
  belongs to the uvula.
    Uvular Glands are small follicles, belonging
  to the mucous membrane covering the uvula.
    UVULARIA,  Ruscus hypoglossum.
    Uvula'ria  Perfolia'ta,  Smaller Bellwort;
  indigenous :  Order,  Melanthaeeae;  flowering in
  May and June. The root, when fresh, is subacrid
  and  mucilaginous.  A decoction of the plant is
  used in  sore mouth.   It is said to cure the bites
  of rattlesnakes.
     UVULI'TIS, a word of hybrid formation, from
   uvula, and itis, denoting inflammation.  Angi'na
   uvula'ria,  Staphyli'tia,  Cioni'tia, Inflamma'tio
   u'vula,  (F.) Inflammation de la  Luette,  Falling
   down of the Palate.   Inflammation of the uvula. 
VACCIN                  892                VACCINIUM
y.
  VACCIN, see Vaccina.
  VACCI'NA, Vaccidia,  Vari'ola vaccina, V.
vaccin'ica, V.  tuto'ria,  V. tutrix, Exanthe'ma vac-
cina, E. antivariolo'sum, Syn'ocha vaccina, Vac-
ei'ola,  Vacei'ola vera,  Vacci'na primig"ena seu
vaccinato'ria seu antivariolo'sa,  Vacriola scutel-
la'ta, Vari'ola  tuto'ria,  Cow-pox, Kine Pock,
Inoc'ulated Cow-pox, Emphly'sis vaccina inser'ta,
from vacca, ' a cow;' (F.) Vaccine.  The cow-pox
is  a disease of the cow, arising spontaneously,
which, if transmitted to man by  means of inocu-
lation, may preserve him from small-pox conta-
gion.   The promulgation of this valuable pro-
perty of the vaccine virus is due to Dr.  Jenner.
When  inoculating for  small-pox in  Gloucester-
shire, in 1775, he was  surprised to meet with a
number of persons in the same district, on whom
the insertion  of the virus produced no effect,
although  they had  never passed through the
small-pox.  On  investigation,  he found that all
these persons  had  previously been affected by a
pustular  eruption  of the  cow, which they had
taken by  milking the  animal; and which erup-
tion they called Cow-pox.  This discovery in-
duced him to institute  experiments, and he found
that such preservative effect actually  existed.
The Vaccine Virus,  Virus Vacci'num, (F.) Vac-
cin, or the fluid of the  eruption, is not now usu-
ally taken immediately from the cow;  experience
having demonstrated, that it is  nearly as effica-
cious  when obtained  from  the human  vesicle.
The characteristic of cow-pox  eruption  is : — a
semi-transparent, pearl-coloured vesicle, with a
circular or somewhat oval base; its  upper sur-
face, until the end of  the  8th day, being more
elevated at the margin than in  the centre; and
the  margin  itself  being  turgid,  shining,  and
rounded, so as often to extend  a little over the
line of the base.  This vesicle is filled with clear
lymph ; contained in numerous little cells, that
communicate with each other.   After  the 8th or
9th day from the insertion of the virus, it is sur-
rounded by a bright red,  circumscribed areola,
which varies in  its diameter, in different cases,
from a quarter of an inch to two inches; and is
usually attended with a considerable tumour, and
hardness  of  the adjoining areolar  membrane.
This areola declines on the 11th or 12th day; the
surface of the  vesicle then becomes brown in the
centre; and the fluid in the cells gradually con-
cretes  into a  hard, rounded scab  or  crust, of a
reddish-brown colour, which at  length  becomes
darker, contracted, and dry, but is not detached
till three  weeks after  vaccination.  It  leaves a
permanent, circular cicatrix; about five lines in
diameter,  and a little depressed; the  surface
being marked with very minute pits or indenta-
tions, denoting the number of  cells of which the
vesicle had been composed.  This is the progress
of the genuine cow-pox.  At times, fever occurs
about the 9th or 11th day; but, at others, not the
slightest indisposition  is felt.  Aberrations from
this progress occur, which must  be attended to;
as the same preservative influence is not exerted
by  irregular or  spurious cow-pox.  If the erup-
tion runs  speedily to a height, has an  aureola too
early, is irregular at its edges, and contains pus
instead of a limpid  fluid, — it cannot at all be
depended upon.
  Small-pox occurs, at times, as an epidemic af-
ter vaccination.  For  a while,  the enthusiastic
advocates of  vaccination would not admit the
Affection to be small-pox;  and, accordingly, they
gave it the name Varioloid.  It is unquestionably
small-pox, but modified, and greatly divested of
its  terrors by  previous  vaccination ;  and it is
said to happen less frequently after vaccination
than after small-pox inoculation.  Vaccination is
now practised every where,  except  among those
in whom ignorance and  prejudice exclude  the
lights  of reason and  philanthropy.   There is
ground, however, for the belief, that for full pro-
tection revaccination may be occasionally neces-
sary.
  Vaccina Antivariolosa,  Araccina — v. Primi-
gena, Vaccina—v. Tutoria, Vaccina—v. Tutrix,
Vaccina — v. Vaceinatoria, Vaccina.
  VACCINAL, Vaccine.
  VACCINA'TION, Vaccina'tio, from vacca, 'a
cow;' Cow-pox  inoculation,  JennCrian inocula-
tion.  An operation which consists in inserting
the vaccine virus under the cuticle, so that it may
come in contact with the absorbents.  It is  ex-
tremely  simple, and requires merely that  the
point of the lancet should be  held  under  the
cuticle for a short time.  The best  time for tak-
ing the matter from the Cow-pox vesicle, for vac-
cination, is about the 7th or 8 th day, before  the
appearance of  the aureola, when it ought to be
limpid and transparent.   The most certain me-
thod is, to pass it from arm to arm; but this is
not always convenient;  and,  hence it is taken
upon points or pieces of quill, or between glasses.
It must, of course, be  softened for use.  This is
done by means of a  little water, which does  not
destroy its efficiency.  The scab, too, which falls
off about the end of three weeks—sooner or later
— is capable of communicating  the affection, if
dissolved in water;  and this is the most common
method of transmitting the vaccine virus in some
countries.
  VACCINATOR,  VaCcinist, one who inoculates
for the cow-pox.
  VACCINE, Vaccina.
  Vaccine, Vacci'nua, Vaccina'lis, (F.) Vaccinal;
same  etymon.  Relating or  appertaining to vac-
cination, as the ' vaccine vesicle,' 'a vaccine phy-
sician.'
  VACCINEL'LA.   A term employed by some
to designate spurious cow-pox.— Vaceidois, Vac-
ei'ola spu'ria seu lepro'sa.
  VACCINIA, Vaccina—v. Palustris, Vaccinium
oxycoccos.
  VACCINIST, Vaccinator.
  VACCINIUM MACROCARPON, see V. oxy-
coccos.
  Vaccin'ium Myrtil'lus,  Vitis ida'a  myrtil'-
lus.  The 3Iyrtle Berry, Vaccin'ia myrtil'lus, Bil-
berry, Blea-berry, Whortle-berry, Black Whorts,
Vaccin'ium nigrum,  (F.) Airelle Anguleuae, Rai-
sin de Boia.  Family, Vaccineae.  Sex. Syat.  Oc-
tandria Monogynia.  The berries — Bacca Myr-
tillo'rum—are  esteemed to  be  antiscorbutic,
when prepared with vinegar.  They are also said
to possess antiseptic and sub-astringent properties
when dried. They are not used in medicine;  but
are frequently eaten with milk and  sugar.
  Vaccinium Nigrum, V. myrtillus.
  Vaccinium Oxycoc'cos, Oxycoc'cos, O.palus'-
tris, Schollera oxycoccos, Vaccinia palua'trie, Villa
Ida'a  palua'trie, Moorberry, Cranberry,  3Iosa-
berry,  Swamp  Redberry, Sourberry, (F.)  Canne-
berge.  The berries  are pleasantly acid and cool-
ing.   They make an  agreeable preserve.  The
common American  Cranberry is from Vaccinium
macrocarpon. 
VACCINOIS              893                VALERIANA
  Vaccin'ium Punctatum,  V.  vitis  idaea —v.
Resinosum, Gaylussacia resinosa.
  Vaccinium  Stamin'eum,   Buckberry, Squaw
Huckleberry, Deerberry.  The  leaves  of these
plants are astringent.
  A'acciniim Vitis Id^e'a,  V. puncta'tttm, Vitis
Ida'a puncta'ta,  Red Bilberry,  Am'peloa Ida'a,
 Whortleberry, Cowberry, (F.) Airelle ou Canne-
berge ponctuie.  A decoction of the  leaves has
been used in calculous  affections.  They are as-
tringent.  The ripe  berries  are  pleasantly acid,
and refrigerant.   Whortleberries  are furnished by
different species of A'accinium.
  VACCINOIS, A'accinella.
  VACCIN US, Vaccine.
  VACCIOLA,  Vaccina —v.  Leprosa, Vacci-
nella — v. Scutellata, Vaccina — v. Spuria, Vac-
cinella — v. Vera, Vaccina.
  VACILLA'TIO, Tituba'tio, from vacillare, 'to
waver.'   Staggering;  waddling — claudica'tio
aunt'ica.
   Vacillatio Dentium, Odontoseisis.
   VAGIN, Vagina.
   VAGI'NA,  'a sheath,'    Vagi'na mulie'bris
 seu uteri'na seu U'teri seu  Penis, Sinus mulie'-
 bris seu  Pudo'ris seu  Pudeddi, Gol'eus, Peris,
 Perin,  Colpoa,  Vulvo-uterine canal,  (F.) Vagtn.
 A  cylindrical canal, five or six  inches  long;
 situate within the pelvis, between the bladder
 and rectum.  It  communicates by one extremity,
 Auloe,  with the vulva; by  the other, with the
 womb, the  neck of which it embraces.  The va-
 gina is lined, internally, by a mucous membrane;
 and is partly closed, in  young  females, by the
 hymen, and carunculae myrtiformes. — Around
 the mucous membrane  is a layer of spongy, erec-
 tile tissue ;  and a cellulo-vascular membrane.  A
 constrictor muscle; numerous vessels  furnished
 by  the vaginal  artery, particularly; veins and
 nerves, proceeding from  the sciatic plexus, also,
 enter into the composition of the organ.
   The term Vagina or  sheath, Theca, is extended
 to many parts, which serve as envelopes to others.
   Sheath, (F.) Ga'me, is sometimes applied to the
 fascia  enveloping the  limbs;  to  areolar mem-
 brane, enveloping the  muscles, and entering be-
 tween  their fibres; to  that which surrounds the
 blood-vessels; to the  synovial  membranes sur-
 rounding tendons, and lining  the  gutters of
 bones, &o.
   A'agina  Cordis,  Pericardium —  v. Femoris,
 Fascia lata aponeurosis — v. Funiculi  Umbilica-
 lis, see Funiculus umbilicalis—v. Glissonii, Cap-
 sule of Glisson — v. Malleolaris externa, Retina-
 culum tendinum perinaeorum—v. Muliebris, Va-
 gina—v. Muscularis, Perimysium—v. Nervorum,
 Neurilemma—v. Penis, Vagina—v.  Portae, Cap-
 sule of Glisson — v. Uterina, A'agina.
    A'agina of the Vena Porta, Sheath of the
  Vena  Porta, (F.) Gaine de la Vcine-porte,  is the
  areolar membrane that accompanies the divisions
  of the vena porta into  the substance of the liver.
    VAGIN.E SYNOA'IALES, Bursae mucosae.
    VAG"INAL, Vagina'lis,  from  vagina, 'a
  sheath.'—Relating or  pertaining to a sheath.
    Vaginal Artery.  This  exists, as a matter of
  course, only in  the female.  It arises from  the
  hypogastric or from the uterine, vesical, internal
  piidic, umbilical, <fec, and sends its branches,
  first to the lateral parts of the  vagina, and after-
  wards to the anterior and posterior surfaces.
    A'aginyl Bil'iary Plexus.  Aplexus of rami-
  fications of the hepatio duct through the capsule
  of Glisson.
    A'aginal Branches of  the Vena Porta are
  thoso  which have to pass through  the sheath of
  the capsule of Glisson, previous to  entering the
  interlobular spaces.   In this  course, they form
the vaginal plexus.  There are,  also, vaginal
branchee, and a vaginal plexua formed by the
hepatic artery.
  Vaginal Coat of the Eye, see Eye.
  Vaginal Coat of the Testicle, Tu'nica Va-
gindlis, T. Elytroi'des vel  Elytro'dee, is the se-
rous membrane which  envelops the testicle.  Be-
fore the descent of the testicle, the tunica vagi-
nalis does not exist.  It is formed by a prolonga-
tion, furnished by  the peritoneum to the testicle
when it issues from the abdomen.   The  tunica
vaginalis forms  a close sac, investing the testicle
and epididymis, without containing them in its
cavity, and reflected so as to. form a bag around
the circumference of the testis; hence itis divided
into Tu'nica  vagindlis pro'pria and Tu'nica va-
ginalis reflex'a.  Between the two layers, the
inner surface is smooth,  and lubricated by a
serous fluid.
   Vaginal Ganglia, see Spermatic ganglion.
   Vaginal Plexus, see Vaginal branches of the
vena porta.
   Vaginal  Process  of the Temporal  Bone,
(F.) Apojihyee voginale ou  engdinante, Gaine de
I'apophyee stylu'id'e, Chaton, is a bony crista, which
embraces the base of  the styloid process.
   VAGINITIS, Leucorrhcea (vaginal.)
    VAGISSE31ENT,  Cry, Aragitus.
   VAGI'TUS, (F.) Vagissement.  The cry of the
new-born child.  Squalling.
   Vagi'tus Uteri'nus.  The cry of the child in
utero.
   VAGUS NERVUS, Pneumogastric.
    VAIRON (¥.),  Dispar oCultte.   One who has
eyes of different colours.  It also  means  a wall-
eyed animal, or  one whose iris is surrounded by a
whitish circle.
    VAISSEA U, Vessel — v. Sanguin,  Blood-
 vessel-
    VAISSEA UX CAPILLAIRES, Capillary ves-
 sels—v. Chyliflres. Chyliferous vessels—v. Lac-
 tis, Chyliferous vessels — v. Loctiferee, Lactife-
 rous vessels—v. Ombilicaux, Umbilical vessels.
   VALANIDA, Fagus sylvatica.
   VALANTIA  APARINE, Galium aparine.
   VALERIAN, AMERICAN, Cypripedium lu-
 teum, Valeriana  pauciflora — v. Garden, Vale-
 riana phu — v.  Greek, Polemonium reptans — v.
 Officinal, \raleriana—-v. AVild, Valeriana.
    VALERIA'NA, V. ojficina'lie, Wild Vale'rian,
  Valeriana minor, OjfiC'inal Valerian.  Family,
 Dipsaceae.  Sex. Syat. Triandria Monogynia. The
 root, Valeria'no,  (Ph. U.  S.) has  been long ex-
 tolled as an efficacious  remedy in epilepsy, and
 in a variety  of  nervous complaints.   It has been
 also  advised as a tonic, antispasmodic, and em-
 menagogue.  It has a strong, fetid  odour ; bit-
 terish,  subacrid, and warm taste ; and its virtues
 are extracted by water and alcohol.
    A'aleriana  Capen'sis, a  South  African spe-
 cies, has similar virtues.
    Valeriana Celt'ica, V. Saxat'ilie, CelticNard,
 Spica  Cel'tica,  S. Alpi'na, Nardus Cel'tica, Sa-
 liun'ca, Nardum  Gall'icum, Spica  Cel'tica Dios-
 cor'idis,  (F.) Nard Celtique.  The  roots of this
 Alpine plant have been recommended as a sto-
 machic, carminative  and diuretic.  It has a mo-
 derately strong smell, and a warm, bitterish, sub-
 acrid taste.
    Valeriana Denta'ta,  V. locus'ta, Com Salad.
  A wholesome,  succulent plant, cultivated in Eu-
  rope as a salad.   It is antiscorbutic and gently
  aperient.
    A'aleriana  Major, V. phu—v.  Locusta,  V.
  dentata__v.  Minor, A'aleriana — v. Officinalis,
  Valeriana.
    Valeriana  Pauciflo'ra,  American Vale'-
  rian, has the properties of the other Valerians. 
YALE RUNE
894
ArARICELLA
  ArALERlANA Pnr, V. major, Garden Valerian,
(F.) Grand Valiriane.  The root has been  re-
commended in rheumatism; especially in sciatica,
and in epilepsy.
  Valeriana Saxatilis, Y. celtica.
  VALERIANE GRAND, Valeriana phu.
  VALET A PATIN  (F.), Volsel'la Pati'ni.
The common ligature forceps is a modification of
this instrument invented by one Patin.  It con-
sists of two branches, united at the middle by a
hinge, which may be separated or approximated
by means of a screw or running ring.   It is used
for  seizing hold of vessels that are to  be tied.
  A'ALETUDINARTUM, Hospital.
  A'ALETUDINARIUS.  Sickly, Valetudinary.
  VALETU'DINARY, Valetudindrian, Yalitu-
dina'riua, InvoVidus, from valetttdo, 'health.' —
One of delicate health.   One subject  to frequent
diseases.  An Invalid.
  VALETUDO, Sanitas—v. Adversa, Disease—
v. Bona, Sanitas — v. Commoda, Sanitas—v.  Se-
eunda, Sanitas.
  VALGUS, see Kyllosis
  VALIGA, Tinctura jalapii.
  VALITUDO, Sanitas.
  VALLECULA, A^alley.
  VALLEY, Vallecula, (F.) Grand Scisaure Mi-
diane du Cervelet.   The deep fissure on the infe-
rior part of  the cerebellum, which divides it into
two symmetrical portions.
  VALLUM.   The eyebrow or supercilium.
Also,  a species of bandage.—Galen.
  VALS, MINERAL WATERS  OF.   A French
acidulous chalybeate at A'als, six leagues from
Viviers, in the department of Ardeche.  There
are five  springs, containing  carbonic acid, sul-
phate of iron, and alum.  They are employed in
passive hemorrhages, leucorrhcea, &c.
  VALVE,  Val'vula, Diclis, (F.) Volrul.e, from
valva, 'folding-doors,' itself from volvo, ' I fold
up.'  A small door.  Any membrane  or duplica-
ture of a membrane, which  prevents  a reflux of
humours or  other  matters in the vessels  and
canals of the animal body.   There are some
valves,  whose functions appear to be,—to retard
or to modify the course of substances along canals,
&c.   See mitral,  sigmoid,  tricuspid, ileo-ceecal
valve, &e.
  Valve of  Fallopius, Bauhin, valve of—v.
Heo-ccecal, Bauhin, valve of—v.  Ileo-colic, Bau-
hin, valve of—v. of Tulpius, Bauhin, valve of—v.
of Varolius, Bauhin, valve of
  A-ALA^ES, SEMILUNAR, Sigmoid valves.
  VALA'ULA, A'alve—v. Caeci, Bauhin, valve of
—y. Cerebelli, A'alvula Vieussenii—v. Coli, Bau-
hin, valve  of—v. Foraminis  ovalis, Ovalis fossa
—v.  Guiffartiana,  see Thebesius, veins of—v.
Dei,  Bauhin, valve of—v. Magna Cerebri, A'.
Vieussenii.
  A'alvula Semiluna'ris, Plica  Semilunaris,
Membradula semiluna'ris conjunctiva, Plica, hi-
nd ta.  A small doubling of the tunica conjunc-
tiva,  which lies between the caruncula lacryma-
lis  and  the  ball of the  eye.  In birds,  this is
large, and called Alembrdna nic'titans vel Pal'-
pebra ter'tia.
  Valvula Tarini, Velum medullare posterius
— v.  Thebesii, see  Thebesius, veins  of—v. Ara-
ginae, Hymen — v. Venae magnae, see Thebesius
valve of.
  Valvula Viuesse'nti, Velum Vieussenii, Val'-
vula cerebel'li seu Willisia'na seu magna cer'ebri,
 Velum  interjeCturn cerebelli, V. ctpoph'ysi vermi-
formi obtentum, Lacdnar ventric'uli qnarti supe-
rior,  Velum  medulla're seu  medulla're anti'cum
Seu anterius, (F.)  Valvule  de Vienssens, Voile
midullaire supirieure. A thin, medullary lamina,
over the under end of the Aquneductus Sylvii and
upper part of the fourth ventricle.  At tho sides
of the valves  are two  medullary tracts, called
Process'tie ad  Testes, t-olum'na Val'vula Vieus-
senii, or Oblique interecr'ebrol Com'missurc.
  Valvula AVillisiana, A'alvula A'icussenii.
  YAl.YVLM  BICUSPIDALES, Mitral valves.
  A'alvula Conniven'tes.  Numerous circular
folds in the intestinal canal  from the pyloric ori-
fice through the greater part of the small intes-
tine.  They are folds of the mucous membrane;
and  their chief use  appears to be, to retard the
course of  the alimentary  mass, and to  afford a
larger surface for the origin of chyliferous vessels.
  Valvule Cordis, Ostiola  cordis — v. Cordis
mitrales, Mitral valves—v.  Triglochines, Tricus-
pid valves — v. Trisulcae,  Tricuspid valves.
  VALVULE, A'alve—r.  d'Enstache, Eustachian
valve—v. de Pylore, see Pylorus—v. de Vienssens,
Valvula A'ieussenii.
  VALVULES, V. Episcopalea, Mitral valves —
v. Sigmoidca ou Semilunoires, Sigmoid valves.
  VANELLOE, Vanilla.
  A'ANIL'LA,  Beinil'ia, Banilas, Banilloes, Ba-
nilla, Benzo'enil, Ar'acua aromat'icus,  (F.) Vo-
nille, Baume de Yanille.  The Vanel/oc—St'i'it/ua
vanill'a seu Banill'a seu Vaniglia seu  vttnillia
sen Ar'aci aromat'ici — is a long,  flatfish  pod;
containing, under a wrinkled, brittle shell, a red-
dish-brown pulp, with small, shining, black seeds.
The parasitic plant which  affords this pod is the
Epiden'drum  Vanilla,  Vanill'a  oromat'ica  seu
3Iexica'na.  Family, Orchidese.  Sex. Syst. Gy-
nandria Monandria.  Vanelloes have an unctuous,
aromatic taste,  and a fragrant smell, like that of
some of the finer balsams, heightened with musk.
Although chiefly used as  perfumes, they -are  re-
puted to possess aphrodisiac virtues.
  A'anilla Aromatica, see A'anilla.
  VAPEURS, Hypochondriasis, Hysteria.
  A'APORA'RIUM,  Atmiste'rion,   Lacon'icum,
Py'rio, PyriatCriuin,  Vapour  both.   A useful
remedy in rheumatic and cutaneous affections;
and wherever it is  important to relax the  cuta-
neous capillaries.  In the Russian  Vapour Both,
the vapour is  produced by throwing water over
hot stones.  Its temperature is from 122° to 145°.
  A'aporarium, Ilypocausturn, see  Stove.
  VAPORATIO, Evaporation.
  A'APORES  UTERINI, Hysteria.
  VAPOUR, Flatulence—v. Bath,  A'aporarium.
  VAPOURISH, Hypochondriac, Hysterical.
  VAPOUROUS, AVindy.
  A'APOURS,  Hypochondriasis, Hysteria.
  A'APOURY, Hypochondriacal, Hysterical.
  VARA, Barre.
  A'AREC, Kelp — v. Visiculeux, Fucus vesicu-
losus.
  VARENI, Ambulo-flatulentus, Gout (wander-
ing-)
   VARICE, Varix.
  VARICELL'A, (diminutive of Variola, Small-
pox,) Em'phlysis varicella, Exanthe'ma varicella,
Syn'ochus  varicella,  Chicken pox, Variola lym-
phat'ica,  V. spu'ria, V. sylres'tris, Variola'no-
tha,  V. illegit'ima, Pseudo-variola, V. ro/at'iea,
 V.  pucella, sEoll'ion, jEol'lium,  (F.)  Varicc.lle,
Pitite virole volante, Virolette.  A disease cha-
racterized by  vesicles scattered over the body,
which are glabrous, transparent,  and about  the
size of peas.  They appear in  successive crops,
are  covered by a thin pellicle,  and,  about  the
third, fourth, or fifth day from their appearance,
burst at the top, and concrete  into small, puck-
ered scabs, which rarely leave a pit in  the  skin.
Three varieties have, sometimes, been designated.
1. The V. lentiformes, or lenticular chicken pjox 
VARICIFORMES              895               VARIOLOID
which  are  irregularly circular, and  flattened on
the top; the fluid being  at first whitish, and af-
terwards straw-coloured.  This  is  the common
chicken pox.  2. The  Varied lo conifor'mis, Co-
tmi'dol Chicken  Pox, Pcm'phigue roriolo'des, Va-
riola tymphat'iea, llytlroeh'nia, Swine Pox, Water
Pox,  Water Jags,   in which  the  vesicles are
generally  acuminated, and. the  fluid  pellucid
throughout; and, 3dly,  the Varied'la globula'-
ria or  Hires, in which the  vesicles are globular
and larger ;  the fluid  being, at  first,  whey-
coloured, and afterwards yellowish.  These divi-
sions are,  however,  very arbitrary, for they are
generally confounded.
   Variola has been,  sometimes, mistaken for this
disease, and conversely.   A little attention to the
history of  the eruption in the two affections will
prevent error.   Varicella is  not contagious.  At
times,   it prevails  epidemically.   It  cannot be
propagated by  inoculation.    The  treatment  is
extremely simple; rest,  abstinence, and  the an-
tiphlogistic regimen, being all that is generally
required.
   A'aricella Varioloidea, Varioloid.
   VARHTEOR'MES PARAS'TATyE.   A name
given, by some  authors, to the  ducts of the epi-
didymis, because they seem knotty and varicose.
   VARICOBLEPHARON, from rorix, and PXt-
tpapov, 'eyelid.'   A varicose tumour of the eyelid.
   A'ARICOCE'LE,  from rorix, and icnXn, 'a tu-
mour;'  Oschcoce'le  varico'sa, Her'nia  varico'sa,
Ramcx  varico'sus,   Spermatocele,  Cirsocele.   A
varicose dilatation of the veins of the scrotum
and spermatic  cord.  This latter variety-of the
disease is more  common on the left side than the
right.   It  appears  under  the form  of a  soft,
doughy, unequal, knotty, compressible,  and in-
dolent'tumour,  situate in the course of the cord,
and increasing  from below upwards.   It is less
when  the individual is in the recumbent posture,
and increases when  he is erect.  It is, ordinarily,
an affection of no moment, and is very common,
requiring merely the use of a  proper suspensory
bandage.   It has been  advised, in bad cases, to
tie the enlarged vein, but the operation is not free
from danger induced by phlebitis.  Sir A. Cooper
has proposed the removal of a portion of the scro-
tum, so as to render the  remainder of the scrotum
a natural  bandage.  This plan  has been  found
effectual.
   VARIOOM'PHALUS, from  rorix, and o^aXos,
' the umbilicus.' Varicose tumour of the umbili-
cus ; cirsomphalus.
   A'AR'ICOSE,  Varico'sus, (F.)  Variqueux.
Affected with varix; or belonging to,  or con-
nected with, varix;  — as a varicose vein, & vari-
cose ulcer, that  is, one kept up by varices.
   VARICOSITAS  CONJUNCTIVE,  Cirsoph-
thalmia.
   A'ARICULA, Varix  parro.   A diminutive of
varix.   Also, a varicose swelling of the veins of
the tunica conjunctiva.— M. A. Severinus.
   A'ARI'OLA,  Variola, V. vera, Varioli, Small-
Pox,  Empye'ais Variola,  Euphlog"ia,  Choape,
yEolec'tliymo, Pox (N. of England), Peatis  vori-
olo'ao, Febria variolo'aa; from varius, 'spotted,'
or from rari, 'pimples;' (F.)  I'errioZe, Petit Vi-
role, Pieote.  A disease, now  of somewhat less
interest than before the  discover}7 of vaccination.
It is of a very contagious nature, and is supposed
to have been introduced into Europe from Asia,
at an  early period of the middle ages.  It is cha-
racterized by fever,  with pustules, appearing from
the third to the fifth day. and suppurating from
the eighth to the tenth, and it possesses  all the
distinctive properties of the major exanthemata.
It is  capable of being produced by inoculation,
but this  inoculated small-pox — Vari'ola ineer'ta
— communicates the disease as readily through
the air as the natural amall-pox, or that received
without inoculation.
  Small-pox is distinguished  into two classes,
according to the character of  the  eruption, the
diecrete or distinct, and the confluent.   1. In A'a-
RIOLA Discre'ta, Empyesis variola disereto, Va-
riola discreta  benig'uo, Variola  regulates seu
discreta,  Distinct  Small-pox,  the pustules are
usually of the  size of peas; distinct,  distended,
and circular ; the  intervening  spaces being red;
the  fever inflammatory throughout, and ceasing
when the eruption  is complete.  2. In A'ariola
Con'flitens, Empyeaia variola confluena, Variola
regula'ree eonflnen'tee,  Veeic'ula Diva Bar'bara,
 Viaicules de Suinte-Barbe or  Confluent Small-
pox, the pustules are confluent, or run together;
flaccid and  irregularly circumscribed; the  inter-
vening spaces being pale, and the  accompanying
fever typhoid.   In  children,  diarrhoea, and, in
adults, ptyalism, with  swelling of  the  hands and
feet, generally  appear, towards the period of the
eec'ondary fever, which occurs  from the tenth to
the thirteenth day.  The fever that precedes and
accompanies the eruption  is called the Eruptive
fever.   The prognosis  is favourable in the dis-
tinct kind, if properly managed.  The confluent
is always dangerous, — the unfavourable symp-
toms being — flattening of the pustules, or subsi-
dence of the eruption ; the breathing becoming
much obstructed or oppressed; or marks  of in-
flammatory  and congestive affections oecurring in
the different viscera.   The treatment of the dis-
tinct kind is very simple:  the  antiphlogistic re-
gimen, with cathartics, being  all  that is neces-
sary.  The  confluent  kind requires the  same
management as typhus fever.
   AVhen the pimples are confluent in patches, the
patches, being, however, separated by intervals
of unaffected skin ; it  constitutes  the clustered,
coherent, or corymbose variety— Vari'ola corym-
bo'sa.
   A'ariola Amboinensis, Frambcesia—v. Corym-
bosa, see Variola—v. Inserta, A'ariola (by inocu-
lation)— v. Lymphatica, "Varicella—v. Mitigata,
A'arioloid.
   A'ari'ola sine  A'ari'olis,  Variolous Fever.
 These terms are applied to  cases occasionally ob-
 served during the prevalence of variola, in which
 the constitutional phenomena are present without
 the cutaneous  eruption.
   A'ariola Spuria, A'aricella—v.  Vaccina, A'ac-
 cina—v. A'accinatorum, A'arioloid.
   A'ARIOLAS, A'ariola—v. Equinae, see Grease—
 v. Illegitimae,  A'aricella — v. Modifieat;e, Vario-
 loid—v. Nothae, A'aricella—v. Pucellae, A'aricella
 — v. Sylvestris, Varicella — v. Tutoriae, Vaccina
 —v. A'erae,  A'ariola—v. A'olaticae, A'aricella.
   VARIOLATION, Inoculation (Small-pox.)
   VARIOLE, A'ariola.
   VARIOLI, Variola.
   A'ARTOLOID,  Varioldis, Varioloi'des,  Vari'-
 ola  modijieo'to, V.  mitiga'ta,  V.  raccinato'rum,
 Varicel'la,  Voriolo'itlcti, from variola, small-pox,
 and ttios, 'form,' — resembling small-pox.  This
 is, really, small-pox, modified by previous inocu-
 lation or vaccination ;  and hence it has been
 properly called modified small-pox.   That it is
 small-pox is proved by the fact, that matter,
 taken from  a varioloid pustule, will communicate
 small-pox to one who  has  never had it naturally
 or by inoculation, or who  has  never been vacci-
 nated.   It  is,  almost always,  a  milder disease
than small-pox; and this  circumstance, with its
shorter duration, exhibits  the  salutary effects of
previous vaccination or inoculation.   It has ap-
peared epidemically. 
VARIOLOIS
VEIN
  VARIOLOIS, Varioloid.
  VARIQUEUX, Varicose.
  VARIX, Phlebeurys'ma, Phlebec'tasis, Her'nia
seu Ecta'sia vena'rum, Angiectdsia veno'sa, Ix'ia,
Cirsus, Cedma, Var'icose  Vein,  (F.)  Varice, is
considered, by some, to come from the verb va-
riare, 'to turn,' to  twist,' — on  account of the
sinuosities  of varicose veins.  Dilatation of a
vfein.  A'arices  are owing to local retardation of
the venous  circulation; and, in  some cases, to
relaxation of the parietes of the veins.   They are
very common in the superficial veins of the lower
limbs, especially of pregnant females.  The  tu-
mour or  tumours, formed  by varices,  are soft,
knotty,  unequal,  indolent,  and  livid;  without
pulsation, and yielding readily to  the  impression
of the finger; but returning as soon as the com-
pression  is  discontinued.   Sometimes,  the vein
bursts and gives rise to hemorrhage.   The treat-
ment is usually palliative, and consists in exert-
ing a uniform  and constant pressure upon  the
part, by means of an appropriate  bandage.  The
radical cure has, also, been obtained by extirpa-
tion, division of the vein, or ligature.  The second
course is apt to be followed by phlebitis.
  A'AROLI, BRIDGE OF, Pons Varolii.
  VARUS, Acne, Ionthus, see Kyllosis—v. Men-
tagra, Sycosis.
  VAS, Vessel, Penis—v. Deferens mulieris, Tuba
Fallopiana—v. Urinarium,  Ureter. ,
  A'ASA  ABSORBENTIA, Absorbent vessels —
v. Capillaria, Capillary vessels.
  Vasa  Chylopoiet'ica  Urinif'era.    Blood-
vessels, which, according to Lippi, convey drinks
from the chyliferous vessels to the renal veins.
  Vasa Efferentia, see Efferent — v. Exhalan-
tia, Exhalant vessels—v. Hydragoga,  Lymphatic
vessels — v. Lactea, Chyliferous  vessels, Lactife-
reus vessels—v.  Meningea, Meningeal vessels —
v. Sedalia, Haemorrhoidal  vessels — v. Lympha-
tica, Lymphatic vessels—v. Nutritia,  Vasa vaso-
rum—v. Recta, see Rete testis — v. Resorbentia,
Absorbent vessels, Lymphatic vessels.
   Vasa  Vaso'rum, V. nutrit"ia. Small vessels
that supply larger.  However minutely a vessel
is traced, its parietes wjjl be found supplied with
blood for its nutrition by a smaller vessel.
   Vasa  Vortico'sa, (F.)  Tourbillon  vasculaire.
The contorted vessels which creep on  the choroid
coat of the eye ;  ciliar}' veins.
   VASCOA AMPLEXICAU'LIS.  A South Af-
rican shrub, Nat. Ord. Leguminosae, the roots of
which taste like liquorice.  They are  used, in'
decoction, in catarrh and  phtisis, and are a good
substitute for liquorice.
   VAS'CULAR,  Vascula'ris,  Vaseulo'stts,  An-
gei'al. from vas, 'a vessel.'   That which belongs
 or relates to vessels ; — arterial, venous, or  lym-
 phatic ;  but generally restricted to blood-vessels
 only.  Full of vessels.  Bichat  gave the name
 Vascular system  to the blood-vessels,  and of this
 he made two divisions.  1. The  Arterial system,
 or System of red  blood, (F.) Systime vasculaire d
 sang rouge, which  commences with the radicles
 of the pulmonary veins; and includes the pulmo-
 nary veins, the left cavities of the heart and the
 aorta with all its  ramifications.  The blood, in
 this system, is distributed to the general capillary
 system, where it loses its arterial quality and be-
 comes venous.   2.  The  Venous system or Pascu-
 lar eyatem of black blood, (F.) Syethne vaaeulaire
 it sang noir, carries the blood from every part of
 the system to the  lungs.   It takes its origin  in
 the general capillary system;  continues in the
 veins,  right auricle, and  ventricle of the  heart
 and the pulmonary artery and its branches, and
 is finally lost in  the capillary system of the lungs.
 See Circulation.
  Vascular Layer, see Tache embryonnaire —
v. Radicals, Radical vessels—v. Substance of the
Kidney,  see Kidney—v. System, intermediate,
Capillary system — v. System, peripheral, Capil-
lary system.—v. Tumour, see Haemorrhois.
  VASCULAR'ITY.   The state of being vascu-
lar, or largely supplied with vessels.
  VASCULUM, Penis, Vessel.
  A'as'culum Aber'rans, Appendix to the Epi-
didymis.  A small convoluted duct, of variable
length, generally connected with  the duct of the
epididymis, immediately  before the commence-
ment of  the vas deferens.
   VASE A SAIGNER, Cup.
  VASTUS.  That which is vast or has a great
extent.
  Vastus  Externus  and Vastus Internus are
two considerable, fleshy masses, which form part
of the Triceps cruris.
  VASUM, Vessel.
  VATERIA INDICA, see Copal.
  VATICINIUM CHIROMANTICUM,  Chiro-
mancy.
  VAULT, (old F.  Voulte,) 'a round or turn;'
from volvere,volutum, 'to turn;' Fornix, Gam'era,
(F.)  Voitte.  A  name given  by anatomists to
several parts which are rounded superiorly; con-
cave  and arched inferiorly,—as the Vault of the
cranium or the upper part of the skull,—the Pa-
latine vault or roof of the mouth,  &c., &c.
  VAUQUELINE, Strychnina.
  ArEAL TEA.   This may be  made in the  same
manner  as beef tea,  by using a pound of fillet of
veal,  free from fat and sliced, and a pint and a
half  of boiling  ivater; and boiling for half an
hour. It may also be made with the same quan-
tity of the fleshy part of a knuckle of veal.
  VECORDIA, Idiotism.
  VECTIS, Lever—v. Elevatorius, Elevator—v.
 Triploides, Elevator, triploid.
   VEGETARIAN, see Vegetarianism.
   VEGETA'RIANISM.  Same etymon as Vege-
 tation.  A  modern term, employed to  designate
 the view, that  man, for his full  mental and cnr-
 poreal developement,  ought to subsist on the di-
 rect  productions of the vegetable kingdom, and
 totally abstain from flesh and blood.  An embracer
 and practiser of this doctrine  is called a vegeta-
 rian.
    VEGETATIF, Vegetative.
   VEGETA'TION, Vcgeta'tio, 'growing like a
 r'ant,' from vigeo, ' I flourish.'  A morbid part,
 which rises as  an excrescence in syphilis, Ac.—
 as  the Cauliflower excrescence, &c.  The term is
 also  applied to  the fleshy granulations or Hyper-
 earcoses, which sometimes arise  at the surfaces
 of wounds or ulcers.
    VEG"ETATIVE, Vegetati'vus, (F.) Vigitatif,
 same etymon  as the  last.   Having  relation to
 growth  or nutrition; hence, the  vegetative or nu-
 tritive functions.
    Vegetative Layer, see Tache embryonnaire.
    VEGETATIVUS, Vegetative.
    A'E'HICLE, Vehic'ulum, Oche'ma, Constit'uens,
 (F.) Vihicttle, from  vehere, 'to carry.'  Anything
 which serves to carry; thus air is the vehicle of
 sound ; the arteries are the vehicles of the blood,
 &c.   In Pharmacy, the  name vehicle is given to
 any excipient;  or to substances which  serve as
 the  media of administration for any medicine.
    VEHICULE, Vehicle.
    VEILED PUFF, see  Cavernous respiration.
    A'EIN, Vena, diminutive vedula, Phlcbs, Phlcps,
  (V.)Veine. The veins are vessels for the convey-
  ance of black blood from every part of the body
  to the heart.   They are found wherever there are
  arteries, and,  altogether, form the venous system, 
VEIN
897
VELAMENTUM
which may be  subdivided into two distinct se-
condary systems.   1.  The General venous system,
which commences in  all  the organs, by  very
minute radicles; and  terminates  in the heart by
the vena cava  and the  coronary vein.   2.  The
Abdominal venous system, which is limited to the
abdominal cavity; commences, also,  by  a great
number of branches, and terminates in the  liver
by a single trunk, which subdivides in that organ.
It is called, also,  the  System of the Vena Porta,
or the Portal System.  See Porta.  The veins  form
two sets, one deep-seated, Vena satel'lites, V. con-
com'itea, which accompany the arteries; the other
superficial or  subcutaneous.  Their parietes, which
are  thinner than  those of the arteries, are com-
posed of two  coats;  the one,  external, loose, ex-
tensible, and  with parallel, longitudinal fibres —
the proper membrane; the other, the  common or
inner membrane, which is thin, polished,  and has
numerous duplicatures or folds forming parabolic
valves.  These valves are most numerous in the
veins of the lower extremities.  The coats of the
veins are supplied with small arteries or vasa va-
eorum, veins,  and lymphatics.   They have not as
many nervous filaments as the arteries.  These
filaments are  from the great sympathetic.

            TABLE OF THE VEINS.
   1. veins which  form the superior vena cava.
oi<
     Receives the
1. Basilic,formed of the

2. Cephalic,forming the

3.  Circumflex veins.
4.  Inferior scapular.
5.  Long thoracic.
Ii. Superior thoracic.
7.  Acromial veins.
                  fl
c 1. Posterior ulnar.
< 2. Anterior ulnar.
( 3. Median  basilic.
  1. Superficial radial.
  2. Median cephalic.
                             Pterygoid.
                             Spheno-palatine.
          Receives the     3.  Alveolar.
       1. Internal maxilla--^ 4.  Infra-orbitar.
         ry, composed of the  5.  Mental.
                         | 6.  Inferior dental.
                         (7.  Deep temporal.
    "*'  a  a     *! -„i t__I 1-  Middle temporal.
    ■S < 2- Superficial Tern- V   Anterior auficulam.
    =     poral, composed 1 3  Transverse  of the
    2     0f the          f   face.
    W ' 3. Posterior Auricular.   The trunk  then
      I   takes the name of External Jugular, and
         in  its course along the neck, receives —
       4. Cervical cutaneous.
      (5. Tracheloscapular, &c.
      f      Receives
       1. Superior Cerebral Veins.
       2. Veins of the Corpus Striatum.
       3. Veins of the Choroid plexus.
       4. Superior Cerebellar Veins.
       5. Inferior Cerebellar Veins.
       6. Lateral and inferior Cerebral Veins.
                         1. Lachrymal.
                         2. Central of the retina.
                         3.  Infra-orbitar.
                         4. Ciliary.
                        I 5.  Ethmoidal.
                        | 6.  Palpebral, and
                        [7. Nasal Veins.
                         '1. Palpebral, and
                         2. Superciliary Veins.
                         3.  Dorsals of the nose.
                                     Corona-
                                       ries of
                                       the lip.
                         6.  Several Buccal  and
                         7.  Masseteric Veins.
                         8.  Ranine,
                         9.  Submental, and
                        (10.  Inferior Palatine.
         !>. Lingual  and Pharyngeal Veins.
       10. Superior thyroid.
       11. Occipital, and
       12. A'eins of the Diploe.
2. Right Internal Mammary Vein.
 Inferior Thyroid Vein, opening into the Vena Cava,
between the two Subclavians.
     57
7.0phthalmicVein,
  composed of the
. Facial Vein,
 called angular,
 near the eye, re-
 ceiving the
4. Super
5. Inferior
iorS
or)
        .        ..  .__.:„.,( 1- Right Bronchial
4. Vena Azygos, which receive*} g_ In*ereo8ta, Veir
                       <. x.. niiercosiai v
                       ( 3. Semi-azygos.

 VEINS WHICH FORM THE INFERIOR VENA CAVA.
          fl. Femoral
           or  Crural,
           which  is a
          . continua-
          j tion of the
Receive the  2. Popliteal, *|           f 1 -  Several
1. External j commenc-  I 1.External I abdominal
Iliacs.form-"; ing  by  3.    Saphena  veins.
ed by the—  veins which I   and     | 2. Circum-
           acconipanv f2. Internal-'  flex Iliac,
j the  fibular
j arteries,and
 receiving
 the —
Saphena, j  and
which re-  3.£xternal
ceive—   I  pudic
         (  veins.
i<
           f-  .r •  ■  .7  •   fl.Dorsal veins
'   Internal  *• Vesica'. Ve,ns-    of the penis
Ilia "which   commencing wnhj   f  ne   ,
           < lnfi    ...   1 2. Veins of the
           | 2. Sacro-lateral       clitoris,  in
           j^  Veins.         [   the female.
receive
the —
3, Middle Sacral Vein.
4. Lumbar Veins—four in
  number  on  each  side,
  commencing by an
\i-
Abdominal branch.
Dorsal branch.
5.  Spermatic  Veins,
 commencing with the
1.  Spermatic plexus in
 the male.
2.  Ovarium, Fallopian
 tube, &.c. in the female.
     6. Renal Veins.
     7. Capsular and Adipose Veins.
     8. Hepatic Veins.
     9. Middle,   )
    10. Left, and } Hepatic Veins.
    11. Right    S
   (. 12. Inferior Diaphragmatic Veins, two in number.

             3. VEINS OF THE HEART.
1.  Great right Coronary.
2.  Small right Coronary.
3.  Left Coronary Veins.

      4. VEINS WHICH FORM THE VENA PORTiE.
               f Receives the
                1. Veins which correspond  to  the
                 vasa brevia.
.  o,  ,  •  -it •   ',2- Right and left gastro-epiploic.
1.  Splenic Vein.^3  DlT0denal, and
                4. Pancreatic veins.
               ! 5. Coronary Vein of the Stomach,and
               [6. Small mesenteric vein.
2.  Superior Mesenteric Vein.

   Vein, Bronchial, Left, see Azygos—v. Demi-
azygous, see Azygos—v. Frontal, see  Facial vein
—v. Semi-azygous,  see Azygos, (vena) — v. Su-
perior intercostal, left, see Azygos—v. Tibio-mal-
leolar, Saphena, great — v. Palato-labial,  Facial
vein—v. Peroneo-malleolar,  Saphena minor—v.
Varicose, Varix.
   VEINE, Vein—v.  Cave, Cava vena—v. Cipha-
lique, Jugular  vein, internal — v. Ciphalique du
pouce, Cephalic vein of the thumb — v.  Cubitale
cutanie, Basilic vein—v. Fessiire, Gluteal vein —
v.  de Midine, Dracunculus—v. Porte,  Porta vena
r.  Prilombo-thoracique, Azygos,  (vena) — v. Pri-
parate,  Cephalic vein—v. Radiale cutanie,  Ce-
phalic vein—v. Sans paire, Azygos, vein—v. Tra-
chilo-sous-cutanie, Jugular vein, external.
   VEINES ARTERIELLES, Arterial veins —
v.  Ciliaires, Ciliary veins—v.  Sous-clavieres, Sub-
clavian veins—v. Sus-hipatiques, Hepatic veins.
   VEINS, CORONARY, Cardiac veins—v. Intra-
lobular, Hepatic veins—v.  Supra-hepatic, Hepatic
veins.
   VEINSTONE, Phlebolite.
   VELAMEN NATIVUM, Integument.
   VELAMENTA BOMBYCINA, Villous mem-
branes— v. Cerebralia, Meninges —  v. Infantis,
Membranes of the foetus.
 VELAMENTUM ABDOMINALE,Peritonaeum
—v. Corporis commune, Integument—v. Nativum,
Integument. 
VELAR
898
ArENTER
   VELAR, Erysimum.
  VELLICATION, Tic.
  VELOSYNTIIESIS, Staphylorraphy.
  VELUM, A'elumvpendulum palati—v. Apophysi
vermiformi obtentum, A'alvula A'ieussenii—v. In-
terjectum  cerebelli, Valvula A'ieussenii — v. Me-
dullare anticum, A'alvula A'ieussenii.
  A'elum Medulla're" Inferius, (F.) Voile mi-
dullaire infirieur.  A  name  given, by  Reil, to
the medullary band or strip, by which the cere-
bellum communicates with the medulla.
  Velum Medulla're Poste'rius seu Posti'cus
seu Semiluna're, Val'vula Tari'ni.   The small
posterior valve of the cerebellum; a thin medul-
lary plate, situate between the medulla oblongata
and vermis inferior, in front of the nodulus.
  Velum  Palati, Velum pendulum  palati — v.
Palatinum, A'elum pendulum palati.
  ArBLUM  Pen'dulum Pala'ti, 'Pendulous veil
of the palate.'  Velum, Velum Palati'num, Velum
Palati,  Velum Pen'dulum,  Velum Staphyli'num,
Pala'tttm peddulum, Pen'dulum pala'ti, C/onstrum
Palati,  Soft Palate, Palatum Alolle, (F.) Septum
Staphylin  (Ch.), Voile du Palais.  A moveable,
soft, and broad septum, attached to the posterior
extremity  of the palatine arch, and separating the
mouth from  the  pharynx.  Its form is  nearly
quadrilateral.   Its  anterior surface corresponds
to the mouth; the posterior to the pharynx.   Its
superior edge is fixed  to the palatine arch; the
inferior is  free, floating, and has an appendix at
its  middle — the uvula.  The lateral margins of
the velum are held down by two folds, separated
from each other by a triangular space; these are
called the  pillars; the anterior passes  to the base
of the tongue, the posterior to the  sides  of the
phalanx.   The velum palati is formed of a mu-
cous coat,  which contains numerous follicles, and
of a muscular stratum, in which are the perista-
phylini interni and p. externi muscles,  the glosso-
staphylini, the  pharyngo-staphylini and  the pa-
lato-staphylinus.  The arteries of the velum palati
are furnished by the internal maxillary, the labial
and the superior pharyngeal.  Its veins open into
the internal jugular. Its nerves are sent off from
the ganglion  of Meckel, and come from the pala-
tine branches.   The glosso-pharyngeal  nerve,
likewise, sends it some filaments.
   Velum  Staphylinum, Velum pendulum palati
—v. Vieussenii, Valvula Vieussenii.
   ArELATET LEAF, Pareira.
   VENA. Arein, Penis—v. Alba renum, Ureter—
v. Alba thoracis, Thoracic duct—v. Apopleetica,
Jugular vein, internal—v. Arteriosa, Porta vena,
Pulmonary artery—v. Capitis, Cephalic  vein—v.
Cava, Cava vena—v. Cubiti interior, Basilic vein
—v. Demiazygos,  see Azygos—v. Falcis  cerebri,
Sinus longitudinal inferior—v. Hemiazyga,  see
Azygos—v. Lactea, Porta vena—v. Magna, Porta
vena—v.  Medina Arabum, Dracunculus—v. Me-
dinensis, Dracunculus—v. Ostiaria, Porta vena—
v. Pari carens, Azygos, (vena)—v. Portalis, Porta
vena — v. portarum, Porta vena — v.  ad Portas,
Porta vena—v. quae ad Portas est, Porta vena__
v. Ramalis, Porta  vena — v. sine Pari, Azygos
(vena)—v. Stelechisea, Porta vena—v. Subalaris'
Vena axillaris—v. Terminalis, Circulus venosus.
   VENJE APOPLECTDLE, Jugular veins— r.
 Cava1 hepatis, Hepatic veins—v. Centrales, Intra-
lobular veins—v. Concomites, see Vein—v. Galeni
 Choroid,  (veins)—v. Innominatas, see Innomina-
 tum— v.  Intralobulares, Intralobular veins — v.
 Lacteas,  Chyliferous vessels — v.  Lymphatics,
 Lymphatic vessels — v.  Micantes, (arteries,) see
 Artery — v.  Pulsatiles, (arteries,) see  Artery—v.
 Satellites, see A'ein—v. Soporales, Jugular veins
 —v. Sphagitides, Jugular veins.
  A'EN^ISECTIO, see Blood-letting—v. Revul-
soria, see Blood-letting.
  VENiE VORTICO'SxE. Tho veins which prin-
cipally form the external or venous layer of the
choroid coat of the eye ;  so called from their pe-
culiar arrangement; from vertex seu vortex, ' a
whirlpool.'
  ArENAL, Venous.
  ArENEFICIU.AI, Poisoning.
  A'EXENATION, Poison, Poisoning, Venom.
  A'ENENATl'S,  A'enomous.
  VENENOSE, Venomous.
  A'ENENUM, Poison, A'enom.
  A'ENE'REAL, Vene'reus, Aphrodisiacue, Ve-
ne'rean, (F.) Vinirien, from Venus,  'the goddess
of pleasure.'  That which relates to the pleasures
of love.  In  a more  restricted sense,  the word
venereal is synonymous with syphilitic, and also '
with syphilis.   Some authors have proposed that
those diseases  should be called venereal which
are  produced by  excess in  venery;  and that
syphilitic should be limited to those which are
the result of impure connexion.  It is, also, used
in the same sense as aphrodisiac, — adapted to
excite venereal desire.
  Venereal Desire, Libido — v.  Disease, Sy-
philis.
  VENERIEN, Venereal.  This term, also,
means one labouring under syphilis; as Hopital
des viniriens.
  VENERIVAGUS, Libidinous.
  VEN'ERY.  Same etymon.  The pleasures of
love.  Sexual communication.  Coition.
  VENESECTION, see  Blood-letting.
  VENI3IEUX, Venomous.
  VENIN, Venom.
  VENOM, Vene'num, Tox'icum, Venena'tion, (F.)
 Venin.   A poisonous fluid  secreted by certain
animals, as the viper, in a  state of health, and
which they preserve in a particular reservoir, to
use  as  a means of attack or defence.  It differs,
according to some, from virus, as the latter is
always  the result of a morbid process, which may
be produced by the individuals who receive it, in
their turn,  and be transmitted to others.
  Venom, Quickening, Sperm—v. Vital,  Sperm.
  VEN'OMOUS,  Venendtus, Vcn'enose, (F.)
 Venimeux.  An epithet applied to animals which
have a secretion of venom, as the viper, rattle-
snake, &c.; and, by some, to  liquids in  the ani-
mal body, which have been so perverted by pre-
vious disease, that their contact occasions serious
mischief in sound individuals ;  as happens in
hydrophobia.   Virus is  more commonly used in
this case.
  ATENOSITAS,_ Venosity —v. Sanguinis, Prse-
 dominium sanguinis venosi.
  VENOS'ITY,  Venos'itas,  Ve'nousness, Venous
 state,  Venous cachex'ia,  Melana'mia, 3Ielano'sis
 vniversa'lis, from vena,  'a vein.'  A condition in
 which,  it has been supposed,  the blood is moved
 slowly; is more venous; and the  venous blood
 itself in greater quantity.  This state is said to
 be  chiefly observed in hemorrhoids, gout, hypo-
 chondriasis, melancholia, &c. — Puchelt.
  A7EN0US,   Venal,  Veno'sus.  Same  etymon.
 Appertaining to a vein, or to the blood  of the
 veins;  as venous cachexia, venous pulse.
  Venous Cachexia, Venosity — v. Hum, Bruit
 de Diable — v. State, Venosity — v. System, ab-
 dominal, Porta vena — v. System, see Vascular.
  VENOUSNESS, Venosity.
   VENT,  AVind.
  A'ENTER, Abdomen, Belly, Uterus.  In law,
 venter designates the maternal parentage of chil-
 dren.  Thus, if A were B's chfld by his first wife,
 he would  be described  in  law as " by the first 
VENTEUX               899               VENTRICULI
venter."   "A  died  seised,  leaving  two  infant
daughters by different venters."
  A^knteb Imus, Abdomen, Hypogastrium, Nei-
sera — v. Inferius, Abdomen—v. Infimus, Abdo-
men—v. Magnus, Ingluvies—v. Medius, Thorax
—v. Parvus, Hypogastrium—v. Propendens, Hy-
Bteroloxia anlorior—v. Renum, Pelvis of the kid-
ney — v.  Supremus, Cavum cranii.
  'VENTEFN, AVindy.
  V E N T 1 L A' T10 N, Ventita'tio,  from rentua,
'wind.'   The act of renewing the air of vessels,
hospitals, and  apartments, or of situations where
many people are collected together.   The utility
of  such renewal must be evident, when it is con-
sidered  that  atmospheric  air  loses  its oxygen
during respiration, and that carbonic acid supplies
its  place.  Stagnant  air, also,  becomes  loaded
with  numerous impurities; and hence one of the
greatest, hygienic improvements, of modern times,
has been a proper attention to circulation of air.
 It  is, moreover, one of the most valuable addi-
 tions  to  our stock of therapeutical  agencies in
 many diseases.
    Instruments used for the purpose of renewing
 the air,  in ships,  apartments, &c, have  been
 Called ventilators.
    VENTDS1TE,  Flatulence.
    VENTOSITY, Flatulence. „
    VENTOI'SES  SCA11/F1EES,  Cupping with
 the scarificator.     v
    VESTOUSES SECHES, Cupping, dry.
    VENTRAL, Abdominal.
    Ventral Her'nia, Her'nia ventra'lis.  Direct
 hernia accurring in any part of the abdomen. It
 is  most frequently found between the recti mus-

    A'ENTRALE, Belt (Russian).
    A'entralb Cuta'neum, 'Cutaneousapron.' (F.)
  Tablirr.  An elongation  of the nymphas in the
 Bosjesman female, which hangs down before the
 vulva like an apron.
    VEST RE, Abdomen—v. Infirieur, Abdomen
 —v. Itcssc.rri, Constipation.
    VENTRE  INSPICIENDO  DE, see De ventre
 inspiciendo.
    VEX'TRICLE,  Ventric'vlus,  diminutive of
  venter, 'belly.'  Literally, a little, belly.  A name
 given, in anatomy, to various parts.
    Ventricle ,of  Aran'tius.   A  small cavity,
 lined with  gray substance,  at  the  point of the
 calamus scriptorius.
    Ventricles of the Brain,  Ventric'uli sen Ca-
 vitdtea seu  Sinus  Cer'ebri, (F.) Ycntricitlcs du
 cerveau, arc five cavities  in the interior of that
  organ, which are distinguished into the lateral
  ventricles, middle  ventricle, fourth  ventricle or
  ventricle  oj' the cerebellum, and fifth  ventricle.
  The middle ventricle or third ventricle, (F.)  Ven-
  trieti/c moyen du cerveau, is situate in front of the
  pineal  gland.  It is bounded, above, by the tela
  choroidea and the fornix ; belou; by a portion of
  cerebral substance, which separates it from the
  base of the  cranium; laterally, by the thalami
  nervorum opticorum ; anteriorly, by a medullary
  cord, called the anterior commissure; and,  poste-
  riorly,  by another medullary cord, called the pos-
  terior commissure.   It communicates  with the
  lateral  ventricles by two openings, situate behind
  the  anterior  pillar or crus of the  fornix.  The
  Lateral ventricles, Vcntric'uli  latera'les, V. mag-
  ni, V. mujo'rcs, V. prio'res,  V. superio'res,  V.tri-
  cor'nra, (F.)  Ventricules latiroux, are two in num-
  ber.  They are large, and, owing  to their consi-
  derable curvature,  occupy  a  great part of the
  cerebral  centre.  They are bounded, above,  by
  the  inferior surface of the corpus callosum ;  onte-
  rivrh/.  by the curved portion  of the same body;
  posteriorly,  by a  considerable mass of cerebral
substance; and, internally, they  are  separated
from each other by the septum of  the ventricles,
__a medullary plate, which is given off from the
lower part of the  corpus callosum.  The lateral
ventricles have, in their upper and anterior por-
tion, the  Corpora  striata,  Thalami optici,  and
Tanio  semicircularis:— their  inferior portion
contains the corpus fimbriatum, cornu Aimnonis,
&C.  The Fourth  ventricle, Ventriculua  cerebelli
seu quartus, V. Aradtii, Sinus rhombdi'dens,  (F.)
Qiiatrieme ventricule, is situate beneath the aque-
duct of Sylvius, by which it communicates with
the third ventricle.   It extends from this aque-
duct to the upper part  of the medulla; and is
seated in the  substance of the tuber  annulare.
The Fifth ventricle,  VentriCulus septi pelldcidi,
Incisu'ra  septi, (F.) Cinqniime ventricule,  is  the
small  serous  cavity between  the  laminae  of the
septum lucidum;  called, also, Fissure  or Fossa
of Stjlrius or Sinus of the septum lu'cidum.
   A'entricles of the Heart, Vcntric'uli cordis,
Specus cordis, (F.)  Ventricules du coeur, are two
in number.  The Right ventricle, Pulmonary ven-
tricle, VentriC ulus anterior, V. primus, V. pulmo-
na'lis,  (F.) Ventricule  droit  ou  pulmonaire, is
situate at the fore-part of the  heart, the base and
apex corresponding to those of the heart.   In it
are seen the Columna carnea and Corda tendinea.
The right ventricle communicates with the right
auricle by the Ostium venosum, and from it the
Pulmonary artery  arises.   Around the  auricular
orifice is  a tendinous margin or ring, from v, hieh
the tricuspid  valve  is given off.   The use of the
ventricle is to send the blood, by its contraction,
along the pulmonary artery  to the lungs.  The
Left ventricle, Ventriculitis  aor'ticus, V. posterior,
 V. eecttndiiB,  (F.)  Ventricule  gauche ou aortique,
is  situate at  the  posterior and left part of the
 heart.  Its parietes are much thicker and stronger
 than those of the right, owing to its having to
 send the blood over the whole system. The inner
 surface has the same general appearance as that
 of the right.  The  Columna carnea  and Corda
 tendinea are, however, much stronger.  It com-
 municates with the left auricle by means of the
 3!itral valve; and  from  it proceeds  the  largest
 blood-vessel  of the body — the aorta.
   Ventricles of the Larynx, Sac'i-uli laryngei,
 Sinuses of the larynx, (F.)  Ventricules ou Sinus
 du larynx,  are  two depressions  in the  larynx,
 comprised between the superior and inferior liga-
 ments.
    A'entricle, Pulmonary, V. right.
    VENTRICULAR, Ventriculdria.  Same ety-
 mon as A'entricle.  Relating to a ventricle.
    VENTRICULE  AORTIQUE, A'entricle. left
 — v. Cinqttiime, A'entricle, fifth — v.  Droit. A'en-
 tricle, right—v. Gauche, A'entricle, left—v. 3foyen
 du Cerveau, A'entricle, middle, of the brain — v.
 Pulmonaire,  A'entricle, right—v.  Qiiatrieme, Ven-
 tricle, fourth.
    VENTRICULES DU CERVEAU,  Ventri-
 cles of the brain — v. du  Coeur, A'entricles of the
 heart—v. Latiroux, AJentrieles, lateral.
    VENTRICULI  CORDIS, \rentricles of  the
 heart— v. Dilatatio, Gastrectasis— v. Dissolutio,
 Gastro-malacia— v. Duree matris, Sinuses of the
 dura mater—v.  Emollitio,  Gastro-malacia. — v.
 Exulceratio,  Gastrelcosis — v. Fluxus, Gastror-
 rhcea— v. Inflammatio, Gastritis — v. Laterales,
 see A'entricles, lateral of  the brain — v. Magni,
 A'entricles, lateral, of the brain—v. Majores, A'en-
 tricles, lateral—v. Metamorphosis gelatiniformis,
 Gastro-malacia—v. Perforatio, Gastro-bm.-is—v.
 Priores, A'entricles, lateral — v.  Pseudophlogosis
 resolutiva et colliquativa,  Gastro-malacia — v.
 Superiores,  A'entricles,  lateral  — v.  Tricornes,
 Ventricles, lateral — v. Ulceratio, Gastrelcosis. 
VENTRICULUS
900
VERBENA
   VENTRICULUS, Stomach, Ventricle—v. An-
 terior,  A'entricle, right — v. Aorticus, A'entricle,
 left—v. Arantii, see A'entricles of the brain.
   Ventricdlus  Callosus, 'Callous stomach.'
 The gizzard or third stomach of the gallinaceous
 bird.   It consists of a double-bellied or digastric
 muscle; is lined by a firm cuticle,  and forms a
 kind of pouch, depending  from the alimentary
 tube, in which the second stomach terminates,
 and from which the  duodenum or  Ventriculus
 succenturidtus issues.  In the interior of the giz-
 zard there are numerous pebbles, which  seem to
 be destined to aid in the trituration  of the  food.
 The gizzard is  an organ of mastication, and is
 possessed of great muscular power.
   Ventriculus Cerebelli, see A'entricles of the
 brain — v. Posterior, A'entricle, left — v. Primus,
 Ventricle, right—v. Pulmonalis, Ventricle, right
 — v. Quartus, see  A'entricles of the brain — v.
 Secundus, Ventricle,  left—v. Septi Pellucidi, see
 A'entricles of  the brain—v.  Succenturiatus,  Duo-
 denum.
   VENTRILOQUE, Engastrimythos.
   A'ENTRILOQUISM, see Engastrimyth.
   VENTRILOQUIST, Engastrimythos.
   A'ENTRILOQUY, see Engastrimyth.
   VENTROSITAS, Physconia.
   VENTUS, AVind.
   VEN'ULA, Phlebion, diminutive of Peiia. See
 Vein.   A small vein.   Hippocrates seems to use
 it in the same sense as Arteria.
   VENULE  CENTRALES, Intralobular veins
 —v. Intralobulares, Intralobular veins.
   VENUS, Clitoris, Coition, Cuprum—v. Crystals
 of, Cupri  subacetas — v.  Orystaux de, Cupri sub-
 acetas.
   VER CUCURBITAIN,  Taenia  solium — v.
 Cutani, Dracunculus — v. Filaire, Dracunculus—
 v. de Guinie, Dracunculus—v. Luisant, Cicindela
 —v. de  3Iidine, Dracunculus—v. Solitaire, Both-
 riocephalus latus, Taenia solium.
   A^ERATRIA, Veratrina.
   VERATRI'NA, Verdtria, Ver'atrine.  A ve-
 getable  alkali, found in  the seeds of  Vera'trum
 sabadil'la, V. ojjficina'le, Helo'nias ofjicina'lie, and
 Aeagra'a officina'lis, which  are  known in com-
 merce  under  the names  Cebadill'a, Cevadill'a,
 and Sabadill'a, and are  imported from Mexico.
 They usually  occur,  in  commerce,  mixed  with
 the fruit of the plant, are two or  three lines long,
 of a black colour, and are shining, flat, shriveled,
 winged, and elastic seeds.   Veratrine is  solid,
 white,  pulverulent, and  inodorous;  of  a  very
 acrid taste ; decomposable by heat; very soluble
 in water, and soluble in alcohol. AVhen prepared
 in the  usual manner, it still contains other sub-
 stances, — Sabadil'lin, Ver'atrin, gum  resin of
 the sabadilla,  and  black greasy matter.  It  is
 extremely poisonous,  and but little  used inter-
 nally  in medicine.   Magendie has  given  it  as
 an emetic and drastic in very small doses.  It
has been recommended  to  be applied in the
 way of  friction,  or  endemically,  (from gr. v  to
 xx to %j of lard or cerate,) in various neuralgic
 affections.  The following is the formula for its
 preparation in  the  Pharmacopoeia of  the  Uni-
ted States: — Take of cevadilla, Ibij;  alcohol
 2 gallons; sulphuric acid, solution of  ammonia
 purified animal charcoal, and magnesia, each a
 sufficient quantity. Boil the  cevadilla in a gallon
 of the alcohol,  in a retort with a receiver attached
 for an  hour,  and  pour off  the  liquor.  To the
residue  add another gallon  of the alcohol, toge-
ther with the portion recently  distilled; again
boil for  an hour, and pour off the liquor.  Repeat
the boiling a third time with the remaining alco-
hol, and with that distilled in the previous  ope-
ration.  Press the cevadilla, mix and strain the
 liquors, and, by means of a water-bath, distil off
 the alcohol.   Boil the residue three or four times
 in water acidulated  with  sulphuric  acid,  mix
 and strain the liquors, and evaporate to the con-
 sistence of syrup.  Add magnesia in slight ex-
 cess, shake the mixture frequently, then express
 and wash what remains.  Repeat the expression
 and  washing two  or three times,  and  having
 dried the  residue,  digest it with a gentle heat
 several times in alcohol, and strain after each di-
 gestion.  Distil off the alcohol from  the  mixed
 liquor, boil the  residue  for  fifteen  minutes in
 water with a little sulphuric  acid and purified
 animal charcoal, and strain.  Having thoroughly
 washed what remains, mix the washings with the
 strained liquor, evaporate with a moderate heat
 to the consistence  of syrup, and then drop in as
 much solution of ammonia as may be necessary
 to precipitate the veratria.  Lastly, separate and
 dry  the precipitate.  See Colchicum autumnale.
   VERA'TRUM ALBUM,  Helleb'orus albus,
 Elleb'orum  album,  Elleborus albus,  Cherbachem,
 White hellebore, (F.)  Hellibore blanc.  Sex. Syst.
 Polygamia  Monoecia.  Afar. Ord.  Melanthaceee
 (Lindley.)  The root or rhizoma of this common
 European plant is  indebted to the veratrine  for
 its properties.  It  is  inodorous; has a bitterish,
 acrid, nauseous taste, and is violently emetic and
 purgative, even when applied to an ulcerated sur-
 face.   It is, also, possessed of errhine properties,
 and  acts, externally, as a stimulant.  It is rarely
 exhibited internally.   Sometimes it is given as a
 sneezing powder; but it operates with great vio-
 lence.  It  forms, also, an  itch ointment.  See
 Ung. Veratri.
  Veratrum Luteum, ChamEelirium luteum.
  Veratrum Sabadil'la, Sabadilla, Sabatilla,
 Canis Interfec'tor, Caus'ticum America'num, Ccro-
 dil'la Hispandrum, Scvadilla, Hor'dcum caua'ti-
 cum, (F.) Civadille.  The seeds of this plant have
 been  used, mostly as anthelmintics.   Dose, gr. ij
 to a  child, four years  old.  It possesses the same
 general properties as  the veratrum album.
  Veratrum  A^ir'ide, American Hellebore,
 Swamp hellebore,   Indian  poke, Indian  Uncaa,
 Poke weed, Bear weed, Itch weed, Tickle wed,
 Earth gall, Devilbit, Wolfbane, Puppet root, is
 indigenous  in  the  swampy districts  of  almost
 every part of the United States.  Its properties
 are like those of the genus.
  VERBASCULUM, Primula veris.
  VERBASCUM ALBUM, V. thapsus —v. Ala-
 tum,  V. thapsus — v. Collinum, V. thapsus — v.
 Crassifolium, A', thapsus—v. Elongatum, V. thap-
 sus—v. Lychnitis, V. thapsus—v. Montanum, V.
 thapsus.
  Verbas'cum Nigrum, Black  Mullein, Cande'la
 re'gio., Thapeue barba'tua, Tapaua barbdtua, Can-
 dela'ria, Land ria; and Verbas'cum Thapsus,
 V. thapao'Vdes seu ala'turn seu colli'num seu album
 seu crassifo'lium seu elonga'tum seu  Lyelini'tis
 seu monta'num seu  simplex, Plilogmua, Phlomus,
 Phlox, great broad-leaved Mullein, High  Taper,
 Cow's Lungwort, or Yellow Alullein, (F.) Molhie,
 Bouillon blanc;  Family,  Solanese ;  Sex.  Syst.
Pentandria Monogynia, —especially the latter,—
have  been  used as  emollient, applied externally
in the form of fomentation.  The  large   leaves
have  been chosen  for this purpose.  Occasion-
ally,  the mucilage which they  contain has been
extracted  by decoction or infusion, and adminis-
tered in pectoral affections.
  Verbascum Simplex, V. thapsus —v.  Thap-
soides, Ar. thapsus —v. Thapsus, see V. nigrum.
  VERBE'NA HAS'TULA, an American spe-
cies,  is more  bitter  than  the European, and said
to be  emetic.
  Verbe'na  Officina'lis, Verbena, Dichro'mos 
VERBENACA
901
VERS
Vcrbena'co, Peri ate'rium, ffierobo'.'ane,  Herba
sacra, Vervain, Purvain, (F.) Verveine. Family,
Pyrenaceic. S'c.ct. Syat. Diandria Monogynia.  A
plant formerly held sacred; used in sacrifices,
and suspended round the neck as an amulet.  In
the form of cataplasm, it is said to have relieved
obstinate headachs, and to have been of service
in scrofula. It is not used.
  Verbe'na Urticifo'lia,  an  indigenous spe-
cies, has been  used in poisoning from Rhus Toxi-
codendron.
   VERBENACA,  Verbena officinalis.
   VERBESINA ACMELLA, Spilanthus Ac-
mella.
   VERBUS, Penis.
   VliRCOQUIN, Phreni'tia vermino'sa.  A form
of phrenitis, attributed to the presence of a worm
in the brain!
   VERDET, Cupri subacetas.
   VERDIGRIS, Cupri subacetas.
   VERENDA. Genital organs.
   VERETRUM, Penis.
   VERGE, Penis — v. d'Or, Solidago virgaurea.
   VERGERETTE  DE PHILADELPHIE,
 Erigeron Philadelphicum.
   VERGETURES, A'ibices.
   A'ERJUICE, Omphdrium, (F.) Verjus,Verdjus.
 A sour kind of grape. ^Also, an acid liquor, pre-
 pared from very sour grapes or crab-apples.  It
 is principally used in culinary preparations; al-
 though, occasionally, an ingredient in medicinal
 compounds.  See Vitis vinifera.
    VERJl'S,  Verjuice.
   VERMES, Worms—v. Cerebri, Choroid plexus.
   VER 31'/Of''L AIRE BR UL ANTE, Sedum.
   VERMICULAR, Vermiform.
   A'EHMICULARIS, Lumbricalis, Sedum.
   VERMICULI SPERMATICI, Spermatozoa.
   VERMIC'ULUM, Vermyc'ilum.  An elixir; a
 tincture. — Ruland and Johnson.
   VERMICULUS CAPILLARIS, Dracunculus.
   VER'MIFORM,  Vermic'ular, Vermicula'ris,
  Vermifor'mia, from vermis,  ' a worm,' and forma,
 ' form.'  That which resembles a worm.
   Verm'iform Proc"esses, Proces'sus  Vermi-
 form'es,  Protuberadtia  vermiformes, Alontie'uli
 cerebel'li, Appeddices vermiformes, Vermis, Worm,
 (F.) Eminences vermiformes du cervelet, are two
 medullary projections, at the surface of the cere-
 bellum.   The superior vermiform process,  Vermis
 superior cerebelli, is an  elongated projection, at
 the anterior and middle part of the superior sur-
 face of the cerebellum;—and the inferior vermi-
 form process, Vermis inferior cerebelli, Pyr'amid
 of  3Iolocarne, is  a somewhat large projection,
 situate in the depression at the inferior  surface
 of  the same  organ.  The inferior vermiform pro-
 cess is usually described as consisting of three
 portions—the pyramid,  the uvula, and the nodu-
 lus.  The anterior portion  of the superior vermi-
  form process is elevated, and termed MoittiCulus.
    A'ERMIFUC'E, Anthelmintic.
    Vermifuge, Mathieu's.  This consisted of two
  distinct electuaries; the  one for killing, the other
  for expelling tape-worm.   The  former is made
  of an ounce  of tin filings, and six drachms of fern
  root.
    VERMIFUGES, Anthelmintic.
    A'ERMILION,  Hydrargyri sulphuretum ru-
  brum.
     VER MI LEON DE PROVENCE, Antimonii
  sulphuretum rubrum.
    VERAIINATIO. Helminthiasis.
    VERMINATION. CUTANEOUS, Malis.
     VERMIN El X, A'erminous.
    A'EK.AI'INOUS. Vermino'sus,  (F.) Vermineux.
  That which  is caused by worms; as a verminous
  affection.
  A'ERMIS, Vermiform processes—v. Bombyci-
nus,  Cornu ammonis — v.  Cerebelli,  A'ermiform
process—v. Cerebri, Fever, Hungary—v. Cucur-
bitinus,  Taenia solium —v. Digiti,  Paronychia.
  VERMITIO, Helminthiasis.
  VERNIX CASEO'SA, 'cheesy varnish.'  The
fatty varnish, or deposit, often found on the foetus,
which is secreted by the sebaceous follicles of the
skin.
  A'ernix Sicca, Sandarac.
  VEKNO'NIA ANTHELMINTICS, Ascor,'-
cida anthelmidtica, Calagirah, Calogeri.  A plant
which is indigenous in India.  Family, Compo-
sita?.  Sex.  Syst. Syngenesia  Polygamia super-
flua.  It has great celebrity in the  East  Indies,
and is  a bitter  tonic;  but the seeds are  chiefly
used as an anthelmintic, in  cases  of ascandes
and lumbrici in  children.
  Verno'nia  Noveboracen'sis, Iron weed, I lat
top; an indigenous plant; whose purple flowers
appear  in August and September, is reported to
possess cathartic properties.
   VER OLE, Syphilis — v. Petite, Variola —v.
 Petite volante, Varicella.
   VEROLETTE, A'aricella.
   VERONI'CA, Veronica officina'lis seu Tourne-
 for'tii, Veronica mas, Thea German'ica, Beton'ica
 Pattli,  Chama'drys, Alale Veronica, Fluellin, Offi-
 cinal Speedwell, (F.)  Vironique,  Thi d'Europe.
 Family, Rhinanthodeas.  Sex. Syat. Diandria Mo-
 nogynia.  This plant was once used as a pectoral.
   Veronica Aquatica, V. beccabunga.
   Veronica  Beccabun'ga,  Beccabunga,  Ana-
 gal'lie  aquat'ica,  Laver German'icum, Veronica
 aquat'ica, Cepa'a, Water Pim'pernel, Brooklime,
 Brooklime  Speedwell, Water  Speedwell, Neck-
 weed,  Water  Purelain, (F.)  Vironique crcaeonie.
 This plant was  formerly used in a variety of dis-
 eases.  It is, however, almost insipid and inodo-
 rous ; and has been long banished from practice.
   Veronica  Mas, Veronica — v. Officinalis, Ve-
 ronica.
   Veronica  Peregri'na,  Neckweed, Pursloin,
 Speedwell; indigenous; flowering from April to
 June,  is given internally in scrofulosis, and is
 applied as a wash to scrofulous tumours.
   A""eronica Purpurea, Betonica officinalis—v.
 Tournefortii, Veronica—v. Virginica, Leptandra
 Virginica.
    VERONIQUE, Veronica—v.  Creasonie, Vero-
 nica beccabunga.
    VER PA, Penis.
    VERRE,  Vitrum — v. d'Antimoine, Antimonii
 vitrum.
    VERRU'CA, diminutive Verru'cula, Ecphy'ma
  verruca, Phymato'ais verruco'ea, a Wart,  (F.)
  Verrue.  A small, hard, mamillary tumour, which
  forms  at the surface of the skin,  and particularly
  on that of the hands and face.  AVarts are gene-
  rally  rugous at  the  surface, and broad  at the
  base;  their roots being implanted in the  derma
  by whitish  filaments, which are  dense,  semifi-
  brous, and very numerous.
    AVarts may be destroyed by caustic, or removed
  by excision.   Their  vitality is, generally, not
  great.
    Verruca  Carnosa, Condyloma —v. Formica-
  ria, Formica—v. Minor, Thymion—v. Palpebra-
  rum, see Hydatid—v. Pensilis, Acrochordon—v.
  Rhago'idea, Thymion.
    VERRUCARIA,  Calendula officinalis,  Helio-
  tropium Europium.
    VERRUCOSE, AVarty.
    VERRUCOUS, AVarty.
    VERRUCULA, Verruca.
     VERR UE,  A'erruca.
     VERS, AVorms. 
VERSE-CHARMS             902               VERTEBRAL
  VERSE-CHARMS, see Charm.
  A*"ERSIO, Turning —v. Foetus, Turning —v.
Spontanea,  Evolution spontaneous — v. Uteri,
Hysteroloxia.   •
   VERSION. Turning.
   YERT-DE-GR/S, Cupri subacetas.
  VERTEBRA  DENT ATA,  Axis —v.  Dorsi
Prima, Lophia — v.  Lumborum Prima,  Asphal-
tites— v. Magna, Sacrum.
  VER'TEBlLE, Spon'dyli, (F.) Vertebres; from
vertere, 'to turn.'  This name has been given to
the bones, which by their union form the verte-
bral or  spinal column.  The vertebra? are short,
thick, very angular bones; twenty-four in num-
ber, and  situate one above another.  The body—
centrum,' of Owen — of the vertebra is the middle
and anterior portion.  Above and below  it is
articulated,  by means of  a fibro-cartilage,  with
the contiguous  vertebrae.  The  Proccaaes,  (F.)
Maaaea apophyaairea, of each vertebra are : — 1.
The apinotta 2^'oceaa,  situate behind,  and in the
median   line.  2. The two transverse 2}>'oeesses,
standing off from each side.  3. The four articu-
lar or oblique processes — zygapophyses, of Owen
— two superior,  and two  inferior — which serve
to unite  the vertebrae with each other.  These
transverse and articulating processes are made
continuous with  the  lateral and  posterior parts
of the body of the vertebra by  narrow bony por-
tions or  pedicles, on  each of which are  notches.
These, by their union with similar notches in the
contiguous vertebra,  form the  lateral foramina,
(F.) Troua  de  conjugaison, through  which  the
spinal  nerves leave  the  vertebral canal.  The
different processes are united with each other, so
as to form a kind of ring  of the lateral and pos-
terior parts of the vertebra;  and  the foramen,
within this,—that is,  between the body and pro-
cesses, — concurs in forming the vertebral canal.
The vertebrae have particular characters, accord-
ing to the regions they occupy.  They are divided
into seven cervical, twelve dorsal, and five lumbar.
The first cervical is called atlas; the second, axis
or vertebra  dentata; and the  seventh, vertebra
pro'eminens.  The vertebrae are articulated with
each other.  Those of the back are joined, more-
over, to the ribs.  The first or atlas is articulated
with the occipital bone; and the last lumbar ver-
tebra with the sacrum.   The  cervical vertebra;
are developed by nine points of ossification; the
dorsal and lumbar by eight.
   A'ER'TEBRAL,  Vertebrdlis.  That which  re-
lates or belongs to the vertebrae.
   Vertebral Artery, Posterior cerebral artery,
(Ch.,) is the largest of the branches  of  the sub-
clavian.   It arises from the posterior  part of that
vessel;  is lodged in a canal, (F.)  Petit canal vcr-
tibral, formed by the foramina in the transverse
processes; enters the cranium, and  proceeds to
anastomose with its  fellow of the opposite side,
and to   form  the Baailary artery.  Besides the
branches sent to the neck, the vertebral artery
gives off the anterior and poaterior spinal arteries,
and the inferior cerebelloue, in the cavity of the
cranium.
   Vertebral  Column, Rachie,  Rhachie, Notoa,
Acnee'tie; the Spine; the back bone, Cari'na, C.
hom'inis, Spina  dorsi seu vertebra'lis, Colum'na
spina'lis, C. vertebrdlis, G. dorsi, Spina Doraum,
 Tergum, Compdgea Vertebra' rum,  Acad tha, Sacra
fis'tula,  Hi'era Syrinx, (F.) Colonne vertebrate,
Epine du dos, Echine.  A kind of bony column,
situate  at the posterior and central  part of the
trunk;  extending from the head to the sacrum;
flexible  in  every direction, yet  very solid  and
hollowed by a canal  called vertebral,  which  gives
it lightness without diminishing its strength, and
runs  through its whole  length.   The vertebral
column is formed by the superposition of the ver-
tebras.  It represents a  pyramid, whose  base  is
below.  Anteriorly,  it is convex in the  neck;
concave in the back, aud  convex, again,  in the
loins.  Behind, the curvatures  are of course the
reverse of these.   There is also, in the dorsal ro-
gion, a lateral curvature, the concavity of which
is towards the left side.  Considered as a whole,
the vertebral column has an anterior or prespinal
surface;  a posterior or  spinal;  two lateral;  a
base;  and an apex or top.   In the nomenclature
of Chaussier, the anterior surface, in the neck, is
called trachelian ;  in the back,  predorsal; and
in the loins, prelumbai;  Tho dorsal surface has,
at its  middle, the spinous processes ;  and, at its
sides,  the vertebral gutters, (F.)  Gouttieres verti-
brales, formed by the succession of the vertebral
plates, (F.) Lames vertibralee, which, by their
junction, constitute the spinous processes.  These
are filled by the sacro-spinalis muscle.   The sides
or lateral  surfaces present the foramina resulting
from the union  of the vertebral notchea, (F.)
Echancrurea vertibralee.  These  are called verte-
bral foramina, (F.)  Trous de  conjugaison, and
give passage to  the vertebral nerves.   The base
of the vertebral  column  is oblique, to unite with
the sacrum;  and forms  with it an angle, called
eacro-vertebral  angle or jiromontory.  The apex
or to]) of the vertebral cimiinn is  articulated with
the occipital bone.  Sometimes,  the  term verte-
bral column  includes  the  whole  of the column
from  the  occipital  bone to  the extremity of the
coccyx.  The Vertebral  or Spinal  Canal, Ra-
ehid'ian  Canal,  Solen, Cana'lia medulla Spina'-
lis, Specue pro medull'a Spina'li seu vertebra'lis,
exists through the whole of the vertebral column,
whose curvatures it follows.  It is  continuous,
above, with the  cranium; below, with the sacral
canal, if we  consider the vertebrae to terminate
at the sacrum.   It is lined by a prolongation  of
the  meninges,  forming  the  Theca  vertebra'lie,
and lodges the spinal marrow.
   The vertebral column, which unites lightness
with  solidity, serves  to support the head and
chest. It is the seat of all the movements of the
trunk, the weight  of which it transmits  to the
pelvis. It lodges and protects the spinal marrow,
and gives passage to the vertebral nerves, and to
numerous vessels.
   Vertebral Disease, Rachiul'gia  (of  some,)
Carica of the Ver'tebra, Spoittl i/lartltroc'iice, Spon-
dyloc'ace,  Kypho'sis injlainmato'ria, K.  para-
lytica, Gibbos'itas  cario'sa,   Cn'ries  vertebra'-
rum, SpondylaVgia, Spondylopyo'ais,Tuberculo'eis
Vcrtcbro'rum.   The spinal column  is liable  to
distortion, (see Hump,) at times, without the ver-
tebrae being much, if at all, diseased.  At other
times, a more formidable affection is induced ; the
vertebrae  becoming carious, and the  interverte-
bral cartilages ulcerated ; followed by a more or
less complete loss of power over  the lower extre-
mities.  In such  case, on examining the spine,
one or more of the spinous processes is found to
project beyond  the rest.  The disease was_ first
well described by Mr. Percival Pott; and, hence,
it has been  called, by  the French, Muladie  de
Pott,  (3fiilum Pot'tii, Gihhus  Pot'tii,  or  Pott's
diaeaae.)   It usually  occurs  in scrofulous sub-
jects, and the treatment consists in establishing
a  counter-irritation  by blisters, issues,  or  the
moxa, opposite  the transverse processes of  the
diseased vertebrae.  The sore must be suffered to
remain open and the patient kept in the horizon-
tal posture until the use of the limbs is recovered;
employing tonics, the free admission of fresh air,
&c, at the same time.
   A'ertebral  Lig'aments,  (F.) Ligaments ver-
tibraux, Surtouts ligamenteux de  la colonna ver- 
VERTEBRES
903
VESICULA
tibrale, are distinguished into anterior and pos-
tt rior. They consist of long, ligamentous cover-
ings; the anterior occupying the anterior part
of the vertebral column ; and the poaterior seem-
ing to arise from the occipito-axoid ligament, and
seated behind the  bodies of the vertebrae, from
the axis to the sacrum.
   Vertebral Nerve, Trisplanchinc.
   A'ertebral Nerves, Spinal  Nerves,  spring
successively  from  the  spinal marrow; from  its
origin to its termination. These nerves—30 pairs
in all—arise  by two roots; one anterior, from the
anterior or an'tero-lat'eral column of  the spinal
marrow, and the other posterior, from the poate-
rior column,  and afterwards issue  by the verte-
bral  and  sacral foramina.  Each of these roots
seems to  have a distinct function ; the posterior
being destined to convey sensation to parts; the
anterior,  motion.   On  the posterior root, before
its junction with the anterior, there is a ganglion.
 Of the .30 pairs, 7 are cervical nerves, 12 dorsal,
 5 lumbar, and 6  sacral.  See Nerves. .
    VER TE It RES, Vertebrae.
   VERTEBRODYMIA, see Somatodymia.
   VERTEBRO-ILIAC LIGAMENT, Ileo-lum-
 bar ligament.
   VERTEX,  Cor'yphc,  Acrori'a,  Spoddylus.
 The top or highest part of the head.  See Sinciput.
   Vertex  Cordis,  Mucro Cordis — v.  Cubiti,
 Olecranon —v.  Palpitans, Fontanella.
    VERTIBULUM, Trepan.
    VEKTICULA,  Articulation.
    A'ERTICULUM, Articulation.
    A'ERTICULUS, Articulation.
    VERTIGE, Vertigo.
    A'ERTIG"INOUS,  Vertigino'sus, (F.)  Vcrtigi-
 neux.  Relating or pertaining to vertigo.   Giddy.
    VERTI'GO, from  vertere, 'to turn;' Dinos,
  IIin'goa, Gid'dincaa,  Diz'zinca8,  Dinus  verti'go,
  Iltiliucindtio vertigo, Autal'gia vertigo,  Circum-
  gyro'tio,  Swimming  of the head, (¥.)  Vertige,
  Eton id issement.   A state in which it seems that
  all objects are turning round;  or that the indivi-
  dual himself is  performing a movement  of gyra-
  tion.  Two varieties  have been  designated; —
  simple rertigo, where  the objects  are  seen;  and
  scotodynia, in which the sight  is obscured,  and
  the individual often  falls.  Vertigo is dependent
  upon the condition of the brain ; and often an-
  nounces an attack of apoplexy or epilepsy.
    A'ertigo Tenebricosa, Scotodynia.
    A'ERUGAS  (S.),  from  verruca.  A  peculiar
  disease affecting certain localities  of Peru, which
  manifests itself by sore-throat, pains in the bones,
  and other febrile symptoms.  In the course  of a
  few days, an eruption of red pimples or  boils ap-
  pears.   These sometimes  increase in magnitude
  till they  become nearly as large  as  an  egg,
  and discbarge blood copiously.   It is ascribed to
  the water of certain  springs in the valleys, and
  especially in that of Surea : called Agua de  Ve-
  rtigo. — Tschudi.
     VERUMONTANUM, Gallinaginis caput.
     A'EUA'AIN, A'erbena officinalis.
      VER VEINE, Verbena officinalis.
     A'ESA'NIA,   Yeaa'nia,  'madness.'  Derange-
  ment of the intellectual and moral faculties,.with-
   out coma or fever.   Many nosologists have  used
   this as  a generic term;  under which they have
   included the different species of mental alienation,
   hypochondriasis, somnambulism,and even hydro-
   phobia.   Sec Nosology.
     A'esania Mania, Mania.
     A'ksani.e. Insanity.
     VESICA BILIARIA, Gall-bladder—v. Cordis,
   see Pericardium—v. Fellea, Gall-bladder—v. In
Ejaculatory Ducts ->■ v. Saeeata, Stricture of the
urinary bladder — v. Urinaria, Urinary  bladder.
  A'esice  Irritabilitas,  Cysterethismus — v.
Unguinosse tendinum, Bursa? mucosae.
  VESTCAL, Vesica'lis, from vesica, 'the  blad-
der.' That which belongs or relates to the bladder.
  A'esical Arteries vary in number and origin.
The umbilical  artery  always sends off two or
three : the middle hemorrhoidal,  internal  pndic,
and obturator furnish others, which ramify and
anastomose in  the  parietes of the  bladder;  the
hypogastric furnishes  one  which  is somewhat
larger,  the Vesico-prostatic (Ch.),  and  proceeds
to the  bas-fond of the bladder, sending numerous
ramifications to it as well as to the  surrounding
parts.                           .
   Vesical Ganglia, see  Spermatic Ganglion —
v. Triangle, see Urinary Bladder.
   A'esical Veins, much more numerous than the
arteries, open into the hypogastric plexus.
   Vesicant, Blister, Epispastic
   VESICARIUM, Ovarium.
   VESICA'TION, Veeica'tio; same etymon, (F.)
 Vesication.   The  action  of a  vesicant.   The
 formation of blisters.
    VESICATOIRE,  Blister — v. 3Iagiatral,  Ma-
  A'ESICATORIUM, Blister.
  VESICLE, Vesicula—v. Allantoid, Allantois—
v. Blastodermie, see Molecule — v. Cowpox,  see
Vaccination.
  A'esicle of Development, V. of Evolution.  A
vesicle or cyst concerned in histogeny.
  Vesicle of Evolution, V. of Development —
v. Germinal,  see Molecule — v. Purkinjean,  see
Molecule—v. Umbilical, Vesicula umbilicalis.
  Vesicles of de Graaf, Folliculi Graafiani.
  VES'ICO-VAG"INAL, Veai'co-vagindlie. Re-
lating to the  bladder and  the  vagina; as  veeico-
vaginal fistula.
  VESIC'ULA, Cystinx,Vea'icle ; diminutive of
veaica, ' a bladder.'  A  small bladder or cyst.
  Vesicula,  Ves'iele, Ecphly'sis, Cystinx, in  pa-
thology, means a small orbicular elevation of the
cuticle  containing lymph,  which  is  sometimes
clear and colourless, but often opake and whitish
or  pearl-coloured.  It  is  succeeded, either by a
scurf, or by a laminated scab.
  Vesicula AUnigmatosa,  Vesicula umbilicalis
— v. Alba, Vesicula umbilicalis — v. Bilis, Gall-
bladder — v. Blastodermatica, see Molecule — v.
Chyli, Receptaculum chyli—v. Erythroidea, Ery-
throid vesicle—v. Fellis, Gall-bladder—v. Gan-
graenescens,  see Anthrax — v. Germinativa, see
Molecule—v. Omphalo-mesenterica, A'esicula um-
bilicalis—v.  Ovalis, A'esicula umbilicalis—v. Pro-
lifera, see Molecule — v. Prostatica, see Ejacula-
tory Ducts.
   Vesic'ula Umbilica'lis,  Umbil'ical Ves'iele,
 Vesicula alba seu om'phalo-mesenter'ica seu anig-
mato'sa  seu ova'lis, Vesi'ca intestinalis, Intestinal
 Vesicle,  Vit'clline Pouch.   A small, pyriform,
 round, or spheroidal sac, which, about  the fif-
 teenth or twentieth  day after fecundation, is of
 the size of a common pea, and probably acquires
 its greatest dimensions in the course of the third
 or fourth week.  After the seventh week, it be-
 comes shrivelled and  disappears insensibly.   It
 seems to be  situate between the chorion and am-
 nion, and is commonly  adherent either  to  the
 outer surface of the  amnion, or to the inner sur-
 face of the chorion, but at times is loose between
 them.   The vitelline ped'icle, which attaches the
 vesicle to the embryo, is continuous with the intes-
 tinal canal; and, up to twenty or thirty  days of
 embryonic life, is  hollow ;—Ductus om'phalo-me-
testinales, A'esicula umbilicalis—v. Prostatica, see I senter'icus seu vitello-intestina'lis seu vitelld rius, 
VESICULA
904
VIABLE
 vitelline Duct.  Its arteries are the omphalo-me-
 senteric.  The vitelline fluid,  contained  in  the
 vesicle, has been  compared, from analogy, to the
 vitellus or yolk of birds ; and, like it, is an olea-
 ginous substance, and presumed to be inservient
 to the nutrition of the embryo.
  VESICULvE constitute the 6th order of Bate-
 man's classification of Cutaneous Diseases.
  ArESicuL.E, see A'illous  membranes — v. Divae
 Barbara?,  A'ariola  confluens — v.  Gingivarum,
 Aphthae—v. Pulmonales, see Cellule—v. Rotundee
 cervicis uteri, Nabothi glandulae — v. Sanguinis,
 Globules of the blood — v. Seminales mulierum,
 Nabothi glandulae—v. Spermaticae, Vesiculae se-
 minales.
  Vesicula Semina'les, V. Semina'ria  seu sper-
 mat'ica, Cap'sula semina'les,  Conceptae'ula semi-
 naria, Gonecys'tides,  (F.) Visieulee siminales,
 Gardouches, Greniers, are two small membranous
 sacs, which serve  as reservoirs for the sperm, and
 probably secrete  a fluid to be mixed with  the
 sperm.  They are situate beneath  the  bladder,
 and above the rectum, behind the prostate and to
 the outer side of the vasa deferentia.  They are
 of an irregular conoidal  shape; flattened from
 above to below; embossed  on their surface, and
 of a grayish tint.  Their poaterior extremity or
 fundus terminates by a round cul-de-sac.  Their
 anterior extremity or  neck is narrow and elon-
 gated, and is continuous with the excretory duct
 of the vesicula. This duct joins the vas deferens,
 and forms with it the ejaculatory duet.  The  in-
 terior of the vesiculae exhibits several cells, which
 communicate with each other, and are lined by a
 very thin, mucous membrane.
  VESICULAR,  Vesicula'ris.   Of or belonging
to a vesicle :—full of or containing small vesicles
 or cells. The cortical or gray matter of the brain
is sometimes termed vesicular.  See Cortex cere-
bri and Neurine.
  VESICULE BILIAIRE, Gall-bladder—v. du
Fiel, Gail-Bladder—v. Germinative, see Molecule
—v.  Ovulifere, see Folliculi Graafiani.
  VESICULES DE GRAEF^oWxenM Graafiani
—v. de Sainte Barbe, Variola confluens—v. Simi-
nales, Vesiculae seminales.
  VESPA, Wasp.
  VESSEL,  Vas,  Vasum, diminutive Vasculum,
 Angei'on, Angos, Conceptae'ulum, from (L.)  vas,
 vasculum, (F.) Vaisseau.   A canal,  more or  less
 elastic, formed by the superposition of membranes,
 and distinguished, according to its uses and gene-
 ral arrangement, into Artery,  Vein, and Lympha-
 tic.   See, also, Vascular.
  VESSELOUP, Lycoperdon.
  VESSIE, Urinary bladder—v. d  Colonnes,  see
 Urinary bladder — v. Col de la, Collum vesicae.
  VESSIE NATA TO IRE, Air-bladder.
  VESTIBULAR NERVE, see Auditory Nerve.
  VES'TIBULE,  Veetib'ulum,  from  veatio,   'to
 cover.'  The porch or entrance to a house.
  Vestibule, Vestib'ttlum, V. Vagi'na, Prondus,
 Atrium. Vagi'na,  Amb'itus genita'lie  mulie'bris,
 is a smooth  cavity between the perinasum  and
 nymphae in the female, which leads to two pas-
 sages— to the urethra above, and to the vagina
 below.
  Ves'tibule OF  the Ear, Veetib'ulum,  V. laby-
 rin'thi, (F.) Veetibule.  A cavity of an irregular
 shape, which forms part of the labyrinth  or  in-
 ternal ear.   The vestibule is situate on the inner
 side of the tympanum; on the outer side  of the
 meatus auditorius internus ; before the semicircu-
 lar canals, and behind the cochlea.  It is lined
 by a particular membrane, and contains the liquor
 of Cotunnius and branches of the auditory  nerve.
 There is also another membrane, constituting the
 mem'branous vestibule, but it is not an exact imi-
 tation of the osseous cavity.  It is composed of
 two distinct sacs, which open  into each other —■
 the sac'culus vestib'uli, and  the sacculus.  There
 are three contiguous cavities in the vestibule; one
 of which, the eemi-oval, is situate above ; another,
 the hemispherical, below; and the third, or aulei-
 form, which is the orifice of the aquasductus ves-
 tibuli, behind.
  VESTIBULUM LABYRINTHI, Vestibule of
 the ear—v. A'aginae, Vestibule.
   VESTIGE  (F.),  Veatig"ium, 'a  vestige,' 'a
 trace.'  A  kind of fracture of flat bones, consist-
 ing of a simple incision having the mark of the
 instrument that caused it.   The term' is also ap-
 plied to a part of  the body, which may have no
 evident use in man, and yet may be greatly em-
 ployed in animals.  For example, the muscles of
 the external ear in man are almost devoid of use,
 or are veatigea of what they are in certain animals.
  ArESTIGIUM,  Sole,  Veetige — v. Foraminis
 ovalis, Ovalis fossa—v. Pedis, Metatarsus.
  VESTI'TUS, Esthe'ma, Esthe'sis, Clothing, Res
 vestia'ria,  Dress,  Vesture,  (F.)  Vetement, from
 vestire, vestitum, ' to clothe.'   Any substance used
 for  the purpose of covering nakedness, or pre-
 serving from atmospheric temperature  by being
 worn on the  body.  The best clothing in winter
 is composed of articles that are  bad conductors
 of caloric, and  do  not admit of ready evaporation
 of the matter  of  perspiration.  In this respect,
 woollen vestments deserve the first place,  and
 cotton the second.  Colour has likewise to be re-
 garded— the darkest hues transmitting the heat
 most readily through them. It has been found that
 the same rule applies to odours—the  darker co-
 lours retaining a greater amount of odorous par-
 ticles than  the lighter.  Hence the necessity of
 white walls, white bed-clothes, &c., in the wards
 of hospitals; for it is probable that the like law
 applies to contagious miasms.
  VESTURE,  Vestitus.
  VETA, Puna.
  VETEMENT, Vestitus.
  VETERANA, Rubeola.
  VETERINARIUS,  see Hippiater and Veteri-
 nary.
  VET'ERINARY,  Veterindrius, (F.) Vitiri-
 naire, from veterinus, 'thatwhich bears burdens;'
 itself from vetere, ' to carry.'   That which apper-
 tains to beasts  of burden: hence, veterinary sur-
 geon, (see Farrier,) veterinary college, and veteri-
 nary medicine.
  Veterinary Anatomy, see Anatomy.
  Veterinary Art, Ars seu Aledici'na veterind-
 ria, Zooi'aaia, Zoiatri'a, Theriat'rica, Alu/omedi-
 ci'na, Zootherapi'a, Zootheraped tiee, Are zoiat'-
 rica, Far'riery.  The art of treating the diseases,
 &c, of cattle.
  VETERNOSITAS, Coma vigil.
  VETERNUS, Coma vigil.
  VETONICA CORDI, Betonica officinalis.
  VETULA, Sacrum.
  VEXILLA TUBARUM FALLOPII, see Tube,
 Fallopian.
  VEXILLUM, Drapeau.
  YIA, Way — v.  Curandi,  Ratio medendi — v.
 Stomachi et ventris,  Oesophagus.
  VIABILITY, see Viable.
  AT'ABLE, Viab'ilis, from via,  'way;' or from
(F.) vie, 'life,' (Orfila.)   A word,  which may be
introduced with great advantage from the French
into our language.  It is an epithet applied to a
foetus whose organs are properly formed, and so
developed as to permit its  continued existence.
Every foetus  is not  viable.    Anencephali have
lived ten or twelve days, yet they are not viable;
a part or the whole of the  brain  being wanting. 
VliE
905
VILLOUS
The older the foetus, the more viable is it.  It is
an idle prejudice that a child, born at the end of
eight months, is less likely to live than one born
a I  the end of seven.  The signs of viability are
drawn from the weight, length, external confor-
mation, &c, of the foetus.   It may be laid down
as a general rule, that no  foetus born before the
end of the seventh month is viable.
   VI.E CHYLIEERiE, Chyliferous vessels.
   A'i.e  Clandes'tin^e,  Clandestine  Passages.
Supposititious secret ways or passages or 'royal
roads,' to account for the rapid transmission of
substances taken into the stomach to the kidneys
or bladder.
   Vi-e  Extraordinary Lactis, Galactoplania
—v. Laerymales, Lachrymal passages — v. Pri-
ma?, Ways, digestive—v. Secundae,Ways, second.
   VIAL, Phiala.
   VIBI'CES,  Atol'opes, Stria,  (F.) Vcrgetures.
 Large purple spots,  like the  marks produced by
 the strokes of a whip, which appear under the
 skin in certain malignant fevers.   They are un-
 favourable indications, as they denote great pros-
 tration.
   VIBRAMEN, Oscillation.
   VIBRANS,  Vibratory.
   VII1RATILE, Vibratory.
   A'IBRATILTTY,  Vibratil'itas,  from vibrare,
 ' to  oscillate.'  Capability of being thrown into
 vibration.
   VIBRATIO, Oscillation—v. Cardiaca, Palpita-
 tion—v.  Cordis,  Palpitation.
   A'IBRATION, PECTORAL, see Fremitus—v.
 Taetile, see Fremitus—v. Tussive, see Tussive.
   VIBRATIONS OF SOUND, see Sound.
   A'IBRATOR,  Deferens vas.
   A'I'BRATORY,  Vi'brativc, Vibrans, (F.) Vi-
 brotile, from vibrare, 'to  quiver.' An  epithet
 applied to the  pain that accompanies some neu-
 ralgia?, which  seems to the patient to vibrate
 among the nerves.
   Vibratory Motion, see Cilia.
   VIBRATUS,  Oscillation.
   A'IB'RIO;  from vibrare,' to quiver.'  A genus
 of infusory animalcules,  of which different spe-
 cies are met with,—for example, Vib'rio pro'lifer
 in almost all putrescent fluids containing protein,
 and in the pus of chancres; in which last the  V.
 Unco/a has likewise been found.
    VIBRISSAS, from vibrare, 'to quiver.'  The
 hairs which grow at the  entrance of the nostrils
 and of  other outlets.  In  the  feline  tribe,  the
  whiskers.
    VIBURNUM  CASSINOIDES,  Ilex   Para-
 guensis.
    Vibur'num Denta'tum,  Arroio  Wood, 3fealy
  Tree,  Tily of the  Indians.  A  high indigenous
  shrub, of the same family as A7, lentago ; the bark
  of which  has  been  used  by the Indians  as a
  diuretic.
    A'ihi'rni'm  L.evigatum,  Ilex Paraguensis.
    A'iburnum  Lenta'go, Sweet Viburnum, Nanny-
  berry.  A handsome indigenous tree,  of the ho-
  neysuckle family— Caprifoliaceae—which flowers
  in  May and June.  It has  been  used as an anti-
  periodic.
    AriBUit'NUM  Prunifo'lium, Black Haw,  Sloe-
   Icavetl  Viburnum.   Indigenous:  flowering  in
   May.   The leaves have been used as tea.
    A'iburnum, Slow-leaved, A', prunifolium—v.
   Sweet,  A', lentago.
    VIC-LE-COMPTE,  MINERAL  WATERS
   OF.  A'ic-le-Compte is a small village in the  de-
   partment  of  Puy  de D&me, three leagues from
   Issoire • where there is an acidulous chalybeate,
   which is aperient.
    A'ICA'RIOUS,  Vica'rius, from vicis, ' change,
   place.'  Taking the place  of another:—as 'vica-
rious secretion,'  Secre'tio  vico'ria; a  secretion
which takes place in one part instead of another.
  VICAR'S BRAY, MINERAL AVATERS OF.
This spring is situate  in  Perthshire, Scotland,
about two miles  from Dollor, and near to Blarn-
gone.  The water is one of the  strongest chaly-
beates known.
   VICE, Cachosis.                ^   n  ,
  VICHY, MINERAL WATERS  OF.  Carbo-
nated alkaline chalybeates, the sources of which
are at A'ichy, six leagues  from Moulins, in the
department of Allier.   The springs are seven in
number.  Almost all are thermal; give off bub-
bles of carbonic  acid gas, and have a slightly sul-
phureous  odour.  They deposite carbonates ot
lime and magnesia, and a little oxide of iron;
and afford, on analysis, carbonates of lime, soda,
iron, and magnesia, carbonic acid, sulphate of
soda, and chloride of sodium.  They are  em-
ployed as tonics, particularly in chronic affections
of the abdominal viscera, in old catarrhs, diseases
of  the joints, &c.                       .  , •
   Vichy  AVater, Factitious,  Aqua Victen sis,
(F.) Eau de Vichy, is  made of simple acidulous
wetter, impregnated with twice its bulk of carbo-
nic acid,  "Jfxxss; subcarbonate of soda, gr. xxxij;
aulphate of soda, gr. xvj ;  chloride of eodium, gr.
iv; eubcarbonate ofmagneeia, gr. ss ; chloride of
iron, gr. i.  Mix.  Ph. P.)
   VICIA  ERVILIA,  Ervum.
   Vic"ia  FABA, Faba, F. major seu  vulgarie,
 Or'obua faba.   The Common Garden  Bean, (F.)
Five on five des marais.   Family, Leguminosae.
 Sex. Syat. Diadelphia Decandria.  A  native of
 Egypt, of which there  are many varieties. Beans
 are not easy of digestion.   They are proverbially
 flatulent,  especially when old.  AVhen young,
 they are more  digestible  and wholesome.  Bean
 meal was one of the four resolvent meals of the
 ancients.
    VICINITRACTUS, Erysipelas.
    VICINITRAHA, Erysipelas.
    VICTORIALIS FEMINEA, Gladiolus vulga-
 ris— v. Longa, Allium victoriale — v.  Rotunda,
 Gladiolus vulgaris.
    ArICTUS RATIO,  Diet,
    VIDANGES, Lochia.
    A'IDIAN CANAL, Pterygoid canal.
    VIE, Life—v. Durie de la, see  Longevity—v.
 Moqenne, see Longevity.
    YIEILLESSE, Senectus.
    VIERGE, Virgin.
    VIF ARGENT, Hydrargyrum.
    A'IGILANCE, Insomnia.
    A'IGILANTIA, Egregorsis.
    A'IGILATIO, Egregorsis.
    A'IGILIA, Egregorsis.
    A'lGILIiE, Egregorsis—v. Nimiae, Coma, vigil.
    ATGIL1UM, Egregorsis.
     VIGNE, A'itis vinifera — v.  Blanche, Bryonia
  alba—r. du Nord, Humulus lupulus — v. Vierge,
  Bryonia alba.
    VIGOR, Acme.
    VILLA  FRANCA, (CLIMATE  OF.)  This
  little town is situate immediately to the eastward
  of Montalbano, which separates the bay of Villa
  Franca from that of Nice.  It is on the southern
  declivity of a steep and lofty range of mountains;
  and is more effectually sheltered from the  north
  and north-west winds than Nice, with the climate
  of which that of Villa Franca closely corresponds.
    VILLI, see  A'illous membranes.
    ATLLOUS,  Villo'sus, from villus, • a hair.'
    Villous Membranes  or Coats,  Velamen'ta
  BombiiC'ina, (F.) 31 embranee villeueee, Membranea
  velouiis, are such as are covered with soft papillae
  or Villi, Flocci, Floc'culi, Vesic'ula, Cylin'dri,
  Ttibi Membrana'cei,  constituted of blood-vessels, 
VIN
906
VINUM
nerves, and absorbents;  or  such as are  covered
with  fine down, so as to cause them to feel soft
and velvety.  The  term  is, however, chiefly re-
stricted to the former. Chaussier gives the name
simple  villoua  membranea  to  the  serous  mem-
branes ;  and that of complicated or follicular vil-
loua membranes to the mucous membranes.  On
these membranes there are  bodies endowed with
ciliary motion.
   I '/A', AVine — v.  de Bordeaux, Claret—t;  de
Poulet, see Poulet—v. de Quinquina compoai, A'i-
num de kina kina, compositum— v. Sec, Sack.
   VINAIGRE, Acetum, see Aceticum acidum—
v. Scillitique, Acetum scillae — v. de Bois,  Pyro-
ligneous acid.      _,
   VINAIGRES  31EDICINAUX,  Acetica.
   A'INCA MINOR,  Viuca  pervin'ca, Clcm'atis
daphnoi'des  major, Lesser periwinkle, (F.) Per-
venche,  Violette des Sorciers.   It has bitter and
astringent properties, and has been used in gar-
gles and diseases  of the chest.
   VINCETOXICUM, Asclepias vincetoxicum.
   VINCTURA, Fascia.
   VINCULA, Fascia.
   A'INCULUM,  Bandage,  Lien — v.  Caninum,
Fraenum penis—v.  Linguae, Fra?num linguae—v.
Praeputii, Fraenum penis—v. Umbilicale, Funicu-
lus umbilicalis.
   VINE, A'itis  vinifera—v.  Grape, Vitis vinifera
—v. Poison,  Rhus radicans—v. Wild, Pareira.
   VINEGAR,  AROMATIC  SPIRIT  OF, see
Aceticum acidum — v. of  Cantharides, Acetum
cantharidis—v. Common, Acetum—v. Distilled,
see Aceticum acidum—v. Marseilles, Acetum aro-
maticum—v. of Meadow saffron, Acetum  colchici
—v. of Opium, Guttae nigrae—v. Radical, Aceti-
cum acidum — v. of Squills, Acetum  scilla? — v.
of the Four  Thieves,  Acetum aromatieum — v.
Thieves',  Acetum  aromaticum — v. Whey, see
Acetum—v. of  AVood, see Aceticum acidum.
   VINETTIER, Oxycantha Galeni.
   VINEUX, Vinous.
   A'INOLENTA, see  Temulentia.
   VINOLENTIA,  Temulentia.
   A'INOSUS, Vinous.
   A'INOUS,  Vino'sus, QSno'des, CEndi'des.   Re-
lating to wine.  Having  the character of, or re-
semblinsr, wine.  Made of wine.
   VINUM,  AVine, Sherry wine, (Ph. U. S. 1842,)
see AVine.
   Vinum Absinthi'tes, WiW o/ Wormwood. (Fol.
absinth, exsic., absinth. Pontic, aa, gvj, rini albi
Oiv.  Macerate for  24 hours, and strain.  Ph. P.)
Stimulant, tonic, febrifuge, vermifuge.
   A'inum  Adustum, Brandy—v. Album, Sherry
wine, (Ph. U. S. 1851,)  see Wine—v. Album Hispa-
nicum, see AVine—v. Album Montanum, see AVine.
   Vinum  Al'oes,  V. aloes  Socotori'na, Vinum
aloet'iciim, V. ardmo-aloeticum, Wine of Aloes,
Tinctu'ra hi'era, Tinctura sacra.  (Aloes in pulv.
gj, cardam. cont., Zingib. cont., aa  gj ; vini alb.
Oj.  Macerate  for 14 days, and filter.  Ph. L.)
Purgative and  stomachic, according to the dose.
Dose, fgj to fgij.
   A'inum Amarum, V. Gentianae comp.—v.  Ama-
rum scilliticum, &c., V. diureticum  amarum—v.
Amarum  cum spiritu  vini, V. gentianas composi-
tum — v. Antimoniale, V. antimonii tartarizati—
v. Antimoniatum  Huxhami,  V. antimonii tartari-
zati—v. Antimonii potassio-tartratis, V. antimonii
tartarizati.
   Vinum Antimonii, V. antimo'nii tartariza'ti, V.
tart'ratis  antimonii, V. antimo'nii potas'sio-tar-
tratie, Liquor tar'tari emet'ici, Solution of tar'-
tarized antimony,  Essen'tia antimonii seu stib'ii,
Antimonial wine,  Vinum  benedic'tum,  Vinum an-
timonia'tum  Huxha'mi, V. antimoniale, Aqua be-
nedic'ta Rulan'di,  Vinum   emet'icum.   (Ant.  et
Potass, tart. "**)j, vini albi fgx.  Dissolve the tar-
tarized antimony in tho wine.  Ph. U. S.)  Each
fluidounce contains two grains of the tartrate.
  The ordinary Antimonial  wine is  made with
glass of antimony gj, sherry Oiss.
   Ward's Red Drop consists of a strong vinous
solution of tartarized antimony.
  A'inum Antiscorbu'ticum,  Antiscorbdtic wine.
(Rad.  armoracia recent, gj, fol.  cochlearia re-
cent..nasturtii aquat., trifol. aquatic., semin. si no p.,
aa £,**> ammonia muriat. gij,  rin.  albi Oij.  Ma-
cerate  for 36 hours ; filter, and add tinctura coch-
lear, gss.  Ph. P.)  Stimulant and tonic.  Dose,
fgss to fgij.
  A'inum Aromat'icum, Aromatic wine.  (Species
aromatic, giv, vin. rubr. Oij.  Macerate for 6 days
and filter.  Ph. P.)  Stimulant and tonic.  Used,
externally, in fomentations, embrocations,  <fec.
  A'inum Aromo-aloeticum, Ar. aloes — v. Bene-
dictum, V. antimonii tartarizati.
  A'inum Campa'num, V. Campana'cenm.  Cham-
pagne  wine.   A well-known sparkling  wine  of
France.
  A'inum Canarinum, see Wine—v. Chalybeatum,
V. ferri — v.  Cinchonae compositum,  V.  de kina
kina comp.
  Vinum Col'chici, Wine of Colchicum, V. Col-
chici Radi'cis, Wont's Eau d'Hnsaon.  (Colchic.
rad.  bene contus. Ibj, vini alb. Oij.  Macerate for
14 days, with occasional agitation, and then ex-
press strongly, and filter.   Ph. U. S.)  It may
also  be prepared by displacement. Diuretic, se-
dative, and  purgative.   Chiefly  used in gout.
Dose, gtt. 40  to fgj.
  Reynold's  Specific,  for gout  and  rheumatism
consisted  of  the fresh  bulb  of Cclchicum  3v'lb
Sherry wine; fgxvj.  The colchicum was  mace-
rated for eight or ten days in the wine, at a gentle
heat;  coloured with  syrup of poppiea  and fla-
voured with   rum.   Reynolds  is said  to  have
killed himself by taking an over-dose of it.
  AriNinr Colchici Radicis, V. colchici.
  A'inum Colchici Sem'inis,  U'ine of Colchicum
seed.   (Colchic. sem. cont.  giv; vini alb. Oij.
Macerate for 14 days, with occasional agitation,
then express  and filter.   Ph.  U. S.) Dose, fgj to

  A^inum Cbematum, Brandy.
  Vinum Diuret'icum Ama'rum, Fin wwi amarum
scillit'icum compos'itum  in Charitdtis Noeocomi'o
uaurpa'tum, Bitter diuret'ic trine. (Cort. cinchon.,
Winteran., Union., aa, gij, rhus toxicodendr., ecilla,
caciimin. angelica, aa gss, fol. absinth., mclissa,
aa, gj, baccar. junip.,  maris, aa, gss,  rin. alb.
Oviij.  Macerate and filter.  Ph. P.)   Stimulant,
tonic, and diuretic.   Dose, fgss to fgiss.
  Vinum Emeticum, V. antimonii tartarizati.
  A^inum Er'gota, Wine of Ergot.  (Ergota,
cont.,  gij; vini alb. Oj.  Macerate for 14 days,
with occasional agitation; then express, and filter.
Ph. U. S.)   Dose,  "nVxx to  fgj to produce the
peculiar effects of ergot.
  Vinum Ferratum, V. Ferri.
  Vinum Ferri, V.  chalybca'tnm,  Steel wine,
Wine  of Iron, Vinum ferra'turn, V. Alartia'tuiii,
V. Martis,  Tinctura Alartia  vino'so, Tinctura
Alartis cum  vino.  (Iron,  gj, super-tort rate  of
Potass, in powder, gvj, distilled ivater, Oij or q. s.,
proof  spirit,  fgxx.  Rub the  iron  and super-
tartrate of potass together, and expose them to
the air in a flat vessel, moistened with a fluidounce
of water, for  a fortnight; agitating  every day
with a spatula, and sprinkling them  with water,
to keep them  moist.   Then  dry  with a gentle
heat, and mix with gxxx of distilled water. Fil-
ter the fluid and add the spirit.  Ph. L.)  Tonic.
Dose, fgj to fgiv.
  It  is sometimes made by adding two pints of 
VINUM
907
VIRGINITY
wine to two ounces of iron filings; macerating and
filtering.
  A'inum Centia'N/E  Compos'itum, V. Amdrum,
Compound  wine  of gentian, Inj'dsum  ama'rum
vino'sum,  Viiimn  amarum cum aitiritil vini, Wine
bitters.  (Rod. gentian, lutea .^ss, cort. cinchon.
°ffic- g.i^''"''- "urant.  gij, canella: alb. gj, alcohol.
dilut. I.^iv, vini  olb.  Hispanic. Oijss.  Ph. E.)
Dose, fgj to fgvj.
  A'inum IIiim-ocraticum,Claret—v.Hispanicum,
Vinum, see  Wine—v. Hordeaceum, Cerevisia—v.
Ilydatodes,  see Hydatoid.
  A'inum  Ipecacuan'ha,  Ipecacuan'ha  wine.
(Ipccacuaii.  cont. gij, vini alb. Oij.)  Macerate
for 14 days, express, and filter.   Emetic and dia-
phoretic.  Dose,  as an emetic, fgiv to fgx.
  Vinum de Kina Kina Compos'itum, V. cincho'-
na compositum, Compound bark wine, (F.) Vin de
quinquina compoai.  (Cort. cinchon. pulv. Ibss,
c/iiaaaia, cort. Winteron., cort. aurant. sice,  aa
gss, alcohol. (12° to 22° Beaume) Oj.   Macerate
for 24 hours;  and  add vini albi Ovj.   Macerate
for four days, and  filter.  Ph. P.)   Tonic, febri-
fuge, and stomachic.   Dose, fgss to fgij.
   Vinum  Martiatum,  V.  ferri — v. Martis,  V.
ferri — v. Medicatum, see Claret.
  A'inum M edicina'le, Aledicated Wine.   Wine,
holding in solution one or more medicines.  Me-
dicinal  wines  are obtained  by macerating  or  di-
gesting medicinal substances  in wine.   They
differ, of course,  according  to the nature  of the
medicine employed, the strength of the wine, &c.
In  a late  Pharmacopoeia  of the London College,
all the wines were  changed into weak tinctures;
but the old  names were left unaltered.  Sherry is
the wine  usually employed.  The following are
medicated wines.
  \riNUM Me rum, Acratum—v. Nicotianae tabaci,
V.  tabaci — v. Opiatum fermentatione paratum,
Laudanum abbatis Rousseau.
   A'inum  O'pn,  Wine of Opium, Vinum de opio
compoa'itum,  Lond'anitm liq'uidttm  Sydenha'mi,
Laudanum  liquidum  Hoffmadni,  Tinctu'ra The-
ba'ico,  Fortl'e laudanum.  (Opii in pulv. gij;
rin no in. cont., caryophyll. COllt. aa, gj ; vini albi
Oj. Macerate for 14 days; express  and filter.—
Ph. U.  S.) Narcotic   Dose, gtt. xv  to fgj.
   Vinum  de Opio Compositum, V. opii—v. Pica-
turn, l'issites.
   A'inum Portugal'licum, V. rubrum, (Ph. U. S.
1851.)  AVine of Portugal or of Oporto.  Port
wine.   A  strong  astringent  wine,  not  much
drunk  in the United States;  but  greatly used
in  England.
   A*"inum  Qiji'nliE, I Fine of Quinio.   ( Wine Ibij,
sulphate of quinia gr. x. Mix.)   Dose, fgiss or
more;  according as it is used as a stomachic, or
to  arrest  ague.    A  Vinum Cineho'nia may  be
made in the same way.
   A'inum Rhei,  I'. R. palma'ti, Rhubarb U'ine,
 Tinctura Rhabar'bari Vino'eo, Vinum Rhabarbari,
 Elixir  Rhei  dulce, E. R.  Compos'itum.  (Rhei
 cont. gij, canella  cont. gj, alcohol, dilut. f,"$ij,
 rini albi, Oj.  Macerate for 14 days;  express and
 filter. — Ph.  U^ S.)   Laxative  and stimulant.
 Dose, fgiv to t'.^iss.
   A'inum Rhei I'ai.mati, Ar. Rhei—v. Rhenanum,
 see AVine — v. Rhabarbari, A', rhei  palmati — v.
 Rubrum, Y. Portugallicum — v. Rubrum  Portu-
 gallicum, see AVine.
   A'inum Tab'aci, 1'inuin Nicotia'na Tabaci,  To-
 bae'eo  Wine.  (Taboe. incis.  gj, vini  albi,  Oj.
 Macerate for 14 days; express and  strain.   Ph.
 V.  S.)   Narcotic, diuretic, and  antispasmodic.
 In  dropsical  cases,  colica pictonum, and ileus.
 Not used.  Dose, gtt. xx to xxxvj.
   A'inum A'era'thi,  V. V. albi. Wine of White
 Hel'lebore.   (Veratri cont. 51V; Vini  albi,  Oj.
Macerate for 14 days, express and filter.—Ph. U.
S.)  In cutaneous affections, and in gout.  Dose,
ten  minims.
  Vinum A'eratri Albi, V. Veratri.
  A'lOL, Stuprum.
  A'I'OLA, Viola odordta seu mar'tia, Ion, 3fa-
trondlis, Viola'ria, the Sweet Violet, (F.) Violette
d bouquets, V. odorante.  The flowers of the sweet
violet have a pleasant, peculiar odour, an d scarcely
any taste.  They are slightly laxative.
  A'iola Cani'na, V. syhea'tris.  The Dog Violet.
The root  of this plant is emetic and cathartic.
Dose, 9j.
  Viola  Ipecacuanha,  see  Ipecacuanha — v.
Lutea, Cheiranthus  cheiri—v. Martia, Viola—v.
Odorata, Viola—v. Palustris, Pinguicola vulgaris.
  A'iola Peda'ta, Viola, (Ph. U. S.)   This  in-
digenous violet, which grows from New England
to Carolina, is regarded by some  as a useful  de-
mulcent in pectoral affections.
  Viola Sylvestris, V. Canina.
  Viola Tri'color,  Heart's ease, P-ansies, Jace'a
tricolor, Herba seu Flos Trinitdtis, (F.) Pensic,
P. sauvage.  The decoction of this beautiful little
plant has been recommended in  diseases of  the
skin,  Ac.  Its roots are, also, emetic and cathartic.
  A'lOLARIA, Viola.
  VIOLET, DOG, Viola canina —v. Bloom,  So-
lanum dulcamara—v. Sweet, A'iola.
  VIOLETTE A BOUQUETS, Viola—v. Odor-
ante,  Viola—1; des Sorciers, Vinca minor.
  VIOLIER JAUNE, Cheiranthus cheiri.
  VIORNA, Clematis vitalba.
  VIPER, EGYPTIAN, Aspis—v. Grass, Scor-
zonera—v. Ten inch long, Echidna ocellata.
  VI PER A, Coluber berus.
  VIPERARIA, Aristolochia serpentaria, Scor-
zonera.
  VIPERINA VIRGINIANA, Aristolochia ser-
pentaria.
  AIR, Penis—v. Effceminatus,  Gynaecaner.
  A'IRAGO, see Pogoniasis.
  A'IRGA,  Penis—v. Cerea, Bougie—v. Cerebri,
Pineal gland.
  A'IRGILIA, Cladrastis tinctoria.
  A'IRGIN, Virgo,Pay'thenus, Expers nuptia'rum,
(F.)  Vierge, Pucelle. A female  who has  never
had sexual intercourse.   Applied, also, occasion-
ally to the male so circumstanced.
  VlR'GINAL, Virgina'le, from virgo, 'a virgin.
The external genital organs of the virgin.
  Virginal Membrane, Hymen.
  VIRGINIA, MINERAL AVATERS OF. There
are several celebrated mineral springs in Virginia,
on  the western side of the Blue Ridge.  Two
 Thermal springs exist in Bath county.  The Warm
 Spring, as it is called, issues with a bold stream,
sufficient to turn a mill, and to keep the water of
its  basin at the temperature of 97°.  The  Hot
Spring is a few miles from  the AVarm.   Its tem-
perature  is 107°.  They  are both slightly  sul-
phureous.  The Sweet Springs are at the eastern
foot of the Allegheny,  in  Botetourt  county; 42
miles from the AVarm Springs.   The water has a
temperature of  70°, and is highly impregnated
with carbonic acid.  The White Sulphur, as well
as  the  Red Sulphur, and Salt Sulphur  Springs,
are also  much celebrated.  The Red Spring  is
affirmed  to  exert a sedative  influence  on  the
pulse, diminishing  the  number of  its  beats.
About  15 miles from  Staunton are  Stribling's
Springs — a sulphuretted water; and near War-
renton, in Fauquier county, there is a sulphu-
reous water, called Lee's Springs, which is much
frequented.   Berkley and Capon Springs  are
likewise celebrated.
  A'irginia. Hymen.
  VIRGINITY, Virgiditas, Parthenei'a, Integ'- 
VIRGIN'S BOWER            90S                  VISUAL
ri'tas, 3Iaid'enhood,  3faid'enhead, (F.) Virginiti,
Pucilage.   The state of one who has never had
carnal commerce.
  VIRGIN'S  BOAVER,  COMMON, Clematis
vitalba,  Clematis  Virginica—v.  Bower,  upright,
Clematis recta—v. Sweet-scented, Clematis flam-
mula.
  AriRGiN's Milk, Lac Vir'ginie, Lac Virgina'le,
(F.) Lait  virginal.   A tincture  of  benjamin or
of any other balsam, precipitated by the  addition
of water,  which  gives it a  milky  appearance.
Also, sub-acetate  of lead precipitated by water.
It has been used as a cosmetic to remove freckles,
&c.
  VIRGINITAS DEFLORATA, Defloration.
  A'IRGO, A'irgin—v. Aurea, Solidago virgaurea.
  VIRGULA, Penis.
  VIRIDE yERIS, Cupri subacetas —v. Monta-
num, Cuprum.
  VIRILE, Penis.
  VIRILES'CENCE; from vir,  'a man.'   The
6tate of the aged female in which  she assumes
certain  of the  characteristics  of  the male.—
Mehliss.
  VIRILIA, Pudibilia.
  VIRILITY, Adult age.
  VIROSUS. Virulent.
  VIRTUE,  Faculty.
  VIRTUS  FORMATRIX, Plastic force—v.
j. lastica, Plastic force.
  VIR'ULENT,  Virulen'tus,  Viro'sus, from virus.
That which is of the nature  of a virus  or which
is caused by a virus.  Highly noxious.
  A'IRUS, from vis,  'force.'   A  Latin  word,
which signifies poison; but which, in medicine,
has a somewhat  different acceptation.  By it is
understood a principle, unknown in its nature and
inappreciable  by' the  senses, which is the  agent
for the transmission of infectious diseases.  Thus
we  speak of the variolic, vaccine, and eyphilitic vi-
ruses. Virus differs from venom in the latter being
a secretion natural  to certain animals, whilst the
former is always  the result of a morbid process;
—a morbid poison.
  Virus, Ichor, Poison, Sanies—v. Vaccine, see
Vaccina — v. Vitale, Sperm.
  VIS, Force — v. Adhaesionis, Cohesion  (force
of) — v. Attractionis, Cohesion  (force  of)—v.
Aueta,  Sthenia — v. Cohaesionis, Cohesion  (force
of) — v. Conservatrix, V. medicatrix naturae —
v.  Elastica,  Elasticity — v.  Essentialis, Plastic
force.
  Vis Expul'trix.  The organic force by which,
it was  supposed, the useless was removed from
the body.
  Vis Formativa, Plastic force—v. Generatrix,
Potentia generandi—v. Imminuta, Asthenia—v.
Insita,  Irritability—v. Irritabilitatis, Irritability.
   Vis Medica'trix Natu'rjs, Vis conserva'trix,
 Autocrati'a,  Autonom'ia, Autocrato'ria, Authy-
gian'sis,  Antotherapei'a, Phyaiat'rice,  Physio-
 autocrati'a, Phyeiautocrati'a.  A term, employed
 by  some,  to express  that  instinctive healing
 power, in  an animal or vegetable, by  virtue  of
 which it can repair injuries  inflicted upon it, or
 remove disease.
   A'is  Mor'tua.  Under this name Haller in-
 cluded the mechanical properties of membrane,
 —flexibility, extensibility, elasticity, <fec.—which
 are totally independent of the vital properties.
 They remain some time after the complete ex-
 tinction of life  in all its functions; seem to be
 connected with  the mechanical arrangement  of
 particles  and  the  chymical composition of the
 substance  in which  they reside, and not to  be
 affected until the progress of decomposition has
 become sensible.
    Vis Muscularis, Myodynamia—v. Nervorum,
Nervous  power—v. Nervosa, Nervous power—y.
Plastica,  Plastic force—v. Reproductiva, Plastio
force—v. Aritae, Irritability.
  Vis  AriTA'ns, Via  seu  Fac'ultaa Zo'tieo, (F.)
Force  vitale.  The vital force — Biod of Barou
Von Reichenbach — which  distinguishes living
matter from the dead.  Also, Irritability.
  Vis  Zotica, Vis vitalis.
   VISAGE, Countenance.
  VISCAGO BEHEN, Cucubalus behen.
  VISCERA, Entrails.
  VISCERAL, Splanchnic.
  VISCERALIS, Stomachal.
  VISCERATION,  Exenterismus.
   VISCERES, Entrails.
  VISCONIA, Physconia.
  VISCUM ALBUM, Mia'tletoe, Ixos, Ix'ia, Da-
 bach, (F;) Gui.  A parasitic  plant, which grows
 on  a number  of trees.  Family,  Caprifoliacea?.
 Sex. Syat. Dicecia Tetrandria.  That of the oak—
 Viscum querci'num — has been most  celebrated,
 but it does not differ from the others.  It was,
 at  one time,  much  used in epilepsy and other
 neuroses;  the  wood or leaves being  given in
 powder, in  the dose of gss or gj.  The berries,
 also  called Pommes hemorrhoidals, from their
 supposed virtues, are drastic; and, when applied
 externally,  are maturative.
   Viscum  Capen'se.  A South  African parasitic
 shrub, which  grows  on the stems of several spe-
 cies of Rhus and Euclea.
   Viscum   Flaves'cens,  Yel'lowish  AHCtletoe,
 indigenous, has been given  in  similar cases as
 the Viscum album.
   VISIO, Pupil, Vision.
   VIS'ION,  Vie'io,  Visus, from  videre, visum,
 'to see;' Opsis, Omma, (F.) Vue.   The action
 of  seeing.   The  sight.  The  sight is one of the
 five senses, and the eye is its organ.  By it we
 distinguish colours, and appreciate most of- the
 physical qualities of external objects. The eye is
 composed of  different transparent media, whose
 curvatures and refractive powers are so combined
 as  to render insensible the aberrations of spheri-
 city and refrangibility,  and  to concentrate the
 numerous  rays  proceeding  from more or  less
 distant  objects.   These rays traverse,  success-
 ively, the transparent  cornea,  the  aqueous  hu-
 mour, the crystalline, the vitreous humour,  and
 strike upon the retina,  on which they impress
 the figure of the object whence they have pro-
 ceeded ; and, in order that no obscurity may arise
 from the reflections that might otherwise occur,
 the anterior of the eye is lined by a membrane—
 the choroid—which is itself covered internally by
 a dark pigment.  This absorbs the light, like the
 dark  pigment in the interior of telescopes,  and
 thus obviates confusion.  As the rays proceeding
 from  an object must cross  each other in  their
 course to  the retina, it follows that those  pro-
 ceeding from  the upper part of an  object must
 fall upon the  lower part of the retina, and  con-
 versely; so  that the object  must be impressed
 upon  the retina in an inverted position ; yet ex-
 perience teaches us  to appreciate the position ac-
 curately.
   Vision,  Binocular,  see  Binocular — v.  Co-
 loured,  Chromopsia — v. Double, Diplopia — v.
 Single, see Binocular.
   VISORIUM ORGANUM, Eye.
   VISORIUS, Visual.
   VIS'UAL, Visudlis, Viso'rius.  Same etymon.
 That which concerns the sight or belongs to vision.
   Visual  Angle  is the  angle  formed by  the
 crossing of two rays, proceeding from  opposite
 points of any body, in their passage through the
 pupil. It is by the size of this angle that we judge,
I to a certain extent,  of the dimensions of objects. 
VISUS
909
VOCAL
  VISUS,  Ari.-ion — v.  Acris,  Oxydercia — v.
Acrior,  Nyctalopia — v.  Coloratus, Chromopsia
•-v. Debilitas,  Asthenopia — v. Decolor, Achro-
matopsia,—v. Dimidiatus, Hemiopia—v. Diurnus,
Hemeralopia—v. Duplicatus, Diplopia—v. Hcbe-
tudo, Amblyopia—v. Juvenum, Myopia—v. Lu-
cidus, Photopsia — v. Muscarum,  see Metamor-
phopsia—v. Nocturnus, Nyctalopia — v. Senilis,
Presbytia.
  VITA, Life—v.  Propria, Irritability.
  VITAL, Vitdlis, Biot'ic, Biot'icua, (F.) Vital,
from vita, 'life.'  Relating  or  appertaining to
life; — as
  Vital Dynamics,  see Dynamic—v. Force, Vis
vitalis.
  Vital Prin'ciple, Flam'mula seu Aura vitd-
lie,  Microcosme'tor,  (F.) Flamme vitale,  Vital
Flame.  The principle which, in association with
matter, as in  organized  bodies, controls its ma-
nifestations and properties, and distinguishes or-
ganized matter from the inorganic. We know
nothing of this principle, except in its connexion
with organization.
   Vital  Properties, see Properties, vital — v.
 Statistics, Statistics, medical.
   A'lTALBA,  Clematis vitalba.
   VITAL'ITY, Vital'itae, from vita, 'life.'  The
 vital principle: also used in the sense of vital
 action or movement.
   A'lTALIZE, To endow with life.
   VITALS, Vita'lia.  Parts  that are necessary
 for life — the heart, lungs,  and nervous centres
 more especially.
   ATTARO'BORANT, PALMER'S.  A farina-
 ceous preparation, which appears  to consist of a
 mixture of the red  or Arabian  lentil and wheat
 flour, the latter in  considerable amount, sweet-
 ened with sugar.  It  bears  considerable resem-
 blance to Revalenta.
   VITELLARY, Vitelline—v. Membrane, Zona
 pellucida.
    VITELLINE, Zona pellucida.
   A'lT'ELLINE, Vitcl'linua, Vit'ellary,from vi-
 tellua,  < the yolk of  an egg.'  Appertaining to  or
 resembling the vitellus or yolk.
    A'itelline Disc, Proligerous Disc — v. Fluid,
 seo A'esicula umbilicalis.
    Vitelline Ped'icle or Apoph'ysis, is the pedi-
 cle which  attaches the umbilical vesicle to the
 embryo.   See A'esicula umbilicalis.
    Vitelline  Pouch, Vesicula  umbilicalis — v.
 Vessels,  Omphalo-mesenteric.
    VITELLO-MESENTERIC,  Omphalo-mesen-

    VITELLUM OVI, see Ovum.
    VITELLUS OA'I, see Ovum.
    ATTEX, V. Agnus Caatua seu verticilldta, Ag-
 nus Caettte, (F.)  Gattilier, Petit  Poivre,  Poivre
 sauvage.  Family, Pyrenaceae.  Sex. Syat.  Didy-
 namia Angiospermia.   Tho Chaate Tree.   The
 seeds, when fresh, have a fragrant smell, and  an
 acrid, aromatic taste.  Formerly, they  were cele-
 brated as antaphrodisiacs.
    ArITI SALTUS, Chorea.
    VITIA  PR1.ALE  CONFORMATIONS,  see
 Monster.
    A*"ITIATIO, Stuprum.
    A'lTILIGlNES, Ephelides.
    A'lTILIGO, Lepra—v. Alphus, Lepra alpho-
 i^os—v. Melas, Lepra nigricans—v. Nigra, Lepra
 nigricans.
    A'ITIS  ALBA SYLVESTRIS,  Bryonia alba
 --v. Apyrena, see A'. Corinthiaca.
    A'itis  Corinthiaca.   Family of the Vines.
  Sex.  St/st.  Pentandria  Monogynia.  This plant
  affords th# Uva passes  mino'res,  Passa Corinthi-
  aca, Pas'aula mino'rea, Uva Corinthiaca, Corin-
  thiaca, Currants, (F.) Raisins de Corinthe;  which
are the dried  frnit of the Vitie Corinthiaca or
Vitis apyre'na;  and are similar, in their proper-
ties, to the raisin.
  Vitis Id^ea Myrtillus, A'accinium myrtillus
__v. Idaea Palustris,  A'accinium oxycoccos — v.
Ida?a punctata, Vaccinium vitis idaea—v. Sativa,
V. vinifera.
  Vitis  A'inif'era,  V.  sati'va, Am'pcloe,  A.
OSnoph'oros.   The Grape  vine, the  Vine,  (F.)
Vigne.   Vine leaves and the tendrils have an
astringent taste, and were formerly used in diar-
rhoea, hemorrhage, &c.  The juice or sap, called
Lac'ryma, has been recommended  in calculous
disorders and in  cases of chronic  ophthalmia.
The juice of the  unripe fruit is called Verjuice.
The Grape, Uva, Botrys,  Staph'yli,  Rhax,  (F.)
Raiein, when ripe, is a wholesome delicious fruit;
and, when dried, forms the  Uva passa majo'res,
Pasa'ula majo'ree, Uva pasaa sole  sicedta, Zi-
beba, Raieine.   These are inodorous ; and to the
taste,  sub-acidulous, sweet, and mucilaginous.
They are demulcent and nutritive.
   VITIUM, Disease—v. Caducum,  Epilepsy.
   Vitium Conforma'tionis.   A disease or fault
of conformation.
   Vitium Divinum,  Epilepsy —v.  Herculeum,
Epilepsy—v. Scrophulosum, Scrofula.
   VITRARIA, Parietaria.
   VITREOUS, Hyaline—v. Humour, Corpus vi-
treum—v. Humour of the ear, Vitrinc auditive.
   VITREUS, Hyaline.
   VITRINE  AUDITIVE  (¥.),  from vitrum,
'glass;'  End'olymph, Liquor of Scarpa, Fluid
of Scarpa,  Vitreous  Humour  of the  Ear.   The
fluid contained in the membranous labyrinth of
the ear,  so called from its resemblance to the
 vitreous humour of the eye.
   VITRIOL, Ferri sulphas—v. Blue, Cupri sul-
 phas— v. Caeruleum, Cupri  sulphgs — v. Green,
 Ferri  sulphas — v.  Roman, Cupri sulphas — v.
 White, Zinci  sulphas.
   A1TRIOLUM  ALBUM, Zinci  sulphas—v.
 Ammoniacale, Ammoniae sulphas—v. Cupri, Cu-
 pri sulphas—v. Cyprium, Cupri sulphas—v. Ferri,
 Ferri sulphas — v. Goslariense, Zinci sulphas—v.
 Martis, Ferri sulphas — v. Romanum, Cupri sul-
 phas—v. A'eneris, Cupri sulphas—v. A'iride, Ferri
 sulphas—v. Zinci, Zinci sulphas.
    VITRUM, Hy'olos, Glass, Brancia, (F.) Verre,
 from  videre, ' to see.' Glass, coarsely powdered,
 has been sometimes used to remove specks of the
 cornea.
   .Powdered  glass has been  regarded, but erro-
 neously, as a poison. It acts only mechanically.
    The saline  scum, which swims on glass  when
 first made, has been used in tooth-powders.  It is
 called  Sandiver, Sel de verre, Glass Gall, Fel
 vitri, &c.
    Vitrum  Antimonii, see Antimonii vitrum — v.
 Hypoclepticum,  Separatorium — v. Oculare,  see
 Spectacles—v. Sublimatorium,  Aludel.
    VITTA, Bandelette, Caul.
    VIVESECTIO, A^ivisection.
    VIVERRA  CIVETTA, see Civetta.
    VIVIPARITE, see Viviparous.
    VIVIP'AROUS, from vivus, ' alive,' and pario,
 'I bring forth.'  An epithet applied to animals
 whose young are  brought forth detached, without
 requiring to be  hatched, as  in the Oviparous.
 The  condition may be  termed Vivip'arouenees,
 (F.) Vivipariti.  See Generation.
    VIVIPAROUSNESS, see A'iviparous.
    A'lA'ISEC'TION, Viriaec'tio, Virasec'tio, Bio-
 tom'ia, from  vivua, 'alive,' and aecare, eectum, 'to
 cut.'    The act of opening or dissecting  living
 animals.  One who performs vivisections is a
 vivisector.
    VOCAL, Oral—v. Tube, see Tube, vocal. 
VOCALIS
910
A'OMITING
  VOCALIS, Vowel.
  VOCE DI PETTO,  see Voice — v. di Testa,
see Voice.
  VOICE,  Vox,  Audi,  Phone,  (F.) Voix,  from
eocare, ' to  name, to call.'  An appreciable sound
produced by the  air, when driven from the lungs,
throwing the inferior ligaments of the glottis into
vibration.   The function by which this is effected
has been called Phondtion.  It is a function of
animal life; and, in animals, is  limited  to the
production  of the simple or instinct'ive voice, as
well as in the idiot;  but, in intellectual man, be-
comes much more complicated and articulated,—
an evidence of his intellectual superiority.
  A'oiCE, Artic'ulATED, Speech, Loque'la, Glossa,
Giotto, La'lia, Phrasis,  (F.) Parole, Voix articu-
lie, is the voice as produced by the glottis, modi-
fied by the  motions of the tongue, lip, and other
parts of the vocal tube.  Most physiologists agree
in regarding the glottis, or the  space between
the thyro-arytenoid ligaments plus the ligaments
themselves, as the part where vocal sounds are
formed; but the mechanism of this formation is
a matter of dispute.  The greater part of indivi-
duals regard the glottis and  its  ligaments, with
the vocal tube, or the space which the sound has
to traverse  after it is produced in the glottis, as
a reed instrument, like the clarionet, the inferior
ligaments of the  glottis constituting the reed.  In
speech,  as  ordinarily effected, the  tongue, lips,
teeth, Ac,  are  concerned, but  there  are some
authentic cases on record, where it has been ac-
complished after the tongue has  been  removed.
In such cases, the articulated voice must have
been produced in the glottis alone, or in it aided
by an obscure action of the parts above it.
  The singing voice is not limited to the larynx;
the pharynx would  seem  to  be  concerned also.
The  notes  that are  produced in the latter have
been termed supra-laryngeal,  or notes   of  the
aecond register.   They constitute the pharyngeal
voice, falsetto  or faucette voice or voce di testa,
(I.)  The laryngeal voice or voice of the first re-
gister, is the Voce di Petto, (I.)
  Voice, Bleating, Egophony—v. Cavernous,
Pectoriloquy.
  Voice, Chol'eric, Vox Cholcr'ica.  The pecu-
liar husky voice  of those affected with cholera.
  A'oice,  Convul'sive, 'Vox convulsi'va, (F.)
Voix convulsive.   A  neurosis of the voice, con-
sisting in the production of discordant sounds —
acute and grave—which cannot be brought to the
natural tones by any effort of volition.  It seems
to be caused  by disordered  contraction  of the
muscles of  the larynx.
  A'oice, Falsetto, see Voice — v. Goat's, Ego-
phony— v. Laryngeal, Laryngophony, see Voice
—v. Pharyngeal, see Voice—v. Tracheal, Laryn-
gophony.
   VOIE, Way.
   VOIES  DIGESTIVES, Ways, digestive—v.
Lachrymales, Lachrymal passages—v. Premiires,
Ways, digestive—u.  Secondee, Ways, second—v.
Urinaires,  Urinary passages.
   VOILE  DU  PALAIS, Velum pendulum pa-
lati—v. 3Iidu!laire infirieure, Velum  medullare
inferius—v. Alidullaire supirieure, Valvula Vi-
eussenii.
   VOIX, Voice—v. Aigre, see Acid—v. Artictt-
lie,  Voice,  articulated, Pectoriloquy — v. Bour-
donnonte,  see Resonance — v.  Bronchique, Re-
sonance— v. Caverneuse, Pectoriloquy — v. Chi-
vrotante, Egophony — v. Egophonique, Egophony
— v. de Polichinelle, Egophony — v. Sinile, Ego-
phony—v.  Tubaire, see Resonance.
  VOLA, Palm—v. Manus, Palm—v. Pedis, Sole.
  VOLATICA,  Lichen.
  VOLATILIZA'TION, Volatilisdtio, Volatisd-
tio, from volare, ' to fly.'  The operntion of redu-
cing volatilizable substances into gas or vapour.
  VOLATISATIO, Volatilization.
  A'OLIT"ION,  Volit"it>,  from volo, 'to  will.'
The act of willing.   Hence :
  VOLIT"IONAL, relating to volition.   Thus
the muscles may be moved by a volitional or by
an emotional impulse.
  A'OLNUS, AVound.
  A'OLSELLA, Acanthobolos, Forceps, Madiste-
rium—v. Patini, Valet d Patin.
  A'OLTAISM, Galvanism.
  AT1LTUS, Countenance, Face.
  VOL'UNTARY,  Hecu'sius, Volnntdrina, from
voluntas, 'will.'  Relating to the will; as 'volun-
tary muscles;' muscles which act in obedience to
the will.
  VOLUNTAS,  Volen'tio,  Arbit'rium,  Cupid'-
itas,  Boule'sia, Bute'sis,  Thele'ma,  (F.) Volonti.
Will or desire.
  Volun'tas seu Cupid'itas Desedend'i, Lubi'-
do intesti'ni.   The desire to go to stool.
  VOLVULUS,  Ileus — v. Intestinorum, Intus-
susceptio.
  VOMENDI CONAMEN INANE, Vomituri-
tion.
  VOMER, 'a ploughshare;' Oa vo'meria, Ard-
trttm,  Oa maxill'a superio'ris undeC'imttm.   One
of the bones of the face, so called from its resem-
blance.  It is an azygous bone, forming the pos-
terior part of the septum narium.  It is thin, flat,
and quadrilateral;  and is  articulated, below, to
the superior maxillary and palatine bones; and
above, to  the sphenoid, ethmoid, and cornets  of
Bertin.  It is  developed by a single point of os-
sification.  Also, the penis.
  VOM'ICA,. Pyocys'tia, from vomere, 'to vomit,'
'to cast up.'   (F.) Vomique, Crachement de pus.
A term used  by some authors for any encysted
collection of purulent matter in the interior of a
viscus.  The acceptation is commonly, however,
restricted to purulent collections in  the lungs,
encysted or not, which may be discharged by the
mouth, by breaking into  the  bronchial tubes.
Two kinds of vomicae are distinguished; the one
caused  by the softening or breaking  down  of
pulmonary tubercles;  the  other,  of much  more
rare occurrence, formed by a circumscribed abscess
of the lungs.  Instead of opening into the  bron-
chia, the abscess is sometimes discharged into the
cavity of the pleura, causing empyema.
  VOMICINE, Brucia.
   VOMIQUE, Vomica.
   V03IIQUIER,  Strychnos nux vomica.
   VOMISSE3IENT,  Vomiting — v.  de  Sang,
Haematemesis.
  A'OMIT,  Emetic —v. Black,  Fever, yellow,
Melaena.
  Vomit,  Dry, of Marriott.  A once celebrated
emetic, called ' dry,'  from its having been  given
without solution.  It consisted  of equal portions
of tartrate of antimony and potassa, and sulphate
of copper.
   VOMITIF, Emetic.
  VOMITINE, Emetine.
  VOMTTING, Vom'itue, Vomit"io, Vomit"ium,
 Yom'itum,Eromit"io, And trope, Em'esis vomit" io,
Palmus vom'itus, sEgritddo ventric'uli, Spewing,
Puking, Sickness of the Stomach,  (F.) Vomieee-
ment,  from vomere, 'to cast up.'   The act  by
which solids and  liquids,  contained in the sto-
mach, are ejected by the mouth. A'omiting is the
effect of some special irritation of the nerves of
the stomach, calling, by reflex action, on the ap-
propriate muscles to expel the contents of the
viscus.  It is not accomplished   .],¥v by the
contraction of the stomach, as was for a long
time believed.  That organ, indeed, assists in the 
VOMITIO
911
VUL\rO-UTERINE
process;  but the main cause is the compression
exerted upon  the parietes of the viscus by the
diaphragm and abdominal muscles.  A'omiting is
a symptom  common  to numerous diseases.  At
times,  it is sympathetic,  as in affections  of the
kidney, uteru.s, brain, &c.  At others, it is symp-
tomatic,  as  in gastritis,  peritonitis,  &c.  AVhen
very troublesome, it  may often be palliated by
effervescent draughts, aromatics, sinapisms,  or
blisters to the epigastric region, &c.
  Vomiting at  Pleasure,  Regurgitation — v.
of Blood, Haematemesis — v. Stercoraceous, Co-
premesis.
  VOMITIO, Vomiting—v. Sanguinis, Ha?mate-
mesis.
  VO MITI I'M, Vomiting.
  VOMITO NEGRO, Fever, yellow —v. Prieto,
Fever, yellow.
  VOMITORJUM, Emetic.
  VOMITORY,  Emetic.
  VOMITUM, Vomiting.
  VOMITURIT"ION, Vomituri'tio,Emea'io,Dy-
aemea'ia, Subrer'sio stom'achi.   Same etymon as
A'oniituig.   Ineffectual efforts to vomit;  Yomeddi
cona'men ina'ne, Retching, Reaching, Head ing.
Some  authors mean, by this term, a  vomiting of
but little matter, or that which is effected almost
without effort.   The  first acceptation is the most
general.
   VOMITUS, Vomiting —v.  Cruentus, Haema-
temesis—v. Fieculentus, Copremesis—v. Marinus,
Nausea marina—v. Navigantium, Nausea marina
—v. Niger, Fever, yellow—v. Pituitosus, Blenne-
mesis—v. Profusus, Ilyperemesis—v. Purulentus,
Pyemesis—v. Sanguinis, Haematemesis—v. Ster-
coris,  Copremesis.
   VOORARA, Curare.
   VOUACAPUA AMERICANA,  Geoffra?a in-
 ermis.
   VOUTE,  A'ault—r.  MiduUaire,  Corpus cal-
 losum— v. a Trois Fillers, Fornix.
   A'OAVEL, Voca'lia, from Latin vox, 'the voice,'
 and roco, 'to call.'   (F.)  Voyelle.   Physiologi-
 cally, a continuous breath or sound, produced in
 the glottis ; but more or less modified by the form
 of the vocal  tube, through which it  has to pass.
 In the  English language,  a,  e, i, o, u, w, and y
 are vowels.
   A'OX, A'oice — v. Cholerica, Voice, choleric —
 v.  Clangosa,  Oxyphonia — v. Convulsiva, Foi.r
 Convulsive—v.  Nasalis, Rhinophonia—v. Rauca,
 Raucedo, Raucous voice—v. Raucisona, Raucous
 voice.
   VO YELLE, Vowel.
   VUE, Vision — v.  Courte, Myopia—v. Diurne,
 Hemeralopia—v. Faible, Amblyopia—v. Longue,
 Presbytia—v. Louche, Strabismus — v. Nocturne,
 Nyctalopia.
   VULGA, A'ulva.
    VU LNERAIRE,  A'ulnerary — v. Suisae,  see
 Falltranck.
   VI' L N E R A RIUS, Traumatic.
   A'UL'NERARY,   Vulnero'ri.ua,  Traumat'icus,
 Traumatic, from vulnus, vulneris, 'a wound.' (F.)
  Vulniraire.  A name applied by the ancients to
medicines, which they considered capable of fa«
vouring the consolidation of wounds.  The pro-
perty has been ascribed to various plants.
  A'ULNERATIO NERA'I, Neurotrosis.'
  VULNUS, AVound — v. Laceratum, see Lace-
ration—v. Sclopetarium, AVound, gun-shot—"v.
Simplex, Cut.
  VULNUSCULUM, AVound.
  A'ULPIS  MORBUS, Alopecia.
   VULTUEUX (¥.),  Yultudsus.  Corvisart has
used the expression, Face vulttteuse,  Fa'cies vul-
tuo'ea,  for  the  face, when it is more florid and
swollen than in the natural state.  This appear-
ance, which is observed in active aneurism of the
heart, according to Corvisart, is owing to the afflux
of blood into the  arterial capillaries, and hence
differs  from the livid and  swollen  appearance
caused by the accumulation of blood in the venous
capillaries, constituting the Face injectie.
  A*ULTUS, Countenance, Face —v. Tetricus et
Moostus, Scythropasmus.
  VULVA, Uterus, see Vulva.
  A'ulva, from valva, 'a door.'  Hortue, Cunnua,
Puden'dum  mulie'bre,  Sinus pudo'ris,  Choiros,
Arvum, Bucca,  Bulga, Ctidur'ciia, Gustos, Femen,
An'nulua, Femur  eummum,  Follic'ulus,  Fundus,
Gre'mium,  Hio'tus, Lanu'vium,  Nan's, Oppid'u-
lum, Specus, Vulgo,  Cymba, Saltus,  C/itor'ium,
Os'tium, Sulcus, Amphicaits'tia,  Concho,  Poreua,
Porta, Interfemineum, AlitliCbria, Fossa  magna
mulie'brie, Episci'on, Ee'chara, Hor'tulua cupid'-
inia, Boubdlioa, Byaaoa, Cava, Cover'na, Delphys,
Delta, Fovea, GynacCurn, the Female puden'dum,
the Female organs of generation, the Female ports,
Loci mulie'bres, (F.) Vulve. A longitudinal open-
ing  between the projecting parts of  the external
organs of generation in the female, extending from
the mons veneris to the perineum, and which is
called, also, Fossa magna.  Some anatomists mean,
by this term, the whole  of the  external genital
organs of the female : — mons veneris ; labia ma-
jora, and the cleft or vestibule separating them;
the  clitoris; nymphae;  meatus  urinarius;  en-
trance of the  vagina; with the hymen  or  the
carunculae  myrtiformes, fossa  navicularis  and
fourchette.
   A'ulva,  Fora'men  commu'ne ante'rius, Iter ad
infundib'ulum,  Iter seu Aditus ad ter'tium ren-
trie' idum, Rima ad infundib'ulum, Apertu'ra an-
te'rior vcntric'uli  ter'tii cerebri.    An  opening
situate at  the  junction of the optic  thalami, in
the third ventricle of the brain, and  immediately
beneath the anterior crus of the fornix.
   VULVAIRE, Chenopodium vulvaria.
   VULVAR, Vulva'ris,  from vulva.   That which
relates to the vulva.  Chaussier gives this name
to  the external pudic arteries,  because they are
distributed to the vulva.
   VULVARIA, Chenopodium vulvaria.
   VUL YE, A'ulva.
   VULA'I'TIS, a hybrid word, from vulva,  and
itis, denoting inflammation. Inflammation of the
vulva.
   VULArO-UTERINE  CANAL, Vagina. 
WAD                 912                 WATER
w.
  WAD, Graphites.
  WAHOO, see Euonymus.
  WAISTCOAT,  STRAIT, Inddcula,  (¥.) Ca-
misole, Gilet de force.  A dress"-, used for restrain-
ing maniacs,  or those labouring  under violent
delirium.  It has  long  sleeves, which are tied
behind the body, so that the arms cannot be ex-
tricated from  them.   It ought, of course, to be
made of very resisting materials.
  AVAKE-ROBIN,  Arum maculatum,  Trillium
latifolium.
  WALE, Wheal.
  WALKING, Gressus, Inces'sus, Deambula'tio,
Ambuldtio, Bad'isis, (F.) La marche.  The action
by which we change place, by means of a succes-
sion of steps in the same direction.  In walking
forwards, the centre of gravity is constantly al-
tered ; and a series of small, parabolic  curves is
described on the heads of the thigh-bones, the
extent of which is regulated by volition, under
the guidance of vision.
  WALLA'CHIA, MINERAL AVATERS OF.
There are many excellent sulphureous springs in
this  country,  especially those at Bobotsch, Fin-
ceschti, Sibitchiudi Suz, Brasa, Otschin,  Serbo-
neschte,  Kimpalungi,  Kosia,  and Oloneschti.
Chalybeate and  saline springs have, also, been
found at Sibitschiudi Suz. — Siller.
  WALLFLOWER, Cheiranthus cheiri.
  WALLRUE, Asplenium ruta muraria.
  WALNUT, Juglans regia — w. White, Juglans
cinerea.
  WALTON,  MINERAL  WATERS  OF.   A
mineral spring near Tewkesbury,  in Gloucester-
shire, England.  It is an acidulous chalybeate.
  WANT, from  past participle of Sax. t>anian,
'to wane,' 'to fall away.' 'Need of that which is
necessary.'  (F.) Besoin.  This word is sometimes
used to express the imperious necessity which
compels us  to take food, drink, <fcc.  (See Hunger
and Thirst.)  In a more general sense, it means
the impressions transmitted by the organs to the
brain, when it  is necessary that they should act:
these wants are called instinctive desires and in-
ternal sensations or stimuli.  Such are the desires
or wants to eat, drink, void the urine, breathe
(besoin de respirer), &c.
  AVant, in the sense of indigence, (L.) Egeetae,
Indigedtia, is  the cause of a number of diseases.
  WARBURG'S FEVER-DROPS, see Bebeeru.
  WARD'S ESSENCE  FOR THE HEADACH,
Linimentum camphorae  compositum — w. White
Drops, see Hydrargyri nitras.
  AVARMBBUNN, MINERAL WATERS OF.
Much frequented springs in Silesia, about a league
from Hirschberg. They are thermal, 95° to 100°
Fah., and are chiefly used as baths. The impreg-
nating materials are carbonate of  soda, sulphate
of soda, sulphate of lime, chloride of sodium, car-
bonate of magnesia, and sulphohydric acid gas.
  WARM SPRINGS,  see Virginia, mineral wa-
ters of.
  WARNERA CANADENSIS, Hydrastis Cana-
densis.
  AVART, Verruca—w. Corneous, Cornu.
  WARTY, Ver'rucoae, Ver'rucoue, Verruco'sus,
from  Sax.  peaPc.  Full of warts.  Resembling,
relating, or belonging to wants.
  AVarty  Tumour  of Cicatrices.   A  name
given  by Mr.  Howship to the tumour, which
sometimes appears on an old  scar, many years,
perhaps, after the injury that caused it.
  AVASH, BLACK, see Hydrargyri submurias—
w. Preventive, Lotion, Hannay's—w. White, Li-
quor plumbi subacetatis dilutus.
  AVASHERAVOMAN'S SCALL,  Psoriasis
diffusa.
  AVASP, Vespa, Sphex, (F.) Guepe.   A genus
of gregarious insects, like  the bee and the ant.
They are armed with a sting, which pours a poi-
sonous fluid into the puncture  made by it.   (See
Poisons,  Table of.)  The best application is tho
sp. ammoniae aromaticus, or some preparation of
ammonia.
  AVASSERBURG, MINERAL WATERS OF.
Wasserburg  is a town of Bavaria, seated on the
Inn, 28 miles east of Munich.  The water, called,
also, Aqua Aga'tli, contains carbonic acid; car-
bonates of lime and magnesia; sulphates of lime
and magnesia; chloride of  sodium, carbonate of
soda and oxide of iron.
  WASSERCUR, Hydrosudotherapeia.
  WATER, Sax. tseZev, (G.)Wasser, Aqua,Hy-
dor, 'viup, Alma, (F.) Eau, Protox'ide of hydrogen.
Water was at one time regarded as a  simple ele-
ment.  It is now known to  consist of eight parts
by weight of oxygen,  and  one of hydrogen.  It
freezes at 32°, and boils  at 212° of Fahrenheit;
and is taken as  the unit in all tables of specific
gravity of solid  and liquid substances.  Water,
as we meet with it, is very different in  its state
of purity; generally, it contains small quantities
of saline matter; at other times, as in sea-water
and  mineral waters, it is  largely impregnated.
The characters of water, as met with under ordi-
nary circumstances, are well compared by Celsus,
"Aqua levieaima pluvialie eet; deinde fontana ;
turn ex flumine ; turn ex puteo; poet hac ex  nive,
aut glacie;  gravior his  ex lacu;  gravissima ex
palude."  Pure water is one of the best diluents
that  can be  used.  AVhen  cold,  and  especially
when iced, it is one of the most useful refrige-
rants; and,  in the form  of the cold,  tepid, and
warm bath, it is serviceable  in numerous diseases.
  Water of Aix-la-Chapelle, see Aix-la-Cha-
pelle — w. Allflower, Urine,  cows' — w. Apple,
Apple-tea—w. Barley, Decoctum hordei.
  Water Bed.   A bed, contrived  by Dr. Arnott,
which, in consequence  of its  being  placed  on
water, is  well adapted for the bedridden.
  AVater, Binelli, Aqua Binellii — w. of Bitter
Almonds, Aqua Amygdalarum concentrata — w.
Brash, Pyrosis—w. Brocchieri, Aqua Brocchierii
—w. Camphor, Mistura Camphorae.
  Water Canker, Cancer  aquaticus.
  Water, Carui, Strong, Spiritus  carui — w.
Chicken, Chicken-tea—w.  Cinnamon, Aqua cin-
namomi— w. Cinnamon,  strong, Spiritus cinna-
momi— w. Cologne, Eau de Cologne.
  Water Cure, Hydrosudotherapeia.
  AVater, Distil'led, Aqua destilldta, (F.) Eau
distillie, Holy water, is generally ordered in ex-
temporaneous prescriptions, but is rarely used.
In some  cases,  however, it is absolutely neces-
sary ; as  water, containing  any saline impregna-
tion—hard water, for example—decomposes  cer-
tain substances.  Distilled water has been recom-
mended as a diet-drink  in cancerous affections;
and  it is used in the religious ceremonies of the
Catholic  church.   In  the Pharmacopoeia of the
United States, it is directed to be made as fol-
lows :— Take of water, ten gallons.  First distil 
WATER
913
WATER
 two pints,  and throw them  away;  then distil
 eight gallons.  Keep the distilled water in glass
 bottles.
   Water-doctor, see Uromantia.
   Water-dressing.   The treatment of wounds
 and ulcers by the application  of water.   It gene-
 rally consists in dipping folds  of lint  in water,
 and placing them on  the part:—the whole being
 covered with oiled silk or elastic gum.
   Water,  Epileptic, of Langius, Langii aqua
 epileptica — w. Fennel, Aqua fceniculi.
   Water Flag, Yellow, Iris pseudacorus.
   Water,Florida,—a celebrated perfume,—may
 be made of Ol. Bergami fgiv;  Tinct. benzoin, c.
 f^ij ; Alcohol, cong.
   Water, Goulard, Liquor  plumbi sub-acetatis
 dilutus.
   Water,  Hard.   Common water, which de-
 composes and curdles soap;  in contradistinction
 to soft ivater, which is readily miscible with soap.
 The  hardness  of water depends  upon the pre-
 sence in it of earthy salts, the most  common of
 which is sulphate of  lime.
   Water,  Holy, Water, distilled — w. Honey,
 see  Mel—w. in the  Head, Hydrocephalus — w.
 Hungary, Spiritus rosmarini.
   AVater Jags, see Varicella.
   Water, Lake, Aqua ex lacu, (F.) Eau de lac,
 is apt  to be impure, from  decayed animal and
 vegetable matters. A great  deal will, however,
 depend  upon the magnitude of  the collection,
 and the degree of stagnation.
   AVater, Laurel, see Prunus lauro-cerasus —
 w. Lavender, Spiritus lavandulae—w. Lemon-
 peel, see Lemonpeel  Tea — w. Lime, Liquor cal-
 cis— w. Lime, compound, Liquor calcis compo-
 situs— w. Magnesia,  aerated, Magnesia, fluid —
 w. Magnesia, carbonated, Magnesia, fluid.
   AVater, Marsh, Aqua paludo'sa, (F.) ^au de
 Marais, is the most impure of all.  It is  generally
 more stagnant, and of course more loaded  with
 decomposing animal and vegetable matters.
   AVater,  Mineral,  Aqua minera'lis, A. sald-
 bris, A. metliea'ta, Fona aoluto'riua, F. medica'-
 tua, F. aote'rius, Aqua eote'ria, (F.) Eau minirale.
 AVater, holding in solution different saline and
 gazeous substances in sufficient quantity to  be
 possessed of medicinal properties, or of a temper-
 ature different  from  that of the ordinary springs
 of the country.
   Mineral waters may be divided into four classes:
 — 1. Gazeoue or Acidulous.   2.  Chalybeate.  3.
 Saline.  4.  Sulphureous.  These may be thermal,
 or cold,—natural, or artificial.   Many of these
 divisions, however, run into each other; some of
 the  substances, which they  hold dissolved,  be-
 longing to one  class as well as to another.
   1. Ga'zeous,  Acid'uloua or  Carbonated 3Iiri-
 eral  Waters,  Aqua  minera'lea acid'ula,  (F.)
 Eaux minirales gazeuses ou acidities.   The wa-
 ters referred to  this  class are those that contain
 carbonic acid gas  in such quantity as to commu-
 nicate to it certain  sensible  qualities.  AVaters
 impregnated with free carbonic acid, sparkle when
 drawn from the  spring, or  when poured into a
 glass.   They have a  sharp, acidulous taste;  but
 becoino vapid from exposure to the  air.  Along
 with  the carbonic acid, there are generally pre-
 sent portions  of  saline, earthy or metallic mat-
 ter,  chiefly carbonates of lime,  magnesia, and
 iron.   AVaters, highly impregnated with carbonic
 acid gas, are grateful to the  stomach; increase
 the appetite, and are diuretic; hence, their utility
in dyspepsia, hypochondriasis, and gout.  Their
properties are, of course, modified by the saline
 matter that may be also contained in them.  The
 most celebrated  amongst  the  acidulous  waters
 are  those  of  Bar,  Chateldon,  St.  Myon, Mont
 d'Or, Langeac, Seltzer, Schlangenbad, Sultzmatt,
 Pyrmont,  Spa,  Carlsbad,  Cheltenham,  Scarbo-
 rough, Saratoga,  Ballston, and the Sweet Springs
 of Virginia.
  2. Chalyb'eate or Ferru'ginous Mineral Waters,
 Aqua minerdles ferrugino'sa, A. Chalybedta, A.
 Alartia'les, (F.)  Eaux  minirales ferrugineuses,
 contain iron — sulphate, chloride or carbonate,
 generally the  latter — held in solution by an ex-
 cess of acid.  Chalybeate waters have a peculiar
 styptic taste.   They are transparent when taken
 from the spring; but, when exposed  for some
 time to the air, a pellicle  forms on the surface,
.and a deposite of the iron takes place.  Chalybeate
 waters are used as tonics in debility of all kinds;
 in all cases, in fact, where iron is considered to
 be indicated.   They are the most numerous of
 all   the  classes  of mineral  waters.   In  this
 dictionary, those only are specified which have
 some celebrity; yet there are upwards of ninety;
 whilst there are  more than sixty of the  saline,
 and  upwards  of thirty-five of the sulphureous.
 The most   celebrated  chalybeates  are  those  of
 Tunbridge, Scarborough, Spa, Bussang, Forges,
 Vichy, Pyrmont, Passy, Provins, and A'als.
  3. Saline Mineral Waters, Aqua  minerales sa-
 li'na, Amna alcalizdta (Paracelsus,) Hydralma,
 (F.) Eaux  minirales salines.  AVaters, holding in
 solution  different saline  substances  in greater
 quantity than  the acidulous waters.  They differ
 in properties,  according to  the salts contained in
 them.   The salts usually present are sulphates,
 chlorides,  and carbonates ; and the bases,  with
 which the  acids forming  these are combined, are
 soda, magnesia, and lime.  Saline mineral waters
 are  usually aperient;  and the  most noted are
 those of Seltzer, Sedlitz, Balaruc, Bourbonne-les-
 Bains, Baden, Epsom, Cheltenham, &c.
  To this class may also  be added Sea water.
  4. Sulphu'reous Alineral Waters, Aqua mine-
 rales sulphd rea;  when warm,  termed  Theio-
 therma, Theiopega,  Theother'ma, Fontes sulphd-
 rei cal'idi, (F.) Eaux minirales sulfureusee, Eaux
 sulfurics, E. sulfureueea, E.  hipatiquea, &c.  These
 waters owe their distinguishing character to an
 impregnation  of sulphuretted hydrogen, and are
 at once recognized  by their peculiar fetid smell,
 resembling that  of rotten eggs.  They usually
 contain  saline substances,  which  modify their
 powers.  From the  action of the sulphuretted hy-
 drogen, they are  useful in cutaneous affections;
 and, from  the combined action  of this  and the
 saline matter, they  are valuable agents in  dis-
 eases  of the  digestive organs.   They  are  also
 employed in cutaneous eruptions; and the warm
 sulphur baths  have been  especially celebrated in
 such cases, as well as in  rheumatic affections.
 The most renowned sulphureous waters are those
 of Bareges, Bagneres-de-Luchon, Cauterets, Bon-
 nes,  Aix  in  Savoy, Aix-la-Chapelle, Enghien,
 Harrogate, Moffat, Virginia Springs, &c.
  Some springs, as those of Bath, Buxton, Dax,
 Matlock, AVarm and Hot  Springs  of Virginia,
 <fec,  are almost pure Thermal  Mineral Waters,
 They  are  valuable  agents in rheumatic affec-
 tions; the  warmth being equable  during the
 whole period the individual is immersed in them ;
 which cannot be the case in the artificial thermal
 bath.
  The following  Table by Dr. Pereira  exhibits
 the composition of some of the principal mineral
 waters.
58 
                                                            FIXED  CONSTITUENTS

                           ENTERING INTO  THE  COMPOSITION  OF  SOME  OF  THE  MORE  CELEBRATED

                                                                MINERAL  SPRINGS.

                                                            Proportions in 10,000 Parts of Water.

Note.__In reducing the analyses contained in this Table to a uniform measure, in order to render them  susceptible of direct comparison with each other, the old English
     gallon is assumed to be as = 58,338 grains;  the wine pint = 7305 grains;  the imperial gallon = 70,000 grains; and the German 16-ounce measure = 7368 grains.

                          The different salts have been reduced to their elementary constituents by Wollaston's scale of chemical equivalents.
THERMAL.
Name.
San Restituta.
Gurgitello....

Wiesbaden...
Carlsbad Sprudel
                              Ischia...
                              Ditto....

                              Nassau..


                              Bohemia

                              France..
                              Ditto....
                              Nassau..
                              Ischia...
                              England.
                              France ..
                              Iceland..
                              France •.
                              Iceland-.
                              England.
                              Nassau..
                              Bohemia
Buxton.....................! England.
St. Nectaire..........
Vichy ...............
Ems (Kranchensquelle),
Olmitello..............
Bath  (King's Bath).....
Mont d'Or...........,
Geyser................
Chaudes Aigues.......
Rycum [Reikum]......
Bristol Hot well.......
Srhliingenbad..........
Teplilz.
Acids.
Carbo-
 nic.
 0

14.55

 1.38


 7.45

15.13
15.81
20.32
 0
 2.38
 2.86
 0
 3.07
 0
 1.02
 3.50
 1.89
 0.78
Sulphu<
  ric.
19.30

 9.05

 0.87


14.50

 0.87
 1.55
 0.76
 6.91
 8.7)
 0.36
 0.81
 0
 0.71
 2.25
 0
 0.40
 0.06
Muri-
atic.
29.05

11.18

33.09


 6.40

13.00
 0.72
 2.43
 5.95
 0
 2.05
 1.32
 0.86
 1.55
 1.17
 0.80
 0.29
 0.28
Soda.
34.50

31.45

31.99


24.55

23.90
24.47
14.87
 5.98
 2.79
 4.74
 2.74
 3.12
 2.43
 1.17
 2.42
 2.62
 0.19
2.08

2.95

5.29


1.75

2.45
0.27
2.65
0
5.29
0.90
0
1.01
0
0.82
0.90
0.36
1.04
Mag-
nesia.
2.35

2.38

0.92


0.85

1.14
0
1.45
1.80
0.77
0.28
0
0.59
0
0.43
0.53
0.18
0.04
 Oxide
of Iron.
3.19
1.39

0.05


0.02

0.14
0.01
0.65
0
0.03
0.01
0
0.15
0
0
0
0.03
0
Silica.
  0.40

  0.56

  0.26


  0.75

  1.00
  0
trace
  0.42
  0.37
  2.10
  5.40
  1.16
  3.73
  0
  0
  0.42
  0
Sum.
94.44
74.03

57.63


54.59

53.94
42.75
42.74
24.43
20.53
13.39
10.75
 9.96
 8.47
 8.19
 6.96
 6.24
 2.70
AnTHORlTY AND
    Date.
Giudice.
Ditto ...
Kastner, 1823
■{
Berzelius,1822-
Berthier.....
Ditto........
Kastner, 1830
Giudice......
Phillips......
Berthie......
Black, 1791 -.
Berthier.....
Black, 1791 ..
Carrick, 1797 ..
Kastner, 1823 ..
Berzelius.1822..
Scudamore, 1820
Remarks.
Iron in the state of ferruginous alumina;
  sub-borate of soda 2.79.
Iron as in San Restituta.
Free carbonic acid 18.9 ; azote ; pot-ash
  0.83 ; alumina  0.56 ; organic extract
  2.37.
Minute traces of  phosphoric and fluoric
  acids,  strontian,  alumina, and  man-
  ganese.

                            [nese 2.42.
Alumina, a trace;  oxide  of  manga-
Potash 2.73.
Magnesia, by Scudamore.

Alumina 0.48.

Alumina .005.
Free carbonic acid 12.99.
Free carbonic acid 6.0.
Phosphoric  acid ; potash;  alumina.
Azote 2.01,  by Pearson. 
COLD.
Vicar's Bridge..............
Piillna.....................

Seidschutz.................

Leamington (Royal Pump)...
Harrowgate (old sulphur well)
Airthrey (first spring).......
Cheltenham (old well).......
Hartfell aluminous chalybeate
Isle of Wight...............

Marienbad (Ferdinandsquelle)
Dunblane (north spring)......
Vals.......................
Bilin.......................

Franzenbad (Franzensbrunn).
Pitcaithly..................

Roisdorf..................J

Epsom.....................
Sellers (Nieder).............
Fachingen..................
Soden......................
Moffat.....................

Pyrmont...................

Marienfels..................

Strathpeffer (pump-room)....
Geilnau....................
Weilbach..................
Hartfell Spa................
Langensehwalbach  (Wein-)
  brunn)..................5
Spa........................

Carlsbad (Sauerling)........

Tunbridge..................
Malvern....................
Scotland Bohemia	0 4.63	203.00 182.83	0.18 17.20	0.16 75.00	2.56 20.38	13.20 45.45	103.00 0	.0 0.24	563.10 341.1
Ditto....	4.81	97.43	1.43	14.20	6.02	41.92	trace	0.16	177.4
England. Ditto--- Scotland England. Scotland England.	0 1.20 0 0 0 0	20.80 0.80 4.25 11.05 63.23 48.58	71.90 76.83 76.46 50.65 0 2.95	57.90 60.50 32.10 45.80 0 6.85	12.00 4.47 32.50 4.26 0 5.68	4.95 1.94 0.31 1.22 0 0.82	1.09 0 0 trace 40.00 14.60	0 0 0 0 0 0.96	153.9 145.4 127.4 111.6 101.3 88.21
Bohemia	9.52	27.60	9.50	38.05	2.87	1.67	0.12	0.50	86.18
Scotland France .. Bohemia	0.30 22.48 20.51	2.23 0.29 3.40	33.55 3.00 1.44	15.30 33.34 28.47	14.04 1.60 2.47	0 0.22 1.60	0.23 0.06 0.10	0 0.45 0	63.21 61.17 57.46
Ditto----	5.44	18.50	6.21	26.70	1.26	0	0.37	0.48	55.80
Scotland	0.30	0.73	27.20	8.50	13.99	0	trace	trace	46.95
Rhenish	6.76	2.50	9.70	16.00	1.78	1.33	0.07	0.21	38.11
England. Nassau.. Ditto--- Ditto.... Scotland	2.50 5.37 11.49 3.35 0	14.80 0.18 0.12 0.07 2.80	4.21 9.92 2.63 12.30 13.60	5.64 16.06 15.63 10.72 12.75	11.80 1.37 1.83 4.08 0.68	0 1.00 1.09 0.06 0.26	0 0.12 0.07 0.08 0	0 0.38 0.11 0.06 0	37.94 34.00 32.98 30.89 30.03
Germany	4.03	9.83	0.99	1.29	85.6	1.98	0.36	0.68	27.89
Nassau..	4.83	0.18	1.88	3.42	2.20	1.27	0.10	trace	15.99
Scotland Nassau.. Ditto--- Scotland	0 6.00 3.61 0	9.32 0.07 0.81 2.76	2.17 0.18 1.31 3.05	6.18 5.08 4.60 0	2.33 1.46 1.55 2.30	0.30 1.40 2.05 0	0 0.13 0 2.49	0 0.14 0 0	15.36 14.66 14.40 9.95
Nassau..	3.84	0.12	0.12	0.34	1.55	1.95	0.67	trace	8.58
Belgium	6.63	0.51	0.33	0.92	0.74	0.72	7.90	0.68	5.92
Bohemia	0.28	0.13	0.07	0.28	0.16	0.06	0.06	0.61	1.42
England. Ditto....	0.20 0.32	0.14 0.14	0.29 0.08	0.19 0.55	0.39 0.03	0.02 0.02	0.38 0.04	0.07 0	1.32 1.01
 Connell, 1831..
 Struve.........

 Ditto..........

 Thomson,  1830.
 Scudamore, 1819
 Thomson,  1828.
 Scudamore, 1819
 Thomson,  1828.
 Marcet........

 Steinmann, 1820

 Murray, 1814...
 Berthier.......
 Reuss,  1788---

 Tromsdorff, 1820

 Murray, 1814...

 Bischoff, 1826 ..

 Daubeny, 1830..
 Bischoff, 1826 ..
 Ditto..........
 Meyer. 1820---
 Thomson,  1828.

 Struve.........

 Kastner........

 Thomson,  1828.
 Bischoff, 1826 ..
 Creve,  1810---
 Thomson,  1828.

 Kastner, 1829...

Struve.........

 Berzelius,  1822.
 Scudamore, 1816
 Phillip, 1805---
 Potash, a trace.
 Potash 3.55.
' Nitric acid 7.75 ; phosphoric acid ; pot-
1   ash  3.61;  strontian 0.03;  alumina;
[   oxide of manganese.
 Traces of iodine and bromine byDaubeny.
 Trace of iodine by Daubeny.
 Alumina 5.10.
 Alumina 7.77.
(Phosphoric acid, lithion, strontian, alu-
\  mina, manganese, by Berzelius.
(Phosphoric acid, lithian, strontian, alu-
(  mina, manganese, by Berzelius.

 Potash.
 Trace of bromine.
 Phosphoric acid 0.19.
 Phosphoric acid 000.5.
C Phosphoric acid, potash, strontian, man-
£  ganese.
(Potash 1.19; strontian,manganese,phos-
\  phoric acid.
 Potash.
 Phosphoric acid .019.
 Sulphur-resin 0.48.
 Alumina, a trace.
(Potash,  lithion, iodine, strontian, alu-
(  mina,  manganese, phosphoric acid.
 Phos. acid; potash 0.58; manganese.
( Phosphoric acid, fluate of lime, alumina,
(  oxide of manganese.
 Oxide of manganese. 
                   WATER                 8

  Water, Mineral, Acidulous water, simple.
  Waters,  Mineral, Artificial,  (F.)  Eaux
minirales artificiclles ou factices.   These are imi-
tations  of the natural; and some of them — a?
the factitious Cheltenham water,  and Sedlitz wa-
ter— answer the purpose of the natural  water
tolerably well.   The acidulous  and chalybeate
waters are, however, most easily  imitated.
  Water, Nutmeg, Spiritus  myristica?—w. Pars-
nep, creeping, Sium — w. Pennyroyal, spirituous,
Spiritus pulegii — w. Peppermint, Aqua mentha
piperita?.
  Water Pox,  see Varicella.
  Water, Protoxide op Nitrogen, Aqua nitro-
genii protoxydi.
  Water Qualm, Pyrosis.
  Water, Rain, Aqua pluvidlis, A. plu'via, A.
Im'brium, (E.) Eau  de pluie, when collected at a
distance from houses or other elevated objects, is
the purest natural water, and has the least spe-
cific gravity. The  only bodies which it usually
holds in solution, are carbonic acid, and minute
traces of carbonate of lime and chloride of calcium.
  Water, Rice, see Oryza.
  Water, River,  Aqua fluviat'ilis, is derived
from the conflux of numerous springs  and rain
water.  It is, generally, pretty pure.
  AVater, Rose, Aqua rosae.
  Water, Sea, Aqua Mari'na, Humor Dor'idis,
(F.) Eau de 3Ier.   This contains chlorides of
sodium, magnesium  and calcium, and sulphate
of magnesia.   It is  cathartic,  and forms the
usual glyster at sea.  It makes an excellent tonic
bath; superior in most cases—especially in scro-
fula — to the fresh water-bath.
  Water, Searle's Patent Oxygenous  Aer-
ated, Aqua  Nitrogenii protoxydi — w. Seyds-
chutz, Sedlitz water.
  Water Shield, Brasenia hydropeltis.
  Water, Snow, Aqua niva'ta,  (P.) Eau de
neige, has usually  been  deemed unwholesome.
It exactly resembles rain water  in composition,
and is equally salubrious.
  Water, Soda, Acidulous water, simple — w.
Soft,  see  Water, hard — w.  Spearmint,  Aqua
menthas viridis.
  Water, Spring,  Aqua fonta'na,  HydropCge,
(F.) Eau de fontaine, contains, in addition to the
substances detected in rain  water, more or less
sulphate of lime.  When this is to such an ex-
tent as  to curdle soap, the  water is said  to be
hard;  if not, soft.    Hard  water is, of course,
inferior to soft, for domestic  and  medicinal pur-
poses.
  Water, Styptic, Sydenham's solutio  sulphatis
cupri composita — w. Tar, see Pinus sylvestris—
w. Toast, see Toast-water.
  Water, Well, Aqua putea'lis seu Putedna,
A. expu'teo, (F.) Eau  de puit, Eau de  source, is
the same as spring water, but liable to impregna-
tion, owing to the land springs filtering into the
wells, and conveying impurities into j;hem.
  Waters,  Discharged or Broken,  Profusio
aquas — w. Distilled, Aquas  destillatse—w. First
Primitiae.
  WATTWEILER,  MINERAL  WATERS OF.
Wattweiler is a small town  in the department of
Haut-Rhin, at the foot of the Vosges.  The wa-
ters are acidulous chalybeates, and contain car-
bonates of iron, lime, and soda;  chloride of
sodium, and free carbonic acid.
  WAX, Cera — w. Ear, Cerumen.
  WAX, MYRTLE.  A wax obtained  from the
fruit of 3Iyri'ca cerif'era. It has  been prescribed
in dysentery.
  Wax, Yellow and White, Cera flava et alba.
  WAXING KERNELS, Crescedtia, (F.)  Crois-
sances, Croissants, Glandes de croisaance.   A po-
                  WEKiHTS

pular term for small tumours, formed by an en-
largement of the lymphatic glands—in the groins
of children particularly. They have been looked
upon as connected with the growth of the body,
— henco their name.
  WAY, Saxon waeg, Via, Passage, Odos, (F.)
 Voie.  A name given to different canals.
  WAYS, DIGE STIVE, Digestive Pas'sages,
Prima Via, (F.) Voies digestives, Premierea roiee,
are the series of hollow organs of digestion, com-
posed of mouth, oesophagus, stomach, and small
and large intestines.  The  term is often restricted
to the first three of these.
  Ways,  Second,  Second  Paaaogea, Secun'da
via, (F.) Secondee voies, comprise the  chyliferous,
lymphatic and blood vessels.
  WEAKSIGHTEDNESS, Asthenopia.
  WEAL, Wheal.
  WEANING,  from  Saxon  Penan,  'to  wean;'
Ablacta'tio, Apogalactis'mus, (F.) Sivrage.  The
act of depriving the infant, permanently, of the
breast, in  order to feed it on other and more
solid nourishment.
  Weaning Brash, see Brash, weaning.
  WEATHERCOCKS, Impatiens.
  WEB, MUSCULAR, Panniculus carnosus.
  WEB-EYE, Caligo.
  WEDGED, (D.)  wegghe,  Inclu'sus, Inha'-
rens, (F.) Enclavie.  The  head  of the foetus is
said to be wedged in tho pelvis, when it remains
fixed, notwithstanding the uterine efforts.
  The  condition is called  Incunedtio seu Incla-
va'tio fartils, Spheno'sis, Inharens,  (F.) Enclove-
ment.  See Paragomphosis.
  WEED,  see Mastitis — w. in the  Breast,  see
Mastitis—w. Dyer's, Reseda luteola—w. Field,
Anthemis cotula—w. Horsefly, Sophora tinctoria
— w. Milk, Apocynum androsaemifolium — w.
Soldiers', Matico—w. Silver, Potentilla anserina.
  WEEPING, Fletus.
  WEIGHT, from Saxon waegan,  'to weigh,-'
(F.) Pisanteur.   A sensation  of  heaviness or
pressure  over the whole body, or over a part —
the stomach or head, for example.
  WEIGHTS  AND MEASURES, Pon'dera et
3Iensu'ra, (F.) Poids et Alisures.  The importance
of possessing a  uniform system of weights  and
measures has impressed the scientific of all coun-
tries, and numerous endeavours have been made
to accomplish the object.  It is, however, a mat-
ter of considerable  difficulty, and one not likely
to be attained.  The new French measures are
are upon decidedly the best footing, but they are
not adopted out  of France.  The greatest diver-
sity prevails over Europe  in the measures, both
of weight and capacity.   Some of the following
tables  will show, that every subdivision of the
pound, as well as the pound itself, differs in Eng-
land and in France.

                 WEIGHTS.

Troy Weight, as used by the British Apothecaries.
   —Pondua pharmaceu'ticum seu medicinal.

    The pound  ib "I          f 12 ounces.
     The ounce   § j            8 drachms.
     The drachmJZ } contains ■  3 scruples.
     The scruple J-)            20 grains.
     The grain gr. J

  These, and the signs by which they  are denoted,
are the same in  all  the British Pharmacopoeias,
as well as in the American.

      lb.     Oz.    Drm's.  Scrup.    Ors.
       1 =  12 =  96 =  288 =  5760
              1 =   8 =   24 =  480
                     1 =    3 =   60
                             1 =   20
16 
WEIGHTS
917
WEIGHTS
Poids de Marc.
The pound  ~\          (16 ounces.
The ounce             |  8 drachma.
The drachm f contains •<  3 scruples.
Tlie scruple I           24 grains.
Tin: grain  J          I
                  Avoirdupois.

       Pound.   Ounces. Drachms.  Troy grains.
        lb. 1.  =  10  =  256  =  7000
                   1=16  =   437 ,r)
                           1  =    "7.34375

  The avoirdupois drachm is  sometimes  divided
into three  scruples, and  the  scruple into  ten
grains.  The pound  of 7680 grains avoirdupois
-= 7000  grains  troy, and  hence  1  grain troy =
.97 grain avoirdupois.
  The Poids de Marc is  that employed by  the
French Phanuaciens, when  the new weights  are
not.  The Avoirdupois is now used by the Dub-
lin College.
  The following tables exhibit the  relative value
of the old French and English weights:
  Troy Wl.     Avoird.     Troy grs.
1.31268/6  = 1.030143/6 == 7561
 .984504oz = 1.080143oz = 4725625
 .954504</r =              59.0703125
                            .820421
Poids de Marc.
 0.76180 lb.
 1.01574 once
 1.01574 gros
Poids de Mare.
1 pd. (livre) =
1 oz. (once) =
1 dr. (gros.) =
lgr.       =

      Troy.
    I pound
    1 ounce
    1 drachm
    1 grain

  Avoirdupois.
    1 pound
    1 ounce

To  convert  French grains into Troy J
              grains, divide by       f
     M       Troy  grains  into French I
              grains, multiply by     )
     "       French  ounces into Troy
              ounces, divide by
     "       Troy  ounces  into French
              ounces, multiply by
     "       French  pounds  (poids de)
              marc) into Troy pounds,
              multiply  by           }
     "       Troy  pounds into French
              pounds, divide by      J
   French grains.
=   7561
=    585.083
=     73.135
        1.219
Poids de Marc.   French grains.
0.925803 lb.     =   8532.3
0.925803 once   =   533.27
1.015734
1.31268
Poids de Marc or
 French grain.
     1.219
     2.438
     3.657 .
     4.876
     6.095
     7.314
     8.533
     9.752
     10.971

   Troy grain.
     0.8203
     1.6406
     2.4609
     3.2812
     4.1015
     4.9218
     5.7421
     6.5624
     7.3827
New French Decimal or Metrical  Weights.
Troy grain.
     1
     2
     3
     4
     5
French grain.
      1
Millisramme
Centigramme
Decigramme
Gramme
Decagramme
Hectogramme
Kilogramme
Troy grains.
      .0154
      .1543
     1.5434
    15.4340
   154.3402
  1543.4023
 15434.0234
Myriagrainme = 154340.2344
oz. dr. gr.
0  2  34.4
3  1  44.4
8  1  24
9  6   0
  Comparative Value of the French Medicinal
        Pound and that of other Places.

               lbs. oz. dr.  gr.
 Germany ..... 0  15  4  48
 Amsterdam.... 1  00  0  42
 Belgium....... 1  00  0  42
 Berne......... 1  00  0  00
 Copenhagen... 0  15  3  20r
 Florence"......0  11  0  50  divided into 12 oz.
 Genoa...'...... 0  10  5  60    do.   into 12 oz.
 Geneva........ 1  00  0  18
 Hamburg...... 0  15  2  lo
 Lisbon........ 0  15  7  68  ,.._,_,..  ,.,
 London  ....... 0  12  3  12  divided into 12 oz.
 Madrid........ 0  15  0  16
 Milan......... 0    9  3  00
 Monaco....... 0  15  2  23
 Naples........ 0  10  7  54  divided into 12 oz.
 parjs    ......  l  00  0  00  divided into 16 oz.
 Rome!.........  0   11  0  50    do.   into 12 oz.
 Stockholm.....  0   13  7   8
 United  States-. 0   12  3  12  divided into 12 oz.
 Warsaw.......  1   10  4  24
 Venice........  0    8  6  00
  Vienna........  1    2  2  32

           MEASURES  op capacity.

          English Measure of Fluids.

The gallon (eongius).     )         f 8 pints.
The pint (oclarius) ..   0 I         j 16 fluidounces.
Thefiuidouace.......  f 3 ^contains-;  8 fluidrachms.
The fluidrachm......  f 3 j         j 60 minims.
The minim..........  1*1 J         (.

Proportions of the Apothecaries' and Wine Gallon.

Qal. Pints. Fluidoz.    Fluidr.    Minims.  Cub. inches.
1 =  8  =  128  =  1024  =  61440 =  231
      1  =    16  =   128  =   7680 =   28.875
               1  =     8  =   480  =     1.8047
                        1  =     GO  =      .2256

Imperial Afeasure, adopted  by the London Col-
       lege in their Pharmacopoeia of 1836.

 Gallon.   Pints. Fluidounces.   Fluidr.     Minims.
   l    =  8   =   160    =   1280   =   76800
           1   =    20    =    160   =    9600
                     1    =      8   =      480
                                 1   =       60

 Comparative   Value of the  Proportions of the
           Wine  and Imperial Gallons.
Wine.
Pints.
      Imperial.
Fluidoz.  Fluidr.
1 gallon      =
1 pint        =
1 fluidounce   =
1 fluidrachm  =
Minims.
   23
   18
   20
    2|
Imperial.
1 gallon
1 pint
1 fluidounce =
1 fluidrachm =
Gallon.
= 1
        Wine.
Pint.  Fluidoz. Fluidr. Minims.
  19      5       8
  1      3      1      38
                7      41
                       58
French Measures of Capacity.
Millilitre
Centilitre
Decilitre
Litre
Decalitre
Hectolitre
Kilolitre
English cubic inches.
=       .061028  =
=       .610280  =
=      6.102800  =
=     61.028000  =
=    610.280000  =
=   6102.800000
=  61028.000000
   Wine Measure.
16.2318 minims.
 2.7053 fluidrachms.
 3.3816 fluidounces.
 2.1135 pints.
 2.6419 gallons.
Myrialitre = 610280.000000

Approximate comparison  between  the  ancient
  French Measures  of  Capacity,  and  the new,
  and conversely.
            Grammes. Litres. Decilitres. Centilitres.
lpoisson   =  125   or   0        1         2
1 demi-setter =  250   or   0        2         5
1 chopine   =  500   or   0        5         0
1 pinte     = 1000   or   1        0         0 
WEIGHTS                  918                  WEIGHTS
          Grammes, lbs. oz.  dr. gr
1 centilitre =  10 or 0  0  2;
1 decilitre  = 100 or 0  3  2
1 litre     = 1000 or 2  0  3
00
00           [pints.
36 = 2.113 Eng. wine
              Measures of Length.

1 line, the 12th part of an inch.
3 barleycorns............................
A palm or hand's breadth (Scripture  mea-
  sure,  ................................
A hand (horse measure)..................
A span (Scripture measure)..............
A foot...................................
A cubit (Scripture measure  for common
  purposes).............................
A cubit (Scripture measure for sacred pur-
Inches.

  1.000

  3.648
  4.000
 10.944
 12.000

 18.000
AFlemish ell............................
A  yard.................................. 3 ft. 00
An English ell........................... 3 " 09
A  fathom or toise......................... 6 " 00
21.888
27.000
      New French Measures of Length.

          English inches.
Millimetre     0.039
Centimetre     0.393
Decimetre     3.937        yd.    ft.
Mitre       , 39.371    =   1      0
gr-
24
40
11
13
VALUES  OF THE GRECIAN, ROMAN, AND  ARABIA!*
   WEIGHTS AND MEASURES IN POIDS DE MARC.

        1. Weights of the Ancient Greeks.
                                 lbs.  oz. dr.
The talent (ra\avTov).............. 54   2   5
The mina (ptva)........................ 14   3
The drachm (c-paxptn.)........................ 1
The obolus (o()o\os).............................
The ceration (ntpartov)...........................   4
The chalcvs (j^aXicous)...........................   2
The septon (aettrov)  .............................   }

       2. Weights  of the Ancient Romans.
                                     oz.  dr.  gr.
The pound (libra)...................... 10   6   48
The ounce (uncia)...........................7   16
The duella................................. 2   29
The sicilicus............................... 1   58
The sextula................................ 1   14
The consular  denier, denarius............... 1    2
The imperial  denier or drachm, drachma..........  65
The victoriatus.................................  37
The scriptulum or scruple.......................  21
The 060lus......................................  11
The siliqua.....................................   4
                                                     The  Greeks  divided their obolus  into chalci
                                                  and lepta:  some divided it into 6  chalci, and
                                           inch.   each chalcua into 7 lepta; others into 8 chalci,
                                           3.37    and every chalcus into 8 lepta or minuta.

Dr. Milligan, in his edition of Celsus, gives the  following table,  exhibiting  the Troy weight  of
                 measures of capacity and of weight in use amongst the Romans.
                   Urna.   Libra.   Uncia
Amphora............  2  = 80   =960    =  6720
Urna................  1  = 40   =480    =  3360  =
Congius.............  i  =  10   =120    =   840  =
Sextarius....................   12-3=   20    =   140  =
Libra.......................   1   =12    =    84  =
Hemina.................................  8 4-7=    60  =
Acetabulum............................  2 1-7=    15  =
Sesqui-cyathus..........................  2 1-7=    15  =
Uyathus................................  13-7=    10  =
Sescuncia...............................  Ii   =    10£ =
Uncia...................................  1    =     7  =
Cochleare...........................................  2jf =
Drachma............................................  1  =
Denarius............................................  1  =      3  =     6
Scrupulus.......................................................  1  =     2
Scrupulus dimidiatus............................................   i =     1
Obolu s.....................................................................  1
Sextans....................................................................  1
Chalcus...................................................................
Denarius. Scrupulus.
            20160  =
            10080  =
             2540  =
              420  =
              252  =
              180  =
               45  =
               45  =
               30  =
               31^ =
               21  -
                7i =
                3  =
                3  =
                1  ■■
Sextans.
 40320 :
 26160 .
  5040 =
   840 :
   504 ;
   360 ,
    90
    90
    60
    63
    42
    15
     6
Chalcus.
403200
210600
 50400
  8400
  5040
  3600
   900
   900
   600
   630
   420
   150
    60
    60
    20
    10
    10
    10
      1
  He gives also the following ' Carmen Mnemoni-
cum,' which exhibits the analogies of the Roman
and British imperial weights.

Eo  the conjjfus  arrti  fiallon, eac{), ten  jjourrtis
     alloto,
©n the busbel an* ampfjora efrrpt» bestoto;
a&onie's  founts,  as  m  &Vo$  toefflbt, ttoelbe
     ounces obtains,
33ut hex  ounce   is  gfoofrtrupofs,  strictln, fn
     firafns:
3ienatff "Arams,  scruples scruplf tjetint,
Septarfus anstoers to our bottle of mine,
^Inti  tbe  mna's  a  sbort  pint — fourteen
     ounces tn fine.

3.  Weights said to be of  the Arabians, Modern
   Greeks,  and Latins of the barbarous periods of
   the 31iddle Ages.
                                       oz. dr
The alchemion........................... 34  3
The manes or ominos..................... 10  fj
Sacros, augbhen, adar, assatil............     7
The great or royal nut...................     3
The sextarius, stater.....................     3
The lesser nut...........................     2
Aliovanus  ...............................     2
Aureus. Alcobolus........................     2
The hazel  nut, bendacate, holca. alchi, dar-
  chimi. atogochilos. ologinat, nabach......     1  11
The acorn,  lupine, Egyptian or Syrian bean,
  the bachil..............................        42
The Alexandrian bean or tremessis..
The  Greek bean or gramme, the kermet,
  gottum, harmi, gracchus................
The  ring, cumulus, seminet, onolosich, ono-
  lossat ..................................
The  dunich...............................
The kirat, alkilat, kararit................

               1.  Greek Measures.
                                    lbs.  oz.
The metretes (perpnTris)................ 84  4
The chus, choa, congius (x0VS).........   7  0
The xcstes (l-tarn;)....................   1  1
The cotyla (kotuAjj)....................     g
The tetrarton (rerpaprov)..............     4
The ozybaphon (ofyfiatpov).............     2
The cyalhos (Kva8o()..................     1
The concha (<oy^rj) ...................
The mystron (fivarpov)................
The chama minor (XVI^V)..............
The  cochliarion (KO)(Xiapiov)...........

         2. Roman Measures of Capacity.

n,.      ,         ,                  lbs. OZ
1 ne  amphora or cadus ................  50  2
The  urna.............................  28   1
The  congius..........................   7  q
The  sextarius.........................   j  4
The  hemina...........................     jq
The  quartarius.......................     5
The  acetabulum.......................     2
The  cyathus or small glass............     1
The  ligula or spoonful.................
Grana.
420480
2102-1(1
 52! 12(1
  K760
  5256
  3759
   939
   939
   626
   657
   438
   156
    62 4-7
    62 4-7
    20 2-3
    10 13
    10 1-3
    10 1-3
     ll-3t

 oz. dr. gr
       30
21
dr. gr.
dr. gr.
 7  24
 3  48 
WEILBACH
919
WIESSAU
3.  Measures said to be of the Arabian, Arabiat,
    and Latin Physicians of the Middle Ages.

                                 lbs. oz. dr. gr.
The missohaos weighed................. 3  8
Aben, kirt, ejub, eberia, or Roman mina.. 1  6
The phial, haffilius, or Itassitinus.......   10
The calix or rcjclati....................    5
The handful, pugillum, cornusum.......    3
The liaasuf,  aesassc, or anesime.........    2
The conos or coatus, alcantus or almunesi,
  briale cuabus.........................    1
The lesser bachatea.....................
The largest  spoonful....................
A spoonful.............................
The colanos  or reclanarium.............
A small spoonful or flagerina, or cyanes.
The smallest spoonful or faltaliel........

   A good  section  on  weights and measures is
contained  in the edition of " The Seven  Books
of Paulus  A^gineta,"  by Mr. Francis Adams,
published by the Sydenham Society of London,
vol. iii, p.  609, London, 1847.
   Besides  the weights and measures  above men-
 tioned, employed by the moderns, there are modes
 of estimating the quantities of substances by ap-
 proximation.   For example: —
 A glassful or cupful, ((F.) Verre,) is reckoned to
   contain  4 or 5 fluidounces.
 A wine-glassful, 1£ ounce or two ounces.
 A table-spoonful, ((F.) Cuiller &  bouche,) about
   half an  ounce.
   A co-fee or dessert-spoonful, about 3 drachms.
 A tea-spoonful, a fluidrachm.
 A handful, manipulus, ((¥.) Poignie,)  as much
   as can be held in the hand.
 The Pugillus ((F.) Pincie) is as much as can be
   held by the three fingers.
   These last quantities are occasionally prescribed
 by the^reneh practitioners.  Their weights must,
 of course,, vary, according  to the article.  The
 authors of the Parisian codex have valued them,
 as regards certain  substances.
A Manipulus of barley weighs............... 3
      •'      linseed..................... 1
      "      linseed meal................ 3
      "      dried mallow leaves......... 1
      "      dried cichory leaves......... 1
French.
>z.  dr.
    2*
flowers of the tilia.
A Pugillus of chamomile flowers weighs 2
     "      arnica................... 1
     "      marsh-mallow ........... 1
     "      mallow..................
     "      fennel seeds.............
     "      aniseed.................. 1
  A hen's egg, newly laid, weighs about 2 ounces
and 2 drachms: when deprived of its  shell, 2
ounces.  The white weighs 1 ounce, 2 drachms,
and 57 grains : the yolk, 5 drachms and 15 grains.
  WEILBACH,  MINERAL WATERS OF.
The village of Weilbach is in the plain between
the Maine and  the southern  extremity of  the
Taunus  hills.  It has in its neighbourhood  a cold
sulphureous alkaline spring, the water of which is
bottled and exported, although not of great effi-
cacy.  Its use  is at times  combined with that of
the saline  springs  in Nassau, and of Baden-Ba-
den, in various chronic abdominal  and thoracic
affections.
  WELD, Reseda  luteola.
  WELK,  Whelk.  An inequality;  a  protube-
rance ; a cutaneous eruption of this character.
Acne.
  WEMDING,  MINERAL  WATERS OF.
These waters are situate about four leagues from
Donawert in Bavaria.  They contain sulphuretted
hydrogen; carbonates of  lime,  magnesia, and
soda; sulphates of lime and magnesia; a little
chloride of calcium, and oxide of iron; and  arO
much used in asthenic diseases.
  WEN, Sax. ten, Ldpia,  Tumour, (F.) Loup.
A name given to circumscribed, indolent tumours,
without inflammation or change of colour of the
skin.   They may be met with in  almost every
part of the body.  Their magnitude, as well as
nature, is very variable.  The term is sometimes
given to an encysted tumour, and to bronchocele.
  WESTERN ISLANDS, Azores.
  WEST INDIES, (CLIMATE OF.)  The cli-
mate of  the West Indies has long been regarded
as favourable to the consumptive.  In confirmed
consumption, it appears, however, to be positively
injurious.  As a  prophylactic  for those predis-
posed to consumption, it is  generally favourable.
The nature of the patient's constitution, in  re-
gard to the effects of elevated  temperature, has
always to be taken into account.  In  diseases
that  are benefited by warm climates, the West
Indies afford an appropriate residence. _ The  isl-
ands in which the invalid can best obtain all  the
advantages of the climate, are Jamaica, Barbadoes,
 St. Vincents, Antigua, St. Kitts, and Santa Cruz.
   WHAHOO, see Euonymus.
   WHEAL,  Weal, Wale.  A ridge,  or elevation
 of the skin, produced by a rod or whip; or as if
 produced  in that manner.   Such  elevations  are
 seen in urticaria.
   WHEAT,  Triticum—w. Indian, Zea mays—w.
 Turkey, Zea mays.
   WHELK, Acne, Welk —w. Chin, Sycosis—w.
 Rosy, Gutta rosea.
   WHEY, Serum lactis—w. Mustard, see Sinapis
 —w. Rennet, see Serum lactis—w. Tamarind, see
 Tamarindus—w. Vinegar, see Acetum—w. Wine,
 Wine whey.
   WHIFFING MURMUR, see Murmur, respi-
 ratory.
   WHISKY, see Spirit.   A spirituous liquor ob-
 taiaed from oats, potatoes, &c., by distillation.
   Whisky Liver, Liver, nutmeg.
   WHIS'PERING; evidently  an onomatopoeia
 (hooisp'ering), Susurrdtio, Susurra'tion.  Articu-
 lation of the air sent through the vocal tube
 without any action of the glottis.
   WHISTLING, Sifflement, see Rale sibilant.
    WHITE,  Flake, Plumbi subcarbonas.
    White Ball,  Cephalanthus  occidentalis—w.
 Leaf,  Pyrola maculata, Spiraea tomentosa — w.
 Leg, Phlegmatia dolens—w. Matter  of the brain,
 see Cerebrum — w. Root, Angelica lucida, Ascle-
 pias tuberosa.
    White, Spanish, Bismuth, subnitrate of.
    White Swelling, Hydrarthrus — w. Swelling
 of lying-in women, Phlegmatia dolens—w. Sub-
 stance of Schwann, see Nerve fibre—w. Sulphur,
 see Virginia, mineral waters of—w. Weed, Chry-
 santhemum leucanthemum—w. Wood, Lirioden-
 dron, Tilia.
    WHITENESS OF COMPLEXION, Paleness.
    WHITES, THE, Leucorrhcea.
    WHITLEYA  STRAMONIFOLIA,  Anisodus
 luridus.
    WHITLOW,  Paronychia.
    WHOOPING-COUGH,  Pertussis.
    WHORLYWORT, Leptandria purpurea.
    WHORTLEBERRY,  Vaccinium  myrtillus,
  Vaccinium vitis  idsea — w. Bears',  Arbutus uva
  WHORTS, BLACK, Vaccinium myrtillus.
  WIDOW-WAIL, Cneorum tricoccum, Daphne
Alpina.
  WIESBADEN,  MINERAL  WATERS  OF,
see Wisbaden.
  WIESSAU, MINERAL WATERS OF. These
waters are situate about four leagues  from the
convent of Waldsassen in Bavaria.  They contain 
WILD
920
WINE
carbonic acid; carbonates of lime and magnesia;
chlorides of calcium, magnesium, and aluminum;
carbonate of soda, and much oxide of iron.  The
Bavarians consider them to resemble the waters
of Pyrmont.
  WILD, Sax.  pil&,  (D.) Wild.   An epithet
given to the countenance, when not in harmony
with the condition of  the individual, and indica-
ting strong mental emotion;—a  wild look, (F.)
Physiognomie igarie.
  WILDBAD, MINERAL AVATERS OF. Wild-
bad is a small town of Wurtemberg,  three Ger-
man miles from  Baden-Baden.   It is much fre-
quented as a watering-place.  The water is ther-
mal, from 95° to 100° of Fahr., and is much em-
ployed in  cases in which thermal waters are indi-
cated.   It is  used internally, a pint net  con-
taining  more than a  grain  of solid  ingredients,
which  consist of salts of soda and lime.  The
proportion of carbonic acid gas is verv small.
  WILDUNGEN,  MINERAL  WATERS  OF.
Wildungen is situate a few miles  from Cassel in
Germany.  In its neighbourhood are  several mi-
neral springs; the chief  of which,  according to
Stucke, contain a bituminous  matter; chloride
of sodium and sulphate of soda; carbonate and
sulphate of lime, &c.   They are used, chiefly, as
refrigerants.
  WILL,  Voluntas.
  WILLOW, Salix.
  Willow Herb, common, Lythrum salicaria—
w.  Herb,  great, Epilobium augustifolium — w.
Herb, purple, Lythrum salicaria—w. Herb, pur-
ple veined, Epilobium coloratum.
  Willow, Low-bush, Salix humilis—w.  Speck-
led, Salix humilis — w. Red, Cornus  sericea—w.
Rose, Cornus sericea—w. Sweet,  Myrica gale.
  WIND, Sax.  |>in&,  Ventua, An'emos, (F.) Vent.
Winds exert considerable influence on the animal
economy;  acting  by their temperature, which
necessarily modifies that of the circumambient
air, as well as by their moisture or  dryness, and
by the emanations of different kinds, which they
transport  to greater or less distances.  The winds
which blow over a considerable extent of country,
are dry and serene:  those which come  from the
ocean are moist and chilly.
  Wind Dropsy, Emphysema, Tympanites — w.
Flower, Anemone—w. Pipe, Trachea—w. Root,
Asclepias tuberosa.
  WINDINESS, Flatulence.
  WINDY, Flatttlen'tus, Flat'ulent, Va'pourous,
(F.) Veuteux.   That which  causes wind or flatu-
lence ; also, that which is caused by wind or flatu-
lence;  as windy food, windy  colic,  &c.  Also,
one affected with flatulence, or who  is ' troubled
with the wind.'
  WINE, Sax.  [>in, (G.) Wein, originally, per-
haps, from otvos, CEnoa, Vinum, (F.) Vin.  A name
given by chymists to all liquors that have become
spirituous by fermentation.  The term is gene-
rally, however, restricted to the fermented juice
of the grape, or of fruits, the product of whose
fermentation resembles,  in almost all respects,
that of the juice of the grape.  Wine is composed
of alcohol;  saccharine matter; malic acid ; tar-
taric acid; bitartrate of potass;  acetic  acid; an
extractive colouring matter, more or less bitter
and partly  resinous; and sometimes of an aro-
matic substance.  The extractive colouring mat-
ter is chiefly met with in red wines.  All these
constituents, except the alcohol, are found ready
formed in the grape.  The alcohol proceeds from
the decomposition of the saccharine  matter.  A
part of the  acetic acid is also formed during fer-
mentation.
   The following table, drawn up by Mr. Brande,
exhibits the quantity of  spirit in different kinds
of wine and liquors.   It  is proper, however, to
remark, that many of these wines  are prepared
for the London market, and are moro brandied, or
" reinforced," than the same varieties sold in the
United  States.   This  is strikingly the case with
port.   Dr.  Henderson, too, has remarked, that
some of the wines analyzed by Mr. Brande were
mixed with a considerable  quantity of adventi-
tious  alcohol.   Dr.  Henderson's additions and
corrections have the letter H.  affixed.

Proportion of Alcohol, s.  g. 0.825, in one hundred
  parts by measure of the following wlnes, and
  Malt and Spirituous Liquors.
Lissa.
Do. ..
1.


2. Raisin Wine.
Do......

Marsala
Do......
Port — average of six kinds.
Do. — highest..............
Do. — lowest ..............
Madeira...................
Do.
Do. (Sercial)
Do..........
Currant Wine
Sherry........
Do.
Do.
Tenerifle...........
Colares.............
Lacryma Cristi......
Constantia — white.
    "       red —
Lisbon..............
Malaea............
Bucellas...........
Red Madeira.......
Do..................

Cape Muscat........
Cape Madeira......
Do.................
(c)
Grape Wine
Calcavella ..
Do..........
Vidonia.........
Alba Flora.......
Malaga..........
White Hermitage
Roussillon.......
Do................
Claret
Do____
Do....
Do....
Malmsey Madeira
Lunel............
Srheraaz..........,
Syracuse .........
Sauterne.........
Burgundy.........
Do................
Do................
Do...............
Hock.
Do....
............ 26.47
............ 24.35
Average, (a) 25.41
............ 26.40
............ 25.77
............ 23.20
   Average, 25.12
............ 26.03
............ 25.05
Average, (6) 25.09
............ 23.48
............ 25.83
............ 21.40
...........24.42
............ 23.93
............21.45
............ 19.24
   Average, 22.27
............ 20.55
............ 19.81
............ 19.83
............ 18.79
............ 18.25
   Average, 19.17
............ 19.79
............ 19.75
............ 19.70
............ 19.75
           18.92
           18.94
............ 18.94
............ 18.49
............ 22.30
............ 18.40
   Average, 20.35
............ 18.25
............ 22.94
............ 20.50
............ 18.11
   Average, 20.51
............ 18.11
............ 19.20
............ 18.10
   Average, 18.65
............ 19.25
............ 17.26
............ 17.26
............ 17.43
............ 19.00
............ 17.26
   Average, 18.13
............ 17.11
............ 16.32
............ 14.08
............ 12.91
Average, (d) 15 10
............ 16.40
............ 1552
............. 15.52
............. 15.28
.............  14.22
■............ 16.60
............ 15.22
............. 14.53
............  1195
   Average, 14.57
............ 14.37
.............  13.00
Do. (old in cask).........................
                              Average
                       ...............II
                       ...............H
T .    . ,                   Average, H
Johannisberger......................  .. H
Nice....... .......................
Barsao...................
Rudesheimer (1811).
    Do.    (1800)
12.08
10.72
12.22
11 47
 8.71
14.63
13.86
(a) 15.90 H.  (6) 18.40 H.  (c) 14.50 H.  (</) 12.91 H. 
WINE
921
WOODS
35. Tent...................................... 13.30
36. Champagne (still)......................... 13.80
       Do.    (sparkling).................... 12.80
       Do.    (red).......................... 12.56
       Do.................................... 11.30
                                 Average, 12.61
37. Red Hermitage............................ 12.32
38. Vin de Grave.............................. 13.94
   Do........................................ 12.80
                                 Average, 13.37
39. Frontignac............................... 12.79
40. Cote Rotie................................ 12.32
41. Gooseberry Wine......................... 11.84
42. Orange Wine—average of six samples made
     by a London manufacturer.............. 11.26
43. Tokay....................................  9.88
44. Elder Wine...............................  9.87
45. Rhenish Wine..........................H.  8.71
46. Cider — highest average....................  9.87
   Do.    lowest............................  5.21
47. Perry — average of four samples...........  7.26
48. Mead.....................................  7.32
49. Ale (Burton)..............................  8 88
   Do. (Edinburgh)  ..........................  6.20
   Do. (Dorchester)...........................  5.56
                                 Average,  6.87
50. Brown Stout..............................  6.80
51. Loudon Porter—average..................  4.20
      Do.  Small Beer — average.............  1.28
52. Brandy....................................53.39
53. Rum .....................................53.68
54. Gin.......................................51.60
55. Scotch Whisky............................54.32
56. Irish     do............................53.90

   The only wine recommended in some pharma-
copoeias is  Sherry, Vinum,  Vinum album His-
pan'icum, Leucoe'nus.  It is a dry wine; the
least variable in its properties, and agrees  best
with the dyspeptic.  Other wines used officinally
are—Canary or Sack wine,  Vinum Canari'num ;
Mountain wine, Vinum album monta'num; Tent
wine; Rhenish wine,   Vinum Rhena'num; and
Port wine, Vinum rubrum Portugal'licum.
   The wines habitually drunk are almost innu-
merable.  Those  that are  sweet,  or  contain  a
large portion of free, saccharine matter, are  de-
cidedly  the least wholesome to the dyspeptic.
   When wine is good, and of a proper age, it is
tonic and nutritive ; when new, flatulent and ca-
 thartic, disagreeing with the stomach and bowels.
 In medicine, it is a valuable tonic in the last
 stage of typhus, when the skin is not too hot and
 dry.  Its use, however, requires  great caution;
 and when once commenced under proper circum-
 stances, it  cannot be  suddenly dropped without
 mischief.   It  is,  perhaps,  the best permanent
 stimulus in the catalogue of the  materia me-
 dica.
   Mulled Wine is made  as  follows: — Take of
 bruised  cinnamon ""j J ; half a nutmeg grated; and
 ten  bruised clove8.  Infuse in boiling water Oss
 for an hour;  strain and add eugar jj.   Pour the
 whole into  a pint of hot Port or Sherry.  Useful
 in adynamic conditions.
   Wine, Amin^ean,  Aminaeum vinum — w.  of
 Aloes, Vinum aloes—w. Antimonial, Vinum anti-
 monii tartarizati—w. Antiscorbutic, Vinum anti-
 scorbuticum — w. Aromatic, Vinum aromaticum
 —w. Bark, compound, Vinum de kina, kina com-
 positum—w. Barley, Cerevisia—w. Bitter, diure-
 tic,  Vinum diureticum amarum.
   Wine  Bitters, Vinum gentia'na compositum.
 The formulae for these may be various. The fol-
 lowing is as good  and as agreeable as any. (Rad.
gentian. Ibj, cort. ajtrant. ^x, sem. cardam. cont.
 *"$iv, cinnam. cort. Jiv, wine, foreign or domestic,
three gallons and  a  half.)  Tonic and  stoma-
chic.
   Wine, Cedar,  Cedrinum  vinum — w.  Cham-
pagne,  Vinum campanum — w. Chian, Chium vi-
num— w. of  Colchicum, Vinum colchici — w. of
 Colchicum seed, Vinum colchici seminis — w. of
 Ergot, Vinum ergotaa—w. of Gentian, compound,
Vinum gentianae compositum — w. of Hellebore,
white, Vinum veratri — w. Ipecacuanha, Vinum
ipecacuanhae—w. of Iron, Vinum ferri—w. Medi-
cated, Vinum  medicinale — w. Mulled, see Wine
— w. of Opium, Vinum opii — w. Port,  Vinum
Portugallicum—w.  Pullet, Poulet, vin de—w. of
Quinia, Vinum quiniae—w. Rhubarb, Vinum rhei
palmati — w.  Sherry, Vinum — w. Steel, Vinum
ferri — w. Tobacco,  Vinum tabaci.
  AVine Whey, White Wine Whey. Take of good
milk two-thirds of a pint, and add water to make
a pint.  Take of sherry, or any other good white
wine, two glasses, and of sugar a dessert-spoonful.
Place the milk and water in a deep  pan on the
fire; and  the moment  it  boils, pour into it the
wine and sugar.  Stir  assiduously for 12 or 15
minutes, whilst it boils.   Lastly, strain through
a sieve.
   It is a good mode of giving wine in adynamic
states.
   Wine, White,  see Wine — w. of Wormwood,
Vinum absinthites.
   WING-SEED, Petela trifoliata.
   WINKING, Scardamygmus.
   WINTER-BARK TREE, Wintera aromatica
—w. Berry, Virginia, Prinos—w. Berry, smooth,
Prinos laevigatus — w. Berry, whorled, Prinos.
   Winter  Bloom,  Hamamelis  Virginiana — w.
Cough, Bronchitis, chronic — w.  Green, Gaulthe-
ria— w. Green, round-leaved, Pyrola—w. Green,
spotted, Pyrola maculata.
   WINTERA, see Wintera aromatica.
   Win'tera Aromat'ica,  Drimys Winteri, Win-
tera'na aromat'ica,  Winter-bark Tree.  The bark,
 Wintera (Ph. U. S.), Cortex Wintera'nus, Cortex
 Winteranus Magellan'icus, Cortex 3Iagellan'ieus
Cinnamo'mum 3Iagellan'icum, (F.) Ecorce de Win-
ter, Cannelle  poivrie, is very much allied in its
properties to  Canella alba.
   WINTERANA  AROMATICA, Wintera  aro-
matica.
   WISBADEN,  MINERAL  WATERS  OF.
Wisbaden is  a town of Germany, about 6 miles
north of Mainz, and 22 west of Frankfort. It has
been  long celebrated for  its hot springs; and  is
much frequented.   There are numerous cold and
thermal springs,—the  former containing sulpho-
hydric acid: the latter being saline and acidulous.
 The temperature of the hot springs varies from
 117° to 160° Fahr.
   WISMUTHUM,  Bismuth.
   WOAD, Lsatis tinctoria.
   WOLFBANE, Veratrum viride.
   WOLFSBANE, Aconitum—w. Wholesome,
 Aconitum anthora.
   WOLFSCLAW, Lycopodium.
   WOLFSJAW, see Harelip.
   WOMANHOOD, Mulieritas.
   WOMB, Uterus—w. Falling down of the, Pro-
 lapsus uteri.
   Womb Grain, Ergot.
   Womb, Laceration of  the, Uterus, rupture of
 the—w. Tympany of the,  Physometra.
   WOOD, BRAZIL, Ca>salpinia  echinata —w.
 Elk, Andromeda arborea — w. Fernambuco,  Cas-
 salpinia echinata.
   Wood-lice, Onisci aselli — w. Nicaragua, see
 Caesalpinia— w. Peach, see Caesalpinia—w.  Per-
 nambuco, Cassalpinia echinata—w. Sampfen, Cae-
 salpinia sappan — w. Sappan, Caesalpinia sappan
 — w. Sorrel,  Oxalis acetosella — w. Sour, Andro-
 meda arborea — w.  Waxen, Genista tinctoria.
   WOODBINE, COMMON, Lonicera periclyme-
num.
   WOODROOF,  SWEET-SCENTED, Asperula
odorata.
   WOODS, SUDORIF'IC, (F.)Bois eudorifiques.
This term is  applied, collectively, to the guaia- 
WOORARA
922
WOUND
cum,  sassafras, china, and  sarsaparilla;  which
are often used together to form the sudorific de-
coction.
  WOORARA, Curare.
  WORM, see Alembic, Vermiform  process — w.
Bark tree, Geoffraja inermis — w. Cakes, Story's,
see Cakes, worm, Story's — w. Disease, Helmin-
thiasis— w. Goosefoot, Chenopodium anthelmin-
ticum—w. Grass, perennial, Spigelia Marilandica.
  Worm, Guinea, Dracunculus.
  Worm Loz'enges,  Ching's.   Empirical pre-
parations, which  consist of yellow and  brown
lozenges.  The former are  directed to be taken
in the evening; the latter on the  following morn-
ing.  The Yellow Lozenges.  (Saffron, Jss, water,
Oj; boil, and strain; and add of white panacea of
mercury, (calomel washed in spirit of wine,) Ibj,
white  sugar, 28 lbs, mucilage of gum tragacanth
q. s.,  to make a mass.  Divide, so that each
lozenge may contain a grain of the  panacea.)
The Brown  Lozenges.   (Panacea Jvij, resin of
jalap  ftiijss, white sugar Ibix, mucilage  of gum
tragac. q. s.   Each lozenge to contain gr. ss of
the panacea.)
  Worm Lozenges,  Sherman's,  are said to be
composed of calomel, gamboge, and sugar.
  Peters's Worm  Lozenges  are said to be com-
posed in a similar manner.
  Worm Root, Spigelia Marilandica — w. Seed,
Artemisia santonica, Chenopodium  anthelminti-
cum— w. Seed, goosefoot, Chenopodium  anthel-
minticum— w. Weed, Corsican,  Corallina Corsi-
cana,  Polanisia graveolens—w. Weed, white, Co-
rallina — w. Wood, biennial, Artemisia biennis—
w. Wood, common,  Artemisia absinthium — w.
Wood, creeping, Artemisia rupestris — w.  Wood,
lesser, Artemisia Pontica — w.  Wood, Roman,
Artemisia Pontica—w. Wood, Sea, Artemisia ma-
ritima — w.  Wood, silky, Artemisia  glacialis.
  WORMIA'NA  OSSA seu  OSSIC'ULA,  0.
epacta'lia, 0. raphogeminan'tia,  0.  triq'uetra, 0.
triangula'ria Bla'sii, Clavcs calvdria, 0. sutu-
ra'rum, (F.) Os Wormiena, Glefa du  crane, Oa
ipactaux, Oa aurnumiraires, (Ch.), Os intercalis,
0» triangulaires.  Small bones, which are some-
times  observable in  the sutures  of  the bones of
the cranium, of which  they form a part.  They
were called  Wormiana, from Olaus Wormius, who
is said to have first described them.   They had
been previously, however, mentioned by  G. An-
dernach, a  physician  at Strasburg.  The Ossa
Wormiana exist more  commonly in the sutures
of the vault of the skull; especially in the lamb-
doidal, sagittal, and squamous.   They are un-
common at  the base of the skull.  Their size is
very variable, and shapoirregular.   Their struc-
ture and development are similar to those of the
other bones of the cranium;  and, like them, they
are bounded by sutures.
   WORMS, originally from (L.)  Vermes; Intes'-
tinal  Worms,  Entozo'a, Entozoa'ria, Enterozo'a,
Endozo'a,  Vermes intesti'ni,  Entclminth'a,  En-
thelmin'thes, Helmin'thi,  Helminth'ia Alvi, H.
pod'icis, Splanchnelmin'tho, Entoparasites, (F.)
 Vers,  Vers intestinaux, Entozoaires.   Animals
whose common character is that of  existing only
in other animals; hence their name entozoa, from
evros, 'within,' and £a>ov, 'animal.'  They are met
with, not only in the natural cavities, but even
in the tissue  of the organs.  Cuvier,  Rudolphi,
Brera, Bremser, Laennec,  and others, have en-
deavoured to classify them, — some according to
their  shape; others, according  to their anatomical
characters.
   The following table exhibits the entozoa, which
have  been met with in the human body, and their
usual habitat:—
          Entozoa.
Trichoceph'alus dispar,
Oxyu'ris vermicula'ris,
As'caris lumbrico'i'des,
Bothrioceph'alus latus,
Taj'nia so'lium,
Ditrachyc'eras rudis,
Diploso'ma crena'ta,
Spirop'tera hom'inis,
Dactyl'ius aculea'tus,
Dis'toma hepat'icum,
Stron'gylus gigas,
Fila'ria oc'uli,
Acephalocyst'is endog"ena,

Echinococ'cus hom'inis,     \
Polys'toma pinguic'ola,
Polys'toma vena'rum seu san-
  guic'ola, Hexathyrid'ium
  vena'rum,
Fila'ria bronchia'lis,
Trichi'na spira'lis,          ]
Cysticer'cus cellulo'sae,      j
Acephalocyst'is multif'ida,
Fila'ria medinen'sis,
Where found.
Intestines.
Urinary bladder.

Gall bladder.
Kidney.
Eye.
Liver.
Liver, Spleen, and
  Omentum.
Ovary.

Veins.

Bronchial glands.

Muscles.

Brain.
Cellular texture.
  The most common of these are:—the Oxyures
vermiculares, Ascarides lumbricoides, and Taenia,
which are found in the intestines.  The origin of
these worms is  extremely  singular,  and more
favourable than  any other fact to the hypothesis
of spontaneous generation in the lowest tribes of
animated  nature.  They are certainly not iden-
tical with  any worms out of the body.  They are
most commonly  met with in children improperly
fed; but their presence cannot be positively de-
tected by  any symptom, except that of the dis-
charge of  the  worms themselves in the evacua-
tions.  They may, of course, give rise to  every
kind of irritation in the intestinal tube, and to
sympathetic disturbance in most of the  functions;
but all these signs may be produced by intestinal
irritation resulting from other causes.
  Anthelmintics  or vermifuges,  employed, as the
name imports, for their removal, may be of two
kinds—mechanical and true.  To the first class—
the mechanical—belong Emetics, Purgatives, 3Iu-
euna, powdered  Tin, &c.  To the latter—the true
anthelmintics, — Turpentine, Chenopodium anthel-
minticum,  Pink-root, Semina Santoniei, &c.   Of
these, the best is turpentine.  See  Oleum tere-
binthinae.   The  great  object, however, is to pre-
vent their generation.  This  must  be done  by
generous  diet, fresh air, and tonics, where ne-
cessary.
  WORT, Sax.  tyre, Mustnm, Infu'sum  Bynes
seu Bra'sii seu Malti, (F.) Mo&t de la Bie.re.  An
infusion of malt.  This has been recommended
in scurvy. One  measure of ground malt is added
to three equal measures of boiling water.  The
mixture must be well stirred,  and left to stand
covered three or four  hours.   Dose, one  to four
pints, daily.   It has, also, been recommended in
other cases, where a strong putrescent disposition
appeared  to prevail in  the fluids, as in cancerous
and phagedenic  ulcers.  It is not now employed.
 _ WOUND, Sax. pun&, Vulnus, Volntts, (diminu-
tive Vulnus'culum,)Plaga, Trauma, Troma, Tresis,
Tresis Vulnus, Blabe,  Tymma, (¥.) Plaie, Bles-
aure. A solution of continuity in tho soft parts,
produced  by some mechanical  agent.  Wounds
present innumerable differences, as regards their
situation; the parts interested; their direction •
size; shape;  the nature of the  instrument or
agent by  which they are produced; their  more
or less simple or complex character, duration, &c.
A wound is called indeed, (F.) Coupure, Incision
when made by a cutting instrument;—punctured' 
                 WOURALI

Nygma, (F.)  Piqure,  when  made by a pointed
instrument; — lacerated, (F.) Idehirure,  Plate
par  arrarhemcnt, when the  parts are  lacerated
or torn by tho wounded body; poisoned,  Cellu-
litis ve.ncno.'to, Need sia,  (F.) Plait;  envenimie,
when .some virulent or venomous substance has
been introduced;—and contused, (F.) Plate con-
tuse, when  produced by a blunt body.  Gunahot
wounda, Scbgietopldga, VuVnera sclopeta'ria, (F.)
Plaice d'amies d feu  ou darquebusade, Coup de
feu, belong to the last division.
  WOURALI, Curare.
  WOURARI, Curare.
  WOURARU, Curare.
  WRACK, SEA, Fucus vesiculosus.
  Wrack, Bladder, Yellow, Fucus vesiculosus.
  WRAPPING UP, (OF THE HYDROPA-
TIIISTrf,) Emaillottage.
  XALAPPA, Convolvulus jalapa.
  XANTHIC OXIDE, Uric oxide.
  XANTHINE, Uric oxide.
  XAN'THIUM, X.  struma'rium seu Orienta'le
seu Vulga're, Barda'na minor, Lappa minor, Les-
ser  Burdock, Burwccd,  Burthistle, Clotbur, (F.)
Lampourde, Petit Glouteron, Petite Bardane. This
herb, as one  of its  names imports, was once es-
teemed for the cure of scrofula.   The seeds have
been administered in cutaneous affections.
  XANTHIURIA,  Xanthuria.
  XANTHOPSIA,  from frvOos, 'yellow,' and
o\pts, 'vision.'   Yellow  vision, — as  sometimes
occurs in jaundice.
  XANT1I0RRHIZA, Xanthorrhiza apiifolia.
  XANTHORRHlV.A APIIFO'LIA, Xanthorrhiza, X.
simplicis'aima, X. MarboVcor, Zanthorrhiza tinc-
ta'ria,  Yellow Root, Parsley-leaved  Yellow Root
or  Yellow  wort, Shrub yellow root.   The root of
this American plant—Xanthorrhiza, (Ph. U. S.)
—is a strong and  pleasant bitter; and, in the
dose of two scruples, sits easy upon the stomach.
  XANTHOS, Yellow.
  XANTHO'SIS.   A term applied to the yellow
discoloration often observed in cancerous tumours
— especially in encephaloid of the testicle. — Le-
bert.
  XANTHOX'YLUM CLAVA HER'CULIS,
Prickly  Aeh, Toothach  Tree,  (F.)  Clavalier  d
feuilles defrene, Frene ipineux.   The  bark—
Xanthoxylum,  (Ph. U.  S.)—is a  very  strong
stimulant and powerful  sialagogue.   It has been
given, internally, in rheumatism. Another spe-
cies—Xanthoxylum fraxinifo'Hum, Xanthoxylum
fraxin'cum, Shrubby prickly aah, Toothach bush,
Pell'itory, Yellow wood, Suterberry,—possesses
active powers.  A spirituous infusion of the bark
has been highly recommended in cases of violent
colic.  The fresh juice, expressed from the roots
of  the xanthoxylum, is said to afford relief in
the dry bellyache of the West Indies.  A  decoc-
tion of the bark is sometimes used as a wash to
foul ulcers.
  XANTHU'RIA, Xanthiu'ria, from  fyvBos, 'yel-
low,' and ovpov, ' urine.'  A condition of the sys-
tem and of the urine, in which  xanthio oxide is
deposited from the urine.
  XANTICA, Carminatives.
   XANTOLINA, Artemisia santonica.
   XENODOCEUM, Hospital.
3                XIPHOID

  WREXCn, Sprain.
  WRIGHTIA ANTIDYSENTERICA,  Ne-
rium antidysentericuin.
  WRINKLE,  Sax. princle, Ruga, Rytis, Rha-
cus, Rhachus, Rhagus, Rhysse'ma, Corruga'tio cu-
tis, (F.) Ride.  A furrow or fold in the skin of
the face,  forehead,  vagina, &c.  See  Corruga-
tion.
  WRINKLED,  Rugo'sua, Rugous, Rugose, (F.)
Ridi.  Full of  wrinkles.
  WRIST, Carpus.
  WRIST-DROP.  Paralysis  of the muscles of
the forearm, induced by the poison of lead.
  WRITERS' SPASM, see Spasm, writers'.
  WURALI, Curare.
   WURSTGIFT, Allantotoxicum.
  WRONG HEIR, Cancellus.
  XENODOCHEUM, Hospital.
  XERANSIS, Arefaction,  Drying.
  XERANTIA, Siceantia.
  XERA'SIA.  Same etymon; from inpos, 'dry.'
A disease of the hairs, which become dry, cease
to grow, and resemble down covered with dust.—
Galen.
  XERION, Catapasma.
  XEROCOLLYR'IUM,  from ^pos, 'dry,' and
noWovptov, ' a collyrium;' Collyr'ium aiecum.  A
dry collyrium.
  XERODER'MA, from  frpos, 'dry,' and Sepua,
' skin.'  Diminution of secretion of the sebaceous
glands.
  XEROMA,  Xeropththalmia—x. Conjunctival,
Xerophthalmia.
  Xeroma,  Lachrymal.  Suppression  of  the
lachrymal secretion.
  XEROMYCTER, Xeromycteria.
  XEROMYCTE'RIA, Xeromycter, from  frpoy,
'dry,' and pvurr/p, 'the nose.'  Dryness  of the
nose.
  XEROMYRON,  Unguen'tum  siccum;  from
fjjpoj, ' dry,' and uvpov,  ' an ointment.'   A  dry
ointment. — Gorrasus.
  XEROPHA'GIA, from frpos, 'dry,' and i/>ayio,
'I eat.'   Excessive use of dry aliment.  A kind
of regimen to which the ancient athletae subjected
themselves,  with the  view of  increasing their
strength.
  XEROPHTHAL'MIA, Ophthal'mia sicca, Oph-
thalmoxero'sis, Xero'ma,  from \npos, ' dry,' and
otp$a\pta, 'inflammation of the eye.'   An inflam-
mation of the  eye, without discharge.  The term
—as well as Conjuncti'val Xero'ma, and Ctttic'ular
Conjunctiva — has been given to cases in which
the conjunctiva is so changed, that it presents
more of the characters of skin  than of mucous
membrane.  It is incapable of radical cure.  Also,
lippitudo.
  XEROTRIBIA, see Friction.
  XEROTRIPSIS, Friction, dry.
  XIPHISTERNAL  Xiphoid.
  XIPHODES, Xiphoid.
  XIPHODYMI'S, Thoraco-gastrodidymus.
  XIPHOID,  Xiphoi'des,  Xipho'des, Ensifor'-
mis, from %ttpos,  ' a sword,' and  £ii5os, 'shape;'
Cartila'go Xipho'idea,  C. Xipho'idea, C. Scuta'lis,
C. Ensiformie, C. Pelta'lia seu peltdtus, Edsiform
cartilage,  Furcel'la infe'rior, Mucrona'tvm os,
95
X. 
XIPHOPAGES              924                 ZAPANIA
Mucrona'ta Cartila'go, Chondros, Processus xi-
phoaterna'lis seu xiphoides seu  eterni xipho'ide-
tie, Xiphiaternum, (F.) Appendice ou cartilage xi-
pho'idea, C. 3Iucroni, Appendice sous-sterndle, Pa-
lette.  The  name of the appendix which  termi-
nates the sternum beneath ; and which is so called
from some resemblance to a sword.
  Xiphoid  Lig'ament,  Costo-xyphoid L. (F.)
Ligament xipho'idien ou coeto-xiphoidien, is a small,
very thin, ligamentous fasciculus, which  passes
from the cartilage of prolongation of  the 7th rib
to the anterior surface of the xiphoid cartilage,
into which it is inserted by its fibres decussating
with those of the opposite ligament.
  XIPHOP'AGES, Did'ymue, Symphyo-epigae'-
triua ; from %ttpos, ' a sword,' and itnyvvpi, ' I fix.'
A monstrosity, in which twins are united by the
epigastrium, as in the case of the Siamese twins.
  XYLO-ALOES,  Agallochum — x. Balsamum,
see Amyris opobalsamnm — x.  Cassia, Laurus
cassia — x. Cinnamomum, Laurus einnamomum.
  XYLUM, Gossipium.
  XYMPATHIA, Sympathy.
  XYRIS, Iris fcetidissima.
  Xyris Bulbo'sa, A'. In'dica, X. Carolinia'na,
Yellow-eyed Graes,- indigenous; Order, Xyrida-
cea3;  flowering from  July to  September.  The
roots and leaves are said to be used by  the Hin-
doos in lepra, and chronio cutaneous  diseases in
general.
  XYRUM, Novacula.
  XYB.US, Novacula.
  XYSMA, Linteum, Rasura, Scobs.
  XYSMOS, Rasura.
  XYSTER, Raspatorium.
  XYSTOS, Linteum.
  XYSTRUM, Raspatorium—x. Ophthalmicum,
Ophthalmoxyster.
Y.
   YAM.  This esculent  root is principally  ob-
tained from three species of Dioaco'rea, — ala'ta
bulbif'era, and eati'va.  They grow spontaneously
in both the Indies, and their roots are eaten pro-
miscuously, as the potato is with us. Their taste
is somewhat like the potato.
   YAM ROOT, WILD, Dioscorea villosa.
   YARD, Penis.
   YARROW, COMMON, Achillea millefolium.
   YAUPON, Ilex vomitoria.
   YAWNING, from Sax. jeonan, Chasme, Chas-
mus, Hid tus, Osee'do, Oscitdtio, Clonus pandicu-
ldtio  maxilla'rum,  Gaping,  (F.)  Battlement.
Yawning consists  of a deep inspiration, with con-
siderable separation of the jaws, executed slowly
and in an involuntary manner, and followed by
a prolonged and more or less sonorous expiration.
This respiratory movement is preceded by a feel-
ing of oppression in the epigastric region, and in
the  muscles  of  respiration  and  mastication.
Yawning has been conceived to be owing to tor-
por in the pulmonary circulation ; the causes pro-
ducing it being commonly ennui, fatigue, sleepi-
ness, monotonous sounds, hunger, sympathy, &c.
Yawning often precedes the invasion of certain
intermittents, attacks of hysteria, Ac, and it may,
by its frequency, and obstinacy, become a true
disease.
  YAWROOT, Stillingia.
  YAWS, Frambcesia.
  YEAST, Yest—y. Plant, Torula cerevisias.
  YELK, see Ovum.
  YELLOAV, Flavus, Lu'teus, Xanthua, from past
participle of Sax. 5eoelan, 'to burn.'  One of the
seven primitive colours.
  Yellow Ash, Cladrastis tinctoria —y. Berry,
Podophyllum montanum—y. Fever, see Fever
Yellow—y.  Fever, mild, see Relapse.
  Yellow  Ligaments,  (F.) Ligaments  jaunes,
occupy the spaces between the  vertebral plates
from the interval, which  separates the second
vertebra from the third, to that which  separates
the last vertebra from the sacrum.   They are so
called in consequence of their colour.
  Yellow  Paint, Hydrastis  Canadensis — y.
Root,  Jeffersonia  Bartoni — y.  Root,  Parsley-
leaved, Xanthorrhiza apiifolia — y. Root, Shrub,
Xanthorrhiza apiifolia — y. Star, Helenium au-
tumnale—y. Weed, Ranunculus acris—y. Wood,
Xanthoxylum fraxineum — y. Wort,   Parsley-
leaved, Xanthorrhiza apiifolia.
  YELLOWS,  Cypripedium luteum,  Icterus,
Ranunculus acris.
   YERBA  DEL  SOLD AD A,  Matico— y. de
Huaca, Datura sanguinea.
  YEST,  Yeast,  Sax. Sefc, from yj"c, 'a storm,'
yrCltf, ' stormy;' Cerevis'ia  Fermen'tiim, Spnma
Cerevia'ia, Barm, (F.) Levure, Levure de la Biere.
The scum, which collects on the surface of beer
whilst fermenting.   Yest is antiseptic and tonic.
It has been much extolled in putrid fevers, — a
table-spoonful being given  as a dose, in porter,
wine, &c.  It is, also, applied, in the form of ca-
taplasm, to foul ulcers.  In all these  cases, it acts
by virtue of the generation of carbonic acid gas.
 _ YEUX ARDENS, Ardent eyes — y. d'Ecre-
vie8e, Cancrorum chelae.
  YEW TREE, Taxus baccata.
  YLECH, Ilech.
  YLIATER, Ilech.
  YOLK, see Ovum.
  YOUTH, Adolescence.
  YOPON, Ilex vomitoria.
  YPSELOGLOSSUS,  Basioglossus.
  YRIDES, Orpiment.
  YSAM'BRA, Pedigam'bra.  An ancient  Spa-
nish poison, of which hellebore formed the great-
est part.
  YUCCA, Jatropha manihot.
  Y-WER-A, see Spirit.
z.
  ZACCHARUM, Saccharum.
  ZAEL, Borosail.
  ZAFFRAN, Crocus.
  ZAMBO, see Mulatto.
  ZAMIA INTEGRIFOLIA, see Arrowroot—z.
Pumila, see Arrowroot.
  ZANNA.  A kind of Armenian  bole, used by
the ancients as a desiccative.   It was also called
Zarnaeha.
   ZANTHORRHIZA  APIIFOLIA,   Xanthor-
rhiza  apiifolia.
  ZANTHOXYLUM CLAVA HERCULLS, Xan-
thoxylum clava Herculis.
  ZAPANIA NODIFLORA, Anacoluppa. 
ZARNACHA
925                  ZINCI
  ZARNACnA, Zanna.
  ZARSA, Smilax sarsaparilla.
  ZARZAPARILLA, Smilax sarsaparilla.
  ZEA MAYS, Z. vulga're, Mays zea seu Ameri-
co'na, Mays, Indian Corn, Corn, Turkey Wheat,
Maize, Ador,  Indian Wheat,  (F.) Mais, Graine
de  Tiirquie,  Bli  d'Inde,  Bli d'Eepagne,  Bli
dItalic., Bli de Turquie.  A native  of America,
and much used over the whole of the  continent
as an article of diet.  It is ground for the same
purposes as wheat, and forms an excellent bread.
  ZEDOAIRE ROND, Kaempferia  rotunda.
  ZEDOARIA, Kaernpferia rotunda  —z. Longa,
see Kicmpferia—z.  Rotunda, see  Kaempferia.
  ZEDOARY, Kaempferia rotunda.
  ZEL0S1S, Zelotypia.
  ZELOTYPTA, from  £7X05, 'love,' and tokos,
' form,' ' model;' Zelo'sie.  It has  been proposed
to apply this name to the violent mental affection
produced  by the acknowledged or  presumed infi-
delity of  a beloved object; and  to the conse-
quences of such affection; — melancholy, mania,
&c.
   ZEMA, Decoction.
   ZEN'ICON, geviKov.  Ancient name of a Keltic
poison,  used for poisoning arrows.
   ZEPHACH, Peritonaeum.
   ZERMA, Zerna.
   ZERNA, Zerma.  Amongst the barbarous La-
tin writers it signified ulcerated impetigo, Impeti'-
go ulcera'ta.
   ZERUMBET, Cassumuniar.
   ZESIS, Effervescence, Decoction.
   ZEST,  see Citrus  medica.
   ZESTOLUSIA, Bath, hot.
   ZIBEBAi;, see Vitis vinifera.
   ZIBETHUM, Civetta.
   ZIGNITES, Zingrites.
   ZINC,  Zincum,  Zinkum,  Speltrum,  Speattter,
  Tutenag,  Zinchum, Zint, Stannum In'dicum.  Per-
 haps formed etymologicallyfrom(G.)Zin, 'Tin.'
 A metal  obtained from oalamine and blende. Its
 colour is bluish-white ; lustre of the fresh surface
 considerable, but  soon dulled, from the facility
 with which it oxidates;  hard ; texture striated.
  S. g. 7.190.   Melts at  700° Fah., burns with a
  bright flame in a higher  temperature, and is vo-
  latilized  in the form of a white, flocculent oxyd.
  Its use, in meclicine, is in the formation  of the"
  following preparations.
   ZING, ACETATE  DE, Zinci  acetas—z. But-
  ter of, Zinci chloridum — z.  Chloride of,  Zinci
  chloridum — z. Chlorure  de, Zinci chloridum — z.
  Ferrohydrocyanate  of,  Zinci cyanuretum — z.
  Flowers  of, Zinci oxydum — z. Hydrocyanate of,
  Zinci cyanuretum — z. Iodide of, Zinci Iodidum
  —z. Ioduret of, Zinci Iodidum.
    Zinc and Morph'ia, Double I'odide of. (F.)
  lodure double de Zinc  et de 3Iorphine.   This salt
  is prepared  by boiling iodide of iodhydrate of
  morphia with water and zinc, after they have acted
  on each  other for some days; filtering and crys-
  tallizing.  It is considered  to combine the pro-
  perties of morphia  and the salts of  zinc, and has
  been prescribed as an anodyne and antispasmodic.
  Dose, a  quarter of a grain.
    ZINC, OXIDE  DE,  Zinci oxydum—z. Oxyd
  of, Zinci oxydum.
    Zinc  and  Strydi'nia,  Double I'odide  of.
  This salt is prepared by  digesting for several
  days in  hot water, iodide of iodhydrate of strych-
  nia and zinc;  filtering and  crystallizing.  It has
  been proposed in the same cases  as strychnia.
    ZINC, SULFATE DE, Zinci sulphas—z. Sul-
  phate of, Zinci Sulphas—z. Valerianate of, Zinci
  Valerianas.
    ZINCHUM, Zincum.
   ZINCI ACE'TAS, Ad'ltate of Zinc, (F.) Aci-
 tate de  Zinc.  (Plumbi acet. Ibj, zinc,  granul.
 iix, aqua  destillat. Oiij.  Dissolve  the acetate
 of lead in the water, and filter.  Add the zinc  to
 the solution, and agitate them  occasionally to-
 gether, in a stopped bottle, for five or six hours,
 or until the liquid yields no  precipitate, with  a
 solution of  iodide of potassium.  Filter the liquor,
 evaporate it with a moderate heat to one-fifth,
 and set  it  aside to  crystallize.  Pour off the
 liquid, and dry the crystals on bibulous paper.
   Should the crystals be coloured, dissolve them
 in distilled water, and  having heated the solu-
 tion, drop into it, while hot, a filtered solution of
 chlorinated lime, until it ceases  to let fall sesqui-
 oxide of iron ;  filter the liquor, acidulate it With
 a few drops of acetic  acid, evaporate, and crys-
 tallize.—PA. U.  S.)
   Frequently  used to form  a gently  astringent
 wash  in ophthalmia and  other local  inflamma-
 tions ; and as an injection in gonorrhoea.
   Zinci Carbonas Impurus, Calamina.
   Zinci Car'bonas Prascipita'tus, Precip'itated
 carbonate of Zinc. (Zinci sulphat., soda carbonat.
 aa, Ibj ;  aq. bullient. cong.  Dissolve the  sulphate
 of zinc and carbonate of soda respectively in Oiv
 of water.  Mix  the solutions;  stir, and set the
 mixture by, that the powder may subside.  Having
 poured off  the liquid, wash the precipitated car-
 bonate  of  zinc with hot water, until the fluid of
 the washings is  nearly tasteless, and dry with a
 gentle heat. — Ph. U. S.)   Used to prepare the
 Zinzi oxidum.
   Zinci Carbonas Pr^eparatus, Calamina prae-
 parata.
    Zinci Chlo'ridum,  Z.  chlorure'tum,  Zincum,
 chlordtum, Z. muriat'icum (oxydatum), Chloride
 or Chloruret of  Zinc, Butter of Zinc, (F.)  Chlo-
 rure  de Zinc.  (Zinc, in  frustulis, ^ijss;  acid.
 nitric, creta praparat. aa, gj;  acid, muriat. q. S.
 To the zinc, in the porcelain vessel, add gradually
 sufficient muriatic acid to dissolve it;  strain, add
 the nitric  acid,  and evaporate  to dryness.   Dis-
 solve the dry mass in water, add the chalk, allow
 the mixture to stand for 24  hours, filter, and
  again evaporate to dryness. — Ph. U. S.)  It is
  very deliquescent in  the  air, forming-the Butter
  of Zinc, Bitty'rum Zinci.
    Chloride of Zinc is  a powerful escharotic, and
  has  been  lately employed as  an effective anti-
  septic.
    Zinci Chloruretum, Z. chloridum.
    Zinci Cyanure'tum, Hydrocy'anas Zinci, Zin-
  cum  Cyanogendtum, Z. Borus'sicum, Z. Zooticum,
  Hydroctf'anate  of Zinc.  This salt is formed by
,  adding sulphate of zinc to hydrocyanate of po-
  tassa so long as any precipitate is thrown  down.
  When  dried and calcined at  a  low beat, the pro-
I  duct is  a  mixture of cyanuret of zinc and of po-
;  tassium.  It  has been recommended in nervous
'  cardialgia.  Dose, from  one-sixteenth to one-
l  twelfth of a grain.
     It is chiefly used as a caustic; one part  of the
-  chloride being  mixed  with  four, three, or  two
5  parts of flour, according to the desired strength,
.  and  a few drops ef water being added to form a
  paste.
L     Zinci Ferrohydrocy'anas,  Cyanure'tum Fer-
  rozidcicum, Zincum Ferrohydrocyadieum, Ferro-
.  hydrocyanate of Zinc.  Made  by the mutual de-
1  composition of  boiling-hot solutions of sulphate
-  of zinc and ferrocyanate of potassa.  It has been
3  recommended in the  same  cases as the last pre-
  paration.
     Zinci Hydrocyanas, Zinci  cyanuretum.
i     Zinci Iod'idum, Z. lodure'turn,  Zincum Ioda'-
   tum  lode'turn Zinci seu Zidcicum, Proto'iodure'-
   tum Zinci, Fodide or Iod'uret of Zinc.   This salt 
ZINCUM
926
ZOONOMIA
is made by boiling together iodine and zinc to
dryness, and subliming.  An ointment, composed
of a drachm to an ounce of lard, has been used
in cases where the external use of iodide of po-
tassium is indicated.
  Zinci Ioduretum, Z.  iodidum — z. Nix, Zinci
oxydum.
  Zinci Ox'ydum, Zincum calcina'tum, Oxyd of
Zinc, Flowers of  Zinc, Nihil Album, Lana Phi-
losopho'rum, L. Philoaoph'iea,  Aix Zinci, Nihil
Gris'eum, Pom'pholyx, (F.) Oxide de Zinc.  (Pro-
cured by burning zinc in a long, deep, crucible,
placed so  as to collect  the sublimate.  Also, by
exposing the precipitate  thrown down from a so-
lution of sulphate of zinc by carbonate of ammo-
nia  to a strong heat, so as to  drive off the car-
bonic acid.—Ph. U. S.)  It is tonic and antispas-
modic ;  externally,  detergent  and desiccative.
Employed  in epilepsy,  chorea, Ac.  For its ex-
ternal use, see Ung. Zinci.
  Zinci Oxydum  Impurum, Tutia.
  Zinci Sulphas, Sulphate of Zinc, Zincum Vit-
riola'turn,  Vitrio'lum Album,  White Vitriol,  V.
 Goslarien'se,  V. Zinci, Sulphas Zidcicum, Gilla
 Vitrioli, Gilla Theophras'ti,  Sal Vomito'rium Vit-
rioli, Chalcan'ihum, Album, White  Copperas, Sal
 Vitrioli, (F.) Sulfate de Zinc.   (Zinc, in  frustul.
giv; acid, sulphuric, ^vj ;  aqua  destillat. Oiv.
To  the zinc and water, previously introduced into
a glass vessel, add by degrees the sulphuric acid,
and, when the effervescence shall have  ceased,
filter the  solution through paper; then boil  it
down till a pellicle begins to form, and set aside
to crystallize.—Ph. U. S.)" The sulphate of zinc
is inodorous; taste, styptic.  It is in white, semi-
transparent, efflorescent crystals; soluble in three
parts of water at 60°.  It is emetic, tonic, anti-
spasmodic, and,  externally, astringent.  A nos-
 trum, sold under the name Ant iper tus' sis, and, as
its  title imports,  given in hooping-cough, con-
 tains this salt as its chief ingredient.  It is emetic.
 Dose, as an emetic, gr. x to gss; as a tonie, gr. j
 to  ij.  Used externally as a collyrium, gr. j to
 water f ""jj.
   Zinci Valeria'nas, Vale'rianate of Zinc. A salt
 formed by saturating valerianic acid with freshly
 prepared carbonate of zinc.  It is  in pure white,
 pearly scales,  and has  been recommended as a
 tonie in neuralgic diseases, epilepsy,  Ac.   The
 dose is one or two grains several times a  day.
   ZINCUM, Zinc — z. Borussicum, Zinci cyanu-
 retum—z.  Calcinatum, Zinci oxydum—z. Chlora-
 tum, Zinci chloridum — z. Cyanogenatum, Zinci
 cyanuretum — z.  Ferrohydrocyanicum, Zinci fer-
 rohydrocyanas—z. Iodatum,  Zinci iodidum—z.
 Muriaticum,  Zinci  chloridum — z. Vitriolatum,
 Zinci sulphas — z. Zooticum, Zinci cyanuretum.
   ZINGIBER, Amomum zingiber—z. Cassumu-
 niar, see Cassumuniar — z. Cliffordia, see Cassu-
 muniar— z. Germanicum, Arum maculatum — z.
 Officinale, Amomum zingiber—z. Purpureum, see
 Cassumuniar—z. Spurium, see Cassumuniar—z.
 Zerumbet, see Cassumuniar.
   ZINGIBERIN, Piperoid.
   ZINGRI'TES, Zigni'tes.  A stone, resembling
 glass;  to which  the ancients  attributed marvel-
 lous properties.
   ZINKUM, Zincum.
    ZINT, Zincum.
    ZINZIBER, Amomum zingiber.
    ZIPHAC, Peritonaeum.
    ZIRBUS, Epiploon — z. Adipinus, Epiploon,
 gastro-colic.
    ZIZA'NIA AQUAT'ICA,  Wild Rice; called
 by the Indians, 3Ienomene, grows  abundantly on
 the marshy margins of the northern  lakes and
 waters of the upper branches of  the Mississippi.
  The grain resembles oats. It furnishes the north-
ern savages and the Canadian traders and hunt-
ers with their annual supplies of grain.
  ZIZYPHUM, Jujube.
  ZIZYPHUS JUJUBA, see Jujube—z. Nitida,
see Jujube—z. Sativa, see Jujube—z. Sylvestris,
see Jujube.
  ZOA'GRIA,  from fan,  'life,' and  aypcu,  'I
catch up.'  The saving and preservation of life.
Zoosis.  A reward for preserving  life; Sostrum.
A votive offering  hung up in the temples for life
saved.
  ZOANTHRO'PIA, 3Ielanchol'ia zodnthrdpia,
from  faov, ' an animal,' and  avSpuiitos, ' a man.'
A  species of monomania, in which the patient
believes  himself  transformed  into an  animal.
Lycanthropia  and  cynanthropia  belong to this
species of monomania.
  ZOARA, Insomnia.
  ZOE, Life.
   ZOGRAPHIA,  Zoographia.
   ZOIATRIA, Veterinary art.
   ZOIATRUS, Hippiater.
   ZOMIDIUM, Jus.
   ZOMOS, Consomme", Jus.
   ZONA, Herpes zoster — z. Castitatis, Hymen
— z.  Ciliaris,  Ciliary zone — z.  Ignea, Herpes
zoster.
   Zona Pellu'cida, Oolem'ma pellu'cidum, Vi-
tellary membrane, (F.) Vitelline, 3Iembrane vitel-
line.  The membrane that  surrounds the yolk in
the mammalia is so called on account of its thick-
ness and peculiar transparency.
   Zona  Serpiginosa, Herpes zoster — z.  Virgi-
nitatis, Hymen.
   Zona  Tendino'sa.  The whitish circle around
the  auriculo-ventricular orifice of the right  side
of the heart.
   ZONE, Cingulum.
   ZONULA  CILIARIS, see Ciliary, and Ciliary
zone — z. Cochleae,  see Lamina spiralis — z.  Hil-
dani, Cingulum Hildani — z.  Zinnii, see Ciliary.
   ZOOCHEMIA, Chymistry, animal.
   ZOOCHEM'ICAL, Zoochym'ical, Zoochem'icus
seu Zoochym'icus.  Appertaining  or having rela-
tion to animal chymistry.
   ZOOCHEMY, Chymistry, animal.
   ZOOCHYMY, Chymistry, animal.
   ZOOGENIUM, Azote.
   ZOOG"ENY, Zoogen'ia, Zoogen'esis, from %o>ov,
' animal,' and yevtats, ' generation.'  The doctrine
of animal formation.
   ZOOG'RAPHY, Zobgra'phia,Zogrdphia, from
faov, 'an animal,' and ypaipn, 'a description.'  A
description of animals.  The natural history of
animals.
   ZOOHEMATINE, Haematine.
   ZOOHY'LAS, from faov, 'an animal,' and 'uXij,
 'matter.' Animal matter.
   ZOOHY'LICA  CONCREMEN'TA.  Concre-
tions formed of animal matter.
   ZOOIASIS, Veterinary art.
   ZOOL'OGIST,  Zoologis'ta,  Zdol'ogus,  from
 tpiov, ' an animal,' and ^.oyos, ' description.'   One
 skilled in the natural history of animals.
   ZOOL'OGY, Zoblog"ia.  Same etymon.   The
 natural history of animals.
   ZOOMAGNETISMUS, Magnetism, animal.
   ZOOMYCUS, Mucus.
   ZOOMYXA, Mucus.
   ZOON, Animal.
   ZOONOWIA,Organozoonom'iajZoon'omyJfrom
 faoy,  'an animal,'  and  vopos, 'law.'  The  laws
 which  govern the  organic actions of animals in
 general: —Animal  Physiology, Zoophysiolog"ia. 
ZOONOSOLOGIA
927
ZYTHUS
  ZOONOSOI/OG"IA,  from faov,  'an animal,'
voaos,  ' a disease,' and Xoyos, ' description.'  The
nosology of animals.
  ZOOPATHOLOG"IA, from faov, 'an animal,'
traOos, 'a disease,' and Xoyos, 'a description.' The
pathology of animals.
  ZOOPH'AGWrS, Zooph'agus,  (F.) Zoophage.
from £oiov, ' an animal,  and tpayta, ' I eat.' Feed-
ing on animals.  Carnivorous.
  ZOOPHTHALMUS, Hydrophthalmia.
  ZOOPIIYSIOLOGIA, Physiology, animal, Zo-
onomia.
  ZO'OPIIYTE, Zo'oph'ytum, Phytozo''on, Animal
plant, from faov, 'an animal,' and  tpvrov, 'a plant.'
A name given to the lowest class of animals,
which seem to form the transition between the
animal and the vegetable kingdoms.
  ZOOSIS,  Animation, Zoagria.
  ZOOS PERM ATA, Spermatozoa.
  ZOOSPER3IES,  Spermatozoa.
  ZOOTHAP'SIS, from far,, 'life,' and Oanrio, 'I
inter.'  Burial alive.   Premature interment.
  ZOOT'OMIST, Zootom'icus. Same etymon  as
the next.   One who  dissects animals.
  ZOOTOMY, Zootom'ia, from faov, ' an animal,'
and reixvo), ' I cut.'  Theriot'omy, Anatom'ia ani-
ma'lis seu comparati'va seu compara'ta, Compar-
ative Anatomy.  The anatomy of animals.  Ani-
mal anatomy.
  ZOPISSA, see Pinus sylvestris.
   ZOPYRON,  Fomites.
  ZOSTER, Herpes  zoster.
  ZOSTERA  MARINA, Pila marina — z. Mari-
tima, Pila marina.
  ZOZAR, Saccharum.
  ZUCARO, Saccharum.
  ZUCCARUM, Saccharum.
  ZUCHAR, Saccharum.
   ZUCHARUM, Saccharum.
   ZUCHRA, Saccharum.
   ZULAPIUM, Julep.
   ZYGAPOPHYSES, see Vertebrae.
   ZYGOMA, Malas os.
   ZYGOMAT'IC, Zygomat'icus, Jugdlis, Jugal.
 That which relates to the zygoma or cheek-bone.
   Zygomatic Arch, see Zygomatic process — z.
 Bone, Malae os.
   Zygomatic Fossa is the space included between
 the posterior margin of the outer ala of the pte-
 rygoid process, and the crista  which descends
 from the  malar tuberosity to the superior alveolar
 margin.
  Zygomatic Muscles are two in number.  1.
Zygomat'icus major, Distort'or  Oris, (F.) Zyjo-
mato-labial  (Ch.),  31uscle grand  zygomatique,
which is situate obliquely at the fore-part and
sides of the face.  It is a small, rounded muscle;
arises from the outer surface of the os malae, and
is inserted at the commissure of the lips, which
it raises  and draws outwards.  It acts principally
in laughing.  2. Zygomat'icus  minor, (F.) Petit
Zygomato-labial (Ch.),  Petit Zygomatique, does
not always exist.  It is situate  on the inner side
of the last;  arises from the outer  surface of the
os malaa,  and  is inserted at the corner of  the
mouth,  or rather into  the upper lip,  which  it
raises and draws outwards.
  Zygomatic Process, Procea'sua  zygomat'icus,
Apoph'ysis  Zygomat'ica,  Malar proceee,  Jugal
process, arises from the outer surface of the tem-
poral bone by two roots, one of which is  trans-
verse, (Condyle du temporal, Ch.,) and the other
longitudinal: between them is the glenoid cavity.
The process passes forwards, and is articulated
with the  posterior angle  of the os malas, with
which it forms a bony bridge, called the Zygo-
matic arch, Pare zygomat'icus, Arcus  zygomat'-
icus, (F.)  Arcade Zygomatique.  The cavity, be-
neath this bridge, is sometimes called Zygo'ma.
   Zygomatic Suture is  placed between the zy-
gomatic parts of the temporal  and cheek bones;
and slants obliquely downwards and backwards.
  ZYG03IATIQUE GRAND, Zygomaticus ma-
jor—z. Petit, Zygomaticus minor.
  ZYGOMATO-LABIAL, Zygomaticus  major
—z. Labial, petit, Zygomaticus major—z. 3Iaxil-
laire, Masseter—z. Oriculaire,  Anterior auris.
   ZYGOPHYL'LUM FAGABO, (F.) Fabagelle.
A Syrian  and Mauritanic plant, possessed of an
acrid and  bitter tasts. It has vermifuge properties.
The Arabs believe that  the recently  expressed
juice of Zygophyllum simplex, is capable of re-
moving specks from the cornea.
   ZYMA, Ferment.
   ZYMOMA, Ferment.
   ZYMOSIS, Fermentation, see Zymotic.
   ZYMOT'IC,  Zymot'icus, from \vpou, 'to fer-
ment.'  An epithet proposed  for any epidemic,
 endemic,  or contagious  affection.  Zymosis  is
used to signify such an affection.
   ZYTHOGALA, Posset.
   ZYTHUM, Cerevisia.
   ZYTHUS, Cerevisia.
THE END. 
 
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            FOR  THE  USE AND EXAMINATION OF STUDENTS.

                        BY JOHN NEILL,  M. D.,
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                                of Philadelphia, &c ,

                  FRANCIS  GURNEY SMITH, M.D.,
       Lecturer on Physiology in the Philadelphia Association for Medical Instruction. &C.&C.
                    Second Edition, Revived and Improved.
  In one very large and handsomely printed volume, royal l2mo., of over 1000 large pages, with
            about 350 illustrations, strongly bound in leather,  with raised bands.
                        PREFACE TO THE NEW EDITION.
  The speedy sale of a large impression of this work  has  afforded to  the authors gratifying evi-
dence of the correctness of the views  which actuated them in its  preparation.  In meeting the
demand for a second edition, they have therefore been desirous  to render  it more worthy  ot the
favor with which it has been received.  To accomplish this, they have spared neither time nor
labor in embodying in  it such discoveries and improvements as have been  made since its first ap-
pearance, and such alterations as have been suggested by its practical  use in the class and exami-
nation-room.  Considerable modifications have  thus been introduced throughout all the depart-
ments treated of in the volume,  but more especially in the portion  devoted to the " Practice ot
Medicine,"  which has been entirely rearranged and rewritten.  The authors  therefore again
submit their work to the profession, with the hope that their efforts may  tend, however humbly.
to advance the great cause  of medical education.
  Notwithstanding the increased size and improved execution of this work, the price has not been
icicreased, and it Ts confidently presented as one of the cheapest volumes now betcre the profession.
           COOPER'S SURGICAL. LECTURES—(Nearly Ready.)

                          LECTURES  ON  THE

  PRINCIPLES  AND   PRACTICE  OF   SURGERY.

                    BY BRANSBY B. COOPER, F. R. S.,
                           Senior Surgeon to Guy's Hospital.
              In one very large octavo volume, of over seven hundred pages.
  Tor twenty five years Mr. Bransby Cooper has been surgeon to Guy's Hospital; and the volume before us
miv be «uid to consist of an account of the results ofhis surgical experience during that long period.
  We cordially recommend Mr. Bransby Cooper's Lectures as a  most valuable addition to our surgical
literature, and one which cannot fail to be of service both lo students and to those who are acuvely engaged
in the prn'cliceofthe.ir profession— Tfv. Lancet.
  \ .road book by a good man is always welcome; aud Mr. Bransby Cooper shook does no discredit to its
na'tenutv  It has reminded us, in its easy style and copious detail,rr.ore ot V\ atson's Lectures, than any
book we have seen lately, and we should not be surprised to see it occupy a similar position to that well-
known work in professional esiimation.  It consists of seventy five  lectures on the most important surgical
.lisenses.  To analyze such a work is impossible, while so interesting is every lecture, that we feel ourselvc-
really at a loss what to select for quotation.                       .             .
  The, work is one which cannot fail to become a favorite with the profession; and it promises to supply a
tiiutua which the student of surgery has often lo deplore.—Medical Ittncs.

                 MALGAIGNE'S  SURGERY.—Now Ready.


             operative"  surgery,
 BASED ON NORMAL  AND PATHOLOGICAL  ANATOMY.

                          BY  J. F.  MALGAIGNE.
                  TRANSLATED FROM THE  FRENCH,

           BY FREDERICK BHUTAN,  A. B., M.D., M.R.C.S.L.
              WITH NUMEROUS  ILLUSTRATIONS ON* WOOD.
                  In ono handsome octavo volume of nearly. 600 pages.
  Thi«! work ha«, during its passage through the columns of  the " Medical  News and Library"
ii IS.'iO and 185)', received the unanimous approbation  of the profession, and in presenting it ia
a complete form'the publishers confidently anticipate for it  an extended circulation.
  Certainly  one of the  best books published on operative surgery.— Edinburri: Med. Jounial.
  We can stroii"!v recommend ii both to practitioners and siiuienls, nol oniy as a safe guide in the disseet-
iii"-room or operating theatre, but also as a concise work of reference for all that relates to operative sur-

^'nr^riuan5 has performed his task of translator and editor with  much judgment.  The descriptions are
perfectly clear and explicit; aud the authors occasional emissions of impoiluiit operations, proposed  by
brush surgeons are judiciously supplied in brief notes.—AWeaJ GaieiM. 
f>            BLANCH \RD  & LEA'S PUBLICATIONS.— (Surgery.)
               GROSS  ON URINARY ORGANS— (Juat Issued.)

                     A PRACTICAL  TREATISE ON  THE


   DISEASES  AND  INJURIES  OF  THE  URINARY  ORGANS.

                        BY S. D. GROSS,  M P., &c,
                      Professor of Surgery in the New York University.

       In one large and beautifully printed octavo volume, of over seven hundred pages.

                          With numerous Illustrations.

  The author of this work has devoted several years to  its preparation, and  has endeavored to
render it complete and thorough on all points  connected  with the important subject to which it is
devoted.  It contains a large number of original illustrations, presenting the natural and patholo-
gical anatomy of the parts under consideration, instruments, modes of operation, &c. &c, and in
mechanical execution it is one of the handsomest volumes yet issued from the American press.

  A very condensed summary of the contents  is subjoined.
INTRODUCTION.—Chapter I Anatomy of the. Perinseum.—Chap. II. Anatomy of the Urinary Bladder.—
  Chap. HI  Anatomy of die Prostate.—Chap. IV. Anatomy ofihe Urethra.—Chap. V, Urine.
PART. I. Diseases and Injuries of the Bladdkr.
  Chap. I, Malformations and Imperfections.—Chap  II  Injuries of the  Bladder.— Chap. Ill, Inflammation
   of the Bladder —Chap. IV, Chronic Lesions of  the Bladder.—Chap V, Nervous A (Tactions of the Bladder
   — Chap. VI. Heterologous Formations of the  Bladder.  Chap. VII, Polypous, Fungous, Erectile, and
   oilier  Morbid Growihs of the B'adder—Chap. VIII Worms in the  Bladder— Chap. IX, Serous  Cysts
   and Hydatids.—Chap. X. Fcetal Remains in the Bladder.—Chap. XI, Hair  in the Bladder—Chap. XII,
   Air in the Bladder.—Chap. XIII. Hemorrhage of the Bladder—Chap  XIV, Retention of Urine.-Chap.
   XV, Incontinence of Urine.-Chap. XVI, Hernia of the  bladder.— Chap XVII, Urinary Deposits.—
   Chap. XVIiI, Stone in the Bladder.—Chap. XIX  Foreign Bodies in the Bladder.
PART II  Diseases and Injuries of thk Pkostate Gland.
  Chap 1. Wounds of the Prostate- Chap. II. Acute Prostatic—Chap. III. Hypertrophy of the Prostate —
   Chap. IV, Atrophy of the Prostate.—Chap V, Heterologous Formatiousof the Prostate.—Chap VI, Cys-
   tic Disease ol the Pio-tate —Chap VII  Fihrous Tumors of the Pr.-stme— Chap.  VIII, Hemorrhage of
   ihe Prostate.-Chap. IX Calculi of the Prostate.—Chap. X, Phlebitis o/ the Prostate.
PART III. Diseases and Injuries of the Urethra.
  Chap. I. Malformations  and Irnperfecii»n«  of the  Urethra-Chap II Laceration of the Urethra.- Cha?.
   Ill, Stricture of the Urethra.—Chap IV. Polypoid and Vascular Tumors of Ihe  Urethra.—Chap. V. Neu-
   ralgia of the Urethra—Chap. VI. Hemorrhage of i he Urethra- Chap. VII. Foreign Boilies in ihe Urethra.
   — Chap. VIII. Infiltration of Urine—Chap IX. Urinary  Abscess.- Chap.  X. Fistula of the  Urethra.—
   Chap. XI False I'assaijes.-Chap. XII, Lesions of ihe G.jllinaginous Crest.—Chap. XIII, Inflammation
   and Abscess of Cowper's Glands.
          COOPER ON DISLOCATIONS.—New Edition—(Just Issued.)

                               A TREATISE  ON

DISLOCATIONS AND  FRACTURES   OF THE  JOINTS.

             By  Sir ASTLEY P.  COOPER, Bart., F. R. S., &c.

                Edited  by BRANSBY B.  COOPER, F. R. S.,  &c.
          WITH ADDITIONAL OBSERVATIONS BY PROF. J. C.  WARREN.
                  A  NEW  AMERICAN  EDITION,
           In one handsome octavo volume, with numerous illustrations on  wood.
  After the fiat of the profession, it would be absurd in us lo eulogize Sir Astley Cooper's work on Disloca-
tions. It is a national one, and will probably subsist as long as English Surgery — Medico-Chirurg. Revitio.


                   WORKS  BY  THE  SAME AUTHOR.
COOPER  (SIR  ASTLEY) ON THE ANATOMY AND TREATMENT OF ABDOMINAL  HERNIA.
  1 large vol., imp. 8vo., with over 130 lithographic figures.
COOPER  ON THE STRUCTURE AND DISEASES OF THE TESTIS,  AND  ON  THE  THYMUS
  GLAND. 1 vol., imp. 8vo., with 177 figures on 29 plates
COOPER  ON THE ANATOMY  AND DISEASES  OF THE BREAST.  WITH TWENTY-FIVE
  MISCELLANEOUS AN D SURGICAL PA PERS.  1 large vol., imp. 6vo., with 252 figures on M pli,ef
  These three volumes complete the surgical wriiings of Sir Astley Cooper.  They are very handsomely
printed,  with a large number of lithographic plates, executed in the best st> le. and are presented ai exceed-
ingly low prices.                                                     r

                    "LISTON  U MUTTER'S STJRGE*a*5T.

    LECTURES  ON  THE 0P¥RATI0NS  OF  SURGERY,

AND  ON DISEASES AND  ACCIDENTS  REQUIRING OPERATIONS.

            BY  ROBERT   LISTON,  Esq.,   F. R. S., &c.
                 EDITED, WITH NUMEROUS ADDIT.ONi AND ALTERATIONS,
                           BY T. D. MUTTER,  M. D.,
              Professor of Surgery in the Jefferson  Medical College of Philadelphia.
          In MM large and handsome octavo volume of 566 pages, with  216 wood-cut$. 
BLANCHARD  &  LEA'S PUBLICATIONS.—<Surgery.)
                 LIBRARY OP  SURGICAL  KNOWLEDGE.



       A  SYSTEM   OF  SURGERY.

                        BY  J.   M.   CHELIUS.

                     TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN,
          AND ACCOMPANIED WITH ADDITIONAL NOTES AND REFERENCES.

                            BY  JOHN  F.  SOUTH.

Complete in three very large octavo volumes of nearly 2200 pages, strongly bound, with raised
                               bands and double titles.
  We do not hesitate to pronounce it the best and most comprehensive system of modern surgery with
which we are acquainted.— Medico Chirvrgical Review.
  The fullest and ablest digest extant of all that relates to the present advanced state of Surgical Pathology. -
American Medical Journal.
  if we were confined to a single work on Surgery, that work should be Chelius's— St. Louis Med. Journal.
  As complete as any system of Surgery can well be.—Southern Medical and Surgical Journal.
  The most finished system of Surgery in ihe English language.— Western Lancet.
  The most learned and complete systematic treatise now extant.—Edinburgh Medical Journal.
  No work in the English language comprises so large an amount of information relative to operative metti-
eine and surgical pathology.—Mmlical Gazette.
  A. complete encyclopedia of surgical science—a very complete surgical library—by far the most complete
mil scientific system of surgery in the English language.—iV. Y. Journal of Medicine.
  One of the most complete treatises on Surgery in the English language —Monthly Journal of Med. Sciente.
  The most extensive and comprehensive accountof the art and science of Surgery in our language.—Lanctt.
  A  TREATISE  ON  THE  DISEASES  OF  THE  EYE.

                      BY W. LAWRENCE, F.R.S.
A new Edition.  With many Modifications and Additions, and the introduction of nearly 200 Illustrations,
                           BY ISAAC HAYS, M.D.
    In one very large 8vo. vol. of S<50 pages, with plates and wood-cuts through the test.
                            JONES ON THE EYE.

                   THE PRINCIPLES~AND PRACTICE


      OF   OPHTHALMIC  MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY.

                BY  T.  WHARTON  JONES, F. R. S., &c. &c.

                      EDITED BY ISAAC HAYS, M. D., &c.

Ia one very neat volume, large royal 12mo. of 529 pages, with  four  plates, plain or colored, and
                           ninety-eight well executed wood-cuts.


              A NEW  TEXT-BOOK  ON  SURGERY—(In Press.)


         PRINCIPLES   AM "PRACTICE   OF  SURGERY,

                       BY WILLIAM PIRIE, F.R.S.E.,
                   Regius Professor of Surgery in the University of Aberdeen.

                         Edited by  JOHN NEILL, M. D.,
    Demonstrator of Anatomy in the University of Penns>lvania, Lecturer on Anatomy in the Medical
                               Institute of Philadelphia, &c.

     In one very handsome octavo volume, of about 600 pages, with numerous illustrations.


STANLEY ON THE BONES.—A Treatise on Diseases of the Bones. In one vol. 8vo., extra cloth. 286pp.
BRODIE's SURGICAL LECTURES.—Clinical Leciures on Surgery. 1 vol. Svo., cloih.  350 pp.
BRODIE ON  THE JOINTS.—Pathological and Surgical Observations on the Diseasesofthe Joints. 1 vol.

BRODIE ON  URINARY ORGANS.—Lectures on the Diseases of the Urinary Organs.  1 vol. 8vo., cloth.
  S14 PP
         • ♦ These three works may be had neatly bound together, forming a large volume of "Brodie's
              Surgical Works."  7S0 pp.
RiCORD ON VENEREAL.—A Practical Treatise on Venereal Diseases. With a Therapeutical Summary
  and Special Formulary. Translated by Sidney Doane, M D  Fourth edition.  1 vol. Svo. 340 pp
DURLACHER ON CORNS, BUNIONS, tec— A Treatise on Corns, Bunons, the Diseases of Nails, and
  the General Managementof the Feet.  In one I2.no. volume, cloth.  134 PP
GUTHRIE ON THE BLADDER, tec — The Anatomy of the Bladder and Urethra,and the Treatment of tbe
  Obstructions to which those Passages are liable.  In one vol. Svo. 150 pp.         ,
L A WRENCE ON RUPTURES.—A Treatise on Ruptures,  from the fifth London hdition. In one 8vo. vol.

MAURY'S DENTAL SURGERY.—A Treatise on the Dental Art, founded  on  Actual Experience. Illus-
  trated by 241 lithographic figures and 54 wood-cuts. Translated by J. B. Savier. In 1 8vo. vol.,sheep. 2S6pp.
DUFTON ON  THE EAR.— The Nature amlTrealmenlof Deafness and Diseasesofthe Ear; and the'freal-
  meni of the Deaf and Dumb.  One small 12ino. volume.  120 pp.
SMITH ON FRACTURES—A Treatise on Fractures in the vicinity of Joints, and on Dislocations.  Q«e
  vol. ^vo., with 200 beautiful wood-cuU. 
BLANCHARD  &  LEA'S PUBLICATIONS.— (Surgery.)
       NEW  AND  IMPORTANT  WORK  ON  PRACTICAL SURGERY.—(JUST  ISSUED,)


    OPERATIVE    SUHGERY.

                    BY  FREDERICK  C. SKEY,  F. It. S., &c.

   In one very handsome octavo volume of over 650 pnges,  with about one hundred wood-cuts.

  The object of the author, in the preparation of this work, has been not merely to furnish the
student with a guide to the actual processes of operation, embracing  the practical rules required
tu justify an appeal to the knife, but also to present a  manual embodying such principles as might
render it a permanent work  of reference to  the practitioner  of operative surgery, who seeks to
uphold the character of his profession as a science  as well as an art.  In its composition he baa
relied mainly on his own experience, acquired (luring many years' service at  one of the largest of
the London hospitals, and has rarely appealed to  other authorities,  except so  far as personal inter-
course and a  general acquaintance with  the  most eminent members of the surgical  profession
have induced him to quote their opinions.

                        From Professor C. B. Gibson Richmond, Virginia.
  I have examined the work wiih soini-care, and am delighted wiih it.  The style is admirable, the matter
excellent, and  much  ol it original and deeply  interesting, whilst ihe illustrations are numerous and better
executed than those of any similar work 1 possess.
  In  coi elusion we must express our unqualified praise of the work as a whole.  The high moral tone, die
lilieral views, and ihe sound information which peivades ii ihrougnont. reflect the highest credit upon the
talented author.  We know of no one who has succeeded, whilst supporting operative surgery in its proper
rank, in promulgating at the sain* tune sounder and more enlighieued views upon that most important ol
all subjects, the principle that should guide ui- in having recourse lo ihe knife— Mtd ical Times.
  'The treatise is, indeed, one ou operative surgery, bul il  is  one in  which the author throughout shows that
he is most anxious to place operative surgery in i>s just position.  He lias acted as a judicious, but nol
partial friend ;  and while he shows throughout thai he is able and  ready to perform any operation which the
exinencie* Hnd casualties of the human  frame may require, he is most cautious in specifying ihe eircuin-
slances which m each case indicate and cruitraindicale operation.  It is indeed gratifying to perceive the
sound mid correct views which Air. Skey entertains on the  subject of operations in general, and the geutlei
manly lone in which he impresses on readers  ihe lessons which lie is desiious to inculcate.  His work isa
perfect model for the opcraiing surgeon, who will learn from it not only when and how to operate. Inn some
more noble and exalted lessons which cannot fail to improve him as a moral and social agent.— Edinburgh
Medical and Surgical Journal.
                       THE  STUDENT'S  TEXT-BOOK.


THE  PRINCIPLES  AMD  PRACTICE   OF   MODERN  SURGERY,

        BY ROBERT DRTJITT,  Fellow of the  Royal College of Surgeons.

     A  New  American, from the last  and  improved  London Edition,

        Edited by F. W. SARGENT, M. D., Author of "Minor Surgery," &e.
          ILLUSTRATED WITH ONE HUNDRED AND Nil* ET V-THREE Wn,.n E.VGK A V1INGS.
               In one very handsomely printed ortavo volume of 576 large pages.
                          From Professor Brainard, of Chicago. Illinois.
  I think it the best work of its size, on that subject, in the language.
                        From Professor Rivers of Providence. Rhode Inland.
  I have been acquainted wnh u since us firsi republication in this country, and the universal praise il has
received 1 think well merited.
                           From Professor May. of Washington. D. C.
  Permit me to express my satisfaction at the republication in so improved a form of this most valuable work.
I believe it lo be one  of the very best text books ever issued.
                             From Prof est>or Me Cook, of Baltimore.
  I cannot withhold my approval of its merns, or the rX(.,essioh  thai no work is belter suited to the warns
ot Hie student 1 shall commend il io my class, and make it my chief text book.

                  FERGUSSON'S OPERATIVE SURGERY. NEW EDITION.


  A  SYSTEM   OF  PRACTICAL   SURGERY,

                   BY WILLIAM  FERGUSSON, F. II. S. E.,
                     Professor of Surgery in King's College, London. &c. Ac.
               THIRD  AMERICAN, FROM THE LAST ENGLISH  EDITION.
                               With 274 Illustrations.
       In one large and beautifully printed octavo volume of six hundred and thirty pages

work ^Ur^T^^^ZZiZ^ V"5. ?'•e""0',* °'^e profession ,n ihis country to this excellent
d^e English^^ langua^e^!;rc«7£;Z~,'Cede,1 l° **' °' be'"g *he bM praCUCal Aat^'y «»•«, « le-l i.

                         A  NEW  MINOR  SURGERY.


ON  BANDAGING  ANO  OTHER  POINTS OF  MINOR SURGERY.
                           BY F. AV.  SARGENT,  M.  D.

        In one  handsome royal 12mo. volume of nearly 400 pages, with 128 wood-cuts.
  „,..,.     „      .,  cFtmn PT°ft*sor Gilbert. Philadelphia.
  Krnbracme the  smaller details of sur-^ery. which arr itln<irai»i i,« ...n.
becomes o.,f of very great importance to ,ne pracliuW r' '„* he per o^ZZ^T^l^f?^^ ^ "<>*
tM:,;mauo!» is rarely louud in the general works on surgery now ia use.              *    es> 81,ice SM«b 
                BLANCIIARD <fe LEA'S PUBLICATTONS.—(Sttr*r«ry.)             0


     THE  GREAT  ATLAS  OF   SURGICAL   ANATOMY.
                                 (XOW  COMPLETE.)


    SURGICAL "ANATOMY.

                        BY  JOSEPH  MACLISE, Surgeon.

                   IN ONE VOLUME, VERY LARGE IMPERIAL QUARTO.
  With Sixty-eight large and splendid  Plates, drawn in the best style, and
                                 beautifully colored,

        Containing one hundred and ninety Figures, many of them the size of life.
                     TOGETHER  WITH COPIOUS EXPLANATORY LETTER-PRESS.

Strongly and handsomely bound in extra cloth, being one of the best executed and cheapest surgi-
                          cal works ever presented in this country.

  This great work being now complete, the publishers confidently present it to the attention of the
profession as worthy in every  respect of their approbation  and  patronage. No complete work
of the kind has yet been  published in the English language, and it  therefore will supply a want
long felt in this country of an accurate and comprehensive Atlas of Surgical Anatomy to which
the student and  practitioner can  at all  times refer, to ascertain the exact relative position of
the  various portions of the human frame towards each other and to the surface, as  well  as their
abnormal deviations.  The importance of such a work lo the student in  the  absence of anato-
mical material, and to the practitioner when about attempting an operation, is  evident, while the
price of the book, notwithstanding the large size, beauty, and finish of the very  numerous illustra-
tions is  so low as to place it within the reach of every member of the profession.  The publishers
therefore confidently anticipate a very extended circulation for this magnificent  work.
  To present some idea of the scope of the volume, and of the manner in which its plan has been
carried  out, the publishers subjoin a very brief summary of the plates.

Plates 1 and 2.—Form of the Thoracic Cavity and Position of the  Lungs, Heart, and larger Blood-
   vessels.
Plates 3 and 4.—Surgical Form of the Superficial Cervical  and Facial  Regions, and  the Relative
   Positions of the principal Blood-vessels, Nerves, &c.
Plates 5 and 6.—Surgical Form of the Deep Cervical and Facial Regions, and  Relative Positions
   of the principal Blood-vessels, Nerves, &c.
Plates 7 and 8.—Surgical Dissection of the Subclavian and Carotid Regions, and  Relative Anatomy
   of their Contents.
Plates 9 and 10.—Surgical Dissection of the Sterno-Clavicular or Tracheal Region, and Relative
   Position of its main Blood-vessels, Nerves, &c.
Plates 11 and  12.—Surgical Dissection of the Axillary and Brachial Regions, displaying the Relative
   Order of their contained parts.
Plates 13  and 14.—Surgical Form of the Male and Female Axilla; compared.
Plates 15 and  16.—Surgical Dissection of the  Bend  of the Elbow and  the  Forearm, showing the
   Relative Position of the Arteries, Veins, Nerves, &c.
Plates 17, IS and 19.—Surgical Dissections of the Wrist and Hand.
Plates 20 and 21.—Relative Position of the Cranial, Nasal, Oral, and Pharyngeal Cavities, &c.
Plate 22.—Relative Position of the Superficial Organs of the Thorax and Abdomen.
Plate 23.—Relative Position of the Deeper Organs of the Thorax and those of the Abdomen.
Plate 24.—Relations of the Principal Blood-vessels to the Viscera of the Thoracico-Abdominal
   Cavity.
Plate 25.—Relations of the  Principal Blood-vessels of the Thorax and Abdomen to the Osseous
   Skeleton, &c.
Plate 26.—Relation of the Internal Parts to the External Surface of the Body.
Plate 27.—Surgical Dissection of the Principal Blood-vessels, &c, of the Inguino-Femoral Region.
Plates 28  and 29.—Surgical Dissection  of the First, Second, Third, and  Fourth Layers of the
   Inguinal Region, in connection with those of the Thigh.
Plates 30 and 31.—The Surgical Dissection of the Fifth, Sixth, Seventh and Eighth Layers of  the
   Inguinal Region, and their connection with those of the Thigh.
Plates 32, 33 and 34.—The Dissection of the Oblique or External and the Direct  or Internal Ingui-
   nal  Hernia.
Plates 3j, 36,37  and 38.—The Distinctive Diagnosis between External and Internal Inguinal Hernia,
   the Taxis, the Seat of Stricture, and  the Operation.
Plates 39 and 40.—Demonstrations of the Nature  of Congenital and Infantile Inguinal Hernia, and
   of Hydrocele.
Plates 41 and  42.—Demonstrations ofthe Origin and Progress of Inguinal  Hernia in general.
Plates 13 and 44.—The Dissection of Femoral Hernia, and the Seat of Stricture.
1'lates 4,3 and 46.— Demonstrations ofthe Origin and  Progress of Femoral Hernia, its Diagnosis, the
   Taxis, and  the Operation.
Plate 47.— Ihe Surgical Dissection ofthe principal Blood-vessels and Nerves of the  Iliac and Fe-
   moral Regions.
Plates 48 and 49.—The Relative Anatomy ofthe Male Pelvic Organs.
Plates 50 and  51.—The Surgical Dissection ofthe Superficial Structures ofthe Male  Perineum.
Plates 52 and 53.—The Surgical Dissection of the Deep Structures of the Male Perineum.—The
   Lateral  Operation of Lithotomy. 
10              BLANCHARD &  LEA'S PUBLICATIONS.—(Surgery.)
         MACLISE'S SURGICAL ANATOMY—(Continued.)

Plates 54, 55 and 56.—The Surgical Dissection of the  Male  Bladder and Urethra.—Lateral and
    Bilateral Lithotomy compared.
Plates 57 and 58.—Congenital  and Pathological Deformities of the Prepuce and  Urethra.—Struc-
    ture and Mechanical Obstructions ofthe Urethra.
Plates 59 and 60.—The  various forms  and positions of Strictures and other Obstructions of the
    Urethra.—False Passages.—Enlargements and Deformities ofthe Prostate.
Plates 61 and 62.—Deformities of the Prostate.—Deformities and  Obstructions  of the Prostatic
    Urethra.
Plates 63 and 64.—Deformities ofthe Urinary Bladder.—The Operations of Sounding for Stone, of
    Catheterism, and of Puncturing the Bladder above the Pubes.
Plates 65 and 66.—The Surgical Dissection ofthe Popliteal Space, and the Posterior Crural Region.
Plates 67 and 68.—The Surgical Dissection of the Anterior Crural Region, the Ankles, and the Foot.

   Notwithstanding  the  short time in which  this work  has been before the profes-

sion, it has received the unanimous approbation of all who have examined it.   From

among  a very large number of commendatory notices with  which they have been

favored, the publishers select the  following:—

                               From Prof. Kimball, Pittsfield, Mass.
  I have examined these numbers with the greatest satisfaction, and feel bound to say th,at they are alto-
gether, the most perfect and satisfactory plates ofthe kind that I have ever seen.

                                 From Prof. Brainard, Chicago, III.
  The work is extremely well adapted to the use  both of students and practitioners, being sufficiently exten-
sive for practical purposes, without being so expensive as to place it beyond their reach.  Such a work was
a desideratum in this country, and I shall not fail to recommend it to those within the sphere of my acquaint-
ance.
                                From Prof. P  F. Eve, Augusta, Ga.
  I consider this work a great acquisition to my library, and shall take pleasure in recommending it on all
suitable occasions.
                                From Prof. Peaslee, Brunswick, Me.
  The second part more than fulfils the promise held out by the first, so far as the beauty of the  illustrations
is concerned : and. perfecting my opinion ofthe value of ihe work, so far as it  has advanced, 1 need add
nothing to whal 1 have previously expressed to you.
                                From Prof. Gunn, Ann Arbor, Mich.
  The plates in your edition of Maclise  answer, in an  eminent  degree, the purpose for which they are
intended.  I shall take pleasure in exhibiting it and recommending it to my class.
                                From Prof. Rieers, Providence R. I
  The plates illustrative of Hernia are the most satisfactory I have ever met with.
                              From Professor S. D. Gross, Louisville, Ky.
  The work, as far as it has progressed, is most admirable, and cannot fail, when completed, to  form a most
valuable contribution to the literature of our profession.  It will afford me great pleasure to recommend it lo
the pupils ofthe  University of Louisville.
                           From  Professor R. L. Howard, Columbus, Ohio.
   In all respects, the first number is the beginning of a most excellent work, filling completely what might
be considered hitherto a vacuum in  surgical literature.  For myself, in behalf of the medical  profession. I
wish to express to you my thanks for this truly elegant and meritorious work.  I am confident thai it will
meet with a ready and extensive sale.  I have spoken oi it in the highest terms to my class and my profes-
sional brethren.
                               From Prof. C. B. Gibson. Richmond, Va.
  1 consider Maclise very far superior, as to the drawings, to any work  on Surgical Anatomy with which I
am familiar, and I am particularly struck with the exceedingly low price at winch it is sold.  I cannot doubt
that it will be extensively purchased by the profession.
                             From Prof Granville S Patiison. New York.
  The profession, in my opinion,  owe you many thanks for ihe publication of this beautiful work—a work
which, in the correctness of its exhibitions of Surgical Anatomy, is not surpassed by any work with which
I am acquainted, and  the admirable manner in which the lithographic plates have been executed and
eolored is alike honorable to your house and to the arts in the United Slates.
                              From Prof. J. F May, Washington, D. C.
  Having examined the work, I am pleased io add my testimony to its correctness, and to its value as a
work of reference by ihe surgeon.
                               From Prof. Alden Marsh, Albany. N. Y.
  From what I have seen of it, I  think the design and execution of the work admirable, and, at the proper
time in my course of lectures, I shall exhibit it to the class, and give it a recommendation worthy of its great
merit.
                              From H. H. Smith, M. D., Philadelphia.
  Permit me to express my gratification at the execution of Maclise's Surgical  Anatomy.  The plates are, in
my opinion, the  best lithographs mat I have seen  of a medical character, and the coloring  of  this  number
cannot. I think, be improved   Estimating highly  the contents of this work, I shall continue to recommend it
to my class as I have heretofore  done.

                                 From Prof. B. Gilbert, Philadelphia.
the
d
  Allow me to say. gentlemen, that the thanks of the profession at large, in this country, are due to you
 ,e republication of ihis admirable work of Maclise.  The precise relationship of ihe organs in the rV-.on
 isplayed is so perfect, that even those who  have daily access to the dissecting-room may. by consul-
ts work, enliven and confirm their anatomical knowledge prior to an operation  Eut it is to the thousand
of practitioners of our country who cannot enjoy these advantages that ihe perusal of those  plate* wit
their concise and accurate descriptions will  prove of infinite value.  These  have supplied a desideratum
which will enable them to refresh their knowledge of the important structures involved  in their su
eases, thus establishing their self confidence, and enabling them to undertake, operative procedures
every assurance of success.  And as all the practical rfeparlmenu in medicine rest upon the same basis  »„
are enriched from the same sources; I need hardly add lhat this work should be found in the library of eve
practitioner in the laud. 
                BLANCHARD  &  LEA'S  PUBLTCATIONS.—(Surgery.)              11


         MACLISE'S  SURGICAL ANATOMY—(Continued.)

                             From Professor J. M. Bush. Lexington, Ky.
  I am delighted with both the plan and execution of the work, and shall lake all occasions to recommend it
to my private pupils and public classes.
  The  most accurately engraved and beautifully colored plates we have ever seen in an American book—
one ofthe best and cheapest surgical works ever published.— Buffalo Medical Journal.
  It is very rare thai so eleeantly printed, so well illustrated, and so useful a work, is offered at so moderate
a pt\c<\— Charleston Medical Journal.
  A work which cannot but please the most fastidious lover of surgical science.  In it, by a succession of
plates, are brought to view the relative anatomy of the parts included in the important surgical divisions of
the human body, with that fidelity and neatness of touch which is scarcely excelled by nature herself. While
we believe thai nothing but an extensive circulation can compensate the publishers for the  outlay in the
production ofthe work—furnished as it is at a very moderate price, within the reach  of all—we desire to see
u have that circulation  which the zeal and peculiar skill of the author, the utility  of the work, and the neat
BU le with which it is executed  should demand foi il in a liheral profession.—N. Y. Jour of Medicine.
  This is an admirable reprint of a deservedly popular London publication,  its plates can boasi a superi-
ority that places them almost beyond the reach of competition.  And we feel too  thankful  to the Philadel-
phia publishers for their very handsome reproduction of the  whole work, and at a rate within everybody"*
reach, not lo urge ati our medical friends to give it. foi their own sakes, the cordial welcome it deserves, in
a »needy and extensive circulation.— The  Medical Examiner.
  VV hen the whole has  been published n will be a complete and beautiful system of Surgical Anatomy, hav-
ing an advantage which is important, and not possessed  by colored plates generally,  viz., its cheapness,
which places il wiihin the reach of every one who may feel disposed to possess the work.  Kvery practi-
tioner, we iluiik should have a  work of this kind within reach, as there are many operations requiring imme-
diate performance in which a book of reference will prove most valuable.—Southern Mid. and Surg. Journ.
  The work of Maclise on Surgical Anatomy is of the highest value. In some respects it is the best puh-
licatirn of its kind we have seen,  and is worthy of a place in the library of any medical man, while the sui-
dt in could scarcely make a beller investment  than this.— The Western Journal of Medicine and Surgery.
  No such lithographic  illustrations of surgical regions have hitherto, we ihink, been given   While the ope-
rator is .-hown every vessel and nerve where an operation is contemplated, the exaci anatomist is refreshed
by those clear and distinct dissections which every one must appreciate who has a particle of enthusiasm.
The English medical press has quite exhausted the words of praise in recommending this admirable treatise.
Those who have any curiosity to gratify in reference io ihe perfectibility of the lithographic art in delinea-
ting the complex  mechanism of the human body, are invited  to examine our copy.  If anything will induce
stiigfous find students to patronize a book of such rare value and every-day importance to them, it will be a
survey of ihe artistical skill exhibited in these fac-similes of nature —Boston Medical and Surg Journal.
  These plates will form a valuable acquisition to practitioners  settled in the country, whether engaged
in "nrgicul, m< dical, or general practice.— Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal.
  We are. well assured that there are none of the chtaper,  and but few of the more expensive works on
anatomy, which will form so complete a guide lo the student or practitioner as these plates.  To practitioners.
in pailieulur. we recommend this work as far belter, and not at  all more expensive, than the heterogeneous
compilations most commonly in use. and which, whatever their value to the student preparing for examina-
tion, are as likel)  to mislead as  lo guide the phv»ieian in ph>sical examination, or the surgeon in  the per-
foimtiuce ol an operation.— Monthly Journal of Medical Sciences.
  We know of no work on surgical aua'omy which can compete with it.—Lancet.
  This is by fur the ablest work on Surgical Anatomy that  has come under our observation.  We know of
no other work that would justify a student, in  any degree, for neglect of actual dissection.  A careful study
of these plates, and ofthe commentaries on them, would almost make an anatomist of a diligent student. And
lo one who has studied  anatomy by dissection, this work is invaluable as a perpetual  remembrancer, in mat ■
lersof kiiuwleda- that may slip from  the memory.  The practiiioner can scarcely consider  himself equipped
for ihe du'ics of his  profession  without such a work  as this, and this has no rival, in his library.  In those
sudden emergencies thai so often  arise, and  which require the instantaneous command of minute anatomical
knowledge a work of ihis kind keeps the details of the d.ssec.ting-room perpetually fresh in Ihe memory.
We appeal lo our readers, whether any one can jusiifiah'y  undertake the practice of medicine who is not
prepared lo give all needful assistance, in all matters demanding immediate relief.
  We repeat mat no in«  dical library,  however large, can be complete without Maclise's Surgical Anatomy.
The American edition is well entitled lo the confidence of the  profession, aud should eemmand, among them.
an extensive sale   I'he in vestment of the amount of the cost of this work will prove to be  a very profitable
one. and if practitioners would qualify themselves thoroughly with such important knowledge as is contained
in works of this kind, there would be  fewer ofthem sighing for employment.  The  medical profession should
spring towards such an  opportunity as is presented in this republication, to encourage frequent repetitious of
American enterprise ol  this kind — The Wtstern Journal of Medicine and Surgery.

                     MILLER'S PRINCIPLES  OF SURGERY.
              NEW AND BEAU'lIFULLY ILLUSTRATED EDITION—(Just  Ready.)


         PRINCIPLES~OF   SURGERY.

                  BY JAMES  MILLER,  F. Ii. S.  E., F. R. C. S. E.,
                         Professor of Surgery in the University of Edinburgh.

   THIRD  AMERICAN,.  FROM  THE SECOND  ENGLISH  EDITION.
            In one very large  and handsome octavo volume, of over six hundred pages,
               WITH ABOUT TWO HUNDRED AND FIFTY EXQUISITE WOOD ENGRAVINGS.
  The very extensive additions and alterations which the author has  introduced into  this  edition
have rendered it essentially a new work.  By common consent, it  has been pronounced the most
complete and thorough exponent ofthe present state ofthe science of surgery in the English lan-
guage, and  the American publishers in the preparation ofthe present edition have endeavored to
render it in all respects worthy of its extended reputation.  The press has been carefully revised
by a competent editor, who  has introduced such notes and observations as the rapid progress of
surgical investigation  and pathology have rendered necessary.   The  illustrations,  which are very
numerous, and of a high order  of merit, both artistic and practical, have been engraved with great
care, and in every point of mechanical execution  it is confidently presented  as  one  of the most
beautiful volumes as }et  published in this country.

                              BY  THE  SAME AUTHOR.

              THE  PRACTICE  OF  SURGERY.
                               In one octavo volume, of 496 pages. 
12            BLANCHARD  &  LEA'S PUBLICATIONS.—(Anatomy.)
     SHARPEY AND  QUAIN'S ANATOMY.—Lately Issued.



          HUMAN     ANATOMY,

                 BY   JONES   QUA  IN,  M.  D.

            FROM   THE  FIFTH   LONDON   EDITION.

                                      EDITED BY

  RICHARD QUAIN, F. R. S., and WILLIAM SHARPEY,  M. D., F. R. S.,
             Professors of Anatomy and Physiology in University College, London.

       REVISED,  WITH  SOTES  AND  ADDITIONS,

                      BY JOSEPH  LEIDY,  M. D.
          Complete in Two large Octavo Volumes, of about Thirteen Hundred Pages.

    Beautifully Illustrated with over  Five Hundred  Engravings on  Wood.
  We have here one of the best expositions of the present state of anatomical  science extant.  There is not
probably a work to be found in the English language which contains so complete an account of the progress
and present state of general and special  anatomy  as this.   By  the anatomist this work must be eagerly
.•ought for, and no student's library can  be  complete without it.— The N. Y. Journal of Medicine.
  We know of no work which we would sooner see in the hands of every student of this branch of medical
science than Sharpey and Quain's Anatomy.— The Western Journal of Medicine and Surgery.
  It may now be regarded as the most complete and best posted up work  on anatomy in the language.  It
will be found particularly rich in general anaiomy.— The Charleston Medical Journal.
  We believe we express ihe opinion of all who have examined these volumes, that there is no work supe-
rior to them on the subject which they so ably describe.— Southern Medical and Surgical Journal.
  Il is one of the most comprehensive and best works upon anatomy in the English language.  It is cqimlly
vnluable to the teacher, practitioner, and student in ineuicine, and to the surgeon in particular.— The Ohio
M>dical and Surgical Journal.
  To those who wish an extensive treatise on Anatomy, we recommend these handsome volumes ns the best
that have ever issued from the English or American Tress. — The N. W. Medical and Surgical Journal.
  We believe that any country might safely be challenged to produce a treatise on anatomy so readable, so
clear, and so full upon all important topics—British and  Foreign Medico-Chirurgical Review.
  It is indeed a work calculated to make an era m anatomical study, by placing before the student evi-ry de-
partment of his science, with a view to the relative importance of each ; and so skillfully have  the diiii n-ni
,>arts been interwoven, that no one who makes this work the basis of his studies will hereafter have any ex-
cuse for neglecting or  undervaluing any important particulars connected  with the structure ofthe human
frame; and whether the bias of his mind lead him in a more especial manner to surgery, physic, or physiolo-
gy, he will find here a work at once so comprehensive and practical as to defend hrm from exclusiveness on
tne one hand, and pedantry on the other— Monthly Journal and Retrospect of the Medical Scie7ices
  We have no hesitation in recommending this treatise on anatomy as the most complete on  that  subject in
the English language ; and the only one. perhaps, in any  language, which brings the state of knowledge  for-
ward to the most recent discoveries.— The Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal
  Admirably calculated to fulfil the object  for which it is intended.— Provincial Medical Journal.
  The most complete Treatise on Anatomy in  the English language.— Edinburgh Medical Journal.
  There is no work  in ihe  English language lo be preferred lo Dr. Quain's  Elements o( Anatomy.—London
Journal of Medicine.

                     THE  STUDENT'S  TEXT-BOOK OF ANATOMY.

               NEW AND  IMPROVED  EDITION-JUST ISSUED.


  A    SYSTEM   OF    HUMAN     ANATOMY,

                   GENERAL   AND   SPECIAL.

                         BY ERASMUS WILSON,  M. D.

        FOURTH  AMERICAN  FROM  THE  LAST ENGLISH EDITION.

                  EDITED BY  PAUL  B. GODDARD, A. M.,  M. D.

                      WITH TWO HUNDRED AND FIFTY ILLUSTRATIONS.
          Beautifully printed, in one  large octavo volume  of nearly six hundred pages.

  In many, if not all the Collegesofthe Union, il has become a standard text-book. This, ofitself.is sufficiently
expressive of its value.  A work: very desirable to the student: one. the possession of which will ereaily
facilitate his progress in the study of Practical Anatomy.—AVw York Journal of Medicine
  Its author ranks with the highest on Anatomy.—Som»A«™ Medical and Surgical Journal
  It offers to the student all the assistance that can be expected from such a work — Medical Examiner
  the most comp.eie and convenient manual  forlhe student we. votsess.-American Journal of Med Science.
  In every respect this work, as an anatomical guide for the  student and practitioner, merits our warmest
and most decided praise.—London Medical Gazette.
                SIBSON'S MEDICAL ANATOMY—(Preparing.)

                  MEDICAL  ANATOMY;

Illustrating the Form, Structure, and Position of the Internal Organs in Health and Disease,

                     BY  FRANCIS  SIBSON, M. D., F. It. S.,
                              Physician lo St. Mary's Hospiial.
                     With numerous and beautiful colored 1'tatis.
               In Imperial Quarto,  to match " Maclise's Surgical Anatomy." 
BLANCHARD &. LEA'S PUBLICATIONS.—(Anatomy.)          13
                       HORNER'S  ANATOMY.

    SHTCMM MJtll*MtO\"EU .1.VO E.VL.IRGEJ? EJHTl0.y\—(Juf,t Itmtcd.)



   SPECIAL   ANATOMY    AND   HISTOLOSY.

                    BY WILLIAM E. HORNER,  M. D.,
                 Professor of Anatomy in the University of Pennsylvania, tec.
                                EIGHTH EDITION.
                    EXTENSIVELY REVISED AND MODIFIED TO 1851.
     In two large octavo volumes, handsomely printed, with several hundred illustrations.

  This work has enjoyed a thorough and laborious revision on the part of the author, with the
view of bringing it fully up to the existing state ofknowledge on the subject of general and special
anatomy.  To adapt it more perfectly to the wants ofthe student, he has introduced a large number
of additional wood engravings, illustrative ofthe objects described, while the publishers have en-
deavored to render the mechanical execution ofthe work worthy ofthe extended reputation which
it has acquired.  The demand which has carried it to an EIGHTH EDITION is a sufficient evidence
ofthe value ofthe work, and of its adaptation to the wants ofthe student and professional reader.


                       NEW AND CHEAPER EDITION OF

        SMITH Sf IIOnJTEIVS JiJTJlTOMICJlL,  *1TLj1S.



              AN    ANATOMICAL   ATLAS,


ILLUSTRATIVE  OF THE  STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN  BODY.

               BY  HENRY  H.  SMITH,  M. D., &c.

                           UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF

                     WILLIAM  E. HORNER,  M.D.,

                   Professor of Anatomy in the University of Pennsylvania.
    In one volume, large imperial octavo, with about six hundred  and fifty beautiful figures.

  With the view of extending the sale of this beautifully executed and complete "Anatomical Atlas," the
publishers have prepared a new edition, printed on both sides ofthe page, thus materially reducing its cost,
and enabling tbem to present it at a price about forty per cent, lower than former editions, while, at ihe same
time, the execution of each plate is in no respect deteriorated, and not a single figure is omitted.
  These figures  are well selected, and present a complete and accurate representation of that wonderful
fabric, the human body.  The planof this Atlas which renders it so peculiarly convenient for the student, and
its superb artistical execution, have been already pointed out.  We must congratulate the student upon the
completion of this Alias, as it is the most convenient work ofthe kind thai has yet appeared ;  and we must
add, the very beautiful manner in which it is "got up" is so creditable to the country as lo  be flattering
»o our national pride.—American Medical Journal.
                         HORNER'S DISSECTOR.


    THE  UNITED  STATES  DISSECTOR;
         Being a new edition, with extensive modifications, and almost re-written, of

                 "HORNER'S PRACTICAL  ANATOMY."
    In one very neat volume, royal 12mo., of 410 pages, with many illustrations on wood.


           WILSON'S DISSECTOR, New Edition—(Just Issued.)



               THE   DISSECTOR;

   OR, PRACTICAL.  AND  SURGICAL  ANATOMY.

                         BY ERASMUS WILSON.

              MODIFIED  AND RE-ARRANGED  BY

                       PAUL BECK GODDAKD, M. D.
                   A NEW EDITION, WITH REVISIONS AND ADDITIONS.

   In one large and handsome volume, royal 12mo., with one hundred and fifteen illustrations.

  In passing this work again through the press, the editor has made such additions and  improve-
ments as the advance of anatomical knowledge has rendered necessary to maintain the work in the
high reputation which it has acquired in the schools ol the United States as a complete and faithful
guide to the student of practical anatomy.  A number of new illustrations have been added, espe-
ciallv in the portion  relating to the complicated anatomy of Hernia.  In mechanical execution the
work will be found superior to former editions. 
14             BLANC HARD & LEA'S  PUBLTCATIONS.-fPAysioiVy.)


                    WORKS  BY  W.  B.  CARPENTER,  M  D.

              NEW AND IMPROVED EDITION—(Nearly Ready.)


  PRINCIPLES   OF   HUMAN   PHYSIOLOGY,

                         WITH THEIR CHIEF APPLICATIONS TO

      PATHOLOGY,  HYGIENE, AND FORENSIC MEDICINE.
             Fifth American from a New and Revised London Edition.
                        With over  Three Hundred  Illustrations.
                      In  one very large and  handsome  octavo  volume.
  This edition, which will be issued simultaneously with  that now passing through  the author's
hands in London, will be found materially altered and improved.  The aim ofthe author has been
to bring it thoroughly up with the latest investigations and discoveries, and  at the same  time to
avoid increasing the bulk of the volume, he has omitted some chapters which, treating on  com-
parative anatomy and physiology, have appeared to him unnecessary to the full understanding ofthe
subject of his treatise.  A  number  of new illustrations have been introduced, and the whole is
presented as  in every way worthy of the very extended  favor with which  the work  has been re-
ceived.
           COMPARATIVE  PHYSIO LOGY—(.Vow  Heady.)



PRINCIPLES   OP  PHYSIOLOGY,

               GENERAL   AND  COMPARATIVE.

                         THIRD  EDITION, GREATLY ENLARGED.

    In one very handsome octavo volume, of over 1100 pages, with 321 beautiful wood-cuts.
  This great work will supply a want long felt by the scientific public of th s country, who have had no ac-
cessible treatise lo refer to, presenting, in an  intelligible form, a complete and thorough outline of this im-
portant subject.  The high reputation ofthe author, ou both sides of the Atlantic, is a sufficient guarantee fur
the completeness and accuracy of any work to which his name is prefixed; but this volume comes with the
additional recommendation  that  it  is the one. on which the  author has bestowed the greatest care, and oil
which he is desirous to rest bis reputation.  Two years have been devoted to the preparation of this edition,
which has been thoroughly remoulded and rewritten, so as. in fact, to constitute  a new work.  The amount
of alterations and additions may be understood from the fact that ofthe ten hundred  and eighty  pages of the
texi. hut one hundred and fifty belong to the previous edition.  Containing, as it does, the  results of years
devoteil to study  and oliservation. it may be regarded as a complete exposition ofthe most advanced state of
knowledge in this rapidly-progressive branch of science, and as a  storehouse of facts and principles in all
departments of Physiology, such as perhaps no man but its author could have accumulated and classified.
  In every point of mechnnical execution, and profuseness and beauty of illustration, the Publishers risk no-
thing in saying that it will be found all that the most fastidious taste could dtsire.
  A truly magnificent work. In itself a perfect physiological s'udy.— Ranking's Abstract. July  21. 1851.
  This work stands  without  its fellow.  Il is  one few men in Kurope could have unOeriaken; il is one na
man. we believe  could have brought lo so successful an issue as Dr. Carpenle-.  It required for its produc-
tion a physiologist at once deeply  read in the labours of others, capable of lakine a general, critical, aud un-
prejudiced view of those labours, and of combining the varied, heterogeneous mmerialsat his disposal, so as
to form an harmonious whole.  We feel  that this abstract can give the reader a very imperfect idea of ihe
fulness of this work  and no idea of its unity, of the admirable manner in  which material has been brought,
from the most various sources, io conduce to its completeness, of the lucidity  of the reasoning il contains, or
of'he  clearness of language  in  which the whole is clothed.  Not the profession only, but the scientific world
at large, must feel deeply indebted to Dr. Carpenter for ihis great  work.  It  must,  indeed,  add largely even
lo his high reputation.— Medical Times.

            CARPENTER'S MANUAL  OK  PHYSIOLOGY.

                     NEW AND IMPROVED EDITION—(Just Issued.)


       ELEMENTS    O F~PH YSIOLOGY,

                  INCLUDING  PHYSIOLOGICAL ANATOMY.
                SECOND AMERICAN, FROM A NEW AND REVISED LONDON EDITION.

       With One Hundred and Ninety Illustrations,  In  one  very handsome  octavo volume.
   In  publishing the first edition of this work, its title was altered from that ofthe London volume
 by the substitution ofthe word « Elements" for that of " Manual," and with the author's  sanction,
 the title of » Elements" is still retained as being more expressive ofthe scope of the  treatise.  A
 comparison ofthe present edition  with the former one will show a material  improvement the au-
 thor  having revised it thoroughly, with  the view of rendering it  completely on a level with the
 most advanced state of the science.   By  condensing  the less important portions, these  numerous
 additions have been introduced without  materially increasing the bulk of  the volume and while
 numerous  illustrations have been added, and the general execution of the work  improved  it has
 been kept at its former very moderate price.                                           '

 Jhor^Buff^M^rZr1 0,'PhyS'0l°Sv »ow before the public, would not do sufficient justice to the

   In his former works it would seem that he had exhausted the subject of Physiology.  In the present  he
 gives the essence, as it were, of the whoie.—JV.  y. Journal of Mnii> ine                       l"c»eni, ne
  The best  and most complete expose^ of modem physiology, in one volume, extant in the English  lamrua^
 — St. Louis Med. Journal.                                          '              °     '«"guage.
   Those who have occasion for an e'emenfyv tr-anse on physiology, cannot do betlei than to possess them
 selves ofthe manual of Dr Carpenter.—Medical Examiner.                              *-v»»css mem- 
BLANCHARD  &, LEA'S PUBLIC\T10WS—(Physiology.)             15
                     DUNGLISON'S   PHYSIOLOGY.

           New and much Improved Edition.—(Just Issued.)



   HUMAN     PHYSIOLOGY.

                        BY ROBLEY  DUXGLISON,  M.  D.,
      Professor ofthe Institutes of Medicine in the Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, etc. em.
                                     SEVEM'H EDITIuN.
                  Thoroughly revised and extensively modified and enlarged,

                       With nearly Five Hundred Illustrations.

      In two large and handsomely printed octavo volumes, containing nearly  1450 pages.

  On no previous revision of this work has the author bestowed more care than on the present, it
having been subjected to an entire scrutiny, not only as regards the important matters of which it
treats, but  also the language in which  they are conveyed ; and on no former occasion has he felt
as satisfied with his endeavors to have the work on a level with the existing state of the science.
Perhaps at  no time in the history of physiology have observers been more numerous, energetic,
and discriminating than  within the last few years.   Many modifications of fact and  inference have
consequently taken place, which it has been necessary for the author to record, and to express his
views in relation thereto.   On the whole subject of physiology proper, as it applies to the functions
executed by the different organs, the present edition, the  author flatters himself, will therefore be
found to contain the views of the most distinguished physiologists of all periods.
  The amount of additional matter contained in this edition may be estimated from the fact that
the mere list of authors referred to in its preparation alone extendsover nine large and closely printed
pages.  The number of illustrations has been largely increased, the present edition containing four
hundred  and seventy-four, while the last had but three hundred and sixty-eight;  while, in addition
lo this, many new and superior wood-cuts have been substituted for those which were not deemed
sufficiently accurate or satisfactory.   The mechanical execution of the  work has also been im-
proved in every respect, and the whole is confidently presented as worthy the great and continued
favor which it has so long received from the profession.
  It has long since taken rank as one ofthe medical classics of our language.  To say ihat it is by far the best
text-book of physiology ever published in this country, is bulechoing the general testimony of the profession.
— N.  Y. Journal of Medicine.
  The most full and complete system of Physiology in our language.— Western Lancet.
  The most complete and satisfactory system of Physiology in the English language.—Amer. Med  Journal.
  The best work ofthe kind in the English language.—Sitliman's Journal.
  We have,  on two former occasions. Iirought this excellent work under the notice of our readers, and we
have now only to say thai, instead of failing behind in the rapid march of physiological science, each edition
brings it nearer to ihe van.—British and Foreign Medical Review.
  A review  of such a well-known work would be out of place at the present time.  We  have looked over it,
anJ find, what we knew would be the case, thai Dr. Dunglison has kepi pace with the science to which he
has devoted  so much study, and of which he is one ofthe living ornaments   We recommend the work to the
medical student as a valuable text-liook. and to all inquirers into Natural Science, as one which will well
ani delightfully repay perusal.— The New Orleans Medicaland Surgical Journal.
            KIRKES  AND  PAGET'S PHYSIOLOGV.-(Lately Issued.)


 A   MANUAL   OFPHTSIOLOGY,

                     FOR  THE  USE  OF  STUDENTS.

            BY  WILLIAM  SENHOUSE  KIRKES, M. D.,

                              Assisted  by JAMES  PAGET,
             Lecturer on General Anatomy  and Ph>siology in St. Bartholomew's Hospital.
            In one handsome volume, royal 12mo., of 550 pages, with 118 wood-cuts.
  An excellent work, and for students one ofthe best within reach. — Boston Medical and Surgical Journal.
  One ofthe best little liooks on Physiology which we possess.- BraithtvaiWs Retrospect
  Particularly adapted to those who desire to possess a concise digest of the facts of Human Physiology.—
 British and Foreign Med.-Chirurg  Review.
  One ofthe best treatises which can be put into the hands of the student.— London Medical Gazette.
  We conscientiously recommend it as an admirable '• Handbook of Physiology ."—London Jour, of Medicine.

                             SOLLY  ON  THE   BRAIN.


   THE nUMAN BRAIN; ITS STRUCTURE, PHYSIOLOGY,  AND  DISEASES.
          WITH A DESCRIPTION OF THE TYPICAL FORM OF THE BRAIN IN THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.
                          BY  SAMUEL SOLLY,  F. R. S., &c ,
                     Senior Assistant Surgeon to the St Thomas' Hospital. &c.
     From the Second and much Enlarged London Edition.  In one octavo volume, with 120 Wood-cuts.

HARRISON  ON  THE  NERVES - An Essay towards a correct theory of the Nervous System.  In one
  octavo volume. 292 pna;< s.                                              ...
MATTKUCCl ON LIVING BEINGS - F.ecturcson the Physical Phenomena of Living  Beings.  Edited
  liy Pere ra.  In one neat royal 12mo volume, extra cloth, with cuts—388 pages.
RO; JET'S PHYSIOLOGY- A Treatise on Animal and Vegetable Physiology, with over 400 illustrations on
  wood. In two octavo volumes, cloth
ROGET'S OUTL1N I'.S - Outlines of Phvsiologv and  Phrcnolosrv. In one octavo volume, cloth—516 pages.
ON THE CONNECTION  BETWEEN  PHYSIOLOGY  AND  INTELLECTUAL SCIENCE.  In one
  l2mo. volume, paper price 25cents.
TODD  & BOWMAN'S PHYSIOLOGY—Physiological Anatomy and Physio'ogy of Man. With numerous
  handsome wood-cuts.  Pans I, II, and ill, in one rivo. volume, 552 pp. Pan IV will complete the work. 
 16          BLANCHARD  &.  LEA'S PUBLICATIONS —(Pathology.)

                PATIIOLOUICAIj HISTOI,OGY'-(Preparin&.)

                         PROFESSOR GLUGE'S

     ATLAS   OF  PATHOLOGICAL   HISTOLOGY.
                TRANSLATED  FROM  THE  GERMAN.
 In one very handsome volume, imperial quarto, with  several hundred illustrations, plain and
                  colored, on twelve plates, and copious letter-press.
  The great and increasing interest with which this important subject  is now regarded by the profession,
 and the rapid advances which itis making by the aid ofthe microscope, have induced the publishers to pre-
 sent this volume, which contains all the most recent observations and results of European investigations.
 The text contains a complete exposition of the present state of pathological science, while the plates are
 considered as the most truthful and accurate representations which have been made ofthe pathological con-
 ditions ofthe membranes, aud the volume fts a whole may be regarded as a beautiful specimen of mechanical
 execution, presented at a very reasonable price.

          WILLIAMS' PRINCIPLES—JYcw and Enlarged Edition.


  PRINCIPLES   OF   MEDICINE;
         Comprising General Pathology and Therapeutics,
                       AND A BRIEF GENERAL VIEW OF
  ETIOLOGY. NOSOLOGY,  SEMEIOLOGY,  DIAGNOSIS, PROGNOSIS,  AND HYGIENICS,
            BY CHARLES J. B. WILLIAMS,  M. D., F.  R. S.,
                     Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians. &c.
         Edited, wttii Additions, BY MEREDITH  CLYMER, M. D.,
                 Consulting Physician to the Philadelphia Hospital. &c. &c.
         THIRD  AMERICAN, FROM THE SECOND AND ENLARGED LONDON EDITION.
                       In one octavo volume, of 440 pages.

         BII/LIKG'S PRINCIPLES, NEW EDITION—(Just Issued.)


   THE   PRINCIPLES   OF   MEDICINE.
                 BY ARCHIBALD BILLING, M. D., &c.
       Second American from the Fifth and Improved "London  Edition.
                In one handsome octavo  volume, extra cloth, 250 pages.
  We can strongly recommend  Dr. Billing's "Principles" as a code of instruction which should be con-
stantly present to the mind of every well-informed and philosophical practitioner of medicine.— Lancet.


  MANUALS   ON  THE  BLOOD AND  URINE,
 In one handsome volume royal 12mo., extra cloth, of 460 large pages, with numerous illustrations.
                                CONTAINING
 I. A Practical Manual on the  Blood and  Secretions of the Human Body.  BY JOHN WILLIAM
  GRIFFITH, M. D., &c.
 II. On the Analysis ofthe Blood and Urine in health and disease, and on the treatment of Urinary
  diseases.  BY G. OWEN REESE, M. D., F. R. S., &c. &c.
 III.  A Guide to the Examination of the Urine in health and disease.  BY ALFRED MARKWICK.
                        NEW EDITION—(Just Issued.)


             URINARY  "DEPOSITS;

THEIR DIAGNOSIS, PATH0L9&Y, AND THERAPEUTICAL INDICATIONS.

                BY GOLDING  BIRD, A. M., M. D., &c.
          A NEW AMERICAN, FROM THE THIRD AND IMPROVED LONDON EDITION.
           In one very neat volume, royal 12mo., with over sixty illustrations.
 Though the present edition of this well-known work is but little increased in size, it will be found essen-
tially modified throughout, and fully up to the present state of knowledge on iis subject. The unaniinousW
timony ofthe medical press warrants the publishers in presenting it as a complete and reliable manual for
the student of ibis interesting and impotlaiit branch of medical science.

ABERCROMBIE ON THE BRAIN.-Pathological and PraciiVal Researches on Diseases ofthe Brain and
 Spinal Cord. A new edition, in one small Svo. volume pp 324
B^.?'I*^                         Disorders of the Cerebral Circulation, and on the
 royal l'2mo.. with illustrations.
COPLAND OX PAl.SY.-Ofthe Causes, Nature, and Treatment of Palsy and Apoplexy.  In one volume
 royal 12mo. (Just Issued.)                                         '         u"""i
YOGELS PATHOLOGICAL AN ATOMY.-Pathological Anatomy of the Human body. Translated bv
 Day. Inone octavo volume, with plates, plain and colored.                               '
SIMONS PATHOLOGY.—Lectures on General Pathology. Publishing in the " Medical NeWS „„] j  =
 brary,"' for 1^ '>■>.                                                           *■''" 
          BLANCHARD &. LEA'S  ?UBLlCATI0N8.-(Practice of Medicine.)    17


      DUNGLISON'S  PRACTICE  OF  MEDICINE.

                       ENLARGED AND IMPROVED EDITION.


 THE    PRACTICE~OF    MEDICINE.

                                  A TREATISE ON

        SPECIAL  PATHOLOGY  AND  THERAPEUTICS.

                                  THIRD EDITION.

                       BY  ROBLEY  DUNGLISON, M. D.,
 Professor ofthe Institutes of Medicine in the Jefferson Medical College ;  Lecturer on Clinical,Medicine, &c.

                   In two large octavo volumes, of fifteen hundred pages.

  The student of medicine  will  find, in  these two elegant volumes, a mine of facts, a gathering
 of precepts and advice from the world of experience, that will nerve him with courage, and faith-
 fully direct him  in his efforts to relieve the  physical  sufferings of the  race.—Boston Medical and
 Surgical Journal.
  Upon every topic embraced in the work the latest information will be found carefully posted up.
 Medical Examiner.
  It is certainly the most complete treatise of which we have any knowledge.  There is scarcely a
 disease which the student will not find noticed.— Western Journal of Medicine and Surgery.
  One ofthe most elaborate treatises ofthe kind we have.—Southern Medical and Surg. Journal.


                           A  New  "Work.   Now  Ready.


   DISEASES  OF  THE  HEARTTTuNGS,  ANO  APPENDAGES;

               THEIR   SYMPTOMS  AND  TREATMENT.

                          BY W. II.   WALSHE, M.D.,
        Professor of the Principles and Practice of Medicine in University College, London, fyc.
                          In one handsome volume, large royal 12mo.
  The author's design in this work has been to include within the compass of a moderate volume, all really
 essential facts bear.ng upon the symptoms, physical signs, and treatment of pulmonary and cardiac diseases.
 To accomplish this, the first part of the work is devoted to the description of the various modes of physical
 diagnosis, auscultation, percussion, mensuration. &c. which are fully and clearly, hut succinctly entered
 into, uoth as respects ihe'r theory and clinical phenomena.  In ihe second part, the various diseases of ihe
 heart, lungs, and great vessels are considered in regard to symptoms, physical s'gns and treatment,  with
 numerous references 10 cases.  The eminence of the author is a guarantee to the practitioner and siudent
 that the work is one of practical utility in facilitating ttie diagnosis and treatment of a large, obscure and
 important class ol diseases.


                THE GREAT  MEDICAL  LIBRARY.



      THE   CYCLOPEDIA   OFTRACTICAL   MEDICINE;

                                     COMPRISING

 Treatises on the Nature and Treatment of Diseases, Materia Medica, and Thera-
    peutics, Diseases of Women and Children, Medical Jurisprudence, &c. &c.
                                     EDITED  BY
    JOHN FORBES, M.  D., F.  R. S., ALEXANDER TWEEDIE,  M. D., F. R. S.
                          AND  JOHN  CONNOLLY,  M. D.
                                Revised, with Additions,

                       BY  ROBLEY  DUNGLISON, M. D.

        THIS WORK IS NOW COMPLETE, ANO FORMS FOUR  LARGE SUPER- ROYAL OCTAVO VOLUMFS,
 Containing Thirty-two Hundred and  Fifty-four unusually large Pages in Double Columns, Printed
                        on Good  Paper, with a new and clear type.
          THE WHOLE WELL AND STROXfiLV BOUND WITH RAISED BANDS AND DOUBLE TITLES.
   This work contains no less titan FOUR HUNDRED AND EIGHTEEN DISTINCT TREATISES,

                     By Sixty-eight distinguished Physicians.
  The most complete work on Practical Medicine extant; or, at least, in our language.—Buffalo Medical
 and Surgical Journal.
  For reference, it is above all price to every practitioner — Western Lancet.
  Om- of Ihe most valuable medical publications of the  day—as a work of reference it  is invaluable.—
 Western Journal of Medicine and Surgery.
  It has been  to us. both as learner and  teacher, a work for ready and frequent reference, one in which
 modern English medicine is exhibited in the most advantageous l\gh\.— Mtiiicat Examiner.
  We rejoice Unit this work is lo be placed witlun the reach ofthe profession in this country, il being unques-
tionably one of very great value to the practitioner.  This csnmaie of it hns not been formed from a ha«ty ex-
 amination, hut after an inlimaie acquaintance derived from frequent consultation of it during the pa-i nine or
ten years  The t ditors are practitioners of established reputation, and the list of contributors embraces many
ofthe most eminent professors and teachers of London, Edinburgh. Dublin, and (ilnsgow.  Ii is. indeed, the
great merit of tliis work that ihe principal articles  have been furnished by practitioners who hnve nol only
devoted especial attention to the diseases about which they have written  but have also enjoyed opportunities
for an extensive practical acquaintance with  ihein.—and whose reputation carries  the assurance of  their
competency justly  to apprecmte the opinions of others, while it stamps llieir own doctrines with high and just
authority.—American Medical Journal. 
18      BLANCHARD & LEA'S  PUBLICATIONS .—(Practice of Medicine.)
                  WATSON'S PRACTICE OF MEDICINE—New Edition.

                            LECTURES ON  THE


  PRINCIPLES   AND  PRACTICE   OF  PHYSIC.

               BY  THOMAS WATSON,  M. D., &c.  &c.

           Third  American, from the last  London Edition.

      REVISED, WITH ADDITIONS, BY D.  FRANCIS CONDIE, M. D.,
                    Author of " A Treatise on the Diseases of Children," &c.

                              IN ONE OCTAVO VOLUME,
      Of nearly ELEVEN HUNDRED LARGE PAGES, strongly bound with raised bands.

  To say that it is the very best work on ihe subject now extant, is but lo echo the sentiment of the medhcaJ
press throughout the country.— N. O. Medical Journal.
  Ofthe text-books recently republished Watson is very justly the principal favorite.— Holmes' Report to

  By universal consent the work ranks among the very best text-books in our language.— III. and Ind. Med.
Journal.
  Regarded on all hands as one of  the very best, if not the very best, systematic treatise on practical medi-
cine extant— St. Louis Med. Journal.
  Confessedly one ofthe very best works on the principles and practice of physic in the English or any other
language.—Med. Examiner.
  As a text-book il has no equal; as a compendium of pathology and practice no superior —N. Y. Annalist.
  We know of no work better calculated for being placed in ihe hands of the student, and for a text book,
on every important point the author seems to have'posted up his knowledge to the day.—Atmr. Med. Journal
  One of the most practically useful books that ever was presented to the student.—A'. Y. Med.  Journal.
                     WILSON ON THE SKIN.


ON    DISEASE S~b F   THE   SKIN.

                 BY ERASMUS WILSON, F. R. S.,
                   Author of'- Human Anatomy," &c.
         SECOND AMERICAN FROM THE SECOND LONDON EDITION.
             In one neat octavo volume, extra cloth, 440 pages.
  Also, to Ibe had with eight beautifully colored steel plates.
  Also, the plates sold separate, in hoards.
      Dluch Enlarged Edition ofBARTLETT ON FEVERS.

        THE HISTORY, DIAGNOSIS,  AND TREATMENT OF THE

FEVERS   OF   THE   UNITED   STATES.

               BY  ELISHA BARTLETT, M.D.,
    In one octavo volume of 550 pages, beautifully printed and strongly bound.
                       CLYMER AND OTHERS ON FEVERS.


FEVERS;  THEIR  DIAGNOSIS,  PATH0L03Y,  AND  TREATMENT,
                   PREPARED  AND EDITED, WITH LARGE ADDITIONS,
      FROM THE ESSAYS ON FEVER IN TWEEDIE's LIBRARY OF PRACTICAL MEDICINE,

                  BY  MEREDITH  CLYMER,  M. D.
                      In one octavo volume of six hundred pages.
BENEDICT'S CHAPMAN.—Compendium of Chapman's Lectures on the Practice of Medicine.  One neat
  volume, 8vo.. pp. 258.
BUDD ON THE LIVER.—On Diseasesofthe Liver.  In  one very  neat Svo. vol., with colored plates and
  wood-cuts, pp 392
CHAPMAN'S LECTURES.—Lectures on Fevers, Dropsy, Gout, Rheumatism, &c. &c. In one neat Svo.
  volume, pp. 450
THOMSON ON THE SICK ROOM.—Domestic management of the  sick Room necessary in aid of Medical
  Treatment for the cure of Diseases.  Edited by R. E. Griffith, M. D. In one large royal 12ino. volume, with
  wood-cuts, pp. 360
HOPE ON THE HEART—A Treatise on the Diseasesofthe Heart and Great Vessels.  Edited by Pen-
  nock.   In one volume. Bvo . with plates, pp. 572.
I.ALLEMAND ON  SPERM ATORRHlEA.-The Causes. Symptoms, and Treutment of Spermatorrhea.
 Translated and Edited by Henry J MeDougal.  In one volume. Svo.. pp 320
PHILIPS ON  SCROFULA.-Scrofula: its  Nature, its Prevalence, its  Causes,  and  the Principles of us
 Treatment  In one volume. 8vo., with a plate, pp 350.
WHITEHEAD ON  ABORTION.  &c—The Causes and  Treatment of Abortion and Sterility ;  bein«-ihe
 Result of an  Extended Practical Inquiry into the Physiological and Morbid Conditions of the Uterus? In
 one volume,  Rvo.. pp  3fiQ.
WILLIAMS ON RESPIRATORY ORGANS.-A Practical Treatise on Diseases ofthe Respiratory Or-
 pins: including Diseases ofthe  Larynx,  Trachea. Lungs, and  Pleurae. With numerous Additions and
 Notes by M.  Clymer. M. D.  With wood-cuts.  In one octavo volume, pp 508
DAY ON OLD AGE.—A Practical Treatise on the Domestic  Management and more important Diseases of
 Advanced Life.  With an Appendix on a new and successful mode of treating Lumbago and other forma
 of Chronic Rheumatism.  1 vol. 8vo., pp. 226. 
         BLANCHARD &,  LEA'S PUBLICATIONS— (Diseases of Females )      19


  MEIGS ON FEMALES,  New and Improved Edition—(Lately Issued.)



WOMAN;   HER    DISEASES" AND   THEIR   REMEDIES;

           A   SERIES   OF   LETTERS   TO  HIS  CLASS.

                             BY  C.  D.  MEIGS,  M.  D.,
    Professor of Midwifery and Diseases of Women and Children in the Jefferson Medical College of
                                   Philadelphia, &c. &c.
    In one large and beautifully printed  octavo volume, of nearly seven hundred large pages.

  " I am happy to offer to  my Class an  enlarged and amended  edition  of my Letters on the Pis-
eases of Women; and I  avail  myself of this occasion to return my  heartfelt thanks to them, and
to our brethren  generally, for the Hattering manner in which they have accepted this fruit of my
labor."—Preface.

  The value attached to  this wotk by the profession  is sufficiently proved by the rapid ex-
haustion of ihe  fir>t  edition, and consequent demand for  a second.  In preparing this ihe
author has availed  himself of the opportunity thoroughly to  revise  and  greatly io  improve
it.   I he work will  therefore be found  completely brought up  to the day, and in every  way
worthy of  the reputation  which it has so immediately obtained.
  Professor Meigs has enlarged and amended this great work, for such it unquestionably is. having passed
ihe orileal of criticism  at home and ahroad. but  heen improved iherehy ;  for m this new edition the author
has introduced real improvements, and met eased the value and ulili'y ofthe hook immeasurably.  Ii presents
so many novel, bright  and  sparkling thoughts; such an exuberance of new ideas on  almost every page.
that we confess ourselves to  have become enamored with the  book and its author; and cannot withhold
our congratulations from our  Philadelphia confreres, thai such a teacher is in their service.  We rearet that
our limits will not  allow of a  more extended  notice of this work, but mu t content ourselves with thus com-
mending it os worthy of diligent perusal by physicians as well as sunn tits, who are seekinglo be thoroughly
instructed in ihe important practical subjects of which  it treats — N. Y Me/I  Gazette.
  It contains a vast amount of practical knowledge, by one who ha* accurately observed and  retained the
experience of many years,  and who tells ihe result in a free, familiar, and pleasant manner.—Dublin Quar-
terly Journal.
  There is an off-hand fervor, a glow and a warm-heartedness infecting the effort of Dr. Meigs, which is en-
lin ly captivating,  and which  absolutely  hurries the  reader through from beginning to end. Besides, the
book teems with solid instruction, and it shows the very highest evidence of ability, viz.. the clearness with
which Ihe information  is presented.  We know of i o  lietter ti si of one's understanding a subject than the
evidence ofthe power of lucidly explaining il. The most elementary  as well as the obscurest subjects, un-
der the pencil of Prof. Meigs,  are isolated and mn(le to stand out in such bold relief, as  to produce distinct
impressions upon the mind  and memory of the reader—The Charleston Medical Journal
  The merits of the first edition of this work  were *o generally appreciated, and with such a high degree of
favor l>\ the medical profession throughout the Union. Dial we a* not surprised in  seeing a second edition
of it   li is a standard wotk on the diseases of  females and in many respects is one of the very best of lis
kind in ihe English language.  Upon the appearance ofthe first edition, we i-ave  the work a cordial recep-
tion, and spoke of it in the  warmest terms of commendation.  Time has not changed the favorable estimate
we placed upon it. but has  ralher increased  our convictions of its superlative merits. But  we do not now
deem it necessary lo  say  more than to commend this work, on the diseases of women, and the remedies
for them, to the attention of ihose practitioners who have not supplied themselves with  it. The most select
library would  be imperfect without it.— The Western Journal cf Medicine and Surgery.
  He is a bold thinker, and  possesses more originality of thought ai d st\ le than almost any American writer
on medical subjects.  If he is nol an elegant writer, there is at least a freshness- a raciness in his mode of
expressing himself—that cannot fail to draw  the  reader  after him. even to the close of his work : you cannot
noil over his pages; he stimulates raiher than narcotises your senses, and  the reader cannot lay  aside ihese
letters when once  he enters into their merits.  This, the second edlion i> much amended and enlarged, and
affords abundant evidence of  ihe authors talents and industry.—JV. O Medical and Surgical Journal.
  The practical writings of Dr Meigs are second lo none — The N. Y. Journal of Medicine.
  The excellent practical directions contained in this volnu.e give it gr. at utility,  which we trust will not be
lost upon  our older colleagues; with some condensat on indeed, we should  think it well adapted for trans-
lation into German.—Zeitschriftfur die Gesammte Medtcin.

                     NEW AND IMPROVED EDITION-(Lately  Issued.)


A  TREATISE   ON  THE  DISEASES  OF  FEMALES,

                    AND  ON THE  SPECIAL  HYGIENE OF  THEIR SEX,

                BY  COLOMBAT  DE   L'lSERE,  M.D.

   TRANSLATED,  WITH MANY NOTES  AND ADDITIONS, BY C. D.  MEIGS,  M. D.
                         SECOND EDITION. REVISED AMD IMPROVED.
   In one large volume, octavo, of seven hundred  and twenty pages, with  numerous wood-cuts.
  We are satisfied it is destined to lake the front rank in this department of medical science.  Il is in fact a
complete exposition ofthe opinions and practical methods of all the celebrated practitioners of ancient ana
modern times.— Sew York Jouin. of Medicine

        ASHWELL ON THE  DISEASES  OP  FEMALES.


A PRACTICAL TREATISE  ON THEllSEASES PECULIAR TO  WOMEN.
          ILLUSTRATED  BY CASES DERIVED FROM HOSPITAL AND  PRIVATfc. PKACTICE
      BY SAMUEL  ASHWELL. M.D.  With Additions by PAUL BECK GODDARD, M. D.
                Second  American edition.   In one octavo volume, of 520 pages.
  One of ihe very  best works ever issued from the press on the Diseases of Females.— Western Lancet.

ON THE CAUSES AND  TREATMENT OF  ABORTION  AND STERILITY.  By James Whitehead,
           M. D., ic.  In one volume octavo,  of about three hundred and seventy-five pages. 
20       BLANCHARD & LEA'S PUBLICATIONS.—(Diseases of Females.)
              KEW AND IMPROVED EDITION—("Lately Issued.)


                  THE DISEASES~0F  FEMALES,


 INCLUDING  THOSE  OF  PREGNANCY  AND   CHILDBED.

            BY FLEETWOOD CHURCHILL, M. D.,  M.K.I. A.,
            Author of '-Theory and Practice of Midwifery," " Diseases of Females," &c.

      A New American Edition  (The Fifth),  Revised  by the Author.

                    With the Notes of ROBERT M. HUSTON, M. D.

          In one large and handsome octavo volume of 632 pages, with wood-cuts.

  To indulge ill panegyric, when announcing the fifth edition of any acknowledged medical authority, were
lo attempt to'gild refined gold." The work announced above, has too long been honored with the term
'• classical" to leave any doubt as to iis true worih, and we content ourselves with remarking, that ihe author
has carefully retained the notes of Dr. Huston, who edited the former American edition, thus really enhanc-
ing the value of the work, and paying a well merited compliment.  All who wish lo be "posted up" on all
that relates to the diseases peculiar to the wife, ihe mother, or the maid, will hasten lo secure a copy ol this
most admirable treatise.—The Ohio Medical and Surgical Journal.
  We know of no author who deserves that approhaiion. on " the diseases of females," to  the same extent
that Dr. Churchill does. His, indeed, is ihe only thorough treatise we know of on the subject, and it may be
commended to practitioners and students as a masterpiece in its particular department. The former editions
of this work have been commended strongly in this journal, and they have won iheir way lo an extended,
aud a well deserved popularity. This fifth edition, before us, is well calculated lo maintain Dr. Churchill's
high reputation.  It was revised and enlarged by the author, for his American publishers, and it seems to us,
that there is scarcely any species of desirable information on its subjects, thai may not be found in this work.
— The W.sttrn Journal of Medicine and Surgery.
  We are gratified to announce a new and revised edition of Dr. Churchill's valuable work ou the diseases
of females.  We  have ever  regarded it as  one of the very best works on ihe subjects embraced within its
scope, in the English language ; and the present edition, enlarged and revised by the auihor, renders it still
more entitled to the confidence of the profession. The valuable notes of Prof. Huston have been retained,
and contribute, in no small degree, to enhance the value of the work. It is a source of congratulation that
ihe publishers have permitted the author to be, in this instance, his own editor, thus securing all the  revision
which an author  alone is capable of making.— The Western Lancet.
  As a comprehensive manual  for students, or  a work of reference for practitioners, we only speak with
common justice when we say that ii surpasses any other that has ever issued on the same subject from the
British press.— The Dublin Quarterly Journal.


              Churchill's Monographs on Females—(Lately Issued.)


   ESSAYS  ON  THE PUERPERAL~FEVER,  AND  OTHER DISEASES

                       PECULIAR  TO  WOMEN.

 SELECTED  FROM THE  WRITI\(i-s OF BRITISH AUTHORS PREVIOUS TO THE CLOSE OF
                           THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.

              Edited by FLEETWOOD CHURCHILL,  M. D., M. R. I. A.,
                     Author of-Treatise on the Diseases of Females," &c.
              In one neat octavo volume, of about four hundred and fifty pages.
  To these papers Dr. Churchill has appended notes, embodying whatever  information ha« been laid before
the profession since their authors' tim«.  He has also prefixed to the essays on puerperal fever, which occu-
py the larger portion ofthe volume, an interesting historical sketch of the principal epidemics of that disease.
The whole tbnns a very valuable collection of papers by piofessional writers o( eminence, on some of the
most important accidents to which the puerperal female is liable.—American Journal of Medical Sciences.
    MUCH ENLARGED ANO IMPROVED EDITION—(Lately Issued.)

                   A   PRACTICAL  TREATISE  ON

INFLAMMATION  OF THE  UTERUS AND  ITS  APPENDAGES,

       AND  ON  ULCERATION AND  INDURATION OF THE NECK OF  THE  UTERUS.

                        BY HENRY  BENNETT,  M. D.,
                       Obstetric Physician to the Western Dispensary.
                           Second Edition, much enlarged.
                 In one neat octavo volume of 350 pages, with wood-cuts.
  This edition is so enlarged as to constitute a new work.  It embraces the study of inflammation
in all the uterine organs, and its influence in the  production of displacements and of  the reputed
functional diseases ofthe uterus.

  Few works issue from the medical press which are  at once original and sound  in doctrine: but such, we
feel assured, is the admirable treatise now before us.  The important practical precepts which the author
inculcates are all rigidly deduced Irom mcts. .  . . Every page ofthe book is good, and eminently prn.-iical.
So far as we know and believe, it is ihe best work on the subject on which il treats.- Monthly Jviiinalof
Medical Science.


         A  TREATISE  ON  THE DISEASES  OF   FEMALES.

                           BY W. P.  DEWEES, M. D.
                                  NINTH  EDITION.
                     In one volume, octavo.  532 pages, with plates. 
          BLANCHARD & LEA'S PUBLICATIONS— (Diseases of Children.)       21


               MEIGS  ON CHILDREN—Just  Issued,



                           OBSERVATIONS   ON



CERTAIN  OF   THE   DISEASES  OF   YOUNG   CHILDREN,

                        BY  CHARLES  B.  MEIGS, M. B.,
      Professor of Midwifery and of the Diseases of Women and Children in the Jefferson
                          Medical College of Philadelphia, &c. &c.

                      In one handsome octavo volume of 214 pages.

  While this work is not presented to the profession as a systematic  and complete treatise on In-
fantile disorders, the importance ofthe subjects treated of, and the interest attaching to  the views
and opinions ofthe distinguished author must command for it the attention ot  all who are canea
upon to treat this interesting class of diseases.

  It puts forth no claims as a systematic work, but contains an amount of va,ua^i,e^"^^",0Trin»
scarcely to be found in the same space in our home literature.  It can not but prove an acceptable ottenna
to the profession  at large.—N. Y. Journal of Medicine.
  The work before us  is undoubtedly a valuable addition to the fund of information ^hichhas; a ready been
tieasured up on the subjects in question.  It is practical, and therefore eminently tadaPl/>?,l„?FrLfn^
practitioner  Dr. Meigs' works have the same fascination which belongs to himself.-Medical Examiner.
  This is a mosl excellent work on the obscure diseases of childhood and  will ^flff?rd^, P^'J'V^w
student of medicine much aid in their d.a-nosis and treatment.-!^ Boston Medical and Surgical Journaj.
  We take much pleasure in recommending this excellent little work to the attention ofmetlical prBciU.on-
ers.  It deserves  ibeir attention, and after they  commence its perusal, they will not w  "S'y aba"a°" ' J
until ihey have mastered its contents.  We read ihe work while  suffering from a carbuncle, and it» ta.cn
nanus pages often beguiled us into forgetfulnes* of agonizing pain.   May il teach other* to relieve the affltc
lions ofthe youn<>.— The Western Journal of Medicine and Surgery.
  All of which topics  are treated with Dr Meigs'  acknowledged ability and  original diction  The wort: w
i.e..her a systematic nor a complete treatise upon the diseases of children, but a fragment which may be con
nulled wnh much advantage.—Southern Medical and Surgical Journal.
                      NEW "WORK BY DR. CHURCHILL.



                                      ON   THE


DISEASES   OF   INFANTS   AND    CHILDREN.


         BY  FLEETWOOB CHURCHILL,  M. B.,  M. R. I. A.,

             Author of "Theory and Practice of Midwifery," "Diseases of Females," &.C.

                 In one large and handsome octavo volume of over 600 pages.

  From Dr. Churchill's known ability and industry, we were led to form high expectationso.^^j™.
were we deceived. Its learned author seems io have sel no bounds to his researches in m]*?™*™™™*
tion which, with his usual systematic address, he has disposed of in the most clear and concise manner, so
as to lay before the reader every opinion of importance bearing upon .lie sul»*pc'u,'d"':°'ls'^"^X which
  We regatd this volume as possessing more claims to completeness than any other of the k idI with. wh.cn
we are acquainted.  Most cordially and earnestly, therefore, do we commend it loour professional brethren,
and we feel assured that the stamp oflheir approbation will m due tune be impressed <*<P°n lt;      ,    ■
  After an atteniive perusal of iis contents, we hesitate not to say. that it is one pf ihe moa comPrean*.ns'vr.
ever written upon the diseases of children, and that, for copiousness of reference, exientof ^^hf^.j^L
spicuity of detail, il is scarcely to be equalled, and not lo be excelled in any language.—Dublin quarterly
Journal.                                                                               _.
  The present volume will sustain the reputation acquired by the  author from his V™™"* ™°T**-d-.!. "?
reader will find in it full and judicious directions for the management of infants at birth, a id *f°™Vf1™™*'
but clear, account of the diseases to which children are liable, and the most successful  mode ™ "**""* lnem.
We  must not close this notice without calling attention to the author's style, which  njperspnjuous ana
polished to a degree, we regrel to say, not generally characteristic of medical works.  w,*l^ic°T"e'\V?„
work of Dr Churchill most cordially, both to students and practitioners, as a valuable and rename guiue m
the treatment of ihe diseases of children— Am. Journ. of the Med. Sciences.
  After this meagre, and we know, very imperfect notice, of Dr. Churchill's work, we shall cone ude by
*n> ing lhat it is one that cannot fail from its copiousness, extensive research and get,erai accuac>, w exa«
J. hUher the reputation of the auihor in this country.  The American reader will be Par»cu ar^/'^
to find that Dr. Churchill has done full justice ihroughout his work, to ihe various American authors 0n i his
subject  The names of Dewees, Eberle, Condie, and t-tewart, occur on nearly every page, and these authors
a"e cons.antlv referred lo by ihe author in terms of the highest praise, and with the mosl liberal courtes> .-
The Medical Examiner.
  We know of no work on this department  of Practical Medicine  which presents so candid and unpreju-
diced a statement or posting up of our actual  knowledge as this.— A' V. Journal of Medicine.
  Its claims  to merit, both as a scientific and practical work, are of the highest order.  Whilst we would
not elevate il aliove every other Ireatise on the same subject, we certainly believe lhat very lew are equal
lo ii, ai»l none superior.— Souther* Med. and Surg. Journal. 
22       BLANCHARD & LEA'S PUBLICATIONS.—(Diseases of Children )
                            New  and Improved Edition.


                      A PRACTICAL  TREATISE ON THE


 DISEASES     OF    CHILDREN.

                        BY  B.  FRANCIS  CONBIE,  M. B.,
                          Fellow of ihe College of Physicians, &c. Sec.

     Third edition, revised and augmented.  In one large volume, 8vo., of over 700 pages.

  In the preparation of a third edition of the present treatise, every portion of it has been subjected
to a careful revision.  A new chapter has been added  on Epidemic Meningitis, a disease which,
although not confined to children, occurs far more frequently in them, than in adults.  In the other
chapters ofthe work, all the more important facts that have been developed since the appearance
ofthe last edition, in reference to the nature, diagnosis, and treatment of the several  dise.ises of
which they treat, have been incorporated.  The great object ofthe author has been to present, in
each succeeding edition, as full and connected a view as possible of the actual  state of the pa-
thology  and therapeutics of those  affections which most usually  occur  between birth and puberty.
  To the present edition there is appended a list ofthe several works and essays quoted or referred
to in the body ofthe work, or which have been consulted in its  preparation or revision.

  Every  important fact that has been  verified or deve'oped since the publication of the previous edition,
either in  relation to the nature, diagnosis, or treatment of the diseases of children, have been arranged aud
incorporated into the body  ofthe work: thus posting up  to dale, to use a counting-house phrase, all ihe
valuable facts nnd useful  information on ihe subject. To the American practitioner. Dr. Condie's reinmks
ou the diseases of children will be invaluable, and  we accordingly advise tho*e who have  tailed to read this
work to procure a copy, and make themselves tannliar with its sound  piinciples.—The New Oileans Medical
and Surgiral Journal.
  We feel persuaded lhat the American Med'cal profession  will soon  regard it, not only as a very good, but
as the very bkst •• Practical Treatise on the Diseases of Children.''—American Medical Journal
  We pronounced the first edition to be  the best work on the Diseases of Children in the  English language,
and. notwithstanding all that has been published, we still regard it in that light.—Medical Examiner.
                        From Professor Wm P. Johnston. Washington, D. C.
  I make use of it as a textbook, and place il invariably in the hands of my private pupils.
                         Ftom Professor D. Humphreys Storer, of Boston.
  I consider it to be the best work on Ihe Diseases  of Children we have access lo, and as such recommend it
lo all who ever refer to ihe subject.
                           From Professor M. M  Pollen, of St   Louis.
  I consider it the best treatise on the Diseases of Children lhat  we  possess, and  as such have been in the
habit of recommending it to my classes.

  Dr Condie's scholarship, acumen, industry, and practical  sen»e are manifested in this,  as in all his nu-
merous contributions to science — Dr Holmes's Report to the American Medical Association.
  Taken  as a whole, in our judgment. Dr. Condie's Treatise is Ihe one  from ihe perusal of  which the practi-
tioner in  this country will rise wilh ihe  greatest satisfaction.— Western Journal of Medicine and Surgery.
  One ofthe best works upon the Diseases of Children in the English  language.— Western Lancet
  We feel assured fiom actual experience that no physician's library  can be complete without a copy ofthis
work.— N. Y. Journal of Medicine
  Perhaps the most lull and complete work now before the profession  ofthe United Slates: indeed, we may
say in the English language.  It is vastlv  superior to most of its predecessors —Transylvania Med Journal.
  A veritable poedialric encyclopaedia, and an honor to American medical literature.— Ohio Medical and Sur-
gical Journal.


               WEST OJV  DISEASES OF CHILDREJV.


                               LECTURES  ON  THE


DISEASES   OF    INFANCY   AND    CHILDHOOD.

                          BY CHARLES  WEST, M. B.,
                   Senior Physician to the Royal Infirmary for Children, &c. &c.
                                  In one volume, octavo.
  Every portion of these lectures is marked by a  general accuracy of description, and by the soundness of
the views set forth in  relation to ihe pathology and therapeutics of the several maladies treated of.  The lec-
tures on the diseases of the  respiratory apparatus, about one-third of ihe whole  number, are particularly
ptcp lent (nprnnitr nuporlhefuno, n..A----• „ 1.1- ________  _,-..     «.              ^., u.^ |rni>n.uiaiij
add
opportu
brou
and
eases of this class of our pan
exhibited most clearly ; at
ing from them instruction
dweare convinced-iL0?**10'087 a"d P",tho!°*y of .heir diseases are especially
d we are convinced that no one can read wiih care these lectures without deriv-
of the most important kind-Charleston Med. Journal.    ,ec-ures w'lnoul "«"▼
                                  A  TREATISE

ON THE PHYSICAL AND MEDICAL TREATMENT  OF CHILDREN
                             BY  W. P. DEWEES, M.  D.                  ■"'^ttJ-UN.
                     Ninth edition.  In one volume, octavo.  548 pages. 
BLANCHARD &  LEA'S  PUBLICATIONS.—(Obstetrics.)           23
              NEW AND IMPROVED EDITION—(Now Ready.)



                   OBSTETRICS:


      THE   SCIENCE    AND   THE   ART.

                       BY  CHARLES  B. MEIGS, M.B.,
   Professor of Midwifery and the Diseases of Women and Children in the Jefferson Medical College,
                                   Philadelphia, &c. &c.

     Second Edition, Revised and Improved, with about 150 Illustrations.

           In one beautifully printed octavo volume, of seven hundred large pages.

  The rapid demand for a second edition of this work is a sufficient evidence that it has supplied
a desideratum ofthe profession, notwithstanding the numerous treatises on the same subject which
have appeared within the last few years.  Adopting a  system of his own, the author has combined
the leading principles of his interesting and difficult subject, with a thorough exposition of its rules
of practice, presenting the results of long and extensive experience and of familiar acquaintance
with  all the modern writers on this  department of medicine.  As an American treatise on  Mid-
wifery, which has at once assumed the position of a classic, it possesses peculiar claims to the  at-
tention and study of the practitioner  and  student, while the numerous alteratious and revisions
which it has undergone in  the present edition are sufficient guarantee that it is fully on a level with
the most recent improvements of its  subject.
  As  an elementary treatise—concise, but, withal, clear and comprehensive—we know of no one  better
adapted for the use ofthe student; while the young practitioner will find in it a body of sound doctrine,
and a series of excellent practical directions, adapted lo all the conditions of the various forms of labor
and their results, which he will be induced, we are persuaded, again and again lo consult, and always with
profit.
  It has seldom been our lot to peruse a work upon the subject, from which we have received  greater satis-
faction, and which we believe to be better calculated to communicate  to the student correct and definite
views upon the several topics embraced within the scope of its teachings.—American Journal of the Medical
Sciences.
  We are acquainted with no work on midwifery of greater practical value.—Boston Medical and Surgical
Journal.
  Worthy the reputation of its distinguished author.—Medical Examiner.
  We most sincerely recommend it, both to the student and practitioner, as a more complete  and valuable
work on the Science and Art of Midwifery, than any of the numerous reprints and American  editions of
European  works on the same subject.—N. Y. Annalist.
  We have, therefore, great satisfaction in bringing  under our reader's notice the matured  views of  the
highest American authority in the department to which he has devoted his life and talents. —London Medical
Gazttte.
  An author of established merit, a professor of Mid wifery. and a practitioner of high reputation  and immense
experience—we may  assuredly regard his work now before us as representing the most advanced stale of
obstetric science in America up to the time at which he writes.  We consider Dr. Meigs' book  as a valuable
acquisition to obstetric literature, and one that will very much assist the  practitioner  under many circum-
stances of doubt and perplexity.— The Dublin Quarterly Journal.
  These various heads are subdivided so well, so lucidly explained, that a good  memory is all  that is neces-
sary in order to put the reader in possession of a thorough knowledge of this important subject.  Dr. Meies
has conferred a great benefit on the profession in publishing this excellent work.—St. Lou is Medical and
Surgical Journal.

                      TYLER SMITH OIV PARTURITION.



                 ON    PARTURITION,


AND  THE   PRINCIPLES AND  PRACTICE  OF  OBSTETRICS.

                         BY  W. TYLER  SMITH,  M.  B.,
                Lecturer on Obstetrics in the Hunterian  School of Medicine, &c. &.c.
                      In one large duodecimo volume, of 400 pages.

  The work will recommend itself by its intrinsic merit to every member of the profession.— Lancet.
  We can imagine the pleasure with which William Hunter or Denman would have welcomed the present
work; certainly the most valuable contribution lo obstetrics that has been made since their own day.  For
ourselves, we consider its appearance as the  dawn of a new era in this department of medicine. We do
most cordially recommend the work as one absolutely necessary to be studied by every accoucheur It will,
we may add. prove equally interesting and instructive to the student, ihe genera) practitioner,  and pure  ob-
stetrician.  It was a bold undertaking to reclaim parturition  for Reflex Physiology, and it has been well per-
formed.— London Journal of Medicine.


                            LEE'S  CLINICAL  MIDWIFERY.


             CLINICAL    MIDWIFERY,

COMPRISING THE  HISTORIES  OF  FIVE HUNDRED AND FORTY-FIVE CASES OF DIFFI-
     CULT, PRETERNATURAL, AND COMPLICATED LABOR,  ^1TH COMMENTARIES.

                     BY ROBERT LEE, M. B.,  F. R.  S., &c.

                            From the 2d London Edition.

                   In one royal I2mo. volume, extra cloth, of 23S pages.
  More instructive to the juvenile practitioner than a score of systematic works.—Lancet.
  An invaluable record for the practitioner—A'. V Annalist.
  A storehouse of valuable feeta aHiyse**4»iits.— American Journal ofthe Medical Scieneu. 
21            BLANCHARD &  LEA'S PUBLICATIONS— (Obstetrics.)
 CHURCHILL'S MIDWIFERY, BY CONDIE, NEW AND IMPROVED EDITION—(Just Issued.)





THEORY   ANO   PRACTICE   OF   AOTiFERY.

                 BY FLEETWOOB  CHURCHILL, M. B., &c.

        A NEW AMERICAN  FROM THE LAST AND IMPROVED ENGLISH  EDITION,
                           EDITED, WITH NOTES AND ADDITIONS,

                      BY  D. FRANCIS CONDIE, M. D„
                 Author of a "Practical Treatise on the Diseases of Children," &c.

      WITH OJYJB It UNUSED AJYD TIIIRT\*-NINJE  ILLUSTRATIONS.

                            In one very handsome octavo volume.

  In the preparation ofthe last English edition, from which this is  printed, the author has spared
no pains, with the desire of bringing it thoroughly up to  the present state of obstetric science.
The labors ofthe editor have thus been light, but he has endeavored to supply  whatever he has
thought necessary to the work, either  as  respects obstetrical  practice in this  country, or its
progress in Europe since the appearance of Dr. Churchill's last  edition.  Most of the notes ol the
former editor, Dr. Huston, have been retained by him, where they have not been embodied by the
author in his text.  The present edition of this favorite text-book is therefore presented to the pro-
fession in the full-confidence of its meriting a continuance of the  great  reputation which it has
acquired as a work equally well fitted for the student and practitioner.

 To bes'ow praise on a book lhat has received such marked approbation would be superfluous.   We need
only say, therefore, that if ihe first edition was thought worthy of a favorable reception by ihe medical pub-
lic, we can confidently affirm that this will he found much more so.   The  lecturer, the practitioner, and the
student, may all have recourse lo its pages, and derive from their perusal  much interest and instruction in
everything relating to theoretical and practical midwifery.— Dublin Quarterly Journal of Medical Science.
  A work of very great merit, and such as we can confidently recommend to ihe study of every obstetric
praciitioner.— London Medical Gazette.
  This is certainly the most perfect system exlant.  It is the best adapted for the purposes of a text-book, and
that which he  whose nectssaies confine him to one book, should select in preference to all others.—Southern
Medical and Surgical Journal.
 The most popular work on Milwifery ever issued from the American press —Charleston Medical Journal.
 Certainly, in our opinion, the very  best work on the subject which exists.—A*". Y. Annalist.
 Were we reduced lo ihe necessity of having but one work on Midwifery, and permitted lo choose, we would
unhesitatingly take Churchill.— Western Medical and  Surgical Journal.
 Il is  impossible to conceive a more useful and elegant Manual than  Dr. Churchill's Practice of Midwifery.
— Provincial Medical Journal.
 No work holds a higher position, or is more deserving of being placed in the hands of the tyro, the advanced
student, or the practitioner.— Medical Examiner.
NEW EDITION OE RAJflSROTIlAJtl ON PARTURITION- (Noic Realty, 1851.)

                   THE PRINCIPLESTMD PRACTICE  OP


   OBSTETRIC    MEDICINE   AND   SURGERY,

                 In reference to  the'Process of Parturition.

            BY  FRANCIS  II.  RAMSBOTH AM,  M. B.,
                       Physician to the  Royal Maternity Charity, &c. &c.

                SIXTH AMERICAN, FROM THE LAST LONDON EDITION.
     Illustrated with One Hundred and Forty-eight Figures  on Fifty-five Lithographic Plates.
         In one large and handsomely printed volume, imperial octavo, with 520 pages.

  In this edition the  plates have all been redrawn, and the text carefully read and corrected.   It
is therefore presented as in every way worthy the favor with  which it has so long been received.

                     From Professor Hodge, ofthe University of Pennsylvania.
  To the American public, it is most valuable, from its intrinsic undoubted excellence, and ns being the best
authorized exponent of British Midwifery.  Its circulation will. 1 trust, be-extensive throughout our country.

  We recommend the student, who desires to  master this difficult subject with  the least possible trouble, to
possess himself ai once of a copy of this work. —American Journal ofthe Medical Sciences.
  It stands at the head  of ihe long list 0f excellent obstetric works published in the laM. few years in Great
Britain, Ireland, and the Comment of Europe.  We consider this hook indispensable io the library of every
physician engaged in the practice of Midwifery.— Southern Medical and Surgical Journal.
  When ihe whole profession is thus unanimous in placing such a work m the very first rank as regards the
extent and correctness ol all ihe detai s of u,* theorv and practice ol so important a branch of learning, our
commendation or condemnaiton would be of litllecoii<equence; but, regarding it as the mosi useful of all works
ot the kind, we think it but an act of justice to urge its claims upon the profession.-AT. O. Med. Journal.


                           DEWEES'S  MIDWIFERY.

      A COMPREHENSIVE   SYSTEM  OF MIDWIFERY.
           ILLUSTRATED BY OCCASIONAL CASKS AND MANY  ENGRAVINGS.

                         BY WILLIAM  P. DEWEES, M. D.

Tenth Edition, with the Author's last Improvements and Corrections.  In one octavo volume, of 000 pages 
   BLANCHARD  &  LEA'S PUBLIC ATIOKS—(Materia Medicaand Therapeutics.)  25

             I'EUEIH.VfS .TMTERM  .TIEMUl.I- P'ol. I., INoto Ready.)
   KKW KDITiON,  CKI'iATI.Y IMPKOViJ)  AM) ENLARGED, to Nov. 1851.

                         THE  ELEMENTS  OF

      MATERIA   MEDICA   AND   THERAPEUTICS.

 COMPREHENDING THE NATURAL  HISTORY, PREPARATION,  PROPERTIES, COMPOSITION,
                         EFFECTS. AND USES OF MEDICINES.
            BY  JONATHAN  PEREIRA, M. B., F. R. S. and L. S.,
         Third American from the Third and Enlarged London Edition.
 WITH ADDITIONAL  NOTES AND  OBSERVATIONS BY  THE AUTHOR.
                      EDITED BY JOSEPH CARSON,  M. D.,
           Professor of Materia Medica and Pharmacy in the University of Pennsylvania.
        In two very large volumes, on small type, with about four hundred illustrations.
   The demand for this new edition of" Pereira's Materia Medica" has induced the publishers
 to issue the First Volume separately. The Second Volume, now  at press and receiving important
 corrections and revisions from both author and editor, may  be expected for publication in July or
 August, 1852.
   The third London edition of this work received very  extensive alterations by the author. Many
 portions ol" it were entirely rewritten, some curtailed, others enlarged, and much new matter in-
 troduced in every part.  The  edition, however, now  presented  to the American profession, in
 addition to this, not only enjoys the advantages of a thorough and accurate superintendence by the
 editor, but also embodies the additions and alterations suggested by a further careful  revision by
 the author, expressly for this country, embracing the most recent investigations, and  the result ol
 several new Pharmacopoeias which have appeared since the publication of the London edition of
 Volume I.  The notes ofthe American editor have been prepared with reference to the new edi-
 tion ofthe U. S. Pharmacopoeia, and contain  such matter generally as  is requisite to adapt it fully
 to the wants of the profession in this country, as well as such recent discoveries as have escaped
 the attention of the author.  In this manner the size of the work has been  materially enlarged,
 and tho number of illustrations much increased, while its mechanical  execution  has been greatly
 improved in every  respect.  The profession may therefore rely on being able to  procure a work
 which, in every point of view, will not only maintain, but greatly advance the very high reputation
 which it has everywhere acquired.
  The work, in its pre-ent shape and so far a« can be judged from the portion before the public, forms the
 mo*i comprehensive mid complete ireati*e on materia medica extant in the English l^n^ut^e.
  IJr Pereira has lieen at great pains to introduce into his wjrk. not only all the information on the natural,
 chemical, and commercial history of medicine*, which might he serviceable lo ihe phys cian  and surgeon,
 hut whatever inialn enable his reader* io understand thoroughly the mode of preparing and maiiulacuiring
 varmus articles employ' d either for preparing medicines, or lor certain purposes in the ans connected with
 materia medica and ihe practice of medicine.
  The accounts ol the physiological and therapeutic effects of remedies are given with great clearness and
 accuracy, and in a manner calculated to interest as well as instruct Itie reader.— The Edinburgh Medical
 and Surgical Journal.

                      ROYLE'S  MATERIA MEDICA.

     MATERIA  MEDICA  AND   THERAPEUTICS;
                                   INCLUDING THE
 Preparations ofthe Pharmacopoeias of London, Edinburgh, Dublin, and of the United States.
                          WITH MANY NEW MEDICINES.

                   BY  J. FORBES BOYLE,  M.  D.,  F. B. S.,
           Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics. King's College, London, &c. &c.
                         EDITED BY JOSEPH CARSON, M. D.,
           Professor of Mater a Medica and Pharmacy in the University of Pennsylvania.
                      WITH NINETY-EIGHT ILLUSTRATIONS.
                 In one large octavo volume, of about seven hundred pages.
      Being one  of the most beautiful Medical works published in this country.
  This work is. indeed, a most valuable one, and will fill up an important vacancy that existed between Dz.
 Peretra'smosl learned and complete system of Materia Medica, and the class of productions on the other ex-
 treme, wh.ch are necessarily imperfect from their small extent— British and Foreign Medical Review.

             POCKET DISPENSATORY  AND FORMULARY.

 A DISPENSATORY AND THERAPEUTICAL REMEMBRANCER.  Comprising the entire list*
  of Materia Medica, with every Practical Formula contained in the three  British Pharmacopoeias.
  With relative Tables subjoined, illustrating by upwards of six hundred and sixty examples, the
  Extemporaneous  Forms and Combinations suitable for the different Medicines.   By JOHN
  M iYNE, M. D., L. R. C. S., Edin., &c. &c.  Edited, with the  addition of the  formula? of the
  United States Pharmacoposia, by R. EGLESFELD GRIFFITH, M. D.  In one 12mo. volume,
  of over three hundred large pages.
  The neat typography, convenient size, and low price of this volume, recommend it especially to
physicians, apothecaries, and students in want of a pocket manual. 
26       BLANCHARD & LEA'S PUBLICATIONS.— (Materia Medica,  <fc.)
             NEW  UNIVERSAL FORMULARY—(Lately Issued.)



 A   UNIVERSAL^  FORMULARY,

                                  CONTAINING THE •

     METHODS OF  PREPARING  AND  ADMINISTERING

              OFFICINAL  AND  OTHER  MEDICINES,

     THE  WHOLE  ADAPTED  TO PHYSICIANS AND  PHARMACEUTISTS.

                     BY  R. EGLESFELD GRIFFITH, M. D.,
                          Author of "American Medical Botany," &c.

                  In one large octavo volume of568 pages, double columns.

  In this work will be  found not  only a very  complete collection of formulas and pharmaceutic
 processes, collected with great care from the beat modern authorities of all  countries, but also a
 v ist amount of important information on all collateral subjects.  To insure the accuracy so neces-
 sary to a work of this nature, the sheets have been carefully revised by  Dr. Pvobert Bridges, while
 Mr. William Procter, Jr., has contributed numerous valuable  formulae, and  useful suggestions.
  The want of a work like the present has long been felt in this country, where the physician and
 apothecary have hitherto  had access to  no complete  collection  of formulas, gathered from the
 pharmacopoeias and therapeutists of all  nations.  Not only has this desideratum been thoroughly
 accomplished in this volume, but it will also be found to contain a very large number of recipes for
 empirical preparations, valuable to the apothecary and manufacturing chemist, the greater part of
 which have hitherto not been accessible in this country.  It is farther enriched with accurate ta-
 bles ofthe weights and measures of Europe ; a vocabulary of the abbreviations and Latin terms
 used in  Pharmacy; rules for the administration of medicines ; directions for officinal preparations;
 remarks on poisons and their antidotes; with various tables of much practical  utility.  To facili-
 tate reference to the whole, extended indices have been added, giving to the work the advantages
 of both alphabetical and systematic arrangement.
  To show the  variety and  importance  ofthe  subjects  treated of, the  publishers subjoin a very
 condensed

SUMMARY  OF  THE  CONTENTS,  IN  ADDITION  TO THE FORMULARY  PROPER,
  WHICH  EXTENDS TO  BETWEEN THREE AND FOUR HUNDRED LARGE DOUBLE-
  COLUMNED PAGES.

 PREFACE.
 INTRODUCTION.
  Weights and Measures.
    Weights of the United Slates and GreatBritain.—
    Foreign Weights — Measures.
  Specific Gravity.
  Temperatures for certain Pharmaceutical Ope-
     rations
  Htdrometrical Equivalents.
  Specific Gravities of  some of the Preparations
     of the Pharmacopoeias.
  Relation  between different Thermomktrical
     Scales.
  Explanation  of principal Abbrkviations used in
     Formul.e.
  Vocabulary of Words employed in Prescriptions.
 ObservationsontheManagement of the Sick room.
    Ventilation of the Sick room—Temperature of
    the Sick room—Cleanliness in the Sick room.—
    Quiet in the Sick room.—Examination and Pre-
    servation of the Excretions.—Administration of
    Medicine—Furniture of a Sick room.—Proper
    use of Utensils for Evacuations.
  Dosks of Medicines.
    Age. — Sex. — Temperament. — Idiosyncrasy. —
    Habit.—State of the  System.—Time of day.—In-
    tervals between Doses.
  Rules for Administration of Medicines
    Acids.— Antacids.— Anlilithicsaud Lithontriptics
    Antispasmodics — Anthelmintics. — Cathartics.—
    Enemata.—Suppositories.—Demulcents or F.mol
    iients —Diaphoretics.— Diluents.— Diuretics_-
    Emetics —Emmenagogues. — Epispastics.— Er-
    rbiijes. — Escharotics.— Expectorants — Narco-
    tics.— Refrigerants — Sedatives.—Sialagogues.—
    Stimulants.— Tonics.
  Management of Convalescence and Relapses.


  r-'rom the condensed summary of the contents  thus given it will be seen that the completer
 -if this work renders it  of much practical value to all concerned in the  prescribing or dtspensi
of medicines.
DIETETIC PREPARATIONS  NOT INCLUDED
    AMONG THE PREVIOUS PRESCRIPTIONS.
LIST OF 1NCOMPATIBLES.
POSOLOGICAL TABLES  OF THE  MOST  IM-
     PORTANT MEDICINES.
TABL-F.  OF   PHARMACEUTICAL NAMES
     WHICH  DIFFER  IN THE U.  STATES
     AND BRITISH PHARMACOPOEIAS.
OFFICINAL  PREPARATIONS   AND  DIREC-
     TIONS.
  Internal Remedies.
   Powders.—Pills  and Boluses.—Extracts.—Con-
   fections. Conserves, Electuaries—Pulps.— Sy-
   rups.—Mellites or  Honeys—Infusions—Decoc-
   tions—Tinctures—Wines.—Vinegars—Mixtures.
   Medicated  Waters.—Distilled, Essential, or Vola-
   tile Oil-.—Fixed  Oils  and Fats. — Alkaloids.—
   Spirits.—Troches or Lozenges.—Inhalations.
  External Remedies.
   Baths —Cold Bath —Cool Bath.—Temperate Bath.
   —Tepid Bath — Warm Bath.—Hot Bath.—Shower
   Bath.—Local Baths—Vapor Bath.— Warm Air
   Balh.— Douches.— Medicated Baths —Affusion.—
   Sponging.—Fomentations.—Cataplasms, or Poul-
   tices.— Lotions, Liniments. Embrocations — Ve>i-
   catories, or  Blisters.—Issues. — Setons. —Oint-
   ments.—Cerates.—Plasters.—Fumigations.
  Blood-letting.
   General Blood-Letting.—Venesection.  Afterio-
   tomy.—Topical Blood-Lelting —Cupping.-Leech-
   ing—Scarifications.
POISONS.
INDEX OF DISEASES AND THEIR REMEDIES.
INDEX OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND BOTANI-
     CAL NAMES
GENERAL INDEX. 
        BLANCHARD & LEA'S PUBLICATIONS —(Materia  Medica. (J-c.)        27


      GRIFFITH'S  MEDICAL FORMULARY—(Continued.)

  From a vast number ofcommendatory notices, the publishers select a  few.
  A valuable acquisition to the medical pracitioner. and a useful book of reference lo the apothecary on
numerous occasions—American Journal of Pharmacy.
  Dr. Griffith1* Formulary is worthy of recommendation, not only  on account of Ike care  which has been
bestowed on il by its estimable auihor, bul.for Us general accuracy and the richness of i's details — Mtdical
Examiner.
  Most cordially we recommend this Universal Formulary, not forgetting it* adaptation  to druggists and
apothecaries, who would find  themselves vastly improved by a familiar acquaintance wiili ihis everyday
book of medicine.— The Hoston M'dicaland Surgical Journal
  Pre-eminent among the best and most u>eful compilations ofthe present day will he found the work before
us, which can huve been produced only at a very great cost of thought and labor. A shorl  description will
suffice I'Show that we do not put too high an estimate on litis work.  We are not cognizant of ihe existence
of a parallel work.  lis  value  will be apparent to our readers  from the sketch ol its  contents above given.
  We ftrongly recommend it to nil who are engaged either in  prucltcal medicine, or  more exclusively with
its literature.— London Medical Gazette.
  A very useful work, and a mosi complete compendium on the subject of materia medica.  We know of no
work in our language, or any  oilier, so comprehensive in all its details —London Lancet
  The vast collection of formulae which is offered by the  compiler of this volume, contains a large number
which will be new to English practitioners, some of them from the novelty of  their ingredients, and others
from the unaccustomed mode  in which they are combined, and we doulit not that several of these might be
advantageously brought into use.  The atithoriiy for every formula is given, and the list includes a very nu-
merous iis>enihlage of Continental, as well as ol British and  American wri'ers of repute.   It is. therefore,
a work lo which every practitioner may advantageously resort for  hints io increase  his stock of remedies
and of forms of prescrip'ion.
  'The other indices facilitate reference to every article in the  '-Formulary ;" and they appear to have, been
drawn  up with the same care as lhat which ihe author has evidently bestowed on every part ofthe work —
The British and Foreign Medico Chirurgical Review.
  'rin- work before us is all lhat it professes to lie viz.: " a compendious collection of formulas and pharma-
ceutic processes."  It is such  a work as was much needed, and should be in the hands of every practitioner
who is in the habit of compounding medicines.— Transylvania Medical Journal.
  This seems to be a very comprehensive work, so far as the  range of its articles and combinations is con-
cerned, wilh a commendable degree of brevity and condensation  in  iheir explanation.
  It cannol fnil lo be a useful and convenient book of reference to the two classes  of persons to whom it
particularly commends it=elf in the title-page—The N. W Medical and Surgical Journal
  Il contains so much information that we very cheerfully recommend it to Hie profession.- Charleston Med.
Journal.
  Well adapted  to supply the actual wants of a numerous and varied class of person'.—iV. Y. Journal of
Medicine.
               CHRISTISON & GRIFFITH'S DISPENSATORY.—(A New Work.)


             A    DISPENSATORY,
 OR, COMMENTARY ON THE PHARMACOPOEIAS OF GREAT  BRITAIN AND THE UNITED
      STATES: COMPRISING THE NATURAL HISTORY, DESCRIPTION. CHEMISTRY,
             PHARMACY, ACTIONS.  USES. AND DOSES OF THE ARTICLES OF
                                  THE MATERIA MEDICA.
               BY  ROBERT  CHRISTISON, M. D.,  V. P. R. S. E.,
President of the Royal  College of Physicians of Edinburgh; Professor of Materia Medica in the University
                                      of Edinburgh, etc.
                       Second Edition, Revised and Improved
  WITH  A SUPPLEMENT CONTAINING THE MOST IMPORTANT NEW  REMEDIES.
                          WITH COPIOUS  ADDITIONS,
         AND  TWO HUNDRED AND THIRTEEN LARGE WOOD  ENGRAVINGS.
                       BY  R. EGLESFELD GRIFFITH,  M. D.,
                               Author of "A Medical Botany." cic
In one very large and handsome octavo volume, of over one thousand closely printed pages, with
      numerons wood-cuts, beautifully printed on  fine white paper, presenting an immense
                         quantity of matter at an  unusually low price.
  It is enough  to say lhat it appears lo us as perfect as a Dispensatory, in the present state of pharmaceutl-
eal science, could be made.—The Western Journal of Medicine and Surgery.
                        CARSON'S SVNOPSIS-(Notc Ready.)

                                 SYNOPSIS  OF  THE

    COURSE  OF  LECTURES  ON MATERIA MEDICA ANO PHARMACY,
                    Delivered in the  University of Pennsylvania.
                               BY  JOSEPH CARSON, M. D..
            Professor of Materia Medica and Pharmacy in the University of Pennsylvania.
                        In one very neat octavo volume of 208 pages.
  This work, containing a rapid but thorough outline of the very extensive subjects under consideration, will
be found useful, not only for ihe matriculants and graduates of the institution  for whom it is more particu-
larly intended, but also for those members ofthe profession who may desire to recall their former studies.

            THE  THREE   KINDS   OF   COD-LIVER  OIL,
Comparatively considered, with their Chemical and  Therapeutic  Properties, by L. J. DE JONGH,
  M. D.   Translated, with an  Appendix and Cases, by EDWARD CAREY. M.D.  To which  is
  added  an article  on the subject  from  " Dunglison  on New  Remedies."  In one small 12mo.
  volume, extra cloth. 
2*   BLANCHARD &  LEA'S  PUBLICATIONS.—(Materia Mnlira and Therapeutics.)
                   DUNGLISON'S   THERAPEUTICS.

         NEW AND  IMPROVED  EDITION.-(L.ately Issued.)


 GENERAL   TKERAPEUTIGS~AND   MATERIA  MEDICA;

                         ADAPTED FOR A  MEDICAL TEXT-BOOK,

                   BY  ROBLEY  DUNGLISON,  M.  D.,
 Professor of Institutes of Medicine. &c, in Jefferson Medical College; Late Professor of Materia Medica, 4 o.
            in the Universities of Mar> land and Virginia, and in Jefferson Medical College.
                            FOURTH EDITION, MUCH IMPROVED.

           With One Hundred and Eighty-two Illustrations.
                    In two large and handsomely printed octavo volumes.

  The present edition of this standard work has been subjected to a thorough revision both as re-
 gards style and matter, and has thus  been rendered a more complete exponent than heretofore of
 the existing state of knowledge on the important subjects of which it treats.   The favor with which
 the former editions  have everywhere  been received seemed to demand that the present should be
 rendered still more worthy of the  patronage of the profession, and of the medical student in particu-
 lar, for whose use more especially it is proposed; while the number of impressions through which
 it has passed  has enabled the author so to improve it as to  enable him to present it with some de-
 gree of confidence as well adapted to the purposes for which it is intended.  In the present edition,
 the remedial  agents of recent introduction have been  inserted  in their appropriate places; the
 number of illustrations has been greatly increased, and a copious  index of diseases and remedies
 has been appended, improvements which can scarcely fail to add to  the value of the work to the
 therapeutical  inquirer.
  The publishers, therefore, confidently  present the work as it  now stands to the notice of the
 practitioner as a trustworthy book of reference, and to the student, for whom it was more especially
 prepared, as a full and reliable text-book on General Therapeutics and Materia Medica.
  Notwithstanding the increase in size and number of illustrations, and the improvements in the
 mechanical execution ofthe work, its price has not been increased.
  In this work  of Dr. Dunglison, we recognize the same untiring industry in the collection and embodying ol
 facis on the several subjects  of which he treats, that has heretofore distinguished him. and we cheerfully
point to these volumes, as two of the most interesting that we know of.  In noticing the additions to this, the
fourth  edition, there is very little in the periodical or annual literature of the profession, published in the in-
terval  which has elapsed since the issue of the first, that  has escaped the careful search of the author.  As
a hook for reference, it is invaluable.— Charleston Med. Journal and Review.
  It may be said to be the work now upon the subjects upon which it treats.— Western Lancet.
  As a textbook for  students, for whom it is particularly designed, we know of none superior to it.—Si.
Louis Medical and Surgical Journal.
  Ii purports to be  a new edition, but it is rather a new book, so greatly has it been improved both in the
amount and quality ofthe matter which it contains.—N. O. Medical and Surgical Journal
  We  bespeak  for this edition from the profession an increase of patronage over any of its  former ones, on
account of its increased merit.—N. Y. Journal of Medicine.
  We  consider this work unequalled.— Boston Med.  and Surg. Journal.
NEW AND MUCH  IMPROVED  EDITION—Brought tip to 1851.—(Just Issued.)



              NEW    REMEDIES,

    WITH  FORMUL/E  FOR  THEIR   ADMINISTRATION.

                       BY ROBLEY DUNGLISON, M. D.,
   PROFESSOR OF THE INSTITUTES OF MEDICINE, ETC. IN THE JEFFERSON MEDICAL COLLEGE OF PHILADELPHIA.

                     Sixth Edition,  with extensive Additions.

            In one very large octavo volume, of over seven hundred and fifty pages.

  The fact that this work has rapidly passed to a SIXTH EDITION is sufficient proof that it has supplied a
desideratum to the profession in presenting them with a clear and succinct account of all new and impor-
tant additions to the materia medica, and novel applications of old remedial agents. In the preparation of
the present edition, the auihor has shrunk from no labor to render the volume worthy of a continuance of ihe
favor with which it has been received, as is sufficiently shown by ihe increase of about one hundred na^s
in the size of ihe work  The  necessity of such  large additions aiises from the fact that the last few vca,-
have been rich in valuable gifts to 1 herapeutics; and amongst these, ether, chloroform, and other so called
aesthetics, are worthy of special  attention.   They have been introduced since ihe appearand of the £
edition ofthe "New Remedies.'' Other articles have been proposed for the first time, and the experience of
observers has added numerous interesting facts to our knowledge ofthe virtues of remedial  a-c.its nre
viously employed. 
BLANCHARD &  LEA'S  PUBLICATIONS —(Materia Medica, &-c.)       29
      MOIIR, REDWOOD,  AND PROCTER'S  PHARMACY.-"Lately Issued.


          PRACTICAL  "PHARMACY.
COMPRISING THE ARRANGEMENTS, APPARATUS,  AND MANIPULATIONS  OF THE
                    PHARMACEUTICAL SHOP  AND LABORATORY.

                               BY  FRANCIS MOHR,  Ph.D.,
              Assessor Pharmacire ofthe Royal Prussian College of Medicine, Coblentz;
               ,              AND  THEOPHILUS REDWOOD,
               Profcs=or of Pharmacy in the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain.
        EDITED, WITH EXTENSIVE  ADDITIONS, BY PROFESSOR WILLIAM PROCTER,
                           Ofthe Philadelphia College of Pharmacy.
  In one handsomely printed octavo volume, of 570 pages, with over 500 engravings on wood.

  To physicians in the country, and those at a distance from competent pharmaceutists, as well as
to apothecaries, this work will be found of great value, as embodying much important information
which is to be met with in no other American publication.
  After a pretty thorough examination, we can recommend  it as  a highly useful  book, which should
be in the hands of every apothecary.  Although no instruction of thiskind  will enable the beginner to
acquire that practical skill and readiness which experience only can confer, we believe that "this work will
much facilitate their acquisition, by indicating means  for  the removal of difnculties"as they occur, and  sug-
gesting methods of operation  in conducting pharmaceutic  processes which the experimenter would  only
hit upon after many unsuccessful trials; while there are few pharmaceutists, of however extensive expe-
rience, who will not  find in it valuable hints that they can turn to use in conducting the affair* of the  shop
and laboratory.  The mechanical execution of the work is in a style of unusual excellence. It contains
about five hundred and seventy large octavo pages, handsomely pruned on good paper, and illustrated by
over five hundred  remarkably well executed wood-cuts of chemical and pharmaceutical apparatus.  It
comprises the  whole of Mohr and Redwood's book, as published in  London, rearranged and classified by
the American  editor, who has added much valuable new matter, which has increased the size of the book
more than one-fourth, including about one hundred additional wood-cuts.— The American Journ. ofPharmacy.
  It is a book, however, which will be in the hands of almost evtry one who is much interested in pharma-
ceutical operations, as we know of no other publication so well  calculated to fill a void long felt.— The Medi-
cal Examiner.
  The country practitioner who is obliged to dispense his own medicines, will find it amost valuable assist-
ant.— Monthly Journal and Retrospect.
  Tin- book is strictly practical, and describes only manipulations or methods of performing the numerous
processes the pharmaceutist has lo go through, in  the  preparation  and manufacture of medicines, together
with all the apparatus and fixtures necessary thereto.  On these matters, this work is very full  and com-
plete, and details, in a style uncommonly clear and lucid, not only the more complicated and difficult pro-
cesses, but those not less important ones, the most simple and  common.  The volume is an octavo of five
hundred and seventy-six pages.  It is elegantly illustrated with a multitude of neat wood engrav.ings, and
is unexceptionable in its whole typographical appearance and execution.  We take great satisfaction in
commending this so much needed treaiise. not only to those for whom il is more specially designed, but to
the medical profession generally—to every one, who, in his practice, has occasion to prepare, as well as ad-
minister medical agents.—Buffalo Medical Journal.
            NEW  AND  COMPLETE MEDICAL ItOTJlNW


                  MEDICAL" BOTANY;

OR,  A  DESCRIPTION  OF  ALL THE MORE IMPORTANT  PLANTS  USED IN MEDICINE,  AND
           OF THEIR PROPERTIES, USES, AND MODES  OF ADMINISTRATION,

                  BY R. EGLESFELD GRIFFITH, M. D., &c. &c.
  I-i  one large Svo. vol. of 704 pages, handsomely printed, with nearly 350 illustrations on wood.

  One ofthe greatest acquisitions to American medical literature. It should by all mean? be introduced at
the very earliest period, into our medical schools, and occupy a place in the library of every physician in the
land — South tee stern Medical Advocate.
  Admirably calculated for the physician and student—we have seen no work which promises greater ad-
vantages to the profession — N. O. Mid ical and Surgical Journal.
  One ofthe few books which supply a positive dtfieiency in our medical literature.— Western Lancet
  We hope the day is not distant when  this work will not only  be a lext-liook  in every medical school and
eollcgc  in the Union, but find a place in the library of every private practitioner,—N. Y. Journ. of Medicine.
            ELLIS'S  MEDICAL FORMULARY".—Improved Edition.


                 THE  MEDICAL   FORMULARY:
BKTJTG A COLLECTION OF PRESCRIPTIONS, DFRIVKI) FROV1 THK WRITINGS AND PRACTICE OF MANY OF T1!K MO-1
                          EMINENT PHYSICIANS OF AMERICA AND EUROPE.
To which is added an Appendix, containing the usual Dietetic Preparations and Antidotes for Poisons,
       THE WHOLE ACCOMPANIED WITH A FEW BRIEF PHARMACEUTIC AND MEDICAL OBSERVATIONS.
                          BY  BENJAMIN  ELLIS, M.  D.

         NINTH EDITION, CORRKCTED AND EXTENDED, BY SAMUEL GEORGE MORTON, M. D.
                           In one neat octavo volume of 26S pages.


                CARPENTER  ON ALCOHOLIC LIQUORS.-(A New Work.)

A "Vize Essay on the Use of Alcoholic Liquors in Health and Disease.   By William B. Carpenter,
        M. D., author ol" :' Principles of Human  Physiology," &c.  In one 12mo. volume. 
30           BLANCHARD  &  LEA'S PUBLICATIONS.—(Chemistry.)
     NE 11* EDITION OF GRIH.IM'S CHEMISTRY—(Now Ready.)


        ELEMENTS   OF   CHEMISTRY;

    INCLUDING THE APPLICATIONS OF  THE  SCIENCE IN  THE ARTS.

                  BY  THOMAS  GRAHAM, F. R. S., &c.

  Second American, from the Second,  entirely Revised and greatly Enlarged London Edition.
                With  Notes anu Additions by  ROBERT BRIDGES. M. D,
       To be complete in one. very large octavo volume, with several h tindrcd beautiful HimtraMn*.

 PART I, now ready, of about 450 large pages, with 175 illustrations.
 PART II, completing the work, preparing for early publication.
 The great changes which the science of chemistry has u-.der= within.the £«J£yj™£»2%?*Z









             NEW AND  IMPROVED EDITION—(lately Issued.)


  ELEMENTARY    CHEMISTRY,

                THEORETICAL  AND  PRACTICAL.

                       BY  GEORGE  FOWNES, Ph. D.,
              Chemical Lecturer in the Middlesex Hospital Medical School, &c. 4.C.
                        WITH NUMEROUS  ILLUSTRATIONS.
       THIRD  AMERICAN, FROM A LATE LONDON EDITION.  EDITED, WITH ADDITIONS,

                        BY  ROBERT BRIDGES,  M. D.,
  Professor of General and Phar.n-.ceul.cal Chemistry in the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, &c. *c

In one large royal 12mo. vol., of over 500 pages,  with about 180 wood-cuts, sheep or extra cloth.
  The work of Dr Fownes has long been before the public, and its merits have been fully appreciated as
thef b*s7texi°ook on Chemistry now in existence. We do not, of course, place  .tin a rank superior to the
works of Brande, Graham. Turner. Gregory, or Gmelin, but we say lhal, as a work for students it m prefer-
uhli. in anv of them — J^ondon Journal of Med icine.                                .      ... ....
  Theramd saleof this Manual ev.nces  its adaptation to the wa.ilsof the student of chemts.rv whilst the
w2» known merits of us lamented auihor Have constituted u guarantee for it* value, as a fai.h.ul expos, ton
Zthei ?en*ral principles and most important facts ofthe science to winch it professes to be an introduction.
— The British and Foreign Mulico-Chirumical Review.                 . .                      .
  A work well adapted lo the wants of the student. It is an excellent exposition of the chiefdoc.rit.es and
facis^f mode n chemistry, originally intended as a guide to the lectures of the author, corrected b>  his own
 ,S snoTy before his dlalh m ltA9 and recently revised by Dr. fence Jones who has made M>me addtiioiis
 o he chaZr on animal chemistry. Although  not inten.ted to supersede the more extended .rem ses on
chemistry Professor Fownes' Manual may. we think, be often used as a work  of reference, even hj lho*e
adva.iced in ihe study, who may be  desirous of refreshing their memory on  some forgone., point.   Hie «/e
ofX work  and mill more the condensed yet perspicuous style in whtch it i. .written. absolve it from he
chargeTvery properly  urg.d againsi most manuals lermed popular, viz., of o.ntttinif details of tudtspen-able
tmponatSf avoiding technical difficulties.. „,8,ead of explaining them and of trw.i.ng subjects ol high sci-
enufic interest in an unscientific way.—Edinburgh Monthly Journal of Medical Science.

                   BOWMAN'S MEDICAL CHEMISTRY-(Lately Issued.)


     PRACTICAL  HANDBOOK  OF  MEDICAL CHEMISTRY.

                        BY  JOHN E.  BOWMAN, M D.
                In one neat  volume, royal P2mo., with numerous illustrations.

  Mr  Bowman has succeeded in  supplying a desideratum in medical literature. In the little  volume before
 us. he has given a concise but comprehensive account of all matters in chemistry which ihe man in pracl.ee
 may desire to know.— Lanctt.

               BY THE SAME AUTHOR-(Lately Issued.)

   INTRODUCTION TO  PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY, Including  Analysis,
                With Numerous Illustrations.  In one neat volume, royal 12mo.

                         GARDNER'S MEDICAL CHEMISTRY.


                  MEDICAL   CHEMISTRY,

          FOR  THE  USE  OF   STUDENTS  AND   THE   PROFESSION;
   BEING  A MANUAL  OF THE SCIENCE  WITH  ITS APPLICATIONS  TO TOXICOLOGY,
                      PHYSIOLOGY, THERAPEUTICS, HYGIENE, &c.

                      BY  D. PEREIRA GARDNER, M. D.
                   In one handsome royal 12mo. volume, with illustrations.
SIMON'S ANIMAL CHEMISTRY, with Reference to the Physiology and Pathology
                   of Man.  By G. E. Dat.  One vol. 8vs., 700 pages 
BLANCHARD & LEA'S  PUBLICATIONS.
      TAYLOR'S JflEOIC.ir,  JiJtllS 1» U UD EJTCE.


  MEDICAL     JURISPRUDENCE.

                          BY ALFRED S.  TAYLOE,
          SECOND AMFR1CAN.  FROM THE THIRD AND ENLARGFD  LONDON EDITION.
     With numerous Notes and Additions, and References to American Practice and Law.
                         BY  R.  E. GRIFFITH,  M. B.
                              In one large octavo volume.
  This work has been  much enlarged by the author, and may now be considered as the  standard
authority on the  subject, both  in  England and this country.  It has been thoroughly revised, in
this edition, and  completely brought up to the day with reference to the most recent investigations
and decisions.  No  further  evidence of its popularity is needed than the fact of its having, in the
short time that has elapsed  since it originally appeared, passed to three editions in England, and
two in the United States.
  We recommend Mr. Taylor's work as the ablest, most comprehensive, and, above all, the most practically
useful book which exists on ihe subject of legal medicine.  Any man of sound judgment, who has mastered
the contents of Taylor's " Medical Jurisprudence," may go into a court of law with the most perfect confi-
dence of being able to acquit himself cTeA'ilaMy—Medico-Chirurgical Review.
  The most elaborate and complete work that has yet appeared. It contains an immense quantity of case3
lately tried, which entitle it to be considered what Beck was in its day.— Dublin Medical Journal.


                         TAYLOR  ON  POISONS.


                    ON   POISONS,

  m  RELATION  TO MEDICAL  JURISPRUDENCE AND MEDICINE,

                   BY  ALFRED S.  TAYLOR, F. R.  S., &c.
          Edited,  with Notes  and Additions, BY R. E. GRIFFITH,  M. D.
                        In one large octavo volume, of 6S8 pages.
  The mosi elaborate work on the subject thatourliterature possesses.— Brit, and For.Medico-Chirur Review.
  One of the most practical and trustworthy works on  Poisons in  our language.— Western Journal of Med.
  It contains a vnsl body of facts, which embrace all that is important in toxicology, all that is necessary to
the guidance ofthe medical jurist, and all that can be desired by the lawyer.—Medico-Chirurgical Review.
  It is, so far as our knowledge extends, incomparably the best upon ihe subject; in the highesi degree credit-
able to the author, entirely trustworthy, and indispensable lo the student and practitioner.—N. Y. Annalist.


                  BFALB ON  HEA!LTH-NOW  XIEADTT.

     THE LAWS  OF  HEALTH IN RELATION  TO MIND AND  BOUT.
          A SERIES  OF LETTERS FROM AN OLD PRACTITIONER TO A PATIENT.
                 BY  LIONEL JOHN BEALE, M. R. C. S.., &c.
                    In one handsome volume, royal 12mo., extra cloth.
  The'Laws of Health," in relation  lo mind and body, is a book  which will convey much instruction to
non-pro'essi nal readers; they may, from these letters, glean the principles  upon which young persons
stiould be educated, and derive much useful information, which will apply lo the preservation of health at
all ages— Med. Times.

          GREGORY ON ANIMAL MAGNETISM-(Now Ready.)

   LETTERS   TO   A   CANDID   ENQUIRER

                 ON    ANIMAL   MAGNETISM.

DESCRIPTION  AND ANALYSIS  OF THE PHENOMENA.   DETAILS OF FACTS  AND CASES,
                BY WLLLIA.M  GREGORY,  M. D., F. R.  S.  E.,
                   Professor of Chemistry in ihe University of Edinburgh. &c.
                      In one neat volume, royal 12mo , extra cloth.
                    PROFESSOR DICKSON'S ESSAYS-Now Ready,


      ESSAYS  ON  LIFE, SLEEP, PAIN,  INTELLECTION,  HYGIENE, AND  DEATH

                     BY SAMUEL HENRY DICKSON, M. D.,
         Professor ofthe Institutes and Practice of Medicine in the Charleston .Medical College.
                        In one very handsome volume, royal 12mo.

DUM'LISON ON HUMAN HEALTH —HUMAN HEALTH,orlhe Influence of Atmosphere and Locality,
  Change of Air and Climate, Seasons, Food, Clothing, Bathing, Exercise,  Sleep, &c. &c. &c on healthy
  mini:  constituting Elements of Hygiene.   Second edition, with many modifications and additions.  By
  Rohley Dttnirlison. M. D . &c Sc.  In one  octavo volume of 464 pages.
DUN('LIS()N:S MEDICAL  STUDENT.—The Medical Student, or Aids tothe Study of Medicine.  Revised
  and Modified Edition.  1 vol. roval 12rno .  extra cloth. 312 pp.
BARTLETT'S PHILOSOPHY OF  MEDICINE—An Kssay on the Philosophy of Medical Science. Ia
  one handsome 8vo. volume.  312 pp.
i;\K(T,Err ON CERTAINTY IN MEDICINE —An Inquiry into the Degree  of Certainty in Medicine
  and into the Nature and Extent o.'Us Power over Disease.  In one vol. royal 12ino. SI pp. 
32          .        BLANCHARD  &  LEA'S PUBLICATIONS.


     THE GREAT  AMERICAN  MEDICAL  DICTIONARY.
             New and.  Enlarged Edition, brought  up to October, l^Sl.

                                   NOW  READY.


               MEDICAL    LEXICON;

 A   DICTIONARY   OF   MEDICAL   SCIENCE,

          Containing a Concise Explanation of the various Subjects and Terms of

   PHYSIOLOGY, PATHOLOGY,  HYGIENE,  THERAPEUTICS,  PHARMACOLOGY,
                    OBSTETRICS, MEDICAL JURISPRUDENCE, &c.

          WITH THE FRENCH AIVO OTHER SYXOSYMES.

NOTICES OF  CLIMATE  AND  OF  CELEBRATED  MINERAL  WATERS;
     Formulae for various Officinal, Empirical, and Dietetic Preparations, &c.

                 BY  ROBLEY  DUNGLISON,  M.  D.,
         Professor of Institutes of Medicine. &c. in Jefferson Medical  College, Philadelphia, &c.

                               EIGHTH EDITION,

                         REVISED AND GREATLY  ENLARGED.

In one very thick 8vo. vol., of 927 large double-columned pages, strongly bound, with raised bands.
  F.very succes>ive edition of this work hears the marks ofthe industry of the author, and of his determina-
tion to keep it fully on a level with the inn*; advanced state of medical science. Thus the last  two editions
contained ahout nine thousand suhjecs and terms not comprised in the one immediately preceding, and th«
present has not less than four thousand not in any former edition.  As a complete Medical Dictionary;
therefore, embracing over fiftv thousand definitions, in all the  branches of the science, il is piesented a*
meriting a coniinuance of ihe grtat favor and popularity  which have earned il, within no very long space of
lime, to an eighth edition.
  Every precaution has heen taken in the preparation of the present volume, to render its mechanical exe-
cution and typographical accuracy worthy ot its e* tended reputation and  universal u*e.  The very  exten-
sive addition ?■ have heen accommodated, without materially increasing ihe hulk ofthe volume, by the employ-
ment of :i ftnall hut exceedingly clear type, casl lor this purpose.  The press has been  winched wiili great
care, and every etforl used lo insure  the verbal accuracy so necessary to a  work of this  nalure.  The whole
is printed on fine white paper;  and  while thus exhibiting in every respect so great an improvement over
former issues, u is presented at the original exceedingly low piice.

  A few notices of former editions are subjoined.
  Dr. Dunglison's Lexicon has the rare merit that it certainly has no rival in  the English language  for ac-  J
curacy and extent of references.  The terms  generally include short physiological and pathological dts-  -^
cripiions, so that, as ihe auihor justly observes, the reader does nut possess in this work a mere dictionary,  r
but a hook, which, while ll instruct* him in medical etymology, furnishes him with a large amount of useful
information.  That we are  nol over-estimating ihe merits of this publication, is proved by ihe tact lhat we
have now before us llie seventh edition. This, at any rale, shows thai the author's labors have been pro-  :* •
prrly appreciated by his own countrymen ; and we can only confirm their judgment, by recommending iln*
most useful volume io the nonce of our cisatlantic readers.  No medical library will be  complete wilhou. it.
— The London Med  Gazette.
  ll is certain1}' more complete  and  comprehensive than any with which  we  are acquainted in the English
languaee.  Few, in fact, could be found heller qualified than Dr. Dunglison  for the production of such a work.
Learned, industrious, persevering, and accurate, he brings to the task all the peculiar lalenls necessary for
its suece-sful performance :  while, ai ihe same time, his familiarity with  the writings of the ancient and
modern ' masters ofour art," renders him skilful lo no'e the exact usage ofthe  several terms of science, and
the various modifications which medical terminology has undergone with the change of theories or the pro-
giess of improvement.— American Journal ofthe Medical Scitnct-s.
  One ofthe most complete and copious known to the cultivators of medical science.—Boston Med. Journal.
  This  most complete Medical Lextcon—eerlainly one  ofthe besl works of the kind m  the language.—
Charleston Multeal Journal                                                                      K
  The most complete Medical Dictionary in the English language.— Western Lancet.
  Dr. Dung'ison's Dictionary has not its superior, if indeed lis equal, in the  English language.— St Louis
Med  anil Surg. Journal.
  Familiar with  nearly  all  the medical dictionaries now in print, we consider the one before us the mosv
complete, and an indispensable adjunct to every medical library.—British American Medical Journal.
  Admitted by all good judges, both in this eountry and in Europe, io be  equal, and in many respects superior
to any other work ofthe kind yet published.— Northwestern Mt-dicaland Surgical Journal.
  We repeal our former declaration lhat this is the best Medical D.ctionary in the English language.-^
Western Lancet.
  Wp have no hesi'ation to pronounce it the very best Medical Dictionary now extant.—Southern Medical
and Surgical Journal.
  The most comprehensive and best  English Dictionary of medical terms extant.— Buffalo Med. Journal
  Whence the terms have  all been derived we find it rather difficult to imagine.  We can only say thai,
after looking for every new and strange word  we could think of, we have not been disappointed in regard to
more than a few of mo=l recent introduction, such as the designations given by Professor Owen lo llie com-
ponent parts of h Vertebra.—British  and Foreign Medico Chirurgical Review.                             \
  Dr. Dunglison's masterpiece of literary labor.— N. Y Journal of Medicine.


                     HOBLYN'S MEDICAL DICTIONARY.

A  DICTIONARY   OF  THE  TERMS   USED   EN  MEDICINE
                    AND  THE  COLLATERAL  SCIENCES.
              BY RICHARD  D.  HORLYN, A. M., Oxon.
    REVISED. WITH NUMEKOUS ADDITIONS, FROM THE SECOND LONDON EDITION
BY ISAAC  HAYS, M. D., &c.  In one large royal 12mo. volume of 402 pages, double columns.
  We cannot too strongly recommend this small aud cheap volume to the library of every student and t>m«-
tilioner — Mcdico-Chi'urgical Review.                                                      ' rarr  ■ 
 
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