THE DRUGGIST’S GENERAL RECEIPT BOOK VETERINARY FORMULARY COMPRISING A COPIOUS NUMEROUS RECIPES IN PATENT AND PROPRIETARY MEDICINES druggists’ nostrums, etc. PERFUMERY AND COSMETICS BEVERAGES, DIETETIC ARTICLES, AND CONDIMENTS Photographic Chemicals and Formula, Trade Chemicals, Scientific Processes AND AN APPENDIX OF USEFUL TABLES BY AUTHOR OP “THK POCKET FORMULAKY AND SYNOPSI8 OF THE BRITISH FOREIGN PHARMACOPfflIAS, AND OF “ THE BOOK OF PRESCRIPTIONS, COLLECTED FROM THE PRACTICE OF THE MOST EMINENT PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS.” „„ HENRY BEASLEY, tit Dtwilj Citttmn PHILADELPHIA P. BLAKISTON, SON & CUT 1012, WALNUT STREET 1886 PREFACE The contents of the present volume have been carefully revised. They have also been enlarged by the addition of useful matter, obtained from various sources, and published since the issue of the preceding edition. The section on Patent Medicines and Druggists’ Nostrums has been amplified. In short, the endeavour has been made to carry out the aim of the originator of the work, by rendering it a useful, convenient, and trust- worthy Manual for the Chemist and Druggist. London, March, 1886. CONTENTS PAGE Veterinary Materia Medica . . .1 Veterinary Formulary . . . .43 Medicines for Horses . . . .43 Halls and Ball Masses . . ... 44 Electuaries, Confections, &c. . . .60 Powders . . . . .61 Liquid Medicines—Drenches . . .65 Tinctures, Solutions, &c. . . .77 Clysters . . . .78 External Applications—Liniments . . 80 Embrocations, various . . .85 Lotions, or Washes . . . .86 Caustics .... 89 Fomentations . . . .91 Eye Waters . . . . .92 Sundry Solutions . . . .93 Poultices . . . . .94 Ointments . . . . .96 Charges ..... 106 Powders (for outward use) . • . 107 Medicines for Cattle .... 109 Drenches, &c. ..... 109 for the Foot-and-Moutli Disease . 118 — for the Cattle Plague . • 121 for Calves .... 123 VI CONTENTS PAGE External Applications—Lotions . • 125 Eye Waters ..... 126 Embrocations and Liniments . . 127 Ointments, &c. .... 128 Medicines for Sheep and Lambs . . 131 Drenches, &c. ..... 131 External Applications—Eye Waters . . 136 Washes ..... 136 Powders and Ointments . . . 137 Medicines for Swine .... 141 Medicines for Dogs . i . .143 External Applications .... 151 Medicines for Poultry and Rabbits . .155 Patent and Proprietary Medicines, Druggists’ Nostrums, &c. ..... 158 Factitious Mineral Waters, and Salts for pro- ducing them ..... 198 Perfumery ...... 206 Distilled Waters ..... 206 Spirituous Waters, Eaux, Esprits . . 207 Tinctures used in Perfumery . . . 214 Extraits, Essences .... 215 Common French Essences, Spirits and Waters . 219 Ammoniated Perfumes .... 219 Acetic Perfumes ..... 220 Pot Pourri, Scented Powders, &c. . * 222 Pastiles ..... 224, 225 Cosmetics ... . 227 Skin Cosmetics—Lotions .... 227 Pastes, Pomades, Cold Cream, &c. . • 229 Face Paints ..... 232 Toilet Soaps ..... 233 Shaving Compounds .... 236 CONTENTS PAGE Hair Cosmetics ..... 237 Compounds to promote the Growth of the Hair . 237 Liquid ditto ..... 239 Pomatums, Lotions, for embellishing the Hair, &c. 241 Huiles Antiques ..... 244 Washes for Cleansing the Hair . . . 246 Compounds for Stiffening the Hair . . 247 Hair Dyes ..... 248 Depilatories ..... 251 Teeth and Mouth Cosmetics . . . 252 Tooth Powders ..... 252 Tooth Pastes ..... 256 Astringent Tinctures—Mouth Washes . . 258 Tinctures, &c., for Toothache . . . 260 Pastes for Toothache .... 262 Cements for Stopping Teeth, &c. . . 262 Beverages, Dietetic Articles, and Condiments . 266 Beverages, and Powders for preparing them . 266 Dietetic Articles—Directions for using . . 274 Preparations of Cod-liver . . . 286 Condiments, &c. ..... 288 Curry Powders, Mixed Spices, &c. . . 288 Culinary Essences, Tinctures, &c. . . 290 Culinary Vinegars, Sauces, &c. . • 291 Pickles ...... 294 Trade Chemicals ; Miscellaneous Preparations, Pro- cesses and Compounds used in the Arts, in Domestic Economy, Chemical Research and Recreation, &c. . 298 Appendix. Tables of Weights and Measures . . 459 Comparison of Thermometric Scales . . 462 Effects of Temperature . . 463 Specific Gravities .... 464 CONTENTS PAGE Appendix. Table of Chemical Equivalents . . 466 Table of Solubilities .... 467 Table of Composition, Equivalent numbers, and Formulae of some of tbe more important Com- pounds employed in Pharmacy and the Arts 474 Table of Neutralizing Proportions, &c. . 478 Specific Gravities corresponding to degrees of Baume’s hydrometer for liquids heavier than water ..... 479 Specific Gravities corresponding to degrees of Baume’s hydrometer for liquids lighter than water . . ... 480 Index ...... 481 VETEEINAEY MATE El A MEDICA ' Table of the Properties and Poses of the Principal Medi- cinal Substances used in Veterinary Practice. N.B.—Where the doses are given without mentioning the animal intended, it must always he understood to refer to the Horse. Acacia. See Gum Aeabic. Acetate of Ammonia Solution. Spirit of Mindererus. Diaphoretic and diuretic. It is also regarded as antiseptic. Dose, for horses and cattle, from 5 to 10 oz. For smaller animals, from 5 to 10 drs. Externally, in strains, ophthal- mia, and as a discutient. Acetate of Coppee. See Veedigbis and Coppee. Acetate of Lead. Astringent and sedative; in doses of 30 to 40 grains with opium; in internal haemorrhage, chronic diabetes, and diarrhoea; but chiefly used externally, in cooling lotions, eye-waters, ointments, &c. For Diacetate of Lead, see Goulabd’s Exteact. As antidotes for an overdose, give Epsom or Glauber’s Salts, with opiates if required. Acetate of Potash. Diuretic and cooling; dose for horses and cattle, 2 oz. In much larger doses it is a laxative, but not to be depended on. Acetate of Soda. Similar in properties and uses to Ace- tate of Potash. Acetic Acid. Strong acetic (or pyroligneous) acid acts as a rubefacient and caustic, but is rarely employed for this purpose. In the weaker forms of common or distilled vinegar, or diluted wood vinegar, it is frequently used. See Vinegae. VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA Acids. See Muriatic Acid, Nitric Acid, Prussic Acid, Sulphuric Acid, &c. Aconite. Generally given in the form of tincture prepared according to the formula of Dr Fleming. Dose for the horse, about 10 minims; for cattle, 10 to 20 minims ; for sheep and dogs, 1 to 2 minims. Aconite is a most useful and effective sedative and antiphlogistic in febrile attacks and acute looal inflammation; hence it is very serviceable in pneumonia, pleurisy, bronchitis, &c. In over-doses it is a most active and potent poison. Antidotes.—Charcoal. Emetics. Tannic Acid. Acupuncturation. Used in some spasmodic and paralytic affections. JEgyptiacum. A preparation of verdigris and honey. A mild caustic, used as a local application to ulcers of the mouth, running thrush, grease, &c. Internally poisonous. JEther. See Ether. Alcohol. Poisonous to all animals—2 drachms will kill a dog. See Spirits, Ardent. Allspice. Pimento. A useful stimulant and carminative; used in cordial halls and drinks, and to correct the action of purgatives. Dose for horses, 2 to 4 drs.; cattle, 3 oz. to 1 oz. Dose of the Tincture, 4 oz., in gripes. Aloes. The most valuable purgative for the horse, hut not to be depended on for cattle and sheep. A horse requires from 4 to 8 drs. of Barbadoes aloes, from 5 to 9 drs. of Socotvine, and from 6 to 10 of Cape. Mr Youatt says 3 dr. of Barbadoes are equal to 4 of Cape aloes. Mr Morton considers a mixture of equal parts of Cape and Barbadoes aloes to he quite as efficacious as the latter alone. But the fine gourd Barbadoes aloes are the most certain in their operation. If the animal he prepared by previous mashes, 5 drs. are generally, and 6 drs. almost always, sufficient. Mr Blaine recommends 2 drs. every 6 hours, till 8 drs. have been taken, as a nauseant and purgative; hut Mr Youatt strongly disapproves of this plan, particularly in inflammation of the lungs. Aloes require from 18 to 36 hours to produce their effect, during which time the horse should not be ridden far or fast. Though not to be de- pended on for cattle, 4 to 6 drs. are sometimes added to the purgative salts. Large doses (in some cases sufficient to destroy life) have been given to sheep without purging. Small dogs require from 15 to 30 grs.; medium-sized ones VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA 3 a dr.; some larger ones require 2 drs., or more. Hogs can bear but a few grains. Externally, in the form of tinc- ture, aloes is used as a stimulating application to wounds. Mr Finlay Dun says: “ The administration of aloes should be avoided in cases of irritation or inflammation of any part of the alimentary canal, and in piles or haemorrhage from the rectum. In bronchitis and other inflammatory affections of the mucous membranes, and in inflammation of the kidneys, it must be used with great caution, and in very small doses, for in such cases the intestinal mucous membrane is usually irritable, and superpurgation and inflammation are readily induced. During pregnancy, both in the mare and the bitch, the violent operation of aloes must be carefully avoided. Some practitioners give it both to foals and calves, but for young animals, linseed oil or castor oil is more suitable.” Alum. Astringent and styptic. Given in doses of 2 to 4 drs. to horses in diabetes and diarrhoea ; but Boebgelat says that its too frequent use induces a phthisical con- dition. A dose of alum whey, consisting of 2 drs. of the powder in a pint of hot milk, may be given after excessive purging. Cattle require from 2 to 6 or 8 drs. in diabetes and red water; and from 2 to 4 drs. are given to cows to dry their milk. To calves and lambs it is given in dr. doses, in warm milk, for diarrhoea, &c. Dogs, 10 to 15 grs. Externally it is applied to cracked and greasy heels, joint wounds, sore mouths, inflammation of the eye, chronic discharges from the nostrils, and to arrest bleeding from wounds. Burnt alum is more powerful, and is used as a mild caustic, mixed with honey, to fungous growths, and sore mouths. Alteeatives. Medicines which, without producing any considerable or immediate sensible operation, and without interfering with food or work, effect a slow change in the diseased action of certain parts, so as gradually to restore a healthy state. Ammonia, Caebonate oe Sesqeicaebonate of. Volatile Salts. Stimulant and antacid. Dose, 1 dr. to 2 drs. [Moiboed says from 2 to 8 drs.] to horses in tympanitis, and the last stage of pneumonia. To cattle, in hoven (dis- tension from the fermentation of green food), 1 to 4 drs. [Moiboed says to 12 drs.]. The solution of carbonate of ammonia has the same properties as the spirit of hartshorn. 4 VETERINARY MATERIA HEDICA Ammonia, Aeomatic Spieit op. Properties as the last. Dose, £ oz. to 1 oz.; or to cattle in hoven, 2 to 4 oz. Ammonia, Liquid. Water of ammonia is more pungent and stimulant than the carbonate, and is used for the same purposes, particularly in tympanitis and hoven, largely diluted with water or some aromatic infusion; but it is chiefly used externally in stimulating liniments; also both internally and outwardly as an antidote to the bite of vipers. The dose of common water of ammonia may be from 2 to 6 drs.; or for cattle to 2 oz. diluted. For small animals from dr. to drs. diluted. The vapour from the liquid ammonia (applied by holding an open bottle containing it to the eye) is used for the relief of amaurosis and other chronic affections of the eye. Ammonia, Acetate op. See Acetate op Ammonia. Ammonia, Mueiate of. See Mubiatb of Ammonia. Ammoniacum, Gum. In properties this gum resin is very similar to Assafoetida, but not quite so active. It is occa- sionally used for the same purposes, and as a constituent of various charges and plasters. Dose for a horse, 2 to 4 drs.; cattle, 2 to 4 drs.; sheep, \ to drs.; pig, £ to 1J drs.; dog, 10 to 20 grs. Analeptics. Medicines or food which restore exhausted strength. Angelica. The root in powder or infusion is a warm tonic. Dose, i oz. to 2 oz. Aniseed. This warm seed is used as a cordial, carminative, and pectoral. Dose for the horse, $ oz. to 1 oz.; or £ dr. of the essential oil. The latter is often added to purga- tives to prevent griping. Cattle take 1 to 2 oz. of the powdered seeds. The oil is said to be poisonous to pigeons. Anodynes. Medicines which alleviate pain. Opium i3 chiefly employed for this purpose. Antimonials. The preparations of antimony (besides their effect in producing vomiting in carnivorous animals) are considered to have a special action on the skin and lungs. They are also termed resolvent, and purifiers of the blood, and are supposed to be useful in visceral and glandular obstructions, farcy, &c. Mr Blaine says “they lessen arterial action without operating very sensibly either in nauseating the stomach or greatly relaxing the skin.” Some writers attribute diuretic effects to them. They are VETERINARY materia medica also said to promote condition. Pigs are supposed to fatten under their use. The principal antimonial preparations employed in veterinary practice are mentioned below. Antimony, Crude. Black {or sesqui-) Sulphuret of Anti- mony. Sulphide of Antimony. Diaphoretic and altera- tive. The levigated (prepared antimony) is to be preferred. Given to horses in doses of from 2 to 6 drs., with nitre and sulphur, in surfeit, hide-bound, and other skin dis- eases; and to improve the coat. Mr Youatt says the dose should not exceed 4 drs. For cattle, the dose is some- times increased to 2 or 3 oz.; dogs take from 10 to 30 gr.; hogs, a drachm or more, daily. In consequence of its irregular and uncertain action, black antimony is now rarely employed in veterinary practice. Antimony, Liver of. Separ Aniimonii and Crocus of Antimony {Crocus Metallorum) are occasionally used in veterinary practice; but are uncertain in their composi- tion and action. Dose, 1 to 2 drs. Mr Clark says these compounds, and the glass of antimony, derange the stomach, but that it is doubtful if they have any other effect. Antimony, Calx of. Diaphoretic. Dose, 2 to 4 drs. Antimonial Powder. Similar to James’s powder. Dia- phoretic. In colds, fevers, inflammations, &c. Dose for horses or cattle, 1 to 2 drs.; swine, 6 grs.; dogs, from 2 to 5 grs. Less efficient than Emetic Tartar. Antimony, Precipitated Sulphuret of. Oxysulphuret of Antimony. Dose, £ dr. to 2 drs. in obstinate skin dis- eases. See Antimony, Crude. Antimony, Tartarized. Emetic Tartar, Tartrated Anti- mony. Diaphoretic, expectorant, and reduces arterial ac- tion. It is also regarded as diuretic and febrifuge. Dose, £ dr. to 1£ drs. iu gruel, 3 times a day, in fevers, in in- flammation of the lungs, and catarrhal affections. To de- stroy worms, 2 dr. may be given with powdered tin, or some other mechanical vermifuge, fasting, and followed by aloes; or 1 dr. for 6 mornings, followed on the 7th by a dose of physic. Mr White says he has not seen any good effect from it as a vermifuge. Cattle require from l dr. to 1 dr.; sheep from 10 to 20 grs. To swine and dogs it is emetic: the former require from 2 to 5 grs.; the latter from 1 to 3 grs. Externally it produces an eruption on the skin. Formed into an ointment with lard, it has VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA been rubbed on externally in chest affections, but is dan- gerously irritant. Antimony, Butter of. Chloride or Berchloride of Anti- mony. Used externally only, as a caustic in canker, &c. Antiperiodics. Remedies against those diseases which return at regular intervals, as agues. Antiseptics. Remedies which counteract putrefaction. Antispasmodics. Medicines which relieve spasm, as opium, ether, camphor, ammonia, ardent spirits, &c. Areca Seeds. Areca Nut. Betel Nut. The seeds, or ker- nels of the fruit of the catechu or betel-nut palm. Astrin- gent ; given for worms, especially in dogs. For horses, 4 to 6 drs.; cattle, 4 to 8 drs.; dogs, 30 grs. to 2 drs. Should be made into a bolus. More effectual in coarse than in fine powder. Arnica. Nervine, sedative, and diaphoretic. 40 to 60 grs. of the powdered plant (the flowers in preference) have been given twice a day for paralysis, amaurosis, rheuma- tism, blows, or falls, &c. A decoction may be used out- wardly as a fomentation to bruises, wounds, &c. Aristolochia. See Birthwort. Arsenic. White Arsenic, or Arsenious Acid. Very poisonous call animals. In small doses, tonic and alterative—but its operation requires to be carefully watched. It has been given, in doses of 2 grs., gradually increased to 20, in farcy and glanders. Externally, as a caustic, but dan- gerous and unmanageable. Used in solution to destroy vermin in cattle and sheep; but it is not free from danger. Mr Youatt remarks—“ We have better and safer tonics, and better and safer caustics.’’ The best antidotes are, moist hydrated oxide of iron, and calcined magnesia, in very large quantities, or a mixture of lime water and linseed oil. Assafcetida. Stimulant, antispasmodic, and expectorant. It is prescribed in nervous affections and chronic coughs; also in farcy and worms; and to increase the appetite and digestion. The dose is \ dr. to 2 drs.; but, according to Moiroud, may be carried to 2 oz. for the horse, and 2 or 3 oz. for horned cattle. Externally, it is applied to indo- lent tumours, &c. Astringents. Medicines which produce a more obvious and decided constriction of the muscular fibres than the simple tonics. VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA AtROPIA. A crystallizable alkaloid obtained from Bella- donna root. A most potent poison. When taken inter- nally it excites the capillary circulation, and acts as a general anodyne, and also as a diuretic. The sulphate is the most convenient form for use. The dose, in bolus or solution for horses or cattle is 1 to 2 grs.; for sheep, about l-10th gr.; for dogs, l-30th to l-20th gr. One tenth of these quantities suffice when the medicine is used sub- cutaneously. Balsams. Natural balsams appear to act on the mucous membrane generally; but are chiefly given as diuretics and expectorants. See Balsam of Canada, Copaiya, Peed, &c. Balsam of Canada. Diuretic. Dose, £ oz. to 1 oz. Balsam of Copaiva. As a diuretic to horses, £ oz. to 1 oz.; as an expectorant in chronic coughs, 1 or 2 dr. For dogs, £ dr. to 1 dr. Balsam, Fryar’s. Comp. Tincture of Benzoin. It is some- times given in doses to horses, in chronic cough, mixed with yolk of egg, gruel, or linseed tea. But more frequently applied to wounds, indolent ulcers, &c. Balsam of Locatellx. Dose, £ oz. in old coughs. Balsam of Toltj, and of Peed. 2 drs. in old coughs; but too expensive. Balsam of Sdlphdr. A stimulating expectorant in old coughs, in doses of oz. to 1 oz. Sometimes used as an outward application. Baebadoes Tab. Stimulant, diuretic, and expectorant. Dose, 1 to 4 dr. or more [2 to 4 oz.—Morton], in old coughs and chronic chest affections. Externally in skin diseases, wounds, grease, &c. Babe, Perdvian. Tonic, astringent, antiseptic, and anti- periodic. Dose for a horse, 6 or 8 drs. [to 2 or 3 oz.— Moieodd] in diabetes, general weakness, a tendency to gangrene, &c. To small animals, 1 or 2 drs. Applied also to indolent and foul ulcers. Barley. The decoction (of Scotch or pearled barley in pre- ference) is given as an emollient, demulcent, or diluent drink in inflammatory diseases; more frequently as a vehicle for more active remedies. Baryta. All its compounds are poisonous. The following doses have been given in farcy and glanders:—Chloride of barium, 20 grs., gradually increased to 60 grs.; pure 8 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA baryta, 10 to 20 grs.; carbonate, 1 to 4 grs. A dog was killed by 15 grs. Basilicon, Yellow and Black. Besin Cerate. See Vete- rinary Formulary (Digestive Ointments). Bay Beekies. Stomachic and carminative. An ingredient in diapente, but rarely given alone. Dose, of the pow- dered berries, \ oz., or of the oil of bays, \ dr. to 1 dr. The leaves are used in fomentations. Belladonna. Deadly Nightshade. Narcotic and sedative. Dose of the extract, from £ dr. to 1 dr., for horses and cattle, in diseases where there is undue action of the nervous and vascular systems [Mavob]. M. Moiboud directs from 6 to 8 drs. of the powder. For dogs, from 2 to 8 grs. of the powder. The extract is also applied to the eye, to dilate the pupil. Antidote.—Opium. Bennet, Heeb. Arens. Tonic and astringent. Dose, of the powdered root, \ oz. to 1 oz. or more. Benzoin. Stimulant and expectorant. Dose, 1 to 3 drs. But seldom used. Externally, it is applied, in balsamic tinctures, to wounds, ulcers, &c. See Tinctuee of Benzoin. Biethwoet. A gentle stimulant, supposed to act especially on the uterine system. Dose, i oz. It is given to cows in cleansing drinks, but it is of doubtful utility. Bistoet Root. Astringent. Dose, 4 to 8 drs. [or 2 oz., Moiboud]. The decoction is used also as an astringent and cleansing lotion. Bitteb-Sweet. Dulcamara. Diuretic, nai’cotic, and alter- ative. Dose, | oz. in decoction. Bittee Apple. See Colocynth. Bleeding. The quantity of blood usually extracted from the horse is from 2 to 4, or, in some cases, 5 to 6 quarts; or until faintness is produced. From cattle, from 2 to 6 quarts, or till faint. Sheep, 16 oz. Lambs, 4 oz. Dogs, in the proportion of 1 oz. for every 3 lb. weight. [Or 1 or 2 oz. from a very small dog; 7 or 8 oz. from a larger one.—Mr Youatt.] “Although bloodletting is assuredly the best remedy in the early stages of acute in- flammation in vigorous animals, it must not be applied in all cases or in all stages of inflammation. It is always injurious in young weakly subjects, in the later stages of disease, in epizootic affections and eruptive fevers, and, VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA 9 indeed, whenever the pulse is small, quick and weak.”— Finlay Dun. Blistering- Fly. See Cantharides. Blisters are applied in the form of ointments, or liniments, to excite super- ficial inflammation, followed by vesication; and are in- tended to draw away inflammatory action from more deeply seated but not distant parts. Also to excite the action of the absorbents, and to promote suppuration. See Blistering- Ointment, and Liquid Blister, in Veterinary Formulary. Blue Vitriol. See Copper, Sulphate of. Bole, Armenian. Slightly astringent and absorbent. Dose, £ oz. to 2 oz., in diarrhoea, bloody urine, &c. A common ingredient in drenches to dry the milk of cows. Dose, 1 to 3 oz. It is also used outwardly as an astrin- gent and desiccative. Borage. A decoction of the plant is pectoral and demul- cent. Borax. Detergent. Applied to sore mouths, mixed with honey. It is supposed to be a uterine stimulant, but is not often used in veterinary practice as an internal re- medy. It is a useful antiseptic. Box Leaves. They are given, chopped with corn, as a vermifuge. They were formerly used as a preventive in hydrophobia. The rasped wood i3 considered sudorific, and prescribed in rheumatic and skin diseases, and even in farcy and glanders. Bran. Mucilaginous, and slightly laxative: given in mashes. Brandy. See Spirits, Ardent. Briony. White briony root is poisonous. £ oz. killed a dog. Bromine. Poisonous. 5 grs. killed a dog. Its medicinal use is not well ascertained, but appears analogous to that of iodine. Broom. The Spanish broom, and particularly the seeds, are supposed to produce inflammation of the bladder in sheep and cattle. Buckbean. A bitter tonic and purgative. The powdered plant has been given to sheep for rot, in 1-dr. doses.— Dr Paris. Buckwheat. Slightly laxative, but chiefly used to fatten poultry. 10 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA Buckthorn. Purgative; principally administered to dogs. Dose, of the juice, 2 or 3 drs.; but it is usually given in the form of syrup. The berries are more active, but sel- dom employed. See Syrup of Buckthorn. Burdock. Diuretic and sudorific. Used, but rarely, in rheumatism and skin diseases. Burgundy Pitch. Similar to resin in its properties. It is chiefly used outwardly, in charges, &c. Butter of Antimony. "Chloride, or Perchloride of Anti- mony. See Antimony, Butter of. Cabbage Tree Bark. Vermifuge. Dose for a horse, 2 to 4 drs. But rarely used. Calamine, or Lapis Calaminaris. Native Carbonate of Zinc. Slightly astringent, drying and healing. Sprinkled on excoriations and sores; and used in ointments, lotions, eye waters, &c. Calamus Aromaticus. Stceet Flay. A warm stomachic. Dose, from 1 oz. to 2 or 3 oz., in infusion. Calomel. Alterative, vermifuge, sialogogue, purgative; it also increases the action of diuretics and diaphoretics. “ It is employed in almost all animals in reducing and con- trolling acute inflammations, and appears especially ser- viceable in those affecting the serous membranes, as in pleurisy, common and puerperal peritonitis, iritis, and rheumatism.”—Finlay Dun. In doses of 1 to 2 drs. [20 to 60 grs., Youatt], combined with, or followed by aloes, it is given to horses for worms; or from 10 to 20 grs. as an alterative, in skin diseases, grease, farcy, consti- tutional affections, &c. If too often repeated it sali- vates. It does not agree with cattle (see Mercury), hut is sometimes given, in doses of from 10 to 20 grs., in in- flammation of the liver and jaundice. Some writers men- tion much larger doses. On dogs it acts as a purgative, and often as an emetic, and it is very apt to salivate. The same applies to swine. Dose for dogs, 1 to 2 grs. [Never exceeding 3.—Youatt.] Many dogs are killed by calomel. Hogs require 3 to 5 grs. Poultry should not have more than a grain, in divided doses, in the day. Calumba. Tonic. Dose, of the powdered root, from 2 to 4 drs. Camphor is reputed antispasmodic, narcotic, and diuretic. It assists the action of diaphoretics; is frequently added VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA 11 to fever medicines to allay irritation; and is used as an antiseptic in malignant epidemics, &c. Mr Spooner combines it with opium in cases of lock-jaw. Dose, 1 or 2 drs. Its use is questionable where active inflammation exists. Externally it is used as a discutient and anodyne, in embrocations, eye-waters, &c. It vapours are thought to act favorably on old coughs. Canella Bare. A warm tonic. Dose for horses, 2 to 4 drs.; for cattle, 2 to 6 drs. Cantharides. Stimulant and diuretic. Mr Vines says, “ Of all medicines given for farcy and glanders none equal cantbaridesbut they should uot be given too early, nor without due caution. [Mr Blaine.] Dose, in debility, 3 to 5 grs.; in dropsy, farcy, and glanders, 5 to 8 grs. daily, gradually increasing the dose to 15 grs.; sus- pending their use for a time when their diuretic effect is manifest. Of the tincture, 2 to 3 drs. in incontinence of urine; and from 1 oz. to 2 oz. in red water. The practice of giving cantharides as a venereal stimulant is repro- bated by the best authorities. Externally, it is used in blistering and stimulating ointments and liniments. It does not permanently blemish, but this effect is often pro- duced by other ingredients combined with it in blistering ointments. Capsicum. Cayenne Pepper. A hot stimulant. From 10 to 20 grs. may be given in weakness of the stomach, and from 20 to 60 grs. in flatulent colic, or in severe colds. It is also used externally as a stimulant. Carbolic Acid. Internally, in excessive doses, it is an irritant poison. Occasionally it is administered in medi- cinal doses for worms; also given to dogs to stop vomit- miting. For horses, of the fluid acid, 20 to 40 minims; cattle, the same; sheep, 5 to 15 minims; pig, 5 to 15 minims; dog, 1 to 2 minims, dissolved in dilute spirit of wine, or made into a bolus with linseed meal or common mass. Externally.—Caustic, disinfectant, astringent, and styptic. Used in canker, and thrush in the foot of the horse, and for foot-rot in sheep. Said to render inert the virus of cholera, cattle plague, aud other contagious dis- eases. When used externally as a caustic it is applied undiluted; for other purposes it may be used in the form of lotion, liniment, or ointment. Carbonate of Ammonia ; Carbonate of Potash ; and 12 ■VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA Carbonate of Soda. See Ammonia, Carbonate ; Potash, Carbonate; Soda, Carbonate. Caraway Seeds. Carminative and stomachic. Dose, i oz. to 1 oz.; or double that quantity to cattle. Used in cor- dial halls and drenches; and often added to purgatives, to prevent griping. The essential oil is used for the same purposes, in doses of 10 to 30 drops. Mr Youatt considers caraway and ginger the only cordials required for the horse. Cardamom Seeds. Carminative. Dose, 1 to 4 drs. Carminatives are stimulants which by their rapid impres- sion on the stomach, occasion the expulsion of wind, and cause relief from pain. Carrots. Restorative and alterative. Given to horses as food after severe illness; and in coughs, grease, foul humours, &c. Externally in poultices. Cascarilla. A warm, bitter tonic. Dose, 2 or 3 drs. Cassia. A warm stimulant. Dose, 1 to 2 drs. Castor. Antispasmodic. i oz. has been given in locked jaw. Rarely used. Castor Oil. Laxative. It is uncertain as a purgative for the horse, and sometimes produces much irritation in large doses, i pint may be given, with watery solution of aloes, every six hours till It operates. Cattle require a pound, or pint; calves, 2 to 4 oz.; sheep and swine, 1 to 2 oz.; dogs, 2 to 4 drs., with syrup of buckthorn. The seeds are more active; from 2 to 6 are sometimes given to swine and dogs, crushed and mixed with food; but from their effects on man their use would seem to require great caution. They are much used by the native Indian farriers for the cure of mange. Catechu. Terra Japonica. Astringent. Dose for a horse, in diabetes, diarrhoea, 1 or 2 drs. [Youatt], or to 1 oz. [Blaine] ; cattle, 2 to 4 drs. in gruel. [It is usually combined with chalk, opium, and gum.—Youatt.] Dogs require from 10 to 40 grs. In India it is said to be given in doses of 2 oz. for the purpose of taming vicious horses. The tincture is useful in promoting the healing of wounds. Caustics. Solid or liquid substances which burn or destroy the part to which they are applied. The actual cautery consists in burning with an iron heated to whiteness. Chalk. Antacid and astringent. Horses require from i oz. to 1 oz.; cattle, 1 or 2 oz.; sheep and swine, 1 dr.; VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA 13 dogs, 10 to. 20 grs. It is often combined with catechu. Externally it is sprinkled on sores. Chamomile. A mild tonic, stomachic, and febrifuge. Dose, 1 to 4 dr. of the powdered flowers, or an infusion of i oz. of the flowers in a quart of water in debility of the stomach, flatulence, and in the last stage of fevers, and influenza. It is the first tonic that should be used in convalescence. Ginger, or some other aromatic, is usually joined with it. Chabcoal. Antiseptic. Used as an application to foul ulcers, either sprinkled on them or mixed with poultices. Chaeges. Compositions of an adhesive nature, usually mixed with tow, which adhere to the part to which they are applied, for some time. See Veterinary Formulary. Chlobal Hydeate. Hydrate of Chloral. In excessive doses it acts as a narcotic poison. In medicinal doses it is sedative and antispasmodic. It is said to possess the good, but none of the objectionable properties of opium. The dose for the horse is from i to i oz.; cattle, } to 1 oz.; sheep, 1 to 2 drs.; pig, 1 to 2 drs.; dog, 10 to 30 grs. Chlobate of Potash. Mr Moeton states that Mr Symonds found it useful in hoven and tympanitis. Dose, 1 to 2 drs. Chlobide of Lime. Antiseptic and disinfectant. From 2 to 4 dr. in a quart of water, given to horses in flatulent colic, and to cattle in hoven; and in putrescent diseases. Externally, as a wash for mange, foul ulcers, &c., and as a disinfectant, j oz. to be well mixed with a pint of water, and after a time decanted or strained. Mixed with linseed meal it is applied in the form of a poultice to unhealthy wounds and ulcers. Chlobide of Potash. Eau de Javelle. Recommended by the French for the same purposes as the chlorides of lime and soda. Dose for hoven or tympanitis, £ oz. to 1 oz.; for sheep, i oz., in water, with or without the addition of ether. Chlobide of Soda. Dabarraque’s Disinfectant Solution. The properties and uses are the same as of chloride of lime; it is perhaps better adapted for internal use. Dose, 2 to 4 drs. of the solution, gradually increased to 1 oz. or more, largely diluted. It has been tried in glanders. As a lotion, about 1 oz. to a pint of water. 14 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA Chlorine. Antiseptic. A strong watery solution of chlo- rine gas is antiseptic—in large doses poisonous. It is used for the same purposes as the chlorides of lime, potash, and soda, hut the latter are preferable. Chloride of Antimony. See Antimony, Butter of. Chloride of Zinc. It is a powerful caustic. A diluted solution is used as a disinfectant. Chloroform. Used to produce insensibility to pain in the same manner as ether; and as a remedy for tetanus. Mixed with spirit it forms the spirit of chloroform of the B. P., and as such is given as an antispasmodic. Cinchona. See Bark, Peruvian. Cinnabar Vermillion. Native, and Factitious Fed Sul- phuret, or Sulphide of Mercury. Alterative and ver- mifuge (?). Dose, ■§• oz. daily to horses, in skin diseases and obstinate coughs. Formerly given in large doses, as a vermifuge j but now fallen into discredit as a veterinary medicine. Care must he taken to get pure vermilion, as this compound being used as a pigment, is sometimes adulterated with red lead and other poisonous matters. Cinnabar of Antimony, so called from the mode of pre- paration, does not differ from common vermilion in its properties. Cinnamon. .Stimulant and carminative. Dose, 2drs. Cassia is usually substituted for it. CLOVES. A hot stimulant, cordial, and carminative. Dose, 1 to 3 drs. in powder; or from 10 to 20 drops of the oil. The latter is a frequent adjunct to purging balls, to pre- vent griping. Cloves are also an ingredient in mastica- tories. Clysters. These are injected into the rectum by a proper syringe, or a bladder and a pipe, either to unload the bowels, abate inflammation and pain, or to act on the system generally, when medicines cannot be given by the mouth. See Veterinary Formulary. Colchicum. Poisonous to most animals. A diuretic and drastic purgative, chiefly used in rheumatic affections. Dr Lemann found it useful in constitutional ophthalmia, and in pneumonia, in doses of 1 dr. twice a day, with nitre. According to M. Moiroud, the dose for larger animals is from 1 to 2 drs.; for smaller,'6 or 8 grs. Colocynth. Bitter Apple. It has little effect on the horse. It is purgative to dogs, and in large doses poisonous. VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA 15 Confection op Opium. Anodyne and carminative. Dose, 4 to 6 drs., in flatulent colic. Confection of Roses. Slightly astringent; but only used to form astringent powders, &c., into balls. Masses formed with it retain their consistence well. Copaiya. See Balsam of Copaiva. Coppee. All the compounds of this metal are poisonous. In small doses they are tonic. The antidotes are white of egg, milk, iron filings, or hydrated sulphuret (suphide) of iron. Coppee, Acetate of. Crystallized, commonly called Dis- tilled, Verdigris. Caustic and cleansing. Stronger than common verdigris. Coppee, Diacetate of. See Vebdioeis. Coppee, Diniodide of. Tonic, and promotes absorption. Dose, 1 or 2 drs. daily, in farcy, glanders, swelled legs, &c., and topically, to ill-conditioned ulcers. Coppee, Niteate of. Sometimes used as a caustic. Coppee, Sulphate of. Blue Vitriol. Tonic and styptic. In doses of £ dr. gradually increased to 2 drs. or more, daily, it is given in diabetes, farcy, &c. Small doses may be given in balls with gentian and ginger; larger doses in gruel. It has been thought useful in glanders; but Mr Youatt says it is only proper in nasal discharges without fever. Dose for cattle, 1 to 2 drs.; sheep 20 to 40 grs.; rabbits (in sniffles), 1 or 2 grs. twice a day. Ex- ternally the solution is used for the foot-rot of sheep; and as a cleansing wash for foul ulcers in horses and cattle. Used also in the solid state to destroy proud flesh. Coppee, Ammonio-Sulphate of. Tonic and astringent. Dose, 1 to 3 drs. twice or thrice a day. Coedials. Warm stimulating medicines, such as spices, and the aromatic seeds, fermented liquors and spirits, &c., which temporarily restore exhausted strength, revive the spirits, and rouse the system generally. The best modern practitioners condemn their indiscriminate employment as the source of much mischief. For cordial balls, &c., see Veterinary Formulary. Coeiandee Seeds. A mild aromatic stimulant and car- minative, used in cordial balls and drinks. Dose, .) oz. to 1 oz. Coeeosite Sublimate. Perchloride, or Bichloride of Mer- 16 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA cury. One of the most virulent of poisons. In small doses it is alterative and diuretic. It has been tried in doses of 2 to 5 grs., gradually increased to 10 or 20, in farcy and glanders, but rarely with lasting benefit. Ex- ternally it is used as a powerful caustic. A dilute solu- tion is employed as a wash for scab and lice in sheep, but the practice is not free from danger. Applied to wounds in cattle it has proved as fatal a poison as when swallowed. The antidote for an overdose is white of egg, or milk, or the hydrated sulphuret (sulphide) of iron ; with demulcent drinks. Cotton Wool. Applied to blistered surfaces, and in burns and scalds; also to wounds, to protect them from the irritating effects of the atmosphere. Cowhag-e. Vermifuge ; but has little effect on the horse. Cream of Tartar. Cooling, laxative, and diuretic. Sel- dom given alone; but combined with antimonials, mer- curials, or sulphur, as an alterative in skin diseases; and used as an adjunct to aloes in purging balls. Cattle re- quire 2 to 3 oz.; when given in larger doses it should be given in plenty of warm water; sheep require i oz. to 1 oz.; dogs, 5 to 20 grs. Ceeasote. Tonic, stimulant, and antiseptic. Dose, 20 to 30 drops daily, in gruel or linseed tea, in glanders. Ex- ternally in lotions and ointments, to fistulous wounds, unhealthy ulcers, &c. Crocus of Antimony. See Antimony, Liver of. Croton Seeds and Oil. Purgative. The oil produces great irritation in the horse. Dose, about 20 drops : 30 drops have proved fatal. The powdered seeds and the meal or ground cake left after expressing the oil, are also used; 3 grs. of the former and 5 of the latter being con- sidered equivalent to 1 dr. of aloes. It operates with less certainty, and produces more debility, than aloes, but is sometimes preferred on account of its more speedy action. It is usually given in the form of a ball, 20 or 30 grs. being mixed with 1 oz. linseed meal. Mr Norton gives from 12 to 24 grs. of the seed. Mr Youatt prescribes 30 grs. of the powdered seeds in a drink, in tetanus and brain fever, followed by smaller doses (10 grs.) every 6 hours. It will purge rapidly when placed upon the tongue, but is then likely to inflame the mouth. From 10 to 20 grs. are sometimes added to salts in purging VETERINARY MATERIA MEDIC A 17 drenches for cattle, in extreme cases. One drop of the oil purges a dog freely. Cumin Seed. A warm carminative. Dose, from I to 4 drs. of the powdered seeds ; or from 6 to 20 drops of the oil. Cusparia. Angustura Bark. An aromatic hitter tonic. Dose, 1 to 4 drs. in debility, diabetes, diarrhoea, &c. Cusso, Kousso. The flowering pannicles of Bray era Anthel- mintic a. Given for worms, especially for tapeworm. The dose for a horse is from £ to 1 lb.; for a dog, from 2 to 6 drs. Cyanide of Potassium. It possesses the same poisonous and medicinal properties as prussic acid. Mr Lafore has given it with success in a case of idiopathic tetanus of the horse; but it failed to cure traumatic tetanus. Dose, 4 grs. Daffy’s Elixir. Sometimes given in colic or gripes. Dalby’s Carminative. Given to calves in diarrhoea. Dose, a bottle. Detergents or Detersives. Remedies which cleanse foul ulcers. Diapente. A compound powder, reputed cordial and sto- machic. Too much of what is sold in the shops is almost worthless. Dose, $ oz. to 1 oz. Diaphoretics. Medicines which promote perspiration. Digestives. Mildly stimulating applications, which excite healthy action in indolent ulcers, wounds, &c. Digitalis. Foxglove. Sedative and diuretic. It reduces the frequency of the pulse and diminishes irritability. It is poisonous to animals generally; 6 grs. will kill a dog. It is asserted, however, that it produces no effect on poultry. The common dose of the powdered leaves for a horse is from 10 to 20 grs. Mr Youatt prescribes 60 grs., with emetic tartar and nitre, in inflammation of the chest; but its effects on the pulse must be carefully watched. To cattle, £ dr. to 1 drs.; sheep, 5 to 15 grs.; p dogs, 1 to 2 grs. An infusion of the leaves is applied to inflamed eyes. Diuretics. Medicines which increase the flow of urine. Some of them, juniper, capivi, squills, broom, &c., appear to carry off water only; while the alkaline salts remove solid matters also, and thus purify the blood. Diuretics are employed to lessen the quantity of the circulating 18 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA fluid in fevers and inflammations. The legs of many horses cannot he kept fine, nor the grease be subdued, without the use of diuretics. Plenty of water should be allowed with them. But their too frequent use is inju- rious. Dog-grass. It is emetic to dogs. Dover’s Powder. Sudorific to cattle, in rheumatism. Dose, 1 dr. Eggs. Nutritive and demulcent. Sometimes given in diarrhoea. They constitute the best antidote in poisoning by corrosive sublimate. Elaterium. It has little effect on the horse. Elder. An infusion of the flowers is given in catarrhal complaints. The leaves boiled with lard form an emol- lient ointment, which is a common application to sore udders. The fresh leaves of the dwarf elder are given, according to Bourgelat and Moiroud, with some suc- cess as a deobstruent and aperient, in swelled legs, dropsy, and farcy. Elecampane. The root is reputed stimulant, diaphoretic, diuretic, stomachic, and expectorant. Dose, 4 to 8 drs., in chronic catarrh, dropsical swellings, indigestion, &c. Emetic Tartar. See Antimony, Tartarized. Emetics. Medicines which excite vomiting. It is scarcely possible to produce this effect in herbivorous animals. Emollients. Medicines which soften and relax the tissues of the organs. Epsom Salt. A cooling laxative. It is not to be depended on as a purgative for the horse; but in doses of 4 or 5 oz., in a large quantity of water, repeated three times a day, it is useful as a laxative and diuretic in inflammatory diseases. Cattle require from 12 to 20 oz., with ginger or any of the warm seeds. It may be rendered more active by aloes or gamboge. Calves require from 1 to 2 oz., according to their age and strength. Sheep, oz. to 2 oz. Dogs, from 1 to 3 drs., wrapped in tissue paper. A large elephant takes a pound and a half, preceded by a dr. of calomel.—Youatt. Ergot oe Bye. Styptic in hamiorrhage of the lungs, kidneys, and other organs. It promotes parturition. Dose for a mare or cow, 1 oz. to 1 oz., repeated at inter- vals of half an hour; an ewe, 20 to 40 grs.; bitch, about 1 dr. YETERlHARY MATERIA MEDICA 19 Errhines. Remedies which excite a discharge from the nostrils. Escharotics. Caustics. Substances which destroy the surface to which they are applied. Ether. A diffusible stimulant and antispasmodic; used chiefly in colic. Dose, oz. to f oz.; cattle, £ oz. to 1 oz.; dogs, 7 to 14 drops. It is used outwardly in cooling lotions and eye-waters. The vapour, inhaled by means of a proper apparatus, produces insensibility to pain; but some of the experiments with this agent have proved most unfortunate. Chloroform has almost universally sup- planted it as an anaesthetic. Ethiops Mineral. The mildest of the mercurial com- pounds. Alterative and vermifuge. Dose, 2 to 4 drs., daily, in farcy, glanders, grease, skin diseases, and worms, given alone, or with cream of tartar. For cattle, 1 dr. ,• swine, 3 to 10 grs.; dogs, 5 grs., in mange. Latterly, Ethiops mineral has fallen into discredit and consequent disuse. With an equal weight of prepared antimony it forms Antimonial Ethiops—a more efficient preparation. Ettphoebittm. Very acrid and poisonous. Used in blisters, chiefly to economise the more expensive flies; but irritates extremely. It is applied in the form of tincture and ointment as a local stimulant. Excitants. Medicines which quicken the circulation, pro- duce warmth, and render the organs more active. Fennel Seeds. A weak carminative and diuretic. Dose, oz. to 2 oz. Fern. Powdered male fern is given in doses of 6 drs., fol- lowed by a mercurial purgative, for expelling worms. M. Moiboud carries the dose to 2 oz.; or 5 or 6 drs. for smaller animals. Fenugreek Seeds. Emollient, nutritive, and stomachic. Dose, 1 oz., daily, to promote condition in horses, and in diseases of the chest. It is also added to the food of swine to promote their fattening. Used also externally in fomentations. Forge Water. The water of the blacksmith’s shop was sometimes given as a tonic, or applied as a wash to ulcer- ated and cankered mouth, by farriers. Foxglove. See Digitalis. Galangal Root. A warm aromatic, similar in properties to ginger. Dose, 1 oz. of the powder, or 1 oz. in infusion. 20 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA Galbanum. Stimulant, expectorant, and antispasmodid. Dose, 2 to 4 drs. But rarely used, Assafcetida being stronger and cheaper. Gall Nuts. Astringent; in diarrhoea. Dose, of the pow- der, for horses and cattle, 2 to 4 dr3.; calves, dr. to 1 dr.; dogs, 4 to 8 grs. Gamboge. A drastic purgative. The dose for a horse is said to be from 2 to 6 drs., but its purgative effect cannot be depended on, and it gripes. 3 drs. have been known to cause great prostration, and the horse being killed, marks of intense inflammation were found in its stomach and bowels. It is a bad medicine for herbivorous animals. 2 drs. are sometimes added to salts or other purgatives for cattle. Sheep have been killed by 2 drs. A few grains are given to dogs to destroy and expel worms. Gaelic. A stimulating expectorant. Dose, 1 oz., in chronic coughs and asthmatic complaints, made into balls with liquorice powder; or boiled in milk. It is a common re- medy for coughs and chest affections in all domestic animals. It is also reputed vermifuge. For the roup in fowls, it is given in doses of 5 grs. Gentian Root. Tonic and stomachic; in debility, after severe illness, &c. Dose for a horse, 2, 3, or 4 drs. of the powder; or from £ dr. to 1 dr. of the extract. (See Veterinary Formulary, Tonic Balls.) Cattle, 2 to 4 drs. or more; sheep, 20 to 60 grs. Generally mixed with ginger. An infusion i3 recommended as a wash to ulcers. Gingek. Stimulant and carminative; a general ingredient in cordial and tonic medicines. Dose, 1 to 3 drs., or in flatulent colic 2 to 6 drs.; cattle, 2 to 6 drs.; calves, 20 to 30 grs.; sheep, 30 to 60 grs. The smaller of the above doses may be added to all aperient medicines. It is also used as a masticatory. Dose of the tincture, £ oz. to 2 oz. Glass, Powdebed. Used to destroy worms in dogs. Mr Blaine recommends as much as will lie on a sixpence with butter. It must be in very fine powder. Glaubeb’s Salt. Sulphate of Soda. Aperient and diuretic. Seldom given to horses as a purgative (Mr Clabk says 1 lb. produces scarcely any effect) ; but is said to be useful in doses of 6 oz. 3 times a day, in epidemic catarrh. To cattle the usual dose is 16 oz., or from 12 to 20 oz., with ginger or caraway. It is considered more diuretic than Epsom salts. VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA 21 Glycerin. Externally its principal employment is as an emollient in skin affections, accompanied by dryness and irritation, to excoriations, cracked heels, burns, scalds, and freshly blistered surfaces. When mixed with an equal bulk of solution of suhacetate of lead, it is very service- able in allaying irritability. Often added to masses to prevent their hardening. Goulard’s Extract oe Lead. Solution of Suhacetate of Lead. Solution of JDiacetate of Lead. Cooling and astringent. Used externally only, in lotions, OINTMENTS FOR THRUSH AND CANKER. 1. Common verdigris i oz., calamine i oz., sulphate of zinc 1 dr., tar 3 oz.—Blaine. 2. Blue vitriol 2 oz., white vitriol 1 oz., rubbed down and mixed with lard 2 lbs., tar 1 lb.; a pledget of tow covered with it to be introduced into the cleft of the frog every night, and renewed in the morning.—Youatt. 3. Thrush Paste. Alum, blue vitriol, white vitriol, of each 1 oz.; rub them into a fine powder; melt 2 lbs. of - tar with 1 lb. of lard, and when getting cool stir in the powder.—Clateb. 4. Verdigris 1| oz. (or burnt alum 8 oz.), red lead 8 oz., treacle 4 lbs.; boil to a proper consistence, and add 1 oz. of nitrous acid.—Febon. 5. Barbadoes tar 4 oz., sulphuric acid oz.—Spoonee. 6. In Canker. Tar 4 parts, nitric acid 1 part; mix.— Mobton. *** The feet should be kept perfectly clean. OINTMENTS, CERATES, ETC. 105 OINTMENTS FOR FARCY BUDS. 1. Sublimate 1 oz., white arsenic £ oz., yellow arsenic £ oz., euphorbium £ oz., oil of bays 4 oz.; mix.—Lamotte. 2. (Topique Terr at.) Corrosive sublimate 1 oz., white and yellow arsenic, each £ oz., oil of bays 4 oz. j mix with a gentle heat. TURPENTINE OINTMENT. Common turpentine 1 part, lard 3 parts ; melt together.—V. C. VERDIGRIS OINTMENT. Verdigris in powder 1 part, common turpentine 1 part, lard 12 parts; for foul ulcers and tarsal ophthalmia.—Mobton. OINTMENT FOR WARTS AND ANBURIES. 1. Chloride of ammonium 2 drs., powdered savin 1 oz., lard 1£ oz.; to be applied daily.—Blaine. 2. Arsenic 1 part, lard 8 parts.—Finlay Dun. OINTMENTS FOR CHRONIC VIVES. 1. Emetic tartar 2 drs., olive oil 1 dr.; rub together till Smooth, and add lard 1 oz. 2. Iodide of potassium 1 dr., palm oil 1 oz.; rub toge- ther till quite smooth.—Clateb. ASTRINGENT PASTE, for broken knees and for wounds after the inflammation has subsided. 1. Powdered alum and pipeclay, mixed with water to the consistence of cream. For broken knees it may be coloured with bole and lamp-black.—White. 2. Paste for Open Knee-Joint. Flour and stale beer, boiled to the consistence of paste, and coloured as above. To be spread thick all round the joint, and covered with a pledget of tow and i sheet of brown paper; and the leg of a cotton stocking drawn over the whole. The stocking to be covered with the paste, and enveloped with 2 calico bandages regularly applied.—Tubneb. STOPPPING FOR THE FEET. 1. Cow-dung beaten with a fourth part of clay.— YotTATT. 2. Soft soap 4 oz., Barbadoes tar 16 oz., linseed meal lbs.—White. 3. Tallow and tar, equal parts, melted together. 4. Common tar 2 parts, soft soap 1 part, linseed meal 106 MEDICINES FOE HORSES q. s. To he spread over the sole of the foot £ of an inch thick, covered with a layer of tow, and a leather sole over all.—V. C. HOOF OINTMENTS. 1. Equal parts of wax, olive oil, lard, veal suet, tur- pentine, and honey; melt the wax, suet, and lard with the oil by a gentle heat, remove from the fire, and add the honey and turpentine, stirring till cold; when intended to embellish the hoof as well as to soften it, it may be coloured with lamp-black or ivorv-black.—Bouegelat. 2. Tallow 4 lbs., beeswax 4 oz., tar £ lb.; melt slowly, remove from the fire, and when they begin to cool, stir together. A portion of pitch may be added when in- tended to fill fissures, &c.—Beacy Claek. COMPOSITION FOR SAND CRACKS. Beeswax 4 oz., yellow resin 2 oz., common turpentine 1 oz., tallow 1 oz.; melt together; fill the cracks with the composition, and turn the horse out to grass. SUPPLING LINIMENT FOE BRITTLE HOOF. Oil of tar 1 pint, fish oil 2 pints.—Chatee. CHARGES The usual method of applying charges is to soften the com* pound by heat, and apply it with a large spatula to the part, as warm as the animal can comfortably bear it, and ' while warm, to cover it with cut tow. Charges are used for old sprains of the loins, strains of the back sinews, windgalls, &c. Cold charges are spread on cloth or leather, and renewed as they become dry. 1. Simple Charges. Pitch 4 oz., turpentine 1 oz.— Gasparin. 2. For Strains of the Loins. Pitch 4 lbs., turpentine 6 oz., olive oil 4 oz.; melt together.—B. Clark. 3. Burgundy pitch 4 oz., wax 4 oz., yellow resin 4 oz., common turpentine 1 oz.; melt together, and when it begins to thicken, stir in 1 oz. of bole.—White. 4. Burgundy or common pitch 5 oz., tar 6 oz., wax 1 oz.; melt together, and when they are becoming cool, stir in dr. of powdered cantharides.—Youatt. POWDERS 107 5. Pitch 3 lbs., tar 1 lb., beeswax £ lb.; melt together. —Clater. 6. Resin 2 oz., Burgundy pitch 4 oz., Barbadoes tar 2 oz., wax 3 oz., red lead 4 oz.—White. 7. Pitch 8 oz., suet 4 oz., oil of turpentine 3 oz.; tinc- ture of cantharides 3 oz.—Delafosse and Lassaigne. 8. Cold Charge. For sprains in the bacjc sinews. Bole f lb., white of egg and vinegar to form a soft paste, to be applied on doubled cloth or leather, and removed as it dries.—Bracken. 9. Bruised leaves of elder, or cabbage, or mallow.—B. Clark. 10. Mercurial Charge. Burgundy pitch 1£ oz., wax 1£ lbs.; melt, and add, while cooling, 9 oz. of mercurial ointment previously mixed with 6 drs. of iodine.—Mr S. Fisher. 11. Soot Charge. Common turpentine 4£ oz., soot 3 oz.; mix.—Delafond. POWDERS FOR OUTWARD USE ASTRINGENT POWDERS; chiefly used for sprinkling . greasy or ulcerated heels, after the inflammation has been subdued by poultices,—and in joint wounds. 1. Calamine (true) 4 parts, alum 1 part; mix.— Morton. 2. Burnt alum, dried sulphate of iron, and myrrh, equal parts.—Y. C. (Comp, powder of alum.) 3. Alum 1 dr., charcoal \ oz., chalk 2 oz.—Blaine. 4. Sulphate of zinc, chalk slightly calcined, white pepper, in equal parts.—B. Clark. 6. Alum 4 oz., bole 1 oz.—White. 6. Oak bark 1 oz., verdigris 2 drs.—Blaine. 7. White vitriol 2 oz., oxide of zinc 1 oz.—White. 8. Prepared chalk 4 oz., sulphate of zinc 1 oz., charcoal 1 oz., Armenian bole 2 oz.—Spooner. DETERGENT AND ESCHAROTIC POWDERS; for cleansing foul ulcers and repressing fungus or proud flesh. They should all be very finely powdered and well mixed. 108 MEDICINES FOE HORSES 1. Equal parts of calcined white vitriol and alum.— Bracken. 2. Bole 2 drs., blue vitriol or verdigris 1 oz.—White. 3. Red precipitate £ oz., acetate of copper £ oz., cala- mine i oz.—Blaine. 4. Red precipitate £ oz., burnt alum 2 drs. 5. Blue vitriol 1 oz., alum 1 oz., white lead 1 oz. 6. Equal parts of verdigris and sugar of lead.—ClatEr. 7. In joint wounds. Alum, dried sulphate of iron, and myrrh, of each equal parts. 8. Alum, sulphates of iron, of zinc, and of copper, of each 1 oz., chloride of ammonium £ oz., camphor and saffron, of each, 1$ drs.—Botjchardat. STYPTIC POWDER. Alum, with an equal or double weight of flour.—White. STYPTIC STONE. See Sundry Solutions, under “Medi- cine foe Horses,” further back. SNEEZING POWDERS. The ingredients to be very finely powdered and mixed. 1. Asarabacca 4 drs., white hellebore 1 dr.; mix, and keep in a bottle for use.—BRACKEN. 2. Snuff 1 oz., hellebore 1 dr., euphorbiuin 10 to 20grs. —Peck. 3. In incipient cataract.' Turpeth mineral 2 drs., asarabacca 4 drs.; mix, and apply as much as will lie upon a sixpence, daily.—Bracken. MEDICINES FOR NEAT CATTLE DEINKS OE DEENCHES Note.—The peculiar structure of the digestive organs in cattle renders it proper to give their medicines in a liquid form. For the same reason, drenches should be given very slowly, so as to enter at once the third or fourth stomach. It is only in cases of hoven or blown, that it is desirable to introduce medicine into the first stomach or rumen. PURGING AND LAXATIVE DRENCHES. These are given when fever exists, or is threatened; to prevent downfalls of the udder; after calving, to prevent milk-fever; to remove undue accumulations in costive- ness ; in the first stage of red-water and jaundice; and in all inflammatory complaints. 1. Epsom salts 8 oz., sulphur 4 oz., ginger 2 drs., warm water a pint, linseed oil 12 oz.—Spoonee. 2. Epsom salts 6 or 8 oz., castor oil 8 oz., gruel 11 pints, ginger 1 oz. 3. Glauber’s or Epsom salts 16 oz. (or in had cases with fever, 24 oz.), caraways 1 oz., warm gruel a quart.— Clateb. 4. Castor oil from 16 to 24 oz., with gruel; but it is not to be depended on. 5. To No. 3, add 2 or 3 drs. of gamboge, or 4 drs. of aloes. 6. Sulphur 8 oz., ginger 1 oz., warm gruel a quart; in rheumatism, or joint-fellon.—Clateb. 7. Common salt 6 oz., flour of mustard a tablespoonful, grated ginger or ground pepper, of either, a teaspoonful gin 1 pint, water 2 pints. For treatment of the Cattle Plague of 1865, see p. 121. 110 MEDICINES FOE NEAT CATTLE 8. Common salt 1 lb., warm water, or guel, q. s. The last three are only proper where there is not much fever. 9. In red-water. Sulphate of magnesia 8 to 16 oz., sulphur 2 to 6 oz., carbonate of ammonia | oz., ginger \ oz., warm water q. s.; a fourth of this every 6 hours till the bowels are sufficiently acted on.—Stooneb. 10. When the last does not operate. Calomel 20 grs., yeast J pint.—Habeis. 11. Aloes 4 to 6 drs., common salt 4 to 6 oz., ginger 1 to 8 drs,, water a quart, anodoyne tincture 2 oz., in red-water,—White. 12. Cordial Purgatives. Aloes 4 drs., Epsom salts 4 oz., ginger 1 dr„ carminative tincture 2 oz., water 1 quart.— White. 13. In the commencement of puerperal or milk fever. Epsom salts 6 or 8 oz., powdered croton seeds 20 to 30 grs., ginger 4 drs., in 3 or 4 pints of gruel: repeat in 6 hours, if required, without the croton seeds.—Blaine. • . 14. In looked jaw. Barbadoes aloes li oz., powdered croton kernel 10 grs., boiling water q. s.; given when cool. —Clateb. See Mr Finlay Dun’s treatment, further on. 15. Mild laxative and tonic. Epsom salts \ lb., sulphur 4 to 6 oz., ginger £ oz., gentian i oz., warm water q. s.— Eveson. 16. In flatulent colic with costiveness. Aloes 1£ oz., carbonate of potash 3 drs., ginger i oz., warm water a pint, linseed oil 8 oz.—White. 17. Palm oil 16 oz., Glauber’s salts 12 oz., boiling water q. s.—Peck. 18. Laxative drink for cows that arekept on hag. Aloes 4 drs,, ginger 1£ drs., water a quart, Epsom salts 6 oz., carbonate of soda % oz.; for one dose.—Youatt, FEVER DRENCHES, for fevers, colds, influenza, &c. 1. In simple cold or catarrh. Tartar emetic 1 dr., digitalis % dr., nitre 3 drs.; mix, and give in a quart of gruel.—Clateb. 2. After Heeding, in inflammation of the bladder. Antimonial powder 2 drs., opium a scruple; rub together, and mix with thick gruel.—White. 3. In influenza, or epidemic (epizootic) colds. Nitre i oz., salt of tartar 1 oz., camphor 2 drs., valerian, liquo- PRINKS OR DRENCHES rice, turmeric, of each 1 oz., mustard 2 oz., juniper berries 1 oz., gruel a quart.—Skebbett. 4. For the same. After bleeding and a laxative, give antimonial powder 2 drs., camphor 1-J- drs., ginger 3 drs., laudanum £ oz., in gruel.—White. 5. In had colds, attended with fever. Nitre 1 oz., cam- phor i dr,, tartar emetic i dr., in gruel.—Peck. FEBRIFUGE TONIC DRENCHES. 1. Antimonial powder 1 dr., camphor 1 dr., Peruvian bark 1 oz., gruel, or decoction of arrowroot, or starch, q. s. for two doses, Peck. 2. In the decline of fevers and influenza. Emetic tartar 1 dr., nitre 2 drs., gentian 3 drs., chamomile 1 dr., ginger 1 dr.; pour on them a pint of boiling ale, and give when cool.—Clater. 3. Emetic tartar i dr., gentian 2 drs., digitalis £ dr., nitre £ oz., spirit of nitric ether 4 drs., gruel q. s. TONIC DRENCHES. 1. Cascarilla 3 drs., ginger 3 drs., carbonate of soda 2 drs., in gruel.—White. 2. Gentian 1 oz., ginger 1 dr., Epsom salts 2 oz., warm gruel a pint.—Clater. 3. Tartarized iron 1 dr., gentian 2 drs., ginger 1 dr., gruel 1 pint, after laxatives, in indigestion. DRENCHES FOR INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER. After bleeding give— 1. Calomel 11 drs., opium 1 dr., ginger 2 drs., thick gruel q. s. Six hours afterwards, give Epsom salts 1 lb., sulphur 6 oz., linseed oil 1 pint, gruel q. s.—Spooner. 2. Epsom salts 1 lb., caraway 1 oz., Barbadoes aloes 1 oz.; in a quart of warm gruel.—Clater. After the yellowness appears, give— 3. Half of No. 2, with 20 grs. of calomel morning and night.—Crater. 4. Mr Finlay Dun’s treatment is—Cathartics. Salines. Aconite. Chloride of Ammonium. Laxative diet. DRENCHES FOR JAUNDICE OR YELLOWS. 1. Opium 10 grs., calomel 10 grs., thick gruel q. s., at night, and the tonic drink (No. 2) in the morning.— Clateb. 112 MEDICINES FOR NEAT CATTLE 2. Mr. Spooneb says salts in £-lb. doses, with a little ginger, are generally sufficient. “Nothing can be done without purgatives.”—Finlay Dun. 3. Chloride of sodium \ oz., carbonate of soda £ oz., turmeric 2 oz., Glauber’s salts 6 oz., powdered gentian and chamomile 2 drs., gruel q. s. 4. Castile soap i oz.: Venice turpentine 5 oz., ginger 3 drs., gentian 1 oz.; rub the soap and turpentine in a mortar, and gradually add a pint of water, and afterwards the ginger and gentian.—White. 5. Castile soap 1 oz., salt 1 oz., Venice turpentine 1 oz., yolk of 2 eggs; mix together, and gradually add a strong decoction of barberry bark. 6. Powdered cumin seed, aniseed, and turmeric, each 2 oz., grains of paradise and salt of tartar, each 1 oz., mix. Slice 1 oz. of Castile soap to mix with 2 oz. of treacle. Pour a quart of boiling ale upon all the ingre- dients, and administer when lukewarm. To be repeated two or three times a day. CLEANSING DRINKS, for cows after calving. These are often applied for, but are condemned as useless or hurtful by veterinarians of the new school. The following are some of the forms in use; probably a gentle laxative would be in most cases preferable. 1. Spermaceti, Irish slate, and birthwort, in powder, of each 1 oz., powdered aniseed 2 oz., liquorice powder 2 oz.; in linseed tea. 2. Aniseed, myrrh, birthwort, allspice, cumin seed, of each 1 oz., in a quart of gruel.—M'Ewen. 3. Juniper berries 3 oz.. birthwort 2 oz., fenugreek 1 oz., spermaceti 2 oz., antimony 1 oz., saffron oz. j in a quart of warm ale.—Downing. 4. Resin, soap, of each oz., spermaceti i oz., aniseed, caraway seed, of each 1 oz., ginger £ oz., treacle 4 oz., warm gruel a quart. 5. 1 oz. spermaceti, 1 oz. birthwort, 2 oz. powdered bay-berries, 1 oz. myrrh; in juniper-berry tea. LAXATIVE DRINK AFTER CALVING. Epsom salts 12 oz., aniseed 1 oz., olive oil 6 oz., gruel a pint, or q. s. DRENCH FOR STRANGURY. After laxatives and a clyster, give camphor 2 drs., spirit of nitrous ether \ oz., DRINKS OR DRENCHES 113 tincture of opium i oz., nitre 1 oz., gruel a pint.— White. DRENCHES FOR HOVEN OR BLOWN (flatulent dis- tension of the paunch). It appears doubtful whether any liquid enters the paunch in these cases. More dependence is now placed on the introduction of a tube, constructed for the purpose. 1. Ginger £ oz., spirit of nitric ether 2 oz., oil of pep- permint 30 drops, warm water a pint.—White. 2. Liquid ammonia, or spirit of hartshorn, £ oz. to 1 oz. (1£ oz.—White), cold water 3 pints.—Moiroud. 3. Chloride of potash 4 drs., water 4 oz., ether 3 drs. The solution of chlorinated soda may be substituted for chloride of potash (Eau de Javelle).—Chaelot. 4. Aloes 3 drs., pimento 2 drs., oil of turpentine, 2 oz., spirit of hartshorn 1 oz., in gruel or warm water.— Beaine. 5. Chloride of lime 2 drs., water a quart. Administer it by means of a stomach-pump, and repeat in an hour if required.—Yottatt. RHEUMATIC DRENCH. 1. Sulphur 8 oz., ginger $ oz.; in gruel, every third day if necessary.—ClateE. 2. Antimonial powder 2 drs., Dover’s powder % dr., ani- seed 1 oz., thick gruel a pint; night and morning, the bowels having been opened by No. 1.—Clater. 3. Rhododendron leaves 4 drs., water a quart; boil to a pint, strain, and add powdered gum gnaiacum 2 drs., caraway-seeds and aniseed, of each 2 drs., warm ale 5 pint. ANTISPASMODIC DRENCH FOR LOCKED JAW. 1. Camphor 1 dr. (rubbed with spirit), powdered opium 1 dr., thick gruel f pint. 2. MR FINLAY DUN’S TREATMENT OF LOCKED JAW. Purgatives. Belladonna and chloral hydrate. Cool air. Warm clothing. Perfect quiet. Soothe any- wound. Vapour-bath. CORDIAL CARMINATIVE DRENCHES. Drenches for indigestion, and colic without inflammation. 1. In indigestion. Salt 3 or 4 oz., carbonate of soda 2 drs., ginger £ dr., anodyne carminative tincture (see 114 MEDICINES EOR NEAT CATTLE Tinctures, Solutions, Veterinary Formulary') 2 oz., water 10 or 12 oz.—White. 2. The same. Aloes 4 drs., common salt 4 oz., ginger 2 drs., anodyne carminative tincture (see Tinctures, Solutions) 2 oz., gruel q. s. 3. In Colic. Salt 4 oz., aloes 3 drs., ginger 1 dr., opium £ oz., water 1 pint, peppermint water 1 pint. 4. Carminative. Oil of turpentine 1 oz., tincture of opium 6 drs., spirit of nitric ether 2 oz., water 1 pint.— White. 5. Warm Cordial. A bottle of red wine, extract of juniper 1 oz., powdered cinnamon £ oz.—Lebas. 6. Mild. Peppermint 2 oz., chamomiles £ oz., hot water 5 pints; infuse, and give while warm. 7. Chamomile 2 oz., aniseed 1£ oz.; infuse in hot water, and strain; when cold, add ether 2 oz.—Vatel. DRENCHES FOR BLOODY URINE. Bloody Urine (Hcematuria) and Red-water, although often confounded, are different diseases, and require a different treatment. Hcematuria is distinguished by the presence of actual blood in the urine, in a state of coagu- lation, and by great tenderness across the loins. It generally occurs in oxen of good condition. It is to be treated by gentle purgatives, stimulating applications to the loins, emollient drinks and opiates. [Spooner.] Give one of the following drenches : 1. Epsom salts 6 to 8 oz., water a quart, Castor oil 4 to 6 oz.—White. Or, 2. Linseed oil 1 pint, gruel 1 pint, caraways 2 drs., Epsom salts 8 oz. (in warm water £ pint), tincture of opium 2 drs. Or either of the laxative drbnches for red water (further on). 3. After the above, when the pain and difficulty have abated, but the water continues bloody, give—Catechu 2 drs., opium } dr., alum 3 drs., gum arabic \ oz., water i pint; simmer for a few minutes, and add | pint of ale. Repeat if required. 4. In obstinate cases. Oil of juniper \ oz., oil of tur- pentine 1 oz., laudanum 1 oz., in a pint of linseed tea; at first twice, and afterwards once a day.—Rush. DEINKS OR LEENCHES 115 5. Three quarters of a pint of black beei*, and 2 oz. Irish slate.—Knowlson. 6. Sulphate or sesquichloride of iron. Gallic acid. DRENCHES FOR RED WATER. This commonly attacks milch cows, and appears generally to arise from the nature of the pasture. Moderate bleed* ing is recommended, but is less necessary than in hsema- turia. Laxatives should then be given. Mr Finlay Dun (on the contrary) says blood-letting is decidedly injurious, and he also discountenances the employment both of diuretics and astringents. 1. Epsom salts 8 to 12 oz., sulphur 2 to 4 oz., carbonate of ammonia £ oz., ginger £ oz., warm water 4 pints; give a fourth part every 6 hours till the bowels are acted on.— Spooner. Or, 2. Glauber’s salts 12 oz., carbonate of soda £ oz., nitre £ oz., sugar 1 oz., powdered caraways £ oz., in a quart of gruel. Or the Purging drenches, No. 1, 2, or 3. After the bowels are well open, give astringents or mild stimu- lants. 3. The laxative drench, No. 11.—White. This is White’s drench for red-water, No. 1. To be followed by drenches of whey. 4. Astringent. Powdered oak-bark i oz., catechu 2 drs., opium 10 grs., gruel 1 pint.—Clatee. 6. Catechu 2 drs., mucilage 4 oz., lime-water 6 oz.— Blaine. 6. Laudanum \ oz., sugar of lead £ dr., catechu 4 drs., gruel 1 quart.—White. 7. After laxatives. Ginger, gentian, each 1 dr., spirit of nitrous ether 1 oz., gruel q. s. ; twice a day.—Spooner: 8. Powdered oak-bark 1 oz., charcoal 1 oz., bole 2 oz., in a quart of new milk.—Pye. 9. Catechu 1£ oz., alum 1£ oz., diapente 2 oz., Locatelli balsam 2 oz., warm gruel 3 pints.—M‘Ewen. 10. Dragon’s blood 2 oz., rust of iron 1 oz., nitre 3 oz.; oil of turpentine 2 oz.; mix; for 2 doses, in gruel.— Downing. 11. Sulphuric acid 1 dr., tincture of opium $ oz.,' treacle 4 oz., warm gruel 4 quarts; daily, for a week.— Blaine. 116 MEDICINES FOR NEAT CATTLE DRINK FOR ACUTE DIARRHCEA. Sulphate of soda, sulphate of magnesia, of each 2 oz., ipecacuanha £ dr., sulphate of iron 6 grs.—Blaine. FOR CHRONIC DIARRHCEA. Calomel £ dr., aloes 1 dr., gentian 2 drs., opium 5 grs., decoction of chamomiles 1 pint.—Blaine. ASTRINGENT DRENCHES, for dysentery (scouring rot) or lax. 1. After purging drenches : prepared chalk 2 oz., oak- bark 1 oz., catechu £ oz., opium 2 scruples, ginger 2 drs., warm gruel 1 quart.—Clateb. 2. Two quarts of alum whey. 3. First give blue pill 2 or 3 drs., rhubarb 3 drs., castor oil 4 oz., gruel 1 pint, well stirred before giving it; repeat this 3 or 4 mornings; then give—thick starch (made with 4 oz. of starch) 3 or 4 pints, tincture of opium 2 drs., ginger 3 drs., catechu £ oz.—White. 4. Mutton suet 1 lb., new milk 2 quarts; boil, and add opium £ dr., ginger 1 dr.—Clateb. 5. Cordial Astringent Drench. (After the laxative drench No. 2.) Catechu £ oz., allspice £ oz., caraways £ oz., ale £ pint, water £ pint.—White. 6. Decoction of sloes, with prepared chalk.—Tusbee. 7. Decoction of wormwood a quart, gum Arabic 2 oz., aromatic confection 1 oz., catechu 2 drs.; with linseed tea, repeated every 6 days for three times.—Rawlings. 8. Sheep’s heart, liver, and lights, all chopped up to- gether.—Sumner (obsolete). EXPECTORANT AND COUGH DRENCHES IN HOOSE or CATARRH. [See Medicines foe Caxves, FUBTHER ON.] 1. Bruised liquorice 2 oz.; boil in a quart of water to a pint, strain, and add powdered squill 2 drs., gum guaia- cum 1 dr., tincture of tolu 4 drs., honey 2 oz.—Clateb. 2. In chronic coughs. Balsam of sulphur 2 oz., Bar- badoes tar 1 oz., yolks of 2 eggs, honey 4 oz,, salt of tartar £ oz., oil of aniseed 1 dr., elecampane 1 oz., gruel 1 quart. 3. In chronic cough. Fresh squill 2 oz., garlic 2 oz., Vinegar 24 oz. j digest for a day with a gentle heat, strain DRINKS OR DRENCHES 117 and press, and boil the liquor with 24 oz. of treacle : for 6 doses. 4. For recent coughs. Digitalis 20 grs., emetic tartar i dr., nitre 3 drs., squill 1 dr., opium 20 grs., gruel 1 pint. 5. Boil 4 oz. Iceland moss and 1 oz. liquorice root in 4 quarts of water for a quarter of an hour, and strain; add to the liquor 1 oz. nitre, cream of tartar 1 oz. In hoose from cold, if inflammation of the lungs and fever be present, bleed before giving the drink, at the commence- ment of the inflammation only. See also Feveb Dbench (further back). If the disease be connected with worms in the air pas- sages, give the following: WORM DRENCH. For cough from worms: Oil of tur- pentine 2 oz., sweet spirit of nitre 1 oz., laudanum oz.; mix, and give in a pint of gruel.—Clateb. DRENCHES FOR THE EPIDEMIC, affecting the feet and mouth, and attended with a low fever. Mr Finlay Dun recommends the following treatment: Soft laxative food, brought to the patient; rest; cleanli- ness; comfortable, soft lodging; hydrochloric acid and treacle, and Condy’s fluid for mouth, udder, and feet; lead acetate solution. Milk the cows frequently with syphon. For treatment of the Cattle Plague of 1865, see further on. 1. Glauber’s salts 1 lb., treacle 4 oz., sulphur 4 oz., aniseed \ oz., cream of tartar 1 oz., warm water 3 pints; give it new-milk warm. The above is for a full-grown beast. The mouth to be washed with a strong solution of blue vitriol, burnt alum, and vinegar. If the feet crack, apply a mixture of equal parts of hydrochloric acid and water. 2. Some cattle-masters give common salt in gruel, with great success.—Blaine. 3. After a mild dose of salts—sweet spirit of nitre 1 oz., ale yeast 6 or 8 oz.—Blaine. 4. Epsom salts 8 oz., sulphur 2 oz., nitre £ oz., ginger J oz.; half of this to be given in warm water, with 1 oz. of sweet spirit of nitre. Repeat daily. When the bowels are properly relaxed, and the fever reduced, but much weakness remains, give the following : 5. Tonic Drench. Gentian 4 drs., ginger 2 drs., sul- 118 MEDICINES FOE NEAT CATTLE phate of iron 2 drs., sweet spirits of nitre 1 oz., warm water q. s.; wash the mouth with one of the Lotions tor Canker (Veterinary Formulary) ; dress the feet, after paring and poulticing, with equal parts of tincture of myrrh and butter of antimony, and afterwards apply the Astringent Powder (see Veterinary Formulary).— Spooner, 6. Linseed oil a pint, oil of turpentine 8 oz., aloes \ oz., ginger i oz., laudanum 1 oz.; mix. For 2 doses, to be given with gruel. MURRAIN DRENCHES. 1. Sweet spirit of nitre % oz., laudanum dr., solution of chloride of lime 2 drs., prepared chalk 1 oz., mix, and give in a pint of warm gruel.—Clater. 2. Cascarilla powder 2 oz., spirit of nitrous ether oz., liquid acetate of ammonia 4 oz., beer yeast 8 oz.; every 4 hours.—Blaine. 3. Opiate confection 1 oz., liquid acetate of ammonia 2 oz., water 1 quart; for one dose.—Vatel. 4. Tonic. Calumba 2 drs., canella 2 drs., ginger 1 dr., sweet spirit of nitre i oz., thick gruel 1 pint.—Spooner. 5. Ceylon Remedy. A small piece of lard the size of a walnut. Said to he used with perfect success. 6. To Prevent Murrain. Myrrh 1 oz., Epsom salts 2 oz., sulphur 1 oz., liver of antimony £ oz., diapente 1 oz.; in rue tea.—Downing. 7. Sulphite of soda 1 oz. in 3 galls, of water. The animals are to be allowed to drink ad libitum.—Sir J. Tyrell. LOTION FOR THE MURRAIN OR “ FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE.” Dissolve 1 lb. of sulphate of copper in Cj of soft water, wash the animals’ mouths with this, with a sponge attached to a stick, then put 2 or 3 large tablespoonfuls of oatmeal and powdered alum, equal parts, into their mouths, near the root of their tongue. Wash their feet, especially between the claws, with the copper solution, and let them stand on dry straw.—Mr Scott. FOR THE DISTEMPER. Warm tar-water is much recommended by some authori- ties. It should be given in doses of 3 quarts 3 or 4 times a day, gradually diminishing the quantity. DRINKS OR DRENCHES 119 DIURETIC DRINKS. 1. Common turpentine £ oz., ginger 2 drs.; mix with a little treacle, and add gradually spirits of nitrous ether 1 oz., gruel a pint.—Clater. 2. Tonic Diuretic. Common turpentine 4 drs., ginger 2 drs., gentian 2 drs., tartrate of iron 1 dr; rub together with a little treacle, and add gradually 1 oz. of sweet spirit of nitre. BULLING DRENCHES. These are strongly condemned by modern veterinary writers; those drenches, at least, which contain cantharides. 1. Aniseed, grains of paradise, bay berries, of each 1 oz.; cantharides in fine powder 20 to 30 grs.; to be given in a quart of milk. 2. Black hellebore £ oz., capsicum 2 drs., birthwort £ oz., bay berries 1 oz., cantharides 20 grs.; in a quart of warm ale.—Downing. 3. A quart of milk from a cow in season.—Clater. 4. Powdered cantharides 20 grs., aniseed 2 oz., black hellebore £ oz.; in ale, gruel, or milk.—Peck. DRYING DRENCHES, for drying a cow’s milk. Bleed the night before, and give the drink, warm, in the morning. The bleeding is questionable treatment. 1. Boil 6 drs. of alum in milk, and strain.—White. 2. Alum 6 lbs., bole 2 lbs., cream of tartar or red tartar 1 lb.; mix. Give from 6 to 9 oz., in stale beer; or in gruel with i pint of vinegar. 3. Roche or common alum 4 oz., dragon’s blood i oz., tumeric 1 oz., in a pint of rennet water, and a pint of vinegar.—Downing. [These large doses of alum, though often given, are not regarded as necessary or proper by modern veterinary writers.] DRENCH FOR THE BITES OF VIPERS. Olive oil 2 pints, spirits of hartshorn 1 oz.; mix. ALUM WHEY. Boil $ oz. of alum in 2 quarts of milk for ten minutes, and strain. ANODYNE CARMINATIVE TINCTURE; and tincture of Pimento. See Medicines foe Hoeses (Tinctubes). ALTERATIVE POWDERS. 1. Sulphur 4 oz., black antimony 1 oz., iEthiops mineral 120 MEDICINES EOB NEAT CATTIE \ oz., nitre 2 oz.; mix, for 4 doses : to be given daily in gruel. 2. Alterative Tonic. Add to the last 2 oz. gentian and 1 oz. ginger; and make 6 doses. FEVER POWDERS, IN INFLAMMATION, &c. 1. Antimonial powder a scruple, camphor dr., nitre 1 oz.; mix; give twice a day in gruel.—Peck. 2. Peruvian bark 8 oz., nitre 24 oz.; for 16 doses. CORDIAL POWDERS. 1. Black mustard £ oz., flowers of sulphur 1 oz., aro- matic powder (see Veterinary Powders, further back) 1 oz., fenugreek 4 oz., common salt 16 oz.; give 1 oz. on a slice of bread.—Matthiett. 2. Cow Spice. As Horse Spice, No. 2 (see Veteri- nary Powders under Medicines for Horses, further back). Or, 3. Powdered turmeric, liquorice, aniseed, and diapente, each 1 oz. CLYSTERS. 1. Salt 1 lb., warm water a gallon. 2. Linseed oil 8 oz., Epsom salts 8 oz., gruel 3 quarts. MASTICATORIES. 1. Bruised garlic 4 cloves, salt a tablespoonful, ground pepper 1 oz., honey 4 oz. Boil for a short time in a glass of vinegar, immerse it in a piece of linen, and roll it up. Keep it in the animal’s mouth for an hour, night and morning. Antiputrescent; in epizootic maladies, and in ulcers of the mouth.—J. Robinet. 2. Bruised mustard and pepper, each \ oz., rolled up in linen, and sprinkled with vinegar; to be kept in the mouth not more than half an hour, morning and evening, in epi- zootic diseases. REMEDIES FOR THE EPIZOOTIC PNEUMONIA. In the fatal form of this disease which prevailed some years ago, the following treatment is said to have proved effec- tual :—Bleed freely; then administer £ pint of brandy every 2 hours. Mr Jeckyll gives, in pleuro-pneumonia, when a tonic is indicated, £ oz. of the following solution every 8 hours :—Sulphate of copper 1 part, water 4 parts; dissolve, and add ammonia until it begins to precipitate. TREATMENT OF CATTLE PLAGUE 121 Mr Finlay Dttn says bloodletting is quite inadmissible. He prescribes 25 to 30 drops of Flemming’s tincture of aconite four times a day. TREATMENT OF THE CATTLE PLAGUE OF 1865, OR RINDERPEST. Whether the plague be Smallpox, or a form of enteric fever, or a disease sui generis, the precaution of separat- ing infected animals from the remainder of the herd is equally necessary. The carcass must he buried or destroyed at a distance. The most scrupulous cleanli- ness must be observed in the yards and sheds, and provi- sion made for ventilation and abundant supply of water, with the counteraction of all noxious smells and emana- tions by means of carbolic acid. When the cattle have sickened with the disorder, it cannot be checked, but, like other contagious diseases, must run its course. The treat- ment can only be palliative. Among innumerable recipes we select the following as the most likely to be useful. Their application must be guided by the circumstances of the case. 1. Vaccination. This has been recommended on the theory that the Cattle Plague is analogous to or identical with Smallpox. Vaccination with the lymph of Cow Pock may then be resorted to as a prophylactic. It may be practised on the udder or vulva of a cow. It has already been resorted to very extensively, but with doubtful suc- cess. 2. The Laxative Treatment. Linseed oil 6 to 12 oz., with turpentine 1 to 2 oz.; the dose to be repeated once or twice. This dose, as the others, may be given in warm gruel. 3. The Astringent Treatment. Applicable in later stages, when there is often much diarrhoea. Chalk and opium (Dr Letheby) ; or laudanum 2 oz., comp, infu- sion of catechu 1 pint, in a warm mash, with 2 or 3 tablespoonfuls of charcoal. — Malton Agbictttttbal Association. 4. The Saline Treatment. Useful in moderating the fever, and generally in mild cases. Table salt \ lb., Epsom salts i lb., brimstome i lb., ground ginger 2 oz., nitre 2 oz., old ale 1 quart (Dr Allnatt) ; or chlorate of potash 2 drs. to i oz., thrice daily.—Mr F, Btjckband. 122 MEDICINES EOR NEAT CATTLE 5. The Mixed Saline Treatment. Adopted in imita- tion of Dr Steepens’ treatment of cholera. Chloride of sodium 8 oz., nitre 2 oz., carbonate of potash 3 oz., chlo- rate of potash 2 oz., sulphate of magnesia 4 oz., old ale 2 quarts (Dr Allnatt). It would be as well to divide the dose into 3 or 4. Bicarbonate of soda 1 oz., common salt 1 oz., chlorate of potash £ oz„ Rochelle salt 1 oz., in a gallon of water; 1 pint every second hour or oftener,—- Dr Tucker. 6. The Diaphoretic Treatment. Useful as the last, in mild cases. Sweating to be promoted by rubbing, wrap- ping in blankets, or vapour baths. Sweet spirit of nitre 1 to 2 oz., and spirit of Mindererus 1 to 2 oz., in 2 or 3 quarts of linseed meal gruel. Will also act as a diuretic. —Malton Association. 7. The Stimulant Treatment. (1) 16 oz. of linseed oil and a “ mutchkin” of whiskey. (Professor Dick.) Large draughts of old ale are recommended by some. 2 drs. of carbonate of ammonia 3 times a day. (Professor Dick.) (2) 12 to 15 grs. of camphor, with 20 grs. of carbo- nate of ammonia in gruel, thrice daily.—Dr Copland. 8. The Tonic Treatment. A dr. each of the tincture of percliloride of iron and dilute hydrochloric acid in a quart of linseed tea or gruel, thrice daily. (Dr Copland.) £ oz. of sulphate of iron, twice daily. (Dr Tucker.) H oz. of powdered cinchona. (Dr Smart.) Strong hydrochloric acid 2£ oz., strong nitric acid 1£ oz., sul- phate or chloride of iron 1£ oz., water to make a quart; 1 oz. of this in a gallon of water for a dose.—Malton Association. 9. Arsenical Treatment. Adopted by the homoeopa- thists, with their usual want of success. l-10th to l-5th of a grain of arsenic for a dose, every 2 hours, to alter- nate with l-50th gr. of phosphorus. Vapour-baths also recommended, and immense quantities of old ale given.— Dr Kidd. 10. Sloppy food. Chlorate of potash, sulphite of soda, sulphurous acid inhalation and sponging. Carbolic acid, mineral acids and bitters. Separate healthy from sick. Disinfectants.—Finlay Dun. N.B.—However useful to the individual, these reme- dies are of little avail in preventing the spread of the disorder. With regard to this plague, and that of late MEDICINES TOR CALVES 123 years, the foot-and-mouth disease, both eminently conta- gious, the well-being of the community demands the most ruthless use of the poleaxe in all suspected cases. The stamping out of the disorder by the slaughter of all diseased animals, and the prohibition of importations from infected districts abroad, which is done by an Order of Council, are the securest means of checking these de- structive epidemics. PURGATIVE DRENCHES. 1. Epsom salts 1 to 2 oz.,' according to the age and size of the calf; dissolve in i pint of gruel, and add 20 grs. of ginger and 3 drops of essence of peppermint.— ClATER. 2. Epsom salts oz., castor oil 2 oz. ginger 10 grs., caraway 2 drs., gruel £ pint. 3. In costiveness and accumulation in the 'paunch and stomach. Dissolve 2 oz. of Epsom salts iu 2 or 3 quarts of water, or 4 oz. in a gallon, according to the age of the calf, and throw it in gently by means of a stomach- pump. 4. Laxative. Epsom salts 2 or 3 oz., carbonate of soda 2 drs., water 6 or 8 oz., ginger 1 dr.; mix. After it has operated, give the cordial, No. 3, just further on.— White. MEDICINES FOR CALVES DRENCHES for DIARRHCEA, or CALVES’ CORDIAL. 1. Youatt’s Cordial. Prepared chalk 2 oz., catechu 1 oz., ginger £ oz., opium 1 dr., peppermint water 1 pint; dose for a calf, from 2 to 4 tablespoonfuls. 2. Prepared chalk 2 drs., opium 10 grs., catechu -J- dr., ginger i dr., essence of peppermint 5 drops; mix, and give twice a day in £ pint of gruel.—Crater. 3. Caraway | oz., ginger £ dr., subcarbonate of soda 1 dr., brandy or gin 1 oz., water 8 oz.—White’s Cordial. 4. Half a bottle of Dalby’s carminative. 5. Suet boiled in milk £ pint, opium 5 grs., alum 5 grs., prepared chalk J oz.; mix. 6. If No. 2 fails : Dover’s powder 2 scruples, aromatic 124 MEDICINES FOR NEAT CATTLE powder 1 dr., kino i dr.; give it night and morning, with 1 oz. of arrowroot boiled in a pint of water.—Clateb. INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS. Bleed; give 2 to 6 oz. Epsom salts. [Give to a calf of six months old £ the dose for cattle; at a year and a half, £ the dose.—Spoonee.] MEDICINE FOR PILES IN CALVES. Oil of vitrol 15 drops, tincture of opium £ oz.—Peck. SOLUTION OF POTASH, FOR CORDS, &c. Carbonate of potash 2 oz., fresh lime-water 8 oz. To correct acidity in the stomach, give 1 or 2 teaspoonfuls in gruel; the first dose to be given with an ounce or two of Epsom salts in i pint of thin gruel. If the disorder is attended with griping pains, add a teaspoonful of anodyne car- minative tincture.—White. ALUM WHEY. See page 119. TO PROMOTE THE FATTENING OF CALVES. Aniseed i lb.; fenugreek £ lb., linseed meal (with the oil in it) 1 lb.; make it into a paste with milk, and cram them with it. fattening Powder. Common salt with a little carbonate of soda; a small quantity added to the food promotes fatten- ing, and prevents scouring, &c. HOOSE, OR COUGH FROM WORMS IN AIR PAS- SAGES. 1. \ pint lime-water every morning, and a tablespoonful of salt every afternoon, to each calf.—Mayeb. 2. Linseed oil 4 oz., oil of turpentine 1 oz., oil of cara- ways 20 drops; repeated once or twice at intervals of 10 days. This dose for calves of 6 to 10 months old.— Dickens. 3. A tablespoonful of oil of turpentine, a little sweet oil, and 6 or 8 oz. of warm water.—White 125 eternal gplitatos for geat Cattle LOTIONS OR WASHES. (See also Embeocations, further on.) LOTIONS FOR CANKER IN CALVES. 1. Alum 1 oz., water 8 oz., tincture of myrrh 1 oz., honey of roses 1 oz. 2. Equal parts of tincture of myrrh and water.*— Clateb. 3. Alum \ oz., water 1 pint, tincture of myrrh 1 oz. LOTION FOR COW-POCK. Sal ammoniac i oz., white vinegar § pint, camphorated spirit 2 oz., Goulard’s extract 1 oz.; mix.—Clatee. LOTIONS FOR SLIGHT BRUISES. 1. Extract of lead \ oz., vinegar 4 oz., soft water 1 pint. —White. 2. Acetate of ammonia 4 oz., water 1 pint, spirit of camphor £ oz. DISCUTIENT LOTION, for dispersing tumours. Bay salt 4 oz., vinegar 1 pint, water 1 quart, oil of origanum 1 drs; rub the oil with the salt, and gradually add the others. LOTIONS FOR STRAINS. 1. Bay salt 4 oz., oil of origanum 1 dr.; rub together# and add vinegar i pint, spirit of wine 2 oz., water 1 quart. 2. Common salt 1 oz., sal ammoniac 1 oz., water 1 pint. LOTIONS FOR FOUL IN THE FOOT. After poulticing, and removing loose horn, apply— 1. Butter of antimony, or 2. Strong solution of alum. 3. Solution of sulphate of copper. 4. (When the above are not sufficient.) Dissolve 2 drs. of corrosive sublimate in 12 oz. of water.—* White. 5. One fluid drachm of carbolic acid in from 6 to 12 oz of water.—Tugon. 126 medicines fob neat Cattle LOTIONS FOR WOUNDS. 1. Tincture of myrrh and aloes. 2. For proud flesh. Strong solution of sulphate of copper. 3. For offensive wounds. Chloride of lime 1 oz., water 1 pint; mix well, and strain. LOTION FOR BULL-BURNT. Goulard’s extract 1 oz., spirit of wine'2 oz., water £ pint. LOTION FOR BLAIN IN THE MOUTH. After lancing the bladder, apply a saturated solution of salt in water.— Yotxatt. LOTION FOR THE MOUTH, in ulceration during the epidemic. Alum 1 oz., sulphate of zinc % oz., warm water 1 pint, treacle 4 lb.—Spoonee. WASHES FOR DESTROYING VERMIN. They are all poisonous. 1. Stavesacre seeds 4 oz., water 4 pihtsj boil to 2 pints, and apply it daily.—Peck. 2. Sublimate 2 drs., spirit of wine 2 oz., water 1 pint.— ClATEK. 3. Stavesacre 4 oz., white hellebore root 2 oz., water 1 gallon j boil to half: apply with a sponge. LOTION FOR MANGE. Corrosive sublimate 2 drs., hydro- chloric acid \ oz., water 12 to 16 oz.; mix. In obstinate cases only.—White. See Liniments. EYE WATERS, OR COLLYRIA. 1. White vitriol a scruple, Spirit of wine 1 dr., water a pint.—Clateb. 2. Sugar of lead 10 to 20 grs.j soft water 8 oz.—V. C. 3. Sedative JEye Drops. Powdered digitalis oz.; infuse in a pint of Cape wine for a fortnight, and filter; a few drops to he introduced into the eye twice or thrice a day.—Spoonee. 4. Extract of lead 2 drs., wine of digitalis (see above) 2 drs., tincture of opium 2 drs., water a pint. 127 EMBROCATIONS AND LINIMENTS EMBROCATIONS AND LINIMENTS STRONG EMBROCATION, for deep-seated strains, &c. 1. Oil of origanum i oz., oil of turpentine i pint, sweet oil pints, powdered cantharides 1 oz.—Clatee. 2. Olive oil 4 oz., oil of turpentine 1 oz., water of am- monia 1 oz. For strains and bruises, after the inflamma- tion has subsided.—White.J CROTON LINIMENT. Bruised croton seeds 1 part, oil of turpentine 8 parts. Macerate for 14 days, and strain. It irritates the skin powerfully; for general purposes it requires to be diluted with olive oil.—Mobton. MUSTARD EMBROCATION. Flour of mustard 4 oz., oil of turpentine 2 oz., water of ammonia 2 oz.—White. RHEUMATIC EMBROCATIONS. 1. Olive oil 2 oz., strong water of ammonia 1 oz., marsh- mallow ointment 1 oz. 2. Neatsfoot oil 4 oz., camphorated oil 1 oz., oil of tur- pentine 1 oz., laudanum 1 oz., oil of origanum 1 dr.— ClATEE. 3. Sweet oil 4 oz., oil of turpentine 2 oz.; mix.— White. EMBROCATIONS FOR GARGET, or Downfall of the Udder. 1. Oil of elder 4 oz., water of ammonia £ oz., Minde* rerus spirit 1 oz., camphorated oil 2 oz. 2. Olive oil 3 oz., oil of turpentine 1 oz,, camphor 2 drs. —White. 3. Soft soap 8 oz., oil of bays 8 oz,, oil of turpentine 8 oz., spirit of camphor 4 oz. (See also Ointments, just further on.) DRIFFIELD OILS. Barbadoes tar 1 oz., linseed oil 1 lb., oil of turpentine 3 oz., oil of vitriol 1 oz. LINIMENT FOR MANGE. Sulphur vivum or flower of sulphur 4 oz., train oil 12 oz., oil of turpentine 4 oz.; mix. LINIMENT FOR SORE THROATS. Oil of turpentine 1 oz., sweet oil 1 oz., water of ammonia 2 oz.—White. 128 MEDICINES EOR NEAT CATTLE BLISTERING LINIMENT. Cantharides bruised 1 oz., oil of turpentine 8 oz.; digest 14 days, and strain. To be applied by friction on the skin.—Youatt. LIQUID CAUSTIC. Butter of antimony alone, or mixed with an equal quantity of tincture of myrrh. LIQUID SNUFF. Alum, sulphate of zinc, capsicum, of each 1 oz.; camphor 2 drs.; pulverize, and macerate in 32 oz. of strong vinegar and 1 oz. of turpentine; shake up when used, and introduce a teaspoonful into the nos- trils, to promote a discharge for the relief of inflammation of the chest.—Matthieu. OINTMENTS BLISTERING OINTMENTS. 1. For Setons. Resin cerate 1 oz., cantharides finely powdered 3 drs., oil of turpentine 2 drs.—Clater. 2. Lard 12 oz., resin 4 oz.; melt together, and when sufficiently cool add oil of turpentine 4 oz., powdered can- tharides 5 oz., stir till cold: to be rubbed in after removing the hair.—Clater. OINTMENT FOR MANGE, LICE, &c. (See also Lotions, further back.) 1. Sulphur 1 lb., common turpentine 4 oz., mercurial ointment 2 oz., linseed oil a pint. Melt the turpentine with the oil, and when nearly cold stir in the sulphur, and afterwards the mercurial ointment.—Yottatt. Note.—Cattle are easily salivated, and greatly weakened thereby. Mercurials should therefore he used with great caution. 2. Sulphur 1 lb., strong mercurial ointment 2 oz., common turpentine % lb., lard l^lbs.—Clater. 3. French Liniment. Olive oil a pint, sulphur 4 oz., heat till the oil becomes coloured by the sulphur; remove from the fire, and when nearly cold add 4 oz. of oil of turpentine; apply with a feather. 4. Lard 2 lbs.; melt and add oil of turpentine 8 oz., sulphuric acid 2 oz., sulphur vivum 8 oz.; stir till cold. 5. Mange Liniment. Sulphur vivum finely powdered 4 oz., train oil 12 oz., oil of turpentine 4 oz.; mix.--* White. OINTMENTS 129 IODINE OINTMENT, for Empyema. Rub together 1£ drs. - of iodine, and 1 dr. iodide of potassium, with a few drops of water, then add 3 oz. of strong mercurial ointment and £ oz. of powdered camphor. To be rubbed over the chest every night till it causes an exudation, then occasionally, to keep it up. GARGET OINTMENT, for Downfall of the Udder. 1. Soft soap 1 lb., mercurial ointment 2 oz., camphor (powdered with spirit) 1 oz.; mix: give first a laxative, then a fever or diuretic drink. 2. Green elder ointment 2 oz., water of ammonia £ oz. , 3. Beat fox-glove leaves with twice their weight of whey butter; to every pound add 1 oz. of sal ammoniac, 1 oz. of turpentine, and £ oz. of bole; mix and apply 2 or 3 times a day.—Downing. 4. Spirit of camphor 1 oz., mercurial ointment 1 oz., elder ointment 8 oz.—Youatt. 5. In obstinate cases. Iodide of potassium 1 part, lard 7 parts. To be rubbed in once daily.—Spooner. 6. Liquid ammonia 1 oz., olive oil 2 oz., iodine 1 dr.— Finlay Dun. Powerful stimulants and blisters are contra- indicated. FOOT OINTMENT (for all domestic animals). Equal parts of tar, lard, and resin, melted together. OINTMENT FOR ULCERS ABOUT THE JOINTS. Equal parts of basilicon and citrine ointments.—Clater. HEALING AND CLEANSING OINTMENT. Lard 2 lbs., yellow resin £ lb.; melt together, and when it begins to cool, add calamine in powder £ lb. APPLICATION TO WOUNDS. Mix the whites of eggs with flour to a proper consistence. Applied over the part, it soon dries, and shields it from the air. DIGESTIVE OINTMENT. 1. Lard, common turpentine, of each 4 oz.; melt, and add 1 oz. powdered verdigris.— White. 2. Boil leaves of black hellebore with an equal weight of lard, until the leaves are crisp; strain, and add an equal •weight of common turpentine. A similar ointment made with ivy leaves is likewise very stimulating. 130 MEDICINES EOR NEAT CATTLE OINTMENT FOR FOUL IN THE FOOT, OR LOW. 1. Melt 4 oz. of lard with 4 oz. of common turpentine, and add 1 oz. of finely powdered sulphate of copper, stir- ring until cold,—White. 2. Melt together equal weights of soft soap and common turpentine.—Skebbet. OINTMENT FOR CANCEROUS TUMOURS. Iodide of potassium \ oz., hot water i oz.; dissolve, and mix with 2 oz. of lard. CHARGE FOR OLD STRAINS. Burgundy pitch 4 oz., common pitch 4 oz., wax 2 oz., tar 6 oz. j apply hot, and cover with cut tow. SETONS. 1. Common. A pieoe of cord or coarse tape; or horse- hair and tow, platted together. 2. Irritating. Root of common dock j or of black hellebore. 3. Cotton cord soaked in Morton’s cantharidal solution (see Liniments and Embbocations fobHoeses. Vete- rinary Formulary). PASTE FOR STOPPING BLEEDING. Equal quantities of white, green, and blue vitriol, flour, and bole; beaten up with fresh nettles and a little vinegar. ASTRINGENT POWDER FOR SORE FEET, &c. Sul- phate of copper 1 oz., prepared chalk 2 oz., powdered alum \ ozv bole 1 oz.; rub together,—Spqoneb. MEDICINES POE SHEEP AND LAMBS These are best given in a liquid form, and should be care- fully and slowly administered. Sheep generally require one sixth (or from one eighth to one sixth) of the doses given to cattle. PURGING DRENCHES. 1. Epsom salts 2 oz., powdered caraway £ oz., warm thin gruel sufficient to dissolve the salts. The editor of Clateb says that this is the best purging drink that can be used. For Lambs give a fourth of this, and repeat in 6 hours if necessary. 2. Epsom salts 1£ oz. or 2 oz., ginger 1 dr., treacle 1 oz., hot water 4 oz. 3. Castor oil 2 oz., ginger and salt of tartar, of each 2 scruples, moist sugar a spoonful, gruel q. s.—M‘Ewen. 4. Epsom or Glauber’s salts from 1 to 2 oz., common salt a teaspoonful, boiling water sufficient to dissolve the salts, and a little gruel. A teaspoonful of tincture of ginger or of pimento, or of anodyne carminative tincture (see Miscellaneous Liquid Medicines, Veterinary Formulary, further back), may be added. 5. Sulphur i oz., Epsom salts 1 oz., common salt a tea- spoonful, thin gruel £ pint. 6. Linseed oil 2 or 3 oz., croton oil 2 or 3 drops, warm gruel q. s. 7. For Lambs. Epsom salts 2 to 4 drs., ginger dr., in gruel.—Spooneb. 8. For Sheep on the first attack of Smallpox. Epsom salts 2 oz., ginger £ dr., in chamomile tea or infusion of gentian (or with 1 dr. of powdered gentian or chamomile). Wabnecke. 132 MEDICINES FOE SHEEP AND LAMBS FEVER DRENCH. Powdered digitalis 20 grs.,emetic tartar 10 grs., nitre 2 drs. Twice a day, mixed with gruel.— Clateb. TONIC DRENCHES. 1. General Tonic. Gentian 2 drs., calumba 1 dr., ginger £ dr., all in powder; tincture of orange peel 1 dr., gruel 4 oz.; for one dose.—Cl ate R. 2. In the last stage of Fever. Gentian 1 dr., ginger 20 grs., spirit of nitrous ether 1 dr., tincture of cardamom 20 drops, in gruel. 3. For Debility and Indigestion, after a purgative. Gentian, caraway, each 1 oz., calumba and ginger, of each £ oz. (all sliced or bruised), boiling water a quart; infuse till cool, and strain. Give a tablespoonful daily, with the fc same quantity of gruel.—Clateb. , DRENCHES FOR RED-WATER. The pasture should be changed for shorter, the animal bled, and the bowels kept open with the above purging drinks. If these means do not remove the disease, give one of the follow- ing drenches:— J 1. Epsom salts 6 oz., nitre 2 oz., bole £ oz., hot water 3 pints, oil of turpentine 4 oz:; mix, and give 3 or 4 tablespoonfuls (from a horn that will measure that quan- l" tity), shaking the bottle well before each dose is poured , out. ' 2. Powdered catechu 30 grs., alum 20 grs., ginger 20 grs., decoction of oak-bark 4 oz., for a dose. 3. Olive oil 1 oz., oil of turpentine 1 oz., thick gruel i pint. *#* Mr Finlay Dun condemns bloodletting in Red-water. FOR EXTERNAL RED-WATER. (Vesicles on the skin, containing a reddish fluid.) ..... 1. Sulphur 2 to 3 drs., in gruel, once or twice a day. If it continue, give— . 2. Epsom salts 1 oz., gruel sufficient to dissolve it.— Sir James Mackenzie. . . j DRENCHES FOR DIARRH(EA, SCOUR, &c., IN LAMBS. [The Purging Drink, No. 6, or a fourth of No. 1, should be give* before the Astringent Drinks.] *. 1. Prepared chalk 2 oz., catechu 1 oz., ginger i oz., MEDICINES FOR SHEEP AND LAMBS 133 opium 1 dr., peppermint water a pint. Dose, for lambs, a tablespoonful night and morning.—Yottatt. 2. Prepared bhalk £ oz., ginger £ dr., catechu £ dr., opium 2 grs., in gruel j once or twice daily. 3. A tablespoonful of Calves’ Cordial (see Medicines FOR Calves, further back). - 4. Compound powder of chalk with opium 2 drs., gen- tian 1 dr., essence of peppermint 3 drops; in a little thin starch morning and night.—Clater. 5. Ginger 2 drs., caraway 4 drs., prepared chalk 4 drs.; mix: give a teaspoonful in gruel.—White. 6. In white skit. A teaspoonful of White’s Alkaline Solution (p. 124) in a little gruel; and afterwards No. 7. . 7. Epsom salts 3 drs., common salt a scruple, powdered ginger a scruple, thin gruel 4 oz. Repeat if necessary. DRENCH FOR THE LATE EPIDEMIC. Epsom salts 1 oz., sulphur 2 drs., nitre £ dr., ginger 15 grs., in warm water. Repeat half this, with a teaspoonful of sweet spirit of nitre, daily.—Spooner. DRENCH FOR COW-POX. Mix 3 parts of flowers of sulphur, 1 of common salt, and 1 of honey, into an elec- tuary ; give half of this daily, in gruel. Keep the mouth and nose clean with vinegar and water. See also Purg- ing Drench, No. 7, above. DRENCH FOR INFLUENZA. Epsom salts £ oz., chamo- mile tea 4 oz. Afterwards give half doses of the Fever Drench, further back.—Darby. DRENCHES FOR BLOWN OR BLAST. ' 1. Glauber’s salts 1 oz., hot water 1 oz., peppermint- water 4 oz., tincture of ginger 1 dr., tincture of gentian 2 drs.; every six hours .till the bowels are opened, and half the quantity the next 4 mornings.—Clater. 2. Common salt 1 oz., solution of potash (White’s) 1£ drs., castor or olive oil 2 tablespoonfuls, water 3 oz. After letting out the air by a tube or probang.—Whitb. DRINK TO PREVENT RESP OR MEADOW-SICKNESS. Pearlash 1£ drs., hot water 8 oz. To be given from a flat bottle the second and fourth morning after putting them ' to keep.—HoIlditch. 134 MEDICINES EOR SHEEP AND LAMBS DRENCH FOR STURDY AND APOPLEXY. After bleeding, 2 oz. of Epsom and Glauber’s salts, in warm water or thin gruel. DRENCHES FOR FLUX, OR SCOURING, OR DYSEN- TERY. 1. Epsom salts 1 oz., hot water or thin gruel to dissolve it; add castor oil 2 oz., laudanum 30 drops. When it has operated, give No. 2.—Blaine. 2. Ipecacuanha 15 grs., prepared chalk 1 dr., opium 2 grs.; boiled starch or arrowroot 4 oz. Night and morning. 3. Linseed oil 2 oz., powdered opium 2 grs., linseed tea q. s. Afterwards give No. 4.—Saver. 4. Opium 2 grs., ginger £ dr., gentian 1 dr., linseed tea gruel q. s. 5. Epsom salts 1J oz., hot water 4 oz.; dissolve and add castor or olive oil 11 oz.—White. Afterwards give No. 6. 6. Catechu 1 dr., allspice 1 dr., caraway 1 dr., water or beer 4 oz.; simmer together. DRENCHES EOR DRY BRAXY, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS. 1. After bleeding: Epsom salts 11 oz., warm water a pint.—Stevenson. 2. After bleeding: common salt 1 oz., water 1 pint, laudanum a teaspoonful.—White. 3. Laudanum 2 drs., castor oil 3 oz., calomel 12 grs., treacle 3 oz.—Finlav Dun. DRENCH FOR BITES OF VENOMOUS REPTILES. Olive oil 4 oz., spirit of hartshorn \ oz., gruel or arrow- root 4 pint.—White. DRENCHES TO PROMOTE PARTURITION IN THE EWE. 1. A decoction of horsemint, or any other kind of mint. 2. Bruised ergot of rye 1 dr., boiling water a pint; infuse for a quarter of an hour, and give a third part. Repeat if necessary. DRENCHES AND POWDERS POR THE ROT. 1. Juniper berries 6 oz., gentian 1 oz.; boil in 3 gal- lons of water for a quarter of an hour, strain, and add MEDICINES FOR SHEEP AND LAMBS 135 common salt 4 lbs., powdered ginger 4 oz., tartarized iron 2 oz.; stir, and let it stand till cool. Put it into wine- bottles filled two thirds full, and add to each 1 \ oz. oil of turpentine and i oz. sweet spirit of nitre. Give a table- spoonful night and morning, shaking the bottle before pouring.it out. 2. Common salt 8 oz., gentian powder 8 oz., ginger 1 oz., tincture of calumba 4 oz., water to make up a quart. —Clater. See the next. 3. To a quart of No. 2, add spirit of turpentine 3 oz.; shake well together, and give 2 tablespoonfuls at night, before the night’s food is given, and a tablespoonful of No. 2 every morning. 4. Epsom salts 2 oz., oil of turpentine 1 oz., ginger £ oz. Give in treacle and water.—Finlay Dun. Powders for the same.—A French recipe. 1. Dry bran 10 lbs., salt i lb., aromatic herbs (as thyme, sage, juniper, rosemary, &c.) cut small, 6 oz., green anise and coriander, of each 5 oz.; mix, and give morning and night every third day. The above quantity is for 30 sheep. 2. Juniper berries 4 oz., bay-berriers 1 oz., grains of paradise i oz., bay salt 11 lbs., loaf sugar § lb.; powder all together, and keep the powder in a bottle for use. Give the sheep dry and sweet hay, sprinkled with the powder. —Lawrence. DRENCHES FOR INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS, CATARRH, HOOSE, AND COUGH. After bleeding from the neck, give Epsom salts 2 oz., gruel or linseed tea q. s. DRENCH FOR INFLUENZA. Epsom salts i oz., chamo- mile tea 4 oz. Afterwards, small doses of digitalis, opium, tartarized antimony, and vegetable tonics.—Dabby. MEDICINES FOE SHEEP AND IAMBS ifltntal gippliottions hr EYE WATERS. 1. Strong. For cloudiness of the eye: corrosive sub- limate 4 grs., spirit of wine £ oz.; dissolve, and add water a pint.—Clater. 2. Tincture or wine of opium a teaspoonful, water $ pint. WASHES FOR THE SCAB, LICE, AND TICKS. (The scab ointments will also destroy them, and are less hazard- ous, and less injurious to the wool.) 1. Arsenical wash. White arsenic \ lb., salt of tartar £ lb., water 12 gallons; boil for half an hour.—Yoeatt. 2. Arsenic 2 lbs., soft soap 4 lbs., water 30 gallons; dis- solve. The sheep to be immersed in this liquid (the head only being kept out), and while in it, the fleece to be well rubbed. When taken out, the fluid should be well pressed out of the fleece, and the sheep kept from cold and wet for a few days.—Clater. Mr Spooner says 2 lbs. of arsenic should make 48 gallons of the liquid. 3. Arsenic 1 lb., yellow soap 6 lbs., pearlash 12 oz., water 30 gallons.—Matthews. 4. Mercurial. Corrosive sublimate 1 oz., spirit of wine 2 oz.; rub together till dissolved, then add cream of tartar 1 oz., bay salt 4 oz., dissolve the whole in 2 quarts of water, and apply it with a sponge wherever lice appear.— CEATER. 5. Tobacco 4 oz., water 1 gallon; boil, and add soft soap 1 lb., sulphur vivum 1 lb.; when cold add a pint of oil of turpentine. 6. Equal parts of decoction of tobacco and lime water. —Yotjatt. “ On no account should sheep be returned to their graz- ings until they are dry, and all risk of dripping over.”— Finlay Den. WASH TO KILL MAGGOTS. Shake up in a bottle to- gether, 1 quart of water, spirits of turpentine 1 oz., and corrosive sublimate 10 grs. Stop with a cork in which quill is inserted. When the maggots are observed, a EXTERNAL APPLICATIONS EOR SHEEP 137 small quantity of the mixture is to he shaken on the spot through the quill, and the maggots will shortly creep out and die. SMEARING MIXTURE. 1. One gallon of common tar, and 12 lbs. of any sweet grease, melted together. 2. Oil of tar is used as a preventive of thefly; but fish oil is equally serviceable according to Mr Hogg, and is less injurious to the wool. Oil of tar has sometimes destroyed sheep. FLY POWDER FOR SHEEP. 1. White lead 2 lbs., red lead £ lb., sulphur 1£ lbs., oil of wormwood, animal oil (einpyreumatic), or creasote £ oz.; mix. 2. White lead 2 lbs., red lead 1 lb.; mix, and apply by sprinkling from a dredger, following a stick drawn through the wool.—Clater. 3. Powdered colocynth 3 drs., black brimstone 1 lb., tincture of assafcetida £ oz.; mix. 4. White lead 4 parts, arsenic 1 part, sulphur 6 parts, vermilion 2 parts.—Spooner. POWDER FOR THE EYES. Equal parts of sal ammo- niac, white sugar, and oxide of zinc, triturated together. It may be mixed either with rose-water or honey.— Spooneb. ASTRINGENT POWDER FOR THE FEET, in the epi- demic affecting them. The same as for cattle. See further back. OINTMENT FOR THE SCAB OR SHAB. 1. Quicksilver 1 lb., Venice turpentine £ lb.; rub them together until the globules are no longer visible; then add £ pint of oil of turpentine, and 4 lbs. of lard. The mode of applying this ointment is as follows .—Begin at the head of the sheep, and proceeding from between the ears along the back to the end of the tail, divide the wool in a furrow till the skin can be touched; and let a finger slightly dipped in the ointment be drawn along the bottom of the furrow. From this furrow similar ones must be drawn along the shoulders and thighs to the legs, as far as 138 MEDICINES FOR SHEEP AND LAMBS the wool extends. And if much infected, two or more should also he drawn along each side, parallel with that on the back ; and one down each side before the hind and fore legs. It kills the sheep-fag, and probably the tick and other vermin. It should not he used in very cold or ■wet weather.—Sir Joseph Banks. 2. Tar oils. Tobacco juice. Stavesacre. — Finlay Dun. 3. Strong mercurial ointment 1 part, lard 5 parts; mix. -Youatt. 4. Quicksilver 1 lb., Venice turpentine £ lb., spirit of tupentine 2 oz., lard 4J lbs.; to be made and used as No. 1. In summer 1 lb. of resin may be substituted for a like quantity of lard.—Clater. 5. Strong mercurial ointment 1 lb., lard 4 lbs., oil of turpentine 8 oz., sulphur 12 oz.—White. 6. Mild. Flowers of sulphur 1 lb., Venice turpentine 4 oz., rancid lard 21bs., strong mercurial ointment 4 oz.; mix well.—Clater. 7. Lard or other fat, with an equal quantity of oil of turpentine.—Daubenton. 8. Without Mercury. Lard 1 lb., oil of turpentine 4 oz., flowers of sulphur 6 oz.—White. 9. Strong mercurial ointment 1 lb., lard 4 lbs., Venice turpentine 8 oz., oil of turpentine 2 oz. If mixed by heat, care must be taken to use no more heat than is necessary, and to add the oil of turpentine when the other ingredients begin to cool, and to stir till cold.— M'Ewen. 10. Corrosive sublimate 2 oz., white hellebore 3 oz., fish oil 6 quarts, resin £ lb., tallow £ lb. The sublimate and then tne hellebore to be rubbed with a portion of the oil till perfectly smooth, and then mixed with the other ingre- dients melted together.—Stevenson. 11. The following once had considerable local celebrity, but it obviously requires to be used with caution. Dissolve 2i oz. of corrosive sublimate in the same quantity of hydrochloric acid, and beat up the solution with 6 lbs. of strong mercurial ointment; put it in a large pan, and pour on it 19£ lbs. of lard, and 1| lbs. of common turpentine, melted together and still hot, and stir the whole con- tinually until it becomes solid. EXTERNAL APPLICATIONS FOR SHEEP OINTMENT FOR DEEP WOUNDS OR ULCERS FROM FLIES. The Fly Powder, No. 2, mixed with tar.— Clater. OINTMENT FOR SORE HEADS. Black pitch 2 lbs., tar 1 lb., flowers of sulphur 1 lb.; melt together, taking care that it does not boil. To be spread thickly on leather while warm, and fitted to the head. CAUSTIC ASTRINGENTS FOR FOOT-ROT. 1. Blue vitriol 1 oz., white vitriol 1 oz., burnt alum 2 oz., bole i oz., honey to form a stiff paste.—M£Ewen. 2. Sulphate of copper 2 oz., water 12 oz., dilute sul- phuric acid 2 drs.—White. 3. Butter of antimony, alone, or mixed with tincture of myrrh. 4. Verdigris, bole, and sugar of lead, in equal parts, rubbed together into a fine powder. Sprinkle on the sore, cover with tow, and bind down with tape for 24 hours, using afterwards No. 2, or No. 3.—Ceater. 5. Strong. Verdigris 1 oz., nitrous acid 2 oz., water 4 oz.—White. 6. Strongest. Red precipitate 1 oz., nitrous acid 2 oz. j dissolve, and add water 2 oz., spirit of wine 1 oz.— White. 7. Aloes 16 oz., weak spirit 32 oz., sulphuric acid 17 oz.; mix.—Dttyiixe. 8. Dissolve sulphate of copper 2\ oz. in 1£ pint of water, and add a solution of 3J drs. of sulphate of iron previously calcined. Diffuse f oz. of slaked lime in water, and add to the mixed solutions; then add 7 oz. common salt, 1 oz. wood vinegar, and water to make up a quart. [Nearly the composition of a celebrated French nostrum.] 9. Leloup’s Terebinthinated Oxymel of Copper. Honey 14 oz., pyroligneous acid 7 oz., powdered verdigris 5 oz.; boil it in a large eopper pan until it assumes a reddish purple colour'; then add (keeping the mixture on a slow fire) 14 oz. Venice turpentine; stir with a wooden spatula for a quarter of an hour, and pour it into jars. To be applied twice, at 12 hours’ interval, by means of a small piece of wood, after cleaning the part with an iron blade. 10. White vinegar 78 parts, powdered sulphate of copper 10 parts; dissolve, and add 12 parts of sulphuric acid. Apply it with a feather. (A French remedy.) MEDICINES FOR SHEEP AND LAMBS 11. Detersive Ointment. Burnt alum 4 parts, verdigris 1 part, camphor 1 part, green ointment of elder or poplar 16 parts.—Lebas. 12. Honey 4 oz., burnt alum 2 oz., Armenian bole } lb.; mix with as much train oil as will convert these ingre- dients into a salve. The honey must first be completely dissolved in the oil made hot, then the bole stirred in, and lastly the alum. 13. Carbolic acid 1 ft. dr., water 6 to 12 oz. Biacklock condemns all caustic applications, using only mild poultices and emollient ointments. MEDICINES FOR SWINE ALTERATIVE MEDICINES, given in mange and other skin diseases, and in obstinate costiveness. 1. Sulphur i oz., iEthiops mineral 3 grs., nitre | dr., cream of tartar 4 dr.j daily, in thick gruel or wash.— Clateb. • — 2. Black antimony £ oz., sulphur 2 oz., nitre % oz.; • mix; for 8 doses. FEVER MEDICINE. Digitalis 3 grs., antiinonial powder 6 grs., nitre £ dr. j after bleeding, in a little warm swill, milk, or wash, morning, noon, and night.—Clateb. PURGING MEDICINES. 1. Epsom salts 1, 2, or 3 oz., in broth or swill. 2. Sulphur 2 drs., daily; full dose j oz., with milk or other food. This may be repeated for 2 or 3 days, in sur- t feit from overfeeding. 3. Jalap 1 dr.; if insufficient, add 10 or 12 grs. of scammony, or 10 grs. of calomel.—White. ..... 4. Jalap i dr., sulphur 2 drs., antimony £ dr. 5. Jalap £ dr., Epsom salts 1 oz. 6. Castor oil 1 to 2 oz., with gruel. 7. Castor oil 1 oz., gruel q. s., Epsom salts 2 oz., salt J oz.; mix. 8. Calomel 5 grs. This .must not be repeated more than twice. CARMINATIVE DRENCH, for flatulent distension, from sour whey, &c. After using the probang, or where it cannot be had, give— 1. White’s solution of potash (see p. 124) 2 oz., ano- dyne carminative tincture 1 tablespoon f'ul, water 8 oz. 2. A tablespoonful of common salt in warm water, a teaspoonful of mustard or powdered giliger, and a glass of gin* 142 MEDICINES FOE SWINE THRIVING POWDER, to promote fattening. Powdered fenugreek, alone, or mixed with a fourth of liquorice powder; an ounce daily with the food. Cleanliness greatly conduces to the same end. REMEDIES FOR MEASLES. After bleeding by tail, ear, palate, or vein inside the forearm, an inch above the knee, give one of the purging drinks, and turn the animal into the open air. REMEDIES FOR THE DISTEMPER, affecting the Mouth and Feet. The same drink, and astringent powder as for Sheep. DRENCH FOR INFLAMMATION OF THE BRAIN. Castor oil 2 oz., with gruel; afterwards 2 grs. white hellebore powder twice or thrice a day.—Ctjpxss. HEALING OINTMENT FOR SORE EARS. 1. Lard 1 lb., resin 4 lbs.; melt together, and stir in lb. lapis calaminaris.—ClATEE. 2. Zinc ointment 1 oz., yellow basilicon 3 oz. 3. Tar ointment mixed with a little soap. MANGE OINTMENT. Sulphur 4 oz., Venice turpentine 1 oz., old lard 8 oz., mercurial ointment 1 oz.; the animal to be previously scrubbed all over with a good soap lather. The alterative powders (see further back) should be given at the same time. OINTMENT FOR SORE TEATS. Soft soap 4 oz., cam- phor (powdered with spirit) i oz., mercurial ointment | oz. It roust be carefully washed off. MEDICINES FOR DOGS N.B.—The doses required vary considerably, according to the strength and size of the dog, which should always be duly considered. PHYSIC BALLS AND OTHER PURGATIVE MEDI- CINES. 1. Barbadoes aloes 8 oz., antimonial powder 1 oz., ginger 1 oz., palm oil 5 oz. j beat together into a mass. Dose from J dr. to 2 drs., every 4 or 6 hours, till the bowels are relieved.—Youatt. 2. The same, with the addition of 1 oz. of calomel. From 45 grs. to 2 drs. for a dose.—Clater. 3. Aloes I dr. to 2 drs., made into a ball with syrup of ginger. 4. In inflammation of the bowels, and in worms. Aloe3 i dr. to 11 drs., calomel 2 to 5 grs., syrup to form a ball. —Blaine. 5. Cape aloes £ dr. to 1 dr., calomel 2 to 3 grs., oil of caraway 6 drops, syrup to form a ball.—M‘Ewen. 6. Calomel 12 grs., aloes 3 drs., opium 1 gr., syrup q. s. to form a mass, for 4, 6, or 8 balls; one every 4 or 5 hours till the bowels are relieved.—Blaine. 7. Croton oil 1 drop, Castile soap 20 grs., conserve to form a ball. 8. Castor oil 3 parts, syrup of buckthorn 2 parts, syrup of poppies 1 part; dose, from 1 to 2 tablespoonfuls.—Mr Youatt’S purge. Mr Clark says syrup of buckthorn for dogs should be made with treacle, and the spices omitted. 9. Epsom salts, from 1 to 4 drs., wrapped in tissue paper, dividing the doses into convenient-sized packets. 10. In costiveness with inflammation. £ oz. to 2 oz. castor oil.—Mr Spooner. 11. Jalap, powdered, 30 grs., calomel 8 grs.; make into a pill with gum water, and administer every morning. In distemper. 144 alterative balls and powders. 1. Sulphur 2£ lbs., nitre £ lb., /Etbiops mineral 4 oz., linseed meal % lb., palm oil 1 lb., or as much as may be required; beat together, and keep in a jar for use. Dose, from 2 scruples to 1£ or 2 drs.—Clateb. 2. iEthiops mineral 20 to 40 grs., cream of tartar 20 to 40 grs., nitre 5 to 10 grs.; night and morning, made into a ball with butter.—Spooneb. 3. Tonic Alterative. Mercurial pill 1 dr., aloes 2 drs., myrrh, benzoin, balsam of Peru, of each 1£ drs.; to be divided into 10, 15, or 20 pills; one every evening, for the yellows, after aloes and calomel.—Blaine. 4. Alterative Powder. /Ethiops mineral 2 to 5 grs., cream of tartar 4 to 10 grs., tartarized iron 1 to 3 grs., once a day.—Clateb. 5 .To give a fine skin. Give a tablespoonful of tar, made up with oatmeal.—Mayeb. MEDICINES FOR DOGS ASTRINGENT BALLS, &c. 1. Catechu 1£ drs., sulphate of quiniue 20 grs., opium 5 grs., ginger 1 dr., conserve of roses q. s. to form a mass; to be divided into 4, 6, or 8 halls.—Blaine. 2. In the advanced stage of distemper. Prepared chalk 2 oz., powdered gum arabic ? oz., powdered catechu i oz., powdered oak bark \ oz., powdered ginger i oz., opium 15 grs., palm oil 1 oz.; beat well together. Dose, dr. to 2 drs., morning, noon, and night.—Clateb. <. 3. In diarrhoea. Opium 5 grs., catechu 2 drs., gum arabic 2 drs., ginger £ dr., syrup of poppies q. s.; divide .. into 6, 9, or 12 balls.—Blaine. 4. Myrrh 1 dr., ipecacuanha 1 scruple, opium 3 grs., chalk 2 drs., carbonate of iron 1 dr.; as No. 3.—Blaine. 5. In olstinate cases. Alum 1 dr., chalk 2 drs., opium 6 grs., resin 3 drs.; into 4, 6, or 8 balls. 6. In diarrhoea, after 1 to 4 drs. of Epsom salts. Pre- pared chalk 1 to 3 scruples, catechu 5 to 10 grs., opium £ to 2 grs.; twice a day.—Spooneb. 7. Astringent Drink. Boil 1 oz. of logwood in a quart . of milk to | a pint. A teaspoonful every morning, in prolapsus. COUGH BALLS IN ASTHMA, &c. 1. After a few Emetics. Calomel 3 grs., foxglove 3 grs., MEDICINES FOR DOGS 145 cteam of tartar 1 dr., antimonial powder 12 grs., honey to form 6 boluses. One twice a day.—Blaine. 2. Digitalis 20 grs., antimonial powder 40 grs., nitre 2 drs., sulphur 3 drs., palm oil 3 drs., or q. s. Divide into 10, 15, or 20 balls, according to the size of the dog; give one morning and night, interposing an emetic every third or fourth day.—Clater. 3. In old cases. P. squill i gr. to 1 gr., gum ammonia- cum 5 grs., balsam of Peru 8 grs., benzoic acid 1 gr., balsam of sulphur to form a ball. 4. Extract of hemlock $ dr., extract of henbane 10 grs., p. digitalis 20 grs., conserve of roses to form a mass. Di- vide into 6, 8, or 10 balls. One night and morning.— Blaine. DISTEMPER MEDICINES. 1. #Turpeth’s mineral 1 to 3 grs., asaafcntida i dr., aloes 20 grs., soap 10 grs., syrup of poppies to form a ball. To be preceded by an emetic, and given every third day. 2. After bleeding (if required) and an emetic, give a physic ball; and afterwards the following :—2 or 3 times a day: Antimonial powder 2, 3, or 4 grs.; nitre 5, 10, or 15 grs.; ipecacuanha 2, 3, or 4 grs.; form a ball. If the disease proceed to the debilitating stage, give the Tonic Ball No. 2; in the putrid or malignant stage give the Astringent Ball No. 1.—Blaine. 3. After the Emetic Powder No. 1 (which should be re* peated every 3rd or 4th day) give the Cough Ball No 2« from £ dr. to 2 drs. in weight. And if the dog lose flesh, give equal parts of the Cough Ball and the Tonic Ball (No. 1). In the more advanced stages give the tonic alone ; or the Astringent Ball if diarrhoea comes on.—Clater. 4. Give a third of a paper of James’s powder, mixed with butter, and afterwards warm broth or milk. In 2 hours, another third; and if this neither vomit nor purge, give the other third at the end of 4 hours.—Daniel. 5. Blaine’s Distemper Powders, which are sold in packets, with directions for use. 6. In the malignant stage, with diarrhoea. Camphor 3 to 5 grs., charcoal 10 grs., opium 1 gr,, aromatic con- fection q. s. to form a ball. 7. Antimonial powder 2 to 4 grs., nitre 5 to 10 grs., * Discarded by the modern veterinary practititioner. 146 MEDICINES EOR DOCS digitalis £ to 2 grs. Afterwards the Tonic Pills No. 4.— Spooneb. Poudre Kusique: a French nostrum. Mix 45 grs. of nitre, 45 of sulphur, and 1 charcoal. Divide into 3 doses. Give 1 for 2 successive mornings, and the third on the 4th morning, mixed with lard or butter, or in milk. For a large dog a second packet (of 3 powders) may be required. —Habebt. Another French nostrum, HemePs Powder, is of a similar kind. 8. A strong solution of salt, to the amount of $ pint daily. 9. Powdered tin, sulphur, gunpowder, of each 1 oz.; lard sufficient to form a mass. The size of a nutmeg to be given twice or thrice a week. 10. Physic Ball No. 11. 11. } oz. to 1 fl. oz. of cod-liver oil, twice a day, accord- ing to size. 12. Emetics, gentle laxatives, milk diet, and from 5 to 15 grs. of chlorate of potash, twice a day.—Finlay Dun. REMEDIES FOR SPASMODIC COLIC. 1. Castor oil } oz., oil of peppermint 1 drop, laudanum 20 drops. If it does not open the bowels, give % dr. to 1£ drs. of aloes.—Blaine. 2. Castor oil 3 oz., syrup of buckthorn 2 oz., syrup of poppies 1 o!5; Give from a teaspoonful to a tablespoonful. —Yottatt. 3. Ether dr;, laudanum i dr., camphor 3 to 6 grs., castor oil (unless purged) 3 to 5 drs.—Blaine. CONVULSIONS. Give Colic Mixture No. 3, aud apply warm bath and flannel. FOR FITS Oil EPILEPSY. 1. Calomel 8 grs., carbonate of iron l dr., extract of hemlock 20 grs., conserve of roses, or palm oil, to form a mass for 6, 9, or 12 balls.—Blaine. 2. Give the Alterative Balls No. 1, or the pills of nitrate of silver, as for St. Vitus’s dance.—Clateb. 3. For epilepsy of suckling bitches. Ether 1 dr., lauda- num i dr., strong ale 2 oz.; give from a dessert-spoonful to 1 or 2 tablespoonfuls every 2 or 3 hours.-—Biaine, MEDICINES FOE DOGS 147 4. For epilepsy attending distemper. The Tonic Balls, or the pills for chorea.—Clateb. 5. After an emetic. Gentian 10 to 20 grs., ginger 3 to 6 grs., carbonate of iron 2 to 4 grs., or from an eighth to a fourth of a gr. of nitrate of silver, and £ gr. of spiders’ web once a day.—Spooneb. 6. Ether 1 dr., laudanum | dr., camphor 6 grs., spirit of hartshorn 1 dr.; in a spoonful of ale : for small dogs give half the quantity.—Blaine. 7. When the fit is over, give an active purgative, and 20 to 40 drops of turpentine.—Finlay Dun. EMETIC POWDERS. 1. Calomel, emetic tartar, of each 1 oz. $ vermilion 10 grs.; rub together ; dose, from 1 to 3 grs., dropped ou the tongue, or mixed with a teaspoonful of milk.—-Ceatee. 2. Emetic tartar, from 1 to 3 grs. 3. Turpeth’s mineral, from 1 to 3 grs. 4. A teaspoonful of common salt. MEDICINES FOR INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS. 1. In inflammation of the lungs. After bleeding and purging, digitalis 12 grs., emetic tartar 3 grs., nitre 1 dr.; mix, and divide into 6, 9, or 12 powders.—Blaine. 2. Ditto, with much cough. Tincture of digitalis 1 dr., emetic tartar 3 grs., nitre 1 dr., simple oxymel 2 oz.; dose, 1 or 2 drs. every 3 hours.—Blaine. 3. In 'pleurisy, with incipient icater in the chest. Digi- talis 6 grs., calomel 6 grs., tartarized iron 18 grs.; into 6, 9, or 12 doses.—Youatt. 4. In inflammation of the liver. Digitalis 8 grs., anti- monial powder 16 grs., nitre 1 dr.; divide into 7, 9, or 12 powders, or boluses.—Blaine. 5. In chronic inflammation of the liver. Calomel 20 grs., antimonial powder i dr., myrrh, gentian, aloes, of each 2 drs.; mix, and divide into 15, 20, or 25 balls. 6. In inflammation of the bowels. After bleeding and a warm bath, give the castor-oil mixture (see Pubgatives, No. 8).—Clateb. 7. Bilious inflammation (with offensive, often black vomiting and purging) : Calomel 10 grs., opium 4 grs.: in 4 or 8 pills—one 3 times a day; afterwards the astringent remedies for diarrhoea.—Spooneb. 148 MEDICINES EOll DOGS MEDICINES FOR RHEUMATISM. 1. After warm bath, and friction, give tincture of opium 20 drops, ether 20 drops, castor oil i oz. to 1 oz.— Blaine. 2. Calomel 2 to 4 grs., opium \ gr., oil of peppermint 1 drop, aloes 1 dr.; form a ball with butter or lard : repeat it every 4 hours till the bowels are well opened; and use the Embrocation No. 3.—Clatek. 3. After warm bath, &c., give 40 drops of laudanum, and a teaspoonful of hartshorn, in warm beer; and rub with the Embrocation No. 1.—Mater. TONIC MEDICINES. 1. Gentian 1 oz., chamomile £ oz., oak-bark \ oz., ginger £ oz., carbonate of iron £ oz., palm oil 1 oz.; beat them together to form a mass; dose, 2 to 6 scruples.— Clatek. 2. Debilitating stage of distemper. Sulphate of quinine i dr., powdered chamomile 3 drs., balsam of Peru 1J drs., camphor 1 scruple; form a mass with conserve of roses, and divide into 6, 9, or 12 balls; one every 6 hours.— Blaine. 3. In gutta serena. Chamomile 1 oz., rue £ oz., ginger i oz. (all in powder) ; beat them into a mass with 7 urs. of palm oil, and divide into 12, 16, or 20 balls ; one night and morning.—Clatek. 4. Gentian powder 10 to 20 grs., ginger 5 gr3., cascarilla 10 to 20 grs.; conserve of roses, or syrup, to form a ball. One twice a day. WORM MEDICINES. 1. Carbonate of iron | oz., iEthiops mineral 1 dr. gentian 1 oz., ginger i oz., levigated glass 1 oz., palm oil 9 drs.; beat well together j dose, from £ to 2 drs.— Clatek. 2. As much very finely-powdered glass as will lie on a sixpence, mixed with butter.—BlainE. Mr Yottatt says from i dr. to 1 dr., powdered glass, with a little ginger, made into a ball with lard. 3. Aloes, sulphur, prepared hartshorn, and juice of wormwood, made, into a mass; the size of a hazel nut to be given three times a weok, fasting, wrapped in butter. —Daniel. MEDICINES FOR DOGS 149 4. Tin filings, or pewter filings, dr. to 1 dr., with butter or lard. 5. Jalap 10 to 15 grs., calomel 2 to 3 grs. mixed with butter; no cold liquid should be allowed.—White. 6. Cowage i dr., iron filings 4 drs., conserve of roses q. s, to form a mass, to be divided into 4,6, or 8 balls; one every night and morning; and afterwards the purgative No. 4.—Blaine. 7. Epsom salts 1 oz., common salt 1 dr.; give a small or large teaspoonful daily. 8. Give green walnut leaves boiled in milk.—Mayer. 9. From £ dr. to 2 drs., according to size, of betel nut, in coarse powder, made into a ball; an excellent remedy. 10. For Tape Worm. Oil of turpentine £ dr., mixed with yolk of egg; for very large dogs 2 scruples. Some writers 'prescribe larger doses (1 or 2 drs.), but these sometimes prove fatal.—Blaine. 11. From 2 to 6 drs. of cusso according to size. 12. For Tape Worm. Oil of turpentine and olive oil, of each £ oz.; mix, and give carefully; 3 or 4 hours after, give 1 oz. castor oil. 13. For Stomach Worms. Give the emetic powder (see further back) and afterwards a physic ball. 14. Thread Worms. These are destroyed by an aloetic clyster. MEDICINES FOR THE YELLOWS. 1. After bleeding—Calomel 2 to 3 grs., jalap 10 grs., scammony 4 grs.—White. 2. Aloes 20 to 40 grs., calomel 2 to 4 grs.; afterwards the tonic alterative balls. See Alterative Balls and Powders. MEDICINES FOR ST VITUS’S DANCE, OR CHOREA. 1. Nitrate of silver 8 grs., ginger 10 grs., syrup to form a mass ; divide into 64 pills, and give one or two, morning and night.—Clater. 2. Strychnia 1 gr., oxide of zinc 24 grs., assafcetida 24 grs., conserve of roses q. s.; mix very accurately, and divide into 6, 9, or 12 balls. 3. Nitrate of silver 3 grs., carbonate of iron 2 drs., gen- tian 3 drs., conserve of roses to form a mass, for 6, 9, or 12 balls.—Blaine. 150 MEDICINES EOB DOGS 4, Give 2 grs. of valerianate of quinine or sulphate of zinc, twice a day.—Finlay Dun. MEDICINES FOR DROPSICAL COMPLAINTS. 1. Digitalis 9 grs., squill 12 grs., cream of tartar 2 drs., mix, and divide into 9, 12, or 15 powders; one night and morning. 2. Foxglove 12 grs., antimonial powder 15 grs., nitre 1 dr.; as the last.—Blaine. 3. Foxglove 1 gr., nitre 10 grs., ginger 8 grs.; night and morning; then iodide of potassium £ gr. to 1 gr.— You ATT. BALLS FOR ENLARGED GLANDS AND CANCEROUS DISEASES, 1. Extract of hemlock 1 to 3 grs., burnt sponge 10 to 20 grs, j make a ball, to be given once or twice a day. 2, Iodine 12 grs., powdered gum 40 grs., syrup to form a stiff mass, divide into 48 pills, and give one or two, night and morning.—Clater. BALLS TO PROMOTE PARTURITION. Ergot of rye 20 grs.; pulverise, and add ginger 16 grs., syrup q. s.; beat into a mass, and divide into 5 pills; give one every hour, or to a small bitch, half of one.—Clateb. TO PREVENT RABIES, OR CANINE MADNESS. 1. Powdered leaves of the Scutellaria lateriflora 40 grs., powdered belladonna 2\ grs.; to be given night and morning for 6 weeks, gradually increasing the dose,— Yoxtatt. 2. Infuse a teaspoonful and a half of powdered Scutella- ria in a quart of hot water; give half a pint morning and night, omitting the dose every third day, when a mild dose of sulphur must be given.—Dr Spalding. 3. Fresh leaves of the tree-box 2 oz., rue 2 oz., sage l oz., chop them fine, and boil them in a pint of water till reduced to half a pint; strain, and press out the liquid; beat the herbs, and boil them in a pint of new milk to half; strain, press the herbs, and mix the liquids. For a man, give a third of this quantity every other morning fasting; double the above quantity makes 3 doses for a horse or cow; two thirds will suffice for a middle-sized 151 EXTERNAL APPLICATIONS dog, and a third for smaller dogs. It produces extreme nausea and distress, and has occasionally proved fatal to dogs,—Blaine. All the above are obsolete. fetaal ASTRINGENT & DETERGENT LOTIONS, for Wounds, &G. 1. Bruised oak.bark 2 oz., catechu 1 oz., water 3 pints; boil to a pint, and strain.—Clateb. 2. Tincture of myrrh and aloes 1 oz., alum £ oz., water 1 pint. 3. For sore feet. The Lotion (No. 1), 4 oz., tincture of aloes £ oz., water 1 pint. 4. To excite sluggish wounds. Nitrate of silver 10 grs., water 1 oz. LOTIONS FOR CANCER IN THE EAR. See Ointments toe Cankeb in the Eab, further on. 1. Sulphate of zinc 20 grs., sugar of lead £ dr., water 4 oz.—White. 2. Sulphate of zinc 20 grs., decoction of oak-bark 4 oz. —Blaine. 3. Nitrate of silver 1 gr„ rain-water 2 oz. 4. Sugar of lead £ dr., rose-water 4 oz. A teaspoonful to be introduced blood-want? into the ear. 5. Mild Canker Lotion. Infusion of foxglove leaves £ pint, Goulard’s extract of lead £ oz.; mix. To be used as the last.—Clateb. 6. Strong Canker Lotion. Goulard’s extract 2 drs., white vitriol 1 dr., alum 2 drs., water £ pint. 7. Chloride of lime 20 to 30 grs., water £ pint. LOTION TO ALLAY ITCHING. Dilute hydrocyanic acid 1 dr., water a pint.—Youatt. OINTMENTS FOR CANKER OF THE EAR. 1. Equal parts of zinc ointment, and ointment of nitrate of quicksilver.—Blaine. 152 MEDICINES FOR DOGS 2. Sublimate 3 grs., Turner's Cerate 1 dr., sulphur a scruple. 3. White vitriol, alum, each in fine powder, a drachm, lard 4 oz. To be rubbed gently into the crack.—Clatee. 4. Stronger. Nitrate of silver 20 grs., lard 1 oz. Rub them well together.—Clatee. 5. Levigated red precipitate £ oz., lard 2 oz.—Mates. EYE WATERS. 1. Astringent Wash for Wealc Fyes.—White vitriol 4 grs., spirits of wine £ dr., water 4 oz.—Clatee. 2. Sugar of lead 30 grs., rose-water 6 oz.—Blaine. 3. Laudanum £ dr., infusion of green tea 4 oz.— McEwen. 4. For naturally weak eyes. Laudanum 2 drs., water 8 oz. To be used every morning.—Clatee. 5. Sugar of lead £ dr., distilled water 6 oz., tincture of opium £ dr.—Spoonee. 6. In inflammation after Heeding. Physic and warm fomentations. OINTMENTS FOR ULCERATED EYELIDS. 1. Red precipitate, levigated, 10 grs., zinc ointment £ oz. 2. Ointment of nitrate of quicksilver 1 dr., sugar of lead 20 grs., spermaceti ointment 3 drs.—Blaine. 3. Dissolve a drachm of quicksilver in a drachm and half of strong nitric acid, and well mix the warm solution with 6 oz. of melted lard.—H. Claytee. OINTMENTS AND LOTIONS FOR THE MANGE. N.B.—An alterative ball should be given daily and a physic ball occasionally. Bleeding is sometimes pre- scribed. 1. For scabhy mange. Sulphur 4 oz., sal ammoniac \ oz., aloes 1 dr., Venice turpentine £ oz., lard 6 oz.; mix. After four applications wash well with soap and water.— Blaine. 2. Horse turpentine and palm oil, of each £ lb., train oil £ pint. Melt together, and while cooling, stir in 3 lbs. of flowers of sulphur.—Clatee. 3. Aloes 2 drs., hellebore % oz., sulphur 4 oz., lard or train oil 6 oz.—M‘Ewen. 4. Sulphate of zinc 1 dr., snuff \ oz., white hellebore | oz., sulphur 4 oz.? aloes i oz., soft soap 6 oz,—Blaine. EXTERNAL APPLICATIONS 153 5. Charcoal powder 2 oz., sulphur 4 oz., salt of tartar 1 dr., Venice turpentine oz., lard 6 oz. 6. For red mange. Add 1 oz. of strong mercurial oint- ment to 6 oz. of either of the above. 7. Charcoal 1 oz., chalk 1 oz., sugar of lead 1 dr., white precipitate 2 drs., sulphur 2 oz., lard 5 oz.—Blaine. 8. Wash for red mange. Corrosive sublimate 20 grs., spirit of wine 2 drs.; dissolve, and add milk of sulphur oz., lime-water pint. Apply by means of a sponge.— Clatee. 9. For ulcerated mange. Ointment of nitrated quick- silver 2 drs., sugar of lead 20 grs., flowers of sulphur £ oz., lard 1 oz.; mix.—Blaine. ARSENIC OINTMENT. In mange and other slcin dis- eases. Yellow sulphuret (sulphide) of arsenic 1J grs., cerate or lard i oz.—Delaiond. SURFEIT OINTMENT. After bleeding and purging, apply sugar of lead 1 dr., spermaceti ointment 2 oz. OINTMENT AND POWDERS FOR PILES. Ointment.—Sugar of lead 6 grs., tar % dr., elder oint- ment 3 drs.—Blaine. Powders.—Nitre \ dr., milk of sulphur 3 drs.; mix, and divide into 9, 12, or 15 doses.—Blaine. HEALING OINTMENT. 1. Palua oil 3 lbs., resin 1 lb.; melt together, and when they begin to cool add 1 lb. of powdered calamine. — Clatee. 2. Oxide of zinc i oz., lard 1J oz., balsam of Peru 1 dr. ® OINTMENT FOR SCIRRHOUS TUMOURS. Iodide of potassium 1 dr., lard 7 drs.; rub together till perfectly smooth. STIMULATING MERCURIAL OINTMENT. Mercurial ointment 1 oz., simple cerate 1 oz. A small quantity to be rubbed over the region of the liver once a day till the mouth is sore.—Blaine. EMBROCATIONS FOR PALSY, RHEUMATISM, &c. 1. Oil of turpentine 2 oz., spirit of hartshorn 2 oz., tinc- ture of opium £ oz., olive oil 2 oz— Blaine, 154 MEDICINES FOE DOGS 2, Cajeput oil 1 oz., soap liniment 2 oz. 3. Spirit of turpentine, spirit of hartshorn, camphor- ated spirit, of each 1 oz., laudanum £ oz.—CLATEB. LOTIONS FOR STRAINS AND BRUISES. 1. Common salt and cold vinegar. 2. Sal ammoniac i oz., vinegar a pint. 3. For strains. Oil of turpentine 1 oz., old beer \ pint, brine i- pint.—Mayeb. 4. Spirit of Mindererus 4 oz., Goulard water 8 oz. ASTRINGENT LOTION FOR WOUNDS, SORE FEET, &c. Bruised oak-bark 2 oz., catechu 1 oz., water 3 pints j boil to 1 pint and strain.—Clateb. POWDERED AND LIQUID CAUSTICS FOR WARTS. 1. Equal parts of sal ammoniac and savine, powdered together. 3. Sublimate 1 dr., hydrochloric acid 1 dr., spirit of wine 3 drs„ water 2 drs. The warts to be touched with the liquid twice a day.—Youatt. 3. Salicylic acid £ dr,, collodion oz. Paint over the wart, which will gradually peel away after each applica- tion. FLEAS. 1. Rub the skin with powdered resin and bran. 2. Let the dog sleep on deal shavings. 3. Scotch snuff steeped in gin.—Meyeb. (This requires caution.) 4. Oil of aniseed.—Finlay Dun. 5. Persian insect powder. CLYSTERS. Astringent. Alum whey. Purgative. The purgative medicine No. 8; with gruel. For Worms. Solution of aloes 2 oz., linseed oil 1 oz. Mix. Anodyne. Roiled starch £ pint, laudanum 5 to 10 drops. —Clateb. MEDICINES FOE POULTRY, RABBITS, & o. FOR ROUP, POULTRY GLANDERS, AND GARGLE IN GEESE. 1. A saturated solution of common salt. Medium dose, half a teaspoonful. 2. Antimonial powder 1 gr., with sopped bread, twioe a day.—Clatee. 3. Garlic, rue, brickdust, and butter, beaten together, and a little crammed down the throat. 4. For wet roup in pigeons. Give 3 or 4 pepper-corns in 3 or 4 days.—Moose. 5. For dry roup. Give 2 or 3 pills of garlic every day. Some recommend assafoetida to be mixed with the food of Poultry, whenever they manifest disease by drooping their wings. FOR RUMP ROUP, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE OIL-VESSEL. Open the tumour, and squeeze out the collected oil. GAPES (OR PIP), FROM WORMS IN THE AIR- PASSAGES. 1. Pills of flowers of sulphur, turpentine, and wheat flour. 2. Oil of turpentine 2 drs., linseed oil 1 oz.; or oil of turpentine 2 drs., flour enough to make it into 20 pills. For 20 doses, one every other day for 3 or 4 times. 3. Tobacco smoke. INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS AND ASTHMA. Give a grain each of calomel and antimonial powder, daily. PURGING FLUX, OR DIARRHffiA. 1, Change the diet and give whole wheat or rice; and 156 MEDICINES FOE POULTRY, RA.BBITS, ETC. if obstinate, cram down small pieces of the following mass Chalk, p. caraway, and syrup of poppies.—Ceater. 2. Put chalk in their water, or give forge-water. CROPSICK, OR CONSTIPATION. If the obstruction is in the crop, endeavour to force the contents into the gullet and mouth by gentle pressure. When partially emptied give rue and butter. When the obstruction is in the bowels, give bran and pollard, mixed with a little greasy hot liquor, to which, if necessary, a little sulphur may be added; or give a tea- spoonful of the castor-oil mixture (see No. 8, Medicines for Dogs, Physic Balls).—See Chipping-. PIP, OR BLAIN IN THE TONGUE. 1. Wash the mouth two or three times a day, with a mixture of equal parts of tincture of myrrh and water. 2. Rub the sore with common salt. 3. Solution of chloride of soda 1 dr., water 1 oz., honey of roses 3 drs. CANKER IN PIGEONS. Apply burnt alum, mixed with honey. SCABS IN BREASTS AND BACKS OF PIGEONS. Dill seed, cumin seed, fennel seed, of each 1 lb., assafcetida 1£ oz., bay salt \ lb., common salt £ lb.; knead them with fine clay and flour. Bake it in earthen pots, and set it for the birds to peck.—Moore. Genuine Salt-Cat.—Sifted gravel, brickmakers’ earth, rub- bish of old walls, of each a peck, cumin seed 1| lbs., bay- salt i lb.; mix. FOR FILANDER WORMS IN HAWKS. Aloes, iron filings, nutmeg, and honey; mix, and give a small piece as often as necessary. CHIPPING, IN CHICKENS.—Remove the chickens to a warm place. Mix 1 oz. of castor oil with £ oz. syrup of ginger; mix a teaspoonful of this with a little thick gruel, and force a little down several times a day, so that it shall get half a teaspoonful of the mixture in the course of the day. FOR CHILL, IN TURKEY CHICKS. Give ground malt and barley-meal in equal quantities, adding a little pow- dered caraway or coriander-seed. MEDiciNES FOR P&ULTRT, RABBITS, ETC. PASTE FOR WEAK TURKEY CHICKS. Eggs boiled hard, nettles, and parsley, all chopped up, and moistened with wine or water. MEGRIMS OR GIDDINESS. Castor oil 1 oz., syrup of ginger £ oz., syrup of poppies £ oz.; mix with gruel and force a little down occasionally.—Clater. CONVULSIONS OF DUCKS. Give to grown-up ducks 4 grains of pepper, mixed with fresh butter. FOR BLINDNESS. Foment with warm water, then drop a few drops of the following solution into the eyes :— laudanum 1 teaspoonful, water a teacupful. LOTION FOR WOUNDS. 1. Laudanum, a few drops, added to a teacupful of water. 2. Tincture of myrrh and paregoric, each a teaspoonful, water i a pint. TO PROMOTE THE LAYING OF EGGS. A little sul- phate of soda, placed within reach of the hens, is said to be useful. Warmth, good feeding, with a little chopped meat in winter, are also recommended. To prevent their laying soft eggs, supply them with old mortar, bruised egg-shells, or chalk. FUNGUS, OR PROUD FLESH, FROM WOUNDS IN THE HEAD. Burnt alum 2 drs., honey 1 oz.; mix, and apply twice a day. VERMIN, TO DESTROY. Tobacco smoke, with good food* and cleanliness. MOULTING. It is usual to put saffron into the water of cage birds when moulting; others recommend a rusty nail. FOR SNIFFLES IN RABBITS. Sulphate of eopper 1 to 2 grs., morning and evening, in bran.—Clater. FOR ROT OR POT BELLY. Give them young green broom, and bread well toasted.—Mayer. PATENT AND PROPRIETARY MEDICINES, DRUGGISTS’ NOSTRUMS, ETC. This division consists of those medicinal compounds which are excluded from the Pocket Formulary, as belonging rather to empirical than to regular practice. It includes, in addition to those secret and patent remedies which are usually termed Quack Medicines, preparations of various drugs made according to private formulae; some favourite domestic remedies; and a few compounds, which, though not empirical, are better known by the names of indivi- dual practitioners than by any other title. The supposed composition of some of the secret remedies is given on the authority of Dr Paris, the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, the Pharmaceutical Journal, the Chemist and Druggist, and other sources; but without vouching for their correctness. Abernethy’S Piils. The nostrum to which this distin- guished surgeon’s name has been applied is said to con- sist of 2 grs. of blue pill, and 3 of compound extract of colocynth. Ague Deops (tasteless). A solution of arsenic, probably similar to the liquor pot as see arsenitis (liquor arsenicalis, B.) of the Pharmacopoeia. Allcock’s Porous Plaster. The plaster seems to be made by heating and melting together caoutchouc; Bur- gundy pitch, olibanum, and myrrh, with the aid of tur- pentine oil.—Hager. Allen’S Anti-eat. A fluid form of Fucus Vesiculosus (bladder wrack). Allen’s World’s Hair Restorer. An analysis of the contents of an 8 oz. bottle indicated 75'6 grs. of sulphur; and an amount of lead corresponding to 87 grs. of acetate. (Chemist and Druggist.) PATENP AND PROPRIETARY MEDICINES 159 Andeeson’s Pills. See Pilule Andebsonis, Pocket For- mulary. Other published formulae are— 1. Barbadoes aloes 1 oz., jalap i oz., soap 1 dr., oil of aniseed £ dr., tincture of aloes q. s.; mix, and divide into 4-grain pills. 2. Barbadoes aloes 5 oz., water 1 oz. j soften by the heat of a water-bath, and add powdered jalap, powdered ani- seed, and ivory-black, of each 1 oz., oil of aniseed 1 dr. 3. Barbadoes aloes 16 oz., black hellebore, jalap, sub- carbonate of potash, of each 1 oz., oil of aniseed # oz., syrup of buckthorn q. s. to form a mass. To be divided into 4-grain pills. 4. Barbadoes aloes 24 oz., soap 4 oz., colocynth 1 oz., gamboge 1 oz., oil of aniseed j fl. oz.; mix, and divide into pills of 3 grs. each. Phil. Coll, of Pharmacy. Anodyne Necklaces. Beads formed of the root of hen- bane, and used as necklaces, to allay the pain of teething. Antipeetussis. Dr Pabis states that the basis of this nostrum is a salt zinc. Abquebfsade (acid). 1. Sulphuric acid £ lb., vinegar and spirit of wine, of each 3 lbs., clarified honey 1 lb.— Swediatje. 2. Distilled vinegar and rectified spirit, of each 10 oz., sulphuric acid (by weight) 1£ oz., sugar 2.) oz.; mix. For the aromatic spirituous arquebusade water, see Aeqfe- busade Watee, under Peeffmeey ; also Spibitus Vfl- NEBABITTS. Pocket Formulary. Aeomatic Yinegae. Acetic acid (sp. gr. 1*044) 1 lb., camphor 1 oz.; dissolve, and add 1 oz. each of oil of lavender, oil of cloves, and oil of lemon. Apeeient and Antibiliofs Pills. See Andeeson’s, Baillie’s, Baeclay’s, Dixon’s, &c., Pills. The following are useful forms— 1. Compound extract of colocynth 60 grs., comp, rhu- barb pill 30 grs., soap 10 grs. In 24 pills. 2. Compound extract of colocynth 2 drs,, extract of rhu- barb £ dr., compound soap pill 10 grs.; mix, and divide into 40 pills; 1, 2, or 3 for a dose. 3. Compound extract of colocynth 8 oz., soap 1 oz., scammony 2 oz., extract of rhubarb 2 oz., oil of cassia 6 drs., spirit q. s. to form a mass. Divide into 4-grain pills. 4. Blue pill, compound extract of colocynth, of each a 160 PATENT AND PROPRIETARY MEDICINES scruple; scammony and Castile soap of each 10 grs., oil of caraway 4 drops. Mix and divide into 15 pills—3 at bedtime.—Sir B. Brodie. 5. Compound extract of colocynth 4 scruples, scammony a scruple, extract of rhubarb 12 grs., soap 6 grs., oil of cinnamon 4 drops. Mix, and divide into 24 pills.— Mr Vance. 6. Mr Vance’s Stronger Pills with Calomel. Com- pound extract of colocynth 4 scruples, scammony 2 scru- ples, calomel 24 grs., oil of cinnamon 6 drops, in 24 pills. —Dr J. Johnson. 7. Compound extract of colocynth 1 dr., calomel 15 grs., emetic tartar 1 gr., oil of cassia 5 drops. In 24 pills. —Dr J. Johnson. 8. Scammony 10 to 15 grs., compound extract of colo- cynth 2 scruples, extract of rhubarb i dr., soap 10 grs., oil of caraway 5 drops. In 20 pills. One or two when required.—Sir C. Scudamore. 9. Compound rhubarb pill \ dr., ipecacuanha 6 grs., compound extract of colocynth 20 grs. In 12 pills. One or more at bedtime occasionally.—Dr Baron. 10. The same as Pil. Codoc. et Hyoscyami, Ed. Ph. --Dr Hamilton. 11. (Strong.) Compound extract of colocynth 2 drs., aloes and myrrh pill 2 drs., calomel 1 dr.; mix, and divide into 40 pills. Two for a dose.—Dr Lynn. 12. Compound extract of colocynth 2 scruples,' ipec- acuanha 6 grs., soap 10 grs., extract of henbane 30 grs. Into 18 pills. Two at bedtime.—Dr Copland. 13. Dr Neligan’s Purgative Pills for general use. Comp, colocynth pill and soap of jalap, of each 1 dr. In 24 pills. Two when required. 14. (Without aloes.) Simple extract of colocynth 24 grs., extract of jalap 12 grs., blue pill 12 grs., ipecacuanha 4 grs., oil of peppermint 3 drops. Into 12 pills. Other formulae will be found in the Pocket Formulary. Those which do not contain calomel should be preferred for general and repeated use. Atkinson’s Infant Preservative. Carbonate of mag- nesia 6 drs., white sugar 2 oz., oil of aniseed 20 drops, spirit of sal volatile 2£ drs., laudanum 1 dr., syrup of saf- fron 1 oz., caraway water to make a pint. Atropine Paper. Green tissue paper imbued with a solu- druggists’ NOSTRUMS, ETC. lion of sulphate of atropia, so that a piece l-5th of an inch square contains as much as a drop of a solution of 2 grs. to 1 oz. of water. The paper is hung up and turned about while drying. A piece of the size named will dilate the pupil if placed on the sclerotic and the lids closed over it, and tied with a handkerchief.—Mr Steeat- FEILD. Discs of atropine made of gelatine, and containing usually about l-5000th of a grain of sulphate of atropine in each, are also employed in ophthalmic practice. See Pocket Formulary. Bachee’s Tonic Piles. Alkaline extract of black belle* bore 2 drs., extract of myrrh 2 drs., powder of holy thistle 1 dr.; mix, and divide into 4-grain pills. Dr Baillie’s Pills. Compound extract of colocynth 1J- drs., extract of aloes 1J drs., Castile soap £ dr., oil of cloves 15 drops. In 38 pills; 3 at bedtime occasionally. Dr Baillie’s Dinner Pills. Aloes 20 grs., ginger \ dr., ipecacuanha 8 grs., syrup q. s. Mix, and divide into 16 pills. One daily, before dinner. Bailey’s Itch Ointment. Olive oil 1 lb., suet 1 lb., al- kanet root 2 oz. Melt, and macerate until coloured ; then strain, and add 3 oz. each of alum, nitre, and sulphate of zinc, in very fine powder; adding vermilion to colour it, and oil of aniseed, lavender, and thyme, to perfume. Baking Powder. Tartaric acid 8 oz., bicarbonate of soda 9 oz., arrowroot, or rice flour, 10 oz. Mix. Delfort’s is said to consist of alum 5 oz.,# bicarbonate of soda 2£ oz., bicarbonate of ammonia £ oz., arrowroot 4 oz. Balm of Gilead (factitious). 4 oz. of gum benzoin may be dissolved by heat in 1 lb. of Canada balsam, and to the mixture, when cold, oz. each of the oils of lemon, and cassia, added. Balsam of Rakasiri. Oil of rosemary dissolved in com- mon gin. Balm of Syriacdm. Perry’s. Gin 1 pint, moist sugar \ lb., water 4 oz. Dissolve the sugar in the water, mix in the gin, then add Tinct. Camph. Co. (P. L., 1836) 1 oz., tincture of tolu oz., aniseed and spearmint oils a few drops. Mix well, let stand, and decant the clear portion. Balsam. See Ford’s, Hill’s, Friar’s, &c. * The employment of alum iu bread-making ought to he discountenanced, 162 PATENT AND PROPRIETARY MEDICINES Barclay’s (Rev. D.) Antibilious Pills. Extract of colo- cynth 2 drs, soap of jalap 2| drs., extract of guaiacum wood 3 drs., emetic tartar 8 grs., oil of juniper, caraway, and rosemary, of each 4 drops; into 4-grain pills. Bakegian Balls. Extract of soap-wort (or of artichoke leaves) 3 oz., gelatine 1% oz., water 3 oz.; heat together till dissolved, pour the solution into a warm iron mortar; add 6 oz. of sulphuret of lime, and 1 oz. of salt, previously powdered and mixed. Stir constantly till a mass is ob- tained, and divide it into balls of oz. each. Use one for a general bath, half of one for a footbath. Bark, Essential Salt of. See Extractum Cinchona Siccttm, Pocket Formulary. Barker’s Tooth Tincture. An alcoholic tincture of py- rethrum, coloured with tincture of red cabbage. Bateman’s Pectoral Drops. 1. Compound spirit of aniseed 16 fluid oz., opium 1 dr., camphor 1 dr., oil of fennel 20 drops, cochineal 2 drs. 2. Proof spirit 4 galls., red sanders 2 oz.; digest 24 hours, filter, and add powdered opium 2 oz., camphor 2 oZ., catechu 2 oz., oil of aniseed 4 fluid drs.; digest for 10 days. The old wine gallon is here intended. Philadel- phia College of Pharmacy. Bateman’s Itch Ointment. Carbonate of potash i oz,, rose-water 1 oz., vermilion 1 dr., sulphur 11 oz,, oil of bergamot \ dr., lard 11 oz,; mix. Bate’s Anodyne Balsam. Soap liniment 2 parts, tincture of opium 1 part. Bate’s Camphorated Eye-water. Sulphate of copper 15 grs., French bole 15 grs., camphor 4 grs,, boiling water 4 oz.; infuse, strain, and dilute with 4 pints of cold water. Bate’s Styptic Wash. See Liquor Aluminis Co., Pocket Formulary. Bathing Spirits. These resemble liquid opodeldoc (soap liniment), and are usually coloured by the addition of some dark tincture. See Freeman’s Bathing Spirits. Bath Digestive Pills. Rhubarb 2 oz., ipecacuanha \ oz., cayenne pepper a oz., soap | oz., ginger \ oz., gamboge £ oz.; mix, and divide into 4-gr. pills. Bath Lozenges (in imitation of Dawson’s). Ptire extract of liquorice 1 oz., powdered gum arabic 1 oZ«, white sttgar druggists’ nostrums, etc. 163 1 lb., hot water q. s. to form a mass; to be rolled into pipes. Battle’s Vermin Powder. Said by Dr Macadam to con- tain starch, sugar, and Prussian blue, with 10 per cent, of strychnia. Battley’s Liqttor Cinchona and Liquor Opii. See Pocket Formulary. Battley’s Senna Powder. Senna leaves heated until they becone light in colour, reduced to powder, and mixed with some finely powdered charcoal. Baume de Vie. Socotrine aloes 2 drs., rhubarb 6 drs., saffron 2 drs., liquorice root 1 oz., proof spirit 8 oz.; digest for 8 days, and filter. The original Swedish form is this t —‘Aloes 9 drs., rhubarb, gentian, zedoary, saffron, theriaca, agaric, of each 1 dr., proof spirit 2 pints. Bay Bum. Prepared from the leaves of Myrlca acris (known as “Bayberry” in America) by distilling them with rum.— Chemist and Druggist. Baynton’s Plaster. Simple litharge plaster 16 oz., yellow resin 6 drs. j melt together, and spread on linen of calico. Bedddoe’s Pills ; for gravel. Carbonate of soda dried without heat, 1 dr., soap 4 scruples, oil of juniper 10 drops, syrup of ginger q. s. for 30 pills. Beetle Wafers. Red lead, sugar, and flour j made into wafers. Belloste’s Pills. Quicksilver, scammony, and jalap, of each 1 lb., sugar 4 oz.; mixed and made tip into a mass with sherry wine. Bestucheff’s Nervous Tincture. A mixture of a strong solution of perchloride of iron with sulphuric ether and spirit, exposed in long bottles to the rays of the sun until it has quite lost its brown colour. Betton’s British Oil. Oil of turpentine 8 oz., Barbadoes tar 4 oz., oil of rosemary 4 drs;; mix. See British Oils. Bewley and Evans’ Chalybeate Water. Citrate of iron 13 grs., carboxiated water 6 oZ., syrup of orange peel 1 oz. Biscuits, Aperient. An ounce of powdered jalap, mixed with 16 oz. of the materials for gingerbread, or other kind of cake. See Gingerbread, Purgative. Black Drop. See GuttA Nig;, Pocket Formulary. PATENT AND PltOPRiEiAlHf MEDlCIttES Black Deaught. 1. Infusion of sennft 10 drs., sulphate of magnesia 3 drs., syrup of ginger 1 dr., aromatic spirit of ammonia 20 drops. 2. Tartrate of potash 1-J- drs., manna & dr., tincture of jalap | dr., aromatic spirit of ammonia 20 drops, extract of liquorice 4 grs., infusion of senna 11 drs. See Mis* tuba Senn.e Comp., Haustus Apeeiens, and Mistuba Apebiens, in Pocket Formulary, for other formulae. Blaine’s Distempee Powdees. The basis of these is said to he aurnm musivum (sulphide of tin). Blisteeing Papee. Melt together cantharadin 1 dr., white wax 1 dr., olive oil 5 drs. Paint it with a brush on white bibulous paper, and hang it up to dry in a cur- rent of air. Take a piece of pink paper of form and size required, paint the under coloured side with a weak solu- tion of india rubber, cut the cantharadine paper to the size, less a margin, of the pink paper, and place it on while the india-rubber solution is still sticky. Before applying, the blister must be held over the steam of hot water. See Papiee Epispastique. Blisteeing Tissue. Taffetas Vesicant. Powdered can- tharides exhausted by ether, the tincture distilled to recover the principal part of the ether for the same use, and the residue heated in a water-bath till it ceases to boil. The green hutyraceous oil which remains is to be melted with twice its weight of wax, and spread on w'axed silk, or any convenient and adhesive material. An extract prepared by evaporating a tincture made with 4 parts of flies, 1 of strong acetic acid, and 16 of rectified spirit, is used for the same purpose. Bbown’s Beonchial Teoches. See Tbochisci Pocket Formulary. Bochet’s Sybup, for scrofulous affections. Compound syrup of sarsparilla, with senna, and 1 per cent of iodide of potassium. Beandish’s Alkaline Solution, oe Caustic Alkali, See LlQ. Potassje BbandishiI, Pocket Formulary. Beandish’s Alkaline Tinctuee of Rhubabb. Coarsely powdered rhubarb 1 oz., alkaline solution (Beandish’s) 32 fluid oz. The original formula directs only $ oz, rhubarb, but as smaller doses of the tincture than were given by Mr B. are usually prescribed, the quantity of rhubarb is here increased, Or an alkaline infusion of druggists’ nostrums, eto. 165 rhubarb may be made by pouring boiling water 38 parts on rhubarb 3 parts, and carbonate of potash 1 part. Bbandbeth’s Piles. Root of may apple 10 grs., extract of ditto 10 grs., extract of poke berries 30 grs., powdered cloves 10 grs., gamboge 2 to 5 grs., traces of saffron, and a few drops of oil of peppermint; made ' into 24 pills. —Hagee. Beitish Heeb Tobacco. The principal ingredient in this compound is dried coltsfoot leaves, to which a smaller por- tion of thyme, wood-betony, eye-bright, and rosemary, are added. Beitish Oils. Oil of turpentine and linseed oil, of each 8 oz.; oil of amber and oil of juniper, of each 4 oz.; true Barbadoes tar 3 oz.; American petroleum (seneca oil) 1 oz.; mix. See Betton’s Beitish Oil, Ante. Beodum’s Nebvotts Coedial. Iron wine, compound spirits of lavender, tinctures of calumba, gentian, cinchona, and cardamoms, equal parts of each. Bbocchiebi’s Styptic Watee. Pieces of fresh pine, bruised in a mortar, and distilled with twice their weight of water, till half the water has come over. After stand- ing in a wide vessel, any floating oil is to be'removed from the surface, and the water kept for use. Bubnett’s (Sir William) Disinfecting Fluid. A neu- tral solution of zinc in commercial hydrochloric acid. Cachou Abomatise. See Pebfumeey. Cajeput Liniment. Soap liniment 7 oz., camphor £ oz., oil of cajeput 1 oz. Camphob Liniment, Extempobaneous. Rectified spirit 17 fluid oz., strong water of ammonia oz., camphor 2 oz., oil of lavender 50 minims. Caebon Oil. Lime-water and linseed oil, equal quanti- ties. Castillon’s Powdebs. Sago meal, salep, tragacanth, each 1 dr.; prepared oyster-shells a scruple; coloured with cochineal. A drachm to be boiled with milk; in bowel complaints. Cephalic Snuff. Dried asarabacca leaves 3 parts, mar- joram 1 part, lavender flowers 1 part; rub together to a powder. Boeli’s consisted of 2 drs. valerian, 2 drs. of snuff, 3 drops of oil of lavender, 3 drops of oil of mar- joram ; mix. Tins is said to relieve the eyes as well as the head. 166 PATENT AND PROPRIETARY MEDICINES Chambeblaine’s Piles. Milk of sulphur and vermilion. Dr Pakis’s statement that they contain sulphate of lime would probably surprise the proprietor, if not aware that a great part of the commercial milk of sulphur contains half its weight of that substance. Chamomile Deops. Dr Paeis states that the nostrum sold under this name is merely spirit flavoured with essential oil of chamomile. A strong tincture of the flowers would probably be more efficacious. Chamomile Pills. Equal parts of rhubarb and jalap made into a mass with extract of chamomile.—Schadleb. Chelsea Pensioneb. Powdered rhubarb 2 drs., cream of tartar 1 oz.,guaiacum 1 dr., sulphur 2 oz., 1 nutmeg grated fine, clarified honey 16 oz.; mix : take 2 spoonfuls night and morning: for chronic rheumatism. Cheltenham Salts (factitious). Sulphate of soda crys- tallised 84 grs., sulphate of magnesia 24 grs., chloride of sodium 50 grs., water 1 pint. Dissolve. Chilblains, Popular Remedies for. 1. Soap liniment 1 oz., cajeput oil £ oz„ tincture or cantharides i oz.; mix. 2. Sal ammoniac £ oz,, vinegar 5 oz., spirit of rosemary 1 oz.; mix. 3. Oil of turpentine 1 oz., camphor i oz., Goulard’s extract i oz.; mix. 4. Dr Gbaves’s Preventive. Sulphate of copper 10 grs., water 1 oz.; dissolve, brush over the parts with the lotion by means of a camel-hair pencil, and when dry apply a little simple ointment. Repeat this for some evenings in succession. 5. Lejeune’s Balsam. See further on. 6. Sal enixum, alum, and sulphate of zinc, of each J oz., water a pint; apply it frequently. *1. Muriatic acid £ oz., Friar’s balsam oz.; mix. 8. Swediaue’s Paste. Bitter almonds 8 oz., honey 6 oz., powdered camphor £ oz., flower of mustard £ oz., burnt alum i oz., olibanum $ oz., yolks of 3 eggs; beat together to form a paste. Rub a portion of it on the part affected, moistened with water, night and morning, then wash with warm water, and dry with a cloth. 9. Wahleb’s Ointment for Broken Chilblains. Black oxide of iron, bole, and oil of turpentine, of each 1 dr.; rub together, and add the mixture to 1 oz. of melted resin cerate. DRUGGISTS* NOSTRUMS, ETC. 167 10. Another ointment for the same. Locatelli balsam 1 oz,; citrine ointment £ oz., balsam of Peru 20 drops; mix. 11. Russian remedy. Dry the peelings of cucumbers, and when required for use soften the inner part with water, and apply it to the part affected. 12. Tincture of arnica, rose-water, glycerine, of each 3 parts, spirit of camphor 1 part. 13. Dr Dewar. Sulphurous acid and glycerine," of each 1 part, distilled water 2 parts. Ching’s Worm Lozenges. The yellow lozenges contain 1 gr. of calomel in each, with sugar and sufficient muci- lage (coloured with saffron) to form a paste. The brown contain £ gr. of calomel with 3£ grs. of resinous extract of jalap, according to Gray ; or with 1 gr. of resin of jalap, according to Dr Paris and others. Cblorodyne. Many formulae have been given for this preparation. Mr Groves gives the following as an im- provement on the recipe of Dr Ogden : 1. Take chloroform 4 drs., ether 1£ drs., oil of pepper- mint 8 drops, resin of Indian hemp 16 grs., capsicum 2 grs.; macerate for 2 or 3 days, and filter. Then dissolve hydrochlorate of morphia 16 grs. in 1 fl. oz. of syrup, add perchloric acid and water £ dr. each, assisting the solu- tion by a water-bath; then, when cold, add hydrocyanic acid (Scheele’s) 96 drops. Mix the solutions. Should he given with great caution. 2. Oldberg’s formula is as follows:—Sulphate of mor- phia 1 part, menthol 1 part, ether 25 parts by measure, alcohol (#820) 25 parts by measure, diluted hydrocyanic acid 50 parts by measure,' chloroform 150 parts by mea- sure, simple syrup q. s. to make 1000 parts by measure. See also, Tinct. Chlobopormi et Morphine, B., Rochet Formulary. Cholera Medicines. The following are some of the more popular remedies that have at various times been used during the visitations of this disease. 1. Liverpool Preventive Powders. Bicarbonate of soda 1 scruple, ginger 8 grs.; to be taken in a glass of water after breakfast and supper. These powders are said to have been administered with good effect among the work- men in the mining and manufacturing districts, during a former visitation of cholera. 2. Dr Stevens’ Saline Powders. Bicarbonate of soaq, PATENT AND PROPRIETARY MEDICINES i dr., chloride of sodium a scruple, chlorate of potash 7 grs.; mix, for 1 dose. 3. Mr Hope’s remedy. Nitrous acid (red) 2 drs., pep- permint water or camphor mixture 1 oz., tincture of opium 40 minims; dose, 1 to 2 teaspoonfuls in a cupful of gruel every 3 or 4 hours. 4. Spirit of wine 1 oz., spirit of lavender i oz., oil of origanum \ oz., compound tincture of benzoin | oz., spirit of camphor £ oz.; 20 drops on moist sugar. To be rubbed outwardly also. 5. American remedy. Equal parts of lard, maple- sugar, and charcoal; to be mixed, and the size of a nut swallowed. 6. Remedy recommended by the Board of Health, in premonitory diarrhoea:—Aromatic powder 3 drs., com- pound spirit of ammonia 3 drs., tincture of catechu 10 drs., compound tincture of cardamoms 6 drs., tincture of opium 1 dr., chalk mixture to make 20 oz. Dose, for an adult, 1 oz., for a child of 12 years, i oz., for 7 years, £ oz., after each liquid stool. 7. Dr Gbaves’ Astringent Pills. Acetate of lead 20 grs., opium 1 gr.; made into 12 pills. One every half hour till the watery discharges cease. 8. Mr Buxton’s remedy. Twenty-five minims of di- luted sulphuric acid in an ounce of water. 9. Dr Beaven’s Preventive and Remedy. The Preventive. Sulphite of magnesia 2 drs.; sul- phurous acid 2 oz., water 2 oz.; tincture of capsicum jt oz. Mix and dissolve. A teaspoonful night and morning. The Remedy. Sulphite of magnesia 2 drs.; sulphurous acid 2 oz.; tincture capsicum £ oz., water 2 oz., sulphate of morphia 2 grs.; mix, and dissolve. A teaspoonful every half hour until relieved. We have inserted the above, not to encourage quackery in reference to this terrible disease, hut because the druggist may be called upon to supply these remedies, and expected to know their composition. Eor Elixib Woeoneje, see Pocket Formulary. Chieetta Pills and Mixtttbe. Dr Reece’s Pills. Ex- tract of chiretta 2 drs., dried carbonate of soda 20 grs., ginger 15 grs.; mix, and divide into 36 pills. Two, twice druggists’ nostrums, etc. 169 a day. Mixture ; Infusion of cliiretta 8 oz., snbcarbonate of soda 1 dr.; two tablespoonfuls 3 times a day. Citeaxe of Magnesia. See Effebvescing Citkate of Magnesia. Clabke’s Blood Mixtuee. According to Dr Faequaeson, this medicine contains 10 grs. of iodide of potassium in each dose. Cetttton’s Febbifuge Spieit and Tinctuee. Spirit: The original formula is—oil of sulphur by the bell, oil of vitriol and sea salt, of each 1 oz.; rectified spirit 3 oz.; mix, digest for a month, and distil to dryness. Tincture : Febrifuge spirit 8 fluid oz.; angelica root, serpentary, cardamon seed, of each drs.; digest, and strain. Water acidulated with these and sweetened to the taste, forms a cooling diuretic and diaphoretic j ulep. Cochbane’s Cough Medicine. An acidulated syrup of poppies. Collieb’s (Dr) Wine of Quinine. Disulphate of quinine 18 grs., critic acid 15 grs., sound orange wine 1 bottle, or 24 fluid oz. Collieb’b (Dr) Cbeam of Tabaxacum. See Cbemoe Ta- BAXACI, Pocket Formulary. Collins’s Disinfecting Powdeb. See Disinfecting and Deodobizing Compounds among the Teade Chemi- cals. Collodion. See Tbade Chemicals. Collodion (Styptic). Dr Richaedson. A saturated solu- tion of tannic acid and gun cotton in ether. Dr Pavesi. Collodion 100 parts, carbolic acid 10 parts, tannic acid and benzoic acid, of each 5 parts. Applica- tion to wounds. Consumption, Popular Remedies for. 1. Rum % pint, linseed oil, honey, garlic (beaten to a pulp), and loaf sugar, of each 4 oz., yolks of 5 eggs; mix; a teaspoonful night and morning. 2. Breastplate. Dissolve 1 oz. of aloes in 12 oz. of a strong decoction of fresh rue; fold a large piece of soft muslin in 8 folds, large enough to cover the chest and part of the stomach ; steep in the solution and dry it in the shade; wear it on the chest constantly. Cough Linctus. 1. Rose Linctus. Confection of roses 3 oz., paregoric elixir 1 J- oz., diluted sulphuric acid 1 dr. 170 PATENT AND PBOPEIETAEY MEDICINES mix; a small teaspoonful now and then when the cough is troublesome. 2. Dr Latham’s Cough Linctus, Dovee’s powder £ dr„ compound powder of tragacanth 2 drs., syrup of tolu £ oz., confection of hips and simple oxymel, of each 1 oz.; a small teaspoonful 3 or 4 times a day. For other formulae, see Linctus, Linctus Papavebis, Linctus Scill.®, &c., Pocket Formulary. Cough Lozenges. See Bath Lozenges, further back; also Lozenges, further on. Coen Plastees. See Kennedy’s Coen Pxasteb and Em- PLASTBUM JEbuginis, Pocket Formulary. Most of the advertised corn plasters contain verdigris. A few addi» tional formulae are subjoined, 1. Galbanum plaster 1 oz„ prepared verdigris 1 scruple; melt, and mix. 2. Galbanum 1 oz., black pitch £ oz., simple diachylon £ oz„ verdigris a scruple, sal ammoniac a scruple, Melt the first three together, and add the last two in fine powder. 3. Plaster of ammoniacum with quicksilver 1£ oz., soap plaster £ oz., opium in fine powder £ dr. Mechanical Coen Peastees. Any suitable adhesive plaster is spread on soft thick leather (buckskin), which is after- wards cut to a suitable size, and a hole punched in the centre. They are sometimes spread on amadou, or on vul- canized india rubber. Coen Solvents. One of the preparations sold under this name is probably a strong solution of carbonate of potash. A powder sold for the same purpose consists of carbonate of potash coloured with ochre or bole. A pinch is placed on the corn, and confined by means of a piece of adhesive plaster or rag. Sir Humphrey Davy’s name was given to a remedy which consisted of carbonate of potash and salt of sorrel, similarly applied. The following is one of the advertised Corn and Bunion remedies :—Carbonate of soda 1 oz., finely powdered and mixed with £ oz. of lard. Applied on linen rag every night; the outer skin to be pared off every 2 or three days. It may be varied thus :— Dried carbonate of soda 4 drs., powder blue (smalts) a scruple, lard 4 drs.; mix. A very excellent and effective application, the invention of Mr Gezow, a Eussian apothe- cary, is the following;—Salicylic acid 1 part, extract of druggists’ nostrums, etc. 171 Indian hemp, Jth part, collodion 8 parts. To be applied with a camel-hair brush, taking care to confine its appli- cation to the corn or bunion. Caustic tor Corns. 1. Tincture of iodine 4 drs., iodide of iron 12 grs., chloride of antimony 4 drs,; mix, and apply with a camel-hair brush, after paring the corn. It is said to cure in 3 times. 2. Strong acetic acid in glass tubes is used for this purpose. Court Piaster. See Emplastbum Ichthyocolla:, Pocket Formulary. Custard Powder. See Dietetic Articles. Daffy’s Elixir. This is similar to the compound tincture of senna; but different makers have their peculiar formulae. The following are some of them. Avoirdupois weight seems to be intended: 1. Senna leaves 3f lbs., jalap, aniseed, caraway seed, of each 20 oz., rectified spirits 18 pints, sugar 5 lbs. Infuse the senna 2 or 3 times in sufficient boiling water to yield, when strained with pressure, 4 gallons of the whole. Add to this the tincture made with jalap and seeds, digested with the spirit for a week. Pour off the clear liquor and add the sugar, and brandy colouring if required. 2. Dicey’s, according to Gray. Senna 5 oz., guaiacum shavings (some recipes add red sanders), dried elecampane root, seed of anise, coriander, and caraway, and root ot liquorice, of each 2| oz., stoned raisins 8 oz., proof spirit 6 lbs. 3. Swinton’s. Jalap 3 lbs., senna 2 oz., coriander seed, aniseed, liquorice root, and elecampane, of each 4 oz.; spirit of wine and water, of each a gallon. 4. Small senna 10 oz., bruised jalap, coriander seed, and aniseed, of each 2£ oz., proof spirit a gallon. Digest 8 days, frequently shaking, and strain. Pour on the re- maining ingredients 6 oz. of boiling water in which 2 drs. of salt of tartar have been dissolved; press strongly, and add the liquid to the tincture, with 3 oz. of treacle. Some recipes add rhubarb, in the proportion of about 4 oz. to the gallon. Dalby’s Carminative. 1. Carbonate of magnesia 1 oz., syrup of poppies 5 drs., tincture of wood-soot 1 oz., oil of caraway 25 drops, oil of peppermint 16 drops, water ap sd that each measure (10 grs.) is equivalent to 1 gr. of ptire soda. To use it, dissolve 100 grains of the impure soda in 3 oz. of hot water, filter, and wash the filter. Then add to the solution the test acid until the litmus or cabbage paper ceases to show an alkaline reaction. The same acid will serve for potash, if, roughly speaking, the number be multiplied by 4 and divided by 3.—Pawn ell. There are several other methods of performing the process given in the larger manuals. Alloys and Amalgams. A few only of these metallic com- pounds require notice here :—• Fusible Metal. 1. Tin 8 parts, lead 4, bismuth 3; melt together, removing the scum. Used as a metal-bath. 2. Dakcet’s for the same purpose : Bismuth 8 parts, lead 5, tin 3. 3. Lead 3 parts, tin 2, bismuth 5. This melts at 197° Fahrenheit. 4. For anatomical injections t Melt together with » gentle heat 174 parts of tin, 312 of lead, 514 of bismuth, with a little charcoal: remove from the fire, and add 100 parts of mercury previously heated. It is fluid at 173°; Bolid at 140° Fahrenheit. Brass. Mostly made of copper and zinc, the proportions varying according to the required colour and the purpose for which it is intended. Britannia Metal. Tin 150, copper 8, antimony 10. Bronze. 1. For medals and small castings t Copper 95 tin 4. 2. Copper 89, tin 8, zinc 3. 3. Ancient. Copper 100, tin 7, lead 7. 4. Kelly’s. Copper 91, zinc 6, tin 2, lead 1. 5. For gilding. Copper 14, zinc 6, tin 4. 6. For cutting instruments. Copper 100 parts, tin 14 parts. 7. Bell-metal. Copper 78, tin 22. Cock metal. Copper 20 lbs., lead 8 lbs., litharge 1 oz., anti- mony 3 oz. German Silver. 1. Copper 40£, nickel 31£, zinc 25£y iron 2£. 2, Pure copper 55, nickel 23, zinc 17, iron 3, tin 2. TEADE CHEMICALS Gold, Factitious. 1. Platinum 7, copper 16, zinc 1; fuse together. 2. Aluminium Gold {pale). Copper 100, aluminium 10. See Atjetjm Musivum. Common Gold. Copper 16, silver 1, gold 2. Or-molu. Contains a larger proportion of copper and less zinc than ordinary brass. White Brass. Pobel. Melt zinc with 10 per cent, each of copper and iron. This alloy has the fracture and appear- ance of zinc, hut is tougher than cast iron. It does not rust, nor adhere to metal moulds. Solders. 1. For Gold: Pure gold 12 parts, silver 2, copper 4. 2. Soft Solder. Tin 2 parts, lead 1. 3. For brass: Brass 2 parts, zinc 1. 4. For aluminium : Tin 45, aluminium 10. Type Metal {ordinary). Lead 9, antimony 1. Alloys for Electrotype. Clichee Moulds. Bismuth 8 parts, tin 4, lead 5, regulus of antimony 1; melt repeatedly to- gether, and pour out in drops, till perfectly mixed. Amalgam for Electrical Machines. 1. Fuse 1 oz. of zinc with i oz. of tin, at as low a temperature as possible; then add 1| oz. of quicksilver, previously made hot; mix, pour out, and when cold, reduce it to a powder, and triturate it with sufficient quicksilver to bring it to a proper consist* ence. 2. Zinc 1 part, tin 1, quicksilver 2; melt together. 3. Zinc 2, tin 1, mercury 5. 4. La Beaeme’s. Pour into a chalked wooden box 6 oz. of quicksilver; pour into an iron ladle J oz. beeswax, with 2 oz. of purified zinc, and 1 oz. of grain tin; set it over a brisk fire, and when the metals are melted, pour them into the box, avoiding the dross. When cold, reduce it to a powder, and mix it with lard. Keep it in a box, covered with tallow, and spread it on leather for use. Liquid Amalgam for Silvering Globes, Sfc. Pure lead 1 oz., grain tin 1 oz.; melt in a clean ladle, and immediately add 1 oz. of bismuth. Skim off the dross, remove the ladle from the fire, and, before the metal sets, add 10 oz. of quicksilver. Stir together, avoiding the fumes. Amalgam for Varnishing Figures. Melt 2 oz. of tin with i oz. of bismuth, and add i oz. of quicksilver. When MISCELLANEOUS PREPARATIONS 307 cold, grind it with white of egg, and apply to the figure. Alum is prepared by lixiviating calcined albuminous schist, and concentrating the solution to 1*4 or 1*5 density, and then adding the requisite quantity of chloride of potassium, soap-boilers’ ash, or kelp, to supply the alkali. By re- crystallization it is obtained colourless. In some manu- factories sulphate of ammonia, from gas-liquor is added to the lixivum, instead of chloride of potassium. Alum is also manufactured from clay, cryolite or Greenland spa, Bauxite (a mineral containing a large proportion of hydrated alumina), and blast-furnace slag; also by Duncan and Newland’s process, from beetroot sugar solution. Roman or cubic alum is crystallized from a solution, the temperature, of which is not allowed to exceed 104° F. It differs from common alum in containing a large quantity of base, a portion of which separates, if the solution be heated to 120° F. Another kind of alum, sometimes used as a mor- dant, consists almost entirely of sulphate of alumina, and is made by boiling fine clay, free from iron, with sulphuric acid, and cooling the solution so as to obtain a solid mass. See Dyes, &c. Aluminium, to Feost. The metal is plunged into a solu- tion of caustic potash. The surface, becoming frosted, does not tarnish on exposure to the air.—Macadam. Aluminium Beonze. 10 parts of aluminium are melted with 90 parts of copper. It is said to be as tenacious as steel. Amadou. Prepared from Boletus igniarius, B. foment arms and some other allied species of fungi. The fungus is cut into thin slices, the hard external parts removed, and the rest beaten with a mallet till soft. This forms surgeon’s agaric. If intended for German tinder it is soaked in a solution of nitre and sometimes sprinkled with gunpowder and carefully dried. Amalgams. See Alloys, further back. Ammonia, Sulphate and Cakbonate of. An impure sulphate of ammonia suitable for agricultural purposes is obtained by neutralizing the ammoniacal liquor of gas- works with sulphuric acid. By recrystallization and filtration through animal charcoal it may be obtained in a state of greater purity. The carbonate (hydrated sesqui- carbonate) is obtained by mixing either this sulphate or I'RADE CHEMICALS sal-ammoniac with chalk, and subliming it in iron retorts into leaden receivers. It is further purified by resubliming it with a gentle heat. See Ammonias Cakbonas, Pocket Formulary. Anatomical Injections. For coarse preparations. 1. Tallow, resin, and wax, equal parts; melt over a slow fire; and add red lead or vermilion sufficient to colour. 2. For delicate preparations. A strong solution of isinglass, coloured as required. 3. Amalgam Injection. Also for delicate parts. Melt together 1 oz. each of bismuth, lead, and zinc, and, when melted, add 2 oz. of quicksilver. Anatomical Subjects, and Animal Substances to Pre- serve. 1. M. Gannal’s Solution. Common salt 2 lbs., alum 2 lbs., nitre 1 lb., water 4 gallons. M. Gannal injects into the carotid artery a solution of sulphate of alumina, of density 1‘286. From 5 to 7 pints are required in sum- mer, but less will suffice in winter. 2. (Wickersheimer.) In 3000 parts of boiling water, dissolve 100 of alum, 25 of sodium chloride, 12 of potassium nitrate, 60 of potassa, and 10 of arsenious acid; let cool and filter. To every ten litres of the filtrate add 4 litres of glycerin, and one litre of methylic alcohol. 3. Dr Babington injects pyroxylic spirit into the aorta, and a little into the cavity of the perineum and the rectum. 4. Chloral Hydrate is a powerful antiseptic; made into a weak solution, it may be successfully employed for the preservation of anatomical preparations. 5. Mr Goadby , for insects, and for preparations of their organs. Bay salt 4 oz., alum 2 oz., corrosive sublimate from 2 to 4 grains, water 1 to 2 quarts. The weaker pro- portions should always be employed in the first instance. Let the insect or its organs be covered with the fluid, which should be changed frequently. 6. For Mollusca. Bay salt i oz., arsenic £ dr., subli- mate 2 grs., water a quart; dissolve. 7. Mr PlGNE, for preserving pathological specimens. Creasote 3 to 6 drops, water a pint. 8. Carbolic Acid, often sold for creasote, may be used in the same manner. 9. Pure Glycerin. Fotind especially useful in preserv- MISCELLANEOUS PREPARATIONS 309 ing the fresh tints of fishes, &c., intended for exhibition in museums. 10. Dr Stapyltoifor pathological specimens. In a quart of saturated solution of alum dissolve £ dr. of nitre. A recent preparation immersed in this liquid becomes dis- coloured ; but within a few days the colour returns. It is then put into a saturated and filtered solution of alum. M. Reboulet proposes : Water 16 parts, chloride of lime 4, alum 2, nitre 1. 11. Chloride of tin 4 (or corrosive sublimate 5) parts, in 100 of water, with 2 of hydrochloric acid.—Mr Cooley. 12. For preserving animals. Alum 32 oz., nux vomica 3 oz., water 5 pints; boil to 4£ pints. When cold, filter, or decant. This serves for injection. The residue, mixed with yolk of egg, is used for anointing the interior of the skin and fleshy parts left in skinning animals. 13. For preserving feathers. Strychnine 16 grs., recti- fied spirit a pint. (Dangerous.) See Steeping Birds, &c, Annotto, Purified. To a boiling solution of pearlash add as much annotto as it will dissolve. When cold, decant the clear solution, and neutralize with diluted sulphuric acid, avoiding any excess. Wash the precipitate with a little cold water, and dry it. Annotto, Solution of. Boil equal weights of annotto and pearlash with water, and dilute to the required colour. Anti-attrition, and Axle Grease. 1. One part of fine black-lead, ground perfectly smooth, with 4 parts of lard. Some recipes add a little camphor. 2. Booth’s Axle Grease. (Expired Patent.) Dis- solve £ lb. common soda in 1 gallon of water, add 3 lbs. of tallow, and 6 lbs. palm oil (or 10 lbs. palm oil only) ; heat them together to 200° or 210° F.; mix, and keep the mixture constantly stirred till the composition is cooled down to 60° or 70° F. A thinner composition is made with i lb. of soda, a gallon of water, a gallon of rape oil, and i lb. of tallow or palm oil. See also Lubricating Com- pounds. Anti-Ferment. Sulphite of lime; or equal parts of sul- phite of lime and ground black mustard seed. Used to check the fermentation of cider. Aqua Fortis. Double aqua fortis is nitric acid of P36 specific gravity ; single aqua fortis about l-22,—Dr 310 PereieA. A compound acid was formerly used under this name by dyers, and for cleaning brass, consisting of strong spirit of nitre 20 lbs., oil of vitriol 7 lbs., water 30 lbs. Aqua Regia. See Acid, Niteo-hydbochloric, further back. Aquarium, Marine, Saits toe, &c. Artificial sea-water may be used instead of the natural. A rough imitation is formed by mixing 100 oz. of fresh water with 3 oz. common salt, 1 oz. of Epsom salts, 200 grs. of chloride of magnesium, and 40 grs. of chloride of potassium. Or, more precisely, the real constitution of sea-water may he imitated in the following manner :—Mix with 970,000 grains of rain-water, 27,000 of chloride of sodium, 3600 of chloride of magnesium, 750 of chloride of potas- sium, 29 of bromide of magnesium, 2300 of sulphate of magnesia, 1400 of sulphate of lime, 35 of carbonate of lime, 5 of iodide of sodium. These all being finely powdered and mixed first, are to he stirred into the water, through which a stream of air may be caused to pass from the bottom, until the whole is dissolved. On no account is the water to be boiled, or even heated. Into this water, when clear, the rocks and seaweed may he introduced. As soon as the latter are in a flourishing state, the animals may follow. Care must he taken not to have too many of these, and to remove immediately any that die. The loss by evaporation is to he made up by adding clean rain-water. The aquarium, whether of fresh or of salt water, will require occasionally artificial aeration. This may he done by simply blowing through a glass tube which reaches to near the bottom ; or, better still, in the following way:—Take a glass syringe which can be easily worked. Having filled it with water, hold it with the nozzle about 2 inches from the surface of the water in the aquarium, into which the contents are to he discharged quickly, and with a sort of jerk. By this means a multitude of small bubbles are forced down into the fluid. This operation should be repeated for a con- siderable number of times. Aeabine. Gum arabic dissolved in water, and precipitated by alcohol. Argentum MusiVUM. Fuse oz. each of grain tin and bismuth in a ‘crucible, and add £ oz. of mercury. TRADE CHEMICALS MISCELLANEOUS PREPARATIONS 311 Arbob Dian.e. See Trees, Metallic. Aromatic Pastils. See Perfumery. ALBUM Musivum. Mosaic gold. Bisulphide or bisulphuret of tin. See STANNI Sulphuretum, Pocket Formulary. 1. Dr Ure directs 12 oz. of tin to be melted, and 3 oz. of mercury added. This amalgam is triturated with 7 oz. of sulphur and 3 of sal ammoniac, and the powder put into a matrass, which is bedded deep in sand, and kept for several hours at a gentle heat. The heat is then raised, and con- tinued for several hours, taking care not to raise it so high as to blacken the mass. 2. Melt together in a crucible, over a clear fire, equal parts of sulphur and the white oxide of tin ; keep it con- tinually stirred with a glass rod, until the compound appears as a yellow flaky powder. This may be used as a cheap bronze powder. Baldwin’s Phosphorus. Heat nitrate of lime till it melts; keep it fused for 10 minutes, and ponr it into a heated iron ladle. When cool, break it into pieces, and keep it in a closely stoppered bottle. After exposure to the sun’s ray’s it emits a white light in the dark. Balls for Horses. See Veterinary Formulary. Balls, Ash. The ashes of fern, or other kinds of wood ashes made into balls. Balls, Heel. 1. Melt together 4 oz. of mutton suet, 1 oz. of beeswax, 1 oz. of sweet oil, | oz. oil of turpentine, and stir in 1 oz of powdered gum arabic, and | oz. of fine lamp-black. 2. Beeswax 8 oz., tallow 1 oz., powdered gum 1 oz., lamp-black q. s. These are used not merely by the shoe- maker, but to copy inscriptions, raised patterns, &c., by rubbing the ball on paper laid over the article to be copied. Ullathorne’s Balls answer the purpose very well. For copying ancient monumental brasses a similar compound, coloured with- bronze-powder, instead of lamp-black, is sometimes employed. Balls for Scouring—Breeches Balls, Clothes Balls. 1. Bath-brick 4 parts, pipe-clay 8 parts, pumice 1, soft- soap 1; ochre, umber, or other colour to bring it to the desired shade q. s.; ox-gall to form a paste. Make it into balls and dry them. 2. Pipe-clay 4 oz,, fuller’s-earth £ oz., whiting | oz., white pepper J oz., ox-gall sufficient to form it into a paste. 3. Pipe-clay 3 oz., white pepper 1 dr., starch 1 dr., orris powder 1£ drs. It may he kept in powder, or formed into halls, as above. Bails, Blacking. See Blacking. Balls, Fubnituee. See Furniture Paste. Babium, Peroxide oe. Heat pure baryta to low redness in a platinum crucible; then gradually add chlorate of potash in the proportion of 1 part of the latter to 4 of the former. Cold water removes the chloride of potassium, and the peroxide remains as a hydrate. Babium Chlobate. See Chlobate of Babium. Beetle Poison. Put a drachm of phosphorus in a flask with 2 oz. of water; plunge the flask into hot water, and when the phosphorus is melted, pour the contents into a mortar with 2 or 3 oz. of lard. Triturate briskly, adding water, and | lb. of flour, with 1 or 2 oz. of brown sugar. —Pharmaceutical Journal. Plaster of Paris, with oat- meal, is said to destroy cockroaches. Beetle Wafebs. Red lead 4 parts by weight, flour and brown sugar, of each 1 part. Cats and dogs will not touch it. Benzine Collas. Benzine is sold under this name. Benzol. Benzine. A volatile liquid, procured by distilling light coal naphtha at a temperature not exceeding 200° F., by the method patented by Mr Mansfield. It is a sol- vent for fats and oils, and hence is used for cleansing silks, and other stuffs. It likewise dissolves gutta percha and many other substances ; and also, with heat and long digestion, India rubber. Benzoline. A product of the fractional distillation of American rock oil, sold for sponge lamps. At a tempera- ture less than 100° F. it will ignite if brought near a light, so that great care must be taken with it, and it should not be kept in quantity. Beveeages, and Powdees fob Prepabing them. See further back. Bibd Lime. Boil the middle bark of the holly 7 or 8 hours in water; drain it, and lay it in heaps in the ground, covered with stones, for 2 or 3 weeks, till reduced to a mucilage. Beat this in a mortar, wash it in rain-water, and knead it till free from extraneous inatters. Put it TBADE CHEMICALS MISCELLANEOUS PREPARATIONS 313 into earthen pots, and in 4 or 5 days it will he fit for use. An inferior kind is made by boiling linseed oil for some hours, until it becomes a viscid paste. Bisulphuret of Carbon. Bisulphide of Carbon. Bi- sulphide of Carbon. This is used in the arts, as a solvent for India rubber, gutta percha, &c. To procure it, Mulder recommends the following process as the most convenient. Provide an iron bottle (a quicksilver bottle answers very well), and make a second opening into it. To one opening adapt a copper tube bent twice at right angles; and to the other a straight tube dipping into the bottle. Having nearly filled the bottle with pieces of charcoal (recently heated to redness), and having screwed on the bent and straight tubes, place the bottle in a fur- nace, closing the mouth of the latter tube with a stone or clay cover in two pieces, hollowed in the centre so as to fit the upper part of the bottle, and defend it from the action of the fire. Connect the curved tube with a Woolfe’s bottle half filled with water, and placed in a freezing mixture; and when the iron bottle is sufficiently heated, introduce by the straight tube, fragments of sul- phur, and immediately close the mouth of the tube with a plug. The bisulphuret, as it comes over, falls to the bottom of the water. Separate it from the water and distil over dry chloride of calcium, or it may be purified by shaking up with mercury. It is said the offensive odour of the bisulphide may be removed by agitation with copper filings. See also Wagner’s Chemical Techno- logy. Blacking, Liquid, for Shoes, &c. [Note.— By ivory- black, Jowe-black, which is usually sold under this name, is intended. True ivory-black has a more intense colour, but is too dear for general use.] 1. Ivory-black, 3 oz., treacle 2 oz., sweet oil oz.: mix to form a paste; add gradually i oz. of oil of vitriol, and then half a pint of vinegar, and If pints of water, or sour heer. Some prefer mixing the oil of vitriol with sweet oil. 2. Ivory black 2 lbs., treacle 2 lbs., sweet oil £ lb.; mix and add £ lb. oil of vitriol, and beer or vinegar to make up a gallon. 3. Ivory-black 3 lbs., treacle 4 lbs., vinegar, a pint, oil of vitriol 8 oz., water a gallon. 4. Ivory-blapk 2 lbs., neat’s-foot oil 4 oz.; mix, and add 314 3 quarts of sour beer, or vinegar, and a spoonful of any kind of spirits; stir till smooth, and add 2 oz. of oil of vitriol, and sprinkle on it £ dr. of powdered resin. Then boil together 3 pints of sour ale with a little log- wood, and £ oz. of Prussian blue, 3 oz. of honey, and 8 oz. of treacle. Mix, but do not bottle it for 2 or 3 days. 5. Ivory-black 8 oz., brown sugar or treacle 8 oz., sweet oil 1 oz., oil of vitriol £ oz., vinegar 2 quarts. Mix the oil with the treacle, then add the oil of vitriol and vinegar, and lastly, the ivory-black. Blacking foe Deess Boots. 1. Gum 8 oz., treacle 2 oz., ink a pint, vinegar 2 oz., spirit of wine 2 oz. Dissolve the gum and treacle in the ink and vinegar, strain, and add the spirit. 2. To the above add 1 oz. of sweet oil, and £ oz. lamp- black. [These are applied with a sponge, and allowed to dry out of the dust. They will not bear the wet.] 3. Beat together the whites of two eggs, a tablespoonful of spirit of wine, a lump of sugar, and a little finely powdered ivory-black to thicken. Blacking without Polishing. Treacle 4 oz., lamp-black £ oz., yeast a tablespoonful, 2 eggs, olive oil a teaspoon- ful, oil of turpentine a teaspoonful. Mix well. To be applied with a sponge, without brushing. Blacking, India Rubbee (Patent). Ivory-black 60 lbs., treacle 45 lbs., vinegar (No. 24) 20 gallons, powdered gum 1 lb., India-rubber oil 9 lbs. (The latter is made by dis- solving by heat 18 oz. of India rubber in 9 lbs. of rape oil.) Grind the whole smooth in a paint mill, then add, by small quantities at a time, 12 lbs. of oil of vitroil, stirring it strongly for half an hour a day for a fortnight. Blacking, Paste. 1. These pastes may be made with the ingredients of liquid blacking, using sufficient vinegar, in which a little gum has been dissolved, to form a paste. Make it into cakes, and dry it. 2. German Blacking. Powdered bone-black is mixed with half its weight of molasses and one eighth of its weight of olive oil; and to this is added afterwards one eighth of its weight of hydrochloric acid, and one fourth of its weight of strong sulphuric acid. The whole is to be then mixed up with water into a sort of unctuous paste.—Liebig. TRADE CHEMICALS MISCELLANEOUS PREPARATIONS 315 3. Bailey's Blacking Balls. Bruised gum tragacanth 1 oz., water 4 oz.; mix, and add 2 oz. of neat’s-foot oil, 2 oz. of fine ivory-black, 2 oz. of Prussian blue, 4 oz. of sugar-candy; mix, ar.d evaporate to a proper consistence. For Heel Ball, see Balls, further back. Blacking pob IIabness. 1. Isinglass or gelatine £ oz., powdered indigo i oz., soft soap 4 oz., logwood 4 oz., glue 5 oz. Boil together in 2 pints of vinegar till the glue is dissolved; then strain through a cloth, and bottle for use. This appears an unchemical composition, but is inserted like many similar ones, because it is in actual use. The next is of a different character. 2. Melt 8 oz. of beeswax in an earthen pipkin, and stir into it 2 oz. of ivory-black, 1 oz. of Prussian blue ground in oil, 1 oz. of oil of turpentine, and \ oz. of copal varnish. Make it into balls. To be applied with a brush and polished with an old handkerchief. 3. Treacle \ lb., lamp-black 1 oz., yeast a spoonful, sugar-candy, olive oil, gum tragacanth, isinglass, each 1 oz., an ox gall. Mix all together with 2 pints of stale beer, and let it stand before the fire for an hour. Black Reviveb. 1. Bruised nutgalls 1 lb., logwood 1 lb., water 5 quarts; boil to 4 quarts, and add sulphate of iron 4 oz., dissolve, and strain. When cold, add 8 oz. of ox-gall. 2, Galls 3 oz., logwood 1 oz., copperas, iron filings, and sumach, of each 1 oz., vinegar 2 pints.—Geay’s Supplement. Black Japan. True asphaltum lbs., boiled linseed oil 4 pints, burnt umber 4 oz. Heat together till the whole is incorporated, remove from the fire, and when suffi- ciently cool, add as much oil of turpentine as will bring it to a proper consistence. Bleaching Liquid. Solutions of chloride of lime, and chloride of soda, are sold for this purpose, with directions for use. The following is also used: Mix 3 lbs. of common salt and 1 lb. of black oxide of manganese with as much water as will form a paste. Put the mixture into a retort, and add 2 lbs. of oil of vitriol previously diluted with 4 lbs. of water. Pass the gas into a solution of 1 lb. of common pearlasli, or 11 oz. of caustic potash, in 6 lbs. of water. The retort may be placed, after a short period, in hot water, to extricate the remaining gas. In bleaching 316 TRADE CHEMICALS cotton by chloride of lime, 1 lb. is dissolved in 3 gallons of water for each pound of cloth; it is afterwards passed through diluted hydrochloric or sulphuric acid (1 part of acid to 30 of water), and then washed. Blights, Remedies fob. Apple-tree canker. Having brushed off the white down and the red stain underneath it, anoint the places with a mixture of train oil and Scotch snuff. White Blight of Apple-tree. Apply a decoction of foxglove mixed with fresh cow-dung into a paste. Fly in Turnips. Steep the seed before sowing in train oil; or distribute slaked lime over the field as soon as the plants have appeared; or contrive, if possible, to fumi- gate the field with brimstone. Mildew of Wheat. 1. To prevent it. Dissolve in 3| gal- lons of cold water oz. of sulphate of copper for every 3 bushels of sowing grain. Throw this quantity of wheat into another vessel, and pour over it the prepared liquid, until it rises 5 or 6 inches above the corn. Stir thoroughly, and remove all the grains that swim. Throw the mixture into a basket, so as to drain off the liquid j wash it well in soft water, and dry before sowing. 2. To remove it. A solution of 1 lb. of salt to the gallon of water, sprinkled with a flat brush over the growing corn. Smut in Wheat. To prevent it. Boil 3 gallons of water, and slake, in it about 36 lbs. of quicklime; add 3 gallons more of cold water, and pour the hot mixture on bushels of the grain placed in a tub, stirring incessantly. Turn over the mixture now and then for 24 hours. Allow the liquid to drain off, and sow the limed wheat as soon as it is sufficiently dry. See Wheat, steep fob. Blight in Vines. A solution of pentasulphuret of calcium may be painted over the branches and twigs until they acquire a continuous coating of sulphur mixed with car- bonate of lime. M. Merceuil raises the earth round the stems of the vine to about a foot deep, then places in each excavation a good handful of flowers of sulphur, heaping it round the stems. The earth is then replaced. This is done at the beginning of August. For Lice, Aphides, and Bed Spiders. See Washes foe Vebmin in Plants. Blue fob Linen. The ordinary kinds of cake blue consist 317 Miscellaneous peepaeations of indigo and starch. Liefchild’s patent blue is thus made: Mix 4 parts of Chinese blue, 1 of Turnbull’s, and 1 of oxalic acid; gradually add boiling water until the whole is dissolved, and lastly 4 parts of sulphate of indigo. The latter is made with 1 part of indigo and 4 of sul- phuric acid, neutralised with carbonate of ammonia. Boilers, to prevent Incrustations in. M. Duclos pro- poses to mix the water with which the boiler is to be supplied with the following solution, in the proportion of li per cent. Chloride of barium 125 parts, hydrochloric acid (sp. gr. 1‘20) 25 parts, water 450. The water must then be allowed to clear in large reservoirs, where both the sulphate and carbonate of lime become decomposed, with formation of chloride of calcium. Any excess of acid must be neutralized before using, which may be done by placing pieces of limestone in the pipes. Bones, Sulphated. To a bushel of ground bones, add from 10 to 14 lbs. of oil of vitriol, previously mixed with half its bulk of water. This is sometimes mixed with an equal weight of salt and a sufficient quantity of bran. Turnip seed may be mixed with this compound and the two sown together. Borogklycebide, an antiseptic preparation patented by Professor Barff, more especially designed for the pre- servation of food, but recommended also as a dressing after surgical operations. Boroglyceride is prepared by heating together 62 parts of boracic acid and 92 of glycerin, at a tolerably high temperature until combination is complete. Boot-top Liquid. 1. Solution of chloride of tin 3 drs.; French chalk, or Venetian talc, in powder, 1 oz.; salt of sorrel 3 oz., flake white 1 oz., burnt alum £ oz., powdered cuttle-fish bone 1 oz., white arsenic 1 oz., boiling water a quart. Probably sulphate of baryta might be substituted for arsenic, the use of which it is desirable to discourage. 2. Sour milk 3 pints, cream of tartar 2 oz., oxalic acid 1 oz., alum 1 oz.—Redwood. 3. Wash the tops with soap and water, and scrape them with the back of a knife. Then apply the following with a harefoot brush.—Oxalic acid 1 oz., water a pint. Use the back of a knife as before; then polish with the following: Powdered gum arabic £ oz., red spirits of lavender 2 oz., powdered turmeric £ oz.; pencil this over 318 trade chemicals the top, let it half dry, then polish by rubbing it, one way only, with a flannel till it shines. 4. Sour milk 3 pints, butter of antimony 2 oz., cream of tartar 2 oz., citric acid, alum, burnt alum, of each 1 oz. —GRAY’S SUPPLEMENT. 5. White Top. One ounce each of magnesia, alum, cream of tartar, and oxalic acid; £ oz. of salt of sorrel, and £ oz. of sugar of lead; dissolve in a quart of water, and apply with a sponge. 6. Brown Top. Oxalic acid, alum, annotto, of each 1 oz.; isinglass £ oz., sugar of lead % oz., salt of sorrel £ oz.; boil together in a quart of water for 10 minutes. Apply with a sponge. Bookbinders’ Stains, foe Leatheb.—Black. A solution of 1 part of sulphate of iron in 6 of water. Blue. A solution of indigo. (See Chemic Bette.) Brown. A solution of pearlash, or of common soda. Boot Powdee. Finely powdered French chalk, or Venetian talc. Bread, Unfeemented. See Dietetic Articles, further back. Bronze Powdee. The best methods of preparing these powders are probably kept secret. The following are some of the published recipes ; 1. Gold leaf, or alloys of gold, reduced to powder by grinding them with sulphate of potash, or with honey, and washing away the extraneous matter with hot Water, and drying the metallic powder. 2. Dutch metal, and other similar alloys, treated in the same way. 3. Verdigris 4 oz., tutty 2 oz., sublimate 1 dr;, borax 1 dr., nitre 1 dr., mix them into a paste with Oil and fuse the mixture in a crucible. This has failed in some hands— perhaps from the tutty being factitious. 4. Mix together 100 parts of sulphate of copper, and 50 of crystallized carbonate of soda; apply heat till they unite. Powder the mass when cold, and add 15 parts of copper filings; mix well and keep it at a white heat for 20 minutes. Wash and dry the product. See also Aurum Musivum, and Abgentum Musivum, further back. Bronzing Liquids, foe Bronzing Copper Medals, Figures, Instruments, &c. For copper medals, electro- MISCELLANEOUS PREPARATIONS 319 type casts, Sfc. 1. Sal ammoniac 1 dr., oxalic acid 15 grs., vinegar a pint; after well cleaning the article to be bronzed, warm it gently, and brush it over with the liquid, using only a small quantity at a time. When rubbed dry, repeat the application till the desired tint is obtained. 2. jBronze for Plaster Figures. Dissolve palm soap in water, and add a mixed solution of sulphate of copper and sulphate of iron until no further precipitate occurs. Dry the precipitate, and mix it with oil of turpentine, or linseed oil. Sulphate of copper alone produces too bright a green. Palmitate of iron is yellow. These may be precipitated separately, and mixed to the desired shade after being triturated with the oil. Ten ounces of soap will require 3 ounces of sulphate of copper. 3. Sal ammoniac 1 oz., cream of tartar 3 oz., salt 6 oz.; dissolve in a pint of hot water, add 2 oz. of nitre and 2 oz. of nitrate of copper dissolved in £ pint of water. 4. To give an antique appearance to bronze figures, Sfc. Salt of sorrel 1 oz., sal ammoniac 2 oz., white vinegar 14 oz. 5. For copper binding screws and other small articles, A diluted solution of perchloride of platinum. 6. For electrotype medals. A weak solution of hydro- sulphuret (hydro-sulphide) of ammonia, or of sulphuret (sulphide) of potassium. 7. Immediately on removing the electrotype cast from the solution, brush it over with good black lead; then heat it moderately, and brush it over with a painting brush, the slightest moisture being used. 8. For electrotype copper medals. Boil 2 oz. of car- bonate of ammonia and 1 oz. of acetate of copper in i pint of vinegar, until nearly all the vinegar is evaporated. Pour into this a solution of 62 grains of sal ammoniac, and 15j grains of oxalic acid, dissolved in £ pint of vinegar; boil the whole and filter. Apply it to the medal (which should be perfectly bright, and previously warmed) with a camel-hair pencil for half a minute; then pour boiling water on it; wipe it with soft cotton very slightly moist- ened with linseed oil, and rub it with clean cotton. The medals may also be bronzed by applying oxide of iron (jeweller’s rouge, or crocus) in the same manner as directed above, for plumbago ; or a mixture of these may be used. 9. Tin Castings. Wash them over, after being well 320 TbADE CHEMICALS cleaned and wiped, with a solution of 1 part of sulphdte of iron and 1 of sulphate of copper, in 20 parts of water : afterwards with a solution of 4 parts of verdigris in 11 of distilled vinegar; leave for an hour to dry, then polish with a soft brush and colcothar. Bronzino Ball. See Balls (Heel). Bronzing Pastes, Parisian. 1. Plumbago 1 oz., sienna 2 oz., rouge | oz. Add a few drops of hydrosulphate of ammonia and water. 2. Chrome lead 2 oz., Prussian blue 2 oz., plumbago £ lb., sienna powder and lake carmine, each i lb. Add sufficient water to make a paste. Brosse de Corail. The roots of lucerne (Medicago sativa) cleaned, dried, and hammered at the end. Used as a tooth-brush. Browning, or Bronzing Liquids, for Gun Barrels. 1. Aquafortis £ oz., sweet spirit of nitre £ oz., spirit of wine 1 oz., sulphate of copper 2 oz., water 30 oz., tincture of perchloride of iron 1 oz.; mix. 2. Sulphate of copper 1 oz., sweet spirit of nitre 1 oz., water a pint; mix. In a few days it will be fit for use. 3. Sweet spirit of nitre 3 oz., gum benzoin 1£ oz., tincture of perchloride of iron £ oz., sulphate of copper 2 drs., spirit of wine i oz., mix, and add 2 lbs. of soft water. 4. Tincture of perchloride of iron £ oz., spirit of nitric ether £ oz., sulphate of copper 2 scruples, rain-water £ pint. The above are applied with a sponge, after cleaning the barrel with lime and water. When dry, they are polished with a stiff brush or iron scratch brush. Brunswick Black. Melt asphaltum, and add to it half its weight of boiled linseed oil; mix, and when sufficiently cool, add enough oil of turpentine to bring it to the proper consistence. Bug Poison. 1. Spirit of wine 1 oz., spirit of turpentine 8 oz., camphor £ oz.: mix. 2. Distilled vinegar, or diluted wood vinegar, a pint; camphor \ oz.; dissolve. 3. Corrosive sublimate 3 oz., hydrochloric acid 3 oz., oil of turpentine 12 oz., water 6 pints. Or, 1 oz. of sublimate, 2 oz. of hydrochloric acid, a pint of oil of turpentine, and a pint of decoction of tobacco. Miscellaneous peepaeations 321 4. Strong mercurial ointment 1 oz., soft soap 1 oz., oil of turpentine a pint. 5. White arsenic 2 oz., lard 13 oz., corrosive sublimate 1 oz., Venetian red i oz. 6. Scotch snuff mixed with soft soap. 7. For Floors. Corrosive sublimate 1 lb., sal ammo- niac 1 lb., hot water 8 gallons. It is said that if a branch of narrow-leaved dittany or pepperwort (lepidium ruderale) be suspended in a room, all the bugs will settle in it, and may be taken. Fumi- gating the rooms with sulphur is a troublesome and dis- agreeable process, and not always successful. Burnett's (Sir W.) Disinfecting Fluid. See Disinfect- ing AND DEODOROZING COMPOUNDS. Butter, to Preserve. Powder finely, and mix together, 2 parts of the best salt, 1 of loaf sugar, and 1 of nitre. To each pound of butter, well cleansed from the milk, add 1 oz. of this compound. It should not be used under a month. [Butter that has an unpleasant flavour is said to be improved by the addition of 2£ drs. of bicarbonate of soda to 3 lbs. of butter. A turnipy flavour may be pre- vented by only feeding the cows with turnips immediately after milking them.] Butter of Antimony. The liquid chloride of antimony, commercially known by this name, is usually made by dissolving crude or roasted black antimony in hydrochloric acid with the addition of a little nitric acid. It usually contains pcrnitrate of iron. Butyric Ether. Saponify butter with a strong solution of potash, dissolve the soap in the smallest quantity of alcohol by the aid of heat, add a mixture of alcohol and sulphuric acid till the solution is acid, and distil as long as the product has a fruity odour. Redistil the product from chloride of calcium. It is sold as essence of pine- apple. Camphine. Highly rectified oil of turpentine. English’S patent camphine is made by passing the vapour oi oil of turpentine through caustic solutions of potash, soda, or lime; or through sulphuric acid. Camphor, Artificial. This is formed by passing hydro- chloric acid gas into oil of turpentine. Camphor Balls. See Skin Cosmetics, after Perfumery. Candies. These belong rather to the confectioner than to 322 TRADE CIIEMICALS the druggist. The green stalks of angelica, the peels of orange, lemon, and citron, green roots of ginger, &c., are first boiled in water till soft, then in syrup till they are transparent, and dried in a stove, at a heat not exceeding 104° F. Candied horehound is made by boiling lump sugar with a little strong decoction or infusion of dried horehound, till a portion taken out and cooled becomes solid. It is then poured on to a slab, or into paper or tin moulds dusted with powdered sugar. Cantharidine Blister. Lissonde. Melt white wax 45 parts in olive oil 28 parts with a gentle heat, add turpentine 24 parts, camphor 1 part, cantharidin 2 parts ; stir, let the mass cool an instant, then pour out or spread on cloths. It raises the epidermis in a few hours. Canton's Phosphorus. Place calcined oyster shells in layers alternately with sulphur, and heat strongly in a covered crucible for an hour. Caoutchouc, Solvents eor. See Solvents. Capsules, Gelatinous. These are used to contain copaiva and other nauseous liquids which do not dissolve gelatin, so that the liquids may he swallowed without inconve- nience. They are made by “ dipping the bulbous extre- mity of an iron rod into a concentrated solution of gela- tine. Just before the rod is withdrawn, it is to he rotated, in order to diffuse the gelatine equally over the bulb.” When sufficiently hardened, they are removed, placed on pins to dry, and when dry, filled with the balsam or oil, and the orifice closed with liquid gelatin. They are usually of an olive form, and contain 10 grs. of balsam in each. See Dr Pereira’s ‘ Elements,’ article Copaiva. M. GlRAUD recommends the following composition for capsules: Transparent gelatin 12 parts, syrup of gum 2 parts, syrup 2 parts, water 10 parts. Melt in a warm hath, remove the scum, and dip the mould, pre- viously oiled, into the compound. Carbon. See Charcoal. Carbonic Acid. See Gases. Carmine. See Pigments. Case-hardening Powder. This is ferroprusslate of potash (ferrocyanide of potassium) dried, and finely powdered. By sprinkling it on iron heated to bright redness, the metal becomes case-hardened, or superficially converted into steel. The iron should be plunged into cold water as MISCELLANEOUS PREPARATIONS 323 soon as the powder has acted on it; The following Com- pound is used for the same purpose : Sal ammoniac 2 oz.* burnt bone dust 2 oz., Heitwood’s composition £ oz. Used as the former. Cayenne, Soluble. See Condiments, further back. Cements and Lutes, yaeious. Shell-lac Cement. Fine orange shell-lac, bruised, 4 oz., highly rectified spirit 3 oz. Digest in a warm place, fre- quently shaking, till the shell-lac is dissolved. Methy- lated spirit may be substituted for spirit of wine, where the smell is not objectionable. A most useful cement for securely joining almost any material. See Glue, Liquid. Shell-lac Cement without Spirit. Boil 1 oz. of borax in 16 oz. of water, add 2 oz. powdered shell-lac, and boil in a covered vessel till the lac is dissolved. Cheaper than the above, and for many purposes answers very well. Both are useful in fixing paper labels to tin, and to glass when exposed to damp. Armenian Cement for Class, China, Sfc. 1. Kelleb’S. Soak 2 drs. of cut isinglass in 2 oz. of water for 24 hours; boil to 1 oz., add 1 oz. methylated spirit of wine, and strain through linen. Mix this, while hot, with a solution of 1 dr. of mastic in 1 oz. of methylated spirit, and triturate with % dr. powdered gum ammoniac, till perfectly homogeneous. 2. Dr Uke’s Diamond Cement. Isinglass 1 oz., dis- tilled water 6 oz., boil to 3 oz., and add 1* oz. of methylated spirit. Boil for a minute or two, strain, and add while hot, first a oz. of a milky emulsion of ammoniac, and then 5 drs. of tincture of mastic. Cement used in the Hast for joining jewels, glass, and metals.—Mr Eton. Dissolve 5 or 6 pieces of gum mastic; each about the size of a large pea, in just as much methy- lated spirit as will render it liquid. Soften some isinglass by steeping it in water; having dried it, dissolve as much of it in good brandy as will make a two-ounce phial of strong glue, to which must be added two small bits of gum ammoniacum, rubbing until they are dissolved. Mix the two solutions ; keep in a close phial; and when it is to be used, set the phial in boiling water. * Liquid Cement, for glass,porcelain, wood, Sfc. Macerate for several hours 6 parts of glue in small pieces, in 16 parts of water, add 1 part hydrochloric acid and 1£ parts of sul- 324 TRADE CHEMICALS phate of zinc, and expose tlie mixture for several hours to a temperature of 150° F. Hcenle’s Cement, for Glass or Earthenware. Shell-lac 2 parts, Venice turpentine 1 part, fuse together, and form into sticks. Cheese Cement, for Earthenware, fyc. Mix together:—white of egg beaten to a froth, quicklime, and grated cheese, and heat them to a paste. See Glue, Casein. Curd Cement. Add £ pint of vinegar to £ pint of skimmed milk; separate the curd and mix it with the whites of 5 eggs well beaten, and sufficient powdered quicklime to form a paste. It resists water and a moderate degree of heat. Glass Flux, for mending broken China, Sfc. Mix 3 parts of red lead, 2 of fine white sand, and 3 of crystallized boracic acid, fuse the mixture, levigate it, and apply it with thin mucilage of tragacanth. Heat the repaired article gently, so a3 partly to fuse the cement. Cement for joining Spar and Marble Ornaments, 8fc. Melt together 8 parts of resin, 1 of wax, and stir in 4 parts, or as much as may be required, of Paris plaster. The pieces to be made hot. Hensler’s Cement. Grind 8 parts of litharge, 2 of recently burnt lime, and 1 of white bole, with linseed-oil varnish. Very tenacious, but takes a long time to dry. Singer’s Cement for Electrical Machines and Galvanic Troughs. Melt together 5 lbs. of resin, and 1 lb. of bees- wax, and stir in 1 lb. of red-ochre (highly dried, and still warm), and 4 oz. of Paris plaster, continuing the heat a little above 212° F., and stirring constantly till all frothing ceases. Or (for troughs'), resin 6 lbs., dried red-ochre 1 lb., calcined plaster of Paris £ lb., linseed oil £ lb. Mucilage for Minerals. The following is recommended for mending fossils and minerals. Starch 2 drs., white sugar 1 oz., gum arabic 2 drs., water q. s. Dissolve the gum, add the sugar, and boil until the starch is cooked.—Drug- gists’ Circular. Cement for Wood, Porcelain, and Glass. Dissolve 30 grs. of sulphate of aluminum in two thirds of an ounce of water, and add it to 8£ fl. oz. of a strong solution of gum arabic. Botany Bay Cement. Botany Bay gum, melted and mixed with an equal quantity of brickdust. Cap Cement. As Singer’s ; but 1 lb. Of dried Venetian MISCELLANEOUS PREPARATIONS 325 red may be substituted for the red ochre and Paris plaster. Bottle Cement. Resin 15 parts, tallow 4 (or wax 3) parts, highly dried red ochre 6 parts, or ivory black q. s. The common kinds of sealing wax are also used. Turner’s Cement. Beeswax 1 oz., resin i oz., pitch i oz. Melt, and stir in fine brick dust q. s. Coppersmiths’ Cement. Powdered quicklime, mixed with bullocks’ blood, and applied immediately. Engineers’ Cement. Equal weights of red and white lead, with drying oil, spread on tow, or canvas. For metallic joints, or to unite large stones, in cisterns, &c. Cement for Steam Pipes. Good linseed oil varnish, ground with equal weights of white lead, oxide of manganese, and pipe-clay. Iron Cement, for closing the joints of iron pipes. Iron borings, coarsely powdered, 5 lbs., powdered sal ammoniac 2 oz., sulphur 1 oz., water sufficient to moisten it. It quickly hardens; but if time can be allowed, it sets more firmly without the sulphur. It must be used as soon as mixed, and rammed tightly into the joints. Gab’s Hydraulic Cement. Powdered clay 3 lbs., oxide of iron 1 lb., boiled oil to form a stiff paste. Cement for Masonry of Chambers of Chlorine, S(c. Equal parts of pitch, resin, and plaster of Paris. Homan Cement. A mixture of clay, lime, and oxide of iron, separately calcined, and finely powdered. It must be kept in closed vessels, and mixed with water when used. Oxychloride of Zinc Cement. M. Sobel. In liquid chloride of zinc marking from 50° to 60° of Baume’s areometer, dissolve 3 per cent, of borax or sal ammoniac : add oxide of zinc which has been heated to redness, until the mass is of a proper consistence. The cement, when hard, becomes as firm as marble. It may be cast in moulds, like plaster of Paris, or used in the construction of mosaic works, &c. Marine Cement. See Glue, Maeine. Maissxatt’s Cement, as an airtight covering for bottles, fyc. Melt India-rubber (to which 15 per cent, of wax or tallow may be added), and gradually add finely powdered quick- lime, till a change of odour shows that a combination has taken place, and a proper consistence is obtained. Cement for attaching Metal letters to Plate Glass. Copal 326 TBADE CHEMICALS varnish 15 parts, drying oil 5 parts, turpentine 3 parts, oil of turpentine 2 parts, liquefied glue 5 parts ; melted in a water-bath, and 10 parts of slaked lime added. Cement to fasten Leather to Metal. A hot solution of gelatin. With this wash the metal; and the leather, previously stepped in a hot infusion of gall-nuts, is to he pressed tightly on the surface and allowed to cool, when it will adhere very firmly. Cement for India-rubber. Bisulphide of carbon 4 oz., best India-rubber 1 oz., isinglass 2 drs., gutta percha oz.— Pharmaceutical Journal. Cement to fasten India-rubber to Wood or Metal. Dissolve 1 part powdered gum shellac in 10 parts of strong solu- tion of ammonia. It is at first slimy, in 3 to 4 weeks becomes liquid; then hard and impermeable.—Druggists’ Circular. Cement for fixing labels to Tin, or other Metallic Substances. Mucilage of tragacauth 10 parts, honey 10 parts; dry wheaten flour 1 part. Japanese Cement. Mix rice flour intimately with cold water, and boil gently. French Cement. Mix thick mucilage of gum arabic with powdered starch. Common Paste. To a dessert-spoonful of flour add gradually half a pint of cold water, and mix till quite smooth; add a pinch of powdered alum (some add also as much pow- dered resin as will lie on a sixpence), and boil for a few moments, stirring constantly. The addition of a little brown sugar, and a few grains of corrosive sublimate, is said to preserve it for years. Transparent Cement (Lenher). Dissolve 5 parts of caout- chouc in 3 parts of chloroform, and add to the solution 1 part of mastic. Soft Cement. Melt yellow wax with half its weight of com- mon turpentine, and stir in a little Venetian red, pre- viously well dried, and finely powdered. As a temporary stopping for joints and openings in glass and other appa- ratus, where the heat and pressure are not great. See the next. Lutes or Cements for closing the joints of Apparatus. 1. Mix Paris plaster with water to a soft paste, and apply it immediately. It bears nearly a red heat. It may be rendered impervious by rubbing it over with wax and oil. MISCELLANEOUS PEEPAItATIONS 327 2. Slaked lime, made into a paste with white of egg, or a solution of gelatin. 3. Fat Lute. Finely powdered clay moistened with water, and beaten up with boiled linseed oil. Roll it into cylinders, and press it on the joints of the vessels, which must he perfectly dry. It is rendered more secure by binding it with strips of linen moistened with white of egg- 4. Linseed meal beaten to a paste with water. 5. Strips of moistened bladder, smeared with white of egg- I/uting for Acids. 1. Dissolve 1 part of India-rubber in 2 parts of linseed oil, by heat, aud work into a stiff paste with 3 parts, or as much as sufficient, of white clay. 2. A concentrated solution of silicate of soda, made into a paste with powdered glass. Lutes for Coating Retorts. 1. Dissolve 1 oz. of borax in J pint of water, and add slaked lime to form a thin paste. Brush this over the retort, and let it dry gradually. Then apply a coating of slaked lime and linseed oil beaten together. Let it dry a day or two before use, and till up any cracks which may appear with lime and linseed oil. 2. For bearing a stronger beat i Stourbridge clay, mixed with a little sand to prevent it splitting off, a little cut tow, or horse-dung, or asbestos, is usually added; to in- crease its coherence. It should be beaten to a stiff paste, and rolled out before application. The glass should be first rubbed over with a little of the lute mixed with water, then placed in the centre of the paste, rolled out to about i or l-3rd of an inch in thickness, and the edges of the latter raised and moulded to the glass, taking care to press out all the air. Mohb’s Lute. Mix equal parts of brickdust and litharge, and beat them into a paste writh linseed oil. Apply this with a stiff brush, and dust it over with coarse sand : dry it in a warm place. For Cements for plugging teeth, see Teeth and Mourn Cosmetics, further back. Chabcoal. Wood charcoal is made by burning wood with only a partial access of air. For chemical purposes, that made in iron cylinders, in the manufacture of wood vine- gar, is preferred. Chaecoad, Animai. The most common form is that of 328 TRADE CHEMICALS bone black (commonly called ivory black), made by dis- tilling bones (from which the grease has been removed by boiling) in iron or earthen retorts, the ammoniacal liquor, &c., being collected in proper receivers. The residue is bone black. When used for the purpose of decolorization, further treatment is required : either the bone earth may be entirely removed by hydrochloric acid, as directed in the Pharmacopoeia ; or more commonly, in the refining of sugar, and for other manufacturing purposes, this is only partially effected in some such way as the following : Mix 8 lhs. of the bone black, coarsely powdered, with sufficient water to form a paste, and add 1 lb. of hydrochloric acid. In an hour pour boiling water on the mass, let it settle, pour off the liquid, add more water, and repeat this till the water comes off free from taste. Drain and press the black in a cloth, and dry it. Its power is increased by mixing it with a little potash, heating it to dull redness in a covered crucible, and again washing it. Charcoal, Aluminized. This was recommended by Dr Sten- hotjse as a cheap and very efficient decolorizing agent. Dissolve in water 54 parts of the sulphate of alumina of commerce, and mix with 92£ parts of finely powdered wood charcoal. When the charcoal is saturated, evaporate to dryness, and heat to redness in covered Hessian crucibles till the water and acid are dissipated. The charcoal con- tains 7h per cent, of anhydrous alumina. Charcoal from Coal-tar. Heat gently in an iron pot 1 lb. by weight of coal-tar pitch till it melts. Add 2 lbs. of fluid coal-tar, and mix. Stir in 7 lbs. of hydrate of lime in very fine powder. The thick mass is now roasted, stir- ring all the time, till it is reduced to a fine powder. It is then ignited in a covered crucible till all the vegetable matter is carbonized. The charcoal when cold is digested with dilute hydrochloric acid, and finally washed with water in a filter, and dried. Dr Stenhotjse recommended this as an admirable form for decolorization. For such liquids as decoction of logwood it is four times as efficient as animal charcoal. Chameleon, Mineral. Mix equal weights of black oxide of manganese and pure potash, and heat them in a crucible. Keep the compound in closely stopped bottles. A solution of it in water passes through various shades of colour from green to red. MISCELLANEOUS PKEPARATIONS 329 Chemique, oe Chemic Blue—Sulphate oe Indigo. To 7 or 8 parts of oil of vitriol, in a glass or earthen vessel, placed in cold water, add gradually 1 part of fine indigo in powder, stirring the mixture at each addition with a glass rod, or piece of tobacco-pipe. Cover the vessel for 24 hours, then dilute with an equal weight of water. Sometimes it is sold without diluting. The German (Nordliausen) fuming acid answers best, 4 or 5 parts of it being sufficient for 1 of indigo. For dyeing silk, &c., car- bonate of potash, soda, or ammonia, is added, to neutralize the acid, taking care not to add it in excess. Chlobalum. Chloride of aluminum is made by acting on alumina, the basis of clay, with hydrochloric acid, and eva- porating to form crystals. Under the above name it is extensively used as a disinfectant and deodorizer, decom- posing sulphuretted hydrogen and coagulating albumen. Chlobate of Babium. Saturate solution of chloric acid with freshly precipitated carbonate of barium, filter, and crystallize. Chlobate of Potash. Liebig. Dissolve chloride of lime in water, add solution of chloride of potassium, and boil to dryness. Dissolve the mass in hot water, and filter if necessary : on cooling, a large quantity of chlorate of pot- ash is deposited. For another pi’ocess, see Potass® Chlobas, Pocket Formulary. Chlobide of Lime, ob Chlobinated Lime. Bleaching Potvder. Chlorine gas (slowly evolved from a mixture of 10 parts of common salt and 10 to 14 parts of hinoxide of manganese, placed in an alembic of lead, and heated by steam, and with 12 to 14 parts of oil of vitriol previously diluted with a fourth of its weight of water, added) is conveyed into a chamber where sifted slaked lime is thinly spread on shelves. It is so cheaply made by the large manufacturers for bleaching purposes that it is seldom prepared by druggists. The liquid chloride of lime may be made either by triturating the dry chloride with a little cold water till perfectly smooth, then adding more water, and filtering the solution, or by passing chlorine gas into a mixture of lime and water. The Brit. Pharmacopoeia directs a solution of 1*055 sp. gr. The Paris Codex directs 1 part of dry bleaching powder to be diffused in 45 of water. Soubeiban directs 1 part to 50 ; hut prefers passing the gas from 1 part of hinoxide of manganese and 4 of hvdro- 330 TRADE CHEMICALS chloric acid into a mixture of 1 part of lime and 50 of water. M. Opyl states that for the production of a good chloride of lime, the temperature of the chambers must be as low as possible. Winter is always found the most favorable season for its manufacture. Chlobide ob Hypochlobite of Potash. Fau de Javelle. See Liq. Potass.® Chlobinat®, Pocket Formulary. Chlobide of Soda, ob Chlobinated Soda. See Soda Chloeinata, and Liqhoe Sod® Chlobat®, in the Pocket Formulary. A more ready way of preparing it, for other purposes than for dispensing prescriptions, is the following: Diffuse 1 lb. of chloride of lime in 30 lbs. of water. Dis- solve 2 lbs. of crystallized carbonate of soda in 15 lbs. of water. Mix the solutions, let the mixture settle, pour off1 the clear liquid, and filter it. Chlobine. See Gases. Chlobofoem. See Chlobofobmttm, Pocket Formulary. Chocolate. See Chocolata, Pocket Formulary. Cbbomate of Potash. Mix 4 parts of chrome iron ore (chro- mate of iron) with 2 of pearlash and 1 of nitre, and heat the mixture in a reverberatory furnace for several hours. Lixiviate and crystallize. The chromate is converted into bichromate by adding sulphuric acid, or rather acetic acid, to the solution. Chbomate of Lead. See Pigments. Chbomic Oxide. Prepared by igniting potassium bichro- mate at a red heat, and well washing and drying the residue. Chbomic Acid. See Acid, Chbomic. Clothes, Powdeb to Keep away MoTns feom. Mix pow- dered pipe-clay 1-J lbs., white pepper and starch, of each 1 oz., root of Florentine iris 1£ oz., with spirits of wine 2 oz. To he dusted over the clothes when laid by. Cochineal Colotjbing.—Mr Palmeb. Macerate best carmine 1 oz. in strong solution of ammonia 6 oz. until it is dissolved. Heat gently to drive off excess of ammonia. Put into a quart wine bottle, and add rectified spirit 4 oz., and white sugar 3 lbs. Fill up with warm water, and shake until the sugar is dissolved. Collodion. See PocketFormulary for its medical prepar- ations, and Photogbaphy in this volume. Collodion,Elastic (for surgical purposes). See Collodittm Flexile, Pocket Formulary. MISCELLANEOUS PEEPAEATIONS 331 COLOURS, Various. The principal dry colours will be found under Pigments. Other colours are noticed below. Colours for Druggists’ Show Bottles. In making these, distilled water should be used, and rather more of the colour than will fill the carboys made, to avoid the neces- sity of adding water to fill up after filtration, as this sometimes renders them turbid. The carboys should be perfectly clean and also dry, or otherwise rinsed out with a portion of the filtered liquid. Amber. 1. Digest dragon’s blood 1 part, with sulphuric acid 4 parts, and dilute the solution obtained to the required shade with distilled water.—Pharmaceutical Journal. 2. Deep chrome yellow 3 oz., pearlash 9 oz., water 2 gallons; boil gently for half an hour, take it off to cool, and add 6 oz. hydrochloric acid, and water to the desired colour. Amethyst. Dissolve 5 grs. of salicylic acid in a little solution of ammonia, mixing this with 2 gallons or enough water to fill the show bottle. To this is to be added a few drops of solution of perchloride of iron, and afterwards a few drops of hydrochloric acid. 1. Blues. Sulphate of copper 4 to 8 oz., water a gallon, oil of vitriol 1 oz. 2. Royal Blue. Sulphate of copper 8 oz., water a gallon; dissolve, and add water of ammonia till the full colour is developed : then water to make up 2 gallons. 3. Finest Royal Blue. Nitrate of copper 3 oz., water sufficient to dissolve it; add water of ammonia as long as the colour becomes deeper, then water to make up 2 gallons. 4. Paler. Crystallized acetate of copper % oz., hydro- chloric acid oz., water of ammonia q. s., water to make up 2 gallons. 5. Light Blue. Crystallized acetate of copper a scruple, water of ammonia 2 oz., water 2 gallons. Green. 1. An infusion of saffron added to the above blues. 2. Sulphate of copper 4 oz., bichromate of potash £ dr., water q. s. 3. By adding to the above deep or light blues a small quantity of chromate or bichromate of potash till the 332 TRADE CHEMICALS desired tint is produced, various shades of green may be obtained. 4. Sulphate of copper, with chloride of sodium or of iron. 5. Emerald Green. Nitrate of copper 3 oz., hydro- chloric acid 4 oz., nitric acid 4 oz., water 2 gallons. 6. Very Fine Emerald. Nickel 3 oz., hydrochloric acid 4 oz„ nitrous acid 2 oz.; digest for 24 hours, add 2 gal- lons of water and filter. Red. X. Dried rose petals 8 oz., boiling water a gallon; digest for 12 hours, strain ; digest the roses with more water, and st rain; mix the infusions, add a pint of diluted sulphuric acid, and filter. 2. Cochineal 3 oz., boiling water a gallon; digest, strain, add £ oz, of sulphuric acid, and water to make up 2 gallons. 3. Crimson. Iodine, and iodide of potassium, of each 2 drs.; triturate with a drachm of water, and add 3 gallons of water, and 4 oz. of hydrochloric acid. 4. For External Lamps. Camphine, strongly coloured with alkanet root. Pink. 1. Infuse 3 oz. of good madder in a quart of boiling distilled water; when cold, add 1 oz. of strong ammonia, and filter into 2 gallons of distilled water. 2. Dissolve chloride or nitrate of cobalt in water, and add sufficient carbonate of ammonia to redissolve the pre- cipitate first thrown down ; then water q. s. Purple. To the last, add sufficient of the blue No. 3 to give the desired shade. Lilac. Smalts 4 oz., nitric acid 4 oz.; let it stand 24 hours, add 2 gallons of water, 1 oz. of alum, and 4 oz. of water of ammonia. Or rather as the purple. Magenta. Dissolve acetate of rosaniline in a sufficient quantity of water to the required shade. Yellow. 1. Chromate or bichromate of potash, with water q. s. 2. Bichromate of potash 2 drs., pure water 4 oz.; dis- solve, and add 4 oz. sulphuric acid, and 2 gallons of water. 3. Bichromate of potash, nitrate of potash, and water. Olive. Sulphate of iron 3 oz., sulphuric acid 3 oz., water 2 gallons; dissolve, and add the green No. 5, q. to brighten the colour, MISCELLANEOUS PEEPAEATIONS 333 Liquid Coloubs fob Maps, &c. See Inks, Dyes, Chemique Blue, Lake Liquob, &c. Gamboge and some of the cake colours, mixed with water, are also used. Coloubs fob Confectionebs. Many fatal accidents occur from confectionery being coloured with poisonous pig- ments. The following may be safely used: Cochineal and its preparations, sap green, vegetable lakes, Prussian blue; a mixture of a yellow lake and Prussian blue for green. CoLOUBiNG- fob Beandy, &c. Sugar melted in a ladle till it is brown, and then dissolved in water or lime- water. Coloubs fob Liqueubs. Pink is given by cochineal; yellow by saffron or safflower; violet by litmus; blue, by sulphate of indigo, saturated with chalk; green, by the last with tincture of saffron, or by sap green. Coloubs fob Leatheb. See Bookbindebs’ stains, further back. Coloubs, Impboved Vehicles Fob. 1. One measure of saturated solution of borax, with 4 of linseed oil. The pigment may be ground with the oil, or the mixture. 2. A solution of shell-lac with borax, as in making Coathupe’s Wbiting Fluid. See Ink. 3. Water colours, mixed with gelatin, and afterwards fixed by washing with a solution of alum. 4. Curd of milk, washed and pressed, then dried on fine bet, and when required for use, mixed with water and the colouring matter. Condy’s Fluid. (Patent.) The green fluid appears to contain the manganates, the red fluid the permanganates, of soda and potash. The latter is said to be double the strength of the Liquor Potasses Permanganatis, B. P. Condy’s “ Ozonized Water ” is a weaker solution of the permanganates, “ for toilet purposes.” Coppeb, Oxide of. The black oxide is made by calcining the nitrate; or by adding caustic potash to sulphate of copper, in solution, and washing and drying the preci- pitate. The red oxide may be made as directed for Bronze Powder, No. 4, or in the moist way, thus: Pour a solution of 27 parts of sugar in 60 of water, over 9 parts of hydrated oxide of copper, weighed in its compressed but still moist state. A solution of 18 parts of caustic potash in 60 of water is added, and the whole agitated 334 TRADE CHEMICALS together without heat, and filtered. The clear liquid heated in a warm hath, and continually stirred, deposits the red oxide, and the liquid becomes colourless. Nitrate op Copper. Dissolve copper in nitric acid to saturation, evaporate to dryness, redissolve, filter, and evaporate, so that the salt may crystallize. Or add a solution of sulphate of copper to a solution of nitrate of lead, so long as sulphate of lead is precipitated; filter, evaporate, and crystallize. For the other salts of copper, see Pocket Formulary. Cosmolin. See Vaselin, further on. Cotton Powder. See Gun Cotton. Crayons por Writing on Glass. Fuse in a cup 4 parts of spermaceti, 3 of tallow, and 2 of wax; stir in 6 parts of minium, and 1 of potash; keep warm for half an hour, and then pour into glass tubes of the thickness of a lead pencil. If cooled rapidly, the mass may he screwed up and down in the tube, and cut at the end to a fine point* The glass to be written on must he clean and dry, Cyanide of Potassium. See Pocket Formulary. Depilatories. See Hair Cosmetics, further hack. Dextrin, or Starch Gum. Heat 4 gallons of water in a water-bath to between 77° and 86° Fahrenheit; stir in 1£ or 2 lbs. finely ground malt; raise the temperature to 140°> add 10 lbs. of potato or other starch: mix all thoroughly, raise the heat to 158°, and keep it between that and 167°, for 20 or 30 minutes. When the liquor becomes thin, instantly raise the heat to the boiling point, to prevent the formation of sugar. Strain the liquor* and evaporate it to dryness, as the dextrin will not keep long in a liquid form. Another method is to boil solution of starch with a few drops of sulphuric acid, to filter the solution, and to add alcohol to throw down the dextrin. See Gum [British] for another form of dextrin. Dextrin Varnish. Baron de Syltestre. Dextrin 2 parts, water 6 parts, rectified spirit 1 part. Diastase. Macerate ground malt in cold water; strain with pressure ; heat the clear solution in a water-bath to 158° Fahrenheit to coagulate the albumen; filter again, and add rectified spirit as long as diastase fails. If re- quired very pure, redissolve it in water, and again pre- cipitate with spirit. Dry it at a low temperature. Well- Miscellaneous preparations 335 malted barley contains about '002 per cent, of pure dias- tase ; one part of which is capable of converting 2000 parts of starch into dextrin or sugar. Dietetic Articles. For these see another division of the work. Disinfecting and Deodorising Compounds. 1. Sir Wm. Burnett’s Patent Solution. It is made by dissolving zinc in commercial hydrochloric acid to saturation. 2. Ellerman’s Deodorizing Fluid. This consists chiefly of perchlorides snd chlorides of iron and manganese. In a report addressed to the Metropolitan Board of Works in 1859, Drs Hoffman and Frankland stated that the per- chloride of iron was the cheapest and most efficient deodorizer that could be applied to sewage: \ gallon deodorized 7500 gallons of sewage. 1 bushel of lime, or 3 lbs. of chloride of lime, would do the same. 3. Ledoyen’s Solution. This is a solution of nitrate of lead, and contains about 20 oz. of the salt in a gallon. The specific gravity should be 1’40. A similar compound may be made by mixing 13£ oz. of litharge with 6 pints of water and adding 12 oz. of nitric acid at 1‘38 specific gravity (or 8 oz. at 1‘50); and digesting at a gentle heat till the solution is complete. 4. Siret’s Compound. Sulphate of iron 20 lbs., sulphate of zinc 3j lbs., wood or peat charcoal 1 lb., sulphate of lime 262 lbs., mix and form into balls. To be placed in cess- pools, &c., to deodorise them. M. Siret has subsequently modified this compound, thus : Sulphate of iron 100 parts, sulphate of zinc 50, tan or oak-bark powder 40, tar 5, and oil 5 parts. 5. Collins’ Disinfecting Powder. Mix 2 parts of dry chloride of lime with 1 of burnt alum. To be set in shallow dishes in rooms, &c., with or without the addition of water. 6. Carbolic Acid. After infectious diseases, apart- ments may be purified by washing the woodwork floors, &c., with soft soap and water, to which carbolic acid has been added in the proportion of 1 pint of acid to 4 gallons of water. Rooms and houses may also be disinfected by sprinkling some of the acid on a hot iron plate, in the latter case so placed that the fumes may be made to ascend through the dwelling. See Carbolic Acid, PocJcet Formulary. 336 iEABE CHEMIdAtS 7. Calvert’s Powder. Carbolic acid (20 to 30 per cent.), alumina, and silica. 8. M'Dougal’s Powder. Carbolate of lime 33 parts, sulphate of magnesia 59 parts, water 8 parts. These powders can be sprinkled about a room, thrown on sewage or dissolved in water and so applied. 8. Sanitas. We believe the efficacy of this disinfectant depends upon its property of evolving peroxide of hydrogen and camphoric acid by the atmospheric oxidation of tur- pentine. 9. Condy’s Disinfecting Fluids. See back. 10. Thymol. An excellent, but expensive disinfectant, non-poisonous, and non-irritant. See Thymol, Pocket Formulary. 11. See also Chloride of Lime, Chloride of Soda, Acid Salicylic, Chloralum, further back. Peat char- coal also possesses powerfully deodorising properties. Foot Powder. M. Paulcke prepares a mixture of salicylic acid, soap, talc, and starch in the form of powder, to be applied to the feet, which, whilst rendering them firm, is said to induce an agreeable softness, and to remove all unpleasant smell arising from perspiration. Dubbing, Curriers'. Made by boiling cuttings of sheep- skins in common cod-oil. Dryers for Painters. White copperas 1 lb., sugar of lead 1 lb., white lead 2 lbs.; ground with boiled oil. Drying and Boiled Oil. Linseed oil is mixed with powdered litharge, and heated till it becomes thick. A pale drying oil is obtained by mixing with linseed oil suffi- cient dry sulphate of lead to form a milky liquid, and shaking it repeatedly for some days, letting it stand exposed to the light. When it has become quite clear, it may be poured off from the dregs. The sulphate of lead, when washed from the mucilage, may be again used for the same purpose. Liebig directs 1 lb. of acetate of lead to be dissolved in half a gallon of rain-water, and 1 lb. of finely powdered litharge added : the mixture is either boiled, or exposed for a longer time to a moderate heat, and frequently stirred, till no more particles of litharge can be seen. A white deposit is formed, which may be left in the liquid or separated by filtration; 20 lbs. of linseed oil, in which 1 lb. of levigated litharge has been diffused, are gradually added to the lead solution, pre- MISCELLANEOUS PREPARATIONS 337 viously diluted with an equal bulk of water, and the mixture frequently stirred. It is then left to clear itself in a warm place; hut to obtain it bright it must be filtered through coarse paper or cotton. It may be bleached by exposure to the sun. The lead solution which subsides from the mixture may be filtered and used again, after dissolving it in 1 lb. of litharge as before. The oxide of lead contained in the oil may be removed from it by agitating it with diluted sulphuric acid, and letting it stand to settle. See Linseed Oil, Refined. Dupuytben’s Pomade. See Haib Cosmetics. Dyes and Compounds used in Dyeing. A few of the principal colouring matters and mordants may here be noticed; for further information, the reader is referred to Dr Ube’s f Dictionary of the Arts,’ Calyebt’s ‘ Dyeing and Calico Printing,’ Cbooke’s ‘ Handbook of Dyeing and Calico Printing.’ and “ Bleaching, Dyeing, and Calico Printing,” * Churchill’s Technological Handbooks.’ Blue Dyes. The most important of these is indigo. Being insoluble in water, it is prepared for use by sulphate of iron, and alkalies, or lime, by fermentation and alkalies, and by solution in sulphuric acid. 1. Triturate 1 lh. of indigo with water and a little caustic potash; then add 3 lbs. of lime, and afterwards lbs. of sulphate of iron in solution, stirring them well together. The solution contains refined indigo, which is soluble in lime and alkalies. The cotton, linen, &c., to he dyed is repeatedly dipped in the solution, and afterwards rinsed in water soured with hydrochloric acid. 2. To 45 or 50 gallons of water, heated to 122° F., add 12 oz. of indigo, 8 oz. of madder, 8 oz. of bran, and 24 oz. of potash. In 36 hours introduce 12 oz. more of potash, and the same in 12 hours after. In 72 hours, add a little lime to check the fermentation. Wool, silk, linen and cotton may be dyed in this bath. Another form of this dye is—Indigo 2 parts, common soda 5 parts, lime 2 parts, clarified honey 1 part, water as much as may be sufficient. Keep it warm in an earthen jar till the indigo is dis- solved. 3. A solution of indigo in sulphuric acid (see Ciiemic Blue) is used as a dye, but a purer tone of colour is obtained by the following method: The sulphate of indigo, mixed with water, is heated in a eopper kettle; wool is 338 TRADE CHEMICALS immersed in it, and the whole is allowed to cool for 24 hours. The wool is then taken out, washed till the water comes off colourless and free from acid; it is then boiled in water containing about 2 per cent, of pearlash, or other alkaline carbonate, for a quarter of an hour. The quantity of pearlash should be equal to one third the weight of the indigo. Logwood, with verdigris, or sulphate of copper, gives a blue dye, bordering on violet: with alum and tartar, a violet. Prussian Blue is sometimes used in dyeing, after being triturated and digested for 24 hours with its weight of hydrochloric acid. A blue is also given by immersing silk, &c., in a solution of peracetate of iron, then in a solution of prussiate of potash, and afterwards rinsing it in acidu- lated water. Boiling water is sufficient to discolour articles thus dyed. Bed Lyes. The various shades of red are given by madder, cochineal, lac dye, safflower, &c.; fixed by albuminous or tin mordants. Less permanent dyes are produced by Brazil wood, peach wood, and archil. Some of these require peculiar treatment. Safflower contains a yellow as well as a red colouring matter. The first, being soluble in cold water, is extracted by putting the safflower in a bag and kneading it under water. The safflower, thus deprived of the yellow matter, yields its red colour to alkaline liquids: at the time of using which, lemon juice or some other acid is added sufficient to saturate the alkali. Pink saucers are made by adding lemon juice to an alkaline infusion of washed safflower and allowing the colouring to deposit. Madder also contains a dun colouring matter which deteriorates the red unless pre- [ viously removed. This may be partially effected by washing it in cold water: another mode is to treat the madder with its own weight of sulphuric acid, which carbonizes the other matters, but leaves the red colour uninjured. As madder gives out but little of its red colouring matter to water, the decoction is not strained off, but the madder left in the bath. With acetate of iron, madder yields a purple tint. Lac dye, as imported from India, requires acids for its solution. See Lac Spirit, further oh. Yellow Lyes. These are given by French berries, quer- citron bark, turmeric, weld, yellow wood, &c. Also by MISCELLANEOUS PREPARATIONS 339 some mineral colours, as the following: The material to be dyed is first padded in a solution of bichromate of potash (8 oz. to a gallon of water), then in a solution of acetate or nitrate of lead. Cotton is dyed yellow by alternate dippings in iron liquor and lime water, or solution of pearlash. A yellow colour is given to silk by passing it through a mixture of equal measures of nitric acid (sp. gr. 1‘288) and water, heated to 95° or 100° F., and from thence into a stream of water, or a mixture of chalk and water. This is termed mandarining. Nankeen Dye is made by boiling annotto with an equal weight of pearlash in sufficient water. Orange is given by annotto; or,by a mixture of red and yellow dyes; or by the successive application of acetate of alumina, a bath of quercitron, and the madder-bath. Greens are given to woollens by first dyeing them blue, immersing the article in acetate of alumina, drying it, and finally immersing it in a quercitron-bath. For silks, the order is reversed. Browns are given by catechu, by walnut-peels with alum, by red-wood and copperas, by madder and black dye, &c. Drabs are given by fustic with iron liquor. Blacks. These are given by salts of iron, with galls, sumach, and logwood. The best black cloths are previously dyed blue with indigo. By the mixture of various dyes, every variety of shade is produced : and often several tints from one colouring matter by the use of different mordants. The beautiful new dyes of the Aniline series, Mauve, Magenta, Artificial Alizarine, Aniline Blue, Violet impe- rial, Aurine, &c., obtained from coal-tar by various pa- tented processes, are fully described, and formula) given for their preparation in “ Bleaching, Dyeing, and Calico Printing,” vol. 2 of ‘Churchill’s Technological Hand- books.’ Mordants are earthy and metallic compounds, the bases of which unite both with the fibres of the material to be dyed and the colouring matter, thus rendering the dyes fixed. In calico printing, the mordants are formed into a paste with some gum or other thickening material, and printed with wooden blocks or by means of steam cylinders on to the cloth; which, after being dried, &c., is passed through the liquid dyes. The colouring matter combines 340 TRADE CHEMICALS with the parts so printed, but is easily discharged from the other parts. The principal mordants are the following:— Alum, Mordants. 1. Alum with one fourth its weight of tartar. 2. Acetate of Alumina. (See further back.) This is commonly prepared in solution for the purpose ; 100 parts of alum in solution, with 150 parts of pyrolignite of lime of 20° B. density, is sometimes employed. 3. A solution of alum, with crystallized carbonate of soda, in the proportion of 1 oz. to each pound of alum. 4. Hafsmann’s. This consists of a solution of alum with sufficient strong solution of caustic potash to re- dissolve the precipitated alumina; to which mixture a portion of linseed oil is added. 5. To 50 gallons of boiling wrater add 100 lbs. of alum; dissolve, and add slowly 10 lbs. of crystallized carbonate of soda. When the effervescence is over, add 75 lbs. of sugar of lead. Tin Mordants. 1. JProtochloride of Tin. To strong hydro- chloric acid, add gradually small pieces of grain tin till no more is dissolved. It may be obtained in crystals by evaporation. In redissolving them, it is necessary to add to the water a few drops of hydrochloric acid. 2. Nitro-muriate, or Perchloride of Tin. Mix 1 mea- sure of nitric acid with 4 of hydrochloric acid, and add tin in small quantities as long as any is dissolved. Or mix 4 oz. of hydrochloric with 1 of nitric acid and 1 of water; dissolve in it, by small portions at a time, 2 drs. of grain tin. 3. Aqua fortis (or equal parts of nitric acid and water) 8 parts, sal ammoniac 1 part; mix, and add gradually 1 part, or as much as it will dissolve, of grain tin. 4. Dr Banceoft’s Murio-sulphate of Tin. Digest 2 parts of tin with 3 of strong hydrochloric acid for an hour. Add very cautiously part of oil of vitriol. Keep up the heat as long as hydrogen is evolved; on cooling, it crystal- lizes. Dissolve this salt in water, so as to form a solution containing 1 part of tin in 8. 5. New Tin Crystals. Add 3 lbs. of sal ammoniac to a gallon of solution of tin; evaporate, and crystallize. 6. Mordant for Lac Dye. Mix 27 lbs. of hydrochloric acid vTitli lbs. of nitric acid (sp. gr. 1*19), put it into a MISCELLANEOUS PREPARATIONS 341 stone bottle, and add tin in small bits till 4 lbs. are dis- solved. 7. Stannate of Soda. Digest litharge 36 parts, or minium 27 parts, in a metallic vessel, with a soda ley of 1'35 dens.; when dissolved, 8 parts of tin in grains are gradually added. The lead separates at once in a spongy state, and the solution of stannate of soda may be de- canted. Lac Spirit, used as a solvent for lac dye, in preference to hydrochloric acid alone, is thus made : Add gradually 3 lbs. of tin to 60 lbs. of hydrochloric acid. Digest § lb. of this solvent in each pound of the dye for 6 hours. Plum or puce spirit, peach spirit, and grain or scarlet spirit, are names given by dyers to different solutions of tin employed in dyeing these colours. For scarlet, the nitro-hydrocliloric solutions (Nos. 2 and 3, above) are used. Iron Liquor. Scraps of iron are placed in casks or other vessels, and covered with commercial pyroligneous acid. There are usually a series of vessels, through which the solution is successively passed till it is fully saturated. To produce good and permanent dyes, several successive processes are required, which cannot be described here. In domestic dyeing, for trifling articles, the dye and mordant are often boiled together, and the silk, &c., im- mersed in the liquid. The following are some examples : Crimson.—Boil 1 oz. Brazil-wood, with 1 dr. of alum and i dr. of cream of tartar in a quart of water. Purple, or Lilac.—Archil 1 oz. (or cudbear 1 oz.), pearlash 1 dr., hot water a quart. Rose, or Flesh Colour.—Pink saucers, with a little lemon-juice, will be found convenient. Violet. —Boil 4 oz. of logwood with 1 oz. alum and \ oz. of tartar in a quart of water. Blue.—Add to the water as much sulphate of indigo (chemic blue) as will give it the re- quired colour. Or one of the other solutions of indigo (already described) may be used. Yellow.—Boil 2 oz. of turmeric, or 4 oz, quercitron, or a drachm of saffron, with £ oz. of alum, in a quart of water. Green.—A'dd to the yellow dye sufficient chemic blue to render it green. Rose-red, for silk.—Put your silk into a hot solution of alum and tartar; then into a hot decoction of madder. Scarlet, for silk.—Dye it yellow with saffron and alum; then put it into a decoction of cochineal and madder. Black.—Boil 1 oz. of logwood, i oz. sumach, and 1 dr. of 342 TEADE CHEMICALS copperas, in 4 pints of water. Buff.—Boil 1 oz. of fustic, 1 dr. of alum, in 4 pints of water. Eau de Javelle. See Chloride of Potash. Eggs, to Preserve. Jayne’s Liquid (expired patent) is thns made:—Take a bushel of lime, 2 lbs. of salt, lb. of cream of tartar, and water sufficient to form a solution strong enough to float an egg. In this liquid it is stated eggs may be preserved for two years. Eggs may be pre- served for several months if rubbed over with linseed oil or poppy oil. Elaine. See Oleine. Electric Tissue. Steep linen or cotton in a mixture of 1 part of strong sulphuric acid, and 3 of pure nitric acid, for an hour. Squeeze out the acid, wash with water until no sensible acidity remains, plunge it in a weak alkaline solution, then in water, and dry. By friction it yields a large quantity of resinous electricity. Electro-brassing. Mr Watt. Dissolve powdered acetate of copper, 5 oz., in i gallon of water; add 1 pint of liquid ammonia; dissolve sulphate of zinc, 10 oz., in 1 gallon water, at 183° F., and when cool, add liquid ammonia 1 pint; dissolve potash, 4£ lbs., in 1 gallon of water; lastly, cyanide of potassium, 8 oz., in 1 gallon of hot water. Now mix in the following order : add the copper solution to the zinc, and then the potash and cyanide, digest for an hour or so, add water to make up 8 gallons. Work with a brass anode and active battery power, adding occasion- ally a little more ammonia and cyanide. Electro-bronzing Brunei’s Patent. Dissolve chloride of copper, 1 lb., in water gallon, then carbonate of potash, 25 lbs., in water 6 gallons; and sulphate of zinc, 2 lbs., in hot water i gallon. Mix the solutions; add nitrate of ammonia, lbs.; stir, and add water to 20 gallons. Work with an anode of brass and an active battery of two or more cells. Add occasionally some liquid ammonia and cyanide of potassium. These will prevent incrusta- tions on the anode. Electro-coppering, for Iron or Zinc. The article must first be well cleaned, and “ pickled ” in dilute acid. Then dissolve sulphate of copper, 2 oz., in boiling rain-water; when cold add carbonate of potash, 4 oz., and liquid ammonia 2 oz. A precipitate forms, which is redissolved. Add cyanide of potassium (6 oz.) until all the blue colour MISCELLANEOUS PBEPAKATIONS 343 disappears. Make up to 1 gallon, and work with a two- cell battery. The surface obtained may be bronzed. (See back, Bronzing Liquids.) Electro- gilding-. See Gilding, further on. Electro-silyering. See Silvering, further on. Electrotype Moulds. These are sometimes made with fusible metals ; sometimes with non-metallic compounds, having their surface covered with a conducting substance. The fusible metal is composed of 8 parts of bismuth, 3 of tin, and 5 of lead. The French clichee moulds consist of 8 parts of bismuth, 4 of tin, 5 of lead, and 1 of antimony. These are repeatedly melted together till perfectly mixed; and after being poured out on a suitable surface, are well stirred, and the metal forcibly pressed on the compound at the moment it is about to become solid. Composition Moulds are made with 8 oz. of spermaceti, If oz. of white wax, and the same of strained mutton suet. These are melted together, and a little fine plumbago or flake-white stirred in. To copy plaster casts, the cast is set in a plate of hot water, with its face above the water, till it has absorbed water; it is then surrounded with a ring of cardboard, and the melted composition poured on it. The composition mould requires to be brushed over with finely powdered genuine black-lead. Electroype Moulds. Elastic. For copying medals when the figures are in high relief. To 12 parts of care- fully melted glue, add 3 parts of treacle, and incorporate them perfectly. Gutta Percha Moulds are made by soften- ing a piece of gutta percha by warm water (150° to 160° F.) and pressing the metal into it by a screw. See Solu- tions. Engravings, Process for Cleaning. Francis. Put the engraving on a smooth board, and cover it thinly with common salt, finely powdered; pour and squeeze lemon- juice upon this salt, so as to dissolve a considerable por- tion of it. Now elevate one end of the board, that it may form an angle of about 45° with the horizon. Pour lastly on the engraving, boiling water from a tea-kettle, until the salt and lemon-juice are all washed off; the engraving will then appear perfectly clean and free from stains. It must be dried gradually, on the same board, or on some smooth surface. 344 TRADE CHEMICALS Engraving Mixture, tor Writing on Stem. Sulphate of copper 1 oz., sal ammoniac £ oz. Pulverize separately, adding a little vermilion to colour it, and mix with oz. of vinegar. Rub the steel with soft soap, and write with a clean hard pen, without a slit, dipped in the mixture. Essence of Jargonelle Pear. Acetate of amylene is sold under this name. It is made by distilling a mixture of 1 part of oil of grain, 2 of acetate of potash, and 1 of oil of vitriol. Wash the diluted liquid with alkaline water, agitate with dry chloride of calcium, and redistil it from litharge. Essence of Pine Apple. See Butyric Ether. [For Perfumed Essences, see Perfumery. For Culinary Essences, see further back.] Etching Fluids. Chevallier. For Lithography. Dis- solve 3 oz. of fused chloride of calcium in oz. of water, add to the solution 2 oz. of gum arabic, and 1 oz. of pure hydrochloric acid. For Copper. 1. Aqua fortis 2 oz., water 5 oz.; mix. 2. Iodine 2 parts, iodide of potassium 5 parts, water 5 to 8 parts. 3. Callot’s Fau Forte for Fine Touches. Dissolve 4 parts each of verdigris, alum, sea-salt, and sal ammoniac, in 8 parts of vinegar ; add 16 parts of water, boil for a minute, and let it cool. For Steel. 1. Iodine 1 oz., iron filings | dr., water 4 oz.; digest till the iron is dissolved. 2. Pyroligneous acid 4 parts by measure, alcohol 1 part; mix, and add 1 part of double aqua fortis (sp. gr. 1*28). Apply it from to 15 minutes. 3. Mix 10 parts of pure hydrochloric acid, 70 of dis- tilled water, and a solution of 2 parts of chlorate of potash in 20 of water. Dilute before using with from 100 to 200 parts of water. Etching Varnishes. 1. White wax 2 oz., asphaltum 2 oz., melt the wax in a clean pipkin, add the asphaltum in powder, and boil to a proper consistence. Pour it into warm water, and form it into balls, which must be kneaded, and put into taffeta for use. 2. White wax 2 oz., Burgundy pitch and black pitch each i oz.; melt together and add by degrees 2 oz. of ' asphaltum in powder and boil till a drop cooled on a plate becomes brittle. MISCELLANEOUS PREPARATIONS 345 3. Equal quantities of linseed oil and mastic, melted together. Fats, to obviate Rancidity in. Mr T. B. Groves. Add oil of pimento or balsam of Peru, 2 drops to the ounce of lard or other fat. Filtering Powder. Fullers’ earth washed, dried, and coarsely powdered; mixed with prepared hone black (see Charcoal, Animal) coarsely powdered. Filter for Corrosive Liquids. Powdered glass or asbes- tos, or gun-cotton loosely packed in the neck of a funnel. Finings, for Gin. Carbonate of potash 4 oz., roche alum 8 oz. Brewers’ finings consist of isinglass dissolved in stale beer. Fires, to Extinguish. Dr Clanny’s Solution consists of 5 oz. of sal ammoniac to a gallon of water. The compound used in Phillips’s Fire Annihilator is said to consist of dried prussiate of potash, sugar, and chlorate of potash. Fires, Coloured.. The ingredients for these compounds must be dry, not too finely powdered, and mixed very uniformly. The nitrate of strontian requires to be gently heated in an iron pan till it falls to powder. The ingredients should always be reduced to powder separately, and mixed very lightly with the other powders; the whole must then he passed through a sieve once or twice. Great caution is required when dealing with chlorate of potash. Blue and Purple Fires. 1. Chlorate of potash 9, dried ver- digris 2, sulphur 1; mix. 2. Nitre 12, sulphur 16, black antimony 4, charcoal i, orpiment a. 3. Chlorate of potash 9, sulphur 12, refiners’ blue ver- diter 3; mix. 4. Purple. 1. Chlorate of potash 5, nitrate of strontian 16, realgar 1, sulphur 2, lamp-black 1; mix. 5. Nitre 5, sulphur 2, metallic antimony 1; mix. 6. Purple. Chlorate of potash 2 oz., sulphur 1 dr. oxide of copper 1 oz.; mix. 7. Violet. Chlorate of potash 1 dr., pure copper dr., sulphur a scruple, charcoal 16 grs.; mix. Green Fires. 1. Sulphur 10i, nitrate of baryta 62a, 346 TEADE CHEMICALS chlorate of potash 23sulphuret of arsenic If, charcoal or lamp-black If ■ mix. 2. Sulphur 13, nitrate of baryta 77, chlorate of potash 5, metallic arsenic 2, charcoal 3; mix. 3. Nitrate of baryta 20, sulphur 1£, sulphuret of anti- mony 5, chlorate of potash 10, charcoal f ; mix. 4. Nitrate of baryta 10£ drs., sulphur 2 drs., chlorate of potash 162 grs., lamp-black 26 grs.; mix. 5. Dry nitrate of barium 12 parts, sulphur 4, dry and finely-powdered chlorate of potash 5 parts. The chlorate to be mixed by a horn spatula. Lilac Fire. Chlorate of potash 49, sulphur 25, dry chalk 20, black oxide of copper 6 parts. For pans. Fed Fires. 1. Chlorate of potash 10, nitrate of strontian 80, sulphur 26, charcoal 6; mix. 2. Chlorate of potash 3, nitrate of strontian 24, sulphur 7, lamp-black 1, sulphuret of antimony 2. Half the lamp-black or charcoal only may be added at first; and if on trial it does not burn freely, add more. 3. Chlorate of potash 1, nitrate of strontian 5, sulphur 1, black sulphuret of antimony 1; mix. 4. Chlorate of potash 2£, nitrate of strontian 20, sul- phur 6£, sulphuret of antimony 2, charcoal ; mix. 5. Chlorate of potash 5, nitrate of strontian 28, sulphur 13, sulphuret of antimony 4, lamp-black 1. 6. Chlorate of potash 35, nitrate of strontian 360, sul- phur 93, sulphuret of antimony 60, charcoal 10. 7. Nitrate of strontian 72, sulphur 20, coaldust 2, gun- powder 6; mix. 8. 40 parts of nitrate of strontian, 13 of sulphur, 2 of lime-tree charcoal. Mix, and add by mixing with a horn spatula, 5 parts of dry and finely-powdered chlorate of potash. 9. Nitrate of strontian 9 parts, shell-lac in powder 3 parts, chlorate of potash 1| parts. White Fires. 1. Nitre 30, sulphur 10, black antimony 5 ; mix. 2. Nitre 48, sulphur 13£, black antimony 5 parts; mix. 3. Nitre 12, sulphur 16, black antimony 4, charcoal white arsenic %; mix. 4. Nitre 46\, sulphur 23, meal powder 12i, zinc filings 18. 5. For stars. Nitre 57, sulphur 28, zinc filings 15. MISCELLANEOUS PBEP'AKATIONS 347 Yellow Fires. 1. Nitre 3 oz., meal powder 3 oz., flowers of sulphur 3 oz., dried salt 2 oz.; mix. 2. Nitrate of soda 6, sulphur 1, lamp-black 1; mix. *#* To guard against the danger sometimes arising from the spontaneous combustion of coloured fires con- taining sulphur and chlorate of potash, Mr Saunders re- commends intimately mixing 120 grains of powdered bi- carbonate of potash with each pound of sulphur before using it in the manufacture of any composition into which chlorates enter. Coloured Flame Papers. Soak Swedish filtering paper for ten minutes in a mixture of 4 parts of oil of vitriol with 5 parts of strong nitric acid, both by measure. When the strips are removed from the acid they must be tho- roughly washed, first with cold, then with hot rain, or distilled water, till the washings cease to he acid. Then make different solutions (not too strong) of such of the chlorates of the metals as give the desired flame reactions, make them slightly warm, and saturate the papers sepa- rately with them. Dry the papers before the fire previous to lighting them. They show to best advantage when a slip is loosely crumpled up into a pellet, lighted quickly at one corner, and thrown into the air against a dark background. Paper prepared with a salt of potassa will give a violet flame; that with soda a yellow one, that with barium a green, and that with strontian a crimson. Coloured Flames. The flame of alcohol may be coloured by mixing certain salts with the spirit. A green colour is given by chloride of copper, or boracic acid; red by nitrate of strotian, nitrate of iron, or nitrate of lime; yellow by nitrate of soda. Fire-proofing. For Paper, see Paper. For dresses, &c. A strong solution of sulphate of ammonia. The dresses of stage dancers may be soaked in a weak solution of chloride of zinc. The tungstate of soda is said to be the only per- fect fire-proofer. Flints, Liquor of. Soluble glass. Mix 70 parts of pearl- ash, 54 of washing soda, and 152 of siliceous sand, and fuse the mixture in a crucible. It is soluble in water, and the filtered solution evaporated to dryness leaves a transparent glass. It has been proposed to render wood, muslins, &c., incombustible by means of the solution. Dr 348 tba.de chemicals Turner directs 3 parts of carbonate of potash, and 1 of silica. See Grass, Soluble. Flowers, Compound por Promoting the Blowing of. Sulphate of ammonia 4 oz., nitre 2 oz., sugar 1 oz., hot water a pint. Keep it in a well-corked bottle. For hya- cinth glasses add 8 to 10 drops of the liquid to the water, changing the water every 10 or 12 days. For flowering plants in pots, add a few drops to the water employed to moisten them. Flowers and Plants, to Preserve. Any vegetable sub- stance may be preserved moist in a solution of creosote, or in glycerin. The method of drying plants between sheets of paper needs no description. But the original form, and in many instances the colour, of a fresh flower may be preserved by carefully immersing it in some fine dry material, and then rapidly drying in a baking oven. Millet seed has been used for this purpose, and may answer well for coarse specimens. For fine ones white river sand in equal grains must be used. To separate large grains it should be passed through a sieve; to re- move fine particles it is copiously washed with water. While drying, it is to be constantly agitated. M. Reveil recommends further that 1000 parts of this sand be intimately mixed with 1 of stearic acid and 1 of spermaceti, before using. See next formula. Flowers, to Preserve in their Natural Shape and Colour. Provide a vessel with a moveable cover. Fit to the top a piece of fine metallic gauze, and replace the cover. Pass through a sieve into an iron pot, sand suffi- cient to fill this vessel, and heat it with 1 per cent, of stearin, carefully stirring. The vessel with its cover on, and the gauze beneath it, are then turned upside down, and the bottom being removed, place the flowers on the gauze, and pour in the sand and stearin, so as to cover and envelop them. Next place the vessel on the top of an oven for 48 hours. Remove the cover, invert the vessel, and the sand runs away through the gauze, leaving the flowers dried in their natural position. Jotirn. Soc. Arts. Fresh flowers may be preserved for some time in glycerin. Flowers, Cut, to Preserve in Water. Add to the water a teaspoonful of salt, or a teaspoonful of charcoal. Flowers in pots may be watered with a weak solution of sulphate of iron. MISCELLANEOUS PREPARATIONS 349 Fluxes. In a general sense these are substances which pro- mote the fusion of minerals, but particularly which cleanse a reduced metal, by assisting its separation from its im- purities. They also serve to defend it from the action of the air, and some of them assist in the reduction of oxides. Black Flux. Into an earthen crucible, heated sufficiently to cause feeble combustion, but not to fuse the flux, throw successive portions of a mixture of 1 part of nitre, and 2 of crude (or cream of) tartar. Keep the flux in a close bottle. White Flux. Into a large earthen crucible, heated to red- ness, throw successive portions of a mixture of 2 parts nitre and 1 of tartar. Keep it as the last. Crude Flux is the mixture of nitre and tartar, before defla- gration. Dr Cheistison’s Flux for reducing arsenic. Mix crys- tallized carbonate of soda with l-8th of charcoal, and heat gradually to redness. Fbesenius’s Flux, for reducing sulphuret of arsenic. Dry carbonate of potash 3 parts, cyanide of potassium 1 part. Cornish Flux. Cream of tartar 10 parts, nitre 3£, borax 3. Mobveau’s Flux. Pulverized glass (free from lead) 8 parts, calcined borax | part, charcoal 3 part. Mr Tatloe’s Flux. Saturate a solution of tartaric acid with carbonate of soda, evaporate to dryness, and calcine in a covered platinum crucible. Sal enixum (the acid sulphate of potash left in distilling nitric acid), sandiver or glass-gall, fluor spar, limestone, &c., are also used as fluxes. Fly Poison. A common poison for flies consists of white arsenic, or King’s yellow, with sugar, but the use of such compounds may lead to fatal accidents. A sweetened infusion of quassia answers the same purpose, and is free from danger. Pepper, with milk, is also used; and also some adhesive compounds by which the flies afe fatally entangled. Papier moure contains a large quantity of arsenic. Fbeezing Mixtubes. The salts should be in a crystallized state, with as much water crystallization as possible with- out being damp. They should be coarsely pulverized at the time of using, and put into the water contained in a basin or other suitable vessel. The water to be frozen should be enclosed in a thin metallic vessel, and immersed in the 350 TBA.DE CHEMICALS freezing mixture. To obtain extreme degrees of cold, the ingredients and vessels employed should be previously cooled by one of the freezing mixtures. 1. Sal ammoniac 5 oz., nitre 5 oz., water 16 oz. 2. Mix 4 oz. of nitrate of ammonia, 4 of crystallized carbonate of soda, and 4 of water. In 3 hours 10 oz. of water may be frozen. 3. Nitrate of ammonia and chloride of ammonium in equal proportions, water q. s. 4. Nitrate of ammonia 5 parts, nitrate of potash 5, sulphate of soda 8, water 16 parts. 5. Phosphate of soda 9 parts, dilute nitric acid 4 parts. 6. Sulphate of soda 8 parts, hydrochloric acid 5 parts. 7. Sulphate of soda 6 parts, nitrate of ammonia 5 parts, diluted nitric acid 4 parts. 8. Mix 1 part by weight of powdered sal ammoniac with 2 of powdered nitre. Reduce common washing soda to powder. Keep these powders in well-closed bottles, and when required for use take equal measures of each, and add an equal bulk of water, or sufficient to dissolve the salts. 9. Chloride of ammonium 11 drs„ nitre 10 drs., sulphate of soda 2 oz. Powder separately, and mix in a tin vessel with 5 oz. of water. With Ice. 1. Snow or pounded ice 2 parts, chloride of sodium 1 part. 2. Snow 2 parts, crystallized chloride of calcium 3 parts. 3. Snow 8 parts, hydrochloric acid 5 parts. 4. Snow or pounded ice 12 parts, chloride of sodium 5 parts, nitrate of ammonia 5. 5. Snow 7 parts, diluted nitric acid 4 parts. 6. Snow 3 parts, diluted sulphuric acid 2 parts. 7. Snow 1 and l-10th part, oil of vitriol (containing 66 and l-5th per cent, of oil of vitriol) 1 part. Pbench Polish. This is an alcoholic solution of shell-lac; some of the softer resinous gums are usually added, but too much of them renders the polish less durable. Highly rectified spirit, not less than 60 over proof, should be used. Rectified wood naphtha is sometimes substituted, to which the unpleasant smell is the only objection. Me- thylated spirit is now almost invariably employed for the MISCELLANEOUS PREPARATIONS 351 manufacture of French polish, and it is advised to substi- tute it for the rectified spirit in the following formulae. 1. Orange shell-lac 22 oz., rectified spirit 4 pints; dissolve. 2. Shell-lac 3 oz., gum sandarac i oz., rectified spirit a pint. 3 Shell-lac 4 oz., gum thus § oz., rectified spirit a pint; dissolve, and add almond or poppy oil 2 oz. 4. Shell-lac 5 oz., seed-lac 1 oz., gum juniper $ oz., mastic 1 oz., rectified spirit a pint. 5. Shell-lac 3 oz., seed-lac 3 oz., gum juniper oz., mastic 1 oz., rectified spirit a quart. 6. Shell-lac 5 oz., oxalic acid £ oz., rectified spirit a pint; dissolve, and add linseed oil 4 oz. 7. Shell-lac 5 oz., gum benzoin 5 oz., oxalic acid 10 drs., rectified spirit a quart; dissolve, and add l pint of lin- seed oil. 8. Shell-lac 8 oz., gum elemi oz., rectified spirit 4 pints. 9. Shell-lac 10 oz., seed-lac 6 oz., gum thus 3 oz., sandarac 6 oz., copal varnish 6 oz., rectified naphtha 8 pints. Or dissolve 8 oz. each of seed-lac, gum thus, and sandarac, separately in a pint of naphtha; and 1 lb. of shell-lac in 8 pints of naphtha. Then mix 6 oz. of copal varnish, 12 oz. of the solution of seed-lac, 6 oz. of the solution of gum thus, 12 of the solution of sandarac, and 5f lbs. of the solution of shell-lac. Let the copal varnish he put into the tincture of shell-lac, and well shaken, and the other ingredients added. A correspond- ent speaks highly of this polish. 10. Copal £ oz., gum arabic £ oz., shell-lac 1 oz. Pul- verise, mix, and sift the powders, and dissolve in a pint of spirit. 11. Shell-lac 5 oz., rectified naphtha a pint. French polish is sometimes coloured with dragon’s blood, turmeric root, &c. The general directions for pre- paring the polish are to put the gums with the spirit in a tin bottle, which should be placed in water of such a temperature as to keep it at a gentle heat, shaking it frequently. The cork should be loosened a little before shaking it, taking care that there is no flame near to kindle the vapour. When the gums are dissolved, let it settle for a few hours, and pour off the solution from the dregs. The method of using it is to have a roll of list 352 TRADE CHEMICALS over the end of which five or six folds of linen rag are placed. The polish is applied to the linen with a sponge, and a little linseed oil is dropped on the centre of it. Fulminating Compounds. Fulminating Powder. Mix together in a warm mortar 3 parts of pulverized nitre, 2 of dry carbonate of potash, and 1 of sulphur. A small quantity heated on an iron shovel or ladle till it fuses, suddenly explodes with great violence. It should be used with great caution. Another kind of fulminating or detonating powder is made by mixing 3 grs. of chlorate of potash with 1 of sulphur : by strongly triturating it with strong pressure in a marble mortar, a succession of sharp explosions is produced. The same mixture, or 6 grs. of chlorate of potash, 1 of sulphur and 4 of charcoal, struck with a hammer on an anvil, gives a loud report. Chloride, or Terchloride of Nitrogen, and Iodide or Teriodide of Nitrogen cannot be meddled with without extreme danger. Fulminating gold, and the fulminating silver prepared with ammonia, are also dangerous compounds, even in minute quantities. As they serve no practical use, the mode of preparing them is omitted. Fulminating Mercury (Howard’s, as improved by Dr Urb). Dissolve by a gentle heat 1 oz. of quicksilver in fluid oz. (or 10 oz. by weight) of nitric acid, of 1‘4 specific gravity, in a glass retort, the beak of which is loosely inserted into a large balloon or bottle. When the mercury is dissolved, the solution, at the temperature of 130° F., should be slowly poured through a funnel into 10 fl. oz. of alcohol of 0'830 specific gravity, contained in a vessel that will hold 6 times the quantity of ingredients. When the action ceases, pour the contents of the matrass on a double filter in a glass funnel; wash out any pow'der that may remain in the matrass with a little cold water, and throw this also on the filter; and wash the fulminate with more water till it passes free from acid. When sufficiently drained, lift the filter out of the funnel, and lay it open on a copper or earthen plate, and dry the fulminate 212°F. or under, by hot water or steam. Its manufacture requires great caution : some valuable lives having been sacrificed in its preparation Fulminating Silver (Brugnatelli’s). On 100 grs. of pul- verized nitrate of silver, in an open glass vessel, pour first an oz. of alcohol, and then as much strong nitrous acid. MISCELLANEOUS PREPARATIONS The mixture boils, and gives out ethereal vapours. When all the powdered nitrate has taken the form of white clouds, cold distilled water must he added to sustain ebul- lition, otherwise the fulminate will be dissolved. Collect the powder on a filter, and dry it at a low temperature. Dr Tubner directs 1 part of silver to be dissolved in 10 of nitric acid, at a gentle heat, 20 parts of rectified spirit to be added, and the mixture warmed. When it begins to boil, set it aside to cool, collect and wash the crystals on a filter, and carefully dry them. This is more violent and dangerous than fulminating mercury. Fumigations. See Fumigatio, Pocket Formulary, for their medicinal uses. Though not strictly belonging to this place, it may be useful to give a few directions for the management of these important agents as disinfectants and purifiers. Carbolic Acid Fumigation.—Steep rags in it, and then suspend them in various parts of the room, or dilute one ounce with a gallon of water, and sprinkle the mixture over the walls and floors. Chlorine Fumigation. This is probably the most effective in destroying noxious effluvia and putrid odours, and in checking the spread of contagious diseases. But as the gas itself is deleterious, except in a very diluted state, it must be used with caution in occupied apartments. To disinfect rooms from which the occupants have been removed, mix common salt and black oxide of manganese in equal quantities. Mix also in an earthen basin equal weights of oil of vitriol and water, and when it has cooled put it into a bottle for use. Into a china or earthen basin put from 1 to 3 oz. of the powder, according to the size of the room, and pour over it twice or thrice as much of the mixed acid. Place it in the apartment, and close the doors and windows for a few hours; the doors and windows are then thrown open till the smell of chlorine disappears. Dr A. T. Thomson directs a mixture of 1 oz. of salt and £ oz. of black oxide of manganese to be put into a china cup, and 6 fl. drs. of oil of vitriol poured on it, the cup being placed in a pipkin of hot sand. Instead of the above ingredients, some chloride of lime may be placed in a large jar or basin, and a mixture of acetic acid and water poured on it. When used in, or near the apartments of the sick, great care must be taken that the chlorine is 354 TRADE CHEMICALS so diluted with air that it shall occasion no annoyance to the invalid. Some contrivances have been adopted to render the extrication of chlorine gradual and continual. Smith’s Chlorine Fumigator, and the more simple one of Messrs Heathfield & Burgess, are very convenient. Another method was proposed by Mr ScANiANin the Phar- maceutical Journal, vol. vii (1st series), p. 343. By such contrivances, chlorine may with care be safely employed in houses occupied by the sick (in the passages, stairs, &c.), to prevent the spread of infectious fevers; but chloride of lime, simply mixed with water, in the proportion of not more than 1 oz. to a quart, is usually sufficient to purify the chamber of the sick. It should be occasionally sprinkled on the floor, and also placed about the room in shallow dishes, or a linen cloth moistened with it, sus- pended on a line. The same method may be pursued in all places where unpleasant smells prevail. Iodine. A little placed on a plate, diffuses into the atmo- sphere of a sick room, and is a useful disinfectant. Nitric Fumigation. Put into a china cup equal measures of sulphuric acid and water, and add to it, from time to time, small quantities of powdered nitre; or put 2 or 3 drs. of powdered nitre into a cup, and pour over it about an equal quantity of oil of vitriol. Stir it with a glass rod or tobacco-pipe, and remove it from time to time to different parts of the apartment. For large rooms 2 or 3 cups may be required. It is often recommended to apply heat; but Dr Bateman, of the Fever Hospital, found this unneces- sary and objectionable, especially in the apartments of the sick. No metallic or wooden stirrers, or vessels, must be used. Muriatic Fumigation. Hydrochloric Fumigation. This is now almost disused, being less efficacious than the preced- ing. It is obtained by putting a few drachms of common salt into a cup, and pouring on it an equal quantity of oil of vitriol. The vapours are very injurious to the lungs. Acetic Fumigation. The vapour of vinegar, and especially of strong acetic acid, is employed as a disinfectant, but its efficacy is now considered to be very limited. It may be used by keeping the vinegar boiling over a lamp. A coarser method sometimes used is to plunge a red-hot poker into a cup of vinegar. Aromatic vinegar, merely MISCELLANEOUS PREPARATIONS held to the nose, may afford some slight protection to those who attend upon the sick. Sulphur Fumigation. The fumes of burning sulphur may possibly have some effect in decomposing miasmata and noxious effluvia; but as they have no advantage over chlorine and are very disagreeable, and otherwise objec- tionable, they are not likely to be employed. Formerly the following powder was burnt to destroy contagious miasmata : flowers of sulphur, nitre, and powdered myrrh, of each 1 oz. ir Fumigation. The vapour of boiling tar has been used as a disinfectant as well as a palliative in some affections of the respiratory organs. The usual plan is to keep the tar boiling over a lamp. See Fumigatio Picea, Pocket Formulary. Benzoin, styrax, and other odoriferous gums, cascarilla bark, coffee berries, and the compounds termed aromatic pastiles, are burnt as purifiers and disinfectants. But little confidence is now placed in them as prophylactics against infection. The same may be said of camphor and tobacco. They should not be depended on to the exclusion of more efficient means, nor be made a substitute for free ventilation and the removal of all sources of noxious effluvia, when practicable. Fumigating Pastiles. See further back. Fubnitube Cbeam. 1. Soft water a gallon, soap 4 oz., beeswax in shavings 1 lb.; boil together, and add 2 oz. of pearlash. To be diluted with water, laid on with a paint- brush, and polished off with a hard brush or cloth. 2. Wax 3 oz., pearlash 2 oz., water 6 oz.; heat them together, and add 4 oz. of boiled oil, and 5 oz. spirit of .. turpentine. 3. The name is sometimes given to a mixture of 1 oz. of white or yellow wax, with 4 oz. of oil of turpentine. Fubnitube Paste. 1. Melt 1 lb. of beeswax with $ pint of linseed oil, and add £ oz. of alkanet root; keep it at a moderate heat till sufficiently coloured; then remove from the fire, add pint of oil of turpentine, strain through muslin, and put it into small gallipots to cool. 2. Scrape 4 oz. of wax, and put it into a pipkin with as much oil of turpentine as will cover it, and $ oz. of pow- dered resin; melt with a gentle heat, and stir in sufficient Indian red to colour it. 356 TEADE CHEMICALS 3. Equal weights of beeswax, spirit of turpentine, and linseed oil. Fubnitube Oil. 1. Linseed oil a pint, alkanet 3 oz.; digest in a warm place till coloured, and strain. 2. The same with £ pint of oil of turpentine. 3. Linseed oil a pint, alkanet root 1 oz., rose pink 1 oz.; let them stand in an earthen vessel all night. 4. A quart of linseed oil, 6 oz. of distilled vinegar, 3 oz. of spirit of turpentine, 1 oz. of hydrochloric acid, and 2 oz. spirit of wine. 5. Linseed oil 8 oz., vinegar 4 oz.; oil of turpentine, mucilage, rectified spirit, each £ oz.; butter of antimony \ oz.; hydrochloric acid 1 oz.; mix. 6. Linseed oil 16 oz., black resin 4 oz., vinegar 4 oz., rectified spirit 3 oz., butter of antimony 1 oz., hydro- chloric acid 2 oz.; melt the resin, add the oil, take it off the fire, and stir it in the vinegar; let it boil for a few minutes, stirring it; when cool put it into a bottle, and add the other ingredients, shaking all together. The last two are especially used for reviving French polish. 7. Linseed oil a pint, oil of turpentine 2 pint, rectified spirit 4 oz., powdered resin 1J oz., rose pink \ oz.; mix. 8. Linseed oil 14 oz., vinegar 1|- oz., hydrochloric acid oz.; mix. Fusible Metal. See Allots, further back. Gall, Clabified. Ox-gall is prepared for the use of artists in the following manner: To a pint of fresh ox-gall boiled and skimmed, add 1 oz. finely powdered alum; leave it on the fire till the alum is dissolved, then let it cool, put it into a bottle, and cork it loosely. Treat another pint in the same way with 1 oz. of salt instead of alum. After standing more than 3 months, carefully de- cant from each bottle the clear portion, and mix them together. The colouring matter is precipitated, and a clear, colourless liquid is obtained by filtration. It is used for mixing artists’ colours, and to prepare ivory, oiled paper, &c., to revive the colours. Also for taking out grease spots. Galvanic Battebies, Solutions foe. See Acids, Mixed, fob Galvanic Battebies. Gannal’s Solution. See Anatomical Injections. Ganteine. (A composition for cleaning kid gloves; some- times improperly termed Saponine). Dissolve 3 oz. of MISCELLANEOUS PREPARATIONS 357 soap by heat in 2 oz. of water, and when nearly cold add 2 oz. of eau de Javelle, and 1 drachm of water of ammonia; form a paste, which is to he rubbed with flannel over the glove until this is sufficiently clean. Garancine. Madder (sometimes the spent madder of the dyer’s bath) is mixed with its weight of oil of vitriol, added very gradually, so as to avoid overheating. The acid is then washed out. Garrot’s Covering for Pills. Soak 1 oz. of purified gela- tin in 2 or 3 drs. of water; keep it liquefied in a salt- water bath. The pills are stuck on long pins, and dipped iu the solution; when cold the pins are withdrawn, after being heated by a small flame, which melts the gelatin and closes the hole. See Pilule, Pocket Formulary. Gases. These are generated in gas bottles fitted, by grind- ing, with an S*f°rmed tube; or in flasks to which a bent tube is adapted by means of a cork j in a common retort; or sometimes in iron bottles with a metal tube.* They are usually collected in vessels filled with water placed with their open end in a vessel of water. Pepy’s Gas Holder is very useful for receiving, retaining, and trans- ferring gases. The pneumatic trough consists of a vessel for holding water, with a shelf for sustaining the jars or bottles that are to be filled j these are filled by sinking them under water, and are then lifted on the shelf, above which the water rises, with their open end downwards. The beak of the retort, or bent tubes, are so placed that the gas issuing from them rises through the water into the vessel, and takes the place of the water in them. Some gases being very easily absorbed by water, are col- lected over mercury. Sometimes they are collected in dry bottles by displacement. For light gases, as ammonia, place a bottle in a vertical position with its mouth down- wards over the tube from which the gas issues, which should touch the bottom of the bottle. When the bottle is filled with gas, and this escapes from the mouth, quickly withdraw the tube and close the bottle, still inverted, with a greased stopper. For gases heavier than air, as chlorine, or carbonic acid, the bottle must be placed with its mouth uppermost, and the tube delivering the gas must descend to the bottom of the bottle. When full of the gas, * Whenever practicable, india-rubber tubing is now largely employed in place of tubes of glass and metal. 358 TRADE CHEMICALS close it with the greased stopper. The tube connected with a flask in which a gas is generated should have a ball blown in it, into which asbestos may be introduced to arrest any particles thrown up by effervescence. The following are the processes for procuring the principal gases:— Ammoniacal Gas. This is obtained by mixing equal weights of slaked lime (previously cooled) and powdered sal ammo- niac, and heating the mixture in a retort or flask. As water rapidly absorbs the gas, it must be collected over mercury, or in a dry bottle as described above. When required for laboratory use, it is most readily obtained by gently heating a strong solution of ammonia and collecting the escaping gas by displacement. Carbonic Acid Gas. Carbonic Anhydride. This is obtained by acting on marble or chalk, or carbonate of soda or potash, by a diluted acid. For exact experiments it must be col- lected over mercury; otherwise it may be collected in a bottle. Mr Benson states that a saturated solution of sulphate of magnesia may be used in collecting this gas, instead of mercury. See Pocket Formulary. Carbonic Oxide is obtained by acting on binoxalate of pot- ash with 6 times its weight of oil of vitriol at a gentle heat; or by strongly heating in an iron bottle or gun- barrel, equal weights of chalk and iron filings. The gas must be passed through water containing lime or caustic potash to absorb the carbonic acid gas. Chlorine. This gas may be obtained from oxide of man- ganese, common salt, and sulphuric acid, as directed in making chloride of lime. Or from hydrochloric acid and oxide of manganese (see Chlobinium, Pocket Formulary); but more conveniently, on the small scale, by dissolving common salt in water, adding a sixth of its weight of nitric acid, and as much oxide of manganese. Apply a gentle heat, and the gas is abundantly produced without violent action.—The Chemist, vol. i. Hydrochloric Acid Gas. It may be obtained by heating together in a flask equal weights of salt and oil of vitriol; or simply by heating strong hydrochloric acid. It must be collected over mercury; or otherwise conducted to the bottom of a dry bottle as described above. Hydrogen Gas is readily procured by pouring on fragments of zinc, in a glass bottle, or flask with a bent tube, or MISCELLANEOUS PREPARATIONS 359 retort, some diluted sulphuric acid (1 measure of strong acid to 5 of water). It may be collected over water. It zinc be not at hand, fine iron wire, or the turnings or filings of iron, may be substituted for it. To procure gas of great purity, distilled zinc must be used. Hydbogen, peboxide. See Oxygenated Wateb, further on, and Hydeogenii Peeoxidum, Pocket Formulary. Carburetted Hydrogen Gas. Light carhuretted hydrogen is readily obtained by stirring the mud of stagnant pools. It may be artificially prepared by heating in a flask, a mixture of crystallized acetate of soda, and dry caustic potash of each 2 parts, and 3 parts of quicklime in powder. Heavy carburetted hydrogen is prepared by heating 1 part of alcohol with 6 or 7 of oil of vitriol, and conducting the mixed gases through milk of lime, which retains the sul- phurous acid; and afterwards through oil of vitriol, which absorbs water, ether, and alcohol. Coal gas is a mixture of these gases, with other hydrocarbons, &c. Phosphuretted Hydrogen. The spontaneously inflammable variety of this gas is made by boiling phosphorus with solution of potash in a small retort, the beak of which is kept under water; as each bubble of gas rises from the water, it inflames, and forms a ring of white smoke, which dilates as it ascends. The spontaneous inflammability of the gas when mixed with atmospheric air or oxygen ren- ders caution necessary in its preparation. The other varieties of phosphuretted hydrogen have no special interest or application. Sulphuretted Hydrogen. Hydrosulphuric Acid. Hydric Sulphide. This gas is best obtained from sulphide (sul- phuret) of iron, broken into small lumps. On the sul- phide, contained in a gas bottle, or other suitable appa- ratus, pour sulphuric acid previously diluted with 7 parts of water. If more acid be afterwards required, dilute the strong acid with only 4 of water. This gas is absorbed by water. Hitrogen, or Azote. Atmospheric air may be made to yield an unlimited supply of nitrogen, by exposing it to the action of substances which combine with its oxygen. By burning phosphorus in a large bell-glass standing in water, and allowing it to stand over the water a few hours, nearly pure nitrogen is obtained, which may be further purified by agitating it with solution of pure potash. TRADE CHEMICALS Protoxide of Nitrogen. Nitrous oxide of Davy. It is most conveniently made by beating nitrate of ammonia (formed by neutralizing pure nitric acid, diluted with 3 parts of water, with carbonate of ammonia, and boiling the solu- tion till a drop let fall on a cold plate solidifies, adding a little ammonia towards the end to ensure neutrali- zation) in a retort, at a heat not exceeding 500° Fahren- heit, till it is nearly all decomposed. It may be collected over warm water. This gas (principally, if not wholly, in the liquid form) is manufactured in enormous quantities for the use of dentists and for dental hospitals. Oxygen Gas. Mix chlorate of potash with a third of its bulk of black oxide of manganese; put the mixture into a gas bottle, or clean flask, to which a bent tube is fitted by a cork, and apply gentle heat. The gas, which comes over freely, may be collected over water. Ozone. This is supposed to be oxygen in an allotropic and more active state. 1. It is formed by putting into a wide- mouthed bottle pieces of clean phosphorus, with a little water, so that the phosphorus shall be partly in the water and partly uncovered. Close the bottle for some hours, when the air it contains will manifest the odour and effects of ozone. 2 (Linder). Manganese dioxide, potassium permanga- nate, and oxalic acid p. ae. Two spoonfuls of this powder placed on a dish and gradually mixed with water, is suffi- cient for a room of medium size. More water is added in small portions from time to time, as the evolution ceases. Sulphurous Acid Gas. Sulphurous Anhydride. It is pro- cured in a nearly pure state by heating 2 parts of quick- silver with 3 of oil of vitriol, and collecting the gas over mercury. By passing the gas through a tube surrounded with a freezing mixture, it is condensed into a liquid. For ordinary purposes the gas may be obtained as directed under Acid, Sulphurous. Gauze, Lister’s Caebolized. Paraffin 7 parts, resin 5 parts, carbolic acid 1 part. Melt the paraffin and resin and add the carbolic acid. It is generally made by dipping the gauze into this mixture, and then passing it through rollers to remove the excess. New Remedies. Gelatin, Pttfieied. Grenetine. It is made by various processes from gelatinous animal matters. Nelson’s MISCELLANEOUS PBEPABATIONS 361 Patent Gelatine is made from cuttings of the hides of beasts. These, freed from hair, flesh, fat, &c., are washed and scored, then macerated for 10 days in a ley of caustic soda, and afterwards placed in covered vessels at a temperature of 60° to 70° F., until they become tender; then washed from the alkali, exposed to the vapour of burning sulphur until they become sensibly acid; dissolved in earthen vessels heated to 150° F., strained, put into settling vessels heated to 100° or 120° F. for nine hours, the clear liquor drawn off, and poured on the cooling slabs to the depth of £ an inch. When cold, the jelly is cut in pieees, washed till free from acid, redissolved at 85°, poured on slabs, cut up, and dried on nets. Bone, Gelatin. The bones are boiled to remove the fat, then digested in dilute hydrochloric acid till the earthy matter of the bone is dissolved. The gelatin, which retains the form of the bone, is washed in a stream of water, plunged in hot water, and again in cold, to remove all remains of acid, and sometimes put into a solution of carbonate of soda. When well washed, it is dried on open baskets or nets. By steeping the raw gelatin in cold water, dissolving it in boiling water, evaporating the jelly, and cutting it into tablets, it may be dried and preserved in that form. German Paste, for feeding insectivorous singing-birds. Blanched sweet almonds 1 lb.,pea meal 2 lbs., butter 3 oz., saffron a few grains, honey q. s. Form the whole into a paste, and granulate it by pressing it through a cullender. Some add the yolks of 2 eggs. Gilding. Leaf gold is affixed to various surfaces, properly prepared by gold size or other adhesive medium. Me- tallic surfaces are coated with gold, by means of amalgam of gold and mercury, applied with a wire brush, wet with an acid solution of mercury (made by dissolving 10 parts of mercury in 11 of nitric acid, by a gentle heat, and adding 2% parts of water). The article thus coated is heated over charcoal till the mercury is dissipated, and afterwards burnished. To give it a redder colour, it is covered with gilders’ wax (a compound of verdigris, ochre, alum, and yellow wax); again exposed to heat, and afterwards washed and cleaned by a scratch brush and vinegar. An inferior kind of gilding is effected by dis- 362 TRADE CHEMICALS solving gold, with a fifth of its weight of copper, in nitro- hydrochloric acid, dipping rags in the solution, drying and burning them, and rubbing the ashes on the metallic sur- face with a cork dipped in salt and water. Gilding, by immersion. Dissolve teroxide or terchloride of gold in a solution of pyrophosphate of soda, and dip the article to be gilt in it. Electro-Gilding, by Elkington's patent process, is thus per- formed :—A solution of 5 oz. of gold (see Acid, Nitro- hydrochloric, further back) is prepared, and boiled till it ceases to give out yellow vapours ; the clear solution is mixed with 4 gallons of water, 20 lbs. of bicarbonate of potash added, and the whole boiled for 2 hours. The articles, properly cleaned, are suspended on wires, and moved about in the liquid from a few seconds to a minute, then washed, dried, and coloured in the usual way. The solution used in gilding with the voltaic apparatus is made by dissolving £ oz. of oxide of gold, with 2 oz. of cyanide of potassium, in a pint of distilled water. Ginger Beer. See Beverages. Ginger Bread, Purgative. See further back. Glass of Borax. Calcine borax with a strong heat till the water of crystallization is expelled, and the salt fuses into a clear glass. Glass, Soluble. Fuchs. Mix 10 parts of carbonate of potash, 15 of quartz (or of sand free from iron and alu- mina), and 1 part of charcoal. Fuse together. The mass is soluble in 4 or 5 parts of water; and the filtered solu- tion evaporated to dryness yields a transparent glass, permanent in the air. Glass. Glass differs considerably in composition, owing to the purposes for which it is intended; but it may be said to consist mainly of mixtures, in varying proportions, of silicates of potash, soda, lime, baryta, magnesia, alumina, and lead, coloured by the addition of small quantities of different metallic oxides, particularly those of iron, manga- nese, cobalt, uranium, and gold. Crown glass and green bottle glass contain a portion of lime. Green glass and some kinds of foreign white glass are free from lead, and should therefore be selected for chemical uses. Toughened Glass. M. de la Bastie’s process for tough- ening glass, consists in raising it to a very high tempera- MISCELLANEOUS PREPARATIONS 363 ture, and then plunging it while hot into a heated olea- ginous bath. The process can only be successfully carried out by attention to a number of minute details. To mark on Glass. Glass may be written on for temporary purposes, by French chalk; pencils of this substance will be found convenient. Glass may be written on with ink, if the surface is clean and dry, and the pen held nearly perpendicular. The shell-lac ink (see Ink) is the best for labels, as it resists damp, &c. To scratch glass, a scratching diamond is used; or a piece of flint, or crystal of quartz, or the point of a small 3-square file. To engrave on glass, fluoric (hydrofluoric) acid is used, either in the liquid state or in vapour. The glass must be warmed, and coated with wax, or engravers’ cement, and the writing or design traced through the wax with a brad- awl, or other pointed instrument. The liquid hydrofluoric acid is poured on it, and left to act on the uncovered portions of the glass; or the fluorspar may be powdered and made into a paste with oil of vitriol, and laid over the prepared surface, and covered with lead-foil or tea-lead; or bruised fluorspar is put in a Wedgewood evaporating basin, with sufficient oil of vitriol to form a thin paste, and the prepared glass laid over the basin, so that the vapours may act on the portions from which the wax has been removed. To cut glass (besides the usual method of dividing cut glass by a glazier’s diamond), the following means may be used:—To divide glass tubes or rods, form a deep mark round them with the edge of a sharp 3-square file, then with a hand placed on either side of the mark, break the rod with a slightly stretching as well as bend- ing motion. A diamond or sharp flint may be substituted for a file. Flasks, globes, and retorts may be divided by means of iron rings, having a stem fixed in a wooden handle. Make the ring red-hot, and apply it to the flask, &c. If the vessel do not break where it came in contact with the ring, wet the part, and it will generally separate. Another method is to twist together 2 or 3 threads of cotton, such as is used for wicks, moisten them with spirit of wine, and encircle the flask with them; then holding the flask horizontally, set fire to the wick, and turn the flask with the fingers, so as to keep the flame in the direc- tion of the thread. If the separation does not take place 364 TRADE CHEMICALS the first time, the process may he repeated after the glass has cooled. By these means a common oil flask may he divided into an evaporating dish and a funnel. By means of a stout iron rod, fixed in a wooden handle, and termi- nating in a blunt point, and heated to redness, broken retorts, globes, and flasks may be converted into useful evaporating dishes, &c. If any crack exist, it may easily be led in any direction, as it will follow the motion of the heated iron. If no crack exist, one must be produced by applying the point of the heated rod to any convenient spot on the edge of the broken glass, touching it after- wards with a moistened finger, if necessary. The edges of glass thus divided are rendered less apt to break by heat- ing them in the flame of a blowpipe, or grinding them smooth with emery on a flat stone. See Fakaday’s Manipulations. Glass, to Platinize. M. Dullo. This is recommended to prevent fusing of the end of the tube used in Marsh’s test for arsenic. In drawing out the end of the tube leave the diameter slightly larger than is necessary ; then roughen the narrow end with a file. Dip in a solution of bichloride of platinum, containing l-20th of the metal; remove excess of the drop, and heat cautiously till the glass acquires a metallic appearance. Repeat this four or five times. Glass, to Silver. 1. The term silvering is commonly applied to the process of coating the surface of the glass with amal- gamated tinfoil, in forming mirrors. The tinfoil is rubbed over with quicksilver, and more of the latter poured over it; the plate of glass, perfectly clean and dry, is then ap- plied to it in such a way as to exclude all air-bubbles, and to bring the glass and tinfoil into perfect contact. The plate, after being inclined, so as to allow the superfluous quicksilver to drain off, is loaded with weights, under which it remains till the adhesion is complete. To convex and concave mirrors, the amalgamated foil is applied by means of accurately fitting plaster moulds. The interior of globes is silvered by introducing a liquid amalgam (see Amalgams), and turning about the globe, till every part is covered with it. 2. Pettijean’s process. 1540 grs. of nitrate of silver are treated with 955 grs. of strong solution of ammonia, and afterwards with 7700 grs, of water. To this solu- MISCELLANEOUS PBEPAEATIOI«3 365 tion, when clear, are added 170 grs. of tartaric acid dis- solved in 680 of water, then 152 cubic inches more of water, with brisk agitation. When it has settled, the clear part is poured off; 152 cubic inches of water are added to the sediment, to dissolve as much as possible. The clear fluids are mixed, and again 62 cubic inches of water are added. This is Silvering Solution No. 1. No. 2 isiprepared in the same manner, but with twice as much tartaric acid. The glass plate being cleaned, and laid hori- zontally, an even layer of Solution No. 1 is poured on it, to about the depth of l-10th of an inch. Heat is then applied by means of a cast-iron water-bath beneath. Bright silver is soon deposited. When the stratum of fluid is exhausted it is poured off, and Solution No. 2 next applied in the same way. The silver surface may be polished, or coated with black varnish, 3. Liebig- proposes to silver glass without mercury by a solution of ammonio-nitrate of silver, to which potash or soda is added, and which deposits silver at ordinary tem- peratures when brought in contact with an aqueous solu- tion of sugar of milk. 4. Mr Deayton mixes 1 oz. of nitrate of silver, 3 oz. of water, 1 oz. of liquid ammonia, and 3 oz. of spirit of wine, and filters the solution after it has stood 4 hours. To every ounce of the solution he adds i oz. of grape sugar, dissolved in equal quantities of water and alcohol. The surface to be silvered is covered with this liquid at a temperature of 160° F., maintained till the deposition of silver is complete. When quite dry, the coated surface is covered with mastic varnish. Other sub- stances besides sugar occasion the deposition of silver from the ammoniacal solution; as oil of cassia, oil of cloves, and other essential oils, aldehyd, fcymic acid, &c. Unger re- commends a strong alcoholic solution of tannin. M. Vohl prefers an alkaline solution of gun-cotton. Dissolve gun- cotton in a solution of caustic potash, pour it into a solu- tion of nitrate of silver, and add ammonia sufficient to redissolve the precipitate. The liquor, being slowly heated in a water-bath, becomes brown, effervesces, and deposits silver of superior brilliancy. Glass, to Clean. The vessel to be cleansed is filled, or if large, rinsed with a moderately dilute solution of the permanganate of potasb, contact being prolonged till a 366 TRADE CHEMICALS - film of hydrated manganic oxide has been deposited; the solution is then poured away, and the glass vessel rinsed with some strong hydrochloric acid. Concentrated sul- phuric acid is used for the same purpose. Glazes. Common earthenware is glazed with a composition containing lead, on which account it is unfit for many pharmaceutical purposes. The following glaze has been proposed, among others, as a substitute :—100 parts of washed sand, 80 of purified potash, 10 of nitre, and 20 of slaked lime; all well mixed and heated in a blacklead crucible, in a reverberatory furnace, till the mass flows into a clear glass. It is then to be reduced to powder. The goods to be slightly burnt, placed under water, and sprinkled with the powder. Glaze foe Pobcelain. (Rose.) Felspar 27 parts, borax 18, Lynn sand 4, nitre 3, soda 3, Cornwall china clay 3 parts. Melt together to form a frit, and reduce it to a powder, with 3 parts of calcined borax. Glue is made by boiling parings of ox-hides and other skins in water, evaporating the solution to a proper consistence, allowing it to gelatinize in wooden boxes, cutting it into layers with a wire, and drying the layers on nets stretched on wooden frames. Bones also yield a pale glue, described under Gelatin. Bank-note glue or mouth glue is made by dissolving 1 lb. of fine glue, or gelatin, in water, evapo- rating it till most of the water is expelled, adding % lb. of brown sugar, and pouring it into moulds. Some add a little lemon-juice. It is also made with 2 parts of dextrin, 2 of water, and 1 of spirit. Glue, Liquid. 1. Dissolve bruised orange shellac in $ of its weight of methylated or rectified spirit, or of rectified - wood naphtha, by a gentle heat. It is very useful as a general cement and substitute for glue. 2. Another kind may be made by dissolving 1 oz. of borax in 12 oz. of soft water, adding 2 oz. of bruised shellac, and boiling till dissolved, stirring it constantly. 3. Dissolve 1000 parts of glue in 1000 parts by weight of water in a glazed pot, t over a gentle fire. When it is melted, add nitric acid (sp. gr. V32) 200 parts, pouring it in very gradually. Au effervescence is caused by the escape of hyponitrous acid. When all the acid is added, allow the mixture to cool. (This glue is found to remain unaltered on exposure to MISCELLANEOUS PREPARATIONS 367 the air. It is applied cold, and is recommended as very convenient in chemical operations.) M. Dumoulin. Glue, Mabine. Cut caoutchouc into small pieces, and dissolve it, by heat and agitation, in coal naphtha. Add to this solution powdered shellac, and heat the whole with constant stirring, until combination takes place, then pour it while hot on metal plates, to form sheets. When used it must be heated to 248° F., and applied with a brush. i Glue oe Casein. 1. Bbaconnot. Dissolve casein in a strong solution of bicarbonate of soda. 2. Wagner. Dissolve casein in a cold saturated solution of borax. Superior to gum, and may take the place of glue in many cases. May be used for the backs of adhesive tickets. Gluten, Vegetable. Form wheat flour into a stiff paste with cold water; then knead it under a stream of water till all the starch is washed away. What remains is im- pure gluten. Golden Compound. Anhydrous tungstate of soda, or the salt obtained in fusing 2 equivalents of tungstic acid with 1 of carbonate of soda, is to be melted in a porcelain crucible, over a spirit lamp, at a temperature not more than sufficient; then add small pieces of pure tin to the melted mass. Cubes of a golden colour instantly form. The process should not be continued too long, or they acquire a purple hue. See Aubum Musivum. Gum, Bbitish. See Dextbin. It is also prepared by heating starch alone, or previously mixed with an acid. Pinel directs half a gallon of nitric and half a pint of hydrochloric acid to be mixed with 100 gallons of water, and as much potato fecula added as will form a paste. In 2 hours remove the paste in buckets, prepared for the pur- pose, to drain off all the water. Then place the paste in small lumps in a drying room till dry; pulverize it, and expose the powder the first day to the temperature of 100° F., the next day raise it to 150°, on the third day to 190°. It is then powdered, sifted, and heated from 300° to 350°. To give it the appearance of gum after it has gone through the stove, and is powdered and sifted, mix it to a paste with water to which 1 per cent, of nitric acid has been added, spread it on copper plates in layers £ of an inch thick, and heat it in an oven from 240° to 300° F., then remove it to the open air to cool. 368 TRADE CHEMICALS Gum Arabic, Purification of. Picciotto’s process. The gum is dissolved in water, and sulphurous acid gas passed into it. The sulphurous acid is sufficiently removed for common purposes by gently boiling the mucilage in a retort with a receiver attached. But to obtain the gum in a purer state, carbonate of barium is added, the mix- ture is filtered, afterwards agitated with gelatinous alumina, again filtered, and evaporated. Gun Baeeels, to Stain. See Browning Liquids, further hack. Gun Cotton. Mix 1£ fl. oz. of each of the strongest nitric and sulphuric acid; put the mixture in a Wedgewood mortar, and when cool add 100 grs. of cotton wool. Stir it with a glass rod, and when it is fully soaked, squeeze out the acid with the pestle or a porcelain spoon, throw the cotton into a large quantity of water, squeeze it again, and wash it under a stream of water till quite free from acid. In the specification, the patentee directs 1 measure of nitric acid, sp. gr. 1'45 or 1‘50 to be mixed with 3 measures of sulphuric acid, sp. gr. 1’85; the cotton to be soaked in the acid, then squeezed from it, and left in a covered vessel for an hour; and after washing, to he dipped in a solution of 1 oz. carbonate of potash in a gallon of water, then pressed, and partially dried; again dipped in a weak solution of nitre, then dried in a room heated to 150° F. Gunpowdeb. A compound of nitre, charcoal, and sulphur. The nitre should be purified by recrystallization, the sul- phur by distillation, and the charcoal selected of the best quality—that of the dogwood, alder, poplar, chestnut, or willow is preferred. The following is the composition of some of the most approved kinds: Nitre. Charcoal. Sulphur. Royal Mills, Waltham Abbey 75 15 10 Marsh’s Sporting .... 76 15 9 Mining 65 15 20 French (Government) . . . 75 12-5 12-5 Sporting .... 78 12 10 Chinese 75 14-14 9-9 Gunpowder, White. Well dried yellow prussiate of potash 1 part, white sugar 1 part, chlorate of potash 2 parts. Let the ingredients he separately reduced to a fine pow- MISCELLANEOUS PREPARATIONS 369 der, and the powders mixed by the hand, or by means of a leathern barrel turning on its axis. Or they may he moistened with water, and granulated by passing the paste through a wire sieve. Gypsum, to Harden. Keating’s patent process is to moisten calcined gypsum with a solution of 1 lb. of borax, 1 lb. of tartar, in 11 lbs. of water, it is then heated to red- ness for 6 hours, and pulverized. Ebdemann recommends plaster figures, &c., to be soaked in a solution of Fuch’3 soluble glass. Hahnemann’s Wine Test. See Tests. Harness, Jet. Take 4 oz. best glue, 1£ pints good vinegar, 2 oz. best gum arabic, i pint good black ink, 2 drs. best isinglass. Dissolve the gum in the ink, and melt the isinglass in another vessel in as much hot water as will cover it. Having first steeped the glue in the vinegar until soft, dissolve it completely by the aid of heat, stirring to prevent burning. The heat should not exceed 180° F. Add the ink and gum, and allow the mixture again to rise to the same temperature. Lastly, mix in the solution of isinglass, and remove from the fire. When used, a small portion must be heated until fluid, and then applied with a sponge, and allowed to dry on. Harness, Waterproof Paste for. Put into a pipkin, black resin 2 oz., place on a gentle fire, and when melted add beeswax 3 oz. When this is melted, remove from the fire, and stir in i oz. fine lamp-black and £ dr. Prus- sian blue, finely powdered. When completely mixed, add spirits of turpentine to form a thin paste, and let it cool. To be applied like blacking. Heading for Beer. Gray. Equal parts of alum and sul- phate of iron. Incense. See Perfumery. India Rubber Court Plaster. A stout frame of wood must be made, about 3 yards long and about yards wide. Within this frame must be placed two sides of another frame, running longitudinally and across, so fixed in the outer frame that the two pieces may slide independently of each other backwards and forwards about 6 inches. Tapes of canvas must be tacked round the inside of the inner frame and the corresponding sides of the outer frame, so as to form a square for the material to be sewn in, which when done the two loop frames must be drawn tightly to TRA.DE CHEMICALS the outer by means of a twine passed round each, in order to stretch perfectly free from irregularities, the silk or satin, previous to laying on the composition. To make the plaster. Dissolve india rubber in naphtha or naphtha and turpentine, lay it on with a flat brush on the opposite side to that which is intended for the plaster. When the silk is perfectly dry and the smell in a great measure dissipated, it will be ready for the adhesive ma- terial ; to make which take equal parts of Salisbury or fine Russian glue and the best isinglass, dissolve in a sufficient quantity of water over a water-bath, and lay on with a flat hogtool while warm. It is requisite to use great caution to spread the plaster evenly and in one direction, and a sufficient number of coatings must be given to form a smooth surface, through which the texture of the fabric is not perceptible. Each coating should be perfectly dry before the succeeding one is given, after which the frame is to be placed in a situation free from dust, and where a draught of air would facilitate the drying. The quantity of water used and the weight of the two materials must be a little varied according to the season and the gelatin strength they possess. Lastly, the plaster being ready to receive the polishing coat, which gives also the balsamic effect to it, a preparation is made in nearly the same manner as the Tinct. Benz. Co. of the P. L., with the ad- dition of more gums. This preparation must be laid on once only, and with a brush kept for the purpose. For making plasters on coloured silks it is only necessary to select the silk a shade deeper than the colour required, as the plaster causes it to appear a little lighter. See Em* PLASTBUM ICTHYOCOLLiE, Pocket Formulary. Indigo. (Taylob.) The principal preparations of indigo are described under Chemic Blue, and Dyes. Indigo may be purified by several methods, of which the following is the most simple :—Mix indigo with half its weight of Paris plaster and sufficient water to form a thin paste. Spread this evenly on an iron plate, about two inches wide, to the depth of l-8th of an inch, and let it dry in the air. Then apply the flame of a large spirit lamp to the under side of the plate, beginning at one end and advancing it to the other as the sublimation proceeds. The violet vapour condenses on the surface in brilliant prisms or plates. Good indigo yields from 15 to 17 per cent. MISCELLANEOUS PKEPAItATIONS Purified indigo is also obtained from the alkaline solu- tion of reduced indigo, described under Dyes ; or by dis- solving indigo in a mixture of 1 part of caustic soda, 1 of grape sugar and 20 of water. To the clear solutions thus obtained add hydrochloric acid to throw down the indigo, wash this perfectly with pure water, and finally with alcohol. If care be taken to exclude the air before and after adding the acid, and to wash it with recently boiled water, to drain it rapidly and dry it in vacuo, the indigo is obtained nearly white, but becomes blue on exposure to the air. Inks. The following are specimens of the most useful kinds: jBlack Writing Inks. 1. Brande’s. Bruised Aleppo galls 6 oz., soft water 6 pints; boil together, add 4 oz. of sulphate of iron and 4 oz. of gum arabic. Put the whole in a bottle, and keep it in a warm place, shaking it occa- sionally. In 2 months pour it off into glass bottles; and add to each pint a grain of corrosive sublimate, or 3 or 4 drops of creasote. 2. Dr Wollaston’s. Galls 1 oz., gum oz., cloves dr., sulphate of iron £ oz., water 8 oz. Digest with fre- quent shaking, till it has sufficient colour. A good durable ink, and will bear diluting. 3. Prerogative Court Ink. Gray. Galls 16 oz., gum 6 oz., alum 2 oz., sulphate of iron 7 oz., kino 3 oz., log- wood in powder 4 oz., water 8 lbs. 4. Dr. Ure’s Ink. For 12 gallons of ink take 12 lbs. of bruised galls, 5 lbs. of gum Senegal, 5 lbs. of green sul- phate of iron, and 12 gallons of rain-water. Boil the galls in a copper with 9 gallons of water for 3 hours, adding fresh water to replace what is lost by evaporation. Let the decoction settle, and draw off the clear liquor; add to it a strained solution of the gum; dissolve also the sulphate of iron separately, and mix the whole. Instead of boiling the galls, they may be macerated in a portion of hot water for 12 hours, then put into a percolator, and the rest of the water passed through it. 5. Anti-corrosive Ink. Aleppo galls 10 lbs., logwood 5 lbs., pomegranate-peel lbs., cloves 2£ oz., soft water 8 gallons. Let the whole boil gently for an hour or two, then cover the copper and leave it for 12 or 14 hours, stirring it now and then. Strain off the decoction and 372 TRADE CHEMICALS add 2 gallons more water to the ingredients; simmer gently for an hour, and strain. Mix the liquors, and let them settle; draw off the clear liquid from the dregs; dissolve in a portion of it 2| lbs. of gum arabic and £ lb. of sugar candy; and in another portion 2£ lbs. of green sul- phate of iron. Strain both solutions, and mix the whole together; then add 1 oz. of calcined borax, and £ oz. of creasote dissolved in \ pint of spirit of wine. Dr Habe recommends an ink free from acid, to be made with galls and “ finery-cinderhut we are not sure what is intended by this name. 6. Ribaucoukt’s InJc. Galls 1 lb., logwood i lb., gum 6 oz., sulphate of iron £ lb., sulphate of copper 2 oz., sugar 2 oz., water 12 lbs. (or 5 quarts). This has the dis- advantage of corroding the steel pens and the penknives with which it comes in contact. 7. Galls 3 oz., sulphate of iron 1 oz., logwood % oz., gum \ oz., ale a quart. Let it stand in a loosely corked bottle in a warm place, for a week or more, shaking it daily. 8. Boil 4 oz. of logwood for an hour in 6 quarts of water; adding boiling water as it evaporates; then add 16 oz. of blue galls coarsely bruised, 4 oz. of dry sul- phate of iron (i.e. heated till it becomes whitish and pulverulent), 3 oz. of brown sugar, 6 oz. of gum arabic, and i oz. acetate of copper ground with a little of the decoction. Keep the whole in a bottle uncorked for a fortnight, shaking it twice a day. 9. Reade’s Patent. This differs from common black ink, in containing a portion of soluble Prussian blue. 10. Chrome Ink. Extract of logwood J oz., gum i oz., water a pint. Dissolve also in 12 oz. of water, \ oz. of yellow chromate of potash (or £ oz. each of bichromate and bicarbonate of potash); and mix the two solutions. The ink is ready for immediate use. 11. Dr Lewis’s Writing Ink. Powdered sulphate of iron 1 oz., powdered logwood 1 oz., powdered galls 3 oz., gum arabic 1 oz., white wine or vinegar 1 quart. 12. BEEZEliius recommends a solution of vanadiate of ammonia in infusion of galls. Dr Uee states that this forms the most perfect ink that can be desired; but the scarcity and high price of the vanadiate prevents its use. 13. Runge’s Black Writing Fluid. Boil logwood MISCELLANEOUS PREPARATIONS 373 22 lbs., in enough water to yield 14 gallons of decoction. To 1000 parts of this decoction, when cold, add 1 part of chromate of potash. The mixture is to he well stirred. The proportions are to he carefully observed, and the yellow chromate, not the bichromate, employed. (This ink is said to possess some great advantages; to adhere strongly to paper, so that it can neither be washed off by water, nor even altered by weak acids; to form no de- posit ; and not to he in the least acted upon by steel pens.) Steel pens should he washed in an alkaline solution before being used with this ink. On exposure to the air, rapid decomposition of this fluid sometimes takes place. This may he prevented by adding a little carbonate of soda to the fluid. 14. Alizarine Inlc. Leonjiardi. Digest 24 parts Aleppo galls with 3 parts of Dutch madder and 120 parts of warm water. Filter, and add 1*2 parts solution of indigo, 5'20 parts of sulphate of iron, and 2 parts crude acetate of iron solution. This ink contains no gum, and cannot get mouldy; the tannate of iron is prevented from separating by the sulphate of indigo. Alizarine ink may be evaporated to dryness and formed into cakes; 1 part with six of hot water will then form an excellent writing fluid. Packers’ Marking Ink is merely the dregs of black ink, for marking parcels with a brush. Copying Ink. 1. Mr Brande directs 1 oz. of brown sugar to be added to No. 1, for copying. Another kind is made by dissolving £ oz. of gum, and 20 grs. of Spanish liquorice, in 13 drs. of water, and adding to it a drachm of lamp-black, previously mixed with a teaspoonful of sherry. If the lamp-black is greasy, it should be heated to redness in a covered crucible. Another published form is:—Black ink 3 oz., sugar candy 1 oz. 2. (No press required) Professoe Attfield. Reduce by evaporation 10 vols. of ordinary ink to 6, then add 4 vols. of glycerine. Ink Powder. This consists of the dry ingredients for ink, powdered and mixed. 1. Powdered galls 4 oz., sul- bate of iron (heated till it becomes white and pulveru- lent) 1 oz., powdered gnm 1 oz., white sugar i oz.; mix. To make a quart of ink, with water or beer. 2 (Geay). Powdered galls 2 lbs., green vitriol 1 lb., gum 8 oz. In 2 oz. packets, each for 1 pint of ink. 374 TRADE CHEMICALS Red Writing Inks. 1. Best ground Brazil wood 4 oz., diluted acetic acid a pint, alum l oz. Boil them slowly in a covered tinned copper or enamelled saucepan, for an hour; strain, and add l oz. gum. Some direct the Brazil wood to infuse for 2 or 3 days before boiling. 2. Weber’s Red Ink. Boil 4 oz. of Pernamhuca wood with 16 oz, of dilute acetic acid and an equal quan- tity of water, until 24 oz. remain. Add an ounce of alum, and evaporate again to 16 oz.; add gum arabic 1 oz., strain; and to the cold liquid add, lastly, 1 dr. of proto- chloride of tin. Said to be of a finer colour, and more permanent, than cochineal ink. 3. Henseleb. Boil 2 oz. of good Brazil wood, l oz. of alum, and $ oz. of cream of tartar, in 16 oz. of rain-water, till reduced to half; strain, and dissolve in it £ oz. of gum arabic, and add a tincture made with 1£ drs. of cochineal in 1£ oz. of spirit of wine. 4. Brazil-wood 4 oz., alum 2 oz., water a quart. Boil for an hour, and strain; then add 1 oz. of gum. 5. Triturate 1 dr. of cochineal and 1 dr. of carbonate of potash, with a little boiling water; then add 1 dr. of burnt alum and 2 drs. of cream of tartar, and water to bring it to the desired colour. Not so permanent as the Brazil ink. 6. Carmine Ink. Heat a scruple of carmine with 3 oz. of water of ammonia for some minutes, a little below boil- ing, and add 15 to 20 grs. of gum. The inkstand must be kept well closed. 7. Stephen’s Red Ink. (Patent.) Take some common soda, potash, or carbonate of ammonia, and add to it, at intervals, twice its weight of crude argol in powder. When effervescence has ceased, pour off the sohition, or filter it from insoluble matter. Add to it next, by measure, half the quantity of oxalate of alumina, ppepared by adding to precipitated alumina in a damp state as much oxalic acid as will dissolve it. Into this mixture, when cold, put as much powdered cochineal as will give it a fine red colour, and, after letting it stand for 48 hours, strain it for use. Blue Inks. 1. Reade’s Patent. Prepare a solution of iodide of iron, from iodine, iron, and water; add to the solution half as much iodine as first used. Pour this solution into a semi-saturated solution of ferro-prussiate of potash, containing nearly as much of the salt as the MISCELLANEOUS PBEPABATIONS 375 whole weight of iodine. Collect the precipitate, wash it, and finally dissolve it in water, to form the blue ink. The solution from which the precipitate is separated, evapo- rated to dryness, and the residue fused, redissolved, and crystallized, yields pure iodide of potassium. [This process being patented, ink must not be prepared by it for sale.] 2. Add a pint of a cold solution of persulphate of iron (prepared as directed, further on) to a solution of 6 oz. of ferro-cyanide of potassium in 2 pints of water. Collect the precipitate, wash it with distilled water until it begins to dissolve, then triturate it in a mortar with sufficient distilled water to form a blue ink. 3. Chemic, or Saxon blue (sulphate of indigo), diluted with water to the desired shade, with a little gum. 4. Pare Prussian blue, triturated with a sixth part of its weight of oxalic acid, with a little water, to a smooth paste, and more water added to bring it to the proper colour. A larger proportion of the acid is ordered in some recipes. 5. Dr Normandy’s Blue Ink. Chinese blue (ferro- cyanide of iron) is ground in water with binoxalate of potash and gum arabic, in the following proportions:— 7 oz. of water to 3 drs. of Chinese blue, 1 dr. of binoxalate of potasb, and 1 dr. of gum arabic. 6. Stephen’s Patent Blue Ink. Common Prussian blue is first macerated in strong sulphuric acid, then repeatedly washed in water, and afterwards dried. This process is to render it more soluble in oxalic acid, which is now to be gradually added in the proportion of about 1 part to 6 of the Prussian blue (as before maceration), together with sufficient water to yield a dense blue solution. 7. Digest 2 oz. of the cuttings of tin plate with 4 oz. of nitrous acid, and add the solution to a gallon of water in which 2 oz. of prussiate of potash have been dissolved. [This requires frequent shaking to keep the precipitate (which is Prussian blue) suspended.] Violet Inks. 1. Boil 8 oz. of logwood in 3 pints of rain or distilled water to la pints. Strain, and add oz. of clean gum, and 2£ oz. of alum in fine powder. Agitate frequently till dissolved. 2. Cudbear 1 oz., pearlash lj oz., mucilage 2 oz., soft water to make a pint. Pour the water hot on the cudbear and pearlash, allow the mixture to stand for twelve hours, 376 TBADE CHEMICALS then strain, and add the mucilage; 1 oz. of rectified spirit may also be added. Purple Inks. 1. Add a little muriate (chloride) of tin to a strong decoction of logwood. A little gum may he added. 2. Dr Nobmandt’S Purple Ink. To 12 lbs. of Cam- peachy wood add as many gallons of boiling water, pour the solution through a funnel, with a strainer made of coarse flannel, on to 1 lb. of hydrate, or acetate of deut- oxide of copper finely powdered (having at the bottom of the funnel a piece of sponge) ; then add immediately 14 lbs. of alum, and for every 340 gallons of liquid add 80 lbs. of gum arabic or gum Senegal. Let these remain for 3 or 4 days, and a beautiful purple colour will be produced. Brown Ink. 1. Boil oz. of catechu with 8 oz. of water until dissolved, and strain. Dissolve 60 grs. of bichromate of potash in oz. of water, and add it gradually to the solution of catechu until the desired shade is obtained. It requires no gum. 2. By adding to the violet ink finely powdered bichro- mate of potash, in the proportion of from 15 to 30 grs. to an ounce, various shades of brown and snuff colour are obtained. Yellow Ink. 1. Gamboge triturated with water, and a little alum added. 2. Boil 8 oz. of French berries with 1 oz. of alum in a quart of water; strain, and add 1 oz. of gum. Green Ink. Wincklee. 1. Dissolve 3 drs. of bichro- mate of potash in 1 oz. of water; add to the hot solution £ oz. of alcohol, and decompose the mixture by a little strong sulphuric acid till it assumes a brown colour. Eva- porate the liquid to half, let it cool, dilute with a sufficient quantity of water, and filter; add to the filtered liquid 4 drs. of alcohol, decompose with a few drops of sulphuric acid, and let it rest. After some time it assumes a fine green colour. A little gum may be added. There is danger of the paper and steel pens suffering from an excess of sulphuric acid. 2 (Klapboth). Distilled verdigris 2 oz., cream of tartar 1 oz., water 8 oz.; boil to half and filter. 3. Add to the yellow ink No. 2 sufficient sulphate of indigo. 4. Dissolve sap green in water with a little alum, MISCELLANEOUS PREPARATIONS 377 5. Rub 3£ drs. of Prussian blue, and 3 drs. of gamboge, with 2 oz. of mucilage, and add £ pint of water. Gold and Silver Ink. Fine bronze powder, or gold or silver leaf, ground with a little sulphate of potash, and washed from the salt, is mixed with water and a sufficient quantity of gum. Or, the gold leaf may be ground on a slab with honey, which is afterwards washed away. Indestructible Writing Fluids. The common writing inks being liable to be obliterated by many chemical agents, several compounds more capable of resisting these agents have been proposed; of which the following appear deserving of notice: 1. Carbon InJc. Dissolve real Indian ink in common black ink; or add a small quantity of lamp-black pre- viously heated to redness, and ground perfectly smooth, with a small portion of the ink. 2. Stephen’s (patent) Carbon Ink. Common soda of commerce is mixed with resinous matters (as shellac or resin), in about equal parts by weight. Water being added according to the strength required, the solution is boiled until the resin has become dissolved. Mix in a mortar with the requisite quantity of fine lamp-black, and add any suitable coloured solution. 3. Shellac Ink, or Coathtjpe’S Writing Fluid. To 18 oz. of water add 1 oz. of powdered borax, and 2 oz. of bruised shellac, and boil them in a covered vessel, stirring them occasionally, till dissolved. Filter, when cold, through coarse filtering paper; add 1 oz. of mucilage; boil for a few minutes, adding sufficient finely-powdered indigo and lamp-black to colour it. Leave the mixture for 2 or 3 hours for the coarser particles to subside; pour it off from the dregs, and bottle it for use. 4. Gluten Ink. Dissolve wheat gluten, free from starch, in weak acetic acid of the strength of common vinegar, mix 10 grs. of lamp-black and 2 grs. of indigo with 4 oz. of the solution, and a drop or two of oil of cloves. 5. Hattssmann’s. Dissolve 1 part of genuine asphaltum with 4 parts of oil of turpentine, and sufficient lamp-black. If sufficient lamp-black be used to give it a suitable con- sistence, it may be used with types. 6. Bbaconnet’s Indelible Ink. Take 20 parts of Dant- zic potash, 10 of tanned leather parings, and 5 of sulphur; boil them in an iron pot with sufficient water to dryness; 378 tlien raise the heat, stirring the matter constantly, till the whole becomes soft, taking care that it does not ignite. Add sufficient water, and filter through cloth. It must be kept from the air. It flows freely from the pen, and resists many chemical agents; but it is not strictly in- delible. 7. Dr Normandy’s Indelible Ink. Frankfort lamp- black 24 lbs., to be ground with mucilage, made by adding 24 lbs. of gum to 60 gallons of water, and the mixture filtered through a very coarse flannel; 4 lbs. of oxalic acid are then added, with as much decoction of cochineal and sulphate of indigo as will yield the shade of colour desired. 8. Indian Ink. Real lamp-black, produced by combus- tion of linseed oil, ground with gum, and infusion of galls. It is prepared both in a liquid and solid form, the latter being dried in the sun. 9. Gold is mixed with Indian ink, equal parts. 10. Puscher’s Indelible Ink. Dissolve 4 parts of aniline black in 16 parts by weight of alcohol, with 60 drops of strong hydrochloric acid, and dilute the solution with 90 parts by weight of water in which 6 parts of gum arabic have been previously dissolved. It is said not to act upon steel pens, nor be altered by alkalies or acids. Indelible Ink, for printing Cotton and Linen fabrics intended for chlorine bleaching. 1 part of coal-tar mixed with 1 part of benzine, and l-10th part of lamp- black. It can be made thicker or thinner by using more or less benzine.—Pharm. Journal. Ink for writing on Zinc Labels. Horticultural Ink: 1. Dissolve 100 grs. of chloride of platinum in a pint of water. A little mucilage and lamp-black may be added. 2. Sal ammoniac 1 dr., verdigris 1 dr., lamp-black £ dr., water 10 drs.; mix. Ink for writing on Steel or Tin Plate, or Sheet Zinc. 1. Mix 1 oz. of powdered sulphate of copper and oz. of powdered sal ammoniac with 2 oz. of diluted acetic acid; adding lamp-black or vermilion. 2. Dissolve 1 part of copper in 10 of nitric acid, and dilute with 10 parts of water. White Marking for Black Bottles, in cellars. Grind flake white or sulphate of barium, with a little oil of TRADE CHEMICALS MISCELLANEOUS PREPARATIONS 379 turpentine, and any light-coloured varnish, to a proper consistence. Lithographic Ink. 1. Lasteybie’s ;—Dried soap 1 oz., melt and add shell-lac 5 oz., then common soda 1 oz., mastic 1 oz., and lastly, lamp-black 3 drs. Melt, stir together, and, when completely melted, pour into moulds: to be used as Indian ink. 2. Autographic. White soap 100 parts, white wax 100, mutton suet 30, shell-lac 50, mastic 50, lamp-black 30 or 35. Melted as above. 3. Lithographic Ink. (Weishatxpt.) Heat 40 parts of yellow wax until its vapour kindles on coming in contact with a burning match; then remove it from the fire, and add gradually, in small parts, Marseilles soap 22 parts, gum-lac 28 parts, and mastic 10 parts. Extinguish the flame, and incorporate perfectly with this mixture, lamp- black 9 parts. Then again heat until the vapour can be ignited, then remove it from the fire, and after the flame has been extinguished, pour it upon a stone. The mass is then cut into pieces. 4. Crayons. White wax 8 oz., white soap 2 oz., shell- lac 2 oz., lamp-black 3 tablespoonfuls. Melt the wax and soap with a brisk fire ; stir in the lamp-black; allow the mixture to burn for half a minute, then extinguish the flame, and add the shell-lac by degrees, stirring continually. Put the mixture on the fire till it kindles, or nearly so. Extinguish the flame, let the mixture cool a little, and pour it into moulds. Inks for Marking Linen. Some of these are used with types; others with a clean quill pen. 1. Sulphate of manganese 1 dr., water 1 dr., powdered sugar 2 drs., lamp-black \ dr. Triturate them together, and stamp i* on the linen with types. When dry, wash the part with liquor potass®; again dry, and wash with plenty of water. 2. Dr Smellie’s. Sulphate of iron 1 dr., linseed oil 1 oz.; vermilion § oz.: grind perfectly smooth. Printers’ ink is also used with type. 3. Heat to redness equal weights of black oxide of manganese and caustic potash, and mix it with an equal weight of pipe-clay, and sufficient water to give it a due 380 TEADE CHEMICALS consistence. To be applied with types or stencils. It becomes brown and does not wash out. The following are used with a quill pen : 4. Nitrate of silver 100 grs., distilled water 1 oz., gum arabic 2 drs., sap green a scruple: dissolve. The linen is first to be wetted with the following 'pounce, dried and rubbed smooth, then written on by a clean quill or bone pen dipped in the ink. bounce or Mordant. Sub- carbonate of soda 1 oz., water 8 oz. [A great variety of recipes might be given, slightly differing from the above in the proportion of the ingredients, and in the colouring matter. Gray directs 2 drs. of nitrate of silver, 6 drs. of water, and 2 of mucilage, and a pounce of 1 oz. of sub- carbonate of soda in 16 of water, with a little sap green. Another form is—nitrate of silver 1 oz., distilled water 5 oz., powdered gum li oz., sap green sufficient to colour it. The linen to be first wetted with the following pre- paration :—Subcarbonate of soda 1 oz., water 6 oz., gum 1 oz.; dissolve. Some add a little powdered bole to the preparation; the object in colouring it being merely that the part which has been wetted may be more readily distinguished. The quantity of nitrate of silver should not be much less than 100 grs. in an ounce of ink; the proportion of the other ingredients is of less importance. Some direct the addition of a drop or two of nitric acid.J 5. Italian. Moisten the linen with a solution of re- cently prepared chloride of tin, and write with a neutral solution of salt of gold. Marking Ink, without Preparation. These inks merely require to have a hot iron passed over the part written on, and to be held pretty near the fire till the writing assumes a deep black colour. 1. Nitrate of silver 3 drs., water 1J oz.; dissolve, and add as much strong liquid ammonia as will redissolve the precipitate formed by it; add 2 drs. of mucilage, a little sap green, and water, if required, to make up the mea- sure to 2 oz. A little ivory-black, Indian ink, or indigo, is sometimes used to colour it. Some recipes contain nitrate of copper in addition to nitrate of silver. Several recipes might be given, but they will all probably be super- seded by Professor Redwood’s. In operating with am- monia and nitrate of silver, fulminating silver is sometimes unexpectedly formed, and may prove a source of danger. MISCELLANEOUS PREPARATIONS 381 In this respect, as well as others, Professor Redwood’s preparation claims a preference. 2. Professor Redwood’s. Rub together 1 oz. nitrate of silver, and 1 oz. of bitartrate of potash; add 4 oz. of liqour ammoniae, and when dissolved mix in 6 drs. of white sugar, 10 drs. of powdered gum arabic, i oz. of archil, and water to make up 6 oz. by measure. Instead of archil, i oz. of sap green may he used to colour the ink ; or 40 grs. of fine vegetable black, previously tritu- rated with a little water or mucilage. 3. Rev. J. B. Reade’s patent. This differs from the last in using tartaric acid instead of bitartrate of potash. The quantities may be 1 oz. of nitrate of silver, 3 drs. of tartaric acid, and the above quantities of the other ingre- dients. The use of tartaric acid he claims an exclusive right to. 4. Add to the last an ammoniacal solution of an oxide or salt of gold.—Reade. This addition prevents its being acted on by cyanide of potassium, and some other agents which the silver ink fails to resist. 5. Aniline Black Marking Ink. The ink is prepared by means of two solutions, one of copper, the other of aniline, prepared as follows: (1) Copper Solution. 8*52 grams of crystallized chlo- ride of copper, 1065 grams of chlorate of soda, and 5*35 grams of chloride of ammonium, are dissolved in 60 grams of water. (2) Aniline Solution. 20 grams of hydrochlorate of aniline are dissolved in 30 grams of distilled water, and to this are added 20 grams of solution of gum arabic (1 part of gum to 2 of water), and 10 grams of glycerin. By mixing in the cold, 4 parts of the aniline solution with 1 part of the copper solution, a greenish liquid is obtained, which can he employed directly for the marking; but as this liquid can only be preserved for a few days without decomposition it is advisable to keep the solution separately, until the ink is required for use. The ink may be used either with a pen or a stencil plate and brush; if it do not flow freely from the pen it may be diluted with a little water without fear of weakening the intensity of the colour. At first the writing appears of a pale green colour, but after exposure to the air it becomes black j or it may be changed to a black colour immediately by pass- 382 TBADE CHEMICALS ing a hot iron over the back of the fabric, or heating it over the flame of a spirit lamp. As, however, a dry heat is apt to make the fibre saturated with the ink brittle, it is preferable to hold the marked fabric over a vessel con- taining water in full ebullition; the heat of the vapour is sufficient to determine almost immediately the reaction by which aniline black is formed. After the steaming the writing should be washed in hot soapsuds, which gives the ink a fine blue shade. The ink is not acted on by acids or alkalies, and if care be taken that the fibres are well saturated with it, there is no danger of its being removed by washing.—Dingier" s Journal. 6. Marking Ink without Silver. Add a solution of caustic potash to a concentrated solution of chloride of copper in water as long as a precipitate is formed; allow this to subside, siphon off the clear fluid, and dissolve the preci- pitated oxide in the least possible quantity of water of ammonia, adding about 6 per cent, of dextrin to the solu- tion. Articles marked with this ink require to he ironed before they are washed. 7. In addition to the above recipes, the following of M. Henry may deserve attention in large establishments where economy is an object:—Take 1 oz. of iron filings and 3 oz. of vinegar, or diluted acetic acid. Mix the filings with half the vinegar, and agitate them continually until the mixture becomes thick, then add the rest of the vinegar and 1 oz. of water. Apply heat to assist the action; and when the iron is dissolved, add 3 oz. of sulphate of iron, and 1 oz. of gum previously dissolved in 4 oz. of water j and mix the whole with a gentle heat. To he used with brush and stencil plates. Crimson Marking Ink. Dissolve 1 oz. nitrate of silver and 1£ oz. of carb. soda in crystals, separately in distilled water; mix the solutions, collect and wash the precipitate on a filter, introduce the washed precipitate, still moist, into a Wedgewood mortar, and add to it tartaric acid 2 drs. 40 grs., rubbing together till effervescence has ceased; dissolve carmine 6 grs. in liquor ammonia) ('882) 6 oz., and add to it the tartrate of silver, then mix in white sugar 6 drs., and powdered gum arabic 10 drs., and add as much distilled water as will make 6 oz. — JPharm. Journal. Printing Ink, This is usually made by boiling linseed MISCELLANEOUS PEEPAEATIONS 383 oil in a large iron pot, setting fire to it, and letting it burn for half an hour or more. Various additions are made to it by some manufacturers, the use of which is not very evident. A viscid varnish is obtained, which is ground with lamp-black, vermilion, or other colouring matters, till perfectly smooth. oz. of lamp-black are sufficient for each pound of varnish. See Varnishes. Printers’ Ink from Resin Oil. Melt together 13 oz. of resin, 1 lb. of resin oil, and oz. of soft soap; when cold, add lamp-black or other colouring matters. Copper-plate Printing Ink. This is not rendered so viscid as the former, and is coloured with Frankfort black. Reade’s Patent Printing Inks. The blue consists of his soluble Prussian blue (see Blue Writing Ink, further back) ground with oil as above. The black, by evaporating his black ink, and mixing the product with oil as usual. The red in the same manner, from his patent red ink. Sympathetic or Secret Inks. The solutions used should be so nearly colourless that the writing cannot be seen till the agent is applied to render it visible. 1. Digest 1 oz. of zaffre, or oxide of cobalt, at a gentle heat, with 4 oz. of nitro-hydrochloric acid till no more is dissolved, then add 1 oz. of common salt and 16 oz. of water. If this be written with, and the paper held to the fire, the writing becomes green, unless the cobalt should be quite pure, in which case it will be blue. The addition of a little nitrate of iron will then impart the property of becoming green. It is used in chemical landscapes for the foliage. 2. Put into a phial £ oz. of distilled water, 1 dr. of bro- mide of potassium, and 1 dr. of pure sulphate of copper. The solution is nearly colourless, but becomes brown when heated. 3. Boil oxide of cobalt in acetic acid. If a little common salt be added, the writing becomes green when heated; but with nitre it becomes a pale rose colour. 4. A solution of acetate of lead. Colourless, but becomes brown when exposed to sulphuretted hydrogen gas. 5. A weak solution of sulphate of copper. The writing becomes blue when exposed to the vapour of ammonia. 6. A solution of sulphate—or preferably, persulphate— of iron. It becomes black when washed with infusion of 384 TRADE CHEMICALS galls; blue, by prussiate of potash. This constitutes colourless ink, which becomes visible when written with on paper containing galls, or tannin, or prussiate of potash. 7. Mix equal quantities of sulphate of copper and sal ammoniac, and dissolve in water. It becomes yellow when heated. 8. A weak solution of nitrate of mercury. Becomes black by heat. 9. Bice water, or any solution of starch. It becomes blue when washed over with an alcoholic solution of iodine. 10. Lemon-juice, milk, juice of onions, and some other liquids become black when the writing is held to the fire. Ink, to preserve from mouldiness. Add a small quantity of a solution of creasote in pyroligneous acid or rectified spirit, or of oil of cloves dissolved in spirit. Insects, to kill. Insect Bites, to cure. Camphor, and pepper, may be used to keep off moths. In Bussia the powder of the flowers of a species of Pyrethrum is used as an insecticide. The powder of Pyrethrum roseum, or a diluted tincture, is used to prevent mosquitoes from biting in the East Indian islands. The powder of the root of Acorus calamus is also recommended. Liquid ammonia, sulphate of copper, or a mixture of toilet vinegar and glycerine are good as applications to bitten parts. Also a powder consisting of carbonate of lead 1 part, chalk 4 parts. Another method, said to be very effective, is to press the tube of a key firmly over the place stung; this prevents the immediate absorption of the poison, and presses the sting out. Iodate of Potash. Fuse iodide of potassium in a capa- cious Hessian crucible, remove it from the fire and add to it, while still semi-fluid, successive portions of pulverized chlorate of potash, stirring after each addition, till no further action takes place. One part of iodide of potas- sium will require 1| of the chlorate. Wash the residuum in warm water, which leaves only iodate of potash. Iodide of Potassium. See Poiassii Iodidum, Pocket Formulary. Iodine. See Pocket Formulary. Other methods of obtain- ing it are the following : MISCELLANEOUS PREPARATIONS 385 To the mother liquor of kelp (after the crystallizable salts have been separated) add sulphuric acid to render the liquor sour. Introduce the acid liquor into a leaden still, heat to 140° F., add binoxide of manganese, and lute ou with pipe-clay a leaden head, fitted to a series of spherical glass condensers, each having two mouths op- posite each other, and inserted the one into the other. A stopper in the head of the still allows the contents to be occasionally inspected, and additions of acid or oxide made, if necessary. See Wagneb’s ‘ Chemical Tech- nology ’ for a drawing of the apparatus. Soubeikan proposes to add sulphate of copper to the ley, which pre- cipitates half the iodine. He then decants the clear liquor, and adds more sulphate of copper with some iron filings. An iodide of copper is formed, which is separated from the iron filings and suspended in the liquor by agita- tion, collected on the filter, and heated with oxide of man- ganese and sulphuric acid. Glasgow is the principal seat of the Iodine manufacture. Ibon Liquob. See Dyes, further back. Iron, Pebsulphate, Solution oe. Liq. Febbi Pebsulph. See PocJcet Formulary. Isinglass. The air-bags, or sounds, of several kinds of fishes, washed, dried, and otherwise prepared. They are either dried without opening (purse, pipe, and lump isinglass), or opened and not folded (leaf and honeycomb isinglass), or folded (book isinglass), or twisted into the shape of a lyre or horse-shoe (short and long staple). The picked or cut isinglass of the shops consists of the lumps of staple isinglass, picked in shreds by women and children, or cut by machines. The leaf isinglass is some- times rolled out into thin plates (ribbon and rolled leaf isinglass). The inner membrane, which is insoluble, is removed from the open air-bags in the best kinds. The Russian isinglass, which is most esteemed, is made from the air-bags of several species of Acipenseb (stur- geon)I; particularly A. Huso (the Beluga); A. Gulden- STADTii (the Osseter); A. Ruthenus (the Sterlet); A. Stellatus (the Sewruga); and also from the Silubus glanis (the Som), which yields the Samovey isinglass. Brazilian and East Indian isinglass are of inferior quality ; it is not certainly known from what genera or species of fish they are obtained. New York isinglass is the air- TKADE CHEMICALS bladder of the common hake, macerated in water and rolled out into ribbons. The sounds of the cod yield an inferior kind. Prepared sole skins are used as a chief substitute for isinglass. See Dr Pekeiba’s ‘Elements’ for the de- scription of each variety. Ivoby, Black. Burn shavings and waste pieces of ivory from the ivory turners, in a covered crucible, till no more smoke issues. Cover it closely while cooling. It should be afterwards washed with diluted hydrochloric acid, then with water till no longer acid, dried, and again heated in a covered crucible. It is of a deeper colour than bone- black, and is used as a pigment, a tooth-powder, and to decolorize syrups and other liquids. Ivoby, Flexible. The pieces of ivory or bone, already manufactured into the shape required, are to be steeped for some time in dilute hydrochloric acid, until they have lost their earthy parts so far as to become yellowish, flexible, and elastic. When dry they become again inflexible, but their flexibility may at any time be restored by steeping them in water. In this manner flexible tubes, probes, bougies, &c., may be constructed. Ivoky, to Stain. Ivory is stained with the usual dyeing materials; it should be first steeped in the mordant and afterwards in the hot colour. Nitro-chloride of tin is the mordant for red, with decoction of brazil or cochineal} for yellow, with fustic; for violet, with logwood. After being plunged in hot liquor it should be placed in cold water. A black stain is given by nitrate of silver. Ivory may be gilded by immersing it in a fresh solution of proto-sulphate of iron, and afterwards in solution of chloride of gold. It may be bleached by solution of sul- phurous acid or peroxide of hydrogen. Ivoby and Bone, to Bleach. 1. M. Cloez recommends the ivory or bones to be immersed in turpentine, and exposed for three or four days to sunlight. The object to be bleached should be kept an eighth or a fourth of an inch above the bottom of the bath by means of zinc supports. 2. M. PiiSCHEBsays this may be easily and permanently effected by immersing the pieces in the following solution : —25 grammes of pure zinc white are covered with 40 cc. of water and 50 cc. of concentrated sulphuric acid gradually added; 150 cc. of hot water are then poured in, and with constant stirring, ammonia, in just sufficient quantity MISCELLANEOUS PREPARATIONS 387 to redissolve the precipitated zinc hydrate at first formed, avoiding, however, an excess. A solution of copper sulphate is then added until the yellow tint of the liquid has changed to a bluish white. The objects must remain in the liquid several days, after which they are to he well rinsed with water. Old discoloured hone or ivory bleached hy this process can be polished. Ivoby, Artificial. Let a paste be made of isinglass, egg- shell in very fine powder, and brandy. Give it the desired colour, and pour it while warm into oiled moulds. Leave the paste in the moulds until it becomes hard. See Ivoby, to Stain. Japan. See Varnishes. Jellies. See Dietetic Aeticles. Kid-Glove Cleanee. Add 15 drops of strongest solution of ammonia to spirit of turpentine % pint. Having fitted the gloves on wooden hands, apply this mixture with a brush. Follow up this application with some fine pumice powder. Itub with some flannel or sponge dipped in the mixture. Rub off the pumice, and repeat the same process twice or thrice. Hang in the air to dry, and, when dry, place in a drawer with some scent. Benzol is largely used as a glove cleaner. See Ganteine. Koumiss. An alcoholic drink, made by fermenting the milk of mares, and beating it up with a whisk. It may be regarded as a somewhat coarse form of “ rum and milk.” Kyan’s Solution, for preventing the dry rot. Dissolve 1 lb. of corrosive sublimate in 5 gallons of water. Labaebaque’s Chloeo-Sodaic Liquoe is nearly identical with the Liquoe Sod.® Chlorat® of the British Pharma- copoeia. It is made by passing the chlorine gas from 2 oz. black oxide of manganese, and 8 oz. of hydrochloric acid, into a solution of 15 oz. of crystallized carbonate of soda in 3 pints of water ; or sufficient to bring it to the density of 12° Baume, or l-09 specific gravity. Labels, Indesteuctible, for acid bottles, &c. Paint the required label on the bottle with a camel-hair brush dipped in a solution of asphalt in benzol. Labels, Gold, to Attach. Use ordinary gum mucilage, in which a few pieces of gum tragacanth have been dissolved. After the labels have dried on they must be first sized over with a solution of isinglass in water (about £ dr. to an 388 TRADE CHEMICALS oz.), and when that is dry, varnished over with a solution of Canada balsam in turpentine (1 dr. in an oz.). A thin coating should be applied, and when this is dry another coating, and so on. Lac, Preparations op. Stick-lac consists of the twigs of several kinds of trees encrusted with a resinous matter produced by the puncture of an insect (the coccus lacca). This, triturated with water and dried, forms seed-lac. The seed-lac heated and pressed in cotton bags forms shell-lac. Lac-dye is the colouring matter extracted from stick-lac by water, evaporated to dryness with the addi- tion of earthy matters, and formed into square cakes. Seed- lac and shell-lac are chiefly used* in varnishes, dissolved in rectified spirit, methylated spirit, orrectified wood naphtha. The alcoholic solution is rendered paler, so that it may be used for polishing light-coloured woods, by digesting it in the sun, or near a fire for 2 or 3 weeks, with good animal charcoal, and then filtering it through paper in a funnel heated with hot water. Shell-lac may be bleached by dissolving it in a solution of potash or soda, and pass- ing chlorine into the solution. The precipitated lac is collected and well washed. Kastner directs 3 parts of carbonate of potash to be dissolved in 24 of water, and 3 of lime added, and the whole digested in a close vessel for 24 hours. The clear liquor is poured off, and boiled with 4 parts of shell-lac. When cold, dilute with four times its bulk of water, and filter; then add chloride of lime, and afterwards diluted hydrochloric acid. Lacquers. See Varnishes. Lake Liquor. Boil 1 oz. each of cochineal and salt of tartar in 8 oz. of water, then add 1 oz. of cream of tartar, and the same of alum. Lakes. These consist of vegetable colours in combination with alumina. Alum is usually added to an infusion or decoction of the colouring ingredient, and afterwards potash added, which throws down the colouring matter combined with alumina. Some of the lakes are noticed under Pigments. Lemon Juice, Factitious. Dissolve 4 oz. of citric acid in 3 pints of water, with 8 drops of essence of lemon, rubbed with the acid, or dissolved in a little spirit. After stand- * Methylated spirit is now almost invariably used for this purpose. MISCELLANEOUS PREPARATIONS 389 ing a few days, filter it, and preserve it in well-closed bottles. Lenses, Extemporaneous. Francis. Procure a piece of thin platinum wire and twine it once or twice round a pin’s point, so as to form a minute ring with a handle to it. Break up a piece of flint glass into fragments a little larger than a mustard seed; place one of these pieces on the ring of wire, and hold it in the point of the flame of a candle or gas-light, or better still, of a Bunsen burner. The glass will melt and assume a complete lens-like or globular form. Let it cool gradually, and keep it for mounting. Others are to be made in the same manner; and if the operation be carefully conducted, but very few will be imperfect. The smaller the drop melted, the higher in general will be its magnifying power. It may be mounted by placing it between two pieces of brass which have corresponding circular holes cut in'them of such a size as to hold the edge of the lens. They are then to be cemented together. Linseed Oil, Clarified, for Varnishes.—Heat in a copper boiler 50 gallons of linseed oil to 280° F.; add 2£ lbs. of calcined white vitriol, and keep the oil at the above temperature for half an hour; then remove it from the fire, and in 24 hours decant the clear oil, which should stand for a few weeks before it is used for varnish. Linseed Oil, Refined. (Wilks’ Patent.) Into 236 gallons of oil pour 6 lbs. of oil of vitriol, and stir them together for 3 hours; then add 6 lbs. of fullers’ earth well mixed with 14 lbs of hot lime, and stir for 3 hours. Put the oil into a copper boiler, with an equal quantity of water, and boil for 3 hours ; then extinguish the fire, and when the materials are cold draw off the water, and let the oil stand to settle for a few weeks before using. Liquorice, Purified Extract of. Italian or Spanish juice may be purified by the following method :—Take a sugar-mould, close the vent-hole with a stopper, place inside it some coarse tow, and over this some clean straw, laid crossways in layers of an inch each, then the sticks of liquorice placed upright, and packed closely in the mould with chopped straw cut rather long. When this arrange- ment is completed to within an inch of the brim, pour water over the liquorice, allow it to remain for 24 hours, 390 TBAEE CHEMICALS then draw it off, and add more. The liquor, on evapora- tion, yields an extract perfectly soluble in water. Litmus. A preparation of some hind of lichen, probably Lecanora tartarea, or Boccella tinctorea, or both. It is prepared by a process similar to that used for archil; but it is moistened by a mixture of carbonates of ammonia and potash, or soda, the addition of the carbonates of ammo- nia, or of potash or soda, being essential to the development of the blue colour. It is made up with chalk or plaster of Paris into small cakes for the market. See Tests. Lozenges. See Trochisci, Pocket Formulary, and Lo- zenges, under Patent Medicines, in this volume. Lubkicating Compounds. See Anti-Attrition. The French compound term Liard is thus made:—Into 50 parts of finest rape oil put 1 part of caoutchouc cut small, and apply heat until it is nearly all dissolved. Mankettrick’s Lubricating Compound consists of caoutchouc (dissolved in spirit of turpentine) 4 lbs., common soda 10 lbs., glue 1 lb., oil 10 gallons, water 10 gallons. Dissolve the soda and glue in the water by heat, then add the oil, and lastly the caoutchouc, stirring them until per- fectly incorporated. Lucipers. See Matches, further on. Luminous Phials. Nearly fill a bottle with olive or almond oil, and heat it in a water-bath. Drop into it small slices of phosphorus so long as it is dissolved. Let the solution cool, and pour off the oil from the undissolved phosphorus into clean dry phials, which should not be quite filled. When uncorked they emit light. Lutes. See Cements. Manures, Artieicial. These constitute a new and impor- tant branch of manufacture; but a few of the more simple and readily prepared kinds are all that can be noticed here. Powder for Coating Seeds. Fine bone-dust 20 parts, gypsum 1 part. The seeds are steeped in water from the dunghill, then strewed over with the powder, so that each shall receive a layer of it. They are afterwards dried. Sulphated Bones. See Bones, Sulphated. A usual pro- portion is 33 lbs. of sulphuric acid to 1 cwt. of bones. Saline Mixture, as a top dressing for potatoes. Equal weights of nitrate of soda and dry sulphate of soda cwt. to an acre. MISCELLANEOUS PREPARATIONS Mr Huxtable’s Mixture. Bone-dust 4 cwt., gypsum 4 cwt., salt 2 cwt., ashesj 2 quarters, wood ashes 30 bushels. Another Saline Mixture. Sulphate of ammonia 42 lbs., sulphate of lime 56 lbs., sulphate of potash 56 lbs., carbo- nate of magnesia 14 lbs., salt 56 lbs., to 1 acre. Dr Andebson’s Manure for Clover. Sulphate of ammonia 98 lbs., gypsum 172 lbs., sulphate of potash 174 lbs., sulphate of soda 333 lbs., sulphate of magnesia 246 lbs., sulphuric acid 98 lbs., saltpetre 202 lbs., common salt 107 lbs., chloride of potassium 149 lbs. Dr Johnstone’s Substitute for Guano. Bone-dust 7 bushels, sulphate of ammonia 100 lbs., wood ashes 20 lbs., salt 100 lbs., dry sulphate of soda 11 lbs. To Promote the Blowing of Flowers. See further back. Maeble to Clean. Mix soft soap, solution of potash, and slaked lime, to a paste; spread it over the marble, and leave it for a day or two. Then wash it off. Maeble, to Stain. Make the marble hot, and pour on it the coloured liquid, also made hot. The stains usually employed are archil, solution of indigo, solution of ver- digris, decoction of Brazil-wood, logwood, and sulphate of iron, tincture of dragons’ blood, &c. But the most pene- trating medium is wax, which may be coloured with alkanet, annotto, verdigris, &c. Mabine Glue. See Glue. Maeine Soap. See Soap, Maeine, further on. Matches foe Instantaneous Light. 1. Chlorate of Potash Matches {without sulphur). Chlorate of potash, separately powdered, 6 drs., vermilion 1 dr., lycopodium 1 dr., fine flour 2 drs.; mix carefully the chlorate with the flour and lyco- podium, avoiding much friction, then add the vermilion, and mix the whole with a mucilage made with—1 dr. powdered gum arabic, 10 grs. of tragacanth, 2 drs. of flour, and 4 oz. of hot water; mix, add sufficient water to bring, it to a proper consistence, and dip in it the wood, pre- viously dipped in a solution of 1 oz. of gum thus, and | oz. of camphor, in 6 oz. of oil of turpentine. 2. With sulphur. Chlorate of potash 9 grs., sulphur 2 grs., sugar 3 grs., vermilion 1 gr., flour 2 grs., spirit of wine q. s. The chlorate of potash, &c., must be sepa- rately reduced to powder, and the whole mixed with as little friction as possible. The wood should be previously 392 TRADE CHEMICALS prepared as above, or with camphorated spirit. [These are ignited by dipping them in sulphuric acid, and in- stantly withdrawing them. The acid should be absorbed by abestos.] They are now become obsolete, having given place to— Lucifer Matches. These contain phosphorus in a finely divided state, to which it is reduced by agitating it in some warm solution of gum or glue, then adding the other ingredients, so as to form a paste, into which the wood or card is dipped. It is said that urine and artificial urea have the property of readily dividing phosphorus when warmed and agitated together. The following are some of the published recipes : 1. Form 6 parts of glue into a smooth jelly, and rub with it 4 parts of phosphorus, at a temperature of 140° or 150° F.; add 10 parts of nitre, 5 of red ochre, and 2 of fine smalts. The matches are first dipped in melted wax to the depth of l-10th of an inch, first rubbing their ends on a hot iron plate. 2. Noiseless Congreves. Dr Boettger. Triturate 9 parts of phosphorus with a solution of 16 parts of gum, and add 14 parts of nitre and 16 of vermilion. 3. Glue 6 parts, phosphorus 4, nitre 10, red lead 5, smalts 2 ; the glue is soaked in water for 24 hours, then liquefied in a warm mortar, and the phosphorus’ added, taking care that the temperature is not above 167° F. 4. Glue 21, phosphorus 17, nitre 38, red lead 24: pro- ceed as before. Promethean Matches. These consist of a composition similar to that of the chlorate of potash matches, inclosed at the end of a paper spill, with a minute glass bulb filled with oil of vitriol in the centre of the composition. When struck the vessel of acid is broken, and kindles the match. Methylated Spirit. Spirit of wine mixed with 10 per cent, of rectified wood spirit is allowed to be sold under this name, free of the excise duty. It is forbidden to be used for drinking purposes, or for the preparations of medicinal tinctures. It is extensively employed for burning in lamps, and for the preparation of polishes, varnishes, and lacquers, as well as for many operations by the chemist. The law forbids methylated spirit or any preparation containing it to he used internally. MISCELLANEOUS PREPARATIONS 393 Microscope, Preparations required in the WORKING- OE. 1. Alcohol, of various strengths. 2. Arsenious acid. 3. Benzol, pure. 4. Bichloride of mercury. 5. Ether, to dissolve oil-globules. 6. Nitric acid, 1 part of strong acid to 5 of water. 7. Sulphuric acid, 1 to 5. 8. Hydrochloric acid. 9. Acetic acid, glacial, and dilute (1 to 5). 10. Chromic acid, very dilute, to harden tissues. 11. Canada balsam, dissolved in chloroform or benzol. 12. Carbolic acid. 13. Carmine. 14. Chloroform. 15. Chromate of potash. 16. Bichromate of potash. 17. The coal-tar colours. 18. Cloves, essential oil of. 19. Dammar, gum, dissolved in chloroform or benzol. 20. Glycerin. 21. Glycerin jelly. 22. Lemon, essential oil of. 23. Logwood. 24. Osmic acid. 25. Picric acid. 26. Prussian blue, soluble. 27. Schultz’s test. 28. Solution of potash, saturated, and dilute (1 to 10). 29. Solution of soda, 25 grs. of fused soda in 1 oz. 30. Ammonia (1 part of the strongest solution to 3 of water). 31. Nitrate of baryta, a cold saturated solution of. 32. Nitrate of silver (120 grs. in 2 oz.). These two are tests for the mineral acids. 33. Oxalate of ammonia, in solution. Test for lime- 34. Solution of iodine saturated, i. e. 1 to 7000 water. Another solution is, 1 gr. of iodine, and 3 of iodide of potassium, in 1 oz. of distilled water. Cements. 1. Brunswick Black. Boil together \ lb. of foreign asphaltum, and 4J oz. of linseed oil (previously TRADE CHEMICALS thickened with litharge), then mix to a proper consistence with oil of turpentine (about 1 pint). 2. Gold Size. Boil 25 parts of linseed oil with 1 of minium and l-3rd part of umber for 3 hours; pour off the clear fluid, and mix with equal parts of powdered white lead and yellow ochre, added in small successive portions. Then boil well the whole again, and pour off the clear fluid. It dries slowly hut firmly. Both this and the last are dissolved by turpentine. 3. Goadby’s Marine Glue. Dissolve separately in coal naphtha equal parts of shell-lac and india rubber. Mix thoroughly with heat. 4. Sealing-wax Varnish. Dissolve the best sealing-wax in enough strong spirit of wine to make it the proper consistence. This is brittle. 5. Canada Balsam. This dries spontaneously. Solutions of shell-lac, gum, and various other cements, and glues (which see), are employed by microscopic mani- pulators. Preservative Fluids. Canada balsam, spirit and water, glycerin, solution of gelatin, saturated solutions of alum, chloride of zinc, and chloride of calcium, are all used to preserve microscopic objects. The following formula) will be found useful: 1. Goadby’s Solution. Bay salt 4 oz., alum 2 oz., corrosive sublimate 4 grs., boiling water 4 pints : mix and filter. It may often be more diluted. 2. Thwaites’ Fluid. Mix spirit of wine 1 oz., with creasote sufficient to saturate it; rub up with chalk to form a thin paste, and mix gradually with water 16 oz. To this may be added an equal quantity of water saturated with camphor. 3. Simple Creasote Solution. Dissolve creasote 1 dr. in pyroligneous acid 1 dr., and mix gradually with cold water 1 pint. 4. Passini’s Solution. For blood-globules, nerves, and white tissues generally. Chloride of mercury 1 part, chloride of sodium 2 parts, glycerin 13 parts, distilled water 113 parts. Glycerin Jelly for Microscopic Mounting. Soak any quantity of good clear gelatin in cold water for three or four hours. Pour off the superfluous water, and melt the gelatin at a gentle heat; when melted, filter through MISCELLANEOUS preparations 395 flannel, and to the filtrate add an equal quantity of Price's glycerin. The above forms a good firm jelly, requiring little trouble in securing the cover.—Pharm. Journal. Milk, Condensed. Cows’ milk evaporated down in vacuo, and containing about one third its weight of sugar, when it is intended to be kept for any time. If required for early use it contains no sugar. Milk to Preserve. Dissolve 6 oz. of boracic acid in a gallon of warm water; and add half a gill of this mixture to every gallon of milk. By Bethel’s patent the milk or cream is first scalded, and when cold strongly charged with carbonic acid gas by means of a soda-water machine. Mineral, Chameleon. See Chameleon Mineral. Modelling-, Clay eor. (Barreswil.) Knead up clay to the proper consistence with glycerin. Moiree Metallique. A method for ornamenting the sur- face of tin plate by acids. The plates are washed with an alkaline solution, then in water, heated, and sponged or sprinkled with the acid solution. The appearance varies with the degree of heat and the nature and strength of the acids employed. The plates, after the application of the acids, are plunged into water slightly acidulated, dried, and covered with white or coloured varnishes. The follow- ing are some of the acid mixtures used:—Nitro-hydro- chlorie acid, in different degrees of dilution; sulphuric acid with 5 parts of water; 1 part of sulphuric acid, 2 of hydrochloric acid, and 8 of water; a strong solution of citric acid ; 1 part nitric acid, 2 sulphuric, and 18 of water. Solution of potash is also used. Mordants. See Dyes, further back. Multum. A name given to a compound of liquorice and quassia, improperly sold by druggists to brewers. Nitrate oe Barium. This may be made from the carbo- nate by dissolving it in dilute nitric acid, evaporating, and crystallizing; but more cheaply from the sulphate of baryta, by converting it into a soluble sulphide, by heating it with charcoal, and decomposing the filtered solution with nitric acid. M. Weiss recommends mixing the pulverized sulphate of baryta (“ cawk or heavy spar ”) with l-8th of charcoal and l-4th of flour, heating it in a covered crucible, pulverizing the product and forming it into balls, with l-8th of charcoal and a little water, and 396 TRADii CHEMldALS again heating them placed between layers of charcoal. Hot water extracts the sulphide, which crystallizes from the filtered solution. By decomposing this by nitric acid (avoiding the gas which escapes) the nitrate is obtained. The other salts of baryta may he obtained in a similar manner. Nitratb op Silver. It maybe prepared from impure silver by the following process:—Dissolve the silver in nitric acid, add common salt till no more silver remains in solu- tion. Wash the precipitate thoroughly; then add water and a very little hydrochloric acid, and introduce some pieces of zinc; let them remain together 24 hours, stirring frequently. Remove the zinc, and wash the reduced silver thoroughly. Again dissolve it in nitric acid, diluted with 2 or 3 parts of water; filter and evaporate, that it may crystallize. See Aegenti Nitras, Pocket Formulary. Nitrate oe Steontian. This may be obtained from the native carbonate of strontian, or more cheaply from the native sulphate, by the processes employed for Nitrate of Barium. Nitric and Niteo-hydeochloric Acids. See Acids. Nitrite of Potash. It is obtained mixed with a little nitre and potash by heating nitre to redness. To purify the residuum, dissolve it in boiling water, set aside for 24 hours, pour off the liquid from the deposited nitre, neutra- lize the free alkali with acetic acid, and add twice its volume of alcohol. In a few hours more nitrate crystallizes, and the liquid separates into two layers: the upper is alcoholic solution of acetate of potash, the lower is solution of nitrite of potash, which may be evaporated to dryness or kept in solution. Corenwinder passes nitrous acid gas, formed by acting on 1 part of starch with 10 of nitric acid, through a solution of caustic potash, sp. gr. T38, until it becomes acid; then adds a little caustic potash, so as to render it distinctly alkaline. Niteo-prhsside of Sodium. To 213 parts of powdered ferro-cyanide of potash, in a porcelain basin, add 450 parts of nitric acid of T42 density (or 337£ parts at T50), adding all the acid at once. When dissolved, transfer to a bolt-head, and digest in a water-bath, until the solution precipitates salts of protoxide of iron of a slate colour. Neutralize, when cold, with a cold solution of carbonate of soda; then boil, and separate the precipitate MISCELLANEOUS FEEPAEATIONS 397 by filtration. Evaporate the liquid again, filter, and allow the nitrates of potash and soda to crystallize out. Evapo- rate the liquid again, and remove the prismatic crystals of nitro-prusside as they form. They may be dissolved in hot water and recrystallized by cooling. Nov argent. This is said to consist of a solution of freshly precipitated chloride of silver in hyposulphite of soda (or, according to the Pharmaceutical Journal, of oxide of silver in cyanide of potassium), mixed with prepared chalk. Oils, Purification and Bleaching of. Fish and other fat oils are improved in smell and colour by passing hot air or steam through them. Dunn’s method is to heat the oil by steam to 170° or 200° F., and force a current of air through it, under a chimney, till it is bleached and purified. Mr Cameron’s method of bleaching palm oil is to keep it at 230° F., with continual agitation by passing into it high pressure steam, through leaden pipes of two inches diameter. Four tons of oil requires 10 hours’ steaming. Palm oil is bleached by chloride of lime. Take from 7 to 14 lbs. of chloride of lime, triturate it with 12 times the quantity of water, gradually added, so as to form a smooth cream. Liquefy 112 lbs. of palm oil, re- move it from the fire, add the solution of chloride of lime, and stir well with a wooden stirrer. Allow it to cool, and when it has become solid, break into small fragments, and expose it to the air for 2 or 3 weeks. Then put it into a cast-iron boiler lined with lead, and add sulphuric acid in equal weight to the chloride of lime, diluted with 20 parts of water. Boil with a moderate heat till the oil drops clear from the stirrer ; then let it cool. To remove the fetor from fish oils, treat them in the same way (except the exposing to the air) using only 1 lb. chloride of lime to 112 lbs. of oil. It does not remove the natural smell of the oil. Freshly burnt animal charcoal removes to some extent the colour and smell of most kinds of oil; but its effects are limited. Calcined magnesia has been used to deprive oils of their rancidity. Mr Griseler states that the addition of a few drops of nitric ether will prevent rancidity in oils. Mr Watt’s patented method of bleaching oil is by chromic acid. For palm oil it is thus used:—The oil 398 TRADE CHEMICALS is heated in a steam vessel, allowed to settle and cool down to 130° F., then removed into wooden vessels, care being taken that no water or sediment accompanies it. For a ton of palm oil, make a saturated solution of 25 lbs. of bichromate of potash; add 8 lbs. of sulphuric acid, and 50 lbs. hydrochloric acid (or an equivalent quantity of salt and sulphuric acid). Add a portion of the mixture to the oil, constantly stirring till the mixture becomes of a light-green colour. If not sufficiently decoloured, add more of the mixture. Let the oil settle for half an hour, then pump it into a wooden vat, boil it for a few minutes with fresh water by means of a steam-pipe, and let it settle. For linseed, rape, and mustard oil, a dilute solution of chromic acid is used, with a little hydrochloric acid; for olive, almond, and castor oil, no hydrochloric acid is required. Fish oils and fats are first boiled in a steam apparatus with a weak soda ley () lb. soda for every ton of fat) for half an hour; then £ lb. sulphuric acid, diluted with 3 lbs. of water, is added; the whole is boiled for 15 minutes, and allowed to settle for an hour or more, when the water and sediment are drawn off, and the oil further bleached by a solution of 4 lbs. of bichromate of potash and 2 lbs. of sulphuric acid properly diluted. Mr Davidson treats whale oil first with a solution of tan, next with water and chloride of lime, and lastly with diluted sulphuric acid and warm water. Rape and other seed oils are also refined by means of sulphuric acid and twice as much water. Mr Gbay directs 2 lbs. of oil of vitriol to 112 lbs. of oil. The oil should be carefully washed from the acid, and filtered. Mr Banceoft’s process for refining common olive oil, lard, oil, &c., for lubricating purposes, is to agitate them with from 3J to 8 per cent, of caustic soda ley, of 1*2 specific gravity. If on trial a small quantity of the ley be found to settle clear at the bottom, enough has been added. The oil is allowed to rest for 24 hours, for the soapy matter to subside; the supernatant oil is then filtered. Another plan of purifying oils (especially lamp oils) is to agitate them with a strong solution of common salt. The above methods of treating oil are of doubtful pro- priety in reference to such as are to be used as medicines. Oils which have been so carefully prepared from sound and fresh materials as to require no purification should be MISCELLANEOUS PREPARATIONS 399 selected for this purpose. This is especially important in reference to cod-liver oil. See Linseed Oil Refined. Oil for Machinery. Sperm oil, palm oil, olive oil, and petroleum heavy oil, are used. Care should be taken that they are not adulterated. For compound lubricants see Anti-attrition, and Lubricating Compounds. Olein. This may be prepared by boiling fine olive oil with absolute alcohol, and evaporating the solution. Oxygenated Water, or Deutoxide, or Peroxide of Hydrogen. Thenard’s oxygenated water is thus made:— Expose fragments of perfectly pure baryta to a current of oxygen gas, in a green glass tube heated to a dull redness, to form a deutoxide of barium. To 7 oz. of water add as much pure hydrochloric acid as will dissolve 4 drs. of baryta; and carefully cool the mixture by means of ice, then add to it by degrees, 3 drs. of pulverized deutoxide of barium, and when this is dissolved, add sulphuric acid, drop by drop, till the baryta falls down in the state of sul- phate. Then add more deutoxide, and precipitate by sul- phuric acid as before. Then filter the solution; and repeat the solution and precipitation several times, till about 3 oz. of deutoxide of barium are used, filtering the liquid after every second repetition. Sulphate of silver is then added to remove the hydrochloric acid, aud afterwards pure baryta, to throw down the sulphuric acid, and a few drops of diluted sulphuric acid to remove any excess of baryta. See Hydrogenii Peroxidum, Pocket Formulary. This energetic compound must not be confounded with the oxygen water formed by impregnating water with oxygen gas; nor with the oxygenous aerated water of Searle, which is water strongly charged with protoxide of nitrogen. Oxygen Gas. See Gases. Paper, Copying. Mix lard with black lead or lamp-black, into a stiff paste, rub it over writing paper with a flannel, and wipe off the superfluous quantity with a soft rag. These sheets alternated with writing paper and written on with a solid pen, produce 2 or 3 copies of a letter at once. Lithographic Paper. Give the paper 3 coats of thin size, 1 of starch, and 1 of solution of gamboge. Each to be applied with a sponge, and allowed to dry before the next is applied. Hydrographic Paper. This name has been given to 400 TEADE CHEMICALS paper which may be written on with water. It may he made by rubbing paper over with a mixture of finely-pow- dered galls and sulphate of iron heated till it becomes white. The powder may be pressed into the paper by passing it between rollers or passing a heavy iron over it. A mixture of dried sulphate of iron and ferro-cyanide of potash may be used for blue writing. Or the paper may be imbued with a strong solution of one ingredient tho- roughly dried, and the other applied in powder. Paper which has been wet with a solution of ferro-cyanide of potash also serves for writing on with a colourless solution of persulphate of iron. Iridescent Paper. Nut-galls 8 parts, sulphate of iron 5, sal ammoniac 1, sulphate of indigo 1, gum arabic l«8th. To be boiled in water, and the paper washed with it and exposed to ammonia. Parchment Paper. Immerse blotting paper for a second or two in dilute sulphuric acid, then rinse repeatedly in several changes of water, and hang it up to dry. When dry, if it has a crumpled or wrinkled appearance, this can be removed by wetting it, and straining it upon a glass plate, the edges being made to wrap over the plate. Photographic Paper. See Photography, further on. Tracing Paper. Paper well wetted with Canada balsam and campliine, and dried. Another kind is made with nut oil, and oil of turpentine ; the paper is moistened with it, and then rubbed with flour. A temporary tracing paper is made by moistening paper with pure alcohol; it must be used while wet. Waxed Paper. Lay the paper on a clean hot iron plate, and rub it over with a piece of white wax inclosed in muslin. Oiled Paper as a substitute for oiled silk. Boiled lin- seed oil is reboiled with litharge, acetate of lead, sulphate of zinc, and burnt umber, an ounce of each to a gallon. The sheet of paper being laid on a square board, it is well covered with the clear oil separated from the deposit. The first sheet is covered on both sides, the second, placed on this, receives one coating, and so on to 20, or 50. Separate and hang up to dry. Pirepeooping FOR Paper. Dip in a strong solution of alum, and then dry it. Should the paper be extra thick, the same process may be repeated. MISCELLANEOUS PREPARATIONS 401 Paper Paste. Boil white paper in water for 5 hours; then pour off the wrater, and pound the pulp in a mortar; pass it through a sieve, and mix with some gum water, or isinglass glue. It is used in modelling by artists and architects. Papier-Mache. A plastic material, formed of cuttings of white or brown paper boiled in water, and beaten to a paste in a mortar, and then mixed with a solution of gum arabic in size, to give tenacity. It is variously manu- factured by being pressed into oiled moulds, afterwards dried, covered with a mixture of size and lamp-black, and varnished. Papyrine. Dip white unsized paper for \ a minute in strong sulphuric acid, and afterwards in water containing a little ammonia. When dried it; has the toughness and appearance of parchment. See Parchment Paper, fur- ther back. Paraffins. Liquid and solid paraffins are obtained by dis- tillation of peat, petroleum, ozokerit, brown coal, Boghead shale, &c. By Young’s process, in which Boghead coal is heated in tubes or retorts, a crude oil is first obtained, which, after purification by redistillation, followed by subsequent treatment with sulphuric acid and exposure to the action of caustic soda, is submitted to the process of fractional distillation. The first elevation of temperature drives over the lighter and more volatile portions, which, when purified by another distillation, yield the fluid known as “ paraffin naphtha,” a product used as a substitute for turpentine and as a solvent for india rubber. At a much higher temperature the burning oil (the paraffin oil of commerce) comes over. It is a perfectly safe lamp-oil. The third product in point of volatility is a comparatively heavy liquid (machinery oil), and from this, and others which come over at a very high temperature, the fourth commercial product is separated by the action of artificial cold, and is the solid paraffin now so much used in the manufacture of candles. Pastes. See Blacking- Paste, Furniture Paste, &c., further back. For flour pastes, see Cements. For al- mond paste, honey paste, and tooth pastes, see Cosmetics. Paste for Cleaning Brass, Sfc. 1. Rotten stone in very fine powder 2 oz., soft soap 1 oz., oil of amber 1 dr. 402 TBADE CHEMICALS 2. Neats’-foot oil 16 oz., water of ammonia 1 oz., pow- dered rotten stone sufficient to form a paste. 3. Rotten stone 4J lbs., oxalic acid (dissolved in the water) 2 oz., soft soap 8 oz., sweet oil 8 oz.; oil of amber 1 oz., boiling water 1 lb. Some substitute oil of turpen- tine for oil of amber. Paste for Razors. 1. Emery very finely levigated in the same manner as prepared clialk, mixed with lard or tallow ; or a mixture of these with neats’-foot oil. 2. Equal parts of jewellers’ rouge, black lead, and pre- pared suet. 3. Peadikr’s. Best putty powder 1 oz., jewellers’ rouge 1 oz., scales of iron £ oz., levigated Turkey stone 3 oz., beef suet 1| oz. 4. Mix equal parts of dried sulphate of iron and salt, and apply a gradually increased heat in a closed vessel. Pul- verize, elutriate, and mix with lard or tallow. Pastilles, Aromatic. See Perfumery. Payne’s Process tor rendering Wood Fireproof. The wood is introduced into a close vessel, which is ex- hausted of air; the liquid is then admitted and forced in by the pump till the pressure is from 110 to 140 lbs. to the square inch. The liquids employed are the liquid sulphides of calcium, or of barium; a solution of sulphate of iron is afterwards forced into the wood. Percussion Caps, Priming foe. 100 grs. of fulminating mercury are triturated, with a wooden muller on marble, with 30 grs. of water and 60 grs. of gunpowder. This is sufficient for 400 caps. Dr Ure recommends a solution of gum mastic in turpentine as a medium for attaching the fulminate to the cap. The greatest caution is required in the mixing. Phabaoh’s Serpents. The chemical toy sold under this name consists of the powder of sulphocyanide of mercury made up in a capsule of tin foil in a conical mass about an inch in height. Ignited at the apex, an ash is protruded, long and serpentine in shape. The fumes evolved are very poisonous. Pharaoh’s Serpents, non-poisonous. Bichromate potash 2 parts, nitrate potash 1 part, and white sugar 3 parts; pulverize each of the ingredients separately, and then mix them thoroughly. Make small paper cones of the desired size, and press the mixture into them. They are now ready for use, but must be kept from light and moisture. MISCELLANEOUS PREPARATIONS 403 Phosphorescent Oil. Dissolve 1 gr. of phosphorus in 1 oz. of olive oil in a test tube by the heat of hot water, or add a larger quantity to some oil of lavender, in which it will dissolve spontaneously. Keep it in a close phial. Phosphorus. See Pocket Formulary. Phosphorus Matches. See Lucifers. The old phosphorus bottles with sulphur matches were made by melting phosphorus with a fourth part of wax in the bottles placed in warm water, and turning them about so as to coat the sides. Gray. Phosphorus Paste for Vermin. Introduce 1 dr. of phos- phorus into a Florence flask, and pour over it 1 oz. of rectified spirit. Immerse the flask in hot water, until the phosphorus is melted, then put a well-fitting cork into the mouth of the flask, and shake briskly until cold. The phosphorus is now reduced to a finely divided state. This after pouring off the spirit, is to be mixed in a mortar with 1£ oz. of lard. 5 oz. of flo,ur and 1J oz. of brown sugar, previously mixed together, are now added, and the whole made into a paste with a little water. Cheese may be substituted for sugar when the paste is intended for rats or mice.* (There is said to be no danger,whatever of spontaneous ignition, either during or after the preparation of this paste.)—Pharmaceutical Journal. Photography. In all English photographic formulae the solid and fluid measures of apothecaries’ weight are used; but in buying or selling chemical articles, the avoirdupois weight is employed. Positive Collodion. Pyroxilin and iodide of cadmium or ammonium 15 grs. of each; ether oz., alcohol 1J oz. Place the two first in a dry bottle, then pour on the alcohol, shake the mixture well, then add the ether, shake again, and let it stand for 12 hours. Decant the clear portion into a wide-mouthed bottle, keep well stoppered and in he dark. Avoid shaking the bottle when about to use . e collodion, and never use quite all the bottle contains, as the sediment, which will accumulate at the bottom, would spoil the picture. Nitrate of Silver Bath (for 'positives). Recrystallized * The following is an old rat-catcher’s receipt for oils to attract rats Oil of aniseed 2 drs., nitrous acid 2 drops, inusk 2 grs. Oil of rhodium is also used for the name purpose. Assafoetida is sometimes mixed with these oils. iRADfi CHEMICALS nitrate of silver 5 drs., dissolved in 10 oz. of distilled water. Filter tlie solution until it is quite clear, then add 3 drops of nitric acid and 10 drops of collodion. Shake well together and filter. Blue litmus paper should slightly redden in this bath ; should it turn very red, add a little ammonia, or oxide of silver; should it not redden at all, add a little acid carefully drop by drop. It is pre- ferable to have a slight excess of acid. Developing Solution {for positives). Protosulphate of iron 2 drs. dissolved in 8 oz. of distilled water, add drs. of glacial acetic acid, 2| drs. of alcohol, and 5 minims of nitric acid. Filter, and pour into a well-stoppered bottle; do not expose to the air. Fixing Solution {for positives). 50 grs. of cyanide of potassium dissolved in 5 oz. of distilled water; that is to say, for every fluid ounce of solution required, mix 10 grs. of> cyanide of potassium in 1 oz. of distilled water. Filter and keep in a well-stoppered bottle, and label “ Poison.” Positive Paper. Plain paper requires preparing or salt- ing before it is ready for use, or it may be purchased already salted. Procure some sheets of plain Saxe paper, and immerse them for five minutes (removing air-bubbles) in the fol- lowing solution : Chloride of ammonium .... 100 grs. Chloride of barium .... 100 grs. Citrate of soda 20 grs. Water 20 oz. Hang the sheets up to dry. For portraits and most other uses the paper is albuminized on one side. When photo- graphs are printed to be afterwards coloured, unalbumi- nized paper is used. Albuminized Paper. There are several well-known papers sold; Rite’s, which is a French paper, has a high glaze and fine surface; the Saxe, w hich is more uniform r its texture, is made in Germany. Another maker is To good. Positive paper is albuminized by placing it in a mixture composed of white of eggs and salt. To the white of each moderate-sized egg use 15 grs. of common salt reduced to a fine powder; whisk until the albumin is all white froth. Leave this froth in a glazed earthen pan for about 12 hours, by which time most of it has set- tled into clear albumin; pour the clear portion into a flat MISCELLANEOUS PREPARATIONS 405 porcelain tray. This tray should be somewhat larger than the sheeets of paper to be albuminized. Lift the paper up by the ends and lay it carefully on the albumin, keeping the side marked as “ inferior” uppermost and dry. The paper should be slightly damp before it is thus treated, as it then takes the albumin more regularly, and is not so liable to air-bubbles. The paper must be lifted at each end, and should any air-bubbles appear, brush them off with a card or small brush, replacing the paper in the bath. Wherever the albumin does not come into actual contact with the paper, a white mark will appear in the print. Remove the paper from the bath and place it to dry on a cardboard frame, or suspend it at the corners by clips. Paper glazed with pure albumin acquires too brilliant a glaze for portraits; the albumin may be diluted with from a f to i its bulk of water. It should be kept in tin or zinc cases. Plain Paper. Albuminized paper may be used as plain paper, if, instead of sensitizing the glazed side, the plain side is placed in the sensitizing solution. Plain Collodion. Mix in a bottle, gun-cotton 450 grs., ether 25 oz., spirits of wine 7 oz. Shake these well together, and leave to settle for several days. If well corked, the mixture will keep for a long time. Sensitized Collodion. Add to 1 oz. of the plain collo- dion 6 drs. of spirits of wine, If oz. of ether, and 3 drs. of iodide and bromide solution. Shake the bottle well; the mixture is then ready, but is improved by being kept 4 or 5 hours before using. In hot weather a little more alcohol, and less ether, in very cold weather move ether, and less alcohol, must be used. As sensitized collodion does not keep well, it is better not to mix the plain collo- dion and the iodide and bromide solution until shortly before required for use. Iodide and Bromide Solution. Iodide of cadmium 154 grs., bromide of cadmium 54 grs., spirit of wine oz. Rub the iodide and bromide to fine powder in a mortar, add the spirit of wine gradually, and when the iodide and bromide are dissolved, filter through paper into a bottle. This solution will keep well in a closely-stoppered bottle. Iodized Collodion may be made at one operation. It should be kept two days before using, but it is less reliable, if kept for any length of time, than sensitized 406 collodion, which has been made as above described. It is made as follows':—Place 16 grs. of gun-cotton in a bottle, add 18 grs. of iodide of cadmium, and 6 grs. of bromide of cadmium, in powder, and 1£ oz. spirit of wine, sp. gr. 0'805. Shake the bottle till the iodide and bromide are dissolved, then add 3 oz. ether sp. gr. *720, and shake until the cotton is dissolved. After 24 hours decant the clear portion into small well-stoppered bottles. Nitrate of Silver Bath for Negatives. Becrystallized nitrate of silver i oz., distilled water 7 oz., collodion 7 drops. Shake well together until the crystals have dis- solved, then filter. The purity of the negative hath is a matter of great importance, hence the necessity of employing the very best nitrate of silver, and also of excluding foreign matters of every kind. When the bath gets out of order, it should he diluted with an equal bulk of distilled water, and exposed to the sun for a few days, in a white glass bottle, then filtered, and sufficient nitrate of silver added to restore the strength to 35 grains to an ounce, as indicated by the argentometer. The Argentometer. This instrument is for ascertaining the strength of the nitrate of silver solution, which becomes weakened to a certain extent, after the immersion of every plate. Developing Solution for Negatives. Protosulphate of iron 75 grs., glacial acetic acid 2 drs., alcohol 2 drs., distilled water 5 oz. Dissolve the crystals in the water, then add the acid and alcohol, and filter. In hot weather a little more acetic acid may he added, and if it does not flow readily, the alcohol may be increased. Intensifying Solution, No. 1. Pyrogallic acid 10 grs., citric acid 10 grs,, distilled water 5 oz. When it becomes brown it is useless. No. 2. Becrystallized nitrate of silver 40 grs., distilled water 1 oz; dissolve and filter. This latter will keep for any length of time in the dark. Another Intensifying Bath. A saturated solution of bichloride of mercury in water. Place the negative plate in a bath of the solution, remove when the film assumes a milky-white appearance, wash, and then plunge into a solution of 1 oz. of liquid ammonia to 10 oz. of water. Bemove the plate, wash, and place to dry. This mode of intensifying may he regulated by leaving the TRADE CHEMICALS MISCELLANEOUS PREPARATIONS 407 plate in the bichloride of mercury a shorter time, when it will require a weaker ammonia bath than that above given. Fixing Solution for Negatives. Hyposulphite of soda, 5 oz., distilled water 5 oz.; dissolve and filter. Sensitizing Solution, for Paper. Nitrate of silver 5 drs., distilled water 5 oz., nitric acid 2 drops, kaolin 1 oz. Dissolve the nitrate of silver in the water, and then add the acid and kaolin; the kaolin will not dissolve, its use being to prevent the solution becoming discoloured after using. This solution will not require filtering; it must be allowed to become quite clear, and when required for use must he carefully decanted. This solution should he occasionally tested with the argentometer, and sufficient nitrate of silver added to restore it to its original strength, which is 60 grs. to the ounce. Another Negative Collodion. Ether \ oz., alcohol \ oz., gun-cotton 7 grs., bromide of cadmium gr., bromide of ammonium 1£ grs., iodide of cadmium grs., iodide of calcium 1 gr., iodide of potassium 1 gr., iodide of ammo- nium 1 gr. For intensifying, flood with chloride of gold 1 gr., water 15 oz., then wash, and flood with pyrogallic acid 2 grs., water 3 oz. Toning Baths. 1. Chloride of gold 4 grs., acetate of soda i oz., distilled water 10 oz.; dissolve and filter. 2. To produce hlacTc to bright sepia tones, according to length of immersion. Take carbonate of soda sufficient to cover a threepenny piece, dissolve it in a teaspoonful of cold water in a cup, add 2 grs. of chloride of gold, then add 3 oz. of boiling water; use in 15 minutes. This will suit Habt’s albuminized paper. Fixing Solution for Paper Prints. Hyposulphite of soda 8 oz., distilled water 1 pint. This solution must only he used once. Stopping-out Negatives. Small, round, transparent spots are frequently found on glass negatives, which, if not stopped, occasion corresponding black spots on the print. Lay the plate on a slab of glass, having either direct or reflected light shining up through it. Then cover the spots with a mixture composed of 10 parts of ivory-black, 2 parts of saturated solution of gum arahic, 2 parts of white honey, 1 part of sugar-candy ; well mix and apply with a fine camel-hair brush. Should the spots on the negative 408 TBADE CHEMICALS be black or opaque, white spots will be formed on the print; these are easily tinted with a little water colour, to match the other portions of the print; it is seldom necessary, therefore, to alter the negative on this account. Ferrotypes. In these, instead of a glass plate being used to receive the picture, as in a positive glass-photo- graph, a thin plate of black varnished iron is employed. Of course, no black backing is required; with this excep- tion the photograph is produced in every particular by the same means and in the same manner as the glass positive is. To Clean Glass Plates. Mr Hughes.—The description of glass known as “ flatted crown ” is well suited for positives, but before using it requires careful cleaning. The sharp edges should be first l’emoved with a “corundum” file, or by drawing the sharp edge of one piece over the sharp edge of another; then place the glass on a clean flat surface, or put it in a “ plate-cleaning holder,” and pour a few drops of the plate-cleaning solution in the middle. Rub it carefully over every part with a bit of clean soft rag ; turn the glass over, and do the other side the same. Then polish each side with a clean cloth, and finish with a soft chamois leather kept expressly for this purpose. Now breathe on the glass, and if the breath deposits evenly, the plate is clean. If the plate, however, shows patches and marks, it must be recleaned. Let the edges be carefnlly wiped, and the plate is ready for use. The following preparation makes a good plate-cleaning solution for glasses that require mechanical friction to make them clean:—Ordinary water 5 oz., alcohol 5 oz., iodide of potassium 15 grs., iodine 3 grs. When dissolved add tripoli, prepared chalk, whiting, or rotten-stone, in sufficient quantity to make a creamy paste. This thin pasty solution is to be rubbed on the plates on both surfaces and polished off as already described. This amount of cleaning will generally be sufficient for new glasses, but when they have been used they require more labour. They must then he well washed under the tap, to get rid of all collodion and chemicals, and be wiped on cloths kept expressly for the purpose. Should the plates have been varnished they must be soaked for some hours in a saturated solution of washing soda till the varnish and 409 film come freely off. The glasses must then be immersed for a few minutes in a solution composed of common nitric acid 2 oz., water 10 oz., and be well washed and treated as already described. It is a good plan when working to have a dish of water at hand, and to place the spoilt pictures in it at once while they are wet, and at the end of the day to wash the glasses and put them away clean. By thus not allowing the films to dry on the glasses, they are much easier cleaned, and fewer failures will arise from dirty glasses. Collodion is a good material for cleaning glasses when they are not very dirty. Pour a few drops on the glass and well rub it with a clean cloth, and you will entirely remove all grease; a hint may thus he taken how to use up waste collodion. Various Solutions used in the Dry Process. These are employed in cases where bromo-iodized collodion and the nitrate bath are used. In all processes in which the bromo-iodized collodion is employed, two grains of bromide of cadmium should be added to each ounce of the collodion. Mr Bartholomew advises diluted alcohol to be poured over the plate previous to developing. Acid Pyro Developer. This developer is formed as follows: Pyrogallic acid . . . 1 gr. Glacial acetic acid . . .30 minims. Water . . . . . 1 oz. The plate, after being wetted with dilute alcohol and washed, has this solution flowed over it, to which has been added 2 or 3 drops of a ten-grain nitrate of silver solution. Plain Pyro Developer. The strength of this may vary from 1 to 5 grs. in an ounce of water. Two grains may be taken as a medium. The dry plate being flooded with alcohol and water, and washed so as to well wet the film, this solution is floated over it. Alkaline Pyro Developer. No. 1.—Pyrogallic acid . . . .96 grs. Absolute alcohol ... 1 oz. No. 2.—Carbonate of ammonia . .96 grs. Water 1 oz. No. 3.—Bromide of potassium . . .10 grs. Water , , . , . 1 03, MISCELLANEOUS PREPARATIONS 410 TRADE CHEMICALS At the time of using make up the following solution : Water 1 oz. Solution No. 1 . . . .10 minims. Solution No. 3 . . . 5 „ Pour this over the wetted plate, allow it to remain on a few seconds only, and then pour back into the developing cup, and add to it 5 minims of solution No. 2 and apply again. The Collodio-Albumen Dry Process. Mr Mudd.—In this process the ordinary bromo-iodised collodion is em- ployed. The plate being sensitized, is washed well, first with distilled, then with common water, and placed in a dish half filled with solution of iodide of potassium (3 grs. to the ounce), and allowed to remain while the next plate is being prepared. It is then removed from the solution and well washed with clean water, after which the follow- ing solution is poured over its surface : Distilled water . . . . 2\ oz. White of eggs . . . . 10 oz. Iodide of potassium . . .50 grs. Bromide of ammonium . . .10 grs. Strongest solution of ammonia . 120 minims. Introduce these materials with some pieces of broken glass into a bottle capable of holding twice the quantity, and agitate till the whole forms a froth, and then, when settled, it is ready. A piece of camphor placed in the solu- tion will help to preserve it. It must be filtered before using. After the plate has been coated with the above, it is finished by drying before the fire. In this process all the above operations may be performed in ordinary white light. To render the plate sensitive, heat it as hot as the hand will bear, and when cool immerse it again in the following aceto-nitrate of silver bath for one minute, using only a yellow light, then wash thoroughly in clean water and dry in the dark : Nitrate of silver . . . .30 grs. Distilled water. . . . . 1 oz. Glacial acetic acid . . . £ dr. The development may be commenced by either plain or alkaline pyro ; Mr Mudd gives the preference to the plain, and intensifying after with acid silver. Dr Rylet’s Modified Collodio-Albumen Dry Process. In this method the plate has to be sensitized as usual and MISCELLANEOUS PREPARATIONS 411 washed thoroughly. When the plate has been well drained, and while still wet, it is coated with the following solu- tion: Albumen 1 oz. Water 2 oz. Ammonia 30 minims. The solution is beaten to a froth, allowed to settle, and filtered before using. Pour sufficient over the plate to cover it, letting it flow backwards and forwards so as to soak into the film. Pour the albuminous solution away and thoroughly wash the plate, the last rinsing being with distilled water. Let the plate dry; when perfectly dry moisten the plate with distilled water and pour over it the following solution: Gallic acid 2 grs. Water 1 oz. Filter the solution before using. Pour it on and off the plate to well permeate the film, then set the plate up to drain, and dry without washing off the gallic acid solution. When the surface is dry finish by the heat of a dull fire. Bromide of Silver, Wet Process. To every ounce of good collodion add 8 grs. of bromide of cadmium. The nitrate bath must be made 80 grs. to the oz., and slightly acidulated with nitric acid. The plate must re- main in the bath the full time it requires to form a dense opaque film. When the plate is ready (it must not be removed from the bath until the film is much denser than in the ordinary wet process) it must be washed thoroughly to remove all silver. It must then have poured over it a 3-gr. solution of gelatine made slightly alkaline with carbonate of soda, or diluted albumen (albumen 1 oz., water 4 oz., well beaten together). When the plate is in this condition it maybe exposed wet, or it may be allowed to dry. Prior to development it must be well washed, and the alkaline method must always be adopted. If the plates are used dry, a preliminary coating of dilute albumen is necessary, but if used wet, this is not necessary. Bromide of Silver, Emulsion Process. By this method the nitrate bath is not necessary, as the sensitive material is contained in the collodion. The purchase of the material ready made for working this process is recom- mended in preference to its direct manufacture, as its preparation demands the use of considerable technical 412 TRADE CHEMICALS skill, together with the employment of a gun-cotton not usually attainable. Mr Hughes says the “ Liverpool Dry Plate Company ” supply an excellent emulsion. It is only necessary to pour the emulsion on to a plate and to allow it to dry, when the plate is ready for use. The development is by the alkaline process. Oelatino-bromide of Silver Emulsion Process. In this process, the use both of the nitrate bath and of collodion are abolished. The material employed is very troublesome to prepare, and on this account, as-well as because of the risk of failure attending the use of the home-made article, it is far preferable it should be purchased. It may be obtained under the name of “ Kennett’s Sensitized Pellicle.” This pellicle consists of shreds of dryjgelatin containing the sensitive salts. Pull directions accompany each packet of the “ Sensi- tized Pellicle.” The Autotype Process. In this process the material employed consists of a layer of gelatin containing carbon, or some other permanent pigment, spread on paper. In this condition the paper is not sensitive to light, but if it be treated with a solution of bichromate of potash, dried in the dark and afterwards exposed to sunlight under a negative, those portions of the paper which have been acted upon by the light will become insoluble, whilst those parts that have been protected from it, will be soluble. When, therefore, after sufficient exposure, the prepared paper is removed from the negative, a picture the reverse of the negative will have been formed, in which the pigmented gelatin remains and performs the part of the reduced silver in the ordinary photograph. Photographic Varnish. See Varnishes. The reader desirous of further information on the subject of photography cannot do better than consult Mr Ernest Spon’s valuable manual, entitled ‘Workshop Receipts,’ and Mr Hughes’ * Principles and Practice of Photo- graphy,’ to both of which works we are largely indebted. Captain Abney’s work on ‘ Photography ’ cannot be too highly commended. Photography.—Miscellaneous Recipes. To Clean Glass Plates. Mr Mayall. Shake up to- gether, alcohol 30 parts, strong liquid ammonia 10, watei MISCELLANEOUS PREPARATIONS 413 40, and fine tripoli 30 parts. The plates are to be rubbed hard and evenly with balls of cotton wool dipped in this mixture. Rub again, when dry, with a clean ball of cotton; lastly, dust the back and edges with a clean hog’s- liair brush. To Clean off Collodion Pictures. This may be done, whether they have been varnished or not, by means of a tuft of cotton wool dipped in wood spirit. To Colour Photographic Prints. This may be done variously in water and oils. A simple way is to rub in slowly with a small camel-hair brush a minute piece of dry colour laid upon the part, as of flesh tint for the face, &c. When properly distributed, the paper may be breathed upon, and the tint will not easily be rubbed off. Or it may be carefully coated with gelatin. M. Minotto has described a plan of colouring on the back of the paper. The picture, being held up to the light, is first faintly outlined on the reverse side; colours are then laid on, of water or oil, as preferred, on this side. When dry, the paper is rendered transparent by a varnish, and the colours will then appear through it with all the delicacy and effect of a miniature on ivory. Good strong writing paper is best for this purpose; the colours must be vivid; and the varnish may consist of Canada balsam dissolved in turpentine, or a mastic varnish may he used, or turpentine and wax, or oil. Pigments. A few of these have been noticed before; see Indigo, Lakes, Pbussian Blue, Pubple op Cassius. They generally constitute a distinct branch of manufacture, but a brief account of the composition of some of them may be useful. Those of which the colouring matter is derived from the animal and vegetable kingdoms will first be noticed; then the mineral colours. Carmine. Several processes have been published for this beautiful pigment, but probably some minute precau- tions, not generally known, may be necessary to the pro- duction of the finest quality. The climate and state of the atmosphere are said to influence the result. 1. Madame Cenette’s process. Into 6 pails of boiling, deal’, soft water, in a copper vessel, throw 2 lbs. of pow- dered cochineal of good quality; boil for 2 hours, add 3 oz. of purified nitre, and, after a few minutes, 4 oz. of salt of sorrel. Remove the vessel from the fire, let the contents 414 TRADE CHEMICALS settle for 4 hours, draw off the clear liquor with a syphon into flat plates, and leave it at rest for 3 weeks. Carefully detach the pellicle of mould from the surface, withdraw the liquid with a syphon and pipette, and dry the deposit in a stove. 2. Boil 4 quarts of soft water in a pewter kettle, add to it 4 oz. of finely powdered cochineal; boil for 5 minutes, adding 2 drs. of powdered cream of tartar; then add 8 scruples of Roman alum, and keep the whole on the fire for a minute longer. Let the decoction settle, decant it into cylindrical glasses, and cover them. When the car- mine has subsided, pour off the clear liquor, and dry the sediment. By adding solution of tin to the liquid, more carmine is obtained. 3. Into a 14-gallon boiler of tinned copper, put 10 gal- lons of distilled water, or filtered rain-water; when it boils, sprinkle in, by small quantities, 1 lb. of powdered cochineal, and keep it boiling for half an hour. Then add oz. of crystallized carbonate of soda; in a minute or two, draw the fire, and add l£ oz. of Roman alum in fine powder; stir with a glass rod till the alum is dissolved, leave it to settle for 25 minutes, draw off the liquor with a glass syphon, and strain the rest through a coarse linen cloth. Clean the boiler, return into it the clear-coloured liquor, and stir into it the whites of 2 eggs, previously well beaten with a quart of warm (not hot) water. Then light the fire, and heat the liquor till it begins to boil; separate the coagulum, collect the carmine which deposits, wash it on the filter with distilled water, spread it thinly on earthen plates, and dry it in a stove. Inferior carmine may be improved by dissolving it in water of ammonia, and precipitating it by acetic acid and alcohol. Cochineal LaTce. Add 2 lbs. of pearlash to the red liquor from which the carmine has been separated in the last process, and return it to the boiler with the dregs of the cochineal; boil for half an hour; draw the fire, and when the sediment has subsided, draw off the clear liquid into an earthen vessel. Pour on the sediment a solution of 1 lb. of pearlash in 2 gallons of water; and boil for half an hour. Filter, and return both liquors into the copper. When as hot as the hand can bear, add to the liquor, by little and little, 3 lbs. of powdered Roman alum, and let Miscellaneous preparations 415 it simmer for 5 minutes. Allow it to settle, draw off the clear liquor, collect the sediment on a filter, wash it with clean rain-water, and leave it covered with a cloth for a few days, till half dry; form it into small lumps, and dry them in a stove. Carthamin or Safflower Lake. Wash Safflower till the water comes off colourless; mix it with water holding 15 per cent, of carbonate of soda in solution, so as to form a thick paste; leave it for several hours, then press out the red liquid, and nearly neutralize it with acetic acid. Then put cotton into it, and add successive small portions of acetic acid, so as to prevent the liquid be- coming alkaline. In 24 hours take out the cotton, wash it, and digest it for half an hour in water holding 5 per cent, of crystallized carbonate of soda in solution. Im- mediately on removing the cotton, supersaturate the liquid with citric acid, and collect the precipitate, which must be repeatedly washed in cold water. For pink saucers the liquor is allowed to deposit in the saucers. Mixed with the scrapings of French chalk it constitutes rouge. Lakes are also obtained from Brazil-wood and madder, by adding alum to a concentrated decoction of the former, or to a cold infusion of the latter (made by triturating the madder, inclosed in a bag, with the water), and after- wards sufficient carbonate of potash or soda to throw down the alumina in combination with the colouring matter. The precipitate is to be washed and dried. A little solution of tin added with the alum improves the colour. Lakes may be obtained from most vegetable colouring matters by means of alum and an alkaline car- bonate. Yellow Lake is made from French or Persian berries, by boiling them in water, with a little carbonate of soda or potash, and adding alum to the strained liquor as long as a precipitate is thrown down. Or by boiling weld, or quercitron bark, in water, and adding alum and chalk in a pasty state. Rose Pink. Boil 6 lbs. of Brazil-wood and 2 lbs. of peachwood in water, with \ lb. of alum ; and pour the strained decoction on 20 lbs. of sifted whiting. Bistre. It is obtained from the soot of beecli-wood. Sap Green. The expressed juice of buckthorn-berries (and sometimes of other species of rhamms, and also of 416 TRADE CHEMICALS privet berries) is allowed to settle, and the clear liquid evaporated to dryness. A little gum arabic is sometimes added to the juice. The beautiful colours of the mauve series are prepared from coal tar by patented processes. See “ Dyeing, Printing, and Calico Printing,” * Churchill’s Technological Handbooks.’ Mineral Pigments. Azure Blue, or Smalts. The com- mon is made by fusing zaffre (roasted cobalt ore calcined with siliceous sand) with potash. A finer quality is obtained by precipitating a solution of sulphate of cobalt by a solution of silicate of potash. Another cobalt blue is obtained by adding a solution of phosphate of soda to a solution of nitrate of cobalt, and mixing the precipitate, washed, hut not dried, with eight times its weight of fresh hydrated alumina. When dry, heat it to a cherry red. Egyptian Azure. Carbonate of soda 16 oz., calcined flints 24 oz., copper filings 4 oz. Pulverise, mix, and fuse in a crucible for two hours. When cold, reduce to powder. Blue Verditer. It is generally stated to be made by adding chalk to a solution of nitrate of copper produced in the process of refining silver; but Mr Phillips did not succeed in making it by this means, and found no lime in the best samples. New Blue. Mix equal parts of common arsenite of copper (see Mineral Gbeen, further on), and neutral arsenite of potash, fuse by heat in a large crucible, then add to the fused salt l-5th of its weight of nitre. Effer- vescence takes place, and the salt becomes blue. Cool, pulverise, and wash. Chrome Yellow. To a solution of bichromate of potash add a solution of nitrate of lead as long as a precipitate forms. Wash the precipitate, and dry it with a gentle heat. An inferior kind is said to be made by 4 lbs. of pure white lead, 1 lb. of bichromate of potash, and 20 lbs. of water, and boiling till the water becomes colourless. Or 75 parts of precipitated sulphate of lead may be acted on by a hot solution of neutral chromate of potash 25 parts. A mixed product of chromate and sulphate of lead is thus obtained, which is said to cover as well as the pure chrome yellow, and is much cheaper. Riot. Chrome Bed. Melt saltpetre in a crucible heated to MISCELLANEOUS PREPARATIONS 417 dull redness, and add chrome yellow, by small portions, till no more red fumes arise. Allow the mixture to settle, then pour off the melted salt from the heavy sediment, and wash the latter with water, which should be quickly poured off, and dry the pigment. The liquefied salt poured off contains chromate of potash, and is reserved for making chrome yellow. Orange Chrome is chrome yellow acted on by an alkali, which deprives it of part of the chromic acid. King’s Yellow. This is a yellow sulphide of arsenic, now almost superseded by chrome yellow, but occasionally used for killing flies. Naples Yellow. Mix 12 parts of metallic antimony, 8 parts of red lead, and 4 of oxide of zinc, and calcine in a reverberatory furnace. The mixed oxides are rubbed together, fused, and the fused mass elutriated into a fine powder.—Dr Uke. M. Gttimel recommends 1 part of well-washed antimoniate of potash to be ground into a paste with 2 parts of red lead, and the powder exposed to a red heat for 4 or 5 hours, keeping the heat moderate. Brighton Green. An inferior colour made with 28 lbs. of whiting, or white lead, 7 lbs. sulphate of copper, 3 lbs. sugar of lead, and i oz. of bichromate of potash. Brunswick Green. Pour a saturated solution of chloride of ammonium over copper filings in a close vessel placed in a warm situation; add more of the solution from time to time till 3 parts of the chloride have been used to 2 of copper. After standing for a few weeks the pigment is separated from the unoxidized copper by washing through a sieve. It is then to be well washed, and dried slowly in the shade. It is often reduced with white lead; some samples contain arsenic. Arsenical Copper Greens. Of these there are several varieties. Mineral Green, Scheele’s Green, or Arsenite of Copper. 1. Dissolve 11 oz. of white arsenic and 2 lbs. of carbonate of potash, by heat, in a gallon of water. Dissolve also 2 lbs. of sulphate of copper in 3 gallons of water. Filter each solution separately, and add the former gradually to the latter as long as it occasions a precipitate. Wash the precipitate, drain it, and dry it. 2. Dissolve 50 lbs. of sulphate of copper and 10 lbs. of lime in 20 gallons of good vinegar, and add quickly the 418 TBADE CHEMICALS boiling hot solution to 50 lbs. of white arsenic. Stir repeat- edly, then allow it to settle; decant the clear liquor (which is reserved to dissolve the arsenic next time), and wash the precipitate and dry it. 3. Emerald Green. Mix 10 parts of pure verdigris with sufficient boiling water to form a soft pulp, and strain this through a sieve. Dissolve 9 or 10 parts of white arsenic in 100 parts of boiling water, and whilst boiling, let the verdigris pulp be gradually added, constantly stirring the mixture till the precipitate becomes a heavy, granular powder. Green without Arsenic. Dissolve 48 lbs. of sulphate of copper, and 2 lbs. of bichromate of potash in water, and add to the clear solution, 2 lbs, of pearlash and 1 lb. of chalk. Binmann’s Green Pigment. Dissolve together in suffi- cient water, 1 part of sulphate of cobalt and 3 of sulphate of zinc; precipitate with carbonate of soda, wash the pre- cipitate and calcine it. Chrome Green. A mixture of chrome yellow and Prussian blue. See also Chkome Oxide, further back. Barth’s Green. A mixture of Prussian blue and yellow lake. Ultramarine, Factitious. Take 70 parts of silica, or pure siliceous sand, in fine powder; 240 parts of recrys- tallized alum, calcined; 144 parts of sulphur; 48 parts of finely powdered charcoal; 240 parts of dry carbonate of soda. These are mixed together with the greatest care till the mixture appears of uniform colour under a powerful magnifier, and the mixture exposed to a moderate red heat in a closely covered crucible for an hour and a half. Wash the product with boiling water. When dry, mix the powder with its own weight of sulphur and 1£ its weight of dried carbonate of soda, and burn as before; heat it again with sulphur and carbonate of soda, and wash it till the filtered fluid no longer colours acetate of lead. If a sample of the dried powder becomes blue when burnt with sulphur, it is ready for the last operation. Spread over a cast iron plate a layer of sulphur a line in thickness, and over it an equal layer of the dry powder after having passed.it through a gauze sieve; Heat the plate so as to burn away the sulphur at the lowest possible tempera- ture, Deduce the pigment to powder and repeat the MISCELLANEOUS PEEPABATIONS 419 burning with sulphur and pulverization till the colour is perfect. White Lead is carbonate of lead prepared by various processes. Zinc White is oxide of zinc, prepared by com- bustion. Oxychloride of Zinc is also used. Antimony White is oxide of antimony. Pink Saucebs. See Bed Dyes, further back. Plates, Dagttebbeotype, are prepared by cleaning and polishing the silver surface, exposing it to the vapour of dry iodine, or tincture of iodine, or iodide of bromine, or bromide of calcium. After having the image thrown on them, they are exposed to the vapour of mercury. But the manipulations and precautions necessary to the success of the operation are too numerous to detail here. An exploded photographic process. Plate-Boiling Powdeb. Equal parts of cream of tartar, alum, and common salt. A small quantity added to the water in which plate is boiled gives it a silvery whiteness. Plate Powdebs. 1. Jewellers’ Rouge. Dissolve green vitriol in hot water, and add a solution of pearlash as long as it throws down a precipitate. Wash the precipitate repeatedly with warm water, drain it on calico, and finally calcine it till it assumes a bright colour. It is sometimes made by calcining the sulphate of iron with a strong heat, till peroxide of iron only remains. Let it be triturated with water, and prepared in the same way as prepared chalk. See Polishing Powdeb, further on. 2. French Flate Powder. Mix 1 part of jewellers’ rouge with 12 of carbonate of magnesia. 3. Finely prepared chalk, or burnt hartshorn. One way in which these are used is to boil them with water, with pieces of rag j the finer particles are entangled in the fibres of the rags, which are dried and kept for use. 4. Quicksilver with chalk 1 oz., prepared hartshorn 8 oz., prepared chalk 4 oz. Powders containing quicksilver, besides the necessary wearing of the surface, are supposed to render the plate more brittle. If used the quicksilver should not be in larger proportion than the above. 5. Finest putty powder 1 oz., levigated chalk 5 oz.; a little rouge may be added to colour it. See Novabgent, Silvebing Powdeb, &c., for restoring the silver to plated goods. 420 TRADE CHEMICALS Platinum, Black (Oxiforous). Dissolve protochloride of platinum in a boiling solution of potash, add alcohol in small portions till effervescence ceases. Boil the black precipitate successively with alcohol, hydrochloric acid, and potash, and finaily 4 or 5 times with water. Platinated Asbestos. Dr Hake. Dip asbestos in a solution of chloride of platinum, and heat it to redness. It causes the inflammation of hydrogen in the same manner as spongy platinum. Platinized Silvee. Silver plates for Smee’s voltaic bat- tery are covered with pulverulent platinum by adding a little bichloride of platinum to acid water, and decompos- ing the solution by the use of a platinum terminal in con- nexion with the copper of a battery, the silver plate to be platinized being in connexion with the zinc. Platinum itself is sometimes platinized in the same way. Some- times the plates are platinized without the battery. The following solution is used by Dr Wright for the plates of his battery:—Saturated solution of chloride of platinum § dr., sulphuric acid drs., water 2 drs. Dip the plates in it for a few seconds, and wash them quickly. Platinum, Chlorides oe. Dissolve platinum in nitro- hydrochloric acid, and evaporate with a gentle heat to dryness. The red bichloride (tetrachloride) remains. Heated to 450°, the protochloride remains. Platinum Spongy. Dissolve separately in rectified spirit, chloride of platinum and sal ammoniac. Mix the solutions, and heatthe precipitate to redness. For balls for hydrogen lamps, form the precipitate into balls while moist, and afterwards burn them. Poison. See Beetle Water, Bug Poison, Rat Poison; Phosphorus Paste ; Blights, Remedies for, &c. Polish. See French Polish. Polish for Boots, &c. See Blacking. Polishing Powder for Specula. Lord Ross. Precipitate a dilute solution of sulphate of iron by ammonia in excess ; wash the precipitate, press it in a screw press till nearly dry; then expose it to heat until it appears of a dull red colour in the dark. Pot Pourri. See Perfumery. Potash, Carbonate of. Salt of Tartur. Subcarbonate of potash. See Potass.® Carbonas, and Potass® Car- bonas Purum, Pocket Formulary. 421 Potash Chlorate. See Chlorate of Potash. Potato Disease, Remedies for. The following are some of the formulae that have been proposed for the preven- tion of this terrible and well-known plant epidemic : 1. Some direct that the haulms and leaves should be entirely removed as soon as the least symptom of disease shows itself in them. The roots may grow on to full size without becoming affected. 2. The Chevalier Claussen’s Cure. The potatoes, before planting, are wetted with water acidulated with sulphuric acid (1 part to 500), and, before they are dry, powdered sulphate of lime is thrown over them. This plan has been found a very efficient one. 3. Mr T. Herapath’s plan. The roots, before planting, are allowed to become dry, and then dipped for a short time in a weak solution of sulphate of copper. The land is dressed with a mineral composition (2 parts of lime to 1 of salt) instead of farmyard manure. This process also has been attended with considerable success. Pounce. Powdered gum juniper is used under this name, for preparing parchment for writing on. For liquid pounce, see Ink. Marking. Poudre Clarifiante. Beat together the whites and yolks of eggs, dry them with a very gentle heat, and reduce to powder. For clarifying wines and syrups. Powders. See Tooth Powders, and Hair Powders, under Cosmetics ; Scent Powders, under Perfumery, &c. Preservative Liquids. See Anatomical Subjects, and Animal Substances, to Preserve. Peussiate of Potash (Yellow). What is known in com- merce by this name is the ferro-prussiate of potash, or ferrocyanide of potassium. It is prepared by fusing in an egg-shaped iron pot a mixture of 2 parts of pearlash and 5 parts of dry animal matters, such as horns, hoofs, tallow- chandler’s greaves, &c., till fetid vapours cease to be pro- duced. Iron filings are sometimes added, but usually the iron necessary to the formation of this salt is derived from the iron pots and stirrers. The fused mass (prussiate cake) is allowed to cool, dissolved in warm water, and the clear filtered or decanted solution evaporated, that crystals may form. These are dissolved in hot water, and the solution allowed to cool very slowly, that large crystals may form. Miscellaneous preparations 422 TEADE CHEMICALS Red Prussiate oe Potash. Ferrid-cyanide of Potassium. Ferricyanide of Potassium. Into a dilute solution of the yellow prussiate of potash, a current of chlorine gas is passed, till the solution ceases to give a blue precipitate with persalts of iron. It is then evaporated, crystallized, and recrystallized till quite pure. [M. Posselt advises to add a few drops of solution of potash to the boiling liquor, to decompose the green matter that is formed ; to filter the hot solution, to separate some peroxide of iron which is thrown down, and to let the liquor cool very slowly.] Or, boil yellow prussiate of potash with 12 or 15 parts of water, and while boiling add good chloride of lime until a filtered sample no longer yields a blue precipitate with persalts of iron. Filter quickly, and add carbonate of potash till the liquid has a faintly alkaline reaction, then evaporate for crystallization. Prussian Blue. Berlin Blue. Percyanide,ferrocyanxde, or ferro-prussiate of iron. Commercial Prussian blue is made by adding to a solution of prussiate of potash, or of prussiate cake, a solution of 2 parts of alum and 1 of sul- phate of iron, washing the precipitate repeatedly with water to which a little hydrochloric acid has been added, and exposing it to the air till it assumes a deep colour. A purer kind is made by adding a solution of persulphate or perchloride of iron to a solution of pure ferro-prussiate of potash. Turnbull’s Prussian blue (ferrid-cyanide of iron) is made by adding a solution of red prussiate of potash to one of proto-sulphate of iron; or by adding proto-sulphate of iron to a mixture of yellow prussiate of potash, chloride of soda, and hydrochloric acid. Soluble Prussian Blue. Add a solution of proto-sulphate of iron to a solution of prussiate of potash, and expose the precipitate to the air till it becomes blue, and wash it till the soluble salts are washed away. By continuing the washing, the blue itself dissolves, forming a deep blue solution, which may be evaporated without decomposition. Or add a solution of persulphate of iron to a solution of ferro-prussiate of potash, keeping the latter in excess; wash the precipitate until it begins to dissolve, and dry it. See Ink, Reade’s Patent Blue, for another method. Purple of Cassius. See Aurum Stanno Paratum, Poclcet Formulary. Many other processes have been proposed, Miscellaneous peepaeatio^s 423 of which the following is one:—Dissolve 3 grs. of gold in aqua regia, avoiding excess, and dilute with 3 oz. of water. Mix 30 grs. of pink salt (the bichloride of tin with sal- ammoniac) with 3i grs. of tin filings and 2 drs. of water till the tin is almost entirely dissolved: add 7 drs. of water, and add this solution to the gold solution, slightly warmed. Wash the precipitate, and dry it. Pyroligneous Acid, Pyroxylic Spirit, Pyroacetic Spirit, &c. By the destructive distillation of dried wood, chiefly that of the beech and birch, in iron cylinders, an acid liquor and tar are produced. These are received in proper reservoirs, and are afterwards separated. The tar is subjected to distillation, and yields oil of tar (containing creosote, eupion, &c.), and leaves a residuum of pitch, or English asphalt. The acid liquor, separated from the tarry deposit, is also distilled: the first portion which comes over contains the pyroxylic spirit, which is rectified by one or more distillations. It may be further purified by distilling it with dried chloride of calcium, and finally with quicklime. This constitutes one of the articles sold under the name of wood naphtha, and is re- garded by chemists as a hydrated oxide of methyl. After the pyroxylic spirit has come over, the crude pyroligneous acid distils, which still holds some tar and empyreumatic oil in solution. It is purified by saturating it either di- rectly with common soda, or first with lime, or rather chalk, and when the neutral solution has become clear, evapo- rating it to 1*114 sp. gr., and adding sufficient saturated solution of sulphate of soda to decompose the impure ace- tate of lime. The clear solution obtained by either process is tlier, evaporated, that the acetate of soda may crystallize. This is afterwards roasted at a temperature of about 500° Fahrenheit, to destroy the tar, and again dissolved and crystallized. The purified acetate is then distilled with sulphuric acid. See Acidum Aceticum, Pocket Formulary. For some manufacturing purposes, an impure acid is ob- tained by merely saturating the crude pyroligneous acid with lime, evaporating to dryness, and distilling with sulphuric acid. If acetate of lime or acetate of lead be distilled without addition, and the liquid which comes over be rectified over lime, pyroacetic spirit is obtained: this is also termed acetone. 424 TRADE CHEMICALS Pyeophoeus. This name is given to several compounds, prepared by calcination, which take lire when exposed to the air, especially when breathed upon. The following are perhaps some of the best: 1. Heat tartrate of lead in a tube of hard glass, and securely close the tube before the charred residuum be- comes cold. A little poured out and breathed upon takes fire. The tartrate of lead is made by dissolving separately 2 drs. of tartaric acid and 5 drs. of crystallized acetate of lead in sufficient water, mixing the solutions, and collect- ing, washing, and drying the precipitate. 2. Calcine tartar emetic in a similar manner, or in a closed crucible. 3. Mix 11 parts of lamp-black with 2 of powdered sul- phate of potash, and heat the mixture strongly in a closely covered crucible. The product is so combustible that it can scarcely be transferred to a bottle without danger. 4. Mix 3 parts of powdered alum with 1 of flour, and calcine the mixture in a common phial coated with clay or placed in sand, till it ceases to emit a blue flame. Be- fore it is cold, close it securely with a sound cork or glass stopper. 5. Mix neutral chromate of lead with l-6th its weight of sulphur; triturate them with water sufficient to form a paste, and make it into pellets; dry these perfectly, then heat them in a tube till the sulphur is all driven off, and secure as the last. Bennet. The stomach of a calf, washed, salted, and dried. Eennet Liquid. Essence oe Bennet. Fresh rennet 12 oz., salt 2 oz., proof spirit 2 oz., white wine a quart; digest for 24 hours and strain. A quart of milk requires 2 or 3 teaspoonfuls. Wislin directs, 10 parts of a calf’s stomach, salt 3 parts. The membrane of the stomach is to be cut with scissors, and kneaded with the salt and with the rennet found in the interior of that organ; the whole left in a cool place in an earthen pot till the cheesy odour is replaced by the proper odour of rennet, which will be in 1 or 2 months. Then add 16 parts of water and 1 of spirit. Filter and colour with burnt sugar. Bust, to Peeyent and Bemove. Steel goods are rubbed over with a mixture of lime and oil, to preserve them from rusting. Mercurial ointment has been recommended for the same purpose. M. Payen recommends plunging the MISCELLANEOUS PREPARATIONS 425 articles into a solution of common soda. Spots of rust are removed by rubbing them with very fine emery and sweet oil; as a chemical means of removing them, the ammoni- acal choride of zinc may be found useful. Yaselin rubbed over steel goods preserves them from rusting. To remove iron-mould spots from linen, oxalic acid or binoxalate of potash is commonly used. Runge recommends prussiate of potash. Dissolve a little in water, and just acidulate with sulphuric acid. The stained linen macerated in this water turns blue. Its whiteness is now restored by a solution of carbonate of potash. Saxon Blue. See Chemic Blue. The solution of indigo in sulphuric acid, diluted with twice its weight of water, is so termed. Scoueing Deops eoe Removing Geease. 1. Alcohol 6 oz., camphor 2 oz., rectified essence of lemon 8 oz. 2. Rectified oil of turpentine 3 oz., essence of lemon 1 oz.; mix. Some direct them to be distilled together. 3. French. Campliine 8 oz., alcohol 1 oz., sulphuric ether 1 oz., essence of lemon 1 dr. 4. Spirit of wine a pint, white soap 3 oz., ox-gall 3 oz., essence of lemon % oz. 5. Benzol, or ether, or chloroform. Sealing-wax. 1. Blue. Shell-lac 2 parts, dammar resin, 2 parts, Burgundy pitch 1 part, Venice turpentine 1 part, artificial ultramarine 3 parts. 2. Light Blue. As the last, with 1 part of dry sulphate of lead. 3. Dark Blue. Venice turpentine 3 oz., finest shell-lac 7 oz., clear amber or black resin 1 oz., Prussian blue 1 oz., carbonate of magnesia 1| drs. The last two to be made into a stiff paste with oil of turpentine, and added to the melted shell-lac and Venice turpentine. Black. 1. Venice turpentine 4£ oz., shell-lac 9 oz., colophony £ oz., lamp-black mixed to a paste with oil of turpentine q. s. 2. Inferior. Venice turpentine 4 oz., shell-lac 8 oz., 3 oz. of colophony, and sufficient lamp-black mixed with oil of turpentine to colour it. 3. Shell-lac 8 oz., Venice turpentine 4 oz., lamp-black 6 oz. 4. Common, for bottles. Resin 6 oz.; shell-lac 2 oz., Venice turpentine 2 oz., lamp-black q. s. 426 TRADE CHEMICALS Brown. 1. Light Brown. Venice turpentine 4 oz., shell-lac 7k oz., brown earth (English umber ?) f oz., cin- nabar k oz. prepared chalk f oz., carbonate of magnesia moistened with oil of turpentine If drs. 2. Light Brown.—Second quality. Venice turpentine 4 oz., shell-lac 7 oz., resin 3 oz., English umber 3 oz., cinnabar £ oz., prepared chalk 1 oz., magnesia as the last. 3. Dark Brown. Venice turpentine 4 oz., fine shell-lac 7\oz., English umber If oz., magnesia as before. 4. Dark Brown—Second quality. Venice turpentine 4 oz., shell-lac 7 oz., colophony 3 oz., English umber If oz., magnesia as before. Green. Venice turpentine 2 oz., shell-lac 4 oz., colo- phony If oz., King’s yellow f oz., Prussian blue f oz., magnesia as for brown. Gold. 1. Venice turpentine 4 oz., fine shell-lac 8 oz., leaf-gold 14 sheets, bronze powder f oz.. magnesia (made into a paste with oil of turpentine) If drs. 2. Gray. Use gold talc instead of gold leaf and bronze. Marbled. Gray. Melt each coloured wax separately, and just as they begin to grow solid, mix together. lied. 1. Fine Carmine Wax. Venice turpentine 2 oz., finest shell-lac 4 oz., colophony 1 oz., Chinese vermilion If oz., magnesia (moistened with oil of turpentine) If drs. 2. Finest Red. Venice turpentine 4 oz., shell-lac 7 oz., cinnabar 4 oz., carbonate of magnesia (with oil of turpen- tine) If drs. 3. As the last, with only 3f oz. of cinnabar. 4. Venice turpentine 4 oz., shell-lac 6f oz., colophony f oz., cinnabar 2f oz., magnesia (with oil of turpentine) If drs. 5. Venice turpentine 4 oz., shell-lac 6 oz., colophony f oz., cinnabar If oz., magnesia as before. 6. As the last, but use colophony and cinnabar each If oz. 7. Venice turpentine 4 oz., shell-lac 5f oz., colophony If oz., cinnabar If oz., magnesia as before. 8. English. Venice turpentine 2 oz., shell-lac 4 oz., vermilion 1 oz. 9. Spanish. Venice turpentine 8 oz., shell-lac 2 oz., colo- phony 4 oz., vermilion 1 oz. Remove from the fire, and add f oz. of rectified spirit. Miscellaneous preparations 427 Yellow. Venice turpentine 2 oz., shell-lac 4 oz., colo- phony li oz., King’s yellow f oz., magnesia as before. Perfumed Wax. Add to any of the above a small quantity of fine benzoin. Common Bottle Wax. 1. Dark resin 18 oz., shell-lac 1 oz., beeswax 1 oz. Mix together, and colour with red lead, Venetian red, or lamp-black. 2. Resin 19 oz., beeswax 1 oz., colour as before. Sea-Watee, Artificial. See Aqttabitjm. Shell-lac, to Bleach. See Lac, further back. Silk Cleaner. Mix well together £ lb. of best soft soap, a teaspoonful of brandy, £ pint of methylated spirit and £ pint of water. It is to be spread with a sponge on each side of the silk without creasing it; the silk is then rinsed out two or three times, and ironed on the wrong side. Silver, to Clean. See Plate Powder. To clean silver utensils, blackened by sulphuretted hydrogen, Bottger recommends a boiling saturated solution of borax, or a solution of caustic potash, with some fragments of metallic zinc. Silvering Powder, &c.,for silvering copper, covering the worn parts of plated goods, &c. 1. Nitrate of silver 30 grs., common salt 30 grs., cream of tartar 3| drs. Mix. Moistened with water and rubbed on dial plates or other copper articles, it coats them with silver. 2. Silver precipitated from its nitric solution by copper 20 grs., alum 30 grs,, cream of tartar 2 drs., salt 2 drs. 3. Precipitated silver | oz., common salt 2 oz., chloride of ammonium 2 oz., corrosive sublimate 1 dr., make it into a paste with water. Copper utensils are previously boiled with tartar and alum, and rubbed with this paste, then made red-hot, and afterwards polished. 4. Dissolve chloride of silver in a solution of hypo- sulphite of soda, and mix this with prepared hartshorn or other suitable powder. Silvering Paste. Nitrate of silver 1 part, cyanide of potassium (Liebig’s) 3 parts, water sufficient to form a thick paste. Apply it with a rag. A bath for the same purpose is made by dissolving 100 parts of sulphite of sodium, and 15 of nitrate of silver, in water, and dipping the article to be silvered, into it. Electro-silvering. Mr Watt. 1. To the crystallized nitrate of silver obtained by dissolving 1 oz. of fine silver 428 TRADE CHEMICALS in nitric acid, add 3 pints of cold distilled water to dis- solve it. Precipitate with common salt. Wash well. Dissolve the chloride in just enough of the strong solution of cyanide of potassium. Filter several times, then add distilled water to 1 gallon. This is excellent for a dead white, or to plate cleaned figures, or clock-dials, which only require to be scratch-brushed first. Or if worked weaker, with a feeble battery, and a small surface of anode exposed, a thick layer is obtained, which will bear bur- nishing. 2. Dissolve as much nitrate in the same quantity of distilled water. Add strong solution of cyanide of potas- sium till there is no further precipitate—(not enough to re-dissolve this). Wash the precipitated cyanide several times with pure water. Add now enough strong solution of cyanide of potassium to dissolve it, and make up the solution to 1 gallon. Filter before using. When it is desired that the articles should come out with a bright appearance, a little bisulphide of carbon is added to the solution. Silyeb, Oxidized. Ornaments to which this name is given have a surface of silver which has been acted on by some chemical liquid. A solution of sal ammoniac will give a brownish tint; a still better one is obtained by using equal parts of sulphate of copper and sal ammoniac dissolved in vinegar. A fine black tint may be produced by a slightly warm solution of sulphide of potassium. Solutions of the chlorides of platinum and gold are some- times adopted in these processes. Silvebing Glass. See Glass. Silvee, to PtJEiFY and Reduce. Silver, as used in the arts and coinage, is alloyed with a portion of copper. To purify it, dissolve the metal in nitric acid slightly diluted, and add common salt, which throws down the whole of the silver in the form of chloride. To reduce it to a metallic state several methods are used:—1. The chloride must be repeatedly washed with distilled water, and placed in a zinc cup; a little diluted sulphuric acid being added, the chloride is soon reduced. The silver when thoroughly washed is quite pure. In the absence of a zinc cup, a porcelain cup containing a zinc plate may be used. The process is expedited by warming the cup. 2. Hobnung. Digest the washed chloride with pure copper and ammonia. The quantity of ammonia need not MISCELLANEOUS PREPAEATIONS 429 be sufficient to dissolve the chloride. Leave the mixture for a day, then wash the silver thoroughly. 3. Boil the washed and moist chloride in solution of pure potash, adding a little sugar; when washed it is quite pure. Silveb, Solvent fob. See further on. Size. Oil Size is made by grinding yellow ochre or burnt red ochre with boiled linseed oil, and thinning it with oil of turpentine. Water Size (for burnished gilding) is parchment size ground with yellow ochre. Smalts. See Pigments. Skeleton Leaves, to make. Steep the leaves, seed-vessels, or other parts of the plant to be dissected, in rain-water, until the whole of the soft matter is decomposed. Some require a few weeks, others several months. The rotted parts are now to be carefully removed by a fine brush, under the surface of water, or in a stream of water. A syringe is sometimes required. To bleach the skeletons, soak them for some hours in a mixture of 1 oz. of strong solution of chloride of lime and a quart of distilled water, or in a solution of peroxide of hydrogen. Lastly, wash thoroughly in cold water, and dry by exposure to air. Smoking Fluid. One drop of creasote in a pint of water imparts a smoky flavour to fish or meat dipped into it for a few minutes. Soap. Fob Peefumed and Toilet Soaps, see Skin Cos- metics, further back. For the manufacture of soaps generally, see Dr. Uke’s ‘ Dictionary of the Arts/ Wagneb’s ‘ Chemical Technology/ ‘ Spon’s Cyclopaedia of the Industrial Arts,’ and other similar works. Hard soaps are made by boiling oils or fats with a ley of caustic soda. Soft soaps consist of oil and potash; and as they do not separate from the ley like the hard soaps, they generally contain an excess of caustic alkali. Silica soap has silicate of soda incorporated with it. Soap is adul- terated by earthy matters, as pipe-clay, &c.; these and other impurities remain when soap is dissolved in alcohol. Soap, Maeine. Patent. This is made by substituting cocoa-nut oil for the fats and oils used in the manufacture of common soap. It has the advantage of forming a lather with salt water. Soda. For its medical and pharmaceutical compounds, see PocTcet Formularyi 430 TRADE CHEMICALS Soda, Hyposulphite of. Dissolve 1 lb. of crystallized carbonate of soda in a quart of boiling water. Slake % lb. of lime in another quart of water. Mix the solutions, let them stand in a covered vessel until cold, pour off the clear liquid, and boil it with more sulphur than it will dissolve. Pour off the clear solution into a deep vessel, and pass sulphurous acid gas through it until it becomes nearly colourless. While still a little yellow, filter, and evaporate it quickly in an earthen vessel to a syrupy con- sistence. Shake this with half its bulk of rectified spirit, and allow the lower layer to crystallize under the alcoholic solution which floats on it. It must be kept from the air and light. Solvents foe India Rubber. Ether for this purpose should be agitated with water and decanted. Benzol will dissolve caoutchouc with warmth and long digestion. 2lectified coal naphtha forms an imperfect solution em- ployed in Macintosh’s waterproof fabrics. Oil of tur- pentine, rendered pyrogenous by absorbing it with bricks of porous ware, and distilling it without water, and treat- ing the product in the same way, is also used for this purpose. It is stated that the solution on evaporation does not leave the caoutchouc in a sticky state. Another method is to agitate oil of turpentine repeatedly with a mixture of equal weights of sulphuric acid and water; and afterwards to expose it to the sun for some time. Bisul- phide of carhon is a good solvent, dissolving the gum without heat. Crude Petroleum: also dissolves it. This constitutes Parkes’ Patent Solvent. Chloroform is an excellent but rather expensive solvent.* Caoutchoucin has also been employed as a solvent. It is prepared by dis- tilling india rubber without addition, increasing the heat to 600° Fahr. The product is rectified by distilling it with one third of water. It is then a colourless fluid of 0680 specific gravity. Its smell is improved by agitating it with 5 oz. of nitro-hydrochloric acid to each gallon. India rubber is rendered more readily soluble by first digesting it with a solution of carbonate of soda, or water of ammonia. Solvents for Gutta Percha. Benzol readily dissolves it. So do chloroform and bisulphide of carbon. * Methylated chloroform is much cheaper than that made from recti* fled spirit. MISCELLANEOUS PBEPABATIONS 431 Solvent foe Old Putty and Paint. Soft soap mixed with solution of potash or caustic soda; or pearlash and slaked lime mixed with sufficient water to form a paste. Either of these laid on with an old brush or rag, and left for some hours will render it easily removable. Soluble Glass. See Glass. Solutions used in Electeotype Manipulations, &c. For the Decomposing Cell. 1. Saturated solution of sulphate of copper 2 parts, sulphuric acid 2 parts, water 6 or 8 parts. 2. Mr. Walked directs 2 measures of a saturated solution of sulphate of copper, and 1 measure of acidulated water (1 part of sulphuric acid to 9 of water). 3. Robell’s solution consists of 2 parts of a saturated solution of sulphate of copper, and 1 part of a saturated solution of Glauber’s salt, to which as much sulphate of copper has been added as it will take up. 2. Go Id Solution. Dissolve 2 oz. of cyanide of potassium (prepared by Liebig’s method) in a pint of warm distilled water, add i oz. of oxide of gold, and agitate together. 3. Silver Solution. Dissolve 2 oz. of Liebig’s cyanide of potassium in a pint of distilled water; add £ oz. of moist oxide of silver (precipitated by lime-water from a solution of the crystallized nitrate), and agitate together till the oxide is dissolved. 4. Solution into which Steel Articles are dipped before Electroplating them. Nitrate of silver 1 part, nitrate of mercury 1 part, nitric acid (sp. gr. l-384) 4 parts, water 120 parts. 5. Solution, or Piclcle,for Immersing Copper Articles in before Electroplating. Sulphuric acid 64 parts, water 64, nitric acid 32, hydrochloric acid 1: mix. The article, free from grease, is dipped into the pickle for a second or two. See Gilding, Silvebing, Electeo-Beassing, &c. Solution foe Mullins’ Voltaic Batteey. In contact with the Zinc: 1 part of sal ammoniac to 5 of water. In contact with the Copper : a saturated solution of sul- phate of copper. M, Bachoffnee used a saturated solu- tion of common salt and a saturated solution of sulphate of copper. Solution foe Soldeeing. Dissolve zinc in hydrochloric acid to saturation, add pulverized sal ammoniac, and boil for a short time. Applied with a sponge or feather it facili- tates the flow of the solder. 432 TRADE CHEMICALS Solutions tor the Water-bath. Various salts dissolved in water materially raise the boiling-point, and thus afford the means of obtaining a steady temperature at different degrees above 212° F. The following are some of the most useful: A saturated solution of nitrate of soda boils at 246° Fahr. „ ,, Rochelle salts at . . 240° „ „ „ nitre at 238° „ „ „ chloride of sodium at 224° „ „ „ sulphate of magnesia at 2223 „ Solvent for Silver. Nitro-sulphuric Acid. Dissolve 1 part of nitre in 10 parts of oil of vitriol. Used for dis- solving the silver from plated goods, &c. It dissolves silver at a temperature below 200° F., and scarcely acts upon copper, lead, and iron, unless diluted. The silver is precipitated from the solution, after moderately diluting it by common salt, and the chloride reduced as directed, under Silver, to purify and reduce. Spirit of Nitric Ether. See Pocket Formulary. It need only be added here, that its acidity is removed and pre- vented, by rectifying it from neutral tartrate of potash. Sponge, Blanched. Soak the sponge for several days in cold water, renewing the water and squeezing the sponges occasionally. Then wash them in warm water, and place them in cold water to which a little hydrochloric acid has been added. Next day take them out and wash them thoroughly in soft water; then immerse them in aqueous sulphurous acid (sp. gr. l-034) for a week. They are afterwards washed in plenty of water, squeezed, and allowed to dry in the air. 2. Soak the sponges, previously deprived of sand and dirt by bleaching and washing, in a 1 per cent, solution of permanganate of potash. Then remove them, wash them thoroughly with water, and press out the water. Next put them into a solution of a half pound of hypo- sulphite of soda in one gallon of water, to which 1 oz. of oxalic acid has been added and leave them in the solution for 15 minutes. Finally, take them out and wash them thoroughly. New Remedies. For burnt, prepared, and waxed sponge, see Spongia, Pocket Formulary. Sponges, Slimy, to Clean. (Vatta.) Press the sponge as dry as possible, place it on a plate, and sprinkle pow- MISCELLANEOUS PREPARATION'S dered chloride of calcium on it, and allow to deliquesce on the sponge. After half an hour the sponge may be washed in water and dried. Stains toe Wood, Ivoey, &c. See Ivoey, to Stain; Wood, to Stain; Bookbindebs’ Stains,&c. Stains, to Remote. Stains of iodine are removed by rec- tified spirit. Ink stains by oxalic acid or superoxalate of potash. Iron moulds by the same; but, if obstinate, it has been recommended to moisten them with ink, then remove them in the usual way. See Rust, to Pbevent and eemove, further back. Grease Spots may be removed either by chloroform, liquid ammonia, benzol, oil of turpentine, or ether. The three last are very inflammable. See also Scoubing Deops. Red Spots on black cloth, from acids, are removed by spirit of hartshorn, or other solutions of ammonia. Stains of Marking Ink, or Nitrate of Silver, to remove. 1. Wet the stain with fresh solution of chloride of lime, and after 10 or 15 minutes, if the marks have become white, dip the part in solution of ammonia, or of hypo- sulphite of soda. In a few hours wash with clean water. 2. Stretch the strained linen over a basin of hot water, wet the mark with tincture of iodine. 3. They may also be most readily removed by cyanide of potassium; but this should be done by the druggist, and not entrusted to anyone else, since the cyanide is a potent poison. Stabch. Starch is procured from various roots and seeds. Its varieties are numerous, but a few of the most impor* tant only can he noticed here. Arrowroot (West Indian). The fecula of the tubers of the Maranta arundinacea. The fresh tubers are washed and beaten to a pulp, which is well stirred in a large tub of cold clean water, and the fibrous part wrung out by the hands, and thrown away. The water in which the fecula is suspended is passed through a hair sieve or coarse cloth, allowed to settle, and the water poured off. After being repeatedly washed, the wet starch is drained, and after- wards dried in the sun. The other varieties of arrowroot (see Dietetic Abticles) are prepared by analogous pro- cesses from the roots which yield them. Potato Starch. The tubers are washed and peeled, usually by machinery, rasped by a revolving grater, and 434 TRADE CHEMICALS the pulp washed on hair sieves till freed from the starchy matter. Successive portions of the pulp are thus treated till the vessels over which the sieves are placed are suffi- ciently full. The starch held in suspension in water, falls to the bottom; the water is then drawn off, and the starch stirred up with fresh water, and again allowed to subside. This is repeated several times till the starch is sufficiently pure. The fibres and the washing waters are used as manures. The washed fibres have also been re- commended as an ingredient in bread for diabetic patients. Wheat Starch. Wheat flour is steeped in water for a week or two and allowed to ferment. The acid liquor is drawn off, and the residue washed on a sieve; what passes through is allowed to settle, the sour liquor drawn off, and the starch thoroughly washed from the slimy matter. It is then drained in perforated boxes, cut up into square lumps, placed on bricks to absorb the moisture, and dried in a stove. Various means are adopted to free the starch from gluten and other impurities. In the patent rice starch, and pro- bably other kinds of starch, alkaline solutions are used. Ammonia has been recommended, as it does not, like pot- ash and soda, dissolve any portion of pure starch. The various kinds of fecula are distinguishable by the form of their particles or grains. By a microscopical examination of these, the mixture or substitution of potato starch with the more expensive kinds is readily detected. Figures of the different kinds of starch grains are given in the Pharmaceutical Journal, vol. iv, in Dr Pebeiba’s * Elements,’ in Attfield’s ‘ Chemistry, General, Medical and Pharmaceutical,’ and in the microscopic manuals. M. Goblet has proposed to distinguish them by the coloration produced when the several kinds are exposed to the vapour of iodine; but the effect seems to depend greatly on the relative dryness of the samples. Sxeabic Acid. Fat is saponified, and the soap decomposed by an acid, with a large quantity of water, the mixture being kept warm and well stirred. The water being drawn off, the stearic acid is well washed, allowed to cool, and submitted to strong pressure. Stobm Glass. Take 2|- drs. of camphor, 38 grs. of nitre, and 38 grs. of sal ammoniac; dissolve them in 9 drs. of water, and 6 drs. of rectified spirit, with a gentle heat, MISCELLANEOUS PE.EPAEAT10NS 435 This is placed in a glass tube covered with a brass cap, with a small hole to admit air. Or it may he put in an eau de Cologne or other long bottle, tied over with bladder. Its various changes are supposed to indicate changes of weather, but the indications are not to be relied on. Stuffing!- Bieds and Animals, Peepaeations foe. 1. Camphor 1 oz., corrosive sublimate £ oz., alum oz., sul- phur 1 oz.; all finely powdered and mixed. 2. Tanner’s bark dried and powdered 2 oz., burnt alum 1 oz., snuff 1 oz.; mix, and add arsenic \ oz., camphor t oz., sulphur 1 dr. 3. Becceue’s Arsenical Soap. Camphor 5 drs., arsenic 4 oz., white soap 4 oz., carbonate of potash 12 oz., air- slaked lime 4 oz.; make a stiff paste with a little water. Styeol. Mix 20 parts of storax with 7 of carbonate of soda, and put them into a retort with water, and apply heat. A limpid fluid distils, which becomes when heated to a certain point, a transparent solid. Sugae Resin. Mix 16 parts of strong sulphuric acid with 8 of the strongest nitric acid ; when cooled to 70° Fahr., stir in 1 part of finely powdered sugar. In a few seconds, when the sugar has become pasty, take it out of the acid and plunge it into cold water. Add more sugar to the acid, and proceed as before. Wash the resinous matter carefully, and dissolve it in alcohol or ether. Evaporate the solution with a gentle heat. It is very combustible. Its solution may be used to render gunpowder, lucifer matches, &c., waterproof. Sulphide. A sulphide was formerly termed a sulphuret, which latter name has been almost invariably retained in the present edition. Sulphite of Coppee. To a concentrated solution of bisul- phite of potash add a cold solution of sulphate of copper, filter, and heat gently. Sulphocyanide of Ammonium. Neutralize hydrosulpho- cyanic acid with ammonia and gently evaporate the solu- tion to dryness over a water-bath. Sulphueet of Caebon. See Bisulphueet of Caebon. SyeuP of Milk. Evaporate, with constant stirring, 6 lbs. of skimmed milk to 3 lbs.; add 4£ lbs. of sugar; dissolve with a gentle heat, and strain. It may be flavoured with the addition of 1 oz. of cherry-laurel water. [For other Syrups see Pocket Formulary.] Milk may be preserved TRADE CHEMICALS by first heating it, and when cold, charging it with car- bonic acid gas. Boracic acid is now very largely used for preserving milk. Tannin. See Acid, Tannic, further back. Terpine. Leave oil of turpentine for a long time in con- tact with a mixture of nitric acid and alcohol. Crystals of terpine form. By boiling an aqueous solution of ter- pine with a small quantity of sulphuric or other acid, terpinol is formed, and may be separated by distillation. It has the odour of hyacinths. Test Liquors, Test Papers, &c. For Test Liquors see Pocket Formulary. In preparing the papers, the liquid should be placed in an earthenware plate or dish, and the paper carefully immersed in it so as to be uniformly wetted, then dried out of reach of acid, ammoniacal, or other vapours likely to affect it; and afterwards kept in bottles, jars, or cases. Dr Faraday recommends un- sized paper, but Mr Parnell and other good authorities direct good letter paper to be used.* Brazil Paper. Dip paper in a strong decoction of Brazil-wood and dry it. It is rendered purple or violet by alkalies; generally yellow by acids. Cabbage Paper. Make a strong infusion of red cabbage leaves, strain it, and evaporate it by a gentle heat till considerably reduced. Then dip the paper in it and dry it in the air. This paper is of a greyish colour; alkalies change it to green, acids to red. It is a very delicate test; if rendered slightly green by an alkali, carbonic acid will restore the colour. Dahlia Paper. From the petals of violet dahlias, as cabbage paper. Flder-berry Paper. This is merely paper stained with the juice of the berries. Its blue colour is changed to red by acids, and to green by alkalies. Indigo Paper. Immerse paper in sulphate of indigo, wash it with water rendered slightly alkaline, then with pure water, and dry it in the air. Iodide of Potassium and Starch Paper. Mix starch paste with solution of iodide of potassium, and moisten bibulous paper with it. It becomes blue when exposed to ozone. Chlorine has the same effect. Lead Paper. Paper dipped in a solution of acetate of * Dr Fresenius recommends unsized paper. MISCELLANEOUS PREPARATIONS 437 lead. When moistened it detects sulphuretted hydrogen, which renders it black. Blue Litmus Paper. Bruise 1 oz. of litmus in a mortar, and add boiling water; triturate together, put them in a flask and add boiling water to make up to half a pint; when cool, strain it, and dip paper in it. More colour may he extracted from the litmus by hot water, hut the liquid will require to he concentrated by evaporation. Acids change the colour to red, but it does not become green with alkalies. Red Litmus Paper. As the last, adding to the strained infusion a few drops of nitric acid, or of pure acetic acid. Dr Fabaday recommends holding blue litmus paper over a large jar, into which a few drops of hydrochloric acid have been introduced, till sufliciently reddened. Bose Paper. Make a strong infusion of the petals of the red rose, and dip unsized paper in it. Dipped in an alkaline solution, so weak as not to affect turmeric paper, it assumes a bright green colour. Manganese Paper. Dip paper in a solution of sul- phate of manganese. It becomes black in an ozonized atmosphere. Rhubarb Paper. Dip paper in a strong infusion of rhubarb and dry it. Alkalies render it brown. It is not, like turmeric paper, affected by horacic acid. Starch Paper. This is merely paper imbued with starch paste. Cotton cord is sometimes used instead of paper. As a test for iodine, which it turns blue. Turmeric Paper. Boil 1 oz. of coarsely powdered turmeric root in half a pint of water for half an hour, and strain: dip paper in the liquid, and dry it. It is rendered brown by alkalies, and also by boracic acid and borates. Test Solutions, &c. The vegetable preparations are here placed first. Tincture and Infusion of Red Cabbage. Digest red cabbage with rectified spirit in a warm place for a few days; strain, distil off most of the spirit, and evaporate what remains to the consistence of syrup. It will keep for years. When required for use, dilute it with a little water; or the concentrated infusion directed above for the paper may have a little spirit added to it. If the cabbage leaves be well dried, they may be kept in a close vessel for use, and a strong infusion wade when wanted. 438 TBADE CHEMICALS Acid Infusion of Red Cabbage. Faraday directs one or more red cabbages to be cut up in strips, and boil- ing water poured on them, and a little dilute sulphuric acid (equal to | oz. of oil of vitriol to a large cabbage) to be added, and the whole kept hot for an hour or two in a copper or earthen vessel. It is then strained, the cabbage infused in a little more water and acid, and the mixed infusion evaporated to one third its first bulk, allowed to settle, and put into bottles. When required for use, the acid is neutralized by caustic potash or soda. Another plan is to dry the leaves at 120° F.; and when required for use to make a strong infusion, adding a drop of sulphuric acid, to neutralize the strained infusion with marhle, filter, and add a little spirit, if required to be kept. Infusion or Tincture of Litmus. This is made as di- rected above for litmus paper. Or an ounce of powdered litmus may be triturated with 6 oz. of boiling water, di- gested near the fire for an hour, and mixed, when cool, with 2 oz. of spirit. Or digest 1 oz. of powdered litmus in a pint of proof spirit for 7 days. If required red, a few drops of acetic acid are added to either of these. The next day decant the clear liquor. Dr Pereira directs 1 part of litmus to 25 of water. When made very strong, it must be diluted when used. Tincture of Galls, Infusion of Galls, Santoninas . . . 3 0-5 12 34 APPENDIX 473 Table of the Solubility oe Chemicals, etc.—continued. Chemicals. Water. Alcohol, sp. gr. 0 820. At 59°Far. 15° Centg. Boiling. At 59°Far. 15° Centg. Boiling. One Part is soluble in: Parts. Parts. Parts. Parts. Sodii Sulphas . . . . 2-8 0-4 ins. ins. „ Sulphis . . . . 4 0-9 sp. sp. „ Sulphocarbolas 5 0-7 132 10 Strychnina 6700 2500 110 12 Strychnine Sulphas. . 10 2 60 2 Sulphur Lotum . . . ins. ins. ins. ins. „ Precipitatum . ins. ins. ins. ins. „ Sublimatum . ins. ins. ins. ins. Thymol 1200 900 i v.s. Yeratrina v. sp. v. sp. 3 v.s. Zinci Acetas .... 3 1-5 30 3 „ Bromidum . . . v.s. v.s. v.s. V. s. „ Carbonas Precipi- tatus .... ins. ins. ins. ins. ,, Chloridum . . . V.S. v.s. v.s. v.s. „ Iodidum.... v.s. v.s. v.s. v.s. „ Oxidum .... ins. ins. ins. ins. „ Phosphidum . . ins. ins. ins. ins. „ Sulphas . . . . 0-6 0-3 ins. ins. „ Yalerianas . . . 100 40 474 APPENDIX Composition, Equivalent Numbers, and Formulce of some of the more important Compounds employed in Pharmacy and the Arts. [Fractions are omitted.] Old System. Formula;. Equiv C6H602 58 New System. Formulae. Equiv. C3 H6 0 58 Acid, Acetic (anhy- drous) C4 H4 04 (or A) 60 As 03 99 C2 i/4 02 60 AsO 115 As, O '. 230 — Benzoic — Boracic (anhy- Curi503 HO 122 B 03 35 iic7h3o2 122 b2 o, 70 Crys — Carbolic B 0., 3HO 62 HO, C,, H, 0 94 IIB'02,H20 62 HC6I150 94 CO, 22 C 02 44 Cr U3 51 Cr 03 101 — Citric (anhydrous) (crystals) — Gallic — Hydrochloric — Hydrocyanic — Hydrosulphuric... — Iodic (anhydride) C„ Hs On 165 C 2HO 183 3 HO, Cu H, 07 + 2 HO 160 H Cl 37 C.NH (or H Cy) ... 27 HS 17 I 05 167 C6 H6 06 90 C6Bs On 192 H3 C6 Hs 07, H2 0... 210 B3 Cn H3 05, H2 0... 188 H Cl 37 HCy 27 H2S 34 I2 05 334 HC, IL,03 90 NO, 54 N2 05.v 108 sp. gr. 1-5 — Oxalic (anhydrous) Crys — Phosphoric (anhy- N05, HO 63 C406 (or 0) 72 C4 06, 4H0 108 P 05 71 HN 03 63 H2C2Ox 92 H2 C20t,2H20 126 P„ 0, 142 C14 1I606 138 RCn H3 03 138 — Sulphuric (anhy- S03 40 S03 80 hydrated — Tartaric, Crys S03, HO 49 C8 H4 010 2HO 150 C4 Hf) 02 46 H2 SOi 98 H2 C4 ff4 06 150 C,HeO.. ... 46 Cl H12 0 88 Al203 52 AL 61 ... 103 Alum Aloin Ar2,0“3, 3(SO,);KO, S03 + 24 HO 474 C32 Hlg 0]4 322 K, Jl (504)2 12 H02 474 CuHiS07 322 NH4 18 18 NH2 16 NH„ 16 Ammonia — Hydrochlorate* nh3 17! NH3, II Cl 54 HH3 17 54 * Ammonium Chloride. APPENDIX 475 Old System. New System. Formulae. Equiv. Formula;. Equiv. Ammonia Sulphate, NIL,, SO,, HO 66 {NEX S0< 132 2NH, 0, 3C02 118 236 Cln lf„ 0, NO, 117 117 Antimony, Teroxide . Sb 0, 146 292 Sb S3 170 Sb2S3 340 — Potassio-tartrate. KO, ”sb 0,, T, 2 HO 343 K~Sb,C^Ht 07, E20... 343 Apomorphine Hydro- chlorate Cu H,7 N04, HC1 ... 303 6']7 AO21 MCI... 303 289 289 BaO 77 153 99 197 117 Ba SO 4 233 B arium, Chloride ... Ba Cl 104 Ba Cl2 208 Bismuth, Oxide Bi 0, 234 Bi2 03 468 Bi 0, N05,2 HO 306 Bi. NO.. 0 306 Borax Na bi 2 B0„ 10 HO 191 Na, 0,2 0,, 10 E, 0 382 Caffeine H10 -N ••• 212 #10 #4 #2 212 Calcium, Chloride ... Ca Cl 55 Ca Cl2 111 cry3 Ca Cl, 6 HO 110 Ca Cl2, 6 E20 219 — Oxide (Lime) CaO'. 28 Ca 0 56 Cerium, Oxalate 2 Ce 0, C406+6 HO 234 Ce C, 04, 3 TLj 0 234 Chloral, Hydrate C4 H Cl3 02, 2 HO... 166 C, H CUO, H20 166 C2 II Cl, 120 CECl3 120 Con Hio'NO 154 Cn E,3 N2 0 308 Cocaine Hydrochlor- C,,H2l N0,HC1 339 c]7 irnN0it na ... 339 Cu 0 41 82 Cu2 0 72 Cu20 144 — Sulphate (anhyd.) Cu 0, SO, 80 Cu SO. 160 CuO, SO,, 5 HO 125 Cu SOt, 5 ll2 0 249 CuO, Nb5 94 Cu (N03\ 188 — Acetate, crys Cuo’X, HO 100 Cu, 2 C2 ff, 02, E, 0.. 200 C, N (or Cy) 26 CN {or Cy) 26 c, H50 37 C4Hjo 0 74 c,h5o, c, h3o3... 88 88 C.H, 29 29 C. H'g 06 92 C3 J3g o3 92 Iron, Protoxide Fe 0 36 FeO“....” 72 — Black Oxide Fe3 04 116 232 80 160 Fe Cl‘. 64 128 163 326 155 310 — Sulphate (anhyd.) Fe 0, SO, 76 FeSO,. 152 Fe 0, S03, 7 HO 139 Fe SO.. 7 E, 0 278 Lead, Acetate, crys. Pb 0, A, 3 HO 190 Pb, (C, H, 02)2,3 H20 379 Pb 0 112 Pb 0 223 Pb I 231 Pb I, 461 Pb Cl 139 Pb Cl2 278 Pb 0 SO, 152 Pb SO4 303 — A it rate, crys Pb 0, N05 166 Pb (N03)2 331 Lime, Carbonate CaO, CO, 50 Ca C03 100 476 APPENDIX Lime, Hydrate Old System. Formula;. Equiv. Ca 0, HO 37 New System. Formulae. Equiv. CaH202 74 — Hypo’phosphite ... Ca 0, PO, 2 HO 85 Ca 0, SO* 68 Ca 2 PH2 02 170 CaS04 136 — Phosphate (bone- earth) 3 Ca 0, P05 155 Ca3 (POX 310 Lithia, Carbonate ... Magnesia LO, C02 37 Mg 0 20 XC03 74 Mg 0 40 — Carbonate — Sulphate (anhyd.) crys Manganese, Binoxide (Mg 0, C02)3; MgO; 5 HO 191 Mg 0, S03 60 Mg 0, S0s, 7 HO ... 123 Mn 0, 44 Mn Cl 63 (MgCOXMgO, 5H20 382 Mg SO. 120 Mg SO., T H20 246 MnCl, . . 126 — Sulphate Mn 0, S03 76 Mn S04 151 Mannite C6 H7 06 91 CeHnOc 182 Mercury, Ammoni- ated NH2 11 g2 Cl 251 NH„UaCl 77.. 251 — Chloride (Sub- chloride, B.) — Bichloride (Per- chloride, B.) — Protoxide (subox- ide) Hg2 Cl 236 Hg Cla 171 Hg 0 108 Hg Cl 236 Hg Cl% 271 ffa70 416 — Binoxide (red ox- ide) Hg 0 216 Ha 0 216 — Iodide Hg21 327 Hg 1 327 — Biniodide Hg 1 227 — Sulphate Hg 02, 2 S03 196 H"a S~Ol 296 — Bisulpliuret* Morphia HgS, 132 285 Hg S.'. 232 Cr, 7/j., 285 — Acetate, crys — Hydrochlorate, < crys i C34H,9N0(.,'a, HO 845 £*19 H Cl, 6 HO 375 C17 H19’n03, C2 IT. 0, 345 C17 l\Vi N03, H Cl, 3 H20 375 Physostigmine Platinum, chloride... — Ammonio-chloride Potash (anhyd.) — Hydrate C3„ H21 N3 0, 275 PtCl, 170 PtCl2, NH3, HC1... 223 KO 47 KO, HO 66 ClsHnN3 0% 275 Pt Cl. 339 (.H4NCl)2, PtCl4 ... 446 K2Ol 94 KHO 56 — Acetate KO, A 98 KC2 H3 02 98 KO, C02 69 R2CO;..:. 138 — Bicarbonate, crys. KO, 2 C02, HO 100 KO, CIO,;' 123 KH CO3 100 K Cl 0, 123 — Chromate — Bichromate KO, Cr 03 98 KO, 2 Cr 03 148 KO, NO, 101 K2 Cr 04 195 K2 0 (Cr OX 295 KN03 101 KO, SO, 87 A', SO. 174 Potash", Bisulph.,crys. Potash, Tartrate — Bitartrate — Permanganate ... Potassium, bromide. — Chloride KO, HO, 2 S03 136 2K0, T 226 KO, T, HO 188 KO, Mn2 07 158 K Br 119 K Cl 75 KHS04 136 K2CiHi06 226 KHC4H40& 188 KMn04 158 KBr 119 KCl 75 * Mercuric Sulphide. APPENDIX 477 Potassium Iodide ... Old System. Formulae. Equiv. K I 166 C20 H1S N02 162 New System. Formulae. Equiv. KI 166 C20H2.N202 324 — Sulphate, crys — Neutral sulphate. 2 (C<20 Hj2 NO2), SO3, 7 HO 436 SO3, 8 HO 274 (6’2o Sj4 -®2 SO*, 7 SoO 872 C$Q ■®8 SO* 7 H20 548 C15 ff,8 03 246 AgO 116 Ag20 232 Agl 235 Ag Cy 134 Ag 0, N05 170 Ag NOa 170 NaO' 31 Na2 0 62 — Carbonate (exsic- Na 0, C02 53 Na, CO„ 106 — Carbonate, crys... — Bicarbonate — Sulphate (anhyd.) crys — Phosphate — tartarated crys.... — Salicylate Sodium, chloride ... NaO, C02,10 HO ... 143 NaO,2 C02, HO 84 NaO, S03 71 NaO, S03,10 HO ... 161 2 Na 0, P05, 25 HO . 358 NaO,KO, T, 8H0 282 (NaCuH503)2(H0)a 338 NaCl 59 Na, C06,10 II2 0 ... 286 NaHC03 84 Na2SOi 142 Na2SOv 10 H2 0 ... 322 Na2ZrP04,12H20.358 NaKC.Hi06AH20 282 (Na C1II5 03)2 H2 0 338 NaCl 59 C6 Hw Os 162 Strychnia C42H22 04 N2 334 C,, H„ 0ln 171 @2 334 C'll22 0u 342 Sugar of Milk C12 1I12 0,i HO 180 C™ H,, Oo 150 Cl2 I122 0uH20 360 c) 0IIi 3H>U . . 150 HO 9 Zn 0 41 Zn 0 81 Z110, C02 63 ZnC03 125 Sulphate Chloride Zn 0, S03,7 HO 144 Zn Cl 68 ZnS0i,lH20 287 Zn Cl2 136 478 ■Atendix Table of the Neutralizing Proportions of some of the Acids and Alkaline Carbonates. The best commercial prepara- tions are intended. Citric Acid require . Lemon Juice „ Tartaric Acid „ Vinegar (containing 4*5 parts of abso- lute acid) require . 100 parts of. CD Ox CD • 00 05 fc£>. CO Carbonate of Ammonia. 05 co o^a A 05 cn Carbonate of Magnesia. It must be borne in mind that lemon juice varies in strength. The above quantities are sufficient when it con- tains from 7 to 7‘5 per cent, of citric acid. APPENDIX Specific Gravities corresponding to Degrees of Baume’s Hydrometer for Liquids heavier than Water (Poggiale). Degrees. Specific Gravity. Degress. Specific Gravity. Degrees. Specific Gravity. Degrees. Specific Gravity. 0 1-000 19 1-152 38 1-357 57 1-652 1 1-007 20 1-161 39 1-370 58 1-671 2 1-014 21 1-171 40 1-383 59 1-691 3 1-022 22 1-180 41 1-397 60 1-711 4 1-029 23 1-190 42 1-410 61 1-732 5 1-036 24 1-199 43 1-424 62 1-753 6 1-044 25 1-210 44 1-438 63 1-774 7 1-052 26 1-221 45 1-453 64 1-796 8 1-060 27 1-231 46 1-468 65 1-819 9 1-067 28 1-242 47 1-483 66 1-846 10 1075 29 1-253 48 1-498 67 1-872 11 1-083 30 1-264 49 1-514 68 1-897 12 1-091 31 1-275 50 1-530 69 1-921 13 1-100 32 1-286 51 1-546 70 1-946 14 1-108 33 1-297 52 1-563 71 1-974 15 1-116 34 1-309 63 1-580 72 2-000 16 1-125 35 1-320 54 1-597 73 2-031 17 1-134 36 1-332 55 1-615 74 2-059 18 1-143 37 1-345 56 1-634 480 APPENDIX Specific Gravities corresponding to Degrees of Batthe’s Hydrometer for Liquids lighter than Water (Feanccette). Degrees. Specific Gravity. Degrees. Specific Gravity. Degrees. Specific Gravity. Degrees. Specific Gravity. 10 1-000 23 0-918 36 0-849 49 0-789 11 0-993 24 0-913 37 0-844 50 0-785 12 0-986 25 0-907 38 0-839 51 0-781 13 0-980 26 0-901 39 0-834 52 0-777 14 0973 27 0-896 40 0-830 53 0-773 15 0-967 28 0-890 41 0-825 54 0-768 16 0-960 29 0-885 42 0-820 55 0-764 17 0-954 30 0-880 43 0-816 56 0-760 18 0-948 31 0-874 44 0-811 57 0-757 19 0-942 32 0-869 45 0-807 58 0-753 20 0-936 33 0-864 46 0-802 59 0-749 21 0-930 34 0-859 47 0-798 60 0-745 22 0-924 35 0-854 48 0-794 The temperature at which these instruments were origin- ally adjusted hy Baume was 12,5° Cent. (54*5° Fahr.) They are now commonly adjusted in this country at 58° or 60° Pahr. The degrees of Twaddle’s hydrometer may he converted into the corresponding specific gravities hy multiplying them by 5 and adding 1000. INDEX * TO THE VETERINARY FORMULARY See also pages 489 to 507 [The Veterinary Matebia Medica being alphabetically arranged, it is not considered necessary to include the Drugs, whose uses and doses are there stated, in this Index. Abbreviations employed in this list:—c, Cattle; s, Sheep; d, Dogs; sw, Swine. The Horse Medicines have no mark of distinction.] PAGE Absorbent Powders . . 62 Administration of balls . . 43 /Egyptiacum . . 94 Aloes, solution of . . 77 balls . . .54 Alteratives . . 3, 44 Alterative balls . 44, 45 drenches . . sw. 141 powders . . 62 Alum, solution of . . 93 mouth-wash . . 89 collyrium . . . 92 whey . . . 119 Anodyne ball . . . 58 drench . . .76 fomentation. . . 91 poultice . • 95 tincture . . . 77 Antimonial balls . 44,47, 50 Antiseptic drench . .76 Antispasmodic balls . . 58 drenches . 67, c. 113 Appetite, balls for . . 59 Apoplexy . . 134 Aromatic powder . . 61 Arsenical powder . . 64 balls . . .52 Astringent balls , 45, d. 144 drenches . c. 116 electuaries . . . 61 glyster . . .79 lotions . 87,89, d. 151 paste . . . 105 powders . 107, c. 130, s. 137 caustics . s. 139 PAGE Balls, for horses . 43—64 for dogs , 143—150 alterative . 44, d. 144 alt. tonic . . 57 anodyne . . . 58 antimonial . 44,47 antispasmodic . . 58 for appetite . . 58 astringent . 45, d. 144 bronchitis . . 47 chewing . . . 59 common mass for . 44 cordial . . . 48 cough . . 46, d. 144 diuretic . . . 49 diaphoretic . . 58 for distemper d. 145,146 farcy . : .51 fever . • 50 for fits . . d. 146 glanders . . . 51 grease . . 63, 59 hydrophobia 58, d. 150 infiam. of lungs . . 47 inflammatory disorders d. 143 iodine . • .58 for jaundice . 53, d. 149 laxative • • 55 Leicester red . . 58 masticatories . 59, 120 mere, alterative . . 45 mixed . . .48 miscellaneous . . 58 mode of administering . 43 nauseating". . . 55 482 INDEX PAGE Balls, parturifacient d. 150 physic or purging 53, d. 143 poultry . . . 155 sedative . . . 59 stomachic . . 55 tonic, mineral . . 56 tonic, vegetable . . 56 tonic, diuretic . . 50 St. Vitus’s dance d. 149 worm ., 57, d. 148,149 zinc and valerian . . 59 for yellows . . .53 Barley wrater . . 65 Basilicon . . 98 Bites of vipers . c. 119, s. 134 Black oils . . . 84 Blain in the mouth . c. 126 Blanche w ater . . . 65 Bleeding, 8; to stop . . 130 Blistering . . . 97 Blistering liniments . . 80 ointments . 96, c. 128 Blown or blast . c 113, s. 133 Bran mash . . . 66 Braxy . . . 134 Bog spavin . . . 82 Bronchitis, balls for . . 47 Bruises, lotions for . c. 125 Calves, medicines for . 123 calving, drench after . . 112 cordial, &c. . . 123 Canker liniment. . . 83 Canquoiu’s caustic . . 91 Cantliarides ball. . . 52 drench . . .74 liniments . . . 81 oil of . . 81,83 ointments . . 96, 97 tincture compound . 94 Carminative drenches 67, c. 119, siv. 141 glyster . . . 79 tincture . . 77 Catarrh, drenches for 69, 70, 71 Cataplasms, see Poultices. Catechu lotion, 89; tincture . 94 Cattle medicines, various 109—130 drenches . 109—119 powders . . . 119 outward applications 125—130 plague, medicines for . . 121 Caustics,Canquoiu’s and Fillio’s 91 Caustic, Duville’s . . 139 for farcy buds and poll evil. 90 PAGE Caustic for foot-root t. 139 liquid, 89—91, c. 128; solid 91 Charcoal poultice . . 95 Charges . . 106, c. 130 Chewing balls . * .59 Chloride of lime lotion . 89 poultice . . . 96 Citrine ointment . . 103 Clark’s physic balls . . 54 conglutinum , . 88 embrocation . . 86 lotion . . .86 pulvis utilis . . . 61 Cleansing drench . c. 112 Clysters, see Glysters. Colchicum drench . . 72 Colic in dogs . . 146 Colic drenches . . . 68 tincture . . 77 Collyria 92, c. 126, 136, d. 152 Common ball-mass . . 44 poultice . . . 94 Composition for sand-cracks . 106 Condition powders . . 63 Confections, see Electuaries. Conglutinum . . 88,93 Convulsions . d. 146, ducks 157 Cooling drinks . . . 66 Copper, sulphate solution . 93 Cordial balls . . . 48 diuretic balls . 49, 50 drenches . 69, c. 113 calves’ . . .123 pon ders . , c. 120 electuaries . . 60 Cough balls . 46, d. 144 electuaries . . 60 Cow spice . . . 120 Cow-pock, lotion for . . 125 Cracked heels, ointment, . 99,100 Creasote ointment . . 103 liniment . . .83 Cropsick poultry . . 156 Croton ball . . .61 drenches . 16, c. 110 electuary . . 61 liniment, c. 127; tincture . 77 Darby’s oils . . 84 Decoction of linseed (compound) 66 Demulcent drinks . . 65 electuary . . , 60 Deohstruent drenches . 74 Detergent liniments . . 83 lotions . . .88 ointments . . . 98 INDEX 483 PAGE Detergent powders . . 107 Diabetes, drench for . . 67 Diapente . . .63 Diaphoretic ball . . . 58 Diaphoretic powders . .62 Diarrhoea, balls (astringent) for 45, 46, d. 144 drenches 66, c. 116, s. 132,134 Digestive ointment . 98, c. 129 Distemper . . . 118 Diuretic balls . . . 49 cordial balls . . 49 drenches . . 71, c. 119 drink . . .66 electuary . . 60,61 powders . . 62 Divine stone . . . 93 Dogs, medicines for . . 143 alterative balls, &c. . .144 canker in ear . . 151 clysters . . .154 distemper . 145—146 dropsy . . . 150 emetic powders . .147 enlarged glands . . 150 epilepsy, or fits . 146,147 eye-water . . . 152 hydrophobia . . 150 inflammatory disorders . 147 lotions, various . 151—154 mange, washes, &c. . . 152 ointments . . 152 piles . . .153 purging balls . . 143 rheumatism. . . 148 scirrhous tumours . 153 St Vitus’s dance . . 149 tonic . . . 148 worms . 148,149 yellows . . . 149 Drenches 65—76, c. 109—119 alum . . c. 124 anodyne . . . 76 antiseptic . . 76 antispasmodic . 67,113 astringent . 66, c. 116 for bites of vipers . . 119 blown or hoven . c. 113, s. 133 bloody urine . c. 114 bulling . . . 119 for calves, various . . 123 after calving . .112 carminative . 67, c. 119, sw, 141 for catarrh 69, 70, 71, c. 116 for cleansing . . 112 colic . . .68 PAGE Drenches, cough . . 70, c. 116 cordial . . 69, c. 113 cow-pox . . s. 133 demulcent . 69—71 deobstruent. . .74 for diabetes . . 66 for diarrhoea 66, c. 116, s. 132,134 for diarrhoea in lambs . 132 diuretic . 71, c. 119 dropsy . . .71 drying . . c. 119 for dysentery . 66, s. 134 emollient . . . 69 for enteritis . . 67 for epidemics c. 117, s.133 expectorant . c. 116 farcy . . . 72 fever . 72, c. 110, s. 132 glanders . . . 72 hoose, in calves . . 124 hoven . . c. 113 inflammation of liver c. Ill influenza . 72, s. 133,135 iodine . . .76 laxative . 72, c. 109 locked jaw . c. 110,113 murrain . . c. 118 parturifacient . 76, s. 134 peetoral . 69, c. 116 for poisoning by yew . . 76 purging . 73, c. 109, s. 131 putrid fever . . 75 for rabies . . . 76 for red water . c. 115, s. 182 rheumatism . . c. 113 stomach staggers . . 73 strangury . . c. 112 tonic . . 74, s. 132 tonic febrifuge . c. Ill worm . .75, calves 124 yellow, or jaundice . c. Ill Driffield oils . c. 127 Drying drench . . c. 119 Dysentery . . .67 Ear, canker of . . d. 151 sore . • sw. 142 Eggs, to promote laying . . 157 Electuaries . • 60, 61 Electuary, cough and laxative, 60, 61 cordial . . .60 demulcent and pectoral . 60 diaphoretic . . 61 diuretic . . 61 opiate . . .60 484 INDEX PAGE Electuary, purgative . . 61 tonic and astringent . 61 Embrocations . 85, c. 127 Clark’s . . .86 Embrocatio frigorifera . . 86 excitans . .86 Embrocation, cooling . . 86 Embrocation croton . c. 127 for garget . . c. 127 mustard . . 85 for saddle-galls . . 85 strains . . .85 Emetics for dogs . . 147 Emulsions . . 69, 70 Enteritis, drench for . . 67 Epidemic, affecting mouth and feet . c. 117, 5. 133 malignant . . 75 pleuro-pneumonia . c. 120 Epilepsy in dogs . . 146 Euphorbium ointment . . 99 tincture of . .94 Expectorant balls . 46, 59 External applications, see Lo- tions, Liniments, Oint- ments, &c. Eye-waters . 92, c. 126, s. 136 ointments . 99, d. 152 powders . s. 137 Farcy balls . . . 51 caustic for . . 90 drenches . . . 72 lotions . . 87, 89 ointment . . . 101 Fattening powder c. 124, sw. 142 Febrifuge tonic drench . c. Ill Feet, stopping for . . 105 Fever balls . . . 50 drenches 72, c. 110, s. 132 powders . . . 63 medicines for swine . . 141 Fleas . . d. 154 Fly.powder . . s. 137 Flux, see Diarrhoea. Fomentations . . . 91 Foot-and-mouth disease . 117 Foot-rot . . s. 139 Formula', veterinary . 43—157 Foul in foot . c. 125,130 Foxglove tincture . . 77 Garget ointment . c. 129 liniment . c. 127 Giddiness . 73, poultry 157 PAGE Glanders, balls for . . 51 drenches . . . 72 poultry. . . 155 Glysters . . c. 120 anodyne . . 78 astringent . . 79 carminative and stimulant. 79 cooling , . . 79 diuretic . .79 dogs . . . 154 emollient . . 78 for gripes . . . 79 irritable bladder . . 79 laxative . 78, c. 120 nourishing . . 80 purgative . . . 78 uterine . . .79 worm . . . 79 Goulard liniment . . 83 ointment . ' . .99 poultice. . .95 water . . 86,93 Grease, balls for . 53, 59 lotions . . . 87 ointments . . 99 poultice . . . 96 Gripe tincture . . 77 drenches . . . 67 Gripes powders . . 64 Gruel . . . . 65 Hair, to restore . . 100 Healing ointment c. 129, d. 153 Heels, scurfy and cracked . 99 greasy . 53, 87, 99, 100 Hellebore ointment . . 101 Hepatitis, balls for . . 53 Hind’s sweating balls . . 59 Hoof ointment . . 101,106 Hoose . c. 116, calves 124 Horse spice . . 61 medicines . 1—108 Hoven, drench for c. 113, s. 133 Hydrophobia, remedies for 58, 76 Inflammation of lungs 47, s. 135 liver . . c. Ill Inflammatory disorders 47, c. 124, s. 135, d. 147, sw. 142 Influenza . c. 110, s. 133—135 Infusion of foxglove . . 77 Iodine balls, 58; drench . 76 liniment . . 84 ointment . 101, c. 129 tincture . . . 77 INDEX 485 PAGE Iodide of mercury ointment . 101 Itching, to allay . . d. 151 Jaundice, balls for . 53, d. 149 Joint wounds . . c. 129 Knees, broken . . 105 Lambs, medicines for . 131—140 cordial . . . 133 Lapis divinus . 93 Lapis mirabilis . . . 93 Laxative balls . . 55 and purgative drenches c. 72, 109,112 clysters . 78, c. 120 electuaries . 60, 61 Leicester red balls . see 58 Lice, ointment for 101, c. 128 liniment for . . 82 lotions . . c. 126 Liniments, various . 80—85 Liniments of ammonia . . 84 anodyne . .84 for sore backs . . 82 blistering . . 80 creosote . . . 83 detergent . . 83 Goulard . . . 83 for grease . . 83 iodine . . . 84 for itching humours . 82 lime-water . . . 84 mange . . 82, c. 127 marshmallow, narcotic, &c. 83, 84 saturnine . . 83 for sore throats . c. 127 stimulating . 81,82 suppling . . . 106 sulphate of copper . 94 sweating . . . 80 turpentine . . 82 verdigris . . . 94 Linseed mash . . 66 tea . . . . 65 Liquid blister . . 80 caustics . . 89—91 snuff . . c. 128 Lockjaw, drench for . c. 110,113 Lotions, various 86—89, c. 125, 126, d. 151 Lotion, astringent . 87, d. 151 black . . 88 for blain in mouth c. 126 bruises . c. 125, d. 154 PAGE Lotions for bull-burnt c. 126 for canker . . c. 126 catechu. . .89 chloride of lime . . 89 Clark’s . . .86 for cow-pox . . c. 126 detergent . . 88 discutient . 86, c. 125 farcy . . .89 foul in foot . . c. 126 mange . 88, c. 126, d. 152 mercurial. . . 88 for the mouth . 89, c. 126 nitric acid . . . 88 refrigerant . . 86 lor strains 87, c. 125, d. 154 styptic . . . 89 for vermin . 89, 126 wounds c. 126, d. 154, poultry 157 yellow . . . 88 Louse-water . . 89 Low, ointment for . c. 130 Lungs, inflammation of . 47 Madness, canine . . 150 Materia medica _ . 1—42 Malignant epidemics . .75 Mallenders . . . 102 Malt mash . . . 66 Mange, lotions for, 88, c. 126, d. 152 liniments and oils for 82, c. 127 ointments 101, c. 128, sw. 142 Marshall’s oils . . 84 Marshmallow ointment . . 102 liniment . . 83 M ashes, bran . . . 66 linseed . . .66 malt . . .66 Masticatories . 59, c. 120 Meadow sickness . s. 133 Medicated provender . . 64 Medicine for horses . 1—108 cattle . • 109—130 for cattle plague . 121—123 sheep . • 131—140 swine . . 141—142 dogs . . 143—154 poultry, &c. . .155—157 Mercury, perchloride solution . 93 Mercurial balls . 45, 51 alterative . . . 44 lotion . . .88 ointment . 103, d. 153 Mild drinks . . 65 caustics . . . 90 486 TNDEX PAGE Mineral tonics . . 56 Miscellaneous balls . 58, 59 Mixed balls . . .48 Mixture, smearing . s. 137 Moulting . .. . 157 Murrain drinks . . c. 118 lotion . . . 118 Mustard embrocation 85, c. 127 poultice. . .96 Myrrh and aloes tincture . 77 Nauseating balls . . 55 Newmarket oils . . . 85 Nine oils . . .85 Nitre balls . . . 49 powder. . 62,63 Oils, various . . 83,85 black . . .84 Darby’s . . . 84 egg . . 84 for mange . . 82,84 Marshall’s nine, Radley’s . 84 Stamford’s, Lord . . 85 Ward’s . . .84 white . . . 84 Ointments . 96—106, c. 128—130 Ointment for blemished knees . 100 blistering . 96, c. 128 for canker . . . 104 citrine and creasote . 103 detergent . . . 98 digestive . 98,129 eye . . . 99 euphorbium . . 99 farcy . . 101,105 foot . . . 129 grease . . . 99 healing. . e. 129, d. 153 hellebore . . . 101 hoof . . 101, 106 iodine . 101, c. 129 for mallenders . . 102 mange 101, c. 128, sw. 142 marshmallow . . 102 mercurial . 103, s. 142 nitrate of silver . . 153 scab or shab . s. 137 simple . . .96 for sore backs . . 104 for sore teats . sw. 142 for sitfasts . . . 104 spavins . . . 104 sulphuric acid . .104 tar . . 104 for thrush . . . 104 PAGE Ointment, verdigris . 98,105 for vives . . . 105 warts . . . 105 Opiate electuary . . . 60 Parturition, to promote, 76, <1.150 Paste, astringent . . 105 for broken knees . . 105 styptic . . . 130 Pectoral electuary . . 60 balls . . 46, 47 drenches . 69, c. 116 powder . . . 64 Physic balls . . .53 Pneumonia, epizootic . c. 120 Poisoning by yew . . 76 Pot belly . . . 157 Poultices, common . . 94 anodyne . . . 95 charcoal . . 95 chlorine, cleansing, drawing 95. 96 Goulard , . . 95 for grease . . 96 mustard, rubefacient . . 96 resolvent . . 95 yeast . . . 95 Poultry, medicines for 155—157 Powders, absorbent . . 62 alterative 62, c. 119, d. 144 aromatic . . . 61 arsenical . . 64 bitter . . . 64 condition . . 63 escharotic . . 107 fever . 63, c. 120 farcy . . .63 fly in sheep . . . 137 tor grease . . 62 for gripes . . . 64 pectoral . , 64 purgative . . . 64 for outward use . . 107 astringent . . . 107 diaphoretic . . 62 detergent . . . 107 diuretic. . .62' styptic . . . 108 sneezing . . 108 veterinary . . . 61 worms . . .64 Provender, medicated . . 64 Purging balls . 53, d. 143 drenches 72, 73, c. 109, s. 131 electuaries . . 61 INDEX 487 page Purgatives for swine . . 141 sheep . . . 131 dogs . . . 143 for poultry . .156 Purgative powders . . 64 Putrid fever, drenches for . 75 Rabies, drench for . . 76 Rabbits, medicines for 155, 157 Radley’s oils . . . 85 Red water drench . c. 115, s. 132 Resolvent ointment . . 103 Rheumatic drench . c. 113 Rinderpest, treatment of 121—123 Roaring, ball for . . 58 Rot, foot . . 134, 135 in rabbits . .157 in sheep . . 134, 135 Roup, poultry . . 155 Saddle galls . . 85,104 Sallender’s ointment . 102 Sandcrack, composition for . 106 Sedative balls . . 59 Setons . . 35, c. 130 Sheep and lambs,medicines, 131—140 drench for apoplexy . . 134 braxy . . . 134 diarrhoea . , . 134 purging . . 131 for red-water . . 132 epidemic distemper . 133 sturdy . . . 134 skit . . .133 ointment for scab . . 137 wounds and sore heads . 139 caustic . . . 189 Sitfasts, ointment for . . 104 Sneezing powder . . 108 liquid . . . 128 Solutions, various . 77,78 Sore backs, ointment'. . 104 Softening ointment . . 103 Spavins, ointment for . . 104 Spice, cow . . . 1-20 horse . . .61 Stamford’s oils . . . 85 Staggers, stomach . . 73 Stimulating drench . . 69 Stomachic balls . . 56 Stone, styptic . . 93,108 wounds . . 93 mirabilis . . . 93 divine . . .93 Strains, lotions for, 87, c. 125, d. 154 Strangury, drench for. c. 112 PAGE Sturdy, drink for . . 134 Styptic stone . 93,108 powder . . . 108 paste . . c. 130 Sulphurie acid ointment . . 104 caustic . . .91 Sulphate of copper liniment . 94 balls, see Farcy balls. Sweating oils . . 80 Tar ointment . . . 104 Thriving powder c. 124, sw. 142 Thrush, ointment for . .104 Tincture of aloes and myrrh . 77 anodyne, carminative . 77 of cantliarides . . 94 colic . . . 77 of croton . . 77 euphorbium. . . 94 alkaline . . 94 foxglove . . . 77 gripe . . .77 of iodine . . . 77 compound . . 77 myrrh . , . 7/ opium, ethereal . . 77 of pimento . . . 77 styptic . . .94 Tonic balls . . . 56 drenches 74, c. Ill, s. 132 electuary . .61 Tumours, ointment for, c. 130, d. 153 Turpentine liniment . . 82 ointment . . 105 Ulcers, lotions for . . 88 ointments . 98, c. 129 Veterinary Materia Medica, 1—42 formulae . 43—157 powders . . 61—64 Verdigris ointment . 98, 105 liniment . . . 94 Vermin, to destroy 89, c 126, s. 136, d. 154, poultry 157 Viper, bites of . c. 119, s. 134 Vitus’s (St) dance . d. 149 Ward’s white oils . , g4 Warts, ointment tor . ’ 405 caustic for . . d. 154 Washes . . 86—89 black and yellow . . 8g for scab, &c. . s 430 for maggots. . s, 13c 488 INDEX PAGE Washes, mercurial . .88 various, see Lotions. Waters, eye, see Collyria. White’s solution of potash . 124 White egg oils . • 84 Wind galls . . . 104 Worms, balls for 58, d. 148,149 Worm drenches . 75, calves 124 Worm powders . • 64 PAGE Wounds, applications to 107,108, c. 129, s. 139./). 157 &c., see Ointments and Lotions. Yellows, or jaundice, c. Ill, d. 149 Yew, poisoning by . . 76 Zinc and valerian balls . 59 sulphate solution . . 93 INDEX Observe : For Medicines for Horses, Cattle, Sfc., see the Vbtekinaby Index, pages 481 to 488. PAGE Abernethy’s Pills . .158 Abcrnethy Biscuits . . 284 Acetate of alumina . . 298 iron . . . 298 lime . . . 299 of amylene . . . 344 soda . . . 299 Acetic acid . . . 299 perfumes . 220, 221 fumigation . . . 354 Acetimetry . . . 299 Acid, acetic . . . 299 boracic . . . 300 carbolic . . . 300 carbonic . .358 chromic . . . 300 cinnamic . . 300 fluoric . . . 300 liippuric . . 300 hydrochloric. . . 301 iodic . . . 301 nitric . . . 301 nitro-hydrochloric . 301 oxalic . . . 301 phosphoric . . 302 picric . . . 302 pyrogallic . . 302 salicylic . . . 302 sulphuric . . 302 Bulpliuric, dry . . 302 sulphurous . . 303 tannic . . . 303 Acidimetry . . 304 Acids for galvanic batteries . 303 Acids and alkaline carbonates, table of the neutralising pro- portions of some . . 478 Acidulated kali . 270, 304 effervescing powders . 271 lemonade . . . 268 lemonade powder. 269, 270 syrup of raspberries . .272 syrup of strawberries . 273 SAGE Acton’s solution for baldness . 239 /Egyptiacum . . . 94 Aerated chalybeate . . 204 lemonade . . 269 lemonade powders . 269 orangeade . . . 270 orangeade powder . 270 sherbet . . . 270 sherbet powder . . 271 waters . . . 198 waters, chalybeate . 204 litliia water . . 199 magnesia water . . 198 saline waters . . 199 Ague drops . . .158 Aix-la-Chapelle water . 203 Albespeyres paper . . 189 Albumiuous size . . 304 Alcohol. . . . 304 Alibert’s cosmetic . . 228 Alkalimetry . . . 304 Alkaline lotion for the mouth . 260 Alkaline solution, Brandish’s . 164 Allcock’s porous plaster . 158 Allen’s anti-fat . . 158 world’s hair restorer . .158 Alloys, various . 305, 306 Almond flavour . . . 290 paste . . . 230 powder . . 231 Almond honey paste . . 231 soap . . . 234 bloom . . . 233 Alum . . . 307 mordants . . 340 Aluminium, frosted . . 307 bronze . . . 307 Amalgams . . . 306 for teeth . . 264 Amalgamated zinc . . 457 Amadou . . . 307 American shampoo . . 240 tooth-powder . . 252 490 PAGE Ammonia, carbonate . . 307 sulphate . . 307 Ammoniacal gas . . . 358 Ammoniated perfumes 219, 220 Eau de Cologne . . 219 Anatomical injections . 308 preparations, to preserve . 308 subjects to preserve . 308 Anchovies, essence . . 292 paste . . . 293 Anderson’s pills . . . 159 Angelica, spirit of . . 213 Animal charcoal . . . 328 substances, to preserve 308, 309 Animals, to preserve . . 309 Annotto, purified . . 3^9 solution . . 309 Anodyne necklaces . .159 Anti-attrition . . 309 Antibilious pills . .159 Anti-fat . . .158 Antiferment . . . 309 Antipertussis . .159 Antiscorbutic elixir . . 258 Antiseptic tooth-powder . 252 Antispasmodic drops, Grindrod’s 180 Aperient pills, various . 159 Apothecaries’measure . . 460 weight . . . 460 Apparatus, luting for . . 326 Aqua cosmetica . . 227 fortis . . . 309 Aquarium, marine, salts for . 310 Arabine . . . 310 Arbor Dianse . . 310 Argentum musivum . . 310 Armenian cement . . 323 Aromatic pastils . .311 tooth-powder . . 252 vinegar . . 159,220 Arquebusade (acid) . . 159 aromatic . . . 209 Arrow-root . . 274, 433 Artificial manure . . 390 sea-water . . 310 Asiatic tooth-powder . . 252 Asses’ milk, artificial . . 275 Atkinson’s infant preservative . 160 Atropine paper . . 160 Aurum musivum . . 311 Australian moss . . 277 Avoirdupois weight . . 459 table for converting into Troy . . 459 Axle-grease . . . 309 INDEX PAGE Azote, or nitrogen . .359 Azure blue . . . 416 Bachek’s pills . . 161 Baden water . . . 199 Baking powder . 161,286 Bailey’s itch ointment . .161 Baillie’s pills . . 161 Balaruc water . . . 202 Baldwin’s phosphorus . 311 Baldness, cures for . 237—240 Balm of Gilead . 161, 193 of Rakasiri . . . 161 of Syriacum . . 161 Balls, ash . . . 311 blacking . . 312 breeches . . . 311 camphor . . 321 for copying . . . 311 wash . . . 235 heel . . . 311 scouring . . 311 furniture . . . 312 Balsam of honey . . 181 of horehound . . 177 Bancroft’s solution of tin . 340 Bandoline . . . 247 Barclay’s pills . . 162 Bareges water . . . 203 Baregian balls . 162,187 Barium, peroxide of . . 312 Bark, essential salt of . 162 Barker’s tooth-tincture . . 162 Barley water . . 275 Barth’s green . . . 418 Baryta, chlorate of . . 329 Baster’s farina . . . 280 Bate’s eye-water . . 162 anodyne balsam . . 162 styptic wash . . 162 unguentum criniscum . 238 Bateman’s drops . . 162 itch ointment . . 162 Bathing spirits . 162,178 Bath digestive pills . . 162 lozenges . . 162 Battle’s vermin powder . . 163 Battley’s senna powder . 163 Baume de vie . 163 Bay rum . . . 163 Baynton’s plaster . . 163 Bean flower water . . 206 Bears’ grease . . 239,242 factitious . 242 green . . 242 Beavan’s cholera remedy . 168 PAGE B6coeur’s arsenical soap . . 435 Beddoe’s pills . . 163 Belloste’s pills . . . 163 Beef tea . . 281 Beer, ginger . . 266,267 spruce . . . 271 treacle . . . 272 Beetle wafers . 163,312 poison . . . 312 Bell metal . . . 305 Bengal chitni . . . 289 Benzine . . . 312 collas . . .312 Benzol . . .312 Benzoline . . . 312 Bestucheff’s nervous tincture . 163 Betton’s British oil . . 163 Bewley’s chalybeate . . 163 Beverages . 266—271 Bird-lime . . . 312 Biscuits, Abernethy . . 284 aperient . . .163 meat . . . 282 sponge . . . 284 Bismuth white . . 233 Bisulphide of carbon . . 313 Bistre . . . 415 Black, Brunswick . . 320 draught . . 164 drop . . . 163 flux . . . 349 ink . . . 371 dyes . . . 339 japan . . .315 oils . . .84 pomatum . . . 250 reviver . . 315 Blacking ball . . .315 liquid . . . 313 paste . . . 314 for harness . . 315 Blacking, various . 313—315 Blacking without polishing . 314 patent india rubber . 314 Blaine’s distemper powder . 164 Blake’s toothache remedy . 261 Blanc-mange . . 278 Bleaching of oils . 397, 898 of wax . . 453 liquid . . . 315 Blights, remedies for . 316 Blistering paper . . 164 tissue . . . 164 Blood mixture . . . 169 Blue for linen . . 316 ink . . 375 INDEX 491 PAGK Blue pigments . . 416 Prussian . . . 422 Saxon . . . 425 smalts and azure . . 416 Turnbull’s . . 422 verditer, &c. . .416 Bochet’s syrup . . 164: Boerliaave’s odontalgic . . 261 Boilers, to prevent incrustations in 317 Bones, sulphated . . 317 Bookbinders’ stains . . 316 Boot powder . . 318 Boot-top liquid . . 317 Boots, to render waterproof . 452 Borax, glass of . . 362 Borated tincture of myrrh . 258 Bories’ odontalgic . . 259 Boroglyceride . . 317 Bottle cement . . . 325 Bouchardat’s chalybeate purgative 205 Boudet’s depilatory . . 251 Braden’s farina . . 280 Brando’s toothache tincture . 261 ink . . 371 Brandish’s alkaline solution . 164 alkaline tincture of rhubarb 164 Brandreth’s pills . . 165 Brass . . . 305 Brazil paper . . 436 Bread, aerated . . 482 unfermented . . 283 gluten . . . 285 Breakfast powder . . 280 Bright’s nutritious farina . 280 Brighton chalybeate water . 204 green . . . 4,17 Brilliantine . . 246 Brine for pork . . . 297 British herb tobacco . 165 oils . . . 165 Brodum’s cordial . .165 Broccliieri’s styptic . . 165 Broma . . . 279' Bronze (alloys) . . 305 for figures . 318,319 powder . . . 318 Bronzing liquids . 318 Bronzing ball . . 320 pastes . . . 320 Brosse de corail . . 320 Brown pomatum . . 250 Browning for gun-barrels . 320 Brown’s bronchial troches . 164 Brugnatelli’s fulminating silver 352- 492 PAGE Brunswick black . . 320 green . . • 417 Bug poison . • • 320 Bullock’s semola . . 280 Burnett’s (Sir W.) disinfecting fluid . . 165, 321 Busang water . • 204 Butter of antimony . • 321 to preserve . • 321 Butyric ether . . • 321 Cabbage paper . • 436 Cachou aromatisfi • • 225 Cadet’s tooth-powder . . 252 Cajeput liniment . . 165 Calvert’s disinfecting powder . 336 Camphine . • • 321 Camphor, artificial . . 321 hall . . 231 fluid . . • 188 ice . 231 liniment . . 165 wasliballs . . . 235 Camphorated chalk . . 252 tooth-powder . • 253 Candies . . • 322 Candy, caraway . • • 186 live-long * • 186 Cantharidin blister . . 322 Canton’s phosphorus . . 322 Caoutchouc, solvents for . . 322 Cap cement . . • 324 Capillaire syrup . . . 272 limoniated . . 272 Capsules, gelatinous . . 322 Caraway candy . . 186 essence of . . 291 Carbon, see Charcoal. writing ink . . . 377 bisulphide of . . 313 Carbonic acid gas . • 358 oxide . • • 358 dentifrice . . • 253 Carburetted hydrogen . 359 Carlsbad water . • • 199 Carmine . • 232,413,414 Carminative, Dalby’s . 171, 172 Carabelli’s tooth-powder . 253 Carrara water . . • 199 Carron oil . . • 166 Carthamine lake . .415 Cartwright’s tooth-powder . 253 Case-hardening powders . . 322 Cassareep . . . 294 Castillon’s powders . • 165 ■Castor-oil pomade . • 243 INDEX PAGE Catsup, mushroom . . 293 walnut . . . 293 Cattell’s hair dye . 249, 250 Caustic for corns . . 171 Cayenne, soluble . . 290 essence . . . 291 Celery, essence of . . 291 Cements, various . 323—326 Armenian . . • 323 for apparatus . • 326 Cement, bottle . . • 326 cap . . • 324 coppersmiths’ . . 326 curd . . .324 diamond . . . 323 engineers’ . . 326 for cracks in iron . 325 for india rubber , . 326 for jewels . . . 323 for leather and metals . 326 liquid . . . 323 for marble . . 324 French . . . 326 hydraulic . . 326 Maissiatt’s . . . 325 oxychloride of zinc . 325 Roman . . . 325 shell-lac . .823 soft . . 326 for teeth, various. 263—265 for wood, porcelain, and glass . . . 323 for fixing labels to tin . 326 Singer’s . . . 324 Turner’s . . 326 Cephalic snuff . . . 165 Ceylon moss jelly . . 276 Chalybeate, Palmer’s aerated . 189 waters . . . 204 Chamberlaine’s pills . . 166 Chameleon mineral . . 328 Chamomile pills. . .166 drops . . . 166 Chapman’s wheat flour . . 280 Charcoal, animal . . 328 aluminized . . . 328 from coal tar . . 328 vegetable . . . 327 Charcoal tooth-powder . 253 tooth-paste . . . 257 Chelsea pensioner . . 166 Cheltenham salts . .166 Chemic blue. . . 329 Cherry paste for teeth . . 257 Chevallier’s hair dye . . 248 Chilblains, remedies for 166,167,184 INDEX PAGE Chinese depilatory . . 251 Cliing’s lozenges. . .167 Chirayta pills . . 168 mixture . . . 168 Chitni, Bengal . . 289 Chloralum . . . 329 Chlorate of barium . 312, 329 of potash . . . 329 Chloride of lime . . 329 potash . . . 830 soda . . . 330 Chlorine gas . . . 358 fumigation . . 353 lozenges . . . 226 Chlorodyne . . . 167 Chloroform . . . . 330 Chocolate and cocoa . . 278 Cholera, remedies for . 167,168 Chromate of lead . . 416 of potash . . . 330 Chrome red, &c. . .416 yellow . . .416 Chromic acid . . 300 oxide . . 330 Cinnamic acid . . . 300 Cinnamon, essence of . . 290 water . . . 206 tincture of . . 290 Circassian cream. . . 243 tooth-powder . .253 Citrate of magnesia . . 169 Clark’s blood mixture . 169 Clicliee moulds . . . 306 Clothes, powder to keep moths from . . . 330 Cluttou’s febrifuge . . 169 Coathupe’s writing fluid . 377 Cochineal colouring . . 330 lake . . . 414 liquid . . . 388 Cochrane’s cough mixture . 169 Cod-liver, Soyer’s preparations of 287 with cod roe . . 287 and potatoes . . 287 and rice . . 287 and tapioca . . . 287 preparations of . 287, 288 Cod-liver oil sauce . 287 Coffee, dandelion . . 172 Cold cream . . 229, 230 granulated . . . 230 Collier’s wine of quinine . 169 Collins’s disinfecting powder 169, 335 Collodion . . . 330 elastic . . . 330 styptic . . . 169 PAGE Colours for maps . . 333 for confectioners . . 333 for druggists’ show bottles 331, 332 liqueurs. . . 333 various . . . 331 vehicles for . . 333 Coloured fires . 345, 346, 347 flames . . . 347 coloured flame papers . 347 Colouring for brandy, &c. . 333 Comparison of tliermometric scales . . . 462 Composition for electro-moulds . 343 Condiments, various . 288—290 Condy’s fluid . , . 333 Consumption, remedies for . 169 Copaiva, solution of . . 194 Copland’s pills . . . 160 Copper, black and red oxide 333, 334 nitrate of . . 334 Coral dentifrice . . . 253 tooth-paste . . 256 Corns, caustic for , . . 171 plasters. . . 170 plasters, mechanical . .170 solvents for . . 170 Cosmetics, hair . . . 237 skin . . .227 teeth • 252—260 for chapped nipples . 184 Cosmetic gloves . . . 232 Cosmdtiques, in sticks for hair . 250 Cottereau’s toothache drops . 261 Cotton, gun . . 368 Cough lozenges . . . 170 linctus . . . 169 Court plaster . . 171,369 Crayons, lithographic . .379 for writing on glass . . 334 Cream, Circassian . . 243 cold . . 229,230 lemon . . . 228 wash-balls . . 235 Crystalline cream . . 243 castor-oil pomade 243 Cucumber pomade . . 229 Culinary essences, &c. . 290—294 Currant jelly . . 274 Curry powder . . 288, 289 Custard powder . . 286 Daffy's elixir . . . 171 Daguerreotype plates . . 419 Dalby’s carminative . . 171 Dahlia test . . 436,438 494 INDEX PAGE Easton’s tonic syrup . . 173 Eaton’s styptic . . 173 Eau d’ambre . . .211 d’ange . . . 209 de Boltot . . . 259 de bouquet . .211 des carraes . . . 209 de Cologne . . 208 collante . . . 247 dentifrice de Stahl . 259 d’Egypte . . . 249 d’Slegance . . 210 de S6e . . 4173 d’hehotrope . . 210 de javelle . . . 174 d’lspahan . . 210 de luce . . . 219 de mareschale . . 210 de miel . . , 209 demillefleurs . . 210 de magnanimild . .173 medicinale d’Husson . 173 de O’Meara . . . 259 de Naphe . . 206 de Portugal . . . 210 Romaine . . 210 de Rabel . . 174 sanspareille . .211 sedative . . . 174 de Rosidres . . 211 de Madame Vrilliiire . . 259 Ebony pomatum . . 250 Edinburgh lozenges . . 186 ointment . .174 Effervescing aperient . . 188 citrate of magnesia . 174 powders . . 267—271 lemonade . . 269 powder . . . 369 orangeade . . 270 orangeade powder . . 270 sherbet. . . 270 sherbet powders . . 271 chalybeate water . . 204 Seidlitz powders . .193 Eger water . . . 199 Eggs, to preserve . . 342 Elderflower water . . 206 Electric tissue . . . 342 Electro-gilding . 343, 363 solutions for . . 362 brassing . . 342 bronzing . . . 342 coppering . . 342 silvering . . 343, 428 Electrotype moulds . . 343 PAGE Dandelion coffee. . . 172 Darby’s oils . . 84 Darcet’s lozenges . . 172 Dawson’s lozenges . . 172 De Handel’s toothache paste . 262 Delamott’s golden drops . . 172 Denham’s food . . 280 Dentifrices, various . 252—256 Deodorizing compounds 335, 336 Deodorizing fluid, Ellerman’s . 335 Depilatories, various . . 251 Derbyshire’s embrocation . 172 Deschamps’s tooth-powder, 253, 254 Desforges’s tooth-powder . . 254 extract of pellitory . 258 Deshler’s salve . . . 172 Detergent tooth-powder . 254 Deutoxide (peroxide)of hydrogen 399 Dextrin . . 334 Diapente . . . 63 Diamond cement . . 323 Diastase . . . 334 Dictamia . . . 279 Dietetic articles . . 274—286 Digestive pills . . 172 Dinneford’s fluid magnesia . 199 Dinner pills . . 172 Disinfectants . . • 335 Disinfecting fluid, Burnett’s, 165,321 Ellerman’s . . . 335 Ledoyen’s . 183,335 compounds . . 335, 336 Distemper powders, Blaine’s . 164 Dixon’s pills . . . 173 Dover’s powders . . 173 Drayton’s silvering process . 365 Drinks, summer . . 266 Dryers, for painters . . 336 Drying oil . . . 336 Dubbing, curriers’ . . 336 Duffin’s Harrogate salts . 181 Duncan’s lactuc. lozenges . . 173 11. ext. of senna . . 173 gout remedy . . 173 Dupasquier’s gaseous water . 205 Dupuytren’s eye-salve . .173 pomade . . 237 Dutch drops . . . 173 Dyers’ compounds . 337—341 Dyes, various . . 337—339 for the hair . 248—250 for ivory . . . 386 for wood . .455 Dyon’s tooth paste . . 257 E arache, simple cure for .265 INDEX 495 PAGE Electrotype solutions . . 431 Electuary, Mahomed’s . 186 Elixir, Daffy’s . . 171 de Garus and Haller’s . 174 Longa: Vitse . . 174 Radcliffe’s . . . 191 of roses . . . 258 Squire’s . . .194 Stoughton’s . . 194 for the teeth . . 258 of vitriol . . 174 Ellerman’s deodorizing fluid . 174 Emerald green . . 418 Ems water . . . 200 Embrocation, Roche’s . 192 Embrocations for the hair 239—241 Emulsions, cosmetics . 228 Engraving, liquid . . 344 on glass . . 363 Engravings, to clean . . 343 Engravers’ varnish . . 446 Epicurean sauce . .293 Equivalents, table of . . 466 Ervalenta . . . 280 Eschalot wine . . 292 Esprit de suave . . . 211 rose, &c. . . 212 Ess bouquet . . . 213 Essence of ambergris . 216 anchovies . . . 292 d’ambrette . . 214 of bark . . 175 of bitter almonds. . 290 Cambrian . . . 297 of caraway . . 291 of cayenne . . . 291 cedrat . . .216 of celery . . . 291 chamomile . . 175 cinnamon, cloves, &c. 290, 291 of clove pink . .216 Cologne . . . 216 cubebs . . 175 flavouring . . . 290 ginger . . 175 soluble . . . 175 heliotrope . . 216 honeysuckle . . 216 hovenia. , . 216 jargonelle pears 291, 344 jessamine . 215, 219 jonquil . . . 216 lavender , . 207 lily of the valley . .216 Madden’s * . . 186 magnolia . . . 216 PAGE Essence, mignonette . . 217 milleflcurs . . . 217 mint . . . 176 moss rose . . . 217 myrtle . . . 217 musk . . . 217 mustard . . 176 peppermint . . . 176 pennyroyal . . 176 patchouli . . 215, 217 perfumery . 214—219 of pine-apple . . 291 of rennet . . 424 of roses . . . . 212 rondoletia . . 217 royale . . . 217 of sarsaparilla . . 176 for scenting pomatums . 218 for smelling bottles . . 220 sweet briar . . 217 sweet pea . . . 217 of Tyre . . 249 of vanilla . . . 214 of verbena . . 218 of vetiver . . . 214 "f violets . 212, 219 Westphalian . . 297 wood violet , .215 white lilac . . 218 Essences, culinary . 290, 291 compound . . 215 cone, infusions . . 177 vinous . . .177 perfumed . 215—219 Etching fluids . . 344 varnish . , . 344 Extrait de bouquet . . 215 de mareschale, &c. . . 215 Extract of liquorice . . 389 of meat . . . 282 of malt. . . 177 Extracts (Extraits) of flowers . 215 Fairthokn’s pills . . 177 Fards, or face paints . 232, 233 Farinaceous food, Hard’s, &c. . 280 Farina, see Starches . 433, 434 Bright’s nutritious, &c. . 280 Fats, to obviate rancidity in . 345 Feculum Saxonia . . 279 Filter for corrosive liquids . 345 Filtering powder . , 345 F'inings for spirits . . 345 Fireproofing , . 402 Fires, coloured . 345 345 to extinguish . ’ 345 INDEX PAGK Fixateur . . . 247 Flames, coloured . . 347 Flame papers coloured . 347 Flavouring essence . . 290 Flint, liquor of . . 347 Floating soaps . . . 235 Florentine dentifrice . 254 Florida water . . .211 Flowers, to expand . . 348 to preserve . . • 348 Fluide de Java . • 246 Fluxes, black and white . . 349 Flux, Christison’s . . 349 crude . . • 349 CdVnish . • 349 Morveau’s . . . 349 Fresenius’s, &c. . . 349 Taylor’s . . . 349 Fly poison . . . 349 Food for infants, &c. . . 280 Foot powder . . 336 Ford’s balsam, liorehound . 177 laudanum . . 177 Foreign weights and measures 461, 462 Forges water . • 204 Fothergill’s pills . • 177 Fox’s cream . . 244 Frangipauni bouquet . . 218 Franks’ solution . 177 Freckles, lotion for . . 228 Freeman’s bathing spirit . 178 Freezing mixtures . 349, 350 French polish 350, 351 lip-salve . . 232 mustard . . 292 tooth-powder . 254 Friedrichshall water . . 200 Fryar’s balsam . . 178 Frigorific mixtures . . 349 Fruit lozenges . . . 186 Fulminating compounds . 352 cotton . . • 368 powder . • 352 mercury . . . 352 silver . . 352 Fumigating pastils . . 224 Fumigations, acetic . . 354 carbolic acid . . 353 chlorine . • 353 iodine . • • 354 muriatic . • 354 nitric . . • 354 sulphur . . 355 tar . . . 355 for toothache . . 262 PAG A Furniture cream . .355 oil . . 356 paste . . . 355 Fusible metal . . 305 Gad’s cement . . . 325 Galvanic battery, acids for 303, 304 tooth-powder . . 254 Gall, clarified . . 356 Galls, tincture of . . 438 Gants cosmeliques . . 232 Garancine . . . 357 Gardiner’s alimentary prepara- tions . . . 280 Gannal’s solution . . 308 Ganteine . . . 356 Garrot’s covering for pills . 357 Gases, to collect . . 357 Gas, ammoniacal . . 358 carbonic acid . . 358 carbonic oxide . . 358 chlorine . . 358 hydrogen . . . 358 hydrochloric acid . 358 carburetted hydrogen . 359 phosphuretted hydrogen . 359 sulphuretted hydrogen . 359 nitrogen . . 359 protoxide . . .360 oxygen . . 360 ozone . . . 360 sulphurous acid . . 360 Gauze, Lister’s carbolized . 360 Gelatin . . . 361 capsules . . . 322 bone . . . 361 wafers . . . 451 Gelfie pour le goitre . 178 Gentil’s gluten Hour . . 286 German lip-salve . . 232 paste . . . 361 pomade . . 242 silver . . 305 tooth-powder . . 254 Gilding . . . 361 electro . . 362 by immersion . . 362 Ginger beer . 266, 267 beer powders 267, 268 essence of . . * 175 aromatic tincture . . 291 Gingerbread, common . . 285 cake . . 285 purgative . . 178 Girambitig • . . 267 Glass . . 362 INDEX 497 PAGE Glass, to cut . . 363 to mark or write on . 363 to silver . . 364,365 of borax . . 362 flux . . . 324 to platinize . . 364 soluble . . . 362 toughened . . 362 to clean . . .365 Glazes . . . 366 Gloves, to clean . . . 387 Glue . . . .366 . liquid . . . 366 marine . . . 367' Gluten, vegetable . . 367 bread . . . 285 granulated . . . 286 Glycerine jelly . . 178 jelly for microscopic mounting . . . 394 and lime cream . . 244 paste . . . 178 Goadby's solutions . . 308 Godbold’s veg. balsam . .178 Godfrey’s cordial . 178, 179 smelling salts . 179, 220 Gold, aluminium . . 306 common . . . 306 factitious . . 306 mosaic . . . 306 Golden compound . . 367 hair dye . . . 249 ointment . .180 spirit of scurvy grass . 180 Gout, specific, Murray’s . . 188 paper . 180, 189 medicine, Duncan’s . .173 pills, Lartigue’s . . 183 tincture, Wilson’s . . 197 Granulated gluten . . 286 Granville’s (Dr) lotions . . 180 Grape lip-salve . . 232 Graves’s (Dr) chilblain remedy . 166 gout preventive . . 180 Grecian water . . 249 Gregory’s powder . . 180 Green dyes . . .339 pigments . . 417,418 Greenough’s tincture . 180, 259 Griffin’s tincture . 180 Griffith’s mixture . .180 Grindrod’s antispasmodic . 180 Grosvenor’s tooth powder . 254 Gruel, oatmeal . . 281 Guarana . . . 279 Guestonian embrocation . 180 PARE Gum, British . . . 367 Arabic, purified . . 368 Gun barrels, browned . 320 cotton . . .368 powder . . . 308 white . . . 368 Guthrie’s black ointment . 180 eye ointment . . 180 Gutta-percha moulds . . 343 solvents for . . 430 Gypsum, to harden . . 369 Haerlem drops . . 173 Hahnemann’s hair dye - . . 249 wine test . . 369 Hair cosmetics . . . 237 dyes, various . 248—250 oils . 244—246 pomades . 241—244 powder . . . 237 restorer. . . 249 restorer, Allen’s . . 158 washes . . 246, 247 to remove . . .251 to promote . 237—240 to stilfen . 247 Hands, bad odours to remove from . . . . 232 Halford’s (Sir H.) pills . 180 Hamilton’s pills . . . 160 Harness blacking . . 315 jet. . . 369 waterproof paste . . 369 Harrogate salts . . 181, 203 water . . .203 Hartshorn jelly , . . 277 Heading for beer . . 369 Helvetius’ styptic . . 181 Hemet’s dentifrice , . 254 Henbane fumigation . . 262 Henry’s magnesia . . 181 Herb soup-powder . . 289 tobacco . . . 165 Hill’s balsam of honey . . 181 Holloway’s pills . .181 ointment . . . 181 Honey paste . . 231 soap . . . 234 water . . 209,210 Hoffman’s pills . . , 181 Hooper’s pills . .181 Hooping-cough remedies . . 182 Horse-radish powder . . 290 Holton’s laudanum . . 181 Hudson’s tincture . , 259 498 INDEX PAGE Huilea antiques . . . 244 rose, jessamine, &c. 244, 245 nnGassar . . 246 Huiles de plienix . . 246 philocome and comogene . 245 Hungary water . . 209 Hunyadi Janos water . . 200 Huxliam’s tincture of bark . 182 Hydrochloric acid . . 301 gas . . . 358 Hydrogen gas . . . 358 deutoxide (peroxide) . 399 carburetted, &c. . . 359 Hypochlorite of potash . 330 Hyposulphite of soda . . 430 Iceland moss jelly . . 276 chocolate . . . 276 Imperial drink . . 268 pop . . . 267 measure . . 460 Incense . . 224,369 India pickle . . . 297 rubber, solvents for . . 430 court plaster . . 369 Indigo purified . . • 370 dyes . . • 837 solutions . . 329 test paper . . 436 Infants’ preservative . . 160 Infusions concentrated . 177 Ink, to keep from mouldiness . 384 alizarine . . 373 aniline black, marking . 381 powder . . . 373 red . . . 374 blue . . . 374 green . . .376 yellow . . • 376 gold and silver . . 377 indestructible . . 377 Indian . . • 878 horticultural . . 378 for writing on steel . • 378 lithographic . . 379 for marking linen . . 379 without preparation . 380 for printing cottonfabrics,&c.378 crimson marking . . 382 printers’ . • 382,383 Runge’s . • 373 sympathetic. • • 383 Weber’s’ . • 374 violet . . .375 Normandy’s . 375, 378 Reade’s . . • 372 PAGE Ink, Redwood’s . . 381 Stephens’s . . . 375 Inks, various . 371—384 writing, black . . 371 anti-corrosive . . 371 copying . . . 373 packers’ . . 373 Insects, to kill . . . 384 bites, to cure . . 384 Iodate of potash . . 384 Iodide of potassium . . 384 Iodine . . . 385 Iodized test . . . 436 Iridescent paper. . . 400 Irish moss, preparations of .276 Iron, acetate of . . . 298 liquor . . 298,341 persulphate of . . 385 cement . . . 325 Isinglass . . . 385 plaster, Liston’s . . 185 Issue peas . . . 182 Ivory, artificial . . 387 black . . . 386 flexible . . . 386 to stain . . . 386 to bleach and gild . 386 James’s analeptic pills . . 182 powder . . . 182 Japan . . . 387 black . . . 815 Japanese cement . . 326 Jarave, Spanish . . 182 Jelly, currant . . . 274 gelatin . . 277 hartshorn . . . 277 Irish moss . .276 carrageen . . . 276 Iceland moss . . 276 of Ceylon moss . . 277 salep . . . 277 isinglass . . . 278 Jessamine, esprit . . 212 perfumed oil of . .244 extract . . .215 water . . 213, 219 Jesuits’ drops . . 182 Jockey club bouquet . . 212 Jones's patent flour . . 284 Kalvdor lotion . . 227 Keating’s lozenges . . 183 Kemmerer’s tooth-powder . 255 Kennedy’s corn-plaster . 183 Keyser’s pills . . . 183 INDEX PAGE Kid glove cleaner . . 387 King Cup . . . 268 King’s yellow . . 417 cordial . . . 183 Ketchup, mushroom . . 293 walnut . . . 293 Kirkland’s cerate . .183 Kittoe’s freckle lotion . . 228 Kitchener’s essence of cayenne 291 of ginger . . . 291 of spices . . 291 pease powder . . 289 peristaltic persuaders . 183 soup herb-powder . . 289 spirit of soup herbs . 291 savoury spices . . 289 tincture of cinnamon . 290 Koumiss . . . 387 Kyan’s solution for wood . 887 Labarraquk’s liquid . 387 Labels, indestructible . . 387 gold to attach . . 387 Lac, stick, seed, and shell . 388 to bleach . . 388 cement . . . 323 •spirit . . . 341 Lacquers . . . 388 Lactucarium lozenges . 186 Lait de fraicheur . . 228 virginal. . . 228 Lake, cochineal . . .414 Brazil, &c. . . 415 liquid . . . 388 yellow, &c. . . 415 Lakes . . . 388, 415 Lamplougli’s pyretic saline . 183 Landerer’s cure for baldness . 240 Lane’s, Dr, vinous essences . 177 Lardner’s tooth-powder . . 255 Lartigue’s gout-pills . . 183 Lavender tooth-powder . . 255 water . . 207, 208 Leath’s alimentary farina . . 280 Lee’s pills . . . 184 Ledoyen’s disinfecting fluid 183, 335 Leech-bites, astringent for . 183 Lefoulon’s elixir . . 259 tooth-powder . . 265 Lefandinifere’s elixir . . 259 Lejeune’s balsam . .184 Lemazurier’s odontalgic . 261 Lemon juice, factitious . 268, 388 flavour . . . 290 kali . . 270 Lemon, pickle . .293 PAGE Lemon embrocation . . 228 cream ... . 229 wash balls . . . 235 Lemonade, acidulated . 268 aerated . . . 269 dry . . . 269 powders . . 269, 270 milk • . .269 Lentil powder . . 280, 281 Leroy’s purgative . , 184 Lenses, extemporaneous . . 389 Liebert’s nipple cosmetic . 184 Liebig’s food for infants . . 282 soup for children . 282 Lignum’s drops . . . 184 Lime juice and glycerine .244 Limoniated ginger-beer . . 267 Linctus, for coughs . .169 Liniment, cajeput . . 165 camphorated . . 165 St John Long’s . . 185 Linseed tea . . . 276 oil, refined . . . 389 boiled . . . 336 clarified . . . 389 Lip-salve, rose . . 239 Peruvian . . . 232 German . . 232 grape . . . 232 French . . .232 Liqueur doree . • . 184 Liquid amalgam . .306 Liquids for baldness . 239, 240 blister . . . 184 disinfecting. . . 335 glue . . . 366 Liquids for the teeth . 258—260 tables of weights and measures of . . 459—462 Liquorice, purified . . 389 Lisbon water . . . 210 Lister’s carbolized gauze . 360 Liston’s plaster . . .185 Lithographic paper . . 399 ink . . , 379 Litmus . . . 390 paper . . . 437 tincture . . 438 Live-long candy . . .186 Locatelli’s balsam . .185 Locock’s lotions for the hair . 239 wafers . . . 185 Long’s, St John, liniment . 185 Lotions for the mouth . . 260 of chloride of soda . 260 for chilblains . 166,167 500 INDEX PAGE Lotions for the skiu . . 227 Lozenges . . . 390 absorbent . . 185 aperient . . . 185 Ching’s. . . 167 black currant . .185 and ipecac. . . 186 cough . . 170,486 digestive . . 186 Edinburgh . . .186 fruit . . .186 marshmallow . . 186 peppermint . . 186 Lubricating compounds . . 390 Lucifer matches . . 392 Luminous phials. . . 390 Lutes, various . 326, 327 Lynch’s embrocation . . 186 Macassar oil . . 246 McDougal’s disinfecting powder 336 Madden’s essence . . 186 Magnesia, citrate of . . 169 fluid . . 187, 199 Magnesian aperient . . 188 Mahomed’s electuary. . 186 Maliy’s plaster . . . 187 Maissiatt’s cement . . 325 Manures, artificial . 390, 391 Maredant’s Morton’s drops .187 Marble, to clean. . . 391 to stain . .391 Marienbad water . . 200 purging salts . . 200 Marine glue . . . 367 soap . . . 429 Marking ink for linen . . 379 without preparation . 380 Marmoratum . . . 264 Marmalade . . • 273 Marsden’s drops . . . 187 Marsh’s dahlia test . . 438 Marshall’s cerate . . 187 eye-drops . . 187 Marrow oil . 246 pomatum . . 242 Mastic varnish . . . 445 Matches, lucifer, &c. . 391, 392 Matliieu’s vermifuge . . 187 Maury’s tooth-powder . . 255 Meat biscuit . . 282 extract of . . 282 Medals, to bronze . • 319 Medallions, perfumed . 223, 224 Mercury, fulminating . 352 PAGE Metallic cements . . 264 Metge’s tooth-powder . 255 tooth-paste . . . 257 Methylated spirit . . 392 Mexican hair renewer . . 187 Mialhe’s dentifrice . . 255 chalybeate water . . 205 ioduretted water . . 205 Mice and rat poison . . 420 Microscope, formulae for 393, 394 Milk of encumbers . . 227 of houseleek . . 228 condensed . . . 395 of roses . . 227 preserved . . . 395 Mineral green . . 417 waters . . 198—205 chameleon . ' . 328 Miscellaneous preparations,298—458 Mistura odorata . . 218 Modelling, clay for . . 395 Mohr’s lute for retorts . 327 Moiree mdtallique . . 395 Montein’s balls for baths . 187 Mont d’Or water . . 204 Mordants . ' . 339—841 alum . . .‘340 tin . . . 340 Morphia collodion . . 188 Morrison’s paste . . 188 pills , . 188 Morton’s drops . . 187 Morveau’s flux . . . 349 Moseley’s pills . . 188 Moss, Australian . . 277 Ceylon . . . 277 Iceland . . 276 Irish . . . 276 Moth powder . . 330 Moulds, electrotype . 343 Mouth cosmetics . 252—260 Moxon’s magnesian aperient . 188 Monro’s cough medicine . 188 Mucilage for minerals . . 324 Multuni . . . 395 Muriatic acid . ... 301 Muriate of tin . . 340 Murray’s fluid magnesia . 187,199 camphor . .188 gout specific . . 188 Mushroom catsup . . 293 Musk water . . . 207 Mustard for the table . . 292 French . . . 292 leaves . . 188,192 tissue- . . . 188 501 PAGE Myrrh dentifrice. . . 255 tincture, odoriferous . 258 Nankeen dye . . 339 Naples water . . . 203 yellow . . . 417 Neligan’s, Dr, pills . . 160 Nelson’s gelatin . . 361 Neuraline . . . 188 Nepenthe . . . 188 Neutralizing proportions, table of 478 New-mown hay . . 212 Nipples, lotion for . . 184 Nitrate of baryta . .395 of silver . . . 396 strontian . .396 Nitrite of potash . . . 396 Nitrogen gas . . 359 protoxide of. . .360 Nitro-prusside of sodium . 396 Norris’s drops . . .189 Nouffler’s worm medicine . 189 Novargent . . . 397 Odontalgic tinctures . . 261 elixir . . . 259 Odor delectahilis. . . 212 Odoriferous tincture of myrrh . 258 lavender water . . 207 Oil, boiled and drying . 336 furniture . . . 356 Macassar . . 246 marrow . . . 246 Oils of ambergris, musk, &c. . 245 roses, violets, &c. . . 245 perfumed, various 244—246 for the hair . . . 245 to purify . 397,398 to bleach . . 397, 398 for machinery . . 399 Carron . . . 165 nine . . .85 vegetable . . . 449 watchmakers’ . . 452 Ointments, Bailey’s . . 161 Bateman’s . . 162 Edinburgh . . . 174 golden . . 180,193 Holloway’s . . 181 Plunket’s . . .190 Smellome’s . .193 Oleine . . . . 399 Ollivier’s biscuits . . 189 Opodeldoc . . . 189 Orangeade . . . 270 aerated . . . 270 INDEX PAGK Orangeade powder . 270, 271 Orange chrome . . . 417 juice, factitious . . 268 marmalade . . . 273 Orfila’s lmir-dye . . 248 Or-molu . . . 306 Ormskirk medicine . . 189 Ostermaier’s cement . . 263 Oxygen gas . . . 360 Oxygenated water . . 399 Ozone . . . 360 Palamoud . . . 279 Palm oil, to bleach . . 397 Palmer’s tooth-powder . . 255 aerated chalybeate . 189 vitaroborant. . . 280 Panada . . . 275 Paper, Brazil, cabbage, &c. 436, 437 copying . . . 399 fire-proofing for . . 400 hydrographic . . 400 tests, various . 436, 437 lithographic . . 399 oiled . . . 400 parchment . . 400 paste . . . 401 photographic . , 400 tracing . . . 400 iridescent . . . 400 waxed . . . 400 Papier epispastique . .189 Fayard . . . 189 mache . . . 401 I’apyrine . . . 401 Paraguay-roux . . 261 Paraffin . . . 401 Parfum des rois . . 211 Passy water . . . 204 Paste . . .326 almond . . . 230 flour . . . 326 furniture . . . 355 for the hands . . 236 honey . . . 231 ltegnauld’s . . 191 Swediaur’s . . . 166 tooth, various . 256, 257 for toothache . . 262 Ward’s . . . 196 for cleansing brass . . 401 for razors . . 402 blacking . . . 314 Pastils for burning . . 224 for the mouth . 225, 226 Pate divine de Venus . . 229 502 INDEX PACK Payne’s preparation for wood . 402 Pearl dentifrice . . 255 white . . . 233 Pease powder . . 209 Pelletier’s quinine dentifrice . 255 odontine . . 257 Pensioner, Chelsea . . 166 Percussion caps, priming for . 402 Peristaltic persuaders . . 183 Perfumes, various . 206—226 acetic . . .220 ammoniated . 219,220 Persian insect powder . . 190 Perry’s drops . . 187 Peruvian lip-salve . . 232 Peter’s pills . . . 190 Pettenkofer’s test . . 441 Pharaoh’s serpents . . 402 non-poisonous . . 402 Philocome . . . 245 Phosphorescent oil . . 403 Phosphoric acid . . 302 Phosphorus . . . 403 Baldwin’s . . 311 Canton’s . . . 322 matches . . 403 bottles . . . 403 paste . . . 403 “■Photography aud preparations 403—413 Phosphuretted hydrogen . 359 Pickles, various . . 294—297 Pickled beet . . 295 cabbage, cucumber, &c. . 295 mangoes and mushrooms . 296 nasturtiums and onions . 296 walnuts . . 296 piccalilli . . . 297 Pickle for pork, &c. . . 297 Pigments, various . 413—419 vegetable . .413—416 mineral . . 416—419 Piles, remedies for . . 190 Pills, Abernethy’s . .158 Anderson’s . .159 aperient . . 159, 160 antibilious . 159, 160 Bacher’s . . . 161 Baillie’s . . 161 dinner . . .161 Barclay’s . . 162 Bath . • . 162 Beddoe’s . . 163 Pills, Belloste’s . . . 163 Brandreth’s . . 165 Cliamberlaine’s . . 166 chamomile . . 166 digestive . . . 172 dinner . . . 172 Dixon’s , , . 173 Fairthorn’s . . 177 Fotliergill’s . . . 177 Halford’s, Sir II.. . 180 Hamilton’s . . . 160 Holloway’s . . 181 Hooper’s . . . 181 James’s analeptic . 182 Johnson’s . . . 160 Kitchener’s . . 183 Lartigue’s . . . 183 Lee’s . . .184 Lynn’s . . 160 Morrison’s . . 188 Moseley’s . . .188 Neligan’s . . 160 Reece’s chirayta . . 191 Robinson’s . . 192 Scudamore’s . . 160 Smith’s (Hugh) . .193 Speediman’s . . 193 Vance’s . . 160 Ward’s red . . 196 Whitehead’s . .197 covering for . . 190, 357 Pink saucers . . 419 Pivots for teeth . . . 265 Plasma . . . 199 Plaster, Bay ton’s . .163 court . . 171,370 isinglass . . . 185 Liston’s . . 185 Mahy’s . . . 187 Plate powder . . 419 for boiling . . . 419 Plates, Daguerreotype . 419 Platinum, black . . . 420 chlorides . . 420 sponge . . 420 Platinated asbestos . . 420 Platinized silver. . . 420 Plombieres water . . 201 Plumbe’s farinaceous food . . 280 Plunket’s ointment . . 190 Poison for beetles .163,312 for bugs . . 320 for rats and mice . . 420 * Pages 403 to 413 include directions for the preparation of the various chemicals, solutions, papers, &c, employed in this art. INDEX 503 PAGE Polish, French . . 351 furniture . . 355, 356 Polishing powder . . 420 Pomades . 241—243 for baldness . 237, 239 Pomatums . 241—243 Pomatum, common . . 241 coloured, &c. . . 243 crystalline . . 243 cucumber . . . 229 marrow . . 242 hard or roll. . . 242 rose, &c. . . 242 Pommade contre I’alopdcie . 238 castor oil . . 243 castor oil and glycerine . 243 Cattell’s, Dr . . 238 Cazenave’s . . . 238 collante . . 247 d’Hhbe . . 229 dejeuncsse . . 250 divine . 190, 230 Dupuytren’s . . 237 for beautifying hair . 242 for the skin . . . 229 de beaute . . 229 de Ninon, &c. . . 229 Pond’s extract . . 191 Pot-pourri . . . 222 Potash, carbonate . . 420 Pop, imperial . . . 267 Portland’s powder . . 191 Potato-disease, remedies for . 421 Poudre clarifiante . . 421 mctallique . . . 264 h la mousseline . . 223 de Chypre, &c. . . 223 Pounce for parchment . 421 marking ink . . 380 Powder, almond . . 231 baking . . 161, 286 filtering . . 345 fulminating. . . 352 ginger-beer . 267,268 gun . . . 368 hair . . .237 hand . . . 236 lemonade . 269, 270 orangeade . . 270, 271 spruce-beer . . 272 soda . . . 193 soap . . .236 Seidlitz . 192,193 for rats, &c. . . 420 plate . . .419 Powders for the teeth. 252—256 PAGE Powell’s balsam . . . 191 Preserving animals . 308, 435 Prince of Wales’s food . 280 Prometheans . . 392 Provin’s water . . . 204 Prussiate of potash . . 421 red . . 422 Prussian blue . . 422 soluble . . 422 Turnbull’s . 422 Pullna water . . . 200 salts . . . 201 Purging drink, Dr Young’s . 197 Purple of Cassius . . 422 Puscher’s indelible ink . . 378 Pyrmont water . . 204 Pyro-acetic spirit . . 423 Pyrogallicacid . . 302 Pyroligneous acid . . 423 Pyroxylic spirit . . 423 Pyrophorus . • . 424 Queen of Hungary’s water 191, 209 Quillai bark . . 244 Quin sauce . . . 293 Quinine dentifrice . . 255 wine . . . 169 Racahout des Arabes . 279 Radcliffe’s elixir . .191 Ragout spice . . 289 Raspberry vinegar . 273, 292 syrup, acid . .272 Raspail’s cigarettes . . 191 Rat poisons . . 420 without arsenic . . 403 Redwood’s marking ink . .881 depilatory . . . 251 Reece’s chirayta pills . . 191 Regnauld’s dentifrice . . 255 pectoral paste . . 191 Rennet . . . 424 liquid . . . 424 wine . . . 286 Reynolds’s gout specific . 191 Revalenta 191, 280, 281 Rhatany tooth-powder . 255 Rice cake . . . 284 Riga balsam . . 192 Righini’s tooth-powder . . 255 Rigollot’s mustard leaves . 192 Robinson’s pills . . 192 tooth-cement . . 263 Roche’s embrocation . . 192 Itoge’s magnesian purgative . 192 Rose lip-salve . . 232 504 INDEX PAGE Rose tooth-powder . . 255 pink . . . 415 soap . . . 234 tooth-paste . . 257 water . . . 219 Rosemary tooth-paste. . 257 Rossitter’s hair restorer . . 192 Rouge . . . 233 jewellers’ . . . 419 Rousseau’s drops . .192 Rubini’s camphor . . 192 Ruspini’s tincture . . 260 tooth-powder . . 256 styptic . . . 192 Russian tooth-powder . . 256 Rust’s toothache pill . . 262 Rust, to remove and prevent . 425 Ryan’s essence of coltsfoot . 192 Rymer’s tincture . .192 Sachets . . . 222 Sago, to prepare . . 275 milk . . 275 posset . . .275 Saint Galmier water . . 201 Safflower . . .331 Salep . . . 277 Saline solutions . . 432 tooth-paste . . .257 waters . 199—202 powders, Stevens’ . . 167 Salts, Cheltenham . . 166 Harrogate . . . 181 Marienbad . . 200 Pullna . . . 200 Seidlitz . . . 201 smelling . . . 220 Vichy . . .202 Sanitas. . . . 336 Sap green. . .415 Sauce, anchovy . . . 292 Epicurean . . 293 Quin . 293 superlative . . . 294 Waterloo . . 293 Saunders’ dentifrice . . 256 Savon au bouquet . . 234 Savonettes . . . 235 Savoury spices . . 289 Scent bags . . . 222 balls . . . 223 for pomatums . . 218 powders . . 223 for snuff . . .218 Scented soaps . 233—236 TAGE Scott’s plaster . . . 192 pills . . . 192 Scouring drops . . . 425 Scudamore’s pills . . 160 Scurf, wash for . . . 247 Sea water . . 202,310 salts for . . 427 Sealing-wax . . 425—427 Seidlitz water . . . 201 salts . . . 201 powders . 192,193, 201 Seidschutz water . . 201 Seltzer water . . . 201 Semolina . . . 280 Shaving liquid , . . 236 paste . . .236 powder . . . 236 Shampoo liquor . . 240 Shell-lac . . . 388 to bleach . . 427 cement . . . 323 Sherbet . . . 270 powders . . 270, 271 Siernmerling’s cosmetic . 228 Silica cement . . . 264 Silk-cleaner. . . 427 Silver, to clean . . 427 fulminating . . 352 oxidized . . . 428 to purify and reduce . 428 tree . . . 442 Silvering . . . 427 glass . . 364, 365 slivering paste . . 427 powder, &c. . . 427 Sinapine tissue . . . 193 Singer’s cement . . 324 Singleton’s ointment . . 193 Sirop d’orgeat . . 272 Size, oil, &c. . . . 429 Skeleton leaves . . 429 Skin cosmetics . . . 227 Smalts . . . 429 Smelling salts . . . 220 Smellome’s eyc-salve . . 193 Smith’s (Hugh) pills . . 193 Smoking fluid . . 429 Snuff, cephalic . . .165 Soap . . .429 arsenical . , . 435 carbolic . . 234 marine , . . 429 powder . . . 236 paste . . 236 toilet, scented, various 233—236 floating . . . 235 INDEX 505 PAGE Soap, transparent . . 235 Windsor . . 234 Soda, hyposulphite of . 430 powders . 193, 271 Soft cement. . . 326 Solders, various . . . 306 Solomon’s anti-impetigines . 193 balm of Gilead . . 193 Solvents for gutta percha . 430 india rubber . . 430 corns . . . 170 old putty . . .431 silver . . .432 Soluble*glass . . 347,362 cayenne . . 290 Solution of copaiva . . 194 for electro-plating . 431 Gannal’s . . . 308 for soldering . .431 for voltaic battery . . 431 for water-baths . . 432 Soubeiran’s tooth-cement . . 263 Soup for children . . 282 Soup-powder . . . 289 Soy 294 Spa water . . . 204 Specific gravities . . 464 corresponding to degrees of Baumd’s hydrometer 479, 480 Specula, polish for . . 420 Speediman’s pills . . 193 Spices, mixed . . 289 ragout . . . 289 savoury . . 289 sausage . . . 289 essences of . . 291 Spiced vinegar . . . 294 Spiisbury’s drops . . 194 Spirit of nitric ether . . 432 savoury spices . . 291 soup herbs . . . 291 Spirits, perfumed . 207—213 Sponge, blanched . . 432 to clean . . 432 Spruce beer . . .271 Squire’s elixir . . 194 Stains, to remove . . 433 Standert’s mixture . . 194 stomachic candy . . 194 Starch . . . 434 potato, &c. . . . 433 Steam-pipe cement . . 325 Stearic acid . . . 434 Steedman’s soothing powders . 194 Steer’s opodeldoc . 194 Stiffening for the hair . 247 PAGE Stopping for teeth . 263—265 Storey’s worm cakes . . 195 Storm-glass . . . 434 Stoughton’s elixir . . 194 Strawberry syrup . . 273 spirit . . . 21o water . . . 206 Stuffing birds, &c. . . 435 Styptic, Brocchieri’s . . 165 Eaton’s. . . 173 Helvetius’s . • • 181 Rubini’s . . 192 Styrol . . . 435 Struve’s lotion . . 195 Sugar resin . . . 435 Sulphide . . . 435 Sulphite of copper . . 435 Sulpliocyanide of ammonium . 435 Sulphuretted hydrogen . . 359 waters . . . 203 Swaim’s vermifuge . . 195 Sydenham’s laudanum . 195 Syiup of almonds . . 272 capillaire . . 272 limoniated . . 272 milk . . 435 pine-apple . . . 272 raspberries . . 272 strawberries. . . 273 Syrups, concentrated . . 271 for flavouring effervescing draughts . . 271 Table of weights and measures 459—462 chemical elements . 466 of solubilities , 467—473 of equivalent numbers and formulae of various chemical compounds . 474—477 Taffetas vesicant. . . 164 Tamara . . . 289 Tannin . . . 303 mouth lotion . . 258 Tanjore pills . . . 195 Tapioca . . . 275 milk . . 275 pudding . .275 Taveare’s tooth-cement . . 263 Teeth cosmetics . 262—260 stopping for. . 263—265 Temperature, effects of . 463 Terpine . . . 436 Test papers . . . 436 solutions . . 437,438 Clark’s, for water . 439 506 INDEX PAGE Tests, Hahnemann’s wine. . 439 Pettenkofer’s for bile . 441 picric acid . . 440, 441 Trommer’s . . 439 Thibaut’s balsam . . 195 Tin, solutions of . . 340 mordants • . . 340 tree . . . 442 Tincture of ambergris . . 214 civet . . . 214 red cabbage. . .437 Tincture balsam of Peru . 214 galls . . . 438 litmus . . . 438 musk seed . . . 214 musk . . 214 myrrh, odoriferous . 258 borated . . . 258 patchouli . . 215 of rhodium . . . 214 of vanilla . . 214 vetiver . . . 214 Tinctures, culinary . 290, 291 for the teeth . 258—260 perfumed . . 214 Tissot’s purgative . . 195 Tissue, blistering . . 164 Tobacco water . . . 442 Toilet vinegar . . 221 Tooth powders . . 252—256 pastes . . 256,257 tinctures . . 258—260 Toothache remedies . 260—262 Touch paper . . . 442 Tous les mois . . 274 Trade chemicals . 298—458 Transparent soap . . 235 Traumaticine . . . 442 Treacle beer . . 272 Trees, metallic . . . 442 Trophazome . . 282 Trousseau’s chalybeate . . 205 Turlington’s balsam . . 195 Turner’s cement . . 325 Turpentine, oil of . . 442 as a solvent. . . 430 Venice . . . 442 Tyre, essence of . . . 249 Unpeemented bread . . 283 Urine, tests for . 439—441 Urn-powder . . . 442 Ultramarine, factitious . 418 Valan gin’s mineral solvent .195 Vance’s pills . . . 160 PAGE Vanilla, essence of . . 214 tooth-paste . . . 257 Vanillin . . . 442 Varnish, amber . . . 444 Bessemer’s . . 446 copal . . . 443 cabinet . . 445 Canada . . . 445 etching . . 334 Le Blond’s . . 446 Macintosh’s . . 446 india rubber . . 447 for hotbeds ■ . . 447 sealing-wax . . * . 447 hair . . . 447 coloured . . . 447 colourless, for photographs 444 glass . . 448 Japan . . . 447 for gun barrels . . 447 various . 442—449 spirit . . 443 (lacquers) . . 444 essence . . . 445 oil . . 445 Vaselin . . . 449 Vegetable extract for the hair .216 gluten . . 367 parchment . . 450 Venlo’s syrup . . . 195 Veraiter . . . 416 Vermifuge, Matthieu’s . . 187 Nouffleur’s . . 189 Swaim’s . . 195 Vermin powder, Battle’s . 163 Vichy water . . 201, 202 salts . . . 202 Victoria perfume . . 212 Vinaigre de Bully . . 221 de Cologne, &c. . . 221 de quatre voleurs . 221 Vinegar (wine, malt, &c.) , 450 wood . . . 423 curry . . . 292 camp . . .292 garlic, shallot, &c. . 291—293 raspberry . 273—292 spiced . . . 294 Tarragon, &c. . . 291 carbolic . . . 451 Vinegars, culinary . 291, 292 perfumed . . 220, 221 Vinous preparations, Dr Lane’s 177 Violet powder . . 223, 237 Violet tooth-powder . . 256 Violets, essence of . . 215 507 INDEX PAGE Weights and measures, tables of . . 459—462 Welding composition . . 454 Wheat, steep for . . 454 Whey . . . 273 powder . . . 273 Whitewash . . . 454 Whitelaw’s tinct. of lobelia . 197 Whitehead’s essence of mustard 197 pills . . .197 White flux . . . 349 bismuth . . 233 zinc . . . 419 lead . . . 419 antimony . . . 419 Wilson’s gout tincture . 197 lotion for baldness . . 239 Windsor soap . . 234 Winslow’s soothing syrup . . 197 Wyndham’s pills . 184 Wine of shallots . . 292 quinine . . .169 Wine’s, Lane’s medicated . . 177 Wirtli’s tooth cement . 264 Wisdom’s eye-water . . 197 Withering’s cosmetic . . 228 Wright’s pearl ointment . . 197 Writing fluids, see Inks . 377 Wood, to bronze . .455 to stain . . 455, 456 Worm lozenges, Ching’s . . 167 Storey’s . .195 Yeast . . . 4.57 artificial . . 456 German . . . 457 Ylang-Ylang. . 213 Young’s purging drink . . 197 Zinc, ammonio-chloride . 457 amalgamated . . 457 oxide . . . 458 platinized . . . 458 purified. . .458 PAGE Vogler’s pill for toothache . 262 Vrillibre’s mouth-wash . . 259 Vulcanite and ebonite . 451 Wacaka des Indes . . 279 Wafers, gelatin . . 451 Walnut catsup . . . 293 Warburg’s fever tincture . 196 Ward’s dropsy powder . 196 essence for headache . 196 paste . . . 196 red pill . . . 196 sweating powder . . 196 washing powder . . 196 white drops . . . 196 white oils . . 84 Walker’s Jesuits’ drops . . 195 Warner’s cordial . 196 Warren’s hair dye . . 249 Warts, to cure . . 196 Warwick’s powders . . 196 Wash powder, for the hands . 232 balls . . 235 carbolic . . . 247 Washes for the hair . 246, 247 for vermin in plants . . 451 Washing powders . . 452 liquids . ■ . 452 Water, hard, to soften . 452 Waters, mineral . 198—205 aerated . . . 198 chalvbeate' . . 204 distilled (perfumed) . . 206 saline, &c. . . 199 perfumed . . 206, 207 spirituous (perfumed) 207—213, 219 Water-bath, solutions for . 432 Waterloo sauce . . . 293 Waterproofing compounds . 452 Wax, to bleach . .453 sealing . 425—427 modelling . . . 453 Waxed paper . . 400 Webster’s diet drink . . 196 (Lady) pills . . 197 PRINTED BY J. E. ADLARD, BARTK^WDM^wZ^LO&e!