ANATOMY OF THE FASCIOLA JACKSONI. BY E. H. FITZ, M.D. [.REPRINTED FROM THE NEWYORK MEDICAL JOURNAL, NOV., 1876.] NEW YORK: D. APPLETON & COMPANY, 549 & 551 BROADWAY. 1876. APPLETONS’ PERIODICALS. APPLETONS’ JOURNAL: A MONTHLY MISCELLANY OF POPULAR LITERATURE. IsTEW SERIES. TWENTY-FIVE CENTS PER NUMBER. THREE DOLLARS PER ANNUM. Appletons’ Journal is now published monthly; it is devoted to popular literature and all matters of taste and general culture—published at a price to bring it within the reach of all classes. It contains su- perior fiction, in the form of serials and short stories; papers graphically descriptive of picturesque plat cs; articles upon men of note, and upon the habits of different peoples: essays upon household and social topics; articles of travel and adventure; scientific and industrial articles written in a graphic and popular style. 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[REPRINTED FROM THE NEWYORK MEDICAL JOURNAL, NOV., 1876.] NEW YORK; I), APPLETON & COMPANY, 549 & 551 BROADWAY. 1876. ANATOMY OF THE FASCIOLA JACKSON!.1 Dk. Cobbold lias applied this name to a fluke discovered by Dr. J! B. S. Jackson in the gall-ducts of an East Indian elephant. In his “ Descriptive Catalogue of the Medical Im- provement Society’s Cabinet,” published in 1847, Dr. Jackson records his observation, speaking of the parasite as a Distoma hepaticum, but gives no account of its minute anatomy. Diesing (“ Systema Helminthum,” 1850, vol. ii., p. 560 ”) had noticed this statement, and, according to Cobbold, al- lowed it to appear in his “ Kevision der Myzelminthen ” as the Distomum elephantis. In 1868 Cobbold received two of the parasites from India, which were compared with a number of others,* shown by Prof. Huxley, and he was thus enabled to ascertain that they represented a distinct species, which he has described some- what in detail as follows (“ Entozoa,” supplement, p. 80, Lon- don, 1869): “Body armed throughout with minute spines, orbicular, usually folded at either end toward the ventral aspect, thus presenting a concavo-convex form; oral sucker terminal, with reproductive papilla about midway between it and the ventral acetabulum, intromittent organ one-fourth inch in length ; di- gestive apparatus with two main zigzag-shaped canals, giving 1 Eead before the Boston Society of Medical Sciences, 4 off alternating branches at the angles thus formed, the ulti- mate csecal ramifications together occupying the whole extent of the body; length, when unrolled, from one-half to five- eighths inch ; breadth, one-third to one-half inch.” In the book referred to, Cobbold suggests “ that (if, hap- pily, the flukes are still preserved in the Boston Museum) it will be found that they specifically correspond with those now in our possession.” Dr. Jackson has preserved a large number of the flukes, and has generously placed them at the disposal of Dr. 11. P. Quincy, who has made and presented to the Warren Museum the series of admirable preparations in which the following observations were made; The sections are longitudinal, transverse, and horizontal, and are so arranged that the entire length, breadth, and thick- ness, of the animal are preserved.as numerous thin sections arranged in the natural sequence. The sections have been stained in carmine, rendered trans- parent in oil of cloves, and are preserved in dammar varnish, A study of them has not only enabled me to confirm Dr. Cob- bold’s surmise, but has also brought to light certain features in the anatomy of the fluke of which I find no mention in the authorities I have consulted. The special characteristic of the Fasciola is its dendritic or branched intestine—the Distoraa having a simple, bifurcated intestine. The Distoma hej>aticum or Fasciola hejpatica, the common liver-fluke, the Fasciola gigantea found by Cobbold in the giraffe, and the present Fasciola Jacksoni, are the only forms of Fasciola yet described. With regard to the latter, it may be stated in brief that its general shape and dimensions are as mentioned by Cob- bold, and the intestinal canal has the distribution as stated by him. Instead of there being a reproductive papilla, there is rather a pocket, or depression, midway between the pharynx and ventral sucker, into the lower part of which opens the oviduct, or vagina, while in the posterior wall nearer the ven- tral surface is the opening , for the penis. The length of the intrornittent organ could not be ascertained, as it was either wholly retracted or destroyed. 5 Instead of finding tlie “ body armed throughout with mi- nute spines,” the cuticle covering the abdominal surface pre- sents a series of ridges pointing backward, and extending the entire length of the animal. Traces of a similar formation are present on the dorsal surface of the neck—elsewhere the back is quite smooth. The cellular structure of this fluke and the arrangement of the muscular bands do not differ from the statements made by Leuckart (u Die Menschlichen Parasiten,” 1863, vol. i., p. 536) with regard to the Distomum hepaticum. Just beyond the terminal oral sucker is a voluminous, bot- tle-shaped, muscular pouch, the pharynx, with which a short tube, the oesophagus, communicates. The latter has a cre- nated outline, as if capable of a considerable elongation. This tube bifurcates at its lower end ; the two short branches thus formed pass respectively to the sides of the animal, and enter the main intestinal canals, which extend, one on either side, along almost the entire length of the body. These canals are widely separated from each other until they approach the tail, and between them lie the sexual organs, male and female, toward the front, the remaining space, between, behind, and around, being filled in by the yolk-glands or tubes, and the csecal pouches of the intestine. The latter arise as primary, secondary, and even tertiary divisions from branches given off more or less alternately from the main canals, and their gen- eral direction is backward. Those running toward the medi- an line are short, with comparatively few branches, while the external tubes are considerably longer, often bifurcating before the secondary and tertiary canals arise. The largest number of csecal pouches are thus observed in the outer portions of the parasite. Another peculiarity of the external canals is, that their secondary branches are almost invariably given off from the posterior aspect of the tubes from which they arise. The intestine is lined with a cylindrical epithelium said to be cili- ated, but in the specimens covered with a material resem- bling inspissated bile. Another system of tubes, the excretory apparatus, is merely indicated in the specimens, which have been preserved in alcohol, by occasional clumps of delicate, finely-granular 6 epithelium arranged in a somewhat tubular form, the tubules often being branched. Leuckart describes a diverticulum pass- ing from the posterior end of the oral sucker below the pharynx. I find also this condition, though it is present in the longi- tudinal and horizontal sections, on both sides of the pharynx. I am, therefore, inclined to agree with Mehlis, who regards this appearance as representing a furrow which encircles the projecting end of the pharynx, the nose of the bottle, and seems to promote the process of suction. The sexual organs are male and female. The former in- clude the penis and its sac,.the seminal vesicle—vasa defe- rentes and testicles. The female organs are the oviduct through which the ova are discharged, the uterus, ovaries, yolk-glands, shell-gland (Leuckart), and vagina, through which impregnation probably takes place. The existence of the latter tube has attracted my special attention, as I have found elsewhere no mention of its presence, and it suggests another complication in the very obscure propagation of the flukes. The shell-gland may be regarded as the centre of the fe- male sexual organs, as it receives from above the formative and impregnating material, and discharges its contents into the uterus below. It is a rounded, glandular body, of considerable size, lying toward the back of the fluke, and behind the semi- nal vesicle. Its interior is a globular cavity, somewhat pear- shaped, becoming narrow below where it is continuous with the convoluted tube representing the uterus. Above it com- municates, by a short, narrow tube, with the conjoined yolk and ovarian ducts, into the ovarian part of which the vagina enters. The ovaries lie toward the ventral surface of the ani- mal, a short distance behind the ventral sucker, and are two large convoluted tubes with blind projections. These tubes unite near the median line into a single tube or duct, which passes upward toward the front of the shell gland, becomes very narrow, and at one point sharply constricted. Into this narrow duct, beyond the constriction, enters the vagina, and the tube then unites with the yolk-duct, forming a T-shaped figure, the lower arm of which enters the interior of the shell-gland, as before stated. 7 The yolk-glands are clusters of cells widely distributed throughout the body, and which are apparently connected, eventually two main tubules being formed on either side of the shell-gland. These are connected behind the latter by a transverse tube, from the middle of which arises the narrow yolk-duct, which unites with the ovarian duct. The vagina is a delicate, convoluted tube which extends vertically upward in the median line over the shell-gland opening upon the back of the fluke. The upper portion of its course has a circular coat of muscular fibres. The uterus passes downward from the shell-gland as a con- voluted tube, which soon becomes very voluminous, and is tilled with ova in various stages of development, and granular masses, largely yolk, and partially, probably, spermatozoa. The convolutions of the uterus lie rather behind and around the ventral sucker, toward the ventral surface. The tube final- ly becomes narrow, with a strong muscular wall, and is thus continued forward on the left, between the seminal vesicle and the ventral sucker, emptying into the genital pouch. The testes are large convoluted tubes lying chiefly behind the uterus and shell-gland toward the abdominal surface. The vasa deferentes pass forward on either side of the shell-gland and enter separately the posterior and lower end of the semi- nal vesicle. The latter lies near the dorsal surface of the ani- mal, and extends from just behind the posterior border of the ventral sucker nearly to the genital pouch. Broad behind, it becomes narrow and eventually pointed toward the front, where it is separated on the right by a partition, from a space in which lies, slightly convoluted and imbedded in loose cellu- lar tissue, the muscular tube leading to the penis. This space forms the beginning of the cirrus pouch, which is continued downward and then forward, to terminate in the genital de- pression. Leuckart, in describing the anatomy of these parts, calls at- tention to the difficulties in the way of self-impregnation—a view advanced by some writers. He further considers the ap- parent difficulties of copulation between two flukes, owing to the relative positions of penis and vagina (oviduct), the spiral 8 shape of the former and the direct course of the latter, and the marked difference in their volume. Cohhold has actually observed sexual congress in case of Distoma conjunctum, so that self-impregnation is not a theo- retical necessity in case of the hermaphroditic flukes. In con- sidering the physiological purpose of the dorsal tube I have spoken of as a vagina, it seemed to me most likely to serve as a channel for the passage of spermatozoa, from its intimate relation with that part of the sexual organs where the ova were found. That the eggs might he impregnated, they should be without shells, and the only place where such are found is between the ovarian duct and the upper part of the uterus. Did the spermatozoa ascend from the genital pouch, a very long distance would have to be gone over, through a tube nar- row and firmly contracted at its lower end, tortuous and dis- tended with eggs beyond. The mechanical difficulties were so marked on the one hand, and so simple and direct an appara- tus existed on the other, that I feel no hesitation in speaking of this dorsal tube as a vagina. An additional argument in favor of this view is derived from the presence in the tube of a small amount of finely-granular material resembling the con- tents of the seminal vesicle. Appendix.—Soon after the above communication the third and final Lieferung of Leuckart’s “Menschlichen Parasiten,” just published, was received. I find that Stieda1 has described the dorsal tube alluded to. He at first considered it as a chan- nel for the removal of superfluous yolk, but later2 regards it as the true vagina, and shows that it exists largely among the Trematoda. 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