A Report upon some Microscopical Organisms found in the New 
York City Water Supply. 
library, 
SURGEON GENERAL’S OFFICE. 
Reprinted from 
The Journal of Pharmacology. A REPORT UPON SOJTE MICROSCOPICAL ORQANIS/TS FOUND IN THE NEW YORK 
CITY WATER SUPPLY. 
Smith Ely Jelliffe, A. B. M. D., and Karl M. Vogel, PhG.* 
During the years 1892-93 one of the writers made an extended microscopical 
analysis of the Brooklyn water supply, the results of which were published with 
tables and illustrations in the Brooklyn Medical Journal for October, 1893, and 
October, 1894. 
The following series of observations, along much the same lines, was begun 
upon the New York water in May, 1894, but for various reasons was carried on in 
an irregular manner; the results have, however, been included in the tabulations 
for the sake of future reference. From about the middle of November, 1895, the 
observations were made weekly upon the water delivered from the tap in the writer’s 
residence, 231 West Seventy-first Street, New York. 
The same two methods were employed as in the Brooklyn water research. The 
Sedgwick Rafter method was used as a means of control, while the writer’s method 
of filtering through absorbent cotton for a definite length of time and consequent 
shaking out of the organisms was employed as a regular routine. Specimens were 
subsequently preserved in two per cent, formaldehyde for future study or corrobora- 
tion. 
Previous to the monumental work of the Massachusetts State Board of Health 
upon the water supplies of that State, there had been reported more observations 
upon the water supply of New York City than of any other city supply in this coun- 
try : yet these reports were but fragmentary. Other cities in the Union were for- 
tunate in having enthusiastic microscopists who devoted much time to the exami- 
nation of their local water supplies ; such men were Messrs. Vorce, Rafter, Thomas, 
Mills, Kellicott, and others. A full record of the work, whether fragmentary or 
exhaustive, that had been published up to that time may be seen by referring to the 
bibliography in the Brooklyn Medical Journal, October, 1894, P- 597, et seq. 
Regarding the organisms of the New York water supply, that well-known and 
beloved botanist, Dr. John Torrey, was the first to publish anything upon the sub- 
ject. In the annual report of the Croton Aqueduct Commission for 1859, he draws 
attention to the fact that at many times of the year a peculiar odor in the water was 
noted, which he compared to the odor of an old hydrant; this odor he believed to be due 
to vegetable organisms, one of which he described as a “small string of oblong, 
rounded cells with larger ones interspersed ” (like a string of beads.) This form is 
to-day recognized from Torrey’s description as an“ anabsena,” and is now defi. 
nitely held to be the cause of unpleasant odors and tastes in drinking waters. 
He also described a form of nostoc which has a similiar unsavory reputation. 
In 1869, two writers published some notes upon the subject—W. B. Lewis, M.D., 
and Fred. Kitton. The former, in a report to the Metropolitan Board of Health, 
gives a list of some species with some fifty figures, which were well executed. The 
* Reprinted from the New York Medical Journal, May 29, 1897. forms drawn by him are quite common at the present time ; a point of historical as 
well as of sanitary interest. Kitten’s observations were restricted to the diatoms. 
Many of the forms described by him are common at the present day, while others 
have not been observed by the writers. 
C. F. Gissler, in Contributions to the Fauna of New York Croton Water, em- 
bodied the observations of about two years—lB7o, 1871—upon the animal forms. 
Gissler’s phamplet is now quite rare, is full of interesting and scientific observations, 
and is well illustrated. Most of the organisms found by him are to be found at the 
present time ; some are very common, while others are very rare. His list includes, 
of the animal organisms, at least one-half of those noted by the writers. 
During a space of some ten to fifteen years or more, E. Waller, in the yearly re- 
ports of the board of health doles out a series of figures on the chemical composition 
of the water. In his report for 1876-’77 he makes brief mention of the fact that 
the cause of the disagreeable odors that were present in the water in those years 
might be due to the presence of vegetable organisms. Coeleosphserium and Anabsena 
are mentioned as particularly reprehensible. 
R. Hitchcock, in the American Monthly Microscopical Journal, 1880, gives the 
best series of observations that up to this time had appeared. He makes the follow- 
ing interesting notes : 
“Croton Water in August.—The croton water that is now supplied to the city 
possesses no offensive taste or odor, although there is a considerable amount of sus- 
pended matter to be collected by filtering it. This is another fact tending to prove 
that the peculiar odor sometimes observed is caused by certain plants which are not 
always present, and not by the decomposition of vegetable matter of all kinds. We 
have lately studied the algae found in a few filterings, and although the list is not 
complete, it may still be of interest to observers in other cities.” 
Hitchcock’s lists are the most valuable that we have for comparison and are 
here given as they stand, with such changes and omissions as a changing nomen- 
clature permits. 
Cyanophycece.—Dictyosphcerium ehrenbergiana, Ccsleosphczrium dubium, Merismo- 
pedia glauca, Oscillaria tenuis, Oscillaria Froehlichii, Sphcerozyga polysperma. 
Chlorophycece —Pahnodactylon varium, Rhaphidium polymorphum, Chlorococcus 
gigas, Polyedrium longispina, Scenedesmus caudatus, Pediastrum ehrenbergianum 
Pediastrum biradiahim. (?), Pediastrum pertusum, Gonium pedotale, Cosmarium 
crenulatum, Cosmarium tetrophthalmum (f), Staurastrum Iceve, Staurastrum Sebaldii, 
Staurastrum gracile, Micrasterias truncata, Spirogyra nitida. 
Numerous species of diatoms were found, but were not determined. Among 
other organisms were the following : Amoeba villosa, Difflugia globulosa, Diffliigia 
corona, Arcella, Actinophrys sol, Ceraiium, Brachionus Conium, Chcetonotus, Rotifer 
ova. 
A. M. Edwards, M. D., gives in the Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science 
(1881 (?) ) a brief list of some diatoms found. 
Finally, in the Medical Record for 1882, E. Cutter, M. D., in an article upon 
Suspicious Organisms in the New York Water, gives a list of ninety six organisms, most of which have been mentioned by previous writers , but, as this skilled micro- 
scopist includes in his list “skin of consumptive with yeast plants within,” and 
figures a flat epithelial-like body with rounded masses included, we feel inclined to 
doubt his critical acumen. If the age and the sex of the afflicted persons whose 
skin had found its way under the doctor’s microscope had been given we might have 
deemed his lists more reliable. 
The objects of the present examination were three-fold : 
i. To obtain an accurate knowledge of the microscopical (using the word in 
Professor Sedgwick’s sense) forms that occur in the ordinary tap water, their kinds, 
comparative frequency, and seasonal distribution. 
2. To ascertain whether any forms were to be found that are known or sup- 
posed to be obnoxious on account of their taste or odor, or prejudicial to the health 
of the community. 
3. To observe whether there were any forms of living organisms or remains of 
dead ones that would indicate an unsanitary condition in the watershed. 
Fists of tables have been prepared showing the various species of organisms 
that flourished naturally in the croton water. Their comparative numbers are ex- 
pressed as abundant (A.), common (C.), few (F.), or scarce (Sc.). Such terms are 
necessarily relative, but are sufficiently accurate, in the writer’s opinion at least, to 
make the observations of value in correlating the results with other tabulations. The 
figures thus broadly indicated are as follows ; Sc., one to five to the cubic centi- 
metre and less; F., five to ten to the cubic centimetre ; C., ten to twenty-five to the 
cubic centimetre ; A., over twenty-five to the cubic centimetre. 
Lists.—In all some hundred forms were found, of which about eighty-five were 
definitely determined. In general, it may be observed that there is a remarkable 
similarity in the organisms found when compared with those of the Brooklyn water 
supply, which fact would not appear at all strange were it not for the distinct dif- 
ferences in the geological formations of the respective watersheds. But, on the other 
hand, the forms observed are quite cosmopolitan, which again might readily bring 
the facts into correlation. 
On going over the lists the fact of the constant presence of the class of algae 
known as Cyanophj ceas is to be noted. It has frequently been stated that this class 
of organism is an undesirable one in water supplies, indicating as they do within 
general limits a medium of growth which is rich in organic matter. Two repre- 
sentatives of the class were constant throughout the entire time of examination, 
Oscillaria and Clathrocystis. 
In the class of organisms closely allied, the diatoms, there is little new to be 
noted. Cosmopolitan forms were in abundance, while there were a few species 
typical to the supply. Cyclotella crotonensis being a notable example. Stephanodiscus 
Niagara is a form that is common in the region of the great lakes, but we did not 
find it in the Brooklyn supply. In all some thirty-five forms were observed, of 
which the only ones of interest from the sanitary side were Synedra, Tabellaria, 
Melosira and Asterionella. These organisms, presumably on account of the oil or 
fat found within their cytoplasm, are known to be responsible for distinct disagree- able tastes and odors when their numbers become excessive. The former three 
yield the “grassy ” odors, while the last give a fishy and aromatic odor. These 
organisms have been quite constant throughout the entire time of examination, 
Synedra and Tabellaria have been few to scarce, while Asterionella * and Melosira, 
during the month of December, were quite abundant. In the same time, 1896, 
Asterionella was rarer. This distribution is strikingly like the distribution of the 
same organisms in the Brooklyn supply and is probably associated with temperature 
changes. In point of number these organisms did not reach by one one-hundredth 
part the proportion necessary to make them noxious. 
In the class of the Desmids fifteen forms were observed. This is a small list, 
but these forms are not common at this time of the year. The most constant forms 
have been Staurastrum and Closterium, but these have been very few in number at 
any one period of observation. Contrasted with the Brooklyn water there were 
fewer forms, and those present were scarcer. So far as is known these organisms 
are not deleterious in any way. It is stated that they can live only in pure water 
which has plenty of oxygen and sunlignt. 
Of the grass-green algae, exclusive of the Desmids, two forms have been very 
commonly found, Scenedesmus and Rhaphidium, neither of which is of any hygienic 
importance. 
Turning to the animal organisms, there were in all some thirty-five forms 
found in the period under consideration. Amoebae were not found, but Arcella 
vulgaris and Euglypka alveolata were not infrequently observed. 
The class of the Infusoria were not abundant. Dinobryon was the most constant 
Its distribution was quite similar to that observed in the Brooklyn water. It in- 
creased during the month of January and February, while the other organisms 
gradually disappeared. Dinobryon is an organism which, in numbers of from five 
hundred to one thousand to the cubic centimetre, would produce a very disagreeable 
water. We have rarely seen it over fifty to the cubic centimetre during the time 
under consideration. 
Of the remaining animal organisms there is little to be recorded beyond that 
found in the tabulations. 
Finally, with reference to the detritus. This was made up for the most part of 
the tissues of higher plants and was not very abundant during the earlier months, 
but with the increased moisture of winter and the frequent thawing, etc., it became 
quite noticeable, especially in the early spring months, February 14th to April 3d. 
In a few instances the peculiar stone cells characteristic of straw were observed, and 
quite frequently cells characteristic of animal epithelium were found. Whether 
these were from “flesh, fish or fowl ” it would be unwise for us to hazard a diag- 
nosis. 
In conclusion, it would therefore seem that from the standpoint of the present 
examination the water is pure and wholesome. Its entire purity could alone be 
determined by the bacteriological analysis. Of this last class of work not enough 
* It would appear from recent reports that this organism is in part if not wholly responsible for the disagree- 
able odor and taste of the Brook'yn water during the past two summers.  
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Vegetable Organisms, 
Algce, Cyanophycoe. 
Oscillaria Froehlichii 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc 
Sc. 
Sc. 
F. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
F. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
F. 
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Sc 
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Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc 
Cceleosphaerium, sp 
Diatomacecs. 
Amphiprora ornata 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
F. 
F. 
Sc. 
Sc, 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
— 
Sc 
Sc. 
— 
— 
--- 
— 
--- 
— 
Sc. 
— 
Amphora ovalis 
Sc. 
C 
Sc. 
Sc. 
C. 
Sc 
Sc. 
A. 
Asterionella formo?a 
Cyclotella crotonensis 
C. 
Sc. 
C. 
Sc. 
A. 
A. 
Sc. 
F 
F. 
Sc. 
C. 
c. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
F. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc, 
F. 
Sc. 
— 
— 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc, 
Cocconeis pediculus. 
Sc. 
Sc, 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Cymatopleura solea 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Cymhella cistula 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
— 
— 
... 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
— - 
— 
— 
Sc 
Sc. 
Encyonema ventricosa- 
Sc. 
Sc 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
s'c! 
Eunotia lunaris 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc' 
Fragillaria capucina-- 
Gomphonema capitatum 
Melosira granulata 
Navicula cuspidata 
C. 
C. 
F. 
C." 
Sc. 
Sc. 
A. 
Sc. 
A. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
A. 
Sc. 
A. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
A. 
Sc' 
F. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
C. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
C. 
— 
— 
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Sc. 
F. 
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Sc. 
— 
Sc. 
Sc 
Sc, 
s'c! 
Sc. 
Sc. 
C. 
Sc. 
— 
Sc. 
Sc. 
F. 
F. 
F. 
F. 
Sc. 
— 
—- 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
“ dilatata - _ , 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
— 
Sc. 
“ gibba - 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
— 
Sc. 
‘ ‘ radiosa 
F. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
--- 
Sc 
... 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
— 
“ ryhncocephala 
“ viridis- __ 
Sc. 
Sc. 
“ sp. indet 
Sc. 
— 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc 
Sc 
Sc 
Sc. 
s’c! 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Pleurosigma Spenceri. _ __ 
Sc. 
Stauroneis an ceps 
Sc. 
— 
Stephanodiscus minutus. _ . 
Sc. 
F. 
Sc. 
F. 
Sc. 
Sc 
“ Niagarae- 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc 
F. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc 
Sc, 
Sc 
— 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Surirella elegans ... - . 
Sc 
F. 
Synedra pulchella 
“ ulna _ _ 
F. 
F. 
A. 
C. 
C. 
F. 
F. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
F. 
Sc 
Sc. 
F. 
F. 
F. 
F. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc 
Sc 
Sc. 
Sc. 
F. 
F. 
C. 
A. 
c. 
A. 
C. 
F. 
F 
Sc. 
F. 
F. 
F. 
F. 
F. 
F. 
C. 
F. 
C. 
F. 
F, 
F. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
“ biceps 
Sc. 
C. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Tabellaria fenestrata 
Sc. 
Sc. 
— 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
F. 
Sc. 
F. 
Sc. 
— 
— 
Sc. 
“ flocculosa. 
Sc. 
ChlorophycecB. 
Dictyosphaerium Ehrenbergiauum. 
Pandorina morum ? - 
Sc 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc! 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Pediastrum boryanum. 
Sc 
‘ * Ehrenbergii 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
JELLIFFE AND VOGEL: fIICROSCOPICAL ORQANISJTS IN NEW YORK WATER. Vegetable Organisms. 
ChlorophycecE. 
Pediastrum pertusum 
Sc. 
Sc, 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc, 
Sc. 
“ Sturraii?_ _ _ 
Sc 
Polyedrium longispina 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Rhaphidium polymnrpVmrn 
Sc. 
C. 
F. 
F. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
— - 
Sc. 
--- 
Sc. 
Sc" 
— 
— 
— 
Sc. 
Sc, 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Scenedesmus caudatus 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Spirogyra sp - _ 
Coelastrum micoporum ? 
F. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Desmids, 
Arthrodesmus incus - _ 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
— 
Sc. 
F. 
Closterium Dianas 
Sc. 
F. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
“ ensis 
— 
“ rostratum 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Cosmarium Beckii? _ 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Desmidium aptogonium 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
F. 
F. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sphaerozostna filiforme. 
Sc. 
Sc" 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Staurastrum crenulatum 
“ gracile 
C. 
F. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc" 
Sc. 
Sc. 
— 
Sc. 
-- 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc, 
___ 
— 
— 
Sc. 
— 
Sc, 
polymorphum 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
— 
Staurastrum sp _ 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Vegetable Detritus. 
Plant parenchyma 
C. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Ducts and tracheids- 
Sc. 
Sc. 
— 
___ 
— 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
— 
— 
Fibres _____ _ __ _ _ 
Trichomes _ . 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
— 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Spores, etc_ 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Animae Organisms. 
Rhizopods. 
Actinophrys sol- 
Arcella vulgaris- 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
- 
Sc. 
s 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Difflugia sp _ _ __ _ 
— 
— 
— 
Sc. 
Euglypha alveolata. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Infusoria. 
Ceratium Hirundinella-.. 
— 
Sc. 
Chilodon cucullatus 
Sc. 
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JELLIFFE AND VOGEL: MICROSCOPICAL ORGANISfIS IN NEW YORK WATER. Animal Organisms. 
Infusoria. 
Coleps hirtus. _ _ 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Dinobryon Sertularia 
Euglena virdis 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
— 
— 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
— 
— 
— 
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Sc. 
F, 
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F. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
— 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
“ acus. __ ... 
Sc, 
Sc. 
Sc. 
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Gonium pectorale. . . . .. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Litonotus Fasciola 
Sc 
— 
Paramecium Bursaria 
Sc. 
Paramonas globosa_ 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc, 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
— 
—- 
Peridinium tabulatum 
Sc. 
— 
Sc. 
Phacus longicadis- 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc, 
— 
Pleuromonas jacaulans . - 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Stylonichiasp- . _ _ _ 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
- 
Synura uvella. _ _ 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Tracbelomonas sp . 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
“ cylindrica 
Vorticella communis 
Vermes. 
Anguillula fluviatilis 
Rotiferecz. 
Aneuria cochlearis. 
Rotifer vulgaris- 
Sc. 
Sc 
Sc. 
F. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
— 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
F. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
— 
— 
— 
— 
Sc 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
... 
— 
__ _ 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Monostyla lunaris 
Sc. 
Polyarthra platyptera - _ 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Ova 
F. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
— 
Sc. 
— 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Crustacea. 
Cyclops quadricornis 
Sc. 
Daphnia sp. _ - 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
— 
Bosmina longirostris 
Sc 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Miscellaneous. 
Sponge spicules . 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Epithelium? 
Sc. 
c. 
Hairs, etc . _ ... 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
Sc. 
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JELLIFFE AND VOGEL: MICROSCOPICAL ORGANISMS IN NEW YORK WATER. has been done with our water supply. Many chemical examinations have been given 
us from time immemorial, and the New York City Board of Health weekly reports 
Complete Sanitary Analyses, which analyses are far from complete save in the 
chemical sense of the word. A good “complete sanitary analysis” of New York 
water has never yet been made, and it is a desideratum. This present communication 
is but a small step in the working out of such an analysis. 
Appended is a chart of the more common forms observed during the period. 
For those interested it may be stated that the specific determinations were made by 
means of the best available monographs on the various groups; Biitschli, Kent, 
Hudson and Gosse, Potts, Leidy, Stokes, Wolle, Van Heurck, Wille, Rabenhorst 
and others, being the writers mainly consulted. 
In addition, some fifteen to twenty forms were observed which could not 
definitely be determined. 
231 West Seventy-first Street, December 28, 1896. 
EXPLANATION OF FIGURES. 
1. Amphora ovalis Ktz. 
40. Stephanodiscus Niagarae Ehr. 
41. Pandorina Morum Bory. 
42. Sphaerozosma filiforme Rab. 
43. Desmidium aptogonium Breb. 
44. Arthrodesmus incus (Ehr.) Hass. 
45. Polyedrium longispina (Perty) Rab. 
46. Staurastrum polymorphum Breb. 
47. Closterium Dianae Ehr. 
2. Encyonema ventricosa Ktz. 
3. Stauroneis anceps Ehr. 
4. Stauroneis phoenicenteron Ehr. 
5. Navicula cuspidata Ktz. 
6. Navicula radiosa Ktz. 
7. Navicula gibba (Ktz) Ehr. 
8. Navicula dilatata Ehr. 
9. Navicula viridis Ktz. 
10. Pleurosigma Speuceri W. S. 
11. Amphiprora ornata Bailey. 
12. Gomphonema capitatum Ehr. 
13. Gomphonema acuminatum Ehr. 
14. Coconeis Pediculus Ehr. 
15. Eunotia tridentula Ehr. 
16. Eunotia lunaris (Ehr) Grun. 
17. Fragilaria capucina Desm. 
18. Synedra pulchella Kg. 
19. Melosira granulata (Ehr) Ralfs. 
20. Melosira varians Ag. 
21. Synedra ulna (Nitz) Ehr. 
22. Stephanoditcus minuius Grun. 
23. Tabelleria fenestrata Kg. 
24. Tabellaria floculosa (Roth) Kg. 
25. Oscillaria Froehlichii Kg. 
26. Spirogyra tenuissima Kg. 
27. Anabsena sp. 
27a. Gleocapsa sp. 
27b. Coeleosphaerium kutzingianum Naeg. 
28. Asterionella formosa Hass, a portion 
only. 
29. Cosmarium Beckii Wille (?) 
30. Dictyosphaerium ehrenbergianum Naeg. 
31. Rhaphidium polymorphum P'res. 
32. Surirella elegans Ehr. 
33. Pediastrum pertusum Kg. 
34. Pediastrum Ehrenbergii (Corda) A. Br. 
35. Pediastrum Ehrenbergii var. 
36. Pediastrum boryanum (Turp.) Men. 
37. Staurastrum crenulatum (Delp) Naeg. 
38. Plant parenchyma. 
39. Pediastrum Sturmii Reinsch. 
48. Closterium ensis Delp. 
49 Closterium rostratum Ehr. 
50. Staurastrum gracile Ralfs. 
51. Scenedesmus caudatus Cord a. 
52. Parenchyma cell of plant, not unlike large 
epithelial cell. 
53. Euglypha alveolata Duj, 
54. Paramonas globosa From. 
55. Arcella vulgaris Ehr. 
56. Actinophrys sol Ehr. 
57. Difflugia globulosa Duj. 
58. Stylonichia sp. 
59. Ceratium Hirundinella (Mull.) Bergh. 
60. Dinobryon Sertularia Ehr. 
61. Euglena viridis Ehr, 
62. Euglena acus Ehr 
63. Pleuromonas jaculans Perty. 
64. Trachelomonas cylindrica Ehr. 
65. Trachelomonas piscatoris Fisher. 
66. Peridinium tabulatum Ebr. 
67. Synura uvella Ehr. 
68. Vonicella communis Ehr. 
69. Chilodon Cucullulus Mull. 
70. Litonotus fasciola Ehr. 
71. Paramecium Bursaria Ehr. 
72. Phacus longicaudis Ehr. 
73. Rotifer vulgaris Ehr. 
74. Daphnia Pulex (L.) Mull. 
75. Coleps hirtus Ehr. 
76. Anguillula fluviatilis Ehr, 
77. Anurea cochlearis Gosse. 
78. Poly art hra platyptera Ehr. 
79. Monostyla lunaris Ehr. 
80 Bosmina longirostris (Mull.) Bd. 
81. Cyclops quadricornis Mull. “iTICROSCOPICAL ORGANISMS OF CROTON WATER SUPPLY.”