^'■-•TSn' £J*$t'.ft:.- ••• ?.-.V^ ■>■■:■■/ Kij' :.'•••• v.'\.- .■•av-:--:;,-..*,» ■ x-'S^ff. AT10NAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE NLM 0013=1725 0 ARMED FORCES MEDICAL LIBRARY Washington, D. C. NLM001397250 THE AMERICAN /// HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACOPOEIA. REVISED AND AUGMENTED, JOSEPH T. O'CONNOR, M.D., LATELY PROFESSOR OF MATERIA MEDICA AND TOXICOLOGY, AND FORMERLY TROFESSOR OF CHEMISTRY AND TOXICOLOGY IN THE NEW YORK HOMffiOPATHIO MEDICAL COLLBGE. FOURTH EDITION. COMPILED J^TSTTD PUBLISHED BY BOERICKE & TAFEL, NEW YORK, PHILADELPHIA, CHICAGO. 1890. VYBK A5I3 1810 \>&v<\ ac« \\54£> tU^\ St Copyright, Boericke & Tafel, 1883. TO THE HOMCEOPATHIC PROFESSION OF AMERICA, IN WHOSE SERVICE OUR BEST EFFORTS HAVE EVER BEEN ENLISTED, WE RESPECTFULLY DEDICATE $t)t0 toork. BOERICKE & TAFEL. 413368 REVISER'S PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION A homoeopathic pharmacopoeia should give all the direc- tions needed to enable the pharmacist or physician to prepare or to obtain the exact article or substance used by the prover or provers of any drug. In the present work the attempt is made to do so, and to this end all sources of information attainable have been laid under contribution. While endeavoring to compress the work within somewhat narrow limits, no necessary detail either of description for identification, or of manipulation in the phar- maceutical or chemical processes, has been consciously omitted, and special scope has been given to the desire to furnish as full a list of tests and their applications to the various drugs, as could be in general desired. The homoeopathic chemist should have a practical knowl- edge of at least qualitative analysis, and should have a fair working acquaintance with botany and zoology. It is needless to add that he ought to be well versed in the drug business as such. In addition to these qualifications he should be pos- sessed of honest purpose to supply the various preparations used in homoeopathy, not only in the strictest purity, but also in the exact form or quality that will logically be called for from a knowledge of the specific substance used in the proving. A pharmacopoeia can only be a compilation, and the writer lays claim to but little in the present work as being original. In preparing the pages for the press a small part only of the former edition was allowed to stand. The chemical articles have been with few exceptions entirely rewritten, botanical descriptions have been in some cases materially condensed, in others much expanded; some descriptions which could not (5) 6 PREFACE. be compared with authorities have been allowed to remain, notably of those drugs introduced into our Materia Medica by Dr. Mure, of Brazil, and a few have been taken from the British Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia. The reviser desires to express here his obligation to his friend, Prof. T. F. Allen, for material assistance in the de- partment of botany. For the modes of preparing medicines for homoeopathic use as given within these pages, the publishers assume all respon- sibility; that portion of the book is the result of their many years' experience, and the reviser has felt that in this part of the subject, anything more than a suggestion from him would be uncalled for. A feature in the book which may call for criticism is the attempt to give credit under each article, to the first prover or introducer of the remedy; the writer has used as references the list of authorities placed at the beginning of each remedy in Allen's Encyclopedia of Pure Materia Medica, and Kleinerfs Quel- len-Nachivcis der Physiologischen Arzneipriifungen. In many cases it was impossible to settle satisfactorily to the writer's mind the question of priority, and in most of such instances no credit has been given; in others the provings, as we have them, are from poisoning cases, and here no mention of names could be made; in still others information on the subject was not at hand. In no article, however, has credit been given or omitted without what appeared to be good reason for such action. The terminology used in this work is that of the Pharmaco- poeia Germanica adopted by Hahnemann in his Materia Medica Pura; occasional lapses from this standard appear, however, where such variations have received the sanction of long usage, but terms accepted in other pharmacopoeias are given as sub- titles in the synonyms. In conclusion, the reviser ventures to express a hope that the book may be accepted as a standard in its department by the homoeopathic pharmacist, physician and undergraduate. In preparing the present (third) edition the few corrections found necessary have been made, and there has been added a list of the . remedies with their names marked so as to show the accented syllables. This feature will, it is believed, be acceptable since it will be a help to greater uniformity, and what is of more value, correctness of pro- nunciation. PUBLISHERS' ANNOUNCEMENT. The present work was undertaken by the publishers to meet the decided demand for a homoeopathic pharmacopoeia, espe- cially adapted to the wants of the homoeopathic profession and the homoeopathic pharmacists in America. The various European pharmacopoeias have done excellent service in their time. The "British Homoeopathic Pharmaco- poeia, 1882," published under the direction of the British Homoeopathic Society, is the accepted authority in England, while Dr. Schwabe's "Pharmacopoeia Homoeopathica Poly- glottta" 1880, occupies a similar position with the majority of the profession in Germany. Neither of these, however, is exactly adapted to meet the requirements of the practitioners in this country for various reasons. The former adopts the innovation of prescribing that the tinctures should contain in ten parts the soluble matter of one part of the dry plant. This rule if adopted, would necessitate a careful drying of all fresh plants in order to calculate their percentage of water. This, in our estima- tion, would needlessly complicate the process, it looks well enough in theory but is tedious and difficult of practical exe- cution. In other respects this is a work of great merit and bears evidence of very careful preparation and of high schol- arship. In Dr. Schwabe's "Polyglotta" on the other hand the rules laid down by Hahnemann for the preparation of the remedies are closely followed, and remedies introduced after his time are brought under the same rules as far as practica- ble; however, no descriptions of plants are given, or of the chemical processes. The American Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia has been planned. (7) 8 publishers' announcement. to include all medicinal substances used in homoeopath}', either fully or partially proved, as well as others in actual use or occasional demand, to identify them accurately and concisely after the highest authorities, to give reliable work- ing formulas for the preparation of the chemicals, and finally, to convert them into remedial agents in accordance with the rules laid down by Hahnemann. No trouble or expense has been spared to secure this object. The revision of the work in its second edition was en- trusted to Dr. J. T. O'Connor, of Amenia, New York, formerly Professor of Chemistry at the New York Homoeopathic College, who also saw the book through the press; and we take this opportunity of expressing our sincere thanks and acknowl- ment for the prompt and faithful manner in which he has performed this difficult task. PART I. GENERAL HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. In the manufacture and preservation of Homoeopathic medicines, care must be taken to avoid everything that can in the least affect their purity. Such influences as light, smoke, strong odors, etc., must be guarded against. Strong-smelling substances used for homoeopathic purposes, which could contaminate the others, must, therefore, be kept separate. All homoeopathic remedies, tinctures as well as potencies, should be protected from sunlight. UTENSILS. Bottles and Glasses.—For neutral substances as well as for rem- edies, only new, well-cleansed bottles and glasses should be used. They should be of white (so-called), i. e., colorless, flint glass. For remedies sensitive to light, vials covered with black varnish should be used. Glass-stoppered Bottles should only be used for substances which corrode cork—such as acids, iodine and bromine preparations, etc. Note.—Yellow or amber-colored bottles were introduced some years ago, it being claimed that they afforded protection against the chemical rays of light. However, such protection is afforded to but few chemicals, and as it is claimed by several writers that non-medicinal substances exposed for some time to yellow light acquire medicinal properties, it follows that amber-colored bottles are inad- missible as receptacles of homoeopathic remedies. Besides this, it practically prevents a proper examination of the contents of the bottles. 10 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Weights.—Unless otherwise specified, the United States apothe- caries' weight is understood. Corks.—The corks used must be of the best quality, and as free from pores as possible. Measuring Glasses.—Measuring glasses, properly graduated, are used for measuring the liquid vehicles used in preparing potencies or attenuations, but they should never be used for measuring any medi- cinal substance. Mortars.—For pulverizing very hard substances, a highly-polished iron mortar and pestle of the same material are employed; other metallic mortars must not be used. For softer substances porcelain mortars are suitable. Triturating Mortars.—Triturating mortars and pestles must be made either of porcelain, the inside of the mortar and the face of the pestle being ground or unglazed, or of wedgewood-ware, or of agate. Mortars made of metal are not to be used for triturating. Special mortars must be used for each separate remedy, with the name of the remedy marked on each mortar. Sieves.—Only hair or silk sieves can be used; the former for the coarser powders in the preparation of tinctures, the latter for the finer, in making triturations. Sieves designed for sugar of milk must not be used for other purposes. Spatulas and Spoons.—Spatulas and spoons must be made of horn, bone, or porcelain. Funnels.—Only glass or porcelain funnels may be used; never metallic ones. Chopping Board.—The chopping board must be made of sound, well-seasoned maple, free from knots. Chopping Knife.—The chopping knife, used for cutting up plants, must be made of good steel, and always kept well-polished. Presses.—Presses used for plants must be well made, and so con- structed that they can readily be taken apart, and thoroughly cleansed. THE CLEANSING OF UTENSILS. In making homoeopathic preparations, the utmost cleanliness must be observed. Accordingly, utensils, even when used for the first time, must be thoroughly cleansed. Glasses and bottles are to be washed several times with rain water, then rinsed with distilled water, and after draining, are to be dried at a high temperature- Porcelain vessels must re scalded with boiling water, and dried at a high temperature. The press is taken apart, and washed first with cold, then with hot water, and then dried thoroughly. All utensils should be cleansed immediately after use. Glasses and bottles which have been used for a particular tincture or potency,' however well cleansed, must not be used for another prep- aration. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 11 NEUTRAL SUBSTANCES OR VEHICLES. AQUA DESTILLATA. Distilled Water.—Formula H2 O. Molecular weight 18. # Preparation of Distilled Water.—Kain water collected some time after the commencement of a storm, as the portion falling earlier contains particles of dust and various organic and inorganic matters, which had been suspended or dissolved in the air, is subjected to dis- tillation in an apparatus expressly designed for that purpose. A copper still and block-tin condenser are generally used, but it is best to use a still that is gold or nickle-plated throughout, as Silica is dissolved out by steam from an ordinary glass retort, and porcelain stills are objectionable for the same reason. The distilled water must be filled at once into glass-stoppered bottles, that it may not become contamin- ated by dust or spores floating in the air. Water prepared and pre- served in this manner will remain pure for years. Properties.—Distilled water is a transparent, colorless, odorless, tasteless liquid, whose density at the temperature of 15° or 15. 5° C. (59° or 60° F.) is taken as unity for the determination of specific gravity of liquid and solid bodies; but the- weight of 1 CO of water at its maximum density (given below; is called 1 gramme, and thus furnishes the starting point of the metric system of weights. Water is at its maximum density at the temperature 4° C.; below that temperature it expands gradually till the freezing point 0° C. (32° F.) is reached, when it becomes solid, forming ice whose specific gravity is .916—thus showing an expansion at the moment of solidification, of -r\ of its bulk. Above 4° 0. water expands slightly for every degree of heat added, till at 100° C. (212° F.) at the sea level, it is converted into vapor, at the same time being violently agitated or boiling. Tests of Purity.—Distilled water should have the physical char- acteristics noted above; it should leave no residue after evaporation, should be indifferent to test papers, and should give no precipitate when treated with barium chloride, silver nitrate, ammonium oxalate, or hydrogen sulphide. The presence of carbonic oxide will be proven by a white precipitate when agitated with lime water. ALCOHOL. Spirit of Wine.—In commerce, there is now obtainable every- where, pure alcohol, free from fusel oil, containing 90 per cent, of anhydrous alcohol. Hence, it is scarcely ever necessary for the phar- macist to rectify the raw spirit. In homoeopathic pharmacy especially, particular care should be exercised not to use alcohol which had been used in making medicinal preparations, and which had been re- covered by distillation. Should it be necessary to rectify the raw spirit containing fusel oil, the following method is offered: Dilute raw spirit with distilled water until its specific gravity is 0.86 or 0.87. Macerate with fresh burned charcoal, broken in small pieces, for one or two days with frequent stirring, and finally pour the liquid into a retort and distil by the heat of a water bath. 12 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Alcohol entirely free from fusel oil, is to be subjected to redistilla- tion in an apparatus especially adapted for the purpose. The product should be reduced to 87 per cent. (Tralles), or a specific gravity of 0.83, by adding distilled water; (95 per cent, alcohol [Tralles] may be reduced to 87 per cent. [Tralles] by adding to seven parts of the former one part of distilled water). This is the standard officinal strength of so-called homoeopathic alcohol. Note.—When a stronger alcohol is employed to prepare a tincture, the strength (according to Tralles) is expressed. Dilute Alcohol.—Consists of seven parts alcohol, specific gravity 0.83, and three parts distilled water, the mixture having specific gravity 0.89. Properties.—Absolute alcohol is a colorless, transparent, very mobile, volatile liquid, whose specific gravity at 15.5° 0. (60° F.) is 0.7938. It boils at 78.4° C. (173° F.), but the temperature of the boil- ing point is higher, if diluted with water, according to the degree of dilution. It mixes in all proportions with distilled water and remains clear. Its odor and taste are purely alcoholic, warm, fragrant and agreeable. It is very inflammable, burning with a faint, bluish flame and without smoke. Its solvent power extends over a wide range. Tests.—Diluted with distilled water in equal proportions, alcohol should yield no foreign odor, nor, when a few drops are rubbed between the hands, should any foreign odor be perceptible. Treated with a few drops of solution of silver nitrate and exposed to bright light, it remains unchanged if pure. Add slowly to the alcohol its own weight of pure concentrated sul- phuric acid. If the alcohol is pure, it remains colorless; if fusel oil is present, a reddish color will be developed, from the formation of amyl- sulphuric acid. SACCHARUM LACTIS. Formula, C12 H22 011( H2 O. Molecular Weight, 360. Common Name, Sugar of Milk. Synonym, Lactose. Sugar of Milk.—This sugar is one of the constituents of milk. In the vegetable kingdom it is very rarely found. Pure lactose is in odorless, white, hard, four-sided rhombic prisms. Its taste is faintly sweet, and between the teeth it gives a sandy or "gritty" feeling. It is soluble in two and one-half parts of boiling water, but requires six parts of water at ordinary temperatures. It is insoluble in alcohol, or even a 60 per cent, alcohol, in ether and chlo- roform. Its watery solution does not form a syrup. _ By heating to 150° C. (302° F.) it gives up its water of crystalliza- tion. By long boiling in a weak watery solution it becomes'changed into galactose. The same transformation is effected more rapidly by HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 1 '"> lo digestion with dilute mineral acids or with strong solutions of organic acids. Galactose, under the influence of beer yeast undergoes vinous fermentation. Preparation.—The general outlines of the method are as follows: Fresh milk is allowed to stand till its cream rises—then skimmed, and treated with rennet to coagulate the casein. The latter is removed and the residue is a solution of milk sugar and the salts of milk, but is not wholly free from casein and butter-fat. Upon evaporation of this liquid, called whey, the milk sugar is obtained in crystals as above de- scribed. It is a constant by-product in the manufacture of cheese. The crystals so obtained are redissolved in water, treated with animal charcoal and recrystallized after filtration. It is extremely difficult to free milk sugar from slight amounts of foreign substances by repeated crystallization from watery solution, for the water does not surrender all of the sugar. To overcome the difficulty, Stapf devised the following method: Dis- solve a pound of the finest milk sugar in four pounds of boiling dis- tilled water; filter the solution while yet warm, through the finest Swedish filter paper, and thoroughly mix the filtrate in a glass or por- celain dish, with four pounds of pure absolute alcohol. The vessel is 4 then to be covered tightly and set aside in a cool place so that the sugar may crystallize out. At the end of three or four days there will be found on the bottom and sides of the vessel a crust about one-sixth of an inch in thickness, crystalline and glistening, whose weight will be found to very nearly equal that of the milk sugar dissolved in the beginning of the process. The crystalline mass is then to be collected, washed with distilled water, to which has been added some alcohol, dried between folds of bibulous paper and preserved for use. Character and Tests.—Milk sugar must be entirely free from fat or the other constituents of milk, which freedom will be shown by its perfect whiteness; it should not be hygroscopic, nor should it have any rancid, musty, sour, or other foreign smell or taste. Milk sugar may be adulterated with cane sugar; in this case the in- creased sweetness as well as the more ready solubility in water will serve to detect the falsification. If alum be present, a white precipi- tate will be thrown down on adding to the solution of milk sugar an alkaline hydrate not in excess. If copper, from copper vessels in the preparation of the sugar, be present, a reddish-brown precipitate will occur on the addition of po- tassium ferro-cyanide solution. Chloride of sodium, or phosphates, will be detected by silver nitrate solution, nitric acid dissolving the phosphate of silver formed but not the chloride. Sulphuric acid will be detected by barium nitrate or chloride. If a solution of milk sugar redden blue litmus paper, the fact is due to free acid, and shows, in all probability, that the sugar was prepared from milk that had become sour. 14 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. GLOBULES OR PELLETS Globules are prepared from pure cane sugar. They must be white of uniform size for each number as given below, perfectly globular, not too hard, and entirely soluble in distilled water. When freshly made they are somewhat soft, but become harder by age. Addition of flour, glucose, glycerine, or starch, to make them soft, or to keep them so, is an adulteration. They are assorted according to size and designated by numbers from 8 to 80. 810 15 20 25 30 40 60 60 70 80 Measure of Globules.—The number given to any size of globules is determined by laying ten of equal size in a line and in close contact with each other"; the space so occupied, given in millimetres, is the num- ber by which that particular size is designated. THE PROCURING OF MEDICINAL SUBSTANCES. Fresh Plants.—As to the time when the fresh plant is to be gathered, the directions to be followed are, with few exceptions, given under the remedy. If such directions are wanting, it is to be assumed that the plants have been collected by the prover at the season in which their medicinal virtue is greatest, e. g., narcotic plants while in bloom, others shortly before, or when coming into bloom. Only such plants should be collected as are1 healthy, strongly devel- oped, faultless, and free from dust and caterpillar's nests, and when growing wild in a locality known to be most favorable to their develop- ment. Cultivated flowers are employed only in cases where the prover has expressly prescribed their use. Plants should be gathered when the weather has previously been sunny and dry, and after the morning- dew has disappeared from them. The collected specimens must not be packed too closely in carrying, and should be quickly subjected to manipulation, that they may yield their full strength unchanged. Fresh Portions of Plants.—The same principles apply to the collection of fresh portions of plants. Fruits and Seeds ought to be collected in their fully ripe condition (unless the unripe is prescribed). Woods are collected before the beginning of spring, ere the buds are developed. Herbs should be cut above the root-leaves. Barks are collected from resinous trees and shrubs at the time of, or before the development of the leaves: from the non-resinous, in autumn. Roots are dug, unless specially directed otherwise, as follows: Of annual plants, before the ripening of the seed; of biennials, in the spring of the second year; of perennials, in autumn. Twigs are to be used only when of the present year's growth. Drugs, Metals, Minerals, Chemicals, Etc.—The genuineness HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 15 and purity of drugs, metals, minerals, chemicals, etc., must be tested according to the stated rules, before being employed for any homoeo- pathic purposes. PRELIMINARY MANIPULATIONS. Fresh Plants and Parts of Plants.—The fresh plant, or part of it, is re-examined as to its undoubted identity, then carefully freed from any impurities that might have accidentally escaped notice in gathering it. Only those parts are taken for use which . are specified under the respective remedy. The operation must be carried on as quickly and uninterruptedly as possible in the following manner: The plant should be cut up with a well polished steel knife, free from rust, on a well cleansed chopping board; then divided as finely as possible with an equally well cleansed chopping knife. The finely divided mass is then to be treated in the manner more minutely described un- der Class I or II or III, according to which the tincture is to be pre- pared. Fresh fruits and seeds, if they can be cut up, are treated as above; if not, they are simply crushed in a mortar. Dried Plants and their Parts.—For the preparation of tinc- tures, they are pulverized coarsely ; for the preparation of triturations, as finely as possible. Metals, Minerals and Chemical Preparations.—The rule for this class is to reduce the crude substance to a state so finely di- vided, that, if it is to be triturated, such can be done uniformly. This we accomplish with a part of these substances by pounding, but with most metals by precipitation. Note.—Hahnemann employed metallic foil or filings, or comminuted the metals on a whet-stone. Later microscopic examinations have shown, however, that this method of subdividing is very imperfect, and renders the purity of the metal very doubtful, particles of the iron or whet-stone becoming mingled with it. The uniform distribution of the crude substance, on the other hand, has been shown to have been accomplished only in triturations prepared from precipitates. For this reason we employ precipitates, since we consider this departure from Hahne- mann's rules to be in no wise subversive of Homoeopathy. Moreover, the tritura- tions prepared from precipitates have been used for re-provings, and it is only by the use of precipitates that we can obtain preparations of constant uniformity. PREPARATION OF POTENCIES OR ATTENUATIONS. Two scales are employed in potentizing, viz., the centesimal and the decimal. The Centesimal Scale.—This scale was introduced by Hahne- mann, and is still retained in making the higher potencies, while the lower potencies are now more generally made on the decimal scale. The centesimal scale is based on the principle that the first potency must contain the T^ part of the drug power, and each following po- tency the T£m three to six feet—sometimes reaching eight feet. In temperate climates the plant flowers rarely, and to this fact is due the name century plant which it has received. The flowers are yellow, in a pyramidal panicle at the top of the scape, which is often thirty feet high. Preparation.—The fresh leaves are chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the whole well, and pouring it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. 60 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. AGNUS CASTUS. Synonym, Vitex Agnus Castus, Linn. Nat. Ord., Verbenacese. Common Name, Chaste Tree. This shrub is indigenous in the south of Europe, on the shores of the Mediterranean; and is found growing on sandy spots at the foot of rocks. It is from three to five feet high, and much branched. Leaves opposite, petiolate, five to seven digitate; color dark green on upper, greyish on under surface, with a very strong smell. Flowers numer- ous, blue or purple, in long terminal spikes, having a strong, not dis- agreeable odor. Berries somewhat like peppercorns. Introduced by Hahnemann. Preparation.—The fresh, ripe berries, are pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the whole well, and pouring it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. AGROSTEMMA GITHAGO, Linn. Synonym, Lychnis Githago, Lamarck. Nat. Ord., Caryophyllacese. Common Name, Corn Cockle. This is a well-known weed, indigenous to Europe, growing in wheat- fields ; the black seeds of cockle are injurious to the whiteness of the flour. It is an annual, clothed with long, soft appressed hairs; flowers long-peduncled; calyx lobes similar to the long and linear leaves, surpassing the broad and crownless purple-red petals, falling off in fruit. Preparation.—The ripe, dried seeds, are coarsely powdered and weighed. Then five parts by weight of alcohol are poured upon the mass, and the whole is allowed to stand eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, shaking it twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, ^j. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. AILANTHUS GLANDULOSA, Desfontaines. Synonym, Rhus Chinense. Nat. Ord., Simarubese. Common Names, The Tree of Heaven. Chinese Sumach. This tree is a native of China, but is well known in the United States, where it has within a few years been extensively cultivated as a shade tree, but although well adapted to this purpose, its extremely offensive odor at the time of flowering, as well as the injurious effects HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 61 upon human beings from its emanations, according to some physicians, has excited such prejudice against it that in some portions of this country a determined effort towards its destruction has been made. In its general aspect and the character of its foliage, it appears like a gigantic sumach. It grows to a height of 60 feet and upwards. Its flowers are of a whitish-green color. First provings made were under Drs. Hering and Lippe. Preparation.—Equal parts of the fresh shoots, leaves, blossoms, and the young bark, are chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the whole well, and pouring it into a well- stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. ALETRIS FARINOSA, Linn. Synonym, Aletris Alba. Nat. Ord., Haemodoracese. Common Names, Star Grass. Blazing Grass. Colic Root. Uni- corn Root. This is an indigenous perennial plant, the radical leaves of which spread on the ground in the form of a star. The leaves are sessile, un- equal, lanceolate, entire, very smooth, longitudinally veined, thin and translucent and very sharp at the end. Stem one or two feet in height, nearly naked, or scapiform with remote scales, sometimes changing into leaves. It terminates in a slender spike, the flowers of which stand on very short pedicels, and with minute bracts at the base. The peri- anth is tubular, oblong, divided at the summit into six spreading segments, white, and when old, of a mealy or rugose appearance on the outside. The plant grows in almost all parts of the United States, in fields and about the borders of woods, and flowers in June and July. Preparation.—The fresh bulb is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the whole well, and pouring it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, \. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. ALISMA PLANTAGO, Linn. Synonym, Alisma Parriflora. Nat. Ord., Alismacese. Common Name, Water Plantain. This is a herbaceous plant found in Europe and the United States, 62 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. growing in streams, pools, ditches, and other standing water. Root perennial, leaves long petioled, ovate, oblong, or lanceolate, pointed, mostly rounded or heart-shaped at the base, three to nine nerved; panicle loose, compound, many-flowered, from one to two feet long; carpels obliquely obovate, forming an obtusely triangular whorl in fruit. The fresh root has the odor of Florentine orris, but the odor disap- pears on drying. It has an acrid and nauseous taste. Preparation.—The fresh root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the whole well, and pouring it into a well-stop- pered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. ALLIUM SATIVUM, Linn. Nat. Ord., Liliacese. Common Name, Garlic. This is a perennial bulbous plant, cultivated everywhere in civilized countries. Bulb compound; stem leafy to the middle, leaves linear- lanceolate ; spathe one-leaved, long pointed, stem simple, two to three feet high ; umbel bulbiferous. The bulb is composed of several oblong, pointed bulblets, enclosed in a three-layered membrane. Introduced into our Materia Medica by Dr. Petroz, of France. Preparation.—The fresh bulbs, gathered from June to August, and freed from their membranes, are chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the whole well, and pouring it into a well-stop- pered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, \. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. ALNUS RUBRA. Synonym, Alnus serrulata. Nat. Ord., Betulacese. Common Names, Red Alder. Tag Alder. Notch-leaved Alder. This is the Alnus Serrulata of Willdenow. It is an indigenous shrub, growing in clumps on the borders of ponds and rivers, and in swamps. Its stems are numerous, from six to twelve feet high. Leaves obovate, acute at the base, sharply serrate with minute teeth, thickish, green both sides, smooth, or often downy beneath ; flowers, which appear in April before the development of the leaves, are of a reddish-green color; stipules oval; fruit ovate. Its cones remain on the bush all winter. Preparation.—The fresh bark is chopped and pounded to a pulp HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 63 and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the whole well, and pouring it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. ALOE. Synonym, Aloe Socotrina, Lamarck. Nat. Ord., Liliacese. Common Names, Aloes. Socotrine Aloes. The aloes are natives of Southern and Eastern Africa. They are succulent plants of liliaceous habits, with persistent fleshy leaves, usually prickly at the margin, and erect spikes of yellow or red flowers. Many are stemless; others produce stems a few feet in height, which are woody or branching. In medicine, the inspissated juice from the leaves is used. Socotrine aloes is imported in kegs and tin-lined boxes from Bombay, whither it has been carried by traders from the African coast. When of fine quality, it is dark, reddish-brown in color, and of a peculiar, rather agreeable odor. As imported, it is usually soft, at least in the interior of the mass, but it becomes harder by keeping. In thin frag- ments, its color is orange-brown ; in powder, of a tawny red. It breaks with a conchoidal fracture. It was first proven by Dr. Helbig, in Germany. Preparation.—The inspissated juice is coarsely pulverized and cov- ered with five parts by weight of alcohol. Having poured it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place, shaking it twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, TV Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. Triturations are prepared from the inspissated juice, as directed under Class VII. ALSTONIA CONSTRICTA. Nat. Ord., Apocynacese. This is a tall shrub or small tree, indigenous to the colonies of New South Wales and Queensland. Preparation.—The bark, in coarse powder, is covered with five parts by weight of alcohol, and having been poured into a well-stop- pered bottle, is allowed to stand fourteen days in a dark place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, TV Dilutions must be prepared as directed under* Class IV. 64 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. ALTH^A. Synonym, Althsea Officinalis, Linn. Nat. Ord., Malvacese. Common Name, Marshmallow. A perennial herb, whose root is perpendicular and branching. Its stems, about three feet high, are branched and leafy. Leaves are alter- nate, with petioles, cordate above, oblong-ovate below, almost three- lobed above, irregularly serrate, pointed, and downy. The flowers, terminal and axillary, are on short peduncles, bearing one to three flowers. The five spreading, obcordate petals of the corolla are of a pale purplish color. The fruit consists of a united circle of capsules, each holding one seed. The plant is found in the Eastern U. S., on borders of salt marshes. Preparation.—The fresh root, collected in autumn from plants at least two years old, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thor- oughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the whole well, and pouring it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. ALUMEN. Synonyms, Alumen crudum. Potassa Alum. Common Names, Alum. Sulphate of Aluminium and Potassium. Present Name, Potassio-aluminium Sulphate. Formula, K2 Al2 (S04 )4, 24H2 0. Molecular Weight, 949. The alums are double sulphates in which the hydrogen of two mole- cules of sulphuric acid is displaced by two atoms of a monad positive element and two of a triad one. In common alum, potassium is the univalent and aluminium the trivalent atom. But in place of potas- sium, any other of the alkali metals can be substituted, and instead of aluminium, chromium or iron. All the alums crystallize in cubes or octohedrons, and with the exception of chrome alum and iron alum are colorless. With each molecule are united twenty-four molecules of water of crystallization, which can be driven off by heat, and then there is left "burnt" or anhydrous alum. The word alum is used in ordinary language indifferently for the potassium or the ammonium compound. Preparation.—The simplest mode of obtaining alum is by calcin- ing pipe clay or some other clay containing very little iron, grinding it to powder and heating it on the hearth of a reverberatory furnace with half its weight of sulphuric acid, until it becomes a stiff paste. The mass is then exposed to the air for several weeks. During this time aluminium sulphate is formed, which can be dissolved out by t iva*ing the mass with water. Upon mixing this solution with one of HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 65 potassium sulphate and evaporating, crystals of the composition given above are obtained. Properties.—Alum has a sweetish taste followed by an astringent one. It is soluble in fifteen parts of cold and in one part of boiling water, and is insoluble in alcohol. At a red heat it is decomposed" sulphuric acid being given off and aluminium oxide and potassium sul- phate remaining behind. The crystals effloresce slightly upon expo- sure to the air; Their solution is strongly acid to test paper. Tests. —When treated with ammonium hydrate, the alum solution throws down a white precipitate, insoluble in excess of the reagent, but soluble in sodium hydrate. A solution of alum should exhibit, if perfectly pure, no change upon treatment with hydrogen sulphide (absence of metals), nor upon the ad- dition of potassium ferrocyanide (absence of iron). If sophisticated with ammonia alum, by adding to a solution of the suspected substance a caus- tic alkali and heating, the pungent odor of ammonia will be perceived. It was first proven by Fr. Husemann. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure potassa alum is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. ALUMINA. Synonyms, Aluminium Tri-hydrate. Argilla Pura. Common Name, Pure Clay. Formula, Al H3 03. Molecular Weight, 78. Preparation of Alumina.—Alum free from iron is dissolved in pure boiling water, and decomposed by pure potassium carbonate, add- ing a little of the potash in excess. The whole is then digested gently for some time, to decompose a basic salt of alumina and sulphuric acid, which has been precipitated along with the alumina. The precipitate, now well washed and separated by filtering, is, while still moist, dis- solved in muriatic acid, the solution filtered and the alumina precipi- tated anew by adding dilute caustic ammonium in excess. The ob- tained precipitate requires long continued washing to free it perfectly from retained sal ammoniac. The preparation made by the above process—substantially that of Hahnemann, is the tri-hydrate whose formula is Al H3 03. When dried at a moderate heat, it is a soft friable mass which adheres to the tongue, and forms a stiff paste with water, but is not soluble therein. It dissolves readily in acids and in solutions of the permanent alkalies. Heated to redness it gives off water and contracts in volume. The oxide, Al2 03, if such be wanted, may be readily obtained by heating the tri-hydrate to whiteness, after washing and drying. It is a white, tasteless, coherent mass, but little acted upon by acids, and is infusible except before the oxy-hydrogen blow-pipe. The mineral called corundum, of which the ruby and sapphire are transparent varieties, consists of the nearly pure oxide in a crystallized itate, with a little coloring oxide. 5. 66 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Properties and Tests.—Alumina is a fine white powder, soft to the touch, inodorous and tasteless, infusible, and insoluble in water. Alumina was first proved under Hahnemann's directions. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Alumina is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. ALUMINIUM METALLICUM. Synonym, Metallic Aluminium. Symbol, Al. Atomic Weight, 27. Origin.—This metal occurs very abundantly in nature in the state of silicate, as in felspar and its associated minerals; also in the vari- ous modifications of clay thence derived. It was first isolated by Wohler (1828), who obtained it as a gray powder by decomposing aluminium chloride with potassium; and H. Sainte-Claire Deville (1854) by an improved process founded on the same principle, has succeeded in obtaining it in the compact form and on the manufacturing scale. Manufacture of Metallic Aluminium.—The process consists in decomposing the double chloride of aluminium and sodium, Al2 Cl6, 2Na CI, by heating it with metallic sodium, fluor-spar or cryolite being added as a flux. The reduction is effected in crucibles, or on a large scale on the hearth of a reverberatory furnace. Sodium is used as the reducing agent in preference to potassium: first, because it is more easily prepared; and, secondly, because it has a lower atomic weight, and, consequently, a smaller quantity of it suffices to do the same amount of chemical work. Properties and Tests.—Metallic aluminium is silver-white, son- orous, unalterable in the air, having the specific gravity 2.56 only, that of iron being 7.7, and of lead 11.5. Its fusing point is somewhat lower than that of silver. It is not attacked by sulphuric or nitric acid, nor tarnished by sulphuretted hydrogen. Its proper solvent is muriatic acid. After silver, gold and platinum, it is the least alterable of the metals. By reason of its valuable properties, it will be applied to many purposes in the arts, if obtainable in sufficient quantities, and at a moderate cost. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure metallic alumi- nium is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. AMBRA GRISEA. Synonyms, Ambarum. Ambra Ambrosiaca. Ambra Vera. Am- bra Maritima. Common Name, Ambergris. Origin.—Ambergris is found in the intestines and among the ex- creta of the sperm whale, Physeter macrocephalus. It is found float- ing upon the sea, and thrown upon the coast in tropical regions. It has many of the characteristics of concretions, and is considered to be of intestinal or biliary origin. Properties.—It is fat-like in appearance, or more properly, waxy. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 67 It comes in pieces of various sizes and shapes, of ashy-gray color, mar- bled, with whitish or dark streaks and spots. Although quite friable, it is with difficulty rubbed to powder. It is without taste, has a pecu- liar and agreeable odor. It becomes soft at the temperature of the hand, melts in boiling water, and at a higher temperature is dissipated with the production of white fumes, only a trace of ash remaining. It is soluble in alcohol, ether, and in fatty and volatile oils. Its specific gravity is 0.8-0.9. Tests.—The description as given above will suffice for its identifi- cation or for differentiating a spurious or adulterated article from the genuine and pure one. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The genuine, gray am- bergris is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. AMMONIACUM. Synonym, Dorema Ammoniacum, Don. Nat. Ord., Umbelliferse. Common Name, Gum Ammoniac. The Dorema Ammoniacum is a perennial plant, having a stout, erect flower-stem, six to eight feet high, which divides towards the upper part into numerous ascending branches, along which, at the time of flowering, are arranged the ball-like, simple umbels of very small flowers. The plant is widely distributed in Persia and neighbor- ing countries, and makes the barren regions of the desert its habitat. The stem of the plant abounds in milky juice which flows out on the slightest puncture; the exudation speedily hardening, a part remains attached to the stem and a part falls to the ground. It is gathered by the peasants who sell it to the traders. It is found in commerce in "tears" and in irregular masses. Properties.—The variety in masses is generally less pure than that in "tears." The latter are roundish, varying in size from that of a small pea to that of a cherry. Externally they are pale, creamy- yellow in color, opaque and milky-white within. By long keeping the outer part becomes somewhat brownish in color. Ammoniacum is brittle, breaking with a waxy fracture, but is easily softened by warmth. Its taste is bitter and acrid, its odor is peculiar and char- acteristic. It is partly soluble in alcohol, and when triturated with water produces a milky emulsion. Its specific gravity is about 1.2. Introduced into our Materia Medica by Dr. Buchner, Germany. Preparation.—The pure gum-resin in tears is prepared by tritura- tion, as directed under Class VII. AMMONIUM ACETICUM. Synonyms, Liquor Ammonii Acetatis (Solution of Acetate of Ammonium). Spiritus Mindereri (Spirit of Mindererus). Present Name, Ammonium Acetate. Formula, C2 H3 02 NH4. Preparation of Acetate of Ammonium.—Take of diluted 68 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. acetic acid (acetic acid one part, distilled water seven parts) any quan- tity. Add ammonium carbonate gradually to the acid unto neutrali- zation; then filter. This preparation should be freshly made when wanted. It is a colorless neutral liquid, of a somewhat pungent taste, having no odor. After being kept for some time, especially with ex- posure to the air and sunlight, it suffers partial decomposition, with the production of ammonium carbonate and acetic acid. Tests.—It should evaporate completely over a water bath, leaving no residue; with hydrogen sulphide (for metals) it should give no pre- cipitate or turbidity; nor with barium chloride solution (sulphuric acid); with silver nitrate a white precipitate insoluble in nitric acid shows the presence of HC1. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by weight of pure "spirit of mindererus" is dissolved in nine parts by weight of distilled water. Amount of drug power, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—a. AMMONIUM BENZOICUM. Synonyms, Ammonii Benzoas. Benzoate of Ammonium. Present Name, Ammonium Benzoate. Formula, NH4 C7 H5 02. Molecular Weight, 139. Preparation of Benzoate of Ammonium.—"Take of solution of ammonia three fluid ounces or a sufficiency ; benzoic acid two ounces; distilled water four fluid ounces. Dissolve the benzoic acid in three fluid ounces of solution of ammonia previously mixed with the water; evaporate at a gentle heat, keeping ammonia in slight excess, and set aside that crystals may form."—Br. P. Properties.—Benzoate of ammonia is in minute, white, glistening- four-sided laminse, having a bitter saline taste, whose odor is in some degree like that of benzoic acid; they are soluble in water and alcohol and decompose readily by heat, with the evolution of ammonia and the production of benzoic acid vapors, and without residue. Tests.—The properties of the salt, as above stated, will suffice foj determining its purity. First proven by Dr. Wibmer, Germany. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use —The pure benzoate of ammonium is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. AMMONIUM BROMATUM. Synonyms, Ammonii Bromidum. Bromide of Ammonium. Present Name, Ammonium Bromide. Formula, NH4 Br. Molecular Weight, 98. Preparation of Ammonium Bromide.—Pure ammonium bro- mide is best obtained by sublimation, as follows: In a retort, having a HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 69 wide delivery tube, place 100 parts of thoroughly dried and powdered potassium bromide, together with 50 parts of dried and powdered am- monium sulphate. The retort is to be placed on a sand bath and buried in the sand so that the neck only protrudes; the neck of the retort is to be connected with a cooled receiver, and the temperature is to be gradually raised. The ammonium bromide comes over, con- denses in the receiver and in the neck of the retort. Properties.—Ammonium bromide is in colorless prismatic crystals or in a crystalline powder. It has a saline taste ; is completely dissi- pated by heat. It is soluble in two parts of water, and in 15" or 20 parts of 90 per cent, alcohol, while it is almost insoluble in ether. The first provings were by Dr. A. M. Cushing, U. S. Tests.—It should give no precipitate with barium chloride (absence of sulphuric acid). Upon mixing it with starch solution and treating the mixture with a drop of chlorine water, no blue color should be de- veloped ^absence of iodine.) After its volatilization by heat, there should be no residue left. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use. The pure bromide of ammonium is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. AMMONIUM CARBONICUM, Synonyms, Ammonii Carbonas. Ammoaise Sesquicarbonas. Car- bonate of Ammonium. Volatile Salt. Present Name, Ammonium Carbonate. Common Name, Sal Volatile. Formula, N4 H16 C3 0* = 2 NH4 HCOs + (NH8)2 C03. Molecular Weight, 23(3. Preparation.—Commercial carbonate of ammonia is prepared on the large scale by heating to redness, a mixture of one part of ammonium chloride with two parts of calcium carbonate in a retort to which a receiver is luted. Ammonium and calcium change places, and the ammonium carbonate thus formed condenses in the receiver. It consists of two molecules, the acid carbonate together with one of the normal carbonate, or it may be more properly considered as a mixture of the acid carbonate, (NH4) HC03, with the carbamate of ammonium, N2 H6 C02, the latter, when dissolved in water, tak- ing up the H2 O and becoming converted into normal carbonate, (NH4 2 C03. When the commercial carbonate is treated with water the half acid or sesquicarbonate, whose formula is given at the heading of this article, is dissolved. From a strong solution at 30° C. (86° F„) it may be crystallized out in large, transparent, rectangular prisms whose summits are truncated by octohedral faces. The sesquicar- bonate can be separated into the normal carbonate, (NH4 2 C03, and the acid carbonate, NH4 HC03, by treating it with a 90 per cent. alcohol, the latter taking up the normal carbonate while the acid car- bonate remains undissolved. Properties.—Commercial carbonate of ammonia is in masses, fibrous-crystalline in structure, white and translucent. Exposed to the 70 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. air it suffers partial decomposition, giving off carbonic oxide and free ammonia, leaving behind the acid ammonium carbonate as a white pow- der having scarcely any odor of ammonia and reacting weakly alkaline "to test paper. The ordinary carbonate of ammonia is soluble in three or four parts of water; hot water dissolves it with decomposition. Tests.—The pure substance can be obtained by resublimation. It should be dissipated entirely when heated upon platinum foil. Its solution when over-neutralized by nitric acid should give no precipi- tate with barium chloride (absence of sulphate), nor with silver nitrate (absence of chloride), nor with hydrogen sulphide (absence of metals). If the acidified solution be now neutralized with ammonium hydrate and then treated with ammonium oxalate, a turbidity occurring after some moments, indicates the presence of calcium carbonate. Introduced into our Materia Medica by Hahnemann. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by weight of pure carbonate of ammonium is dissolved in nine parts by weight of distilled water. Amount of drug power, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—a. Triturations of pure carbonate of ammonium, prepared as directed under Class VII., have been recommended, but the great volatility of the substance renders such preparations unsuitable. AMMONIUM CAUSTICUM. Synonyms, Aqua Ammonise. Liquor Ammonii Caustici. Liquor Ammonise Fortior. Present Name, Ammonium Hydrate. Formula, NH4 HO (Ammonia Gas, NH3). Molecular Weight, 17, as NH3. Production.—By the destructive distillation of nitrogenous or- ganic bodies, as well as by their slower decomposition known as putre- faction, ammonia is formed. This body is a gas, lighter than air, having a pungent odor and reacting strongly alkaline to test paper. It is soluble in water to an extraordinary degree, at ordinary temperatures one volume of water taking up over 700 volumes of the gas. This is more, however, than mere solution, for a definite chemical compound is formed by the union of one molecule of water with one of the gas, the atoms re-arranging themselves to form a new molecule, whose formula is NH4 HO, and which is known as ammonium hydrate. Ammonium hydrate is a strong base, its radical ammonium, NH4, readily displacing hydrogen from acids, to form true salts. See article Ammonium Muriaticum. Preparation.—Equal parts by weight are taken of ammonium chloride and fresh burnt lime. The former is to be reduced to powder and the latter must be slaked in a covered basin. The materials are then to be mixed, adding enough water to cause the mass to aggregate into lumps. The whole is then transferred to a roomy retort connected with a receiver, a "wash-bottle containing'water, through which the gas HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 71 may pass, intervening. The receiver should contain water kept very cold. Upon applying heat very cautiously to the retort, ammonia is disengaged, uniformly and regularly, and condenses in the water in the receiver. The operation is to be continued till ammonia ceases to come over, when the liquid in the receiver is to be removed, and diluted with distilled water till its specific gravity is 0.959, at which density it con- tains ten per cent, of NH3 gas. Properties.—Water of ammonia is a transparent, colorless liquid, possessing the strong odor of ammonia gas; its density is lower than that of distilled water and decreases with its strength; its freezing point is below that of water, and is lowered as its strength increases. It is strongly alkaline to test paper, but the change of color so pro- duced is evanescent. It gives up ammonia gas freely when the tem- perature is raised, and should be kept in well-stoppered bottles in a cool place. Tests.—It should give no precipitate upon being treated with an equal volume of lime-water (absence of carbonate). When carefully neutralized with nitric acid, and then diluted with water, no empyreu- matic odor should be observable, and it should give no precipitate with hydrogen sulphide (absence of metals), with ammonium oxalate (cal- cium), with silver nitrate (chloride), or with barium nitrate (sulphate). When heated to 100° C. (212° F.) it should evaporate without residue. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The preparation, specific gravity 0.959, contains ten per cent, of ammoniacal gas, and therefore corresponds to the first decimal potency. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—a. AMMONIUM JODATUM. Synonyms, Ammonii Iodidum. Iodide of Ammonium. Present Name, Ammonium Iodide. Formula, NH4 I. Molecular Weight, 145. Preparation of Iodide of Ammonium.—One hundred parts of potassium iodide and forty-one parts of ammonium sulphate are to be dissolved each in eighty parts of distilled water, and the two solutions mixed. To the mixture is added one and a half times its volume of alcohol and the whole allowed to stand for a day in a cold place, and then filtered. The filtrate is then placed in a retort, the alcohol distilled off, the residue treated with stronger ammonia, with constant stirring, and is finally brought to dryness by means of a sand-bath. Towards the last of the operation the temperature may be raised to 110°-120° C. ( 230°-248° F.). As prepared above the ammonium iodide is not quite free from sulphate. To separate it from the latter, it is to be redissolved in alcohol, when the ammonium sulphate being insoluble may be fil- tered off and the filtrate evaporated or distilled to dryness. Properties.—Ammonium iodide when quite pure is a white crys- talline powder, without odor, and having a sharp saline taste. It is soluble in its own volume of cold water, and in eight or nine parts of 72 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. alcohol. Its solutions are perceptibly acid to test paper. When ex- posed to the air it attracts moisture and undergoes partial decomposi- tion, liberating iodine which gives a yellow color to the salt. Tests.—The presence of fixed salts will be recognized by the residue left upon heating a portion of ammonium iodide on platinum foil. Upon adding to a solution of ammonium iodide, silver nitrate in excess, a precipitate will fall. As silver iodide is almost insoluble in caustic ammonia solution, if the latter be now added in excess the silver iodide may be removed by filtration. Upon adding nitric acid in excess to the filtrate, a merely opalescent turbidity should occur, a real precipi- tate indicating the presence of chloride or bromide. Such precipitate may be further tested by adding chlorine water and then some carbon di-sulphide; if the precipitate be a bromide, the bromine liberated by the chlorine water is taken up by the carbon di-sulphide, coloring the latter red; if it be a chloride no alteration of color ensues. Sulphuric acid from sulphate may be known by a white precipitate, insoluble in nitric acid, occurring when barium nitrate is added to the acidified solution above mentioned. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure iodide of am- monium is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. AMMONIUM MURIATICUM. Synonyms, Ammonii Chloridum. Ammonium Chloratum. Muri- ate of Ammonia. Chloride of Ammonium. Present Name, Ammonium Chloride. Common Name, Sal Ammoniac. Formula NH4 CI. Molecular Weight, 53.5. Preparation of Chloride of Ammonium.—Among the by- products of the destructive distillation of coal in the manufacture of illuminating gas, is the ammoniacal liquor, which is heavily charged with ammonium carbonate and sulphide. When coal-gas liquor is neutralized with hydrochloric acid ammonium chloride is formed, and carbonic oxide and hydrogen sulphide are liberated. The solution ia partly evaporated and the impure ammonium chloride crystallizes out. The crystals are moderately heated in an iron pan, to deprive them of tarry matter with which they are contaminated, and finally are purified by sublimation in large iron vessels lined with clay and surmounted by domes of lead, as the vapors act readily upon iron. The purification of the salt in the pharmaceutical laboratory is not recommended, as the cost of a pure article is not high enough to warrant the slight expense of the process. Properties.—Sublimed ammonium chloride is in white masses of fibro-crystalline texture; from its watery solutions it can be made to crystallize in cubes or octohedrons, the crystals being small and dis- posed in fern-like arrangement. The salt has a sharp saline taste, and is without odor; it is soluble in less than three parts of cold, and in one of boiling water. By its solution in water the temperature of HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 73 the latter is considerably reduced. Heated on platinum foil it volatil- izes in dense white fumes which remain for some time suspended in the air and upon cooling condense in small needle-like crystals. Tests.—Fixed impurities will be shown by the residue left upon volatilizing the salt from platinum foil. Traces of iron are present in the best specimens of the commercial product, and sometimes ammo- nium sulphate is also found. Upon adding potassium ferro-cyanide to a not too dilute solution of ammonium chloride, a blue coloration will be developed if iron be present; a sulphate will be detected by the white precipitate, insoluble in nitric acid, occurring when a solution of barium chloride is added to one of the salt. The first proving is by Nenning, in Germany. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by weight of pure chloride of ammonium is dissolved in nine parts by weight of distilled water. Amount of drug power, y1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—a. Triturations of the pure chloride of ammonium are prepared as directed under Class VII. AMMONIUM NITRICUM. Synonyms, Ammonii Nitras. Nitrum Flammans. Nitrate of Ammonium. Present Name, Ammonium Nitrate. Formula, NH4 N03. Molecular Weight, 80. Preparation of Nitrate of Ammonium.—By neutralizing am- monium hydrate with nitric acid, and evaporating the solution to crys- tallization, the salt is readily obtained. Properties.—Ammonium nitrate forms permanent, odorless, trans- parent, hexagonal prisms, when the salt is obtained by slow evaporation of its solution; when the evaporation is done by heat unto complete dry- ness, the salt is in fibro-crystalline masses. It has a sharp saline and cooling taste. When in masses it is deliquescent. It is soluble in tAvo parts of cold and in about its own volume of hot water and in twenty parts of alcohol. Its solution in water is accompanied by a notable de- crease in temperature; when equal parts of the salt and water are taken the thermometer shows a falling of about 25° C. (45° F.). The salt fuses at 160° C. (320° F.), and at about 200° C. (392° F.) it is re- solved into water and hyponitrous oxide or laughing 9"*;*™? heat be applied too rapidly, or if it be raised to 320 t. (60S *.), it is decomposed suddenly with slight explosion into nitrogen, the lower oxides of nitrogen and ammonia. Tests —The usual impurities in ammonium nitrate are ammonium chloride and sulphate. Its watery solution should give no precipitate with silver nitrate or with barium nitrate solution. When heated upon platinum foil it should be completely dissipated, a residue indi- cating fixed salts. 74 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by weight of pure nitrate of ammonium is dissolved in nine parts by weight of dis- tilled water. Amount of drug power, y1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—a. AMMONIUM PHOSPHORICUM. Synonyms, Ammonii Phosphas. Phosphate of Ammonium. Present Name, Hydrogen-Diammonium Phosphate. Formula, (NH4)2 HP04. Molecular Weight, 132. Preparation of Phosphate of Ammonium.—"Take of diluted phosphoric acid, twenty fluid ounces ; strong solution of ammonia, a sufficiency. Add the ammonia to the phosphoric acid until the solution is slightly alkaline, then evaporate the liquid, adding ammonia from time to time so as to keep it in slight excess, and when the crystals are formed, on the cooling of the solution, dry them quickly on filtering- paper placed on a porous tile, and preserve them in a stoppered bottle." —Br. P. Properties.—Ammonium phosphate forms large, colorless, transpar- ent crystals, having a cooling, saline taste. When exposed to the air, it effloresces slightly, losing ammonia. It is soluble in four parts of cold, and more readily in hot water; it is insoluble in alcohol and ether. When heated, or when its watery solution is boiled, it parts with am- monia. Its solutions are weakly alkaline to test paper. At a red heat it is converted, by the loss of all the ammonia, into metaphosphoric acid. Tests.—A watery solution of ammonium phosphate should give no precipitate when treated with ammonium sulphide (absence of iron, lead, etc.), nor after acidification with nitric acid, with barium nitrate (absence of sulphuric acid), or with silver nitrate (absence of chloride). Ten parts by weight of the salt when heated to redness, as stated above, will, if pure, leave 6.06 parts of residue. Preparation.—The pure phosphate of ammonium is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. AMMONIUM VALERIANICUM. Synonyms, Ammonii Valerianas. Valerianate of Ammonium. Present Name, Ammonium Valerianate. Formula, NH4 C6 H9 Oa. Molecular Weight, 119. Preparation.—Ammonium valerianate is prepared by saturating valerianic acid with dry ammonia gas. The method given in the article ammonium causticum is to be used, except that the gas is to be first passed through a drying-tube or bottle filled with small pieces of freshly burnt lime. The gas is then led into the valerianic acid. The complete saturation of the acid will be known by its ceasing to redden blue litmus paper, when the liquid may be set aside to crystal- HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 75 lize. The crystals are to be collected, drained and finally dried by means of bibulous paper. Properties.—Ammonium valerianate is in Avhite four-sided tables, readily soluble in Avater and alcohol, having the odor of valerianic acid and a sharp, SAveetish taste. The crystals effloresce in dry air, but in the presence of moisture they deliquesce. The salt is readily decom- posed into ammonia and valerianic acid, and even in its solutions, it gives off ammonia and reacts acid to test paper after some time from the presence of free valerianic acid. Tests. If a solution of a valerianate is rendered slightly alkaline to test paper, and then fully decomposed by solution of ferric chloride, and after a short time filtered, a red filtrate Avill indicate the presence of acetic acid. Its solution may be tested in the usual A\ay with barium chloride and silver nitrate, for sulphuric and hydrochloric acids. After the addition of ammonia in excess, its solution will give a precipitate Avith magnesium sulphate, if phosphates are present. A residue left after heating to redness on platinum will show the presence of a fixed salt or compound. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure valerianate of ammonium is prejmred by trituration, as directed under Class VII. AMPELOPSIS. Synonym, Ampelopsis Quinquefolia, Michaux. Nat. Ord., Vitacese. Common Name, Virginian Creeper. This is a common woody vine, growing in low or rich grounds throughout the United States, climbing extensively, sometimes by root- lets as well as by its disk-bearing tendrils. Tendrils fixing themselves to trunks of trees or Avails by dilated sucker-like disks at their tips; leaves digitate, Avith five oblong-lanceolate, sparingly serrate leaflets; flower-clusters, cymose, of a greenish-Avhite color. Calyx slightly five- toothed. Petals concave, thick, expanding before they fall. Its blos- soms appear in July, and its small, blackish berries ripen in October. It is frequently called American Ivy. Its smooth dark green leaves turn crimson in autumn. Preparation.—Equal parts of the fresh young shoots and the fresh bark are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. The whole is to be well stirred, and is then poured into a well-stoppered bottle, and allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, \. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class. AMPHISBCENA VERMICULARIS. Synonym, Amphisbcena Flavescens. Class, Reptilia. 76 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Order, Sauria. Family, Anuulata. Poison of a South American Snake. This species of snake moves either backwards or forwards, as occa- sion may require, and is quite common in the woods of Brazil. Its body is cylindrical, from two to two and a half feet long, terminated by a very obtuse tail. It has no scales, properly speaking, but its skin is divided into quadrilateral compartments disposed in rings around the body; 228 on the trunk and 26 on the tail. The lower lip is di- vided into six long and narrow plates; the head is small, rather sharp, protected by scutellse, and not distinguished from the neck. It has small eyes; the jaAv is not dilatable, the teeth are conical, bent, un- equal and distinct from each other; the nostrils are on the sides, and pierced in a single naso-rostral plate. The amphisbcena is of a brown- ish color above, and a pinkish-white under the belly. Preparation.—The poison taken from the living animal is tritu- rated as directed under Class IX. AMYGDALA AMAR^, De Candolle. Synonyms, Amygdalus Communis. Prunus Amygdalus. Nat. Ord., Amygdalese. Common Name, Bitter Almond. The almond-tree is probably a native of Persia, extending thence to Syria, and even to Algeria. It is very extensively cultivated in various parts in the south of Europe. The tree is fifteen or tAventy feet in height, with spreading branches. Its leaves are lanceolate, serrate, and of a bright green color. The floAvers are pale red in color, varying to white. The fruit is a drupe, with a velvety sarcocarp, and marked with a longitudinal furrow, where it opens Avhen fully ripe. Within this covering is a rough shell, containing the kernel or almond. The first proving seems to have been by Engler, in Germany. Preparation.—The ripe kernel is finely chopped and pounded, covered with five parts by weight of alcohol, and allowed to stand eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, shaking it twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, y1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. Triturations are prepared from the ripe kernel, as directed under Class VII. AMYL NITROSUM. Synonyms, Nitrite of Amyl. Amyl Nitris. Formula, C5 HM N02. Molecular Weight, 117. Preparation of Nitrite of Amyl.—Equal volumes of amyl alcohol, purified until it has a constant boiling point 132° C. (269.6° F.), and of nitric acid, are placed in a roomy glass retort, such that the mixture shall only occupy one-third of its capacity. Heat is ap- HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. i I plied and the temperature gradually increased till the mixture gives evidence of ebullition, Avhen the source of heat may be removed, the chemical interchange no longer requiring its aid. The impure amyl nitrite condenses in a cooled receh'er, but only that portion coming over below 100° C. i 212° F.) should be retained. This should be Avashed Avith caustic soda to remove hydrocyanic acid and the loAver oxides of nitrogen, and then rectified OArer fused potassium carbonate to separate water. Finally the product so obtained is to be redistilled and that part of the distillate Avhich comes over betAveen 95° and 100° C. (203°—212° F.) is to be preserved for medicinal use. Properties.—Amyl nitrite is a yellowish ethereal liquid, having a peculiar odor resembling that of over-ripe pears, and a someAvhat aro- matic taste. The boiling point is about 95° or 96° C. (103°—104.6° F.), and its specific gravity from 0.877 to 0.900. When added drop by drop to caustic potash Avhile fused by the application of heat, valerianate of potassium Avill be formed. Tests.—The purity of a specimen of amyl nitrite is assured by its possessing the above described qualities. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by Aveight of pure nitrite of amyl is dissolved in nine parts by weight of 95 per cent. alcohol. Amount of drug power, TV Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class VI—a. ANACARDIUM ORIENTALE. Synonyms, Semecarpus Anacardium, Linn. Anacardium Offi- cinarum. Nat. Ord., Anacardiacese. Common Names, Marking-nut Tree. Malacca Bean. Anacar- dium. This is a small tree, growing in the West Indies and other parts of tropical America. The nut is heart-shaped; it consists of tAvo shells, with a black caustic fluid between them, and of a sweet oily kernel. Great precaution is to be advised in handling these nuts, for the juice coming in contact with an irritable skin causes pustular eruptions, whichCare verv painful and difficult to cure. Care must be taken to distinguish the marking-nut from the casheAV nut, from A. occidental^. The latter is kidney-shaped and grayish-brown in color; the former is heart-shaped and is black and glossy. Introduced by Hahnemann. Preparation.—The crushed seed is covered with five parts by weight of 95 per cent, alcohol, and alloAved to stand eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, shaking it twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, TV Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. Triturations are to be prepared from the black caustic fluid contained in the fruit, as directed under Class IX. 78 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. ANAGALLIS. Synonyms, Anagallis Arvensis, Linn. Nat. Ord., Primulacese. Common Names, Scarlet Pimpernel. Poor Man's Weather-Glass. This plant is a native of Europe, but has been naturalized in this country. The slender, mostly procumbent stems are smooth, branched, four-edged; the branches, opposite, diffused, the leaves clasping, oppo- site, ovate-lanceolate, entire obtuse, with blackish translucent spots underneath. The small but beautiful floAvers, scarlet, sometimes purple, blue or white, are on long pedicles in the axils. Calyx five-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, with almost no tube, five-parted, longer than the calyx; the divisions broad. Petals obovate, obtuse, fringed with minute teeth or stalked glands. Stamens five; filaments bearded. Pod membranaceous, circumcissile, the top falling off like a lid, many seeded. The flowers' quickly closing at the approach of bad weather, gave origin to its common English name, Poor Man's Weather-Glass. The flowers appear in July and August. Preparation.—The fresh plant (of the scarlet-flowered variety only), gathered before the development of the flowers, is chopped and pounded to a pulp, which is to be enclosed in a piece of new linen and subjected to pressure. The expressed juice is then, with brisk agitation, mingled with an equal part by weight of alcohol. This mixture ia allowed to stand eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Drug power of tincture, h Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. ANANTHERUM MURICATUM. Synonyms, Andropogon Muricatus, Retz. Vetiveria Odorata, Vivana. Nat. Ord., Graminese. Common Names, Bena. Cuscus. Vetiver. Viti-vayr. A well known grass in the East Indies, cultivated on the Markaren- tas Islands for its medical use; the root is aromatic and stimulating or diaphoretic. Preparation.—The root in coarse powder is covered with five parts by Aveight of alcohol, and then poured into a well-stoppered bot- tle, and allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place, shaking it twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, y1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. ANDIRA INERMIS, Kunth. Synonyms, Andira Refusa. Geoffroya Inermis. Nat. Ord., Leguminosse. Common Names, Bastard Cabbage Tree. Cabbage Tree Bark. This tree, a native of Jamaica, and of other West India Islands, HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 79 branches only toward the top. Its leaves are pinnately divided, the leaflets being in pairs with one terminal; they are petiolate, ovate-lan- ceolate, pointed, smooth. The flowers are in terminal panicles. The bark is found in commerce in long pieces, somewhat thick, and fibrous, and frequently covered Avith growth of lichens; its color is broAvnish- gray externally, internally it is yellow. Its odor is disagreeable, and the taste is bitter-SAveet and mucilaginous. It has a resinous fracture. Properties.—The bark, in coarse powder, is covered Avith five parts by weight of alcohol, and having been poured into a Avell-stop- pered bottle, is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. ANEMONIN. Formula, C15 H14 07. Obtained from Anemone Pratensis. Preparation of Anemonin.—By distilling water off the leaves or root, or indeed the Avhole herb, of Anemone (Pulsatilla) pratensis, A. nemorosa, Ranunculus Sceleratus, and other species of the Ranuncu- lacese, the distillate is found to contain anemonin and anemonic acid. Dobraschinky obtains anemonin by subjecting to distillation the fresh floAvering herb A. pratensis and Avater, Avith one-tenth part of chloroform, and dissolving the residue of the chloroform extract in hot alcohol; the anemonin then separates in crystals. Properties.—Anemonin is a camphor-like body, crystallizing in the tri-metric system. The crystals are transparent and colorless, without odor, and indifferent to test papers. In the cold they are sparingly soluble in alcohol. Ether and water dissolve but little, even at the boiling point. Chloroform dissolves it readily. The crystals soften at 150° C. (302° F.), giving off water and acrid vapors, form- ing, probably, a neAv body, for in this state the substance has a burn- ing taste, and leaves the tongue numb for some days afterward. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Anemonin is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. ANGELICA ARCHANGELICA, Linn. Synonym, Archangelica Officinalis. Hoffim. Nat. Ord., Umbelliferae. Common Name, Garden Angelica. The root of garden angelica is long, thick, fleshy, supplied with numerous fibres, and sends up annually a round, holloAV, smooth stem, purplish in color, rising five feet or more in height, and branching. The leaves are large, bi-pinnate, leaflets ovate-lanceolate, pointed, ser- rate. The flowers are greenish-white and small. The plant is culti- vated in gardens in Europe, and occasionally in this country. 80 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Preparation.—The dried root in coarse powder is covered with five parts by weight of alcohol. Having poured it into a well-stop- pered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place, and shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, Tx^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. ANGUSTUR^ CORTEX. Synonym, Galipea Cusparia, St. Hilaire. Nat. Ord., Rutacese. Common Name, Angustura or Cusparia Bark. This is a small tree, irregularly branched, rising to the height of fifteen or twenty feet, with an erect stem from three to five inches in diameter, and covered with a smooth, gray bark. The tree grows abundantly on the mountains of Caroni, in Venezuela, between the 7th and 8th degrees of N. latitude. The bark is found in commerce in flatfish or channeled pieces, in lengths varying from one to three inches, an inch or more wide and about one-eighth of an inch thick. Its outer side is covered with a cork-like layer, yellowish-gray in color, and easily removable. Beneath this layer is a dark brown resinous surface. Its fracture is short and resinous, and is dotted with sharply defined Avhite points, these being aggregations of calcium oxalate crys- tals. The taste of the bark is bitter, and its odor is disagreeable. It was first proven by Hahnemann. Preparation.—The dried bark, reduced to a coarse powder, is cov- ered Avith five parts by weight of alcohol. Having poured the mixture into a Avell-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place, shaking it twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. ANISUM STELLATUM. Synonym, Illicium Anisatum, Linn. Nat. Ord., Magnoliacese. Common Names, Star Anise-Seed. Badiane. The fruit of a small tree, native of the southwestern provinces of China. It was introduced at an early period into Japan. The fruit is star-shaped, made up of eight one-seeded carpels. The seed is ellip- tical, somewhat flattened, truncated on one side; its upper edge is keeled, the lower rounded. Star anise has an agreeable, aromatic taste and smell, resembling fennel in these respects. When powdered it leaves a sub-acid after-taste. It must not be confounded Avith the ordinary anise of the United States and British Pharmacopoeias. It Avas first proved by Dr. Franz, Germany. Preparation.—The dried, powdered fruit, is covered with five HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 81 parts by weight of alcohol. Having poured the mass into a Avell-stop- pered bottle, it is alloAved to stand eight days in a dark, cool place, shaking it tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. ANTHEMIS. Synonym, Anthemis Nobilis, Linn. Nat. Ord., Compositse. Common Names, Common Chamomile. Roman Chamomile. A small, creeping, perennial plant, putting forth in the latter part of the summer solitary flower-heads. It is abundant in Southern England, is found in Ireland, and is plentiful in Southern Europe. Stem prostrate, branching from the base; leaves finely incised, pinnati- fid, segments linear, subulate. The flowers are like those of the com- posite in general. They are from one-half to three-fourths of an inch across, Avith a hemispherical involucre, made up of a number of equal bracts. Receptacle conical. The ray florets in the Avild state number twelve or more, and are white, narrow, strap-shaped, and toothed at the end. The disk florets are yelloAV and tubular. In the cultivated plant the ligulate florets predominate over or replace entirely the tubu- lar ones. Minute oil glands are sparingly scattered over the tubular parts of both kinds of florets. The whole plant has a strong aromatic odor and bitter taste. Drs. Marcy and Peters seem to have first collected symptoms from provings of the whole plant. Preparation.—The Avhole, fresh plant, gathered Avhen coming into floAver, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then tA\o parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and after mixing the pulp thor- oughly with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After stirring the Avhole AATell, and pouring it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. ANTHOXANTHUM ODORATUM, Linn. Nat. Ord., Graminese. Common Name, SAveet Vernal Grass. This is a perennial, found growing in meadows, Avoods and on river banks, in Arctic Europe, Northern Africa, Siberia, Dahuria and Greenland; and has been introduced into North America. Its stem is from six to eighteen inches high, shining. Leaves flat, hairy ; sheaths furroAved, often pubescent, mouth pilose. Panicle one to five inches long, pubescent or villous; branches short. Spikelets one-quarter to one-third inch long, fascicled, often squarrose, green; empty glumes 6 82 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. ovate, acute, upper lanceolate, almost aAvned; two succeeding glumes two-lobed, pilose, awn in the sinus, slender, exserted; flower glume smaller, glabrous, obtuse, awnless. Palese one-nerved. Scales none. Stamens two, anthers large, linear, yelloAv ; ovary glabrous, styles long, stigmas feathery. Fruit terete, acute, enclosed in the broAvn-shining flower glume and palese. Flowers appear in May and June. Preparation.—The fresh herb, in floAver, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tA\o parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the whole Avell, and pouring it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, strain- ing and filtering. Drug power of tincture, I. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. ANTHRACITE. Vast masses of the vegetation of pre-historic times having been bur- ied, subjected to pressure and probably to a mode of fermentation, are now found by man as coal. Of this there are three principal varieties, lignite, bituminous coal and anthracite. The latter contains about 90 per cent, of carbon, a little over 3 per cent, of hydrogen, and something less than 3 per cent, of oxygen, with less than 1 per cent, each of nitro- gen and sulphur, Avhile of ash it gives about 1.5 per cent., consisting chiefly of silica, alumina and ferric oxide. Anthracite, or stone coal, is found in many parts of the world, bul enormous deposits of it exist in Pennsylvania, U. S. Preparation.—Anthracite is prepared by trituration as directed under Class VII. ANTHRAKOKALI. Synonym, Lithanthrakokali Simplex. Preparation of Anthrakokali.—To seven parts of freshly pre pared caustic potash in a state of fusion are added five parts of finely pulverized anthracite coal (which, for the originally proved prepara- tion, was obtained from Funfkirchen, a town in the Baranya district of Hungary); the vessel is taken from the fire, and the mixture tritur- ated till a perfectly uniform black powder is formed, Avhich is preserved in small, well-stoppered bottles. Properties.—Rightly prepared anthrakokali is a black, very subtle,_ staining powder of alkaline taste; is inodorous and becomes moist in the air without deliquescing. Tests.—Five grains of the preparation dissolved in an ounce of distilled Avater yield a darkish-brown solution, so dark indeed that after all insoluble matter has subsided the liquid is translucent onlv in thin layers. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Anthrakokali is pre- pared by trituration as directed under Class VII. It must be preserved »in. well-stoppered bottles. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 83 ANTIMONIUM CRUDUM. Synonyms, Antimonii Sulphuretum. Stibium Sulphuretum Nig- rum. Tersulphuret of Antimony. Sulphuret of Antimony. Black (Crude) Antimony. Present Name, Antimonious Sulphide. Formula, Sb2 S3. Molecular Weight, 340. Origin.—The crystallized tri-sulphide of antimony occurs as a natural mineral called stibnite, gray antimony or antimony glance. It is the source of all the antimony of commerce. It is found in various localities in Hungary, Germany, France, England and the United States. Properties.—It is found in masses of aggregated needles, having a metallic lustre and of a lead-gray color, inclining to steel-gray, some- times iridescent. It produces a streak of its OAvn color. It is easily fusible, thin splinters melting eAren in the flame of a candle. The crude substance should be used for homoeopathic preparations, those pieces having the largest and most brilliant laminse being selected. The pieces must be poAvdered, and ground Avith Avater, on a hard stone. This process will, after several repetitions, give a blackish powder, perfectly pure, without smell or taste, and insoluble either in water or alcohol. Introduced into our Materia Medica by Hahnemann. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure antimonium crudum is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. ANTIMONIUM IODATUM. Synonyms, Antimonii Iodidum. Antimonious Iodide. Teriodide of Antimony. Formula, Sb I3. Molecular Weight, 501. Preparation of Iodide of Antimony.—Nickles prepares this compound by treating pulverized antimony Avith iodine dissolved in carbon di-sulphide. The iodide dissolves in the liquid and crystallizes therefrom in red tabular hexagonal crystals. Properties.—The crystals of antimonious iodide are permanent in the air, and dissolve sloAvly but completely in carbon di-sulphide, they are readily decomposed by water, forming an oxyiodide,and by al- kaline hydrates and carbonates, yielding then pure antimonious oxide. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Iodide of antimony is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. ANTIMONIUM OXYDATUM. Synonyms, Antimonii Oxidum. Antimonious Oxide. Present Name, Antimonious Oxide. Formula, Sb2 03. Molecular Weight, 288. 84 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Preparation of Oxide of Antimony.—The tri-oxide of anti- mony can be easily obtained by heating the tri-sulphide with strong hydrochloric acid, adding acid as long as hydrogen sulphide continues to be given off. The solution of tri-chloride thus formed is to be thrown into a large amount of water, Avhen decomposition takes place and the so-called oxychloride {powder of Algaroih) is precipitated. This is to be repeatedly agitated with fresh supplies of water till free from acid reaction in each case, allowing the powder to settle and drawing off the supernatant water by a syphon. Finally, the oxy- chloride is to be treated with a strong solution of sodium carbonate, and the mixture allowed to stand, with occasional agitation for some hours. The resulting trioxide is removed by filtration, and repeatedly washed till the washings give no precipitate with a solution of silver nitrate acidulated with nitric acid. Properties.—Antimonious oxide is a white or greyish-white heavy powder at ordinary temperatures, but turns yellow when heated, insol- uble in water, but dissolving readily in hydrochloric or tartaric acid. It melts below a red heat, and sublimes Avhen raised to a higher tem- perature in a closed vessel; when heated in the air it absorbs oxygen, becoming changed into the tetroxide. Its solution in hydrochloric acid yields a Avhite precipitate with water, and an orange-red precipi- tate Avith sulphuretted hydrogen. Tests.—Oxide of antimony dissolves completely when boiled with acid potassium tartrate in excess (absence of earthy impurities, etc.), and its solution in tartaric acid is not precipitated by silver nitrate (chlorides), barium chloride (sulphates), or potassium ferrocyanide (metals). Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure oxide of an- timony is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. ANTIMONIUM SULPHURATUM AURATUM. Synonyms, Antimonii Sulphuratum Aureum. Sulphurated An- timony. Golden Sulphuret of Antimony. Golden Sulphur. Composition, Sb2 S5 and Sb2 S3 mixed with a small amount of Sb2 03, the latter varying in quantity. Preparation of Sulphurated Antimony.—One part of pure antimonious sulphide, obtained by fusing the native sulphide, the re- sidue being treated by elutriation and aftenvard submitted to the ac- tion of ammonia water in the cold for some days, is added to twelve parts of a solution of soda containing 5.6 per cent, of pure sodium hy- drate in distilled water. To the mixture is added thirty parts of dis- tilled Avater, and the whole is boiled at a gentle heat for two hours, with constant stirring. Distilled Avater must be added from time to time to supply the loss by evaporation. The liquid is to be strained at once through a strainer of doubled cotton cloth, and into it before it cools at all, dilute sulphuric acid is to be dropped as long as the addi- tion of the acid causes a precipitate. The precipitate must be washed .with distilled water until the washings are no longer rendered turbid by the addition of barium chloride solution. Lastly, the precipitate is to be dried and reduced to powder. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 85 Properties and Tests.—The golden sulphide of antimony is, when prepared by the above given process, a reddish-brown powder! It is insoluble in water and when treated with hydrochloric acid evolves hydrogen sulphide and forms a chloride. A solution of the golden sulphide made in boiling water should give no precipitate with barium chloride, or with ammonium oxalate. When sixty grains of the sul- phide are dissolved in hydrochloric acid and the solution tlirown into distilled Avater, a white precipitate falls which when dried weighs about fifty-three grains. First proven by Dr. Mayerhofer, Germany. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure sulphurated antimony is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. ANTIMONIUM TARTARICUM. Synonyms, Antimonii Potassii-tartras. Tartarus Emeticus. Tar- tarus Stibiatus. Stibio-Kali Tartaricuin. Tartrate of Antimony and Potassium. Tartarated Antimony. Present Name, Potassio-antimonium Oxytartrate. Common Name, Tartar Emetic. Formula, 2 C4 H4 K (Sb O) 06 -f H2 O. Molecular Weight, 664. Preparation.—Toeighteen fluid ounces of water at 100°C. (212° F.) in a glass vessel, add two ounces of oxide of antimony and two-and-a- half ounces of acid potassium tartrate. Both substances must be in the state of fine powder and mixed together before being added to the water. The mixture is to be boiled for an hour and filtered Avhile hot. The fil- trate is to be set aside to crystallize. The crystals are to be removed, and dried; they should be kept in a closely stoppered bottle. For further purification, they are redissolved in Avater, and precipitated from this solution by alcohol in the form of minute crystals. Properties.—Tartar emetic is in colorless transparent rhombic oc- tohedrons or tetrahedrons, Avhich become opaque on exposure to the air. Their taste is sweetish and metallic. They are soluble in fourteen or fifteen parts of cold and in two parts of boiling water, and not at all in alcohoL The solution is acid to test paper, and becomes decom- posed by most metallic salts, salts of the earthy metals, by tannic acid and by free alkalies. Tests.—Dissolve one part of tartar emetic in fifteen parts of dis- tilled Avater at the ordinary temperature; after shaking, the solution should be clear or very nearly so. Both acid and normal potassium tartrate will remain undissolved if present. Portions of the solution treated with solutions of barium chloride, silver nitrate, ammonium oxalate and potassium ferro-cyanide should suffer no change in color nor become turbid, otherwise the presence of sulphates, nitrates, cal- cium, copper or iron compounds is indicated (the silver solution should be added in a few drops only). For the detection of arsenic, Bettendorf 's method may be used. A few grains of tartar emetic with nearly twice as much stannous chloride are placed in a test-tube with ten or twelve 86 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. parts of a 25 per cent, hydrochloric acid, thoroughly agitated and then heated to boiling for three minutes, unless a reaction should appear sooner. If arsenic be present a broAvn precipitate occurs. If a HO to 35 per cent, hydrochloric acid be used the change will occur immedi- ately. The precipitate is to be collected, washed and dried, and when heated in a reduction-tube gives the well knoAvn arsenical mirror. The drug appears first in Homoeopathic Materia Medica in Hart- laub and Trinks. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by weight of pure tartar emetic is dissolved in ninety-nine parts by weight of dis- tilled Avater. Amount of drug power, T£g-. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—ft. Triturations of pure tartar emetic are prepared as directed under Class VII. ANTIRRHINUM LINARIUM, Linn. Synonym, Linaria Vulgaris, Miller and Lindley. Nat.Ord., Scrophulariacese. Common Name, Common Toad-Flax. This is a perennial herbaceous plant, between one and tAvo feet high, with alternate, crowded, linear leaves, and a dense raceme of yellow spurred flowers. It is indigenous to Europe, but has been introduced into this country, and is found in great abundance along the roadsides and in old fields through the Middle States. It flowers from June to October. The plant when fresh has a somewhat disagreeable odor, which is in a great part dissipated by drying. Preparation.—The fresh plant in flower is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken and the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the whole well, and pouring it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decant- ing, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, I. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. APHIS CHENOPODII GLAUCI. Class, Insecta. * Order, Rhynchota. Family, Aphidse. Common Name, Plant Louse from Chenopodium Glaucum. These lice are found in great abundance upon the oak-leaved goose- foot (Chenopodium Glaucum, Linn.), from Avhich they are gathered. The head is small and furnished Avith a long tubular beak, which is situated perpendicularly between the fore legs. The body is soft, oval, and pre rided at the posterior extremity with two slightly raised emi- HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 87 nences, each of which is pierced by a tube or pore. From time to time there exudes through these orifices minute drops of a thick, SAveetish fluid called " Honigthau." These insects feed upon the sap contained -in the leaves, sucking up the circulating fluids Avith the greatest avidity, and Avhen gorged Avith sap, the liquor passes out through the posterior pores as above described. Dr. Meyer, of Germany, first proved it. Preparation.—The live insects, bruised, are covered Avith five parts by Aveight of alcohol, poured into a well-stoppered bottle, and allowed to remain eight days in a dark, cool place, the Avhole being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, -j^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. APIS MELLIFICA. Class, Insecta. Order, Hymenoptera. Family, Apidse. Common Name, Honey Bee. This Avell knoAvn insect lives in swarms in the Avilds, and is also culti- vated in proper establishments, to furnish honey and Avax, two valuable products of its industry. The first proving Avas by Dr. F. Humphreys, New York. Preparation.—The live bees, put into a bottle, are irritated by shaking, and upon them is poured five times their weight of dilute alcohol. The Avhole is alloAved to remain eight days, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, y1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV., except that dilute alcohol be used for the 2x and 1 dilutions. APIUM VIRUS. Poison of the Honey Bee. The proving of this preparation Avas first done by Dr. C. Hering. Preparation.—DraAv out the sting together with the poison bag from a bee freshly killed. Taking hold of the bag, insert the point of the sting into a small glass tube and squeeze the poison into it. Or, take a live bee with a pair of pincers and allow it to seize a small lump of sugar. It will immediately sting into the sugar, Avhich will absorb the poison. Repeat this process until enough is accumulated to start a trituration. This poison is triturated as directed under Class VIII. APOCYNUM ANDROSiEMIFOLIUM, Linn. Nat. Ord., Apocynacese. Common Name, Spreading Dog's Bane. 88 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. This perennial herb is tAvo or three feet high, and abounds in a milky juice, Avhich exudes upon wounding the plant. The smooth stem is erect, branched above, and of a red color on the side exposed to the sun. The leaves are petioled, opposite, ovate, acute, entire, and two or three inches long. The pale, rose-colored flowers are in loose, spreading cymes. The corolla tube is much longer than the calyx, with spreading border. The fruit consists of two long slender follicles, containing numerous imbricated seeds, attached to central receptacle, and each having a long tuft of silky down at the apex. The plant is found all over the United States north of the Carolinas. It flowers in June and July. The first proving is by Dr J. Henry, United States. Preparation.—The fresh root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the whole well, and pouring it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. APOCYNUM CANNABINUM. Nat. Ord., Apocynacese. Common Name, American Indian Hemp, a faulty term; (better simply, American Hemp). In general appearance and character, this species bears a close re- semblance to the preceding. The stems are, however, more erect; the leaves are smaller and thicker than in the preceding; the cymes are paniculate; the corolla is small and greenish, Avith a tube not longer than the calyx, and an erect border; the internal parts of the flower are pinkish or purple. The plant grows in similar situations with A. androscemifolium, flowers about the same period, and bears a similar fruit, except that the follicles are more slender; care must be taken not to confound these two varieties. First proved by Dr. Black, of England. Preparation.—The fresh root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, when the rest of the alcohol is to be added. After stirring the whole well, and pouring it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, \. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. APOMORPHIA. Synonyms, Apomorphia Hydrochlorate. Apomorphiae Hydro- chloras. Muriate of Apomorphia. Apomorphine. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 89 Formula, C17 H17 N02. Molecular Weight, 267. Preparation of Apomorphia.—By heating morphine in a sealed tube to 140°-150° C. (284°-302° F.) for two or three hours with a large excess of hydrochloric acid, the elements of one molecule of water are abstracted from the morphine and the resulting alkaloid is apomorphine. The reaction is exhibited as follows: C17 H19 N03 — H2 O = Cx 7 Hx 7 N02. The process is not so simple as the equation Avould indicate, for the product actually obtained is a com- pound of apomorphia Avith hydrochloric acid. The same body may be prepared by digesting morphia Avith excess of hydrochloric acid, under paraffin on the Avater-bath for some days. By decomposing the hydrochlorate Avith sodium bicarbonate the base may be obtained as a snow-Avhite mass, which quickly turns green on exposure to the air. The hydrochlorate acts in a similar manner, as Avill be seen below. Properties.—Hydrochlorate of apomorphine comes in commerce in amorphous masses or in the crystalline state, or as a mixture of both forms. It is soluble in about 30 parts of Avater at medium tem- peratures and in about 25 parts of alcohol. Its identity is determined by its behavior to the air, to certain solvents and reagents. Apo- morphia itself is a colorless amorphous alkaloid; when exposed to the air it absorbs oxygen and quickly turns green, and is then less soluble in water, imparting to its solution in the latter an emerald-green color. It is then soluble in alcohol, producing a greenish-colored solution, Avhile its solution in ether and benzol are purple-red, and in chloro- form, violet. It is rarely found colorless, usually more or less greenish- gray. As in the process only about 10 parts of apomorphine are ob- tained from 100 parts of morphia and some special technical appli- ances are required to prevent its oxidation by exposure to the air, its production should be left to the manufacturing chemist. Tests.—In addition to the properties mentioned above may be given some of the points of difference betAveen its behavior and that of morphia under similar circumstances; first, its greater solubility in water and alcohol, but especially in ether, in which morphia is almost insoluble. The Avell known test, ferric chloride, Avhich gives with morphia a greenish-blue coloration, produces in even 1 per cent. solutions of apomorphia a dark amethyst tint. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure apomorphia is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. AQUILEGIA VULGARIS, Linn. Nat. Ord., Ranunculacese. Common Name, Common Garden Columbine. This perennial herb is a native of Europe, where it grows in woody low grounds and forests ; it is cultivated in our gardens as an ornamental flower. The stem is from one to three feet high, the leaves nearly smooth, glaucous, biternate, leaflets bifid and trifid, with rounded or ovoid lobes; the floAvers at the edges of the stem and branches are pen- dant, blue or brown, rarely rosy, with incurved spurs. 90 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Preparation.—The entire, uncultivated, fresh, blooming plant, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and then weighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the whole well, and pouring it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. ARALIA HISPIDA, Michaux. Synonym, Aralia Muhlenbergiana. Nat. Ord., Araliacese. Common Names, Bristly Sarsaparilla. Wild Elder. DAvarf Elder. This plant is found growing in rocky places in North America, common northward and southward along the mountains. Its stem is one to two feet high, bristly, leafy, terminating in a peduncle bearing several umbels ; leaves twice pinnate; leaflets oblong-ovate, acute, cut- serrate. The flowers are white or greenish, more or less polygamous. Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary, the teeth very short or almost obsolete. Petals five, epigynous, oblong or obovate, lightly imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Stamens five, epigynous, alternate with the petals. Styles two to five, mostly distinct and slender, or in the sterile flowers short and united. Ovary two to five celled, Avith a single anatropous ovule suspended from the top of each cell, ripening into a berry-like drupe, Avith as many seeds as cells. Flowers in June. Preparation.—The fresh root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the whole well, and pouring it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to' stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. ARALIA RACEMOSA, Linn. Nat. Ord., Araliacese. Common Name, American Spikenard. This is an indigenous plant, growing in rich woodlands. Herbaceous; stem widely branched; leaflets heart-ovate, pointed, doubly serrate, slightly downy; umbels racemose ; styles united. There are traces of stipules at the dilated base of the ieaf-stalks. The plant is well known for its spicy, aromatic, large roots. Its greenish-white flowers appear in July. First proven by Dr. S. A. Jones, U. S. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 91 Preparation.—The fresh root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and after thoroughly mixing the pulp with one-sixth part of it the rest of the alcohol is added. After stirring the Avhole well, and pouring it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. ARANEA DIADEMA, Linn. Synonym, Epeira Diadema. Class, Arachnida. Order, Araneidea. Family, Epeiridse. Common Names, Diadem Spider. Garden or Papal Cross Spider. This spider is found all over Europe and America, in stables, on old walls, etc. It may be distinguished by its ovoid form of body, often as large as a small nut; a longitudinal line on the back, composed of yellow and white points, and traversed by three other similar lines. First provings are recorded in A. H. Z., I, 122. Preparation.—The live animal is crushed and covered with five parts by weight of alcohol. Having poured this into a well-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to remain eight days in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Amount of drug power, -fa. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. ARANEA SCINENCIA. Class, Arachnida. Order, Araneidea. Family, Epeiridse. Proven by Dr. Rowley, Louisville, Kentucky, who says: It is a grey spider found in the summer on walls and old places. I believe it does not spin a web; it is very quick in its movements, and takes its prey by a quick spring." Preparation.—The live animal is covered with fwe parts by weight of alcohol and allowed to remain eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Amount of drug power, *£§. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. ARCTIUM LAPPA, Linn. Synonyms, Lappa Major, Gcertner. Lappa Officinalis. Nat. Ord., Composites. 92 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Common Name, Burdock. This is a coarse biennial weed, with a simple spindle-shaped root, about a foot in length, externally brown, internally white and spongy, giving off thread-like fibres. The stem is branching, pubescent, three or four feet high; leaves large, cordate, denticular, green on their upper surface, Avhitish and downy beneath, and on long petioles. The purple, globose flowers are in irregular terminal panicles. Imbricated scales of the involucre are furnished with hooked extremities, by Avhich they adhere to clothes, and the coats of animals. This plant is common in the United States, on the roadsides, and in waste places. The plant was first proven by Dr. Jacob Jeanes, U. S. Preparation.—The fresh root, collected in spring, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and the pulp mixed with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the whole well, and pouring it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, |. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. ARGEMONE MEXICANA, Linn. Nat. Ord., Papaveracese. Common Name, Prickly Poppy. This is an annual herbaceous plant, growing in the Southern and South-western States, and extending southwards through Mexico into the tropics. It is found also in similar climates in Asia and Africa. Varieties of it are cultivated in the Middle and Northern States as or- namental plants. The plant is from two to three feet high, erect, branching, bristly-spinous. Leaves sessile, long, sinuate-lobed, with prickly teeth on margin, and prickly on veins beneath. Flowers showy, axillary and terminal, on short peduncles. Sepals two or three, often prickly; petals four to six, yellow. Fruit an ovoid or oblong capsule, prickly, opening by valves on the top. The plant exudes a yellow juice when wounded. Preparation.—The fresh plant just coming into bloom is pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole well, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug power, 1. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. ARGENTUM. Synonyms, Argentum Metallicum. Argentum Purificatum. Argentum Foliatum. Metallic Silver. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 93 Common Name, Silver. Symbol, Ag. Atomic Weight, 107.7. Origin.—Silver is found in the metallic state, but more often in combination Avith sulphur as sulphide, together Avith sulphides of other metals. The most important silver mines are those in the extreme western portion of the United States, in Mexico, Peru, and in the Hartz mountains in Germany. The extraction of silver is done by methods Avhich differ Avith the different characters of the ores. The sulphur-bearing silver ores are crushed to poAvder, mixed Avith common salt and roasted at a Ioav red- heat in a suitable furnace, by Avhich treatment the silver sulphide is converted into chloride. The mass is then placed in large cylinders Avith Avater and scraps of iron, and the Avhole agitated for some time: by this means the silver chloride becomes reduced to the metallic state. Mercury is noAV introduced, and the mass again agitated; the mercury dissolves the silver together Avith any gold or copper pres- ent, forming an amalgam. The latter is strained in a strong linen cloth, and the solid portion submitted to distillation in a retort, whereby the mercury is separated and recovered, and the silver in an impure state is left behind. The process is termed amalgamation. In the case of a lead-bearing silver ore, the whole is reduced to the metallic state; the alloy of sih^er and lead is then remelted and alloAved to cool, when a portion of lead crystallizes, leaving in the liquid state the alloy re- ferred to. This alloy is then melted in a reverberatory furnace Avhose hearth is composed of bone-ash, Avhile a current of air, which is forced to pass OA-er the lead,oxidizes the latter; the lead oxide fuses and is ab- sorbed by the bone-ash, and the silver being unaffected is left in the pure state. This process is called cupellation. Preparation.—Chemically pure silver may be obtained by boiling equal parts of silver chloride (precipitated from the purified nitrate), glucose and crystallized sodium carbonate, in three parts of Avater. The precipitated silver should first be Avashed Avith a A'ery dilute hy- drochloric acid solution, and finally with distilled water. Properties.—Silver is a remarkably white metal, extremely bril- liant and has specific gravity 10.5. It is harder than gold, but is ex- tremely malleable and ductile. It is unaltered in the air at any tem- perature less than that of the oxyhydrogen blast. It fuses at 1000° C. (1832° F.), and under the oxyhydrogen blow-pipe it volatilizes. It unites readily Avith sulphur, chlorine and phosphorus, and dissolves easily in nitric acid. The ready tarnishing of silver in or near human habitations is due to the formation of a slight film of sulphide from the presence of free sulphur or of sulphur-bearing gases. Metallic sihTer Avas first proven by Hahnemann. Tests.—Chemically pure silver dissolves completely in pure nitric acid, forming a transparent colorless solution. From this solution diluted Avith distilled Avater, it may be precipitated as chloride; this being removed and the filtrate treated Avith hydrogen sulphide, any darkening in color Avill indicate the presence of other metal or metals. The filtrate on evaporation should leave no residue. 94 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Chemically pure silver, obtained in powder, as described above, is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. ARGENTUM NITRICUM. Synonyms, Argenti Nitras. Nitrate of Silver. Present Name, Argentic Nitrate. Common Name, Lunar Caustic. Formula, Ag N03. Molecular Weight, 169.7. Preparation of Nitrate of Silver.—When pure silver is treated with nitric acid free from chlorine, complete solution of the silver oc- curs Avith the formation of its nitrate. The solution is transparent and colorless, and in order to free it from excess of acid, it is placed in a porcelain dish upon a sand-bath, and, with constant stirring, heated to dryness; the heat is then raised till the substance fuses. After partial cooling a two-thirds volume of distilled water is added and the mass is dissolved, the solution placed in a shallow porcelain dish and set aside in a room free from dust, and whose temperature is from 30° to 40° C. (86°-104° F.). After some days the salt will have crystallized out. The crystals are to be removed, and drained in a glass funnel till dry. Properties.—Crystallized silver nitrate forms colorless tables of the rhombic system. Their taste is bitter, caustic and metallic. They are soluble in their own weight of cold, and in half that amount of boiling water, and in four parts of boiling alcohol. The solutions are neutral in reaction. The salt fuses easily on heating, and when cast into sticks is knoAvn as lunar caustic. It undergoes decomposition when in contact Avith or- ganic matters in the presence of light, depositing a black substance, probably consisting of the suboxide. The crystals are anhydrous. The first provings were under Hahnemann's directions. Tests.—Those given under the article Argentum Metallicum. Ten grains of the salt when dissolved with distilled water, give Avith hydro- chloric acid a precipitate which, Avhen washed and thoroughly dried, weighs 8.44 grains. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by Aveight of pure nitrate of silver is dissolved in nine parts by Aveight of distilled water. Amount of drug power, ■^5. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—a, except that distilled water is used for the lx, 2x and 3x and 1 dilutions, and dilute alcohol for the 4x and 2 dilutions, strong alcohol being used for all further attenuations. Dilutions should be freshly made as required for use. ARISTOLOCHIA CLEMATITIS, Linn. Synonym, Aristolochia vulgaris. Nat. Ord., Aristolochiacese. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 95 Common Names, Long Birth-wort. Aristolochy. The common aristolochia is a perennial, groAving near hedges, ditches and vineyards, indigenous to Southern Europe. Its root is round, long, about the thickness of a goose-quill, irregularly contorted, in color grayish-brown. It has a bitter taste with some acridity and a dis- agreeable odor. The stems are erect, from two to four feet high, simple, smooth, striped, set Avith alternate, long petiolate, cordate, entire, vivid green above, gray-green beloAv, leather-like leaves. The short- petiolate yellow floAvers stand four to eight in the axils. Preparation.—The fresh root, gathered in April or September, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and the pulp mixed thoroughly with one- sixth part of it; then the rest of the alcohol is added. After stirring the Avhole Avell and pouring it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then sepa- rated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, £. ' Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. ARISTOLOCHIA MILHOMENS. Synonyms, Aristolochia Grandiflora, Gom. Aristolochia Cymbi- fera, Martins. Nat. Ord., Aristolochiacese. Common Name, Brazilian Snake-Root. A climbing plant Avith a glabrous stem; leaves alternate, uniformly cordate, pedati-nerved, with reticulate little veins between the nerves; they are supported by long petioles, furnished Avith a large, entire, reniform, amplexicaul stipule. FloAvers solitary, upon a sulcate pe- duncle from four to five inches long. Perianth single, large, of a yel- loAvish-broAvn color, tuberculated, curved, divided into tAvo lips; the upper lip sharp, lanceolate, and somewhat bent outwards; the lower lip tAvice as long as the other, at first dilated at the base and expand- ing into a large oval disk with undulate borders. The whole flower is covered Avith prominent nerves. Stamens six, epigynous. Ovary glabrous, surmounted by a stigma with six short and rounded lobes. Introduced into our Mat. Med. by Dr. Mure, Brazil. Preparation.—The fresh flowers are pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After stirring the Avhole well, and pouring it into a well-stop- pered bottle, it is alloAved to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. ARMORACIA. Synonym, Cochlearia Armoracia, Linn. Nat. Ord., Cruciferse. 96 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Common Names, Horse-radish. Crow-floAvers. The horse-radish is a native of Western Europe, groAying wild in wet grounds. It is cultivated for culinary purposes, to which its root is applied. The root is perennial, and sends up many large leaves. The stem is round, smooth, erect, branching, two or three feet high. The radical leaves are lanceolate, waved, scalloped on the edges. The stem leaves are much smaller, often divided at the edges. The flowers are many, Avhite, peduncled, in thick clusters. The first provings appear in Archiv. f. Horn. 17, 3, 176. Preparation.—The fresh root is taken out in autumn ; after being cleaned is immediately comminuted with a grater and Aveighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and the pulp mixed thor- oughly with one-sixth part of it; the rest of the alcohol is then added. After stirring the whole well, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then sepa- rated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. ARNICA. Synonym, Arnica Montana, Linn. Nat. Ord., Compositse. Common Names, Arnica. Leopards-bane. Description.—A perennial herb growing in mountainous districts of the Northern Hemisphere, Avith radical leaves, ovate, entire and ob- tuse ; stem about one foot high, Avith lanceolate opposite leaves; radical leaves and stem, hairy. It produces large orange-yellow flowers, soli- tary, or at the summit of the stem. Involucral scales, hairy, and in a double row. Receptacle chaffy, one-quarter of an inch in diameter, with about twenty ligulate florets and a much larger number of tubular ones. The root consists of a slender, brown, contorted root-stock, an inch or two in length, which sends down a number of slender fibres three or four inches long. It has a faintly aromatic smell and herby taste. Preparation.—At the time of blooming, gather besides the root, which is the most important part, also the root-leaves, and full-blown flowers, which latter are to be taken out of the calyx, to remove the larvae of the arnica fly (Tripyta Arnicivora) from the receptacle. Two parts of the root, one part of the herb, and one part of the flowers are pounded together to a fine pulp and AA'eighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and after thoroughly mixing the pulp with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After stirring the whole well, and pouring it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then sepa- rated by decanting, straining and filtering. » Drug power of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 97 ARNICA E RADICE. Root of Arnica Montana. Preparation.—The fresh root carefully dried and pulverized, is covered Avith five parts by Aveight of alcohol, and allowed to remain eight days, in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured oft; strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, -j^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. ARSENICUM ALBUM. Synonyms, Acidum Arseniosum. Arsenious Acid. Present Name, Arsenious Oxide. Common Name, White Arsenic. Formula, As2 03. Molecular Weight, 198. Preparation of Arsenious Acid.—The greater part of the Avhite arsenic of commerce is derived from the roasting of natural arsenides of iron, nickel and cobalt. The process is conducted in a reverberatory furnace, and the \Tolatilized substance is condensed in specially arranged long chimneys. This crude product is freed from metallic arsenic and its sulphide by resublimation. Properties.—When arsenious oxide is condensed at a temperature of 400'C. (752° F.), there is produced a transparent vitreous mass Avhose specific gravity is 3.738, and when deposited at a temperature slightly less than that just given, it crystallizes in right rhombic prisms. This form is knoAvn as vitreous arsenic, and upon keeping, becomes gradu- ally changed into a Avhite opaque mass resembling porcelain. The second modification, obtained by condensing the sublimate at 200° C. (392° F.), is in brilliant octohedral crystals Avhose specific gravity is 3.69. The same crystalline form is obtained Avhen a saturated aqueous solution is evaporated. The vitreous arsenic is slightly more soluble than the crystalline variety; one hundred parts of boiling water dis- solve about tAvelve parts of the vitreous kind, but upon cooling, the greater portion separates, leaAdng about three parts in solution. Owing to its comparative insolubility, arsenic has little or no taste, such as it has being described by some authorities as faintly SAveet. Arsenic is soluble in hot hydrochloric acid, in solutions of the alkalies and of tartaric acid. Tests.—For its identification in the commercial product, a feAv well knoAvn tests are here given. Heated in a reduction tube Avith charcoal, it is deoxidized, and metallic arsenic in the form of a dark metallic mirror is deposited in the cooler part of the tube, and at the same time the garlicky odor of volatilized metallic arsenic is perceived. If the portion of the tube containing the mirror be cut out, broken in fragments, placed in a test-tube and heated, the metallic arsenic is reoxidized and is deposited in the upper, cool part of the tube in octo- hedral crvstals. By dissolving these crystals in Avater and adding a. 7 98 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. solution of hydrogen sulphide, there will be precipitated the bright yellow sulphide of arsenic, which is insoluble in dilute acids and is completely dissolved by the alkaline hydrates, their carbonates and sulphides. Arsenious oxide may contain arsenious sulphide as an impurity; such specimens of arsenic will be more or less yellow in streaks or spots, and a small piece placed in a test-tube will not be entirely sol- uble in twenty-five parts of hydrochloric acid. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part of finely pow- dered, vitreous arsenious acid is boiled to complete solution in sixty parts of distilled water, and filtered. By the addition of distilled water the filtrate is increased to ninety parts, and then ten parts of 95 per cent, alcohol are added. Amount of drug power, T^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class VI—ft. Triturations are prepared of finely poAvdered, vitreous arsenious acid, as directed under Class VII. Caution must be observed in handling arsenic, and especially in powdering it. In the latter case, it should be kept damp by alcohol, so that no dust may arise from it, and the nose and mouth should be protected by wearing a respirator arranged for the purpose of exclud- ing the powder; in default of anything better, a moistened sponge will ansAver. ARSENICUM CITRINUM. Synonyms, Arsenicum Sulfuratum Flavum. Orpiment. Present Name, Arsenious Sulphide. Formula, As2 S3. Molecular Weight, 246. Origin and Preparation of Orpiment.—This substance is found in the native state as a mineral. It is prepared artificially by passing hydrogen sulphide through a solution of arsenious oxide in dilute hy- drochloric acid, washing the precipitate thoroughly, and drying. Properties and Tests —The native trisulphide of arsenic con- sists of tAvo equivalents of arsenic and three of sulphur. It is in masses of a fine lemon-yelloAV color, arranged in flexible lamina, Avhich are slightly translucent. It is insoluble in hydrochloric acid, but dis- solves in sulphide of ammonium, and decomposes in boiling dilute nitric acid, with separation of sulphur. It melts easily and volatilizes at a higher temperature. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure arsenious sul- phide is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. ARSENICUM HYDROGENISATUM. Synonym, Arsenetted Hydrogen. Arsine. Present Name, Hydrogen Arsenide. Formula, As H3. Preparation of Arsenetted Hydrogen.—This is prepared by HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 99 the action of sulphuric acid diluted with three parts of water, upon the arsenide of zinc, the latter being obtained by fusing equal Aveights of zinc and arsenic in an earthen retort. The alloy is to be granulated and introduced into a Woulf's tAvo-necked bottle supplied with a thistle- tube passing through one neck nearly to the bottom of the bottle, while from the other neck passes a delivery tube. The diluted acid is then poured gradually doAvn the thistle-tube until the layer of acid is higher than its lower end. The development of gas begins at once. The delivery-tube should be connected Avith a Avash-bottle, from Avhich the gas may be led to a receiver containing ice cold water, Avhich -will absorb one-fifth its own volume of gas. As the gas is extraordinarily poisonous, the Avhole proceeding, from the beginning, till the gas ceases to come over, should be conducted under a hood connected Avith a chimney having a good draught; or the receiver (a bottle or flask) may be fitted Avith a cork through Avhich pass two tubes, one bringing the gas into the Avater, the other, or exit tube, bent and alloAved to dip deeply into a strong solution of silver nitrate in a beaker. By this means the unused gas is decomposed, Avith the production of silver arsenide and free hydrogen. Properties.—Hydrogen arsenide is a colorless gas, ha\dng a gar- licky odor and specific gravity 2.7. When ignited in the air, it burns with a peculiar bluish-Avhite flame, producing Avater and the fumes of arsenious oxide. A piece of porcelain held just at the extremity of the flame Avill receive a deposit of Avhite arsenic, Avhile if the porcelain be cold and held well in the flame so as to reduce its temperature below the combustion-point of arsenic, the latter will be deposited upon the porcelain as a dark metallic stain or spot. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use —The provings were made by inhaling the gas diluted Avith atmospheric air. The saturated solu- tion freshly prepared under the above directions, mixed with an equal quantity of distilled water, produces the lx dilution. Further dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—«. ARSENICUM JODATUM. Synonym, xlrsenici Jodidum. Present Name, Arsenious Iodide. Common Name, Iodide of Arsenic. Formula, As I3. Molecular Weight, 456. Preparation of Iodide of Arsenic.—Arsenic and iodine unite when gently heated together, the combination being attended Avith considerable evolution of heat. Take one equivalent of arsenic and three equivalents of iodine, both in fine poAvder, and thoroughly mix them in a mortar by rubbing; place the mixture in a test tube, loosely corking the latter, and heat gently until the mass liquefies. After repeated agitation, pour the liquid iodide upon a porcelain tile; Avhen cold, break it in pieces and dissolve in boiling alcohol, from Avhich solution it may be re-crystallized on cooling. 100 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Properties and Tests.—Obtained as directed above, arsenious iodide is in shining laminae of a fine brick-red color, having specific gravity 4.39, which are soluble in alcohol and water, and sparingly so in hydrochloric acid. The aqueous solution strongly acidulated with hydrochloric acid, gives Avith hydrogen sulphide, the usual precipitate of arsenious sulphide. First provings were by Dr. E. W. Beebe, U. S. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure iodide of arsenic is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. ARSENICUM METALLICUM. Synonym, Metallic Arsenic. Symbol, As. Atomic Weight, 75. Origin and Preparation of Metallic Arsenic.—Arsenic is found in nature in the free state, but oftener combined Avith other metals, and especially Avith sulphur as sulphide. From arsenical py- rites or mispickel, it is readily obtained by roasting the ore and condens- ing the product in cooled receivers. On a small scale it may be ob- tained by heating a mixture of arsenious oxide Avith half its Aveight of fresh burnt charcoal in a crucible, the mixture being covered with two or three inches of charcoal in very small fragments, and the crucible so placed that this overlying layer of charcoal- may be heated to red- ness first, to insure the reduction of any of the Avhite arsenic Avhich might escape from beloAV. In order to collect the arsenic, another crucible, having a small hole drilled through the bottom, is cemented with fire-clay to the first in an inverted position. At a red heat, the charcoal simply abstracts the oxygen from the oxide, leaving the me- tallic arsenic condensed in the upper crucible. Properties.—Metallic arsenic is a brittle substance, of a dark gray color and brilliant metallic lustre; upon exposure to the air its bril- liancy is lost and the color deepens somewhat. Its specific gravity is 5.7 to 5.9. It volatilizes in the air when heated to 180° C (356° F.) with oxidation; heated in a sealed tube it fuses. It is not dissolved by water or any simple solvent, but when poAvdered and moistened, it is slowly converted into arsenious oxide. When placed in Avater the same result occurs from the presence of dissolved air. It was first proven by Dr. Stevenson, U. S. (N. A. J. of Homoeopa- thy, 1, 301). Tests.—For tests and the detection of arsenic, see Arsenicum Album. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure metallic arsenic is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. ARSENICUM RUBRUM. Synonyms, Arsenicum Sulfuratum Rubrum. Arsenic Bisulphide Present Name, Arsenious Di-sulphide. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 101 Common Names, Realgar. Sandarach. Formula, As2 S2. Molecular Weight, 214. Description.—This compound occurs native as realgar, crystallized in oblique rhombic prisms, of an orange-red or ruby-red color, of a resinous lustre, and more or less translucent at the edges of its fracture, which is conchoidal and uneven; streak varies from orange-red to ruby-red; specific gravity 3.4 to 3.6. It is found accompanying ores of silver and lead in Transylvania, Hungary, Bohemia and Saxony. Tests.—In addition to the above described properties, see Tests under Arsenicum Citrinum. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure arsenious di- sulphide or realgar is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. ARTEMISIA VULGARIS, Linn. Nat. Ord., Compositse. Common Names, Mugwort. Common Artemisia. This perennial plant, groAving Avild in all parts of Europe, is rather AA-ell knoAvn; it differs from its next and most spread relation Artemisia Absinthium, by the dark green and quite smooth surface of its leaves and the mostly quite smooth and very stiff stalks, which are fre- quently of a dark violet-broAvn or purple color. It should not be mistaken for Artemisia Campestris, mingled Avith Avhich it often occurs; the latter having a more spare growth, attenuated branches decum- bent until the floAvering time, and quite narroAv, linear, setaceous leaves. Introduced into our Materia Medica by Noack and Trinks. Preparation.—The fresh root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the whole well, and pouring it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. ARUM MACULATUM, Linn. Synonyms, Arum Vulgare. Aronis Communis. Nat. Ord., Araeese. Common Names, Wake Robin. Spotted Arum. This is a perennial herbaceous plant growing in leafy woods in Middle and Southern Europe. The arrow-shaped, long-petiolate, ab- ruptly pointed leaves are smooth and not seldom sprinkled with grey- black irregular spots; the scape is naked, shorter than the petiole, and bears a large white sheath, from which a round, club-shaped, reddish spadix juts out. The white root, as large as a hazelnut, is roundish, 102 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. set with fibrils, fleshy, and has an extremely acrid smell, irritating the eyes and nose, especially Avhen bruised, and a similar burning taste. First proven by Dr. C. Hering. Preparation.—The fresh root, gathered in early spring before the development of the leaves, is carefully chopped and pounded to a fine pulp, enclosed in a piece of new linen and subjected to pressure. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mixed with an equal part by weight of alcohol. This mixture is allowed to stand eight day in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Drug power of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. ARUM TRIPHYLLUM, Linn. Synonyms, Arissema Triphyllum, Torrey. Arum Atrorubens. Nat. Ord., Araeese. Common Names, Indian Turnip. Jack in the Pulpit. Dragon's Root. This plant is indigenous throughout the continent of America, and is found in moist, shady places. From its perennial root arises in the early spring a spathe, green without, variegated within by dark purple alternating with pale green stripes. Leaves trifoliate, generally in pairs, leaflets oval, acuminate. Spadix shorter than the spathe, vary- ing from green to dark purple. Fruit, a bunch of bright scarlet ber- ries. The root, a corm, is brown and Avrinkled on the outside, intern- ally white, fleshy. In the fresh state, it has a peculiar odor, and when chewed causes an unbearable acrid burning sensation in the mouth and throat. The first proving is by Dr. J. Jeanes, U. S. Preparation.—The fresh root, gathered in early spring before the development of the leaves, is carefully bruised (for its emanations irri- tate the eyes and nose) and Aveighed. Then two parts by weight of alco- hol are taken, the pulp mixed with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the whole well, and pouring it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filter- ing. It must be kept well protected against light and heat. Drug poAver of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. Triturations. Dr. E. M. Hale recommends a rapid trituration of the expressed juice of the freshly gathered root, the preparation to be preserved in hermetically sealed bottles, guarded against light and heat. ARUNDO MAURITANICA, Desfontaines. Nat. Ord., Graminese. Common Name, Reed. An Italian grass. Proved and introduced by Dr. F. Patti, Chazon a due de Sorentino; published in Journ. de la Soc. Gall, Vol. VII. 1856. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 103 Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The fresh root-sprout is pounded to a fine pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the Avhole well, and pouring it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decant- ing, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, g. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. ASAFCETIDA. Synonyms, Narthex Asafoetida, Falconer. Ferula Asafoetida, Linn. Ferula Persica. Asafoetida Disgunensis. Nat. Ord., Umbelliferse. Common Names, Asafoetida. Devil's Dung. This is a native of Persia and neighboring countries. Is a large per- ennial herbaceous plant. The leaves are large, bi-pinnate and Avith large petioles. The stem rises from six to nine feet, and is crowned Avith a mass of umbels. Flowers pale yellow. The officinal drug is a gum resin obtained from the root. Description.—Asafoetida comes in masses made up of "tears" vary- ing in size, opaque and Avhite on section, but after short exposure they become distinctly pink in color, and finally brownish. It has a strong garlicky odor and taste, Avith some acridity and bitterness. The tears become quite brittle Avhen exposed to cold, and then they are readily powdered. When they are rubbed in a mortar Avith Avater, a milky emulsion is produced. First provings are by Hahnemann, Stapf and Gross. Preparation.—The gum-resin, obtained by incision, from the liv- ing root, from plants more than four years old, is covered Avith five parts by weight of 95 per cent, alcohol, and having poured it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to remain eight days in a dark, cool place, being shaken tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, -£$. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV, except that 95 per cent, alcohol is used. ASARUM. Synonyms, Asarum Europseum, Linn. Asarum Vulgare. Nat. Ord., Aristolochiacese. Common Names, Asarabacca. European Snake-Root. Fole's Foot. Hazel-Avort. Wild Nard. The hazel-AVort grows all over Germany, also in all other parts of Europe, in shady, elevated forests, under small bushes, especially under hazel-bushes. The root is creeping, of the thickness of a straw, five to six inches long, geniculated, bent hither and thither, in some 104 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. places knotty and set with thick fibres; the stalks, scarcely one inch high, villous, somewhat decumbent, end in two leaves, on petioles three to four inches long; the leaves are reniform, entire, shining dark green above, grayish-green beloAV, run through Avith net-like veins, and some- times set Avith slender hair; from the partition of the leaves the short petiolate, externally villous, green-red, internally dark purple flower arises. Preparation.—The entire fresh plant, gathered when in flower, is chopped and pounded to a fine pulp, enclosed in a piece of new linen and subjected to pressure. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agi- tation, mixed with an equal part by weight of alcohol. This mixture is alloAved to stand eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, \. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. ASARUM CANADENSE, Linn. Nat. Ord., Aristolochiacese. Common Names, Wild Ginger. Canada Snake-root. Indian Ginger. Kidney-leaved Asarabacca. This is an indigenous plant, inhabiting woods and shady places from Canada to the Carolinas. In appearance and botanical character this species very closely resembles Asarum Europosum. Its root is long, creeping, jointed, yellowish, fleshy. The stem is short, bearing two broad kidney-shaped leaves, light green above, veined and paler beneath. A single purple-brown floAver groAvs in the fork of the stem. Preparation.—The fresh root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAVO parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the whole Avell, and pouring it into a Avell-stop- pered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. ASCLEPIAS INCARNATA, Linn. Synonym, Amsena. Nat. Ord., Asclepiadacese. Common Names, Flesh-colored Asclepias. Flesh-colored SAval- loAV-Avort. Rose-colored Silk Weed. Swamp Milk or Silk Weed. White Indian Hemp. This species has a tall downy stem, branching above, two or three feet in height; leaves opposite, on short petioles, lanceolate, slightly hairy. Corollas deep purple, corona paler; umbels numerous, and tAvo or more together at the top of stem or branches. It is found growing in Avet places in the United States. FloAvers from July to August. The plant exudes a milky juice when wounded. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 105 Preparation.—The fresh root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the whole Avell, and pouring it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. ASCLEPIAS SYRIACA, Linn. Synonym, Asclepias Cornuti, Decaisne. Nat. Ord., Asclepiadacese. Common Names, Silk Weed. Milk Weed. Virginia Swallow- wort. Stem simple, leaves oblong-ovate, short acuminate on short petioles, doAvny beneath. FloAvers large, pale purple, in globular umbels. Pods filled Avith seeds having long silky down. A common herb in the United States, groAving in ditches and on roadsides. Preparation.—The fresh root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and rest of alcohol added. After stirring the Avhole well, and pouring it into a ay ell-stop- pered bottle, it is alloAved to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. ASCLEPIAS TUBEROSA, Linn. Synonym, Asclepias decumbens. Nat. Ord., Asclepiadacese. Common Names, Pleurisy Root. Butterfly Weed. Colic Root. Orange Apocynum. The root of the butterfly weed is large, fleshy, and from it arise num- erous stems, two feet high, hairy, branching toward the top. Leaves alternate, oblong, lanceolate, upper surface dark green, paler beneath. Umbels numerous in a large terminal corymb. Flowers orange-red. Pods lanceolate-pointed, seeds having long silky doAvn. The plant is found in dry fields in Canada and United States. It flowers in August. Preparation.—The fresh root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the whole well, and pouring it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, 1. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. 106 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. ASCLEPIAS VINCETOXICUM, Linn. Synonyms, Cynanchum Vincetoxicum, Persoon. Vincetoxicum Officinale, Moench. Nat. Ord., Asclepiadacese. Common Name, White Swallow-Avort. This plant is indigenous to Europe and is found there growing in rocky places. Stem two feet high, leaves cordate-ovate, acuminate, on \rery short petioles. Umbels small, axillary. The root-stock is about the thickness of a finger, knotty, and gives off many radicles. It is whitish or yellowish externally, internally yellowish. It has a disa- greeable odor, somewhat similar to that of valerian, and a bitter, acrid taste. Preparation.—The fresh leaves are chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then take two-thirds by weight of alcohol, and add it to the pulp, stirring and mixing the whole well together, and strain by the usual method through a piece of new linen. The tinc- ture thus obtained is allowed to stand eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Drug power of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class II. ASIMINA TRILOBA, Dunal. Synonyms, Anona Triloba. Asimina Campaniflora. Parcelia Triloba. Uvaria Triloba. Nat. Ord., Anonacea?. Common Name, Common Papaw. This is a small tree from ten to twenty feet high, groAving on the banks of streams in rich soil, from New York and Pennsylvania west to Illinois and southward. The young shoots and expanding leaves are clothed Avith a rusty down, but soon become glabrous. Leaves thin, obovate-lanceolate, pointed; petals dull purple, veiny, round- ovate, six in number, increasing after the bud opens, the outer ones three to four times as long as the calyx. Stamens numerous in a globu- lar mass. Pistils few, ripening one to four large and oblong (three to four inches long), pulpy several-seeded fruits, yelloAvish in color, sweet and edible in autumn. Seeds horizontal, flat, enclosed in a fleshy aril. FloAvers appear with the leaves in April and May. Proven by E. H. Eisenboeg, U. S., Thesis, 1870. Preparation.—The ripe seeds, coarsely powdered, are covered with five parts by Aveight of alcohol, and allowed to remain eight days, in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, -fa. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. ASPARAGUS OFFICINALIS, Linn. Nat. Ord., Liliacese. Common Name, Asparagus. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 107 This universally well knoAvn plant, cultivated in our gardens for culinary use, is a native of Europe, and is found in sandy places, near the sea-coast, in meadows, and along the borders of forests. The root is composed of a short shaft terminating in a cluster of round, long, white fibres. From this root spring up several herbaceous, round, glabrous stems, nearly three feet high; leaves in fascicles, about an inch long, glabrous; floAvers small, greenish-yellow, solitary and axil- lary ; fruit bacciform, scarlet-red, three-celled with two or three black seeds. Introduced into our Materia Medica by Buchner's provings. Preparation.—The young sprouts are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the Avhole Avell, and pouring it into a a well-stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. ASPERULA ODORATA, Linn. Nat. Ord., Rubiacese. Common Names, Sweet-scented Wood-ruff. Wood Rowel. This plant is a native of Europe, Northern Africa, Siberia, and Western Asia, growing in shaded hedgebanks, copses, etc. In Scotland it is found at a height of 1,200 feet. Rootstock is perennial, creeping, often stoloniferous. Stems are from six to eighteen inches high, sub- simple, hairy beneath the nodes. Leaves are one to one and a half inches long, oblong-lanceolate, cuspidate, ciliate. Cymes subterminal, subumbellate. Corolla tube one-fourth of an inch in diameter, as long as the limb, Avith lobes obtuse. Fruit small, hispid, with hooked hairs. The lower leaves are six in a whorl, the upper seven to nine, shining, odoriferous in drying. Flowers appear in May and June. Preparation.—The fresh herb, gathered shortly before coming into bloom, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the Avhole Avell, and pouring it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then sepa- rated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug power, \. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. ASPLENIUM SCOLOPENDRIUM, Linn. Synonym, Scolopendrium Officinarum, Smith. Nat. Ord., Polypodiacese. Common Name, Hart's Tongue. This is a fern indigenous in Europe and America. It is found grow- 108 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. ing in shaded ravines and under limestone cliffs, near Chittenango Falls, and near Jamesville, Onondaga Co., New York. Frond oblong- lanceolate from an auricled heart-shaped base, entire or wavy-mar- gined (seven to eighteen inches long, one to two inches wide), of a bright green color. Fruit-dots linear, elongated, almost at right angles to the midrib, contiguous by twos, one on the upper side of one veinlet, and the next on the lower side of the next superior veinlet, thus appearing to have a double indusium opening along the middle. Preparation.—The fresh leaves are chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then tAVO parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the Avhole well, and pouring it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, strain- ing and filtering. Amount of drug power, &. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. ASTERIAS RUBENS. Synonyms, Uraster Rubens. Asteracanthion Rubens. Class, Echinodermata. Order? Asteroidea. Family, Asteriadse. Common Name, Star Fish. This is a marine animal quite common along the various coasts of Europe, and occasionally found along the American coasts. It is shaped in exact resemblance to a five-pointed star, is garnet-red in color, and has the faculty of reproducing any member that has been accidentally lost. The central portion contains the mouth and stomach, the former being situated upon the under surface, and armed with hard papillae in the place of teeth ; the stomach is simply a globular sac. The nervous system is composed of a circular chain of ganglia from which nerve filaments are given off. An eye is situated at the extremity of each arm. The entire animal is supported by an external calcareous enve- lope or skeleton, covered with spines and tubercles. For locomotion, it is provided with numerous muscular, tube-like processes passing out through foramina in the shelly covering, and arranged in double rows on both surfaces. Each of these terminate in a disk, depressed in the centre. Introduced into the Homoeopathic Materia Medica by Dr. Petroz, Spain. Preparation.—The live animal, cut up finely, is covered with five parts by weight of alcohol, poured into a well-stoppered bottle, and allowed to remain eight days in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, -fo. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 109 ATRIPLEX OLIDUM. Synonyms, Chenopodium Olidum, Curt. Chenopodium Vulvaria, Linn. Nat. Ord., Chenopodiacese. Common Name, Stinking Orache or Arach. Stinking Blite or Goosefoot. This plant, a native of Europe, groAvs luxuriantly everyAvhere on Avays, walls, heaps of rubbish, places for collecting manure; sprout stems from six to tAvelve inches long, erect or decumbent, Avith petiolate, rhombic-ovate, entire, gray-green leaves and flowers standing in the axils, and in glomerated naked racemes. During the floAvering time the Avhole plant, especially the loAver surface, looks as if dusted Avith flour, and when triturated, emits an exceedingly nauseous smell, similar to that of decayed cheese. The drug Avas proven under direction of Dr. Berridge, England. Preparation.—The fresh plant is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tA\o parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the Avhole Avell, and pouring it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and fil- tering. Drug poAA'er of tincture, l. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. ATROPINUM. Synonyms, Atropia. Atropine. Formula, C17 H23 N03. Molecular Weight, 289. An alkaloid obtained from Belladonna, especially from the root. Preparation of Atropia.—Take of belladonna root, finely poAV- dered, 48 ounces troy; chloroform puriss., 4 ounces troy; dilute sul- phuric acid, solution of potassium hydrate, alcohol, and Avater, of each a sufficiency. The poAvdered root is to be mixed Avith a pint of alco- hol, then placed in a CAdindrical percolator, and alcohol gradually added till 16 pints shall have passed through. The percolate is to be distilled till 12 pints of alcohol have come over. Dilute sulphuric acid is to be then added to the residue until its reaction is acid, and the liquid is to be evaporated till it measures one-half pint; then a half- pint of Avater is to be added and the whole filtered through fine filter- paper. To the filtrate is added one and a half ounces troy of chloroform, and next the potassium hydrate till the reaction of the liquid is slightly alkaline ; the Avhole is to be repeatedly agitated at intervals for at least half-an-hour. When the chloroformic layer has subsided, the upper lighter liquid is to be separated from it, and to the latter must be added one and a half ounces troy of the chloroform; repeat the agitation and separation of the two layers as before. To the 110 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. lighter liquid add the remaining portion of the chloroform origin- ally taken, with renewed agitation and separation. The three por- tions of heavier liquid are to be placed in a dish and set aside and the chloroform alloAved to evaporate, Avhen the atropia may be obtained in the dry state. The preparation so obtained may be crystallized by dissolvino- it in 7 or 8 volumes of boiling alcohol, Avhich must be in the highest degree anhydrous, the so-called anhydrous alcohol of com- merce not sufficing. The solution must then be placed in a flat dish and set aside in a room Avhose temperature is rather below the medium, that it may slowly evaporate. Properties and Tests.—Pure atropine is in brilliant, well-defined, needle-shaped crystals. In commerce, the alkaloid is often found as a white or yellow-white poAvdery mass. It has a tolerably bitter, dis- agreeable taste, Avhich remains for some time. The pure atropia is soluble in 350 parts of cold and in 60 of hot water, in 8 to 10 of alcohol, 30 to 35 of ether, 3 of chloroform. In Avatery solution it gradually undergoes decomposition. It fuses at 90° C. (194° F.), and Avhen heated above 140° C. (284° F.), it is decomposed, leaving no residue; by careful heating it may be sublimed Avithout change. When its watery solution is boiled, a minute portion of the alkaloid volatilizes Avith the vapor of water. Like all the true alkaloids, it has an al- kaline reaction, neutralizes acids completely, forming then crystal- lizable salts, without, however, displacing the basic hydrogen of the acid. Air and moisture seem to produce some change in atropia, for exposure to them results in the alkaloid's becoming disagreeable in odor, yelloAV in color and losing its capability of crystallizing. Tests.—Atropine dissolves slowly in concentrated sulphuric acid without change of color; if this solution be Avarmed till it becomes slightly brown, and then a few drops of water are added, an agreeable odor is evolved resembling that of the sloe blossom, or, according to some observers, that of the orange. On further heating, the odor is intensified. When some drops of concentrated sulphuric acid are heated Avith a fragment of bichromate of potassium or molybdate of ammonia, and then some atropia, together with two or three drops of water, are added, the odor of oil of bitter almonds or of Spiraea ulmaria is produced. Picric acid does not precipitate the salts of atropia; hence, if a solu- tion of atropia, after being acidified with dilute sulphuric acid, give a precipitate with this reagent, Ave must believe that some other alkaloid is present. Daturia, an alkaloid from Datura Stramonium, has long been held by chemists to be identical Avith atropia, and is said to be frequently substituted for the latter; the physiological action of the two are known to be not identical, and as betAveen the two, the picric acid test above given affords a ready means of distinguishing. The dilating power of atropia upon the pupil will not serve for its identification, for the alkaloid hyoscyamine possesses the same property, although the latter is somewhat sloAver in its action. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure atropia is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Ill ATROPINUM SULPHURICUM. Synonyms, Atropise Sulphas. Atropia Sulphurica. Common Name, Sulphate of Atropia. Formula, (C17 H23 N03)2, H2 S04. Molecular Weight, 676. Preparation of Sulphate of Atropia.—Mix one part of atropia with tAvo parts of distilled water; add dilute sulphuric acid, drop by drop, with constant stirring, till the alkaloid is dissolved and the solu- tion made neutral. Evaporate to dryness in a room at a temperature not exceeding 37.7° C. (100° F.). Properties.—Sulphate of atropia is a white crystalline powder, or forms small, colorless, silky prisms. It is soluble in three parts of cold Avater, and in ten parts of 90 per cent, alcohol; the solution should be neutral to test paper. It is insoluble in ether, chloroform and benzol. It has a disagreeable, bitter taste. Tests.—If the alkaloid belladonnia be present, the fact may be de- termined by dissolving the salt in 200 parts of water and adding a feAv drops of sodium carbonate solution, Avhen a distinct turbidity will occur. The salt, Avhen burned on platinum foil, should lea\'e no residue. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure sulphate of atropia is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. AURUM. Synonyms, Aurum Metallicum. Aurum Foliatum. Common Name, Gold. Symbol, Au. Atomic Weight, 196.2. Origin and Properties.—The metal gold is found in nature in the metallic state, generally alloyed with varying proportions of sih'er. It is found in ATeins in quartz or in the detritus of rock, as in river sand. From river sand it is obtained by simply Avashing and from the quartz by crushing and subsequent amalgamation Avith mercury. Properties.—Gold is a brilliant, soft metal of an orange-yelloAV color. Its specific graATitAT is 19.33. It is A'ery ductile and extraor- dinarily malleable. It fuses at 1250° C. (2282° F.). Is unalterable in the air and is not affected by any acid or alkali. It is soluble in chlorine, and liquids containing that element, such as nitro-muriatic acid, are used for dissolving the metal. Precipitation of Gold.—Thirty grains of gold are dissolved in nitro-muriatic acid; to this solution six gallons of distilled Avater are added; then two ounces of ferrous sulphate are dissolved in one quart of distilled Avater, and the tAvo solutions mixed together. Then is to be added chlorate of potassium in solution, and the Avhole is let stand until the ferrous sulphate is converted into a ferric salt, that is, until a drop of the solution no longer gives a blue precipitate Avith potassium ferri-cyanide (red prussiate of potash). Finally aqua ammonia is added in excess. The precipitated ferric hydrate carries doAvn all the fine 112 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. gold held in suspension. The ferric hydrate is now dissolved out with hydrochloric acid, the metallic gold collected on a filter, and after being thoroughly washed and dried is triturated, secundum artem. It Avas introduced into our Materia Medica by Hahnemann. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The precipitated metal is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. AURUM FULMINANS. Proper Name, Ammonium Aurate. Composition not determined. Preparation for Fulminating Gold.—This metallic substance, Avhich at first was obtained by combining oxide of gold with ammonia, is more advantageously prepared by means of pure chloride of gold. It is thus procured by precipitating the chloride by ammonia in excess, after Avhich the precipitate is well Avashed by boiling in a solution of ammonia. It is then, on drying, a yellowish-broAvn powder. It ex- plodes at a temperature a little above that of boiling Avater or by the bloAv of a hammer, with a loud report and feeble flame. Preparations for Homoeopathic Use.—-Only centesimal tritu- rations are used, the first and second of which are prepared Avith starch moistened with diluted alcohol; all further triturations Avith sugar of milk, as directed under Class VII. AURUM MURIATICUM. Synonyms, Auri Chloridum. Muriate of Gold. Tri-chloride of Gold. Present Name, Auric Chloride. Common Name, Chloride of Gold. Formula, Au Cl3. Preparation.—By digesting one part of pure gold in four parts of nitro-muriatic acid at a moderate heat, placing the solution in a flat porcelain vessel and heating on a glycerine bath at 115° C. (239° F.) until the vapor of hydrochloric acid ceases to come off. The mass is then dissolved in half its Aveight of distilled Avater and evaporated over concentrated sulphuric acid till it crystallizes. Properties.—Chloride of gold is in yellow four-sided prisms or a crystalline yellow powder. It is very hygroscopic, and is easily sol- uble in Avater, alcohol and ether; its solutions are gradually reduced in the light. Heated above 150° C. (302° F.) it is decomposed with the evolution of chlorine and is reduced to the aurous state. Its taste is somewhat inky Avith a metallic after-taste. The remedy was introduced into our Materia Medica by Hahnemann. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure chloride of gold is dissolved in nine parts by weight of distilled Avater. Amount of drug power, T\. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—a. Triturations of the pure chloride of gold are prepared as directed under Class VII. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 113 AURUM MURIATICUM NATRONATUM. Synonyms, Auri et Sodii Chloridum. Auro-Natrium Chloratum. Sodium Chloro-Aurate. Present Name, Auri-sodic Chloride. Common Name, Chloride of Gold and Sodium. Formula, Na CI, Au Cl3, 2H2 O. Preparation of Chloride of Gold and Sodium.—This is prepared by mixing a solution of four parts of auric chloride in eight of Avater Avith one of four parts of sodium chloride in four of Avater and evaporating. Properties.—The salt crystallizes in long four-sided prisms Avhich are permanent in the air; they are of a golden-yelloAv color, dissolve readily and completely in Avater, but in alcohol only the gold chloride goes into solution. It Avas first proven by Lembke, in Germany. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure chloride of gold and sodium is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. AURUM SULPHURATUM. Synonym, Sulphuretted Gold. Present Name, Auric Sulphide. Common Name, Yellow Sulphuret of Gold. Preparation and Properties of Sulphuretted Gold.—Dissolve one part of auric chloride in ten volumes of cold Avater slightly acidu- lated with HC1; pass into the solution hydrogen sulphide until precipi- tation ceases to occur. The precipitate of auric sulphide is to be re- moved by filtration, thoroughly washed, and dried between folds of bibulous paper Avith the aid of a gentle heat. Auric sulphide is a flocculent substance of a strong yellow color, Avhich becomes deeper by drying. It decomposes at a moderate heat by dissociation of its con- stituents. Our authority for its use is Dr. Molin, France. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use. Sulphuretted gold is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. BADIAGA. Synonyms, Spongia Palustris, Linn. Spongilla Lacustris, Link. Spongilla Fluviatilis. Nat. Ord., Spongise. Common Names, Badiaga. River Sponge. Fresh Water Sponge. . This beautiful green alga is to be found in stagnant waters and in ditches in Germany, but more especially in Russia. It is very similar in texture to the sea-sponge; appears in branching ramifications like stags' horns Avith rounded corners and roundish ends, from the thick- ness of a quill to that of a finger. It has a peculiar strong smell like that of putrescent crawfish. 8 114 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Preparation.—The dried and pulverized sponge is covered with five parts by weight of alcohol; having poured it into a well-stoppered bottle, let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place, shaking twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, TV Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. Triturations are prepared from the dried sponge, as directed under Class VI. BALSAMUM PERUVIANUM. Synonyms, Myrospermum Peruiferum, De Candolle (Myroxy- lon Pereirse, Klotzsch.) Nat. Ord., Leguminosse. Common Names, Balsam of Peru. Quinquino. Myrospermum Peruiferum is a handsome tree, growing to the height of fifty feet, and at six or ten feet from the ground throwing out spreading, ascending branches. It is found in San Salvador, Cen- tral America. Description and Preparation of Balsam of Peru. The bark of the tree is bruised by beating with a blunt instrument; in a few davs the injured bark either drops off or is removed, and the stem begins to exude the balsam. Balsam of Peru is a liquid, looking like molasses, but is somewhat less viscid. In thin layers it is deep orange-brown in color, and transparent. It has a balsamic odor which is also somewhat smoky, but when the liquid is smeared on paper and warmed the odor becomes fragrant and agreeable. Its specific gravity is 1.15. It is insoluble in water, but the latter abstracts from it a little cinnamic Avith traces of benzoic acid. It is soluble in absolute alcohol and chloroform. It Avas first proven by Lembke, in Germany. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The balsam is dissolved in the proportion of one part by weight to nine parts by Aveight of ninety-five per cent, alcohol, and designated mother-tincture. Drug power of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—a. BAPTISIA. Synonyms; Baptisia Tinctoria, R. Brown. Sophora Tinctoria, Linn. Podalyria Tinctoria, Michaux. Nat. Ord., Leguminosae. Common Name, Wild Indigo. This is an indigenous perennial herb groAving abundantly through- out the United States, in dry and poor soil, in Avoods and on hills. Its stem is from two to three feet high, smooth and slender, very branchy, rather glaucous. Leaves small, three-foliate, Avedge-obovate, bluish-green, almost sessile; stipules and bracts minute and deciduous; racemes feAV- floAvered, terminal on the branches ; corolla yellow ; pods oval-globose, on a stalk. Flowers from July to September. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 115 Preparation.—The fresh root, with its bark, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the whole Avell and pouring it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. BARTFELDER (Acid Spring). Cold springs in Upper Hungary; temperature from 45° to 50° F. Analysis (Schultes). 16 ounces furnished 11.59 grains of residue, containing Sodium Carbonate,..........6.07 grains. Sodium Chloride,........... 3.03 " Potassium Carbonate,........0.75 " Potassium Chloride,.........0.62 *' Ferrum Carbonate,..........0.40 *' Silica,...............0.35 " Extractive matter,..........0.37 " Preparation.—Not proven in potencies, but if required, prepare first and second dilutions with distilled Avater, third and higher poten- cies Avith alcohol. BARYTA ACETICA. Synonym, Barium Acetate. Present Name, Barium Acetate. Common Name, Acetate of Barium. Formula, Ba (C2H302)2. Preparation of Acetate of Barium.—This salt is obtained by dissolving pure carbonate of barium in dilute acetic acid, Avith the aid of gentle heat, till it is neutralized. The liquid is diluted Avith an equal quantity of distilled water, filtered, evaporated to dryness, and preserved in well-stoppered bottles. Properties and Tests.—Acetate of barium is a colorless salt, in oblique rhombic prisms, efflorescent in air and readily soluble in Avater, the solution giving an immediate Avhite precipitate Avith a solution of sulphate of lime. If the salt itself is acted upon by sulphuric acid,, acetic vapors are given off. It Avas first proven by Dr. Gross, in Germany. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by weight of acetate of barium is dissolved in nine parts by weight of distilled water. Amount of drug power, T\. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—a. Triturations of pure acetate of barium are prepared as directed under Class VII. 116 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. BARYTA CARBONICA. Synonyms, Barium Carbonicum. Barii Carbonas. Present Name, Barium Carbonate. Common Name, Carbonate of Barium. Formula, Ba C03. Molecular Weight, 197. Origin and Preparation of Carbonate of Barium.—Barium carbonate is found in nature as witherite, a yelloAvish or grayish, bril- liant mineral, crystallizing in rhombic prisms, but oftener found in round or kidney-shaped masses. It may be prepared artificially by precipitating any soluble barium salt by a soluble carbonate, preferably of an alkali. The precipitate is to be collected by filtration, Avashed and dried. Properties.—Barium carbonate, prepared as directed above, is a pure Avhite, odorless, tasteless powder, almost insoluble in Avater. Its specific gravity is 4.2 to 4.3. It is soluble in Avater containing carbon dioxide; hydrochloric and nitric acids dissolve it Avith the formation of the salt of each. Tests.—Barium carbonate should dissolve completely in dilute hydrochloric acid with evolution of C 02 (an undissolved residue is barium sulphate). The filtrate precipitated from its solution by sul- phuric acid in excess, is not affected by sodium carbonate (absence of metals of the earths). Ammonium sulphide or hydrogen sulphide pro- duces no change in its solutions (absence of the metals). It was first proven under Hahnemann's directions. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure carbonate of barium is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. BARYTA JODATA. Synonym, Barii Iodidum. Present Name, Barium Iodide. Common Name, Iodide of Barium. Formula, Ba I3 2H2 O. Molecular Weight, 427. Preparation of Iodide of Barium.—To a solution of iodide of iron add barium carbonate in excess, boil the mixture and separate by filtration the ferrous carbonate. Set the filtrate aside to crystallize. Barium iodide crystallizes in colorless rhombic tables, soluble in Avater, and in alcohol containing Avater. It is very hygroscopic, and in contact with the air quickly decomposes with the separation of iodine and con- sequent yellowish-brown coloration of the salt. It is frequently found in commerce as a yellowish-white poAvder. Its taste is disagreeable and nauseating. It is very poisonous, as indeed are all the soluble com- pounds of barium. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure iodide of ba- rium is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 117 BARYTA MURIATICA. Synonym, Barii Chloridum. Present Name, Barium Chloride. Common Name, Chloride of Barium. Formula, Ba Cl2, 2H2 O. Molecular Weight, 244. Preparation.—Take of barium carbonate, granulated, and of hy- drochloric acid, each one part, and of water five parts. Add the water to the acid, and then gradually to the mixture add the carbonate. As soon as effervescence has nearly ceased, heat the liquid slightly, and after repeated stirrings filter. Set the filtrate aside to crystallize. Properties.—Barium chloride is in colorless, transparent rhombic tables or plates, soluble in 4 parts of cold and in 1 of hot Avater, in 400 parts of cold and about 35 of hot alcohol; it is almost insoluble in absolute alcohol. It has the unpleasant, bitter, nauseating taste of the soluble barium compounds. Tests.—Commercial barium chloride often contains small quanti- ties of the chlorides of strontium and calcium ; also aluminium chlor- ide, ferric chloride, and occasionally traces of copper and lead. The strontium and calcium chlorides may be removed by Avashing the crys- tals with alcohol; after agitation of the poAvdered salt Avith alcohol and setting fire to a portion of the latter, its flame should shoAV not the least tinge of red (absence of strontium). After precipitation by sul- phuric acid and filtering, the filtrate should give no precipitate Avith sodium carbonate (absence of calcium). Its solution, Avhen treated Avith hydrogen sulphide or ammonium sulphide, should show no change (absence of lead, iron and other metals). The complete solubility of the salt in Avater will prove the absence of sulphate and carbonate of barium. Its solution, Avhen treated Avith sulphuric acid or a solution of a sulphate, gives a white precipitate insoluble in nitric acid. With silver nitrate solution a similar result occurs. It Avas first proven by Hahnemann. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by weight of pure chloride of barium is dissolved in nine parts by Aveight of distilled Avater. Amount of drug power, y1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—a. Triturations of pure chloride of barium are prepared as directed under Class VII. BELLADONNA. Synonyms, Atropa Belladonna, Linn. Solanum Furiosum or Maniacum. Solanum Somniferum. Nat. Ord., Solanacete. Common Names, Deadly Nightshade. Common DAvale. An herbaceous perennial plant, producing thick, smooth stems, four or five feet high. The stems are at first three-forked, afterwards two- forked, bearing above, bright green leaves in unequal pairs, pointed, 118 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. oval and entire. The flowers are solitary, bell-shaped, pendulous and purple in color, and are followed by large purple-black berries, lhe root in a plant several years old is fleshy, creeping, a foot or more in length, between half an inch and one inch in thickness, and when dried, wrinkled longitudinally. The difference between the young and old roots is shoAvn not only by the size but also by the fracture, which ib old roots is woodv, Avhile in the young it is mealy or granulated. The plant is a native of Europe, extending east to the Caucasus, groAVS in shady places, floAvers in July, and ripens its fruit in September. It was first proven by Hahnemann. Preparation.—The entire fresh plant, gathered Avhen coming into flower, is chopped and pounded to a fine pulp, enclosed in a piece of new linen and submitted to pressure. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled with an equal part by weight of alcohol. This mixture is alloAved to stand eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. BELLADONNA E RADICE. Root of Atropa Belladonna, Linn. Preparation.—The fresh root, gathered in autumn, is chopped and pounded to a fine pulp, enclosed in a piece of new linen, and submitted to pressure. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled Avith an equal part by weight of alcohol. This mixture is allowed to stand eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, h Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. BELLIS PERENNIS, Linn. Nat. Ord., Compositse. Common Names, English Daisy. Garden Daisy. Hens and Chickens. This is a perennial, found' grOAying in pastures and meadows through- out Europe, and sparingly naturalized in some parts of the New Eng- land States. Rootstock short, fibres stout. Leaves long, fleshy, obo- vate-spatulate, obtuse or rounded at the crenate tip, midrib broad. Scape two to five inches high. Flower-head three-fourths to one inch in diameter, solitary; involucre of green bracts, obtuse, often tipped Avith black. Ray-floAvers Avhite or tipped Avith pink, disk bright yel- low. FloAvers in spring and summer. It Avas proved by Dr. Thomas, of England. Preparation.—The fresh plant, in flower, is chopped and pounded to a pulp, enclosed in a piece of new linen and submitted to pressure. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled with an equal part by Aveight of alcohol. This mixture is alloAved to stand eight days in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Drug power of tincture, h Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 119 BENZINUM NITRICUM. Synonym,Nitrobenzolum. Present Name, Nitro-benzol. Common Names, Artificial Oil of Bitter Almonds. Formula, C6 H5 (N02). Molecular Weight, 123. Preparation of Nitro-benzol.—By adding benzol or benzine (not gasoline, sometimes called benzene, one of the distillation products of petroleum) in small quantities to warm concentrated nitric acid a reddish liquid is produced, Avhich, when treated with water, throws doAvn an oily precipitate of nitro-benzol. When the process is con- ducted at the boiling point there is a violent reaction, and there is also obtained some di-nitro-benzol. It is purified by Avashing Avith water and rectified over calcium chloride. Properties.—Nitro-benzol is a transparent oily looking, yelloAvish liquid, Avhose specific gravity is 1.16 to 1.2. It is very slightly soluble in water, somewhat so in alcohol, but only with difficulty in aqueous alcohol. It mixes in all proportions Avith ether, chloroform, carbon di- sulphide and in the volatile and fatty oils. When cooled beloAv 3° C. (37.2° F.) it crystallizes in needles. Its odor is similar to that of oil of bitter almonds and it has unfortunately been termed artificial oil of bitter almonds—unfortunately, because of the possibility of its being used for the genuine oil in culinary flavoring. It is extremely poison- ous even by inhalation. It has a SAveet taste. Tests.—Nitro-benzol may be identified by its odor, together Avith its reaction Avith nascent hydrogen and the consequent production of anilin. A feAV drops are to be shaken Avith zinc and dilute sulphuric acid and digested for a little while. The mixture is to be filtered and the filtrate tested Avith potassium chlorate for anilin, Avhen, if the latter be present, a violet color appears. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by Aveight of nitro-benzol is dissolved in nine parts by weight of ninety-five per cent. alcohol. Amount of drug power, ■rlu. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class VI—a. BERBERINUM. Synonyms, Berberin. Berberia. Berberina. Formula, C20 H17 N04. Origin,—The alkaloid berberina exists in a number of plants be- longing to different families—e. g., Berberis vulgaris, Calumba root, Geoffroya Jamaicensis, Hydrastis Canadensis, etc. Berberina may be readily obtained from the root of hydrastis cana- densis by making an extract with boiling Avater, treating this Avith hot alcohol, and after the addition of some water distilling off most of the alcohol. The residue is to be treated Avith nitric acid till the reaction is weakly acid, and the Avhole set aside to crystallize. After some days the nitrate of berberina can be removed and recrystallized from solu- 120 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. *ion in hot Avater. The now purified nitrate can be decomposed by alka- line carbonate solution and the berberina crystallized out. Properties.—Berberina is in permanent, small, glistening, yellow needles or prisms, of a bitter taste. They are soluble in about 500 parts of cold, and very readily in hot water; difficultly soluble in cold but easily in hot alcohol; insoluble in ether. The solutions are neu- tral. Heated upon a Avater-bath they lose 19.3 per cent, of Avater, at 120° C. (248° F.) they fuse to a yellow resinous mass, and at near 200° C. (392° F.) they decompose, giving off yelloAV odorous vapors. With the acids berberina forms golden-yellow, generally crystallizable, bitter tasting salts. When a solution of salt of berberina in hot alco- hol is treated with a solution of iodine in potassium iodide, dark green scales rapidly form, having a metallic lustre, and which, when examined by transmitted light, are of a reddish-broAvn color. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure berberina is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. BERBERIS. Synonyms, Berberis Vulgaris, Linn. Spina Acida. Nat. Ord., Berberidacese, Common Names, Common Bar! erry. Pipperidge Bush. This plant is indigenous to Europe, out is naturalized in New Eng- land. It is a bushy shrub three to eight feet high, Avhose branches are Avell supplied with thorns. Leaves obova+e, bristly-serrate. The yellow flowers hang in clusters. The fruit is a small, oblong, scarlet berry, Avhose pleasant acid taste commends it for peaking a sweet pre- serve. The bark of the root is used in homoeopathic pharmacy. It is of a grayish-broAvn color externally, and saffron-yelloA\ within. It was first proven by Hesse, in Germany. Preparation.—The fresh bark from the root is coarsely powdered and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are added to it; the mixture is put into a well-stoppered bottle and allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place, shaking tAvice a day. The tincture is to be poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. BISMUTHUM METALLICUM. Synonyms, Bismuthum. Metallic Bismuth. Common Name, Bismuth. Symbol, Bi. Atomic Weight, 210. Bismuth is found in nature in the metallic state in veins running through certain crystallized rocks. It chiefly occurs in Saxony and Bohemia. It is also found as bismite or oxide, as sulphide or bismuthi- nite, as sulpho-telluride and as carbonate. Preparation of Metallic Bismuth.—The bismuth-bearing rock, HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 121 broken up, is placed in iron tubes slightly inclined, and then heat is applied. The bismuth melts, and flowing out of the tubes, is caught in proper A'essels and ladled into moulds. Commercial bismuth contains arsenic, iron and other metals. It is freed from these by fusion Avith potassium nitrate, by which they are oxidized and form a slag, Avhich is to be separated from the fused metal. Chemically pure bismuth may be obtained by reducing a pure specimen of the basic nitrate, by charcoal at a red heat. Properties.—Bismuth is a hard, brilliant, reddish-white metal in crystalline laminae. By melting a large amount of it, cooling it until a crust forms over it, breaking the crust and pouring out the liquid metal remaining, it may be obtained in large and beautiful rhombohe- drons, which are often mistaken for cubes. Its specific gravitv is 9.83. It melts at 264° C. (507.2° F.), and on solidifying expands V* of its volume. It is unaffected by dry air but tarnishes in the presence of moisture. At a red heat it burns with a bluish flame, forming the bis- muthous oxide. At a Avhite heat it is volatile. It is readily attacked by chlorine and by nitric acid, but is unaffected by hydrochloric and sulphuric acids in the cold. Tests.—Digest the metal Avith a twenty per cent, nitric acid (tin and antimony remain undissol\Ted); filter, and concentrate the filtrate to remove most of the nitrate by crystallization; filter again, and to this filtrate add water in large amount, Avhen the remaining subnitrate will precipitate as a white poAvder; filter aneAV, and the filtrate Avhen tested by sulphuric acid will giA'ea Avhite precipitate if lead be pres- ent; with potassium ferrocyanide, a blue, if iron, or a reddish-brown if copper be the impurity. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure metallic bis- muth is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. BISMUTHUM OXYDATUM. Proper Name, Bismuthous Oxide. Synonyms, Bismuthi Oxidum. Tri-oxide of Bismuth. Common Name, Oxide of Bismuth. Formula, Bi2 03. Molecular Weight, 468. Preparation of Oxide of Bismuth.—When a bismuthous salt is treated Avith an alkaline hydrate, a Avhite precipitate of bismuthous hydrate is thrown doAvn; by boiling, the hydrate loses water and is converted into the oxide. A convenient process is as folloAvs: Take of subnitrate of bismuth, one part; solution of soda (specific gravity 1.047), five parts; mix and boil for five minutes; then, having allowed the mixture to cool and the oxide to subside, decant the supernatant liquid, wash the precipitate thoroughly with distilled water, and finally dry it by the heat of a Avater-bath. Properties.—Bismuth tri-oxide is a yellow poAvder, Avhich becomes deeper in color Avhen heated, but only transiently. It fuses at a red heat. It dissolves readily in hydrochloric, sulphuric and nitric acids, yielding the respective salts of bismuth. 122 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Tests.—Silver and lead may be present as impurities. By dissolv- ing a portion of the bismuthous oxide in hydrochloric acid, a white residue, insoluble in nitric acid, indicates silver; similarly, by using sul- phuric acid a precipitate of Avhite color and insoluble in dilute nitric acid, indicates lead. It was first proven by Hahnemann. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure oxide of bis- muth is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. BISMUTHUM SUBNITRICUM. Synonyms, Bismuthi Subnitras. Magisterium Bismuthi. Mar- cassita Alba. Common Names, Pearl White. Subnitrate of Bismuth. White Oxide of Bismuth. Formula, [Bi (N03)3] + [BiH303]3. Molecular Weight, 1179. Preparation of Subnitrate of Bismuth.—To 100 parts of pure nitric acid, specific gravity 1.185, in a capacious glass vessel, are to be gradually added twenty-five parts of coarsely powdered metallic bis- muth, or as much of it as will dissolve at the temperature of the water- bath. Then add a small portion of the metal and heat the Avhole for about half an hour. The clear supernatant liquid is to be decanted and filtered through glass-wool, and to the filtrate is to be added, with constant stirring, forty to fifty parts of distilled water, or as much as may be required to produce a noticeable turbidity. This precipitate contains some arsenate of bismuth. The whole is to be allowed to stand in a cool place, when it is to be filtered through glass-wool, and the filtrate set aside to crystallize after being evaporated doAvn to seventy or sixty-five parts. The crystals are to be collected on a filter of loosely arranged glass-wool, and the mother liquor evaporated to one-third of its volume, set aside, and the crystals obtained from it are to be added to those previously collected. The crystals are to be washed by dropping upon them a mixture of five parts of nitric acid with ten of distilled water. They are to be spread upon a porcelain tile and dried, at about 25° C. (77°F.). The preparation so obtained is the normal bismuthous nitrate, [Bi (N03)3]2 -f- 9H20. From the normal nitrate, the basic salt or subnitrate is prepared in the following manner: 100 parts of crystallized bismuth tri-nitrate are poAvdered in a mortar and mixed with 400 parts of cold distilled water. The mixture is then added to 2100 parts of boiling distilled water in a glass vessel, and the whole stirred with a glass rod for some minutes. After the mixture has become cold, the precipitate is throAvn upon a filter and Avashed, by pouring from a height 500 parts of cold distilled water; it is then spread upon porcelain tiles in thin layers, and dried at a temperature not exceeding 30° C. (86° F.). It should, while dry- ing, be carefully protected from dust, sulphuretted hydrogen and am- monia gases. The methods as given above are, with slight changes, those of the Pharmacopoeia Germanica. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 123 Properties.—Subnitrate of bismuth is an odorless, almost tasteless, snoAV-Avhite, crystalline poAvder, consisting of microscopic, colorless, rhombic prisms. With moistened litmus paper its reaction is acid. It is not changed by exposure to sunlight. Specimens of it becoming gray by such exposure, contain silver chloride. When heated to 100° C. (212° F.), it loses its water, and at a higher temperature it loses, Avithout melting, its acid. The proportions of the constituents, bismuthous oxide, nitric acid and Avater, are rarely alike in any two preparations, and the oxide varies in amount betAveen 79 and 81 per cent. Tests.—The subnitrate of bismuth should dissolve Avithout efferves- cence in five times its volume of pure nitric acid, specific gravity, 1.180, slightly Avarmed (absence of carbonate or sulphate). The strong acid solution is to be diluted Avith four to five volumes of distilled water and filtered. The filtrate is to be tested in successive portions. When treated Avith silver nitrate, barium nitrate and sodium sulphate solu- tions, no precipitate should occur (absence of chloride, sulphate and lead;. Let a small quantity of the subnitrate be heated in a test-tube, Avith an equal amount of concentrated sulphuric acid, free from ar- senic, until all the nitric acid is driven off, and to the solution add ten volumes of dilute sulphuric acid, arsenic-free, then add a small quan- tity of sodium chloride and a feAv pieces of pure zinc. The test-tube should be loosely corked, and there should project into it a piece of filter paper, moistened Avith silver nitrate solution. Upon heating the test-tube, the gray or darker staining of the silver nitrate indicates the presence of arsenic. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure subnitrate of bismuth is prepared by trituration as directed under Class VII. BLATTA AMERICANA, Lamarck. Synonym, Kakerlac Americana, Sars. Class, Insecta. Order, Orthoptera. Family, Blattina. Common Name, Great American Cockroach. The Blatta Americana, Avhich is very common in Brazil, where it inhabits human dwellings, is an orthopterous insect, with an elongated, OA'al, rather flat body, from twelve to sixteen lines in length, of a brown-red color, Avhich becomes paler under the belly. The prothorax is smooth, shining, of an ochre-yelloAV tint, Avith two large brown spots, Avhich are sometimes united in one. In the male the elytra reach beyond the belly by a few lines; in the female they are a little shorter. They are marked Avith numerous longitudinal streaks which bifurcate near the dotted margin terminating the elytra. The Avings are striate and reticular, of the length of the elytra. The antennas which are longer than the body, exhibit at their base a small yelloAvish point. The feet are provided* Avith black prickles and terminate in a tarsus Avith five articulations. Preparation.—The live animal is crushed and triturated, as di- rected under Class IX. 124 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. BOLETUS LARICIS, Linn. Synonyms, Agaricus Laricis. Fungus Laricis. Boletus Purgans. Polyporus Officinalis, Fries. Nat. Ord., Fungi. Common Names, Larch Agaric. Larch Boletus. Purging Aga- ric. White Agaric. This is a fungus groAving on the larch-tree of the old Avorld, of various sizes. Pileus dirty-white, with livid stains, covered at first with dirty-yellow or brownish evanescent slime, subsquamose; stem cribrose above the ring, scrobiculate below, dirty-white; tubes adnate, subde- current, compound, at first nearly Avhite. As found in commerce, it is deprived of its exterior coat, and consists of a light, white, spongy, somewhat farinaceous, friable mass, Avhich, though capable of being rubbed into powder upon a sieve, is not easily pulverized in the ordi- nary mode, as it flattens under the pestle. It was proved by Dr. W. H. Burt, U. S. Preparation.—The dried fungus is covered with five parts by weight of alcohol, and after mixing well, the whole is poured into a well-stoppered bottle, and allowed to remain eight days in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, Txff. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. Triturations of the dried fungus are prepared, as directed under Class VII. BOLETUS SATAN AS, Lenz. Synonym, Satanic Boletus. Nat. Ord., Fungi. Common Name, Satan's Fungus. Pileus pulvinate, smooth, somewhat viscid, brownish-tan color, then whitish, stem blunt, ovato-ventricose, reticulated above, blood-red; tubes free, minute, yellow, orifice from the first blood-red. Preparation.—The fresh fungus is prepared by trituration, as di- rected under Class IX. BONDONNEAU. Bondonneau Mineral Water. (Saintes-Fontaines.) Chemical Analysis. In one liter, there Avas contained: Free Sulphuric Acid, a trace, but it is very perceptible at the spring. Free Carbonic Acid,.................§ the volume of water. Bicarbonate of Lime,................1 ^ or.~ Bicarbonata of Magnesia,..............} °-390 grammes. Bicarbonate of Soda,.................0.006 " Potash salts,....................a trace. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 125 {Soda, . . Lime,. . Magnesia, Chloride of Sodium,............ Alkaline, Iodides and Bromides,....... Arseniates,.................... Sesquioxide of Iron with Manganese,..... Silica and Alumina,............ Earthy Phospbates,............ Nitrogenized organic matters,........ A proving by Dr. Espanet, France, is recorded. Preparation.—If potencies are required, use distilled Avater foi first and second dilutions, alcohol for third and higher potencies. BORAX. Synonyms, Natrum Biboracicum. Boras Sodicus. Sodii Boras. Borate of Sodium. Present Name, Sodium Tetraborate. Common Name, Borax. Formula, Na2 B407, 10 H20. Molecular Weight, 382. Origin and Preparation of Borax.—Borax is found native in several localities, in Transylvania, Peru, and Canada West, but more particularly in certain salt lakes in India, Thibet and California. The salt separated from these waters by evaporation, either naturally or by artificial aid, is knoAvn as crude borax or tincal. Crude borax is refined by treating it Avith either lime or soda, Avhich removes a greasy substance Avith Avhich the tincal is covered. The greater part of the borax used in the arts is noAV prepared in France by treating the native boracic acid found in lagoons in volcanic districts in Italy, notably in Tuscany, Avith sodium carbonate, both in boiling solution; insoluble matters settle doAvn and the clear solution of borax is trans- ferred to vessels in Avhich it crystallizes. Artificial borax is for the most part purer than that obtained from tincal by the refining pro- cess, but the crystals often contain cracks, and this is a disadvantage when the borax is used for soldering. The refined borax is purified by recrystallization, and thus fitted for medicinal use. Properties.—Borax is in large transparent prisms of the monoclinic system, generally combinations of a nearly rectangular prism having the acute and obtuse lateral edges truncated. When heated they melt in their Avater of crystallization, at the same time swelling up and solidifying to a loose spongy mass; at a red heat the salt fuses to a colorless transparent mass called borax-glass. Borax has a mild sweet cooling taste, Avith an alkaline after-taste; it is soluble in from twelve to fifteen parts of cold and in tAvo of boiling water, in four or five parts of glycerine, and not at all in alcohol. It reacts slightly alka- line to test paper. It specific gravity is 1.7. Tests.—Borax is frequently adulterated with alum and rock-salt. Several crystals should be dissolved and the solution tested; with 0.043 grammes. 0.030 0.008 a trace. 0.002 0.128 a trace. an uncertain amount. 126 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. hydrogen sulphide no change should occur (absence of metals); Avith sodium carbonate solution no precipitate (absence of the earthy met- als); nor in very dilute solution, with barium chloride (absence of sulphate); nor Avith silver nitrate (absence of chloride). It was first proven by Hahnemann. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by weight of pure borax is dissolved in ninety-nine parts by Aveight of distilled Avater. Amount of drug power, T^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—/?. Triturations of pure borax are prepared as directed under Class VII. BORRAGO OFFICINALIS, Linn. Nat. Ord., Borraginacese. Common Name, Borage. This plant is found groAving in waste grounds near habitations, in Europe. It is cultivated as a garden vegetable. It has ovate, alter- nate leaves, the loAver ones on petioles. The sky-blue flowers are in cymes, which are terminal and axillary. The stem is about tAvo feet high, erect; the Avhole plant is hairy. Preparation.—The fresh leaves are chopped and pounded to a pulp, enclosed in a piece of new linen and submitted to pressure. The ex- pressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled with an equal part by weight of alcohol. This mixture is allowed to stand eight days, in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Drug power of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. BOVISTA. Synonyms, Bovista Nigrescens. Fungus Ovatus. Lycoperdon Bovista, Linn. Nat. Ord., Fungi. Common Names, Puff-ball. Bull-fist. Puck-fist. Puck-ball. Puffin. Bunt. Devil's Snuff-box. Fuzz-ball. Throughout the whole year, but especially in the beginning of autumn, the puff-ball is found on the pasture grounds and dry meadoAvs of Europe. Nearly as round as a ball, it is at the base narrowed to form a thick, folded stalk. It is of variable size, its diameter from one inch to one foot; when young it is white, later of a dirty-yellow color, finally changing to umber-brown. Proven by Hartlaub, in Germany. Preparation.—The entire fungus collected in August or September is bruised and weighed. Then five parts by Aveight of dilute alcohol added to it, and having been put into a Avell-stoppered bottle, the Avhole is alloAved to remain eight days in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, -j-1^. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 127 Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV., except that dilute alcohol is used for the lx and 2x, and 1 dilutions. Triturations are prepared from the ripe, broAvn-black powder, as directed under Class VII. BRACHYGLOTTIS REPENS, Forst. Common Name, Puka-Puka. This is usually a shrub, though sometimes it has the appearance of a tree, tAventy feet in height, groAving in the northern island of New Zea- land. It has broad, indented, glossy leaves, doAvny on the under sur- face. Its floAvers are large, clustered and fragrant. Preparation.—Equal parts of the fresh leaves and floAvers are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one- sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the Avhole Avell, and pouring it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug poAver, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. BRANCA URSINA. Synonyms, Heracleum Sphondylium, Linn. Acanthus Vulgaris. Nat. Ord., Umbelliferse. Common Names, Bear's Breech. CoAV-parsnip. HogAveed. Masterwort. A plant found all over Europe. Stem three to six feet high, hairy, erect and branching toward the top. Flowers Avhite, in umbels. Leaves pinnate with divided leaflets. The plant contains an acrid, irritating juice. The root is thick, fleshy, spindle-shaped and branch- ing. The remedy was proved by Dr. Rosenberg, in Germany. Preparation.—The fresh plant, at the time of flowering, is chopped and pounded to a fine pulp and pressed out lege artis in a piece of new linen. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled Avith an equal part by weight of alcohol. This mixture is allowed to stand eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, \. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. BRAYERA ANTHELMINTICA, Kunth. Synonyms, Hagenia Abyssinica, Willd. Banksia Abyssinica, Bruce. Nat. Ord., Rosacese. Common Name, Koosso orKousso. Kosbo Sika. 128 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. This is a handsome tree groAving about twenty feet high, throughout the table-land of Abyssinia, at an elevation of from three to eight thou- sand feet. The plant is noted for its abundant foliage and fine panicles of floAvers of a reddish tint, Avhich at first are greenish. The leaves are mostly tOAvards the ends of the branches; they are large, pinnate; leaflets lanceolate and serrated. The floAvers have an herby, someAvhat tea-like odor, and a bitter, acrid taste. Kousso, as seen in commerce, is of a light broAvn color, of a reddish tinge in the case of the female floAvers. The latter are often obtainable separately under the name of red kousso. Preparation.—The dried blossoms are coarsely powdered, covered with five parts by weight of alcohol, the mixture allowed to remain eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAver, j1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. Triturations are prepared from the dried blossoms, as directed under Class VII. BROMIUM. Synonym, Brominium. Common Name, Bromine. Symbol, Br. Atomic Weight, 80. A liquid non-metallic element. Origin and Preparation of Bromine.—Bromine does not exist in nature in the free state. It is found in combination as bromide in the water of many salt springs, especially that of Theodorshall, near Kreuznach, in Prussia; it is found together with iodine in the ash of sea-Aveed, varec; it exists also in sponges and many marine animals. It is prepared from the mother-liquor of sea water or saline springs. These waters are first freed by crystallizing out the greater part of the chlorides and sulphates of sodium and potassium ; the remaining liquid contains bromine, chiefly in the form of bromide of magnesium. This liquid is placed in a retort with peroxide of manganese and hydro- chloric acid and distilled; chlorine gas is evolved in the liquid, dis- places the bromine in the magnesium compound, and the bromine dis- tils over. Bromine is produced by the above process at many salt Avorks in the United States. Properties.—Bromine is a dark red or brown-red liquid, whose specific gravity at 15° C. (59° F.) is between 2.98 and 2.99. It is ex- tremely volatile, at ordinary temperatures giving off dark red vapors, and for this reason it is condensed under water from the retort in the process of its manufacture. Its vapor is 5.5 times as heavy as air, and is of a disagreeable, pungent odor, recalling in some degree that of chlorine. It boils at 63° C (145.4° F.). LoAvig gives its boiling point as 45° C (113° F.). It dissolves sparingly in Avater, more readily in alcohol and in all proportions in ether. Like chlorine, it has a power- ful affinity for hydrogen, although not to the same degree, and this HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 129 explains its energetic action upon many organic substances. It cor- rodes Avood and cork, first turning them yellow, and upon the skin, if in quantity, it produces immediate corrosion and violent inflamma- tion. Its solutions are decomposed in the sunlight, bromine as such disappearing and hydrogen bromide being formed. Bromine should be preserved in bottles, Avith a layer of Avater ever the bromine, the bottles securely closed Avith a glass stopper and kept in a cellar or other cool, dark place. Tests.—The impurities most likely to be present in bromine are chlorine, iodine, bromide of carbon and of lead. The test for iodine as an impurity in bromine is as folloAAS: Place 4 CC. of distilled water in a test-tube, add from five to ten drops of bromine, and then with slight agitation, caustic ammonia, drop by drop, till the fluid becomes clear and colorless ; the liberation of free nitrogen occurs with effervescence, and the liquid contains ammonium bromide. The solution is now ren- dered acid with nitric acid, a feAV CC. of ferric chloride solution fol- lowed by about 2 CC. of chloroform are added and the whole shaken gently. In the bottom of the tube the chloroform collects, tinged violet if iodine be present, otherwise it remains colorless. This is a very delicate test, but Avhere the iodine is in extremely small amount, the coloration will not shoAv immediately. For chlorine: In a small flask having a glass stopper shake thor- oughly about 5 CC. of bromine Avith 15 CC. of distilled water; pour about 5 CC. of the liquid into a test-tube and shake thoroughly with its OAvn A*olume of ether. The Avatery colorless layer is to be removed from the yelloAV ethereal layer by means of a separating funnel, shaken again with >] volume of ether and the ethereal and watery layers sep- arated as before. The watery solution is placed in a wide test-tube and heated to boiling or until no odor of ether is perceptible. Should the liquid react acid to test paper the presence of hydrogen chloride or of bromine chloride is probable. To about 3 CC. of the liquid are added five drops of sihTer nitrate soluticn and then 8 CC. of sesqui- carbonate of ammonia solution; the Avhole is thoroughly shaken, boiled for two or three minutes, and should the fluid be net clear, placed aside for some time and the clear fluid decanted off. This is evaporated in a porcelain dish to a small volume, to which is then to be added 10 CC. of distilled water and the solution treated to excess with pure chlorine-free nitric acid. A precipitate, or rather dense turbidity, indicates the presence of chlorine in the original bromine. A weak opalescent turbidity, however, which does not depm-e the_ liquid of translucency is due to the presence of a trace of sih*er bromide.^ Tests.—The piesence of bromide of carbon may be recognized by the separation and gathering of small drops in the bottom of the test-tube Avhen the caustic ammonia is added during the process of testing for iodine. A feAV drops of bromine placed in flask or upon a Avatch glass should evaporate without residue. This is an easy test for bromide of lead, the only non-volatile impurity likely to be present. Provings of Bromine Avere first made by Drs. Michaelis and Muller, Germany. 9 130 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part of pure bro- mine is dissolved in ninety-nine parts by weight of distilled Avater. Amount of drug power, t-Jq. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—,3, except that distilled water is used for dilutions to the 4x and 2, dilute alcohol for the next higher, and alcohol for all further dilutions. BRUCEA ANTIDYSENTERICA. Synonym, Angustura Spuria. Common Name, False Angustura. This is the bark of the tree Strychnos Nux Vomica, Avhich is de- scribed under Nux Vomica. Preparation.—The dried bark is pulverized and covered Avith five parts by Aveight of alcohol, Having poured it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to remain eight days in a dark, cool place, being shaken tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, y1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. BRUCINUM. Synonym, Brucia. Formula, C23H26 N2 04, + 4 H2 O. Preparation.—Brucia is an alkaloid, existing, together with strychnia, in nux vomica, in the St. Ignatius bean, and in several varieties of Strychnos. It is obtained from the mother liquors left after the preparation of strychnia from the seeds of Strychnos Nux Vomica, by concentrating them to the consistency of syrup and slightly supersaturating Avith dilute sulphuric acid. The mixture, if left to itself for a few days, deposits crystals of the sulphate of brucia, Avhich are afterwards purified. The brucia is then separated by ammonia. Properties.—Crystallized brucia is in transparent, oblique, rhom- bic prisms, or in star-like aggregations of acicular crystals, or is a white poAvder made up of crystalline scales. It dissolves with diffi- culty in cold, more readily in hot water. It dissolves freely in alco- hol whether absolute or dilute, as it also does in amyl alcohol; in ether it is almost insoluble. When heated it fuses, parting Avith its Avater of crystallization; at a high temperature it is decomposed, leaving a bulky carbonaceous product. Tests.—Concentrated nitric acid produces Avith brucia and its salts an intensely red fluid, which aftenvards becomes orange-red, and upon heating, of a yelloAV color. If stannous chloride or ammonium sulphide be added to the heated fluid the faint yellow color becomes an intense violet. Strychnia is often present in ordinary specimens of brucia. To one part of brucia add tAventy-five parts of absolute alco- hol at the ordinary temperature; let the mixture stand for about an hour with occasional agitation. A perfectly clear solution should re- HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 131 suit, which is to be decanted from any undissolved portion if such be present. The latter is to be transferred to a watch-glass, evaporated to dryness and dissolved Avith a few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid. To it is added a small fragment of potassium bichromate and the fluid carefully.moved about; a blue coloration passing successively through violet, red and green indicates the presence of strychnia. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure brucia is pre- prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. BRYONIA ALBA, Linn Synonyms, Bryonia Vera. Vitis Alba. Nat. Ord., Cucurbitacese. Common Name, White Bryonia. Wild Hops. Bryonia is a high climbing, perennial plant, groAving in hedges and along fences, and is quite common in Germanv and France. The perennial root of this plant is as thick as an arm,' and at times even as large as the thigh; it is fleshy, succulent, branchy, of a yelloAvish- white color, circularly Avrinkled Avithout, acrid, bitter, disagreeable to the taste, and of a nauseating odor, Avhich. however, disappears by de- siccation. Its climbing stalk rises sometimes to the height of many feet; it is glabrous, creeping, channelled, and armed with spiral creepers; its leaves are alternate, angular, hispid, tuberculous on both sides, rough to the touch, palmated, five-lobed, the middle lobe trifid, elongated; floAvers axillary, monoecious, in bunches; the male being supported on very long peduncles, the female larger than the male; calyx five-toothed, sharp; corolla in five divisions; stamens five, of which four are united tAvo and tAvo by the filaments and the anthers, the fifth free; berries round, black, polyspermous. Bryonia Alba Avas the variety Hahnemann used in his experiments, and great care must be taken not to confound it Avith Bryonia Dioica, which groAvs in the same localities, but mostly in England. Preparation.—The fresh root, gathered before the plant is in bloom, is chopped and pounded to a fine pulp, and pressed out lege artis in a piece of new linen. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled Avith an equal part by Aveight of alcohol. This mix- ture is allowed to remain for several Aveeks (to deposit amylum, Avith Avhich it abounds), in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, h Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. BUCHU. Synonyms, Barosma Crenata, Kunze. Diosma Crenata, Linn., De Candolle. Nat. Ord., Rutacese. Common Name, Buchu. Buchu leaves are afforded by three species of Barosma. These are erect shrubs several feet high, having smooth rod-like branches. 132 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Leaves opposite, margins serrate, the margins and under surface furn- ished Avith oil-glands which are conspicuous. The flowers are white, five-parted; the fruit is in five erect carpels. The plants are indige- nous to the Cape region of Southern Africa. Description.—The leaves of B. crenata are oblong, oval or obo- vate, obtuse, uarroAved toward the base into a distinct petiole; margin serrulate or crenulate; % to H inches long, ■£$ to ■£$ of an inch Avide. Those of B. serratifolia are linear-lanceolate, equally uarroAved to- ward either end, three-veined, apex truncate, always furnished with an oil cell; margin sharply serrulate; 1 to H inches long, about T2<, of an inch Avide. B. betulina: Leaves cuneate-obovate, apex recurved, margin sharply denticulate, teeth spreading; \ to f inch long, T3ff to T5ff wide. Each of the three species can be obtained in commerce by itself; B. betulina is the least esteemed. Preparation.—The dry leaves are coarsely poAvdered and covered with five parts by Aveight of alcohol; having poured this into a well- stoppered bottle, the mixture is to be alloAved to remain eight days in a dark, cool place and shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, -fa. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under class IV. BUFO. Synonyms, Cinereus. Rana Bufo. Class, Amphibia. Order, Anura. Family, Bufonidse. Common Name, Toad. This well-known animal is a native of North America, Europe, Southern Asia, and Japan. It Avas proven by Dr. Carl Hencke, Germany. Preparation.—The live animal is fastened to a slab of cork by four strong pins stuck through the webs of the feet. Then the poles of an induction apparatus in action are slowly drawn over the back of the animal, _ whereupon the poison very soon issues from the dorsal glands. This is removed Avith a small horn knife, and triturated ac- cording to Class VIII., but in the proportion of 1 part to 1000 parts sugar of milk, the preparation being equal to the 3x trituration. BUFO SAHYTIENSIS. Synonym, Bufo Agua. Class, Amphibia. Order, Anura. Family, Bufonidse. Common Name, Toad of South America. This toad is common in South America; it inhabits swamps and HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 133 marshy regions. It is sometimes as large as two fists, though its size varies a good deal. It is readily knoAvn by its enormous rhomboidal parotids, Avhence it sends forth a large quantity of poison. Its head is flat, triangular, broader than long; it has a strong osseous edge, commencing at the tip of the muzzle, thence stretching towards the inner angle of the eye, round this organ, and finally terminating be- hind the lids. The eye and the tympanic Avail are very large. The trunk, which is very large anteriorly in consequence of the large de- velopment of the parotids, is covered on each side of the dorsal spine with two irregular rows of large elliptical or conical bladders; some- times there are such bladders on the sides. The anterior extremities do not reach to the end of the trunk; the posterior extremities reach beyond the muzzle by the length of the fourth toe. The toes are rather flattened; the first toe longer than the second. Its colors are various, consisting of a number of brown spots, Avhich coalesce on the back and are separated on the abdomen by yellowish dots. Introduced into our Materia Medica by Dr. Mure, Brazil. Preparation.—The saliva, obtained by irritating the animal, is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VIII. BUXUS SEMPERVIRENS, Linn. Nat. Ord., Euphorbiacese. Common Name, Box. An evergreen shrub, native of Western Asia, and much culti- vated in this country as an edging plant to garden borders. It has opposite leaves, ovate, slightly Avider near the base than at apex. The leaves have a disagreeable, bitter taste and a peculiar odor. Preparation.—The fresh leaves are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the Avhole Avell, and pouring it into a Avell- stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IIL CACAO. Synonym, Theobroma Cacao, Linn. Nat. Ord., Sterculiacese. Common Name, Cacao. Origin.—Cacao seeds are furnished by Theobroma Cacao, T. an- gustifolium, Sesse, T. bicolor, Humboldt, and others of the same genus. The trees are found in the northern portion of South America, throughout Central America, and extend into Mexico, and are largely cultivated. Description.—The seeds are ovoid, more or less appressed, about three-quarters to one inch long and nearly one half-inch broad. A well 134 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. marked raphe extends along one edge in its Avhole length. The testa is red-brown to brown in color, fragile and papery. By prolongations of the inner seed-coat, the large, oily cotyledons of which the seed is mainly composed, are partitioned into a number of small irregular lobes, an arrangement which permits of the ready breaking up of the seed into a number of fragments. Preparation.—Cacao seeds are prepared for use by removing them from the fruit and simply drying them, in Avhich case they retain their astringent and bitter taste. These seeds are then prepared by tritura- tion, as directed under Class VII. CACTUS GRANDIFLORUS, Linn. Synonym, Cereus Grandiflorus, De Candolle. Nat. Ord., Cactacese. Common Name, Night-blooming Cereus. This well known flowering plant is a native of Mexico and the West India Islands. Its stems are nearly cylindrical, with five or six angles, beset Avith small radiating spines. Its floAvers are large and white, opening in the evening and Avithering before sunrise, and have a power- ful odor of benzoic acid and vanilla. It was introduced into our Materia Medica by Dr. Rocco Rubini, of Italy. Preparation.—The fresh flowers, together with the youngest and tenderest stems, gathered from plants growing in their native country, are chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the whole well and pouring it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by de- canting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. CADMIUM METALLICUM. Common Name, Cadmium. Symbol, Cd. Atomic Weight, 112. Origin and Preparation of Cadmium.—Cadmium is found in nature associated with zinc in different ores of the latter metal, as the sulphide, carbonate or silicate. The only pure native compound of cadmium is the sulphide called Greenockite, found in Scotland. In the process of reducing ores of zinc, the cadmium Avhich they contain comes over among the first products of distillation, owing to its greater volatility. The impure product may be dissolved in dilute sulphuric acid, when upon the addition of metallic zinc, metallic cad- mium is deposited. It may also be separated from the zinc by treat- ing the solution with hydrogen sulphide, when cadmium sulphide is HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 135 precipitated. This sulphide dissolved in concentrated hydrochloric acid yields chloride of cadmium, Avhich, when treated Avith ammonium carbonate in excess, gives a precipitate of the carbonate of the metal. The latter is then mixed Avith carbon, placed in a retort and subjected to a red heat, and the metal distils over. Properties.—Cadmium is a Avhite metal Avith a tinge of blue. It is lustrous and takes a fine polish, but upon exposure to the air, it sIoavIv acquires a Avhitish-gray tarnish. It is very malleable and duc- tile, and crackles like tin when bent. Heated to 82° C. (179.63 F.) it becomes brittle, and at 315° C. (599° F.) it melts, and on cooling crys- tallizes in regular octohedrons. It dissolves in hot hydrochloric or dilute sulphuric acid, forming the corresponding salt, but nitric acid is its best solvent. Most of its salts are colorless, and their solutions redden blue litmus paper. Tests.—Cadmium may be readily identified by the precipitate of a yelloAV sulphide upon passing hydrogen sulphide into acid solutions containing the metal; the precipitate is insoluble in dilute acids and alkalies, the latter fact distinguishing it from the yelloAV sulphide of arsenic formed under similar circumstances. Cadmium is often accom- panied by zinc and sometimes by copper. If the solution from Avhich the precipitated sulphide has been filtered off be rendered alkaline by ammonium hydrate in excess, the precipitate of Avhite sulphide of zinc will appear, or it may be made to do so by adding hydrogen sulphide. Copper may be detected by dissolving a small portion of cadmium in nitric acid, and adding ammonia, when if the former metal be present the blue coloration of ammonio-nitrate of copper will be seen. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure metallic cad- mium is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. CADMIUM SULPHURICUM. Synonym, Cadmii Sulphas. Present Name, Cadmium Sulphate. Common Name, Sulphate of Cadmium. Formula, Cd S04, 4 H2 O. Molecular Weight, 280. Preparation of Sulphide of Cadmium.—Cadmium sulphate is easily obtained by dissolving the oxide or carbonate in dilute sulphuric acid; the solution is partly evaporated over a Avater-bath and then set aside to crvstallize. Properties and Tests.—Cadmium sulphate crystallizes in color- less monoclinic prisms which effloresce in air, are very soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol. They are without odor and have a metallic stvptic taste. The impurities likely to be present in cadmium sulphate are arsenic and zinc; their presence may be detected by the methods given under cadmium metallicum. The drug Avas introduced into our Materia Medica by Dr. Petroz, of Spain. „ Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure sulphate of cadmium is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. 136 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. CAFFEIN. Synonyms, Caffeia. Caffeinum. Formula,C8 H10 N4 02, H20. Molecular Weight, 212. Origin.—Caffeine exists in the berries and leaves of the coffee plant, in the tea plant, in Paullinia sorbilis and in the leaves and tAvigs of Ilex Paraguayensis. Preparation.—Exhaust ground coffee with boiling Avater; add acetate of lead in excess to precipitate the tannin present. ThroAV the whole upon a filter and carefully wash the precipitate with boiling water. The filtrate is then to be treated with hydrogen sulphide to free it from excess of lead, and after a second filtration ammonia is added to neutralize the liberated acetic acid, and the Avhole is evapor- ated at a gentle heat. On cooling, an abundant crystallization of nearly pure caffeine is produced. To purify it, it is redissolved in water, treated with animal charcoal and recrystallized. Properties.—Caffeine crystallizes from its Avatery solutions in slender needles, having a silky lustre; they are quite flexible and often aggregated in star-shaped groups. Their taste is moderately bitter. They are soluble in 30 parts of water at medium temperatures, in 10 of boiling water, in 35 of 90 per cent, alcohol, in 550 of ether, and in 6 of chloroform. Although without alkaline reaction, caffeine forms a hydrochlorate and a sulphate and produces double salts Avith platinic chloride and silver nitrate. With acids of feeble poAver it d yes not unite; it sublimes at a high temperature without residue. Tests.—In addition to the above-described properties, the folloAving will be of service. Caffeine evaporated to dryness Avith a little chlorine- water yields a purple-red residue which becomes golden-yellow when more strongly heated, but it resumes the red color on the addition of ammonia. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure caffein is pre- pared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. CAHINCA. Synonyms, Cainca Chiococca Racemosa, Jaquin. Nat. Ord., Rubiacese. Common Name, Cluster-flowered Snowberry. David's Root. This shrub groAvs in Brazil and the Antilles. Stem from five to ten feet high; leaves opposite, oval, pointed, entire; flowers pedunculated, whitish, axillary, in pendant bunches; fruit berriform; Avhitish, mono- spermous; root branchy, of a reddish-brown, consisting of cylindrie pieces, from one and a half to tAvo feet long, and of the thickness of a goose-quill or finger; it is fibrous, marked all along with furroAVS of a deep-color, covered Avith brown bark, annular, thin, fleshy, epidermis of a dirty white. Beneath this fleshy part is found a white Avood, which is the axis of the root. The epidermis of the bark is of a resin- ous aspect when broken, of a disagreeable taste, bitter, a little acrid and slightly astringent, producing a roughness in the throat; the HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 137 woody part has neither taste nor odor. The odor of the root is acrid, volatile, disagreeable, someAvhat like that of valerian. It Avas first proven by Dr. Koch, Sr. Preparation.—The dried root-bark, is coarsely poAvdered, covered Avith five parts by Aveight of alcohol, and allowed to remain eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, T\j. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. CALADIUM. Synonyms, Caladium Seguinum, Vent. Arum Seguinum, Linn. Nat. Ord., Araeese. Common Names, Dumb Cane. Poisonous American Arum. Poisonous Pediveau. This plant is a native of South America, groAving on the Avet prairies in the neighborhood of Paramaribo. Its stem is from five to six feet high, more than one inch thick, round, knotty, and abounding with milky juice. Its leaves are ovate-oblong, smooth, at the apex narroAved, petioles above canaliculate and clasping, sheath of the floAvers pale green, its inner side purple, spadix yelloAV. The juice of this plant leaves an indelible stain on linen, and is so caustic that, if put upon the tongue or in the mouth, it produces SAvelling and inflammation. The drug was introduced into the Homoeopathic Materia Medica by Dr. Hering. Preparation.—The fresh root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, ^ the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the whole well, and pouring it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. CALCAREA ACETICA. Present Name, Calcium Acetate. Common Name, Acetate of Lime. Formula, Ca (C2 H3 02)2. Molecular Weight, 158. Hahnemann's Preparation of Acetate of Lime.—Boil crude, well-Avashed oyster-shells for an hour in pure rain-Avater, then break into fragments, Avithout using any metallic instrument, and dissolve in dilute acetic acid, heating up to the boiling point, until complete satu- ration is gradually effected. Filter and reduce to one-fifth by evapo- ration. The solution, of a dark yelloAV color, after a time precipi- tates a dark glutinous substance, whereby the color of the solution 138 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. becomes paler. To this light-colored liquid add one-half its bulk of pure alcohol. Amount of drug power, -^j. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—a. CALCAREA ARSENICICA. Synonyms, Calcii Arsenias. Calcarea Arsenica. Present Name, Tri-calcium Di-arsenate. Common Name, Arsenate of Lime. Formula, 3 Ca O, 2 As 03 + 3 H2 O. Preparation of Arsenate of Lime.—Distil four parts of poAv- dered arsenious acid with a mixture of twelve parts nitric acid and one part muriatic acid, in a retort, to dryness. The residue is then to be brought to a faint red heat, and after cooling is dissolved in ten volumes of water, and neutralized by carbonate of potash, thus form- ing arsenate of potash in solution, which is to be decomposed by the addition of a solution of calcium chloride as long as a white precipitate is formed. This precipitate is to be carefully washed and dried. Properties and Tests.—Arsenate of lime is a light, white amor- phous powder, not soluble in water, but is readily so in dilute nitric acid. The solution remains clear when an excess of acetate of soda is added to it, but gives a white precipitate on the subsequent addition of ammonium oxalate. A small quantity boiled with an excess of caustic soda and filtered, gives, when exactly neutralized by nitric acid, a brick-red precipitate on the addition of solution of nitrate of silver. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure arsenate of lime is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. CALCAREA CARBONICA. Synonyms, Calcii Carbonas. Calcarea Ostrearum, Hering. Present Name, Calcium Carbonate. Common Names, Carbonate of Lime. Impure Carbonate of Lime. Formula (of the c. p. salt), Ca C03. Molecular Weight, 100. Origin and Preparation of Hahnemann's Carbonate of Lime.—Cleaned, thick oyster-shells are broken into small pieces, and the inner snow-white portions carefully selected and powdered. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The powdered oyster- shell (obtained as described above) is prepared by trituration as di- rected under Class VII. CALCAREA CAUSTICA. Synonym, Calcis Hydras. Present Name, Calcium Hydrate. Common Name, Slaked Lime. Formula, Ca (HO)2. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 139 Molecular Weight, 74. Preparation of Slaked Lime.—This is prepared by burning Carrara marble (carbonate of lime) in a covered crucible until a por- tion of product withdrawn for examination no longer effervesces on the addition of hydrochloric acid; when cold it is placed in a porcelain capsule, and slaked by the addition of half its Aveight of distilled water. Properties.—Slaked lime forms a soft white powder of specific gravity 2.08, having a strong alkaline taste and reaction. The first provings were made under direction of Dr. A. W. Koch. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—To one part of caustic (slaked) lime is added five parts of distilled Avater, in a Avarm bottle Avell stoppered, and left standing till cold. The mixture is then Avell shaken, and to it five parts of alcohol are added and the whole again Avell shaken. After several days, during Avhich the mixture has been frequently shaken, the clear liquid is put into vials and Avell protected from air. As soon as it has absorbed carbonic acid, it must be rejected and a fresh preparation made. Amount of drug poAver, T\. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class VI—a. Triturations should not be prepared, as during trituration carbonic acid is absorbed from the atmosphere, forming carbonate of lime. CALCAREA CHLORATA. Synonyms, Calx Chlorinata. Calx Chlorata. Common Names, Chlorinated Lime. Bleaching Powder. Preparation and Composition of Chlorinated Lime. — Chlorinated lime or bleaching powder, is prepared by passing chlorine gas into boxes of lead or stone in which a quantity of calcium hydrate or slaked lime, in a very slightly moist state, is spread out upon shelves. The lime absorbs nearly half its weight of chlorine, and the re- sult is a white powder Avhich has a very peculiar smell, someAvhat differ- ent from that of chlorine. The formula of the substance has not been accurately ascertained. Probably when produced under slightly differ- ent conditions of moisture in the calcium hydrate or with varying de- grees of rapidity of saturation Avith the chlorine, it is not of exactly the same constitution. It has been held to consist of a mixture of cal- cium hypochlorite and chloride. Dr. Odling's formula is CI—Ca— OC1, the substance being decomposed by Avater into the chloride and hypochlorite, Ca CI, Ca CIO. Properties.—Chlorinated lime is a white, dry or very slightly damp powder, in readily crumbling masses. In addition to its odor, already mentioned, it has a sharp, astringent, disagreeable taste. It is soluble in from ten to twelve parts of water, some unaltered hydrate re- maining behind. Its solution is alkaline to test-paper. It is completely soluble in cold dilute hydrochloric acid, forming the chloride and lib- erating chlorine. It is hygroscopic, and gradually decomposes when exposed to the air. It should be kept in a cool, dry place. Tests.—"Ten grains of chlorinated lime, mixed with thirty grains 140 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. of iodide of potassium and dissolved in four fluid ounces of water, pro- duce, when acidulated with two fluid drachms of hydrochloric acid, a reddish solution, which requires for the discharge of its color, at least 850 grain measures of the volumetric solution of hyposulphite of soda, corresponding to thirty per cent, of chlorine liberated by hydrochloric acid."—Br. P. Good commercial bleaching powder contains about thirty-five per cent, of available chlorine. If insufficiently saturated Avith chlorine in the manufacture, the specimen examined will, on treatment with water, shoAV an increase of the insoluble portion. Calcium chloride, if present in too great quantity, will cause the mass to become quite moist. Vege- table coloring matters are soon destroyed Avhen treated with a solution of bleaching powder. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by weight of chlorinated lime is dissolved in nine parts by weight of distilled water, and filtered through calico. Amount of drug power, y1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—a. CALCAREA FLUORATA. Synonyms, Calcii Fluoridum. Calcium Fluoride. Present Name, Calcium Fluoride. Common Name, Fluor-Spar. Symbol, Ca F2. Origin and Properties of Calcium Fluoride.—It occurs in nature as the mineral fluor-spar, beautifully crystallized, of various colors, in lead-veins, the crystals haATing commonly the cubic, but some- times the octohedral form, parallel to the faces of which latter figure they always cleave. Some varieties, when heated, emit a greenish, and some a purple phosphorescent light. The fluoride is quite insol- uble in water, but is decomposed by sulphuric acid, generating hydro- fluoric acid. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Selected pieces of crys- tallized fluor-spar are prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. CALCAREA HYPOPHOSPHOROSA. Synonyms, Calcii Hypophosphis. Calcis Hypophosphis. Hypo- phosphite of Calcium. Present Name, Calcium Hypophosphite. Common Name, Hvpophosphite of Lime. Formula, Ca (PH2 02)2. Molecular Weight, 170. Preparation of Hypophosphite of Calcium.—One hundred parts of freshly prepared calcium hydrate, and about 250 parts of dis- tilled Avater, are placed in a deep stone-Avare vessel; then forty parts of phosphorus (granulated under Avater) are added, and the Avhole is HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 141 digested with frequent agitation and addition of water to supply the loss by evaporation, for a Aveek or as long as the odor of phosphoretted hydrogen is perceptible. The mixture is then filtered, the residue washed on the filter and the Avashing added to the filtrate. Carbonic oxide is noAV passed through the filtrate as long as any precipitate of calcium carbonate occurs, the latter separated by filtration, and the filtrate evaporated to about & of its volume and set aside to crystallize. Calcium hypophosphite occurs in either permanent, odorless, color- less crystals, or a Avhite, crystalline powder of a pearly lustre. It is soluble in water, insoluble in alcohol; its taste is bitter and disagreeable. Tests.—Calcium hypophosphite in Avatery solution gives, with silver nitrate solution, a Avhite precipitate, Avhich, by gently heating, becomes dark-colored, from a reduction of the hypophosphite of silver to the metallic state. A small quantity of the salt heated in a test-tube decrep- itates and evolves the readily inflammable hydrogen phosphide. The absence of phosphate Avill be shoAvn by its entire solubility in Avater (absence of carbonate also), and by its behavior with ammonium molybdate, Avhich gives a blue precipitate. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure hypophos- phite of calcium is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. CALCAREA JODATA. Synonyms, Calcarea Hydriodica. Calcii Iodidum. Calcium Iodatum. Iodide of Calcium. Present Name, Calcium Iodide Common Name, Iodide of Lime. Formula, Cal2. Molecular Weight, 294. Preparation of Iodide of Calcium.—One part of amorphous phosphorus is treated Avith 30 parts of hot Avater, and finely powdered iodine is added gradually, Avith constant stirring, as long as it dissolves without color, the amount thus used being about 13? parts. The colorless liquid is then decanted from the slight deposit and mixed with milk of lime prepared from 8 parts of lime, till the reaction is alkaline; the mixture is throAvn upon a filter, and thereby are re- moATed some phosphate, phosphite and excess of hydrate of calcium. The solution of calcium iodide thus obtained is concentrated by evap- oration. Properties.—Calcium iodide is a very soluble, deliquescent, Avhite salt, Avhich crystallizes Avith difficulty. It melts below a red heat, and if exposed to the air is decomposed, calcium oxide being formed and iodine liberated; its solution upon similar exposure precipitates calcium carbonate, the free iodine being held by the remaining iodide. Tests.—Its identity is revealed by its behavior in solution Avith ammonium oxalate, a Avhite precipitate showing the presence of cal- cium ; and Avith mercuric chloride Avhen a scarlet precipitate, soluble in excess of the reagent, demonstrates the presence of iodine. Upon 142 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. treating its solution with sulphurous acid and then adding cupnc sul- phate in excess, the iodine unites with the copper, forming cuprous iodide; the precipitate is to be filtered off and the filtrate tested with silver nitrate solution, Avhen a Avhite precipitate is due, if present, to a chloride or bromide. The first provings were made by Dr. W. James Blakely, U. S. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure iodide of cal- cium is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. CALCAREA MURIATICA. Synonyms, Calcii Chloridum. Chloride of Calcium. Muriate of Lime. Present Name, Calcium Chloride. Common Name, Chloride of Lime. Formula, Ca Cl2. Molecular Weight, 111. Chloride of Calcium prepared by fusion. Preparation of Chloride of Calcium.—Calcium chloride is formed by neutralizing hydrochloric acid with calcium carbonate, adding a little of solution of chlorinated lime, filtering, evaporating until the resulting salt becomes solid and finally drying it at about 204° C. (nearly 400° F.). Prepared as directed above, calcium chloride is in Avhite, agglutinated masses, dry, but very deliquescent, containing nearly 25 per cent, of water, its formula being Ca Cl2 +2 H20. It has a sharp, bitter, salty taste ; is readily soluble in water and alcohol, the solutions being r neutral. By carefully crystallizing it from its solutions, it can be obtained in four and six sided prisms, containing a little more than 49 per cent, of water. At a red heat it gives up its Avater of crystalliza- tion and fuses, becoming Aveakly alkaline in reaction ; in this state it is in semi-translucent, whitish, friable masses. Tests.—Calcium chloride should dissolve completely in twice its weight of water; its solution should not show any change upon treat- ment with lime water, caustic ammonia, barium chloride or hydrogen sulphide. Neither chlorine or hypochlorous acid should be evoh'ed when hydrochloric acid is added to the salt. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by weight of fused chloride of calcium is dissolved in nine parts by weight of dis- tilled water. Amount of drug power, -j-1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—a. CALCAREA OXALICA. Synonyms, Calcii Oxalas. Calcium Oxalicum. Calcium Oxalate. Common Name, Oxalate of Lime. Formula, Ca C2 04. Molecular Weight, 128. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 143 Calcium oxalate is found in the juice of most plants, and in some in relatively large amount. Preparation of Oxalate of Calcium.—It is formed whenever a strong solution of oxalic acid is added to a solution of a calcium salt; it falls as a white powder, Avhich should be well washed with distilled water, and then dried on a water-bath. Properties and Tests.—It is but little soluble in dilute hydro- chloric, and quite insoluble in acetic acid. Nitric acid dissolves it easily. When dried at 37.7° C. (100° F.), it retains a molecule of water, Avhich may be driven off by a rather higher temperature. Exposed to a red heat in a closed vessel, it is converted into calcium carbonate, with escape of carbon monoxide. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure oxalate of calcium is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. CALCAREA PHOSPHORICA. Synonyms, Calcii Phosphas Prsecipitata. Calcis Phosphas. Pre- cipitated Phosphate of Calcium. Present Name, Calcium Phosphate. Common Name, Phosphate of Lime. Formula, Ca3 (P04)2. Molecular Weight, 306. Preparation of Precipitated Phosphate of Lime.—That used for the proving Avas a mixture of the basic and other phosphates of lime, obtained by Dr. Hering (Correspondenzblatt, 1837) by drop- ping dilute phosphoric acid into lime Avater, as long as a Avhite precipi- tate" Avas formed; this precipitate Avas Avashed with distilled Avater, and dried on a Avater-bath. It was first proved by Dr. Hering. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The phosphate of lime, obtained as described above, is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. CALCAREA SULPHURICA. Synonyms, Calcii Sulphas. Sulphate of Calcium. Sulphate of Lime. Present Name, Calcium Sulphate. Common Names, Gypsum. Plaster of Paris. Formula, Ca S04, 2 H20. Molecular Weight, 172. Origin and Preparation of Sulphate of Calcium.—The hy- drated sulphate of calcium occurs native, forming gypsum, a trans- parent and regularly crystalline variety of which is called selenite. _ Preparation.—It is'prepared by precipitating a solution of calcium chloride with dilute sulphuric acid. The precipitate is to be washed with hot water and dried at about 30° C. (86° F.). Properties.—Precipitated calcium sulphate is a fine, Avhite crys- 144 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. talline powder. It is soluble in about 400 parts of cold, and with more difficulty in boiling Avater; in alcohol it is insoluble. Heated to 200° C (392° F.) it parts Avith its water of crystallization. The drug was proved by Dr. Clarence Conant, U. S. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Sulphate of calcium is prepared by trituration as directed under Class VII. CALENDULA. Synonym, Calendula Officinalis, Linn. Nat. Ord., Compositse. Common Name, Common Marigold. This annual plant, originally from the south of Europe, is noAv cultivated in all our gardens. The root is pale yellow, cylindric, hairy; the stem erect, angular, hairy, branchy, from six to eighteen inches high ; leaves inversely oval or lanceolate, spatula-shaped, entire or slightly sinuous, alternate, sessile, somewhat fleshy and downy; flowers large, yelloAV-red, broad, solitary, terminal, and have a disagree- able, slightly aromatic odor and a sourish, slimy, bitter taste. In sultry weather sparks, similar to electric sparks, have been seen issuing from these floAvers; the seeds are curved, muricated, the inner seeds sub- ulate, the outer ones boat-shaped, with a furrow on the back. It was first proven by Dr. Franz, in Germany. Preparation.—The fresh leaves at the top of the plant, together Avith the blossoms and buds, are chopped and pounded to a pulp, en- closed in a piece of neAV linen and subjected to pressure. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled Avith an equal part by Aveight of alcohol. This mixture is allowed to stand eight days in a well- stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place and then filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, h Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. CALTHA PALUSTRIS, Linn. Nat. Ord., Ranunculacese. Common Names, Cowslip. Marsh Marigold. This plant groAvs on marshes and ditch-banks in Arctic Europe, Northern and Western Asia to the Himalayas, and in North America. It is a coarse, glabrous, dark green, showy, very variable plant. Root- stock short, horizontal. Stem hollow, furrowed, eight inches to three feet long, sub-erect, prostrate, or procumbent and rooting from all the nodes. Leaves orbicular-reniform, deltoid-toothed. Stipules very large, membranous, glairy, quite entire in bud and enclosing the young leaf, as in magnoliacese (Dickson). FloAvers terminal, few, one to tAvo inches in diameter, bright golden-yellow. Sepals five or more, unequal, obovate or oblong. Petals none. Carpels several, sessile; ovules numerous, in two series. Follicles numerous, many-seeded. Seeds with a prominent raphe and thickened funicle. FloAvers appear from March to May. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 145 Preparation.—The fresh plant, gathered when in flower, is chopped and pounded to a pulp, enclosed in a piece of new linen and subjected to pressure. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled Avith an equal part by weight of alcohol. This mixture is alloAved to stand eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, 2. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. CAMPHORA. A product of Camphora Officinarum, Nees von Esenbeck. (Laurus Camphora, Linn.) Nat. Ord., Lauracese. Common Name, Camphor. Formula of Camphor, C10 H16 O. The camphor tree or camphor laurel is Avidely spread through cen- tral China and the Japanese Islands. It is also found in the island of Formosa, and it is cultivated in a feAV sheltered spots in Italy. It is a large handsome tree; the leaves are on long petioles, are small, shin- ing, and glaucous beneath. The floAvers are small, Avhite, and aggre- gated in clusters. All parts of the tree furnish camphor; in Formosa the Avood is cut up into chips, exposed to the vapor of boiling Avater in vessels covered Avith a rude condensing apparatus. Dryobalanops aro- matica, the camphor tree of Borneo and Sumatra, yields a different kind of camphor. Description and Properties.—Camphor, as exported, from Japan and Formosa, is in irregular friable masses, of grayish-white or pinkish hue. It is purified by sublimation. Purified camphor is in round bowls or convex cakes, colorless and translucent, traversed by numerous fissures Avhich refract light so as to give a general Avhite ap- pearance to the mass. It breaks readily into irregular masses, but these are tough and not easily reduced to poAvder, yet if they be mois- tened Avith alcohol, ether, chloroform, glycerine or a volatile oil, their pulverization is readily accomplished. Camphor melts at 175° C. (347° F), boils at 204° C. (399.2° F.) and volatilizes readily at ordinary tem- peratures. Between 0° C. (32° F.) and 6° C. (42.8° F.) its specific gravity is the same as that of Avater; at a higher temperature it expands more quickly, so that at 10° C. (50° F.) its specific gravity is 0.992. The taste and odor of camphor are peculiar; the taste is also warm, followed bv a cool sensation. Camphor is very slightly soluble in Avater, about l" part in 1500; but alcohol, ether, chloroform, carbon di-sulphide and the volatile and fixed oils dissolve it readily. The drug Avas proven by Hahnemann. Preparation.—One part by weight of refined camphor gum is dis- solved in nine parts by weight of alcohol, and then filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, TV Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class VI—a. 10 146 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. CANCER ASTACUS. Synonym, Astacus Fluviatilis. Class, Crustacea. Order, Decapoda. Family, Astacidse. Common Names, CraAv-fish. Cray-fish. River Crab. The common crab is a decapodous crustacean, which inhabits, in Eu- rope, the borders of streams, small rivers and even lakes and ponds, where it stays in holes and under stones. Its body is oblong, gener- ally cylindrical; the tail broad and long, covered Avith transverse scales, and furnished with swimming scales on the sides and at the extremity, turning in under themselves. The forepart of the body terminates in a short point jutting out betAveen the eyes. It has ten claws, the tAvo fore-claA\s terminating in strong and dentated pincers. Any member of its body, when destroyed or mutilated, is easily re- generated. The crabs change their calcareous coat every year, and at that time two hard, calcareous bodies, called crab's eyes, are found in their stomachs. These are intended to furnish the proper material towards the reproduction of the new coat. The female carries under her reverted tail, first her eggs, then her young, until they attain a certain size. Dr. Buchner's provings in Germany introduced this remedy to homoeopathic practice. Preparation.—The live crab is crushed in a stone-mortar, to a fine paste, and covered Avith twice its Aveight of alcohol. After having been poured into a Avell-stoppered bottle, the mixture is allowed to re- main eight days in a dark, cool place, and shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, }. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. CANCHALAGUA. Synonym, Erythraea Chilensis, Persoon. Nat. Ord., Gentianacese. Common Name, Centaury of Chili. This plant is found groAving in California and in some parts of South America. It is a small, grass-like plant, Avith lance-shaped leaves, and small, red blossoms, resembling in shape those of the forget-me-not. It was first proven by Dr. Richter, U. S. Preparation.—The whole plant, in floAver, is carefully dried, powdered, and covered with five parts by Aveight of alcohol. Having poured this into a well-stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to remain eight days in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Amount of drug power, T^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 147 CANNABIS. Synonym, Cannabis Sativa, Linn. Nat. Ord., Urticacea?. Common Names, Hemp. Gallow Grass. Common hemp is, an annual dioecious plant, indigenous to the western and central parts of Asia. It is cultivated in manv temperate as well as tropical regions throughout the world. The plant is tall, erect. Leaves opposite, digitate, petiolate; leaflets lanceolate, serrate. FIoav- ers small, green, solitary and axillary in the barren plant; spiked or racemed in the fertile one. Cannabis sativa Avas first proven by Hahnemann. Preparation.—The fresh blooming herb-tops, of both the male and the female herb, are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thor- oughly with one-sixth part of it, and rest of the alcohol added. Alter stirring the Avhole well, and pouring it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. CANNABIS INDICA. Synonym, Cannabis Sativa, Linn., var. Indica. Nat. Ord., Urticacese. Common Names, Bhang. Ganja. Hashish. Indian Hemp. The Cannabis indica is considered to be the same plant as Cannabis sativa. There is, hoAveA'er, a marked dissimilarity between the medi- cinal effects of the tAvo plants. That groAvn in India is much more potent than the product of American or European culture, and in India certain narcotic products are not obtainable in quantitv from plants groAvn at an altitude much less than 6,000 feet. Elaborate provings Avere published by the American Prover's Union in Philadelphia, in 1839. Preparation.—The dried herb-tops are bruised, covered with five parts by Aveight of alcohol, and alloAved to remain eight days, in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, T\j. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. CANNA GLAUCA, Linn. Synonym, Canna Angustifolia, Mure. Nat. Ord., Canniacese. Common Name, (Brazilian) Imbiri. This plant is a native of the West Indies, and inhabits damp regions, or the borders of brooks. Its stem is erect, cylindrical, groAving to a height of about six feet out of a rhizome sending off numerous rootlets. 148 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. It is provided with knots, whence arise large alternate clasping leaves, lanceolate, having strong midribs, and sending off fine parallel trans- verse nerves. At its summit the stem produces the flower-bearing pedicles. Flowers alternate, on short peduncles, and accompanied by bracts. The corolla has a double perianth, Avith three divisions ad- hering to the triangular, greenish and glandular ovary; the stamens present the changing characters so common in this family. Introduced into our Materia Medica by Dr. Mure, Brazil. Preparation.—The fresh leaves are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the whole well, and pouring it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. CANTHARIS. Synonyms, Cantharis Vesicatoria, De Geer. Lytta Vesicatoria, Fabricius. Meloe Vesicatorius, Linn. Class, Insecta. Order, Coleoptera. Family, Vesicantia. Common Name, Spanish Fly. This fly, of the middle and south of Europe, appears in the months of May and June, especially on the white poplar, privet, ash, elder, lilac, etc., upon the leaves of which they feed. The insect is about half an inch long, of a golden yelloAV-green; head inclined, almost cordi- form; antennae filiform, of twelve joints, black; antennulse equally fili- form, the posterior swollen at the extremity; eyes large, of a deep brown; mouth with an upper lip and two bifid. jaAAs; body elongated, almost round and cylindric; two wings; elytrse soft, demi-cylindric, marked Avith longitudinal streaks; head and feet full of Avhitish hairs; the odor is sweetish, nauseous; taste very acrid, almost caustic. The larvse of these insects have yellowish-Avhite bodies, formed of three rings, six short feet, rounded head, two short filiform antennse, two jaws and four feelers; they live in the ground, feed on roots, there un- dergo their metamorphosis, and do not come out till they are perfect insects. In May and June when the insects SAvarm upon the trees, they are collected in the mornings at sunrise, when they are torpid from the cold of the night, and easily let go their hold. Persons Avith their faces protected by masks and their hands Avith gloves, shake the trees or beat them with poles; and the insects are received as they fall, upon linen cloths spread underneath. They are then exposed in sieves to the vapor of boiling vinegar, and, having been thus deprived of life, are dried either in the sun or in apartments heated by stoves. The larger flies are much better for medical use than the smaller ones. It Avas introduced into Homoeopathic Medicine by Hahnemann. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 149 Preparation.—Select perfect insects (large ones) that are not Avorm-eaten, rub them to a coarse powder and Aveigh. Then add five parts by weight of alcohol, and place the mixture in a well-stoppered bottle; let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place, shaking tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, -j1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. Triturations are prepared from the powdered insect, as directed under Class VII. CAPSICUM. Synonym, Capsicum Annuum, Linn. Nat. Ord., Solanacese. Common Names, Cayenne Pepper. Red Pepper. The Capsicum family seems to be indigenous to tropical America and Asia, and is cultivated in almost all parts of the world. The C. annuum is an herbaceous plant, two or three feet high ; stem branching above; leaves entire, glabrous, ovate and acuminate, on petioles. FloAvers five-parted, corolla white and rotate. The fruit is an oblong berry, of a bright scarlet color, becoming darker on dry- ing. The taste of the berry or pod is that of Cayenne pepper, Avhich is Avell known. The flowers appear in July and August, and the fruit ripens in October. The variety that is long, conical, pointed, and generally recurved, whose base is not thicker than the finger, is chosen for our preparations. It Avas proven under Hahnemann's direction. Preparation.—The ripe, dried fruit, that has not been Avorm-eaten, is coarsely puhTerized, covered Avith five parts by weight of alcohol and allowed to remain eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, y1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. CARBO ANIMALIS. Synonyms, Animal Charcoal. Leather Charcoal. Preparation of Animal Charcoal.—The preparation used by Hahnemann in his provings, and which ought, therefore, to be pre- ferred to all others, was made as follows : Place a thick piece of ox- hide leather (neat's leather) on red-hot coals, Avhere it must remain as long as it burns with a flame. As soon, hoAvever, as the flame ceases, lift off the red-hot mass, and extinguish it by pressing between two flat stones, and preserve it in well-stoppered bottles. If allowed to cool gradually in the air, most of the carbon Avould be consumed. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The animal charcoal procured as described above, is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. 150 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. CARBONEUM. Common Name, Lampblack. Preparation.—Carboneum is an amorphous carbon, produced by the imperfect combustion of oils or resins. That used for provings was obtained from the chimney of a coal-oil lamp; to obtain it, it is only necessary that the Avick be turned up high Avhile burning, thus causing imperfect combustion, when the lampblack is deposited upon the sides of the chimney. It Avas proven by Dr. W. H. Burt, U. S. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Lampblack, obtained as described above, is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. CARBONEUM CHLORATUM. Synonyms, Carbon Tetrachloride. Carbonei Tetrachloridum. Chlorocarbon. Formula, C Cl4. Molecular Weight, 154. Preparation.—Carbon tetrachloride is produced by the action of chlorine on marsh-gas, by the action of chlorine on chloroform in the sunshine and by the action of chlorine on carbon di-sulphide. Chloro- form is gently heated in a retort exposed to the sun, and a stream of dry chlorine gas is passed slowly and continuously through it, the liquid which distils over being repeatedly poured back till hydrochloric acid ceases to be evolved, after which the distillate is agitated Avith mercury to remove free chlorine, and then rectified by distillation on a water-bath. Properties.—Carbon tetrachloride is a thin, colorless, oily-looking liquid having an agreeable aromatic odor. Its specific gravity is about 1.5; it boils between 77° and 80° C. (170.6° to 176° F.) It is insolu- ble in Avater, but soluble in alcohol and ether. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by weight is dissolved in ninety-nine parts by weight of alcohol. Amount of drug power, T^7. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class VI—ft. CARBONEUM HYDROGENISATUM. Proper Name, Hydrogen Di-Carbide. Synonyms, Carburetted Hydrogen. Ethene. Ethylene. Common Name, Olefiant Gas. Formula, H4 C2. The chief illuminating constituent of coal-gas. Preparation of Ethene or Olefiant Gas.—One volume of al- cohol and four volumes of sulphuric acid are mixed Avith sand so as to form a thick paste, in a glass flask, the tube of Avhich passes into a wash-bottle containing caustic potash. A second Avash-bottle, partly HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 151 filled with sulphuric acid is connected Avith the first, and furnished with a tube dipping into the water of the pneumatic trough over a\ hich the gas is to be collected. On the first application of heat to the con- tents of the flask, alcohol, and afterwards ether, make their appear- ance ; but, as the temperature rises, and the mixture blackens, the ether-vapor diminishes in quantity, and its place becomes in great part supplied by a permanent inflammable gas; carbon dioxide and sul- phurous oxide are also generated at the same time, besides traces of other products. The two last-mentioned gases are absorbed by the alkali in the first bottle, and the ether-vapor by the acid in the second, so that the olefiant gas is delivered tolerably pure. Properties and Tests. —Olefiant gas thus produced is colorless, irrespirable, neutral, and but slightly soluble in a\ ater. Alcohol, ether, oil of turpentine, and even olive oil, as Faraday has observed, dissolve it to a considerable extent. It has a faint ethereal odor. On the ap- proach of a kindled taper it takes fire, and burns Avith a splendid white light, far surpassing in brilliancy that produced by marsh gas. This gas, Avhen mixed Avith oxygen, and fired, explodes Avith extreme violence. Its density is 0.978. Ethene is decomposed by passing it through a tube heated to bright redness; a deposit of charcoal and tar takes place and the gas becomes converted into marsh gas, or even into free hydrogen and carbon, if the temperature be very high. This latter change is, of course, attended by increase of volume. Chlorine acts upon ethene in a very remarkable manner. When the two bodies are mixed, even in the dark, they com- bine in equal measures, and give rise to a heavy oily liquid, of SAveetish taste and ethereal odor, to which the name of ethene chloride, or Dutch liquid (formula C2 H4 Cl2), is given. It is from this peculiarity that the term olefiant gas is derived. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—A saturated solution in alcohol is made of the gas obtained as directed above, which will corre- spond to about the lx dilution. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class VI—a. CARBONEUM OXYGENISATUM. Synonyms, Carbon Monoxide. Carbonous Oxide. Formula, CO. Preparation of Carbonous Oxide.—Heat in a retort, finely poAvdered yellow potassium ferrocyanide with eight or ten times its weight of concentrated sulphuric acid. The salt is entirely decom- posed, yielding a copious supply of perfectly pure carbonous oxide gas, Avhich may be collected over water in the usual manner. Properties and Tests.—Carbonous oxide is a combustible gas; it burns Avith a beautiful pale blue flame, generating carbon dioxide. It is colorless, has very little odor, and is extremely poisonous. Mixed with oxygen, it explodes by the electric spark, but Avith some difficulty. Its specific gravity is 0.973. Carbon monoxide unites with chlorine. under the influence of light, forming a pungent, suffocating compound, possessing acid properties, called phosgene gas, or carbonyl chloride. 152 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Distilled water is satu- rated Avith carbonous oxide, and then diluted Avith an equal part by Aveight of distilled Avater. Amount of drug power, T±-v. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—ft. CARBONEUM SULPHURATUM. Proper Name, Carbon Disulphide. Synonyms, Alcohol Sulphuris Lampadii. Sulphuret of Carbon. Carbonei Bisulphidum. Carbonic Sulphide. Common Name, Bisulphide of Carbon. Formula, C S2. Molecular Weight, 76. Preparation.—Carbon disulphide is prepared by passing the vapor of sulphur over red-hot charcoal; the process is done in a retort and the distillate is condensed in a properly arranged receiver. The dis- tillate is purified by agitating it with mercuric chloride or lead hy- drate, and after mixing it with milk of lime it is redistilled over a water-bath. Carbon disulphide is a thin, colorless, mobile liquid, refracting light strongly. At 15° C. (59° F.) its specific gravity is about 1.269. It boils between 45° and 48° C. (113°-118.4° F.). It is extremely volatile, and its evaporation produces great cold; its vapor is very inflammable, burning with a blue flame, producing carbonic and sulphurous oxides. The vapor, when mixed Avith atmospheric air or oxygen forms an explosive compound. Ordinary carbon disulphide has a peculiar and very disagreeable odor, described as resembling that of decomposing cabbage, but when quite pure the odor is agree- able and chloroform-like. Its taste is sharp and aromatic. It is practically insoluble in water, but imparts to the latter its odor and taste; in absolute alcohol it is soluble as well as in ether. Its OAvn solvent power over many substances is very great; of phosphorus and iodine it dissolves more than its own weight, Avhile in the arts it is used to dissolve sulphur, caoutchouc, gutta-percha, paraffin, etc. It Avas introduced into our Materia Medica by Dr. Buchner, Ger- many. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by weight of pure bisulphide of carbon is dissolved in ninety-nine parts by Aveight of 95 per cent, alcohol. Amount of drug power, T^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class VI—ft, except that 95 per cent, alcohol is used. CARBO VEGETABILIS. Common Names, Vegetable Charcoal. Wood Charcoal. Preparation.—Vegetable charcoal may be readily obtained by placing wood in an iron retort and distilling, the residue being the carbon of the wood together with some mineral matter. On a large HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 153 scale charcoal is made by the smothered combustion of a pile of Avood partially covered Avith earth. Charcoal is a bluish-black, porous sub- stance, having a peculiar glistening aspect and retaining minutely both the form and texture of the Avood from which it was made. Its specific gravity is about 1.7. It has the property of absorbing gases and of condensing them Avithin its porous mass; a good specimen of box- Avood charcoal Avill absorb ninety volumes of ammonia gas. Hence charcoal contains a large amount of oxygen condensed from the air in Avhich it Avas cooled from its heated state, and to this is due its valu- able disinfecting and decolorizing powers. After continued exposure to gases it becomes saturated Avith them, but its absorbing poAvers are restored by heating it to redness out of contact Avith air. It Avas proven by Hahnemann. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—We select the firmest piece of beech, or birch charcoal, of medium thickness, divested of the bark, clearly shoAving the texture of the Avood, and alloAving us to infer, from a certain bright lustre, that the carbonizing process Avas perfect. These pieces, after being divided into lumps of the size of a fist are again made red-hot, and then speedily extinguished in an earthen ves- sel provided with a Avell-fitting cover; having been allowed to cool, and the ashes which may have formed having been blown off, the pieces are pulverized very finely, and the powder is kept in well- stoppered bottles in a dry place. This poAvder is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. CARDUUS BENEDICTUS. Synonyms, Cnicus Benedictus, Linn. Centaurea Benedicta, Linn. Nat. Ord., Compositse. Common Names, Blessed Thistle. Star Thistle. An herbaceous annual, about tAvo feet in height, indigenous to South- ern Europe, but naturalized in the United States. Its leaves are long- lanceolate, deeply and irregularly dentate, the teeth furnished Avith thorny points. The fresh leaves are bright green and feel greasy; Avhen dried they are greenish-gray and woolly. The upper leaves sessile, loAver ones petiolate. The flowers are discoid, yelloAV, with dark stripes. The plant flowers in June. Introduced into our Materia Medica by Noack and Trinks. Preparation.—The fresh herb, gathered Avhen the plant is in floAver, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the Avhole well, and pouring it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAA'er of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. 154 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. CARDUUS MARIANUS, Linn. Synonyms, Cnicus Marianus. Silybum Marianum, Gcertner. Nat. Ord., Composite. Common Names, Milk Thistle. St. Mary's Thistle. This is an annual or biennial, two or three feet high, not much branched, glabrous or Avith but very little cottony wool. Leaves are smooth and shining above, and variegated by white veins; the loAver ones deeply pinnatifid, Avith broad, very prickly lobes; the up- per ones clasping the stem by prickly auricles, but scarcely decurrent. Flower-heads large, drooping, solitary at the ends of the branches, with purple florets. Bracts of the involucre very broad at the base, with a stiff, spreading, leafy appendage, ending in a long prickle, and bordered with prickles at its base. Hairs of the pappus simple. The plant is a native of Southern Europe. Proven by Dr. Reil, of Germany. Preparation. —Take one part by Aveight of the ripe, whole seed, and cover with two parts by weight of dilute alcohol, and let it remain eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, shaking it twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as follows: the lx Avith 30 drops of tincture to 70 drops of dilute alcohol; the 2x and 3x also Avith dilute alcohol. The 1 dilution, with 3 drops of tincture to 97 drops of dilute alcohol, the 2 with dilute alcohol; for higher potencies alcohol is used. CARYA ALBA, Nuttall. Nat. Ord., Juglandacese. Common Names, Shag-Bark. Shellbark. Hickory Nut. A large, handsome tree, yielding valuable wood and the greater por- tion of hickory nuts of the market; indigenous to North America. Bark of trunk shaggy, coming off in rough strips; inner bud-scales becoming large and conspicuous, persistent till the flowers are fully developed; leaflets five, when young minutely doAvny beneath, finely serrate, the three upper obovate-lanceolate, the lower pair much smaller and oblong-lanceolate, all taper-pointed; fruit globular or depressed; nut white, flattish-globular, barely mucronate, the shell thinnish and splitting Avhen dry, into four, hard or woody valves. Nuts ripen and fall in October. Preparation.—The ripe nuts are finely poAvdered, and covered Avith five parts by weight of alcohol. Having been poured into a Avell- stoppered bottle, the mixture is allowed to remain eight days in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Amount of drug power, T\y. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 155 CASCARILLA. Synonym, Croton Eleutheria, Bennett. Nat. Ord., Euphorbiaceae. Common Name, Cascarilla. The tree furnishing cascarilla is indigenous to the Bahama Islands. It is several feet high. The bark occurs in commerce in tubular or channelled pieces, rather rough and irregular and about four inches long; it is dull brown in color. It is often found in smaller pieces an inch or less in length, often nearly covered with a silvery-Avhite lichen; the older bark is more rugose and crossed by many longitudinal cracks and feAver transverse ones. The fracture of the bark is short and resinous. Its odor is fragrant and its taste bitter and nauseous. When burned it giA'es an aromatic odor. Introduced into our Materia Medica by Stapf, of Germany. Preparation.—The dried bark, coarsely powdered, is covered Avith five parts by Aveight of alcohol, and alloAved to remain eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, j1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. CASTANEA. Synonyms, Castanea Edulis, Gartner. Castanea Vesca, Linn. Nat. Ord., Cupuliferse. Common Name, Chestnut. The American chestnut is a large, fine tree. Leaves four to eight inches long and about two broad, oblong-elliptical, pointed, coarsely serrate, prominently straight-veined. When full-grown they are green and smooth on both sides. Sterile flowers are whitish, in long naked cylindrical catkins. The well knoAvn nuts are enclosed, two or three, in a prickly four-valved involucre or burr. The American chestnut is spread largely through the eastern and middle portions of the United States. Provings have been made by Dr. H. C. Houghton, U. S. Preparation.—The fresh"leaves are chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the Avhole well and pouring it into a well-stop- pered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, I. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. CASTOR EQUORUM. Synonyms, Castor Equi. Verrucas Equorum. Class, Mammalia. Order, Equid*. 156 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Family, Equus Caballus. This is the blackish excrescence, found on the inner side of the fore and hind legs of the horse, above the knee and below the hock joints, which readily exfoliates, and on rubbing emits a peculiar odor. Proven by Dr. Bauer, Germany. Preparation.—The substance is dried, pulverized and prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. CASTOREUM. Synonyms, Castoreum Sibiricum. Castor Fiber, Linn. Class, Mammalia. Order, Rodentia. Family, Muridse. Common Names, Castor. The castor beaver, an inhabitant of the northern portion of the Tem- perate Zone, is furnished with a certain odoriferous secretion from glands situated near the genital organs. In these animals a cloaca furnishes outlet for urinary and alvine excretions, and acts in the male as a sheath to its sexual organ, and in the female as a vestibule to the vagina. In both sexes the glands exist—in the male communicating Avith the preputial opening, in the female, with the vagina. The reser- voirs or sacs in which the gland secretion is stored is brought into com- merce under the name of castoreum. In the fresh state, the sacs are found massed together, the individual sacs being of an elongated pyri- form shape, about two inches long, soft and somewhat flesh-colored. Upon drying, they become brownish, flattened and wrinkled. The contents of the fresh sacs are liquid, yellow in color, and odorous, and afterward dry to a reddish-brown, more or less hard mass. Castor has a fetid, peculiar, strong odor, and its taste is nauseating, acrid and bitter. Hartlaub and Trinks give provings by Caspari and " N—g." Preparation.—The dry substance is prepared by trituration as directed under Class VII, which is the preferable method in homoeo- pathic practice, but " tincture " may be prepared by covering the dry substance with five parts by weight of alcohol, and allowing the mix- ture to remain eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and shaking twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, -£$. Dilutions, from tincture, must be prepared as directed under Class IV. CATALPA. Synonym, Catalpa Bignonioides, Walt. Nat. Ord., Bignoniacese. Common Name, Catalpa. This fine, Avide spreading tree, is a native of the Southern States, but is frequently cultivated farther north. It often reaches a height of fifty feet, and its trunk attains a diameter of tAvo feet. Its bark is HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 157 smooth externally and slightly glossy, grayish-brown in color and studded with round, Avart-like elevations. Beneath this is a middle green layer, and loAver still is a Avhite layer of bast-fibres which, on drying, becomes yelloAV. Leaves opposite, petiolate, ovate, cordate, downy beneath, pointed. FloAvers white, slightly tinged with violet, campanulate, dotted violet and yellow in the throat, in large, showy, terminal panicles. Corolla, four or five cleft, throat inflated. Fruit, a long, cylindrical pod, tAvo-celled. Seeds, winged. Preparation.—Equal weights of the fresh inner bark and of the fresh leaves are chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then tAvo parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the Avhole well, and pouring it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. CAULOPHYLLUM. Synonyms, Caulophyllum Thalictroides, Michaux. Leontice Tha- lictroides, Linn. Nat. Ord., Berberidacese. Common Names, Blue Cohosh. Pappoose Root. SquaAv Root. This is an indigenous, perennial herb, Avith matted, knotty rhizomes, stem smooth, about two feet high, near the summit sending out a large triternately compound leaf; floAvers greenish-yellow, in a panicle, beloAv which is often a smaller biternate leaf. It is the only known species of the genus. It is found in most parts of the United States, growing in rich woods. Its root has a sweetish, pungent taste. Flowers in April and May. It Avas first proven by Dr. Burt, U. S. Preparation.—The fresh root, gathered early in the season Avhen growth begins, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp thoroughly mixed with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the whole well and pouring it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. CAUSTICUM. Synonym, Causticum Hahnemanni. This is a preparation peculiar to homoeopathy, and hence must be prepared exactly according to Hahnemann's directions. It is probably a weak solution of Potassium hydrate. Preparation of Causticum.—A piece of freshly burnt lime is put for one minute in distilled Avater, then placed in a dry vessel, 158 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Avhere it crumbles to poAvder. Mix four parts of this powder Avith the same quantity of the bisulphate of potash (previously ignited, melted, and, after cooling, pulverized) dissolved in four parts of boiling Avater, in a heated porcelain mortar, and after stirring it to a stiff paste, put the mixture into a glass retort, the helm of Avhich is connected Avith a receiver half immersed in cold Avater. Increase the heat gradually and distil to dryness. Mix the clear distilled liquid amounting to about three parts by weight, with an equal Aveight of strong alcohol. Amount of drug poAver, $. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. CEANOTHUS AMERICANUS, Linn. Synonym, Ceanothus Sanguinis. Nat. Ord., Rhamnacea3. Common Names, New Jersey Tea. Red Root. This is an indigenous shrubby plant, stems growing from one to three feet high, from a dark red root; branches doAvny ; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, three-ribbed, serrate, downy beneath, often heart- shaped at the base; common peduncles elongated; flowers in attractive white clusters at the top of naked floAver branches, appear in July. The plant is found throughout the United States, groAving in dry woodlands, barrens, etc. The leaves have been substituted for tea, to which they have a strong resemblance when dried, both in taste and odor. Preparation.—The fresh leaves are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the whole well, and pouring it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and fil- tering. Drug power of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. CEDRON. Synonym, Simaba Cedron, Planchon. Nat. Ord., Simarubacese. Common Name, Cedron. A small tree, stem erect, six inches or less in diameter, Avith branching top. Leaves large, glabrous, pinnate; floAvers pale brown, in long, branching racemes. The fruit is a drupe, containing a single seed. The fruit is of a yelloAvish-gray color, flat-ovate, Avith one edge convex and the other almost straight, the convex edge terminating in a blunt point. It is about two inches long, and its greatest width is about one and one-third inches. The seed is about an inch and a half long, five-sixths of an inch broad, and nearly half an inch thick. One side is convex, the other flat or slightly concave, and the flat side has an oval scar near one extremity. Though hard and com- HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 159 pact, it is sectile. The seed is Avithout odor, and has an intensely bit- ter taste. The tree is indigenous to tropical America. It Avas introduced into our Materia Medica-by Dr. Teste, of France, under Avhom the first provings Avere made. Preparation.—The dried, powdered seed is covered Avith five parts by Aveight of alcohol, and alloAved to remain eight days in a well-stop- pered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, j\j. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. CEPA. Synonym, Allium Cepa, Linn. Nat. Ord., Liliaceae. Common Name, Onion. The common onion is a bulbous, biennial plant, Avith a fistulous scape SAvelling towards the base. The scape appears in the second year, three or four feet high, and is surmounted by a large globular umbel of greenish-Avhite flowers. The leaves are terete, fistulous and pointed. There are many varieties and the bulbs vary in size, shape and color accordingly. The plant is universally cultivated as a gar- den vegetable. The first provings were by Dr. Hering. Preparation.—The fresh, red, somewhat long bulb, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the Avhole Avell, and pour- ing it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, strain- ing and filtering. Drug power of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. CEPHALANTHUS OCCIDENTALS, Linn. Nat. Ord., Rubiacese. Common Names, Button Bush. Crane Willow. An indigenous shrub about six feet high, found growing in moist places, as along streams, or on the borders of SAvamps. Stems are smooth or pubescent. Leaves on petioles, ovate, or oblong-lanceolate, pointed, opposite or in threes, Avith short intervening stipules. Flowers Avhite, in dense, spherical, peduncled heads. The floAvers appear in July and August. Preparation.—The fresh bark is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the Avhole well, and pouring it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool 160 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug power, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. CERASUS VIRGINIANA, Michaux. Synonyms, Cerasus Serotina, DC. Prunus Virginiana. Nat. Ord., Amygdalese. Common Names, Wild Black Cherry. The Avild cherry is an indigenous forest tree, often attaining a height of from fifty to eighty feet, and not throwing out branches beloAv twenty or thirty feet. Leaves lanceolate-oblong, with fine, sharp ser- ratures, pointed and on petioles having from two to four glands. The flowers are white, in cylindrical clusters. Fruit purplish-black. The bark when deprived of epidermis is reddish-brown in color, brittle, and Avhen in powder, of a much lighter tinge. When fresh, its odor re- sembles that of peach leaves. The taste is bitter and somewhat aro- matic. Preparation.—The fresh bark is chopped and pounded and weighed; then five parts of alcohol are added, and the mixture allowed to re- main eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained ami filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, T\j. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. CEREUS BONPLANDII. Nat. Ord., Cactacese. A variety of Cereus Grandiflorus. Preparation.—The stems are chopped and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the Avhole well, and pouring it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. CERIUM OXALICUM. Proper Name, Cerous Oxalate. Synonym, Cerii Oxalas. Common Name, Oxalate of Cerium. Formula, Ce C2 04, 3H2 O. Molecular Weight, 283. Preparation of Oxalate of Cerium.—Cerium is a someAvhat rare metal which is not found in the free state. The chief source of HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 161 the metal is cerite, a hydrated silicate of cerium containing also lan- thanum and didymium. The mineral is found only in SAveden. Ce- rium forms three classes of compounds, viz.: cerous, eerie and ceroso- ceric, the latter being probably a compound of the other tAvo. The only salt of cerium used in medicine is the oxalate. Preparation.—To prepare cerium oxalate, there must be first ob- tained a cerous salt, free from lanthanum and didymium. The oxide may be used. Dissolve the oxide in hydrochloric acid, nearly neutral- ize the solution \yithout allowing any permanent precipitate to form, add sodium acetate and sodium hypochlorite in excess, and boil for some time; lanthanum and didymium remain in solution and eerie oxide is precipitated. The eerie oxide is to be dissolved in sulphuric acid, and by boiling with sodium hyposulphite is reduced to cerous sul- phate. From this the oxalate may be precipitated by ammonium oxalate or oxalic acid; the precipitate is to be well Avashed Avith Avater, pressed betAveen folds of bibulous paper and dried at a heat not greater than 25° C. (77° F.). Properties.—Cerous oxalate is a Avhite powder insoluble in Avater and oxalic acid, it dissolves in a large amount of hydrochloric and in sulphuric acid. When strongly heated it leaves a black powder Avhich takes fire in the air and burns till it is converted into yelloAV eerie oxide. Tests.—Its solutions in acid should not effervesce (absence of car- bonates), nor Avhen treated A\ith hydrogen sulphide should they give any precipitate (absence of heavy metals). When dissolved in boiling potassium hydrate, the solution should shoAV no precipitate if treated with ammonium chloride in excess (absence of aluminium). A solu- tion of the salt, Avhen treated Avith calcittm chloride or calcium sul- phate, gives a white precipitate of calcium oxalate. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure oxalate of cerium is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. CERVUS BRAZILICUS. Synonym, Cervus Campestris. Class, Mammalia. Order, Artiodactyla. Family, Cervina. Common Names, Brazilian Stag. Guazouti. This stag, Avhose form is extremely fine and graceful, inhabits the forests of Brazil. Its size is about the same as that of our stag. Its skin, the color of which never changes, is of a brownish-fallow, being rather lighter towards the abdomen, the posterior part of the thighs and the tail. The inferior surface of the lower jaw, the part above and beloAv the eyes, the interior of the ears and the abdomen are Avhite ; a black line encircles the jaAvs and gradually disappears under the lower one. The eyes of the guazouti are black, it has no canine teeth; its mouth, Avhich is very slender, tapers to a muzzle. The horns Avhich, in every case, are not very high and extremely regular, are at first n 162 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. straight; they curve forward in the second year, send forth three antlers, the anterior being placed about two inches above the burr, which is turned a little inward, and the other two at the superior and posterior part of the staff. The horns become larger as they grow older, but the number of antlers remains the same. Introduced into our Materia Medica by Dr. Mure, of Brazil. Preparation.—A small piece of the fresh hide with the hair on, is triturated as directed under Class IX. CHAMOMILLA. Synonyms, Chamomilla Vulgaris. Matricaria Chamomilla, Linn. Nat. Ord., Compositse. Common Names, Common Chamomile. Corn Fever-Few. Ger- man Chamomile. This annual plant grows in uncultivated fields, among wheat and corn, especially in sandy regions, all over Europe. From the fibrous root shoot up several stems, erect, striated, ramose, naked, from one to two feet long; the leaves are sparse, the lower double, the upper single, pinnate and dark green; the fiowers are numerous, white, Avith yellow disk and in corymbs; calyx hemispheri- cal, imbricated, scariose; the receptacle naked and conical; the stems are swollen at the top, the covering scales tiled, blunt, great, skinny at the margin, whitish or brownish. The common chamomile is frequently confounded Avith the Roman chamomile, from which it is distinguished by its perennial stalk, its chaffy receptacle, its hollow peduncles, the green scales of the calyx, and by its rays being mostly turned in. It was first proven by Hahnemann. Preparation.—The whole fresh plant, Avhen in flower, is chopped and pounded to a fine pulp, enclosed in a piece of new linen and subjected to pressure. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled with an equal part by weight of alcohol. The mixture is allowed to stand eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Drug power of tincture *. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. CHELIDONIUM. Synonyms, Chelidonium Majus, Linn. Papaver Corniculatum Luteum. Nat. Ord., Papaveracese. Common Names, Celandine. Tetter-Wort. This perennial plant grows all over Germany, as Avell as in France, in Avaste places, old walls, hedges, borders of highways, near habita- tions; the root is fusiform, of the thickness of a'finger, reddish- broAvn Avithout, yellowish within, containing, as do all parts of the plant, an acrid, yelloAV juice; stem ramose, hairy, one to two feet high; HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 163 leaves thin, winged, pinnatifid, bluish-green beneath, bright green above; floAvers yellow, axillary, or terminal; peduncles in umbels; umbel simple, of four or five rays; calyx cadu^eous and tAvo-leaved; corolla of four petals; petals ligulate, threads united with the anthers, imitating petals; silique polyspermous, unilocular, linear, thin. It Avas first proven by Hahnemann. Preparation.—The fresh plant is chopped and pounded to a pulp, enclosed in a piece of neAV linen and subjected to pressure. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled Avith an equal part by Aveight of alcohol. This mixture is alloAved to stand eight days in a dark, cool place and then filtered. Drug power of tincture, ]. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. CHELONE. Synonyms, Chelone Glabra, Linn. Chelone Alba. Nat. Ord., Scrophulariacese. Common Names, Balmony. Snake-Head. Turtle-Head. This is a common perennial herbaceous plant, found in wet situa- tions throughout the United States. Its smooth, upright, branching stem rises to a foot or tAvo in height. Leaves very short-petioled, lan- ceolate or lance-oblong, pointed, of varying Avidth. FloAvers are large, AA'hite, rose-colored or purple, nearly sessile in spikes or clus- ters, and closely imbricated Avith round-ovate concave bracts and bractlets. Calyx of five distinct imbricated sepals. Corolla inflated, tubular, Avith the mouth a little open; the upper lip broad and arched, keeled in the middle, notched at the apex; the lower woolly-bearded in the throat, three-lobed at the apex, the middle lobe smallest. Stamens four, with woolly filaments and very Avoolly heart-shaped anthers; and a fifth sterile filament smaller than the others. Seeds many, wing-mar- gined. The shape of the floAvers, resembling the head of a snake or tortoise, has given the common name to this plant. Flowers from July to September. Preparation.—The fresh plant is pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the Avhole well, and pouring it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. CHENOPODIUM ANTHELMINTICUM, Linn. Synonyms, Ambrina Anthelmintica. Cina Americana. Nat. Ord., Chenopodiacese. Common Name, Wormseed. A perennial plant, indigenous to tropical America, but naturalized 164 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. in the United States. Stem two to five feet high, angular or furrowed, erect and branching. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, glandular, deeply serrate, and the loAver ones at times almost lanciniate-pinnatifid. FloAvers small, greenish, in long, leafless, spiked panicles. It is usually found in waste places in the warmer portions of the United States. It floAvers from July to September. The whole plant has an offensive yet slightly aromatic odor. Proved by Dr. Jeanes, U. S. Preparation.—The fresh herb, in floAver, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the whole AA-ell, and pouring it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, strain- ing and filtering. Drug power of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. CHENOPODIUM BOTRYS, Linn. Nat. Ord., Chenopodiacese. Common Names, Jerusalem Oak. Feather Geranium. This variety is indigenous to Europe, but naturalized to a slight extent in North America. It is glandular-pubescent, leaves oblong sinuate-pinnatifid, floAvers greenish, in leafless cymose racemes. The odor is aromatic. Preparation.—The fresh herb is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the Avhole well, and pouring it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, \. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. CHENOPODIUM GLAUCUM, Linn. Nat. Ord., Chenopodiacese. Common Name, Oak-leaved Goosefoot. This plant is indigenous to Europe, Avhere it is commonly found groAving on rubbish, dung-heaps, or near stagnant, filthy water. It also groAvs in North America, though rarely, along the streets of toAvns. It is a Ioav plant, stem from one foot to one foot and a half high, now erect, now decumbent, is often striped red and Avhite-green, angular and naked. Leaves sinuately pinnatifid-toothed, oblong, obtuse, pale green above, and lighter, as if dusted Avith meal, beneath. The floAver- racemes stand in the axils and at the end, consisting of green, densely accumulate florets Avithout pedicels. Seeds sharp-edged, often vertical. FloAvers appear from late summer through autumn. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 165 Preparation.—The fresh herb and the flower, freed from an aphis living upon it, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the Avhole well, and pouring it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then sepa- rated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared bs directed under Class III, CHIMAPHILA. Synonyms, Chimaphila Umbellata, Nultall. Chimaphila Corym- bosa, Pursh. Pyrola Umbellata, Linn. Nat. Ord., Ericaceae. Common Names, PipsisseAva. Prince's Pine. A small, perennial evergreen plant, having a long running root- stock, from which arise several short stems. Leaves wedge-lanceolate, sharply serrate, thick, leathery, green and shining. FloAvers, Avith petals flesh-colored and anthers violet, are in terminal, peduncled corymbs. The plant is small, and is found growing in the United States and Canada, in dry Avoods. The flowers appear in June and July. The drug was introduced into our Materia Medica by Dr. S. A. Jones, U. S. Preparation.—The fresh plant in flower is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the Avhole Avell, and pouring it into a AA7ell-stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filter- ing. Amount of drug power, \. Dilutions must foe prepared as directed under Class III. CHINA. Synonyms, China Regia. Cinchona Calisaya, Weddell. Nat. Ord., Rubiacese. Common Names, Calisaya Bark. Yellow Cinchona. Yellow Peruvian Bark. The genus Cinchona is a member of the tribe Cinchoneos, of the or- der Rubiacece. The tribe consists of shrubs or trees, Avith opposite leaves, tAvo-celled ovary, capsular fruit and numerous minute seeds. The genus Cinchona is recognized by its deciduous stipules, terminal panicles of flowers, calyx superior, five-toothed, corolla tubular, five- lobed, Avith fringed margins. The corolla possesses a faint, agreeable odor, and in color is rosy, purplish or Avhite. The cinchonas are ever- green, Avith fine-veined leaves having a strong nudrib. The petiole is sometimes as long as the leaf, and at times colored red. The leaves are ovate, obovate, or nearly circular, but in some species lanceolate, 166 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. rarely cordate, ahvays entire and generally glabrous. The species of cinchona resemble each other so much that their definition is not easy. Bentham and Hooker, in 1873, estimated the number of the species as about thirty-six. The cinchonas are natives of South America, be- tween lO3 N. latitude and 22° S. latitude, and are found ahvays groAV- ing in the mountainous regions, the average altitude of their habitat being from 5000 to 8000 feet above the sea. The bark is the portion of the tree used in medicine, and the most valuable kind is from C. Cali- saya, a tall, stately tree groAving in Bolivia and Southeastern Peru, at an altitude of from 5000 to 6000 feet above the sea-le\rel. Calisaya bark is found in commerce in different shapes, depending upon modifi- cations in the drying process to which the bark is subjected after be- ing stripped from the tree. It comes in quills or in flat pieces. Quill calisaya is in tubes three-fourths to one and one-half inches thick, often rolled up at both edges, forming double quills. The quills vary in length. They are always covered with a rugged, thick, corky layer, marked Avith longitudinal and transverse cracks. This layer is easily detached, leaving its impression on the cinnamon-broAvn middle layer. The inner surface is dark brown and fibrous. The fracture is short and fibrous. Flat calisaya occurs in irregular flat pieces, often a foot or more in length, sometimes from three to four inches wide and from one-fifth to two-fifths of an inch thick. It is Avithout the corky covering, is of a rusty orange-broAvn color, with dark stains on the outer side. The inner side has a Avavy, fine fibrous texture. The kind prescribed in medicine previous to the use of quinine and for a long time afterward, is the pale cinchona bark, known as Loxa bark, and is chiefly afforded by C. officinalis. It comes in quills only, Avhich are often double and from one-eighth to three-fourths inches in diameter. Their length varies greatly, from an inch, or even less, to, occasionally, tAvelve inches. The thinnest Loxa bark is about as thick as writing paper, and the thickest about one-tenth of an inch. The drug has a special interest as being the one Avith which Hahne- mann first experimented in proving medicines. Preparation.—The dried bark is coarsely powdered and weighed. Then five parts by weight of alcohol are poured over it, and having put the mixture into a well-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to remain eight days in a dark, cool place, shaking it tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, T1T7: Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. Triturations are prepared from the powdered bark, as directed under Class VII. CHININUM ARSENICUM. Synonym, Arsenate of Quinia. Chininum Arsenicicum. Quinise Arsenias. Common Name, Arsenate of Quinine. Formula, (C20 H24 N2 02)3 As H3 04, 2H2 O. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 167 Preparation of Arsenate of Quinia.—It is obtained in long prisms by saturating a solution of arsenic acid Avith quinia. Properties and Tests.—It crystallizes in long, Avhite prisms, is freely soluble in hot Avater and in alcohol, but sparingly soluble in cold water. The aqueous solution gives no precipitate Avith chloride of barium, but with nitrate of silver a brick-red precipitate is produced. When treated first with solution of chlorine and afterwards Avith am- monia, a splendid emerald-green color is produced. Proven by Dr. Muhr, Germany. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Arsenate of quinia is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. CHININUM MURIATICUM. Synonyms, Chininum Hydrochloricum. Muriate of Quinia. Quinise Hydrochloras. Common Names, HArdro-chlorate of Quinine. Formula, C20 H24 N2 02, HC1, 2H2 O. Molecular Weight, 396.5. Preparation of Muriate of Quinia.—By dissolving pure quinia in Avarm dilute hydrochloric acid unto neutralization. The solution is to be evaporated at a temperature not exceeding 30° C. (86° F.) and the crystals collected. Properties and Tests.—It crystallizes in colorless needles of a silky appearance, aggregated in stars. They are neutral in reaction or faintly alkaline, Avithout odor and of a very bitter taste. They are soluble in about thirty parts of cold and in two to three of boiling Avater, in three of alcohol and in nine of chloroform; (the sulphate is not soluble in chloroform). Heated on platinum foil it burns, leav- ing no residue. Barium chloride solution should give no precipitate Avith it (absence of sulphate). Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure muriate of quinia is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. CHININUM PURUM. Synonym, Quinia. Common Name, Pure Quinine. Formula, C20 H24 N2 02. Molecular Weight, 324. Preparation.—The alkaloid quinia is obtained by treating a cold solution of its sulphate Avith sodium carbonate unto neutralization, Avashing the precipitate Avith cold Avater and drying it at a temperature not exceeding 25° C. (77° F.). Properties.—So prepared, quinia is a light, snow-white, flocky poAvder, without odor, possessing a very bitter taste and an alkaline reaction. It consists of microscopic prismatic crystals. It may be obtained in beautiful slender needles by the very slow evaporation of an ammoniacal solution. By heating it melts, and on cooling becomes 168 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. a colorless, friable, amorphous mass. It is soluble in 364 parts of cold and in 200 of boiling Avater, and is readily soluble in alcohol, ether and chloroform. Tests.—A characteristic test for quinia is as follows: One part of quinia is to be rubbed up Avith 200 parts of chlorine Avater and then treated Avith 25 parts of caustic ammonia. A dark green, resin-like precipitate is produced (thalleiochin) Avhich is insoluble in Avater, ether and carbon disulphide; by dilute acids it is dissolved with a brown color, but upon treatment again Avith alkali it reprecipitates unchanged. Quinia may be adulterated with quinidia, cinchonia and cinchonidia. To determine such sophistication mix one part of precipitated quinia in a mortar with half its weight of ammonium sulphate, then add five parts of water and evaporate to dryness over a water-bath. To the residue, after complete cooling, is added ten parts by weight of cold Avater and the mixiure thoroughly rubbed up for about a minute. After standing for half an hour the rubbing up is to be repeated and the whole thrown upon a filter. The process, from the beginning to the end, must be conducted at the same temperature, between 15° and 17° C. (50'-62.6° F.). Then to five parts of the filtrate, in a test-tube, are to be added seven parts of ammonia water whose specific gravity is at 15° C. (59° F.) 0.960. This amount of ammonia Avater is based on the assumption that the processes are conducted at 15° C.; if the tem- perature be higher a greater quantity of the alkali must be used, viz. at 16J C, 7z parts, at f8° C, 81 parts. The mixture in the test-tube is to be gently agitated for a minute, whereupon if the precipitated quinia was completely pure the mixture remains perfectly clear, Avhile the presence of even minute quantities of quinidia, cinchonia or cin- chonidia gives rise to a readily perceptible turbidity. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure quinia is pre- pared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. CHININUM SULPHURICUM. Synonyms, Disulphate or Basic Sulphate of Quinia. Quinise Sulphas. Sulphate of Quinia. Sulphus Quinicus. Common Name, Sulphate of Quinine. Formula, (C20 H24 N2 02)2 H2 S02, 7H2 O. Molecular Weight, 872. Preparation of Sulphate of Quinia.—All methods of extract- ing the alkaloids from cinchona barks consist in treating the bark with dilute acid and precipitating the alkaloids from the acid extract by means of lime or of sodium carbonate. The bark reduced to powder is boiled for an hour or less with eight or ten times its Aveight of Avater acidulated with twenty-five per cent, of hydrochloric acid, the decoc- tion strained through a cloth and the residue boiled a second and some- times a third time, Avith more and more dilute acid till the marc is completely exhausted. The extracts after cooling are mixed with a slight excess of milk of lime, added by small portions, to precipitate the alkaloids together with the coloring matter. The precipitate is left HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 169 to drain and submitted to a gradually increasing pressure, the liquids Avhich run off being collected in a single vessel; they yield after a Avhile a fresh deposit. The pressed cake is uoav dried and macerated with alcohol in a closed vessel heated over a water-bath. The strength of the alcohol used depends upon the quality of the bark under treat- ment ; for calisaya bark alcohol of seventy-five to eighty per cent, is sufficiently strong; but barks Avhich contain a smaller proportion of quinia require alcohol of eighty-five to ninety per cent., since cinchonia is much less soluble in Aveak alcohol than is quinia. When the bark contains more quinia than cinchonia the alcoholic extract is treated Avith dilute sulphuric acid in excess and the alcohol recovered by dis- tillation. The greater part of the quinia sulphate then separates in a crystalline mass, the rest, together with cinchonia sulphate, remaining in the mother liquor. Sodium carbonate is a better precipitant than lime for the alkaloids, because they are slightly soluble in lime-water and calcium chloride. Quinia sulphate is made in large amount by the manufacturing chemist, and it is advised to not prepare it in the phar- maceutical laboratory. Officinal sulphate of quinia is in very Avhite loose masses of fine, silky, flexible needles. They are Avithout odor and have a permanently and extremely bitter taste. They are soluble in from 750 to 800 parts of Avater at medium temperatures, in from 25 to 30 of boiling Avater, in 65 of 90 per cent, alcohol, in 120 of dilute alcohol, slightly in ether and not at all in chloroform. The solutions are neutral in reaction. In Avater to which an acid has been added, the salt is easily soluble; in dilute sulphuric acid the solution is fluorescent with a blue tint. Upon exposure to the air, the salt effloresces; by heating it becomes phos- phorescent, and at 120° C. (248° F.) it loses all of its Avater of crys- tallization. Tests.—The purity of sulphate of quinine may be determined by the folloAving tests: It dissolves in concentrated sulphuric acid without effervescence, and the solution remains clear and colorless. One part of the salt should dissolve in 100 parts of absolute alcohol, forming a transparent and colorless solution, and this solution, Avhen treated Avith an equal amount of ether, should remain clear. One gramme of the salt selected from a large quantity is to be heated in a porcelain dish upon the Avater-bath for about twelve hours. In that time the amount of water driven off from the salt should be neither more nor less than 14 per cent, of the original Aveight taken, so that, in the case given, the residue will weigh .86 gramme. When heated upon platinum foil, it should first carbonize and then burn without leaving any residue (absence of fixed impurities). The above tests will serve to determine the purity of the salt. For its identification, the test given in the article Chininum, may be used. In addition, if treated with chlorine water and then Avith potassium ferro-cyanide and finally with ammonia, a deep red color is produced. The drug was first proved by Dr. Piper, Germany. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure sulphate of quinia is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. 170 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. CHINOIDIN. Synonyms, Amorphous Quinia. Quinoidine. Preparation of Chinoidin.—Chinoidin is a mixture of several alkaloidal bodies, some of Avhich exist in the chinchona bark and others are decomposition-products resulting from the chemical and physical influences to Avhich the bark is subjected in the extraction of quinia. The chief constituents of chinoidin are amorphous quinidia, chinchoni- dia, cinchonia, chinicin and cinchonicin. It is obtained from the mother liquor left after the extraction of the sulphate of quinia, by precipitating with an alkali, washing and drying. Properties.—Chinoidin is a dark broAvn, brittle mass, glistening- resinous in appearance, and breaking with a conchoidal fracture. It is without odor, and to the taste is only slightly bitter, but when dis- solved in alcohol or dilute acids, the bitterness of the solution is ex- treme; it is more or less soluble in ether. The alcoholic solution is alkaline to test-paper. Its solution in boiling water is colorless, but upon cooling shows a Avhite turbidity. Tests.—When incinerated upon platinum foil, only a very small amount of ash should remain. When dissolved in dilute acid and then precipitated by ammonium hydrate, the weight of the washed and dried precipitate should about equal that of the original amount used in the test. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by weight of chinoidin are dissolved in nine parts by weight of 95 per cent, alco- hol. Drug power of tincture, y1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class VI—«. Triturations are prepared of pure chinoidin as directed under Class VII. CHIONANTHUS VIRGINICA, Linn. Nat. Ord., Oleacese. Common Names, Fringe-Tree. Snow-flower. Chionanthus Virginica is a low tree or shrub, found groAving on river banks in Southern Pennsylvania and soutlnvard. Its leaves are oval, oblong, or obovate-lanceolate; its snow-white flowers are on slender pedicels; the fruit is a drupe, purple, ovoid, six to eight lines long. The flowers, appearing in June, have petals one inch long, narrowly linear, acute, varying to five or six in number, Avhich are barely united at the base. Calyx four-parted, very small, persistent, stamens two (rarely three or four), on the very base of the corolla, very short. Stigma notched. Proven by Dr. Scudder, U. S. Preparation.—The fresh bark is chopped, pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the whole well, and pouring it into a Avell-stop- pered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 171 Amount of drug power, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. CHLORALUM. Synonyms, Chloral Hydrate. Chloral Hydras. Chloralum Hv- dratuin Crystallisatum. Common Names, Chloral. Hydrate of Chloral. Formula, C2 HC13 O, H2 O. " Molecular Weight, 165.5. Formation and Preparation of Hydrate of Chloral.__When dry chlorine gas is passed into alcohol absolutely Avater-free, the chlor- ine abstracts hydrogen from the alcohol and aldehyde is formed. The following equation shows the action: C2 H6 O -f 'Cl2 = C2 H40 + (HC1)2. The passage of chlorine still continuing, the aldehyde yields three more atoms of hydrogen, their place being taken by three atoms of chlorine and the result is chloral; the reaction mav be outlined as follows (C2 H4 O) + (Cl2)9 = (C2H CI3 0)3 + (H Cl)9, although in reality it is not as simple as the equation Avould shoAV, for a secondary reaction takes place betAveen the alcohol and the chlorine by which Avater is formed, and this uniting with the chloral produces chloral hy- drate. Chloral hydrate is made on a large scale by the manufacturing chemist, and in commerce the article can be readily obtained in a state of undoubted purity. Pure chloral hydrate is in dry, colorless, transparent, rhomboidal crystals having an aromatic, somewhat pungent odor and a disagree- able, somewhat caustic taste. It is soluble in one and a half parts of Avater. It dissolves in alcohol, ether, carbon disulphide and benzol. Heated to 58° C. (136.4 F.), it melts to a clear colorless fluid which, upon cooling to 30° C. s6° F.) begins to crystallize, and if further cooled becomes a solid, Avhite, crystalline mass. At 94° C. (201.2° F.) it begins to boil and is dissipated Avithout decomposition. At ordinary temperatures it volatilizes slightly, and Avhen exposed to a damp atmosphere it attracts moisture. Its watery solution undergoes gradual decomposition from the separation of hydrochloric acid. When treated with caustic alkali it is decomposed into chloroform and a formate of the alkali. Tests.—The impurity most to be feared in chloral hydrate is chloral alcoholate, an intermediate compound formed during the pro- cess of manufacture. Pure chloral hydrate should dissolve readily in Avater with no separation out of oily drops, thus showing that the specimen is neither chloral alcoholate nor a mixture Avith the same. The hydrate dissolves Avithout changing its form, while the alcoholate is transformed into an oily-looking fluid before dissolving. The solu- tion in dilute alcohol should not give any turbidity with silver nitrate, nor should it exhibit an acid reaction. The Avatery solution, however, has an acid reaction. The hydrate should not become damp in the air; if so, it indicates the presence of sulphuric acid. Heated in a silver spoon over the alcohol flame it melts but does not take fire even if the 172 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. flame is brought quite close to it; and it finally dissipates completely. The alcoholate ignites easily under the above test, and burns with a yellow sooty flame. A cold Avatery solution of the hydrate will not decolorize a solution of potassium permanganate until after a long time; othenvise the alcoholate or other organic impurity is present. It Avas proven by Dr. W. Eggert, U. S. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by Aveight of pure chloral hydrate is dissolved in nine parts by Aveight of alcohol. Amount of drug poAver, y1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class VI—a. CHLOROFORMUM. Common Name, Chloroform. Formula, CH Cl3. Molecular Weight, 119.5. Origin and Preparation of Chloroform.—As Avas stated in the article Chloralum, that body is decomposed by a caustic alkali into chloroform and a formate; if, then, the process for making chloral be modified by the presence of a caustic alkali, chloroform and a formate will be the result. Such indeed is practically the mode in which chloroform is made on a large scale, the formate of the alkali being, hoAvever, decomposed into carbonate subsequently in the process. It is prepared by distilling one part of alcohol with six parts of chloride of lime and twenty-four parts of water, until about one and a half parts have come over. The distillate consists chiefly of chloroform and alcohol with some water, and separates into two layers, the heavier one being chloroform. The upper, aqueous layer is syphoned off and the chloroform is agitated with sulphuric acid to remove certain volatile oils which have distilled over; as soon as the two liquids separate the chloroform is drawn off and rectified by redistillation till it has a constant boiling point of 61° C. (142° F.). Properties.—Chloroform is a thin colorless liquid of neutral reac- tion and having a peculiar, agreeable, ethereal odor. Its vapor when inhaled makes the impression of sweetness upon the sense of taste; the liquid when taken in the mouth has a burning, sweetish taste. Its sp. gr. at 0° C. (32° F.) is 1.525, and its vapor-density is 4.20. It is difficult to kindle and burns with a greenish flame. It dissolves slightly in water, imparting to that liquid its OAvn sweet taste. It mixes in all proportions with alcohol, from which mixture it is partially precipi- tated by water. It dissolves readily in ether and is quite insoluble in sulphuric acid. It dissolves phosphorus, sulphur, iodine and many of the alkaloids and their salts. Its specific gravity at 15° C. (59° F.) is, according to Biltz, 1.502, but the addition of one-half per cent, of alcohol reduces the specific gravity at 15.2° C. (59.4° F.) to 1.4936, and if one per cent, of alcohol be added the specific gravity becomes 1.485. Pure chloroform under the influence of light suffers decom- position, but the addition of one-half per cent, of alcohol prevents such change. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 173 Tests.—In addition to the specific gravity as given above and the physical properties there enumerated, chloroform, if pure, should evap- orate Avithout residue, and Avhen shaken with half its volume of pure concentrated sulphuric acid should impart no color to the latter even after standing for twenty-four hoUrs. To determine Avhether a pure chloroform has undergone partial decomposition a specimen of it is to be shaken Avith three volumes of Avater, and the latter tested Avith lit- mus and with silver nitrate solution; in neither case if it be unaltered should any change be observable. It Avas proven by Lembke, in Germany. Preparation for Internal Use.—One part by weight of pure chloroform is dissolved in nine parts by weight of alcohol. Amount of drug power, y1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class VI—a. CHLORUM. Synonym, Chlorinum. Common Name, Chlorine. Symbol, CI. Atomic Weight, 35.5. Chlorine is one of the elements, but does not exist free in nature. It occurs in saline springs and in sea-Avater in combination with sodium, magnesium, potassium and calcium, and in the solid form there are found in the earth vast deposits of sodium chloride or common salt. Preparation.—Chlorine is produced Avhen a chloride is decomposed by an acid in the presence of some body whose attraction for the hydro-. gen of the acid is greater than that of chlorine. Inorganic bodies Avhich easily part Avith their oxygen are used for this purpose. Hy- drochloric acid and granulated manganese dioxide Avhen heated to- gether give off chlorine readily; the reaction is shoAvn by the following equation: (H Cl)4 + Mn 02 = Mn Cl2 + (H2 0)2 + Cl2. The gas is obtained more continuously Avhen a mixture of two equivalents of sodium chloride, two of sulphuric acid and one of manganese dioxide are heated together in a flask. The reaction is exhibited as follows: (Na CI)2 -f (H2S04)2 -f-Mn 02 = Mn S04 -f- Na2S04 + (H2 0)2 -f- Cl2. The process is conducted as folloAvs: the materials are placed in a flask standing in a sand-bath over a gas furnace. The cork of the flask is provided with a safety-tube as well as a deli very-tube. From the delivery-tube passes a bent glass tube Avhich is carried nearly to the bottom of a long bottle containing a feAV inches of strong sul- phuric acid through which the gas bubbles as it comes over and by which it is rendered dry. From the bottle it is brought by another tube to a long receiver Avhere it simply accumulates by its specific gravity, displacing the air; or if chlorine Avater be needed the gas is led into a partially closed receiver containing cold distilled water. The satura- tion of the Avater Avith the gas will be knoAvn by closing the bottle or receiver tightly and agitating it; until saturation is effected a partial vacuum is produced by the shaking. 174 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Properties.—Chlorine is a yelloAvish-green gas possessing a peculiar suffocating odor and an astringent taste. It is wholly irrespirable. Its specific gravity is 2.46. At 11° C. (51.8° F.), one volume of water dissolves nearly three volumes of the gas. This solution is knoAvn as chlorine water and has essentially the properties of the gas. Chlorine water is a greenish-yellow, transparent liquid, Avhich upon exposure to light begins to undergo decomposition, hydrochloric acid and oxygen being produced. Chlorine decomposes many organic matters by its strong affinity for hydrogen, and secondarily, by the oxidizing power of the oxygen liberated at the same time; these facts explain its powerful action as a bleaching agent and its strong disinfecting properties. Tests.—As it should only be used for homoeopathic preparations Avhen absolutely fresh, it is not necessary to offer any tests of its purity. If the gas have been made from hydrochloric acid some of the latter may have come over in the process. A small portion of the chlorine Avater may be shaken with mercury in excess as long as the odor of chlorine can be detected, Avhen if hydrochloric acid be present blue litmus paper will be reddened by the liquid which remains. It Avas first proven by Dr. Hering. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The freshly prepared chlorine water, according to above formula, contains about three per cent, of chlorine gas; we take one part of it by weight and mix it with two parts by weight of distilled water. Amount of drug power, ji^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—ft. CICUTA. Synonyms, Cicuta Virosa, Linn. Cicuta Aquatica. Nat. Ord., Umbelliferse. Common Names, CoAv-bane. Water-hemlock. Water-parsnip. This perennial plant inhabits the borders of ditches and rivulets, swamps, meadows, ponds, lakes, etc., all over Germany and the north and west of France; the root is thick, white, fleshy, elongated, trans- parent, hairy and hollow; its bark contains a yellow juice; its odor is strong and disagreeable, its taste acrid and caustic; stem straight, from one to two feet high, ramose, fistulous, glabrous, striated; leaves compound, bi- or trifid Avith lanceolate, incised-serrate leaflets; umbels loose, naked; involucels three or five-rayed; flowers Avhite, uniform; fruit ovoid, furroAved, ten-ribbed. The whole plant is very poisonous, proving fatal to most animals Avhich feed upon it, though it is said to be eaten with impunity by goats and sheep. Several in- stances are on record of children Avho have died from eating the root in mistake for parsnip. First proved by Hahnemann. Preparation.—The fresh root of the plant just coming into bloom is chopped and pounded to a fine pulp, enclosed in a piece of neAv linen and subjected to pressure. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agita- HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 175 tion, mingled with an equal part by weight of alcohol. The mixture is allowed to stand eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, h Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. CIMEX LECTULARIUS. Class, Insecta. Order, Heteroptera. Family, Cimicidse. Common Name, Bed-Bug. This insect is too well knoAvn to require a description. It Avas first proved by Dr. Wahle, Germany. Preparation.—The live insect, crushed, is covered with five parts by AA-eight of alcohol. Having poured the mixture into a well-stop- pered bottle, it is alloAved to remain eight days in a dark, cool place, being shaken tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Amount of drug power, y1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. CIMICIFUGA. Synonyms, Actsea Racemosa, Linn. Cimicifuga Racemosa, Elliott. Macrotys Racemosa. Nat. Ord., Ranunculacese. Common Names, Black Snake Root. Bugbane. An indigenous perennial, whose stem is from three to eight feet high. The root is a knotted root-stock. Leaves large, bifid or trifid, with ovate leaflets having incised-serrate edges. Flowers small, white, A\ith four to eight petals, minute and on claws. Racemes terminal, long and Avand-like. The fruit is an ovoid pod, sessile, having many flat seeds. The plant flowers in June and July. Preparation.—The fresh root is pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thor- oughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the whole well, and pouring it into a well-stoppered bot- tle, it is alloAved to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tinc- ture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. CINA. Synonyms, Absinthium Santonica. Artemisia Cina, Berg. Ar- temisia Contra. Nat. Ord., Compositse. Common Names, European Wormseed. Levant Wormseed. Tartarian Southernwood. 176 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. It is known that the drug brought to market under the name "worm- seed" does not consist of seed, but of the undeveloped floAvers, mixed with the scales of the involucre and the pedicels of different species of 'the genus artemisia. We prefer the sort brought us as Semen Cinae Levanticse to all others; it consists of small, ovate-oblong, green-yellow floAverheads, becoming darker and more brownish by age, Avhose en- velope is formed of tight recumbent, ovate, shining scales. They have a peculiar, nauseous, aromatic odor, which is somewhat like that of camphor, and a rough, loathsome, bitterish taste. Cina was first proven by Hahnemann. Preparation.—The dried flower, coarsely powdered, is covered Avith five parts by Aveight of alcohol, and alloAved to stand eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, y1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. CINCHONINUM SULPHURICUM. Synonym, Cinchonise Sulphas. Common Name, Sulphate of Cinchonia. Formula, (C20 H24 N2 0)2, H2 S04, 3H2 O. Molecular Weight, 768 Preparation of Sulphate of Cinchonia.—From the mother- liquor left after the crystallization out of sulphate of quinine, cinchonia is obtained by adding solution of soda in successive portions till the mother-liquor is slightly over-neutralized. The remaining alkaloids, including cinchonia, are thus precipitated and are to be throAvn on a filter, washed with cold water and dried. The dried residue is to be Avashed several times Avith small amounts of cold alcohol, thus removing other alkaloids. The remaining portion is to be dissolved in eight or ten times its weight of water, the mixture heated, then neutralized Avith dilute sulphuric acid, and alloAved to stand till a precipitate, if there be any, settles. Finally, animal charcoal is added and the Avhole boiled, filtered Avhile hot, and the filtrate set aside to crystallize. The crystals are to be collected, drained and dried Avith bibulous paper. Cinchonia sulphate is in small, hard, Avhite, or larger transparent oblique prisms, having a very bitter taste. They are soluble in sixty parts of Avater at medium temperatures, in five of ninety per cent, alco- hol, in one and one-half of hot alcohol, and in thirty of chloroform; they are insoluble in ether. Tests.—Sulphate of cinchonia when treated Avith chlorine Avater and afterward with caustic ammonia does not give the thalleiochin reaction as does quinia, nor does its solution in Avater show any fluorescence. When to a solution of a cinchonine salt, free from free acid or nearly so, is added potassium ferro-cyanide in excess, and the whole gently heated, there separates out on cooling, cinchonine ferro-cyanide in bril- liant golden-yellow scales or in long needles, frequently arranged in the shape of a fan. The aid of the microscope is needed in examining HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 177 the results of the reaction, and the test is then extremely delicate and characteristic. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure sulphate of cinchonia is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. CINNABARIS. Proper Name, Mercuric Sulphide. Synonyms, Hydrargyri Sulphuretum Rubrum. Mercurius Sul- phuratus Ruber. Common Names, Vermilion. Red Sulphide of Mercury. Cin- nabar. Formula, Hg S. Molecular Weight, 232. Preparation of Cinnabar.—Mercuric sulphide in the native state is the chief source from which the metal mercury is obtained. It is readily prepared artificially, by subliming an intimate mixture of six parts of mercury and one of sulphur, and reducing the product to very fine poAvder. It is advised to use a pure commercial article rather than prepare it in the pharmaceutical laboratory. Properties and Tests—Mercuric sulphide comes in commerce as a fine powder of a brilliant scarlet-red color, the brilliancy of the tint depending in some degree upon the fineness of the poAvder. Its specific gravity is 7.75, Avhile that of the native sulphide is 8. It is Avithout odor or taste. Upon heating, it becomes darker in color and finally black, but upon cooling again it recovers its bright hue. Heated out of contact with air to a Ioav red heat, it sublimes unchanged Avithout previous fusion. If heated thus in the air it burns Avith the flame of burning sulphur, forming sulphurous oxide and liberating me- tallic mercury, Avhich volatilizes without residue, if the article be pure. It is not decomposed by alkaline solutions, but nitro-muriatic acid dis- solves it Avith the separation of sulphur. The absence of any residue after its volatilization on platinum foil, will show its freedom from iron oxide, red lead and lead chromate, Avhich are used as adulterants. Arsenic and antimony may be detected by treating it Avith a Avarm alkaline solution, filtering, and after acidification, testing the filtrate with hydrogen sulphide in the usual Avay. Cinnabar Avas introduced into the Homoeopathic Materia Medica by Hahnemann. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure cinnabar is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. CINNAMOMUM. Synonyms, Cinnamomum Zeylanicum, Nees. Laurus Cinnamo- mum, IAnn. Nat. Ord., Lauracese. Common Name, Cinnamon. C. Zeylanicum is a small evergreen tree Avith a profuse foliage of 12 178 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. beautiful shining leaves, somewhat glaucous beneath. Its flowers are greenish, in panicles, and possess a disagreeable odor. The tree is a native of Ceylon, where it groAvs at varying elevations in the forests. The bark is used in medicine, and the best varieties come from a strip of country twelve to fifteen miles broad, on the south-Avest coast of Cey- lon, in the region of Colombo. Description —Ceylon cinnamon of the finest quality comes in sticks about three feet in length and three-eighths of an inch in thick- ness. The sticks are made up of tubular pieces of bark, ingeniously arranged one within the other so as to form an even rod of some firm- ness. The sticks are somewhat flattened-cylindrical in outline. The bark itself is extremely thin, often less than Tg^ of an inch thick. It has a dull surface of light broAvn color, and upon it faintly marked waves are noticeable, as AA'ell as scars and holes outlining the points of insertion of leaves and tAvigs. The inner surface of the bark is of a darker hue. Cinnamon has a peculiar and agreeable odor, and an agreeable, sweet, pungent, aromatic taste. Preparation.—The Ceylon cinnamon bark is coarsely poAvdered, and covered Avith five parts by weight of alcohol. Having poured it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to remain eight days in a dark, cool place, shaking it twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, T\y. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. CISTUS. Synonyms, Cistus Canadense, Linn. Helianthemum Canadense, Michaux. Heteromeris Canadense. • Nat. Ord., Cistacese. Common Names, Frost Wort. Holly Rose. Rock Rose. A perennial herbaceous plant, found growing in all parts of the United States. It has a stem at first simple, leaves lanceolate, about an inch long, simple and entire. The primary or earlier flowers are large, yellow, and solitary. The secondary or later ones are small, axillary and nearly sessile, at times Avithout petals. The large floAvers and stem, hairy-pubescent. The fruit is a one-celled capsule. The plant gets its popular name from the fact that in late autumn mois- ture issues from the cracks in the bark near the root and is found con- gealed into ice-crystals in the early morning. This remedy was introduced into our Materia Medica by Dr. Hering. Preparation.—The fresh plant in flower is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the Avhole Avell, and pouring it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to remain eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, strain- ing and filtering. Amount of drug poAver, \. JJilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 179 CLEMATIS Synonyms, Clematis Erecta, Linn. Flammula Jovis. Nat. Ord., Ranunculaceae. Common Name, Upright Virgin's BoAver. In Central and Southern Europe this plant is to be found on sunny hills, among bushes and on the sides of forests. The stem is three to four feet high, erect, hollow, striped and smooth, has pinnate-cleft leaves, the incisions of Avhich on the base are cordate or ovate, pointed and entire. Flowers, multipartite cymes, the sepals oblong-spatulate, naked, having at the margin on the outer, side hair-like down; petals Avhite, four. The fresh plant has a pungent acridity, irritating the nose and blistering the tongue Avhen chewed. It was first proven by Hahnemann, aided by Stapf and others. Preparation.—The fresh leaves and stems of the plant just coming into bloom are chopped and pounded to a pulp, enclosed in a piece of neAV linen and submitted to pressure. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled with an equal part by Aveight of alcohol. This mixture is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Drug poAArer of tincture, J. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. CLEMATIS VIRGINIANA, Linn. Synonyms, Clematis Cordata. Clematis Purshii. Nat. Ord., Ranunculacese. Common Name, Common Virgin's BoAver. This is an indigenous climber, growing on river-banks, climbing over shrubs. Stems are smooth. Leaves Avith three ovate acute leaflets, Avhich are deeply incised and someAvhat cordate at the base; tails of the fruit plumose. The axillary peduncles bear clusters of numerous AAThite floAvers; the fertile ones succeeded in autumn by the conspicuous feathery tails of the fruit. FloAvers appear in July and August. Preparation.—The fresh leaves are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the whole Avell, pour it into a well- stoppered bottle and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. CLEMATIS VITALBA, Linn. Nat. Ord., Ranunculaceaa. Common Names, Old Man's Beard. Traveller's Joy. This is a climbing under-shrub growing in hedges and thickets, most common on chalky soil, in Europe, from Holland southward, 180 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Northern Africa and Western Asia. Leaflets tAvo to three inches long, ovate-cordate, entire, toothed or lobed; petioles persistent Avhen tAvin- ing. FloAvers one inch in diameter, odorous, greenish-white. Sepals four, pubescent. Achenia hairy; awns one inch, feathery. FloAvers appear in July and August. Preparation.—The fresh leaves are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the Avhole well, it is poured into a Avell- stoppered bottle, and allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. COBALTUM METALLICUM. Common Names, Cobalt. Metallic Cobalt. Symbol, Co. Atomic Weight, 58.8. Cobalt is a metal not very abundant in nature; it exists in the free state only in meteorites. It is found in combination in the minerals cobaltite, smaltite and erythrite, all arsenical compounds. It is also found associated with nickel. Preparation.—Cobalt is a steel-gray metal having a tinge of red. It is hard, granular in fracture and brittle, but at a red heat it becomes malleable; its specific gravity is about 8.8. In masses it tarnishes upon exposure to moist air, and at a red heat it oxidizes. It is dis- solved slowly by hydrochloric and sulphuric acids; nitric acid dis- solves it readily. For homoeopathic use the metal is obtained in the spongy form by reducing the chloride, by passing through its solution a current of pure hydrogen. Tests.—The precipitated metal is to be dissolved in hydrochloric acid; the solution is of a light red color, and by evaporating it the color changes toward the end of the operation to blue. The metal may be contaminated with nickel or the salts of the metal may contain arsenic. On dissolving the metal in hydrochloric acid and adding potassium cyanide a brownish-white precipitate of cobaltous cyanide occurs, Avhich dissolves easily in an excess of the precipitant, from which solution it cannot be again precipitated by acids. If nickel be present the addition of hydrogen chloride to the solution of the cyanide precipitated as above stated produces the separation of a greenish mckelous-cobalti-cyanide. Arsenic, if present in -a salt of cobalt, may be detected by dissolving, acidifying with HC1 and treating with H2 S, when the well knoAvn yellow sulphide of arsenic will fall. Cobalt was introduced into the Homoeopathic Materia Medica by Dr. Hering. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure metal is pre- pared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 181 COCA. Synonyms, Erythroxylon Coca, Lamarck. Hayo. Ipadu. Nat. Ord., Linese (sub-order, Erythroxylese). Common Name, Coca. E. Coca is a shrub about four feet in height, indigenous to Peru and Bolivia, Avhere it is cultivated, as it is also in some parts of Brazil and other parts of South America. The leaves are the parts used in medi- cine ; their average length is about two inches, and their greatest breadth is about one inch; they are ovate or obovate, sometimes obtuse, often emarginate, glabrous. The upper surface is dirty-green, the under is paler. The midrib is prominent, and on each side of it, about a quarter of an inch from its central point, is a curved line extending from base to apex. The portion of the leaf between the tAvo curved lines is distinctly darker in color than the rest, as may be seen by examining the leaf by transmitted light but in very young leaves this characteristic is somewhat difficult to recognize. Their odor is Aveakly aromatic, and their taste is somewhat warm, bitter and aromatic. The leaves are sun-dried for use, but they lose their virtues in great part upon prolonged exposure to the air. After a year's keeping they should be rejected. It Avas first proven under Dr. Clotar Midler's direction, in Germany. Preparation.—The dried leaves, coarsely poAvdered, are covered with five parts by Aveight of alcohol, and allowed to remain eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and shaken tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, T^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. COCCINELLA. Synonyms, Chrysomela Septempunctata, Linn. Coccinella Sep- tempunctata. Class, Insecta. Order, Coleoptera. Family, Coccinellidse. Common Names, Lady-Bird. Lady-Cow. Sun-Chafer. This is a very well known and Avidely spread insect, living on veget- ables in gardens and fields. Its head and thorax are black, flat, under- body and feet black, wing-shells arched, oval, red or orange-yellow, with black dots, usually seven in number, of unequal size, the wings nearly as long again as the body. When touched with the hand there issues from the joints of the feet a thickish juice, yelloAV like gamboge. It Avas proven by Dr. Claussnitzer, Germany. Preparation.—The five insects, collected in the month of June, are pounded to a pulp and covered Avith five parts by weight of alcohol. Having poured the mixture into a Avell-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to remain eight days in a dark, cool place, and shaken tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, y1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. 182 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. COCCULUS. Synonyms, Anamirta Cocculus, Wight and Arnott. Cocculus In- dicus. Menispermum Cocculus, Linn. Nat. Ord., Menispermacese. Common Name, India Berries. A. Cocculus is a strong climbing shrub found in the eastern parts of the Indian Peninsula, in Eastern Bengal and in the Malay Islands. The fruit, a purple drupe, is used in medicine, and Avhen removed from the stalk and dried, has the appearance of a small, round berry. It is about as large as a pea, somewhat oval or nearly reniform, with a blackish, wrinkled, dry pericarp, covering a thin, woody endocarp, Avithin Avhich is a single reniform kernel or seed. The seed is bitter and oily. The drug is preferred when of dark color, free from stalks, fresh and Avith the seeds evidently well preserved. The drug Avas first proved by Hahnemann. Preparation.—The dried fruit, coarsely powdered, is covered with five parts by weight of alcohol, poured into a well-stoppered bottle, and alloAved to remain eight days at a moderate temperature in a dark place, being shaken tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, T^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. COCCUS CACTI, Linn. Synonym, Coccinella Indica. Class, Insecta. Order, Hemiptera. Family, Coccidse. Common Name, Cochineal. The cochineal insect is a true hemipterous cicada; it is a native of Mexico, but is found in the West and East Indies, as well as in Spain and Java. The male insect is red, small, gnat-like, more active and less bulky than the female. The female is larger than the male, of oval form Avith thorax and back convex, without Avings, body transversely striated and of a dark red color. The back is covered with a white down. After fecundation the females enlarge greatly, and attach themselves to the cactus plants and die; the eggs mature Avithin the dead parent and the young soon emerge. The latter are alloAved to grow till the females are fecundated, when, with the exception of a low left for breeding, they are brushed off the plants, killed by hot Avater and sun-dried. It Avas proven by Dr. Wachtel and other Austrian provers. Preparation.—The dried insects, previously cleansed by agitation with tepid water, are coarsely poAvdered, and then coA^ered with five parts by weight of alcohol; having poured the Avhole into a Avell-stop- pered bottle, it is alloAved to remain fourteen days in a dark, cool place, HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 183 and shaken tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, j1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. CODEINUM. Synonyms, Codeia. Codeine. Codein. Formula, C18 H21 N03. Codeine is one of the alkaloids existing in opium. Preparation.—In the process of extracting morphia from opium (see article Morphinum), the hydrochlorates of both morphia and codeine are formed. They are separated by treating their solution with ammonia Avhich precipitates the greater part of the morphia, leaving the codeine in solution. The filtrate is evaporated over the A\ater-bath to expel the excess of ammonia, the morphine salt remaining in the solution being at the same time precipitated; after filtering, the saline solution is concentrated and precipitated by potassium hydrate, and the precipitate of codeine is washed, dried and redissolved in ether Avhence it is deposited in crystals. Properties.—Codeine crystallizes from anhydrous ether in small anhydrous rectangular octohedrons, truncated and modified in various Avays. It dissolves in Avater more readily than does morphine, espe- cially if the water be boiling, requiring eighty parts of water at medium temperatures and seventeen at 100° C. (212° F.). When heated with a quantity of water insufficient to dissolve it, it melts to an oily mass Avhich remains at the bottom of the liquid. It dissolves easily in alcohol and hydrated ether, less readily in anhydrous ether. It is insoluble in potash solution. Codeine is a strong base, restoring the blue color to reddened litmus paper, and precipitating the salts of lead, iron, copper, nickel, etc. Its salts are generally crystallizable and of a very bitter taste. From water or hydrated ether it crystallizes in large rhombic prisms. Tests.—It is indifferent to ferric chloride and to iodic acid, and thus is distinguished from morphine. When dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid it forms a nearly colorless solution, but if a trace of ferric chloride be added a blue or violet coloration occurs. Treated Avith Frohde's reagent, Avhich is made by dissolving 0.01 gramme of molybdate of sodium in 10 CC. of concentrated sulphuric acid, and prepared freshly Avhen needed, a green color first appears, soon followed by blue, and after some hours changing to yellow. Commercial codeine may contain morphia, and the drug is said to be not infrequently so- phisticated with sugar and gum arabic. Morphia or its salts may be detected by their insolubility in ether and their behavior Avhen treated with ferric chloride; the presence of sugar will be knoAvn by the greater solubility of the specimen in water and by its smaller solubility in alcohol. Gum arabic may be detected by the brown color of the solu- tion in concentrated sulphuric acid. It Avas first proved by Dr. E. E. Marcy, United States. 184 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Preparation.—The pure codeia is prepared by trituration as di- rected under Class VII. COFFEA. Synonyms, Coffea Arabica, Linn. Coffea Cruda. Nat. Ord., Rubiacese. Common Name, Coffee. This well known, universally spread, and important article of trade requires no particular description. For medicinal use we select the sort sold under the surname Levantic (Mocha beans), consisting of small, more roundish than flat, not very dark, yellowish-gray-green beans, and having a peculiar, strong smell of coffee. It was proved by Hahnemann. Preparation.—One part of the best unroasted coffee-beans is coarsely powdered in an iron mortar, moderately heated, and macerated eight days with six parts of strong alcohol, and then filtered. The residuum is then boiled down in a glass retort Avith forty parts of dis- tilled water, so far that its filtrate and the alcoholic extract mixed together make ten parts by weight. Drug poAver of tincture, ^. Dilutions.—This tincture is potentized according to Class.IV, with regard to strength, but the 2x and 3x and 1 dilutions, must be pre- pared with dilute alcohol. COLCHICUM. Synonym, Colchicum Autumnale, Linn. Nat. Ord., Melanthacese. Common Names, Colchicum. Meadow Saffron. Naked Lady. This perennial plant grows in many districts of Germany, France and the south of Europe, in meadows, where it flowers in autumn and announces the beginning of winter. The root forms a bulb, of the size of a pigeon's egg, round on one side and flat on the other, and fur- nished Avith fibrous radicles at its base; naturally it is covered Avith dark coats, of which the external one is brown, the inner shining and of a clear color; in the fresh state it contains a milky juice of an acrid, bitter taste, and disagreeable odor. The floAver rises in autumn im- mediately from a lateral bulb which the bulb of the preceding year has produced, and Avhich has grown during Avinter and spring; the flowers are rose-colored, with long tubes, disappearing in a few days, and are followed by leaves only in the folloAving spring; the leaves are large, flat, erect, spear-shaped, about five inches long and one inch broad at the base, and come off with the capsules, which are triangu- lar, sessile, three-pointed; the seeds are round, ovoid, wrinkled, and deep brown. The first provings were by E. Stapf, Hahnemann, and others in Ger- many. Preparation.—The fresh bulb, gathered shortly before coming into HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 185 bloom, is chopped and pounded to a fine pulp, enclosed in a piece of neAv linen and subjected to pressure. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled Avith an equal part by weight of alcohol. This mixture is alloAved to stand eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, 2. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. COLLINSONIA. Synonym, Collinsonia Canadensis, Linn. Nat. Ord., Labiatse. Common Names, Horse-Weed. Knot-Root. Stone-Root. This is an indigenous plant, found growing in rich, moist Avoods, from Canada to Florida, and Avest to Michigan. Root perennial, knotty, depressed, very hard, Avith many slender fibres; stem smooth, simple, round, straight, one to three feet high; leaves serrate, Avith broad teeth, pointed, long-petioled, only two or three pairs, these cor- date at base, broadly ovate, acuminate, surface smooth, with small \reins. Flowers opposite, on long peduncles, with short subulate bracteoles, forming a terminal leafless panicle with branched racemes. Corolla two-thirds of an inch long, yellow, tubular at base, spreading above in two lips, upper lip very short and notched, loAver lip fringed. Stamens tAvo, long, protruding, filaments filiform, anther oval, style protruding. Seeds often abortive, only one ripening. Proved by Dr. Burt, U. S. Preparation.—The fresh root, collected either in early spring or late autumn, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the whole Avell, it is poured into a well-stoppered bottle, and allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. COLOCYNTHIS. Synonyms, Citrullus Colocynthis, Schroder. Cucumis Colocyn- this, Linn. Nat. Ord., Cucurbitacese. Common Names, Bitter Cucumber. Colocynth. The colocynth plant is slender, scabrous, has a perennial root, and groAvs in warm and dry regions of the Western Hemisphere. It is found in immense quantities in upper Egypt and Nubia. The fruit is a pepo, of the size and shape of a small orange, having a smooth, marbled-green surface. It is usually peeled Avith a knife and dried, and is found in commerce as a light, pithy, nearly white ball, consist- ing of the dried internal pulp of the fruit with the seeds imbedded 186 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. therein. The pulp is nearly inodorous, but has an intensely bitter taste. Colocynth was introduced into our Materia Medica by Hahnemann. Preparation.—The dried fruit, freed from the outer yellow rind and seeds, is reduced to coarse powder and weighed. Then five parts by Aveight of alcohol are poured upon it, and having been put into a Avell-stoppered bottle, the mixture is allowed to remain eight days in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off. strained and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, j1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. COMOCLADIA DENTATA, Jacq. Synonym, Guao. Nat. Ord., Anacardiacese. Common Names, Bastard Brazil Wood. Tooth-leaved Maiden- Plum. This is a very common tree in the island of Cuba, where it is found groAving near the coast, luxuriating mostly on barren or stony soils. It is from six to eight feet high, having beautiful dark green leaves, with a brownish border. The flowers are small, bluish-brown, in clusters. The trunk and branches contain a milky fluid that turns black on exposure to sunlight, discoloring the skin, linen, etc. A superstition is entertained that death results from sleeping in its shade. Preparation.—The fresh bark is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the whole well, and pouring it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and fil- tering. Amount of drug power, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. CONDURANGO. Synonym, Gonolobus Cundurango, Triana. Nat. Ord., Asclepiadacese. Common Name, Condor Plant. What is known as condurango is the bark of a climbing shrub growing in Ecuador at an altitude of from 3000 to 5000 feet above the sea-level. The bark comes in quills and in half-cylindrical pieces of various lengths, ashy-gray in color, having attached to it different varieties of lichen, forming greenish or dark-colored blotches. Its fracture is fibrous^ and the ends are studded with fine yellow points. The taste of the dried bark is aromatic and bitter. The drug was proved by Dr. J. C. Burnett, England. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 187 Preparation.—The dried bark, coarsely poAvdered, is covered with five parts by Aveight of alcohol, and alloAved to remain eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken tAvice'a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, T\j. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. Triturations are prepared from the dried bark finely powdered, as directed under Class VII. CONIUM. Synonyms, Conium Maculatum, Linn. Coriandrum Cicuta. Nat. Ord., Umbelliferse. Common Name, Spotted Hemlock. Poison Hemlock. This plant is a native of Europe, but has been naturalized in the eastern portion of the United States, where it is found growing in Avet meadoAvs and in waste grounds. The root is biennial, Avhitish and spindle-shaped. Stem herbaceous, round, hollow and marked with purple-brown splashes or spots. Lower leaves tri-ternate; the upper ones bi-ternate. Leaflets one to three inches long, finely serrate, deep green above, paler beneath. FloAvers, small, Avhite in compound ter- minal umbels, with no involucre, involucels of five or six short bracts. Petals five, obcordate, with inflected points. Conium was first proven by Hahnemann. Preparation.—The entire fresh plant, root excepted, gathered about the time the flowers begin to fade, is chopped and pounded to a fine pulp, enclosed in a piece of neAV linen and subjected to pressure. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled with an equal part by weight of alcohol. This mixture is allowed to stand eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Drug power of tincture, ?. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. CONVALLARIA. Synonym, Convallaria Majalis, Linn. Nat.Ord., Liliacese. Common Name, Lily of the Valley. A perennial herb, found in shady Avoods in the United States from Virginia to Georgia, although cultivated farther north. It is found also in Europe. The rhizome is creeping and slender, and from it arises a slender scape bearing a one-sided raceme of small, elegant, white, bell-shaped flowers Leaves radical, two or at times three, smooth and elliptical. Perianth of six united segments which are re- curved. The flowers are sweet-scented and appear in May. Preparation.—-The entire fresh plant, gathered Avhen coming into fioAver, is chopped and pounded to a fine pulp, enclosed in a piece of new linen, and subjected to pressure. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled Avith an equal part by Aveight of alcohol. 188 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. This mixture is allowed to stand eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Drug power of tincture, J. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. CONVOLVULUS. Synonyms, Convolvulus Arvensis, Linn. Nat. Ord., Convolvulacese. Common Name, Bindweed. This perennial is very common in Europe, Asia, Africa, and America, in fields, near the coast. Its low stem is procumbent or twining; leaves ovate-oblong, saggitate, lobes at the base acute; peduncles mostly one-flowered; bracts minute, remote; corolla white or tinged with red, about three-quarters of an inch long; calyx naked at the base; corolla infundibular or campanulate; stamens included; style one; stigmas two, elongated, linear, often revolute. Pod two- celled ; the cells two-seeded. Flowers in June. Preparation.—The fresh blooming plant, allowed to wither a little before manipulation, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thor- oughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole well, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. CONVOLVULUS DUARTINUS. Synonyms, Ipomcea Bona Nox, Linn. Calonyction Speciosum, De Candolle. Nat. Ord., Convolvulacese. Common Name, Morning Glory (not the common Morning Glory which is I. purpurea, Lam.). This is a climbing plant, native of the West Indies, but cultivated in America and Europe. Its leaves are large, entire, cordate, alternate, on long petioles, generally arising from the axils of the floAver-bearing branches. Calyx with five unequal folioles, the three outer ones sharp, the two inner ones oval and foliaceous. Corolla white, large, ex- panding into a large circular limb. Stamens five, adhering by their filaments to the tube of the corolla which is shorter than the stamens. Anthers linear, acuminate. The base of the ovary is surrounded by a glandular disk; style very long, filiform, terminated by a shaggy, bi- lobate stigma; fruit with a coriaceous tegument. There are two or three floAvers on the flower-bearing pedicles; they resemble a trumpet in shape, Avhence their Brazilian name, " herva trombetta." The drug was proven by Dr. Manoel Duarte Moreira, Brazil. Preparation.—The fresh flowers are pounded to a pulp and HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 189 Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the Avhole Avell, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. COPAIBA OFFICINALIS. Species' Name, Copaifera Officinalis, Linn. Nat. Ord., Leguminosse. Common Name, Balsam of Copaiba. Balsam of copaiba is the product of trees belonging to the genus Co- paifera, natives of the warmer countries of South America. The best knoAvn is C. officinalis, a large tree found in the hot coast-region of New Granada, Venezuela and Trinidad. In order to collect the oleo-resin, holes are bored into the Avood of the tree, whence it soon pours out. The secretion is very abundant, and indeed it is stated on good authority, that occasionally in the un- tapped trees, the oleo-resin collects in such quantity within the numer- ous ducts, that the trunk is actually burst asunder. Description.—Copaiba is a more or less viscid fluid, Avhose color varies from pale yelloAV to light golden-broAvn. It has a peculiar aro- matic odor Avhich is not unpleasant, and a persistent, acrid, bitter taste. Its specific gravity is betAveen 0.94 and 0.99. By keeping, it becomes more viscid. When the number of species of copaiba-bearing trees is considered, it will be seen that its composition and even its physical properties must vary; but a specimen may be considered pure if it dis- solve in several times its Aveight of alcohol, specific gravity, 0.830; if, Avhen treated with one-third its own volume of ammonia, it give a mixture perfectly transparent, and if when its volatile oil is evaporated, only a hard resin remain (without any non-volatile oil). It should not possess in any degree the odor of turpentine. Hahnemann mentions the drug in his Fragmenta, and under Teste, in France, a number of provings Avere made. Preparation.—The balsam is dissolved in the proportion of one part by Aveight, to ninety-nine parts by Aveight of 95 per cent, alcohol, and designated mother-tincture. Drug power of tincture, Tfo. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class VI—ft. COPTIS. Synonyms, Coptis Trifolia, Salisbury. Helleborus Trifolius, Linn. Nat. Ord., Ranunculacese. Common Name, Gold-Thread. This plant is a small evergreen, indigenous to the northern part of North America, and indeed to the higher latitudes of both hemispheres. 190 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS Its root is perennial, creeping, of long, bright yellow fibres, Avhence the common name of the plant. From it arises a naked, slender, one-flow- ered scape, three to five inches high. The floAvers are small, white, having five to seven petals. Leaves radical, glabrous, ternately di- vided ; leaflets of obovate wedge form, obscurely three-lobed, and sharply dentate. The plant is glabrous, without odor, and has a strongly bit- ter taste. Flowers appear in May. Preparation.—The fresh root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the whole well, pour it into a well-stop- pered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. CORALLIUM RUBRUM. Synonyms, Corallium Rubrum, Lamarck. Gorgonia Nobilis. Isis Nobilis, Linn. Class, Zoophytes. Family, Gorgoniadese. Common Name, Red Coral. Red coral is the skeleton of the coral zoophyte. In most instances it branches into shrub-like forms. The variety we use is pinkish-red in color. The chemical constituents are calcium carbonate, Avith a trace of magnesium carbonate and a little more than four per cent, of ferric oxide as coloring matter; there is also a small amount of animal matter. The red coral was first proved by Dr. Attomyr, in Germany. Preparation.—For homoeopathic use the small, branchy, striated pieces, which often have a Avhite calcareous covering, are reduced to a fine powder, and triturated as directed under Class VII. CORALLORHIZA ODONTORHIZA, Nuttall. Synonym, Corallorhiza Wistariana, Conrad. Nat. Ord., Orchidaceae. Common Name, Coral Root. This plant is a parasite, of a light broAvn or purplish color, with much branched, toothed, coral-like root-stocks; stem rather slender, bulbous, at the base, and from six to sixteen inches high, bearing from six to twenty flowers; pedicels rather slender; lip entire, or merely denticulate, thin, broadly ovate or obovate, abruptly contracted into a claw-like base, the lamellse a pair of short projections; the spur repre- sented by a small cavity Avholly adnate to the summit of the ovary; pod at first very acute at the base, at length short-oval, about four lines long. Perianth about three lines long. Flowers small, lip Avhitish or purplish, often mottled with crimson, appear from May to July. The plant is found in rich woods, from NeAv York to Michigan, and espe- cially southward. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 191 Preparation.—The fresh root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having mixed the Avhole well together, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and fil- tering. Amount of drug power, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. CORNUS CIRCINATA, L'Heritier. Synonyms, Cornus Rugosa. Cornus Tomentulosa. Nat. Ord., Cornaceae. Common Names, Cornel. Green Osier. Round-Leaved Dog- Avood. Swamp Sassafras. A shrub six to ten feet high, Avith green, warty branches, large round- ish leaves, pointed, and woolly beneath; flowers Avhite, in flat cymes. The fruit is a light blue drupe. The plant is a native of the United States, extending from Canada to Maryland. It floAvers in June. The first provings Avere made by Dr. E. E. Marcy, U. S. Preparation.—The fresh bark is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the Avhole well, pour it into a Avell-stop- pered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. CORNUS FLORIDA, Linn. Nat. Ord., Cornaceae. Common Name, American Boxwood. FloAvering DogAvood. New England BoxAvood. A small indigenous tree, usually from twelve to thirty feet high. It is of short growth; the stem is compact, and covered Avith a brownish bark, which is minutely divided by numerous superficial fissures. The leaves are opposite, ovate, pointed, acute at the base, dark green above, glaucous beneath. The floAvers are small, aggre- gated in heads, surrounded by an involucre, corolla-like, of four in- versely heart-shaped white leaves, very showy. Fruit a brilliant red drupe. Preparation.—The fresh bark is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the Avhole well, pour it into a well-stop- pered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. 192 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Drug power of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. CORNUS SERICEA, L'Heritier. Synonyms, Cornus Alba. Cornus Ccerulea. Cornus Cyano- carpus. Nat. Ord., Cornacese. Common Names, Silky Cornel. Blue-Berried Cornus. Female Dog-wood. Swamp Dogwood. A shrub, usually three to ten feet in height, Avith erect stems, Avhich are covered Avith a shining reddish bark. The young shoots are more or less pubescent. Branches spreading, purplish, leaves narrow, ovate, pointed and silky-downy underneath, often rust-colored. Flowers yel- loAvish-Avhite, in flat close cymes. Fruit a pale blue drupe. It is found in the United States from Canada to Carolina, in moist woods, in swamps, and on the borders of streams. It floAvers in June and July. Preparation.—The fresh bark is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole well, pour it into a Avell- stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. CORYDALIS FORMOSA, Pursh. Synonyms, Dicentra Eximia, De Candolle. Dielytra. Nat. Ord., FumariaceaB. Common Names, Fumitory. Squirrel Corn. Stagger Weed. Turkey Pea. A native plant, growing on rocks in New York and southward to North Carolina. Its rhizome is scaly; leaves radical, numerous, some- Avhat tri-ternate; floAvers nodding, purple, in compound racemes; corolla oblong, Avith short, obtuse, incurved spurs. Preparation.—The fresh root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. Having stirred the Avhole well, pour it into a well-stop- pered bottle, and let it stand" eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug power, £. ' Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. COTYLEDON. Synonyms, Cotyledon Umbilicus, Linn. Umbilicus Pendulinus, De Candolle. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 193 Nat. Ord., Crassulacese. Common Names, KidneyAvort. Navehvort. PennyAvort. A perennial herbaceous plant, native of Western Europe, groAving on rocks, old Avails, etc. From its fleshy, tuberous root rises a stem, six inches high, bearing in the form of a spike, numerous, small, greenish- yelloAv, tubular, bell-shaped floAvers. The leaves are fleshy, smooth, peltate, crenate, the upper ones someAvhat smaller than the loAver. Cotyledon Avas proven by Dr. Wm. Craig, England. Preparation.—The fresh leaves are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the Avhole well, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class HI. CROCUS. Synonyms, Crocus Sativus, Linn. Crocus Autumnalis. Crocus Hispanicus. Nat. Ord., Iridacese. Common Name, Saffron. Crocus sativus is a small plant haAung a fleshy, bulb-like corm and grassy leaves. It has a large, elegant, purple-colored floAver. The style terminates in three long tubular and filiform stigmas projecting beyond the perianth. The stigmas are orange-red in color and pos- sess a peculiar aromatic smell and pungent taste. The stigmas are the part used in medicine. The drug Avas first proven by Stapf, in Germany. Preparation.—The dried stigmas of the floAvers are coarsely pul- verized and Aveighed, and then covered Avith nine parts by Aveight of alcohol. After having poured the mixture into a well-stoppered bottle, let it remain eight days in a dark, cool place, shaking tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, TV Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. CROTALUS CASCAVELLA. Class, Reptilia. Order, Ophidia. Family, Crotalidse. Common Name, Brazilian Rattlesnake. This terrible serpent is found in the Province of Ceara. This species generally attains a length of from four to five feet, but the animal from Avhich the poison was taken for the provings, was three feet long. Its oval-triangular head, one half of Avhich is provided Avith shields, shoAvs a round depression in front of the eyes, which are covered Avith a large la 194 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. elliptical shield, serving as a lid. The body is big, conical; its move- ments are sluggish; its upper surface is covered Avith scales, the dorsal scales being keeled and somewhat lanceolate, the scales of the tail being quadrangular and smaller. The belly is provided with one hundred and seventy large transversal plates; there are twenty-five plates be- longing to the tail, the first three of Avhich are divided in shields. The extremity of the tail is furnished Avith seven or eight capsules of the consistence of parchment, which, when agitated, produce a shrill sound. The color of the crotalus is yellowish-broAvn, much lighter under the belly, Avith tAventy-six regular long rhomboidal lines on each side of the back. When irritated and during the excessive heat, the crotalus emits a very fetid musk-like odor. The fangs are long and inserted in exceedingly dilatable jaws. The poison of this reptile acts with a frightful intensity, and it was not without great danger that Drs. Mure and Martins succeeded in obtaining a few drops of it. This drug was introduced into our Materia Medica by Dr. Mure, of Brazil. Preparation.—The poison, obtained by compressing the secreting gland of the living animal is triturated as directed under Class VIII. CROTALUS HORRIDUS, Linn. Synonym, Crotalus Durissus. Order, Ophidia. Family, Crotalidse. Common Name, Rattlesnake. This poisonous serpent is frequently found in the mountainous and adjacent regions of the Northern and Southern States. It attains a length of from four to six feet, gradually swelling towards the middle, where it is from five to eight inches in circumference; back and sides covered with keeled scales; belly with unkeeled scales, Avhich are always single under the tail. Head broad and triangular, Avith a large pit on each side below and in front of the eye; fangs one-half to one inch long; the tail has seven or eight capsules of the consistency of parchment, which, when agitated, produce a shrill rattle. Ground color of back varies from yellowish-taAvny to broAvnish-grey. There are a central and tAvo lateral toavs of dark spots along the back, confluent on poste- rior half of body. Tail generally black. The provings were made from triturations of the venom with sugar of milk and from dilutions prepared from them. The venom of this deadly snake may be obtained by pressing the poison gland situated betAveen the ear and eye, the serpent being either pinioned or chloroformed, and as the venom drops from the fangs it is received on pulverized sugar of milk, with Avhich it is trit- urated, in proportion of one to ninety-nine. Of late the preservation and potentiation of the venom in glycerine has been recommended, but we fail to see any valid reason for depart- ing from Hering's mode of preparing the poison by trituration, espe- cially as the provings were made from such preparations. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 195 The drug was first proven by Dr. Hering. Preparation.—The poison obtained as explained above is triturated as directed under Class VIII. CROTON TIGLIUM, Linn. Synonyms, Tiglium Officinale, Klotsch. Grana Tiglii Nat. Ord., Euphorbiacese. Common Names, Croton Oil. Croton Tree. Purging Nut. Croton tiglium is a small tree fifteen to tAventy feet high, indigenous to India, and cultivated in many parts of the East. The tree has small inconspicuous floAvers. The fruit is a broAvn capsule, three' celled, each cell containing one seed. Description.—The croton seed is someAvhat larger than a coffee bean, ovoid, having two faces, one arched constituting the dorsal, the other and flatter the ventral side. The surface of the seed is cov*- ered Avith a cinnamon-broAvn epidermis, beneath Avhich is a thin, brittle black testa filled with a whitish, oily kernel. The taste of the seed is at first merely oily, but soon becomes acrid and unpleasant. Properties.—From the kernels is obtained by expression croton oil, the Oleum crotonis, or Oleum tiglii of pharmacy, to the amount of fifty or sixty per cent. The oil is a transparent, sherry-colored, viscid liquid, slightly fluorescent, has a faint rancid smell, and an oleaginous acrid taste. The attention of the homoeopathic profession seems to have been first called to the drug by Dr. Hermann, and subsequent provings Avere collected by Dr. Buchner, in Germany. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by weight of pure croton oil is dissolved in ninety-nine parts by Aveight of alcohol. Amount of drug power, T^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class VI—ft. Triturations are prepared as directed under Class VIII. CUBEBA. Synonyms, Piper Cubeba, Linn. Cubeba Officinalis, Miquet. Nat. Ord., Piperacese. Common Names, Cubeb Pepper. Cubebs. Piper cubeba is a climbing, Avoody, dioecious shrub, indigenous to Java, Borneo and Sumatra. Properties.—The fruit is a globose berry, of Avhich a considerable number are attached by rather long stalks to a common rachis. The berries as found in commerce are spherical, Avrinkled, and grayish- brown or blackish in color. Cubebs have a strong aromatic taste, Avith some bitterness; their odor is aromatic and not unpleasant. Preparation.—The dried berries are coarsely poAvdered and cov- ered Avith five parts by Aveight of alcohol. After mixing Avell, pour the whole into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it remain eight days in a dark, cool place, shaking it twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. 196 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Drug power of tincture, T\y. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. CUCURBITA PEPO, Linn. Nat. Ord., Cucurbitacese. Common Name, Pumpkin. This plant is an annual, a native of the Levant, but has been long cultivated as a garden vegetable or as food for cattle. The plant is hispid and scabrous, Avith procumbent stem; leaves large, cordate, palmately five-lobed or angled, denticulate; flowers are axillary, large, yellow, on long peduncles; fruit very large, at times tAvo or three feet in diameter, roundish or oblong, furrowed, smooth, and Avhen mature orange-yellow in color. Flowers in July. Preparation.—The fresh stems are pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole Avell, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug power, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. CUPRUM. Synonym, Cuprum Metallicum. Common Name, Copper. Symbol, Cu. Atomic Weight, 63.5. Origin.—Copper exists in nature in the free state, and also in com- bination as oxide, sulphide, carbonate, etc. Properties.—Copper is a metal of a reddish color, softer than iron, is both malleable and ductile, and has considerable tenacity. It crys- tallizes in the isometric system. In masses it is unaltered in the air at ordinary temperatures, but when heated to redness it oxidizes super- ficially. It is dissolved easily by nitric acid, and chlorine and sul- phur attack it readily. It is also acted upon by Aveak acids and alka- lies as well as by solutions of many salts. Its specific gravity is 8.95. Tests.—Copper in a finely divided state may be obtained by boil- ing a concentrated solution of sulphate of copper, not containing free acid, Avith distilled zinc. As soon as the liquid loses its color, which it does in a short time, the zinc is removed and the copper powder Avell boiled Avith dilute sulphuric acid, then washed uninterruptedly Avith water till the Avashings run free from any trace of the acid; it is then pressed betAveen folds of bibulous paper and dried at 75° C. (167° F.). Thus prepared it is a dark red, dull-looking poAvder, Avhich easily ac- quires the ordinary lustre of the metal by pressure and rubbing Avith a burnisher. It avsls introduced into our Materia Medica by Hahnemann. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 197 Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The precipitated metal is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. CUPRUM ACETICUM. Synonyms, Cupric Acetate. Cupri Acetas. iErugo Destillata. Common Names, Acetate of Copper. Verdigris. Formula, Cu (C2 H3 02)2, H2 O. Molecular Weight, 199.5. Preparation of Acetate of Copper.—Dissolve verdigris {cupri subacetas) in dilute acetic acid, evaporate gently, and alloAV to crys- tallize. Properties.—Acetate of copper is in oblique, rhombic, prismatic crystals, Avhich are opaque and have a dark bluish-green color. Upon exposure to the air they become covered Avith a bright bluish-green poAvder from superficial efflorescence. They are soluble in five parts of boiling Avater, in fourteen of water at a medium temperature, and in fifteen of alcohol. Tests.—The salt Avhen dissohTed in strong ammonium carbonate solution in excess should produce a solution of a deep blue color; a turbidity, or precipitate shoAvs the presence of lead oxide, ferrous oxide, or the earthy metals. A portion of the salt brought to a red heat and then treated with Avater should give no alkaline reaction (absence of the fixed alkalies). Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure acetate of copper is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. Tinctura Cupri Acetici Rademacheri.—Rademacher's tinc- ture of acetate of copper is prepared by dissolving one part of crystal- lized acetate of copper in ten parts of warm water and then adding eight parts of alcohol. Eighteen parts of the tincture Avith eighty-tAVO parts of dilute alcohol will yield the 2x dilution. Further dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—ft. CUPRUM AMMONIATUM. Proper Name, Tetrammonio-Cupric Sulphate. Synonyms, Cuprum Sulphuricum Ammoniatum. Ammonio-Sul- phate of Copper. Common Name, Ammoniated Copper. Formula, 4 NH3, Cu S04, H20. Molecular Weight, 245.5. Preparation of Ammoniated Copper.—One part of crystalline cupric sulphate dissolved in three parts of ammonium hydrate solution, is filtered if necessary and mixed with six parts of alcohol; the pre- cipitated salt is to be collected and dried Avithout the aid of heat by pressing it betAveen folds of bibulous paper. Properties.—Ammonio-sulphate of copper is a dark blue crystal- line poAvder having a Aveak, ammoniacal odor and a disagreeable metallic and ammoniacal taste. Its reaction is alkaline. It is soluble 198 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. in one and one-half parts of cold Avater, but by the addition of a large amount of water a salt of paler blue separates out, which contains a less proportion of ammonia. By heating to 250° C. (482° F.), it loses its ammonia and water and there remains only cupric sulphate. Tests.—The color of the crystals and the rapid and complete solu- tion of the salt in two parts of distilled water will suffice. Upon the addition of a caustic fixed alkali to the solution, ammonia will be evohTed. A preparation made Avith ammonium carbonate instead of the hydrate is not crystalline and effervesces on the addition of an acid. In his chapter on Cuprum, Hahnemann calls attention to the use of the ammoniated sulphate of copper. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure ammoniated copper is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. CUPRUM ARSENICOSUM. Synonyms, Arsenious Oxide of Copper. Arsenite of Copper. Cuprum Oxydatum Arsenicosum. Hydric Cupric Arsenite. Common Name, Scheele's Green. Formula, Cu H As 03. Preparation of Arsenite of Copper.—Boil three parts of pul- verized Avhite arsenic (arsenious acid) with eight parts of caustic potash in sixteen parts of water, until the arsenic is dissolved. The result is an alkaline liquid containing potassium di-arsenite (K As 02)2 As2 03 + H2 O. On mixing this solution with cupric sulphate till the precipitation is complete, and drying the precipitate at 100° C. (212° F.), the compound so obtained consists of a mixture of Cu H As 03 Avith arsenious oxide. The chemically pure cupric hydrogen arsenite may be obtained by precipitation of aqueous arsenious acid with pure ammonio-sulphate of copper. This precipitate when air-dried consists of Cu H As 03, H2 O, and after drying in a vacuum over concentrated sulphuric acid its constitution is Cu H As 03. Properties.—Arsenite of copper is a light green powder, which dissolves in excess of ammonia without color, yielding a solution of arsenic acid and cuprous oxide. It is insoluble in water and alcohol. The first systematic provings Avere made under the direction of Dr. W. James Blakely, United States. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure arsenite of copper is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. CUPRUM CARBONICUM. Synonyms, Hydrated-dibasic Cupric Carbonate. Cupri Carbonas. Common Name, Carbonate of Copper. Formula, Cu C 03, Cu O, 2 H20. Preparation of Carbonate of Copper.—This salt exists in nature in the form of blue carbonate (malachite) and anhydrous car- bonate. It is also obtained by precipitating a solution of sulphate of HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 199 copper with a solution of carbonate of soda. The precipitate is col- lected and Avashed with cold distilled water. This salt is of a magni- ficent blue color. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure carbonate of copper is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. CUPRUM SULPHURICUM. Synonyms, Cupric Sulphate. Cupri Sulphas. Cuprum Vitriolatum. Common Names, Sulphate of Copper. Blue Vitriol. Blue-stone. Formula, Cu S04, 5 H2 O. Molecular Weight, 249.5. Preparation of Sulphate of Copper.—Of pure copper foil in clippings, three parts are to be digested with the aid of heat in ten parts of concentrated sulphuric acid. After solution is complete, the crystals may be obtained by evaporation. Cupric sulphate is in transparent, oblique, rhombic crystals of a blue color and a disagree- able, metallic taste. They are soluble in three and a half parts of cold, and in one-third part of boiling water, and are insoluble in alco- hol. The watery solution has an acid reaction. By heating to 200° C. (392° F.), the crystals become anhydrous and form then a white pow- der, which eagerly absorbs water from the air or other media. Tests.—Dissolve a few crystals of the salt in ten volumes of dis- tilled Avater Avith the aid of heat, add then a few drops of chlorine Avater and of dilute sulphuric acid, precipitate the copper as sulphide by means of hydrogen sulphide, and evaporate some drops of the fil- tered solution in a watch glass; there should be no residue. If there be a residue, it may contain iron, zinc, potassium, sodium, magnesium or calcium. For further tests of the residue, recourse must be had to appropriate group reagents, followed by individual tests. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure sulphate of copper is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. CURARE. Synonyms, Urari. Woorari. Wourari. Wourali. Woorara. Origin.—The arrow-poison of South America is a black paste or extract. Its source is not positively known, but the substance is be- lieved to contain ingredients which are from different species of Strych- nos. Coccidus toxifera, Didelphys cancrivora and Paullinia Cururu, are said by different writers to contribute some share in its preparation. Properties.—Curare is a dry, brownish-black, resinous extract, having a very bitter taste. It is soluble in dilute alcohol, forming a red solution ; it is also soluble in water and in absolute alcohol. From it there has been isolated an alkaloid eurarin, which contains no oxygen. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Curare is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. 200 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. CYCLAMEN. Synonyms, Cyclamen Europium, Linn. Artanita Cyclamen. Nat. Ord., Primulacese. Common Name, Sow-bread. C. Europium is a perennial, herbaceous, stemless plant, indigenous in Southern Europe. Its globular root gives off many branched fibres, is nearly black externally and Avhite internally, and without odor; in the fresh state it has a bitter, acrid, burning taste. The leaves are long- petiolate, roundish, veined, shining dark green, white-spotted above, purple or rosy below. Flowers pendulous, rose-colored (or white), sweet-scented, without stems, on scapes; corolla revolute; berries cov- ered Avith a capsule. Preparation.—The fresh root, gathered in autumn, is chopped and pounded to a pulp, enclosed in a piece of neAV linen and subjected to pressure. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled with an equal part, by weight, of alcohol. This mixture is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. It was introduced into the Homoeopathic Materia Medica by Hahne- mann. Drug poAver of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. CYPRINUS BARBUS. Synonyms, Barbus Fluviatilis. Ova Barbae. Class, Pisces. Order, Physostomi. Family, Cyprinoidei. Common Names, Common Barb or Barbel. Carp. The fish lives in the clear running waters of Asia and the south of Europe, and is frequently caught in those of France. It is distin- guished by the four feelers on the upper jaw, to which it OAves its name. The body is commonly covered with a viscous mucus; its flesh is Avhite, tender, and tastes the more agreeably the older the fish is, but is of difficult digestion to weak stomachs. The eggs are considered poison- ous, and contain an acrid, bitter substance. Preparation.—The roe, collected in the month of May, from a large adult barbel, is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class IX. The fresh roe, obtained in May, from a large adult barbel, is crushed, covered with five parts by weight of alcohol, and alloAved to remain eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. This tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, TV Dilutions from tincture must be prepared as directed under Class HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 201 CYPRIPEDIUM. Synonym, Cypripedium Pubescens, Willd. Nat. Ord., Orchidacese. Common Names, Lady's Slipper. Moccasin Plant. An indigenous plant, the shape and color of whose flower give it its popular name. Its stem is simple, a foot or two in height. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, large and many-veined, alternate, sheath- ing at the base. The solitary floAver irregular, as in all the orchis family, the lip being a large inflated sac; it is yellow in color. Leaves and stems pubescent. The plant is found in bogs and low Avoods. Preparation.—The fresh root, gathered in autumn, is chopped and pounded to a fine pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and after mixing the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole Avell, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decant- ing, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. DAMIANA. Synonyms, Turnera Microphylla, De Candolle. Turnera Aphro- disiaca, Ward. Nat. Ord., Turneracese. Common Name, Damiana. The Turneracese are a small family of (chiefly) tropical American plants. The floAvers are small and yellow, sub-sessile, near the ends of the small branches. T. aphrodisiaca is found in commerce as broken leaves mixed Avith fragments of the branches, and sometimes Avith seed- pods. Leaves less than an inch long, obovate, wedge-shaped, tapering at the base to a short, slender leaf-stalk; they are light green in color, and covered with Avhitish, short hairs. Their taste is aromatic. Preparation.—The recently dried leaves, coarsely poAvdered, are covered with five parts by Aveight of alcohol. Having poured the mix- ture into a Avell-stoppered bottle, let it remain eight days in a dark, cool place, shaking it tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Amount of drug power, y1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. DAPHNE. Synonyms, Daphne Indica, Linn. Daphne Lagetta. Daphne Odora. Lagetta Lintearea, Lamarck. Nat. Ord., Thymelacese. Common Name, Sweet-scented Spurge-Laurel. This moderately-sized branching shrub is a native of the West In- dies and China. Leaves are alternate, ovate-cordate, glabrous. FIoav- 202 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. ers are Avhite, richly scented, in terminal bunches of ten to fifteen almost sessile flowers on a common peduncle, furnished Avith several bracts at its base. It Avas proved by Dr. Bute, United States. Preparation.—The fresh bark is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole well, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug power, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. DATURA ARBOREA, Linn Synonym, Brugmansia Gardneri, Ruiz et Pav. Nat. Ord., Solanacese. Common Name, Tree Stramonium. This is a native of the Pacific coast, northward from Peru to Cali- fornia. The flowers are long, tubular, bent downward, snowy-white, and of a very sweet odor. It was introduced to the homoeopathic profession by Dr. Poulson, United States. Preparation.—The fresh floAvers are chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole well, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand tAvo weeks in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug power, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. DELPHINUS AMAZONICUS. Synonym, Delphinus Geoffroyi. Class, Mammalia. Order, Cetacea. Family, Delphinida. Common Name, Amazonian Dolphin. This dolphin is from nine to ten feet long; its body is large and cylin- drical, of a brownish-gray color above and pure white beloAv. Its jaAvs, of equal length, are long, narrow, linear, armed on each side with twenty-six large, conical, somewhat rugose teeth, with wide crowns. Its forehead is bomb-shaped, the eyes a little above the commissure of the lips. The pectoral fins are of considerable size, brownish at their extremities, and placed very low; the dorsal fin is elevated and semi- lunar. This dolphin, as its name shows, inhabits the mouth of the Amazon. It has a thick and fibrous skin, Avhich we employ in medi- cine. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 203 Introduced into our Materia Medica by Dr. Mure, Brazil. Preparation.—The fresh skin is prepared by trituration, as di- rected under Class IX. DICTAMNUS. Synonyms, Dictamnus Albus, Willd. D. Fraxinella, Linn. Nat. Ord., Rutacese. Common Names, White or Bastard Dittany. Fraxinella. This perennial plant groAvs in the south of Germany, in Italy, France, Russia, in mountain Avoods, and on stony hills. Root elongated, of the thickness of a finger, branchy, succulent, someAvhat spongy; stem up- right, from two to three feet high, slightly angular, streaked green, furnished Avith red, resinous glands, and terminating in a beautiful spike; leaves alternate, shining, pinnated; flowers terminal, in spikes, of a snoAvy-Avhite or a clear red, Avith stripes of a deeper color; seeds ovoid, black. When fresh, the Avhole plant emits a strong, resinous odor, and exhales a quantity of ethereal oil, which, when a lighted candle is brought near in a dry and hot air, inflames Avithout any injury to the plant. Preparation.—The fresh rootlets and the bark only of the larger roots are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole Avell, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. DIGITALIS. Synonyms, Digitalis Purpurea, Linn. Nat. Ord., Scrophulariacese. Common Names, Foxglove. Fairy Fingers. Purple Glove. D. purpurea is a beautiful plant common throughout Europe, and groAving best on siliceous soils, in thickets and bushy ground and Avaste places. In the warm parts of Europe it is a mountain plant. The root is biennial or perennial, from Avhich in the second year ascends a single, erect, leafy stem, from two to five feet high. The lower leaves are ovate, sometimes a foot or more long, upon winged stalks. The upper ones are sparse and lanceolate. Both have margins crenate, or at least sub-serrate. The segments of the calyx are ovate-oblong; cor- olla campanulate, obtuse, upper lip entire, purple, internally white, with black spots. The flowers are numerous, in a long simple spike. The drug was proven by Hahnemann. Preparation.—The fresh leaves, from the uncultivated plant in its second season, gathered when about to bloom, are chopped and pounded to a pulp, enclosed in a piece of new linen and subjected to pressure. 204 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled with an equal part by weight of alcohol. This mixture is allowed to stand eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. DIOSCOREA. Synonyms, Dioscorea Villosa, Linn. Dioscorea Quinata. Dios- corea Paniculata. Ubium Quinatum. Nat. Ord., Dioscoreacese. Common Names, China Root. Colic Root. Devil's Bones. Wild Yam. This is an indigenous perennial creeper, twining over bushes and fences, in thickets and hedges. Its stems are slender, from knotty and matted root-stocks; leaves mostly alternate, sometimes whorled in fours, downy underneath, heart-shaped, somewhat pointed, nine to eleven-ribbed ; flowers pale greenish-yellow, the sterile in panicles, the fertile in simple racemes, both drooping. The flowers are very small. Stamens six, at the base of the divisions of the six-parted perianth. Pods eight to ten lines long, three-celled, three-winged, loculicidally three-valved. Seeds one or two in each cell, flat, Avith a membrana- ceous wing. The plant grows from New England to Wisconsin, and is common in Southern States. The first provings were by Dr. A. M. Cushing, U. S. Preparation.—The fresh root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole well, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. DIPSACUS SYLVESTRIS, Miller. Nat. Ord., Dipsacese. Common Name, Wild Teasel. This plant is a native of Europe, from Denmark southward, North- ern Africa and Western Asia. Its stem is three to four feet high, stout, rigid; ribs prickly. Leaves radical, on the first year's groAvth only, spreading; cauline six to eight inches long, oblong-lanceolate, entire or crenate; midrib prickly. Heads tAvo to three inches long; bracts linear, rigid, longer than the head; floral bracts very long, rigid, subulate, strict, ciliate ; involucre pubescent, four-angled in fruit. Calyx-limb deciduous. Corolla purplish. Flowers appear in July and September. Preparation.—The fresh plant in flower, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 205 rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole well, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. DIPTERIX ODOR AT A, Willdenow. Synonyms, Coumarouna Odorata, Aublet. Baryosma Tongo. Nat. Ord., Leguminosse. Common Names, Tonka Bean. Tongo or Tonquin Bean. Tonka beans are the seeds of a tree groAving in Guiana. They are enclosed each in a single pod, and are from one and a half to two inches long, and a quarter to a third of an inch wide, covered by a dark brown, nearly black, shining skin. They have a peculiar, agree- able, aromatic odor, resembling in some degree that of neAV moAvn hay. Their taste is aromatic and bitter. Preparation.—The dried seeds, coarsely powdered, are covered Avith five parts by Aveight of alcohol. Having poured the mixture into a Avell-stoppered bottle, let it remain eight days in a dark, cool place, shaking it tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Amount of drug poAver, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. DIRCA PALUSTRIS, Linn. Nat. Ord., Thymelacese. Common Names, Leathenvood. MoosAvood. Ropebark. Wi- copy. A shrub found groAving in rich, damp woods in the United States as far south as Georgia. The nearly sessile leaves are alternate, oval- obovate, Avith acute ends, and tomentous and pale green beneath. The floAvers appear before the leaves, are small, funnel-shaped, clus- tered in threes. The bark is from the interlacing of its fibres ex- tremely tough; it is smooth, yelloAvish-broAvn, or greyish-brown in color. It was first proved by Dr. E. H. Spooner, U. S. Preparation.—The fresh inner bark of the tAvigs is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then tAvo parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole well, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug power, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. 206 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. DOLICHOS PRURIENS, Linn. Synonyms, Mucuna Pruriens, De Candolle. Carpopogon Pruriens. Stitzolobium Pruriens. Nat. Ord., Leguminosse. Common Names, Cowhage. Cowitch. Kiwach. The Avord cowhage is a corruption of the Sanscrit Kapi-Kachchu, meaning monkey's itch. The substance is furnished by D. pruriens, Linn., a lofty climbing plant Avith large dark purple papilionaceous flowers, and downy legumes, in size and shape somewhat like those of the sweet pea. The tree is common to the tropical regions of India, Africa and America. The pods are densely covered with rigid, pointed, brown hairs about one-tenth of an inch in length. The hairs are readily removable from the epidermis, but the operator should Avear gloves to protect the skin of the hands from the pointed barbs of the hairs. The drug was proved by Dr. Jacob Jeanes, U. S. Preparation.—The hair, carefully scraped from the epidermis of the pod, is covered with five parts by weight of alcohol, and allowed to remain eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, T\j. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. DORYPHORA DECEMLINEATA. Class, Insecta. Order, Coleoptera. Family, Chrysomelina. Common Names, Colorado Beetle. Potato Bug. This insect makes its home among the foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains, Avhere it feeds upon a species of solanum growing in that locality. It attacks the other solanacese (the potato, tomato), and commits widespread devastation. The drug was first proven by Dr. C. Ruden, U. S. Preparation.—The live insect is crushed and covered with five parts by weight of alcohol. Having been poured into a well-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to remain eight days in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. Amount of drug power, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. DRACONTIUM FCETIDUM, Linn. Synonyms, Symplocarpus Foetidus, Salisbury. Pothos Fcetidus, Michaux. Ictodes Foetidus, Bigelow. Nat. Ord., Araceaa. Common Names, Skunk Cabbage. Foetid Hellebore. Polecat Weed. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 207 D. faetidum is a horribly ill-smelling perennial plant, found in low moist grounds throughout the United States. The large, abrupt root puts out numerous fleshy fibres tAvo feet or more in length. In the early spring the spathe first appears, purple-spotted, enclosing the spa- dix, which is oval, the latter being covered Avith dull purple flowers. The leaves appear after the floAvers, are numerous, bright green in color and very large. Preparation.—The fresh root, gathered in spring, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole well, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, \. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. DROSERA. Synonyms, Drosera Rotundifolia, IJnn. Rorella Rotundifolia. Ros Solis. Nat. Ord., Droseracese. Common Names, Round-leaved SundeAv. Moor-grass. Red Rot. Youth Wort. This plant groAvs on turfy ground, thickly covered with short moss, in the north of Europe, Bavaria, Northern Asia and America. The perennial root is thin, of a deep brown color; stem erect, thin, glabrous, rough, from two to eight inches high, and, previous to flowering, rolled upon itself at the summit. The leaves have long peduncles, are circu- lar or transversely oval, disposed in a circle, somewhat juicy and breaking easily, pale green on the lower surface, and on the upper surface covered with many red hairs which are provided, at their ex- tremities, with purple-red follicles, which Avhen exposed to the sun, exude a clear, viscid juice. The flowers are alternate, on short peduncles, white, and open during dry, fine weather for a moment about noon. It was first proven by Hahnemann. Preparation.—The entire fresh plant, gathered at the commence- ment of flowering, is chopped and pounded to a fine pulp, enclosed in a piece of new linen and subjected to pressure. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled Avith an equal part by Aveight of alcohol. This mixture is allowed to remain eight days in a well- stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, \. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. DULCAMARA. Synonyms, Solanum Dulcamara, Linn. Dulcis Amara. Nat. Ord., Solanacese. 208 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Common Names, Bitter-Sweet (not Climbing Bitter-Sweet, or Celastrus). Woody Nightshade (not Deadly Nightshade, or Belladonna). A climbing, shrubby plant, found groAving in moist situations in many parts of the world. Its stem is round, slender and Avoody, giving off flexuose branches, and is six to ten feet high, but Avhen supported frequently extends to twice that length. Its leaves are alternate, on petioles, ovate, acuminate, the lower ones entire, the upper becoming auriculate or hastate. Flowers drooping, in cyme-like clusters from the side of the stem. Corolla of five reflexed segments, purple, Avith two green spots at the base of each. The odor of the leaves and stem nauseous and narcotic ; their taste is first sweet and then bitter. It Avas proven by Hahnemann. Preparation.—The fresh green stems covered with a gray epider- mis, pliant, not ligneous, and the leaves gathered before floAvering, are chopped and pounded to a fine pulp, enclosed in a piece of neAv linen and subjected to pressure. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled Avith an equal part by Aveight of alcohol. This mixture is alloAved to stand eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place and then filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, 2. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. ELAPS CORALLINUS. Class, Reptilia. Order, Ophidia. Family, Elapidse. Common Name, Coral Viper. The elaps corallinus is found quite frequently in the woods all along the coast of Brazil, and its bite is much dreaded. Its colors are more brilliant and more agreeably combined than those of any other serpent in Brazil. Its head is small, covered Avith large polygonal scales; it SAvells behind and is continuous with the neck, from which it is scarcely distinguished as regards size. It has round and small eyes ; the jaAvs AArhich are little dilatable, are furnished Avith sharp teeth, accompanied by fangs that rest on the venomous glands. The body is about tAvo feet and a half in length; it is round, rather large in proportion to the head, and terminates in a sharp tail. The upper part is covered with smooth rhomboidal scales; the belly is covered Avith two hundred transverse shields; the tail has fifty shields, Avhich are arranged in tAvo par- allel roAvs. Its colors are disposed in the shape of rings of a ver- million-red, alternating Avith black rings, each two rings being separated by circular lines of a greenish-Avhite. The upper part of the head is black, likeAvise the first colored ring of the neck; the shields of the jaAvs are white, and are separated from each other by black lines. The drug Avas introduced into the Homoeopathic Materia Medica by Dr. Mure, Brazil. Preparation.—The poison, pressed from the jaAvs of the living animal by means of steel pincers, is triturated as directed under Class VIII. * HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 209 ELAIS GUINEENSIS, Jacquin. Nat. Ord., Palmse. Common Name, Palm Tree. This species is spread all over South America; it prefers cultivated and sunny regions. Its trunk, which is from twenty-five to thirty feet high, is covered by the persistent bases of the leaves. The top-leaves form a thick tuft; they are large, pinnate, Avith numerous folioles, ensi- form, alternate and sessile, attached to a strong rachis or spike, the petiolar portion of which is garnished Avith long and sharp prickles. The flowers are monoecious, with a papyraceous perianth having six divisions. The male floAvers have six stamens and three internal, erect and converging folioles. They form ramose spathes in fusiform masses, placed betAveen the bases of the leaves. The female flowers are scat- tered ; the ovary is sub-cylindrical, surmounted by a short style Avith a bilobate stigma. The fruit is oval, oleaginous, reddish-yelloAV, sur- rounded by a hard and angular pericarp. The drug Avas introduced into our Materia Medica by Dr. Mure, Brazil. Preparation.—The ripe fruit is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class IX. ELATERIUM. Synonyms, Ecbalium Elaterium, Richard. Momordica Elate- rium, Linn. Cucumis Agrestis. Nat. Ord., Cucurbitacese. Common Names, Elaterium. Squirting Cucumber. E. elaterium is a coarse, fleshy, decumbent plant, Avithout tendrils. It has a thick, Avhite, perennial root. It is common in the countries bordering on the Mediterranean. The fruit is cucumber-like in ap- pearance, ovoid-oblong, nodding, about one and one-half inches long, covered Avith numerous, short, fleshy prickles, which terminate in Avhite, lengthened points. It is fleshy and green while young, yelloAvish Avhen mature. It is three-celled, and contains numerous oblong seeds, in a very bitter, juicy pulp. The fruit when ripe separates suddenly from the stalk, and at the same moment the seeds and juice are forcibly ex- pelled from the aperture left by the detached stem. Hence for medici- nal purposes, the fruit must be collected before the period of maturity. It Avas first proved by Dr. Caleb B. Matthews, United States Preparation.—The fruit, not quite ripe, is pounded to a pulp, en- closed in a piece of neAv linen and subjected to pressure. The ex- pressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled with an equal part by Aveight of alcohol, and alloAved to stand eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, h Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. 14 210 HOMOEOPATH[C PHARMACEUTICS. EPIGZEA REPENS, Linn. Nat. Ord., Ericacese. Common Names, Trailing Arbutus. Ground Laurel. This indigenous plant grows in sandy woods and rocky soils,_ gener- ally preferring the sides of hills, Avith a northern exposure. It is more commonly found eastward. A prostrate or trailing plant, almost shrubby, pubescent, with evergreen, cordate-ovate alternate leaves, on slender petioles, flowers white or rose-colored, in small axillary clusters. Corolla salver-form; the tube villous inside, as long as the green calyx. Stamens ten, filaments slender; anthers oblong, opening lengthwise. Style slender; stigma five-lobed. Capsule five-lobed, five-celled, many- seeded. Preparation.—The fresh leaves are pounded to a fine pulp and weighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and after thoroughly mixing the pulp Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After stirring the Avhole well, pour it into a Avell- stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. EQUISETUM ARVENSE, Linn. Nat. Ord., Equisetacese. Common Names, Common Horsetail. Horsetail Rush. This is a leafless plant, Avith rush-like, simple, smooth, fertile stem, appearing in March or April, and soon perishing. The barren stems are slender, one or two feet high, green, jointed, about tAvelve-furroAved, simple or few-branched, bearing at the joints four teeth. Preparation.—The fresh plant is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the whole Avell, pour it into a Avell-stop- pered bottle and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. EQUISETUM HYEMALE, Linn. Nat. Ord., Equisetacea?. Common Names, Scouring Rush. Shave Grass. This is a leafless plant of the same genus as the preceding. It has a simple, erect stem, about tAvo feet high, round, rough, the ridges rough by the grooves, sheaths lengthened, and with about twenty nar- row linear teeth, Avith a black girdle at the base and tip at the joints. The drug was first proven by Dr. Hugh M. Smith, U. S. Preparation.—The fresh plant is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 211 pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole Avell, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, h. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. ERECHTHITES HIERACIFOLIA, Rafinesque. Synonym, Senecio Hieracifolius, Linn. Nat. Ord., Compositse. Common Name, FireAveed. This is an indigenous plant, groAving in moist Avoods; common espe- cially nortlnvard, springing up Avhere the ground has been burned over, hence the popular name. Its grooved stem is from one to five feet high, frequently hairy. Its leaves are alternate, lanceolate or ob- long, acute, sharp-dentate, sessile; the upper auricled and clasping at the base. Flowers Avhitish, in corymbous heads. The floAvers are all tubular and fertile, Avithout rays; involucre cylindrical, scales in a sin- gle row, linear, acute. Receptacle naked. Pappus of numerous, fine, capillary bristles. The plant has a very rank odor. Flowers from July to September. Preparation.—The fresh plant, in flower, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole well, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IIL ERIGERON CANADENSE, Linn. Nat. Ord., Compositse. Common Names, Canada Fleabane. Horse Weed. This is an indigenous annual plant, stem tAvo to six feet high, bristly- hairy, and divided into many branches. The leaves linear-lanceolate, entire except those at the root, Avhich are dentate. The flower-heads are very small, numerous, Avhite and panicled. Their oblong calyx and minute rays, help to distinguish this from other Erigerons. It flowers in July and August. It was proved by Dr. W. H. Burt, United States. Preparation.—The fresh plant Avhen in bloom is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alco- hol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole well, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. 212 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Drug power of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. ERIODICTYON CALIFORNICUM, Bentham. Synonyms, Eriodictyon Glutinosum, Bentham. Yerba Santa. Nat. Ord., Hydrophyllaceae. Common Names, Mountain Balm. Consumptive's Weed. Bear's Weed. An evergreen shrub indigenous to California and Northern Mexico, where it inhabits the mountainous regions. Its leaves are used in medicine. They are elliptical, lanceolate, finely serrate or nearly en- tire, green, the upper surface exuding a varnish-like substance Avhich covers them; Avhite and hirsute underneath. The conspicuous purple- blue flowers are clustered in racemes. The leaves have an aromatic and balsamic taste and odor. This drug Avas introduced to the homoeopathic profession by prov- ings made under the direction of Dr. G. M. Pease, United States. Preparation.—The fresh leaves are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole Avell, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class HI. ERYNGIUM AQUATICUM, Linn. Synonyms, Eryngium Petiolatum. Eryngium Yuccaffolium, Mi- chaux. Nat. Ord., Umbelliferse. Common Names, Button Snakeroot. Water Eryngo. This is an indigenous perennial herb having a simple stem one to five feet high, with a perennial tuberous root. Leaves a foot or two in length, ensiform below, broadly linear above. Flowers white, inconspicuous, in globose heads. The plant is not aquatic in its habit, but is found growing in dry or damp pine barrens South and West. Flowers in July and August. It was first proven by Dr. C. H. McClelland, United States. Preparation.—The fresh root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole well, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 213 ERYNGIUM MARITIMUM. Nat. Ord., Umbelliferse. Common Name, Sea Holly. This plant is a native of Europe and Northern Africa, groAving on sandy shores. Rootstock creeping, stoloniferous. Stems one to two feet high, stout, three-chotomously branched. Radical leaves two to five inches in diameter, suborbicular, three-lobed, spinous, margins car- tilaginous ; cauline palmate. Heads about three together, half an inch to one inch in diameter, at length ovoid. Primary involucre of three bracts; partial of five to seven ovate spinous-serrate bracts; bracteoles trifid, equalling the floAvers FloAvers one-eighth inch in diameter, bluish-white, appearing in July and August. Proven by E. B. Ivatts, Dublin, Ireland. Preparation.—The fresh plant is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole well, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS, Labillardiere. Nat. Ord., Myrtacese. Common Names, Fever-tree. Australian Gum-tree. Blue Gum- tree. The blue gum-tree is found in Australia, in A>nlleys and in moist re- gions upon the mountain sides. It reaches a height of 200, and at times of 300 feet; it is a very rapid groAver. The leaves are nearly a foot in length, thick, coriaceous, lanceolate or lanceolate-oval, and entire. Their color is yelloAvish-green and they are studded with numerous oil- glands; the midrib is very prominent and near the margin are two lateral veins. The odor of the leaves is balsamic, and the taste is bitter, aromatic and pungent, followed by a cooling sensation on the tongue. The drug was introduced into our Materia Medica by Dr. A. Maurin, France. Preparation.—The fresh leaves are chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp thoroughly mixed Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. " After having stirred the Avhole Avell, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, I. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. EUGENIA JAMBOS, Linn. Synonyms, Jambosa Vulgaris, De Candolle. Myrtus Jambos. Nat. Ord., Myrtaceas. 214 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Common Names, Malabar Plum-tree. Rose-apple. This beautiful tree is a native of the Indies and the warm countries of America ; it is never Avithout flowers or fruit, and attains a height of twenty to forty feet; the bark of the trunk is reddish-brown, that of the branches cracked but smooth; leaves alternate, entire, lan- cinate veined, and full of points, in length six to eight lines, of a deep green above, pale green below; peduncles terminal, ramose, mul- tifloral; flowers large, of a dull yellow; fruit almost spherical, of the size of a medium pear, of a fine pale yellow, approaching to rose color; seeds monospermous, with four angles, and enveloped in a thin pellicle; the fruit is eaten, but the seeds, and above all the envelope, are con- sidered poisonous; the root of this tree, it is said, contains one of the most violent poisons. This drug was proven by Dr. Hering. Preparation.—The fresh seeds are chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole well, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and fil- tering. Drug power of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. EUONYMUS ATROPURPUREUS, Jacquin. Synonyms, Euonymus Carolinensis. Euonymus Tristis. Nat. Ord., Celastracese. Common Names, Wahoo. Spindle-tree. Burning-bush. This is a shrub (from four to ten feet in height). Leaves opposite, petiolate, elliptic-ovate, pointed, serrate. The small and dark purple flowers are four-parted. The capsule or pod is smooth, crimson, and deeply four-lobed. The plant is indigenous throughout the Northern and Western States. Preparation.—The fresh bark of the twigs and root of the uncul- tivated plant, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp thoroughly mixed with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added." After having stirred the whole well, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. EUONYMUS EUROPiEUS, Linn. Nat. Ord., Celastracese. Common Name, Spindle-tree. The common spindle-tree is a bush occurring everywhere in Europe, HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 215 in hedges and woods, becoming sometimes as large as a tree. It has lanceolate, at the margin crenate, leaves, and small, pale green raceme four-petaled flowers on forked peduncles. The fleshy seed-capsule, rose- colored Avhen ripe, mostly quadrilocular, contains as many roundish, saffron-yellow seeds, of a disagreeable smell and bitter taste. Preparation.—The fresh fruit, as soon as it begins to turn red, is pounded to a pulp, enclosed in a piece of neAv linen and subjected to pressure. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled Avith an equal part by Aveight' of alcohol, and alloAved to stand eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Drug power of tincture, ='. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. EUPATORIUM AROMATICUM, Linn. Nat. Ord., Composite. Common Names, Pool Root. White Snake-Root. This is an indigenous plant, groAving in copses, from Massachusetts to Virginia and southAvard, near the coast. The entire plant is slightly pubescent. The stem is slender, nearly simple, about tAvo feet high. Leaves corymbous at summit, petiolate, opposite, lance-ovate, obtusely serrate, not pointed. The large heads are ten and fifteen floAvered, Avhite and aromatic. Preparation.—The fresh root, gathered in autumn, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole Avell, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and fil- tering. Drug power of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class HI. EUPATORIUM PERFOLIATUM, Linn. Synonym, Eupatorium Salvisefolium. Nat. Ord., Compositse. Common Names, Ague Weed. Boneset. Thoroughwort. Veg- etable Antimony. This is a hairy perennial, found throughout the United States and Canada. The round, erect stem is from two to four feet high, branch- ing near the summit. Leaves opposite, perfoliate-connate, crenate-ser- rate, pale beneath. Flowers are white, in dense flat-topped corymbs. It floAvers from July to September. The drug was first proven by Drs. W. Williamson and Neidhard, U. S. Preparation.—The fresh herb, just in bloom, is chopped and pounded to a fine pulp and weighed Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp thoroughly mixed with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole well, 216 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, strain- ing and filtering. Drug power of tincture, &. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. EUPATORIUM PURPUREUM, Linn. Nat. Ord., Compositse. Common Names, Gravel-root. Joe Pye Weed. Purple Boneset. Queen of the Meadow. Trumpet Weed. This is a herbaceous perennial plant, with a green, sometimes purple stem, five or six feet high, leaves ovate, serrate, rugosely veined, peti- olate, whorled in fours or fives. The flowers are pale purple, in a lax corymb. It grows in low grounds, from Virginia northward. Flowers in August and September. The provings were made under direction of Dr. B. L. Dresser, United States. Preparation.—The fresh root, gathered in autumn, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp thoroughly mixed with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole well, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decant- ing, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, e. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. EUPHORBIA COROLLATA, Linn. Nat Ord., Euphorbiacese. Common Names, Bowman's Root. Large-flowering Spurge. Milk Weed. Wild Ipecac. An erect, smooth, perennial plant, growing in various States of the Union, and abundantly in the south and Avest. The full groAvn root is one and a half to two feet long, cylindrical and but little branched. Stem simple, two to three feet high. Leaves oblong-ovate, linear, ob- tuse. Flowers in umbels, dichotomously branched. The large, white calyx resembles a corolla; it is rotate, has five petal-like segments, each having a greenish gland at the base. It floAvers in July and August. It was introduced into our Materia Medica by Dr. E. M. Hale, U. S. Preparation.—The fresh root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed.' Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole well, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and fil- tering. Drug power of tincture, &. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 217 EUPHORBIA HYPERICIFOLIA, Linn. Nat. Ord., Euphorbiacese. Common Names, Milk Parsley. Spurge. This plant is indigenous to the United States, where it is very com- mon in open places and cultivated soils. Its stem is smooth or sparsely hirsute, erect, a foot or tAvo high; leaves oblique at the obtuse or slightly cordate base, ovate-oblong or oblong-linear, sometimes fal- cate, serrate (half an inch to one and a half inch long), often spotted or margined with red; stipules triangular; peduncles longer than the petioles, collected in loose leafy cymes at the ends of the branches; appendages of the involucre entire, larger and white, or smaller and sometimes red; pod glabrous, obtusely angled; seeds ovate, obtusely angled, wrinkled and tubercled, half a line long, blackish. Preparation.—The fresh plant is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole Avell, pour it into a Avell-stop- pered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug power, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. EUPHORBIA VILLOSA. Synonyms, Euphorbia Pilosa, Linn. Euphorbia Sylvestris. Nat. Ord., Euphorbiacese. Common Name, Spurge. This variety is indigenous to Europe from Southern France and Ger- many soutliAvards, and Western Siberia, where it is found groAving in copses and hedges. Rootstock stout; stems one to three feet high, stout, leafy, much branched above; leaves two to five inches long, obtuse, narrowed at the base, lower obscurely petioled, upper sessile; bracts short, often orbicular; involucre large; glands large, oblong, purple; capsule one-fifth inch long, glands prominent, with pencils of hairs; seeds broad, broAvn. FloAvers appear in May and June. Preparation.—The fresh root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole well, pour it into a well-stop- pered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug power, \. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. EUPHORBIUM. Synonyms, Euphorbia Resinifera, Berg. Euphorbium Tenella. Nat. Ord., Euphorbiacese. Common Name, Euphorbium. 218 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. E. resinifera is a leafless, glaucous, perennial plant, native of Mor- rocco, where it grows on the lower slopes of the Atlas Mountains. Its stems are ascending, fleshy, four-angled and cactaceous. It is without leaves, simple depressions indicating leaf-buds; below each depression instead of stipules are divergent, horizontal, straight spines studding the stem at intervals. At the summits of the branches are pedunculate cymes of three flowers. Upon making incisions in the green fleshy branches of the plant a milky juice exudes, which hardens by exposure to the air as it flows down, and thus encrusts the stems. The gum resin is collected in the latter part of the summer, and the gatherers are obliged to protect mouth and nostrils, by tying a cloth over them, against the acridity of the irritating dust. Euphorbium, as found in commerce, is in irregular pieces, seldom more than one inch in their greatest diameter. It is a waxy-looking, brittle substance of a dull yellow or brown color, with portions of the spiny stem imbedded in it, or if the spines have shrunken and fallen out, their places are repre- sented by holes. The dust arising when powdering the drug excites sneezing, and if it be inhaled is extremely poisonous. Its odor is slightly aromatic and its taste is persistent and acrid. The drug was introduced into our Materia Medica by Hahnemann. Preparation.—The powdered gum resin is covered with five parts by weight of alcohol, and allowed to remain eight days in a well-stop- pered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, Tx^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV EUPHRASIA. Synonym, Euphrasia Officinalis, Linn. Nat. Ord., Scrophulariaceas. Common Name, Eyebright. * This little annual plant grows in the meadows on the borders of forests, all over Europe. The root is very small, hairy; the stem rounded, downy, from five to twelve inches high, ramose at the base, and sometimes simple; leaves alternate, sessile, oval, obtuse, glabrous, thick, sharp-toothed; flowers axillary, in a terminal spike; calyx cylindric, four-leaved; corolla white, labiated, lobed; capsule double, oval, oblong; anthers two-horned, spinous at the base, on one of the lobes. It was proven by Hahnemann. Preparation.—The fresh plant, omitting the root, gathered when in flower in July and August, principally from poor-soiled, sunny places, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then take two-thirds by weight of alcohol, and moisten the chopped plant with as much of it as is necessary to make a thick pulp, and stir Avell; add the rest of the alcohol, mix thoroughly and strain lege artis through a piece of neAV linen. The tincture thus obtained is allowed to stand eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 219 Drug power of tincture, 5. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class II. EUPION. This is one of the products resulting from the dry distillation of Avood. Mention is made of it under the article Kreosotum. It was proven by Dr. Bertoldi, Italy. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by weight of eupion is dissolved in ninety-nine parts by weight of 95 per cent, alcohol. Drug power of tincture, T^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class VI—ft. FAGOPYRUM ESCULENTUM, Mcench. Synonym, Polygonum Fagopyrum, Linn. Nat. Ord., Polygonaceae. Common Name, Buckwheat. This is an annual, indigenous to Central Asia, but is cultivated in most parts of the Avorld. Its stem is smooth, Avith triangular cordate or hastate leaves, semi-cylindrical sheaths. FloAvers Avhite or Avhitish, in corymbose racemes or panicles. Calyx petal-like, equally five- parted, Avithering and nearly unchanged in fruit. Interposed between the eight stamens are eight honey-bearing, yelloAv glands. Styles three, stigma capitate. Achenium three-sided, acute and entire, longer than the calyx. It was proven by Dr. Dexter Hitchcock, United States. Preparation.—The fresh, mature plant, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole well, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug power, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. FARFARA. Synonym, Tussilago Farfara, Linn. Nat. Ord., Compositse. Common Name, Coltsfoot. This perennial herb is found growing in damp heavy soil in Europe and Northern Asia. It has a creeping root-stock a foot or foot and a half long, yellowish or grayish-white in color. The leaves are radical, on long petioles, are nearly six inches in length, roundish-cordate, sharp- serrate; their upper surface is dark green and smooth, the under whitish and tomentous. The flower-heads have yellow ligulate rays. in many rows, the florets of the disk are tubular and number about tweuty. 220 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Preparation.—The fresh herb is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole well, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days, in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. FERRI ET STRYCHNINE CITRAS. Citrate of Iron and Strychnia. Preparation of Citrate of Iron and Strychnia.— Take of the citrate of iron and ammonium 98 parts; strychnia, citric acid, each one part; distilled water 120 parts. Dissolve the citrate of iron and ammonium in 100 parts, and the strychnia together with the citric acid in 20 parts of the distilled water. Mix the two solutions, evapo- rate the mixture by means of a water-bath, at a temperature not ex- ceeding 140° F., to the consistence of syrup; and spread it upon plates of glass, so that when dry, the salt may be obtained in scales. This is a mixture of citrate of strychnia with citrate of iron and ammonium. Properties.—This compound is in thin transparent scales, garnet- red in color, and deliquescent. They are Avithout odor and have a chalybeate, bitter taste; they dissolve easily in water, but in alcohol they are only slightly soluble. Tests.—If prepared from materials previously tested and found free from impurities, the compound will be pure. For identification the following tests may be used: Dissolve one part of the double salt in four parts of Avater, then add one part of liquor potassas; the whole is to be agitated with tAvo parts of chloroform The chloroformic layer is to be removed, and after evaporation will leave a residue which can be identified as strychnia by the tests mentioned in the article Strych- ninum. Ammonia gas will be evolved by heating a watery solution of the double salt Avith potassium hydrate. Ferric iron will be indi- cated by adding to a dilute solution of the compound a feAV drops of potassium ferrocyanide solution, Avhen after acidification with HC1, a blue coloration will appear, the color being destroyed by adding am- monia in excess. When a portion of the citrate is ignited on platinum foil, acid fumes come off, whose odor is similar to that of burnt sugar, but not identical with the odor from an ignited tartrate. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Citrate of iron and strychnia is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. FERRUM. Synonyms, Ferrum Metallicum. Ferrum Redactum. Ferrum Reductum. Ferrum Hydrogenio Reductum. Common Name, Iron. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 221 Preparation of Iron by Hydrogen.—There are three stages in this process. 1. The preparation of a pure ferric hydrate from ferric chloride, drying and powdering the same ; 2. Submitting the ferric hydrate at a red heat to the reducing action of a continuous stream of pure hydrogen gas as long as vapor of Avater comes off; and finally continuing the stream of hydrogen until the reduced iron has cooled. The process is hardly suitable to the pharmaceutical laboratory, and perfectly pure reduced iron is obtainable. It is stated on high author- ity that preparations of iron by hydrogen, made in France, are more or less impure and not free from ferrous sulphide. Properties.—Iron reduced by hydrogen is an odorless, tasteless, fine, gray poAvder (not black), someAvhat lighter in Aveight than pow- dered iron. It can be readily compacted by strong pressure; Avhen rubbed thus in a mortar it shoAvs metallic streaks, and when a small amount is hammered on an anvil, a brilliant scale of the metal is pro- duced. A lighted match inflames it readily, the poAvder burning to ferric oxide. Tests.—Its complete solubility in dilute hydrochloric acid is a real test of its value. One part of reduced iron is treated Avith tAvelve parts of the dilute acid, and after hydrogen gas ceases to be evolved, the mixture is heated to boiling; a greenish or greenish-yelloAv solution should result. When treated with one hundred volumes of a 3 per cent. bromine-Avater and digested Avith the aid of a gentle heat, the bromine will, in the course of half an hour, unite Avith the pure iron ; after diluting AA'ith an equal quantity of Avater, the undissolved residue of ferroso-ferric oxide is to be collected on a tared filter, Avashed Avith dilute alcohol and weighed; its amount should not exceed 50 per cent. of the Aveight of the reduced iron originally taken for the test. Ferrous sulphide, if present, will be detected on first dissolving the reduced iron in dilute hydrochloric acid, Avhen the evolved gas Avill blacken filter paper moistened with a solution of lead acetate Ferrum was proven by Hahnemann. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure reduced iron is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. FERRUM ACETICUM. Synonyms, Ferri Acetas. Ferric Acetate. Ferrum Oxydatum Aceticum. Common Name, Acetate of Iron. Formula, Fe2 (C2 H3 02)2. Preparation of Acetate of Iron —"Take of solution of persul- phate of iron, tAvo and a half fluid ounces ; acetate of potash, two ounces (aAwd.); rectified spirit, a sufficiency. Dissolve the acetate of potash in ten fluid ounces, and add the persulphate of iron to eight fluid ounces of the spirit; then mix the two solutions in a two-pint bottle, and shake them Avell together, repeating the agitation several times during an hour."—Br. P. After the precipitate settles, decant the clear liquid and evaporate to dryness at a temperature of about 60° C. 1140° F.). 222 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Properties and Tests.—Ferric acetate is a dark brown uncrys- tallizable mass, having a strongly astringent taste. It should be kept in well-stoppered bottles, as it readily suffers decomposition ; it must be protected from light. It is soluble in three or four parts of cold Avater (boiling water decomposes it). Its alcoholic solution, when precipi- tated by ammonium hydrate in excess, will give a filtrate which should evaporate without residue. Ferrum aceticum was used by Hahnemann, and is included in his provings of Ferrum Metallicum. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by weight of acetate of iron is dissolved in ninety-nine parts by weight of strong alcohol. Amount of drug power, T-jj0. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class VI—ft. The solutions and dilutions do not keep well, and should, therefore, always be freshly prepared. Triturations are prepared as directed under Class VII. FERRUM ARSENICICUM. Synonyms, Ferroso-ferric Arsenate. Ferri Arsenias. Ferrum Arseniatum. Common Name, Arsenate of Iron. Formula, 2 Fe3 As2 08, 4 Fe As 04, Fe2 03, 32 H2 O. Molecular Weight, 2408. Preparation of Arsenate of Iron.—"Take of sulphate of iron, nine ounces ; arsenate of soda, dried at 300° F., four ounces; acetate of soda, three ounces ; boiling distilled Avater, a sufficiency. Dissolve the arsenate and acetate of soda in two pints, and the sulphate of iron in three pints of the water, mix the two solutions, collect the white preci- pitate which forms, on a calico filter, and Avash until the washings cease to be affected by a dilute solution of chloride of barium. Squeeze the washed precipitate between folds of strong linen in a screw press, and dry it on porous bricks in a Avarm air-chamber, whose temperature shall not exceed 100° F."—Br. P. Properties.—Arsenate of iron, as prepared by the above process, is an amorphous powder of a greenish or bluish-green color, and is in- soluble in water and alcohol. It dissolves readily in dilute hydro- chloric acid, forming a bright yellow solution. The solution, when treated with ferro-cyanide or ferri-cyanide of potassium, gives a blue precipitate, more abundant and of a deeper tint when the latter re- agent is used. The acid solution, Avhen treated with hydrogen sul- phide, shows a Avhite precipitate at first, of separated sulphur; this is followed by the precipitation of the yellow sulphide of arsenic. The substance resembles phosphate of iron in appearance, but may be dif- ferentiated from the phosphate by its behavior when boiled with caustic soda in excess and exactly neutralized by nitric acid, and then treated with silver nitrate solution ; a brick-red precipitate occurs. The phosphate of iron under like conditions gives a yellow precipitate. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure arsenate of iron is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 223 FERRUM BROMATUM. Synonym, Ferrous Bromide. Ferri Bromidum. Common Name, Bromide of Iron. Formula, Fe Br2. Molecular Weight, 216. Preparation of Bromide of Iron.—Bromine combines readily with iron. The preparation may be conveniently made by adding to one part of iron filings or iron Avire clippings in some Avater, tAvo parts of bromine; the mixture is to be digested until the liquid assumes a green tint, and then the whole is thrown upon a filter. The filtrate is to be evaporated to dryness on a Avater-bath. Properties.—Is a grayish-black amorphous mass; it readily oxi- dizes on exposure to the air, and then becomes broAvn in color. Heated to redness in the air it is decomposed into ferric oxide and ferric bro- mide, the latter volatilizing and condensing in yelloAV scales. It is a dangerous poison. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure bromide of iron is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. FERRUM CARBONICUM. Synonyms, Ferrous Carbonate. Ferri Carbonas Saccharata. Common Name, Saccharated Carbonate of Iron. Formula, Fe C03, H2 O. Molecular Weight, 134. Preparation.—Five parts of pure sulphate of iron, dissolved in twenty parts of distilleu water, are mixed Avith four parts of bicarbon- ate of soda dissolved in fifty parts of distilled Avater, and for two hours exposed to a temperature of 100° C. (212° F.). The precipitate thor- oughly freed from sulphuric acid, collected and as well pressed out as possible, is then mixed Avith eight parts by Aveight of sugar and thor- oughly dried in a water-bath. This preparation contains one-fifth of ferrum carb., and Avhen tritu- rated with the same quantity of sugar of milk gives the first decimal trituration. Further triturations are prepared as directed under Class VII. FERRUM IODATUM. Synonyms, Ferrous Iodide. Ferri Iodidum. Common Name, Iodide of Iron. Formula, Fe I2. Molecular Weight, 310. Preparation of Iodide of Iron.—"Take of fine iron Avire, one and a half ounces; iodine, three ounces; distilled water, fifteen fluid ounces. Put the iodine, iron, and tAvelve ounces of the water into a flask, and having heated the mixture gently for about ten minutes, raise the heat and boil until the froth becomes Avhite. Pass the solution as quickly as possible through a wetted calico filter into a dish of polished iron, 224 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Avashing the filter Avith the remainder of the Avater, and boil down until a drop of the solution taken out on the end of an iron wire solidifies on cooling. The liquid should now be poured out on a porcelain dish, and, as soon as it has solidified, should be broken into fragments and inclosed in a well-stoppered bottle."—Br. P. Properties and Tests.—Ferrous iodide, if anhydrous, is white in color; if prepared as above directed, and protected from the air, it is in green deliquescent crystals containing five molecules of water of crys- tallization. When the iodide is obtained by heating or triturating iodine with a slight excess of iron filings, it is a brown compound Avhich melts at a red heat, forms a gray laminar mass on cooling, and volatil- izes at a stronger heat. It dissolves readily in Avater, forming a pale green solution, which, by evaporation, yields the green crystals of the officinal process. Both crystals and solution, when exposed to the air, very quickly turn broAvn from the formation of oxy-iodide and the separation of ferric hydrate and iodine. It cannot be kept unaltered either in the solid state or in solution. Its constituents are readily identified, potassium ferricyanide producing in its solutions a dark blue precipitate (ferrous iron); if chlorine be added to its solution, the latter will color starch mucilage blue (presence of iodine). It was proven by Dr. Miiller, Germany. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure and freshly prepared iodide of iron is triturated, as directed under Class VII. FERRUM LACTICUM. Synonyms, Ferrous Lactate. Ferri Lactas. Common Name, Lactate of Iron. Formula, Fe (C3 H5 03)2, 3H2 O. Molecular Weight, 288. Preparation of Lactate of Iron.—Ferrous lactate is prepared by boiling dilute lactic acid with iron filings. To a pint of distilled Avater add one fluid ounce of lactic acid and half an ounce (troy) of iron filings; the whole is to be digested in an iron vessel, and the vol- ume of the mixture is to be kept intact by the addition of distilled Avater from time to time, to supply the loss by evaporation. When the evolution of gas has wholly ceased, the liquid is to be filtered Avhile hot, and the filtrate set aside in a glass or porcelain vessel to crystal- lize. At the end of two days the crystals may be removed, washed Avith alcohol and dried between folds of bibulous paper. Properties.—Officinal ferrous lactate is a whitish or white with a pale yellowish-green tinge, crystalline powder, whose taste is sweetish and weakly metallic. It is soluble in fifty parts of cold and in ten of boiling water, and is insoluble in alcohol. Its solutions react acid to test paper, and Avhen exposed to the air become broAvn in color from the formation of the ferric compound. Tests.—Ferrous lactate should, when treated Avith fifty parts of cold Avater, form a greenish-yellow solution; this solution after filtra- tion should, Avhen treated Avith neutral solution of lead acetate, give HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 225 only a faint turbidity, a marked turbidity or precipitate showing the presence of ferrous sulphate or tartrate. A solution of ferrous lactate when treated with caustic alkali in excess, the filtered solution Avarmed and treated Avith cupric sulphate, should not coagulate (absence of gum), nor should any precipitate occur when boiled (absence of dex- trin and milk-sugar). It Avas proven by Dr. Miiller, Germany. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure lactate of iron is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. FERRUM MAGNETICUM. Synonyms, Ferroso-ferric Oxide. Ferrum Oxydatum Magneti- cum. Ferri Oxidum Magneticum. Common Names, Magnetic Oxide of Iron. Black Oxide of Iron. Loadstone. Formula, Fe3 04 = Fe O, Fe2 03. Molecular Weight, 232. Preparation of Magnetic Oxide of Iron.—Take of solution of persulphate of iron, five and one-half fluid ounces; sulphate of iron, two ounces; solution of soda, five pints; distilled Avater, a sufficiency. Dissolve the sulphate of iron in two and one-half pints of the Avater, and add to it the solution of persulphate of iron; then mix this Avith the solution of soda, stirring them Avell together. Boil the mixture, let it stand for two hours, stirring it occasionally; then put it on a calico filter and Avash until the Avashings cease to give a precipitate Avith chloride of barium. Lastly, dry the precipitate at a temperature not exceeding 120° F.—Br. P. Properties and Tests.—It is a tasteless, broAvnish-black poAvder, which is strongly attracted by the magnet; it dissolves Avithout effer- vescence in Avarm hydrochloric acid diluted Avith half its volume of water, and this solution gives blue precipitates Avith ferrocyanide and ferricyanide of potassium. When heated in a test-tube it gives off moisture which condenses in the cool part of the tube, and Avhen the heat is continued in contact Avith the air, red ferric oxide is left. Its solution in HC1, Avhen treated with H2S, should only show a white precipitate of separated sulphur. The presence of sulphate from in- complete Avashing, will be shoAvn by agitating a portion of the powder Avith distilled water, and then testing the water with barium chloride in the usual way. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure magnetic ox- ide of iron is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. FERRUM MURIATICUM. Synonyms, Ferric Chloride. Ferri Chloridum. Ferrum Sesqui- chloratum. Common Names, Chloride of Iron. Muriate of Iron. Sesqiii- chloride (Perchloride) of Iron. 1 5 226 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Formula, Fe2 Cl6, 12H2 O. Molecular Weight, 541. Preparation of Chloride of Iron.—In a two pint flask place eight fluid ounces of hydrochloric acid, and add to the acid tAvo ounces of iron wire in clippings; heat the mixture till effervescence has ceased and filter. To the filtrate add four more ounces of hydrochloric acid; place the mixture in a large, porcelain capsule and heat nearly to boil- ing, adding nitric acid in small successive portions, as long as red fumes continue to be evolved, or till a drop of the liquid no longer gives a blue precipitate with potassium ferricyanide. The liquid is noAV to be evaporated at a gentle heat, till it is reduced to eight troy ounces and three-quarters, Avhen it may be set aside, protected by a cover glass, to crystallize. Properties.—Ferric chloride, prepared by the above mentioned process, is in pale, orange-yelloAV, opaque, hemispherical nodules, Avhich are crystalline in structure. It is deliquescent and readily soluble in water, alcohol and ether. The solutions are yelloAvish-broAvn in color, acid in reaction, and have a strong chalybeate taste. Tests.—Ferric chloride solution should give no precipitate Avith barium chloride (absence of sulphate); and if precipitated by ammon- ium hydrate in excess, should yield a filtrate that, after evaporation, leaves only ammonium chloride, Avhich volatilizes Avithout residue when heated to redness. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by Aveight of pure chloride of iron is dissolved in nine parts by Aveight of distilled Avater. Amount of drug poAver, y^-. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V.—a. FERRUM PHOSPHORICUM. Synonyms, Ferroso-ferric Phosphate. Ferri Phosphas. Common Name, Phosphate of Iron. Formula, Fe3 2P04, Fe P04, 12H2 O. Molecular Weight, 725. Preparation of Phosphate of Iron.—To ten parts of pure crys- tallized ferrous sulphate dissolved in sixty parts of cold, distilled water, is to be added a cold solution of thirteen parts of crystallized sodium phosphate in fifty of distilled water. The resulting precipitate is to be thrown on a filter and well washed with cold distilled water, then spread upon an unglazed tile or upon bibulous paper, and dried with- out the aid of artificial heat, when the dried mass is to be rubbed to a fine poAvder. Properties and Tests.—The officinal phosphate of iron is a blu- ish-gray powder without odor or taste. It is soluble in acids, but in- soluble in water and alcohol. Its solution in hydrochloric acid has a yellow color, and when treated with barium chloride exhibits only a faint turbidity, and with hydrogen sulphide, shows no change. The powder becomes greenish-gray in color when warmed, and at a higher temperature grayish-brown. The influence of daylight upon the salt HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 227 is to preserve its color. When treated Avith hot, distilled Avater, the latter should evaporate Avithout residue by heating on platinum foil. It Avas proven by Dr. J. C. Morgan, United States. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure phosphate of iron is prepared by trituration as directed under Class VII. FERRUM PYROPHOSPHORICUM. Synonyms, Ferric Pyrophosphate. Ferri Pyrophosphas. Common Name, Pyrophosphate of Iron. Preparation of Pyrophosphate of Iron.—Take of phosphate of sodium any quantity; heat it in a porcelain capsule till it melts in its Avater of crystallization, and finally to complete dryness. It is now to be placed in a shalloAv iron dish and heated to Ioav redness, Avith- out permitting it to fuse. The resulting pyrophosphate of sodium is to be dissolved in about six parts of Avater, Avith gentle heating; after fil- tering and cooling the solution, it may be crystallized. Next, 100 parts of ferric chloride solution of specific gravity 1.480 to 1.484 is to be diluted Avith 300 parts of cold distilled Avater, and with constant stirring is to be mixed with a cold solution of 97 parts of crystallized sodium pyrophosphate (obtained in the preliminary opera- tion described above), in 2000 parts of distilled Avater and 500 parts of alcohol. The resulting mixture is to be set aside for a day, the pre- cipitate throAvn upon a moistened filter and Avashed Avith cold distilled water until the Avashings become turbid. The precipitate is then to be dried betAveen folds of bibulous paper at a moderate temperature and finally reduced to powder. Properties.—Pyrophosphate of iron, prepared as above directed, is a Avhite, almost tasteless, powder, very slightly soluble in Avater and almost insoluble in solution of sodium chloride. It dissolves in dilute acids and in caustic ammonia, its solution in the latter being yellow. It contains 35 per cent, of anhydrous ferric oxide. It should be kept in Avell-closed glass vessels protected from daylight. Tests.—Boil one part of pyrophosphate of iron and two of crystal- lized sodium carbonate with twenty parts of Avater for some minutes and then filter. After acidifying the filtrate Avith acetic acid and treating itAvith silver nitrate solution, a Avhite precipitate should occur (a yellow precipitate indicates the presence of orthophosphoric acid). According to the Pharmacopoeia Germanica a trace of chlorine in this preparation is alloAvable. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pyrophosphate of iron is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. FERRUM SULPHURICUM. Synonyms, Ferrous Sulphate. Ferri Sulphas. Common Name, Sulphate of Iron. Formula, Fe S04, 7H2 O. Molecular Weight, 278. 228 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Preparation of Sulphate of Iron.—Ferrous sulphate may be obtained pure by dissolving 1 part of iron in 1| parts of sulphuric acid diluted with 4 parts of water. The solution, if filtered quickly, deposits the salt in beautiful transparent, bluish-green crystals, contain- ing seven equivalents of water. Properties.—The crystals of ferrous sulphate effloresce slightly in dry air, and if at all moist absorb oxygen and become covered with a reddish-yellow crust of basic ferric sulphate; but if crushed and de- prived of hygrometric moisture by strong pressure betAveen folds of bibulous paper they may be preserved in a bottle without change by oxidation. The salt dissohres easily in water, but is insoluble in alco- hol and in ether; the watery solution is of a pale greenish-blue color, has an acid reaction, and when exposed to the air for some time absorbs oxygen and deposits a yelloAvish sediment of basic ferric sulphate. The taste of the salt is styptic. Tests.—A solution of the salt in water acidulated Avith sulphuric acid, should, Avhen treated with hydrogen sulphide, give no colored tur- bidity ; at most only a faint, whitish cloudiness from separated sulphur due to some ferric oxide, is permissible. Upon treating a solution of the salt with ammonium sulphide in excess and removing the precipi- tated sulphide of iron by filtration, there should result a filtrate which, upon evaporation, yields a residue that volatilizes completely upon ignition. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure sulphate of iron is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. FILIX MAS. Synonyms, Aspidium Filix Mas, Swartz. Polypodium Filix Mas, Linn. Nat. Ord., Filices. Common Name, Male Fern. The male fern is very widely distributed in temperate regions, and is found in abundance in most countries of the northern hemisphere, except in the Eastern United States, AAmere it groAvs someAvhat sparsely in shady pine woods. Its rhizome is perennial, short, two to three inches in diameter, decumbent or rising only a few inches above the ground, and bearing on its summit a tuft of fronds which are thickly beset in their lower part with broAvn, chaffy scales. Fronds tAvice pinnate, large fruit-dot borne in the back near the mid-vein, and usually confined to the lower half of each fertile pinnule. It was proven by Dr. Berridge, of England. Preparation.—The fresh main root, gathered in July or August, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one- sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole well, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 229 Drug poAver of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. FORMICA RUFA. Class, Insecta. Order, Hymenoptera. Family, Formicarise. Common Names, Ant. Wood-ant. Red-ant. Pismire. The ants are found most frequently in pine forests. Their characters are, a flattened, rust-colored chest; black head; a big, oval abdomen, attached to the corslet by a pedicle Avhich bears a small scale or ver- tical knot; antennse filiform and broken; antennulse of unequal size ; mandibles strong; tongue truncated, concave, short. There are male, female and neuter ants. The two former, Avhen fully developed, have four long, white, transparent Avings; they leave the hills, fly in the air and there couple; the males die shortly after, the females return to the hills. Only a few of them are admitted, which lay eggs and are taken care of by the neuters as among the bees. The females and neuters have, at the extremity of their abdomen, two glands, by means of which they secrete a peculiar liquor, Avhich is acid, and which, on a delicate skin, causes itching and eruptions. Preparation.—The live insect is crushed, covered with five parts by Aveight of alcohol, and allowed to remain eight days in a Avell- stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, T\. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. FRAGARIA VESCA, Linn. Synonyms, Fragulse. Trifolii Fragiferi. Nat. Ord., Rosacese. Common Name, Wood-StraAvberry. This perennial plant grows in Avoods, meadows, fields and hills, over the whole of Europe, and a great portion of America. The root is brown, horizontal, Avith long, creeping sprouts that take root again; stem erect, round, hairy, of the length of a finger or more; leaves ter- nate, plicated, petiolated, downy on the upper surface and hairy on the loAver; flowers white, inodorous; berry oval, red, of a delicious odor and exquisite taste. Preparation.—The ripe berries are crushed to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thor- oughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole well, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bot- tle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. 230 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. FRASERA CAROLINENSIS, Walter. Synonyms, Frasera Walteri, Michaux. Swertia Difformis. Nat. Ord., Gentianacese. Common Names, American Colombo. Indian Lettuce. An indigenous biennial or triennial. Its root is long, fusiform, yel- Ioav in color and fleshy. The stem is upright, simple; leaves whorled in fours, oblong-lanceolate, the lowest ones spatulate. Flowers numer- ous, yellowish-white, in a terminal pyramidal panicle; corolla four- parted, rotate, each division with a glandular and fringed pit on the face, and dotted broAvn-purple. Filaments awl-shaped, somewhat mona- delphous at base, style with two-lobed stigma. Fruit an oval flattened pod, about twelve-seeded. It flowers in the third year from May to July. Preparation.—The fresh two year old root, gathered in October or November, or the three year old root, gathered in March or April, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole Avell, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decant- ing, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, \. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. FUCUS VESICULOSUS, Linn. Synonym, Quercus Marina. Nat. Ord., Algse. Common Names, Sea-Avrack. Bladder-wrack. Sea-kelp. This sea-weed is found growing on the rocky shores of Europe and America. Its length is from one to three feet, and its branching flat thallus is from one-half to one inch Avide, with entire margins, and Avhen in the fresh state, brownish-green in color. The vesicles are in pairs, one on each side of the mid-rib, spherical or oblong-spherical. The plant becomes shrivelled in drying and its color is then nearly black. It has the usual odor of sea-weeds, and its taste is saline, nau- seous and mucilaginous. Preparation.—The fresh alga, gathered in May or June, is pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the whole well, and pouring it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, \. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 231 GALIUM APARINE, Linn. Nat. Ord., Rubiacese. Common Names, Cleavers. Goose-grass. Poor Robin. Savoyan. This plant is indigenous to Europe, Asia, and North America. The stem is one to five feet long, weak, straggling, often forming matted masses, very rough, bristle-prickly backAvards, hairy at the joints; leaves six to eight in a whorl, lanceolate, tapering to the base, mucro- nate, rough on edges and midrib, from one to two inches long. Cymes usually three-flowered, floAvers Avhite; fruit (large) supplied Avith hooked prickles, purplish, dry or fleshy, globular, tAvin, separating when ripe into the two seed-like, indehiscent, one-seeded carpels. Flowers appear in June and July. Preparation.—The fresh herb, in flower, is chopped and pounded to a pulp .and weighed. Then two parts by aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the Avhole well, pour it into a Avell- stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, h Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. GAMBOGIA. Synonyms, Gummi Gutti. Catharticum Aureum. Nat. Ord., Guttiferae. Common Name, Gamboge. Gamboge is a gum-resin obtained from Garcinia Morella (Desrous- seaux) var. pedicellata. A small sized tree, with handsome laurel-like foliage and small yel- Ioav flowers, found in Camboja, Siam, and in Cochin China. The gum-resin is contained in ducts in the middle layer of the bark, and exudes therefrom Avhen the bark is incised. The collectors, in the beginning of the rainy season, make a spiral incision half around the circumference of the tree and collect in a joint of bamboo the gum- resin which sloAvly exudes for several months. The drug is in commerce in Avhat are called pipes, i. e., sticks or cylinders one to two and a half inches in diameter, and four to eight inches long, bearing striae impressed on them from the inside of the bamboo. A good specimen is brownish-orange in color and with Avater forms a yellow emulsion. Gamboge is dense, homogeneous, and breaks with a conchoidal fracture. Its taste is disagreeable and acrid; it is Avithout odor, but its powder is irritating to the Schneiderian membrane, pro- ducing sneezing. Gamboge was first proven by Dr. Nenning, Germany. Preparation.—One part by weight of pure gamboge is dissolved in nine parts by Aveight of alcohol. Amount of drug poAver, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class 1V. 232 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. GELSEMIUM. Synonyms, Gelsemium Sempervirens, Ait. Gelsemium Nitidum. Michaux. Bignonia Sempervirens, Linn. Nat. Ord., Loganiacese. Common Name, Yellow Jessamine. The true yelloAV jessamine is a climbing plant, indigenous to the Southern States. It grows to great length, ascending high trees. Stem smooth; leaves opposite, perennial, short-petiolate, entire and lanceolate. Flowers large, yelloAv, in axillary clusters. Calyx five- parted ; corolla infundibuliform, Avith five-lobed border. Fruit a flattened elliptical pod, two-celled, containing winged seeds. The flow- ers have a delicious odor. The first provings of this valuable remedy were by Dr. Henry, for an Inaugural Dissertation, Phila. Horn. Coll., 1852. Preparation.—Pieces of the fresh root, not thicker than a goose- quill, are chopped and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and after thoroughly mixing the mass with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After stirring the whole well, put it into a wide-mouthed bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. GENTIANA CRUCIATA, Linn. Synonym, Gentiana Minoris. Nat. Ord., Gentianacese. Common Name, Cross-Wort Gentian. Stem tAvo to tAvelve inches high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, three- nerved at base, connected sheath-like. Flowers in dense corymbs, the topmost sessile, compressed like a bud. Calyx bell-shaped, corolla ovoid tubular, light blue Avithin, and greenish-blue without. Is found on dry hills, and especially on calcareous soil. FloAvers in July and Sep- tember. It Avas introduced to the Homoeopathic profession by Dr. Watzke's provings, Austria. Preparation.—The fresh root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole well, pour it into a a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. • Drug power of tincture, I. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 233 GENTIANA LUTEA, Linn. Synonyms, Gentiana Majoris. Gentiana Rubra. Nat. Ord., Gentianacese. Common Names, Bitter-Wort Gentian. Yellow Gentian. This plant is indigenous to the mountainous regions of Europe. Its root is perennial, thick, long and branching. Stem three to four feet high. Radical leaves, are petiolate, stem leaves opposite, sessile, acute- oval, bright green, glaucous, five-nerved. FloAvers large, on peduncles, in axillary Avhorls ; they have a yelloAV, rotate corolla, in five or six lanceolate segments, Avith the same number of stamens, shorter than the corolla. The first provings were made under Dr. Buchner, Germany. Preparation.—The fresh root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole well, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. GERANIUM MACULATUM, Linn. Nat. Ord., Geraniacese. Common Names, Wild Cranesbill. Spotted Geranium. A perennial herb, Avhose root is fleshy, horizontal, and has many short fibres. Stem round, erect, hairy, from one to tAvo feet in height. Leaves five-parted, with lobed and incised divisions; as the leaves groAv older they become marked with blotches, paler in color than the pale green of the surrounding portions. Radical leaves on long leaf stalks; stem leaves petiolate below, gradually becoming ses- sile toAvards the top, opposite and Avith stipules. FloAvers large, light purple, Avith five entire obovate petals bearded on the claAV. Stamens ten, five short, the five longer ones furnished with glands at their base. The plant is indigenous to the United States, growing in low grounds and damp woods. FloAvers from May to July. It Avas first proven by Dr. E. C. BeckAvith, U. S. Preparation.—The fresh root, gathered in autumn, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole well, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, strain- ing and filtering. Drug power of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. 234 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. GERANIUM ROBERTIANUM, Linn. Nat. Ord., Geraniacese. Common Name, Herb-Robert. This plant is indigenous to Europe and North America, growing in moist Avoods and shaded ravines. It is glabrous or slightly hairy, red- dish. Leaves three-divided, or pedately five-divided, the divisions tAvice pinnatifid ; the leaves are from one to three inches broad ; petioles half an inch to one inch long; stipules ovate. FloAvers half an inch in diameter, sepals aAvned, shorter than the (red-purple) petals; calyx angular. Claw of petals glabrous. Carpels attached by silky hairs to the axis. Pods wrinkled; seeds smooth. Flowers appear from June to October. The plant is strong-scented. Preparation.—The fresh plant, in floAver, is chopped and pounded to a pulp, enclosed in a piece of neAv linen and subjected to pressure. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled Avith an equal part by weight of alcohol. This mixture is allowed to stand eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place and then filtered. Drug power of tincture, 2. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. GINSENG. Synonyms, Panax Quinquefolium, Linn. Aralia Quinquefolia. Nat. Ord., Araliacese. Common Names, Ginseng. Tartar Root. Five Fingers. This plant is a native of America, China, etc. It has a fusiform root, Avhitish, thick and fleshy, aromatic, four to nine inches in length, ending in fibrous prolongations. Stem round, smooth, one foot high, and at the top bears a terminal whorl of three compound, five-foliate leaves, the leaflets being oval, acuminate, serrate and petiolate. Within these is a central pedicel bearing a simple umbel of small, greenish floAvers on short pedicels. Fruit, a scarlet reniform berry. The root in the dried state is wrinkled externally, yellowish-white in color, with a soft, whitish bark, surrounding a harder core. Its taste is sweetish and resembles that of liquorice. It was first proven by Dr. Jouve, Geneva. Preparation.—The genuine, dried root, coarsely powdered, is cov- ered with five parts by weight of alcohol, and allowed to stand eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, T^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. GLONOINUM. Proper Name, Tri-nitroglycerin. Synonyms, Nitroglycerinum. Glonoin. Glonoine. Common Name, Nitroglycerine. Formula, C3 H5 (NOa\ 03. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 235 Molecular Weight, 227. Preparation of Glonoin.—This remarkable body was discovered by Sobrero in 1847, and Avas proved by Dr. Hering, avIio gave it the name by Avhich it is knoAvn in pharmacy. The first letters from one of its constituents Avith the symbols of the other, united by a euphonic o, Avhen completed by the terminal ine, give the Avord glonoine. Preparation.—One part of glycerine is slowly added, with con- stant stirring, to a mixture of tAvo parts of concentrated sulphuric acid Avith one of nitric acid of specific gravity 1.47. The mixing vessel is kept cold, so that the temperature of the contents may not rise above 26.6° C. (80° F.). The solution is then poured in a thin stream into a large quantity of Avater, and the nitro-glycerine precipitates as a nearly colorless, heavy oil. The latter is repeatedly washed in Avater ren- dered alkaline. Properties.—Nitro-glycerine is a nearly colorless, light yellow, oily liquid, whose specific gravity at 15° C. (59° F.) is 1.6; it is Avith- out odor and has a pungent, SAveet, aromatic taste. It is slightly solu- ble in water but readily so in alcohol and in ether. When cooled suf- ficiently, about 8° C. (46.4° Ff), it crystallizes in needles, and at 180° C. (356° F.) it boils, and if the heating be done in closed vessels it ex- plodes Avith terrible force; its exploding point is about 190° C. (374° F.). Its remarkably disruptive poAver is readily evoked by a direct blow or by concussion of the surrounding air. When ignited in the air it burns quietly. It decomposes by keeping, and among the pro- ducts of such change are glyceric and oxalic acids, together Avith the loAver oxides of nitrogen. In the frozen state its transportation is ex- tremely dangerous, from its tendency to explode by the friction of the crystals. To obviate this disadvantage different mixtures of it Avith inert substances are used, the most notable one, dynamite, being simply infusorial earth saturated to a certain degree with nitro-glycerine. It is almost insoluble in water, but is readily dissolved by ether and alcohol. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by weight of pure nitro-glycerine is dissolved in nine parts by weight of 95 per cent. alcohol. Amount of drug poAver, y1^. Xote—If the TV solution is exposed to a temperature of less than 60° F., part of the Glonoin separates and falls to the bottom. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class VI—a. GLYCERINUM. Proper Name, Propenyl Alcohol. Synonyms, Glycerina. Glycerin. Common Name, Glycerine. Formula, C3 H8 03. Molecular Weight, 92. Origin.__Glycerine is produced from most of the fixed oils and solid fats existing in the bodies of plants and animals. It does not, 236 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. however, occur in them ready formed, except in a few (palm oil and a few other vegetable oils from Avhich it may be obtained by simple treatment with boiling water), but is formed from them, together with a fatty acid by addition of the elements of water, just as alcohol may be produced from acetate of ethyl. In fact, glycerine is a triatomic alcohol of the propenyl series, and its proper title is propenyl alcohol. Preparation.—When a fatty body is treated with an alkali or other metallic oxide, in the presence of water, or Avith water itself at a high temperature, there is formed a metallic salt of a fatty acid, and glycerine; for instance, stearine, one of the constituents of mutton suet, consists of propenyl tristearate (C3 H5) (O C18 H35 0)3. When stearine is boiled with a caustic alkali a stearate of the alkali metal is formed, together with glycerine, as shown by the equation, (C3 H5) (O C18 H35 0)3 + 3 HKO = 3 KOC18 H35 O + (C3 H5) (O H)3. The metallic salts of the fatty acids thus formed are called soaps, and the process, termed saponification, was formerly the chief mode of pre- paring glycerine. It is also obtained by a somewhat similar method from the residue of the manufacture of stearic acid for candles. Glycer- ine is now produced in enormous quantity and perfect purity by de- composing fatty substances by means of super-heated steam. Here the reaction is simply the assimilation by one molecule of stearine, of three molecules of water, and the resolution of the resulting compound into stearic acid and glycerine, as shown by the equation, C3 H5 (O C18 H35 0)3 + 3 H2 O = 3 H O C18 H35 O (stearic acid) + C3 H5 (OH) 3 (glycerine). The process is conducted in a still and condens- ing apparatus, over-heated steam at a temperature between 287.8° C. (550° F.) and 315.5° C. (600° F.), being caused to penetrate the mass of fat. The fat-acids quickly separate from the glycerine and water when the distillate is allowed to stand for a short time and cool. Properties.—Chemically pure glycerine is a colorless, transparent, someAvhat viscid liquid, without odor and having an intensely SAveet taste. It is neutral in reaction, and is extremely hygroscopic. It mixes with water in all proportions, as indeed it does with alcohol, but is insoluble in ether, chloroform, benzin, etc. Heated to 290° C. (554° F.) it boils, and in vacuo at 200° C. (392° F.) it distils over un- changed. The solvent power of glycerine is very great and extends over a wide range, and it forms soluble compounds of many substances in- soluble, or nearly so, in water. It dissolves all deliquescent salts and many others; even aqueous glycerine dissolves oxide of lead. Many alkaloids are soluble in it. Officinal glycerine has a specific gravity 1.25 at 15° C. (59° F.), and contains from six to ten per cent, of Avater. Tests. —Six parts of a mixture of equal volumes of absolute alco- hol and ether should dissolve one part of glycerine (in such a mixture glucose and sugar are not soluble), and the solution should not sepa- rate into layers. Equal volumes of pure concentrated sulphuric acid and glycerine, when mixed together, should give a colorless fluid and should not give rise to effervescence. A rather faint evolution of gas HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 237 at the moment of mixing is due to the liberation from the glycerine of absorbed air, Avhich is driven off by the heat produced by the union of the two liquids. Should the peculiar crackling sound of effervescence be heard Avhen the test-tube is brought near the ear, the specimen is too irritating for even external use. When the above mixture is slightly heated, a broAvn or blackish coloration shoAvs the presence of cane sugar. The indifferent behavior of glycerine to litmus paper suf- fices to show the absence of free acid or alkali. When treated with hydrogen sulphide or ammonium sulphide, no change should take place in the appearance of glycerine, nor should any precipitate occur Avith silver nitrate and barium chloride solutions. When diluted Avith water and then treated Avith silver nitrate and caustic ammonia, no change should occur eA'en upon standing for half an hour. A blackish precipitate of reduced silver indicates the presence of formic acid, acro- lein and similar bodies. When 1 CC. of glycerine is gradually heated upon a platinum dish-coA-er it evaporates, and there is left a carbona- ceous mass which, at a red heat, is completely consumed. A decreased specific gravity is due to the presence of Avater. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by Aveight of pure glycerin is dissolved in nine parts by Aveight of distilled Avater. Amount of drug power, y1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—«. GNAPHALIUM POLYCEPHALUM, Michaux. Nat. Ord., Compositse. Common Names, Common Everlasting. Indian Posey. This is an indigenous, herbaceous annual plant. It has an erect, Avhitish, woody, much-branched stem, from one to tAvo feet high. Leaves alternate, sessile, linear-lanceolate, acute, entire, scabrous above and Avhitish-tomentose beneath. Flowers yelloAv, tubular, in heads clustered at the summit of panicled corymbous branches. Ray florets subulate; disk florets entire. Receptacle naked, flat; pappus pilose, of distinct bristles. It was first proven by Dr. William Banks, U. S. Preparation.—The fresh plant is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After'having stirred the Avhole well, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. GOSSYPIUM HERBACEUM, Linn. Synonym, Lana Gossypii. Nat. Ord., Malvacese. Common Name, Cotton Plant. 238 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. This is a biennial or triennial plant, indigenous to Asia, but largely cultivated in the southern portion of the United States. Its root is fusiform and gives off small radicles. The stem is round, pubescent and about five feet high. Leaves hairy, palmate Avith sub-lanceolate acute lobes. Flowers yelloAv, petals five Avith a purple spot near the base. Style simple, stigmas three or five, involved in cotton, reniform and somewhat plano-convex. It was proven under the direction of Dr. W. Williamson, U. S. Preparation.—The fresh inner root-bark is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole Avell, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, &. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. GRANATUM. Synonym, Punica Granatum, Linn. Nat. Ord., Granatese. Common Name, Pomegranate. P. Granatum is a shrub or low tree Avith small deciduous leaves and attractive scarlet floAvers, indigenous to Northern India and Persia. It is rarely more than twenty feet high, and its root is Avoody, heavy and knotty. The bark of the root is grayish or yellowish-gray in color externally, but the inner side is distinctly yellbw. The bark of the pomegranate root occurs in commerce in thin quills or fragments, three to four inches in length; their outer surface is marked by wrinkled cross striations; the inner surface is smooth or finely fibrous Avith an occasional strip of the tough, Avhitish wood attached. Its fracture is short and granular. The bark has but little odor, its taste is astringent and somewhat bitter, and Avhen cheAved it colors the saliva yellow. The drug was first proven by Dr. J. O. Muller, Germany. Preparation.—The dried root-bark, coarsely powdered, is covered with two parts by weight of dilute alcohol, and'allowed to stand eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day, and then pressed out lege artis in a piece of new linen and filtered. Drug power of tincture, J. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I., except that three parts of tincture are used to seven parts of dilute alcohol for the lx dilution, and three parts to ninety-seven parts for the 1 dilution. GRAPHITES. Synonyms, Plumbago. Carbo Mineralis. Carburetum Ferri. Cerussa Nigra. Common Name, Black Lead. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 239 Graphite is a mineral carbon. It is found in the greatest purity in the Borrowdale mine, England; but it also occurs very pure in this country, especially near Bustleton in Pennsylvania. It crystallizes in hexagonal scales, whose specific gravity is betAveen 1.8 and 2.6. It is a blackish-gray substance, of metallic lustre, soft and greasy to the touch, inodorous, and a good conductor of electricity. It was for- merly supposed to be a carburet of iron, but it is an allotropic form of the element carbon. To prepare graphite for medical use, it must be boiled for an hour in a sufficient quantity of distilled Avater, after Avhich the fluid is to be decanted and the graphite to be digested in a solution of equal parts of sulphuric and hydrochloric acids, diluted with tAvice their volume of Avater. After repeatedly stirring the mixture for tAventy- four hours, decant the fluid, wash the residue Avith distilled water and dry it. Because of the extraordinary fineness and flexibility of its scaly crystals it resists even the most continual trituration, which has lasted for hours, and shoAvs permanently not inconsiderable portions of shining points. To obviate this, the best means is to triturate the purified graphite in small portions Avith coarsely powdered sugar of milk, adding as much Avater, in a roomy porcelain dish, as is necessary to make the Avhole into a thick paste. This rubbing is to be continued until the Avater has evaporated and the mass begins to form little lumps. Boiling hot distilled Avater is then poured over the whole to dissolve the sugar of milk and to separate the coarser from the finer particles of graphites. This graphite is washed repeatedly and dried. It Avas first proven by Hahnemann. Preparation.—The purified graphite, prepared as described above, is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. GRATIOLA. . Synonyms, Gratiola Officinalis, Linn. Nat. Ord., Scrophulariacea;. Common Name, Hedge Hyssop. This plant, groAving in Central and Southern Europe, near the bor- ders of rivers, lakes and Avater ditches, also on moist meadows, has a creeping, articulate, on the joints fibrinous root, as thick as a quill and Avhitish; the stem, one-half to one and a half feet high, is erect, little branched, four-sided above. It has opposite, sessile, lanceolate, finely serrate, three-nerved leaves, and solitary axillary whitish or reddish two-lipped flowers, Avith yelloAV hairs in the tube. The whole plant is smooth, pale green, inodorous, and has a very bitter, somewhat acrid, taste. It Avas first proven by Nenning, Germany. Preparation.—The fresh plant, gathered before flowering, is chopped and pounded to a pulp, enclosed in a piece of neAv linen and subjected to pressure. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled with an equal part by Aveight of alcohol. This mixture is allowed to stand eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. 240 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Drug power of tincture, h Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. GRINDELIA ROBUSTA, Nuttall. Nat. Ord., Compositse. Common Name, Grindelia. The Grindelias comprise a genus of herbaceous plants, Avith some plants woody at the base only. They are found in the Avestern part of North America. They are resinous, possess a balsamic odor and a bitter aromatic taste. The composite heads have yelloAv ray-florets, ligulate and pistillate; the disk-florets are five-pointed, tubular and perfect. Receptacle flat and Avith alveolar depressions. Pappus of a few stiff aAvns. Grindelia robusta is a species Avhich produces many varieties. Leaves spatulate or oblong, varying to lanceolate, serrate; apex obtuse. Upper ones cordate at the base and frequently clasping. Preparation.—The fresh herb, in flower, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then tAvo parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole Avell, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, h. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. GRINDELIA SQUARROSA, Dunal. Nat. Ord., Compositse. Common Name, Grindelia. This species of grindelia is glabrous from a varnish-like exudation. Leaves punctate, spatulate-lanceolate varying to oblong-lanceolate. Upper leaves sessile, somewhat obtuse, finally dentate. Involucre of reflexed, subulate, pointed, squarrose scales. It was proved by Dr. J. H. Bundy, United States. Preparation.—The fresh herb, in flower, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole well, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. GUACO. Synonym, Mikania Guaco, Humboldt and Bonpland. Nat. Ord., Corymbiferse. Common Name, Mikania Guaco. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 241 This plant is indigenous to tropical America. It is climbing, herba- ceous, about tAventy feet long. Leaves ovate or ovate-elliptical, sub- acuminate and scarcely dentate, rough above and tomentous beneath. FloAvers in corymbs, opposite and axillary. In the fresh state the leaves have a disagreeable odor and bitter taste; both of these proper- ties together Avith their medicinal powers are greatly lessened by drying. It Avas proven by Dr. Petroz, Spain. Preparation.—The fresh leaves are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole Avell, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, A,. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class HI. GUAIACUM. Synonyms, Guaiacum Officinale, Linn. Lignum Vitse. Palus Sanctus. Nat. Ord., Zygophyllacese. Common Name, Guaiac. Guaiacum officinale is a low or medium-sized evergreen tree, found groAving in the West Indies, particularly in Hayti, and on the northern coast of South America. Its leaves are pari-pinnate Avith ovate, obtuse leaflets in two, and less frequently, in three pairs. FloAvers light blue, on long peduncles, in groups of eight or ten in the axils of the upper leaves. Resin of guaiac occurs as a natural exudation, or as the result of incisions made into the bark, or by the action of heat upon the Avood in the folloAving manner: A log of guaiacum Avood is supported in a horizontal position above the ground by tAvo upright bars. Each end of the log is then set on fire, and a large incision having been pre- viously made in the middle, the melted resin runs out therefrom in considerable abundance. The resin occurs in commerce in spherical tears from one-half to one inch in diameter, but commonly it is in compact masses, containing fragments of the Avood and bark." It is brittle and breaks Avith a clean, glassy fracture. The resin is greenish or reddish-brown in color; thin fragments of it are transparent and are greenish-broAvn by trans- mitted light. When freshly powdered it becomes grayish-Avhite in color, but exposure to light and air soon causes the powder to assume a green tint. Its odor is faint and balsamic, and its taste, Avhich is at first very slight, is folloAved by an irritated sensation in the mouth and throat. By oxidizing agents it acquires a fine blue color, as will be demon- strated by sprinkling with a dilute solution of ferric chloride a thin layer of the residue left upon evaporating its alcoholic solution. It Avas first proven by Hahnemann. 16 242 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Preparation.—Tavo parts by weight of the resin are dissolved in nine parts by weight of alcohol and then filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, y1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class VI—a. GUANO AUSTRALIS. Common Name, Guano. Origin.—Guano is the accumulated deposit of the excrement of sea birds; it is found upon barren islands off the western coast of South America, those in the latitude of Peru furnishing the largest amount. Description.—As generally found in commerce it is an amorphous powder, pale brown in color and of a disagreeable ammoniacal odor. Its reaction is generally alkaline, although at times specimens may give in parts an acid reaction. Its specific gravity is 1.64. Its constituents are chiefly uric acid, ammonium urate, with some oxalates, with phosphates of the alkali metals and of magnesium and calcium. The kind used by Dr. Mure, Avho introduced it into our Materia Medica, is from Patagonia, and is probably not in any respect different from that obtained from Peru. Preparation.—The guano, obtained as fresh as possible, is pre- pared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. GUARANA. Synonym, Paullinia Sorbilis, Martins. Nat. Ord., Sapindacese. Common Name, Brazilian Cocoa. Guarana is a preparation made from a climbing shrub, Paullinia sorbilis, indigenous to Northern and Western Brazil. The plant has pinnate leaves, leaflets five, dentate and oval-oblong. Flowers small, in panicles. Fruit a pear-shaped capsule, beaked, containing not more than three dark broAvn, nearly black, almost globular seeds. The preparation guarana is made from the seeds by powdering them and making a paste with Avater. The paste is rounded into masses and either fire-dried or sun-dried. The masses of guarana are hard, irregular in surface, reddish-brown in color externally, but lighter within; they break with a Adtreous fracture. The taste of guarana is bitter and astringent, and it has a faint odor Avhich is peculiar. Preparation.—The dried paste made from the seeds, as described above, is covered with five parts by Aveight of alcohol, and alloAved to remain eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, be- ing shaken tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, T\j. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. HOMCEOPATHIU PHARMACEUTICS. 243 GUAREA TRICHILOIDES, Linn. Nat. Ord., Meliacese. Common Names, Ball-wood. Red-Avood. This medium-sized tree groAvs in Dominica, St. Vincent and Guade- loupe. Calyx four-toothed or four-lobed. Petals oblong, tAvo to three inches long, imbricative. Stameneal tube quite entire. Anthers sessile, in- ternally, near its mouth. Ovary four-celled; cells one-ovulate or two- ovulate, Avith the ovules superimposed. Pericarp Avoody, at length loculicidal. Leaves abruptly pinnate; the pairs appearing successively along the petiole; panicles simply racemiform, axillary. It Avas proven by Dr. Petroz, Spain. Preparation.—The bark is finely poAvdered and covered Avith five parts by Aveight of alcohol, and then poured into a well-stoppered bottle, and alloAved to remain eight days in a dark, cool place, being shaken tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, Tl„. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. GYMNOCLADUS CANADENSIS, Lamarck. Synonym, Guilandin Dioica. Nat. Ord., Leguminosse. Common Names, American Coffee Tree. Ghicot. Kentucky Coffee Tree. This is a tall, large tree, groAving in rich woods, along rivers, from Western NeAv York and Pennsylvania to Illinois and southwestward. It is also cultivated as an ornamental tree. The compound leaves are two to three feet long, Avith several large partial leafstalks bearing seven to thirteen ovate stalked leaflets, the loAvest pair with single leaf- lets. FloAvers are Avhitish, in terminal racemes. Pod, which is from six to ten inches long and about tAvo inches broad, contains several large flatfish seeds. It was introduced into our Materia Medica by Dr. Hering. Preparation.—The fresh pulp within the pod surrounding the seeds is crushed and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the Avhole Avell, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug power, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. H^MATOXYLON. Synonyms, Hsematoxylon Campechianum, Linn. Lignum Cam- pechianum. 244 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Nat. Ord., Leguminosse. Common Names, Logwood. Peachwood. H. Campechianum is a medium-sized tree, indigenous to the countries about the Gulf of Campeachy, but it is successfully cultivated in other portions of Central America and in the West India Islands. Its numerous, spreading, crooked branches are furnished Avith alternate leaves made up of obcordate, nearly sessile leaflets in three or four pairs. The floAvers are small, yellow, five-parted, in loose racemes. The tree is cut down Avhen about ten years old, and only the red heart-Avood is used. In commerce logwood is in logs from three to four feet long, of a blackish-purple color externally, and of a broAvnish- red Avithin. Its specific gravity is about 1.6; it has a slight, peculiar odor and an agreeable, sweet, slightly astringent taste. It Avas introduced into our Materia Medica by Dr. Jouve, Bibl. Horn, de Geneve, I. 47. Preparation.—The best Campeachy logAvood, in fine chips, is covered with five parts by weight of alcohol, and allowed to remain eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, T1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. HAMAMELIS. Synonyms, Hamamelis Virginica, Linn. Trilopus Dentata. Nat. Ord., Hamamelacese. Common Name, Witch-Hazel. This shrub is indigenous to the United States and Canada, Avhere it groAvs in damp woods. It reaches a height of from six to ten feet; the stem and branches are crooked. On the younger branches the bark is brown in color and smooth, but that co\Tering the older portions of the wood is brownish-gray and fissured. Leaves alternate, oval, someAvhat cordate at the base, wavy-toothed, and Avhen young someAvhat downy. Flowers yellowish-green, in axillary clusters. Pod two-celled and two-seeded. It floAvers late in autumn, but the seeds do not mature till September of the folloAAung year. It was first proven by Dr. H. C. Preston, United States. Preparation.—The fresh bark of the tAvigs and root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole well, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 245 HEKLA LAVA. Dr. Garth Wilkinson, of London, states in a letter to Dr. Wm. H. Holcombe, of NeAv Orleans: " Its known pathological effects on the sheep in the vicinity of Hekla are immense exostoses of the jaAvs. "The finer ash, Avhich fell on the pastures in distant localities, Avas particularly deleterious, Avhile the gross ash near the mountain was inert. "These accounts are from a Danish account of the eruptions of Hekla and their consequences to nature, to man, beast and vegetable. Hekla lava, according to Prof. Morris, of University College, London, has for general constituents, combinations of silica, alumina, lime, mag- nesia, Avith some oxide of iron; sometimes it contains anarthite and other minerals." (Vide Tr. Am. Inst., 1870, p. 441.) Preparation.—For homoeopathic use the above-mentioned fine ash is triturated according to Class VII. HEDEOMA. Synonyms, Hedeoma Pulegioides, Persoon. Cunila Pulegioides, Linn. Melissa Pulegioides. Ziziphora Pulegioides. Nat. Ord., Labiatse. Common Names, American Pennyroyal. SquaAV Mint. Tick- weed. This is an annual plant, indigenous to the United States and Canada, from nine to fifteen inches high. Its root is small, branching, fibrous, yelloAvish; stem erect, pubescent and branched. Leaves opposite, ob- long, nearly acute, ovate, scarcely serrate, rough or pubescent, glandu- lar-punctate on the under surface. The flowers are small, pale blue, on short peduncles, in axillary cymose whorls upon the branches. Its odor is mint-like and its taste aromatic. Preparation.—The fresh plant is chopped and pounded to a pulp and AAeighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having been stirred, it is poured into a well- stoppered bottle, and allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. HEDYSARUM ILDEFONSIANUM. Synonym, Carapicho. Nat. Ord., Leguminosse. Common Name, Brazilian Burdock. This plant is a native of Brazil. The broAvnish and ligneous stem is about three feet high; it is ramose, pubescent, especially above. Leaves alternate, pinnate, trifoliate; folioles oval and slightly tomen- tose, on a hairy, bistipulate petiole. The floAvers Avhich are small and 240 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. seated on filiform, unifloral peduncles, form loose, terminal spikes. Fruit oval, hairy, on bent peduncles, attaching itself very intimately to clothes and to the hairy skin of animals, on which account the Bra- zilians call it " barba de boi." It Avas introduced into our Materia Medica by Dr. Mure, Brazil. Preparation.—The dried leaves are coarsely pulverized and Aveighed, covered Avith five parts by Aveight of alcohol, and allowed to remain eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle, at the ordinary tempera- ture, in a dark place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, j^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. HELIANTHUS. Synonym, Helianthus Annuus, Linn. Nat. Ord., Compositse. Common Name, SunfloAver. The sunflower is a native of tropical America, but is cultivated very generally in the temperate zones. Stem from ten to fifteen feet high, rough. Leaves large, on petioles, alternate, three-ribbed, ovate, the lower ones cordate, serrate, rough. The flower-heads often a foot in diameter; ray flowers bright yellow, ligulate; disk flat; achenia dark purple, four-sided, laterally compressed, at the base embraced by the persistent chaff, and the principal angles surmounted by a pappus of tAvo chaffy scales. It was proven by Dr. Cessoles, Switzerland (?). Preparation.—The ripe seeds (achenia), coarsely powdered, are covered with five parts by weight of dilute alcohol, and allowed to re- main eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV, except that the 2x and 3x, and the 1 and 2, require dilute alcohol. HELLEBORUS. Synonyms, Helleborus Niger, Linn. Melanpodium. Veratrum Nigrum. Nat. Ord., Ranunculacese. Common Names, Black Hellebore. Christmas Rose. The black hellebore has a perennial, knotted root, one to three inches long, blackish on the outside, white within, and sends off num- erous long, simple rootlets, which are brownish-yellow in the recent state, but when dried, dark brown. The rootlets are very brittle. Upon section, the rhizome shows a rather thick bark, brownish-gray in color, and a gray pith occupying centrally about one-half the diameter of the section; arranged radially in the pith but not reaching its centre, HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 247 are six to ten wedge-shaped bundles of Avood-fibre, much lighter in color than either pith or bark. The leaves are pedately divided, dark green in color, on long foot-stalks from the root. Each leaf is seven to nine-lobed, one terminal. The leaflets are ovate-lanceolate, smooth, shining coriaceous and serrated above. The floAver-steni rises from the root, and is round, tapering, and reddish toAvards the base, having one or two large, rose-like floAvers. It is indigenous to the mountainous regions of southern and temperate Europe. It floAvers from Decem- ber to March. It Avas first proved by Hahnemann. Preparation.—The root, gathered immediately after the period of floAvering, is cautiously dried and powdered, covered with five parts by weight of alcohol, and alloAved to remain eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, T\. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. HELONIAS DIOICA, Pursh. Synonyms, Chamselirium Luteum, Gray. Veratrum Luteum, Linn. Chamselirium Carolinianum, Willd. Helonias Lutea, Alton. Nat. Ord., Liliacese. Common Names, Blazing Star. StarAvort. False Unicorn. The plant is indigenous to the United States, Avhere it grows in low grounds. The herb is smooth; stem Avand-like, from a thick and abrupt tuberous rootstock, and terminated by a long, Avand-like, spiked raceme (four to nine inches long) of small, bractless floAvers; fertile plant more leafy than the staminate. Leaves are flat, lanceolate, the loAvest spatulate, tapering into a petiole. Flowers dioecious. Perianth of six spatulate-linear (white) spreading sepals, withering, persistent. Filaments like threads. Anthers tAvo-celled, yelloAV, extrorse; fertile flowers Avith rudimentary stamens. Styles linear-club-shaped, stig- matic along the inner side. Pod ovoid-oblong, not lobed, many-seeded. FloAvers in June. Preparation.—The fresh root, gathered just before floAvering, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After haying stirred the Avhole Avell, and poured it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, I. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. HEPAR SULPHURIS CALCAREUM. Synonyms, Calcarea Sulphuratum. Calx Sulphurata. Common Names, Hepar Sulphuris. Impure Calcium Sulphide. 248 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Preparation of Hepar Sulphuris.—This must be prepared according to Hahnemann's direction, viz., by mixing equal parts of finely poAvdered and calcined oyster-shells and pure well-washed floAvers of sulphur, placing them in a clay crucible, covered with a thick layer of moistened powdered chalk, and keeping the mixture at a Avhite heat for at least ten minutes. When cold, open the crucible and presence the hepar in well-closed bottles protected from the light. Properties and Tests.—Hepar sulphuris is in Avhite, porous, fri- able masses, or is a white, amorphous powder, having the odor and taste of sulphuretted hydrogen; it is insoluble in cold Avater, but dissolves in hot hydrochloric acid with evolution of hydrogen sulphide. The solution gives a Avhite precipitate Avith oxalate of ammonia. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Hepar sulphuris, pre- pared as above, is triturated as directed under Class VII. Though a solution or so-called tincture, made of one part hepar sulphuris, with ninety-nine parts of dilute alcohol, has been recom- mended, it should not be relied on, as its strength is very uncertain. HEPAR SULPHURIS KALINUM. Synonyms, Kalium Sulphuratum. Potassii Sulphuratum. Common Names, Sulphurated Potash. Liver of Sulphur. Sul- phuret of Potassium. Preparation of Sulphuret of Potassium.—Take of sublimed sulphur, one part; carbonate of potassium, two parts. Dry the car- bonate of potassium, then rub it with the sulphur, and gradually heat the mixture in a covered crucible until it ceases to swell and is per- fectly fused. Then pour the mass on a marble tile, and when cold break it into pieces. It should be kept in a well-stoppered bottle pro- tected from the light. Properties.—The sulphide of potassium prepared recently and ac- cording to the process given above, is in flatfish pieces of a liver-brown color, which, upon exposure to air or by prolonged keeping, become brownish-yellow or greenish-yellow. It is without crystalline struc- ture. Its reaction is alkaline. It forms with water a yelloAV solution having the odor of hydrogen sulphide, and when an acid is added, that gas is evolved and a precipitation of separated sulphur occurs.. It contains, in addition to potassium sulphide, some sulphate of the al- kali. It should dissolve completely in Avater, and almost entirely in alcohol. Tests.—The presence of sodium is shown by the yelloAV color of the flame of an alcoholic solution when ignited. Three parts of it dis- solved in distilled water and shaken with a solution of four parts of sulphate of copper, should give a filtrate Avhich does not respond to the tests for copper and is not precipitated by hydrogen sulphide. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure sulphuret of potassium is triturated, as directed under Class VII. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 249 HEPATICA. Synonyms, Hepatica Triloba, Chaix. Anemone Hepatica, Linn. Nat. Ord., Ranunculacese. Common Name, Livenvort. This is an indigenous plant, Avith a perennial fibrous root; leaves radical, three-lobed, cordate at the base, thick, nearly smooth, glaucous, upon hairy footstalks from four to eight inches long, Avhich spring di- rectly from the root. The scapes are several in number, round and hairy, and bear a single Avhite, bluish, or purplish floAver. The involucre, at a little distance beloAV the corolla, resembles a calyx. The plant grows upon the sides of hills and mountains. The leaves survive the winter, and the floAvers appear in the early spring. It Avas proved by Dr. D. G. Kimball, U. S. Preparation.—The fresh leaves are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp thoroughly mixed Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the Avhole well, and pouring it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, \. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. HIPPQMANES. Hippomanes is the normally white, usually dark olive-green, soft, glutinous, mucous substance, of a urinous odor, which floats in the allantois fluid, or is attached to the allantois membrane of the mare or cow, chiefly during the last months of pregnancy. For the provings, the substance was taken by the veterinary Helfliich from the tongue of a neAvly-born filly, and when dried was employed. It Avas introduced into our Materia Medica by Dr. Hering. Preparation.—The dried substance is triturated according to Class VII. HURA BRAZILIENSIS, Wild. Nat. Ord., Rutacese. Common Names (in Brazil), Assacu. Oassacu. This plant inhabits the equatorial regions of South America, the provinces of Para, Rio Negro, and the neighborhood of the Amazon, where it is very abundant. It resembles the Hura Crepitans, Linn.; its leaves are alternate, someAvhat cordate, rounded, glabrous, serrate; rolled up and stipulate while young. The petiole is provided at its top with two large glands. Flowers monoecious ; the male flowers having a short, urceolate perianth, and covered with a scaly bract; they form elongated, peduncled, terminal husks. The female flowers, which are twice as long as those of the Hura Crepitans, have their perianth rest- ing against the ovary, which is surmounted by a long and infundibuli- 250 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. form style, terminated by a stellate stigma ; they are solitary and placed near the male flowers. It is from this tree that the Indians draw the milky juice called Assacu by the Brazilians. It Avas introduced into our Materia Medica by Dr. Mure, Brazil. Preparation.—The fresh sap, obtained by boring the trunk of the tree, is mixed with an equal part by weight of alcohol. Amount of drug power, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. HYDRASTIS. Synonyms, Hydrastis Canadensis, Linn. Warneria Canadensis. Nat. Ord., Ranunculacese. Common Names, Golden Seal. Yellow Root. Yellow Puccoon. This plant is a small, herbaceous perennial, found growing in rich woods in the United States, but especially in the north and west. Its rhizome is knotted, thick, fleshy and yellow in color, and furnished with long rootlets. Stem simple, hairy, nearly a foot high. It has one radical leaf and two from the stem. The leaves are rounded, cordate at the base, five to seven-lobed, doubly serrate; a single greenish-white flower terminates the stem; petals none, calyx colored, corolla-like, caducous. Fruit a red or purple berry, in globular masses. The first provings were made under the direction of Dr. Lippe, U. S. Preparation.—The fresh root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and after thoroughly mixing the pulp with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After stirring the Avhole well, and pouring it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, strain- ing and filtering. Drug power of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. HYDROCOTYLE ASIATICA, Linn. Synonyms, Hydrocotyle Nummularioides. Hydrocotyle Pallida. Nat. Ord., Umbelliferse. Common Names, Indian Pennywort. Water Pennywort. This perennial creeping plant is indigenous to tropical regions in both continents. Leaves smooth petiolate, grouped on the nodes of the stem, round-kidney shape, dark green in color, an inch broad, Avith crenate margin. Flowers pinkish, in three-flowered umbels. The fresh bruised leaves have a peculiar odor, and a bitter pungent taste. It was introduced into the Homoeopathic Materia Medica by Dr. Audouit, France. Preparation.—The carefully dried plant is coarsely powdered, covered Avith five parts by weight of alcohol, and alloAved to remain eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 251 Drug power of tincture, T^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. HYDROPHYLLUM VIRGINICUM, Linn. Nat. Ord., Hydrophyllaceas. Common Names, Burr FloAver. Waterleaf. This plant is indigenous, found growing in damp Avoods. Its stem is smooth, from one to tAvo feet high. The pinnately divided leaves have fh'e to seven divisions, ovate-lanceolate or oblong pointed, sharply den- tate, the loAvest mostly tAVO-parted, the uppermost confluent; peduncles forked, longer than the petioles of the upper leaves. Calyx-lobes nar- rowly linear, bristly-ciliate. Corolla campanulate, five-cleft; the tube has five longitudinal linear appendages opposite the lobes, cohering by their middle, Avith their edges folded inwards, forming a nectariferous groove. Stamens and style mostly exserted; filaments more or less bearded; anthers linear; ovary bristly hairy; spherical pod, ripening one to four seeds. Flowers appear from June to August. It Avas introduced into our Materia Medica by Dr. P. B. Hoyt, United States. Preparation.—The fresh plant, in bloom, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp thoroughly mixed Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the Avhole mixture well, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, c. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. HYDROPIPER. Synonym, Polygonum Hydropiper, Linn. Nat. Ord., Polygonacese. Common Names, Common SmartAveed. Water-Pepper. This annual, groAving from one to tAvo feet high, is a native of Eu- rope and North America, Avhere it is found growing in moist or wet grounds. Stem is smooth; spikes nodding, generally short or inter- rupted ; floAvers greenish; stamens six; style two or three-parted; ache- nium dull, minutely striate, either flat or obtusely triangular. The Avhole herb is pungent and acrid. Flowers appear late in summer or early in autumn. Preparation.—The fresh plant is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole well, pour it into a Avell-stop- pered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug power, L Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. 252 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. HYOSCYAMUS. Synonyms, Hyoscyamus Niger, Linn. Jusquiami. Nat. Ord., Solanacese. Common Names, Henbane. Hogbean. Poison Tobacco. This plant is usually a biennial, with a long, conical, whitish, fleshy, slightly branching root, somewhat like that of parsley, for which it has been mistaken Avith poisonous results. The stem which rises in the second year, is round, branching, erect and very leafy. Leaves large, oblong, cut sinuously into pointed lobes, clasping at the base. The whole plant is viscid, hairy, sea-green in color, and fetid. Flowers are on one-sided, terminal, depending spikes; calyx tubular, five-cleft; corolla funnel-shaped, five-lobed and unequal, straw-yelloAV in color, Avith a net- Avork of dark purple veins. Fruit a two-celled pyxis, containing numerous seeds. The plant is a native of Europe, Avhere it grows on roadsides, amid rubbish, etc. This drug was first proven by Hahnemann. Preparation.—The fresh blooming plant is chopped and pounded to a pulp, enclosed in a piece of new linen and subjected to pressure. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled with an equal part by weight of alcohol. The mixture is allowed to stand eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, •}. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. HYPERICUM. Synonyms, Hypericum Perforatum, Linn. Fuga Dsemonum. Herba Solis. Nat. Ord., Hypericacese. Common Name, St. John's Wort. This perennial herb is abundant both in Europe and this country, often covering whole fields, and proving extremely annoying to farmers. It is from one to two feet high. The stem is erect, much branched, smooth, two-edged, set with small, opposite, half-clasping, oblong-oval, obtuse, smooth leaves, pellucid-punctate. The flowers in terminal pan- icles, are on short petioles, are star-shaped, yellow, at the margin black-punctate. Fruit a three-celled pod. It was proven by Dr Geo. F. Miiller, Germany. Preparation.—The fresh, blooming plant, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole well, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, A. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 253 IBERIS AMARA, Linn. Synonym, Lepidium Iberis. Nat. Ord., Cruciferae. Common Name, Bitter Candy-Tuft. This plant is indigenous to Europe. It is cultivated in gardens on account of its bright, milk-Avhite floAvers, and appears occasionally in corn ^fields in England. It is an herbaceous plant, about a foot in height, Avith a feAV erect branches forming a terminal flat corymb. Leavres oblong-lanceolate or broadly linear, Avith a feAV coarse teeth, or slightly pinnatifid. FloAvers Avhite. Pod nearly orbicular, the long style projecting from the notch at the top. This drug Avas proven under the direction of Dr. E. M. Hale; United States. Preparation.—The ripe seeds are coarsely powdered, covered with five parts by Aveight of alcohol, and alloAved to remain eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Amount of drug power, -^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. IGNATIA. Synonyms, Strychnos Ignatia, Lindley. Faba Ignatii. (Ignatia Amara, Linn.) Nat. Ord., Loganiaceae. Common Names, Ignatia. Bean of St. Ignatius. S. Ignatia is a large shrub or small tree, climbing in habit, found groAving in the Phillippine Islands and Cochin China. It has oppo- site, ovate, entire and glaucous leaves. The floAvers are Avhite and fragrant, tubular, nodding, in short axillary racemes. The fruit is oblong or sub-globular in shape, berry-like in character, and Avithin the brittle pericarp is a bitter pulp enclosing from tAventy to tAventy-four seeds. The seeds are about an inch long, oblong or ovate in shape, ob- scurely angular, with one convex and one flat side, and having a con- spicuous hiium at one end. In the fresh state they are covered Avith a silky doAvn, beneath which is the broAvn epidermis. In commerce the seed is found deprived of the pericarp, and it consists simply of the albumen Avhose surface is granular and gray. The albumen is trans- lucent and difficult to split. The name Ignatia Amara, Linn., is not the title of the plant furnishing the St. Ignatius bean, and should be dropped from such connection. The drug Avas proven by Hahnemann. Preparation.—The poAvdered seeds are covered Avith five parts by weight of alcohol, and allowed to remain eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAA'er of tincture, T^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. Triturations are prepared from the powdered seed as directed under Class VII. 254 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. ILEX OPACA, Aiton. Synonyms, Ageria Opaca. Ilex Aquifolium Nat. Ord., Aquifoliacese. Common Name, American Holly. This tree, from twenty to forty feet in height, groAvs in moist wood- lands, from Maine to Pennsylvania, near the coast, but is commoner from Virginia southward. Leaves oval, flat, margins Avavy, sparsely spinous-dentate; flowers in loose clusters along the base of the young branches and in the axils; calyx-teeth acute. Drupe red, its nutlets ribbed, veiny, or one-grooved on the back. FloAvers appear in June. Preparation.—The fresh leaves, gathered in June, are chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole well, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, strain- ing and filtering. Amount of drug power, n. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. INDIGO. Synonyms, Color Indicus. Indicum. Pigmentum Indicum. Nat. Ord , Leguminosse. Common Name, Indigo. A blue dye stuff, the product of several species of indigoferse, chiefly In- digofera tinctoria. The genus indigoferse is made up of herbaceous plants, or of plants woody only at the base. The juices of the plants contain indican, C26 H31 NOj 7, which, Avhen boiled Avith acids or submitted to the action of ferments, absorbs water and splits up into indigo-blue, C8 H5 N O, and indiglucin, C6 H10 06, as shown by the equation C26 H31 N 017 + 2H2 O = C8 H5 N O + 3 (C? H10 06). The change was formerly supposed to be due to the oxidation of a sub- stance called indigo-Avhite or chromogen, Avhich was held to be a con- stituent of the plants, but the researches of Schunk showed that as indigo-white requires free alkali for its solution, it could not exist in the sap of plants, which is ahvays acid. To obtain indigo from the plants Avhich produce it the chopped leaves and tAvigs are macerated in Avater for twelve or fifteen hours and allowed to ferment, after Avhich the liquid is poured into shallow vats and repeatedly stirred. The indigo thereby deposited is separated from the broAvn liquid, boiled with water and dried. Commercial indigo contains from fifty to sixty per cent, of pure indigo-blue, the remainder consisting of indiglucin, indigo-red, indigo-broAvn and a number of resinous products. It may be purified by different methods. By submitting the commercial article to subli- mation betAveen two platinum crucible-lids, kept not more than three- eighths of an inch apart, crystals of pure sublimed indigo may be obtained. Properties.—The sublimed substance is in purple-red prisms of a HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 255 metallic lustre. The precipitated indigo is in dark blue masses or cakes. When rubbed Avith a hard body, the substance becomes dis- tinctly coppery in appearance. It is Avithout odor or taste, is insoluble in ordinary solvents, but is dissolved by nitro-benzol, chloroform, chloral hydrate and fuming sulphuric acid, the solution in the latter being called sulph-indigotic acid. It Avas first proven by Drs. Martin and Schiiler, Germany. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Indigo is triturated as directed under Class VII. INDIUM METALLICUM. Synonyms, Indium. Metallic Indium. Symbol, In. Atomic Weight, 74. Origin.—This metal Avas discovered by Reich and Richter, in the zinc-blende of Freiberg. Its spectrum is characterized by two indigo- colored lines, one very bright and more refrangible than the blue line of strontium, the other fainter but still more refrangible, approaching the blue line of potassium. It Avas the production of this peculiar spectrum that lead to the discovery of the metal, and its name is indicative of* the color of the lines. The ore, consisting chiefly of blende, galena, and arsenical pyrites, was roasted to expel sulphur and arsenic, then treated with hydrochloric acid, and the solution was evaporated to dryness. The impure zinc chloride thus obtained ex- hibited, Avhen examined by the spectroscope, the first of the indigo lines above mentioned. The chloride was afterwards obtained in a state of greater purity, and from this the hydrate and the metal itself Avere prepared. The first line then came out Avith much greater bril- liancy and the second was likeAvise observed. Properties.—Indium has hitherto been obtained in such very small quantities that its properties have been but imperfectly studied. It appears, hoAvever, to belong to the iron group. The metal itself is of a lead-grey color, soft, very malleable, and its streak is like that of lead. It dissolves easily in hydrochloric acid, forming a deliquescent chloride. From the solution of this salt, it is precipitated by ammonia and potash as a hydrate, insoluble in excess of either reagent. Hydro- gen sulphide does not precipitate it from an acid solution. The oxide heated on charcoal with soda, yields a metallic globule, Avhich, when reheated, oxidizes to a yelloAvish poAvder. The compounds of indium impart a violet tint to the flame of a Bunsen burner. It was introduced into our Materia Medica by Dr. J. B. Bell, U. S. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Indium is triturated as directed under Class VII. INULA Synonyms, Inula Helenium, Linn. Corvisartia Helenium. Nat. Ord., Compositse. 256 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Common Names, Elecampane. Scabwort. This plant is a native of Europe and of Northern and Central Asia, but has become naturalized in the United States, where it is found growing on road sides, in the Eastern, Middle and Western States. Its root is perennial, from which ascends annually a round, furrowed, branching, downy stem four to six feet high. Radical leaves, large, petiolate, serrate. Stem leaves alternate, ovate, amplexicaul, rugous, doAvny beneath. Flower-heads large, solitary and terminal. Invol- ucre of ovate scales in toavs. Ray floAvers numerous, pistillate, spread- ing, trifid at apex. Disk floAvers perfect. The fresh root is branched, the cylindrical divisions having many fibrous rootlets; it has a some- Avhat camphoraceous smell and a taste at first rancid and soapy, but after chewing the root, becoming bitter and aromatic. The drug was proven by Dr. Fischer, Germany. Preparation.—The fresh roots, dug in autumn, and in their second year, are chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by Aveight of dilute alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thor- oughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole well, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. IODIUM. Synonyms, Iodinium. Iodum. Jodium. Common Name, Iodine. Symbol, I. Atomic Weight, 127. A non-metallic element. Origin.—The element iodine exists in nature only in the combined state. It occurs in sea-water and in mineral springs. It is found in certain land-plants, e. g., in tobacco, and a species of Salsola groAving in the floating gardens on the fresh-Avater lakes near the city of Mexico. Various marine animals contain it, viz., the common sponge, the horse- sponge, the oyster, etc. It is contained in cod-liver oil to the amount of .03 or .04 per cent. It is found, too, in several minerals, as iodide of potassium, sodium or magnesium, in Chili saltpetre; as iodide of calcium or magnesium in certain dolomites. Sea-water is the great source of it, Avhence it is appropriated by marine plants and animals, especially by certain algse, notably Fucus palmatus. These plants are collected on the coast of Scotland, Jersey and other places, and burnt to ashes in shallow pits to form kelp or varec. Iodine exists in kelp in the form of iodide of potassium and of sodium, Avhich, being much more soluble than the other constituents, remain in the mother liquor after the carbonates and chlorides have crystallized out. Preparation.—Iodine is prepared commercially by adding man- ganese di-oxide and sulphuric acid to the mother liquor, placing the mixture in a retort and distilling and condensing the vapors; the pro- HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 257 cess is similar to that used in the preparation of bromine. Sometimes cyanide of iodine is found in the receivers—in white, needle-shaped crystals, and if the temperature at Avhich the distillation is conducted be much higher than 100° C. (212° F.), the product is contaminated Avith chloride of iodine. Iodine thus obtained may be purified by washing Avith a small quantity of Avater, pressing between folds of bibulous paper, drying and subliming, or by dissolving it in alcohol, filtering and precipitating Avith water. Properties.—Re-sublimed iodine crystallizes in rhombic scales or in orthorhombic octohedrons. It is bluish-black in color, has a metal- lic lustre, and in thin sections is red when vieAved by transmitted light. Its odor is someAvhat pungent, recalling that of chlorine; its taste is caustic and acrid. It is soft and easily pulverized. Its chemical affini- ties are those of chlorine and bromine, but much Aveaker, and it is dis- placed from most of its combinations by either of these bodies. It destroys coloring matters, but only sloAvly; upon organic tissues, the skin, paper, etc., it produces a yellow-brown stain, which disappears after a Avhile under the influence of heat, if the contact had not been too prolonged. Its specific gra\dty is 4.95. In the open air, iodine volatilizes at the ordinary temperature; Avhen heated to 107° C. (224.6° F.) it melts, and at 180° C. (356° F.) it boils, evolving a dense vapor of a magnificent violet-purple tint. This vapor is the heaviest knoAvn, being 8.72 times as heavy as air. Iodine is very slightly soluble in water, 7,000 parts of the latter being required to take up one of iodine. It dissolves easily in alcohol, ether, carbon di- sulphide and chloroform; in the latter tAvo the solutions are of a beau- tiful purple tint, in the former tAvo of a broAvn color. It is very solu- ble in aqueous solutions of iodides. Tests. -Starch is the most characteristic reagent for free iodine. " When to a starch solution is added a drop of'a Aveak iodine solution, a deep blue coloration immediately ensues. On heating the mixture the blue color disappears, but it is restored upon cooling. A number of successive heatings will, hoAvever, destroy the color permanently. The test is very delicate, detecting one part of iodine in 400,000 of water. Re-sublimed or officinal iodine is usually very pure. To as- sure one's self of that fact, heat a small portion in a test-tube; it should volatilize completely and condense in crystals in the cool portion of the tube. If cyanide of iodine be present the crystals already men- tioned Avill appear among those of the iodine. A pure specimen of iodine should dissolve Avithout residue in from ten to fifteen parts of alcohol; if chloride of iodine be present the water will become colored brownish-yelloAV. Finally, on volatilizing a portion of the iodine in a porcelain capsule there should be no residue. Iodine Avas introduced into our Materia Medica by Hahnemann. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.- One part by Aveight of resublimed iodine is dissolved in ninety-nine parts by Aveight of alcohol. Amount of drug power, T£7. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class VI— ft. Triturations are prepared as directed under Class VII. 17 258 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. IODOFORMIUM. Synonym, Iodoformum. Common Name, Iodoform. Formula, C H I3. Molecular Weight, 394. Preparation of Iodoform.—Iodoform may readily be prepared by adding alcoholic solution of potassium hydrate to tincture of iodine, avoiding excess. In a long-necked flask or in a retort Avith a wide tubulus, are placed 100 parts of iodine, and to it are added 100 parts of potassium bicarbonate, 1200 of distilled water, and 250 of alcohol. After attaching a receiver, the mixture is gradually heated to about 80° C. (176° F.), and Avhen the color of the solution has dis- appeared, twenty-five parts of iodine are added, and successive addi- tions of tAventy, and finally of ten parts of iodine, Avaiting before each addition until the liquid is decolorized. Should too much iodine have been added (known by the non-discharge of its color), the distillate is to be poured back into the retort or flask, and the whole treated with small, successive portions of caustic potash, until the color finally dis- appears. The liquid residue is to be poured in a porcelain dish and set aside for twenty-four hours. The crystals are to be collected on a filter, and washed with cold, distilled water, until a drop of the wash- ings when evaporated from platinum foil ceases to leave any residue, and finally, dried at a medium temperature on bibulous paper. Properties.—Iodoform is in lemon-yellow, glistening, crystalline plates, which have a greasy feel, are saffron-like in odor and have a sweetish taste. The crystals are practically insoluble in Avater, one part of the salt requiring 14,000 of Avater at 15° C. (59° F.) for solu- tion. They dissohTe in seventy-five parts of 95 per cent, alcohol in the cold, but in ten parts if boiling. They are readily soluble in ether, chloroform, carbon disulphide, and in the ethereal and fattv oils. Heated to 115° C. (239° F.), they melt to a brown liquid, and at a higher temperature are decomposed into vapor of iodine, hydriodic acid and other products, leaving behind a carbonaceous mass. Iodo- form is someAvhat volatile at ordinary temperatures, and when distilled with boiling water comes over unchanged. A Avatery solution of caus- tic alkali does not affect it, but an alcoholic solution decomposes iodo- form into formate and iodide of potassium. Tests.—In addition to the properties above given, the carbona- ceous mass left Avhen a portion of iodoform is heated on platinum foil, should at a higher temperature be consumed Avithout leaving a residue. The drug was first proven by Dr. B. F. Underwood, United States. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Iodoform is triturated as directed under Class VII. IPECACUANHA. Synonym, Cephaelis Ipecacuanha, A. Richard. Nat. Ord., Rubiacese. Common Name, Ipecac. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 259 This plant is a small shrub abounding in moist, shady Avoods in Brazil, betAveen the 8th and 20th degrees of south latitude. Its root is from four to six inches long, of the thickness of a goose-quill, wrinkled annularly, often branched. It penetrates the ground obliquely, and at intervals puts out long slender rootlets. The stem begins below the surface of the ground, is often procumbent near the base, so that but little more than one foot of it appears above. The stem is smooth, des- titute of leaves below, ashy or broAvn in color, and gives off rooting shoots. The upper portion is green and hairy. Leaves rarely more than six, are opposite, on petioles, oval, acute, entire, with deciduous stipules clasping the stem. FIoavcis small, white, in a nearly globular head of about tAvelve. Fruit, an ovoid, purple-black berry. It Avas introduced into our Materia Medica by Hahnemann. Preparation.—The dried root is coarsely poAvdered, and coA^ered with five parts by Aveight of alcohol; having been poured into a Avell- stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to remain eight days in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. IRIDIUM. Symbol, Ir. Atomic Weight, 198. Origin and Preparation of Iridium.—When crude platinum is dissolved in nitro-muriatic acid, a small quantity of a gray, scaly, metallic substance usually remains behind, having altogether resisted the action of the acid; this is a native alloy of iridium and osmium, called osmiridium or iridosmine; it is reduced to poAvder, mixed Avith an equal weight of dry sodium chloride, and heated to redness in a glass tube, through which a stream of moist chlorine gas is transmitted. The farther extremity of the tube is connected witli a receiver con- taining solution of ammonia. The gas, under these circumstances, is rapidly absorbed, iridium chloride and osmium chloride being pro- duced; the former remains in combination with the sodium chloride; the latter, being volatile, is carried fonvard into the receiver, Avhere it is decomposed by the water into osmic and hydrochloric acids, which combine Avith the alkali. The contents of the tube when cold are treated Avith water, by Avhich the iridium and sodium chloride is dis- solved out; this is mixed with an excess of ammonium chloride, and the iridium is precipitated as a dark red-broA\n ammonio-chloride, 2 (NH4 CI), Ir Cl4 ; upon heating this to redness iridium only is left behind. Properties.—Iridium is a white brittle metal, fusible with great difficulty before the oxy-hydrogen blow-pipe. Deville and Debray, by means of their poAverful oxy-hydrogen blast furnace, have fused it com- pletely into a pure Avhite mass, resembling polished steel, brittle in the cold, somewhat malleable at a red heat, and having a density equal to 260 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. that of platinum, viz., 21.15 (21.8 Hare). By moistening the pulver- ulent metal with a small quantity of water, pressing it tightly, first between filtering paper, then very forcibly in a press, and calcining it at a white heat in a forge-fire, it may be obtained in the form of a com- pact, very hard mass, capable of taking a good polish, but still very porous, and of a density not exceeding 16.0. After strong ignition it is insoluble in all acids, but Avhen reduced by hydrogen at Ioav tempera- tures, it oxidizes sloAvly at a red heat, and dissolves in nitromuriatic acid. It is usually rendered soluble by fusing it with nitre and caustic potash, or by mixing it with common salt, or better, Avith a mixture of the chlorides of potassium and sodium, and igniting it in a current of chlorine, as above described. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Iridium is triturated as directed under Class VII. IRIS VERSICOLOR, Linn. Synonym, Iris Hexagona. Nat. Ord., Iridacese Common Names, Blue Flag. Flower-de-luce. Liver Lily. This is an indigenous species whose root is a perennial, fleshy, hori- zontal rhizome. Stem two to three feet high, angled and frequently branching. Leaves are sheathed at the base, sword-shaped, and stri- ated. The floAvers are two to six in number, blue or purple, but varie- gated greenish-yelloAv or Avhite, and purple-ATeined. Fruit a pod, oblong, three-valved, three-sided, Avith obtuse angles, containing numer- ous flat seeds. The plant is found in all parts of the United States, in Ioav Avet places, in meadows, and on borders of swamps. FloAvers in June. It was first proved by Dr. J. G. Rowland, Inaugural Thesis, Phila., 1852. Preparation.—The fresh root, gathered in late autumn or early spring, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and after thoroughly mixing the pulp with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole well, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. JABORANDI. Synonyms, Pilocarpus Pennatifolius, Lemaire. Pilocarpus Pin- natus, Martins. Pilocarpus Selloanus, Eng. Nat. Ord., Rutacese. Common Name, Jaborandi. P. pennatifolius is a slightly branched shrub groAving in Brazil. The leaves are on long stalks, impari-pennate; leaflets opposite in from HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 261 tAvo to five pairs, the terminal one being on a large petiole. Leaves entire, ovate-oblong, apex tapering, rounded or emarginate, base taper- ing or rounded. The leaflets are coriaceous, possess a prominent mid- rib and have slightly revolute margins. They are punctated Avith oil glands. The taste of the leaves is bitter and aromatic, folloAved by a tingling sensation in the mouth and an increased Aoav of saliva; their odor is not noticeable till they are bruised, Avhen it is perceived to be slightly aromatic. P. Selloanus occurs in Southern Brazil and Paraguay, and does not differ greatly from the above-described plant. The first systematic proving of this drug seems to have been by Dr. W. L. Watkins, N. Y., although a number of "physiological experi- ments" have been made from time to time in 1874-5 by Gubler, Cou- tinho and Robin in France, and by Ringer and Gould in England. Preparation.—The dried leaves and stems are coarsely powdered, covered Avith five parts by Aveight of alcohol, and alloAved to remain eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, T\j. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. J AC ARAN DA CAROBA, De Candolle. Synonyms, Bignonia Caroba. Jacaranda Braziliensis. Nat. Ord., Bignoniacese. Common Name, Caroba. The caroba is very common in Brazil, in gardens and on plantations. It is a tree with white wood, the ramose top of Avhich attains a height of from tAventy to tAventy-eight feet. Leaves pinnate, tri- or quadriju- gate, composed of from five to nine opposite, sessile, glabrous and oval folioles. Flowers large, violet-colored, on pedicels that are expanded at their extremities, and forming ramose terminal panicles. Calyx tubulous, with five teeth; corolla tubulous, slightly pubescent exter- nally, and expanding at its summit into a limb with five obtuse divis- ions. Stamens five, one of Avhich is rudimentary; ovary ovoid, sur- mounted by a simple style terminating in a bilamellary stigma. The husks are linear and flat. Blossoms appear in September. It Avas introduced into the Homoeopathic Materia Medica by Dr. Mure, Brazil. Preparation.—The fresh floAvers are pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and, having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole well, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug poAver, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. 262 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. JALAPA. Synonyms, Ipomcea Purga, Hayne. Exogonium Purga, Bentham. Convolvulus Purga, Wenderoth. Mechoacanna Nigra. Nat. Ord., Convolvulacese. Common Name, Jalap. This is a tuberous-rooted plant, having a tAvining, herbaceous stem, furnished Avith cordate, entire, pointed, smooth leaves on long stalks. Its flowers are deep pink in color, salver-shaped and stand two or three on long peduncles. The plant is a native of Mexico, deriving its name from Xalapa, in the State of Vera Cruz. The Jalap of commerce consists of irregular, ovoid roots, Avhose sizes vary from that of a hazelnut to that of an egg, but at times specimens are found as large as a man's fist. They are of a dark brown hue, Avith numerous transverse light-colored scars. The large roots are gashed longitudin- ally to permit of more ready drying, or are halved or cpiartered; the smaller specimens are usually found entire. A good specimen of jalap is heavy, hard, tough and often horny; it becomes brittle Avhen kept long and breaks with a resinous, non-fibrous fracture. Its color inter- nally is dirty Avhite or pale dull brown. Its odor is smoky, from the mode in which it is dried, and its taste acrid and disagreeable. It was introduced into our Materia Medica by Noack and Trinks. Preparation.—The heavy, resinous root, carefully dried and coarsely pulverized, is covered with five parts by weight of alcohol, and alloAved to remain eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, y1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. JANIPHA MANIHOT, Kunth. Synonyms, Jatropha Manihot, Linn. Manihot Utilissima, Pohl. Manioca Mandi. Nat. Ord., Euphorbiacese. Common Names, Tapioca Plant. Manioca. Cassava. The cassava plant is probably a native of Brazil, where it has long been cultivated for its nutritious root. It is bushy in habit, with a ramose stem, groAving three feet or more in height. Its leaves are sea- green in color, petiolate, alternate, palmately divided, having five to seven lanceolate, smooth, entire lobes. The flowers are in panicles, terminal or axillary ; the perianth is bell-shaped, five-parted, light yel- low, changing to brown at the end. The roots are Avhite, fleshy, tuber- ous, and often weigh over tAventy-five pounds each. They abound in a milky juice, Avhich is poisonous, but which is removable by pressure and drying. The residue is starchy in character and is a food-staple. It was proved by Dr. J. Vincente Martins, Brazil. Preparation.—The milky juice of the fresh root is triturated as directed under Class VIII. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 263 JATROPHA CURCAS, Linn. Synonyms, Curcus Purgans, Adanson. Ficus Infernalis. Ricinus Ma j oris. Nat. Ord., Euphorbiacese. Common Names, Physic Nut. Purging Nut. This plant is a shrub, indigenous to tropical regions, and found grow- ing in the West Indies and South America. Its leaves are heart- shaped, smooth, entire; floAvers campanulate, greenish-yellow, in pani- culate cymes. The fruit is a three-celled capsule, each cell one-seeded; seeds are blackish, oblong-ovoid, nearly an inch long, convex on one side, flat on the other, with a Avhitish hilum at one end. Within the envelope is the kernel, Avhose taste is someAvhat SAveet but folkmed by an acrid, burning sensation. It Avas introduced into our Materia Medica by Dr. Hering. Preparation.—The ripe seeds are coarsely poAvdered and covered with five parts by Aveight of alcohol, and alloAved to remain eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, T\,. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class TV. JUGLANS CINEREA, Linn. Synonym, Juglans Cathartica. Nat. Ord., Juglandacese. Common Names, Butternut. Oil Nut. White Walnut. This is a Avell-knoAvn indigenous forest tree, often forty to fifty feet high, Avith a thick but short trunk. The young branches are smooth and of a grayish color. Leaves alternate, twelve to tAventy inches long, pinnate; leaflets fifteen to seventeen in pairs, Avith one terminal, lanceolate, serrate, rounded at base, pointed, soft pubescent beneath. Barren floAvers in long aments, fertile ones in short spikes. Fruit drupaceous, Avith a spongy epicarp, within Avhich is an oblong pointed nut, dark in color, rugous and irregularly furroAved. The druiz- Avas first proven by Dr. j. P. Paine, Inaugural Thesis, Phila., 1852. Preparation.—The fresh, young, inner bark (especially of the root), collected in May or June," is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then tAvo parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole well, pour it into a well-stop- pered bottle and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. JUGLANS REGIA, Linn. Synonym, Nux Juglans. Nat. Ord., Juglandacese. 264 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Common Name, Common European Walnut. This is a beautiful tree cultivated from Southern Europe to Central Germany, and has large, unequally pinnate, long-petiolate leaves, with smooth, entire, petiolate, sweet-scented leaflets. The drug was first proven by Dr. Clotar Miiller, Germany. Preparation.—In June and July, from the unripe, smooth, green fruit, the hulls are taken and, with an equal part of green leaves, are chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the Avhole well, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, strain- in «; and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, 4. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. JUNCUS EFFUSUS, Linn. Nat. Ord., Juncacese. Common Names, Bulrush. Common or Soft Rush. This perennial rush, growing in marshy grounds in Europe, Asia and America, rises from matted running rootstocks, to the height of from two to four feet. The scape is soft and pliant; with short leafless or rarely leaf-bearing sheaths at the base; leaves, if any, terete, knotless and similar to the scape ; inner sheaths aAvned ; panicle diffusely much- branched, many-floAvered; flowers numerous, small, greenish ; sepals lanceolate, very acute, as long as the triangular-obovate refuse and pointless greenish-brown pod; anthers and filaments of equal length; style very short; seeds small. Flowers in spring. It was proven by Dr. Wahle, Germany. Preparation.—The fresh root, gathered in spring, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the whole well, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days, in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and fil- tering. Drug power of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. JUNCUS PILOSUS. Synonym, Luzula Pilosa, Willd. Nat. Ord., Juncacese. Common Name, Wood-Rush. This is a perennial found growing usually in dry ground in shady places in Europe, Asia, Africa and North America. Its stem is slen- der, cyme lax, branches few, reflexed in fruit, flowers subsolitary, peri anth-segments acuminate, shorter than the very broadly ovoid obtuse HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 265 capsule, crest of seeds long curved terminal. Rootstock short, tufted ; stolons slender. Stems many, one-half to one foot high. Leaves about half as long as the stem, one-sixth to one-quarter inch broad, soft, sparingly hairy. Cyme Avith capillary branches and pedicles. FIoav- ers one-sixth to one-fifth inch, chestnut-broAvn, rarely in pairs; bract- lets broad, short. Capsule very broad below, suddenly contracted to a conical top above the middle. Flowers appear in April and May. Preparation.—The fresh root, gathered in spring, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the whole well, pour it into a AA'ell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and fil- tering. Drug poAver of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. JUNIPERUS COMMUNIS, Linn. Nat. Ord., Coniferse. Common Names, Common Juniper. Juniper. J. communis is an evergreen shrub found groAving throughout Europe and in the greater part of Asia. It is also distributed over the northern portion of North America. In northern regions, such as Norway and Sweden, it is a small tree, attaining a height of from thirty to thirty-six feet, while throughout Europe generally, it does not rise above six feet. In high mountainous regions it becomes de- cumbent (J. nana, Willd), and rises only a feAV inches above the soil. Its branches are numerous, prostrate, the shrub becoming often pyra- midal in outline. Leaves in Avhorls of three, five to eight lines long, acerose-lanceolate, bristly-pointed, mid-vein channelled above, keeled beloAv. Barren flowers are in small, axillary aments; fertile ones, on a different plant, are small, sessile, axillary. The fruit is a galbulus or pseudo-berry, ovate and green during its first year, ripening only in autumn of its second year. In the ripe state it is spherical, from three-tenths to four-tenths of an inch in diameter, and is of a deep purplish tint, covered with a bluish-gray bloom. The thin epicarp en- closes a loose, yellowish-brown sarcocarp, imbedded in Avhich, and lying closely together, are three hard, triangular seeds, whose top is sharp-edged, and whose surface is supplied each Avith several oil sacs. In commerce, juniper berries are about the size of a pea, and shriveled more or less, marked Avith three furrows at the top and tubercled at the base, from the persistent calyx. Preparation.—The fresh, ripe berries, are pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole well, pour it into a well-stop- pered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. 266 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Drug power of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. KALI ACETICUM. Synonyms, Potassium Acetate. Acetas Kalicus. Kali Acetas. Potassii Acetas. Common Name, Acetate of Potash. Formula, K C2 H3 02. Molecular Weight, 98. Preparation of Acetate of Potassium.—By neutralizing pure officinal acetic acid Avith bicarbonate of potassium added gradually. After filtering, the solution is to be evaporated carefully on a sand- bath to dryness. The salt should be kept in a well-stoppered bottle. Properties.—Potassium acetate is a snowy, glistening mass of crys- talline poAvder, which is neutral in reaction or only Aveakly alkaline; it must not be acid; it has a pungent saline taste. It is soluble in less than its own weight of water at medium temperatures, and in three to four parts of alcohol. Heated to about 280° C. (536° F.) it melts, and at 360° C. (710° F.) it is decomposed, with the production of acetic acid and potassium carbonate. Officinal potassium acetate con- tains from four to five per cent, of water. Tests.—In addition to the properties already mentioned, potassium acetate, in dilute solution, should undergo no change Avhen treated Avith barium chloride and hydrogen sulphide; Avith silver nitrate an opalescent turbidity, due to the presence of a trace of chloride, is ad- missible in the German Pharmacopoeia. The first proving was by Vogt, in Germany. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by Aveight of acetate of potassium is dissolved in nine parts by weight of distilled water. Amount of drug power, ■^u. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—a. KALI ARSENICOSUM. Synonyms, Potassium Arsenite. Formula, H K2 As 03. Take of arsenious acid, one part, of pure and dry carbonate of pot- ash, one part, and of distilled water, one part; boil in a test-tube until a clear liquid results, then add about forty parts of distilled water, and after the liquid has cooled, add enough distilled Avater to bring the Avhole to one hundred parts. This solution Avill contain one part of kali arsenicosum to one hun- dred of water, and should be marked 2x. Prepare further dilutions according to Class V. KALI BICHROMICUM. Synonyms, Potassium Dichromate. Potassse Bichromas. Potassii Bichromas. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 267 Common Name, Bichromate of Potash. Formula, K2 Cr2 07. Molecular Weight, 295. Preparation.—Potassium dichromate or anhydrochromate, is pre- pared by adding to the neutral yellow chromate of potassium in solu- tion, a moderate quantity of one of the stronger acids. As a result, one-half the base is abstracted by the neAV acid, and the formula of the salt may be expressed, K2 Cr04, Cr03. The salt is crystallized by slow evaporation in beautiful red, tabular crystals, derived from a tri- clinic prism. Properties.—Potassium dichromate is permanent in the air, red- dens litmus paper and has a cooling, bitter and metallic taste. It is soluble in ten parts of Avater at 15° C. (59° F.), and more abundantly in boiling Avater; it is insoluble in alcohol. At a little beloAV a red heat it melts to a transparent red liquid, out of Avhich, on sIoav cooling, may be obtained fine, large crystals, but they crumble to poAvder at a loAver temperature. It is a poAverful oxidizer. Tests.—Potassium dichromate is readily obtainable in a state of purity. Calcium might possibly be present, as it is used in the manu- facture of the yellow chromate; if present, the addition of an alkaline carbonate to a solution of the salt will cause a turbidity. A solution of the dichromate acidulated Avith nitric acid, should show no change Avhen treated Avith barium chloride (absence of sulphuric acid or sul- phate). The drug Avas first proA^ed by Dr. Drysdale, England. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by Aveight of bichromate of potassium is dissohTed in ninety-nine parts by weight of distilled water. Amount of drug power, T^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—ft, except that distilled Avater is used for dilutions to the 4x and 2 inclusive. Triturations of bichromate of potassium are prepared as directed under Class VII. KALI BROMATUM. Synonyms, Potassium Bromide. Bromuretum Kalicum. Kalium Bromatum. Potassii Bromidum. Common Name, Bromide of Potassium. Formula, K Br. Molecular Weight, 119. Preparation.—Potassium bromide may be produced by treating a solution of bromide of iron Avith a solution of potassium carbonate as long as any precipitate occurs. The Avhole is to be thrown upon a filter and the precipitate Avashed Avith boiling distilled water, the wash- ings added to the filtrate and the solution evaporated till crystalliza- tion is completed. The crystals are to be collected and dried on bibu- lous paper and kept in a well-stoppered bottle. As prepared by the above process, the bromide has a slight alkaline reaction, but by the 268 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. German Pharmacopoeia, the compound is required to behave indiffer- ently to both red and blue litmus paper. Properties.—Potassium bromide is in tolerably large, Avhite, glis- tening, cubical crystals, Avhich are permanent in the air. They have a pungent, saline taste ; their specific gravity is 2.4. They are soluble in two parts of water at 0° C. (32° F.), in one and a half parts at 20° C. (68° F.), in one of boiling water and in 180 parts of 90 per cent. alcohol. When heated, the crystals decrepitate, and at a low red heat melt without decomposition; at a bright red heat they gradually sub- lime. Properties.—A solution of potassium bromide, Avhen treated Avith dilute sulphuric acid, should remain colorless, a reddish or reddish-yel- low color indicating the presence of bromine from decomposed bromate. If silver nitrate be added to a solution of the salt, the resulting pre- cipitate should be completely soluble in dilute ammonia or nearly so. A faint opalescent turbidity due to silver bromide is permissible. Should a milky turbidity or a real precipitate occur, it may be due to excess of silver bromide or to silver iodide, or to both; by treating it with caustic ammonia, all the silver bromide will be dissolved, and any residue then is due to silver iodide. The presence of iodide may be also determined by adding to a solution of potassium bromide a drop of chlorine Avater, when, upon adding starch solution, the Avell- known blue color of the so-called iodide of starch will be perceived. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by Aveight of pure bromide of potassium is dissolved in ninety-nine parts by Aveight of distilled water. Amount of drug power, T^ff. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—ft. Triturations of the pure bromide of potassium are prepared as di- rected under Class VII. KALI CARBONICUM. Synonyms, Potassium Carbonate. Carbonas Kalicus. Potassii Carbonas. Sal Tartari. Common Names, Carbonate of Potassium. Salt of Tartar. Formula, K2 C03. Molecular Weight, 138. The officinal pure potassium carbonate is a dry, white, coarsely granular mass, or a white crystalline powder; it is without odor, has an alkaline taste and action. It contains usually about 4 per cent. of hygroscopic moisture. When exposed to the air it deliquesces and ultimately forms a slightly yellowish liquid. It is soluble in its own weight of water at medium temperatures, is insoluble in alcohol, and when treated with acids, evolves C02, forming a salt with the acid used. Hahnemann's Preparation of Carbonate of Potassium.— Half an ounce of purified bitartrate of Potash, moistened with a few drops of water, is pressed into the form of a small ball, enclosed in paper HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 269 and then dried. It is next brought gradually to a red heat by being placed between the glowing coals of a good fire, then taken out and laid in a porcelain dish, covered with linen and exposed to the moist air of a cellar. Deliquescence ensues aud if the exposure be con- tinued for two weeks the last trace of calcareous earth will be precipitated. A clear drop of this preparation is used for making the first trituration according to class VIII. Properties.—If Hahnemann's preparation be made from pure potassium bitartrate no tests for the purity of the product will be required. Potassium bitartrate is frequently adulterated with sul- phate and chloride of potassium, sulphate and chloride of calcium, Avith terra alba, chalk, etc. Tests.—A comprehensive as well as an accurate test is that of the British Pharmacopoeia which directs that "one hundred and eighty grains" of bitartrate of potassium, heated to redness till gas ceases to be evolved, leave an alkaline residue which requires for exact neutralization, one thousand grain-measure of the volumetric solu- tion of oxalic acid. This drug Avas first proven by Hahnemann. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by weight of Hahnemann's preparation of carbonate of potassium is triturated with ninety-nine parts of sugar of milk as directed uuder class VII. KALI CAUSTICUM. Synonyms, Potassium Hydrate. Lapis Causticus. Potassa Caus- tica. PotassaB (Potassii) Hydras. Common Name, Caustic Potash. Formula, KHO. Molecular Weight, 56. Preparation of Caustic Potassa.—The officinal solution of potassa is prepared by adding to a solution of 15 troy ounces of po- tassium bicarbonate, a mixture of 9 troy ounces of fresh burnt lime in 4 pints of distilled Avater ; each must be brought to the boiling point before mixing and then boiled for ten minutes. The whole is to be strained through muslin and distilled Avater is added through the strainer until the strained liquid measures 7 pints. Of the solution of potash, any quantity may be taken and boiled down rapidly in a clean silver or iron vessel until a drop of the liquid, Avhen removed on a Avarm glass-rod, solidifies on cooling. It is then to be poured into moulds, and while still Avarm placed in Avell-stoppered bottles. Offi- cinal caustic potash is not pure, and contains appreciable propor- tions of potassium sulphate, sodium hydrate and alumina. To obtain the substance in the pure state, the officinal preparation is to be dis- sohred in 2 volumes of Avater, the solution mixed Avith 4 volumes of alcohol, filtered and evaporated rapidly to dryness in a silver A^essel. Properties.—Caustic potash is in Avhite, dry, cylindrical pieces, Avhich break Avith a crystalline fracture. It is extremely deliquescent, and has a strong affinity for carbonic oxide, Avith which it combines even 270 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. in the solid state ; it is, of course, easily soluble in water, and unlike most of the potassium compounds, is freely soluble in alcohol. When heated strongly it melts to a colorless, oily liquid, and at a full red heat it volatilizes in Avhite vapors Avithout change. Tests.—As stated above, its solubility in alcohol serves to distin- guish it from other potassium compounds, and Avhen dissolved in 2 volumes of water and then mixed Avith 4 volumes of alcohol, only a slight precipitate or an insignificant Avatery layer should separate out (absence of other potassium salts, sulphate, chloride or carbonate). When treated with acids, a solution of caustic potash should give no, or at most but very slight, effervescence, and Avhen heated with sul- phuric acid in excess, the solution should not discharge the color of indigo solution (absence of nitrate). Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by Aveight of pure caustic potassa is dissolved in nine parts by Aveight of distilled water. Amount of drug power, -fa. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—a. KALI CHLORICUM. Synonyms, Potassium Chlorate. Potassse Chloras. Potassii Chloras. Common Name, Chlorate of Potash. Formula,K CI 03. Molecular Weight, 122.5. Preparation of Chlorate of Potassium.—"Take of carbonate of potash, twenty ounces; slaked lime, fifty-three ounces; distilled Avater, a sufficiency; black oxide of manganese, eighty ounces; hydrochloric acid, twenty-four pints. Mix the lime Avith the carbonate of potash, and triturate them with a feAV ounces of the water so as to make the mixture slightly moist. Place the oxide of manganese in a large re- tort or flask, and having poured upon it the hydrochloric acid, diluted Avith six pints of Avater, apply a gentle sand heat and conduct the chlo- rine as it comes over, first through a bottle containing six ounces of Avater, and then into a large carboy containing the mixture of carbon- ate of potash and slaked lime. When the whole of the chlorine has come over, remove the contents of the carboy, and boil them for twenty minutes Avith seven pints of the water; filter and evaporate till a film forms on the surface, and set aside to cool and crystallize. The crystals thus obtained are to be purified by dissolving them in three times their weight of boiling distilled Avater, and again alloAving the solution to crystallize."—Br. P. Properties.—Pure potassium chlorate forms neutral, permanent, colorless, rhomboidal crystalline plates, Avhich possess a cooling saline taste, are soluble in 16h parts of Avater at 15° C. (59° F.) and in less than two parts of boiling water. The salt melts when heated below a red heat, and at a higher temperature parts Avith one-third of its oxygen, becoming converted thereby into potassium chloride and per- HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 271 chlorate, but with a stronger heat all its oxygen is driven off and the salt is changed into chloride. When rubbed in a mortar with sub- stances that are easily oxidized, e. g., sulphur, carbon, powdered resin, starch, sugar, tannin and metallic sulphides, it decomposes with explo- sive violence. Tests.—Pure potassium chlorate, when heated on platinum foil to redness, yields a residue Avhich is neutral in reaction; an alkaline reac- tion is due to the presence of potassium nitrate. A dilute watery solution of the salt should give no precipitate Avith barium chloride (sulphate) or with silver nitrate (chloride). The salt Avas proven under the direction of Dr. E. Martin, Germany. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by weight of pure chlorate of potassium is dissolved in ninety-nine parts by Aveight of distilled Avater. Amount of drug poAver, T^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class Y—ft. Triturations of pure chlorate of potassium are prepared as directed under Class VII. KALI CYANATUM. Synonyms, Potassium Cyanide. Kali Cyanuretum. Kalium Cya- natum. Potassii Cvanidum. Potassii Cyanuretum. Common Names, Cyanide of Potassium. Ovanuret of Potassium. Formula, K Cy or K*C N. Molecular Weight, 65. Preparation of Cyanide of Potassium.—An intimate mixture of eight parts of anhydrous potassium ferrocyanide and three parts of potassium carbonate is introduced by small portions into a cast-iron crucible previously heated to low redness. After all the material has been added the crucible is kept in the fire till a sample of the melted mass appears Avhite and has the aspect of porcelain on cooling; it is then taken out, left at rest until the metallic iron produced by the decomposition has settled doAvn, when the fused mass is poured out. The mass is to be broken up Avhile yet Avarm and the pieces transferred to a well-stoppered bottle. Properties.—Potassium cyanide crystallizes from its watery solu- tions in cubes or in forms derived therefrom; they are transparent and colorless, possess a bitter acrid taste and the odor, to some extent, of bitter almonds. The salt is very fusible, melting at a dull red heat to a transparent liquid Avhich, on cooling, becomes a Avhite, dull, opaque, porcelain-like mass; at a Avhite heat it volatilizes Avithout decomposi- tion. Its reaction is alkaline. Potassium cyanide is deliquescent, is easily soluble in water, dissolves in dilute alcohol, but in absolute alco- hol is almost insoluble. The aqueous solution is decomposed by boil- ing, formate and carbonate of potassium being produced, together with ammonia. Potassium cyanide is intensely poisonous. Test.—The salt is considered sufficiently pure Avhen its concen- trated solution exhibits, upon treatment with hydrochloric acid, no, or at most only very slight, effervescence. 272 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. The first provings Avere by Lembke, Germany. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure cyanide of potassium is prepared by trituration as directed under Class VII. KALIFERROCYANATUM. Synonyms, Potassium Ferrocyanide. Ferrocyanuret of Potas- sium. Kalium Borussicum. Kaliuni Ferrocyanatum. Potassii Ferro- cyanidum. Common Names, Ferrocyanide of Potassium. YelloAV Prussiate of Potash. Formula, K4 Fe Cy6, 3H2 O. Molecular Weight, 422. Preparation.—Ferrocyanide of potassium is prepared commer- cially by adding animal matters such as horn, feathers, dried blood, leather clippings, etc., mixed with iron filings, to fused carbonate of po- tassium, lixiviating the fused mass with Avater, filtering, and crystalliz- ing by evaporation. The animal matter contains nitrogen and carbon, the latter in larger proportion than is required to form cyanogen Avith the nitrogen; hence when these substances are fused with carbonate of potassium, the excess of carbon reduces potassium from the carbonate, and the potassium thus set free unites with the cyanogen formed, pro- ducing cyanide of potassium, the latter being converted into ferrocya- nide in the subsequent lixiviation. The product is afterAvard purified by recrystallization. Properties.—Pure potassium ferrocyanide crystallizes Avith three molecules of Avater in truncated pyramids, belonging to the dimetric or quadratic system. The crystals are often reduced to the tabular form by the predominance of the lateral faces. They are someAvhat soft, permanent in the air, transparent, yelloAV in color and possess a sweetish saline taste. The salt dissolves with a pale yelloAV color in four parts of cold and in two of boiling Avater; it is insoluble in alco- hol. Heated to 100° C. (212° F.) the salt parts Avith its Avater of crystallization and falls in a Avhite powder; at a red heat it melts, and at a higher temperature decomposes into a mixture of potassium cyan- ide and carbide of iron. A solution of potassium ferrocyanide gives Avith solutions of ferric salts a deep blue precipitate of Prussian blue and Avith ferrous salts a whitish precipitate Avhich gradually be- comes blue upon exposure to the air; with cupric salts the precipi- tate is a dark reddish-brown, but Avith cuprous salts the color of the precipitate is whitish, becoming reddish-brown upon exposure to the air. Alkalies do not precipitate the iron from the combination in the salt, but on heating the salt with potassium carbonate potassium cyanide is formed Avith the separation of metallic iron. Potassium ferrocyanide is usually found in commerce beautifully crystallized, but occasionally there are present Avith it small crystals of potassium carbonate colored yelloAV by some admixture of the ferro- cyanide. For testing, therefore, the small crystals should be selected. By treating the crystals with dilute sulphuric acid the absence of HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 273 effervescence will show freedom from carbonate. A solution of the salt in Avater acidified Avith hydrochloric acid should not give a Avhite precipitate Avith barium chloride (absence of sulphate). In order to detect the presence of chloride a portion of the ferro- cyanide should be decomposed by fusion Avith potassium or ammonium nitrate; the residue is to be dissolved in distilled Avater, acidified with nitric acid and treated Avith silver nitrate in the usual Avay, Avhen, if chloride be present, a white curdy precipitate will appear. The first provings Avere made under the direction of Dr. J. B. Bell, United States. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure ferrocyanide of potassium is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. KALI HYPOPHOSPHOROSUM. Synonyms, Potassium Hypophosphite. Hypophosphis Kalicus. Potassii Hypophosphis. Hypophosphis Potassicus. Common Name, Hypophosphite of Potash. Formula, K H2 P 02. Molecular Weight, 104. Preparation of Hypophosphite of Potassium.—By boiling an aqueous or alcoholic solution of potassium hydrate Avith pure phos- phorus as long as phosphoretted hydrogen continues to escape, then decanting the solution from the undissolved phosphorus and mixing it Avith acid potassium carbonate in order to convert the remaining potas- sium hydrate into carbonate. The solution is then to be evaporated and the residue treated with hot strong alcohol Avhich dissolves the hypophosphite and leaves the carbonate. The solution is to be filtered while hot and set aside to crystallize. Properties and Tests.—Hypophosphite of potassium usually forms an opaque, indistinctly crystalline mass, sometimes, however, exhibiting six-sided plates. It is very deliquescent, more so even than calcium chloride, is readily soluble in water and dilute alcohol, less soluble in absolute alcohol and insoluble in ether. It may be heated to 100° C. (212° F.) Avithout undergoing any change, but at a red heat out of contact with air it gives off phosphoretted hydrogen. This, like other hypophosphites, acts as a powerful reducing agent. With silver nitrate it forms a white precipitate which quickly turns brown and is converted into metallic silver; Avith mercuric chloride it acts similarly, the black precipitate being in this case metallic mercury. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by weight of pure hypophosphite of potassium is dissolved in nine parts by weight of distilled water. Amount of drug poAver, TV Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—«. Triturations of pure hypophosphite of potassium are prepared as di- rected under Class VII, but owing to the deliquescence of the salt, the lx will not keep. 18 274 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. KALI JODATUM. Synonyms, Potassium Iodide. Ioduretum Kalicum. Kali hy- driodicum. Kalium Iodatum. Potassii Iodidum. Common Name, Iodide of Potassium. Formula, K I. Molecular Weight, 166. Preparation of Iodide of Potassium.—To a solution of po- tassium hydrate in boiling distilled water, add iodine in fine powder, in successive portions. After each addition of iodine the mixture is to be stirred until its color disappears, and this procedure is to be re- peated till the iodine is in small excess, which will be known by the slight color of the solution. The solution is now to be evaporated, and there is to be intimately mixed Avith it, by stirring towards the end of the evaporation, powdered charcoal, until its amount equals one- third of the potassium hydrate used. The mixture is then to be re- duced to powder, placed in an iron crucible and heated to Ioav redness, and kept so for a quarter of an hour. After cooling, the mass is to be treated Avith distilled water and the mixture filtered, evaporated and set aside, until the potassium iodide has crystallized out. Properties.—Pure potassium iodide forms colorless, transparent, glistening, cubical crystals. In commerce it is generally found in crystals, which are white, opaque or porcelain-like in appearance, and which have an alkaline reaction. Both these differences are due to the presence of a minute amount of potassium carbonate. Potassium iodide has a sharp, saline, somewhat bitter taste, and if its reaction be neutral, is only slightly hygroscopic. Four parts of the compound re- quire three parts of water at medium temperatures, or tAvo parts at 100° C. {212° F.) for solution. It is also soluble in ten or eleven parts of ninety per cent, alcohol and in forty of absolute alcohol. Its solutions dissolve iodine freely. Tests.—Aqueous solution of potassium iodide should give no pre- cipitate when agitated with lime Avater (absence of potassium carbo- nate), and Avhen treated with silver nitrate, the resulting precipitate washed, agitated with ammonia and filtered, the filtrate should not give any turbidity when treated Avith nitric acid in excess. The aque- ous solution, when treated Avith hydrochloric acid, should exhibit no change of coloration; a yelloAV color is due to the presence of potas- sium iodate. Its solution mixed Avith starch solution gives a blue color on the addition of a drop or tAvo of chlorine Avater (iodine), and a crystalline precipitate occurs with tartaric acid (potassium). It Avas introduced into our Materia Medica by Hartlaub and Trinks, Germany. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by Aveight of pure iodide of potassium is dissolved in ninety-nine parts by weight of alcohol. Amount of drug poAver, T^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—ft. Triturations of pure iodide of potassium are prepared as directed under Class VII, but the lx will not keep well. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 27.5 KALI MURIATICUM. Synonyms, Potassium Chloride. Kali Chloratum. Kali Chlori- dum. Potassii Chloridum. Common Names, Chloride of Potash. Chloride of Potassium. Formula, K CI. Molecular Weight, 74.5. Preparation of Chloride of Potassium. Potassium chloride is a constituent of the mineral carnallite—a double chloride of potas- sium and magnesium found in large quantity at Stassfurth near Mag- deburg, in Germany. The deposit is worked for the extraction of the chloride, by dissolving the double chloride in water and leaving the solution to cool. The greater part of the potassium chloride separates out, while magnesium chloride remains in solution. Potassium chloride may be prepared by neutralizing pure aqueous hydrochloric acid with pure potassium carbonate or hydrate. The solution is to be eyraporated to crystallization. Properties.—Potassium chloride crystallizes in cubes, often pris- matically elongated, and occasionally in octohedrons. The crystals are colorless or Avhite, are permanent in the air, decrepitate Avhen heated, melt at a Ioav red heat, and at a higher temperature volatilize without decomposition. The substance tastes like common or table salt. It is soluble in three parts of cold, and in two of boiling Avater, and is insoluble in strong alcohol. Tests.—According to German pharmaceutical authority, the pres- ence of sodium chloride to an amount not exceeding two per cent., is permissible in potassium chloride for internal use. To determine the presence of a greater proportion of the sodium compound, a handful of the crystals of potassium chloride is to be reduced to powder and quickly dried. Of this dry poAvder 0.2 gram, together with 0.49 gram of pure silver nitrate are placed in a test-tube Avith water, and dilute nitric acid added. The mixture is to be Avarmed, thoroughly shaken, and after cooling, filtered. The filtrate Avhen treated with silver ni- trate solution, should not exhibit the least turbidity, otherwise the pro- portion of the sodium compound is in excess of the limit prescribed. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure chloride of potassium is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. KALI NITRICUM. Synonyms, Potassium Nitrate. Nitras Kalicus. Nitrate of Po- tassium. Nitrum. Potassa.' Nitras. Potassii Nitras. Common Names, Nitrate of Potash. Nitre. Saltpetre. Formula, KN03. Molecular Weight, 101. Origin and Preparation of Nitrate of Potassium.—Potas- sium nitrate is Avidely diffused in nature, although in small propor- tion, as a constituent of vegetable soil and in spring and river water. It is never found in large beds as is nitrate of sodium; it occurs in veins in sandstone in Pennsylvania and in calcareous soil 276 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. in other parts of the world. In South America and in some districts of India, Arabia, Persia, Spain and Hungary, nitrates are found widely disseminated through the soil, but never at a depth lower than can be easily penetrated by the air. The formation of nitric acid in these localities is in all probability dependent on the oxidation of am- monia, for the production of saltpetre is ahvays found to take place most abundantly Avhere there is a large quantity of A'egetable or ani- mal matter in a state of putrefaction, or Avhere the air contains a con- siderable amount of ammonia resulting from such decomposition. The luxuriant vegetation of the tropics supplies by its decay a never fail- ing source of ammonia, and the high temperature and moisture of the air facilitate its oxidation, so that in the tropics the amount of natu- rally produced saltpetre is vastly in excess of that formed in Europe. An indispensable condition for the formation of nitrates in large quan- tity, is the presence of alkaline or earthy bases to fix the nitric acid as soon as formed. Nitrate of calcium is formed artificially in several countries in Europe, by mixing decomposing vegetable and animal matters with cinders, chalk, marl, etc., moistening the mass repeatedly with urine, exposing it freely to the air for tAvo or three years, and then lixiviating. Nitrates are found in the juices of plants, particu- larly those with fleshy, tuberous roots, and are probably acquired from the soil by direct imbibition. The commercially pure salt has to be further purified before it is used in pharmacy, but this is done by the manufacturing chemist. Properties.—Chemically pure potassium nitrate forms either a dry, snow-white, crystalline mass, or colorless, permanent, large six- sided, striated, rhombic prisms. They dissolve in four parts of Avater at medium temperatures, in less than half their Aveight of boiling water, and are insoluble in alcohol. The solutions are neutral in reac- tion. The crystals contain longitudinal cavities filled Avith the mother liquor, so that when triturated a damp poAvder is produced, but through the spontaneous and slow evaporation of a saturated solution, solid crystals are readily obtainable. The taste of the salt is saline, cooling and slightly bitter. The salt melts beloAV a red heat Avithout decomposition to a colorless liquid, and on cooling solidifies to a Avhite, opaque, radiate-crystalline mass. At a higher temperature it is de- composed with the evolution of oxygen and nitrogen, and the formation of nitrite of potassium. When thrown upon glowing coal, it deflag- rates and leaves a residue Avhich is alkaline in reaction. _ Tests.—A portion of the salt dissolved in 50 times its volume of distilled water should give no turbidity with silver nitrate (absence of chloride), nor with barium chloride (absence of sulphate), nor with sodium carbonate (absence of earthy metals), nor Avith hydrogen sul- phide (absence of heavy metals); its solution treated with ammonium hydrate and carbonate and then with sodium phosphate, will give a white precipitate of ammonio-magnesium phosphate if magnesium be present. The presence of sodium may be detected by dissolving a por- tion of the salt in aqueous alcohol and igniting the latter, a yellow- colored flame indicating the presence of sodium. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 277 The first provings Avere made under J6rg, in Germany. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by Aveight of pure nitrate of potassium is dissolved in nine parts by Aveight of dis- tilled Avater. Amount of drug poAver, -j^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—a. Triturations of pure nitrate of potassium are prepared' as directed under Class VII. KALI PERMANGANICUM. Synonyms, Potassium Permanganate. Kali Hypermanganicum Crystallizatum. Potassa? Permanganas. Potassii Permanganas. Common Name, Permanganate of Potash. Formula, K2 Mn2 08. Molecular Weight, 316. Preparation of Permanganate of Potassium.—"Take of caus- tic potash, five ounces; black oxide of manganese in fine powder, four ounces; chlorate of potash, three and a half ounces ; diluted sulphuric acid, a sufficiency; distilled Avater, tAvo and a half pints. Reduce the chlorate of potash to fine poAvder, and mix it with the oxide of man- ganese; put the mixture into a porcelain basin, and add to it the caus- tic potash, previously dissolved in four ounces of water. Evaporate to dryness on a sand-bath, stirring diligently to prevent spurting. Pul- verize the mass, put it into a covered Hessian or Cornish crucible, and expose it to a dull red heat for an hour, or till it has assumed the con- dition of a semi-fused mass. Let it cool, pulverize it, and boil with a pint and a half of the Avater. Let the insoluble matter subside, decant the fluid, boil again Avith half a pint of the water, again decant, neu- tralize the united liquors accurately with the diluted sulphuric acid, and evaporate till a pellicle forms. Set aside to cool and crystallize. Drain the crystalline mass, boil it in six ounces of the Avater and strain through a funnel, the throat of Avhich is lightly obstructed by a little asbestos. Let the fluid cool and crystallize, drain the crystals, and dry them by placing them under a bell-jar over a vessel containing sulphuric acid."—Br. P. Properties.—Potassium permanganate is in tolerably permanent, neutral, very dark purple, prismatic crystals having a metallic lustre; they are Avithout odor, possess a SAveetish astringent taste, and are soluble in 16 parts of cold, and in 2 of boiling Avater. The solutions are of a deep purple color, and even when quite dilute, shoAv a decided purple tint, and Avhen brought in contact with oxidizable matters, whether organic or inorganic, the color rapidly disappears from loss of oxygen and consequent formation of manganic hydrate; mineral acids discharge the color Avith the formation of manganous salts. Test.—Five grains dissolved in water require, for complete decolora- tion, a solution of 44 grains of granulated ferrous sulphate, acidulated with 2 fluid drachms of dilute sulphuric acid. The first provings were by Dr. H. C. Allen, U. S. 278 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by Aveight of pure permanganate of potassium is dissolved in ninety-nine parts by weight of distilled Avater. Amount of drug power, t^q. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—ft, except that they must be freshly prepared as required. Owing to its decomposition with organic matter, permanganate of potassium should not be prepared by trituration. KALI PHOSPHORICUM. Synonyms, Potassium Phosphate. Potassii Phosphas. Common Name, Phosphate of Potash. Formula, K2 HP04. Molecular Weight, 174. Preparation of Phosphate of Potassium.—This salt is pro- duced by mixing aqueous phosphoric acid with a sufficient quantity of potassium hydrate or carbonate until the reaction is slightly alkaline, and evaporating. Properties.—The salt crystallizes with difficulty in irregular forms (Berzelius). It is generally obtained as a white amorphous mass, is very deliquescent, is freely soluble in water, and is insoluble in alcohol. By ignition it is converted into pyrophosphate. Tests.—When prepared as directed above, it is not likely to be contaminated. For identification, it may be dissolved in water and then treated with silver nitrate solution, when a yellow precipitate will be thrown down, showing the presence of orthophosphoric acid, and when treated with tartaric acid, a white crystalline precipitate is evi- dence of the presence of potassium. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Phosphate of potassium is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. KALI SULPHURICUM. Synonyms, Potassium Sulphate. Kali Sulphas. Potassse Sulphas. Potassii Sulphas. Common Name, Sulphate of Potash. Formula, K2 S 04. Molecular Weight, 174. Preparation of Sulphate of Potassium.—This salt occurs native in delicate needle-shaped crystals, or as a crust on many of the Vesuvian lavas, and is designated mineralogically as Glaserite, Arcan- ite, Aphthalose or Vesuvian salt. It is obtained as a by-product in several manufacturing processes, as in the preparation of nitric acid from nitrate of potassium, the acid sulphate usually obtained as a residue of this operation being converted into neutral sulphate by ad- dition of potassium carbonate. It likeAvise crystallizes out from the mother-liquors of sea-Avater and salt springs, and from the liquors ob- tained by lixiviating kelp and varec. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 279 Properties.—Potassium sulphate crystallizes in short, permanent, colorless, four and six-sided prisms, and by slow crystallization from a large quantity of its solution in double six-sided pyramids. It is solu- ble in 10 parts of cold, and in 3 of boiling Avater, and is insoluble in alcohol. It has a sharp, bitter, saline taste; its specific gravity is 2.66. The crystals decrepitate strongly Avhen heated. Tests.—A solution of potassium sulphate should be unaffected by treatment with hydrogen sulphide or ammonium sulphide (absence of heavy metals), by potassium carbonate (absence of earths), by antimo- nate of potassium (sodium), and by silver nitrate (chloride). Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure sulphate of potassium is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. KALMIA. Synonym, Kalmia Latifolia, Linn. Nat. Ord., Ericaceae. Common Names, Laurel. Mountain Laurel. This is an evergreen shrub found groAving on rocky hills and damp soil, from Maine to Ohio and Kentucky, four to eight feet high; in the mountains from Pennsylvania soutliAvard, it often grows to the height of from 10 to 20 feet. Leaves mostly alternate, bright green both sides, ovate-lanceolate or elliptical, tapering to each end, petioled; corymbs terminal, many flowered, clammy-pubescent; pod depressed, glandular. The flowers appear in May and June, are profuse, large and very showy, varying in color from deep rose to nearly Avhite. It Avas first proved by Dr. Buchner, in Germany. Preparation.—The fresh leaves, collected Avhen flowering, are chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole well, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decant- ing, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, \. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. KAMALA. Synonyms, Mallotus Philippinensis, MM. Rottlera Tinctoria, Roxburgh. Croton Coccineus. Nat. Ord., Euphorbiacese. Common Name, Kameela. This is a large shrub or small tree from 20 to 45 feet in height, grow- ing throughout the Indian peninsulas, in many of the East India Is- lands, and in China an^Australia. The fruit is a roundish three- celled capsule, about the size of a cherry, and is covered Avith stellate hairs, together Avith small glands. The berries are collected in large quantities and throAvn into large baskets, in Avhich they are rolled 280 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. about so as to divest them of the glands and hairs. The poAvder so ob- tained forms the kamala of commerce, and is light, finely granular and very mobile, consisting of crimson granules, whose bright color is dulled by the admixture of gray stellate hairs and fragments of leaves. It is without odor, but its alcoholic solution poured into water emits a melon- like odor ; it is almost Avithout taste, but it feels gritty between the teeth. It yields to alcohol, ether, chloroform or benzol a splendid red resin; from a concentrated ethereal solution allowed to stand a few days, minute, platy, yelloAV crystals, of a satiny lustre, can be isolated; when decomposed with caustic potash, they yield paraoxybenzoic acid. Preparation.—The kameela poAvder is covered Avith five parts by weight of alcohol, and having poured the mixture into a well-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to remain eight days in a dark, cool place, being shaken tAvice a day. It is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, r^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. Triturations are prepared as directed under Class VII. KAOLINUM. Synonyms, Kaolin. Alumina Silicata. Common Names, Porcelain or China Clay. This is a mixture of aluminous and silicious earth, or more properly is decomposed felspar, Al K Si308, found in nature in layers filling hol- lows between granite and other rocks, and distinguishing itself from other aluminous earths by its being free from iron, and quite white or onty pale-colored. The most excellent occurs in the mountains near Misnia in Saxony, near Passau in Bavaria, and near Karlsbad in Bo- hemia. Preparation.—Kaolin, first reduced to powder by pounding, is carefully washed with distilled water, and then triturated, as directed under Class VII. KINO. Synonyms, Butea Frondosa, Roxb. Erythrina Monosperma. Pterocarpus Marsupium, De Candolle. Eucalyptus Rostrata, Schlect, (Nat. Ord., Myrtacese.) Nat. Ord., Leguminosse. Common Names, Buja. Dhak Tree. Australian Red Gum. Pterocarpus Marsupium is a handsome tree, 40 to 80 feet high grow- ing in Central and Southern India, and in Ceylon. Butea frondosa or Dhak tree, grows in India and Burmah, and is conspicuous for its large orange, papilionaceous flowers. Pterocarpus erinaceus is a native of tropical Western Africa. The kino, originally used in medicine in the last century, came from the river Gambia, in West Africa, and was the product of P. erinaceus At the beginning of the present century, East Indian kino, from the Malabar coast, whose botanical origin is P. Marsupium, replaced the African drug, as the latter no longer appeared in commerce. The HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 281 Butea kino is used in India in place of the Malabar or East Indian kino. The true East Indian kino is very scarce, the Avhole amount col- lected probably not exceeding a ton or tAvo per annum. For some years the drug market has been largely supplied Avith considerable quantities of kino obtained from Australia; this is the product of numerous species of Eucalyptus. It is believed that the better varieties of Eucalyptus kino, such as that from E. rostrata, possess the proper- ties of Pterocarpus kino. The provings Avere made Avith kino from E. rostrata. Properties.—Kino is the juice which exudes from incisions made in the tree, and dried Avithout artificial heat. As it oozes out it has the appearance of red currant jelly, but hardens in a few hours' expos- ure to the air. Malabar or East India kino is in dark blackish-red, angular fragments, rarely larger than a pea, and when in thin sections is transparent and of a bright garnet hue. The fragments sink in water and upon agitation partially dissolve; they are completely solu- ble in alcohol. Kino is Avithout odor and has an extremely astringent and sweetish taste. It was proven by Dr. Blundell, Month. Horn. Rev., 7, 199. Preparation.—The inspissated juice, obtained from incisions made in the trunk, is powdered, covered Avith five parts by Aveight of alcohol, and alloAved to remain eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAA-er of tincture, T\j. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. KRAMERIA. Synonym, Krameria Triandra, Ruiz et Pavon. Nat. Ord., Polygalacese. Common Names, Mapato. Pumacuchu. Ratanhia. Rhatany. The rhatany plant is a small, woody shrub Avith an upright stem about a foot in height, growing in Bolivia and Peru at an elevation of from 3000 to 8000 feet above the sea level. The root is dark reddish- broAvn and consists of a short, thick crown, sometimes as large as a man's fist, and knotted. The root throws out an abundance of branch- ing woody rootlets, one-quarter to one-half inch thick and several feet long. The woody portion of the root is brownish-yelloAV and dense; the valuable qualities of the drug are contained in the bark of the root, and hence the superior value of the long rootlets or "long" rha- tanv in which the woody portion is very small. It Avas introduced into the Homoeopathic Materia Medica by Hart- laub and Trinks, Germany. Preparation.—The dried root, coarsely poAvdered, is covered with five parts by Aveight of alcohol, and allowed to remain eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, y1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. 282 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. KREOSOTUM. Synonym, Creosotum. Common Names, Creasote. Kreosote. Origin and Preparation.—The substance found in commerce under the name of kreosote is often merely hydrate of phenyl, more or less impure, but the true kreosote extracted by Reichenbach from Avood-tar is a perfectly distinct body. In the dry distillation of wood a tar is left, and when it is in its turn distilled the residue acquires the consistence of a pitchy mass, and the liquid contained in the receiver is found to consist of several distinct layers, the lowest of Avhich contains the kreosote. The latter layer is saturated with sodium carbonate, left at rest and after some time a yellowish oil rises to the surface. The oil is decanted, rectified in a glass retort, the lighter portion of the distillate rejected and the heavier portion collected and treated with potash solution of specific gravity 1.12. The kreosote dissolves in the alkaline liquid and the hydrocarbons, including Eupion (vide infra), Avith which it is mixed, remain undissoh^ed. After decanting and boil- ing, the potash solution is treated Avith sulphuric acid to set free the kreosote, but the latter is further purified by successive distillations Avith alkaline Avater, re-solution in potash and re-separation by sul- phuric acid. Eupion, as shoAvn above, is obtained from wood-tar, and is procured in greater proportion from coal-tar, from rectified bone-oil and from the oil obtained by the dry distillation of hemp-seed and rape-seed. To prepare eupion from rectified bone-oil the latter is mixed with quarter its weight of sulphuric acid; the lighter and clearer liquid which rises to the surface is taken off and distilled with an equal weight of sul- phuric acid and a small quantity of nitre; the distillate is again dis- tilled with sulphuric acid, then washed with aqueous potash and with water, rectified, dried under the air-pump and treated Avith potassium as long as the metal shows signs of oxidation. Properties of Kreosote.—It is a colorless or faintly yellow, strongly refracting liquid. Its specific gravity is 1.071, as required by the British Pharmacopoeia, or 1.046 by United States Pharmacopoeia. Its specific gravity varies between 1.040 and 1.090, and its boiling point from 200° to 210° C. (392-410° F.). Its odor is disagreeable, smoky and penetrating and its taste is burning and caustic; it is solu- ble in eighty parts of cold and in twenty-four of hot water, and in all proportions in alcohol, ether, carbon disulphide and acetic acid. When ignited it burns with a white but very sooty flame. It precipitates gum and albumen from their solutions, but forms a clear mixture with collodion. When kept for some time it gradually becomes broAvnish in color. Eupion is a colorless, transparent, extremely mobile liquid, having a low refractive power on light; it is tasteless, but has an odor like that of flowers. Its specific gravity is 0.65 at 20° C. (68° F.); it is very volatile, evaporating perceptibly at common temperatures. Eupion is insoluble in water, dissolves sparingly in aqueous alcohol, but mixes readily with absolute alcohol, ether and the volatile and HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 283 fixed oils. It is a very stable substance; it is not altered by light; acids and alkalies Invve no influence upon it, and it is said that potas- sium permanganate is not reduced by it, Avhile Avith chlorine, bromine and iodine it unites Avithout undergoing decomposition. Tests.—-The liability of kreosote to contain carbolic acid as a falsi- fication, will call for special tests for presence of the latter. Liquid carbolic acid is soluble in three volumes of a mixture of one part of Avater Avith three of glycerine; kreosote is almost insoluble in the same. In ten volumes of strong liquor ammonia kreosote scarcely dis- sohres; by heating to the boiling point a partial solution takes place, and on cooling, the kreosote separates at the bottom of the vessel as a yelloAv or broAvnish layer, and if the Avhole be allowed to stand for a day, the ammoniacal solution will be found to be colored yelloAvish or yellowish-brown. Carbolic acid on the other hand, dissolves at once in the caustic ammonia, and Avhen boiled and placed aside for a day, the liquid becomes blue or violet-blue in color. When ten drops of kreosote are thoroughly shaken Avith ten CC. of water, and then a drop of ferric chloride solution added, a yellowish or greenish or green turbidity occurs, Avhich changes after some time to greenish-broAvn or brownish. Under similar conditions carbolic acid produces a clear blue fluid and the color is permanent. When equal volumes of kreosote and collodion are mixed together, there results a clear viscid mass. With carbolic acid the collodion gelatinizes, will not floAv, and is more or less turbid. A specimen of kreosote is to be considered adulterated when it does not sink upon being dropped into Avater (with cautious shaking), or if it does not evidence its transparency Avhen lying at the bottom of the Avater, or if, Avhen treated Avith ten volumes of strong solution of ammonia and shaken, it dissolves completely or suffers a diminution of its volume; or Avhen mixed with an equal volume of collodion the latter gelatinizes. Kreosote adulterated with carbolic acid does not fail to gelatinize collodion. The first provings Avere by Dr. Syrbius, in Germany. Eupion Avas proven by Dr. Bertoldi, Italy. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by Aveight of pure beechAvood-tar kreosote is dissolved in ninety-nine parts by Aveight of alcohol. Amount of drug poAver, T^7. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class YI—ft. LACERTA AGILIS, L Synonym, Lacerta Stirpium. Class, Reptilia. Order, Sauria. Family, Lacertina. Common Name, Green European Lizard. The green lizard is frequently met with in Southern European some parts of Africa and in SAveden. It is not poisonous; it will bite, but the Avounds are not dangerous. It Avas reputed of old to be an 284 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. antidote against all poisons, and is yet used occasionally as a popular remedy. There seems to be some doubt as to the proper preparation; Avhile some prepare a tincture from the fresh pounded lizard, others recom- mend a trituration from the dried animal. Preparation.—The entire dried animal is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. LACHESIS. Synonym, Trigonocephalus Lachesis, L. Class, Reptilia. Order, Ophidia. Family, Crotalidse. Common Name, Surukuke or Churukuku. The lachesis or trigonocephalus inhabits the hot countries of South America; it attains a length of upwards of seven feet, and its poison- fangs are nearly one inch long; the skin is reddish-brown, marked along the back with large rhomboidal spots of a blackish-brown color, each of which encloses two spots of the color of the body. The poison resembles saliva, is less viscous, limpid, inodorous, without any marked taste, in color somewhat greenish; at the extremity of the fang, it easily forms into drops, and falls without threading; exposed to the air, it soon concentrates into a dry, yellow mass, which for an indefinite time preserves its poisonous qualities. This poison introduced into a wound, or injected into a vein, produces the most dreadful symptoms, and generally, death. The virus of this serpent has been more care- fully proved than that of any other. The specimen used by Dr. Hering in his experiments was obtained from the living snake, which was stunned Avith a blow; the poison was then collected on sugar by pressing the poison-fang upwards against the bag, and the three first attenuations prepared by trituration. Preparation.—The virus is triturated as directed under Class VIII. LACHNANTHES. Synonym, Lachnanthes Tinctoria, Elliott. Nat. Ord., Hsemodoracese. Common Names, Red Root. Spirit Weed. This herb grows in sandy swamps, from Rhode Island and New Jersey southward, near the coast. Its root is red, fibrous and peren- nial. Leaves ensiform, equitant, clustered at the base and scattered on the stem, which is hairy at the top, and terminated by a dense compound cyme of dingy yellow and loosely woolly flowers. Perianth woolly outside, six-parted doAvn to the adherent ovary Stamens three, opposite the three larger or inner divisions; filaments long, ex- serted ; anthers linear, fixed by the middle. Style thread-like' ex- serted, declined. Pod globular; seeds few on each fleshy placenta, flat and rounded, fixed by the middle. Flowers appear from July to September. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 285 It was proved under the direction of Dr. Lippe, United States. Preparation.—The fresh plant in floAver is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole Avell, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug poAver, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. LACTUCA SATIVA, Linn. Synonyms, Lactuca Crispa. Lactuca Sylvestris. Nat. Ord., Compositse. Common Name, Garden Lettuce. This is an annual plant, cultivated as a salad vegetable. The stem, about two feet high, is erect, round, simple beloAv, and branching aboA'e. The lower leaves are sub-orbicular ; the upper are cordate and toothed; both are shining, and yelloAvish-green in color. The flowers are num- erous, small, with yelloAvish corollas. The plant contains a milky, narcotic juice, Avhich is abundant during the period of inflorescence. The plant is Avidely cultivated in both hot and temperate climates. Preparation.—The fresh, perfectly developed plant, grown in the garden, is chopped and pounded to a pulp, enclosed in a piece of new linen and subjected to pressure. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled Avith an equal part by Aveight of alcohol. This mix- ture is allowed to stand eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, \. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. LACTUCA VIROSA, Linn. Synonyms, Intybus Augustus. Lactuca Fcetida. Nat. Ord., Compositse. Common Name, Acrid or Strong-scented Lettuce. This plant is a native of Europe. It is a biennial herb, stem three to four feet high, cylindrical, prickly near the base, pale green in color, and often marked Avith purple spots. Radical leaves are large, petiolate, oblong-ovate, obtuse, prickly on under side along the mid- rib, margins wavy. The stem leaves are smaller, alternate, sessile, hori- zontal, Avith a saggitate and clasping base, and Avith spinous apex. FloAvers in terminal panicles, pale yelloAv; akenes are oval, flattened, black, Avith a Avhitish beak. The plant exudes a milky juice, has a disagreeable, narcotic odor and a bitter, acrid taste. It Avas first proven by Dr. Seidel, Germany. Preparation.—The fresh plant is chopped and pounded to a pulp, enclosed in a piece of neAV linen and subjected to pressure. The ex- pressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled with an equal part 286 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. by weight of alcohol. This mixture is allowed to stand eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, h Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. LACTUCARIUM. This substance is the concrete juice of Lactuca virosa, L. sativa, L. Scariola and L. altissima. The drug market is supplied Avith lactu- carium from Germany and England, from plants specially groAvn for this purpose. Preparation of Lactucarium.—Just before the time of flower- ing, the stem is cut off about a foot below the top, after which a trans- verse slice is taken off daily until September. The juice is pure white at first but readily becomes brown on the surface, is collected from the wounded top by the finger and is transferred to earthen cups, from which it is turned out after hardening. German lactucarium comes in commerce in fragments moulded by the collecting cups, externally of a dull reddish-brown color, and internally opaque and Avax-like. It has a strong opium-like odor, and a very bitter taste. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The dried milk-juice is triturated, as directed under Class VII. LAMIUM ALBUM, Linn. Synonyms, Gallopsidis Maculata. Lamium Lsevigatum. Nat. Ord., Labiatse. Common Names, Dead Nettle. White Archangel. This plant grows in Europe, on highways, beside ditches, hedges, etc. Root cylindrical, ramose, hairy; stem straight, quadrangular, downy, simple. Leaves ovate-cordate, serrate, pointed, doAvny. Flowers white, in axillary clusters; calyx-teeth slender and hairy at base. This drug was first proven by Hahnemann and Stapf. Preparation.—Two parts of fresh leaves and one part of fresh blossoms are chopped and pounded to pulp, enclosed in a piece of neAV linen and subjected to pressure. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled Avith an equal part by Aveight of alcohol. This mixture is allowed to stand eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Amount of drug power, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. LAPATHUM ACUTUM. Synonym, Rumex Obtusifolius, Linn. Nat. Ord., Polygonacese. Common Name, Bitter Dock. This plant is a native of Europe, but has been introduced into America, where it is found growing in fields, etc. Stem somewhat rough ; lower leaves ovate-cordate, obtuse, downy on the veins beneath, HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 2S7 Avavy-margined; the upper lance-oblong, acuminate; whorls distant; valves ovate-hastate, and Avith some sharp subulate teeth at the base, strongly reticulated, one grain-bearing. Proven by Dr. Widenhorn, Archiv. de la Med. Horn., 2, 305. Preparation.—The fresh root, gathered in autumn, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and AA'eighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of al- cohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole Avell, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, strain- ing and filtering. Amount of drug poAver, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class HI. LAPIS ALBUS. Synonym, Silico-Fluoride of Calcium. This name, Lapis Albus, is given by Dr. a'. Grauvogl, to an unnamed species of gneiss, Avhich he first found held in suspension in the Avaters of the mineral springs of Gastein, Germany. These springs start from the foot of the Tauern Mountains, and floAV dowmvard into the valley of the Achen, over formations of gneiss. The substance prcwed Avas a trituration of the solid gneiss rock. Dr. v. Grauvogl calls it a Avhite, primitive, calcium gneiss. Until a care- ful scientific analysis of the rock used by v. Grauvogl is made, we must only consider as officinal, triturations of the gneiss from the springs of Gastein, Germany. Preparation.—Genuine Lapis Albus is triturated, as directed under Class VII. LAUROCERASUS. Synonyms, Prunus Laurocerasus, Linn. Padus Laurocerasus. Nat. Ord., Rosacea?. Common Name, Cherry Laurel. This is a handsome evergreen shrub groAving to a height of eighteen feet or more, and is a native of the Caucasus, of North Western Asia Minor, and of Northern Persia. It has been introduced as an orna- mental plant in many parts of Europe. The leaves are alternate, simple, coriaceous, with shining upper surface; they are five to six inches long and nearly two inches Avide, oblong or obovate, on thick petioles; margin recurved, sharp-serrate, glandular-dentate. They are paler on loAver side, and dull, and marked by eight to ten lateral veins. FloAvers small, white, in simple racemes. Fruit an oval dark red, almost black, drupe. The fresh leaves are inodorous until bruised, Avhen thev at once emit the odor of hydrocyanic acid. When chewed, their taste is rough, aromatic and bitter. It Avas first proven under Dr. Jorg, Germany. Preparation.—The mature fresh leaves, gathered in the summer 288 HOMCEOPATHIC PHAEMACEUTICS. months, are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Take two- thirds by Aveight of alcohol, and add it to the pulp, stirring and mixing well together; then enclose in a piece of new linen and subject to pres- sure. The tincture thus obtained is alloAved to stand eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Drug power of tincture, ■•>. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class II. LEDUM. Synonyms, Ledum Palustre, Linn. Anthos Sylvestris. Rosmar- inum Sylvestre. Nat. Ord., Ericacese. Common Names, Marsh Tea. Wild Rosemary. This is an evergreen shrub, from two to three feet high. Stem erect, slender, much branched, young branches covered with close rust- colored doAvn. Leaves scattered, horizontal or reflexed, on short peti- oles, linear or ligulate, entire, with revolute margins, channeled, smooth; upper surface dark green, under surface paler, and the midrib covered Avith rust-colored down. Flowers numerous, in dense, simple, terminal, bracteated corymbs. Stamens uniformly ten. Pods oval. The whole plant, Avhen bruised, has a strong, oppressive, aromatic odor, and a bitter, astringent, nauseous taste. It grows in moist, swampy grounds in north of Europe, France, Asia and British America. It was first proven by Hahnemann. Preparation.—The fresh herb is pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole well, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. LEPIDIUM BONARIENSE, De Candolle, Synonym, Lepidium Mastruco. Nat. Ord., Cruciferse. Common Names, Buenos Ayres Pepperwort. Mastruco. This plant is very common in the neighborhood of Rio, Avhere it is found along the roads and in stony places. It is herbaceous, with numerous glabrous, erect stems, attaining a height of from twenty to thirty inches; the radical leaves are petiolate, finely indented; the superior leaves are alternate, sessile and almost linear. The flowers are in terminal spikes, supported by filiform pedicles ; calyx with four folioles; corolla small, cruciform, Avith four hypogynous petals, six tetradynamous stamens, short style, small, subelliptical pod, which is somewhat crenated at the top; root fibrous, simple, erect. It blossoms in September. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 289 It Avas introduced into our Materia Medica by Dr. Mure, Brazil. Preparation.—The fresh leaves are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the Avhole Avell, and pouring it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and fil- tering. Drug power of tincture, t. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. LEPTANDRA. Synonyms, Leptandra Virginica, Nutall. Veronica Virginica, Linn. Callistachya Virginica. Eustachya Alba. Nat. Ord., Scrophulariacese. Common Names, Black Root. Culver's Root. Tall Speedwell. Tall Veronica. This is a perennial herbaceous plant, Avith a smooth or slightly doAvny erect stem, two to six feet high, groAving throughout the United States east of the Mississippi. Leaves in Avhorls of four to seven, on short petioles, lanceolate, pointed and finely serrate. Calyx five- parted. Corolla nearly white, Avheel-shaped, tube larger than the limb, segments unequal, Stamens much exserted. LoAver part of fila- ments and corolla pubescent. Fruit a pod, ovate, acuminate, opening at the apex, tAvo celled, many seeded. FloAvers in July and August. It Avas proven by Dr. W. H. Burt, United States. Preparation.—The fresh root, of the second year, is chopped and pounded to a pulp. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole well, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and allow it to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, \. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. LILIUM TIGRINUM, H. K. Nat Ord., Liliacese. Common Name, Tiger Lily. This plant is a native of China and Japan, but is Avidely cultivated as a garden plant. Stem from four to six feet high, unbranched, Avoolly. Leaves scattered, sessile, three-veined, the upper cordate-ovate, the axils bulbiferous. FloAvers large, in a pyramid at the summit of the stem, dark orange-colored, Avith black or very deep crimson, some- what raised spots, which give the flower the appearance of the skin of the tiger, and from Avhich circumstance it has derived its name; peri- anth revolute and papillose within. Flowers appear in July and August. 19 290 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. It was introduced into our Materia Medica by Dr. W. E. Payne, United States. Preparation.—The fresh plant, in flower, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After "having stirred the whole and poured it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, strain- ing and filtering. Drug power of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. LITHIUM BROMATUM. Synonyms, Lithium Bromide. Lithium Bromatum. Lithium Hydrobromicum Lithii Bromidum. Common Name, Bromide of Lithium. Formula, Li Br. Molecular Weight, 87. Preparation and Properties of Bromide of Lithium.—One part of lithium sulphate is to be dried by heating on a water-bath and then digested for an hour Avith three parts of crystallized barium bro- mide and three parts of hot distilled Avater. After cooling, there are to be added four parts of alcohol, and after some hours the whole is to be throAvn on a filter; the residue is to be Avashed on the filter Avith dilute alcohol, the alcohol distilled off and the rest of the filtrate evaporated to dryness. Properties.—Lithium bromide is a colorless hygroscopic salt which may be obtained in crystals by sloAvly evaporating its solution over sulphuric acid. It is readily soluble in Avater and alcohol. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Bromide of lithium is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. LITHIUM CARBONICUM. Synonyms, Lithium Carbonate. Carbonas Lithicus. Lithii Car- bonas. Common Name, Carbonate of Lithium. Formula, Li2 C03. Molecular Weight, 74. Preparation of Carbonate of Lithium.—Carbonate of lithium exists in the Avaters of Carlsbad, Franzensbad and of other springs. It is prepared by dissolving an excess of ammonium carbonate in a con- centrated solution of lithium chloride and Avashing the resulting pre- cipitate Avith alcohol. Properties—Lithium carbonate is a white light powder, not un- like magnesia in appearance, and has an alkaline taste. It effervesces with acids and Avhen moistened Avith hydrochloric acid and placed in a loop of platinum Avire and held in the flame of an alcohol lamp it HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 291 colors the flame a carmine-red. It is soluble in about 135 parts of Avater at medium temperatures, and the solution has an alkaline reac- tion ; in alcohol it is almost insoluble. Heated to redness it fuses, and on cooling solidifies to a crystalline mass; at a Avhite heat it loses four-fifths of its carbonic acid. The lithium carbonate of commerce is frequently a sesquicarbonate, and is soluble in about 100 parts of Avater; absolutely pure monocarbonate requires 150 parts of cold Avater for its solution. Tests.—The solution of lithium carbonate in dilute hydrochloric acid giA'es, Avhen evaporated, a residue Avhich is soluble in a mixture of equal volumes of ninety per cent, alcohol and ether; the chlorides of potassium and sodium are insoluble, or nearly so in this mixture. The above-mentioned residue after evaporation, Avhen dissolved in 200 volumes of Avater, should give no turbidity Avith ammonium oxalate (calcium) nor Avith sodium carbonate (magnesia). A solution of lithium carbonate in dilute nitric acid should give no precipitate Avith silver nitrate or barium chloride, nor Avith hydrogen sulphide or ammonium sulphide. It was first proven by Dr. Hering. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.-—Pure carbonate of lith- ium is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. LOBELIA. Synonyms, Lobelia Inflata, Linn. Rapuntium Inflatum, Nat. Ord., Lobeliacese. Common Names, Indian Tobacco. Lobelia. Asthma Root. Bugle Weed. Emetic Herb. Puke Root. This is an indigenous annual plant found groAving on roadsides and in neglected fields. Root fibrous, stem erect, angled, from nine to eighteen inches high, pubescent, much branched. Leaves sessile, ovate or oblong, serrate, diminishing into leaf-like bracts. Flowers numer- ous, short-pedicelled, small, in spike-like racemes. Corolla pale blue, tubular, someAvhat two-lipped, the upper lip bifid, the loAver trifid. Fruit a tAvo-celled pod, Avith numerous small, broAvn seeds. FloAvers from July to September. It Avas*introduced into the Homoeopathic Materia Medica by Dr. Jeanes, United States. Preparation.—The fresh plant is pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts bv Aveight of alcohol are taken, and after thoroughly mixing the pulp\vith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole well, pour it into a Avell-stop- pered bottle and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, £/. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class HL 292 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. LOBELIA CARDINALIS, Linn. Nat. Ord., Lobeliacese. Common Names, Cardinal Flower. Red Lobelia. This species of lobelia is tall, two to four feet high, stem simple, smoothish; leaves oblong-lanceolate, slightly toothed, acute at each end, sessile. Flowers in a terminal branched raceme, on short pedi- cels. Corolla deep scarlet and large. The plant is common from Canada to the Carolinas, and westward to Illinois. Preparation.—The fresh plant is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the whole Avell and pouring it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to remain eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. LOBELIA SYPHILITICA, Linn. Synonyms, Lobelia Ccerulea. Lobelia Glandulosa. Nat. Ord., Lobeliaceae. Common Names, Blue Lobelia. Great Lobelia. An indigenous plant often found in the Western States in wet meadows and along streams. Stem erect, simple, tAvo to four feet high, angular. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute at both ends, irregularly serrate. Flowers in a dense raceme or crowded spike. Corolla pale blue, an inch long, showy. Calyx with reflexed sinuses. FloAArers in July. It was first proven by Dr. W. Williamson, United States. Preparation.—The fresh plant is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole well and poured it into a Avell- stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, I. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. LOLIUM TEMULENTUM, Linn. Synonyms, Lolium Arvense. Lolium Robustum. Nat. Ord., Graminese. Common Name, Bearded Darnel. Darnel. Lare. This grass is an annual, about tAvo feet high, indigenous to Europe and Western Asia, but found in this country from New England to Pennsylvania. Leaves lance-linear, large and shoAvy, rough-edged. Spikelets five to seven-flowered, much compressed, not "longer than the HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 293 glume. Seeds oblong-ovoid, about one quarter of an inch in length, inner surface grooved, outer convex, smooth, light broAvn. It Avas first proven by Dr. Cordier, France. Preparation.—The ripe seeds are coarsely powdered, and covered with five parts by Aveight of alcohol, and alloAved to remain eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off', strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. LUPULINA. Common Name, Lupulin. This is a yelloAv glandular powder detached from the strobiles of Humulus Lupulus. See Lupulus. When dry hops are handled, the glandular poAvder becomes separated and is freed from other matters by sifting; about 10 per cent, of the weight of the hops may be thus procured. Lupulin, when recent, is a yelloAv, afterwards brown, granular, resinous powder, Avhich has the odor and taste of hops. Preparation.—The lupulin is triturated, as directed under Class VII LUPULUS. Synonym, Humulus Lupulus, Linn. Nat. Ord., Urticaceae. Common Names, Hops. Hop Vine. The hop vine is found growing Avild, especially in thickets, on the banks of rivers throughout Europe, and extends to the Caucasus and Central Asia. It has been cultivated for centuries in Europe, and is found hi both North and South America. It is a perennial, dioecious plant, producing annually long turning stems, Avhich climb freely over trees and bushes. Leaves opposite, on long petioles, mostly three to five-lobed, serrate, deep green on upper surface, prickly, rough. The male flowers are in a long panicle; the female flowers are in a less conspicuous stalked catkin, and are made up of a short, zig-zag axis bearing overlapping, membranous scales, forming an ovoid cone or strobile. The scales bear at the base the fruit or achenia, and both scales (at the base) aud achenia are beset with numerous yellow glands, which, Avhen separated, appear in mass as powder. It was first proven by Dr. Bethmann, in Germany. Preparation.—The fresh hop-strobiles are chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp thoroughly mixed with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole well and poured it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. 294 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Drug poAver of tincture, I. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. LYCOPERSICUM. Synonyms, Solanum Lycopersicum, Linn. Lycopersicum Escu- lentum, Mill. Poma Amoris. Nat. Ord., Solanacese. Common Names, Love Apple. Tomato. This plant is a native of tropical America, but its fruit has come into such high repute that it is cultivated very extensively elsewhere. The tomato plant resembles the potato plant in general aspect. It is hairy; stems herbaceous, Aveak, growing three to four feet high; leaves unequally pinnatifid, segments cut, glaucous beneath; flowers greenish- yelloAV, of an unpleasant odor; fruit is large and abundant, torulose, furroAved, smooth, at first green, becoming Avhen ripe a beautiful red; it has an agreeable acid taste. Introduced by Dr. Gross, Germany. Preparation.—The fresh herb beginning to flower, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the Avhole well and pour- ing the mixture into a well-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug power, &. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. LYCOPODIUM. Synonyms, Lycopodium Clavatum, Linn. Muscus Clavatus. Pes Leoninus. Pes Ursinus. Nat. Ord., Lycopodiacese. Common Names, Club-Moss. Stag's Horn. Witch Meal. Wolf's Claw. The common club-moss is Avidely distributed through the greater part of the Avorld, but more especially in northern countries. Its stem is creeping, two to four feet long, with ascending branches. LeaAres linear-aAvl-shaped, incurved. Fertile branches end in slender peduncles supporting two to three linear spikes, with ovate acuminate, erosely dentate bracts. Sporangia in the axils of the bracts. The spikes are gathered just before maturity, and the sporules shaken out and sepa- rated from other parts of the plant by means of a fine sieve. Lycopodium in mass, is a pale yelloAv poAvder, so very mobile that its behavior is like that of a liquid when the vessel holding it is inclined from side to side. Under microscopic examination, each sporule is seem to be a roundish or nearly globular body, having three Avell defined facets on one side forming a short, three-sided pyramid. The surface presents a honey-combed appearance, and the angular edges of the HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 295 pyramid are furnished Avith small projections. Bucholz found the con- stituents of Lycopodium sporules to be in 100 parts as follows: fixed oil 6, sugar 3, mucilage 1.5, and 89.5 of Avhat he designated as pollenin, meaning the residue left after extracting the mass Avith Avater, alcohol, ether and cold alkaline solution, and Avhich does not seem to be cellu- lose. Fliickiger and Hanbury find that the fixed oil amounts to 47 per cent., and they Avere enabled to recover this large amount by first finely dividing the sporules by prolonged trituration Avith sand, and then exhausting the triturated mass Avith ether. The oil is bland and does not solidify at even —15° C. (^5° F.). By subjecting Lycopodium or its extract to distillation, Stenhouse succeeded in obtaining several volatile bases, although in extremely small proportion. Beneath the net-Avork already described, is a thin, coherent and dense membrane, yelloAV in color, Avhich resists the action of such solvents as boiling Avater and strong potash solution. Sulphuric acid does not affect it in the cold, even after prolonged contact. It affects, hoAvever, the mem- brane in a manner analagous to its action in producing parchment paper, for the pollen grains become transparent; at the same time numerous oil drops quickly exude. Trituration of the sporules alone results in a darkening of the color and increased consistency Avith evi- dent greasiness of the mass. The toughness of the membrane (and probably the elasticity of the reticulations) render the pollen very dif- ficult to triturate perfectly, but long trituration Avith such an amount of sugar of milk as will just suffice to isolate each sporule from its neighbors, offers the best means of obtaining as complete rupture and comminution of the pollen grains as can be attained. A method of triturating Lycopodium, and Avhich may give the proper proportions of sugar of milk to sporules, Avas published in New York Medical Times, Vol. X—6. The drug Avas first proven by Hahnemann. Preparation.—To obtain an efficacious tincture of Lycopodium, a previous trituration for hours, first dry, and then with the addition of as much alcohol as is necessary to form a thick paste, Avill be found of great advantage; after this is done, sufficient strong alcohol is added to make five parts by Aveight of alcohol to each part by Aveight of lycopodium used. This preparation is allowed to remain eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, T\y. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. Triturations of Lycopodium are prepared as directed under Class VII, but the first trituration should be prepared from lx, made by using one part of Lycopodium to nine of granulated saccharum lactis, and then triturating poAverfully for several hours. From this lx tritu- ration the higher numbers can be made on both scales in the usual Avay. LYCOPUS. Synonym, Lycopus Virginicus, Linn. Nat. Ord., Labiatse. 296 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Common Names, Bugle-Aveed. Paul's Betony. Virginia Hoar- hound. This is an indigenous perennial herb found in bogs and Avet soils. Stem erect, obtusely four-angled, from twelve to eighteen inches high, generally simple. Leaves opposite, sessile, on petioles, broad-lanceo- late, serrate in the middle, entire at both ends, glandular-punctate be- neath. The whole plant often takes on a purple tint. Flowers minute, purplish, in small whorls. Corolla four-cleft, nearly regular, upper segment broadest; tube as long as the calyx. Achenia four, truncated obliquely at apex. It was first proven by Dr. G. E. Chandler, United States. Preparation.—The fresh plant, in flower, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and after thoroughly mixing the pulp with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After stirring the whole well, and pouring it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. LYSSIN. Synonym, Hydrophobinum. The virus of the rabid dog. Preparation.—The virus is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VIII. MADAR. Synonyms, Calotropis Gigantea, Brown. Asclepias Gigantea, Linn. Mudar. Nat. Ord., Asclepiadacese. This plant is a native of the East Indies, but has been introduced into the West India Islands. The bark is used as a remedy in East India under the name of Madar or Mudar. The bark is Avhitish, is without epidermis, has very little, if any odor, and its taste is nause- ous and bitter. It Avas proved by E. B. Ivatts, Dublin. Preparation.—The recently-dried bark, coarsely pulverized, is triturated as directed under Class VII. MAGNESIA CARBONICA. Synonyms, Magnesium Carbonate. Carbonas Magnesicus. Mao-- nesn Carbonas. Salis Amari. ° Common Name, Carbonate of Magnesia Formula, (Mg C03\, Mg (H 0)2, 5H2 O. Molecular Weight, 484 Preparation of Carbonate of Magnesium.—"Take of sul- phate of magnesia, ten ounces; carbonate of soda, tAvelve ounces; boil- HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 297 ing distilled water, a sufficiency. Dissolve the sulphate of magnesia and the carbonate of soda each in a pint of Avater, mix the two solu- tions, and evaporate the Avhole to perfect dryness by means of a sand- bath. Digest the residue for half an hour Avith tAvo pints of water, and having collected the insoluble matter on a calico filter, Avash it repeatedly with distilled water until the washings cease to give a pre- cipitate Avith chloride of barium. Finally, dry the product at a tem- perature not exceeding 212° F."—Br. P. Officinal carbonate of magnesia is a porous, loose coherent mass of dazzling Avhite color, without odor, and haAung a slightly earthy taste. It is nearly insoluble in water, one part requiring 2500 parts of cold and 9000 of boiling water for its solution. The substance has a Aveakly alkaline reaction. At a low red heat it loses its C02 and water, and magnesia is left. Tests.—It effervesces on the addition of acids and gives the ordi- nary reactions of magnesium. It is apt to be contaminated with traces of lime, soda and of sulphuric and hydrochloric acids. When dissolved in dilute nitric acid the solution should give no precipitate Avith barium nitrate (sulphate) nor with silver nitrate (chloride), and A\hen the solution is neutralized Avith ammonia no precipitate should occur upon the addition of ammonium oxalate (calcium). The pre- cipitate formed upon adding ammonia in excess to the solution, should redissolve in ammonium chloride (undissolved residue indicating the presence of alumina), and the ammoniacal solution, when treated with hydrogen sulphide, should not give a white precipitate (zinc). It was first proven by Hahnemann. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure carbonate of magnesia is triturated as directed under Class VII. MAGNESIUM METALLICUM. Synonym, Magnesium. Symbol, Mg. Atomic Weight, 24. Origin.—The metal magnesium occurs abundantly in nature, but never in the free state. It is found as hydrate in the mineral brucite, as carbonate in magnesite, as sulphate in epsomite, as fluo-phosphate in wagnerite. Its silicates are well knoAvn,—meerschaum, mica, serpentine, etc.; magnesian limestone is a double carbonate of magnesium and calcium, and magnesium chloride exists in many natural waters, espe- cially in sea-water. Preparation.—The metal is prepared on the large scale by heat- ing to full redness a mixture of six parts of magnesium chloride, one of sodium chloride, one of calcium fluoride and one of sodium, out of contact with air. The magnesium is obtained then in metallic glob- ules, Avhich are further purified by distillation in an atmosphere of hydrogen. Properties.—The metal is silver-Avhite in color, very brilliant in lustre and has a specific gravity of 1.75. It is malleable and ductile, 298 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. fuses at a red heat and at a higher temperature volatilizes. When heated to redness in a strong alcohol flame it takes fire, burning Avith a dazzling white light which is very rich in actinic rays and by means of Avhich photographs can be taken in otherwise darkened chambers. It is permanent in dry air, and is attacked readily by acids. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The metal magnesium is triturated as directed under Class VII. MAGNESIA MURIATICA. Synonyms, Magnesium Chloride. Chloras Magnesicus. Magnesii Chloridum. Formula, Mg Cl2. Molecular Weight, 95. Common Name, Muriate of Magnesia. Preparation of Muriate of Magnesia.—Divide a quantity of pure hydrochloric acid into two parts; neutralize one part with mag- nesia and the other with ammonium hydrate or carbonate. The solu- tions are to be mixed and evaporated to dryness and then heated to redness in a loosely covered porcelain crucible. Ammonium chloride is driven off and fused magnesium chloride remains behind. The lat- ter is to be poured out on a clean stone and Avhen cold transferred to a Avell-stoppered bottle. Properties.—Magnesium chloride is a white mass, crystalline in structure. It is very deliquescent and extremely soluble in Avater. It cannot be recovered by evaporation from its watery solution, because the last portions of the water are retained with such obstinacy that the latter's decomposition ensues as a result of the affinity of chlorine for hydrogen and of magnesia for oxygen, the hydrochloric acid formed being then expelled, and magnesia only, remaining. Anhydrous chlo- ride of magnesia is in flexible crystalline plates, having a pearly lustre and a sharp bitter taste. The hydrated chloride (with six molecules of water) is deposited from a hot concentrated solution on cooling, in needles and prisms. The crystals are highly deliquescent, dissolve in two-thirds their weight of cold and in one-fifth their weight of hot Avater; they are soluble in two parts of alcohol of specific gravity 0.817. Tests.—Its solution should, when acidified Avith HC1, give no pre- cipitate with barium chloride, and after adding ammonia in excess and then ammonium oxalate, no precipitate should occur. It Avas first proven by Hahnemann. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Muriate of magnesia is triturated, as directed under Class VII. MAGNESIA PHOSPHORICA. Formula, Mg HP04, 7H2 O. Tavo parts of sulphate of magnesia are to be dissolved in thirty-two parts of distilled water, mixed Avith a solution of three parts of phos- phate of soda in thirty-two parts of distilled water and set aside to HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 299 crystallize. The salt separates in the course of twenty-four hours in tufts of prisms or needles. Properties.—Crystallized magnesium phosphate forms small six- sided needles, having a cooling, sweetish taste. It is sparingly soluble in Avater, 322 parts of Avater taking up one of the salt after long stand- ing. By boiling the solution, the salt becomes decomposed through a partial separation of trimagnesian salt. Magnesium phosphate dis- solves easily in dilute acids; its crystals effloresce in Avarm air, and when heated to 100° C. (212° F.) give off more than half of their Avater, and at 170° 0. (248° F.) the remaining portion. At a red heat the basic hydrogen is driven off and magnesium pyrophosphate is left. It may be tested for impurities in the way mentioned under the tAvo previous articles, mutatis mutandis. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The salt is triturated according to Class VII. MAGNESIA SULPHURICA, Synonyms, Magnesium Sulphate. Magnesii Sulphas. Common Names, Epsom Salt. Sulphate of Magnesia. Formula, Mg S04. 7H2 O. Molecular Weight, 246. Origin and Preparation.—Sulphate of magnesium occurs native in the mineral epsomite and it is found in the waters of certain bitter saline springs, as those of Epsom in England, Avhence the popular name applied to this salt. The salt is made in large amount by acting on magnesian limestone Avith dilute sulphuric acid and separating the resulting magnesium sulphate from the greater part of the slightly soluble calcium sulphate by filtration. It is purified by re-solution and rapid crystallization. Properties.—Pure magnesium sulphate, when crystallized slowly from its solutions, forms large, colorless, right-angled prisms. But in commerce it is in small rhombic prisms. The salt is neutral, is with- out odor, and has a saline, bitter taste. At ordinary temperatures it is soluble in two parts of cold Avater, but boiling water takes up more than its OAvn Aveight of the salt. By heat, the salt melts, gradually gives up six molecules of its Avater, and between 200° and 230° C. (392° to 446° F.) it yields the remaining molecule. The anhydrous salt is a Avhite poAvder, Avhich melts at a full red heat to an enamel-like mass, Avithout decomposition. It is soluble in dilute and slightly so in absolute alcohol. Tests.—Caustic alkalies precipitate magnesium sulphate from its solutions. Its solutions should be neutral in reaction, and Avhen diluted should not be affected Avhen treated Avith silver nitrate (chloride), with ammonium carbonate (calcium and zinc compounds), with potassium ferrocyanide (zinc and other metallic salts), nor Avith ammonium sul- phide (iron manganese and other metals). The presence of ammonium compounds may be recognized by treating the solution of the salt Avith caustic alkali and holding near the mouth of the test-tube a glass rod 300 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. moistened with hydrochloric acid ; the occurrence of white fumes will show the presence of ammonia. When one part of magnesium sul- phate is rubbed in a mortar with two and a half parts of barium car- bonate, and the mixture boiled with 20 CC. of distilled water for some minutes, and after cooling filtered, the filtrate should, when treated with barium chloride solution, give no turbidity, other Avise potassium or sodium sulphate is present in more than mere traces. It was proven by Nenning, in Germany. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure sulphate of mag- nesium is triturated, as directed under Class VII. MAGNESIA USTA. Synonyms, Magnesium Oxide. Magnesia Calcinata. Calcined Magnesia. Common Name, Magnesia. Formula, Mg O. Molecular Weight, 40. Preparation.—Calcined magnesia is prepared by exposing magne- sium carbonate in an earthen vessel, to a red heat for two hours or until all the C02 is driven off; during the process, the mass is to be constantly stirred with an iron spoon. Properties.—Officinal magnesia is a white, odorless powder having an earthy taste. It has a weakly alkaline reaction, and is almost in- soluble in water. At a red heat it is unchanged, becoming only more dense; it dissolves in dilute acids without effervescence. Its specific gravity is between 2.75 and 3.25. When exposed to the air it absorbs moisture and C02, and becomes in part altered to carbonate. When mixed with Avater it forms a hydrate. Tests.—Even when kept in well-stoppered bottles, it absorbs some moisture and a small amount of C02. When a pinch of it is shaken up Avith a few CC. of water, it should not effervesce so as to be appre- ciated by the sense of sight, although when the ear is placed to the test-tube, a minute crepitation then observable may be considered as not worth notice. Its behavior with reagents should be that described under the article Magnesium Carbonicum. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure calcined magnesia is triturated as directed under Class VII. MAGNOLIA. Synonym, Magnolia Glauca, Linn. Nat. Ord., Magnoliacese. Common Names, Laurel Magnolia. White Laurel. White Bay. Sweet Bay. ^ This shrub or small tree is indigenous to the Middle and Southern States, and is found growing in marshy grounds near the coast. In favorable situations in the South it reaches a height of twenty feet. Leaves oval-obtuse, shining above, glaucous-white beneath. Flowers HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 301 two inches broad, cup-shaped; calyx of three white or greenish sepals; petals concave, fragrant. Carpels one to two-seeded, aggregated into a cone-like fruit; upon their opening at maturity the seeds are sus- pended by a funicle. Preparation.—The fresh floAvers are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the Avhole well, and pouring it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug poAver, &. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. MAJORANA. Synonyms, Origanum Majorana, Linn. Majorana Hortensis, Moznch. Nat. Ord., Labiatse. Common Name, SAveet Marjoram. This annual is frequently cultivated as a pot-herb. It is indi- genous to Western Asia and Southeastern Europe. Leaves entire, oval or spatulate, grayish-green in color, doAvny and pellucid-punctate. FloAvers small, white, in heads. The odor of the plant is peculiar, but agreeable and aromatic. Preparation.—The fresh plant, in flower, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the Avhole well and pouring it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, strain- ing and filtering. Amount of drug poAver, \. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. MANCINELLA. Synonym, Hippomane Mancinella, Linn. Nat. Ord., Euphorbiacese. Common Name, Manchineel. Although the toxic properties of the mancinella have been greatly exaggerated, it is nevertheless a very poisonous tree, Avhich is becom- ing more and more rare, OAving to its being rooted up with great care wherever it shows itself. It is a native of the West Indies, is from tAvelve to fifteen feet high, Avith a trunk having a Avhite and soft wood, covered Avith a grayish bark. Its leaves are alternate, oval-acute, someAvhat cordate at the base, with fine indentations, and a red gland at the apex. They are attached to long petioles; stipulate while young. Flowers monoecious, forming long terminal spikes, the male 302 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. flowers being above, the female beloAV or at the axils of the leaves. The male flowers have a bifid perianth Avhence emanate the stamens, the united filaments of which form a column that supports the anthers. The female flowers have a perianth with tAvo or three divisions and a rudimentary foliole; the ovary is round and superior; style straight, terminating in six or seven red, radiating, reflexed stigmata. The fruit is round, pulpy, from five to six inches in diameter, umbilicate at the top, and enclosing a woody kernel Avith seven monospermous compart- ments. It was introduced into our Materia Medica by Dr. Mure, Brazil. Preparation.—Equal parts of the fresh leaves, bark and fruit are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the whole Avell and pouring it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug power, \. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. MANGANUM ACETICUM. Synonyms, Manganous Acetate. Acetas Manganosus. Manganesii Acetas. Common Name, Acetate of Manganese. Preparation of Acetate of Manganum.—By saturating pure acetic acid with Manganese Carbonate and crystallizing. Properties.—The salt crystallizes in colorless or pale reddish, shin- ing, rhomboidal prisms, which are persistent in the air and easily soluble in water. Their taste is metallic and astringent. Their solu- tion undergoes no change with silver nitrate, and Avhen acidified Avith HC1 is not affected by hydrogen sulphide. It was introduced into our Materia Medica by Hahnemann. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Acetate of manganese is triturated as directed under Class VII. MANGANUM CARBONICUM. Synonyms, Manganous Carbonate. Carbonas Manganosus. Man- ganesii Carbonas. Common Name, Carbonate of Manganese. Preparation of Carbonate of Manganum.—Ten parts of dis- tilled water are deprived of atmospheric air by boiling, and one part of crystallized manganous sulphate is dissolved therein, and this solu- tion is mixed, with constant stirring, with a filtered solution of one part of sodium bicarbonate in fifteen parts of distilled water. After a day or two the precipitate is collected, spread upon filter paper and dried in the sun or in a Avarm place. Properties.—Manganous carbonate is a fine, Avhitish or reddish- HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 303 white powder. It is Avithout taste or odor and is almost insoluble in Avater. It dissolves in solutions of C02, and when treated with dilute sulphuric acid evolves C02, a pale, reddish, clear solution resulting. Tests.—Manganous carbonate Avhen shaken Avith distilled water, does not dissolve therein, and in dilute hydrochloric acid is easily soluble without the slightest turbidity. This solution should be di- vided and tested in parts. With hydrogen sulphide no change should occur, or at most, a faint, Avhite turbidity due to the presence of man- ganic oxide (a colored turbidity or precipitate shows the presence of other metals). The portion already saturated with hydrogen sulphide should not give, after the abundant addition of sodium acetate solu- tion, any Avhite turbidity (absence of zinc). The solution in dilute hy- drochloric acid, Avhen treated Avith tincture of galls, should not become violet or dark-colored (absence of iron); or Avhen treated Avith a plen- tiful addition of ammonium chloride and then Avith caustic ammonia, should remain clear (absence of alumina), as it also should upon the addition of ammonium oxalate (absence of calcium). It Avas introduced into our Materia Medica by Hahnemann. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Carbonate of mangan- ese is triturated, as directed under Class VII. MANGANUM METALLICUM. Synonym, Metallic Manganese. Symbol, Mn. Molecular Weight, 27.7. Preparation and Properties of Metallic Manganese.—Man- ganese Avas discovered by Scheele and Bergmann in 1774, in the min- eral Braunstein. As this mineral had been confounded with magnetic iron, it received the Latin name of that substance, magnesia nigra, and hence the name given at first to the neAv metal was magnesium. In order to distinguish this metal from the real magnesium the name Avas afterward altered into manganesium. Manganese is found in a number of minerals. Preparation and Properties.—The metal is obtained by reduc- ing its oxide by heating it to redness with charcoal. It is hard, gray- ish-white in color, looks like cast-iron, and is very brittle. Its spe- cific gravity is about 8. AVhen exposed to the air it oxidizes readily, and it is easily attacked by acids. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Metallic manganese is triturated, as directed under Class VII. MATICO. Synonyms, Piper Angustifolium, Ruiz et Pavon. Artanthe Elon- gata, Miquel. Steffensia Elongata, Kunth. Nat. Ord., Piperacese. Common Names, Soldier's Herb. NarroAv-leaved Piper. This is a shrub growing in moist woods in Bolivia, Peru and other 304 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. portions of South America. It has nearly sessile leaves, lance-oval, acuminate, in length from tAvo to six inches and in breadth about one or one and a half inches, bright green above, paler and doAvny beneath. The leaves are rather thick and their whole upper surface is traversed by minute sunk veins producing a tesselated appearance; on the under side are corresponding depressions. The leaves have an aromatic odor and a similar taste with some bitterness. Preparation.—The dried leaves are coarsely powdered and covered with five parts by weight of alcohol; having been poured into a Avell- stoppered bottle, the mixture is alloAved to remain eight days in a dark, cool place, being shaken tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, T^- Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. MELASTOMA ACKERMANNI. Synonym, Melastoma Tapixirica. Nat. Ord., Melastomacese. Common Name, Tapixirica. This is a bush Avith round branches, triangular at their extremities, and covered Avith a brownish bark. The leaves are opposite, supported by short and hairy petioles; their limb is oval, reticulate, covered with stiff hairs, and traversed on the lower surface by five thick, almost parallel, nerves, running from the base to the summit of the leaf. The flowers are sessile, supported by terminal axes. This bush is a native of tropical America. Introduced into our Materia Medica by Dr. Mure, Brazil. Preparation.—The fresh leaves are chopped to a pulp and weighed. Then tAvo parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the whole well and pouring it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separ- ated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. MELILOTUS. Synonym, Melilotus Alba, Lamarck. Nat. Ord., Leguminosse. Common Names, White Melilot. SAveet Clover. This plant is indigenous to Europe, Avhere it is found along roadsides and in cultivated fields; it has been partly naturalized in the United States. It is three to six feet high, leaves trifoliate, with smooth, en- tire, aAvl-shaped stipules; the leaflets truncate, the upper ones lanceo- late. The floAA-ers are in one-sided racemes, Avhite and very fragrant. Preparation.—The fresh floAvers are pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 305 mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the Avhole well, and pouring it into a Avell- stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug poAver, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. MELILOTUS OFFICINALIS, Willd. Synonym, Trifolium Officinale. Nat. Ord., Leguminosse. Common Names, YelloAV Melilot. SAveet Clover. This plant is indigenous to Europe, but is naturalized in the United States Stem upright, tAvo to four feet high, leaves trifoliate; leaflets obovate-oblong, obtuse, dentate. Corolla yelloAV and very fragrant. Preparation.—The fresh floAvers are pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole well, and poured it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, allow it to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug poAver, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. MELOE MAJALIS. Synonym, Meloe Proscarabseus. Class, Insecta. Order, Coleoptera. Family, Vesicantia. Common Name, Oil-Beetle. (This must not be confounded with the common May-beetle, Scarabseus Melolantha.) The meloe proscarabseus is Avithout Avings, an inch or an inch and a half long, and about as big as a.finger. It is soft, Avith the head bent doAvmvards as is that of the cantharis; antennae moniliform, of twelve joints, corslet almost rounded and flexible, punctated elytrse Avhich cover scarcely one-half of the oval abdomen. The color of the head, feet and abdomen verges on reddish. The fore feet have five, the hind feet four joints. The meloe majalis is the smaller of the two; its body is coppery-red, or bronze-black; the elytrse are black-green, and the back is furnished with red incisions. The two kinds have a disagreeable odor, and emit, when seized, an acrid, yellowish humour, staining the fingers, and smelling something like the violet, of a SAveetish taste at first, then acrid and caustic, and causing an itching and blister-like eruption on the skin. These insects are found all over Europe in the spring, on the grass, Ioav plants, on dry meadoAvs and sunny hills. They have to be gath- 20 306 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. ered Avith great care, so that the juice Avhich they emit Avill not get lost, and they should at once be placed in the vessel in Avhich they are to be kept. Preparation.—The living insect carefully put into the glass used for the pharmaceutical preparation, so as not to lose any of the juice, is drenched with five parts by Aveight of alcohol, and macerated eight days, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Amount of drug power, j1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. MENISPERMUM CANADENSE, Linn. Synonym, Cissampelos Smilacina. Nat. Ord., Menispermacese. Common Names, Yellow Parilla. Canadian Moonseed. Vine Maple. This is a climbing indigenous plant, groAving on the banks of streams. The root or rhizome is long, and has a bitter taste. Leaves peltate near the edge, three to seven angles or lobes. Flowers whitish or greenish-yellow, in axillary panicles, appear in June and July. Sepals four to eight. Petals six to eight, short. Stamens twelve to twenty in the sterile floAvers, as long as the sepals; anthers four-celled. Pistils two to four in the fertile flowers, raised on a short common re- ceptacle; stigma broad and flat. Drupe globular, having the mark of the stigma near the base, with a laterally flattened stone (putamen), crescentic or ring-shaped. Drupes ripen in September, looking like frost grapes. Preparation.—The fresh root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the whole well and pouring it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. ° DrugpoAver of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. MENTHA PIPERITA, Hudson. Synonyms Mentha Hercina. Mentha Viridi Aquatica. JNat. Urd., Labiatae. Common Name, Peppermint. This plant is found growing in wet places in Europe and North America, and is also cultivated. It is perennial, and increases bv ntr^ves^^r8- *"* ^^ f™™^> about thrTfe^ ovate lanceolatP Fl ^^ T^^l lonS Petioles' sh^J SCTrate, drill[and lhL» * P&le PurPhsh-red- ™ ^P^es, oblon/or cylim se^arabl^ttS1 ****" * AUgUSt *** ^^h^ Fr^four HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 307 It Avas proven by Dr. Demeures, France. Preparation.—The fresh plant, in floAver, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole well, and having poured it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug power, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. MENYANTHES. Synonyms, Menyanthcs Trifoliata, Linn. Trifolium Amarum. Nat. Ord., Gentianacese. Common Names, Buckbean. Marsh Trefoil. Water Shamrock. This is a perennial plant, groAving in North America, Europe and Asia, in SAvamps, on margins of ponds, etc. It has a fleshy rootstock about as thick as a finger, black and descending deep into the earth. Stem eight to tAvelve inches high. Leaves on long footstalks, trifoliate; leaflets sessile, obovate. Flowers in a terminal pyramidal raceme, on a long, naked peduncle. Corolla rotate, flesh-colored, bearded in the tube. The drug Avas first proven by Hahnemann. Preparation.—The fresh plant, just coming into bloom, is chopped and pounded to a pulp, enclosed in a piece of new linen and subjected to pressure. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled with an equal part by weight of alcohol. This mixture is allowed to stand eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Drug power of tincture, h. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. MEPHITIS. Synonyms, Mephitis Putorius. Viverra Putorius. Class, Mammalia. Order, Carnivora. Family, Mustelidse. Common Names, Skunk. Polecat. The polecat is a quadruped of the family of martins, inhabiting the United States; it is of the size of a martin ; has a round head ; snout elongated, three-rowed moustaches on the upper jaw, a dry nose and the neck a little marked. Its coat is black, but has a white streak along the back to the tail, and two other streaks on each side parallel to the first; the posterior part of its body is larger than that of the martin; its tail is as if cropped, and furnished with long hairs, nearly all white; the under part of the body is whitish; the fore part of the feet elongated and fortified with five strong nails; near the anus there 308 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. is, as in all the genus viverra, a pouch Avhere follicular glands deposit an unctuous matter of such pungent and insupportable odor, that at the approach of the animal, at the moment when he squirts this liquor, a person inhaling its vapor is almost stifled. The liquor is nearly puriform, of a deep yellow color, and has an alliaceous odor. Preparation.—One part by weight of the liquid obtained from the anal glands of the animal is dissolved in ninety-nine parts by weight of alcohol. Amount of drug poAver, T^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class VI—ft. MERCURIALIS PERENNIS, Linn. Synonyms, Cynocrambes. Mercurialis Montana. Nat. Ord., Euphorbiacese. Common Name, Dog Mercury. This plant is indigenous to Europe, Avhere it occurs in shaded, moun- tainous forests, on stony or moist ground. It is distinguished from mercurialis annua (to which it is nearly related, and which occurs more frequently) by its creeping, knotty, articulate root, which is verticil- lately fibred on the joints; by its single, Ioav, below leafless stem and the short-petiolate, serrated and short-haired, elliptic-lanceolate leaves. FloAvers appear in early spring. Preparation.—The fresh plant, in floAver, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then tAVO-thirds of that weight of alcohol is taken, and having mixed it thoroughly Avith the pulp, the mixture is pressed out lege artis in a piece of new linen, and filtered. Amount of drug power, I. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class II. MERCURIUS ACETICUS. Synonyms, Mercurous Acetate. Hydrargyrum Aceticum. Common Name, Acetate of Mercury. Preparation of Acetate of Mercury.—A solution of the nitrate of mercury, as is mentioned under the head Mercurius solubilis, is pre- pared and decomposed by pure carbonate of soda, dissolved in twice its Aveight of distilled Avater. The carbonate of mercury obtained in this way is well Avashed, heated in a porcelain dish with eight parts of distilled water to 100° C. (212° F.), and then acetic acid added gradu- ally till all is dissohTed. The hot filtered liquid yields after cooling scale-like, crystalline laminae, nacreous in appearance, and greasy to the touch; they are removed from the mother-liquor, Avashed rapidly with diluted alcohol, dried betAveen bibulous paper, and kept in bottles well protected from light. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure acetate of mercury Ls triturated as directed under Class VII. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 309 MERCURIUS AURATUS. Preparation of Mercurius Auratus.—Mercury is capable of uniting with most other metals, forming compounds called amalgams, some of which are liquid while others are solid. The liquid amalgams may be regarded as solutions of definite compounds in an excess of mercury, for Avhen they are subjected to pressure between chamois leather, mercury containing but a small amount of the other metal passes through, leaving behind a solid amalgam, which has very fre- quently a definite atomic constitution. A native amalgam of gold is found in small yellowish crystals, in the native mercury of Mariposa, in California. It contains from 39 to 41.6 per cent, of gold; its sp. gr. is 15.47. An amalgam, which has been prescribed in Germany, may be pre- pared by adding two parts of mercury to one of gold leaf, in a closed vessel Avith agitation ; heat may be used to facilitate the amalgamation, but it should not in any case be higher than 300° C, the boiling point of mercury being about 350° C. (662° F.). The agitation is to be kept up until the vessel has completely cooled, when the mass is to be gently pressed through chamois leather and the residue transferred to a well-stoppered bottle. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Mercurius auratus, as prepared above, is triturated as directed under Class VII. MERCURIUS CYANATUS. Synonyms, Mercuric Cyanide. Hydrargyri Cyanidum. Cyanu- retum Hydrargyricum. Common Names, Cyanide of Mercury. Cyanuret of Mercury. Formula, Hg Cy2 or Hg (CN)2. Molecular Weight, 252. Preparation of Cyanide of Mercury.—Dissol\Te five troy ounces of ferrocyanide of potassium in twenty fluid ounces of Avater, and add the solution to four troy ounces of sulphuric acid diluted Avith ten fluid ounces of Avater, previously placed in a glass retort. The re- tort is to be connected with a receiver containing ten fluid ounces of water and three troy ounces of red oxide of mercury. The mixture in the retort is to be distilled nearly to dryness. Two fluid ounces of the liquid in the receiver after the operation, are to be set aside, and to the remainder more red oxide of mercury is to be added gradually until the odor of hydrocyanic acid disappears. After filtering the solution, the two ounces of the reserved liquid are to be added to the filtrate and the Avhole evaporated in a dark place, that mercuric cyanide may crystallize out. The crystals are to be dried and placed in a well- stoppered bottle protected from light, otherwise they decompose and become black. Properties.—Mercuric cyanide is in Avhite, more or less transparent, quadratic prisms and pyramids; the crystals are Avithout odor, and have a sharp, nauseating, metallic, disagreeable taste. The salt is soluble in ten parts of cold, in two of hot water, and in twenty of 310 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. alcohol at ordinary temperatures. The solutions do not affect litmus paper. It is not decomposed by sulphuric or nitric acid, nor by alka- line hydrates or carbonates. Hydrochloric acid decomposes it Avith the formation of mercuric chloride and hydrocyanic acid ; similarly a solu- tion of the salt Avhen treated Avith hydrogen sulphide, gives a precipitate of mercuric sulphide (the black modification) and hydrocyanic acid. The solution, Avhen treated Avith a solution of potassium iodide, gives a yellow precipitate, Avhich quickly changes to bright red, and is readily soluble in excess of either reagent. By careful heating, the salt may be decomposed into its constituents, the cyanogen readily igniting and burning Avith a pinkish-purple flame; Avhen rapidly heated, the liberated cyanogen is changed into paracyanogen, a carbonaceous body Avhich re- mains behind. Tests.—In addition to the above described properties, the salt, when heated upon platinum foil, should be dissipated Avithout residue. Mercuric cyanate, if present, is only slightly soluble in water, and its solution has an alkaline reaction with turmeric paper; it can be trans- formed into the cyanide by dissolving in boiling water, neutralizing with hydrocyanic acid and recrystallizing. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by weight of pure cyanide of mercury is dissolved in ninety-nine parts by weight of distilled Avater. Amount of drug power, T^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—ft. Triturations of pure cyanide of mercury are prepared as directed under Class VII. MERCURIUS DULCIS. Synonyms, Mercurous Chloride. Hydrargyri Chloridum Mite. Hydrargyri Subchloridum. Hydrargyrum Chloratum Mite. Calo- melas. Mild Chloride of Mercury. Subchloride of Mercury. Sub- muriate of Mercury. Common Name, Calomel. Formula, Hg2 Cl2. Molecular Weight, 471. Preparation of Calomel.—Take of mercury 48 parts, of sul- phuric acid 36 parts, and of sodium chloride 18 parts. Boil half of the mercury Avith the sulphuric acid on a sand-bath until a Avhite, dry mass is left. Add to this, when cold, the remainder of the mer- cury, in an earthenware mortar, and rub together until they are inti- mately mixed. The sodium chloride is now to be added and all the ingredients rubbed together till globules of mercury are no longer visible, Avhen the mixture is to be sublimed into a roomy receptacle&in order that the sublimate may settle as a powder. The sublimate is to be washed with boiling distilled water as long as the Avashings give a precipitate Avith ammonium hydrate, and the precipitate is tlien to be dried. Properties.—Calomel is an odorless, tasteless substance, having no HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 311 influence on test paper. When prepared by sublimation, it is in micro- scopic prismatic crystals, generally aggregated in masses. Its specific gravity is from 7.2 to 7.25. By exposure to sunlight, it suffers partial decomposition into metallic mercury and mercuric chloride, and it ac- quires thereby a grayish tinge; Avhen boiled with Avater, the same change takes place slowly, and even a mixture of calomel with sugar contains, after some time, an appreciable amount of the higher chlor- ide. When heated, it sublimes in Avhite vapors Avithout undergoing change. It is insoluble in Avater, alcohol and the simple solvents. Tests.—Calomel should volatilize completely (a residue sIioavs fixed impurities). A portion of calomel Avell shaken Avith ten volumes of distilled Avater and throAvn upon a double filter previously moistened, should yield a filtrate Avhich is not changed in appearance by treat- ment Avith hydrogen sulphide or silver nitrate (absence of mercuric chloride), and the filtrate, Avhen agitated Avith dilute acetic acid, should undergo no change Avhen tested with hydrogen sulphide or silver ni- trate (absence of ammonia compounds of mercury). Although this drug has been in the Homoeopathic Materia Medica since Hahnemann's time, the first provings seem to have been made by Dr. D. S. Kimball, U. S. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure calomel is tritura- ted as directed under Class VII. MERCURIUS IODATUS FLAVUS. Synonyms, Mercurous Iodide. Hydrargyrum Iodatum. Pro- toiodide of Mercury. Hydrargyrum Iodidum. Hydrargyrum Ioda- tum Flavum. Hydrargyri Iodidum Viride. Yellow Iodide of Mer- cury. Green Iodide of Mercury. Common Name, YelloAv Iodide of Mercury. Formula, Hg2 I2. Molecular Weight, 654. Preparation of Yellow Iodide of Mercury.—Take 48 parts of mercury and 30 parts of resublimed iodine, mix the ingredients in a mortar,'and, with the addition of a small amount of stronger alcohol, triturate till the materials are thoroughly incorporated. After occa- sional stirrings for two hours triturate again, and forcibly, until the mass is almost dry. The mass is then to be rubbed up with sufficient stronger alcohol, added gradually, until a uniform thin paste is pro- duced ; this is to be thrown on a filter and washed with stronger alco- hol until the washings, when dropped into a large quantity of Avater, no longer produce a permanent cloudiness. The residue is to be dried in the dark Avith the aid of a gentle heat, preserved in a well-stoppered bottle and protected from light. Properties and Tests.—Mercurous iodide is a greenish-yellow, odorless, tasteless powder, insoluble in Avater and alcohol in the cold, and is completely dissipated by heating. Under the influence of light it is decomposed Avith tolerable rapidity, mercuric iodide and metallic mercury being produced, the color in such cases becoming dark green 312 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. and finally black. By sIoav heating it is decomposed in the same manner, but by a stronger and more rapid heating, it fuses to a brown fluid and is finally dissipated. A portion of mercurous iodide, when agitated Avith alcohol and thrown upon a moistened filter, should yield a filtrate Avhich is scarcely changed by treatment with hydrogen sulphide, and Avith silver nitrate should produce only a faint opal- escence. A minute amount of mercuric iodide is admissible, as the best washed preparations show, after two Aveeks' keeping, distinct traces of the higher iodide. It was first proven by Dr. I. S. P. Lord, U. S. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure yellow iodide of mercury is triturated as directed under Class VII, care being taken to protect from light. MERCURIUS IODATUS RUBER. Synonyms, Mercuric Iodide. Biniodide of Mercury. Hydrar- gyrum Bijodatum Rubrum. Hydrargyri Iodium Rubrum. Deu- toioduretum (Biniodidum) Hydrargyri. Common Name, Red Iodide of Mercury. Formula, Hg I2. Molecular Weight, 454. Preparation of Red Iodide of Mercury.—A cold filtered so- lution of twenty parts of mercuric chloride in 400 parts of distilled water is to be mixed with a cold filtered solution of tAventy-five parts of potassium iodide in 100 of distilled water. The resulting precipi- tate is to be throAvn upon a filter, washed Avith cold distilled Avater and dried at a gentle heat. The product is to be kept in a well-stoppered bottle. Properties.—Mercuric iodide is a fine, heavy, crystalline poAvder of a vivid scarlet-red color, becoming yelloAv on heating and red again Avhen cooled. It is almost insoluble in Avater, but it dissolves in 130 parts of cold and in fifteen of hot 90 per cent, alcohol. It is somewhat soluble in ether and readily in the fixed oils and chloroform. It is ex- tremely soluble in solution of potassium iodide. Four parts of mer- curic iodide are soluble in one part of a hot concentrated solution of potassium iodide, and when the double solution is alloAved to cool, a portion of the mercuric iodide separates out in small, red octohedrons; from the remaining fluid can be obtained by crystallization, potassio- mercuric iodide, 2KI, Hgl2, 3H20, in long, yelloAV prisms. The latter are soluble in alcohol and ether. Water decomposes them, about half the mercuric iodide separating out, and the liquid then yields by evaporation a saline mass, regarded by Boullay as 2KI, Hg I2. In addition to the above described properties, mercuric iodide should shoAv no residue after being sublimed from platinum foil (ab- sence of red lead and other fixed compounds), and it should dissoh'e completely in hot alcohol (absence of vermillion). Provings of this drug were made by the American Provers' Union, 1856. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 313 Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure red iodide of mercury is triturated, as directed under Class VII. MERCURIUS NITROSUS. Synonyms, Mercurous Nitrate (nearly neutral). Hydrargyrum Nitricum Oxydulatum. Protonitrate of Mercury. Common Name, Nitrate of Mercury. Preparation of Nitrate of Mercury.—To twenty parts of pure mercury, add, in a very flat porcelain dish, a mixture of nine parts of concentrated nitric acid, of 1.2 specific gravity, and tAventy-seven parts of distilled water; cover the mixture lightly, and let it stand in a dark, cool place until the formation of the white octohedral crystals, the salt required, has ceased. From time to time they are taken off the mercury upon Avhose surface they are floating, after which wash them speedily with a little alcohol, and then dry them between layers of bibulous paper; this done, they are preserved in a Avell-stoppered bottle. The crystals are permanent in the air, and are perfectly soluble in water that has been acidulated Avith a few drops of nitric acid. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure nitrate of mer- cury is triturated, as directed under Class VII. MERCURIUS PRiECIPITATUS ALBUS. Synonyms, Dimercuroso-Ammonium Chloride. Hydrargyrum Ammoniatum. Hydrargyri Ammonio-Chloridum. Hydrargyrum Prsecipitatum Album. Common Names, Ammoniated Mercury. White Precipitate. Formula, NH2 Hg CI. Molecular Weight, 251.5. Preparation of White Precipitate.—To a solution of one part of mercuric chloride in twenty parts of hot distilled water, are to be added after cooling, Avith constant stirring, one and one-half parts of a 10 per cent, ammonium hydrate solution. The precipitate is to be thrown on a filter, and after all the fluid has passed through, Avashed tAvice with a mixture of ninety parts of distilled water with one of the ammonia. The precipitate is to be dried at a gentle heat in a dark room. Properties and Tests.—Dimercur-ammonium chloride is a Avhite, loose poAvder, or is in friable masses. It is insoluble in water, alcohol and ether. By prolonged washing Avith cold water or by contact with hot water, it turns yellow and is converted into hydrated trimercur-am- monium chloride. It is readily dissolved by acids. When treated with potassium or sodium hydrate, it turns yellow and evolves free am- monia. By heating, it sublimes without decomposition (absence of fixed salts). Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure ammoniated mer- cury is triturated, as directed under Class VII. 314 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. MERCURIUS PRiECIPITATUS RUBER. Synonyms, Mercuric Oxide. Hydrargyrum Oxydatum Rubrum. Hydrargyri Oxidum Rubrum. Hydrargyri Nitrico-Oxidum. Oxy- dum Hydrargyricum. Red Oxide of Mercury. Peroxide of Mercury. Common Name, Red Precipitate. Formula, HgO. Molecular Weight, 216. Preparation of Red Oxide of Mercury.—Six parts of nitric acid are to be diluted with eight parts of water, and nine parts of mer- cury are to be dissolved in the diluted acid, with the aid of a gentle heat. After the solution is complete, the Avhole is to be evaporated to dryness. The resulting dry mass is to be rubbed to poAvder and heated in a shalloAv, porcelain dish until acid vapors cease to come off. It is to be kept in well-stoppered bottles protected from light. Properties.—When made as above directed, mercuric oxide is a yelloAvish-red powder, but as found in commerce it is the product of large establishments and is in bright red, lustrous, crystalline scales, Avhich on poAvdering become orange-red in color, the tint being lighter as the powder is finer. When heated, this oxide becomes darker in color and finally black, but upon cooling it resumes its original appear- ance. At less than a red heat it suffers decomposition with separation of mercury and evolution of free oxygen. Light acts upon it in a similar manner, but only superficially. It is nearly insoluble in water, and the resulting solution is weakly alkaline in reaction, has a metal- lic taste, and Avhen treated with hydrogen sulphide turns brownish in color. Tests.—Mercuric oxide should sublime without residue Avhen heated in a test-tube (absence of fixed salts), and should not give off red fumes (absence of nitrate), and when dissolved in nitric acid there should be no residue; a red, undissolved portion indicates vermillion or other adulteration, a brown one being probably due to plumbic per- oxide, in which case the nitric acid solution will be precipitated white by sulphuric acid. It was first proven by Hahnemann. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure red oxide of mer- cury is triturated, as directed under Class VII. MERCURIUS SOLUBILIS HAHNEMANNI. Synonyms, Ammonio-Nitrate of Mercury. Hydrargyrum Oxydu- latuni Nigrum. Hydrargyrum Oxydulatum Nitricum Ammoniatum. This preparation is, according to Kane, dimercuroso-ammonium ni- trate, (Hg) 2 H4 N2 (N03), H20, or according to Mitscherlich, tri- mercuroso-ammonium nitrate, (Hg2)3 H2 N2 (N03)2, 2H20. It is not an oxide,_ although the black mercurous oxide is formed when a mercu- rous salt; is decomposed by potassium or sodium hydrate in excess. With ammonia, however, the resulting precipitate is that Avhose formula is given above. Hahnemann abandoned this preparation, preferring to it, in all cases, that of metallic mercury, mentioned as Mercurius vivus. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 315 Nevertheless, as there are many Avho believe that metallic mercury is not so efficacious as the uncertain ammonio-nitrate, Ave give the method recommended by Hahnemann to obtain it. Preparation of Mercurius Solubilis Hahnemanni.—Having purified the mercury, as described under mercurius vivus, it is dis- solved, cold, in strong nitric acid, which requires many days; the salt Avhich results is dried on blotting-paper, and triturated in a glass mor- tar for half an hour, adding one-fourth of its weight of the best alcohol. The alcohol Avhich has been converted into ether is thrown aside, and the trituration of the mercurial is continued Avith fresh alcohol for half an hour each time, until this fluid no longer has the smell of ether. That being done, the alcohol is decanted and the salt dried on blotting- paper, Avhich is reneAved from time to time. Afterwards it is triturated for a quarter of an hour, in a glass mortar, with tAvice its weight of dis- tilled water; the clear fluid is decanted, the salt is again Avashed by a second trituration Avith a fresh quantity of Avater, the clear fluid is united to the preceding, and thus we have the aqueous solution of all that the saline mass contained of mercurial nitrate really saturated. The residuum is composed of other mercurial salts, of chloride and sulphate. Finally, this aqueous solution precipitates, by caustic am- monia, the so-called black oxide of mercury. Properties. — The soluble mercury of Hahnemann is a velvet black poAvder, has a slight metallic taste and is volatilized by heat, Avith decomposition; it contains no metallic globules. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Mercurius solubilis Hah- nemanni, prepared according to above formula, is triturated as directed under Class Vll. MERCURIUS SUBLIMATUS CORROSIVUS. Synonyms, Mercuric Chloride. Hydrargyri Chloridum Corro- sivum. Hydrargyri Perchloridum. Hydrargyrum Bichloratum Corrosivum. Corrosive Chloride of Mercury. Perchloride of Mer- cury. Bichloride of Mercury. Common Name, Corrosive Sublimate. Formula, Hg Cl2. Molecular Weight, 271. Preparation of Bichloride of Mercury.—Boil four parts of mercury with six parts of sulphuric acid, over a sand-bath, unto dry- ness. The white residue is to be rubbed when cold with three parts of sodium chloride in an earthenware mortar, and the mixture is then to be sublimed by the aid of a gradually increasing heat. Properties.—Corrosive sublimate when prepared by rapid subli- mation, forms white, transparent radio-crystalline masses; by slow sublimation it may be obtained in small, white, glistening, rhombic crvstals. It is without odor, has a disagreeable, sharp, metallic taste, and is a powerful irritant poison. It dissolves in tAvelve parts of water at 20° C. (68° F.), in four parts at 80° C. (176° F.) and in two of boiling water; it is more soluble in alcohol, requiring only two and 316 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. one-half parts in the cold and one and one-fourth parts at 100° C. (212° F.), and it dissolves almost as readily in ether. When its solu- tions are evaporated small portions of the compound are carried off with the vapor of the sohrent. Its Avatery solutions are weakly acid in reaction, but such reaction is neutralized when chlorides of the alka- lies are present. The solid substance is not affected by light, but the solutions are decomposed with the liberation of hydrochloric acid and calomel. Organic substances such as sugar, gum, extracts, resin, etc., slowly decompose it. Its specific gravity is 5.4. The aqueous solution Avhen treated Avith lime-water, or potassium or sodium hydrate, gives a yellow precipitate of mercuric oxide, and with silver nitrate a white precipitate of silver chloride; with ammonia it yields the well-known white precipitate of ammoniated mercury. Stannous chloride and other reducing agents produce a separation of calomel, and if in ex- cess, with the aid of heat, liberate mercury in the metallic state. The oxygen acids in general do not act upon the salt, and nitric and hy- drochloric acids dissolve a considerable amount of it. Tests.—Mercuric chloride should volatilize completely by heat (a residue shows fixed impurities); in six parts of alcohol or ether it should dissolve completely and clearly (a residue is probably calomel). Arsenic, if present, may be detected by adding potassium hydrate in excess, then some fragments of pure zinc, and loosely closing the test- tube with a cork into whose inner face is inserted a strip of filtering paper moistened with silver nitrate solution; upon heating the test- tube the appearance of a black spot upon the paper indicates arsenic. It Avas introduced into our Materia Medica by Hahnemann. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by weight of pure corrosive sublimate is dissolved in ninety-nine parts by weight of alcohol. Amount of drug power, T£n. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class VI__ft. Triturations are prepared, as directed under Class VII. The alcoholic solution is to be preferred on account of its stability. MERCURIUS SULPHURETUM NIGRUM. Synonyms, Black Sulphuret of Mercury. ^Ethiops Mineralis. Hydrargyrum Sulphuretum Nigrum. A mixture of black amorphous sulphide of mercury Hg S with sulphur in large excess. ' Preparation of iEthiops Mineralis.—Equal parts of pure metallic mercury and pure sublimed sulphur are to be triturated to- gether with repeated sprinkling with alcohol to prevent the rising of dust, until with a lens no metallic globules are observable. Properties.—^Ethiops mineral is a fine, heavy, black, odorless and tasteless powder, and is not soluble in water or hydrochloric acid. When heated in the air it ignites, exhibiting the blue flame of burn- ing sulphur and with sublimation of metallic mercury; when heated in a test-tube mercuric sulphide (red) sublimes and condenses in the cold part of the tube. When boiled with hydrochloric acid the acid HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 317 liquid should give no precipitate when throAvn into water (absence of antimony). Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure black sul- phide of mercury is triturated as directed under Class VII. MERCURIUS SULPHURICUS. Synonyms, Mercuric Sulphate. Hydrargyri Sulphas. Hydrar- gyrum Sulphuricum. Common Names, Sulphate of Mercury. Persulphate of Mercury. Formula, Hg S04. Molecular Weight, 296. Preparation of Sulphate of Mercury.—Take of mercury by weight, twenty ounces; sulphuric acid, tAvelve fluid ounces. Heat the mercury Avith the sulphuric acid in a porcelain vessel, stirring con- stantly until the metal disappears, then continue the heat until a dry Avhite salt remains.—Br. P. Properties and Tests.—Mercuric sulphate is a Avhite crystalline powder, which bears an incipient red heat Avithout alteration, but melts at a higher temperature to a brown liquid, and is volatilized completely Avith decomposition. When treated Avith a large amount of water it is resolved into a soluble acid salt and an insoluble basic one; Avith a small quantity of Avater it forms a hydrate Avhich crystallizes Avith one mole- cule of Avater in colorless quadratic prisms. It Avas first proven under Dr. Neidhard's direction, United States. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure sulphate of mer- cury is triturated as directed under Class VII. MERCURIUS VIVUS. Synonyms, Hydrargyrum. Argentum Vivum. Mercury. Common Name, Quicksilver. Symbol, Hg. Atomic Weight, 200. Origin.—Mercury occurs in nature in the free state in very small quantity; its chief ore is cinnabar, a sulphide of the metal Avhich is found in Almaden in Spain, in Idria in Austria, in Peru, in China and in NeAV Almaden in California. Preparation.—By roasting the ore the sulphide sublimes and the vapor being ignited by flame let into the chamber, the mercury is set free and is volatilized; by special arrangements varying in different countries, the vaporized mercury is condensed and collected in the liquid state. The «re is also distilled with lime or with blacksmiths' scales, in closed vessels. Metallic mercury comes in commerce in iron bottles or flasks, each holding about seventy-five pounds, and is contaminated with _ small amounts of other metals; it has to be purified by redistillation or by prolonged digestion with a mixture of equal parts of nitric acid and distilled water. The contaminating metals are thus oxidized and dissolved, and the mercury is separated from the acid solution, well Avashed with water, and dried by means of bibulous paper. 318 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Properties.—Mercury is a brilliant silver-white metal, which is liquid at ordinary temperatures, but Avhen cooled to — 40° C. (— 40° F.) solidifies to a tin-like mass, which is easily cut and hammered; it is then crystalline in structure, the crystals being regular octohedrons. In the pure state it does not adhere to glass, but Avhen contaminated Avith other metals it drags upon glass or " tails." It is slightly volatile at ordinary temperatures, and when heated to 350° C. (662° F.) it boils, yielding a colorless vapor. It is unalterable in the air, the film often seen upon specimens of the metal being due to the presence of an amalgam Avith other metals; it readily unites Avith other metals, such alloys being called amalgams. Heated to its boiling point in the air, it sloAvly oxidizes, forming the red or mercuric oxide. Mercury is not attacked by hydrochloric or dilute sulphuric acid, but is dissolved readily by boiling strong sulphuric acid and by dilute nitric acid. It combines Avith chlorine, bromine, iodine and sulphur. The purity of the metal may be in general assured by its possessing the characteristics above given. When a portion of the metal is agi- tated Avith a solution of ferric chloride free from ferrous chloride, and the metal then separated from the chloride, the latter, on the addition of potassium ferrocyanide, should not give a blue precipitate; such change, if present, is dependent upon the presence in the mercury of a foreign metal, which has reduced the ferric compound to the ferrous state. ( It Avas introduced into our Materia Medica by Hahnemann. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure mercury is tritu- rated, as directed under Class VII. MEZEREUM. Synonyms, Daphne Mezereum, Linn. Chamaedaphne. Chamselia Germanica. Coccus Chamelacus. Nat. Ord., Thymelaceae. Common Names, Mezereon. Spurge Olive. This is a small shrub, three or four feet high, native of Northern and Central Europe. Its leaves are deciduous, Avithout petioles, ob- ovate-lanceolate; light green, nearly glaucous beneath. Flowers rose red in color, fragrant, in small clusters. The bark, Avhich is the part used in medicine, comes in long strips, about half an inch wide and less than a line in thickness. These strips are folded and arranged in bundles, or rolled in flat masses, Avith the inner surface of the bark presenting externally. The outer surface is yellowish-brown or paler, and has a shining coppery appearance. It is dotted with many small, black, wart-like elevations. The pale green outer bark is readily sepa- rable from the corky layer. The inner surface is hairy in appearance, silky and Avhitish in color. In the dry state it is Avithout odor, and possesses an acrid, burning taste. It was first proven by Hahnemann. Preparation.—The fresh bark, gathered in early spring before the flowers appear, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 319 two-thirds by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp Avell mixed with it, and then strained lege artis through a piece of new linen. This tinc- ture is then poured into a well-stoppered bottle, and alloAved to stand eight days in a dark, cool place and filtered. Drug power of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class II. MILLEFOLIUM. Synonyms, Achillea Millefolium, Linn. Achillea Myriophylli. Nat. Ord., Compositse. Common Names, YarroAV. Milfoil. Nose-bleed. This common perennial herb is found groAving in old fields, on the borders of Avoods, etc., in both North America and Europe. It is about a foot high, stem furroAved. Leaves bi-pinnatifid; segments linear, dentate, mucronate. FloAvers white, in a dense, flat-topped corymb at the summit of the stem; they have an agreeable pungent taste and smell. Flowers from June to September. The drug was proven by Nenning, Germany. Preparation.—The fresh plant, gathered when flowering begins and before the stems are ligneous, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and then pressed out lege artis in a piece of new linen. The expressed juice is by brisk agitation mingled with an equal part by Aveight of alcohol. This mixture is allowed to stand eight days in a Avell-stop- pered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, h Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. MIMOSA HUMILIS, Linn. Nat. Ord., Leguminosae. This species, which is one of the smallest of the genus mimosa, is found in the prairies around Rio Janeiro. Its stem is feeble, rather woody, ramose, pubescent above and co\Tered with very sharp prickles. The leaves are bipinnate, the pinnae being three or four-paired, Avith small, linear folioles, which close at the least contact; there are from six to twelve on each side of the spike. The flowers are small, sessile, forming pretty silky tufts of a violet color. The fruit is someAvhat triangular, flattened, covered with long and stiff hairs, and surrounded by a persistent pericarp, divided in two capsules, each of Avhich con- tains one seed. It Avas introduced into our Materia Medica by Dr. Mure, Brazil. Preparation.—The fresh leaves are chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole well, pour it into a Avell- stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, I. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. 320 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. MITCHELLA REPENS, Linn. Nat. Ord., Rubiacea>. Common Names, Checker Berry. Partridge Berry. Squaw Vine. This plant must not be confounded, on account of its popular name, Avith the Gaultheria procumbens. It is a small evergreen indigenous plant, with a creeping stem. Leaves round, ovate, petiolate, shining, dark green and furnished with minute stipules. FloAvers in pairs on the double ovary. Corolla funnel-shaped, generally four-lobed, hairy Avithin, Avhite or tinged with red, very fragrant. Fruit a drupe com- posed of the united ovaries. Flowers in June and July. It was first proven by Dr. T. C. Duncan, United States. Preparation.—The fresh plant is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole well, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. MOMORDICA BALSAMINA, Linn. Synonym, Balsamina. Nat. Ord , Cucurbitacese. Common Name, Balsam Apple. This plant is a native of the East Indies, but is sometimes cultivated in this country. It is an annual, and is climbing in its habit. The fruit somewhat resembles a cucumber, is ovate, narrowed at each end, obscurely ridged, with wart-like elevations, is orange-colored or orange- red, and separates by lateral division. The seeds are numerous, flat, oval, broAvnish and wrinkled, enclosed in the fleshy red arillus. It was proven under the direction of Dr. A. Mercier, United States. Preparation.—The ripe fruit is chopped and pounded to a pulp and pressed out lege artis in a piece of new linen. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled with an equal part by Aveight of alcohol. This mixture is allowed to stand eight days in a Avell-stop- pered bottle, in a dark, cool place and then filtered. Amount of drug power, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. MONOBROMATUM CAMPHORS. Synonym, Camphora Monobromata. Common Names, Monobromated Camphor. Bromated Camphor. Formula, C10 H15 Br O. Molecular Weight, 231. Preparation of Monobromated Camphor.—Into a large tubu- lated retort, Avhose neck has been closed, place 13 ounces of camphor, HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 321 broken into small pieces, and then bring the neck into a someAvhat erect position; by using a funnel-tube passing through the tubulure, four ounces of bromine are to be introduced into the retort, the last portion of the bromine being Avashed doAvn with about half a drachm of alcohol. A marked reaction will begin in fifteen or a feAV more minutes, and after its subsidence and the complete cooling of the retort, four successive additions of an ounce each of bromine are to be made; a fresh addition is not to be made until the reaction from the previous one has ended. When the last addition of bromine has been made, and the resulting reaction has subsided, the retort is to be gradually and cautiously heated to 130° C. (266° F.) and then the contents, after being par- tially cooled, are to be dissolved in Avarm petroleum-benzine and the solution set aside to crystallize. The crystals are to be collected in a funnel and purified by re-solution and crystallization in the benzine. jNIonobrom-camphor is in colorless transparent prisms, having a camphor-like odor and taste. They are easily soluble in alcohol, ether and chloroform and in less than their OAvn volume of hot petroleum- ether ; they are somewhat soluble in glycerine, and not at all in Avater. The crystals fuse at Go° C. (149° F.) and at 270° C. (518° F.) they boil, but suffer partial decomposition. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Monobromated camphor is triturated as directed under Class VII. MONOTROPA UNIFLORA, Linn. Synonym, Monotropa Morisoniana. Nat. Ord., Ericaceae. Common Names, Indian Pipe. Bird's Nest. Corpse Plant. Ice plant. This is a low and fleshy herb, found in dark and rich Avoods from Maine to Carolina and AvestAvard to Missouri. The clustered stems spring from a ball of matted fibrous rootlets, furnished Avith scale-like bracts in place of leaves; the floAvering summit at first nodding, in fruit erect. The plant is smooth, dirty Avhite (turning black in dry- ing), inodorous, Avith a single sessile, nodding, five-petaled floAver at the summit; the calyx of two to four irregular scales or bracts; anthers transverse, opening by two chinks; style short and thick; stigma naked. It floAvers from June to September. Preparation.—The Avhole plant in flower is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole well, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug poAver, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. 21 322 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. MORPHIUM. Synonyms, Morphium Purum. Morphia. Common Name, Morphine. Formula, C17 H19 N03, H2 O. Molecular Weight, 303. Preparation of Morphia.—Ten parts of opium are to be digested with three volumes of boiling Avater for half an hour; the liquid is then strained, and the residue, after being expressed, is again twice treated Avith water in the same Avay. The united liquids are to be boiled down to half their bulk and then stirred into a boiling milk of lime made from caustic lime Avhose Aveight is equal to one-fourth the amount of opium taken. The mixture is to be boiled for a quarter of an hour and then strained and the calcareous residue agaiu twice boiled in twenty-five parts of water. The whole of the lime-bearing liquors are hoav to be boiled down to twenty parts and mixed at the boiling tem- perature with one part of ammonium chloride; the heat is kept up for an hour, or as long as ammonia is given off, the liquid is then allowed to cool, and after eight days the morphia, which separates in the form of brown granules, is to be collected. The mother liquor yields another crop if further boiled down and left to itself. The product is purified by Avashing in cold water, solution in hydrochloric acid, repeated boiling with excess of milk of lime and precipitation with ammonium chloride. Properties.—Morphia is in short, colorless, transparent, or Avhite glistening prisms, Avhose taste is tolerably bitter and whose reaction is alkaline. They are soluble in 1200 parts of cold and in 500 of hot water, in from forty-five to fifty of cold and thirty of hot 90 per cent. alcohol. They are almost insoluble in ether, benzol, petroleum-ether, and the fixed oils, and 150 parts of chloroform are required to take up one of morphia. It neutralizes acids completely and forms thereby crystallizable salts. Morphia is readily soluble in the fixed alkalies and in lime-water, less so in ammonium hydrate or carbonate. When heated, morphia melts with the loss of its water of crystallization, and on cooling solidifies to a radio-crystalline mass. By stronger heating it carbonizes and finally burns Avithout residue. Dry morphia has a very slight_ taste, but its solutions are bitter. Its salts are soluble in water and in alcohol, but not in ether. Tests.—The impurities that may be present in morphia are nar- cotin, lime, and magnesium and ammonium compounds; and as adul- terations, other alkaloids, salicin, sugar of different kinds and salts of ammonium. When a small portion of the alkaloid is burned on plati- num foil there should remain no ash fabsence of lime and mao-nesia). When to 0.1 gram in a test-tube are added 1.5 to 2 grams of caustic al- kaline hydrate solution, there should result a clear, colorless or almost colorless solution (a broAvn coloration indicates the presence of glucose, and incomplete solubility some foreign alkaloid, especially narcotin). Irom the alkaline solution ammonia gas should not be evolved (absence of salts of ammonium). In a test-tube is to be placed 0.1 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 323 gram of morphia, and there are to be poured upon it about 3 CC. of concentrated sulphuric acid and the mixture slightly agitated. The resulting solution should be colorless, and only after long standing should the color become tinged Avith red (narcein, thebain, give Avith concentrated sulphuric acid a red solution, pseudomorphine a green one, and cane-sugar and milk-sugar cause the solution to become black- ish). Finally, the solution in sulphuric acid is to be tested by Huse- mann's method; the solution is heated to about 150° C. (302° F.), and the addition of a little nitric acid causes the color to become vio- let-blue, changing quickly to blood-red, and after some time to deep orange. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure morphia is tritu- rated, as directed under Class VII. MORPHIUM ACETICUM. Synonyms, Morphise Acetas. Morphinum Aceticum. Common Name, Acetate of Morphia. Formula, C17 H19 N03, C2 H4 02, H2 O. Molecular Weight, 363. Preparation of Acetate of Morphia.—Pure morphia is to be dissolved in dilute acetic acid Avith the aid of a gentle heat, the solu- tion placed in a flat dish set aside in a Avarm place and evaporated till a friable mass is produced. Properties and Tests.—Acetate of morphia is a white poAvder. It has a bitter taste, a Aveak acetous odor and its reaction is barely alkaline. It is soluble in tAventy-five parts of cold and in tAvo of boil- ing Avater, in forty-five of cold and in two of boiling alcohol; it is in- soluble in ether. Upon keeping, it slowly loses acetic acid and thereby it becomes more alkaline in reaction and less soluble in Avater, and its color darkens till finally it is broAvnish. It should then be redissolved in dilute acetic acid and re-evaporated. Its watery solutions also un- dergo this change, becoming gradually yellow and at last broAvn in color. It should leave no residue when heated on platinum foil. It may be tested in the Avay described under the article Morphinum. It is to be noted, hoAvever, that a specimen of the acetate kept for some time will not give a colorless solution Avith sulphuric acid, the color be- ing yellowish. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure acetate of mor- phia is triturated, as directed under Class VII. MORPHIUM MURIATICUM. Synonyms, Hydrochlorate of Morphia. Morphise Murias. Mor- phise Hydrochloras. Common Name, Muriate of Morphia. Formula, C17 H19 N 03, HC1, 3H20. Molecular Weight, 375.5. Preparation of Muriate of Morphia.—This salt is readily pre- 324 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. pared by neutralizing dilute hydrochloric acid Avith pure morphia, and crystallizing by evaporating the solution. Properties and Tests.—The hydrochlorate of morphia forms fine, white, silky, acicular crystals which are without odor and have a very bitter taste. They are soluble in twenty parts of Avater at medium tem- peratures, in their own volume of boiling water, in from sixty to seventy of cold and in ten or twelve of boiling alcohol, and in twenty of glyce- rine. The crystals are permanent in the air; by heat they lose their water of crystallization, and at a high temperature are consumed Avith- out leaving a residue. The tests described for morphia Avill apply to this salt. Its solutions Avhen precipitated by tannin should redissolve on the addition of HC1, any undissolved turbidity being probably due to narcotin. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure muriate of mor- phia is triturated, as directed under Class VII. MORPHIUM SULPHURICUM. Synonyms, Morphise Sulphas. Morphinum Sulphuricum. Common Name, Sulphate of Morphia. Formula, (C17 H19 N 03)2, H2 S 04, 5H20. Molecular Weight, 758. Preparation of Sulphate of Morphia.—This salt may be pre- pared by neutralizing pure dilute sulphuric acid Avith pure morphia, partly evaporating the solution in a warm place or over a Avater-bath and then setting it aside to crystallize. Properties and Tests.—Sulphate of morphia crystallizes in tufts of colorless prisms having a silky lustre. They are soluble in tAvo parts of Avater, less readily in alcohol. When heated to 130° C. {2Qo° F.) they give off all their Avater of crystallization; the solutions are neutral in reaction. The usual tests for morphia apply to this salt. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure sulphate of mor- phia is triturated, as directed under Class VII. MOSCHUS. Synonyms, Moschus Orientalis. Moschus Tibetanus. Moschus Tunquinensis. Class, Mammalia. Order, Ruminantia. Family, Moschina. Common Name, Musk. A dried preputial secretion from Moschus moschiferus, Linn. Origin.—The musk deer is found in mountainous regions and ele- A^ated plateaus in Asia, from India to Siberia. The musk-sac is situated >n the abdomen of the male animal betAveen the umbilicus and the preputial orifice, and directly in front of the latter. The bag or sac is oval, about tAvo inches long and someAvhat less in Avidth, and about HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 325 half an inch thick. The bag is made up of tAvo coats, the external one cuticular and hairy except on the upper surface; the lower surface has an aperture about its middle, and toAvard this the stiff, appressed hairs are directed. The inner coat, composed of muscular and fibrous layers, is thin, someAvhat transparent and more or less veined, and in the recent state is bright broAvn in color; its lining has numerous depressions containing the secreting glands. Musk is in small, irregular grains or crumbs, dark reddish-brown in color, and when near the orifice often mixed Avith hairs. The grains have a somewhat unctuous lustre, and Avhen fresh are easily crushed. The odor of musk is peculiar, very persistent, and is not agreeable except when quite faint; it is slight in the dry substance, but by moisture is greatly increased. The best variety of musk is the Tonquin, from China and Thibet. It comes in small packages or boxes lined Avith sheet-lead, each containing about twenty-five sacs, separately AATrapped in paper. When this variety of musk is brought into commerce via Russia, it is called Russian or Siberian musk, and a variety coming from Siberia, called Gabardine musk, is found in flat- ter, more oval sacs, less covered with hair and having a less musk-like odor. Only Chinese musk should be used in medicine, and it should not be purchased except in the sacs; the bags should be carefully ex- amined for evidences of the substitution of an artificial sac, made of a portion of the hide of the animal sewn to a membrane. Here the ab- sence of the central aperture and of the circularly arranged hairs sur- rounding it, Avill at once expose the fraud. Sometimes genuine sacs are cut open, a portion of their contents removed and other substances substituted; the stitches which hold the edges of the slit in apposition, are evidence of the fact mentioned, but Avhen foreign bodies have been introduced through the natural opening there is no means of detecting this fraud before opening the bag. Properties.—Good musk contains from 40 to 50 per cent, of con- stituents soluble in water, and 8 to 10 per cent, of matters soluble in 90 per cent, alcohol. It contains also fatty, Avaxy, gelatinous and albu- minous substances, various salts of the alkalies and of the alkaline earths, Avith traces of ammonia, and a volatile oil. The drug was proA'en Dy Hahnemann. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—A tincture is made, ac- cording to Altschul, of the Avhole bag, Avith dilute alcohol in the pro- portion of one to tAventv, the dilutions from Avhich must be prepared as directed under Class IV, except that dilute alcohol, in the proportion of twenty to eighty, is used for the 1 and 2x dilutions. Triturations are prepared as directed under Class VII. MUREX PURPUREA. Synonyms, Murex Brandaris, Buchner. Purpurea Patula. Class, Mollusca. Order, Gasteropoda. Family, Muricidae. 326 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. This sea-snail is found in large quantities on the coasts of the Adriatic and Mediterranean Seas. The coloring juice is lodged in a bag between the heart and liver, and does not always possess the fine red color, when taken out, but appears as a tough, viscid, colorless or greenish liquid, gradually reddening when exposed to the air. Preparation.—The fresh juice is triturated, as directed under Class VIII. A solution of the third trituration in water still shows a fine rose- red color. MURURE LEITE. Resin obtained from Yichetea Officinalis. Preparation.—The resin is triturated, as directed under Class VII. Introduced into our Materia Medica by Dr. Mure, Brazil. MYGALE LASIODORA. Synonym, Mygale Lasiodora Cubana. A large black Cuban Spider. It Avas proven under direction of Dr. John G. Houard, United States. Preparation.—The live insect is crushed and covered Avith five parts by weight of alcohol, and allowed to remain eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Amount of drug power, -j^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. MYRICA CERIFERA, Linn. Nat. Ord., Myricacese. Common Names, Bay berry. Candle Berry. SAveet Gale. Wax- myrtle. This is an indigenous shrub four to eight feet high, growing in great abundance along the sea-shore, and also near Lake Erie. Leaves alter- nate, glabrous, cuneate-oblong, undulate-dentate towards the apex, resin- ous-punctate, and emitting fragrance when bruised. Flowers dioecious, the sterile ones in cylindrical catkins, the fertile ones in shorter ovoid heads. Fruit a drupe which is covered with a Avhite Avaxy coating. The bark is externally Avhitish, someAvhat Avrinkled, the outer layer separating in small fragments. The inner layer is dark reddish-broAvn, almost smooth. It has a granular, pale reddish fracture. This drug was proven by members of the Massachusetts Homoeo- pathic Medical Society (Transactions, 1864). Preparation.—The fresh bark of the root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole well, pour it into a Avell-stop- pered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 327 Drug power of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. MYRISTICA SEBIFERA, Swartz. - Synonym, Virola Sebifera, Aublet. Nat. Ord., ]\lyristicacese. Common Name, Brazilian Ucuuba. Tuis tree is i'ound in the provinces of Para and Rio Negro. The tree is of some height, and the trunk and branches are covered Avith a thick, brownish and reticulate bark. Leaves alternate, oblong, cor- date, rather tomentose on their loAver surface, and supported by short petioles. FloAvers in tufted panicles, ramose, arising from the axils of the leaves or the extremities of the branches; they are dioecious, Avith a simple, urceolate perigone having three divisions." Male floAvers Avith six stamens, the filaments of Avhich are attached to each other, and are inserted in a glandular disk. The female flowers are smaller, one unilocular ovary, style Avanting, stigma bilobed. Capsular berry, Avith two valves, containing an oleaginous seed, surrounded by an aril crenated aboA'e. It AA-as introduced into our Materia Medica by Dr. Mure, Brazil. Preparation.—The fresh, red juice, obtained by puncturing the bark, is triturated according to Class VIII. MYRTUS COMMUNIS, Linn. Nat. Ord., Myrtacese. Common Name, Myrtle. This shrub is a native of Southern Europe. Leaves opposite, oblong- OA'ate, shining, smooth, from one to tAvo inches long, on short petioles and pellucid-punctate. FloAvers Avhite, solitary, axillary, many sta- mened. Fruit a tAvo-celled, bluish-black berry, Avith four or five seeds in each cell. LeaA'es, floAvers and fruit are fragrant. Preparation.—The fresh, floAvering shoots and leaves are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole Avell, pour it into a well -stoppered bottle and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, &. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. NABALUS ALBUS, Var. Serpentarius, Gray. Synonyms, Nabalus Serpentaria, Hooker. Prenanthes Alba, Linn. Nat. Ord., Compositse. Common Names, Rattlesnake-Root. White Lettuce. Lion's Foot. 328 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. This indigenous perennial groAvs in rich soil on the borders of Avoods. The stem, tAvo to four feet high, purplish and often deeply so in spots, arises from a spindle-shaped tuberous root. Radical leaves, angular- hastate, more or less deeply lobed. Stem leaves, round-ovate, sinuate- toothed. The lobes or leaves are obtuse. Flower-heads in corymbous panicles at the summit of the stem. Eight to tAvelve flowered, pappus deep cinnamon-colored. Var. Serpentaria has radical leaves, palmate- sinuate, stem leaves on long petioles, middle segment three-parted. It Avas proved by Dr. M. E. Lazarus, United States. Preparation.—The fresh plant is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole well, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. NAJA. Synonyms, Naja Tripudians. Coluber Naja. Class, Reptilia. Order, Squamata. Family, Elapidse. Common Names, Cobra di Capello. Hooded Snake. This species of snake is commonly found in Hindostan. It varies in length from two to four feet. The neck can be dilated so as to give the appearance of a hood covering the head. It is the snake usually employed by the snake-charmers. The fangs are canaliculated, and are in front of the superior maxilla, with smaller solid teeth behind them. The sixth upper labial scale is small, forming a suture Avith a very large temporal scale; there is generally a spectacle-like mark on the neck. It was first proved by Dr. Stokes, England. Preparation.—The poison, obtained by compressing the gland (of the live animal) which secretes it, is triturated as directed under Class VIII. NAPHTHALINUM. Synonyms, Naphthalin. Naphthalene. Formula, C10 H8. Molecular Weight, 128. Origin.—Naphthalin is generally produced Avhen organic bodies are distilled alone. It may be procured from coal; alcohol, ether vapor and even olefiant gas yield more or less naphthalin when passed through red hot tubes. Petroleum and most essential oils when treated in the latter way also afford it, and camphor vapor Avhen passed over red hot quicklime gives rise to it; from the above considerations it is HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 329 not remarkable that naphthalin should be found in soot and lamp- black. Preparation.—Coal-tar from Avhich the lighter oils have been re- moved by preliminary distillation is distilled in large iron retorts; the distillate is received in puncheons and the process carried on until the liquid is heavier than Avater. The first tAvo parts out of a charge of seventy contain but little naphthalin, the rest of the distillate abounds in it. To extract the naphthalin from the oily distillate small quanti- ties of sulphuric acid are shaken Avith it and then after settling for some time, are run off. The supernatant oil on cooling to 0° C. (32° F.), deposits large quantities of the naphthalin. The crude greasy naph- thalin is drained and pressed in strong bags to remove the oil and then redistilled, the receiver being changed Avhen the product comes over colorless. To obtain it in large crystals it may be melted over the sand-bath, in basins Avith covers of paper pasted over them; the basins should be not more than half full. When the contents are melted and begin to sublime, the Avhole may be allowed to cool, and Avhen quite cold a large quantity of colorless crystals will be found betAveen the cake of naphthalin and the paper cover, and may be removed with a feather. Properties.—Naphthalin Avhen purified by sublimation is in trans- parent, colorless, glistening scales; Avhen crystallized from its ethereal solution it forms rhombic tables or prisms. It has a peculiar, some- what tar-like odor and a rather pungent taste. It is but slightly soluble in Avater and cold alcohol, but readily dissolves in boiling alcohol as Avell as in ether, carbon disulphide, the volatile oils, acetic acid and dilute oxalic acid. It is insoluble in Avatery solutions of the alkalies. It is someAvhat volatile at ordinary temperatures, and when ignited burns Avith a dense smoky flame. When heated to 80° C. (176° F.) it melts, and at 218° C. (424.4° F.) it boils. Its specific gravity is 1.15. Tests.—Perfectly pure naphthalin volatilizes completely when heated; and Avith concentrated sulphuric acid it forms a colorless solu- tion. The commercial article usually gives a brownish solution. For its identification Vohl's reaction may be used, as follows: Avhen naph- thalin is brought in contact with the strongest nitric acid, a large quantity of water added and the resulting precipitate, after washing with dilute alcohol, mixed with a little hydrate and sulphide of potas- sium, the residue dissolves in alcohol Avith a violet-red color. Naph- thalin when fused into sticks, like sulphur, has the appearance of ala- baster, cracks when held in the warm hand and when rubbed becomes negatively electric. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure naphthalin is trit- urated, as directed under Class VII. NARCOTINUM. Synonyms, Narcotina. Narcotin. Narcotia. Formula, C44 H23 N014. 330 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Molecular Weight, 413. Preparation of Narcotina.—Narcotin exists in opium to the amount of six or eight per cent.; it was the first base extracted from that drug. During the process for obtaining morphia from opium nar- cotin is also obtained; it may be separated from the morphia by the use of ether, Avhich does not dissolve the latter. The ethereal solution is to be slowly evaporated. It may be obtained directly from opium by treating that substance Avith ether and evaporating the solution as in the previous method. Properties.—Narcotin crystallizes in right rhombic prisms, or in needles grouped in bundles, flattened, colorless, transparent and lus- trous ; it is Avithout odor or taste, and is indifferent to litmus paper. It is almost insoluble in cold water, and of boiling water it requires about 7,000 parts for solution; it dissolves in thirty-five parts of ether, in three of chloroform and in twenty-five of benzol. The alcoholic and ethereal solutions have a bitter taste. Its salts are very unstable. Tests.—Narcotin is a Aveaker base than opium, and does not de- compose ammonium chloride even at 100° C. (212° F.). With con- centrated sulphuric acid it forms at first a colorless solution, but after some minutes the color changes to yelloAV, and in the course of a day or two it becomes raspberry-red. The caustic alkalies and their car- bonates precipitate narcotin from its solutions as a white crystalline powder insoluble in excess of the reagent. Caustic ammonia dissolves it in slight amount. To ferric chloride and iodic acid it is indifferent. Its absence of taste, its neutral reaction, its precipitation by alkalies, its solubility in ether and its not being affected by iron salts and iodic acid, all serve to distinguish it from morphia. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure narcotina is tritu- rated as directed under Class VII. NATRUM ARSENICICUM. Synonyms, Sodium Arsenate. Arsenias Natricus. Arsenias Sodi- cus. Natri Arsenias. Sodae Arsenias. Sodii Arsenias. Formula, Na2 H As 04, 7 H20. Molecular Weight, 312. Common Name, Arsenate of Soda. Preparation of Arsenate of Soda.—960 grains of pure arsenious oxide, finely powdered, and 816 grains of sodium nitrate, finely pow- dered, and 528 grains of dried sodium carbonate, finely powdered, are to be intimately mixed and placed in a large, covered, clay crucible and exposed to a full red heat until effervescence ceases and the mass is completely fused. The fused product is to be poured on a porcelain tile and as soon as solidification has taken place and before cooling, it is to be put into half a pint of boiling distilled water and the mixture stirred until the salt is dissolved. Then the solution is to be filtered and set aside that crystals may form. The crystals are to be collected, drained, dried rapidly on bibulous paper and transferred to a Avell- stoppered bottle. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 331 Properties.—Arsenate of soda prepared as above directed is in colorless, transparent, monoclinic prisms, containing seven molecules of Avater; when crystallized beloAV 18° C. (64.4° F.), it forms large efflor- escent crystals isomorphous Avith ordinary phosphate of sodium, and containing twelve molecules of water; a salt containing tA\enty-six molecules of Avater separates from a solution cooled to 0° C. (32° F.). The crystals are slightly efflorescent in dry air, and in moist air they deliquesce somewhat. They dissolve in tAvo or three parts of Avater, forming an alkaline solution. Tests.—The usual arsenical reactions are given by this salt after its reduction to the arsenious state, by means of sulphurous acid, or sodium sulphite with some hydrochloric acid. The drug was proven by Dr. Imbert Gourbeyre, France. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure arsenate of sodium is triturated as directed under Class VII. NATRUM CARBONICUM. Synonyms, Sodium Carbonate. Carbonas Sodicus. Disodic Car- bonate. Sodse Carbonas. Sal Soda. Common Name, Washing Soda. Formula, Na2 C 03, 10H2O. Molecular Weight, 286. Origin and Preparation of Carbonate of Sodium.—Sodium carbonate exists in the soda lakes of Egypt and Hungary, in the vol- canic springs of Iceland, etc ; it is largely used in the arts, and Avas formerly obtained from barilla, the ash of Salsola soda and other plants growing on the sea-shore, and from the ash of sea-Aveed, called kelp; but at present nearly all the soda of commerce is obtained from common salt by first converting the chloride of sodium into sulphate by heating it Avith sulphuric acid, and then converting the sulphate into carbonate by heating it in a reverberatory furnace Avith chalk or lime- stone and coal. The crude soda obtained by this process is dark gray in color and appears partially vitrified; it is purified by lixiviating, and mixing the residue left after evaporation, Avith sawdust and heat- ing in a reverberatory furnace, at a Ioav red heat, for some hours. To obtain crystallized carbonate, the purified salt is dissolved in water, and the liquid, Avhen clarified, is boiled doAvn till a pellicle forms on the surface. The solution is then run into shallow crystallizing ves- sels, and after standing for a week the mother liquor is draAvn off and the crystals drained and broken up for the market. The crystals thus obtained contain ten molecules of Avater. Properties and Tests.—Sodium carbonate is in large, colorless, rhombic crystals or in irregular masses of the same, having an alkaline taste and reaction. They effloresce in the air, and are soluble in tAvo parts of cold and in a quarter of a part of boiling water, and are insoluble in alcohol and ether. Commercially pure carbonate of sodium is gen- erally contaminated Avith small amounts of chloride and sulphate, and its solutions, Avhen acidified with nitric acid, give some turbidity or pre- 332 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. cipitate with silver nitrate and with barium nitrate. When the salt is prepared from cryolite alumina is likely to be present; it may be de- tected by acidifying a solution of the carbonate with HC1, boiling and adding ammonia in excess, when aluminium hydrate will separate out in a gelatinous mass. Chemically pure sodium carbonate should not suffer any change when tested in the foregoing methods, and its solu- tion, Avhen acidulated with HC1, should show no change upon treat- ment Avith hydrogen and ammonium sulphides (absence of metals). It was proven by Hahnemann. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure carbonate of sodium is triturated as directed under Class VII. NATRUM BROMATUM. Synonyms, Sodium Bromide. Bromuretum Sodicum. Sodii Bromidum. Common Name, Bromide of Sodium. Formula, Na Br. Molecular Weight, 103. Preparation of Bromide of Sodium.—The directions for pre- paring potassium bromide, as given in the article Kali Bromatum, Avill, by the substitution of sodium carbonate for the corresponding potas- sium compound, result in the formation of sodium bromide. Properties and Tests.—Bromide of sodium, when crystallized out from its solutions at temperatures above 30° C. (86° F.), forms anhydrous cubes which have a slightly alkaline taste and neutral reac- tion ; they are easily soluble in water and alcohol. When crystallized below 30° C. it forms hydrated, oblique rhombic prisms containing two molecules of water. The solutions of the compound in water should be neutral or at most but very faintly alkaline, and Avhen treated with a large addition of dilute sulphuric acid, should not show a yellow or reddish coloration. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure bromide of sodium is triturated as directed under Class VII. NATRUM HYPOPHOSPHOROSUM. Synonyms, Sodium Hypophosphite. Sodii Hypophosphis. Common Name, Hypophosphite of Soda. Formula, Na H2 P02, H20. Molecular Weight, 106. Preparation of Hypophosphite of Sodium.—By decompos- ing calcium hypophosphite with sodium carbonate (avoiding excess of either), filtering and evaporating. The product contains some calcium carbonate from which it may be freed by re-solution in alcohol, filter- ing and recrystallizing, the evaporation being at a temperature below 100° C. (212° F.). The directions given for preparing potassium hypo- phosphite (see article Kalium Hypophosphorosum) will serve equally well for the production of the sodium compound by the substitution of HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 333 the word "sodium" for "potassium" wherever the latter occurs in the article. Properties.—Sodium hypophosphite crystallizes in pearly, rec- tangular tables somewhat less deliquescent than the corresponding potassium salt. It usually is seen as a white poAvder. It is easily soluble in alcohol and Avater, but does not dissolve in ether. At a high temperature it decomposes with the evolution of phosphoretted hydrogen and leaves a residue of pyrophosphate and metaphosphate of sodium. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure hypophosphite of sodium is triturated as directed under Class VII. NATRUM MURIATICUM. Synonyms, Sodium Chloride. Chloruretum Sodicum. Natrium Chloratum Purum. Sodii Chloridum. Chloride of Sodium. Common Names, Common Salt. Table Salt. Formula, Na CI. Molecular Weight, 58.5. Origin and Preparation of Chloride of Sodium.—Sodium chloride occurs very abundantly in nature, both in the solid state as rock salt, forming extensiA'e beds in rocks of various ages, and in solu- tion in sea-Avater, salt lakes and salt springs. The salt is mined from the solid deposits or taken from open cuts, Avhile from saline Avaters it is obtained by evaporation or by first freezing; the latter mode is followed in Northern countries of Europe, since salt Avater separates on freezing, into ice containing no salt, and a strong saline lye. After the crystallizing out of sodium chloride the mother liquors containing potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium sulphates, chlorides and bromides are utilized for the extraction of these compounds and their derivatives. Properties.—Pure sodium chloride crystallizes from aqueous solu- tions at ordinary temperatures or higher, in colorless, transparent, anhydrous cubes, but an aqueous solution exposed to a temperature of —10° C. (14° F.) yields hexagonal plates containing tA\To molecules of Avater; Avhen the temperature rises the Avater of crystallization is ex- pelled and the crystals are changed into a heap of minute cubes. Ordinarily, sodium chloride is found as a Avhite poAvder made up of small, glistening, hard cubes, without reaction to test-paper, Avithout odor and possessing a pure saline taste. The crystals are anhydrous, have a specific gravity of 2.16, decrepitate Avhen throAvn on red hot coal or Avhen heated upon platinum foil; in a very damp atmosphere they become moist. Salt is soluble in less than three parts of Avater in the cold, and is scarcely more soluble in boiling Avater, but the admixture of other salts increases its solubility. It is not taken up by absolute alcohol, and 100 parts of 90 per cent, alcohol dissolve only tAvo parts of it. At a red heat it melts, and on cooling solidifies to a crystal- line mass; at a Avhite heat it volatilizes. Its watery solutions have the property of dissolving several bodies insoluble in Avater, e. g., calcium phosphate, calcium sulphate and silver chloride. 334 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Tests.—The aqueous solution of sodium chloride should be per- fectly neutral (absence of carbonate and of free hydrochloric acid); it should not be precipitated by hydrogen sulphide nor by ammonium sulphide (absence of metals), nor by ammonium oxalate (absence of calcium), nor by barium chloride (absence of sulphate), nor by sodium carbonate (absence of the earths, especially magnesia). This drug Avas introduced into our Materia Medica by Hahnemann. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by weight of pure chloride of sodium is dissolved in nine parts by Aveight of dis- tilled water. Amount of drug poAver, y1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—«. Triturations are prepared as directed under Class VII. NATRUM NITRICUM. Synonyms, Sodium Nitrate. Nitras (Azotas) Sodicus. Nitrum Cubicum. Sodii Nitras. Common Names, Nitrate of Soda. Cubic Nitre. Chili Salt- petre. Formula, Na N03. Molecular Weight, 85. Origin and Preparation.—Nitrate of sodium occurs abundantly as a natural mineral in South America; in the northern part of Peru the dry elevated plains, 3,000 feet above the sea-level, are covered Avith beds of it several feet in thickness, associated with gypsum, common salt, sulphate of sodium and the shelly residue of an ancient sea. The crude nitre called caliche is refined by solution and crystallization, but the great solubility of sodium nitrate renders it difficult to purify the latter from common salt; on a small scale this can be done by heating the poAvdered salt Avith nitric acid, by Avhich means the chlorides are destroyed, and then by solution and recrystallization the nitrate is ob- tained perfectly pure. Properties.—Pure sodium nitrate crystallizes in obtuse rhombo- hedrons, Avhich, at a hasty glance, may be mistaken for cubes, whence the name cubic saltpetre. The crystals are colorless, transparent and permanent in the air, but when the salt is contaminated Avith sodium chloride, they become moist upon exposure, without, hoA\rever, deliquesciug. The salt has a saline, cooling, slightly bitter taste, is soluble in one and a quarter parts of Avater at ordinary temperatures, and in about half its weight of boiling Avater, and in 100 parts of 90 per cent, alcohol; the solutions are neutral in reaction. Upon dissolv- ing the salt in Avater, a considerable fall in temperature is produced. When heated the salt deflagrates, and Avhen mixed Avith inflammable bodies, it detonates, less strongly, hoAvever, than does the corresponding potassium compound; at 310° C. (590° F.) it fuses, and on cooling solidifies to a Avhite mass; at a red heat it is decomposed, giving off oxygen and the loAver oxides of nitrogen. Tests.—Solutions of sodium nitrate should give no turbidity or HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 335 precipitate Avith hydrogen sulphide (absence of metals), nor with so- dium carbonate (magnesia and calcium compounds), nor Avith barium nitrate (sulphate), nor Avith silver nitrate (chloride), or with the latter a faint opalescence is permissible. When a feAV drops of chlorine Avater are added to a solution of the salt, and the mixture Avell agitated Avith carbon disulphide, the color of the reagent should undergo no change (a violet coloration of the bisulphide indicates the presence of iodine); if the test prove negative, sulphuric acid may be added to the mixture, and if a violet coloration then appear in the layer of carbon disulphide, an iodate is present. Introduced into the Homoeopathic Materia Medica by Dr. Gross, Germany. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure nitrate of sodium is triturated as directed under Class VII. NATRUM PHOSPHORICUM. Synonyms, Sodium Phosphate. Natri Phosphas. Phcsphas Nat- ricus. Sodse Phosphas. Sodii Phosphas. Common Name, Phosphate of Soda. Formula, Na2H P 04, 12 H20. Molecular Weight, 358. Preparation of Phosphate of Sodium.—To 10 parts of bone, calcined to Avhiteness and in fine poAvder, add 6 parts of sulphuric acid in an earthen vessel and thoroughly mix the ingredients ; 22 fluid ounces of Avater are to be added to the mixture, and the whole thor- oughly stirred. The mixture is to be set aside to digest for three days, and during that time is to be frequently stirred and enough water added from time to time to replace that lost by evaporation. At the end of the time, 22 fluid ounces of boiling Avater are to be added, and the Avhole throAvn upon a muslin strainer, and repeatedly washed by boiling water in small amounts till the liquid comes through tasteless. The strained liquid is then to be set aside to permit the newly formed precipitates to settle; Avhen the precipitation is complete, the clear liquid is de- canted off and boiled doAvn to 22 ounces. This concentrated liquid is to be decanted from any fresh precipitate and heated in a vessel of iron, and there is gradually added to it a hot solution of sodium car- bonate as long as effervescence ensues, and until the liberated phosphoric acid is entirely neutralized; the liquid is now to be filtered and set aside in a cool place to crystallize. The first crop of crystals is the purest, but a subsequent crop may be obtained by adding sodium car- bonate to the liquid as long as crystals are formed; the crystals of the secondary crop must be repurified by solution and recrystallization. The salt should be kept in a Avell-stoppered bottle. Properties.—Officinal sodium phosphate crystallizes in oblique rhombic prisms and tables, Avhich are transparent and colorless, and haA-e a mild, cooling, saline taste. They are soluble in tAvo parts of hot Avater, and in four or five of Avater at medium temperatures; they are insoluble in alcohol. The solutions are slightly alkaline in reaction. 336 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Heated to 35° C. (95° F.) they melt in their water of crystallization, and solidify to a crystalline mass on cooling; at 100° C. (212° F.) they give up their Avater of crystallization, and above 300° C._( 572° F.) the salt is converted into pyrophosphate. The aqueous solution of the salt, Avhen treated Avith silver nitrate solution, precipitates yellow orthophos- phate of silver, and the filtered fluid has an acid reaction ; the aqueous solution, upon the addition of barium chloride, gives a white precipitate of barium phosphate; both these precipitates are soluble in nitric acid. The solution of the salt after acidulation with HC1 should not be changed in any Avay by hydrogen sulphide (absence of metals, and es- pecially arsenic). The neutral solution should not effervesce upon the addition of an acid (absence of carbonate), and should give no precipi- tate or turbidity Avhen treated Avith ammonia (absence of magnesium), or with ammonium oxalate (calcium). Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure phosphate of so- dium is triturated as directed under Class VII. NATRUM SALICYLICUM. Synonyms, Sodium Salicylate. Salicylate of Sodium. Formula, 2 (Na C7 H5 03) + H20. Molecular Weight, 338. Preparation.—Six parts of poAvdered, perfectly pure, sodium car- bonate are to be thoroughly mixed Avith 10 parts of pure salicylic acid, and the mixture gradually added, Avith constant stirring, to 100 parts of dilute alcohol; the solution is to be dried at a gentle heat over a Avater-bath. Properties.—Pure sodium salicylate is in very AA'hite and small crystalline plates, or is a crystalline powder; it is almost Avithout odor, has a sweetish, saline and someAvhat alkaline taste, and Avhen kept in tightly closed vessels, undergoes no change in color, odor or taste. It is soluble in one part of Avater and in five or six parts of alcohol, the solutions being colorless and weakly alkaline. Treated Avith ferric chloride, it gives a dark violet coloration; and Avith pure concentrated sulphuric acid, it forms a solution Avhich remains colorless for ten or fifteen minutes. Tests.—Sodium salicylate may be considered pure Avhen it is Avhite in color, dissolves in one and one-half times its volume of distilled water and in six parts of alcohol, forming solutions Avhich are color- less or very nearly so, and when shaken Avith fifteen volumes of pure concentrated sulphuric acid, it neither colors the acid nor effervesces. When it is heated to redness on platinum foil, an alkaline residue is left, Avhose weight should be not less than 30 nor more than 32 per cent, of the amount of the salt taken. The residue should give the reactions of pure sodium carbonate. A solution of the salt acidulated Avith nitric acid should give no turbidity Avhen treated Avith silver ni- trate or barium chloride. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure salicylate of so- dium is triturated as directed under Class VII. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 337 NATRUM SELENICUM. Synonyms, Sodium Selenate. Selenate of Soda. Formula, Na2 Se 04, 10 H20. Molecular Weight, 369. Preparation and Properties.—By fusing selenium or selenite of sodium, or selenide of lead with sodium nitrate, dissolving the fused mass in hot water and leaving the concentrated solution to cool and crystallize. The excess of nitrate crystallizes out first, and afterwards the selenate in crystals containing ten molecules of Avater, exactly re- sembling those of the normal sulphate (Glauber's salt), and exhibiting like the latter a maximum solubility at about 33° C. (91.4° F.j. When crystallization is conducted at a temperature above 40° C. (104° F.), the crystals obtained are anhydrous. Tests.—The salt, when prepared from pure materials, is not likely to be contaminated. If in doubt, it may be tested, as directed in the article Natrum Sulphuricum. For identification of the constituent selenium, the salt may be heated with charcoal or sodium carbonate in the reducing flame Avith the blow-pipe ; a selenide is produced, recog- nized by the peculiar odor of decomposing horse-radish. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by Aveight of selenate of soda is dissolved in nine parts by Aveight of distilled Avater. Amount of drug power, j1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—a. NATRUM SULPHO-CARBOLICUM. Synonyms, Sodii Sulpho-carbolas. Sodium Sulpho-carbolate. Common Names, Sulphocarbolate of Sodium. Sulphophenate (Phenolsulphonate) of Sodium. Formula, Na C6 H5 S 04, 2 H2 O. Molecular Weight, 232. Origin.—Phenol (carbolic acid) dissolves easily in strong sulphuric acid, forming at ordinary temperatures ortho-phenyl sulphuric acid, but by heating, the result is para-phenyl sulphuric acid. The two acids may be separated by fractional crystallization of their potassium or sodium salts, the para-salt separating out first in elongated hexagonal tables, which are anhydrous; the mother-liquor yields the ortho-salt in long colorless spicules containing two molecules of Avater. The tAvo acids are not knoAvn in the free state. The sodium salt of the para- acid, when heated Avith manganese dioxide, and sulphuric acid yields quinone; the two potassium salts, when fused with excess of potash, yield different results, the ortho-salt giving pyrocatechin, and the para- salt resorcin. Preparation.—By treating phenol Avith excess of strong sulphuric acid, and after about twenty-four hours diluting with water, then saturat- ing the solution with barium carbonate, filtering and evaporating; the crystallized salt thus obtained is to be purified by crystallization from alco- hol. The sulphocarbolate of barium is to be redissolved, treated with sodium carbonate or sulphate as long as a precipitate of the insoluble 22 338 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. barium sulphate or carbonate is produced, the precipitate filtered off and the filtrate evaporated. Properties and Tests.—Sodium sulphocarbolate forms a white crystalline powder, or is in transparent, rhombic prisms. As the amount of Avater of crystallization varies according to the temperature at Avhich the solution is evaporated and the degree of concentration, the anhydrous salt is to be used; this can be obtained by heating the crystals until their Avater is expelled and a dry Avhite powder is left. Sulpho-carbolate of sodium is easily soluble in water and aqueous alcohol. The salt has a sharp taste and little or no odor. A very dilute solution of the sulpho-carbolate is colored violet by treatment with ferric chloride (the salicylate gives a similar reaction). Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure sulphocarbolate of sodium is triturated as directed under Class VII. NATRUM SULPHURICUM. Synonyms, Sodium Sulphate. Sodse Sulphas. Sodii Sulphas. Common Names, Glauber's Salt. Sulphate of Soda. Formula, Na2 S 04, 10H2O. Molecular Weight, 322. Origin and Preparation of Sulphate of Sodium.—This salt occurs rather abundantly in nature, either anhydrous as Thenardite, crystallized in right rhombic prisms, or with ten molecules of water as Glauber's salt, in monoclinic prisms. It occurs more abundantly in combination with calcium sulphate as Glauberite; it is also found in sea-water, in the waters of most saline springs, and it exists in large quantity in many salt lakes in Russia. Sodium sulphate is prepared in enormous amount by the action of sulphuric acid on common salt, as a preliminary step in the manufacture of sodium carbonate and as a secondary product in many other chemical processes. It is purified by recrystallization. Properties.—Pure sodium sulphate forms large, colorless, trans- parent, glistening, oblique rhombic or irregularly six-sided prisms, whose specific gravity is 1.35. They possess a cooling, bitter, saline taste, and in the air, especially in a warm place, they effloresce, be- coming a white powder. At 30° C. (86° F.) they melt in their own water of crystallization, and at a higher temperature are rendered an- hydrous by the loss of that water. Their behavior to solvents is re- markable. With increase of temperature their solubility increases in water to a certain limit, and decreases again if heated beyond that. The point of greatest solubility is 33° C. (91.4° F.), so that a saturated solution at this temperature will, if either further Avarmed or cooled, deposit some of the salt as crystals; at this maximum solubility one part of Avater will take up more than three of the salt. Tests.—Pure sodium sulphate should be free from other salts, and its solution should undergo no change Avhen treated Avith hydro- gen or ammonium sulphide. In German pharmacy a trace of chlor- HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 339 ide is permissible, but the precipitate in watery solutions with silver nitrate should not be more than a mere opalescence. The solutions of the salt must be neutral to test-paper, and 100 grains of it dissolved in distilled water and acidulated with hydrochloric acid should give, by the addition of chloride of barium a Avhite precipitate Avhich, Avhen washed and dried, weighs 72.2 grains. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure sulphate of sodium is triturated as directed under Class VII. NEPETA CATARIA, Linn. Synonym, Cataria Vulgaris, Mcench. Nat. Ord., Labiata?. Common Names, Catnep. Catmint. A perennial herb indigenous to Europe and Asia, but found widely spread in the United States as a common Aveed. Stem downy, erect, branched, square. Leaves opposite, on petioles, cordate, oblong, deeply crenate, from one to three inches long, whitish-downy beneath. Flow- ers in cymose clusters, many floAvered, forming interrupted spikes or racemes. Corolla Avhitish, purple-dotted, hairy externally, lower lip crenately three-toothed; upper erect, concave, two-cleft. Stamens four, ascending under the upper lip, the loAver pair shorter. The plant has a mint-like odor, but not so agreeable. FloAvers from July to September. Preparation.—The fresh leaves and floAvering tops, gathered in June or July, are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole well, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug poAver, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. NICCOLUM CARBONICUM. Synonyms, Carbonate of Nickel. Nickel Carbonate. Formula, Ni C03. Preparation of Carbonate of Nickel.—Ten parts of nickel (commercial) are to be treated with eighty parts of pure nitric acid, specific gravity 1.185, so that a small portion of the metal remains un- dissolved. The solution after being filtered, is evaporated to dryness, heated to about 150° C. (302° F.), and the saline residue is to be dis- solved in 120 parts of distilled water, filtered, and precipitated by a boil- ing solution of fifty parts of crystallized sodium carbonate. The precipi- tate is thrown upon a filter, Avell washed with warm water and treated with hydrochloric acid in considerable excess. The solution is noAv satu- rated wit^hydrogen sulphide, set aside for several hours, then filtered if necessary, and heated to boiling; then two parts of barium carbonate 340 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. are to be added, the mixture repeatedly agitated and set aside for a day. It is then to be saturated Avith chlorine gas, filtered, and the filtrate treated with dilute sulphuric acid as long as any precipitate continues to fall. The fluid is again to be filtered and decomposed with a solution of about fifty parts of crystallized sodium carbonate, or as much as may be required to make the reaction of the liquid alka- line. The precipitate is collected on a filter, Avashed Avith hot Avater, and dried at a moderate temperature, and is to be preserved in a Avell- stoppered bottle. It is a pale, grayish-green, impalpable, nearly insipid poAvder. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Carbonate of nickel is triturated as directed under Class VII. NICCOLUM. Synonyms, Niccolum Metallieum. Metallic Nickel. Common Name, NickeL Symbol, Ni. Atomic Weight, 58.8. Origin and Preparation of Nickel.—Nickel is found in toler- able abundance in some of the metal-bearing veins of the Saxon moun- tains, in Westphalia, Hesse, Hungary and Sweden, chiefly as arsenide. the kapfernickle of mineralogists, so-called from its yelloAvish-red color. The Avord nickle is a term of detraction, having been applied by the old German miners to Avhat was looked upon as a kind of false copper ore. Nickel is easily prepared by exposing the oxalate to a high Avhite heat, in a crucible lined with charcoal, or by reducing one of the oxides by means of hydrogen at a high temperature, ft is a Avhite, malleable metal, having a density of 8.8, a high melting point, and a less degree of oxidability than iron, since it is but little attacked by dilute acids. Nickel is strongly magnetic, but loses this property when heated to 350° F. The metal Avas proven by Nenning, Germany. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Nickel is triturated, as directed under Class VII. NICCOLUM SULPHURICUM. Synonyms, Nickel Sulphate. Niccoli Sulphas. Common Name, Sulphate of Nickel. Formula, NiS04, 7H2 O. Preparation of Sulphate of Nickel.—This salt is formed by dissolving carbonate of nickel in dilute sulphuric acid, concentrating the solution and setting it aside to crystallize. Properties and Tests.—The salt is in emerald-green, prismatic crystals, efflorescent in the air, soluble in three parts of cold Avater, but insoluble in alcohol and ether. It has a sAveet, astringent taste. The solution gives a black precipitate Avith yelloAV sulphide of ammonium, slightly soluble in excess, forming a dark broAvn solution, and Avith caustic potash a pale green, bulky precipitate. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 341 Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Sulphate of nickel is triturated, as directed under Class VII. NICOTINUM. Synonyms, Nicotia. Nicotina. Nicotylia. Nicotin. Common Name, Nicotine. Formula, C10H14 N2. Molecular Weight, 162. Preparation.—Nicotine is a volatile alkaloid existing in the seeds and leaves of various kinds of tobacco, and of Avhich it is the chief poisonous principle. It may be readily obtained by extraction of the leaves Avith dilute sulphuric acid and distilling the concentrated ex- tract Avith potassium hydrate in excess. The distillate Avhich contains the nicotine must be shaken up with ether, and the ether, after decan- tation, is to be distilled off The residue of the distillation is odorless, limpid, and contains besides nicotine, water, ether and ammonia; a temperature of 140° C. (284° F.) maintained for tAvelve hours and assisted by a current of dry hydrogen suffices to expel these three bodies, so that Avhen the temperature is raised subsequently to 180° C. (356° F.), the nicotine passes over pure and colorless. Properties.—Nicotine is a colorless or slightly yelloAv, oily liquid, Avhich completely volatilizes by heat. It is Aveakly hygroscopic, strongly alkaline, and has an odor Avhich is disagreeable and tobacco- like, and its inhalation produces some stupefaction; its taste is sharp and burning. Its specific gravity at 15° C. (59° F.) is 1.027. When cooled to —10° C. (14° F.) it does not solidify, betAveen 150° and 200° C. (302° to 392° F.) it distils over unchanged, and at 240° C. (464° F.) it boils and suffers partial decomposition. It is readily soluble in Avater, alcohol and ether, and Avith difficulty in chloroform and carbon disul- phide. When exposed to the air it becomes gradually brownish in color and viscid. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by Aveight of pure nicotin is dissolved in ninety-nine parts by Aveight of alcohol. Amount of drug power, T^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class VI—ft. NIGELLA DAMASCENA, Linn. Nat. Ord., Ranunculacese. Common Names, Fennel Flower. Ragged Lady. This is an annual plant found growing in Southern Europe and Eastern countries bordering on the Mediterranean. Leaves twice and and thrice pinnatifid, resembling those of fennel. Fruit a capsule, five follicled ; seeds numerous. The seeds are dull black externally, one- tenth of an inch in length, wrinkled and ovate-triangular. When bruised the seeds emit the odor of straAvberries. Preparation.—The ripe seeds are coarsely powdered, covered Avith five parts by weight of alcohol, and allowed to remain eight days in 342 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Amount of drug power, y1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. NITRI SPIRITUS DULCIS. Synonyms, Spiritus iEtheris Nitrosi. Naphtha Nitri. Common Name, Sweet Spirits of Nitre. Preparation.—The officinal (German) spiritus aetheris nitrosi of the pharmacopoeia may be prepared by placing in a roomy glass retort 100 parts of 90 per cent, alcohol, adding thereto 25 parts of pure nitric acid, specific gravity 1.185, and distilling the mixture on a Avater- bath, raising the temperature gradually until 84 parts have come over. The distillate is to be well shaken with magnesia in order to neutral- ize any free acid, set aside for a day and is then to be decanted and rectified on a water-bath. Properties.—SAveet spirit of nitre is a transparent, perfectly vola- tile, colorless or faintly yelloAV, inflammable fluid, whose reaction is neutral or slightly acid. It has an agreeable, ethereal, apple-like odor and a SAveetish, Avarm, ethereal taste. Its specific gravity is from 0.840 to 0.850. Exposed to the atmosphere and light, and in contact with water, it decomposes with the production of acetic acid, free nitric acid and the loAver oxides of nitrogen. The preparation of the Pharmaco- poeia Germanica contains more aldehyde than that made after the formula of the United States Pharmacopoeia. It was first proven by Lembke, Germany. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by weight of the spirits of nitrous ether is dissolved in nine parts by Aveight of alcohol. Amount of drug power, j1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class VI—a. NUCIS VOMICA CORTEX. Bark of Strychnos Nux Vomica, Linn. Preparation.—The dried bark, coarsely powdered, is covered Avith five parts by weight of alcohol, and allowed to remain eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Amount of drug power, y1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. NUPHAR LUTEUM, Smith. Synonym, Nymphsea Lutea, Linn. Nat. Ord., Nymphseacese. Common Name, Small Yellow Pond Lily. This species is a native of Europe, and is also found at Manayunk, a suburb of Philadelphia. The earlier and submersed leaves are very HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 343 thin and roundish, the floating ones oval, generally with a narrow or closed sinus. Sepals five, nearly equal; petals longer than the sepals and dilated upwards; stigma twelve to sixteen-rayed; fruit globular, with a short narroAv neck. The expanded floAver measures about two inches across. It Avas first proven by Dr. Pitet, France. Preparation.—The fresh root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole well, it is put into a well-stoppered bottle, and alloAved to stand eight days, in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting,* straining and fil- tering. Drug poAver of tincture, I. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. NUX MOSCHATA. Synonyms, Myristica Moschata, Thunberg. Nuces Aromaticse. Nux Myristica. Nat. Ord., Myristicaceae. Common Name, Nutmeg. The nutmeg tree is a native of the Molucca Isles, and is noAv culti- vated in the Eastern Archipelago, as Avell as in India, the West Indies and South America. The tree is much branched, has alternate short- petiolate leaves, Avhich are oval-oblong, pointed, smooth and entire. The flowers are dioecious, small and yelloAv, the male ones in axillary pe- duncled clusters, the female solitary, its ovary ripening into a roundish- oval, one-seeded berry. The pericarp and aril are removed and the nut-like seed is carefully dried either by the sun or over a slow fire. After drying, the investing shell is removed and the kernel or nutmeg is fit for export. The nutmeg is so Avell known that it does not require description. The drug was first proven by Dr. Helbig, Germany. Preparation.—The dried nutmeg is coarsely poAvdered, covered with five parts by Aveight of alcohol, and the Avhole poured into a Avell- stoppered bottle, Avhere it is allowed to remain eight days in a dark, cool place, being shaken tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, TV Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. NUX VOMICA. Synonym, Strychnos Nux Vomica, Linn. Nat. Ord., Loganiacese. Common Names, Poison Nut. Quaker Buttons. The tree is of moderate size, indigenous to most of India, and is also found in Burmah, Siam, Cochin China and Northern Australia. 344 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Its trunk is short, thick and at times crooked. Leaves opposite, ovate, shining, from three to five-veinecl. Flowers whitish, infundibuliform, in terminal, small, paniculate cymes. The fruit is an indehiscent berry, in size and shape like a small orange; it is filled Avith a Avhite gelatinous, bitter pulp, in which from one to five seeds are placed ver- tically in an irregular manner. The pulp and probably all parts of the plant, contain strychnia. Nux vomica is the seed removed from its thin, somewhat hard, shell or epicarp. It is disk-like, irregularly cir- cular, a little less than an inch in diameter, about a quarter of an inch thick, concave on the dorsal side, flat or convex on the other, and its margin is often broadened and thickened so that the central portion appears depressed. The outside edge is generally ridged or keeled. The seeds are of a light gray color, and have a satiny lustre from their being thickly covered Avith fine, radiating, appressed hairs. Beneath the hairy covering is a thin brown testa enclosing a yelloAvish-gray, trans- lucent, horn-like and hard albumen, which, upon softening with Avater, splits into tAvo parts by a fissure in which lies the embryo. The latter is about three-tenths of an inch long, Avith two delicate heart-shaped cotyledons and a club-shaped radicle. It Avas first proven by Hahnemann. Preparation.—One part of finely-pulverized seed of nux vomica is covered Avith five parts by weight of alcohol, and alloAved to remain eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Amount of drug power, y1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. Triturations are prepared as directed under Class VII. NYMPH/EA ODORATA Aiton. Synonyms, Castalia Pudica. Nymphaea Alba. Nat. Ord., Nymphaeacese. Common Names, Sweet-scented Water-Lily. Water Nymph. White Pond Lily. This plant, found growing in ponds and in still or sluggish Avaters, is common eastward and southAvard in the United States. Leaves five to nine inches wide, orbicular, deeply cordate at the base, entire; stipules nearly reniform, notched at the apex, appressed to the root- stock; flowers white, very fragrant (often five and one-half inches in diameter when fully expanded, opening early in the morning, clos- ing in the afternoon); petals obtuse; aril much longer than the stipi- tate oblong seeds. Sepals four, green outside, nearly free. Petals numerous, in many rows, the innermost gradually transformed into stamens, imbricately inserted all over the surface of the ovary. Sta- mens indefinite, inserted on the ovary, the outer Avith dilated filaments. Ovary eighteen to thirty-celled, the summit tipped with a globular projection at the centre, around Avhich are the radiate stigmas. Fruit depressed-globular, covered Avith the bases of the decayed petals, maturing under Avater. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 345 It Avas first proven by Dr. Edwin Cowles, U. S. Preparation.—The fresh root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole well, and having poured it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. OCIMUM CANUM, DeCandolle. Synonym, (in Brazil) Alfavaca. Nat. Ord., Labiatse. Common Name, Hoary Basil. This is an herbaceous plant, having an aromatic odor, Avith an erect and ramose stem about sixteen or twenty inches high; it is pubescent, quadrangular, and grooved towards the upper branches. Leaves oppo- site, oval, finely indented, on petioles of the same length as the limbs of the leaves. FloAvers whorled, forming terminal spikes ; each whorl is provided with tAvo foliaceous bracts. Calyx with five divisions, the upper being oval, large and entire; the other four are sharp and in- ferior. Corolla tubular, inverted, with a bilabiate limb; the upper lip divided into four lobes; the lower lip composed of a single lobe, which is longer. Stamens four, with free and outward-bent filaments, and tAvo other stamens, Avhich are shorter and somewhat geniculate at their base; style filiform and bifid. Root vertical, fibrous, rather ramose. This plant is a native of Brazil. It Avas introduced into our Materia Medica by Dr. Mure, Brazil. Preparation.—The fresh leaves are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp thoroughly mixed Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole Avell, it is poured into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. CENANTHE. Synonyms, OSnanthe Crocata, Linn. CEnanthe Apiifolia. Nat. Ord., Umbelliferse. Common Names, Water-Hemlock. Water-DropAvort. \\Tater Lovage. Dead Tongue. . This plant is indigenous to England, Sweden, France and Spain, groAving in moist places and swamps. It is a stout, branched species, attaining three to five feet, the root-fibres forming thick, elongated tubers close to the stock; the juice, both of the stem and roots becom- 346 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. ing yelloAv Avhen exposed to the air. Leaves twice or thrice pinnate, the segments always above half an inch long, broadly crenate or rounded, and deeply cut into three or five lobes. Umbels on long terminal peduncles, with fifteen to twenty rays, tAvo inches long or more; the bracts of the involucres small and linear, several in the partial ones, few or none under the general umbel. The pedicellate flowers at the circumference of the partial umbels are mostly, but not always barren, the central fertile ones almost sessile. Fruit somewhat corky, the ribs broad and scarcely prominent. Preparation.—The fresh root, gathered at the time of blooming, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then tAvo parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and having thoroughly mixed the pulp Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After hav- ing stirred the whole Avell, it is poured into a Avell-stoppered bottle and allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. OENOTHERA BIENNIS, Linn. Synonyms, (Enothera Gauroides. Oenothera Parviflora. Onagra Biennis. Onosuris Acuminata. Nat. Ord., Onagracese. Common Names, Evening Primrose. Scabish. Tree Primrose. This indigenous plant of which there are several varieties, is com- monly found in fields and waste places. It has an erect, hairy, sim- ple stem, two to five feet high and often purplish in color. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, nearly entire, sessile on the stem, the radical ones being petiolate, all roughly pubescent. Flowers in a terminal, leafy spike, calyx tubular, adherent to the ovary; petals four, obcordate, yellow. Fruit a four-celled capsule containing numerous seeds. Preparation.—The fresh plant, gathered when coming into floAver, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole well, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decant- ing, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, \. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. OLEANDER. Synonyms, Nerium Oleander, Linn. Nerium Album. Nerium Variegatum. Nat. Ord., Apocynaceae. Common Names, Oleander. Rose-bay. Rose-laurel. This shrub is common in Southern Europe, Arabia and Northern Africa. It is cultivated elsewhere as an ornamental plant. It grows HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 347 to a height of ten or fifteen feet. Stem and branches covered with a nearly smooth, grayish bark. Leaves lanceolate, acute at each end, whorled in threes, short-petiolate, smooth, entire, coriaceous, fine-pointed at apex, with prominent transverse veins beneath. Flowers large, rose-colored, in terminal corymbs. The drug was first proven by Hahnemann. Preparation.—The fresh leaves, gathered when the plant is coming into bloom, are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then take two-thirds by weight of alcohol, add it to the pulp, stir and mix Avell together, and strain lege artis through a piece of neAV linen. The tincture thus obtained is alloAved to stand eight days in a avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place and then filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, 5. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class II. OLEUM ANIMALE ^THEREUM. Synonyms, Oleum Animale Dippelii. Oleum Cornu Cervi. Common Names, Animal Oil. Dippel's Animal Oil. Preparation of Animal Oil.—This oil is obtained in large quan- tity in the preparation of bone-black. Similar products are obtained by the dry distillation of other animal substances. The original Dip- pel's oil knoAvn in pharmacy Avas produced from stag's horn. Dippel, an apothecary of the seventeenth century, prepared the oil bearing his name from crude fetid animal oil, ol. cornu cervi fcetidum, by submitting the latter to repeated rectification alone, until it no longer left any black residue. The oil thus obtained is colorless, highly refractive, has a not unpleasant odor, somewhat like that of cinnamon, and a burning taste Avith a SAveetish after-taste like a mixture of pepper and cinnamon; its specific gravity is 0.865. When kept for some time it turns yellow, especially if exposed to light. Nearly all the animal oil of commerce is now obtained by the des- tructive distillation of bones in the manufacture of lamp-black, and the crude product is generally purified by rectifying it with the addi- tion of sand, lime or water. That Avhich is rectified with water is very mobile, has a pungent, disagreeable, smoky, ethereal odor and an acrid, pungent taste, followed by a cool and bitter one. Its specific gravity is about 0.75. It is soluble in eighty parts of Avater, easily in alcohol and in the fatty and ethereal oils. On submitting it to fractional dis- tillation a number of bases are obtained from it, among Avhich are pyridine, picoline, lutidine and collidine, together Avith amines of methyl, propyl, butyl, etc. It Avas first proyen by Nenning, Germany. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Animal oil is triturated as directed under Class VIII. Or, one part by weight of animal oil is dissolved in nine parts by weight of alcohol. Amount of drug poAver, y1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class VI—a. 348 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. OLEUM CAJUPUTI. Synonym, Cajuputum. Nat. Ord., Myrtacese. Common Names, Oil of Cajuput. Oil of Cajeput. Kayu-puti (Avhite wood). This is a volatile oil obtained from the leaves of Melaleuca Cajuputi, Roxburgh (seu M. Minor, Smith). Origin.—The tree is, according to Bentham, a variety of M. Leuca- dendron, Linn., widely spread and abundant in the Indian Archi- pelago and the Malayan Peninsula, and also in Australia. The tree is small, with entire lance-shaped leaves, and small, white floAvers in ter- minal spikes. Preparation.—The leaves are submitted to distillation Avith Avater, the process being conducted in a very primitive manner. Properties.—Oil of cajeput is a transparent, mobile fluid, of a clear green color. Its odor is fragrant and camphor-like, and the taste bitterish, aromatic and someAvhat camphoraceous; both odor and taste are similar to the flavor of cardamon and rosemary. Its spe- cific gravity is from 0.91 to 0.94. It can be cooled to —13° C. (8.6° F.) without solidifying. It dissolves iodine, at times with the pro- duction of reddish vapor. When treated with sulphuric acid it becomes brown in color, the tint changing afterwards to purplish- broAvn. As the green tint of the oil is due to copper, the color may be discharged by treating the oil with dilute HC1. It Avas proved by Dr. C. Ruden, U. S. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by Aveight of oil of cajeput is dissolved in ninety-nine parts by weight of strong (95 per cent.) alcohol. Amount of drug power, T^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class VI—ft. OLEUM JECORIS ASELLI. Synonyms, Oleum Morrhuse. Oleum Hepatis Morrhuse. Class, Pisces. Order, Teleostia. Family, Gadida. Common Names, Cod-Liver Oil. Cod Oil. This is a fatty oil obtained from the liver of Gadus Morrhna, L. and of allied species. The well-known cod-fish, G. Morrhua, is an inhabitant of the North Atlantic on the banks of NeAvfoundland, and in their neighborhood. In the same waters are found the hake and haddock, both species of Gadus, whose livers also furnish the oil. On the coast of NorAvay the species chiefly used for the purpose is G. Callarius, called dorse, but the coal-fish, G. Carbonarius, is another source of the oil. The mode of preparation varies in different localities. On the North American coast, the livers are subjected to gradually increasing heat, Avhich causes the oil to exude from the tissues, and by HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 349 mechanical separation and filtering, the oil is obtained very pure. In N>nvay and the neighboring islands the process is conducted in a more primitive and less cleanly manner. The livers are placed in barrels or baskets and kept in a sunny locality, the oil slowly separating out. Sometimes steam is used or the livers are boiled Avith water, and the oil is removed by skimming. Properties.—The best cod-liver oil is of a pale yelloAv color, al- most Avithout taste, the fishy flavor being in this kind at its minimum. When prepared at too high a temperature, or Avhen decomposition has set up in the livers, the color is darker, until in some specimens it is a reddish-broAvn. In the latter case the fishy taste and smell are Avell marked, and the oil has a decidedly acid reaction ; in the pale oil the acid reaction is faint. The specific gravity is nearly alike in the tAvo kinds, the loAvest (pale), being about 0.92, the highest (brown), 0.93. Alcohol in the cold will take up about 6 per cent, of the dark broAvn variety, Avhile it will not dissolve out more than 2.5 per cent, of the pale. OAving to the presence of biliary matters, the addition of sul- phuric acid causes a violet coloration, soon changing to broAvnish-red. It Avas first proven by Dr. C. Neidhard, U. S. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.— Cod-liver oil is tritur- ated, as directed under Class VIII. OLEUM LIGNI SANTALI. Synonyms, Oleum Santalum Album. Oleum Santalum Citri- num. Nat. Ord., Santalacese. Common Name, Oil of Sandal-Wood. An oil obtained from the Avood of Santalum Album, Linn. Origin.—The sandal tree is indigenous to mountainous parts of the Indian Peninsula, and is also found in the islands of the Eastern Archipelago. It groAvs in dry and open situations, not in forests. The tree attains a height of from twenty to thirty feet, and its trunk is from a foot and a half to three feet in circumference. The tree is felled and the trunk allowed to lie on the ground for several months, in Avhich time most of the inodorous sap-wood is eaten away by ants. The heart-Avood only is used, and when distilled yields, even Avith very rude and imperfect apparatus, from tAvo to five per cent, of the essen- tial oil. Properties —The oil is a light yellow, thick liquid, having a characteristic agreeable and aromatic odor and a bitter someAvhat acrid taste. Its specific gravity is 0.96; it begins to boil at about 214° C. (417.2° F.). Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by weight of oil of sandal-wood is dissolved in ninety-nine parts by weight of alcohol. Amount of drug power, TJff. . Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class VI—ft. Triturations are prepared as directed under Class VIII. 350 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. OLEUM RICINI. Synonyms, Oleum Palmse Christi. Ricinus Communis. Ricinus Lsevis. Ricinus Virdis. Nad. Ord., Euphorbiaceae Common Name, Castor Oil. A fixed oil from the seeds of Ricinus Communis, Linn. The castor oil plant is a native of India, but is largely cultivated throughout the world. In the United States all or nearly all the cas- tor oil used in the country is the product of home cultivation. In its native habitat it is a tree, but in the Northern States of America it is an annual herbaceous plant, in the Southern a good-sized shrub. The fruit is a tri-coccous capsule, containing one seed in each of its three cells. Preparation.—The oil is obtained from the seeds by subjecting them to great pressure after the integuments have been removed. When the marc is again pressed with the aid of heat, a second yield of the oil is obtained but it is of inferior quality. The cold-pressed oil is nearly transparent and of a pale yellow tint. It has a faint, maAvk- ish taste and odor and is somewhat viscid. Its specific gravity is about 0.96. It does not solidify until cooled to —18° C. (about 0° F.). When exposed in thin layers it dries up to a varnish-like film. It is distinguished by its property of mixing in all proportions Avith glacial acetic acid or absolute alcohol. It begins to boil at about 265° C. (509° F.). Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by weight of castor oil is dissolved in ninety-nine parts by Aveight of alcohol. Amount of drug power, y^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class VI—ft. ONISCUS ASELLUS Class, Insecta. Order, Crustacea. Family, Oniscidse Isopoda. Common Names, Common Wood-louse. SoAv-Bug. This little animal is from three to six lines long; it has fourteen feet, four antennae, of Avhich two are short and almost entirely concealed; the others setaceous, bent, having five or six joints; its bodv is oval, covered with many crustaceous pieces, transverse, sub-imbricated, and provided at the extremity Avith two short and very simple appendages. The color is gray, more or less deep, verging on blue or brown, Avith yellowish streaks or spots. The oniscus is found in cellars, under stones, in humid places, and seems to shun the light; Avhen touched ft rolls up in a ball; the taste is SAveetish, nauseous; the odor disagree- able ammoniacal. The Oniscus asellus should not be confounded with '-.he Oniscus armadillo, Linn., which has several feet and no bifid tail. It was first proven by Dr. Hering. Preparation.—The live animals are crushed and covered with five jjarts by weight of alcohol, and the mixture allowed to remain eight HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 351 days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, y1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV OLIBANUM. Nat. Ord., Burseraceae. Common Names, Gum Olibanum. Frankincense. From several species of Boswellia. Origin.—The different species of BosAvellia, from Avhose stems oli- banum is obtained, are not well knoAvn. Those furnishing the drug inhabit the hot, dry regions of Eastern Africa. Frankincense has been knoAvn since the earliest times, and Avas held by the ancients to be of great value. The fragrant gum resin is distributed through the leaves and bark of the tree, and, it is said, even exudes as milky juice from the floAvers. Collection.—Longitudinal incisions are made in the bark at the season Avhen the intumescence of the parts beneath is evidenced by the glistening of the cuticle. The gum pours forth at first Avhite as milk, and as it hardens by exposure to the air is suffered to accumulate below the incision or on the ground, to be collected afterAvards by the gatherers. Properties.—The olibanum of commerce varies very much in quality and appearance. It may, however, be described as a dry gum-resin consisting of detached tears of all sizes up to an inch in length, and roundish, oblong or irregular in shape. The color varies from pale yelloAV to reddish. Their fracture is Avaxy. The gum-resin softens in the mouth, has a taste resembling someAvhat that of turpentine Avith slight bitterness added; its odor is terebinthinate and balsamic. When heated it softens, burns, and diffuses an agreeable aromatic odor. When rubbed up in a mortar Avith water it gives a Avhite emulsion. It dissolves almost completely in alcohol. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure olibanum is tritu- rated as directed under Class VII. ONONIS SPINOSA, Linn. Synonyms, Remora Alopecuroides. Remora Aratum. Remora Urinaria. Resta Bovis. Nat. Ord., Leguminosse. Common Name, Common Rest-harrow. This perennial vegetable is found all over Europe, where it groAvs in uncultivated fields, dry pasturages, along roads, hedges, etc. The root is as thick as the finger, branchy, descending into the ground two feet or more, reddish-brown externally, Avhitish internally, of a sweetish- slimy and somewhat acrid-bitter taste; stem recumbent below, erect above, round, ligneous, branchy, spiny; leaves petiolate, sparse,_ovoid, serrate, hairy on both sides, the loAver ternate, the upper undivided; flowers solitary, axillary, with short peduncles, of a pale purplish color or Avith rosy veins. 352 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Preparation.—The fresh plant, gathered when beginning to flower, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole well, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decant- ing, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, h Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. OPIUM. Synonym, Papaver Somniferum, Linn. Nat. Ord., Papaveraceae. Common Names, Opium. White Poppy. Succus Thebaicus. This Avidely known and extensively cultivated plant is believed to be a native of Asia. It Avas cultivated by the ancients, and in the present day its product is largely exported from the Levant, India, Persia and other Asiatic countries. The white poppy is an annual herbaceous plant, often reaching a height of three feet and sometimes more. Its stem is glabrous, glau- cous, leaves large, clasping, cut-dentate and alternate; floAvers bril- liantly Avhite, large and terminal; capsule globose, two to four inches in diameter, containing numerous Avhite seeds. The Avhole plant abounds in a milky juice, which exudes when any part of the plant is Avounded but is most abundant in the capsules. The plant floAvers, in Asia Minor, between May and July, according to the elevation of the land. A few days after the fall of the petals, the capsule, then about an inch and a half in diameter, is ready for incision, Avhich is made Avith a knife, transversely about half way up, extending about two- thirds of the circumference and not deep enough to penetrate the parieties of the capsule. The incisions are done in the afternoon, as a rule, and the next morning are found covered Avith exuded juice. This is scraped off with a knife and transferred to a poppy ieaf, Avhich the gatherer holds in his left hand. Each poppy head is cut only once, but as the plant produces several heads, all of Avhich are not of the proper age at the same time, the operation of incising and gathering has to be repeated two or three times in the same field. As soon as a sufficient quantity of the half-dried juice has been collected to form a cake or lump, it is Avrapped in poppy leaves and put for a short time to dry in the shade. Opium comes in commerce in brown cakes of a somewhat shining appearance externally; the interior is moist and coarsely granular, and varies in tint from light chestnut to blackish-broAvn. Its odor is peculiar, and is commonly described as narcotic and unpleasant; its taste is bitter. The black opium from Smyrna is the strongest, and is the kind used for homoeopathic preparations. This drug Avas first proven by Hahnemann. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 353 Preparation.—The gum opium, dried and poAvdered, is covered Avith five parts by Aveight of dilute alcohol, and alloAved to remain eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and fil- tered. Drug power of tincture, y1^. _ Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV, except that dilute alcohol must be used for the 2x and 1 dilutions. Triturations are prepared according to Class VII. OPOPANAX. Synonyms, Opopanax Chironium, Koch. Pastinaca Opopanax, Linn. Nat. Ord., Umbelliferse. Common Name, Rough Parsnip. This is a perennial plant indigenous to the eastern countries border- ing on the Mediterranean, and noAv groAving wild in Southern Europe. It has a long, thick, fleshy root, a tall branching stem, pinnatifid leaves Avith oblong, serrate leaflets, and small yelloAV floAvers in terminal umbels. When the stem is Avounded, a yelloAvish-milky juice exudes, which, upon being dried in the sun, is knoAvn in commerce as Opopanax. Description.—Opopanax is in irregularly angular or sometimes almost globular masses, varying in size from that of a pea to that of a Avalnut; their color is, in general, yelloAvish-brown, Avhite-speckled ex- ternally, and when broken they exhibit a waxy fracture. The odor is peculiar, strong and disagreeable, the taste bitter and acrid, and Avhen heated the substance softens and emits a garlicky odor. Preparation.—The gum-resin is poAvdered and covered with five parts by Aveight of alcohol, and allowed to remain eight days in a Avell- stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken tAvice a clay. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. OPUNTIA VULGARIS, Miller. Synonyms, Cactus Opuntia, Linn. Opuntia Humifusa. Nat. Ord., Cactaceae. Common Names, Prickly Pear. Indian Fig. This is a low, prostrate or creeping plant, pale, Avith flat ovate joints; the minute leaves ovate-subulate and appressed ; the axils bristly, often Avith a few small spines; floAvers large, sulphur-yelloAV, opening in sun- shine for more than a day; berry nearly smooth, crimson, pulpy, eat- able. It is found groAving in sandy fields and rocky places, from Nan- tucket, Massachusetts, soutlnvard, usually near the coast. Its floAvers appear in June. The drug Avas introduced into our Materia Medica by Dr. S. P. Burdick, U. S. Preparation.—The fresh tAvigs and floAvers are chopped and 23 354 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole well, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. OREOSELINUM. Synonyms, Athamanta Oreoselinum, Linn. Peucedanum Oreose- linum. Apium Montanum. Nat. Ord., Umbelliferse. Common Names, Mountain-Parsley. Speedwell. Galbanum. This plant, occurring on loose meadoAvs, hills and slopes nearly over all Europe, has a perennial root, almost simple, yellowish-gray, fur- nished with a cluster of broAvn fibres. Stem erect, Avith fine furrows, glabrous, not very branchy, from one to two feet high. Radical leaves petioled, large, tripinnate; leaflets oval, deeply indented, glabrous; the teeth terminate in Avhite points. Corymbs terminal. Involucre con- sists of a number of lanceolate, revolute leaflets. Petals Avhite. The ripe fruit is almost round, flat, with a broad, pale yellow border. The whole plant has an agreeable aromatic smell and taste, like com- mon parsley. Preparation.—The fresh plant, gathered shortly before it begins to flower, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and pressed out lege artis in a piece of new linen. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled with an equal part by Aveight of alcohol. The mixture is allowed to stand eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place and then filtered. Drug power of tincture, I. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. ORIGANUM VULGARE, Linn. Nat. Ord., Labiatse. Common Names, Common Marjoram. Mountain Mint. Organg. This indigenous perennial plant is found groAving in poor soils along roadsides and in fields. Its stem is erect, square, purplish and doAvny^ twelve to eighteen inches high, and branching above. Leaves ovate', entire, on petioles, and hairy. Flowers nearly regular, purplish-Avhite, spiked in paniculate corymbs. Corolla funnel-shaped, upper lip erect! lower Avith three nearly equal segments; stamens four, ascending. The plant has an agreeable aromatic odor and taste. FloAvers from June to October. This drug was proven by Dr. Cessoles, Rev. Horn, du Midi. Preparation.—The fresh herb, in flower, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 355 taken, the pulp thoroughly mixed with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole well pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a'dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. ° Drug poAver of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. OROBANCHE VIRGINIANA, Linn. Synonym, Epiphegus Americanus, Nuttall. Nat. Ord., Orobanchese. Common Names, Beech-drop. Broom Rape. Cancer Root. Squaw Root. This is a parasitic plant found growing in all parts of North America on the roots of the beech tree. From a ball of rigid, short, brittle rootlets arises a stem one foot high, entirely leafless, glabrous^ dull red in color, branching, and floAver-bearing in its Avhole length. The floAvers are subsessile, alternate, and broAvnish-white in color. The plant has a nauseating, bitter, astringent taste. Preparation.—The fresh plant is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then tAvo parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole Avell, pour it into a well-stop- pored bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. OSMIUM. Symbol, Os. Atomic Weight, 199. Origin and Preparation of Osmium.—The separation of this metal from iridium, ruthenium, and the other metals with which it is associated in native osmiridium, and in platinum residues, depends chiefly on its ready oxidation by nitric or nitro-muriatic acid or by ignition in air or oxygen, and the volatility of the oxide thus produced. To prepare metallic osmium, the solution obtained by condensing the vapor of osmium tetroxide in potash is mixed with excess of hydro- chloric acid, and digested Avith mercury in a Avell-closed bottle at 40° C. (104° F.). The osmium is then reduced by the mercury, and an amalgam is formed, which, Avhen distilled in a stream of hydrogen till all the mercury and calomel are expelled, leaves metallic osmium in the form of a black poAvder (Berzelius). The metal may also be ob- tained by igniting ammonium chloro-osmite with sal-ammoniac. Properties.—The properties of osmium vary according to its mode of preparation. In the pulverulent state it is black, destitute of metal- lic lustre, which, however, it acquires by burnishing; in the compact 356 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. state, as obtained by Berzelius' method above described, it exhibits metallic lustre, and has a density of 10. Deville and Debray, by igniting precipitated osmium sulphide in a crucible of gas-coke, at the melting heat of nickel, obtained it in bluish-black, easily divisible lumps. When heated to the melting point of rhodium, it becomes more compact, and acquires a density of 21.3 to 21.4. At a still higher temperature, capable of melting ruthenium and iridium, and volatiliz- ing platinum, osmium likeAvise volatilizes, but still does not melt; in fact, it is the most refractory of all metals. Osmium in the finely divided state is highly combustible, continuing to burn Avhen set on fire, till it is all volatilized as tetroxide. _ In this state also it is easily oxidized by nitric or nitro-muriatic acid, being converted into tetroxide. But after exposure to red heat, it becomes less combustible, and is not oxidized by nitric or nitro-muriatic acid. Osmium which has been heated to the melting point of rhodium, does not give off any vapor of tetroxide Avhen heated in the air to the melt- ing point of zinc, but takes fire at higher temperatures. Osmium was introduced into our Materia Medica by Dr. Bojanus, Russia. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Osmium is triturated as directed under Class VII. OSTRYA VIRGINICA, Willd. Nat. Ord., Cupuliferse. Common Names, Hop-Hornbeam. Iron Wood. Lever Wood. This small tree is spread throughout the United States. It is from 25 to 30 feet high; the bark is broAvnish, and finely furroAved longi- tudinally. Leaves oblong-ovate, tapering, tAvice serrate, downy be- neath ; buds rather acute. Fertile aments oblong, pendulous. Fruit similar in appearance to hops, consisting of membranous imbricated sacs. The Avood is very white and hard, and because of its strength, is much used for making levers, etc. It was first proven by Dr. W. H. Burt, U. S. Preparation.—The heart-wood, in coarse powder, is covered Avith five parts by weight of alcohol, and allowed to remain eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, y1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. OXYDENDRUM. Synonyms, Oxydendrum Arboreum, DC. Andromeda Arborea, Linn. Common Names, Sorrel Tree. Sour-Wood. This tree is found growing in the Middle States and soutliAvard along the Alleghanies, and often reaches a height of forty feet. Leaves like those of the peach in size and shape, four to five inches long, decidu- ous, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, villous Avhen young, on petioles. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 357 Flowers Avhite, panicled in slender spicate racemes. Calyx of five nearly distinct sepals; corolla urn-shaped, ovate, five toothed. Fruit an oblong pyramidal pod, five-celled and five-valved, many seeded. The foliage is acid to the taste. Preparation.—The fresh leaves are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and after thoroughly mixing the pulp Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole Avell, and poured it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decant- ing, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. PiEONIA OFFICINALIS, Linn. Synonym, Rosa Benedicta. Nat. Ord., Ranunculacese. Common Name, Peony. This perennial ornamental plant is said to be a native of Europe. It has a fasciculate, many headed root-stock, which is dark broAvn ex- ternally, and Avhite and granular within. The stem is branched, two feet high, leaves bi-and tri-pinnately divided, green, smooth and shin- ing; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, variously incised. FloAvers large, ter- minal; sepals five; petals five to eight; stamens numerous; ovaries two to five. Petals are obovate, either entire or crenate. Flowers are purple-red, although there are varieties Avhite, pink or flesh-colored. It Avas first proven by Dr. Geyer, Germany. Preparation.—The fresh root, gathered in spring, is chopped and pounded to a pulp, and pressed out lege artis in a piece of new linen. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled Avith an equal part by weight of alcohol. This mixture is alloAved to stand eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and filtered. Amount of drug poAver, \. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. PALLADIUM. Symbol, Pd. Atomic Weight, 106. Preparation of Palladium.—When the solution of crude plati- num, from Avhich the greater part of that metal has been precipitated by sal-ammoniac, is neutralized by sodium carbonate, and mixed with a solution of mercuric cyanide, palladium cyanide separates as a whit- ish, insoluble substance, which, on being Avashed, dried and heated to redness, yields metallic palladium in a spongy state. The palladium may then be welded into a mass, in the same manner as platinum. Properties.—Palladium closely resembles platinum in color and appearance; it is also very malleable and ductile. Its density, hoAy- ever, differs very much from that of platinum, being only 11.8, and it 358 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. is more oxidizable. When heated to redness in the air, especially in the state of sponge, it acquires a blue or purple superficial film of oxide, which is again reduced at a Avhite heat. This metal is slowly attacked by nitric acid; its best solvent is nitro-muriatic acid. Palladium Avas proven by Dr. Hering. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Palladium is triturated as directed under Class VII. PANACEA ARVENSIS. Common Name, Poorman's Mercury. This is a tree exceedingly common in Brazil, where it is knoAvn as azongue dos pobres (mercury of the poor), cabedula and erva carnevra. Introduced into our Materia Medica by Dr. Mure, Brazil. Preparation.—The fresh leaves are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole well, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug power, &. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. PANCREATINUM. Synonym, Pancreatin. The pancreas is a large gland, situated deep Avithin the abdominal cavity, and Avhose function consists in the elaboration of a secretion known as the pancreatic juice. The pancreatic juice has the triple property of acting on starch, Avhether in the raw or boiled state, Avith great energy, rapidly converting it into grape sugar; of exercising a solvent action upon proteids similar to the action of the gastric juice upon the same bodies, in so far that by it proteids are converted into peptones; and on fats it has a two-fold action in emulsifying them and splitting up neutral fats into their respective acids and glycerine. The active principle is a nitrogenous ferment called pancreatin. Preparation.—Prof. Scheffer's method, as given in 1875, is as fol- lows : Fresh and finely chopped beef pancreas is macerated for a day in Avater acidulated with a little hydrochloric acid; the maceration is repeated with water, the strained liquids filtered, neutralized Avith cal- cium carbonate, again filtered, and mixed Avith an equal volume of 95 per cent, alcohol; the precipitate is Avashed Avith dilute alcohol, pressed between bibulous paper, and dried at the ordinary temperature. Properties.—Pancreatin prepared after Scheffer's formula is a yelloAV transparent mass, Avhich is quite brittle, and looks like albu- men dried after solution. It dissolves slowly in Avater, but not quite completely, and gives a pale yellow solution which is transparent, and neutral to test-paper. It is precipitated by alcohol and by heating, and also by hydrochloric acid; it remains clear when treated with "a saturated solution of sodium chloride. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 359 Preparation.—Pure pancreatin is triturated, as directed under Class VII. PARAFFIN. Synonym, Paraffinum. Origin.—The colorless, crystalline, fatty substance knoAvn by the name of paraffin is the solid portion of the mixture of oily hydrocar- bons, produced together Avith other substances when various organic bodies are destructively distilled at temperatures not exceeding a low red heat. It also exists as a constituent of many varieties of petro- leum, associated with liquid hydrocarbons similar to, if not identical Avith, those contained in the tar produced by destructive distillation of bituminous and other coals. Native paraffin occurs in the solid state in coal deposits and other bituminous strata in various parts of the world and constitutes the minerals called fossil wax, ozokerite, etc. Properties.—Paraffin does not'possess any individuality chemi- cally; it is probably a mixture of several hydrocarbons just as the liquid petroleum oil is. The paraffin of commerce, Avhen pure, is a solid, colorless, translucent substance, Avithout odor or taste, and some- Avhat resembles spermaceti. Its density is about 0.870; it melts be- tAveen 45° and 65° C. (113-149° F.), forming a colorless oil which on cooling solidifies to a lamino-crystalline mass. It boils at about 370° C. (698° F.). It is insoluble in water, dissolves in 2.85 parts of boiling alcohol, but on cooling is deposited from that solution in snow-Avhite needles, Avhich are soft, friable and greasy to the touch. It is more soluble in ether and oils. It is but slowly attacked by strong sul- phuric acid, even in the warmth, and not at all by dilute nitric acid; heated Avith strong nitric acid for some time, it is said to yield succinic and butyric acids. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Paraffin is triturated, as directed under Class VII. PAREIRA BRAVA. Synonyms, Chondodendron Tomentosum, Ruiz et Pav. Cocculus Chondodendron, DC. Nat. Ord., Menispermaceae. Common Name, Pareira Brava. Pareira brava is a name meaning in the Portugese language wild vine; in medicine it is applied to the roots of a plant Avhich is properly Chonodendron tomentosum, Ruiz et Pav., and not Cissampelos, a species of Avhich was founded by Linnaeus and called by him C. pareira, as he erroneously believed the latter to be the source of the medicinal root. Chondodendron tomentosum is a tall climbing shrub Avith large, simple, long-petioled leaves often a foot in length, generally ovate or ^ovate at the base. The flowers are minute, unisexual and racemose. The fruit is a one-seeded drupe in bunches resembling grapes in appearance. Pareira brava is a long, branching, woody root, at times two inches or 360 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. more in diameter, but usually much smaller, giving off rootlets of the thickness of a quill or less, sometimes indeed being scarcely larger than horse hair. The root is very tortuous, transversely ridged and constricted and having long longitudinal Avrinkles. The bark is dark broAvn, or even black, internally it is light yelloAvish-broAvn or at times a dull greenish-brown. The root breaks Avith a coarse fibrous fracture having a someAvhat waxy lustre. Beneath the bark are seen on trans- verse section two or more concentric zones separated by irregular circles of a wax-like tissue; the zones are rayed. Pareira brava is almost Avithout odor, and is bitter in taste. Preparation.—The carefully dried root, coarsely powdered, is cov- ered Avith five parts by weight of alcohol, and alloAved to stand eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, y1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. PARIS QUADRIFOLIA, Linn. Synonyms, Aconitum Pardalianches. Herba Paris. Solanum Quadrifolium Bacciferum. Uva Lupulina. Nat. Ord., Liliacese. Common Names, Fox Grape. Herb Paris. True Love. This plant grows all over Europe, in wet Avoods, thickets, in plains as Avell as on mountains. The root is perennial, vertical, rampant, rounded, jointed, fleshy, whitish. Stem erect, single, round, unifloral, a foot high, herbaceous; leaves at the top of the stem, Avith short pe- duncles, broad-elliptical or oval, pointed, entire, glabrous, disposed as a cross, shining beneath, veined, with sharp edges and three or four nerves; calyx four-leaved, greenish-yellow; peduncles from one to two inches long, and furrowed; flower yellowish-green; berry dark blue, shining, slightly quadrangular. The fresh leaves and berries have a disagreeable and narcotic odor; the root has a pungent odor and a nauseous taste. It was first proven by Hahnemann. Preparation.—The entire fresh plant, gathered at the time of ripening of the berries, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and pressed out lege artis in a piece of neAv linen. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled with an equal part by Aveight of alcohol.- This mixture is alloAved to stand eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, h Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. PASSIFLORA INCARNATA, Linn. Nat. Ord., Passifloracese. Common Names, May Pop. Passion-FloAver. This is a climbing indigenous plant found in the Southern States as far north as Maryland. Its stem is smooth, often climbing 20 to 30 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 361 feet. Leaves deeply three-cleft, the lobes oblong, acute, serrate; peti- oles furnished with two glands. Flowers large, shoAvy, nearly white, with a triple croAvn, purple and flesh-colored. Involucre of three obo- vate glandular bractlets. Calyx of five sepals, cup-shaped, deeply five- parted. Petals five. Stamens five, connate Avith the stipe of the ovary. Fruit a large, pulpy, pale yellow berry, oval and eatable, called May Pop. Preparation.—The fresh leaves, gathered in May, are chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole Avell, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, strain- ing and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. PAULLINIA PINNATA. Synonym, Paullinia Timbo. Nat. Ord., Sapindacese. Common Names, (in Brazil) Guaratimbo. Timbo-Sipo. This beautiful liana is commonly found in the Avoods of Brazil; its stem, of a flexible and tenacious Avood, furnishes slender, slightly pubes- cent branches with deep parallel furrows. The leaves are alternate, Avith Avinged petioles; they are composed of five folioles which are almost sessile, oval-lanceolate, crenulate, irregularly bijugate. The floAvers are small, in spikes, situated on axes that are accompanied by leaflets arising from the axils of the leaves. Calyx with five folioles, corolla Avith four petals, alternating Avith the folioles of the calyx; eight stamens ; ovary Avith three uni-ovulate chambers. Capsule pear-shaped and sharp, divided at its superior part in three tubercles. Root Avith long fasciculate branches, which are a little hairy at their extremity. It Avas introduced into our Materia Medica by Dr. Mure, Brazil. Preparation.—The fresh root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole well, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug power, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. PENTHORUM SEDOIDES, Linn. Nat. Ord., Crassulaceae. Common Name, Virginia Stone-Crop. This is a hardy little plant, found groAving in open wet situations in Canada and the United States. Stem from ten to sixteen inches high, branches feAV, short; leaves alternate, scattered, two to three inches long, 362 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. by one-half to one inch broad, smooth, sharply and unequally serrate, lanceolate, acute; flowers arranged on the upper side of the branches of the cyme, pale yelloAvish-green; petals generally wanting. Flowers appear from July to September. It Avas first proven by Dr. D. B. Morrow, U. S. Preparation.—The fresh plant is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole well, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug power, I. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class HI. PEPSIN. All the investigations into the process of stomach digestion tend to prove that the influence of the gastric juice upon proteids, is a ferment- action due to the presence of a ferment-body in the gastric juice. This ferment-body Avhich, as yet, has only been approximately isolated, is called Pepsin. The preparations used in medicine under this name are more or less impure from the presence of various salts, peptones, etc., thus reducing the peptic action of the extract. A good quality of commercial pep- sin is made by Prof. Scheffer's process as follows: The Avell-cleaned fresh stomach of the hog is deprived of its mucous membrane by dis- section, and the membrane is finely chopped and alloAved to macerate in water Avhich has been acidulated Avith hydrochloric acid. After standing for several days, the liquid is to be strained, the strained por- tion allowed to rest and finally decanted from the settlings; it is then to be mixed with its own volume of a saturated solution of sodium chloride, Avhen the pepsin will separate out and float upon the surface of the heavier liquid. The pepsin is then to be throAvn upon a muslin strainer and pressed to remove any adhering salt solution; it should not be suffered to dry in this state or it will become leathery and tough. It is to be again dissolved in Avater and filtered to remove mucus and calcium phosphate, with which it is still contaminated; the filtrate is to be precipitated by sodium chloride solution and again pressed, and on drying, the sodium chloride which still remains attached to it will appear upon its surface as a white efflorescence, and can be removed by a short immersion in water. It is then Scheffer's purified pepsin, Avhich is dissolved readily by water acidulated with hydrochloric acid, forming a clear colorless solution. Properties.—Purified pepsin is a light powder, yelloAvish-broAvn in color, having a faint, peculiar odor which is not repugnant, and a somewhat salty taste Avithout the slightest putridity. It is slightly soluble in Avater or alcohol. According to Scheffer, one part of his purified pepsin dissolves more than 3,000 parts of coagulated albumen in a few days. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 363 Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Purified pepsin is tri- turated as directed under Class VII. PETIVERIA TETRANDRA, Gom. Synonym, Petiveria Mappa Graveolens. Nat. Ord., Phytolacaceye. Common Name, (in Brazil) Pipi. Erva de Pipi. This bush is common in the fields around Rio Janeiro, Avhere it blos- soms the Avhole year. Its branches are erect, someAvhat sarmentous, slightly pubescent at their extremities, with alternate, glabrous, some- Avhat undulate lea\res. FloAvers small, scattered over long axillary or terminal spikes ; perianth persistent, herbaceous, Avith four linear divis- ions. Stamens four, alternate Avith the divisions of the perianth, and a little taller. A single ovary, surmounted by a style, divided into ten reflexed stigmata. Capsule flattened, containing a single seed. The roots are branching and very fibrous; they smell strongly of garlic. It Avas proA^en by Dr. Manuel Duarte Moreira, Brazil. Preparation.—The receutly dried root is poAvdered and covered with five parts by Aveight of alcohol. Having poured the mixture into a Avell-stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to remain eight days at a moder- ate temperature in a dark place, being shaken tAvice a day. The tinc- ture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, T\j. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. PETROLATUM. Common Names, Vaseline. Cosmoline. Geoline. Under the names, Vaseline, Cosmoline and Geoline, has been intro- duced a proprietary substance which, from its extreme blandness and from its favorable consistence, has gained general favor as an applica- tion in inflammations of the skin. It is a dense, neutral, concentrated, oleaginous body, obtained by sub- jecting crude petroleum to distillation for the purpose of expelling the light hydro-carbons. The residue is purified Avithout the use of chemi- cals, and is deodorized by animal charcoal. It consists essentially of paraffin and some of the heavy coal oils. Preparation for Internal Use.—Petrolatum is prepared by tritu- ration, as directed under Class IX. PETROLEUM. Synonyms, Oleum Petrae. Oleum Terrse. Bitumen Liquidum. Naphtha Montana. Common Names, Coal Oil. Rock Oil. The name petroleum is employed so loosely to designate numerous liquid hydrocarbons, that it is important to insure the use of the same substance Avhich Hahnemann employed in his proving. This is made by agitating the liquid portion of commercial petroleum with sulphuric acid, and then rectifying the portion which this acid does not act upon. Its chemical constitution is very complex. 364 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Properties and Tests.—It is a light oily fluid, colorless, or of a pale straw-color and strong characteristic naphthalic smell. When agitated Avith a mixture of equal volumes of sulphuric acid and water, no change takes place beyond its imparting to the acid any yellow tint it may possess and itself becoming colorless. Dropped on white paper, it evaporates completely, leaving no greasy stain. To secure its free- dom from other volatile oils, agitate with twice its bulk of rectified spirit, and filter through bibulous paper previously moistened Avith rectified spirit; or it may be separated from the spirit by means of a burette. It must be preserved in well-stoppered bottles. Hahnemann proved the crude Rangoon Rock Oil, a thin light yellow variety. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by Aveight of crude petroleum is dissolved in ninety-nine parts by weight of alcohol. Amount of drug power, T^7. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class VI—ft. PETROSELINUM. Synonyms, Petroselinum Sativum, Hoffmann. Apium Petroseli- num, Linn. Apium Hortensis. Carum Petroselinum. Nat. Ord., Umbelliferae. Common Name, Parsley. This well known plant, cultivated everywhere as a pot-herb, is a native of Southern Europe. From its biennial root arises annually a round, erect, branching stem from two to four feet high. Leaves are decompound; segments of the lower ones cuneate-ovate; terminal ones trifid, all incised. Stem leaves have lance-linear sub-entire segments. The flowers are pale yellow, small, in umbels Avith involucels of three to five awl-shaped bracts. The seeds are small, ovate, five-ribbed, dark green, and have the odor of turpentine. It Avas proven by Dr. Bethmann, Germany. Preparation.—The fresh plant, gathered when coming into bloom, is chopped and pounded to a pulp, and pressed out lege artis in a piece of neAv linen. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled with an equal part by weight of alcohol. This mixture is allowed to stand eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Drug power of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. PHELLANDRIUM AQUATICUM, Linn. Synonyms, Ofinanthe Phellandrium, Lamarck. GEnanthe Sar- mentosa. Fceniculum Aquaticum. Fceniculum Caballinum. Nat. Ord., Umbelliferae. Common Names, Phellandrium. Five-leaved Water-Hemlock. This is a biennial plant found groAving in Europe and Northern Asia, in swamps and on river banks. The submersed leaves are nar- roAV, linear, others are pinnately divided, leaflets cut-lobed or pinnatifid. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 365 FloAvers Avhite, in umbels. Seeds brown, oblong-ovate, about one- eighth of an inch long, furnished with three dorsal ribs and tAvo lateral ones, and having several oil-tubes. The seeds have an acrid, bitter taste, and the odor of caraAvay Avith some unpleasantness. This drug Avas first proven by Nenning, Germany. Preparation.—The fresh, carefully dried fruit, is coarsely pow- dered, covered with five parts by weight of alcohol, and allowed to remain eight days, in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, y1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. PHOSPHORUS. Symbol, P. Atomic Weight, 31. Origin and Preparation of Phosphorus.—Phosphorus does not exist free in nature. It is found in combination as phosphate in many minerals as apatite (a calcium compound), pyromorphife (lead), Wagnerite (magnesium), etc.; enormous deposits of calcium phosphate are found in South Carolina and in some of the Caribean Islands. The element Avas first obtained free in 1669 by evaporating urine and ignit- ing the dried residue, and in 1769 it was found to exist in bones. Phosphorus may be obtained from calcined bones by treating them Avith sulphuric acid, leaching off the liquid result, evaporating it to dryness and then distilling the residue Avith charcoal in earthen re- torts, each retort being connected Avith a Avide bent tube Avhose free end is under Avater. The crude phosphorus so obtained is purified by melt- ing it under wTater and agitating it Avith a mixture of sulphuric acid and potassium dichromate, by Avhich means the impurities are oxidized; afterward the melted phosphorus is, Avhile under Avarm Avater, run into tubes. Properties.—Phosphorus comes in commerce in cylindrical sticks AAThich are transparent, colorless or pale yellow, and have a Avaxy lustre. At ordinary temperatures it has the consistency of wax, but at Ioav temperatures it becomes brittle and crystalline. Its specific gravity is 1.83. Its freshly cut surface emits a garlicky odor, and when nearly covered by a layer of water, a stick of phosphorus oxid- izes slowly Avith the production of phosphorus oxide in white fumes and of ozone, whose characteristic odor is often mistakenly considered to be the odor of phosphorus; this slow oxidation is evidenced by a slight luminosity called phosphorescence, of course only visible in the dark. A trace of naphtha, or oil of turpentine, or a small amount of olefiant gas in the air is sufficient to prevent this phenomenon. Heated in the air to 50° C. (122° F.) it inflames and burns vividly, producing phosphoric oxide. When heated to 290° C. (554° F.) out of contact with the air it distils over unchanged. Phosphorus is soluble in carbon disulphide, chloroform, the volatile 366 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. and fixed oils; 100 parts of the following take up of phosphorus: volatile oils about four parts, fixed oils two, ether from one to one and one-third, ordinary commercial sulphuric ether 0.5, and 90 per cent. alcohol 0.3. It is insoluble in water. When kept under water for a long time it becomes covered Avith a thin Avhite coating from superficial oxidation by the atmospheric air dissolved in the Avater. Phosphorus was first proven by Hahnemann. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Strong (95 per cent.) alcohol Avith an excess of phosphorus is put into an open bottle in a hot-Avater bath, and after the phosphorus has melted, vigorously shaken till cold, then decanted. Amount of drug power, yoVff- The above saturated solution corresponds to the third decimal po- tency. Ten drops of this solution with ninety drops of strong alcohol give the 4x or 2 potency. Further potencies are made after the cus- tomary manner. In Hahnemann's Chronic Diseases a method is given for preparing phosphorus by trituration ; alcoholic solutions are, hoAV- ever, preferable. A solution of one part of pure phosphorus in 100 of absolute ether will have the strength of the 1st dilution ; of this, one part mixed Avith nine parts of absolute alcohol, will give the 3x dilution, and from this the 2d dilution can be made with alcohol in the regular Avay; dilute alcohol should not be used until the 6th dilution is reached. PHOSPHORUS RUBER. Synonyms, Amorphous Phosphorus. Red Phosphorus. When ordinary phosphorus is heated to 250° C. (482° F.) for many hours in an atmosphere not containing oxygen, it is converted into a chocolate-red powder, whose properties differ in a remarkable manner from those of the element in its ordinary state. It no longer oxidizes in the air, it has no odor, is not soluble in the ordinary solvents of phosphorus, and it is not poisonous. Its specific gravity is 2.14. When heated to 260° C. (500° F.) it is reconverted into the common phos- phorus, and if the heating be done in the air, of course it then inflames. Amorphous phosphorus may be kept in the air without igniting, and may even be wrapped in paper and handled Avithout fear of igni- tion. Unless thoroughly purified, it is apt to contain a small amount of unaltered phosphorus; it may be purified by suspending it in a solu- tion of calcium chloride, specific gravity about 2.0, when any common phosphorus present will float and can be removed, the red phosphorus at the same time sinking. The latter is to be removed from the bath surrounding it, Avell washed in water and dried. A proving of amorphorus phosphorus was read by Dr. H. Noah Martin at the Am. Inst, of Horn., Session of 1882. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Amorphous phosphorus is triturated as directed under Class VII, but the sugar of milk and the phosphorus must be kept moistened Avith alcohol. The precaution should be taken of testing amorphous phosphorus for the ordinary HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 367 kind (vide supra); the presence of even a small amount of the latter Avould lead to ignition from friction in trituration. PHYSOSTIGMA. Synonyms, Physostigma Venenosum, 2to(/bw. Esere Nut. Faba Calabarica. Faba Physostigmatis. Nat. Ord., Leguminosse. Common Names, Calabar Bean. Chop Nut. Known among the negroes of Western Africa as the Ordeal Bean of Calabar. The plant is a perennial Avhich groAvs near the mouths of the Niger and the Old Calabar river on the Gulf of Guinea. The plant is climbing in habit, and although its stem is Avoody, it often reaches a height of fifty feet or more. The root is spreading and has many fine rootlets, to Avhich are attached small fleshy tubers. The floAvers are purplish in color, are fully an inch across, in shape like those of Phaseolus, except that the style is developed backAvard beyond the stigma, as a broad, flat, hooked appendage, and that the seeds are sur- rounded by a deeply grooved hilum. The seeds or beans are oblong subreniform in outline, and with one side markedly convex, the other flat or slightly concave. They are from an inch to an inch and a half long, about three quarters of an inch broad, and in thickness from one- half to five-eighths of an inch. The seed is deep chocolate-broAvn in color, Avith a dull polish, and the tint becomes lighter on the ridges bordering the remarkable furroAV or groove already mentioned. They have scarcely any more taste than an ordinary bean, and in the dry state have no odor; after being boiled, or during the evaporation of their alcoholic tincture, an odor recalling that of cantharides is perceived. The first systematic proving Avas by Dr. H. L. Chase, U. S. Preparation.—The bean is pulverized, weighed, covered Avith five parts by Aveight of alcohol, and alloAved to remain eight days in a Avell- stoppered bottle, at the ordinary temperature, in a dark, cool place, being shaken tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off', strained and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, y1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. PHYTOLACCA. Synonyms, Phytolacca Decandra, Linn. Nat. Ord., Phytolaccaceae. Common Names, Poke. Garget Weed. Pigeon Berry. Amer- ican Nightshade. Chongras. Cocum. Northern Jalap. This indigenous perennial plant has a large branching root, broAvn- ish externally, and Avithin Avhite, fleshy and fibrous, from Avhich ascends annually a stem an inch or tAvo in diameter, and frequently reaching a height of six or eight feet. The stem is smooth, round and branch- ing, and Avhen mature is purplish in color. The leaves are smooth, entire, on short petioles; they are oblong-ovate, pointed and of a 368 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. rich green color. The floAvers are numerous, small, greenish-white, in terminal racemes. Calyx five parted, corolla-like; corolla of concave, ovate petals; stamens ten, pistils ten. Fruit a dark purple berry, in clusters, containing a purple-red juice. Preparation.—The fresh root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole well, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. PICHURIM. Synonyms, Nectandra Puchury Major, Nees. Faba Pichurim. Nuces Sassafras. Nat. Ord., Lauraceae. Common Names, Pichurim Beans. Sassafras Nut. These are the separated cotyledons of the seed or " bean " of a tree groAving in Brazil. They are ovate-oblong or elliptical, flat on one side, arched on the other, of grayish-broAvn color externally, chocolate- colored internally, and have an odor and taste as of nutmegs and sassafras mingled. The seeds are about an inch and a half long, and half an inch broad. Preparation.—The ripe seeds are coarsely powdered, covered with five parts by Aveight of alcohol, and alloAved to remain eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, y1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. PILOCARPINUM MURIATICUM. Synonym, Hydrochlorate of Pilocarpin. Muriate of Pilocarpin. Origin and Preparation.—This alkaloid was obtained fromja- borandi leaves by Byasson (1875). It is soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, ammonia and dilute acids. By dissolving in Avater the alcoholic extract from the leaves, adding an alkali to the solution to liberate the alkaloid, agitating Avith chloroform to dissolve the latter, removing the chloroformic layer and evaporating, we obtain pilocarpin itself. When this is exactly neutralized Avith HC1, the so-called muri- ate is obtained. Properties.—Muriate of pilocarpin is in colorless, transparent, crystalline laminae, Avhich are easily soluble in water, and possess a Aveakly bitter. someAvhat astringent taste. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use —Muriate of pilocarpin is triturated, as directed under Class VII. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 369 PIMPINELLA SAXIFRAGA, Linn. Synonyms, Pimpinella Alba. Pimpinella Hircinse. Pimpinella Nostratis. Pimpinella Umbelliferae. Tragoselinum. Nat. Ord., Umbelliferae. Common Names, Bibernell. Small Burnet Saxifrage. Pim- pinel. This is a perennial umbelliferous European plant, groAving on sunny hills, and in dry meadoAvs and pastures. Rootstock slender, hot and ac- rid to the taste. Stem one to three feet high, slender, furroAved, branched. Leaflets four to eight pairs, very variable, serrate-lobed or almost pin- natifid ; lobes of cauline leaves much narroAver. Umbels flat-topped. FloAvers Avhite. Fruit one-eighth inch long, glabrous, broadly ovoid; styles small, short, reflexed. The root is broAvn yelloAV or blackish, usually one-headed, not over one-half inch thick, finely annulated above, Avrinkled and verrucose beloAV; the bark is very thick, spongy, either Avhite or yellowish, contains numerous resin-cells, and is radially striate, enclosing a yelloAv Avood. It Avas first proven by Dr. Schelling, Germany. Preparation.—The fresh root, gathered in May, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and fil- tering. Amount of drug power, \. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. PINUS SYLVESTRIS, Linn. Nat. Ord., Coniferae. Common Names, Scotch Fir. Scotch Pine. Wild Pine. This species of Pine is distributed through the plains of Northern and mountains of Southern Europe, Siberia and Mantehooria. Its height is from 50 to 100 feet, the trunk attaining a circumference of 12 feet; wood red orAvhite; bark red-broAvn, rough. Leaves two to three inches long, acicular, acute, grooved above, convex and glaucous beneath, minutely serrulate, sheath fimbriate. Male catkins one-fourth inch long, spiked, yelloAv; connective produced. Female cones one to tAvo inches long, one to three together, acute; scales Abav, ends rhom- boid Avith a transverse keel and deciduous point. Seeds one-half inch long, Aving cuneate, much exceeding the nucleus. It Avas first proven by Dr. Fielitz, Germany. Preparation.—The fresh shoots are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole well, pour it into a well-stop- pered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. 24 370 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Amount of drug power, $. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. PIPER METHYSTICUM, Forster. Synonym, Macropiper Methysticum. Nat. Ord., Piperacese. Common Names, Ava-Ava. Kava-Kava. This shrub is indigenous to the SandAvich Islands and to other islands in the Pacific. It has a spongy, Avoody, large root; its odor resembles that of the lilac and its taste is slightly pungent and bitter. Preparation.—The fresh root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole well, pour it into a well- stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, -k. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. PIPER NIGRUM, Linn. Nat. Ord., Piperacese. Common Name, Black Pepper. The pepper plant is a native of Malabar and is cultivated in Sumatra, Java, Borneo and other places in the East Indies. It has also been introduced into the West India Islands. It is a perennial plant Avith jointed stem, branching dichotomously, and from eight to fifteen feet long. The leaves are entire, broadly ovate, acuminate, five to seven- nerved, leathery and of a dark green color, on petioles. The flowers are small, Avhitish, in slender spikes. The fruit is small, round and berry-like, from twenty to thirty on a common pendulous fruit-stalk, and when fully ripe is red; the berries are gathered before maturity, and by drying become blackish-gray or brown and Avrinkled. After drying they are globular, about the size of a pea, internally whitish and have the pungent taste and peculiar odor of pepper. It was introduced into our Materia Medica by Dr Berridee Eng- land. J 8 ' 8 Preparation.—The unripe dried berries, coarsely powdered are covered with five parts by weight of alcohol, and allowed to remain eight days in a^well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered Drug power of tincture, T\. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. PLANTAGO MAJOR, Linn. Nat. Ord., Plantaginaceae. Common Names, Greater Plaintain. Rib Grass. Way Bread Ihis plant is very common in Europe and North America often HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 371 found growing by roadsides and footpaths. From a fibrous root, a round scape rises, varying in height from one to three feet. The leaves are broadly ovate, smooth, entire or somewhat toothed, five to seven-nerved, each of which contains a strong fibre which may be pulled out, and abruptly narrowed into a long channelled petiole. The flowers are white, very small, imbricated, numerous, and densely dis- posed on a cylindrical spike, from five to twenty inches long. Small plants are frequently found with the spikes only half an inch to two inches long, and the leaves and stalks proportionately small. Stamens and styles long. Seeds numerous. This drug was first proven by Dr. F. Humphreys, U. S. Preparation.—The fresh plant, gathered Avhen coming into flower, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. PLATINA. Synonyms, Platinum. Platinum Metallicum. Symbol, Pt. Atomic Weight, 195. Origin and Preparation of Platinum.—Platinum is found in nature in the metallic state in granular rounded masses, and occasion- ally in octohedrons. The grains are seldom pure platinum, generally being combinations of platinum Avith gold, iron or copper, together Avith iridium, osmium, ruthenium and palladium. It occurs in Cali- fornia, in South America, in Russia and in some other countries. Preparation.—Crude platinum is melted Avith its oavh Aveight of sulphide of lead and half that Aveight of metallic lead; the platinum dissolves in the melted lead and the other metals are left. The alloy of platinum and lead is melted, and in that state exposed to a current of air in Avhich, at the temperature of the mass, the lead oxidizes and flows off as slag; the platinum is left behind in a porous mass. When the latter is exposed to the blast of the oxyhydrogen blow-pipe it is melted, and is then cast into proper moulds. Properties.—Platinum is a brilliant metal, Avhite in color yet hav- ing a blue tinge. Its specific gravity is 21.5. In tenacity and hard- ness it is like copper, and it is very malleable and ductile. It is only fusible before the oxyhydrogen flame. It is unalterable in the air, and is not affected by any single acid, only yielding to the action of aqua regia. Precipitated platinum, fit for homoeopathic triturations, may be obtained by placing polished steel rods in a dilute solution of platinic chloride upon which the metal will be deposited as a spongy iron-gray mass, without lustre. The precipitate, after being scraped off the rods with wooden scrapers, is to be boiled with hydrochloric acid, then washed Avell with distilled water and dried. 372 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. It Avas first proven by Hahnemann. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Precipitated metallic platinum is triturated, as directed under Class VII. PLATINUM MURIATICUM. Synonyms, Platinic Chloride. Platina Chlorata. Platini Chlori- dum. Chloras Platinicus. Common Names, Muriate of Platinum. Chloride of Platinum. Formula, Pt Cl4, 5H20. Molecular Weight, 427. Preparation.—Platinic chloride is obtained by dissolving finely divided platinum in nitro-muriatic acid; Avhen the solution is complete it is to be evaporated to dryness, and there will be left a red or brown residue, which is very deliquescent. The residue is to be re- dissolved in hydrochloric acid and heated to expel any nitric acid remaining. It is then to be evaporated, at a heat not over 120° C. ( 24S° F.), to dryness, a red crystalline mass being the result. Properties.—Obtained as above directed platinic chloride is a red-brown, crystalline, hygroscopic poAvder, having a sharp metallic taste; it is easily soluble in water and alcohol, forming transparent, deep yellow solutions, (a dark reddish-broAvn solution is dependent on presence of iridium or of platinous chloride). By heating, it loses at first its Avater of crystallization and then a part of its chlorine, and becomes reduced to the platinous state and finally, Avith the loss of all its chlorine, there remains only the metal. Tests.—The platinic chloride of commerce contains always some water, but the amount should not exceed five per cent. After heating one gram of platinic chloride for some hours on the water bath there should be a loss in Aveight of only five per cent. The same amount, heated to redness in a porcelain crucible, should yield at least bb per cent, of metallic platinum; the residue in the crucible, Avhen digested with pure nitric acid, and the solution diluted Avith an equal volume of Avater and filtered through glass-Avool, should yield a filtrate Avhich ought to evaporate Avithout residue. It was first proven by Dr. Hofer, Germany. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by Aveight of pure platinic chloride is dissolved in ninety-nine parts by weight of distilled water. Amount of drug power, T^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—ft. PLECTRANTHUS FRUCTICOSUS, L'Heritier. Synonym, Germanea Urticaefolia, L;nn. Nat. Ord., Labiats. This aromatic shrub is a native of the Cape of Good Hope, and is grown quite extensively in gardens in Germany, Avhere it is used as a domestic remedy for intermittent fever, cramps, etc. The provings were made by the Austrian Provers' Union. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 373 Preparation. —The dried, poAvdered herb is covered Avith five parts by Aveight of alcohol, and alloAved to remain eight days, in a well-stop- pered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken tAvice a day. The tinc- ture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, y1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. PLUMBAGO LITTORALIS. Nat. Ord., Plumbaginaceae. Common Name, (in Brazil) Picao de Praia. This is a creeper, inhabiting the shores of the bay of Rio Janeiro. Its stem is herbaceous, rounded, covered Avith short and rather stiff hairs. Its leaves are simple, opposite, gradually tapering to a short channeled petiole adhering to that of the opposite side, and forming tufts at certain intervals Avhence arise ad\Tentitious roots. The floAvers form little axillary heads, Avith from fifteen to twenty floAvers each, arising from an involucre with five divisions and supported by a some- Avhat filiform pedicle. Calyx tubulous, monophyllous, Avith five teeth, and much shorter than the tube of the corolla. The corolla is mono- petalous, yelloAvish-white, tubular, puffed up at its extremity, Avith five reflexed divisions, and five stamens with bilocular, connivent an- thers Avhich are longer than the corolla. Ovary one-celled, flat at the top, a\ hence proceeds a slender style, terminated by a glandular stigma Avhich is longer than the stamens. Fruit monospermous, elongated, Avith a crustaceous integument covered with a number of stiff hairs that are bent over, and Avhich presents irregular longitudinal furrows. The root is perennial and ramose. It Avas introduced into our Materia Medica by Dr. Mure, Brazil. Preparation.—The fresh leaves are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole, pour it into a Avell- stoppered bottle, aud let ft stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, I. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class HI. PLUMBUM. Synonym, Plumbum Metallicum. Common Name, Lead. Symbol, Pb Atomic Weight, 207. Origin and Preparation of Lead.—Lead does not often occur in nature in the metallic state. While there are upwards of twenty ores of this metal known to the mineralogist, all the lead of commerce mav be said to be procured from five minerals, viz.: the carbonate, sulphate, phosphate, arsenate and sulphide, the latter furnishing more of the metal than all the others. The sulphide, known as galena, is 374 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. found in almost every country on the globe. Lead is prepared from galena by first roasting it on the floor of a reverberatory furnace; both its constituents are thereby oxidized, lead oxide and sulphate being produced. The furnace is then tightly closed, and the last named products react upon the undecomposed lead sulphide, forming sulphur- ous oxide and metallic lead. Lead is a brilliant metal of a bluish-gray color, and is so soft that it can be readily cut with a knife, and on paper leaves a bluish-gray streak. It is very malleable. Its specific gravity is 11.4. Lead fuses at 325° C. (617° F.), and can be obtained crystallized in regular octo- hedrons. At a red heat it is somewhat volatile. Its tenacity is very feeble. It is not affected by perfectly dry air or by water free from air, but the ordinary air tarnishes it; so spring and other Avaters act upon it, especially if they contain nitrates or chlorides. Waters con- taining CO2 or sulphates, cause a deposit on the surface of the metal of a film of carbonate or sulphate of lead, and this film prevents any further action by such water. Sulphuric and hydrochloric acids do not attack it, or only feebly, at ordinary temperatures, but in the pres- ence of air and moisture weak acids, such as acetic and other vegeta- ble acids unite with it, forming salts. It dissolves easily in nitric acid. Plumbum Metallicum Precipitatum.—To obtain pure lead in the form of poAvder, the galvanic process of reduction by means of rods of zinc is the most convenient. Crystals of acetate of lead are dissolved in one hundred times their quantity of distilled water, and in four or six ounces of this solution, contained in a suitable porcelain dish, a few polished rods of zinc are put. The decomposition takes place immediately, and continues as long as the reduction of the ace- tate of lead is incomplete. If this process of reduction is to suc- ceed entirely, the following rules should be observed: 1. The leaden crystals which cluster around the rods of zinc should be frequently de- tached, in order to prevent the formation of thick laminae Avhich it would be difficult to pulverize. 2. The liquid, Avhich now contains ace- tate of zinc, should be poured off as soon as the reduction ceases, and a fresh solution of the acetate of lead should be added. 3. As soon as the operation is concluded, the precipitate, Avhich is a dark gray, loose, porous mass, though still cohering in lumps, should be washed with hot distilled water, avoiding every mechanical pressure lest the soft mass should be pressed into firm balls. 4. As soon as the water which is used for washing flows off quite clear, the precipitate should be col- lected on a filter, and the liquid removed by gently pressing the precipitate betAveen the fingers, after which the metal is to be taken out of the filter and pressed with the hand between several layers of bibulous paper until the metal ceases to adhere to the paper; finally, gently rub the metal in a warmed porcelain mortar, in order to effect its perfect dessication. The first provers were Bethmann, Hartmann, Hering and Nennino-, in Germany. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The precipitated lead is triturated, as directed under Class VII. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 375 PLUMBUM ACETICUM. Synonyms, Plumbic Acetate. Acetas Plumbicus. Plumbi Acetas. Saceharum Saturni. Common Names, Acetate of Lead. Sugar of Lead. Formula, Pb (C2 H3 02)2, 3 H2 O. Molecular Weight, 379. Preparation of Acetate of Lead.—"Take of oxide of lead in fine poAvder, twenty-four ounces; acetic acid, two pints, or a sufficiency; distilled Avater, one pint. Mix the acetic acid and the Avater, add the oxide of lead, and dissolve Avith the aid of a gentle heat. Filter, eva- porate till a pellicle forms, and set aside to crystallize, first adding a little acetic acid should the fluid not have a distinctly acid reaction. Drain and dry the crystals on filtering paper without heat."—Br. P. Properties.—Pure acetate of lead forms colorless, glistening, trans- parent, right-rhombic prisms of a Aveakly acid reaction, an acetous odor and a SAveet, metallic taste. They effloresce in the air and be- come covered Avith a deposit of carbonate. They are soluble in one and three-quarter parts of cold and in one-half part of boiling Avater, and in eight parts of alcohol. The aqueous solutions become turbid from the absorption of C02 from the atmosphere and the consequent formation of carbonate. Heated to 40° (104° F.) the salt.liquefies in its Avater of crystallization; at a higher temperature it loses this Avater, and if heated strongly is decomposed Avith the production of acetone. Tests.—The impurities likely to be present in this salt are the chloride and nitrate of lead, acetate of sodium, compounds of calcium and copper, and traces of iron. When a solution of lead acetate in distilled Avater is decomposed Avith ammonium hydrate in excess, and alloAved to stand for some time, the supernatant fluid should be per- fectly colorless (a blue coloration indicates the presence of copper). The precipitate produced in this test should be of a pure Avhite color (a yelloAV tint is due to iron). One gram of lead acetate is to be dissolved in 10 CC. of distilled Avater, and after complete solution fifty or sixty drops of dilute sul- phuric acid are added and the mixture thoroughly shaken and then filtered. A part of the filtrate on being evaporated and then heated strongly should leave no residue (absence of acetate of sodium or of calcium hydrate). Other portions of the filtrate may be tested with potassium ferrocyanide (a red precipitate means copper), with silver nitrate (chloride), and Avith a mixture of ferrous sulphate solu- tion and strong sulphuric acid (a purple-brown coloration shows the presence of a nitrate). Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by Aveight of pure acetate of lead is dissolved in ninety-nine parts by weight of dis- tilled water. Amount of drug power, yl^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—ft. Triturations are prepared as directed under Class VII. Xoti;.—The trituration is to be preferred on account of its stability. 376 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. PLUMBUM CARBONICUM. Synonyms, Plumbic Carbonate. Carbonas Plumbicus. Cerussa. Plumbi Carbonas. Common Name, Carbonate of Lead. Formula, Pb C03. Molecular Weight, 267 Preparation of Carbonate of Lead.—This compound is found native as white lead ore or cerusite in crystals of the trimetric system. The salt is readily obtained by precipitating in the cold a solution of the acetate of lead with sodium carbonate. When the lead solution is boiling a basic salt falls, whose formula is 2 (Pb C03), Pb (HO)2. Properties.—The simple carbonate is a heavy, soft, white poAvder, insoluble in water and in alcohol. With dilute acetic or nitric acid it effervesces from the liberation of C02, and forms the corresponding salt of lead which remains in solution. Tests.—When dissolved in dilute nitric acid the solution should be complete. A residue may be due to lead sulphate, calcium sul- phate or barium sulphate. The solution when treated Avith caustic alkali in excess, should also show complete absence of calcium carbon- ate, phosphate or barium sulphate. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure carbonate of lead is triturated, as directed under Class VII. PLUMBUM IODATUM. Synonyms, Plumbic Iodide. Ioduretum Plumbicum. Plumbi Iodidum. Common Name, Iodide of Lead. Formula", Pb I2. Molecular Weight, 461. Preparation of Iodide of Lead. —Take of nitrate of lead, iodide of potassium, each four troy ounces; distilled Avater a sufficient quan- tity. Dissolve the nitrate of lead Avith the aid of heat in a pint and a half, and the iodide of potassium in half a pint of the water, and mix the solutions. Collect the precipitate on a filter, Avash it Avith distilled water, and dry it Avith a gentle heat.—Br. P. Properties.—Lead iodide, Avhen prepared by the directions given above, is a yellow powder; Avhen the precipitation takes place in boil- ing solutions, it is in thin six-sided scales of a golden-yellow color. The powder is without odor or taste, is soluble in 1,300 parts of water at 20° C. (68° F.) and in 200 parts of boiling water; it is slightly solu- ble in alcohol, ether, and in dilute solution of potassium iodide; it is readily dissolved by solutions of caustic alkali, of alkaline acetates, of ammonium chloride and by concentrated solutions of metallic iodides. It dissolves Avithout color in solution of sodium hyposulphite; at a strong heat it melts, becomes red, and loses a part of its iodine Avith the evolution of fumes which at first are yelloAV and finally violet- colored, and there remains behind a basic iodide of lead. Tests.—When one part of lead iodide is rubbed up in a mortar HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 077 oi t Avith two of ammonium chloride, and the mixture added to two parts of water, the color is rapidly discharged; otherwise the presence of lead chromate may be assumed. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure iodide of lead is triturated, as directed under Class VII. PODOPHYLLUM. Synonyms, Podophyllum Peltatum, Linn. Aconitifolius Humilis. Anapodophyllum Canadense. Nat. Ord., Berberidaceae. Common Names, May-Apple. Mandrake. Indian Apple. Ground Lemons. Duck's Foot. This is a perennial herbaceous plant found growing plentifully in the Middle and Western States and southAvard. It has a creeping root- stock several feet in length, and in thickness about a fourth of an inch. The root-stock is jointed, smooth and of a brown color externally; at the joints rootlets are given off. Stem round, erect, about a foot high, sheathed at the base, dividing at the top into tvvo round petioles, be- tAveen Avhich is a peduncle bearing a solitary drooping flower. Each petiole bears a large broadly-cordate leaf with from five to seven lobes, each lobe bifid and dentate towards its apex. Sepals three, oval, con- cave, obtuse, deciduous; petals six to nine, obovate, obtuse, concave. Stamens nine to eighteen; anthers linear. Fruit a large yellow, ovoid, one-celled berry, crowned with the solitary stigma. Introduced into our Materia Medica by Dr. W. Williamson, U. S. Preparation.—The fresh root, gathered before the fruit is ripe, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one- sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. ' Drug poAver of tincture, \. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. POLYGONUM HYDROPIPEROIDES, Michaux. Synonym, Polygonum Mite, Perso+n (not of Schrank). Nat. Ord., Polygonacese. Common Name, Mild Water Pepper. This indigenous perennial, grows in ditches and wet places, and is common southward. Stem smooth, branching one to three feet high; sheaths narroAV, hairy-bristly. Leaves linear-lanceolate, tapering each Avay. Flowers white-roseate, on two or more slender spikes ; stamens eight; style three-cleft. Achenium three-cornered, smooth. Flowers in August and September. It was first proven by Dr. W. E Payne, U. S. Preparation.—The fresh plant is chopped and pounded to a pulp 378 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole, pour it into a well- stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. POLYGONUM PUNCTATUM, Elliott. Synonyms, Polygonum Acre, Humboldt, Bonpland and Kunth. Polygonum Hydropiperoides, Pursh (not of Michaux). Nat. Ord., Polygonacese. Common Names, Water Smartweed. Biting Persicana. Knot- Aveed. Wild Smartweed. This perennial plant is of the same habit as is P. hydropiperoides. Its nearly smooth stem is from two to five feet high. Leaves lan- ceolate, tapering. Spikes erect, bearing whitish or flesh-colored flowers. Stamens eight; style three-parted; achenia three-cornered, shining, smooth. FloAvers from July to September. Preparation.—The fresh plant is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole well, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug power, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. POPULUS. Synonym, Populus Tremuloides, Michaux. Nat. Ord., Salicacese. Common Names, American Aspen. Quaking Aspen. Quiver Leaf. Trembling Poplar. This indigenous tree is abundant in the Eastern and Middle States, growing in Avoods chiefly. It reaches a height of from twenty-five to forty feet. The bark is smooth and greenish-white. Leaves small, on long petioles laterally compressed, so that the leaves respond to the motion of the slightest breeze. Leaves orbicular-heart-shaped, short- acuminate, sharp-serrate and with doAvny margins. Aments furnished Avith silky hairs. It Avas introduced into our Materia Medica by Dr. E. M. Hale, U. S. Preparation.—The fresh inner bark is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 379 Amount of drug power, &. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. PROPYLAMINUM. Synonyms, Propylamin. Trimethylamina. Trimethylamine. Formula, (CH3)3N. Molecular Weight, 59. Origin and Preparation of Trimethylamina.—This body oc- curs ready formed in many organic substances, especially as a product of decomposition. It has been found in herring-pickle, in the plant Chenopodium vulvaria, in the floAvers of Crataegus oxycantha, Pyrus acuparia, Pyrus communis, Arnica montana, in ergot of rye, in guano, in putrefying yeast, etc.; it is also produced by heating narcotin Avith potassium hydrate. Preparation.—Trimethylamine may be readily and cheaply ob- tained by distilling a mixture of undiluted herring-brine, Avith its OAvn volume of a mixture composed of 150 parts of calcium hydrate, 200 of potash and 1700 of water, in a large glass flask. The distillate is neutralized Avith hydrochloric acid, evaporated to dryness, the saline residue extracted Avith alcohol and the alcohol distilled off. The re- sidue is mixed Avith lime and Avater and again distilled. Properties.—Trimethylamine is an oily alkaline liquid, colorless and mobile and having an odor Avhich resembles that of stale herring- brine and of ammonia; it boils at 9° C. (48.2° F.); at temperatures higher than this it is a colorless gas Avhich inflames readily. It mixes Avith Avater and alcohol in all proportions. It forms Avith acids crystal- lizable salts, soluble in water. The officinal German trimethylamine is a tAventy per cent, solution in water When this body was first ob- tained from herring-brine it Avas called propylamine; later researches have shown that although the tAvo bodies are isomeric they are entirely different. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by weight of pure trimethylamina is dissolved in ninety-nine parts by weight of distilled water. Amount of drug power, T^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—ft. PRUNUS PADUS, Linn. Synonyms, Cerasus Padus, D C. Padus Avium. Prunus Race- mosa, Lam. .Padus Vulgaris. Nat. Ord., Rosaceae. Common Name, Bird Cherry. This tree is distributed through Europe, Northern Africa, Siberia rnd Western Asia to the Himalayas. It is from ten to twenty feet in heitrht, groAving in copses and woods, and is found at an elevation of 1,500 feet in England. Leaves are from two to four inches long, elliptical or obovate, acutely doubly serrate, unequally cordate at the 380 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. base, axils of the nerves pubescent; stipules linear-subulate, glandular- serrate. Racemes three to five inches long, from short lateral buds, lax- floAvered. Flowers half an inch to three-quarters of an inch in diameter, Avhite, erect, then pendulous; pedicels a quarter inch long, erect in fruit; bracts deciduous, linear. Calyx-lobes obtuse, glandular-serrate. Petals erose. Drupe one-third inch in diameter, ovoid, black, bitter; stone globose, rugose. Flowers appear in May. It Avas first proven by Lembke, Germany. Preparation.—The fresh bark of the young twigs gathered in spring is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug power, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. PRUNUS SPINOSA, Linn. Synonyms, Acacia Germanica. Prunus Communis. Prunus In- stititia. Nat. Ord., Rosaceae. Common Names, Sloe. Blackthorn. This tree is a native of Europe, but has been introduced to this country, where it is found growing as a shrub tAvelve to fifteen feet high along roadsides and Avaste places in NeAV England and south- AvTard to Pennsylvania. Bark black; branches spiny; leaves obovate el- liptical or ovate-elliptical, sharply dentate, at length glabrous; pedicels glabrous; fruit small, globular, black Avith a bloom, the stone turgid, acute on one edge. Flowers solitary, campanulate, with obtuse lobes, precede the leaves. It Avas first proven by Dr. Wahle, Germany. Preparation.—The fresh flower-buds, just opening, are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed, then mixed thoroughly with two-thirds by weight of alcohol, and the whole pressed out through a piece of new linen. The tincture thus obtained is allowed to stand eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place and then filtered. Amount of drug power, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class II. PSORINUM, Hering. A Nosode. Df. Constantine Hering gives the following account of its procure- ment on page 366, Vol. II. of the North American Journal of Homoe- opathy : "In the autumn of 1830,1 collected the pus from the itch pustule of a young and otherwise healthy negro. He had been handling some HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 381 stuff from Germany, and had thus been infected (Dr. H. at that time resided in Surinam), but Avhether by means of acari or not I cannot say. The pustules Avere full, large and yelloAV, particularly betAveen the fingers, on the hands and forearms. I opened all the mature, un- scratched pustules for several days in succession, and collected the pus in a vial Avith alcohol. After shaking it Avell and alloAving it to stand, [ commenced my provings Avith the tincture on the healthy. Its effects were striking and decided. I administered it to the sick with good re- sults, and sometimes witnessed aggravations. I called this preparation Psorinum." " When this alcohol is placed in a Avatch-glass and alloAved to evapo- rate, small, needle-shaped and transparent crystals of a cooling, pun- gent taste Avill be left behind. I have always been of the opinion that this salt, contained in the morbid product, was the cause of its peculiar effects." Preparation.—From the tincture obtained as described above, attenuations are prepared according to Class VI.—ft. PTELEA TRIFOLIATA, Linn. Synonyms, Amyris Elemifera. Ptelea Viticifolia. Nat. Ord., Rutaceae. Common Names, Wafer Ash. Wingseed. Shrubby Trefoil. Hop Tree. This shrub is indigenous, growing abundantly Avest of the Allegha- nies, in shady, moist hedges, and in rocky places. It is from six to eight feet high, Avith leaves trifoliate, and marked Avith pellucid dots; the leaflets are sessile, ovate, short, acuminate, downy beneath when young, crenulate or obscurely toothed; lateral ones inequilateral, terminal ones cuneate at base, from three to four and a half inches long, by from one and one-fourth to one and one-half inches wide. The floAvers are polygamous, greenish-white, nearly half an inch in diameter, have a disagreeable odor, and are disposed in terminal corymbose cymes. Stamens mostly four; style short; fruit a two-celled and tAvo-seeded samara, nearly one inch in diameter, winged all round, nearly orbicular. It was first proven by Prof. Th. Nichol, United States. Preparation.—The fresh bark of the root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. PULSATILLA. Synonyms, Pulsatilla Nigricans. Pulsatilla Pratensis, Miller. Anemone Pratensis, Linn. Herba Venti. 382 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Nat. Ord., Ranunculacese. Common Names, Meadow Anemone. Pasque-Flower. Wind- FloAver. The small or true meadow anemone is found on sunny elevated places and pasture-grounds where the soil is sandy, and also in clear pine-forests, in Central and Northern Europe. The leaves, only im- perfectly developed before the floAvering-time, are radical, petiolate, bipinnate; from the crown of leaves lying upon the ground rises the round fioAA'er-scape, which is three to six inches long, straight and leaf- less, at the top of Avhich the beautiful campanulate, very dark violet- broAvn flower appears, Avhose six petals are a little uarroAved at the points and are then revolute; it is pendulous during the flowering-time. The sessile involucre consists of three, many-fold linear-lanceolate, pinnate- cleft leaflets, at first close to the flower, later, by elongation of the pe- duncle, remote; the whole plant is beset Avith soft, silky-like, Avhite hairs, and has a Avoolly, lax appearance. It is odorless, but emits Avhen bruised, a most acrid vapor, causing lachrymation. The Anemone Pulsatilla to Avhich it is very similar, distinguishes itself by being hairy, by its more shaggy scape, curved above, by its floAver Avhich is only half as large and of a much darker color and Avith petals bent backAvards at the point. It Avas first proven by Hahnemann. Preparation.—The fresh plant, gathered AAdien in floAver, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole, pour it into a well -stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, strain- ing and filtering. Drug power of tincture, &. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. PULSATILLA NUTTALLIANA, De Candolle. Synonyms, Anemone Ludoviciana, Nuttall. Anemone Flavescens. Clematis Hirsutissima. Anemone Patens, Linn, v. Nuttalliana, Gray. Nat. Ord., Ranunculacese. Common Names, American Pulsatilla. Pasque-FloAver. This plant is found in North America, from Illinois and AVisconsin west to the Rocky Mountains, and south to Louisiana. Its character is as follows: Villous, with long silken hairs. Stem erect; in flower, very short; in fruit, eight to tAvelve inches high. Leaves long-stalked, ternately divided, the lateral divisions two-parted, the middle one stalked and three-parted, the segments once or twice cleft into nar- rowly linear and acute lobes. Involucres lobed like the leaves, sessile, subulately dissected, concave or cup-shaped in arrangement. Sepals five to seven, purplish, spreading, about one inch long, silky outside flowers single, appearing before the leaves, pale purple, cup-shaped. Carpels oO to 75, with plumous tails, one to tAvo inches in length col- lected into a roundish head. FloAvers appear in early spring & HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 383 It was first proven by Dr. W. H. Burt, U. S. Preparation.—The fresh plant, gathered Avhen in floAver, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole pour it into a well-stoppered bottle and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. PYCNANTHEMUM LINIFOLIUM, Pursh. < Nat. Ord., Labiatae. Common Name, Virginia Thyme. This is an indigenous perennial herb found in dry situations from Massachusetts AvestAvard to IoAva, and soutlnvard. It is from one to two feet high, with sessile, entire, rigid, linear leaves. The flowers are clustered in terminal compact heads, Avith ciliate bracts. Flowers whitish. The taste of the plant is bitter and resinous. Flowers in August. Preparation.—The fresh plant is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and fil- tering. Amount of drug power, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. PYRUS AMERICANA, DC. Nat. Ord., Rosacea?. Common Name, American Mountain Ash. This is a small indigenous tree found growing in mountain woods throughout the Middle and Eastern States. It reaches a height of from fifteen to twenty feet; the trunk is covered with bark of a reddish-broAvn color. The leaves are often a foot long, odd-pinnate, leaflets thirteen to fifteen, two to three inches long, lanceolate, taper- pointed, sharp-serrate, bright green. Flowers small, white, in large, terminal, flat cymes. Fruit a scarlet globose berry, as large as or larger than a pea. It Avas proven by Dr. H. P. Gatchell, U. S. Preparation—The fresh bark is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole well, and poured it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, 384 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, &. . Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. QUASSIA. Synonyms, Quassia Amara, Linn. Picraenia Excelsa, Lindl. Picrasma Excelsa, Planchon. Simaruba Excelsa, DC. Nat. Ord., Simarubacese. Common Names, Quassia. Surinam Quassia. Bitter Ash. Bit- ter Wood. This tree is common on elevated lands in Jamaica, and is also found "in the Islands of Antigua and St. Vincent. The tree resembles the ash, is from fifty to sixty feet high, with alternate, pinnatifid leaves; leaflets elliptical, acuminate, Avithout petioles, deep green above, paler beneath. The floAvers are inconspicuous and greenish, and the fruit is a black shining drupe the size of a pea. The quassia from the Jamaica tree is not officinal in the Germanica Pharmacopoeia, and the edition of 1872 forbids the use of it. The Surinam Quassia, officinal in Germany and used also in France, is from Quassia amara, a shrub or small tree, Avith pinnatifid leaves and Avith bright red flowers. The fruit is a two-celled capsule. Surinam quassia is in cylindrical, or at times bent, branching pieces varying in thickness from that of a finger to that of an arm; in length from a foot to a yard, and frequently covered with the thin Avhitish-gray bark, which is easily removable. The wood is yellow, Avithout odor, and has a very bitter taste. It is light and finely fibrous. The Jamaica quassia has a Avrinkled, thicker, rougher bark than has the Surinam variety, and the bark is not readily separable; the Jamaica wood is paler in color and denser. It Avas proven by Dr. J. 0. Miiller, Austria. Preparation.—The dried wood, of the branches and trunk of the tree, is coarsely powdered, covered with five parts by Aveight of alco- hol, and allowed to remain eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, T\j. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. QUILLAIA SAPONARIA, Molina. Nat. Ord., Rosacese. Common Names, Quillaya. Soapbark. Q. saponaria is an evergreen tree found growing in Peru and Chili: The bark is used in medicine and contains the active principle, Sapo- nin. The bark comes in commerce in pieces two or three feet long, by several inches in width. The pieces are flat and about one-fourth of an inch thick. The external corky layer is generally removed, leav- ing a pale, broAvnish-colored, smooth inner layer. The bark has con- HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 385 siderable toughness, is dense, and on fracture, splinters. It is without odor, and its taste is at first merely mucilaginous, but aftenvard is sharp and acrid. The dust from the poAvdered bark provokes sneezing ; an infusion of the bark produces a lather like that of soap. Preparation.—The dry bark is coarsely powdered, covered Avith five parts by Aveight of alcohol, and allowed to remain eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, T\y. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. RANUNCULUS ACRIS, Linn. Synonyms, Ranunculus Californicus. Ranunculus Canus. Ra- nunculus Delphinifolius. Nat. Ord., Ranunculaceae. Common Names, Tall CroAvfoot. Tall Buttercup. The tall buttercup is found as a common plant in fields in New England and Canada. Its stem is tAvo or three feet high, erect. Leaves pubescent, deeply trifid, divisions three-parted, sessile, and their segments in lanceolate or linear, croAvded lobes. Flowers yellow, rather large. Calyx of five ovate sepals. Corolla of five roundish petals, shining ; achenium with a short, recurved beak. Flowers from June to September. It Avas first proven by Dr. Franz, Germany. Preparation.—The fresh herb, gathered in October, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and pressed out in a piece of neAV linen. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled Avith an equal part by Aveight of alcohol, alloAved to stand eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Amount of drug poAver, 5. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. RANUNCULUS BULBOSUS, Linn. Synonym, Ranunculus Tuberosus. Nat. Ord., Ranunculacese. Common Name, CroAvfoot. Bulbous-rooted Buttercup. This buttercup is common in NeAV England. Its stem arises from a bulb-like root, and is from six to eighteen inches high. Radical leaves, three-cleft, the lateral divisions sessile, the terminal one petiolate and ternate, all wedge-shaped, cleft and dentate. Flowers of a_rich, glossy yelloAv, over an inch broad; sepals five, reflexed; petals six to seven. Peduncles furroAved. Achenia short-beaked. This drug was first proven by Dr. C. G. Franz, Germany. Preparation.—The fresh, blooming plant is gathered in June, the herb separated from the bulbs, and the juice pressed out; the bulbs, with the addition of a little alcohol, are pounded to a viscid pulp, and also expressed. The juices thus obtained are mixed together and to the mixture is added its own weight of alcohol. Two parts by weight 25 386 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. of alcohol are poured upon the residuum of the expressed bulbs, which is subjected to maceration for three days, and then submitted to press- ure. This essence is mixed with that from the herb and bulbs, and the Avhole is allowed to stand eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I., except that forty drops of tincture to sixty drops of dilute alcohol are used for the first decimal, and four drops of tincture to ninety-six drops of dilute alcohol for the first centesimal dilution. RANUNCULUS FLAMMULA, Linn. Synonym, Ranunculus Lingua, Nat. Ord., Ranunculace3e. Common Names, Small or Burning Crowfoot. Marsh Butter- cup. Speai-Avort. This herb is aquatic in habit, groAving in ditches and SAvamps from Canada southward as far as North Carolina. Stem reclining at base, erect above. Leaves lanceolate; loAver ones on petioles, upper ones linear. FloAvers bright yelloAV, solitary. Petals five to seven, much longer than the sepals. Achenia roundish, short-mucronate. It Avas introduced into our Materia Medica by Dr. Franz, Germany. Preparation.—The fresh herb (without the root), gathered Avhile in bloom, is chopped and pounded to a pulp, enclosed in a piece of neAV linen and subjected to pressure. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled with an equal part by Aveight of alcohol. This mix- ture is allowed to stand eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Drug power of tincture, h Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. RANUNCULUS REPENS, Linn. Synonyms, Ranunculus Lanuginosis. Ranunculus Tomentosus. Nat. Ord., Ranunculaceae. Common Names, Creeping CroAvfoot. Creeping Buttercup. This species has a fibrous root, and groAvs in moist and shady places. Stems ascending, sometimes sending out long runners. Leaves three- parted, divisions petiolate, three-cleft, unequally incised. FloAvers medium sized, bright yelloAv; peduncles furrowed. Fruit broadly mar- gined and pointed. A very variable species. It Avas introduced into our Materia Medica by Dr. Franz, Germany. Preparation.—The fresh herb, gathered in October, is chopped and pounded to a pulp, enclosed in a piece of neAV linen and subjected to pressure. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled with an equal part by Aveight of alcohol, and allowed to stand eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Amount of drug poAver, J. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 387 RANUNCULUS SCELERATUS, Linn. Synonyms, Ranunculus Palustris. Herba Sardoa. Nat. Ord., Ranunculaceae. Common Names, Celery-leaved Crowfoot. Cursed Crowfoot. Marsh Crowfoot. This buttercup is found groAving in wet places from Canada to Geor- gia. It is smooth and glabrous; stem twelve to eighteen inches high, thick and holloAV. Radical leaves, three-parted, Avith rounded lobes. Lower stem-leaves, three-parted, the divisions obtusely incised and ser- rate. Upper stem-leaves nearly sessile, lobes oblong-linear, almost entire. FloAvers small, pale yelloAv. Fruit barely mucronulate. It Avas first proven by Dr. Franz, Germany. Preparation.—The fresh herb, gathered in October, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, strain- ing and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. RAPHANUS SATIVUS NIGER, Linn. Synonyms, Raphanus Hortensis. Raphanus Nigrum. Nat. Ord., Cruciferse. Common Names, Black Garden Radish. Spanish Black Rad- ish. This radish is a native of China, but has been culti\rated all over Europe from time immemorial, and is someAvhat cultivated hi this country. The very large, roundish, turnip-shaped root, attaining a Aveight of more than one pound, has a black or black-gray cuticular investment, a Avhite, compact, very juicy flesh and an especially pun- gent taste and smell. It Avas proven by Dr. Nusser, France. Preparation.—In the month of July, the fresh roots of medium size (holloAV or juiceless roots are to be rejected), are chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, aud let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, strain- ing and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. RESINA ITU. Synonym, Itu. ^r ... This is a resin spoken of in Mure's Materia Medica of the Brazilian 388 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Empire, as coming from the province of St. Paul, and as being used em- pirically for hernia. Preparation.—The resin is triturated, as directed under Class VII. RHEUM. Synonyms, Rheum Officinale, Baillon. Rhabarbarum. Nat. Ord., Polygonacese. Common Name, Rhubarb. The botanical source of Rhubarb has not been positively determined. For a long time it was supposed to be R. palmatum, but this has been strenuously denied by observers, especially Fliickiger and Hanbury, who declare that R. officinale is the only species yielding a root-stock which agrees Avith the drug. The plant or plants Avhich yield rhubarb are inhabitants of China, and they are spread over a vast area. From the little that is knoAvn concerning the origin of the drug and its pre- paration for market, we are only able to say that the root is dug up in the beginning of autumn, is then cleaned, its cortical part cut off, and the root divided into pieces for drying. This is done either by ex- posure to the sun and air, or by the aid of artificial heat. Rhubarb comes in commerce either direct from Shanghai, and is then knoAvn as Chinese rhubarb, or from China via India, in the latter case being called East India rhubarb; it is of the same origin in either circumstance. What Avas formerly imported under the name of Russian rhubarb was that which was brought overland into Siberia and thence into Russia proper. Turkey rhubarb Avas the name given to the article brought from China through Persia into Turkey. China rhubarb comes in sections of a massive root, in various forms, barrel-shaped, conical, plano-convex or irregular; the forms are gen- erally kept assorted by their shapes and classed as round or flat rhu- barb. The pieces are often perforated ; the outer surface is somewhat shrivelled, Avith an attached portion of unremoved bark. In Avell developed pieces, China rhubarb appears, in cross section, to be made up of medullary rays irregularly curved and forming irregularly grouped whorls, radio-stellate in appearance. The general aspect is a whitish or yellowish background, on Avhich the medullary rays appear reddish-yellow or reddish-brown. The fracture of rhubarb is uneven, its odor is peculiar and aromatic, but not agreeable; between the teeth it gives rise to a " gritty" sensation from the crystals of calcium oxalate which it contains; it has a bitter, astringent, nauseous taste. It Avas first proven by Hahnemann. Preparation.—The root in coarse powder is covered Avith five parts by weight of alcohol, and alloAved to remain eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 389 Drug power of tincture, y1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. Triturations of the poAvdered root are prepared as directed under Class VII. RHODIUM. Symbol, Rh. Atomic Weight, 104. Origin and Preparation of Rhodium.—The solution from which platinum and palladium have been separated, in the manner already described (see article Iridium), is mixed with hydrochloric acid, and evaporated to dryness. The residue is treated with alcohol of specific gravity 0.837, Avhich dissolves everything except the double chloride of rhodium and sodium. This is Avell washed with spirit, dried, heated to Avhiteness and then boiled Avith water, Avhereby sodium chloride is dis- solved out, and metallic rhodium remains. Properties.—Thus obtained, rhodium is a white, coherent, spongy mass, more infusible and less capable of being welded than platinum. Its specific graArity ATaries from 10.6 to 11. Rhodium is very brittle; reduced to powder and heated in the air, it becomes oxidized, and the same alteration occurs to a greater extent when it is fused Avith nitrate or bisulphate of potassium. None of the acids, singly or con- joined, dissolves this metal, unless it be in the state of alloy, as Avith platinum, in Avhich state it is attacked by nitro-muriatic acid. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure rhodium is tritu- rated, as directed under Class VII. RHODODENDRON. Synonym, Rhododendron Chrysanthemum, Linn. Nat. Ord., Ericacese. Common Names, YelloAv-flowered Rhododendron. Rosebay. This is an evergreen shrub found growing in Siberia upon mountain heights. Stem about a foot high, branched. Leaves thick, obtuse, large, oblong, petiolate, rugged and veined on the upper surface, lighter beneath. Flowers yellow, corolla rotate. The leaves smell slightly like rhubarb. The absence of this odor and a rusty color of the under surface of the leaves indicate the substitution of R. ferrugineum. Flowers in July. It Avas introduced into our Materia Medica by Dr. E. Seidel, Ger- many. Preparation.—The carefully dried leaves, powdered, are covered with five parts by weight of alcohol, and alloAved to remain eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a dav. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, yV Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. 390 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. RHUS AROMATICA, A'don. Nat. Ord., Anacardiaceae. Common Names, Fragrant Sumach. SAveet Sumach. This indigenous small shrub is found growing in dry rocky soil, from Vermont westward and southward. Leaves pubescent Avhen young, thickish Avhen old; leaflets three, rhombic-ovate, unequally cut- toothed, the middle one wedge-shaped at the base; the crushed leaves are SAveet-scented. Flowers yellow, appear in April and May. Preparation.—The fresh bark of the root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by Aveieht of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole, pour it into a AArell-stoppered bottle and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug power, \. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. RHUS GLABRA, Linn. Synonyms, Rhus Carolinense. Rhus Elegans. Nat. Ord., Anacardiaceae. Common Names, Sumach. Smooth or Upland Sumach. This is an indigenous shrub from six to fifteen feet high and some- what straggling. The bark is light gray in color with a tinge of red. Leaves and branches glabrous. Leaves, on smooth petioles, are com- pound; leaflets in pairs, sessile, except the odd one at the end, are from 11 to 31 in number, lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate, green above, Avhitish beneath. Flowers greenish-red in color, in terminal, thyreoid panicles, and are followed by clusters of small red berries, covered with crimson hair. The fruit is acid and astringent. Flowers in June and July. It was first proven by Dr. A. V. Marshall, United States. Preparation —The fresh bark is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole well, it is poured into a well-stoppered bottle, and allowed to remain eight days in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. RHUS RADICANS, Liwn. Nat. Ord., Anacardiaceae. Common Names, Poison Ivy. Poison Vine. It seems still a disputed question Avhether this differs from Rhus HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 391 Toxicodendron in anything but habit, Rhus Tox. being a dwarf, erect shrub, while Rhus Rad. is a climber, with stem five to forty feet long, furnished Avith numerous radicles by Avhich it adheres to trees and climbs up them like ivy. The leaves of Rhus Rad. are almost entire and glabrous. Since Rhus Tox. and Rhus Rad. have been separately proved, and each proving contains symptoms peculiar to itself, it is much the better plan to make tinctures of each and keep them separate. It was first proved by Dr. B. F. Joslin, United States. Preparation.—The fresh leaves, collected after sunset on cloudy, sultry days, from shady places, in May and June, before the period of floAvering, are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are added, the Avhole poured into a Avell- stoppered bottle, and allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, 1. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. RHUS TOXICODENDRON, Linn. Synonyms, Rhus Humile. Rhus Pubescens. Rhus Toxicarium. Rhus Verrucosa. Vitis Canadensis. Nat. Ord., Anacardiaceae. Common Names, Mercury Vine. Poison Ash. Poison Oak. Poison Vine. This shrub grows in fields, woods and along fences, all over North America, and has been introduced into Europe; it is one to three feet high, with leaflets angularly indented, and pubescent beneath; roots reddish, branchy; stems erect, bark striated, of a gray-brown color, and full of numerous papillae of a deep broAvn; leaves pinnated, long petioled, yelloAvish-green, veined; folioles almost three inches long, oval, incised, shining, and of a deep green color above, pale green and pubes- cent beneath; floAvers small, yelloAvish-green, in axillary spikes; fruit monospermous, oval, whitish-gray, marked with five furrows. The plant Avhen Avounded emits a milky juice, Avhich becomes black on ex- posure to the air. The plant, being very poisonous, should be handled with great caution. It Avas introduced into our Materia Medica by Hahnemann. Preparation.—The fresh leaves, collected after sunset on cloudy, sultry days, from shady places, in May and June, before the period of floAvering, are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed.^ Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are added, the Avhole poured into a well- stoppered bottle, and allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, \. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. 392 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. RHUS VENENATA, De Candolle. Synonyms, Rhus Vernicifera. Rhus Vernix, Linn. Nat. Ord., Anacardiaceae. Common Names, Poison Sumach. Poison Dogwood. Poison Elder. Poison Wood. Swamp Sumach. Varnish Tree. This species grows in swamps in the United States and in Canada. It is a shrub six to eighteen feet high, is glabrous; leaves with from seven to thirteen oval or obovate-oblong, abruptly acuminate, entire leaflets. The fruit is yellowish, globular. It Avas first proven by Dr. Bute, United States. Preparation.—The fresh leaves and bark are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are added, the Avhole poured into a Avell-stoppered bottle and allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug power, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. RICINUS COMMUNIS, Linn. Synonyms, Ricinus Africanus. Ricinus Europaeus. Ricinus Lividus. Ricinus Viridis. Palma Christi. Nat. Ord , Euphorbiacese. Common Name, Castor Oil Plant. For general description of the castor oil plant see article Oleum Ricini. The seeds are about the size of a bean, compressed, ellipsoid in form, from three-tenths to six-tenths of an inch long, and their greatest Avidth is about four-tenths of an inch. The apex of the seed is prolonged into a short beak, on whose inner side is a large tumid caruncle; from the latter extends a raphe to the lower end of the ventral surface. The epidermis is shining, gray in color, and prettily marked Avith broAvnish bands and spots, the color and form of the markings varying greatly; it is not separable by rubbing, but after softening in water comes off in leathery strips. Within is a black testa, quite thin, and filled out with the kernel or nucleus, white and oily. The kernel is easily split into halves; unless the seed is rancid, its taste is bland with but slight acridity. Preparation.—The ripe seeds are coarsely powdered, covered Avith five parts by weight of alcohol, and the whole is alloAved to remain eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, y1^ Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. ROBINIA. Synonyms, Robinia Pseud-acacia, Linn. Pseud-acacia Odorata. Nat. Ord., Leguminosae. Common Names, Locust Tree. False Acacia. Yellow Locust. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 393 The locust is a Avell knoAvn indigenous tree common in the Middle and Southern States; it is cultivated much farther north and also in Europe. Under favorable conditions it often reaches a height of eighty feet, and the diameter of the trunk three or four feet. The bark is rather smooth, grayish-broAvn externally, yellowish Avithin. Leaves odd- pinnate ; leaflets in from eight to tAvelve pairs Avith an odd terminal one, all oval, thin, nearly sessile and smooth. The flowers are shoAvy, Avhite and fragrant, in clustered, hanging, axillary racemes. The pod is narroAV, flat, three or four inches long, and contains five or six small blackish-broAvn hard seeds. The thorns with which the young tree is armed disappear at maturity. It Avas first proven by Dr. W. H. Burt, United States. Preparation.—The fresh bark of the young twigs is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole well, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, strain- ing and filtering. Amount of drug power, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. ROSA CENTIFOLIA, Linn. Synonyms, Rosa Mucosa. Rosa Provincialis. Nat. Ord., Rosaceae. Common Names, Hundred-Leaved Rose. Cabbage Rose. Pale Rose. This widely cultivated and varying rose is a native of Southern Europe and 'Western Asia. It is a shrub, two to four feet high, very prickly, the prickles being straight and scarcely dilated at the base. Leaflets five to seven in number, ovate or elliptic-ovate, margins glandular hairy, sub-pilose beneath. Petals are usually pinkish, mostly round-obovate, of a peculiar well known fragrance. Their taste is sweetish, with some bitterness and slight astringency. Upon drying they become brownish in color and their odor is in great part dissipated. . , , Preparation.—The fresh petals are pounded to a pulp, weighed, mixed well with two-thirds their weight of alcohol, and pressed out in a piece of new linen. The tincture thus obtained is allowed to stand eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Amount of drug power, h Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class 11. ROSMARINUS. Synonyms, Rosmarinus Officinalis, Linn. Herba Anthos. Li- banotis. Nat. Ord., Labiatse. 394 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Common Names, Rosemary. Sea-deAV. This evergreen shrub is a native of Southern Europe. It has an erect stem three or four feet high, much branched. Leaves sessile, opposite, linear-oblong, obtuse, entire, dark green and shining above, doAvny, and at times whitish, beneath. Flowers axillary and termi- nal, pale blue or white. The floAvers and leaves have a balsamic, cam- phoraceous odor and taste. Preparation.—The fresh leaves and blossoms are chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and fil- tering. Drug poAver of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. RUDBECKIA HIRTA, Linn. Nat. Ord., Compositae. Common Names, Cone-Flower. Great Hairy Rudbeckia. This is a rough, bristly-hairy plant from one to two feet high, found growing in dry soil from New York to Wisconsin and southward. It is from one to two feet high; stem simple or branched near the base. Leaves almost entire, the upper ones sessile, lanceolate or oblong, lower ones on petioles, three-nerved, spatulate. Flowers in single large heads Avith about fourteen rays longer than the involucre and bright yellow in color. The • disk is conical, bearing dark purplish-brown chaff and floAvers. FloAvers from June to August. Preparation —The fresh herb, in flower, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole, pour it into a well- stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days, in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug power, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. RUMEX. Synonym, Rumex Crispus, Linn. Nat. Ord., Polygonacese. Common Names, Curled Dock. Garden Patience. Yellow D ;ck. This plant is a native of Europe, introduced into this country, where u grows wild in pastures, drv fields, Avaste grounds, etc. From a deep spindle-shaped yellow root, its stem, which is quite smooth, rises three to four feet high. Leaves with strongly wavy-curled margins, lanceo- late, acute, the lower truncate or scarcely heart-shaped at the base; HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 395 whorls crowded in prolonged Avand-like racemes, leafless above ; valves round-heart-shaped, obscurely denticulate or entire, mostly all of them grain-bearing. It Avas first proved by Dr. Henry A. Houghton, Inaug. Diss., Phila. Horn. Med. Coll., 1852. Preparation.—The fresh root, gathered at time of floAvering, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, strain- ing and filtering. Drug poAArer of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. RUTA. Synonyms, Ruta Graveolens, Linn. Ruta Latifolia. Nat. Ord., Rutaceae. Common Names, Rue. Bitter Herb. Countryman's Treacle. This plant is Avidely cultivated in gardens; it is indigenous to South- ern Europe. It is shrub-like in aspect, and near the base is woody and rough externally, above nearly glabrous. Leaves twice to thrice- pinnate and glaucous ; segments oblong, obtuse, terminal ones obovate- cuneate, all entire or irregularly incised. The flowers are in terminal corymbs, yelloAv. Corolla of four to five petals, obovate and distinct. Calyx of four or five sepals united at base. Stamens mostly ten. The odor of the leaves is strong and disagreeable, and the fresh, vigor- ous plant should be handled with care, as the recent juice inflames the skin upon contact. It Avas first proven by Hahnemann. Preparation.—The fresh herb, gathered shortly before blooming, is chopped and pounded to a fine pulp, enclosed in a piece of new linen and subjected to pressure. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agi- tation, mingled Avith an equal part by weight of alcohol. The mixture is alloAved to stand eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Drug power of tincture, \. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. SABADILLA. Synonyms, Sahadilla Officinarum, Brandt. Veratrum Sabadilla, S hle'/ht. Asagrrea Officinalis, Lindley. Schcenocaulon Officinale, Gray. lh-rdeum Cau.-ticum. Melanthium Sabadilla. Hat. Crd., Liliacese. (Melanthacese.) Common Names, Sabadilla. Cevadilla. Indian Caustic Barley. This is a bulbous plant indigenous to Mexico and countries south of it. It is found growing in grassy places on the eastern slopes of vol- 396 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. canic ranges. The plant is bulbous, having a slender scape bearing a narroAV spiked raceme of greenish-yellow flowers. The fruit consists of three oblong, pointed follicles on a short pedicel and surrounded by the remains of the six-parted calyx. They are light brown in color and of a paper-like substance. Each contains two pointed, narrow, black seeds nearly four lines in length, shining, rugose and angular, or concave from mutual pressure. Within the compact testa lies the oily albumen, including in its base the small embryo. The seeds are Avith- out odor, have a bitter, acrid taste; its powder has active sternutatory powers. It Avas first proven by Hahnemann. Preparation.—The seeds, taken out of the capsules, are coarsely powdered, covered Avith five parts by weight of alcohol, and allowed to remain eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, be- ing shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, TV Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. SABINA. Synonyms, Juniperus Sabina, Linn. Sabina Officinalis, Garcke. Nat. Ord., Coniferse. Common Name, Savine. Juniperus Sabina is a woody, evergreen shrub, occurring in the Southern Alps in Austria and Switzerland, extending into France, into Italy, and eastward to the Caspian Sea. It has also been found in Newfoundland. In favorable situations it becomes tree-like in char- acter. The bark of the older stems is reddish-brown and rough; on the young branches it is light green. The young shoots are clothed Avith small, adpressed leaves, which are scale-like, opposite in pairs, rhomboidal in outline, centrally glandular aud dark green. As the shoots grow older the leaves become erect and somewhat acuminate. The shrub is dioecious. The fruit is berry-like, blackish-purple, more or less oval, and has three or four bony seeds. The leaves have a dis- agreeable, balsamic odor and bitter and acrid taste. It was first proven by Hahnemann. Preparation.—The fresh tops, collected of the younger branches in April, are chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp thoroughly mixed with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the whole well, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. SACCHARUM OFFICINARUM, Linn. Synonym, Saccharum Album. Nat. Ord., Gramineae. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 397 Common Names, Sugar Cane. White Sugar. Origin.—This well-knoAvn plant is probably a native of Southern Asia, and Avas undoubtedly cultivated for centuries; its now all but in- dispensable product seems to have been known in Europe since the time of Alexander the Great, but did not come into general use until after the introduction of the cane into America. At present it is wholly a cultivated plant, not being permitted to flower and being propagated by cuttings of the root-stock. The culm or stem is from eight to sixteen feet high, one to two inches thick, cylindrical, jointed, and contains a central juicy pith. The leaves are broad, flat, linear- lanceolate, four to five feet long and about tAvo inches Avide. The flowers are in panicles, from one to tAvo feet in length, composed of numer- ous, loose, erect, spreading racemes. The juice of the stem contains about twenty per cent, of sucrose or pure cane-sugar. Preparation.—The ripened stems are chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then tAvo parts by weight of dilute alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole, and hav- ing poured it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decant- ing, straining and filtering. Drug poAver, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. SALIX ALBA, Linn. Nat. Ord., Salicacese. Common Name, White WHIoav. The Avhite willoAv is a native of Europe, but has been naturalized to some extent in the United States. It groAvs to a height of about thirty feet. The bark of the trunk is broAvnish and cracked; that of the young branches is greenish and smooth. Its leaves are lanceolate, pointed, dentate, silky-hairy, especially beneath. The bark is bitter. FloAvers in terminal cylindrical aments. Preparation.—The fresh bark is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole, pour it into a Avell- stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool _ place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug power, &. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. SALIX NIGRA, Marsh. Nat. Ord., Salicacese. Common Name, Black Willow. This tree grows from fifteen to twenty feet high, frequently along streams, especially southward. It has a rough, black bark. Leaves 398 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. lanceolate and lance-linear, pointed and tapering at each end, serrate, smooth (except on the petioles and midrib), and green on both sides; stipules small, deciduous; scales short and rounded, villous; stamens three to six; pods mostly short-ovate. It Avas proven by Dr. E. D. Wright, United States. Preparation.—The fresh bark is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole, pour it into a Avell- stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug poAver, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. SALIX PURPUREA, Linn. Nat. Ord., Salicacese. Common Name, Purple Willow. This species is a native of Europe, Avhere it groAvs in Ioav grounds. Its twigs are olive-colored, long and smooth. Leaves obovate-lanceo- late, pointed, smooth, serrulate above; catkins cylindrical; scales round and concave, very black; stigmas nearly sessile; ovary sessile. It was proven by Dr. T. C. Duncan, United States. Preparation.—The fresh bark is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug power, &. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. SALVIA OFFICINALIS, Linn. Nat. Ord., Labiatse. Common Name, Sage. This is a perennial plant, indigenous to Southern Europe, but Avidely cultivated elseAvhere. The plant's stem is Avoody at the base, is much branched and is one or two feet high; like the Labiatse in general its stem is square. The leaves are opposite, on petioles, oblong-lanceolate, crenulate, rugose, grayish-green in color, hairy beneath; lower leaAres at times auriculate, upper ones nearly sessile. Flowers in Avhorled arrangement, forming spikes. Calyx mucronate, striate, bilabiate, brownish. Corolla ringent, bilabiate, upper lip straight or fidcate, lower spreading three-lobed, blue. The plant has a peculiar aromatic odor and an aromatic bitter taste. Preparation.—The fresh leaves are chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then tAvo parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp thoroughly mixed with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 399 the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug power, l. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. SAMBUCUS. Synonym, Sambucus Nigra, Linn. Nat. Ord., Caprifoliaeere. Common Names, European Elder. Bore Tree. This plant is a large deciduous shrub or small tree, found groAving in Central Europe and southward, and extending into the Caucausus and Southern Siberia. Leaves compound, leaflets in several pairs with an odd terminal one, all oblong-oval, acuminate. FloAATers in flattened umbellate cymes Avithout bracts Calyx adherent, four or five-toothed. Corolla rotate, deeply five-lobed, creamy Avhite in color. Fruit a glo- bous, purple berry. It Avas first proven by Hahnemann. Preparation.—Equal parts of the fresh leaves and floAvers are chopped and pounded to a pulp, enclosed in a piece of neAV linen and subjected to pressure. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled Avith an equal part by Aveight of alcohol. This mixture is allowed to stand eight days, in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Amount of drug poAver, ?. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. SAMBUCUS CANADENSIS, linn. Nat. Ord., Caprifoliaceae. Common Name, Elder. This is an indigenous shrub, woody at the base, common in thickets and Avaste grounds in the United States. Its height is from six to ten feet. Leaflets seven to eleven, oblong, mostly smooth, serrate, the lower ones often binate or trifoliate. Petioles smooth. FloAvers nu- merous in flat-topped cymes. Calyx five-parted. Corolla rotate, five- cleft Avith obtuse segments, cream-colored or Avhite. Fruit a dark purple berry. The plant has a strong disagreeable odor Avhen bruised, but after drying, the odor is pleasant. Preparation.—Equal parts of the fresh leaves and flowers are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole, pour it into a well -stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug power, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. 400 HOMOCEPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. SAMBUCUS NIGRA e CORTICE. Bark of Sambucus Nigra (European Elder). Preparation.—The fresh inner bark of the young twigs is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two-thirds by weight of alcohol are taken, mixed Avell Avith the pulp, and the mixture strained through a piece of new linen. The tincture thus obtained is allowed to stand eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Amount of drug power, \. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class II. SANGUINARIA. Synonyms, Sanguinaria Canadensis, Linn. Sanguinaria Acaulis. Sanguinaria Vernalis. Nat. Ord., Papaveracese. Common Names, Bloodroot. Indian Paint. Pauson. Tetter- Avort. Turmeric. Puccoon. This is an iadigenous perennial, acaulescent plant. It has a hori- zontal abrupt root-stalk, fleshy, about three inches long, of a finger's thickness, fleshy, externally reddish-broAvn in color, bright red Avithin, and sending forth many fine rootlets. From each bud of the root- stalk arises a large smooth leaf and a scape six inches high, bearing a single flower. The leaf is on a channeled petiole, is kidney-shaped, with roundish lobes separated by rounded sinuses, is yelloAV-green above, paler beneath and marked with an orange-colored venation. The flower is quadrangular in outline, is of short duration, Avithout odor and is white in color. Sepals two, caducous; petals eight to twelve in two or three rows, the outer ones longer. Stamens numer- ous, anthers orange-colored. Stigma sessile. Fruit a two-valved, ob- long capsule, acute at each end, many seeded. All parts of the plant when Avounded exude an orange-colored sap, but the tint is deepest in the juice of the root. Flowers in March and April. The first systematic proving Avas by Dr. Bute, United States. Preparation.—The fresh root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole, pour it into a well- stoppered bottle and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, \. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. SANTONINUM. Synonyms, Santonin. Santonine. Santoninic Anhydride. Formula, C16 H18 03. Molecular Weight, 246. Origin. —Santonine is the active principle of santonica, Avhich is HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 401 the officinal name for the unexpanded floAver heads of Artemisia Ma- ritima var. Stechmanniana. Besser. According to Wilkomm, Artemisia Cilia (see article Cina) is the mother plant of A. Maritima. Good samples of the drug Santonica are described as being almost exclu- sively of the unopened floAver heads, Avhich are so minute that ninety of them weigh only a grain. It yields from one to two per cent, of essential oil having the peculiar odor and taste of the drug itself, and about one and a half or tAvo per cent, of santonine ; as the flowers open, the percentage of santonine decreases. The latter, although not an acid, is readily extracted from the floAver heads by milk of lime, as in the presence of bases and H20, it takes up Avater and then unites with the base, forming a santonate. The resulting santonate of calcium is easily soluble in Avater, and Avhen the aqueous solution is treated with hydro- chloric acid, santoninic acid, C15 H20 04, at once separates, but im- mediately giving up one molecule of Avater is reconverted into santo- nine, C15 Hj 8 03. Preparation.—Four troy ounces of santonica in moderately coarse poAvder, are to be digested with an ounce and a half, troy, of recently slaked lime in fine poAA'der, in a pint of dilute alcohol for twenty-four hours, and the mixture is then to be expressed. The residue is to be digested Avith a pint of dilute alcohol in the same Avay and again ex- pressed, and this double procedure of digestion and expression is to be done a third time. The resulting alcoholic solutions are to be mixed and distilled doAvn to one-third. This residue is, after filtering, to be evaporated to one-half its volume, and is then to be treated with acetic acid, added gradually until the acid is slightly in excess ; the mixture is then to be set aside for forty-eight hours, Avith repeated stirring. At the end of the time stated, a crystalline mass will have been obtained, which is to be placed upon a loosely stopped funnel, thoroughly Avfished Avith water and dried. The dried product is to be dissolved in ten times its weight of alcohol, digested for several hours Avith animal char- coal, filtered Avhile hot, the charcoal thoroughly washed on the filter Avith hot alcohol, and the filtrate set aside in the dark. The crystals are to be collected and dried on bibulous paper, both operations being done in the dark, and are then to be placed in a Avell-stoppered bottle and completely protected from light. Properties.—Santonine crystallizes from its alcoholic solutions in right rhombic prisms Avhich are permanent in the air, colorless and of a pearly lustre; under the influence of daylight they become yellow. They are without odor, and their taste is bitter; Their specific gravity is 1.217. Santonine requires for its solution 5,000 parts of cold, and 250 of boiling water, 42 of cold, and 3 of boiling 90 per cent, alco- hol, between 70 and 80 parts of ether, and 4 of chloroform; it is more or less soluble in the volatile and fatty oils. Its solutions are neu- tral in reaction and have a bitter taste. AVhen heated to 170° C. (338° F.j, the crystals melt, giving off an aromatic odor, and when cooled slowly solidify to a crystalline mass; when cooled rapidly,_ an amorphous mass is left; by stronger heating, the crystals sublime with- out more than slight decomposition. When santonine is in contact 26 402 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. with alkalies in excess, its color changes to red, but the original color is restored in a short time. As has been already stated, santonine is colored yellow by daylight, but in the direct sunlight the crystals be- come disrupted into smaller pieces, Avhich form a yelloAV solution Avith alcohol, and from Avhich solution may be obtained colorless crystals of photosantonic acid (Sestini). Santonine is properly the anhydride of santoninic acid. Tests.—Santonine has been found adulterated with gum arabic in laminse, with boracic acid, salicin, strychnia and brucia—the last three probably by admixture through carelessness. Dissolve a small por- tion of santonine in chloroform, Avith shaking; gum, boracic acid and salicin will remain, if present, as undissolved residue. When santonin is heated on platinum foil to redness, there should be no residue left (borax remains as a glassy mass, having an alkaline reaction to tur- meric paper); if the alcoholic solution of santonine be ignited, the flame will be of a green color if boracic acid be present. Santonine is to be shaken with twenty volumes of water, to which a few drops of acetic acid have been added, repeatedly agitated for half an hour and then filtered. The filtrate is to be treated with tannin and with picric acid solution; a Avhite precipitate or turbidity in either case indicates the presence of an alkaloid. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by Aveight of pure santonin is dissolved in ninety-nine parts by Aveight of alcohol. Amount of drug poAver, T^-ff. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class VI—ft. Triturations are prepared, as directed under Class VII. SAPO DOMESTICUS. Synonym, Sapo Animalis. Common Name, Curd Soap. It is made Avith soda and a purified animal fat, consisting principally of stearin. See article Glycerinum. When it is dissolved in eight parts of boiling alcohol, the solution, after cooling, forms a translucent, jelly-like mass. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by Aveight of curd soap is dissolved in fifty parts by Aveight of alcohol. Amount of drug power, T^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class VI—ft. Triturations may be prepared as directed under Class VII. SARRACENIA PURPUREA, Linn. Synonyms, Sarazina Gibbosa. Sarracenia Heterophylla. Nat. Ord., Sarraceniacese. Common Names, Eve's Cup. Fly Trap. Pitcher Plant Side- saddle Flower. Huntsman's Cup. This plant is found in boggy places throughout Canada and the United States. Its rhizome, about an inch long, is conical, oblique, HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 403 reddish-broAvn externally and pale broAvnish Avithin, and is furnished with numerous fibrous prolongations. The leaves are radical, pitcher- shaped, ascending, curved, broadly-Avinged; the hood erect, open, round- cordate. Their capacity, Avhen of ordinary size, is nearly two ounces, and usually they are partly filled Avith Avater and droAvned insects. Flower deep purple, nodding, upon a scape fourteen to twenty inches high. Petals fiddle-shaped, arching over a greenish-yellow style. FloAvers in June. It was first proven by Dr. T. C. Duncan, U. S. Preparation.—The fresh plant, gathered Avhen coming into floAver, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. SARSAPARILLA. Synonyms, Smilax Officinalis, Humboldt, Bonpland and Kunth. Smilax Medica, Schlecht. Sarsa. Nat. Ord., Smilaceae. Sarsaparilla is the name used for the root of several species of Smilax indigenous to Mexico and the countries soutliAvard as far as the Northern part of South America. The botanical sources of the drug are not scientifically determined, as the different species inhabit swampy forests which are difficult and dangerous to explore. Besides this, the plants are climbers as Avell as dioecious, so that the floAvers and fruit, produced too at different seasons, are difficult of access, and the leaves vary very greatly in outline. The best knoAvn species to which the drug has been ascribed are S. officinalis H. B. K., and S. medica, Schl. et Cham. Sarsaparilla is classed as either mealy, in which starch is shown upon fracture of the bark, or non-mealy. The mealy varie- ties include the Honduras, Guatemala and Brazilian sarsaparillas, and the non-mealy are the Jamaican and Mexican kinds Although this classification is held in commerce it is remarkable that the Brit- ish Pharmacopoeia admits only the Jamaican variety, while m the United States the Honduras sarsaparilla is preferred. Description.—From a thick, short, knotty rhizome grow hori- zontally, long fleshy roots of the thickness of a quill or slightly larger The roots are simple, forked only near the extremities and are furnished with thread-like fibres. In the dried state the roots are more or less furrowed longitudinally. The whole mass of roots with the rhizome attached is brought into the market. The Honduras variety comes m bundles made by folding up the rootlets in lengths of two or three feet and held together by a few turns of the long roots. Its color ex- ternally is earthy or grayish-brown. It has no odor, and its taste is mucilaginous with some slight bitterness and acridity. 404 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. The drug Avas first proven by Hahnemann. Preparation.—The dried root of the Honduras variety is coarsely poAvdered and covered Avith five parts by weight of alcohol, and alloAved to remain eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, y1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. Triturations of the dried root-bark, as directed under Class VII, are to be preferred. SASSAFRAS. Synonyms, Sassafras Officinale, Nees. Laurus Sassafras, Linn. Nat. Ord., Lauracese. Common Name, Sassafras. This tree is indigenous to North America north of the Gulf of Mexico. In the Middle and Eastern States it becomes a shrub; its height is from ten to tAventy feet, but in Southern and more favorable situations it often reaches fifty feet. The bark of the trunk is gray, rough and furrowed, but upon the young branches it is broAvn and smoother. Leaves on petioles, alternate, entire and ovate, some of them three-lobed, bright green in color, glabrous above, the young leaves doAvny beneath. Flowers greenish-yellow, in clustered racemes, dioecious. Fruit a dark blue drupe. All parts-of the tree are fra- grant and have a sweetish aromatic taste; the bark of the root is of a someAvhat stronger and different flavor. When the gray, corky layer is removed the inner bark is found to be nearly Avhite in the recent state, but as seen in commerce is rusty-brown in color, is soft and easily breaks, the fracture being short and cork-like. On cross section it shows radiating striae. Preparation.—The dried root-bark, poAvdered, is coA^ered Avith five parts by weight of alcohol, and allowed to remain eight days in a Avell- stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, y1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. SCILLA. Synonyms, Scilla Maritima, Linn. Cepa Marina. Ornithogalum Maritinum. Squilla Hispanica. Urginea Maritima, Baker. Nat. Ord., Liliacese. Common Names, Squill. Sea Onion. Scilla maritima is a perennial plant, found generally in countries bordering on the Mediterranean- From a pear-shaped bulb as large as a man's fist, or larger, proceed fibrous roots. Above, the bulb sends forth shining, deep green leaves, lanceolate in shape and pointed, long, and undulate on the margins. From amid the leaves arises a scape HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 405 from one to three feet high, round and smooth, bearing above, a spike of white floAvers, each floAver on a purple pedicel. Perianth six-parted, spreading, deciduous; filaments six, filiform. There are two varieties of squill, one possessing colorless bulb-scales, the other having the latter roseate or reddish. The so-called red squills is used in homoeo- pathic pharmacy. It Avas first proved by Hahnemann. Preparation.—The fresh bulb, of which Ave select the most fleshy, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place, being shaken tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III, except that dilute alcohol be used for the 2x and 1 dilutions. SCROPHULARIA NODOSA, Linn. Synonyms, Galiopsis. Ocimastrum. Nat. Ord., Scrophulariacese. Common Names, Carpenter's Square. Figwort. Heal All. Scrofula Plant. . ' Thi* is a perennial herbaceous plant, found growing m damp woods in Canada and the United States, and in Europe. Scrophulana Man- landica Linn., was formerly considered a distinct species, but the indi- vidual 'plant of American growth, and to which this name was given is now held to be nearly identical with Scrophulana nodosa. Stem four to six feet high, four-sided, opposite branched above. Leaves smooth, three to seven inches long, opposite, petiolate, ovate, ovate- oblong or upper ones lanceolate, acute, serrate; base broadly cordate, roundish or tapering. Flowers olive-colored m pedunculate cymes. Calvx in five acute segments. Corolla sub-globous five-lobed, sub- bilabiate. Fruit a two-celled capsule, many seeded. Flowers June to August. ^ ^ The dm?* Avas nroven bv Dr. Franz, Germany. PreparitTon.-The fresh plant, gathered before the_ development offhe bTossoms,is chopped and"pounded to ..pulp ™*J^J^ two parts by weight of a cohol are taken ^V^**™^ l^rT^r^o\^ iUntot well-stoppered bottle and let it heightth..^! cool place. The tincture is then separated bv decanting, straining and filtering. ' SSnTri b~i as direct under Ca. III. 406 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. SCUTELLARIA. Synonym, Scutellaria Lateriflora, Linn. Nat. Ord., Labiatse. Common Names, Scullcap. Blue Pimpernel. Hood Wort. This indigenous perennial plant is a foot or two high, has an erect, smooth, four-angled, much branching stem. Leaves opposite, on long petioles, ovate, acute, serrate. Flowers small, pale blue in color, in long leafy racemes. Corolla tube elongated, upper lip entire and con- cave, loAver in three lobes. The plant groAvs in all parts of the United States in Avet situations near ponds, ditches, etc. Flowers in July and August. It Avas first proven by Dr. F. W. Gordon, United States. Preparation.—The Avhole fresh plant is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp thoroughly mixed with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole, pour it into a Avell- stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. SECALE CORNUTUM. Synonyms, Ergota. Acinula ClaAms. Claviceps Purpurea. Sper- moeclia Clavus. Nat. Ord., Fungi. Common Names, Cockspur. Ergot. Horned Rye. Spurred Rye. This morbid alteration of the seed-bud of rye (and several other cereals) has been attributed to various causes. According to De Candolle, Avho calls it Sclerotium clavus, this altera- tion is caused by a fungus which prevents the development of the grain from the commencement, and grows up in its stead. This opin- ion is supported by the circumstances attending the appearance and groAvth of the morbid grain; it occurs principally in fertile years Avhen hot Aveather frequently alternates with Avarm rains. It is seated be- tween the aAvns as a cylindrical, somewhat curved, angular body, longi- tudinally rugose, and frequently resembling the fenugreek, from one- half to one-inch long, of a deep brown violet color Avithout, and a yellow- white, and sometimes a violet-white within, viscid, having an offensive, rancid smell, and a flat, sweetish taste. Preparation.—The fresh ergot, gathered in a moist, warm summer, shortly before harvest, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thor- oughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, L Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 407 SEDINHA. This is an herbaceous plant, with a slender, round and pubescent stem; the leaves are opposite, lanceolate and very sharp; their upper surface is hairy and of a darker green than their lower surface, Avhich is covered Avith long, silky hairs. This plant is quite common in the neighborhood of Rio Janeiro. It Avas introduced into our Materia Medica by Dr. Mure, Brazil. Preparation.—The fresh leaves are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining, and fil- tering. Amount of drug power, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class HI. SEDUM ACRE, Linn. Synonym, Sempervivum Minoris. Nat. Ord., Crassulacese. Common Name, Mossy Stone Crop. This little plant is a native of Europe, but is sparingly naturalized in the United States, having escaped from gardens. It has a procum- bent, spreading branching stem. Leaves very small, alternate, croAvded, thick, almost clasping, ovate and obtuse. FloAvers yelloAV, in a scorpoid raceme. Sepals four or five, united at base. Petals four or five, spreading. The plant spreads rapidly over Avails, rocks, etc. Preparation.—The fresh plant, in floAver, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class HI, SELENIUM. Symbol, Se. Atomic Weight, 79. . Origin.—This is a very rare element, much resembling sulphur m its chemical relations, and found in association Avith that substance in some few localities, or replacing it in certain metallic combinations, as in the lead selenide of Clausthal in the Hartz. ,..,.. , 4 Properties.—Selenium is a reddish-brown solid body, somewhat translucent, and having an imperfect metallic lustre Its specific grav- ity, when rapidly cooled after fusion, is 4.3. At 100° C. (212° F.), or 408 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. a little above, it melts and boils. It is insoluble in water, and exhales, Avhen heated in the air, a peculiar and disagreeable odor, which has been compared to that of decaying horse-radish; it is insoluble in alco- hol, but dissolves slightly in carbon disulphide, from Avhich solution it crystallizes. It was first proven by Dr. Hering. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Selenium is triturated, as directed under Class VII. SEMPERVIVUM TECTORUM, Linn. Nat. Ord., Crassulaceae. Common Name, Houseleek. This well-known plant is said to be indigenous to the Alpine coun- tries, but is now found Avidely spread throughout Europe, and is cultivated to some extent in this country. Its leaves are radical, thick, fleshy and mucilaginous, about an inch in length, obovate, green, hairy on the margins. Flowers are rose-colored or purplish; when cultivated the plant rarely flowers. The plant spreads by runners. Preparation.—The fresh leaves, gathered before the development of the blossoms, are chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thor- oughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. SENECIO AUREUS, Linn. Synonym, Var. Senecio Gracilis, Linn. Nat. Ord., Compositse. Common Names, Golden RagAvort. Squaw-Weed. This perennial has an erect, smoothish, striate stem, one or two feet high, flocose-woolly when young, simple or branched above, terminat- ing in a kind of umbellate, simple or compound corymb. The radical leaves are simple and rounded, the larger mostly cordate, crenate-ser- rate, and long petioled; the loAver cauline leaves lyre-shaped; the up- per ones few, slender, cut-pinnatifid, dentate, sessile or partly clasping; the terminal segments lanceolate; peduncles sub-umbellate, and thick upwards; corymb umbel-like. Rays from eight to twelve, four or five lines long, spreading Flowers golden yellow. Scales linear, acute, and purplish at the apex. The root is horizontal, from half an inch to six or eight inches long, and about two lines in diameter, reddish or purplish externally, and white-purplish internally, with an aromatic taste, and having scattered fibres. It is found growing on the banks of creeks and low marshy ground throughout the north and west of HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 409 the United States. Senecio Gracilis differs only by its being more slen- der and groAving in rocky places. It was first proven by Dr. A. E. Small, United States. Preparation.—The entire fresh plant when in bloom, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, strain- ing and filtering. Drug power of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. SENEGA. Synonym, Polygala Senega, Linn. Nat. Ord., Polygalacese. Common Names, Rattlesnake Milkwort. Seneca. Seneca Snake-root. This is an indigenous, perennial plant, more commonly found in the Western States of the Union. It has a Avoody, branching, contorted root, ash-colored, about one-half inch thick. From the root arise sev- eral stems eight to fourteen inches high, erect, simple, smooth and leafy, green near the top, but sometimes tinged red or purple below. Leaves from one to two inches long, lanceolate, tapering at each end, alternate, short-petioled, bright green above, paler beneath. FloAvers small, white, irregular, in a filiform spike at the top of the stem. Sepals five, two of them wing-shaped and petal-like. Petals three, co- hering by their claws to the filaments. Capsules small, obcordate, compressed, tAvo-valved, two seeded. Preparation.—The dried root, coarsely powdered, is covered with five parts by Aveight of alcohol, poured into a well-stoppered bottle, and alloAved to remain eight days, at a moderate temperature, in a dark place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, y1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. SENNA. Synonyms, Cassia Acutifolia, Delile. Cassia Lanceolata, Nectoux. Nat. Ord., Leguminosae. Common Name, Senna. This undershrub is indigenous to Northern Africa, and is found in Upper Egypt, Nubia, Senaar and neighboring districts. The stem is straight, woody, whitish, branching, from two to three feet_ in height. Leaves alternate, pinnate, on petioles without glands, and with narrow stipules. Leaflets in four or five pairs, short-petiolate, oval-lanceolate, lance-oval, or oval, pointed, mucronate, rather thick, and slightly hairy 410 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. beneath. Flowers yellow, in axillary racemed spikes. Fruit a broadly oblong legume, about two inches in length, containing about six hard, ash-colored, cordate seeds. The leaves from C. acutijolia are known in commerce as Alexandria senna. Preparation.—The dried leaves, coarsely powdered, are covered Avith five parts by weight of alcohol, poured into a Avell-stoppered bot- tle, and allowed to remain eight days in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, TV Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. SEPIA. Synonyms, Sepia Octopus. Sepia Succus. Sepia Officinalis, Linn. Class, Mollusca. Nat. Ord., Dibranchiata. Family, Sepiadae. Common Names, Squid. Cuttle-fish. Inky juice of the cuttle-fish. The cuttle-fish is a cephalopodous mollusc, without an external shell, from one to two feet long, soft-gelatinous, of a brown color verg- ing on red, and spotted black; its body is rounded, elliptical, and enclosed in a sac furnished with a fleshy fin on each side along its whole length. The head, separated from the body by a neck, is salient and round, and provided with salient eyes of a lively red color. The mouth is surrounded by ten arms which are pedunculated, very large, and furnished with suckers. The cuttle-fish ink is an excretory liquid, contained in a bag, about the size and shape of a grape, within the abdomen of the sepia; it is blackish-brown, and is used by these animals to darken the water when they wish to catch their prey or es- cape from their pursuers. The ink-bag is found separate from the liver, and deeper in the abdominal cavity; its external duct ends in a kind of funnel, and opens near that part of the neck where the anus of the animal is situated. In the back of the fish is found an oval- oblong, moveable bone, from five to ten inches long, and from one and a half to three inches broad, somewhat convex, cretaceous and spongy. The cuttle-fish inhabits the seas of Europe, especially the Mediterranean. Sepia in a dry state, as it occurs in trade, appears to be a dark blackish-broAvn, solid mass, of shining, conchoidal, very brit- tle fracture, having a faint smell of seafish, nearly without taste and scarcely dyeing the saliva. It is enclosed in little skins and is of the shape of grapes. The artificial sepia (Indian ink) used in drawing, should not be used. The drug was first proved by Hahnemann. Preparation.—The pure, powdered sepia is covered Avith five parts by Aveight of dilute alcohol, poured into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and allowed to remain eight days in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 411 Drug power of tincture, y1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. Triturations of genuine sepia are prepared, freed from its cuticular envelope, as directed under Class VII. Triturations of this remedy are preferable SERPENTARIA. Synonym, Aristolochia Serpentaria, Linn. Nat. Ord., Aristolochiaceae. Common Names, Virginia Snakeroot. Serpentaria. This is an indigenous, perennial, herbaceous plant, found groAving in hedges, thickets, and moist Avoods, from Pennsylvania Avest to Illin- ois, and south to Louisiana. The root is a short, horizontal stock, which gives off numerous slender rootlets, and from the same root sev- eral stems often arise. Stem nearly a foot high, erect, flexuous, sub- simple, jointed, at times reddish or purple at the base. Leaves petio- late, oblong or ovate, cordate, acuminate, thin, and pale yelloAV-green. FloAvers solitary, on long pedicels, nearly radical, slender and bending. Calyx tubular, dull purple, leathery, contracted in the middle, bent like the letter S, limb obscurely two-lipped. Fruit a six-celled, septi- cidal capsule, many seeded. Flowers in June and July; earlier south. It was introduced into our Materia Medica by Jorg's provings. Preparation.—The dried root, coarsely powdered, is covered Avith five parts by weight of alcohol, and allowed to remain eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, y1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. SILICA. Proper Name, Silicic Oxide. Synonyms, Silicea. Silicea Terra. Silex. Acidum Silicicum. Formula, Si 02. Common Names, Pure Flint. Silicious Earth. Preparation of Silica.—Hahnemann directs this to be prepared as follows: "Take half an ounce of mountain crystal and expose it sev- eral times to a red heat, or take pure white sand and wash it with distilled vinegar; when washed mix it with two ounces of powdered * natrum, melt the whole in an iron crucible until effervescence has ceased, and the liquefied mass looks clear and smooth, which is then to be poured upon a marble plate. The limpid glass which is thus ob- tained is to be pulverized while warm, and to be filled in a vial, add- ing four times its own weight of distilled water (the vial being ex- actly filled to a level and a stopper being put m immediately), this mixture forms a solution which remains always clear; but upon pour- ing it into an open vial, which is loosely covered with paper, it becomes 412 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. decomposed, and the snow white silica separates from the natrum and falls to. the bottom of the vial." The following process, which does not differ in any essential par- ticular from that of Hahnemann, is generally adopted : Take of silica, in powder, one part; dried carbonate of sodium, four parts. Fuse the four parts of dry sodium carbonate in a clay crucible, and gradually add to the fused' mass the powdered silica; at each addition an escape of carbonic oxide takes place, so that a roomy crucible should be used. When the carbonic oxide ceases to come off, pour the fused mass upon a clean marble slab, and while slightly warm break it in a mor- tar into small pieces and transfer to a Avide-mouthed bottle, adding sufficient distilled water to dissolve it; the stopper is to be capped Avith wet bladder. The following day the solution may be diluted and rapidly filtered through cotton avooI to remove particles of dirt, etc.; then add to the filtered liquid hydrochloric acid gradually in small quantities. The hydrated silica is precipitated in the form of a bulky gelatinous white precipitate, which is collected and Avashed with dis- tilled water upon a square frame filter. The Avashing must be con- tinued until the filtrate is without taste and no longer precipitates solutions of nitrate of silver. The precipitate, when thoroughly washed, may be advantageously dried upon a porcelain Avater-bath, when it shrinks to an impalpable powder, which has neither taste nor smell. It was first proven by Hahnemann. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure silica is triturated as directed under Class VII. SILPHIUM LACINIATUM, Linn. Nat. Ord., Compositse. Common Names, Rosin Weed. Compass-Plant. Pilot Weed. This plant is found growing on the prairies of Illinois and Wiscon- sin, from thence southward and westward. The plant is rough-bristly; stem stout, three to ten feet high, leafy to the top; leaves pinnately divided, petioled, clasping at the base; segments lanceolate or linear, acute, deeply incised or pinnatifid, rarely entire; heads few, large, someAvhat racemed; scales of the involucre ovate, squarrous; achenia broad, winged and deeply notched. The yellow-flowered heads appear in July. The lower and root-leaves are vertical, twelve to thirty inches long, ovate, and on the open prairies tend to present their edges north and south; hence the name Compass-Plant. Preparation.—The fresh herb, in flower, is chopped and pounded * to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole, pour into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 413 SIMARUBA OFFICINALIS, De Candolle. Synonyms, Simaruba Amara, Aublet. Simaruba Guianensis, Richard. Quassia Simaruba, Linn. Nat. Ord., Simarubaceae. Common Name, Simaruba. For description of the tree see article Quassia. The bark of the root comes in commerce in pieces several feet in length, an inch or two or three in width and from one-eighth to one-fourth of an inch in thickness. The pieces are either simply curved or are in quills. The outer surface of the. bark is rough and much Avrinkled, but Avhen the outer, yelloAv-broAvnish, corky layer is removed there is seen the middle grayish-broAvn layer. The liber is thick, coarsely fibrous, of a dull broAvn color, the inner surface being striated and lighter in tint. The bark is difficult to break transversely, the bast fibres being very tough. A transverse section shoAvs a granular outer layer, and internally, obliquely radiating striae. The taste of the bark is strongly bitter; has no odor. Preparation.—The bark of the root is coarsely powdered and cov- ered with five parts by Aveight of alcohol, poured into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and alloAved to remain eight days in a dark, cool place, being shaken tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Amount of drug poAver, y1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. SINAPIS NIGRA, Linn. Synonyms, Brassica Nigra. Melanosinapis Communis. Nat. Ord., Cruciferae. Common Name, Black Mustard. This plant is a native of Europe, but has been naturalized to some extent in the United States. It is an annual, herbaceous in habit, from three to six feet high. Stem smooth, round, striate and branching. Leaves all petiolate, loAver ones lyrate-pinnate, dentate, upper ones lance-linear, dependent, entire. Flowers small, sepals and petals sul- phur-vellow, rather croAvded on peduncles near the ends of the branches. Fruit a pod or silique, erect, subterete, short-beaked. Seeds numerous, small, globous, nearly black. FloAvers in June and July. Introduced into our Materia Medica by Dr. Clarence W. Butler, United States. Preparation.—The ripe seeds, coarsely poAvdered, are covered with fiA'e parts bv Aveight of alcohol, poured into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and alloAvecf to remain eight days in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, TV Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. 414 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. SOLANUM. Synonym, Solanum Nigrum, Linn. Nat. Ord., Solanaceae. Common Names, Common Nightshade. Black Nightshade. This is a very common homely weed, said to be poisonous, growing in shaded grounds and fields, in Europe, Asia and America. Stem annual, a foot high, much branched and often spreading, four-angled; leaves ovate, erose-toothed; flowers (very small, white) in small and umbel-like lateral clusters, drooping; berries globular, black. FloAvers appear from July to September. The first proving Avas by Lembke, Germany. Preparation.—The fresh herb, gathered Avhen coming into bloom, is chopped and pounded to a pulp, and pressed out in a piece of new linen. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled Avith an equal part by weight of alcohol. This mixture is allowed to stand eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Amount of drug power, \. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. SOLANUM ARREBENTA. Synonyms, Solanum Rebenta, Veil. Solanum Aculeatissimum. Arrebenta Cavallos. Nat. Ord., Solanaceae. This bush groAvs spontaneously in the province of Rio Janeiro, along roads and in cultivated places. It is from ten to sixteen inches high; its branches, which bifurcate regularly, are, while young, coa-- ered with strong thorns growing from above dowmvards. Leaves slightly pubescent, cordate, with five obtuse lobes; their veins are fur- nished with a feAV irregularly distributed thorns. The floAvers are supported by peduncles arising from the axils of the leaves in groups of two or three. Calyx five-parted, very prickly on the outside; corolla with five divisions; five stamens; a style. Berry red, fleshy, two-celled, containing a large number of small seeds. Roots fibrous, arising from a common rhizome. It was introduced into our Materia Medica by Dr. Mure, Brazil. Preparation.—The fresh leaves are triturated as directed under Class IX. SOLANUM MAMMOSUM, Linn. Synonym, Mammiform Solanum. Nat. Ord., Solanaceae. Common Name, Nipple Nightshade. This bush is a native of Virginia, the Carolinas and the West Indies, and grows in hedges and on cultivated places. Stem herbaceous, fur- nished with prickles and long hairs, erect, branchy, from three to' four HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 415 feet high; leaves large, generally broader than long, cordiform, irregu- larly-angular, lobed, shaggy on both sides, with yelloAv nerves on the loAver surface, the midrib furnished Avith dark yelloAv prickles; Aoav- ers scattered, panicled, of a blue-gray color; berries macuniform, yelloAV. It Avas introduced into our Materia Medica by Dr. Hering. Preparation.—The fresh, ripe berries are pounded to a pulp and pressed out in a piece of neAV linen. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled Avith an equal part by Aveight of alcohol. This mixture is alloAved to stand eight days in a well stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Drug power of tincture, h Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. SOLANUM OLERACEUM, Velloz. Synonyms, Gyquirioba. Juquerioba. Nat. Ord., Solanaceae. This is an herbaceous plant with a creeping and somewhat ligneous, cylindrical stem, the upper branches being covered with short and crooked thorns. The leaves, of a dark green color, are alternate, irregu- larly pinnate; the folioles are long, lanceolate, almost sessile on a thorny spike; they are from seven to nine, those at the top being the largest. The floAvers are supported by ramose pedicles, which do not groAV out of axils; calyx campanulate, with five divisions; corolla greenish-white, monopetalous, Avith five equal, rotaceous, someAvhat reflexed divisions alternating with those of the calyx; stamens five, with erect, converg- ing and bilocular anthers; their filaments are short, Avith the exception of one, Avhich is longer than the rest; ovary oval, surmounted by a filiform style. Berry spherical, tAvo-celled, of a dark green color, Avith Avhite spots. This solanum groAvs on the shores around Rio Janeiro, in damp and shady places. It was introduced into our Materia Medica by Dr. Mure, Brazil. Preparation.—The fresh blossoms are triturated as directed under Class IX. SOLANUM TUBEROSUM ^GROTANS. The Diseased Potato. The potato is a native of Chili, but is very largely cultivated in nearly all countries. It is an herbaceous plant, with a branchy stem about one or two feet high. Its leaves are pinnatifid, with leaflets that are oval, entire, slightly hairy on their lower surface and almost op- posite. Smaller folioles sometimes arise between the larger ones, the flowers constitute corymbs either erect or inclined; calyx in five parts; corolla of a white-violet color, with five equal divisions; five stamens attached to the base of the corolla; one style and stigma; fleshy berry with two cells. The roots develop tubers of different sizes, called pota- toes The potato-rot first reveals itself by brown spots irregularly dis- 416 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. tributed through the interior of the tubers; gradually these spots are transformed into white points of a cottony appearance, which may be compared to the cryptogamic growth termed byssus, found on damp wood. From this plant a general process of decomposition sets in, and the potato then exhales an insupportable nauseous odor. Introduced into our Materia Medica by Dr. Mure, Brazil. Preparation.—The potato in such a state of decomposition as to contain brown portions intermingled with the byssus-shaped parts de- scribed above, is triturated as directed under Class IX. SOLIDAGO VIRGA-AUREA, Linn. Nat. Ord., Composite. Common Name, Golden-Rod. This is a variable species indigenous to Europe, Northern Asia, and on this continent to Canada and the northern portion of the United States. It is from one to three feet high, branched above, pubescent or nearly glabrous; leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, or the loAver ellip- tical-obovate or nearly spatulate, petioled, serrate Avith small appressed teeth or nearly entire; racemes thyrsoid or simple, narroAV; scales of the involucre lanceolate or linear, acute. The floAver-heads contain eight or ten ligulate and several tubular disc-florets of a yellow color. The herb has an aromatic odor, and a bitterish and someAvhat astrin- gent taste. Preparation.—The fresh blossoms are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole, pour it into a Avell- stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. SPARTIUM SCOPARIUM, Linn. Synonyms, Cytisus Scoparius, Link. Sarothamnus Scoparius, Koch. Sarothamnus Vulgaris. Wimmer. Genista Scoparia, Lamarck. Nat. Ord., Leguminosae. Common Names, Broom. Broom Tops. The broom is a woody shrub from three to six feet high. It is found in Central and Southern Russia; in Southern Europe its place is sup- plied by other species. It is found plentifully in the valley of the Rhine in Southern Germany and Silesia, but is most abundant in Great Britain and throughout the more temperate portions of Western and Northern Europe; it is occasionally found in the Middle and Southern United States. It has numerous straight ascending branches, which are sharply five-angled. Leaves tri-foliate, petiolate, leaflets obovate or elliptic-lanceolate. Towards the extremities of the branches the leaves are generally represented by one nearly sessile ovate leaflet. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 417 Leaves, when young, are reddish-hairy. Flowers papilionaceous, bright yellow, odorous, solitary and axillary. Legume oblong, one and a half to two inches long, compressed, dark brown and fringed with hair on its edge. Seeds ten to twelve, olive-colored. Preparation.—The fresh blossoms are pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let ft stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug power, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. SPIGELIA. Synonyms, Spigelia Anthelmia, Linn. Anthelmia Quadriphylla. Nat. Ord., Loganiaceae. Common Names, Pinkroot. Wormgrass. This is an annual plant of the West Indies and South America. Its root is short and divided into numerous long, thin, blackish and inter- nally Avhitish branches. Its stem is herbaceous, twelve to eighteen inches high, channeled and branched. Leaves opposite in pairs, those which terminate the branches four together in the form of a cross, ovate, pointed. The flowers stand in short spikes, and are pale reddish or purple, not over one-half inch long. The dried plant is of a gray- ish-green color, and has a faint odor and a bitter taste. Its flowers appear in July. It Avas first proven by Hahnemann. Preparation.—The freshly dried herb, having been gathered Avhen bearing flowers and seeds, is finely powdered, covered Avith five parts by Aveight of alcohol, and allowed to remain eight days in a well-stop- pered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, y1^ Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. SPIGGURUS MARTINI. Synonyms, Sphingurus Martini. Chaetomys Subspinosus. Class, Mammalia. Order, Glires. Family, Hystrichina. Common Name, Porcupine. The porcupine is common in Brazil, where it liATes on trees and se- cures itself by means of its hind feet; it uses its tail, which is pretty long, as a means of descending. Its length, from the muzzle to the tip of the tail, is about a foot; the tail is almost as long as the trunk. The upper parts of the body are covered with sharp prickles about an inch and a half long, and attached to the skin by means of a very thin 27 418 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. pedicle. The head-prickles are white at the base, black in the middle and yellowish-brown at the top, the dorsal-prickles are of a sulphur yellow color at their base. The prickles on the rump and the first third of the tail, are black at their extremity. All the prickles are very close together, mingled Avith a few long and fine hairs. The lower limbs are covered Avith a grayish fur, interspersed Avith little prickles; the tail is furnished Avith prickles at its upper part, and is covered Avith stiff and black hairs; the extremity of the tail is bare. It Avas proven by Dr. J. Vincente Martins, Brazil. Preparation.—The prickles taken from the sides of the animal, are triturated according to Class IX. SPONGIA. Synonyms, Spongia Tosta. Spongia Officinalis, Linn. Class, Poriphera. Order, Ceratospongiae. Common Name, Sponge. Origin and Description.—Sponges are among the lowest class of animal organisms. They inhabit both the sea and fresh water, and grow from a broad attachment to rocks or other hard substances. From the attachment a mass of tissue arises Avhich branches or inter- laces in various modes. The Avhole mass is traversed by anastomosing canals, opening on the outside and appearing then as different sized pores. The skeleton in some kinds is formed in great part of splinter- shaped masses made up of lime and silica ; in others there is no skele- tal part, the whole body consisting of proliferations of a gelatinous or semi-cartilaginous consistency. Sponges are gathered by divers, Avho descend to the rock bearing the groAvths, and tear the latter away from their attachments. This industry is carried on largely in the Mediter- ranean near Syria and Greece; also in the Avaters surrounding the West India Islands and in the Pacific Ocean. The kind prescribed in homoeopathic practice is that known in commerce as Turkey sponge. It is soft, compressible and elastic, and is in various sized pieces, gener- ally oblong and hollowed out or cup-shaped. The drug was first proven by Hahnemann. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Turkey sponge roasted brown (but not burnt) in a roaster kept turning over burning charcoal, is covered with five parts by Aveight of alcohol, and allowed to re- main eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and fil- tered. Amount of drug power, y1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. Triturations prepared as directed under Class VII are also officinal. STANNUM. Synonym, Stannum Metallicum. Common Names, Tin. Metallic Tin. Pure Tin. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 419 Symbol, Sn. Atomic Weight, 118. Origin and Preparation of Tin.—Tin is found in nature in the metallic state in small amount only ; it more frequently occurs as disulphide in tin pyrites and most abundantly as dioxide in the ore knoAvn as tinstone or cassiterite. The metal has been knoAvn from the remotest times; it is mentioned by Moses in Numbers XXXL, 22, and Homer speaks of it in the Iliad. The largest deposits of the ore are in ConiAvall and Devonshire in England, in the Island of Banca and in Malacca; it has also been found in other countries, among them Australia, and California in the United States. Preparation.—The tinstone is crushed, roasted and washed, then mixed Avith charcoal and reduced in a peculiar form of reverberatory furnace. It is refined by melting it and thrusting into the bath of melted metal billets of green wood; the disengagement of gas from the wood produces a constant ebullition in the melted tin and causes a froth on the surface, which consists chiefly of the oxides of other metals, together with some oxide of tin; this scum is skimmed off and the tin is ladled into moulds. The purest tin comes in granular fragments, and is knoAvn as grain-tin, a less pure form in ingots being known as block- tin. The purest quality of tin comes from the Island of Banca, and is termed strait-tin. Properties.—Tin is a soft, brilliant white metal, Avith a faint tinge of blue. When warmed it emits a characteristic odor, and when bent it gives forth a peculiar crackling sound known as the cry of tin ; this sound is caused by the interior crystals breaking against each other. Its specific gravity is 7.29; it crystallizes in two forms belong- ing to the isometric and quadratic systems respectively. It is ex- tremely malleable, and at the temperature of boiling water can be readily draAvn into wire; its tenacity is, however, but slight. When heated to about 200° C. (392° F.), or Avhen cooled to a Ioav tempera- ture it becomes brittle and can then be easily powdered. At about 230° C. (446° F.) it melts, and at a white heat volatilizes. The metal takes a fine polish and has then but little radiating power. It does not oxidize in the air even Avhen moist, at ordinary temperatures, and but very slightly in water. When fused in the air, however, its surface becomes covered with a thin gray film consisting of both the stannous and stannic oxides. Tin is not attacked by strong nitric acid, specific gravity 1.5, the metal even preserving its characteristic brilliancy, but when the acid is diluted it attacks the metal with great violence "and converts it to metastannic acid. Dilute sulphuric acid attacks tin slowly with the evolution of hydrogen, the hot concen- trated acid acts very energetically with the production of sulphurous acid. Tin forms with other metals many valuable alloys; among these may be mentioned gun-metal, bronze, bell metal, speculum metal, type metal, pewter and britannia. Stannum Precipitatum.— For medicinal purposes we first reduce tin by melting it and pouring it into a deep vessel filled with pure water when it assumes the form of thin laminse. 420 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. One part of such laminated tin is covered, in a suitable vessel, Avith pure concentrated muriatic acid, and set aside at a moderate warmth for solution. Without fear of contamination a polished copper vessel may be advantageously employed for this purpose as long as care is taken to have tin always in excess. By adding the muriatic acid gradually, perfect solution is effected. This solution, filtered, is diluted Avith fourteen parts of distilled water. After having slightly acidulated the solution Avith pure muriatic acid, if necessary, the gal- vanic reduction of the metal is effected by the addition of zinc, and the Avhole process is folloAved up as given under Plumbum. In this way a subtile and quite pure metallic powder is obtained, of a light yellowish-gray color, dull, Avhich assumes a metallic brilliancy under the burnishing-steel. It Avas first proven by Hahnemann. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The precipitated metal is triturated, as directed under Class VII. STAPHISAGRIA. Synonyms, Delphinium Staphisagria, Linn. Staphydis Agria. Staphisagria Pedicularis. Nat. Ord., Ranunculaceae. Common Names, Staves Acre. Lark-spur. This is an annual or biennial plant found groAving in Southern Europe in poor soils. Its stern is simple, erect, doAvny and groAvs to a height of a foot or more. Leaves palmately, five to seven-lobed, on hairy petioles. FloAvers are in terminal racemes on long pedicels. Sepals five, irregular, the upper one spurred behind Petals four, very irregular, the two upper ones protracted into two tubular nectariferous spurs enclosed in the spur of the calyx. Fruit a straight, oblong cap- sule; seeds irregularly triangular, as large as Avheat grains, externally broAvn and Avrinkled, internally pale and oily. The seeds have a faint disagreeable odor and a bitter followed by a burning taste. It Avas first proven by Hahnemann. Preparation.—The ripe seed, coarsely powdered, is covered Avith five parts by weight of alcohol, and allowed to remain eight days in a well stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, y1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. STICTA. Synonyms, Sticta Pulmonaria, Linn. Laboria Pulmonaria. Lichen Pulmonarius. Pulmonaria Reticulata. Nat. Ord., Lichenes. Common Names, Lungwort Lichen. Tree Lungwort. Oak- lungs. Lung Moss. This lichen is found growing on the trunks of large trees in the HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 421 northern and mountainous counties of England, and in New England, NeAV York, Pennsylvania and Carolina in the United States. It is leafy, laciniated, obtuse, smooth; green above, and pitted, somewhat reticulated ; downy beneath ; shields mostly marginal. It was first proven by Dr. S. P. Burdick, United States. Preparation.—The fresh lichen, grown on the sugar-maple, is finely chopped, covered with five parts by weight of dilute alcohol, the mixture poured into a well-stoppered bottle, and allowed to remain eight days in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tinc- ture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Amount of drug power, y1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. STILLINGIA. Synonyms, Stillingia Sylvatica, Linn. Sapium Sylvaticum, Torrey. Nat. Ord., Euphorbiacese. Common Names, Cock-up-hat. Queen's Root. Queen's De- light. YaA\ Root. This indigenous, perennial plant is found groAving in pine barrens and sandy soils, from Virginia to Florida and Louisiana. The stem is herbaceous, simple, tAvo or three feet high. Leaves alternate, sub-ses- sile, cuneate at base, serrulate and obtuse at apex. The plant is monoe- cious. Flowers yellowish, in a simple spike. Male floAvers have a cup-shaped calyx, lobed and crenulate. Female floAvers have a three- lobed calyx and trifid style. Fertile flowers at base of spike. Cap- sules three-lobed, three-celled, three-seeded. The plant, like most of the Euphorbiaceae, emits a milky juice when Avounded. It was first proven by Dr. A. B. Nichols, United States. Preparation.—The fresh root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and after thoroughly mixing the pulp Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let ft stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, I. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. STRAMONIUM. Synonyms, Datura Stramonium, Linn. Solanum Maniacum. Nat. Ord., Solanaceae. Common Names, Jamestown or "jimson" Weed. Thornapple. This plant is found in many parts of the world, but is believed to be a native of Asia. In the United States it is widely distributed and is found near towns and villages, on roadsides, near dung-heaps or rub- bish. The plant is an annual; its root is large, whitish, furnished with many fine rootlets. The stem is about three feet high, smooth, 422 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. holloAV, dichotomously branched above. Leaves are short-petiolate, at the base of the dichotomous branches, five or six inches long, of a gen- eral ovate-triangular form Avith large irregular teeth and sinuses, dark green above, paler beneath. Flowers large, solitary, axillary on pe- duncles. Corolla infundibuliform, with a long tube and a plaited five- toothed border, color creamy white. Fruit a two-celled, four-valved capsule, the cells tAvo to three parted. Seeds small, reniform, flattened, nearly black in color, Avithout odor unless crushed and of a nauseous, bitter taste Avith some acridity. The Avhole plant has a rank, offensive odor. Flowers from June to August according to its locality. The drug was first proven by Hahnemann. Preparation.—The ripe seed, powdered, is covered with five parts by Aveight of alcohol, poured into a well-stoppered bottle and alloAved to remain eight days in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, y1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. STRONTIANA CARBONICA. Synonyms, Strontium Carbonate. Strontianite. Carbonas Stron- ticus. Strontianse Carbonas. Mineral, Sr C03. Common Name, Carbonate of Strontium. This salt occurs native as the mineral strontianite in Strontian, in Argyleshire, Avhere it Avas first observed. It is also found in the Hartz, in Saxony, and in other places. Properties.—The crystals of carbonate of strontium are right rhombic prisms, with lateral cleavage nearly perfect; also fibrous granular. Green, Avhite, gray, yelloAv, broAvn, usually light colors; vitreous, transparent, translucent; brittle, Avith Avhite streak. It puffs by heat, fuses on the edges, emitting a brilliant light, and gives a red- dish color to the reducing flame; it is soluble in acids Avith effervescence. It requires for solution over 18,000 parts of cold Avater (Fresenius), and 833 parts of water saturated with C02 at 10° C. (50° F.), and in this state it occurs in some mineral waters from Avhich by evaporation it appears in needle-shaped crystals. When heated in close vessels it does not part with its C02 at any temperature less than that of a forge fire, but in a stream of aqueous vapor or moist air it is decomposed with the formation of the hydrate. It is not decomposed by solutions of the alkaline sulphates at any temperature. It Avas first proven by Nenning, Germany. Preparation.—For homoeopathic purposes we dissolve carbonate of strontium in muriatic acid and set aside to crystallize. It is purified by repeated recrystallization. Of this pure strontium chloride one part is dissolved in ten parts of distilled Avater, and from this the carbonate is reprecipitated by a solution of carbonate of sodium. The precipi- tate is Avashed repeatedly and carefully dried. It is a white, light, fine poAvder, similar in appearance to carbonate of magnesium. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 423 Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure strontiana car- bonica is triturated as directed under Class VII. STRYCHNINUM. Synonyms, Strychninum Purum. Strychnia. Common Name, Strychnine. Formula, C21 H22 N2 02. Molecular Weight, 334. Preparation of Strychnia.—One part of Nux Vomica, finely comminuted by rasping, is to be macerated for twenty-four hours in 43 parts of very dilute hydrochloric acid (^v in strength); at the end of the time the Avhole is to be boiled for tAvo hours and expressed through linen. The residue is to be submitted to the same procedure tAvice, successively, using each time the same amount of the dilute acid. The resulting decoctions are to be mixed and evaporated to a thin syrupy consistence and there is to be added a milk of lime made by slaking lime to the amount of one-sixth of the weight of the Nux Vomica taken, in three parts of Avater; the mixture is to be boiled for ten minutes Avith constant stirring and is then to be transferred to a double linen bag in Avhich the precipitate is to be thoroughly Avashed with distilled Avater. The precipitate is now to be pressed and dried, and then powdered. The powder, Avhich contains brucia, is to be treated repeatedly with dilute alcohol to remove the latter until the Avashings are no longer, or but faintly, reddened Avhen tested Avith nitric acid. The residue is to be repeatedly boiled Avith alcohol until a por- tion of the former no longer tastes bitter; the resulting alcoholic solu- tions are to be mixed, placed on a water-bath and the alcohol distilled off. The residue after being washed is to be mixed Avith three parts of Avater, heated gently and treated with gradual additions of sulphuric acid until the reaction is neutral and the alkaloid dissolved. Purified animal charcoal is now to be added, the mixture boiled for a feAV min- utes, filtered, partly eA^aporated and set aside to crystallize. The crystals of the sulphate of strychnia thus obtained, are to be dissolved in Avater, and Avater of ammonia added gradually until the strychnia is entirely precipitated. This precipitate of pure strychnia is to be dried on bibulous paper and transferred to a well-stoppered bottle. Properties—Strychnia crystallizes from its alcoholic solutions in small colorless four-sided prisms. It is Avithout odor and has a very bitter taste. It is slightly soluble in Avater, and the solution is intensely bitter; it requires for solution about 7,000 parts of cold, 2,500 of boil- ing Avater, 200 of cold and 20 of boiling 90 per cent, alcohol, 1,250 of ether, about 300 of glycerine and 5 of chloroform. In absolute al- cohol it is almost insoluble; it is soluble in the fixed and volatile oils. In dilute acid solutions it is dissolved with the formation of neutral salts. It is precipitated from its solutions by the alkalies, tannin, po- tassium iodide and potassium sulphocyanate (white) and by platinic and gold chlorides (yelloAv). Tests.—For its identification a few crystals of strychnia are to be 424 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. dissolved in a few drops of pure concentrated sulphuric acid in the cold; Avhen the solution is touched by a crystal of potassium dichro- mate there occurs a blue or violet coloration Avhich soon passes into red and then into green. A test to determine whether a specimen be mixed Avith morphia, or be entirely the latter, is the following: A solu- tion of the substance is made in dilute alcohol and then treated with Aveak potash solution; a precipitate insoluble in excess of the alkali is dependent upon the presence of strychnia as between the two alkaloids, morphia being soluble in the reagent. If morphia be present with strychnia the test given above for the identification of strychnia will show a distinctly brown coloration. When a few crystals of strychnia are boiled in Avater with a few drops of silver nitrate solution, or of an alkaline copper solution, a precipitate of the reduced metal Avill shoAV the presence of morphia. Strychnia or its salts should dissolve in a 25 per cent nitric acid without color, and when heated to 50° C. (122° F.) the solution will remain colorless; a red color shows the presence of brucia. As it is difficult to free strychnia entirely from brucia a slight reddening by this test may be alloAved. When strychnia or its salts are dissolved in water Avitn the aid of few drops of sulphuric acid, the solution should show no turbidity Avhen treated with potassium carbo- nate solution, otherAvise the presence of other alkaloids may be assumed. A portion of the alkaloid when incinerated upon platinum foil should be consumed Avithout residue (absence of inorganic impurities). Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure strychnia is tritu- rated as directed under Class VII. STRYCHNINUM MURIATICUM. Synonym, Strychniae Hydrochloras. Common Name, Muriate of Strychnia. Formula, 2 (Cai H22 NQ 02 HC1), 3H20. Molecular Weight, 795. Preparation and Properties of Muriate of Strychnia.—By carefully neutralizing warm dilute hydrochloric acid Avith strychnia until the reaction is neutral; the solution is then to be set aside to crystallize. The salt crystallizes in colorless, silky needles which efflo- resce in the air; they are soluble in about fifty parts of cold Avater. Tests.—Those given in the article strychninum are applicable to the salts of strychnia generally. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure muriate of strych- nia is triturated as directed under Class VII. STRYCHNINUM NITRICUM. Synonym, Strychnke Nitras. Common Name, Nitrate of Strychnia. Formula, C21 H22 N2 02, HN03. Molecular Weight, 397. Preparation.—One hundred parts of strychnia are to be exactly HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 425 neutralized with pure nitric acid, specific gravity 1.185, diluted with twice its volume of water. About sixty-three parts of the strong acid will be required. The use of the acid insufficiently diluted will result in the formation of an acid salt. The solution is to be set aside to crystallize. Properties.—Nitrate of strychnia crystallizes in tufts of perma- nent, colorless, fine, flexible, silky needles, Avhich are neutral in reac- tion, Avithout odor, and possess a very bitter taste. They are soluble sloAvly in ninety parts of cold, and in from two to three of boiling Avater, in seventy of cold, and in five of boiling 90 per cent, alcohol, in thirty of glycerine. They are insoluble in ether. When heated they SAvell up, turn yelloAV, and emit puffs of nitrogen gas or its lower oxides and a carbonaceous residue is left which is at last completely con- sumed. For tests see article Strychninum. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure nitrate of strych- nia is triturated, as directed under Class VII. STRYCHNINUM PHOSPHORICUM. Synonym, Strychniae Phosphas. Common Name, Phosphate of Strychnia. Preparation.—By exactly neutralizing warm, dilute, phosphoric acid Avith strychnia and setting aside the solution to crystallize, the crystals appear as silky needles. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure phosphate of strychnia is triturated, as directed under Class VII. STRYCHNINUM SULPHURICUM. Synonym, Strychniae Sulphas. Common Name, Sulphate of Strychnia. Formula, (C 21 H22 N2 02,)2 H2 S04, 7H2 O. Molecular Weight, 892. Preparation of Sulphate of Strychnia.—This salt may be prepared by neutralizing a boiling mixture of ten parts of concen- trated sulphuric acid, 100 of distilled water, and 100 of alcohol, with sixty-seven parts of strychnia. The solution is to be set aside in a cool place to crystallize. As the crystals are deliquescent they should be dried in a warm place. Properties.—Sulphate of strychnia is in small, four-sided, ortho- rhombic prisms, which are perfectly neutral in reaction, are soluble in about ten parts of cold water, and easily so in aqueous alcohol. When heated to 135° 0/275° F.) the crystals melt and part with their water of crystallization. Tests.—See article Strychninum. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure sulphate of strych- nia is triturated, as directed under Class VII. 426 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. SUCCINUM. Synonym, Amber. Origin.—Amber is considered to be a fossil resin, and according to Goeppert is the exudation of an extinct coniferous tree Pinites succinifer; the chemical properties and mode of occurrence of the sub- stance leave scarcely a doubt of its having some such origin. It has been found encrusting or penetrating fossil wood, just as resin does at the present day, and enclosing the cones and leaves of the trees; numerous insects, the inhabitants of ancient forests, are often found embalmed in it. Amber occurs plentifully in regular veins in some parts of Prussia; it has also been found in Southern Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Sweden and Norway, on the shores of the Caspian Sea, in Siberia, China, India, North America and Greenland. Properties.—Amber is a hard, brittle, tasteless substance, some- times perfectly transparent, but oftener opaque or nearly so; it is of all colors, but generally yellow or orange. Its specific gravity varies from 1.065 to 1.070. It is slightly brittle and its fracture is conchoi- dal ; it takes a fine polish, becomes electrified by friction, and at the same time, as also when heated, it emits a peculiar odor. Amber is insoluble in Avater and alcohol, but the latter, when nearly water- free, extracts from it a reddish colored substance. It is soluble in sulphuric acid, causing a reddish-purple solution, but is reprecipitated on the addition of water; it is not soluble without decomposition in other acids nor in the fatty or volatile oils; pure alkalies dissolve it. Tests.—Amber is sometimes falsified with rosin or colophony, or similar bodies; these being soluble in alcohol, the fraud is readily de- tected. From copal it is distinguished by its greater specific gravity, by its higher melting point, by its less solubility in cajeput oil and by the blue color which its poAvder gives to the alcohol flame when pro- jected into the latter (copal powder colors the flame yellow). Amber becomes soft when heated to about 215° C. (419° F.), and at about 290° C. (554° F.) it melts with the production of the vapors of succinic acid, leaving a brownish resin, the so-called colophonium succini. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Amber is triturated, as directed under Class VII. SULPHUR. Synonyms, Sulphur Sublimatum Lotum. Flores Sulphuris Common Names, Brimstone. Washed Sublimed Sulphur. Flow- ers of Sulphur. Symbol, S. Atomic Weight, 32. Origin.—This element has been known from the earliest times It occurs native either as transparent, amber-colored crystals or in opaque lemon-yellow masses. It is found principally in Sicily, in beds of a blue clay formation and similar beds containing sulphur exist in other parts of Europe and m Mexico. It also occurs in combination with HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 427 different metals as sulphide, as in iron-pyrites, copper-pyrites, galena, cinnabar, gray antimony and realgar. In combination with hydrogen, as hydrogen sulphide, it occurs in many mineral waters and in the pro- ducts of animal decomposition. It exists as an essential constituent in many animal tissues and its compounds are in many vegetables, espe- cially cruciferous and alliaceous plants, as mustard and garlic. Preparation.—Native sulphur is found mixed with many earthy impurities; to free it from these it is subjected to a rough process of distillation in tAvo toavs of pots connected at the bottom by tubes. The sulphur is converted into vapor by heat, passes through the tubes into the second toav of vessels, acting as receivers, is there condensed to a liquid and is run out into wooden vessels filled with water placed beneath. The sulphur thus prepared contains enough foreign sub- stances to render further purification necessary. This is done by another distillation in cylinders of iron, in which it is converted into A'apor, and the vapor entering a brick chamber is there condensed as a fine poAvder Avhen the walls of the chamber are cold; afterAvard, Avhen the Avails become hot, the sulphur condenses to a liquid, which collects on the floor, and is then ladled into moulds. The sulphur condensed in the form of powder is knoAvn as floAvers of sulphur, that Avhich is moulded being knoAvn as roll brimstone. Sulphur is also obtained from pyrites by piling the mineral in a conical heap, surrounding the heap Avith Avood and applying fire. The sulphur is set free from its combination and collects as a liquid in cavities arranged in different parts of the conical mass; it has then to be purified. Properties.—Sulphur exists in three forms, one ordinary variety as it exists in nature and tAvo allotropic forms. The ordinary variety of sulphur is a lemon-yelloAV solid made up of octohedral crystals, quite brittle, having specific gravity of 2.05. It is readily soluble in carbon disulphide, disulphide of chlorine, turpentine, petroleum, etc.; it is slightly soluble in alcohol and ether. This is often called the octohedral variety. The second modification may be obtained by the slow cooling of melted sulphur or by heating octohedral sulphur for some time, at a temperature of 105° to 115° C. (221° to 239° F.). Upon heating a quantity of sulphur and allowing it to cool until a crust is formed, there will be found upon breaking the crust and pouring out the still liquid sulphur Avithin, an arrangement of transparent yellowish-brown needles belonging to the monoclinic system. Their specific gravity is 1.98. This variety is called the monoclinic variety; it is soluble in carbon disulphide. The third kind of sulphur is produced by heating sulphur to 250° C. (482° F.) and then suddenly cooling it by pouring it in a thin stream into cold water. It is thus obtained as a soft, yellowish-brown, semi-transparent mass, Avhich is capable of being draAvn out into threads possessing considerable elasticity and tenacity. Its specific irravity is 1.95. Both the latter forms of sulphur become changed into the first variety slowly at ordinary temperatures. _ Roll sulphur of commerce, Avhen fresh, is made up of oblique prismatic crystals, but 428 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. after being kept for some time the mass is found to consist of octohe- dra, although it generally retains the specific gravity proper to the prismatic form. When heated in the air to 260 C. (500 .t.) it takes fire and burns with a pale blue flame, and at the same time pro- duces sulphurous oxide, whose odor is knoAvn as that of burning sul- phur. Heated to 440° C. (824° F.) out of contact of air, sulphur boils evolving a dense reddish-brown vapor. In the state of vapor sulphur combines Avith many metals, and if slips of metallic foil or wire be introduced into the vapor of sulphur, combustion takes place with the production of a sulphide of the metal. FloAvers of sulphur do not present a crystalline structure, but are made up of round granules composed of insoluble sulphur enclosing the soluble variety. What is known as milk of sulphur is produced when an acid is added to a solution of an alkaline polysulphide; this also consists of minute granules similar to those of sublimed sulphur; it has a greenish-white color. Tests.—Sulphur should be completely dissipated by heat; fixed impurities are left behind as a residue. Milk of sulphur, if precipi- tated by sulphuric acid, mixes more readily with water than pure pre- cipitated sulphur, and leaves on ignition a large amount of fixed resi- due. Sulphur obtained from pyrites often contains arsenic, Avhich may be detected, if present in more than minute quantities, by digesting it with ammonium hydrate, filtering and then adding hydrochloric acid, when yellow sulphide of arsenic will be thrown down. For minute quantities of arsenic, Marsh's test may be used. Selenium, if present, may be detected by heating Avith nitro-muriatic acid, diluting Avith Avater, filtering, and' concentrating the filtrate ; the latter will contain selenious acid, and yields, on the addition of sulphite of sodium, a bright red or nearly brown precipitate of selenium. This may be re- moved, dried and ignited on platinum foil, Avhen it will burn with a flame similar to that of sulphur, but the odor given off is like that of decaying horse-radish. Sulphur was first proven by Hahnemann. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Washed sublimed sul- phur is triturated as directed under Class VII. Sulphuris Tinctura.—One part by Aveight of washed sublimed sulphur is covered with ten parts by Aveight of 95 per cent, alcohol, the mixture poured into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and alloAved to remain eight days, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, and filtered. This preparation Avas considered by Hahnemann to equal the 1 po- tency (-rta). Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class VI—ft. SULPHUR IODATUM. Synonyms, Sulphuris Iodidum. Ioduretum Sulfuris. Common Name, Iodide of Sulphur. Preparation of Iodide of Sulphur.—One part of sublimed HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 429 sulphur is to be intimately mixed with four parts of iodine. The mix- ture is to be placed in a flask, the latter loosely corked and warmed at a gentle heat upon a sand-bath until the color* of the mixture has be- come uniformly dark. The heat is to be then increased until the mix- ture melts, and the flask is to be inclined in various directions that the liquid may take up any iodine which may have condensed upon the inner surface of the vessel. The heat is to be removed, and after the iodide has become solid by cooling, the flask is to be broken and the iodide removed and broken into pieces, which should be kept in well- stoppered bottles. Properties.—Prepared as directed above, iodide of sulphur is a grayish-black, radio-crystalline mass, having a metallic lustre. It gives off iodine on exposure to the air, and consequently has the odor of that substance. It is insoluble in water; boiling Avater decomposes it into iodine and sulphur. Alcohol, ether, and solutions of potassium hydrate and of potassium iodide dissolve out the iodine from the combi- nation. It is soluble in less than one part of carbon disulphide and in about sixty parts of glycerine. It Avas proven by Dr. H. Kelsall, Month. Horn. Rev., 2, 155. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Iodide of sulphur is triturated as directed under Class VII. SUMBUL. Synonyms, Sumbulus Moschatus, Reinsch. Ferula Sumbul, Hook, f Jatamansi. Nat. Ord., Umbelliferae. Common Name, Musk-root. The sumbul plant is found in the elevated lands of Central Asia. Its root had been introduced into Russia about 1835, as a substitute for musk, but the botanical source of the drug Avas not positively knoAvn until 1869, Avhen Fedschenko, a Russian traveller, discovered the plant itself in the northern portion of the province of Bokhara, in Turke- stan. The plant is perennial, groAvs to a height of about eight feet. Radical leaves are large, tri-pinnate; cauline leaves small, gradually decreasing in size towards the top of the plant. The root is brought into commerce by Avay of Russia, but a root Avhich comes via Bombay and Avhich is called Bombay Sumbul, is really the root of Dorema ammo- niacum. The root is found in commerce in slices about an inch in thick- ness, and from one to two inches in diameter, although specimens are occasionally seen measuring five inches across. Externally the root is covered Avith a thin, dark bark, and both annularly and longitudinally Avrinkled. On section the root exhibits a farinaceous-looking paren- chyma, dotted Avith yelloAvish-broAvn resinous points, and having a somewhat irregular arrangement of pale brown fibro-vascular bundles. The root has a strong musk-like odor and a bitter, aromatic taste. It Avas first proven by Lembke, Germany. Preparation.—The dried root, coarsely powdered, is covered Avith five parts by Aveight of alcohol, and alloAved to remain eight days, in a 430 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, yV Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. SYMPHORICARPUS. Synonym, Symphoricarpus Racemosus, Michaux. Nat. Ord., Caprifoliacese. Common Name, Snow Berry. This is an indigenous shrub from tAvo to three feet high, found groAV- ing from Canada and the NeAV England States Avestward. Stem smooth; leaves opposite, oval or oblong, Avavy-margined, pale beneath, short-petiolate. FloAvers in an interrupted, leafy spike. Corolla monopetalous, small, rose-colored, throat filled with hairs. Fruit a globous, four-celled, two-seeded berry, snow-Avhite in color. It was introduced into our Materia Medica by Dr. S. P. Burdick, United States. Preparation.—The fresh, ripe berries are gently crushed to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the Avhole well, and pouring it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and fil- tering. Drug poAver of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. SYMPHYTUM. Synonyms, Symphytum Officinale, Linn. Consolida Majoris. Nat. Ord., Borraginacese. Common Names, Comfrey. Gum Plant. Healing Herb. This is a large, coarse-looking, perennial plant, native of Europe, and found growing on the banks of streams and in wet meadows and Ioav grounds throughout the Middle States of the Union. Stem hairy- bristly, branching above, two or three feet high. Leaves alternate, de- current; lower ones petiolate, ovate-lanceolate; upper lanceolate. flowers yellowish-white, rarely purplish, in nodding raceme-like clus- ters. Corolla tubular-campanulate, the limb with five recurved teeth, the orifice closed with five linear-awl-shaped scales. The root is about six inches long, about one inch thick at top, tapering, few-branched. It is mucilaginous, and has a SAveetish, slightly astringent taste. I loAvers in June. # Preparation.—The fresh root, gathered before the plant blooms, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 431 in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. TABACUM. Synonym, Nicotiana Tabacum, Linn. Nat. Ord., Solanacese. Common Name, Tobacco. . This Avidely cultivated plant is probably a native of Central America. It Avas first exported to Europe in 1586, from the island of Tabago. The wild plant is at present unknown. It is an annual plant; root large, fibrous. Stem round, erect, viscid-pubescent, branching near the top, four to six feet high. Leaves entire, alternate, sessile, decur- rent, from one to tAvo feet long and from six inches to a foot wide, oval-lanceolate and pointed. FloAvers rose-colored, in loose, terminal panicles. Calyx urceolate, five-cleft. Corolla funnel-shaped, regular limb, five-lobed, plaited on the border. The whole plant is viscid, fetid, and has an acrid, bitter, nauseous taste. FloAvers in July. It was first proven by Nenning, Germany. Preparation.—The dried leaves of the genuine Havana tobacco, cut up, are covered Avith five parts by weight of alcohol, and allowed to remain eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, TV Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. TAMUS COMMUNIS, Linn. Nat. Ord., Dioscoreaceae. Common Name, Black Bryony. This plant, a native of Southern Europe, Northern Africa and West- ern Asia, is found growing in copses and hedges. Rootstock ovoid, black, fleshy, subterranean. Stem many feet long, very slender, angu- lar, branched. Leaves two to three inches long, ovate-cordate, acumi- nate, long-petioled, obscurely laterally lobed, five to seven-nerved, tip setaceous; stipules reflexed. FloAvers one-sixth inch in diameter; males solitary or fascicled on slender racemes Avhich are branched at the base; female racemes one inch shorter, recurved, few flowered; bracts minute. Berry one-half inch, oblong, red. Flowers appear in May and June. Preparation.—The fresh root is chopped and pounded to a pulp, enclosed in a piece of new linen and subjected to pressure. The ex- pressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled with an equal part by Aveight of alcohol. This mixture is allowed to stand eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Amount of drug poAver, i Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class 1. 432 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. TANACETUM VULGARE, Linn. Synonym, Athanasia. Nat. Ord., Compositae. Common Name, Tansy. This plant is a native of Europe and Central Asia. It is natural- ized in many parts of the United States, where it is found growing in old fields, on roadsides, etc. From its perennial, stout, many-headed root arise a cluster of stems two to three feet high, obscurely angular, often purple at the base. Leaves alternate, almost sessile, from five or six to ten inches long, pinnately divided; segments oblong-lanceolate, pinnatifid, incisely-serrate, glandular-punctate. Flowers yellow, in a dense corymb; heads many-flowered, nearly discoid, all fertile; ray florets terete, tubular, three-toothed. Achenia obovate, with a large epigynous disk. The whole plant has a strong, disagreeable odor, and a bitter, aromatic taste. Flowers in July and August. Preparation.—Equal parts of the fresh leaves and blossoms are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of ft, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug poAver, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. TARAXACUM. Synonyms, Taraxacum Dens-leonis, Desfontaines. Taraxacum Officinale, Wiggers. Leontodon Taraxacum, Linn. Nat. Ord., Compositse. Common Names, Dandelion. Puff Ball. This is a perennial herb found groAving in the greater portion of the Northern Hemisphere. Root six inches long or longer, one-half to one inch thick, almost cylindrical, feAV branched below. Leaves all radical, Avith teeth and lobes turned backward. Scape holloAV, surmounted by a head of yellow flowers, involucre double, outer scales reflexed. Flowers all ligulate; achenia produced into a long beak. After the flower-head has closed and decayed, the hollow scape rises higher, car- rying a globular airy head of fruit, each achenium being croAvned Avith a Avhite capillary pappus. The plant flowers from April to November. It was first proven by Hahnemann. Preparation.—The Avhole plant, with the root, gathered in April and May, before the flower is opened, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and pressed out in a piece of neAV linen. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled Avith an equal part by weight of alco- hol. This mixture is allowed to stand in a well-stoppered bottle for eight days, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Drug power of tincture, J. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 433 TARENTULA CUBENSIS. Synonym, Tarantula. Class, Arachnida. Nat. Ord., Araneidea. Family, Lycoskhe. Common Name, Cuban Spider. The Tarentula Cubensis, found in Cuba and Mexico, belongs to the same family as the Tarentula Hispana. '• Although apparently alike, these species differ widely in their path- ogenetic and therapeutical effects. The Tarantula Hispana is a nerv- ous remedy, acting deeply and poAverfully on the cerebro-spinal system, and many cases of chorea, hysteria, etc., have been cured by this precious agent." " The Tarantula Cubensis, on the other hand, seems to be a toxsemic remedy, acting directly on the blood, and being in this Avay an ana- logue of crotalus, apis, arsenicum, etc. It seems to be especially useful in maglignant ulcers and abscesses, anthrax and the like."—From Dr. J. Navarro's article, read before the Horn. Med. Soc. of N. Y. Co., N. Y. Med. Time*, 1880. Preparation.—Dr. Navarro put the live spiders into a glass jar, and by irritating them caused them to throAV off their virus on the sides of the jar, AA'hereupon strong alcohol was poured in, and from this tincture dilutions Avere made according to class VI—ft. TARENTULA HISPANA. Synonym, Lycosa Tarantula. Class, Arachnida. Nat. Ord., Araneidea. Family, Lycosidse. This hairy spider, frequently found in Spain, is a native of South America. The specimen used by Marquis Dr. Nunez, Avho first insti- tuted provings in 1*64, were collected at Pardo, Spain. [See N. A. Jour, of Horn., Feb., 1872.] No appreciable difference seems to exist betAveen the virus of the male or that of the female spider. Preparation.—Dr. Nunez triturated the live spider Avith sugar of milk to dryness. From this further triturations Avere made according to Class VII. TAXUS BACCATA Linn. Nat. Ord., Coniferse. Common Names, YeAv. Ground Hemlock. The yew tree is believed to be indigenous to Central and Southern Asia, and extends into the Northern part of Africa and throughout the greater portion of Europe. It is an evergreen tree or shrub, and live? to a very great age. It has linear or spatulate-hnear leaves. alternate, imbricated around the young branches; they are bright ereen and glossy above, paler beneath. Fruit an oblong-oval, bell- 28 434 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. shaped ovule, becoming at maturity a seed nearly enclosed in a scar- let arillus Avhich is open above. The leaves have the odor of turpentine and their taste is unpleasant, bitter and acrid. The first provings of the drug Avere by Dr. Gastier, France. Preparation.—The fresh leaves are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then take tAvo-thirds by weight of alcohol, add it id the pulp, stirring and mixing Avell, and strain through a piece of new linen. The tincture thus obtained is allowed to stand eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Drug power of tincture, h Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class II. TECOMA RADICANS, Jussieu. Synonym, Bignonia Radicans, Linn. Nat. Ord., Bignoniaceae. Common Name, Trumpet Creeper. This is a climbing plant, groAving in rich soil, from Pennsylvania to Illinois and soutlward, but is also cultivated farther north. It climbs by radical tendrils; leaves unequally pinnate; leaflets four to five pairs, ovate-acuminate, toothed; flowers in terminal corymbs; calyx campanulate, five-toothed; corolla infundibuliform, five-lobed, slightly irregular, two to three inches long, bright scarlet, very showy; stamens four, included. Pod six inches long; seeds transversely winged. FIoav- ers from July to September. Preparation.—The fresh root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole well, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug poAver, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class HI. TELA ARANEiE. Common Names, Spider's Web. Cobweb. This is the Aveb of the common house spider, Tegeneria domestica. The Aveb of T. medicinalis has been used in this country. The spider inhabits dark places in dAvellings, barns, etc.; it is broAvn or blackish in color. The Aveb found in cellars of houses is believed by many to possess greater medicinal powers than that of the field spider. Preparation.—The recently spun Aveb, free from dust, is triturated as directed under Class VII. TELLURIUM. Symbol, Te. Atomic Weight, 64. Origin and Preparation of Tellurium.—This element possesses HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 435 many of the characters of a metal, but it bears so close a resemblance to selenium, both in its physical properties and its chemical relations, that it is most appropriately placed in the same group Avith that body. Tellurium is found in a few scarce minerals in association with gold, silver, lead and bismuth, apparently replacing sulphur, and is most easily extracted from the bismuth sulpho-telluride of Chemnitz in Saxony. The finely poAvdered ore is mixed with an equal Aveight of dry sodium carbonate, the mixture made into a paste Avith oil, and heated to Avhiteness in a closely covered crucible. Sodium telluride and sulphide are thereby produced, and metallic bismuth is set free. The fused mass is dissolved in water, and the solution freely exposed to the air, Avhen the sodium and sulphur oxidize to sodium hydrate and hyposulphite, Avhile the tellurium separates in the metallic state. Properties.—Tellurium has the color and lustre of silver; by fusion and sIoav cooling it may be made to exhibit the form of rhombo- hedral crystals similar to those of antimony and arsenic. It is brittle, and is a comparatively bad conductor of heat and electricity; it has a density of 6.26, melts at a little beloAV red heat, and volatilizes at a higher temperature. Tellurium burns when heated in the air, and is oxidized by nitric acid. It Avas first proven by Dr. J. W. Metcalf, U. S. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Tellurium is triturated, as directed under Class VII. TEREBINTHINA. Synonym, Oleum Terebinthinae. Common Name, Oil of Turpentine. Origin.—Crude turpentine is an oleo-resin existing in the resin- ducts of many species of Pinus, and procured by making peculiarly shaped excaATations called " pockets," in the trunk of the tree. When crude turpentine is distilled with water, nearly the Avhole of its oil passes over, and there is left in the still a resinous body known as Colophony or rosin; the distillate is purified by repeated rectification with water. Properties.—Oil of turpentine is a colorless, mobile liquid pos- sessing a peculiar aromatic and rather disagreeable odor. It is soluble in ten or twelve parts of 90 per cent, alcohol, and is insoluble in water. Its specific gravity is from 0.860 to 0.89. It boils at 180° C. (356° F.). Pure turpentine oil is a mixture of several hydrocarbons having the general formula C10 H16. It mixes in all proportions with absolute alcohol, ether and carbon disulphide. It dissolves iodine, sulphur, phosphorus, and many organic substances insoluble in water, such as fixed oi'ls, resins, etc.; upon exposure to the air, turpentine ab- sorbs oxygen, becomes thicker, and at last resinous. From the gradual oxidation carbonic, acetic and formic acids are produced, and at the same time a part of the absorbed oxygen is converted into ozone ; hence, oil of turpentine after prolonged exposure to the air always contains oxygen and ozone in solution, together with an oxidation compound. 436 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Chlorine, bromine and powdered iodine act upon it with great vio- lence ; nitric acid attacks it rapidly, and if the acid be concentrated, the turpentine takes fire. Tests.—Pure turpentine oil, Avhen shaken Avith one-twentieth of its weight of caustic ammonia, should not become either viscid or gelatin- ous. A layer of the oil, about one millimeter in thickness, in a flat porcelain dish should be completely evaporated at the heat of the water-bath. When adulterated with benzine, the specific gravity is lessened and the specimen is not completely soluble in tAvelve volumes of 90 per cent, alcohol. An oil which has become thick by keeping, can be purified by distilling 200 parts of it with 1,000 or 1,200 of water to Avhich has been added one of caustic lime. It was first proved by Dr. E. Seidel, Germany. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by weight of purified oil of turpentine is dissolved in ninety-nine parts by weight of alcohol. Amount of drug power, T^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class VI—ft. TEUCRIUM. Synonyms, Teucrium Marum, Linn. Marum Verum. Herba Cyriaci. Marjorana Syriaca. Nat. Ord., Labiatse. Common Names, Syrian Herb Mastich. Cat Thyme. This plant is indigenous to Southern Europe and Africa, but is often cultivated in more northern countries, groAving about one foot high. The shrubby stem is hard, thin, erect, fine-tomentose and much branched. Leaves small, Arivid green above, downy beneath, oval, en- tire, on long petioles. FloAvers red, small, in one-sided terminal race- mes. The flowers have taste and odor similar to camphor and valerian, which are lost by careless treatment in drying. Flowers in June and July. It Avas first proven by Dr. Stapf, Germany. Preparation.—The fresh plant, gathered shortly before the plant comes into bloom, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and pressed out in a piece of neAV linen. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled Avith an equal part by Aveight of alcohol. This mixture is allowed to stand eight days in a well-stoppered bottle in a dark, cool place and then filtered. Drug power of tincture, *. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. THASPIUM AUREUM, Nuttall. Synonyms, Zizia Aurea, Koch. Smyrnium Aureum, Linn, Shim Trifoliatum. Sison Aureus. Nat. Ord., UmbelliferaB. Common Names, Golden Alexanders. MeadoAV Parsnip. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 437 This plant is indigenous to the United States and Canada, growing along moist river-banks and in meadows. Stems from one to two feet high, someAvhat branching above, rather slender, erect, IioIIoav, angular- furrowed, smooth as is every other part of the plant, and furnished with feAV leaves. Leaves one to tAvo ternate; leaflets oA'al-lanceolate cut serrate. The loAver leaves are long-petiolate. The umbels are about two inches broad, of ten to fifteen rays, the umbellets half an inch broad, dense. FloAvers numerous, orange-yellow, appear in June. Fruit oval, brown, with strong and sharp ribs. The drug Avas first proven by Dr. E. E. Marcy, United States. Preparation.—The fresh plant is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole, pour it into a well- stoppered bottle and let it stand eight days, in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug poAAer, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. THEA CHINENSIS. Synonym, Camellia Thea, Link. Nat. Ord., Cammelliaceae. Common Name, Tea. The tea-plant is a shrub indigenous to Southern and Eastern Asia. It is cultivated largelv in China, Japan and India. Leaves lance-oval, or obovate, generally pointed, at the base sharp-sinuate, becoming serrate towards the point, green and shining aboA'e, paler beneath. They vary in size, but average two to three inches in length and from one-half to one inch broad : they are on short petioles. Flowers white, solitary or in axillary clusters of two or three. Preparation.—Pekoe-tea is powdered and covered Avith live parts by weight of alcohol. Having poured it into a well-stoppered bottle, it"i< alloAved to remain eight davs in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Amount of drug power, TV- Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV . THEIN. Synonyms, Theina. Theine. Originf-Oudrv discovered, in 1827, in tea a crystalline substance which he named thein, and in 1838 both Jobst and Mulder shoved ?hU substance to be identical with caffein. The percentage of-hemein tea varies with the quality and origin of the leaves. Stenhou.e ch- ained from a sample'of tea coming from the Hi^a ™^». ^ per cent. According to Peligot, hyson tea contains from 2.2 to 3A per cent, and gunpowder tea from 2.2 to 4.1 per cent, of theme. For its properties see article Caffeinum. 438 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Preparation.—Where it is desired to obtain the alkaloid from tea leaves the following simple process is offered: The finely powdered tea leaves are heated for a feAV minutes Avith three times their quantity of chloroform, and the liquid when cold is filtered off. The chloroform is then removed by distillation, the residue well Avashed Avith hot Avater and filtered; the filtrate on evaporation leaves a crystalline mass of caffeine (theine); or it may be obtained in larger proportion by mace- rating in four parts of water, one part of the finely powdered leaves with one of slaked lime; the water is to be evaporated and the dried residue extracted with chloroform. The chloroform is then to be dis- tilled off, the residue treated with boiling Avater and the Avhole throAvn upon a moistened filter. The filtrate after being partly evaporated is set aside to crystallize. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Thein is triturated as directed under Class VII. THERIDION CURASSAVICUM, Walk. Synonym, Aranya. Class, Arachnida. Order, Araneidea. Common Names, Black Spider of Curacoa. Orange Spider. This spider is about the size of a cherry-stone, and is found on orange trees in the West Indies. When young, it is velvety-black in appear- ance, marked Avith antero-posterior lines composed of Avhite dots. At the posterior part of the body there are three orange-red spots, while upon the belly there is a large, square, yellow spot. It Avas proven by Dr. Hering. Preparation.—The live spider is crushed and coA^ered with five parts by weight of alcohol. Having poured it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to remain eight days in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Amount of drug power, y1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. THLASPI BURSA PASTORIS, Linn, Synonym, Capsella Bursa Pastoris, Mcench. Nat. Ord., Crucifer*. Common Name, Shepherd's Purse. This common plant is a native of Europe, but is now found widely spread in fields, pastures and on roadsides in this country. Stem six inches to a foot high, nearly smooth above, hairy below, striate and branching Radical leaves tAvo to eight inches long, incised. Stem leaves smaller, narrow, auricled at base, semi-clasping. Flowers very small, AAdnte in terminal corymbs. Fruit an obcordate trangular silicle containing many brown seeds. Flowers from April to September. Preparation.—The fresh plant, gathered when in flower, is chopped HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 439 and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then take two-thirds by weight of alcohol, add it to the pulp, stirring and mixing Avell together, and strain through a piece of new linen. The tincture thus obtained is allowed to stand eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, *. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class II. THUJA. Synonyms, Thuja Occidentalis, Linn. Cedrus Lycea. Nat. Ord., Coniferae. Common Names, Arbor Vitse. Tree of Life. White Cedar. This indigenous evergreen tree groAvs Avild in the Northern States and Canada, and is also cultivated for ornament in our gardens. It is a branchy tree from its root, sometimes rising thirty feet in height; the branches are flat, compressed and imbricated; leaves short, ever- green, OATerlapping like tiles, Avith obtuse scales, disposed in four ranks; flowers mostly monoecious on different branches, in very small terminal ovoid catkins. Stamens Avith a scale-like filament or connective, bear- ing four anther-cells. Fertile catkins of few imbricated scales, fixed by the base, each bearing tAvo erect ovules, dry and spreading at maturity. Cotyledons two. Scales of the cones pointless; seeds broadly Avinged all round. The flowers appear in May and June, and are of a brownish-yelloAv color. The leaves Avhen rubbed betAveen the hands give off a pungent aromatic resinous odor. It Avas first proven by Hahnemann. Preparation.—The fresh leaves, gathered Avhen the plant is just floAvering, are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then take two-thirds by Aveight of alcohol, mix it with the pulp, strain through a piece of new linen, and allow the mixture to stand eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place and then filter. Drug poAver of tincture, \. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class II. THYMUS. Synonym, Thymus Serpyllum, Linn. Nat. Ord., Labiatse. Common Name, Wild Thyme. This perennial little plant is very common in France and Germany, and grows on sunny hills, pasture-grounds, along roads and ditches. Root ligneous, branchy; stems, some erect, others creeping, downy, thin, ligneous, quadrangular; leaves oblong-oval, glabrous or hairy, on short peduncles, blunt or rounded, dark green on the upper surface, paler and spotted on the lower, veined. Flowers purplish, m capitate verticils at the end of the stems; calyx ovate, two-lipped, thirteen- ■nerved hairy in the throat; the upper lip three-toothed, spreading; the lower two-cleft, with the awl-shaped divisions cihate. Corolla 440 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. short, slightly two-lipped; the upper lip straight and thick notched at the apex; the lower three-cleft. Stamens four, straight and distant, usually exserted. . , Preparation.—The fresh plant, in flower, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then add two-thirds by weight of alcohol, mix Avith pulp, strain through a piece of new linen, and allow the mixture to stand eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, m a dark, cool place, and then filter. Drug poAver of tincture, i>. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IL TILIA. Synonym, Tilia Europaea, Linn. Nat. Ord., Tiliacese. Common Name, Lime or Linden Tree. This is a handsome tree, indigenous to Europe, sometimes 120 feet in height, but generally not above half that size. Leaves stalked, broadly heart-shaped or nearly orbicular, often oblique, and always pointed, serrate on the edge, glabrous above and more or less doAvny underneath, especially in the angles of the principal veins. Peduncles hanging amongst the leaves, bordered or Avinged half way up by the long, narrow, leaf-like bract. Flowers sweet-scented, pale whitish- green. Nut woody, globular, becoming one-celled and one or two- seeded. It Avas first proven by Dr. J. O. Miiller and Dr. Frohlich, Austria. Preparation.—The fresh blossoms, freed from the peduncle, are pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by weight of alco- hol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, strain- ing and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. TITANIUM. ' Symbol, Ti. Atomic Weight, 50. Origin and Preparation of Titanium.—This is one of the rarer metals, and is never found in the metallic state. The most im- portant titanium minerals are rutile, brookite, and anatase, which are different forms of titanic oxide, and the several varieties of titanifer- ous iron, consisting of ferrous titanate, sometimes alone, but more gen- erally mixed with ferric or ferroso-ferric oxide. Occasionally in the slag adhering to the bottom of blast-furnaces in which iron ore is re- duced, small, brilliant copper-colored cubes, hard enough to scratch glass, and in the highest degree infusible, are found. This substance, HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 441 of which a single smelting furnace in the Hartz produced as much as eighty pounds, avus formerly believed to be metallic titanium. Recent researches of Wohler, however, have shown it to be a combination of titanium cyanide with titanium nitride. When these crystals are pow- dered, mixed with potassium hydrate and fused, ammonia is evolved, and potassium titanate is formed. Metallic titanium in a finely di- vided state may be obtained by heating titanium and potassium fluor- ide with potassium. This element is remarkable for its affinity for nitrogen; when heated in the air, it simultaneously absorbs oxygen and nitrogen. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Metallic titanium is tritu- rated as directed under Class VII. TRADESCANTIA DIURETICA, Martins. Synonym, Tradescantia Commelina. Nat. Ord., Commelynese. (Liliaceae). Common Name, Spiderwort. This herbaceous plant is pretty common in Brazil. Its ramose and cylindrical stems are erect or a little inclined; the leaves are alternate, sheathed, somewhat lanceolate, and forming at the extremity of the branches, tufts, whence arise long pedicels, each of which carries from four to six flowers; perianth double, three-leaved, the outer one hav- ing sharp, herbaceous divisions, and the inner one being petaloid and blue-colored. Stamens six; a free tri-locular ovary, surmounted by a simple style. Introduced into our Materia Medica by Dr. Mure, Brazil. Preparation.—The fresh leaves, gathered at time of floAvering are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, strain- ing and filtering. Drug power of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. TRIFOLIUM. Synonym, Trifolium Pratense, Linn. Nat. Ord., Leguminosae. Common Name, Red Clover. This is a biennial plant, common throughout the United States. Stems ascending, thinly hirsute; leaflets oval or obovate, often notched at the end and with a pale spot above; stipules broad, bristle-pointed; heads ovate, sessile. It was first proven by Dr. T. C. Duncan, U. S. Preparation.—The fresh blossoms are pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp 442 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, \. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IIf. TRIFOLIUM ARVENSE, Linn. Nat. Ord., Leguminosae. Common Names, Rabbit Foot. Stone Clover. This species is a native of Europe and Central Asia, and has been introduced into America, where it is found growing in old fields. Stems are from five to ten inches high, silky and branching; leaflets oblanceolate; heads becoming very soft-doAvny and grayish, oblong or cylindrical; calyx-teeth silky-plumose, longer than the whitish corolla; root annual. Preparation.—The fresh plant, gathered in July and freed from all ligneous stalks, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thor- oughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole well, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug power, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. TRILLIUM. Synonyms, Trillium Pendulum, Aiton and Muhlenberg. Trillium Album. Nat. Ord., Smilacese. Common Name, White Beth-Root. This is an indigenous plant, common in the Middle and Western States, groAving in rich soils, in damp, rocky and shady woods. Root oblong, tuberous, from which arises a slender stem, from ten to fifteen inches in height. Leaves three, Avhorled at the top of the stem, sub- orbicular rhomboidal, abruptly acuminate, from three to five inches in diameter, on petioles about a line in length. Flowers white, solitary, terminal, cernuous, on a recurved peduncle, from one to two and a half inches long. Sepals green, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, an inch long. Petals white, oblong-ovate, acute, one and a quarter inches in length, by half an inch broad. Styles three, erect, with curved stigma. Preparation.—The fresh root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 443 Drug power of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. TRIOSTEUM PERFOLIATUM, Linn. Nat. Ord., Caprifoliaceae. Common Names, Fever-Wort. Horse Gentian. This perennial herb is indigenous, found in rich woodlands. Its stems are from two to four feet high, softly hairy ; leaves oval, abruptly narroAved beloAV, downy beneath. Flowers sessile, in clusters, brown- ish-purple, appearing in June. Calyx five-parted; segments linear- lanceolate, leaf-like, persistent. Corolla tubular, gibbous at the base, sub-equally five-lobed, scarcely longer than the calyx; stamens five. OA'ary mostly three-celled, in fruit forming a rather dry drupe, orange- colored, half an inch long, containing three, angled and ribbed, one- seeded, bony nutlets. It Avas proven by Dr. W. Williamson, U. S. Preparation.—The fresh root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole, pour it into a Avell- stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tmcture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug poAver, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. TROMBIDIUM MUSCiE DOMESTICS. Synonyms, Trombidium Holosericeum. Leptus Auctumnalis. Class, Arachnida. Order, Acaridea. A minute bright red acarus, found under the wings of the common house-fly in Philadelphia, the provings of which Avere made by Dr. J. P. Harvey Preparation —The entire acarus is crushed and covered with fifty parts by Aveight of alcohol. Having poured it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to remain eight days in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and fil- tered. Amount of drug power, T£7. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class VI—ft. TUSSILAGO PETASITES, Linn. Synonym, Petasites Vulgaris, Desf. Nat. Ord., Compositse. Common Names, Butter-Bur. Pestilence Wort. This plant is a native of Europe. Leaves, the small ones or scales 444 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. numerous, oblong or linear, entire and erect; the radical ones appear- ing much later than the flower stems, angular and toothed, covered underneath with a loose, white, cottony wool, of which there is a little also on the upper side. FloAvering stems not in tufts, as in the com- mon Coltsfoot, often a foot high Avhen full groAvn, with many flower- heads of a dull pinkish-purple, in a narroAV, oblong, terminal panicle, and almost dioecious. The male plant has a looser panicle of smaller heads, the florets either all tubular and male (the pistil, although apparently perfect, having no ovule and forming no seed), or with a few filiform female ones on the outside; the female panicle more com- pact, the heads larger, the florets all filiform, or with a few tubular male ones in the centre. It was proven by Dr. Kuchenmeister, Germany. Preparation.—The fresh plant is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole, pour it into a well- stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug power, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. UPAS TIEUTE. Synonym, Strychnos Tieute, Leschenault. Nat. Ord., Loganiaceae. Common Name, Upas Tree. Upas is a term used in the Malay tongue for arrow poison. In the Celebes and Borneo the word ipo is employed with the same mean- ing. Commonly, however, the term "Upas" is applied to two special arrow poisons used in the East Indies, viz., Upas Antiar, and Upas Radja or Upas Tieute. Upas Antiar is prepared from the milky juice of Antiaris toxicaria, the poison tree of Macassar. Upas Radja, or Upas Tieute, also called Upas Tjettik, and far in the interior of India Sung-sig (dagger-poison), is prepared from the younger roots and the bark of the older roots of Strychnos Tieute, a climbing woody plant growing in Java. The parts named are boiled for an hour with the addition of various non-essential ingredients as garlic, pepper, etc. The substance so obtained is evaporated to a viscid mass. It is brownish-black in the fresh state, but when dry re- sembles opium in appearance. Its taste is bitter, it is in great part soluble in alcohol, and its poisonous constituents are, according to Pelletier and Caventou, strychnia and brucia. It was first proven by Dr. Pitet, France. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by weight of upas tieute is dissolved in fifty parts weight of alcohol. Amount of drug power, T£0. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class VI—ft. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 445 URANIUM NITRICUM. Proper Name, Uranyl Nitrate. Synonyms, Uranic Nitrate. Uranii Nitras. Common Name, Nitrate of Uranium Formula, (U202) (N03)2, 6H20. Molecular Weight, 504. _ Origin.—Uranium is a rare metal; its principal ore consists of impure urauoso-uranic oxide (pitchblende) containing sulphur, arsenic, lead, iron and several other metals. It occurs in other mineral forms, as carbonate, sulphate, etc. The nitrate is used in medicine. Preparation.—Ebelmann's method is to digest pulverized pitch- blende Avith hydrochloric acid to dissolve oxides of calcium, mag- nesium, manganese and other metals; the residue is to be washed, dried and then roasted with charcoal. The cooled mass is to be exhausted Avith strong hydrochloric acid to remove iron, copper and lead as com- pletely as possible; again the washed residue is to be roasted and dis- solved in nitric acid. The solution thus obtained is to be evap- orated to dryness and again treated Avith water Avhich leaves arsen- ate of iron undissolved; the filtrate is to be treated Avith hydrogen sul- phide and evaporated until crystallization begins; the resulting crys- tals are to be purified by recrystallization. A perfectly pure uranium nitrate may be obtained by dissolving the ordinary nitrate, prepared as directed above, in Avater and precipitating Avith oxalic acid; the result- ing oxalate of uranium is to be washed, dried and heated to full red- ness, Avhen uranous oxide remains as the sole residue. This is to be dissolved in nitric acid and crystallized out. Properties.—Uranium nitrate forms trimetric prisms which are yellow in color Avhen vieAved by direct light; when the light falls obliquely to the observer the crystals have a green fluorescence. The crystals deliquesce superficially in the air; when heated they melt in their Avater of crystallization, and if more strongly heated give up their nitric acid and become converted into uranic and finally into uranoso-uranic oxide. They are soluble in Avater, alcohol and ether. The salt is decomposed under the influence of light, hence the crystals should be kept in bottles securely protected therefrom. It Avas proven by E. S. Blake, M. B., England. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure nitrate of uranium is triturated as directed under Class VII. URTICA. Synonyms, Urtica Urens, Linn. Urtica Minora. Nat. Ord., Urticacese. Common Names, Common Nettle. DAvarf Stinging Nettle. The small or dAvarf nettle is widely distributed in North America, although but sparingly in the northern portion. It is found also in both Europe and Asia. It is an annual, stem a foot to a foot and a half high, covered with venomous stinging hairs, and branching. Leaves opposite, petiolate, stipulate, from one to two inches long, broad-elhp- 446 HOMOCEPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. tic or ovate, three-veined, deeply acute-serrate. Flowers green, in drooping axilliary clusters, in pairs. The stinging power of nettles is due, according to Saladin, to acid ammonium carbonate contained in glands beneath their epidermis. When the herb is distilled with water the distillate contains formic acid (Gorup-Besanez). It Avas first proven by Dr. John Redman Coxe, Jr., U. S. Preparation.—The entire fresh plant, gathered Avhen in flower, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. URTICA DIOICA, Linn. Nat. Ord., Urticaceae. Common Name, Great or Large Nettle. This nettle is like the preceding as to its origin and distribution, ex- cept that it is more abundant in North America than U. urens. Stem tAvo to four feet high, obtusely four-angled, branching, hispid Avith stinging hairs. Leaves opposite, stipulate on petioles. Leaves cor- date, lance-ovate, coarsely serrate, two to three inches long, conspic- uously pointed. Flowers small, greenish, generally dioecious, in branching panicled spikes. Preparation.—The fresh herb, gathered Avhen coming into floAver, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, \. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. USNEA BARBATA, Fries. Nat. Ord., Lichenes. U. barbata is a very common lichen found groAving in pendulous masses on the bark of trees, in large forests. The genus Usnea is characterized as follows ; apothecia sub-terminal, rounded, peltate; the open disk placed upon the filamentous, medullary stratum, the margin generally radiate-ciliate. Thallus cartilagineous, at first erect, suflVuc- ticulose, becoming more or less filamentous or pendulous Avith age, the medullary layer somewhat separated from the crustaceous cortical stratum. The species U. barbata has an irregularly branched, terete HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 447 thallus, at length annulate-cracked, glaucous; apothecia almost immar- gmate, radiate; disk pale. It has a number of forms or varieties, viz., var. fiorida, v. strigosa, v. rubigenea, v. hirta, v. plicata and v. aarypoga, the latter being also termed U. barbata, Hoff'm. and Lichen barbatus, Linn. Preparation —The fresh lichen finely chopped, is covered with five parts by Aveight of dilute alcohol, the whole poured into a well- stoppered bottle, and allowed to remain eight days in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, y1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. USTILAGO MAIDIS, Corda. Nat. Ord., Fungi. Common Names, Maize Smut. Corn Smut. This is a fungus found groAving on the Indian corn, Zea mays. It is often as large, sometimes larger than an orange. It is covered with a dark gray or brown epidermis, Avhich bursts Avhen ripe. The spores are spherical, minute, their surface covered with echinulate Avarts like prickles; they are deep-seated, nearly black and pulveru- lent, having the appearance of soot under the naked eye. It was introduced into our Materia Medica by Dr. W. H. Burt, U.S. Preparation.—The fresh, just ripe fungus, is powdered and cov- ered with five parts by weight of alcohol, and allowed to remain eight days in a well-steppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Amount of drug poAver, y^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. Triturations of the ripe fungus are prepared as directed under Class VII. UVA URSI. Synonyms, Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi, Sprengel. Arbutus Uva- ursi, Linn. Nat. Ord., Ericaceae. Common Name, Bearberry. This is a small evergreen shrub, procumbent in habit, found grow- ing in Europe, North America and Northern Asia, in fact over the greater portion of the Northern Hemisphere. It prefers dry, sandy, or even rocky situations. Stem much branched; leaves almost sessile, obovate, about an inch long, and from one-quarter to three-eighths of an inch Avide, entire, with margins somewhat reflexed. The leaves are slightly pubescent when young, afterward smooth, shining above, and leathery, paler and minutely reticulated beneath. Flowers urceolate, 448 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. whitish, in short pendent racemes. Fruit a drupe, bright red in color, Avith five flat nutlets, each one seeded. Flowers in May. The drug Avas first proven by Hahnemann. Preparation.—The fresh leaves, gathered in autumn, are chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then take two-thirds by weight of alcohol, add it to the pulp, stir and mix well, and strain through a piece of neAV linen. The tincture thus obtained is allowed to stand eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, 5. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class II. VACCININUM. Common Names, Vaccine Virus. Bovine Virus. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The genuine vaccine matter, taken fresh from a healthy young heifer, is triturated as di- rected under Class VIII. VALERIANA OFFICINALIS, Linn. Synonym, Phu Germanicum. Nat. Ord., Valerianacese. Common Name, Great Wild Valerian. V. officinalis is an herbaceous perennial plant of handsome aspect, found growing in almost the Avhole of Europe north of Spain, and in Asia, from the Crimea to Manchuria and northAvard. It grows on plains and uplands, and has been found at an elevation of 1200 feet above the sea-level. In the wild state the plant varies greatly accord- ing to its situation, as many as eight varieties having been noticed by botanists. It is cultivated in Germany, England and Holland, and to some extent in the United States. The stem is from tAvo to four feet high, erect, round, furrowed, branching at the top. Radical leaves large, lanceolate, on lengthened petioles. Stem leaves on short, sheath- ing petioles, elliptical, with deep serrations. FloAvers small, white or tinged with rose-color, in crowded, compound cymes. Fruit a one- celled, one-seeded capsule. The root is used in medicine. It is seen in commerce as an upright rhizome as thick as the little finger, giving off many slender root- lets and a few horizontal branches. The root has a peculiar odor, somewhat terebinthinate and camphoraceous, and its taste is bitter and aromatic. It was first proven by Hahnemann. Preparation.—The dried root, coarsely powdered, is covered with five parts by Aveight of alcohol, and alloAved to remain eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, T\j. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 449 VARIOLINUM. Common Name, Small Pox Virus. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The contents of a ripe small pox pustule are triturated, as directed under Class VIII. VERATRUM ALBUM, Linn. Synonyms, Elleborum Album. Helleborus Albus. Nat. Ord., Liliacese. Common Names, White Hellebore. European Hellebore. This is a perennial, herbaceous plant, groAving in moist grassy spots, in the mountainous portions of middle Europe, and extending eastward through Asiatic Russia. Stem from two to four feet high; leaves alternate, broad-oval or elliptical, nearly six inches long, entire, sheath- ing at base, strongly veined and plaited. Flowers in large racemose- panicles ; perianth, of six petaloid segments, united at the base, yelloAV- ish-Avhite Avithin, green Avithout. Fruit a three-lobed capsule, many seeded. The root is used in medicine; the rootstock is cylindrical, fleshy, about an inch in diameter Avith stoutish long rootlets; in the fresh state it has a garlicky odor. In commerce the root is found cylindrical or sub-conical in shape, dull earthy black in color, and roughened in surface below by the scars left by old roots. Its top is croAvned by leaf-bases. On trans- verse section of the root is seen a broad Avhite ring, Avithin Avhich is a pale buff centre. Its taste is bitter and acrid, followed by a sensation of numbness and tingling. Its powder acts as a violent sternutatory. It Avas first proven by Hahnemann. Preparation.—The dried root, coarsely powdered, is covered Avith five parts by Aveight of alcohol and alloAved to remain eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, TV- Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. VERATRUM VIRIDE, Aiton. Synonym, Helonias Viridis. Nat. Ord., Liliaceae. Common Names, American Hellebore. Swamp Hellebore. Recent Avriters consider this plant as merely a variety of the preced- ing. Fliickiger and Hanbury say, that the green colored variety, Veratrum Lobelianum found in Alpine mountain meadows, is indistin- guishable from Veratrum viride, Ait. Regel describes (Tentamen Florae Ussur, St. Petersburg, 1861, 153, quoted by F. and H), four varieties of Veratrum album occurring in the Amoor region in Siberia and identified one Avith Veratrum viride. Gray considers Veratrum viride "much too near Veratrum album of Europe." Sims, 1808, quoted by F. and H, says that the floAvers of Veratrum viride "are more inclined to a yellow-green" than those of Veratrum album, the \ 29 450 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. petals broader and more erect, the margins, especially about claw, covered Avith a white mealiness. The American Avhite hellebore is a coarse plant found growing in wet meadows and swamps from Canada to Georgia. Leaves large, nearly a foot long and half as Avide, sheathing at the base. Stem striate, pubescent, two to four feet high. FloAvers in pyramidal pani- cles, made up of dense, spreading, spike-like racemes. In commerce the rhizome is found dried Avith the roots attached, the latter being pale brown in color, and towards their ends giving out slender fibrous rootlets. For convenience in drying, the rootstocks are quartered lengthwise. The rhizome is also sent into market deprived of its roots, cut into transverse slices and dried. The slices are about an inch in the average diameter, curled and shrunken by drying and in color whitish, buff or broAvnish. Preparation.—The fresh root, gathered in autumn, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of dilute alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole, pour into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug poAver, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III, except that dilute alcohol is to be used until the 2 and 4x are reached. VERBASCUM. Synonyms, Verbascum Thapsus, Linn. Thapsus Barbatus. Nat. Ord., Scrophulariaceae. Common Names, Mullein. Blattaria. Flannel Plant. t This plant is a native of Europe, but has become naturalized in North America, where it is found very frequently in fields, etc. The whole plant is densely tomentous throughout; stem erect, three to five feet high, stout, simple, angles winged by the decurrent bases of the oblong acute leaves; flowers (yellow, very rarely-white) in a pro- longed and very dense club-shaped spike; lower stamens usually beardless ; pod globular, many-seeded. It was first proven by Hahnemann. Preparation.—The fresh plant, gathered when coming into bloom, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. & Amount of drug power, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 451 VERBENA HASTATA, Linn. Nat. Ord., Verbenacese. Common Names, Blue Vervain. Purvain. Wild Hyssop. This plant is indigenous to this country, Avhere it is found very fre- quently on low and waste grounds. It is tall, from four to six feet high; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, incisely-ser- rate, on petioles, the lower often lobed and sometimes hastate at the base; spikes slender, erect, densely flowered, panicled or corymbed. FloAvers. from July to September. Preparation.—The fresh plant, in floAver, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug poAver, £ Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. VERBENA OFFICINALIS, Linn. Synonym, Verbena Maris. Nat. Ord., Verbenaceae. Common Names, Vervain. Verbena. White Vervain. This plant groAvs in Germany and the south of Europe, in sandy places, along roads, hedges, and on heaps of rubbish. Stem is erect, from one to three feet high, loosely branched; leaves pinnatifid or three-cleft, oblong-lanceolate, sessile, smooth above, the lobes cut and toothed; spikes panicled, very slender; bracts small, much shorter than the very small purplish floAvers. Flowers appear all summer. Preparation.—The fresh herb, in floAver, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then add tAvo-thirds by Aveight of alcohol, stir Avell, and strain through a piece of neAV linen. The tincture thus ob- tained is allowed to stand eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Amount of drug poAver, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class II. VERBENA URTIC^FOLIA, Linn. Nat. Ord., Verbenacese. Common Name, Nettle-Leaved or White Vervain. This plant is found growing in old fields and roadsides in Mexico, West Indies and in other portions of America. The stems are rather tall, sub-pubescent; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, coarsely serrate, petiolate; spikes very slender, at length much elongated, with the flowers separate, loosely panicled, very small, white. Preparation. —The fresh plant, in flower, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two-thirds by weight of alcohol are 452 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. taken, mixed well with the pulp, and the Avhole is pressed out in a piece of neAV linen. This tincture is allowed to stand eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place and then filtered. Amount of drug power, 2. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class II. VERONICA BECCABUNGA. Synonym, Veronica Americana, Schweinitz. Nat. Ord., Scrophulariacese. Common Name, Brooklime. This plant is found in Europe and Asia, growing near springs and in running waters. Stem smooth, decumbent beloAv, erect above, twelve to eighteen inches long. Leaves opposite, on short petioles, oval, serrate, obtuse; they are about an inch and a half long and smooth. Flowers pale blue, veined, in loose axillary racemes. Fruit a roundish-turgid capsule, two-celled, feAV-seeded. Preparation.—The fresh plant, gathered Avhen in bloom, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then add two-thirds by Aveight of alcohol to the pulp, stirring and mixing well, and strain through a piece of neAV linen. The tincture thus obtained is alloAved to stand eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Drug poAArer of tincture, 2. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class II. VESPA CRABRO. Class, Insecta. Order, Hymenoptera. Family, Vesparise. Common Name, Wasp. The common Avasp of Europe. Preparation.—Live wasps are put into a bottle, and after being aggravated by shaking, are covered with five times their weight of strong alcohol, and the whole allowed to remain eight days, in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Amount of drug power, y1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. VIBURNUM OPULUS, Linn. Synonyms, Viburnum Edule. Viburnum Oxycoccus. Nat. Ord., Caprifoliacese. Common Names, High Cranberry. Sheep's Berry. Snowball. This shrub has nearly smooth, upright stems from five to ten feet high; leaves three to five-veined, three-lobed, broadly Avedge-shaped or truncate at the base, the divaricate lobes pointed, mostly crenate- toothed on the sides, entire in the sinuses; petioles bearing two glands HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 453 at the apex, cymes pedunculate. Fruit spherical, pleasantly acid, bright red, resembling the common cranberry in flavor, the stone very flat, nearly orbicular; leaf-buds enclosed in one or two pairs of scales. It grows in low grounds, along streams; common in the Alleghanies as far South as the borders of Maryland. Preparation.—The fresh bark of the root is pounded to a fine pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and after thoroughly mixing the pulp with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAArer of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. VIBURNUM PRUNIFOLIUM, Linn. Nat. Ord., Caprifoliacese. Common Names, Black HaAV. Plum-leaved Viburnum. This is a shrub or small tree, in height from ten to twenty feet, found growing in Avoods and thickets from New York soutlnvard to Georgia and Avestward to the Mississippi. Leaves opposite, from two to three inches long and nearly half as wide, on slightly margined petioles; they are smooth, shining aboA^e, oval or roundish-obovate, sharply serrulate. Flowers white, in terminal, nearly sessile, large cymes; corolla rotate, five-parted. Fruit an oval bluish-black berry, containing a smooth, flattened putamen. The berry is sweet and eatable. Preparation.—The fresh ripe fruit is pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, &. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. VINCA MINOR, Linn. Synonym, Vinca Pervinca. Nat. Ord., Apocynacese. Common Name, Lesser Periwinkle. This evergreen is a native of Europe, and is found in shaded woods and stony slopes or hedges, and is also frequently reared in gardens for ornament. It has a creeping root-stock, long, trailing, barren shoots, with short, erect, floAvering stems about six inches high. Leaves are narrow-ovate or oblong, evergreen, shining, and perfectly glabrous, opposite and entire. Pedicels shorter than the leaves. Corolla small, blue, the tube broad, almost bell-shaped, with a flat spreading limb, with five broad oblique segments twisted in the bud; stamens five, enclosed in the tube. It differs from Vinca major in its smaller size, 454 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. more trailing habit, narrower leaves, which are perfectly glabrous, and shorter and broader segments to the calyx, Avithout any hairs on their edges. The floAvers appear in April and May. It was introduced into our Materia Medica by Dr. Rosenberg, Ger- many. Preparation.—The fresh plant, gathered at the beginning of flow- ering, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then add tAvo- thirds by Aveight of alcohol to the pulp, stir and mix well together, and strain through a piece of neAV linen. The tincture thus obtained is allowed to stand eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Drug power of tincture, h Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class II. VIOLA ODORATA, Linn. Synonyms, Viola Imberis. Viola Suavis. Nat. Ord., Violacese. Common Name, Sweet-scented Violet. This delightfully scented plant is found growing in Europe and Northern Asia, but has become naturalized to some extent in the United States. It is characterized by its long filiform, trailing runners. Leaves cordate, crenate, nearly smooth. Flowers small, fragrant, dark- blue, solitary, on a recurved angular pedicel. Petals five, irregular, the broadest spurred at the base, lateral ones having a hairy line. The flowers appear in April and May. It was first proven by Hahnemann. Preparation.—The fresh plant, gathered when in flower, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then tAvo parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, strain- ing and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. VIOLA TRICOLOR, Linn. Synonyms, Viola Trinitatis. Jacea. Nat. Ord., Violacea?. Common Names, Pansy. Heart's Ease. The pansy is a Avell knoAvn flower, much cultivated in all civilized countries. It is indigenous to Europe and Northern Asia. Stem an- gular, erect or ascending, diffusely branched. Leaves oblong-ovate, lower ones ovate-cordate, deeply crenate; the stipules nearly as large as the leaves and lyrate-pinnatifid. Flowers on long peduncles, are five-parted, variable in size. Petals, the tAvo upper purple, lateral ones Avhite, loAver one striated, all yelloAv at the base. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 455 It was first proven by Hahnemann. Preparation.—The fresh plants, gathered when in flower (those bearing yellow and blue flowers are preferable), are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, o. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. VIPERA REDI. Class, Reptilia. Order, Ophidia. Family, Viperidse. Common Name, Italian Viper. Short provings of the virus of this reptile are given in Jahr's Symp- tomen Codex. Preparation.—The fresh poison is triturated as directed under Class VIII. VIPERA TORVA. Class, Reptilia. Order, Ophidia. Family, Viperidae. Common Name, German Viper. Short provings of the virus of this reptile are given in Jahr's Symp- tomen Codex. Preparation.—The fresh poison is triturated as directed under Class VIII. VISCUM ALBUM, Linn. Synonym, Viscum Flavescens. Nat. Ord., Loranthacese. Common Name, Mistletoe. . Thh is a shrubby evergreen, parasitic plant, found growing upon the oak, elm, apple and other fruit trees, by whose juices they are sus- tained through the medium of simple roots which pierce the bark and the sap-vessels. The plant is indigenous to Europe, and is somewhat celebrated in English song and story It is yellow-green, branched and jointed, and reaches a length of nearly two feet, forming a pendent bush. Leaves opposite, thick, without stipules, obtuse narrow, oblong or oval, entire. Flowers generally dioecious, m spikes or clusters. Fruit, a berry white, nearly transparent, with a viscid pulp, imbedded in Avhich is a single seed. 456 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Preparation.—Equal parts of the fresh berries and leaves are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole, pour ft into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. VITIS VINIFERA, Linn. Nat. Ord., Vitacese. Common Name, Common Grape Vine. The common grape vine is a native of Central Asia, but has become naturalized in nearly all temperate climates. Leaves cordate, sinuately five-lobed, glabrous or tomentose; flowers all perfect. By cultivation it sports into endless varieties, which differ in the form, color, size and flavor of the fruit and in respect to the hardiness of constitution. In New England its cultivation is chiefly confined to the garden as a dessert fruit; but there are extensive vineyards in the Middle and Western States for the production of wine. The vine is propagated by cuttings. Varieties without end may be raised from the seed, Avhich will bear fruit the fourth or fifth year. A vineyard, it is said, Avill continue to produce fruit for two hundred years. Preparation.—The fresh leaves are chopped and pounded to a pulp and pressed out in a piece of neAV linen. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled with an equal part by weight of alcohol. The mixture is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place, in a well-stoppered bottle and then filtered. Amount of drug poAver, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. VULPIS FEL. From Canis Vulpes. Class, Mammalia. Order, Carnivora. Family, Canina. Common Name, Fox-gall. Preparation.—The fresh gall is triturated as directed under Class IX. VULPIS HEPAR. From Canis Vulpes. ■ Class, Mammalia. Order, Carnivora. Family, Canina. Common Name, Fox-liver. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 457 Preparation.—The carefully dried liver is triturated as directed under Class VII. VULPIS PULMO. Synonym, Pulmo Vulpis. From Canis Vulpes Class, Mammalia. Order, Carnivora. Family, Canina. Common Name, Fox-lungs. Preparation.—The carefully dried lungs are triturated as directed under Class VII. WYETHIA HELENIOIDES, Nuttall. Synonyms, Alargonia Helenioides, De Candolle. Melarhiza Inu- loides, Kellogg. Nat. Ord., Compositse. Soft-tomentose, or becoming Avith age nearly glabrous, a foot or tAvo high; leaves oblong or ovate; radical ones a foot or more long, four to six inches Avide; cauline about half the size, all contracted at base into a short petiole; heads mostly leafy at base ; outer scales of the invol- ucre ovate-lanceolate or ovate, sometimes toothed ; achenia more or less pubescent at top when young. This perennial inhabits hillsides; com- mon near San Francisco and through the valley of the Sacramento. Preparation.—The fresh root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole well, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, \. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. XANTHIUM SPINOSUM, Linn. Nat. Ord., Compositse. Common Name, Spinv Clotbur. This plant is a native of Southern Europe, but is found growing in the United States from Massachusetts to Georgia, on roadsides and in fields. The plant is white-tomentose, a foot or two high, and is armed with straw-colored spines, arranged triply at the base of the leaves. Leaves on petioles, ovate-lanceolate, entire, or three-lobed, or dentate. Flower heads sessile, axillary, lower ones fertile, upper ones sterile. Fertile involucre closed, ovoid, coriaceous, and clothed with rough prickles forming a rough burr. Preparation.—The fresh herb, in flower, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the 458 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. alcohol added. After having stirred the whole, pour it into a well- stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug power, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. XANTHOXYLUM FRAXINEUM, Willdenow. Synonyms, Xanthoxylon Americanum, Miller. Hylax Frax- ineum. Nat. Ord., Rutaceae. Common Names, Prickly Ash. Pellitory. Suterberry. Yellow Wood. This is an indigenous shrub found growing in the greater portion of the United States. It is often ten or twelve feet high, and prefers Avoods and shady places. The branches are armed with strong, coni- cal, brown prickles. Leaves alternate, pinnate; leaflets about five pairs, Avith an odd one terminal, attached to a common petiole, either prickly or not. The leaflets are sessile, ovate, sub-entire, smooth above, doAvny beneath. Flowers small, greenish, in dense, axillary umbels, and appear before the leaves. Some individuals bear both male and female flowers, others only female. Calyx none; petals five. In the fruitful flower, pistils three to five. Fruit an oval capsule, two- valved, one to two-seeded, greenish-red. Flowers in April and May. The bark is used in medicine. It is found .in commerce in quills varying in diameter from one-twelfth inch to one inch, and in lengths of two inches or less. The bark is about one-sixteenth of an inch thick, is grayish-broAvn externally, nearly smooth, with faint longitudinal furrows, occasionally marked by wart-like growths and irregularly splashed Avith white, and is sparsely spinous. Beneath the external layer is a green one, and below that is the yellowish inner bark. The bark is Avithout odor and has a bitter, aromatic taste. It was introduced into the Homoeopathic Materia Medica by Dr. Charles Cullis, United States. Preparation.—The fresh bark, in coarse powder, is covered with two parts by weight of alcohol, and allowed to remain eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. YUCCA. Synonym, Yucca Filamentosa, Linn. Nat. Ord., Liliacese. Common Names, Bear Grass. Adam's Needle. This plant is found growing in sandy soil, in East Virginia and southward, Avhere it is called Spanish Bayonet. Its trunk, rising from HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 459 a running rootstalk to a height of a foot or less above the ground, is covered with the lanceolate, unarmed, coriaceous leaves, bearing fila- ments on their margins; the leaves are from one to two feet long. The scape-like flower-stem is from six to eight feet high, erect, and ter- minated by an ample pyramidal panicle of simple racemes. Perianth of six petaloid (white) oval or oblong, acute flat sepals, withering- persistent, the three inner broader, longer than the six stamens. Stig- mas three, sessile. Capsule oblong, somewhat hexagonal, three-celled; cells imperfectly divided by a partition from the back, fleshy, loculi- cidally three-valved from the apex. Seeds numerous in each cell, de-. pressed. Flowers appear in July. It Avas first proved by Dr. Charles E. RoAvell, United States. Preparation. — The fresh roots and leaves are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug power, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class HI. ZINCUM. Synonyms, Zincum Metallicum. Stannum Indicum. Common Names, Zinc. Metallic Zinc. Symbol, Zn. Atomic Weight, 65. Origin.—Zinc has been found in the metallic state in Australia, but commonly it is obtained only in combination. Zinc occurs in con- siderable abundance as calamine, a silicate of the metal; as Smithsonite formerly termed calamine, a carbonate; as blende, a sulphide, and as red zinc ore, an oxide. Small quantities of aluminate, arsenate, phos- phate and sulphate of the metal are also found. The extraction of the metal from its ores is done on a large scale in Silesia, Belgium, England, and to some extent in the United States. The first four named ores of zinc are calcined before being smelted. The roasted ore is then mixed with half its weight of powdered char- coal, coke or anthracite coal, and subjected to distillation in closed iron or earthen vessels, at a very high temperature. The carbon of the charcoal or other coal unites with the oxygen of the oxide into which the ore had been converted by roasting, and the metal being volatile at the temperature of the distillation, is carried into suitable receivers by means of apparatus which varies in its character in different coun- tries. The zinc so obtained is remelted, cast into ingots and comes in commerce under the name of spelter. Commercial zinc is contaminated with lead and iron, and in a less degree with tin and cadmium; and oc- casionally it contains traces of arsenic and copper. The metal may be 460 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. obtained perfectly pure by passing sulphuretted hydrogen through a strong and somewhat acid solution of zinc sulphate, filtering off any precipitate, boiling the solution to expel the sulphuretted hydrogen, and then precipitating the zinc as carbonate by means of sodium car- bonate. The carbonate is to be Avashed, redissolved in pure sulphuric acid, dried, mixed with charcoal prepared from loaf sugar, and the mixture distilled in a porcelain retort. Properties.—Zinc is a bluish-white metal, ordinarily hard and brittle, Avhose fracture exhibits a crystalline structure. It readily takes a high polish, but this is lost upon exposure for a time to the air. Its specific gravity is about 7.0. Absolutely pure zinc is mallea- ble at ordinary temperatures, and may be hammered into thin leaves. Commercial zinc Avhich is impure and brittle at Ioav temperatures be- comes malleable between 100° and 150° C. (212°-302° F.); at 210° C. (410° F.) it again becomes brittle, and may be pulverized in a mortar kept at that temperature. Zinc melts at 412° C. (773.6° F.) and at 1040° C. (1904° F.), it boils and volatilizes, and in the presence of oxygen burns with a greenish flame, forming the oxide. Commercial zinc dissolves easily in dilute sulphuric, hydrochloric and other acids, with the formation of the respecthre zinc salts and the evolution of hydrogen. This is due to the presence of other metals, and the conse- quent formation of a galvanic couple Avith displacement and liberation of the hydrogen of the acid as above stated. Pure zinc is acted upon by the same acids very slowly, but if another and more negative metal be present the electro-decomposition takes place. On bending a rod or bar of zinc, it emits a slight crepitating, noise, similar to but Aveaker than that of tin. The metal was first proven by Hahnemann. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure metal, heated to 410° F. and finely poAvdered is triturated, as directed under Class VII. ZINCUM ACETICUM. Synonyms, Zinc Acetate. Zinci Acetas. Common Name, Acetate of Zinc. Formula, Zn (C2 H3 02)2, 3 H20. Molecular Weight, 237. Preparation of Acetate of Zinc—One hundred parts of com- mercial zinc oxide, free from iron oxide, are to be mixed with 250 parts of distilled water and 530 parts of dilute acetic acid of specific gravity 1.040, and about 15 parts of pure metallic zinc, in small pieces, are to be dropped into the mixture. The whole is to be heated for half a day on the water-bath. The fluid is to be filtered while boiling and the filtrate set aside to crystallize. After the lapse of a day, a second crop of crystals may be obtained by adding to the mother liquor a small quantity of acetic acid, evaporating to one-half and again setting aside to crystallize; the crystals are to be dried upon bibulous paper. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 461 Properties.—Acetate of zinc crystallizes in six-sided, colorless, transparent, pearly, rhombic tables or plates. They feel greasy to the touch, and possess a Aveak acetous odor and a nauseating metallic taste. In the air the crystals become efflorescent from loss of some of their acid and water of crystallization; they are soluble in three parts of cold, in one and a half of boiling water, in thirty of cold and in two of boiling 90 per cent, alcohol. The crystals melt when heated to 100° C (212° F.) Avith a loss of a small portion of their acid, and become then solid, and Avhen further heated to 195° C. (383° F.) they again become fluid, and sublimed zinc acetate is produced in squamous forms. Tests.—These are chiefly for the presence of lead, cadmium and magnesia. A solution of zinc salt is to be treated Avith caustic alkali; the resulting precipitate should dissolve in an excess of the reagent (any undissolved portion means cadmium oxide or magnesia). The alkaline solution, Avhen treated Avith hydrogen sulphide, gives a Avhite precipitate of zinc sulphide (if lead oxide is present the precipitate is dark broAvn or blackish). When zinc acetate solution is treated Avith ammonium carbonate a voluminous Avhitish precipitate of zinc carbon- ate occurs, Avhich is redissolved in excess of the precipitant (an undis- solved portion is due to cadmium oxide or lead oxide). When a feAV drops of phosphoric acid are added to the ammoniacal solution, a Avhite precipitate, falling immediately or in a very short time, denotes the presence of a magnesium salt. It was first proAren by Hahnemann. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure acetate of zinc is triturated as directed under Class VII. ZINCUM BROMATUM. Synonym, Zinc Bromide. Zinci Bromidum. Common Name, Bromide of Zinc. Formula, Zn Br2. Molecular Weight, 225. Preparation.—This compound maybe prepared by digesting pure granulated zinc in hydrobromic acid; some slips of platinum foil are to be placed in the liquid, so that they shall touch the zinc fragments; a galvanic action is immediately set up Avith the formation of zinc bromide and the evolution of hydrogen. The zinc is to be kept in contact Avith the platinum and in excess. As soon as the evolution of hydrogen has ceased, the solution is to be filtered, concentrated and evaporated to dryness upon a Avater-bath. Properties.—The hydrated bromide of zinc, prepared as directed above is an indistinctly crystalline, very deliquescent mass. When heated the mass yields a sublimate of zinc bromide in white needles, whose specific gravity is 3.643. Zinc bromide has a styptic, sweetish t'i*te dissolves freely in water and is soluble in alcohol and ether. ' Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Bromide of zinc is triturated, as directed under Class VII, but owing to the deliquescence of the salt, the first decimal will not keep well. 462 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. ZINCUM CARBONICUM. Synonyms, Zinc Carbonate. Zinci Carbonas Proecipitata. Common Names, Carbonate of Zinc. Precipitated Carbonate of Zinc. Formula, Zn C03, Zn H2 02. Molecular Weight, 224. Preparation of Carbonate of Zinc.—One hundred parts of pure crystallized zinc sulphate, free from iron, are dissolved in 2,000 parts of distilled water, and while boiling, filtered; the boiling-hot filtrate is to be mixed gradually and Avith constant stirring, Avith a fil- tered and hot solution of 115 parts of crystallized sodium carbonate in 2,000 parts of distilled water. After the precipitate has subsided it is to be collected on a muslin strainer, and Avashed Avith hot distilled Avater until the Avashings are no longer rendered turbid by barium chloride solution; it is then to be dried at a gentle heat. Properties.—The preparation made by the directions given above consists of the carbonate and hydrate of zinc; it is a soft, very white powder, insoluble in water, but readily dissolves in dilute acids with effervescence and the formation of zinc salts of the acids used. The officinal carbonate is without taste or odor. When heated to red- ness it parts Avith its C02 and H20, and there is left oxide of zinc to the amount of about 70 per cent. Tests.—When the compound is dissolved in dilute nitric acid the solution should show no change on being treated Avith barium nitrate (sulphate), and silver nitrate (chloride). The same solution, Avhen treated Avith ammonium carbonate in excess, should be clear, the pre- cipitate first appearing being redissolved in excess of the reagent (absence of calcium), and when to the clear ammoniacal solution a drop or two of phosphoric acid are added no precipitate should occur (magnesia); with hydrogen sulphide the zinc salts in alkaline or neu- tral solution are precipitated as a Avhite sulphide. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure carbonate of zinc is triturated, as directed under Class VII. ZINCUM MURIATICUM. Synonyms, Zinc Chloride. Zinci Chloridum. Zincum Muri- aticum. Common Name, Chloride of Zinc. Formula, Zn Cl2. Molecular Weight, 136. Preparation of Chloride of Zinc—Dissolve 120 parts of pure carbonate of zinc in as much pure hydrochloric acid as may be re- quired to form a clear solution; the acid is to be added gradually, about 300 parts being needed. The solution is to be placed in a cylindrical glass vessel and allowed to stand until any undissolved resi- due has settled; the clear solution is then decanted and usually needs no filtration; if such seem necessary it is to be done through glass- HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 463 wool, paper not being suitable. The solution is to be transferred to a porcelain dish and evaporated at a gentle heat Avith frequent stirring, in a place free from dust. As soon as a someAvhat thick mass is ob- tained it is to be placed on the Avater-bath and evaporated to dryness quickly to prevent as far as possible the loss of chlorine. The dry, hot, hygroscopic mass is to be fused in a covered porcelain casserole, the liquid poured on a heated flat stone, and Avhen it has solidified it is to be broken into pieces and the fragments immediately transferred to a Avell-stoppered bottle. Properties.—Chloride of zinc is a Avhite crystalline poAvder, or is in Avhite opaque masses or sticks. It has a caustic, metallic, nauseat- ing saline taste, is Avithout odor, and has an acid reaction. It absorbs Avater readily from the air and soon becomes converted into a clear fluid. Heated to 115° C. (239° F.) it melts to a clear liquid, Avhich, upon cooling, becomes a grayish-Avhite mass; at a full red heat it \rolatilizes in thick Avhite fumes, lea\ung a yellowish-Avhite residue con- sisting of zinc oxide and chloride, a part of the zinc chloride subliming in Avhite needles. Chloride of zinc is easily soluble in Avater, and in alcohol, less readily in ether. Solutions of the officinal preparation are generally someAvhat turbid from the presence of the oxychloride. From an aqueous solution of syrupy consistence, zinc chloride sepa- rates out in small deliquescent octohedral crystals containing one mole- cule of Avater. Tests.—Its complete solubility in alcohol rendered acid Avith HO evidences the absence of impurities which are insoluble in alcohol. A clear solution in water acidulated Avith HO, becomes precipitated at first when ammonium carbonate is added; Avhen the alkali is added in excess, Avith shaking, the precipitate first formed is redissolved (a permanent precipitate under these conditions is dependent upon the presence of calcium compounds). A precipitate formed in the alka- line solution upon the addition of ammonium phosphate, and Avhich does not disappear upon further treatment Avith ammonium carbonate, is due to the presence of magnesia or a magnesium compound. Lastly, Avhen the alkaline solution is saturated with hydrogen sulphide, a pre- cipitate Avhich is not perfectly Avhite shows contamination with other metals. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure chloride of zinc is triturated, as directed under Class VII, but owing to the deliques- cence of the salt, the loAver triturations will not keep well. ZINCUM FERROCYANATUM. Synonym, Zinci Ferrocyanidum. Common Name, Ferrocyanide of Zinc. Formula, Zn2 Fe fCN)6, 3H20. Molecular Weight, 396. Preparation of Ferrocyanide of Zinc.—Six parts of crystal- lized potassium ferrocyanide are to be dissolved in sixty parts of dis- tilled water, the solution is filtered and then added gradually, with 464 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. constant stirring, to a filtered solution of eight parts of crystallized sul- phate of zinc in 180 parts of water. The mixture is alloAved to stand for several hours in a Avarm place and afterAvards in a cold one. The precipitate is to be thrown on a filter and Avashed thereon as long as the Avashings give any turbidity Avith barium chloride solution. The resi- due is to be dried at a very gentle heat and then rubbed to powder. Properties.—Officinal ferrocyanide of zinc is a white, tasteless, odorless powder; it is insoluble in water and alcohol, is not attacked by very dilute acids nor by caustic ammonia solution, but dissolves readily in potassium hydrate. When heated to redness on platinum foil there is left a residue consisting of oxides of iron and zinc. Tests.—Ferrocyanide of zinc, when shaken Avith dilute acetic acid, should yield nothing to the acid; the filtrate from the mixture should leave no residue upon evaporation from platinum foil, nor should it be colored when saturated Avith hydrogen sulphide (absence of heavy metals in the latter, of fixed salts in the former experiment). Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Ferrocyanide of zinc is triturated as directed under Class VII. ZINCUM CYANATUM. Synonyms, Zinci Cyanidum. Zincum Cyanuretum. Common Name, Cyanide of Zinc. Formula, Zn (C N)2. Preparation.—A solution of ten parts of dry chloride of zinc is to be mixed with a solution often parts of potassium cyanide in 100 of distilled Avater, and to the mixture are to be added three parts of dilute acetic acid. The precipitate is to be washed upon a filter, at first Avith 100 parts of water acidulated with three parts of dilute acetic acid, afterward Avith distilled water only. The Avashed precipitate is to be pressed betAveen folds of bibulous paper to remove as much moisture as possible and then dried quickly at a temperature of about 30° C. (86° F.) Properties.—Zinc cyanide is a white, soft, amorphous powder almost without taste or odor. It is insoluble in Avater and alcohol, but dissolves readily in strong acids with the formation of a zinc salt of the acid used, and the liberation of cyanogen, the solution giving the reac- tion for hydrocyanic acid. When heated to redness on platinum foil a residue of zinc oxide is left, which Avhen dissolved in hydrochloric acid and then treated with potassium ferrocyanide solution does not give a blue precipitate (distinguishing from the ferrocyanide of zinc.) Tests.—The tests to be applied are those described in the article Zincum muriaticum. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure cyanide of zinc is triturated as directed under Class VII. ZINCUM IODATUM. Synonyms, Zinc Iodide. Zinci Iodidum. Common Name, Iodide of Zinc. HOxMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 465 Formula, Zn I2. Molecular Weight,, 319. Preparation of Iodide of Zinc.—In a glass flask, whose capacity is about 100 CO., are to be placed ten parts of pure iodine and tAventy of distilled Avater, and then are to be gradually added three parts of pure granulated zinc. The bottom of the flask is to be heated to be- tween 30° and 40° C. (86°-104° F.), and its mouth covered with a glass funnel. After all the zinc has been taken up, the mixture is to be digested for some hours, the colorless solution filtered through glass- avooI, and evaporated in a flat porcelain dish at a gentle heat to dry- ness. The dried mass is to be at once transferred to small glass bottles carefully closed Avith cork-stoppers. Properties.—Zinc iodide forms a colorless saline mass Avithout odor and possessing a sharp metallic taste. It is easily soluble in Avater and alcohol; Avhen heated it melts, and at a higher temperature gives off iodine vapor until at last only zinc oxide remains. When carefully heated it may be sublimed and condensed in needles, and from its aqueous solutions it may by careful evaporation be obtained in regular octohedrons or cubo-octohedrons. Tests.—A small quantity of the iodide of zinc when treated Avith a feAV drops of ammonium sulphide should show only a Avhite turbidity (a coloration indicates the presence of other metals). ToAvards ammo- nium carbonate solution and phosphoric acid it behaves precisely as does zinc chloride. 0.5 gram of dry zinc iodide when shaken Avith five grams of alcohol should dissolve almost completely, and from the somewhat turbid solution there should not separate out any crystal- line substance. To this fluid is to be added a solution of 0.6 gram of silver nitrate in 30 CC. of distilled Avater. After violent shaking the fluid is alloAved to stand that the precipitate may settle, and there are to be added to it five grams of pure caustic ammonia solution, and the mixture strongly agitated. The precipitate is to be thrown upon a tared filter Avhich has been washed Avith a not too dilute nitric acid. The filtrate Avhen treated with nitric acid in excess should yield no precipitate (absence of zinc chloride or bromide). A slight tur- bidity Avhich does not materially impair the transparency of the filtrate is permissible and may be due to a trace of silver iodide. The yellow- ish-Avhite precipitate is to be washed Avith distilled Avater, dried upon a water-bath and weighed, and should Aveigh at least 0.7 gram. Preparation.—Iodide of zinc is triturated as directed under Class VII. ZINCUM OXYDATUM. Synonyms, Zinc Oxide. Zincum Oxydatum Purum. Zinci Oxi- dum. Calx Zinci. Lana Philosophica. Nihilum Album. Pompholyx. Common Name, Oxide of Zinc. Formula, Zn O. Molecular Weight, 81. Preparation of Oxide of Zinc.—Take of precipitated carbonate 30 466 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. of zinc, twelve troy ounces. Place it in a shalloAV vessel and expose to a Ioav red heat until the Avater and carbonic acid are entirely expelled. This may be known by removing a portion from the centre of the mass upon a warmed glass rod, adding to it a little water and a few- drops of hydrochloric acid; should no effervescence ensue the operation is completed. Properties.—Pure oxide of zinc is a soft, odorless, tasteless, Avhite powder. It absorbs C02 as well as moisture upon exposure to the air. It is not readily fusible, becomes citron yelloAv on heating, but upon cooling resumes its original color. After being heated to redness it emits light in the dark for about half an hour. At a white heat it melts to a yellowish glass. It is insoluble in water _ but _ dissolves readily in dilute sulphuric, hydrochloric, nitric and acetic acids, form- ing the corresponding salts. From its combination Avith any of these acids it is reprecipitated as a hydrate by caustic alkali. Tests.—One part of pure zinc oxide placed in a test-tube with ten parts of distilled Avater and the mixture thoroughly shaken, should yield a filtrate Avhich is indifferent to test-paper, or at most barely alka- line, and a feAV drops Avhen evaporated on a watch-glass should^ leave no residue; the purest Swedish filter paper should be used in this test. A portion of the damp zinc oxide is to be placed in a test-tube and treated with a 25 per cent, nitric acid; there should be no efferves- cence perceptible to the eye. If reddish-yellow fumes are observable the presence of particles of metallic zinc or of zinc sub-oxide is indi- cated, and such specimens should be rejected. If the nitric acid solu- tion be clear it may be further tested Avith silver nitrate (for zinc chloride), Avith barium nitrate (for sulphate), and a third part is to be treated gradually Avith ammonium carbonate solution until the latter is strongly in excess. The precipitate of zinc oxide Avhich at first falls, is afterward redissolved in excess of the precipitant and the fluid be- comes clear and colorless. Should it be turbid cadmium, lead or cal- cium compounds may be present; if clear a feAV drops of ammonium phosphate solution are to be added; usually there falls a slight pre- cipitate Avhich redissolves on the further addition of caustic ammonia, a precipitate not redissolving being due to magnesia. The ammoniacal solution Avhen treated Avith hydrogen sulphide should show only a Avhite precipitate. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure oxide of zinc ia triturated as directed under Class VII. ZINCUM PHOSPHORATUM. Synonym, Zinc Phosphide. Zinci Phosphidum. Common Names, Phosphide of Zinc. Phosphuret of Zinc. Formula, Zn3 P2. Molecular Weight, 257. Preparation of Phosphide of Zinc.—Phosphide of zinc has been prepared in a number of different Avays. Some not unattended with danger to the operator, others giving results not always identical. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 467 The folloAving method of Proust gives a product Avhich is tolerably constant. Nitrogen gas is liberated from ammonium nitrate by heat- ing the latter, and the gas is led through a bottle containing dilute hydrochloric acid and into Avhich calcium phosphide is introduced by means of a Avide tube. Phosphoretted hydrogen is evolved and it, to- gether Avith the nitrogen, are Avashed by passing through a wash-bot- tle; the mixed gases are then led into a porcelain tube in Avhich granulated zinc is kept at a red heat. The Avhole apparatus is to be filled Avith nitrogen gas before the generation of hydrogen phosphide is begun. When the mixed gases come in contact Avith the red hot zinc the phosphoretted hydrogen yields its phosphorus to the metal, forming phosphide of zinc, and the liberated hydrogen and the nitro- gen gas pass out. After the phosphoretted hydrogen ceases to come off the apparatus may be cooled, but the passing of nitrogen gas must be continued until cooling is complete. Properties.—Phosphide of zinc is a more or less metallic-looking friable mass, Avhose surface is streAvn Avith small rhombic prisms; it has the odor of phosphorus, and Avhen poAvdered resembles iron reduced by hydrogen, or it is a gray, permanent poAvder having a metallic lustre Avithout any unchanged particles of zinc. Out of contact Avith the air it is completely volatile by heat and melts at a higher temperature than the fusing point of zinc. Acids decompose it Avith the evolution of phosphoretted hydrogen and the formation of zinc salts; nitric acid changes it however into zinc oxide and zinc phosphate. It is unaffected by alkalies. By heating in the air it is gradually changed into zinc phosphate. Tests.—Finely powdered zinc phosphide should upon ocular exam- ination shoAv no particles of metallic zinc. A gram of the finely pow- dered phosphide Avhen treated Avith an aqueous solution of ammonium chloride, alloAved to stand for a day and then filtered, -will give a resi- due Avhich after Avashing, first Avith Avater, next Avith alcohol and finally with ether, and then dried, should weigh at least 0.9 gram. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure phosphide of zinc is triturated as directed under Class VII. ZINCUM SULPHURICUM. Synonyms, Zinc Sulphate. Zinci Sulphas. Vitriolum Album. Common Names, Sulphate of Zinc. White Vitriol. Formula, Zn S()4, 7H20. Molecular Weight, 287. Preparation of Sulphate of Zinc—Take of granulated zinc, sixteen ounces; sulphuric acid, twelve fluid ounces; distilled water, four pints; solution of chlorine, a sufficiency; carbonate of zinc, one- half ounce, or a sufficiency. Pour the sulphuric acid, previously mixed with the Avater, on the zinc contained in a porcelain basin, and, Avhen effervescence has nearly ceased aid the action by a gentle heat. Filter the fluid into a gallon bottle, and add gradually with constant agitation the solution of chlorine until the fluid acquires a permanent 468 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. odor of chlorine. Add noAv Avith continued agitation the carbonate of zinc until a brown precipitate appears; let it settle, filter the solution, evaporate until a pellicle forms on the surface, and set aside to crys- tallize. Dry the crystals by exposure to the air on filtering paper placed on porous tiles. More crystals may be obtained by again evaporating the mother liquor.—Br. P. Properties —Pure zinc sulphate separates from its solutions at or- dinary temperatures in right rhombic prisms isomorphous Avith the crystals of the analogous magnesian salt, or, Avhen crystallized rapidly with stirring, in small prismatic needles. The crystals are transpar- ent colorless and odorless, but have a sharp, nauseous, saline, metallic taste, and are acid in reaction; they are superficially efflorescent, be- coming thereby Avhite and opaque. When heated to 100° C. (212° F.), the crystals melt and part with six molecules of their Avater; the remaining molecule refuses to leave the sulphuric constituent, and when forced out of the crystals by heat, is accompanied by a portion of the acid. At a red heat the crystals lose all their sulphuric acid, and there is left only zinc oxide. The salt is soluble in one and a quarter parts of cold, and in less than one-half part of boiling Avater, at the temperature of which, as has been stated, the crystals melt in their OAvn Avater. When the salt is crystallized from solutions at a tempera- ture above 30° C. (86° F.), ft may be obtained in oblique rhombic prisms having a less proportion of Avater, i. e., tAvo, five and six mole- cules. The salt is insoluble in absolute alcohol, and dilute alcohol dis- solves but little. Tests.—These are practically the same as those gh'en under the article Zincum Aceticum. The usual impurities are iron and magnesia, and possibly zinc chloride Avhich may be detected by treating the dilute solution with silver nitrate. Zinc sulphate forms crystallizable combinations Avith sulphates of the alkalies; the presence of these in a specimen of the salt may readily be determined. One part of crystallized zinc sulphate is dissolved in ten times its volume of dis- tilled water, and to the solution is added a solution of one and a quarter parts of crystallized acetate of lead in one hundred parts by Aveight of distilled water, agitated and filtered. The filtrate is to be com- pletely saturated Avith hydrogen sulphide, again filtered, and the fil- trate evaporated from platinum foil; a residue remaining after heating to redness, depends on the presence of an alkaline sulphate or magne- sium sulphate. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure sulphate of zinc is triturated, as directed under Class VII. ZINCUM VALERIANICUM. Synonyms, Zinc Valerianate. Zinci Valerianas. Common Names, Valerianate of Zinc. Formula,Zn (C5H9 02)2, H20. Molecular Weight, 285. Preparation of Valerianate of Zinc—Take of sulphate of HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 469 zinc, five and a half ounces (avoird.) ; valerianate of soda, five ounces ; distilled Avater, a sufficiency. Dissolve the salts separately, each in tAvo pints (imperial) of the Avater, raise both solutions to near the boiling point, mix them, cool, and skim off the crystals Avhich are por- duced. Evaporate the mother-liquor at a heat not exceeding 200° F. to four fluid ounces, cool again, remove the crystals Avhich have formed and add them to those which have been already obtained. Drain the crystals on a paper filter, and wash them Avith a small quan- tity of cold distilled Avater till the washings give but a very feeble pre- cipitate Avith chloride of barium. Let them noAV be again drained and dried on filtering paper at ordinary temperatures.—Br. P. Properties.—Officinal valerianate of zinc forms white crystalline scales, pearly in lustre and greasy to the touch, or a powder made up of small crystalline scales. The salt has a weak odor of valerianic acid and an astringent, SAveet, aromatic taste. It is soluble in from 90 to 100 parts of cold, but is far less soluble in hot Avater, dissolves in 40 parts of 90 per cent, alcohol, and is only slightly taken up by ether. When its aqueous solutions are heated to boiling, it is decomposed Avith the formation of a basic salt, Avhich dissolves Avith difficulty, and an acid salt readily soluble. When heated to about 250° C. (482° F.) the salt volatilizes. Tests.—In a porcelain dish, one gram of the salt is to be Avell moistened Avith nitric acid and then dried at a gentle heat; the pro- cess of moistening with the acid and of drying are to be repeated and the salt is then brought to a red heat; the residue should not Aveigh less than .29 gram (29 per cent.). The treatment Avith nitric acid in the way indicated results in the formation of zinc nitrate, Avhich does not easily ATolatilize. When .5 gram of the valerianate are shaken Avith 3 CC. of water in a test tube, and 10 or 15 drops of hydrochloric acid added, valerianic acid is liberated and appears in oily drops upon the surface of the liquid. About .5 gram of the valerianate is to be shaken with boiling hot water and filtered ; the filtrate, when treated Avith a feAV drops of ferric chloride solution and in its turn filtered, should not be colored red (absence of zinc acetate), nor upon treat- ment Avith barium solution should it give any turbidity (absence of zinc sulphate). Falsification of valerianate of zinc Avith butyrate of the metal may be detected by mixing cold concentrated solutions of the suspected valerianate and of acetate of copper. If butytrate be present, a blue turbidity or precipitate will immediately occur. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure valerianate of zinc is triturated, as directed under Class VII. ZINGIBER OFFICINALE, Roscoe. Synonyms, Amomum Zingiber, Linn. Zingiber Album. Zingi- ber Nigrum. Nat. Ord., Zingiberaceae. Common Name, Ginger. The ginger plant is reed-like in appearance, having an annual, leafy 470 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. stem three or four feet high. 'It is a native of Asia and is extensively cultivated in the warmer portions of that land; it has also been intro- duced into the West Indies, and the tropical regions of South America, Western Africa and Australia. The stems rise from a rhizome. Leaves sheathing elongated, the blade nearly a foot in length, and becoming lance- linear above. The flowers are in conical spikes on special shorter stems arising from the root-stock. Flowers yellow or variegated. For medicinal use the rhizome is deprived of its epidermis by scraping; it is then washed and dried in the sun. It is found in commerce in pieces rarely exceeding four inches in length, made up of a number of short, laterally compressed knobby shoots, the summit of each shoot indi- cating by depressions the former attachments of the leafy stems. The rhizome is someAvhat palmate in outline; its color is pale buff. It breaks readily, its fracture being short, granular and bristly-fibrous. The terminal or younger portion of the rhizome on section appears pale yellow, soft and starchy; the older portion is resinous and of flinty hardness. Preparation.—The dried root poAvdered, is covered with five parts by Aveight of alcohol, and allowed to remain eight days in a well-stop- pered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, y1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. AMBROSIA. Synonym, Ambrosia Artemisiaefolia, Linn. Nat. Ord., Compositse. Common Names, Rag Weed. Hog Weed. This is a perennial, indigenous plant, found growing in waste places everywhere from Canada to Georgia. Stem two or three feet high, branching, hairy or rough, pubescent. Leaves alternate, thin, tAvice- pinnatifid, smooth above, hairy beneath, on ciliate petioles. FloAvers in terminal panicled racemes. Barren floAvers in cup-shaped groups, made up of from five to tAventy funnel-shaped staminate flowers, chaffy. Fertile flowers in heads, grouped one to three together, sessile in the axils of leaves or bracts at the base of the racemed sterile heads. Fruit an ovoid or globular achenium, armed with about six acute teeth or spines. Preparation.—The fresh leaves and floAvers are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by weight of alco- hol are taken, the pulp mixed Avith one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the Avhole, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, \. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 471 ANILINUM SULPHURICUM. Synonyms, Monophenylamine Sulphate. Sulphate of aniline. Formula, (C6 H, N)2 H2 S(>4. Origin.—When nitrobenzol is acted upon by nascent hydrogen, the latter removes the whole of the oxygen from the former and substitutes tAvo atoms of hydrogen; the substance produced is aniline. The reac- tion is exhibited as follows: C6 H5 (N02) [nitrobenzol] + H6 = C6 H7 N [aniline] + 2 H20. Aniline Avas discovered in 1826, by Unverdorben, Avho obtained it from indigo. It is produced in a great number of reactions, the most important of which are, the reducing action of ferrous acetate on nitro- benzol, the distillation of coal-tar oil Avith hydrochloric acid, and treating powdered indigo Avith potassium hydrate in a retort and dis- tilling, the distillate being separable into a broAvn resinous residue and a colorless distillate of aniline. Aniline is a transparent, mobile, colorless, oily liquid, Avhose odor is faint and resembles that of Avine, and Avhose taste is aromatic and burn- ing. It is slightly soluble in Avater, and itself dissolves a portion of the latter. It dissolves in all proportions in ether, alcohol, carbon disul- phide and the fixed and volatile oils. Aniline ranks as a strong or- ganic base, uniting readily with acids to form salts Avhich generally are crystallizable, but it does not displace their basic hydrogen. It is the source of very many brilliant dyes; it exerts a deleterious effect upon the animal organism. Preparation and Properties of Aniline Sulphate.—This compound may be readily obtained by exactly neutralizing aniline Avith pure sulphuric acid. The mixture solidifies to a crystalline pulp; this is to be pressed and then purified by re-crystallization. The salt is readily soluble in Avater and to a less degree in dilute alcohol. In absolute alcohol it is slightly soluble and not at all in ether. It may be heated to 100° C. (212° F.) without undergoing any change. If cautiously heated to a higher temperature it gives up aniline and water and becomes converted into phenylsulphamic acid. If raised to a still higher temperature, a different decomposition occurs, sulphurous oxide being given off and aniline sulphite formed, some carbonaceous matter remaining. Its alcoholic solution saturated at the boiling point of that liquid becomes solid on cooling. Tests.—If the materials from which the salt is prepared be pure, the tests to be applied are merely those for identification. When to a dilute solution containing aniline or its salts are added a few drops of solution of chlorinated lime or other hypochlorite, a bright violet-blue color is produced. A solution of the sulphate of aniline when treated Avith barium chloride solution gives a white precipitate of barium sul- phate, insoluble in nitric acid. It was proven by Dr. J. B. Bell, United States. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure sulphate of ani- line is triturated, as directed under Class VII. APPENDIX. In this place we mention such preparations Avhich, though frequently called for, are not entitled to a place in the Pharmacopoeia proper. ECLECTIC PREPARATIONS OF MEDICINAL PLANTS, SO-CALLED "RESINOIDS," OR "ACTIVE PRINCIPLES." Under the name of Resinoids a line of preparations has been orig- inated and brought into extensive use by eclectic physicians. These consist of precipitates in the form of powder obtained by mixing a strong alcoholic tincture of any given plant or part thereof, Avith three or four times its bulk of water, by which process all constituents solu- ble in alcohol only are precipitated. The precipitates are then col- lected, dried and pulverized, and are known in commerce and to the medical profession under the general name Resinoids, it being claimed that these preparations embody and represent the "active principles" of the respective plants. No definite directions or generally adopted rules for the preparation of these products have been published, and every manufacturer seems to be guided by his individual experience. The use of these eclectic preparations among homoeopathic practi- tioners has greatly diminished of late years, for it has been generally obserAred that well prepared homoeopathic tinctures made from fresh succulent plants, give far better satisfaction than these precipitates which are made, without exception, from dried materials. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—We prepare triturations in the usual manner according to Class VII. BeloAv we give a list of these preparations with the names of the plants from which they are derived. Aconitin, derived from Aconitum napellus. Aletrin, " " Aletris farinosa. Alnuin, " " Alnus rubra. Ampelopsin, Ampelopsis quinquefolia. Apocynin, Apocynum Cannabinum. (472) APPENDIX. 473 Atropin, derived from ASCLEPIN, " ' " Baptisin, " " Caulophyllin, " " Cerasin, " " Chelonin, . " " Chimaphilin, " " Chionanthin, " " CoLLINSONIN, " " CORNIX, " " Corydalin, " " Cypripedin, " " DlGITALIN, " " DlOSCORIX, EUONYMIN, Eupatorin (Perf.) " " Eupatorin (Purp.) " Fraserin, " " Gelsemix, " Geraxix, CtOSSYPIN, " " Hamamelin, Helonin, Hydrastin, " " Hyoscyamin, " " Irisix, JuCiLANDIN, " " Leontodin, " Leptandrik, LOBELIN, Lycopin, " " Macrotin, Menispermin, Myricin, Phytolaccin, POPULIN, Podophyllin, Ptelein, RUMIN, Sanguinarin, s(utellarin, Senecin, Stillingin, Trillin, Veratrin, VlBURNIN, Xanthoxylin, The fact that the manufacturers i Atropa belladonna. Asclepias tuberosa. Baptisia tinctoria. Caulophyllum thalictroides. Cerasus Virginiana. Chelone glabra, Chimaphila umbellata. Chionanthus Virginica. Collin sonia Canadensis. Cornus Florida, Corydalis formosa. Cypripedium pubescens. Digitalis purpurea. Dioscorea viltosa. Euonymus atropurpureus. Eupatorium perfoliatum. Eupatorium purpureum. Frasera Carolinensis. Gelsemium sempervirens. Geranium maculatum. Gossypium herbaceum. Hamamelis Virginica. Helonias dioica. Hydrastis Canadensis. Hyoscyamus niger. Iris versicolor. Juglans cinerea. Leontodon taraxacum Leptandra Virginica. Lobelia infiata. Lycopus Virginians. Cimicifuga racemosa. Menispermum Canadensis. Myrica cerifera. Phytolacca decandra. Populus tremuloides. Podophyllum peltatum. Pielea trifoliata. Rumex crispus. Sanguinaria Canadensis. Scutellaria laterifolia. Senecio gracilis. Stillingia sylvatica. Trillium pendulum. Veratrum viride. Viburnum opulus. Xanthoxylum fraxineum. ive to many of these resinoids 474 APPENDIX. names identical with those which had been generally accepted as denoting the alkaloids of the respective plants, led to innumerable misunderstandings and annoyances. Thus Aconitin, Atropin, Digitalin, Hyoscyamin, etc., are identical in name with the Avell known alkaloids, and when it is considered that there is a great difference in action and dose between these prepara- tions and the real alkaloids, the objections to continuing the use of both are patent. Of late this difficulty Avas sought to be overcome by changing the ending of the names of alkaloids to ia as in Aconitia, Atropia, Digitalia, etc., but the difference is so small that only the absolute discontinuance of the eclectic preparations mentioned -will prevent what may, under certain circumstances, prove to be serious mistakes. CERATES AND OINTMENTS. These may be prepared in various ways, as will be seen by the fol- loAving formulas: Spermaceti Ointment. Take of Spermaceti, 5 parts. White Wax, 2 " Almond Oil, 16 " Melt by a gentle heat, remove the mixture, and stir constantly until cool. Simple Cerate. Should a firmer cerate be required, the following will be preferable. Take of Spermaceti, 3 parts. White Wax, 6 " Olive Oil, 14 " Melt the spermaceti and wax, add the oil, and stir until cool. Another simple cerate is prepared by taking: Petrolatum, . . . .16 parts. Paraffin, . . . . 3 " Melt, remove the mixture, and stir constantly until cool. Of late a new solid preparation of Petroleum has been introduced the melting point of which is 115° F., while Petrolatum or Vaseline melts at 95° F. This can be used without any admixture. The Petroleum preparations have this great advantage over all other com- positions that they never become rancid, but seem to keep unchanged for any length of time. With either of above cerates any given tincture intended for ex- APPENDIX. 475 ternal use may be incorporated in the proportion of one part of tinc- ture to twenty parts of cerate, with the exception of Cantharis and Rhus tox. Avhich should not be made stronger than one part of the tincture to forty of the cerate. The modus operandi is as follows: Melt a given quantity of the cerate on the water-bath, in a porcelain dish, add the requisite amount of tincture by degrees, and continue the heat until all the fluid has evaporated. Graphites Cerate is prepared by carefully rubbing together in a mortar one part of pure graphites in the finest poAvder Avith forty parts of cerate. ARNICA OIL. Preparation.—Take of recently gathered arnica root in coarse poAvder, one part, and of the finest olive oil, ten parts, put the ingre- dients into a Avell-stoppered, Avide-mouthed bottle, and macerate in a Avarm place for twro Aveeks, then express and filter. This most excellent preparation is Avorthy of more extended use; its healing properties are marvelous, and it can be used Avith most bene- cial effect on raw and cut surfaces, Avhere arnica tincture, even largely diluted, cannot be borne. GLYCERINUM AMYLI. A very suitable form of ointment having for its constituents Glycer- ine and Starch is prepared as folloAvs: Take of Starch, 1 ounce. Glycerine, 8 fluid ounces. Rub them together until they are intimately mixed, then transfer the mixture to a porcelain dish, and apply a heat gradually raised to 240° F., stirring it constantly until the starch particles are completely broken and a translucent jelly is formed.—Br. P. In medicating, the same proportions may be taken as Avith the oint- ments. GLYCEROLES. These consist of the medicine mixed Avith glycerine, and the pro- portions usually employed are the same as in the case of ointments. They form very convenient preparations, and, being soluble in all proportions in Avater and alcohol, can be diluted to form both lini- ments, lotions and injections. LOTIONS. Lotions are prepared in the folloAving Avays: 1. By simply diluting the medicine with distilled water in the pro- 476 APPENDIX. portion of 1 in 10 or 1 in 100; in the latter case 1? fluid drachms to the pint is very nearly the correct proportion. 2. By diluting a glycerole of the medicine with 4 or 9 times its measure of distilled water. TINCTURE TRITURATIONS. Many practitioners prefer to exhibit all their remedies in the form of powder, and in order to obtain a reliable preparation of remedies made from fresh plants or parts of plants, the expedient has been adopted of combining the respective mother tinctures with sugar of milk in such proportions that the 2x, 3x, etc. triturations correspond in strength with the 2x, 3x, etc. dilutions with the difference that milk- sugar is substituted for the alcohol. To this end the requisite quantity of a given mother tincture as described under classes I, II, III, for the 2x dilution is mixed with the proper amount of milk-sugar, and then carefully triturated lege artis. It is advisable, first to moderately warm both the milk- sugar and the mortar. After an hour's trituration it will be found that the menstruum is completely volatilized, and a stable and perfectly dry preparation is obtained, which fully retains the characteristic odor and effectiveness of the mother-tincture employed. From this 2x the succeeding triturations are prepared in the usual manner. TABLET TRITURATES. These can be made with few exceptions—of all triturations. They are round and flat, and are now generally made of either one or two grains each in weight. They are very convenient for dispensing, as each tablet constitutes a dose. These tablets from their ready solu- bility and diffusibility are rapidly coming into general use. Their ad- vantages are at once apparent when they are allowed to dissolve upon the tongue, or in a teaspoonful of water, in which manner they are readily administered, fin this connection we deem it our duty to caution against tablets made either in India Rubber moulds, or in such made of metal, gilt or otherwise. India Rubber moulds show wear after a short time, in consequence of the hard grit of milk-sugar, and as the results of abrasion are inevitably mixed with the trituration operated with, their use is altogether inadmissible for homoeopathic purposes. In vulcanizing India Rubber, large quantities of sulphur are used as an admixture, and tablets made in rubber moulds are therefore more or less con- taminated with that powerful remedy./* Experience has also demonstrated that metal moulds, gilt or other- wise, are open to similar objections. The gilding, no matter how care- fully done will soon wear off, and as the moulds or plates in which the tablets are formed cannot be kept bright or polished, the tablets become necessarily contaminated, either with the gilding or with the readily oxidizing baser metals. The only material admissable APPENDIX. 477 for homoeopathic purposes is glass, or some other equally dense sub- stance. Glass moulds are expensive on account of the difficulty of making them, as well as on account of their fragility. PLAIN SUGAR OF MILK TABLETS. These are made of pure sugar of milk in glass moulds, and average two grains in weight. They are preferred by many to cane sugar pellets, both on account of their ready solubility, their unusual power of absorption, and their almost neutral taste. CANE SUGAR TABLETS. These are made of cane sugar and gum, and have been put ou the market by an Eastern firm, under the taking name of absorbent tablets, in imitation of sugar of milk tablets. As they contain a certain per- centage of gum they are not desirable, since this admixture interferes with the absorption of liquids, and is of itself an unknown quantity, for the makers do not state what kind of gum is used in their manufacture. MILK-SUGAR PELLETS. For many years it was thought to be almost impossible to make pellets of pure milk-sugar. But the steady improvement made in appliances has also solved this difficult problem, and pure milk-sugar pellets are now furnished in all sizes. The absorbing power of these pellets is phenomenal, and as many patients object to the sweet taste of cane sugar pellets, their use is spreading slowly but surely. Their cost being almost treble that of cane sugar pellets, militates against their general adoption. TABLE OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. Apothecaries' Weight, U. S. One pound, lb = 12 Troy ounces = 5,760 grs. = 13 ounces avoird. 72.5 grs. One Troy ounce, 3= 8 drachms = 480 " = 1 ounce " 42.5 One drachm, 7, = 3 scruples = 60 || One scruple, 9 = = ^0 One grain, *r' lgraln' Cubic in. Troy Or, 1 minim, m • • ■ ■............™°™ °*% fi0 " — 1 fl. dr., f X..........0.2256 56.96 m « — 8 " — lfl. oz., fg.....1-8047 455.69 -fi«n " - 1«>8 " = 16 «' =1 pint, O. . . 28.875 7291.11 61440 " = 1024 fl- drs., = 128 fl. ozs. = 8 pta. = 1 gal. 231. 58328.88 478 APPENDIX. Avoirdupois Weight, Br. One pound, ft> = 16 ounces = 7000 Troy grains = fb i gij ^iv gr. xl. One ounce, oz. = 437.5 " = 3V1J Sr- XV1JSS- One grain, gr. = 1 grain. The weights ordered in the British Pharmacopoeia are the pound, ounce and grain avoirdupois as given above. The same authority, however, leaves it optional with physicians to use in prescribing the symbols 9 and 3, the former represent- ing 20, and the latter 60 grains. fn the measurement of liquids by the same Pharmacopoeia, Imperial measure is used for the higher denominations and the fluid-ounce and its subdivisions fluid-drachm and minim, for the lower denomination of volume. It is to be observed that the fluid-ounce, Br., is the volume occupied by 437.5 grains of distilled water at 60° F. (15.5° C), hence the fluid-ounce Br. P. weighs exactly one ounce avoirdupois. Liquid Measure, Br. (See explanation above.) Troy grains. Avoirdupois. 1 minim, min................... 0.91 60 minims = 1 fl. dr.,/. dr........... 54.68 480 " = 8 fl. drs. = 1 fl. oz.fi. oz...... 437.5= 1 ounce. 9600 " = 160 " = 20 fl. ozs. = 1 pint, O. 8750. = 1.25 pound. 76800 " = 1280 " = 160 " =8 pints = 70000. = 10 pounds. Relative Value of Wine or Apothecaries' and Imperial Measures. Wine measure. Imperial measure. Imperial meas Pints. Floz. Fldr. Minims. ( 1 minim 1.04 1 minim 1 fluidrachm 1 2.5 1 fluidrachm 1 fluidounce 1 0 20. 1 fluidounce 1 pint 1 gallon 6 16 13 5 2 19. 32.02 1 pint 1 gallon Wine measure. Galls. Pints, f %. f 3. Minims. 1 0.96 . 58 7 41 1 3 1 37 1 9 4 53.6 24 fiuidounces wine measure plus 1 grain = 25 fluidounces imperial measure. French Metric Weights and Measures. In the metric system of weights and measures the standard of length is the meter (metre), which is the ten-millionth of the distance from the equator to the pole, i. e., of a quadrant of a great circle on the earth's surface. The meter is divided into TVhs> failed decimeters, these again into xV^hs called centimeters, and these into -^ths called millimeters. The meter is also multiplied by 10, making a decameter, this is again multiplied by 10, making a hectometer, and continuing through kilometre to myriometre. The cube of a ^th of a meter or decimeter gives the standard of capacity and is called a litre; this is sub-divided by 10 successively, the third sub-division being a millilitre, ?'. e., the cube of a centimetre, called cubic centimetre and expressed CC. The weight of 1 CC of distilled water at its greatest density (4° C), is the unit of weight, and is called one gram (gramme). The mutual relation of the French weights and measures are given in the table: Metric Weights. 1 milligram = 0.001 gram. 10 milligrams = 1 centigram = 0.010 gram. 100 =10 centigrams = 1 decigram = 0.100 gram. 1000 " = 100 " = 10 decigrams = 1.000 " APPENDIX. 479 1 gram (the weight of 1 cubic centimeter of water at 4° C). 10 grams = 1 dekagram. '100 =10 dekagrams = 1 hektogram. 1000 " = 100 " = 10 hektograms= 1 kilogram. Metric Measures. 1 milliliter (or 1 cubic centimeter, abbreviated into CC.) = 0.001 liter. 10 milliliters = 1 centiliter = 0.010 liter. 100 '• = 10 centiliters = 1 deciliter = 0.100 liter. 1000 " = 100 " = 10 deciliters = 1.000 liter. 1 liter (or 1 cubic decimeter). 10 liters = 1 dekaliter. 100 " = 10 dekaliters = 1 hektoliter. 1000 " = 100 " = 10 hektoliters = 1 kiloliter. 1 litre = 1 cubic decimeter = 1.0567 quarts. 1 gram = 15.432 grains. 1 cubic inch = 16.38617 CC. 1 gallon 'Imp.) = 4.54346 litres. 1 ounce, Troy = 31.1035 grams. 1 pound avoir.) = 0.45359 kilogram. 1 grain = 0.0647989 gram. Value of Apothecaries' or Troy "Weights in Metric "Weights. GRAIN. MILLIGRAMS. GRAINS. GRAMS. APOTHECARIES GRAMS. WEIGHT. I ___ ST -- 1.012 i = 0.06479895 3i = 3.888 1 ___ 6 0" --- 1.080 ij = 0.1295 1 .016 6 .33 .36 .48 1 .02 7 .38 .42 .56 3~ 1 .03 8 .45 .48 .64 3T 3 .05 9 .50 .54 .72 1 .064 10 .55 ,6 .80 2 .13 12 .65 .72 .96 3 .19 14 .77 .84 1.12 4 .26 15 .80 .9 1.20 5 .32 16 .88 .96 1.28 6 .39 20 1.11 1.20 1.60 7 .45 25 1.40 1.50 2.00 8 .52 30 1.70 1.80 2.50 9 .58 35 2.00 2.10 2.90 10 0ss) .65 40 2.20 2.40 3.30 12 .78 48 2.70 2.88 4.00 14 .90 50 2.80 3.00 4.15 15 .97 60 (fci) 3.40 3.69 5.00 16 1.04 65 3.60 3.90 5.30 18 1.18 72 4.05 4.32 6.00 20 Qi) 1.3 80 4.50 4.8 6.65 24 1.5 90 (f^iss) 5.10 5.4 7.50 30 (3ss) 1.94 96 5.40 5.76 8.00 32 2.1 100 5.60 6.00 8.30 36 2.3 120 (f^ii) 6.75 7.20 10.00 40 0ii) 2.6 150 (f^iiss) 8.50 9.00 12.50 45 2.91 160 9.00 9.60 13.30 50 Qiiss) 3.2 180 (fgiii) 10.10 10.80 15.00 60 (3i) 3.88 210 (f^iiiss) 11.80 12.60 17.50 70 4.55 240 (f3iv) 13.50 14.40 20.00 80 0iv) 5.2 f^v 16.90 18.00 25.00 90 (sjiss) 5.9 f3vss 18.60 19.80 27.50 100 0v)' 6.5 f£vi 20.25 21.60 30.00 110 (gvss) 7.1 f^vii 23.60 25.40 35.00 120 (3ii) 7.78 fgviii (f$i) 27.00 28.80 40.00 150 (giiss) 9.72 f^ix 30.40 32.40 45.00 180 (3iii) 11.66 f£x 33.75 36.0 50.00 240 (^ss) 15.5 f^xii (fgiss) 40.50 43.2 60.00 300 (3v) 19.4 f^xiv 47.25 50.4 70.00 360 (3vi) 23.3 f^ii 54.00 57.6 80.00 420 (^vii) 27.2 fgiiss 67.50 74.0 100.00 480 (gi) 3" 31.1 fgiii 81.00 86.4 120.00 62.2 fiiiiss 94.50 100.8 140.00 Siv 124.4 108.00 1115.2 160.00 LIST OF AUTHORITIES. Encyclopedia of Pure Materia Medica (Allen.) Jahr and Griiner's Pharmacopoeia (Hempel's Trans.) British Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia. AltsehuFs Real-Lexicon. Buehner's Homoeopathische Arzneibereitungslehre. Gruner's Homoopatbische Pharmacopoe. Hale's New Remedies. Ed. 1*67. Hale's New Remedies. " 1882. Mures Materia Medica. Kleinert's Quellen-Nachweis der physiologischen Arzneiprufungen. Fliickinger and Hanbury, Pharmacographia. British Pharmacopoeia, with additions, 1874. Ed. 1880. United States Pharmacopoeia. Squire's Companion to the British Pharmacopoeia. Hager's Commentar zur Pharmacopoea Germanica. Hager's Handbuch der Pharmaceutischen Praxis. Homoopathisches Real Lexicon. Hahnemann's Chronic Diseases (Hempel 's Trans.) Hahnemann's Reine Arzneimittellehre. Watts' Dictionary of Chemistry, 5 vols., with supplements. Bloxam's Chemistry, Fowne's Chemistry. Fresenius' Qualitative Analysis. Galloway's Wagner's Die Chemie. Heppe's Die Chemischen Reactionen. Kohler's Physiologischen Therapeutik. Brush's Determinative Mineralogy. Genera Plantarum (Bentham et Hooker.) Cooke's Handbook of British Fungi. Gray's Manual of Botany. Wood's Class Book of Botany. The Hahnemannian Monthly. Foster's Physiology. (481) I Abelmoschus, 29 Abies Canadensis, 29 Abies Nigra, 30 Abrotanum, 30 Absinthium, 31 Absinthium Santonica, 175 Absinthium Vulgare, 31 Acacia Germanica, 380 Acalypha Indica, 31 Acanthus Vulgaris, 127 Acetas Kalicus, 266 Acetas Manganosus, 302 Acetas Plumbicus, 375 Acetate of Barium, 115 Acetate of Copper, 197 Acetate of Iron, 221 Acetate of Lead, 375 Acetate of Lime, 137 Acetate of Manganese, 302 Acetate of Mercury, 308 Acetate of Morphia, 323 Acetate of Potash, 266 Acetate of Zinc, 460 Achillea Millefolium, 319 Achillea Myriophylli, 319 Acidum Aceticuni Glaciale, 31 Acidum Arseniosum, 97 Acidum Benzoicum, 32 Acidum Boracicum, 33 Acidum Bromicum, 33 Acidum Carbolicum, 34 Acidum Chromicum, 35 Acidum Chrysophanicum, 36 Acidum Citricum, 37 Acidum Fluoricum, 38 Acidum Formicicum, 38 Acidum Gallicum, 39 Acidum Gallo-Tannicum, 51 Acidum Hydrochloricum, 42 Acidum Hydrocyanicum, 40 Acidum Lacticum, 41 Acidum Molybdsenicum, 42 Acidum Muriaticum, 42 Acidum Nitricum, 44 Acidum Oxalicum, 45 Acidum Phosphoricum, 46 Acidum Picricum, 47 DEX. Acidum Salicylicum, 47 Acidum Silicicum, 411 Acidum Succinicum, 48 Acidum Sulphuricum, 49 Acidum Tannicum, 51 Acidum Tartaricum, 52 Acidum Uricum, 53 Acinula Clavus, 406 Aconite, 53 Aconitifolius Humilis, 377 Aconitin, 472 Aconitum, 53 Aconitum Cammarum, 54 Aconitum Ferox, 55 Aconitum Lycoctonum, 55 Aconitum Napellus, 53 Aconitum Pardalianches, 360 Aconitum Radix, 55 Aconitum Variegatum, 54 Acrid Lettuce, 285 Actsea, 56 Actaea Racemosa, 175 Actaea Spicata, 56 Adam's Needle, 458 Adelheidsquelle, 56 ^Erugo Destillata, 197 .Esculus Carnea, 57 yEsculus Glabra, 57 ^Esculus Hippocastanum, 57 JEsculus Oliioensis, 57 iEthiops Mineralis, 316 JEthusa, 58 YEthusa Cynapium, 58 Agaricus Emeticus, 58 Agaricus Laricis, 124 Agaricus Muscarius, 59 Agave Americana, 59 Ageria Opaca, 254 Agnus Castus, 60 Agrostemma Githago, 60 Ague Weed, 215 Ailanthus Glandulosa, 60 Alarconia Hclenioides, 457 Alcea; ^E«vptiacse, 29 Alcohol, 11 Alcoholic Solutions, Class VI—a, 24 Class VI—b, 24 (482) INDEX. 483 Alcohol Sulphuris Lampadii, 152 Aletrin, 472 Aletris Alba, 61 Aletris Farinosa, 61 Alfavaca, 345 Alisma Parriflora, 61 Alisma Plantago, 61 Allium Cepa, 159 Allium Sativum, 62 Alnuin, 472 Alnus Rubra, 62 Alnus Serrulata, 62 Aloe. 63 Aloes, 63 Aloe Socotrina, 63 Alstonia Constrict a, 63 Althaea, 64 Althaea Officinalis, 64 Alum, 64 Alumen, 64 Alumen Crudum 64 Alumina, 65 Alumina Silicata, 2S0 Aluminium, 66 Aluminium Metallicum, 66 Aluminium Oxide, 65 Amaena, 104 Amazonian Dolphin, 202 Ambarum, 66 Amber, 426 Ambergris 66 Ambra Ambrosiaca, 66 Ambra Grisea, 66 Ambra Maritima, 66 Ambra Vera, 66 Ambrina Anthelmintica, 163 Ambrosia, 470 Ambrosia Artemesiaefolia, 470 Amanita Muscarius, 59 American Aloe, 59 American Aspen, 378 American Boxwood, 191 American Cofiee Tree, 243 American Col umbo, 230 American Hellebore, 449 American Holly, 254 American Ivy, 75 American Mountain Ash, 383 American Nightshade, 367 American Pennyroyal, 245 American Pulsatilla, 382 American Spikenard, 90 Ammoniacum, 67 Ammoniated Copper, 197 Ammoniated Mercury, 313 Ammonise Sesquicarbonas, 69 Ammonic Acetate, 67 Amnionic Benzoate, 68 Ammonic Bromide, 68 Ammonic Carbonate, 69 Amnionic Chloride, 72 Ammonic Hydrate, 70 Ammonic Nitrate, 73 Amnionic Valerianate, 74 Ammonii Benzoas, 68 Ammonii Bromidum, 68 Ammonii Carbonas, 69 Ammonii Chloridum, 72 Ammonii Iodidum, 71 Ammonii Nitras, 73 Ammonii Phosphas, 74 Ammonii Valerianas, 74 Ammonio-Nitrate of Mercury, 314 Ammonio-Sulphate of Copper, 197 Ammonium Aceticuni, 67 Ammonium A urate, 112 Ammonium Bromatum, 68 Ammonium Benzoicum, 68 Ammonium Carbonicum, 69 Ammonium Causticum, 70 Ammonium Chloratum, 72 Ammonium Jodatum, 71 Ammonium Muriaticum, 72 Ammonium Nitricum, 73 Ammonium Phosphoricum, 74 Ammonium Valerianicum, 74 Amomum Zingiber, 469. Amorphous Quinia, 170 Amorphous Phosphorus, 366 Ampelopsin, 472 Ampelopsis, 75 Ampelopsis Quinquefolia, 75 Amphisbcena Vermicularis, 75 Amphisbcena Flavescens, 75 Amygdalae Amarae, 76 Amygdalus Communis, 76 Amvl Nitris, 76 Amyl Nitrite, 76 Amyris Elemifera, 381 Anacardium, 77 Anacardium Officinarum, 77 Anacardium Orientale, 77 Anagallis, 78 Anagallis Arvenis, 78 Anamirta Cocculus, 182 Anantherum Muricatum, 78 Anapodophyllum Canadense, 377 Anatase, 440 Anona Triloba, 106 Andira Inermis, 78 Andira Refusa, 78 Andromeda Arborea, 356 Andropogon Muricatus, 78 Anemone Flavescens, 382 Anemone Hepatica, 249 Anemone Ludoviciana, 382 Anemone Patens, 382 Anemone Pratensis, 79, 381 484 Anemonin, 79 Angelica Archangelica, 79 Angustura, 80 Angustura Spuria, 130 Angusturse Cortex, 80 Animal Charcoal, 149 Animal Oil, 347 Anilinum Sulphuricum, 471 Anisum Stellatum, 80 Ant, 229 Anthelmia Quadriphylla, 417 Anthemis, 8l Anthemis Nobilis, 81 Anthos Sylvestris, 288 Anthoxanthum Odoratum, 81 Anthracite, 82 Anthrakokali, 82 Antimonii Iodidum, 83 Antimonii Oxidum, 83 Antimonii Oxysulphuretum, 84 Antimonii Potassi-tartras, 85 Antimonii Sulphuratum Aureum, 84 Antimonii Sulphuretum, 83 Antimonious Oxide, 83 Antimonious Sulphide, 83 Antimonium Crudum, 83 Antimonium lodatum, 83 Antimonium Oxydatum, 83 Antimonium Sulphuratum Auratum, Antimonium Tartaricum, So Antirrhinum Linarium, 86 Aphis Chenopodii Glauci, 86 Apium Hortensis, 364 Apium Montanum, 354 Apium Petroselinum, 364 Apium Virus, 87 Apis Mellifica, 87 Apocynin, 472 Apocynum Androsaemifolium, S7 Apocynum Cannabinum, 88 Apomorphia, 88 Apomorphia Hydrochlorate, 88 Apomorphia? Hydrochloras, SS Apomorphine, 88 Apothecaries' Weight, 476 Aqua Ammoniae, 70 Aqua Chlorini, 174 Aqua Destillata, 11 Aqua Fortis, 44 Aqueous Solutions, Class V-a, 22 Class Y-b, 23 Aquilegia Vulgaris, 89 Aralia Hispida, 90 Aralia Muhlenbergiana, 90 Aralia Qninquefolia, 234 Aralia Racemosa, 90 Aranea Diadema, 91 Am nea Scinencia, 91 Aranya, 438 INDEX. Arbor Vitae, 439 Arbutus Uva Ursi, 447 Archangelica Officinalis, 79 Arctium Lappa, 91 Arctostaphylos Uva Ursi, 447 Argemone Mexicana, 92 Argenti Nitras, 94 Argentic Nitrate, 94 Argentum, 92 Argentum Foliatum, 92 Argentum Metallicum, 92 Argentum Nitricum, 94 Argentum Purifieatum, 92 Argentum Vivum, 317 Argillaceous Earth, 65 Argilla Pura, 65 Arissema Triphyllum, 102 Aristolochia Cleinatitis, 94 Aristolochia Cymbifera, 95 Aristolochia Granditiora, 95 Aristolochia Milhomens, 95 Aristolochia Serpentaria, 411 Aristolochia Vulgaris, 94 Aristolocliy, 94 Armoracia, 95 Arnica, 96 Arnica e radice, 97 Arnica Montana, 96 Arnica Oil, 475 Aronis Communis, 101 Arrebenta Cavallos, 414 Arsenate of Soda, 330 Arsenetted Hydrogen, 98 Arsenias Natricus, 330 Arsenias Sodicus, 330 Arsenate of Iron, 222 Arsenate of Lime, 138 Arsenate of Quinia, 166 Arsenic Bisulphide, 100 Arsenici Jodidum, 99 Arsenicum Album, 97 Arsenicum Citrinum, 98 Arsenicum Hydrogenisatum, 98 Arsenicum Jodatum, 99 Arsenicum Metallicum, 100 Arsenicum Rubrum, 100 Arsenicum Sulfuratum Flavum, Arsenicum Sulfuratum Rubrum Arsenious Acid, 97 Arsenious Oxide, 97 Arsenious Iodide, 99 Arsenious Oxide of Copper, 198 Arsenious Sulphide, 98 Arsenious Di-Sulphide, 100 Arsenite of Copper, 198 Arsine, 98 Artanita Cyclamen, 200 Artanthe Elongata, 303 Artemisia Abrotanum, 30 INDEX. 485 Artemisia Absinthium, 31 Artemisia Cina, 175 Artemisia Contra, 175 Artemisia Vulgaris, 101 Artificial Oil of Bitter Almonds, 119 Arum Atrorubens, 102 Arum Maculatum, 101 Arum Seguinum, 137 Arum Triphyllum, 102 Arum Vuloare, 101 Arundo Mauritanica, 102 Asafcetida, 103 ' Asafcetida Disgunensis, 103 Asagrsea Officinalis, 395 Asarabacca, 103 Asarum, 103 Asarum Canadense, 104 Asarum Europaeum, 103 Asarum Yulgare, 103 Asclepias Cornuti, 105 Asclepias Decumbens, 105 Asclepias Gigantea, 296 Asclepias Incarnata, 104 Asclepias Syriaca, 105 Asclepias Tuberosa, 105 Asclepias Vincetoxicum, lOfi Asclepin, 473 Asimina Campaniflora, 106 Asimina Triloba, 106 Asparagus, 106 Asparagus Officinalis, 106 Asperula Odorata, 107 Aspidium Filix Mas, 228 Asplenium Scolopendrium, 107 Assacu, 249 Astacus Fluviatilis, 146 Asthma Root, 291 Asteracanthion Rubens, 108 Asterias Rubens, 108 Athamanta Oreoselinum, 354 Athanasia, 432 Atriplex Olidum, 109 Atropa Belladonna, 117 Atropia, 109 Atropia Sulphurica, 111 Atropia? Sulphas, 111 Atropin, 473 Atropine, 109 Atropinum, 109 Atropinum Sulphuricum, 111 Attenuations, 16 Auri Chloridum, 112 Auri et Sodii Chloridum, 113 Auri-sodic Chloride, 113 Auric Chloride, 112 Auric Sulphide, 113 Auro-Natrium Chloratum, 113 Aurum, 111 Aurum Foliatum, 111 Aurum Fulniinans, 112 Aurum Metallicum, 111 Aurum Muriaticum, 112 Aurum Muriaticum Natronatum, 113 Aurum Sulphuratum, 113 Australian Gum-tree, 213 Australian Red Gum, 280 Ava-Ava, 370 Avoirdupois Weight, 477 Azougue dos Pohres, 35S> Badiaga, 113 Badiane, 80 Ball-Wood, 243 BaJmony, 163 Balsam Apple, 320 Balsamina, 320 Balsam of Copaiba, 189 Balsam of Peru, 114 Balsamum Peruvianum, 114 Bane-berry, 56 Banksia Abyssinica, 127 Baptisia, 114 Baptisia Tinctoria, 114 Baptisin, 473 Barbus Fluviatilis, 200 Baric Acetate, 115 Baric Carbonate, 116 Baric Chloride, 117 Baric Iodide, 116 Barii Carbonas, 116 Barii Chloridum, 117 Barii Iodidum, 116 Barilla, 331 Barium Acetate, 115 Barium Carbonicum, 116 Barks, 14 Barosma Crenata, 131 Bartfelder, 115 Baryosma Tongo, 205 Baryta Acetica, 115 Baryta Carl ion ica, 116 Baryta Jodata, 116 Baryta Muriatica, 117 Basic Sulphate of Quinia, 168 Bastard Brazil Wood, 186 Bastard Cabbage Tree, 78 Bastard Dittany, 203 Bayberry, 326 Bean of Saint Ignatius, 253 Bearberry, 447 Bearded Darnel, 292 Bear Grass, 458 Bear's Breech, 127 Bear's Weed, 212 Bed-Bug, 175 Beech-drop, 355 Belladonna, 117 Belladonna e radice, 118 48G DEX. Bellis Perennis, 118 Bena, 78 Benzinum Nitricum, 119 Benzoate of Ammonium, 68 Benzoic Acid, 32 Berberia 119 Berberin, 119 Berberina, 119 Berberinum, 119 Berberis, 120 Berberis Vulgaris, 120 Bhang, 147 Bibernell, 369 Bichloride of Mercury, 315 Bichromate of Potash, 267 Bignonia Caroba, 261 Bignonia Radicans, 434 Bignonia Sempervirens, 232 Bindweed, 188 Biniodide of Mercury, 312 Biniodidum Hydrargyri, 312 Bird Cherry, 379 Bird's Nest, 321 Bismuth, 120 Bismuthi Oxidum, 121 Bismuthi Subnitras, 122 Bismuthous Oxide, 121 Bismuthum, 120 Bismuthum Metallicum, 120 Bismuthum Oxydatum, 121 Bismuthum Subnitricum, 122 Bisulphide of Carbon, 152 Biting Persicaria, 378 Bitter Almond, 76 Bitter Ash, 384 Bitter Candy-Tuft, 253 Bitter Cucumber, 185 Bitter Dock, 286 Bitter Herb, 395 Bitter-Sweet, 208 Bitter Wood, 384 Bitter-Wort Gentian, 233 Bitumen Liquidum, 363 Black Antimony, 83 Black Bryony, 431 Black Garden Radish, 387 Black Haw, 453 Black Hellebore, 246 Black Lead, 238 Black Mustard, 413 Black Nightshade, 414 Black Oxide of Iron, 225 Black Pepper, 370 Black Root, 289 Black Snake Root, 175 Black Spider of Curacoa, 438 Black Spruce, 30 Black Sulphuret of Mercury, 316 Blackthorn, 380 Black Willow, 397 Bladder-wrack, 230 Blatta Americana, 123 Blattaria, 450 Blazing Grass, 61 Blazing Star, 247 Bleaching Powder, 139 Blende, 459 Blessed thistle, 153 Blood Root, 400 Blue-Berried Cornus, 192 Blue Cohosh, 157 Blue Flag, 260 Blue Gum Tree, 213 Blue Lobelia, 292 Blue Pimpernel, 406 Bluestone, 199 Blue Vervain, 451 Blue Vitriol, 199 Boletus Laricis, 124 Boletus Purgans, 124 Boletus Satanas, 124 Bondonneau, 124 Bone Oil, 347 Boneset, 215 Boracic Acid, 33 Borage, 126 Boras Sodicus, 125 Borate of Sodium, 125 Borax, 125 Bore Tree, 399 Boric Acid, 33 Borneo Camphor, 145 Borrago Officinalis, 126 Bottles, 9 Bovine Virus, 448 Bovista, 126 Bovista Nigrescens, 126 Bowman's Root, 216 Box, 133 Brachyglottis Repens, 127 Branca Ursina, 127 Brassica Nigra, 413 Brayera Anthelmintica, 127 Brazilian Burdock, 245 Brazilian Cocoa, 242 Brazilian Rattlesnake, 193 Brazilian Snake-Root, 95 Brazilian Stag, 161 Brazilian Ucuuba, 327 Brimstone, 426 Bristly Sarsaparilla, 90 Bromated Camphor, 320 Bromic Acid, 33 Bromide of Ammonium, 68 Bromide of Iron, 223 Bromide of Lithium, 290 Bromide of Potassium, 267 Bromide of Sodium, 332 INDEX. 487 Bromide of Zinc, 461 Bromine, 128 Brominium, 128 Bromium, 128 Bromuretum Kalicum, 267 Bromuretum Sodicum, 332 Brookite, 440 Brooklime, 452 Broom, 416 Broom Rape, 355 Broom Tops, 416 Brucea Antidvsenterica, 130 Brucia, 130 Brucinum, 130 Brugmansia Gardneri, 202 Bryonia Alba, 131 Brvonia Vera, 131 Buchu, 131 Buckbean, 307 Buckeve Tree, 57 Buckwheat, 219 Buenos Ayres Pepperwort, 2S8 Bufo, 132 Bufo Agua, 132 Bufo Sahytiensis, 132 Bug Agaric, 59 Bugle Weed, 291, 296 Buja, 280 Bulbous-rooted Buttercup, 385 Bull-fist, 126 Bulrush, 264 Bunt, 126 Burdock, 92 Burning Bush, 214 Burning Crowfoot, 386 Burr Flower, 251 Butea Frondosa, 280 Butter-Bur, 443 Butterfly Weed, 105 Button Bush, 159 Button Snakeroot, 212 Butternut, 263 Butyrate of Zinc, 469 Buxus Sempervirens, 133 Cabardine Musk, 325 Cabbage Rose, 393 Cabbage Tree Bark, 78 Cabedula, 358 Cacao, 133 Cactus Grandiflorus, 134 Cactus Opuntia, 353 _ Cadmic Sulphate, 135 Cadmii Sulphas, 135 Cadmium, 134 Cadmium Metallicum, 134 Cadmium Sulphuricum, 13o Cafieia, 136 Caffein, 136 Cahinca, 136 Cainca, 136 Cajuputum, 348 Calabar Bean, 367 Caladium, 137 Caladium Seguinum, 137 Calamine, 459 Calcarea Acetica, 137 Calcarea Arsenica, 138 Calcarea Arsenicica, 138 Calcarea Carbonica, 138 Calcarea Caustica, 138 Calcarea Chlorata, 139 Calcarea P'luorata, 140 Calcarea Hydriodica, 141 Calcarea Hypophosphorosa, 140 Calcarea Jodata, 141 Calcarea Muriatica, 142 Calcarea Ostrearum, 138 Calcarea Oxalica, 142 Calcarea Phosphorica, 143 Calcarea Sulphuratum, 247 Calcarea Sulphurica, 143 Calcic Acetate, 137 Calcic Carbonate, 138 Calcic Chloride, 142 Calcic Fluoride, 140 Calcic Hydrate, 138 Calcic Hypophosphite, 140 Calcic Iodide, 141 Calcic Phosphate, 143 Calcic Sulphate, 143 Calcii Arsenias, 138 Calcii Carbonas, 138 Calcii Chloridum, 142 Calcii Fluoridum, 140 Calcii Hypophosphis, 140 Calcii Iodidum, 141 Calcii Oxalis, 142 Calcii Phosphas Praecipitata, 143 Calcii Sulphas, 143 Calcined Magnesia, 300 Calcis Hydras, 138 Calcis Hypophosphis, 140 Calcis Phosphas, 143 Calcium Acetate, 137 Calcium Fluoride, 140 Calcium Hydrate, 138 Calcium Iodide, 141 Calcium Iodatum, 141 Calcium Oxalicum, 142 Calendula, 144 Calendula Officinalis, 144 Caliche, 334 Calisaya Bark, 165 Callistachya Virginica, 2S9 Calomel, 310 Calomelas, 310 Calonyction Speciosum, 188 488 INDEX. Calotropis Gigantea, 296 Caltha Palustris, 144 Calx Chlorata, 139 Calx Chlorinata, 139 Calx Sulphurata, 247 Calx Zinci, 465 Camellia Thea, 437 Camphor, 145 Camphora, 145 Camphora Monobromata, 320 Camphora Officinarum, 145 Canada Fleabane, 211 Canada Pitch, 29 Canada Snake-root, 104 Canadian Moonseed, 306 Cancer Astacus, 146 Cancer Root, 355 Canchalagua, 146 Candle Berry, 326 Canna Angustifolia, 147 Canna Glauca, 147 Cannabis, 147 Cannabis Indica, 147 Cannabis Sativa, 147 Cantharis, 148 Cantharis Vesicatoria, 148 Capsella Bursa Pastoris, 438 Capsicum, 149 Capsicum Annuum, 149 Carapicho, 245 Carbo a nimalis, 149 Carbo Mineralis, 238 Carbo Vegetabilis, 152 Carbolic Acid, 34 Carbonas Kalicus, 268 Carbonas Lithicus, 290 Carbonas Ma»nesicus, 296 Carbonas Manganosus, 302 Carbonas Plumbicus 376 Carbonas Sodicus, 331 Carbonas Stronticus, 422 Carbonate of Ammonium, 69 Carbonate of Barium, 116 Carbonate of Copper, 198 Carbonate of Lead, 376 Carbonate of Lime, 138 Carbonate of Lithium, 290 Carbonate of Magnesia, 296 Carbonate of Manganese, 302 Carbonate of Nickel, 339 Carbonate of Potassium, 268 Carbonate of Sodium, 331 Carbonate of Strontium, 422 Carbonate of Zinc, 462 Carbonei Bisulphidum, 152 Carbonei Tetrachloridum, 150 Carboneum, 150 Carboneum Chloratum, 150 Carboneum Hydrogenisatum, 150 Carboneum Oxygenisatum, 151 Carboneum Sulphuratum, 152 . Carbonic Sulphide, 152 Carbon Monoxide, 151 Carbonous Oxide, 151 Carburetted Hydrogen, 150 Carburetum Ferri, 238 Cardinal Flower, 292 Carduus Benedictus, 153 Carduus Marianus, 154 Caroba, 261 Carp, 200 Carpenter's Square, 405 Carpopogon Pruriens, 206 Carum Petroselinum, 364 Carya Alba, 154 Cascarilla, 155 Cassava, 262 Cassia Acutifolia, 409 Cassia Lanceolata, 409 Casta] ia Pudica, 344 Castanea, 155 Castanea Edulis, 155 Castanea A'esca, 153 Castor Equi, 155. Castor Equorum, 155 Castor Fiber, 156 Castor Oil, 350 Castor Oil Plant, 392 Castoreum, 156 Castoreum Sibiricum, 156 Catalpa, 156 Catalpa Bignonioides, 156 Cataria Vulgaris, 339 Catharticum Aureum, 231 Catmint, 339 Catnep, 339 Cat Thyme, 436 Caulophyllin, 473 Caulophyllum, 157 Caulophyllum Thalictroides, 157 Caustic Potash, 269 Causticum, 157 Causticum Hahnemanni, 157 Cayenne Pepper, 149 Ceanothus Americanus, 158 Ceanothus Sanguinis, 158 Cedron, 158 Cedrus Lycea, 439 Celandine, 162 Celery-leaved Crowfoot, 387 Centaurea Benedicta, 153 Centaury of Chili, 146 Centesimal Scale, 15 Century Plant, 59 Cepa, 159 Cepa Marina, 404 Cephalanthus Occidentalis, 159 Cephselis Ipecacuanha, 258 INDEX. 489 Cerasin, 473 Cerasus Padus, 379 Cerasus Serotina, 160 Cerasus Yirginiana, 160 Cerates, 474 Cereus Bonplandii, 160 Cereus Grandirlorus, 134 Cerii Oxalas, 160 Cerium Oxalicum, 160 Cervus Brazilicus, 161 Cervus Campestris, 161 Cerussa, 376 Cerussa Nigra, 238 Cevadilla, 395 Chamaedaphne, 318 Chamaelia Germanica, 318 Chamaelirium Carolinianum, 247 Chamaelirium Luteum, 247 Chamomilla, 162 Chamomilla Vulgaris, 162 Chaste Tree, 60 Chsetomys Subspinosus, 417 Checker Berry, 320 Chelidonium, 162 Chelidonium Majus, 162 Chelone, 163 Chelone Alba, 163 Chelone Glabra, 163 Chelonin, 473 Chemicals, 14 Chenopodii Olidum 109 Chenopodium Anthelminticum, 163 Chenopodium Botrys, 164 Chenopodium Glaucum, 86, 164 Chenopodium Vulvaria, 109 Cherry Laurel, 287 Chestnut, 155 Chicot, 243 Chili Saltpetre, 334 Chimaphila, 165 Chimaphila Corymbosa, 165 Chimaphila Umbellata, 165 Chimaphilin, 473 China, 165 China Clay, 280 China Regia, 165 China Root, 204 Chinese Musk, 325 Chinese Sumach. 60 Chininum Arsenicum, 166^ Chininum Arsenicicum, 166 Chininum Hydrochloricum, 167 Chininum Muriaticum, 167 Chininum Purum, 167 Chininum Sulphuricum, 168 Chinoidin, 170 Chiococca Racemosa, 136 Chionanthin, 473 _ Chionanthus Virginica, 1/0 Chloral, 171 Chloral Hydras, 171 •Chloral Hydrate, 171 Chloralum, 171 Chloralum Hydratum Crvstallisatuni, 171 Chloras Kalicus, 270 Chloras Magnesicus, 298 Chloras Platinicus, 372 Chlorate of Potash, 270 Chloride of Ammonium, 72 Chloride of Barium, 117 Chloride of Calcium, 142 Chloride of Gold, 112 Chloride of Gold and Sodium, 113 Chloride of Iron, 225 Chloride of Lime, 142 Chloride of Platinum, 372 Chloride of Potassium, 275 Chloride of Sodium, 333 Chloride of Zinc, 464 Chlorinated Lime, 139 Chlorine, 173 Chlorinum, 173 Chloro-Aurate of Soda, 113 Chlorocarbon, 150 Chloroform, 172 Chloroformum, 172 Chlorohydric Acid, 42 Chloruretum Sodicum, 333 Chlorum, 173 Chocolate Tree, 133 Chondodendrum Tomentosum, 359 Chongras, 367 Chop Nut, 367 Chopping Board, 10 Chopping Knife, 19 Christmas Rose, 246 Chromic Acid, 35 Chrysomela Septempunctata, 181 Chrysophanic Acid, 36 Churukuku, 284 Cicuta, 174 Cicuta Aquatica, 174 Cicuta Virosa, 174 Cimicifuga, 175 I imicil'uga Racemosa, 175 Cimex Lectularius, 175 Cina, 175 Cina Americana, 163 Cinchona Calisaya, 165 Cinchona Officinalis, 165 Cinchona? Sulphas, 176 Cinchoninum Sulphuricum, 176 Cinereus, 132 Cinnabar, 177 Cinnabaris, 177 Cinnamon, 177 Cinnamomum, 177 490 INDEX. Cinnamomum Zeylanicum, 177 Cissampelos Pareira. 359 Cissampelos Smilacina, 306 Cistus Canadense, 178 Cistus Canadensis, 178 Citrate of Iron and Strychnia, 220 Citric Acid, 37 Citrullus Colocynthis, 185 Claviceps Purpurea, 406 Cleavers, 231 Clematis, 179 Clematis Cordata, 179 Clematis Erecta, 179 Clematis Hirsutissima, 382 Clematis Purshii, 179 Clematis Virginiana, 179 Clematis Vitalba, 179 Club Moss, 294 Cluster-flowered Snowberry, 136 Cnicus Benedictus, 153 Cnicus Marianus, 154 Coal Oil, 363 Cobalt, 180 Cobaltum, 180 Cobaltum Metallicum, 180 Cobra di Capello, 328 Cobweb, 434 Coca, 181 Coccinella. 181 Coccinella Indica, 182 Coccinella Septempunctata, 181 Cocculus, 182 Cocculus Chondodendron, 359 Cocculus Indicus, 182 Coccus Cacti, 182 Coccus Chamelacus, 318 Cochineal, 182 Cochlearia Armoracia, 95 Cockspur, 501 Cock-up-hat, 421 Cocum, 367 Cod Liver Oil, 348 Cod Oil, 348 Codeia, 183 Codein, 183 Codeinum, 183 Coffea, 184 Coffea Arabica, 184 Coffea Cruda, 184 Coffee, 184 Coffeinum, 136 Colchicum, 184 Colchicum Autumnale, 184 Colic Root, 61, 105,204 Collinsonia, 185 Collinsonia Canadensis, 185 Collinsonin, 473 Colocynth, 185 Colocynthis, 185 Colorado Beetle, 206 Color Indicus, 254 Coltsfoot, 219 Coluber Naja, 328 Columbine, 89 Comfrey, 430 Common Artemisia, 101 Common Barb, 200 Common Barberry, 120 Common Chamomile, 81, 162 Common Dwale, 117 Common European Walnut, 264 Common Grape Vine, 456 Common Herb Christopher, 56 Common Horsetail, 210 Common Juniper, 265 Common Everlasting, 237 Common Marigold, 144 Common Marjoram, 354 Common Nettle, 445 Common Nightshade, 414 Common Papaw, 106 Common Rest-harrow, 351 Common Rush, 264 Common Salt, 333 Common Smartweed, 251 Common Toad-Flax, 86 Common Wood-louse, 350 Common Wormwood, 31 Common Virgin's Bower, 179 Comocladia Dentata, 186 Compass-Plant, 412 Condor Plant, 186 Condurango, 186 Cone-Flower, 394 Conium, 187 Conium Maculatum, 187 Consolida Majoris, 430 Consumptive's Weed, 212 Convallaria, 187 Convallaria Majalis, 187 Convulvulus, 188 Convolvulus Arvensis, 188 Convolvulus Duartinus, 188 Convolvulus Purga, 262 Copaiba Balsam, 189 Copaiba Officinalis, 189 Copaifera Officinalis, 189 Copaiva Officinalis, 189 Copper, 196 Coptis, 189 Coptis Trifolia, 189 Corallium Rubrum, 190 Corallorhiza Odontorhiza, 190 Corallorhiza Wistariana, 190 Coral Root, 190 Coral Viper, 208 Coriandrum Cicuta, 187 Corks, 10 Corn Cockle, 60 Cornel, 191 Corn Fever-Few, 162 Cornin, 473 Corn Smut, 447 Cornus Alba, 192 Cornus Circinata, 191 Cornus Ccerulea, 192 Cornus Cyanocarpus, 192 Cornus Florida, 191 Cornus Rugosa, 191 Cornus Sericea, 192 Cornus Tomentulosa, 191 Corpse Plant, 321 Corrosive Chloride of Mercury, 315 Corrosive Sublimate, 315 Corundum, 65 Corvisartia Helenium, 255 Corydalin, 473 Corydalis Formosa, 192 Cosmolin, 363 Cosmoline, 363 Cotton Plant, 237 Cotyledon, 192 Cotyledon Umbilicus, 192 Coumarouna Odorata, 2' 5 Countryman's Treacle, 395 Cow-bane, 174 Cowhage, 206 Cowitch, 206 Cow-parsnip, 127 Cowslip, 144 Crane Willow, 159 Craw-fish, 146 Cray-fish, 146 Creeping Buttercup, 386 Creeping Crowfoot, 386 Creosote, 282 Creosotum, 282 Crocus, 193 Crocus Autumnalis, 193 Crocus Hispanicus, 193 Crocus Sativus, 193 Cross-Wort Gentian, 232 Crotalus Cascavella. 193 Crotalus Durissus, 194 Crotalus Horridus, 194 Croton Coccineus, 279 Croton Eleutheria, 155 Croton Oil, 195 Croton Tiglium, 195 Croton Tree, 195 Crow-flowers, 95 Crowfoot, 385 Cuban Spider, 433 Cubeb Pepper, 195 Cubeba, 195 Cubeba Officinalis, 19o Cubebs, 195 491 Cubic Nitre, 334 Cucumis Agrestis, 209 Cucumis Colocynthis, 185 Cucurbita Pepo, 196 Culver's Root, 289 Cunila Pulegioides, 245 Cupri Acetas, 197 Cupri Carbonas, 198 Cupri Subacetas, 197 Cupri Sulphas, 199 Cupric Acetate, 197 Cupric Sulphate, 199 Cuprum, 196 Cuprum Aceticuni, 197 Cuprum Ammoniatum, 197 Cuprum Arsenicosum, 198 Cuprum Carbonicum, 198 Cuprum Metallicum, 196 Cuprum Oxy datum Arsenicosum, 198 Cuprum Praecipitatum, 196 Cuprum Sulphuricum, 199 Cuprum Sulphuricum Ammoniatum, 197 Cuprum Vitriolatum, 199 Curare, 199 Curcus Purgans, 263 Curd Soap, 402 Curled Dock, 394 Cursed Crowfoot, 387 Cuscus, 78 Cusparia Bark, 80 Cuttle Fish, 410 Cyanide of Mercury, 309 t yanide of Potassium, 271 Cyanide of Zinc, 462 Cyanuret of Mercury, 309 Cyanuret of Potassium, 271 Cyanuretum Hydrargyricum, 309 Cyclamen, 200 Cyclamen Europaeum, 200 Cynanchum Vincetoxicum, 106 Cynocrambes, 308 Cypripedin, 473 Cypripedium, 201 Cypripedium Pubescens, 201 Cyprinus Barbus, 200 Cytisus Scoparius, 416 Damiana, 201 Dandelion, 432 Daphne, 201 Daphne Indica, 201 Daphne Lagetta, 201 Daphne Mezereum, 318 Daphne Odora, 201 Darnel, 292 Datura Arborea, 202 Datura Stramonium, 421 David's Root, 136 INI 492 INDEX. Deadly Nightshade, 117 Dead Nettle, 286 Dead Oil, 34 Dead Tongue, 345 Decimal Scale, 16 Delphinium Staphisagria, 420 Delphinus Amazonicus, 202 Delphinus Geoffroyi, 202 Deutoioduretum Hydrargyri, 312 Devil's Bones, 204 Devil's Dung, 103 Devil's Snuff-box, 126 Dhak Tree, 280 Diadem Spider, 91 Dicentra Eximia, 192 Dictamnus, 207 Dictamnus Albus, 207 Dictamnus Fraxinella, 203 Dielytra, 192 Digallic Acid, 51 Digitalin, 473 Digitalis, 203 Digitalis Purpurea, 203 Dilute Alcohol, 12 Dimercuroso-ammonium Chloride, 313 Dioscorea. 2(/4 Dioscorea Paniculata, 204 Dioscorea Quinata, 204 Dioscorea Yillosa, 2t)4 Dioscorin, 473 Diosma Crenata, 131 Dippel's Animal Oil, 347 Dipsacus Sylvestris, 204 Dipterix Odorata, 205 Dirca Palustris, 205 Diseased Potato, 415 Disodic Carbonate, 331 Disulphate of Quinia, 168 Distilled Water, 11 Dog Mercury, 308 Dog Paisley, 58 Dog Poison, 58 Dog's Bane, 87 Dolichos Pruriens, 206 Dorema Ammoniacum, 67 Doryphora Decemlineata, 206 Double Spruce, 30 Dracontium Foetidum, 206 Dragon's Root, 102 Dried Plants, 15 Drosera, 207 Drosera Rotundifolia, 207 Drugs, 14 Dryobalanops Aromatica, 145 Duck's Foot, 377 Dulcamara, 207 Dulcis Amara, 207 Dumb Cane, 137 Dwarf Elder, 90 Dwarf Stinging Nettle, 445 Ecbalium Elaterium, 209 Eclectic Preparations, 472 Elaps Corallinus, 208 Elaterium, 209 Elder, 399 Elecampane, 256 Elais Guineensis, 209 Elleborum Album, 449 Emetic Herb, 291 English Daisy, 118 Epeira Diadema, 91 Epigaea Repens, 210 Epiphegus Americanus, 355 Epsom Salt, 299 Equisetum Arvense, 210 Equisetum Hyemale, 210 Erechthites Hieracifolia, 211 Ergot, 406 Ergota, 406 Erigeron Canadense, 211 Eriodictyon Californicum, 212 Eriodictyon Glutinosum, 212 Erva Carnevra, 358 Erva de Pipi, 363 Eryngium Aquaticum, 212 Eryngium Maritimum, 213 Eryngium Petiolatum, 212 Eryngium Yuccaefolium, 212 Erythra?a Chilensis, 146 Erythrina Monosperma, 280 Erythroxylon Coca, 181 Esere" Nut, 367 Ethene, 150 Ethylene, 150 Eucalyptus Globulus, 213 Eucalyptus Rostrata, 280 Eugenia Jambos, 213 Eunonymin, 473 Euonymus Atropurpnreus, 214 Euonymus Carolinensis, 214 Euonymus Europaeus, 214 Euonymus Tristis, 214 Eupatorin (Perf.), 473 Eupatorin (Purp.), 473 Eupatorium Aromaticum, 215 Eupatorium Perfoliatum, 215 Eupatorium Purpureum, 216 Eupatorium Salviaefolium, 215 Euphorbia Corollata, 216 Euphorbia Hypericifolia, 217 Euphorbia Pilosa, 217 Euphorbia Resinifera, 217 Euphorbia Sylvestris, 217 Euphorbia Yillosa, 217 Euphorbium, 217 Euphorbium Tenella, 217 Euphrasia, 218 INDEX. 493 Euphrasia Officinalis, 218 Eupion, 219, 282 European Elder, 399 European Hellebore, 449 European Snake-Root, 103 European Worm Seed, 175 Eustachya Alba, 289 Evening Primrose, 346 Eve's Cup, 402 Exogonium Purga, 262 Eyebright, 218 Faba Calabarica, 367 Faba Ignatii, 253 Faba Physostinnuitis, 367 Faba Pichurim, 368 Fagopyrum Esculentum, 219 Fairv Fingers, 213 False Acacia, 392 False Angustura, 136 False Unicorn, 247 Farfara, 219 Feather Geranium, 164 Female Dogwood. 192 Fennel Flower, 341 Ferula Asafoetida 103 Ferula Sumbul, 429 Ferri Acetas, 221 Ferri Bromidum. 223 Ferri Carbonas Saecharata, 223 Ferri Chloridum. 225 Ferri Iodidum, 223 Ferri Lactas, 224 Ferri Oxidum Magneticum, 225 Ferri Phosphas. 22) Ferri Pyrophosphas, 227 Ferri et Strychnia? Citras, 220 Ferri Sulphas, 227 Ferric Acetate, 220 Ferric Chloride, 225 Ferric Sulphate, 227 Ferrocyanide of Potassium, 272 Ferrocyanide of Zinc, 463 Ferrocyanuret of Potassium, 272 Ferroso-ferric Phosphate, 226 Ferroso-ferric Oxide, 225 Ferrous Bromide, 223 Ferrous Carbonate, 223 Ferrous Iodide, 223 Ferrous Lactate, 224 Ferrous Sulphate, 227 Ferrum, 220 Ferrum Aceticum, 221 Ferrum Arsenatum, 222 Ferrum Arsenicicum, 222 Ferrum Bromatum, 223 Ferrum Carbonicum, 223 Ferrum Hydrogenio Reductum, 220 Ferrum Iodatum, 223 Ferrum Lacticum, 224 Ferrum Magneticum, 225 Ferrum Metallicum, 220 Ferrum Muriaticum, 225 Ferrum Oxydatum Aceticum, 221 Ferrum Oxydatum Magneticum, 225 Ferrum Phosphoricum, 226 Ferrum Pyrophosphoricum, 227 Ferrum Reductum, 220 Ferrum Sesquichloratum, 225 Ferrum Sulphuricum, 227 Fetid Buckeye, 57 Fever-tree, 213 Fever-Wort, 443 Ficus Infernalis, 263 Fisjwort, 405 Filix Mas, 228 Fire weed, 211 Five Fingers, 234 Five-leaved Water-Hemlock, 364 Flammula Jovis, 179 Flannel Plant, 450 Flesh-colored Asclepias, 104 Flesh-colored Swallow-wort, 104 Flower-de-luce, 260 Flowering Dogwood, 191 Flowers of Sulphur, 426 Flores Sulphuris, 426 Fluoric Acid, 38 Fluor-Spar, 140 Fly Agaric, 59 Fly Trap, 402 Foeniculum Aquaticum, 364 Fceniculum Caballinum, 364 Foetid Hellebore, 206 Fole's Foot, 103 Fool's Parsley, 58 Formic Acid, 38 Formica Rufa, 229 Fox-gall, 456 Foxglove, 203 Fox Grape, 360 Fox-liver, 456 Fox-lungs, 457 Fragaria Vesea, 229 Fragrant Sumach, 390 Fragulae, 229 Frankincense, 351 Frasera Carolinensis, 230 Frasera Walteri, 230 Fraxinella, 203 Fraserin, 473 French Metric AVeights and Meas- ures, 476 Fresh Plants, 14 Fresh Water Sponge, 113 Fringe Tree, 170 Frostwort, 178 Fruits, 14 494 INDEX. Fucus Vesiculosus, 230 Fuga Daemonum, 252 Fulminating Gold, 112 Fumitory, 192 Fungus Laricis, 124 Fungus Ovatus, 126 Funnels, 10 Fuzz-ball, 126 Galbanum, 354 Galena, 373 Galiopsis, 405 Galipea Cusparia, 80 Galium Aparine, 231 Gallic Acid, 39 Gallopsidis Maculata, 286 Gallo-Tannic Acid, 39 Gallow Grass, 147 Gamboge 231 Gambogia, 231 Ganja, 147 Garden Angelica, 79 Garden Daisy, 118 Garden Hemlock, 58 Garden Lettuce, 285 Garden Patience, 394 Garden Spider, 91 Garget Weed, 367 Garlic, 62 Gelsemin, 473 Gelsemium, 232 Gelsemium Nitidum, 232 Gelsemium Sempervirens, 232 Geoline, 363 Genista Scoparia, 416 Gentiana Cruciata, 232 Gentiana Lutea, 233 Gentiana Majoris, 233 Gentiana Minoris, 232 Gentiana Rubra, 233 Geoffroya Inennis, 78 Geranin, 473 Geranium Maculatum, 233 Geranium Robertianum, 234 German Chamomile, 162 German Viper, 455 Germanea LJrticaefolia, 372 Ginseng, 234 Ginger, 469 Glacial Acetic Acid, 31 Glasses, 9 Glass-stoppered Bottles, 9 Glauber's Salt, 338 Globules, 14 Glonoin, 234 Glonoine, 234 Glonoinum, 234 Glycerin, 235 Glycerina, 235 Glycerine, 235 Glycerinum, 235 Glycerinum Amyli, 475 Glyceroles, 475 Gnaphalium Polycephalum, 237 Gold, 111 Gold Thread, 189 Golden Alexanders, 436 Golden Ragwort, 408 Golden Rod, 416 Golden Seal, 250 Golden Sulphur, 84 Golden Sulphuret of Antimony, 84 Gonolobus Cundurango, 186 Goose-Grass, 231 Gorgonia Nobilis, 190 Gossypin, 473 Gossypium Herbaceum, 237 Grana Moschata, 29 Grana Tiglii, 195 Granatum, 238 Graphites, 238 Graphites Cerate, 475 Gratiola, 239 Gratiola Officinalis, 239 Gravel Root, 216 Great American Cockroach, 123 Great Hairy Rudbeckia, 394 Great or Large Nettle, 446 Great Lobelia, 292 Great Wild Valerian, 448 Greater Plantain, 370 Green European Lizard, 283 Green Iodide of Mercury, 311 Green Osier, 191 Grindelia, 240 Grindelia Robusta, 240 Grindelia Squarrosa, 240 Ground Hemlock, 433 Ground Laurel, 210 Ground Lemons, 377 Guaco, 240 Guaiac, 241 Guaiacum Officinale, 241 Guano, 242 Guano Australis, 242 Gtiao, 186 Guarana, 242 Guara Tim bo, 361 Guarea Trichiloides, 243 Guazouti, 161 Guilandin Dioica, 243 Gum Ammoniac, 67 Gum Olibanum, 351 Gum Plant, 430 Gummi Gutti, 231 Gyquirioba, 415 Gymnocladus Canadensis, 243 Gypsum, 143 INDEX. 495 Haematoxylon, 243 Haematoxylon Campechianum, 243 Hagenia Abyssinica, 127 Hamamelin, 473 Hamamelis, 244 Hamamelis Virginica, 244 Hart's Tongue, 107 Hashish, 147 Hayo, 181 Hazel-wort, 103 Heal All, 405 Healing Herb, 430 Heart's Ease, 454 Hedeoma, 245 Hedeoma Pulegioides, 245 Hedge-Hyssop, 239 Hedysarum Udefonsianum, 245 Hekla Lava, 245 Helianthemum Canadense, 178 Helianthus, 246 Helianthus Annuus, 246 Helleborus, 246 Helleborus Albus, 449 Helleborus Niger, 246 Helleborus Trifolius, 189 Helonias Dioica, 247 Helonias Lutea, 247 Helonias Viridis, 449 Helonin, 473 Hemlock Spruce, 29 Hemp, 147 Henbane. 252 Hens and Chickens, 118 Heracleum Sphondylium, 127 Herb-Robert, 234 Herba Anthos, 393 Herba Cyriaci, 436 Herba Sardoa 387 Herba Solis, 252 Herba Paris, 360 Herba Venti, 381 Herbs, 14 _ Heteromeris Canadense, 178 Henbane, 252 Hepar Sulphuris, 247 Hepar Sulphuris Calcareum, 247 Hepar Sulphuris Kalinum, 248 Hepatica, 249 Hepatica Triloba, 249 Hibiscus Abelmoschus, 29 Hickory Nut, 154 High Cranberry, 452 Hippocastanum Vulgare, 57 Hippomane Mancinella, 301 Hippomanes, 249 Hoary Basil, 345 Hogbean, 252 Hogweed, 127 Holly Rose, 178 Honey Bee, 87 Hooded Snake, 328 Hood Wort, 406 Hop-Hornbeam, 356 Hops, 293 Hop Tree, 381 Hop Vine, 293 Hordeum Causticum, 395 Horned Rye, 406 Horse Chestnut, 57 Horse Gentian, 443 Horse-radish, 95 Horsetail Rush, 210 Horse Weed, 185, 211 Houseleek. 408 Humulus Lupulus, 293 Hundred-Leaved Rose, 393 Huntsman's Cup, 402 Hura Braziliensis, 249 Hydrargyri Ammonio-Chloridum, 313 Hydrargyri Chloridum Corrosivum, 315 Hydrargyri Chloridum Mite, 310 Hydrargyri Cyanidum, 309 Hydrargyri Iodidum Rubrum, 312 Hydrargyri Iodidum Viride, 311 Hydrargyri Nitrico Oxydum, 314 Hydrargyri Oxidum Rubrum, 314 Hydrargyri Perchloridum, 315 Hydrargyri Subchloridum, 310 Hydrargyri Sulphas, 317 Hydrargyri Sulphuratum Rubrum, 177 Hydrargyrum, 317 Hydrargyrum Aceticum, 308 Hydrargyrum Ammoniatum, 313 Hydrargyrum Bichloratum Corro- sivum, 315 Hydrargyrum Biiodatum Rubrum, 312 Hydrargyrum Chloratum Mite, 310 Hydrargyrum Iodatum, 311 Hydrargyrum Iodatum Flavum, 311 Hydrargyrum Iodidum, 311 Hydrargyrum Nitricum Oxydula- tum, 313 Hydrargyrum Oxydatum Rubrum, 314 Hydrargyrum Oxydulatum Ni- grum, 314 Hydrargyrum Oxydulatum Nitricum Ammoniatum, 314 Hydrargyrum Prsecipitatum Al- bum, 313 Hydrargyrum Sulphuretum Nig- rum, 316 Hydrargyrum Sulphuricum, 317 Hydrastin, 473 Hydrastis, 250 Hydrastis Canadensis, 250 Hydrated-dibasic Cupric Carbonate, 198 Hydrate of Chloral, 171 Hydric Cupric Arsenite, 198 496 Hydrogen Nitrate, 44 Hydrogen Phosphate, 46 Hydrobromic Acid, 33 Hydrochlorate of Morphia, 323 Hydrochlorate of Quinine, 167 Hydrochlorate of Pilocarpine, 368 Hydrochloric Acid, 42 Hydrocotyle Asiatica, 250 Hvdrocotyle Nummularioides, 250 Hydrocotyle Pallida, 250 Hydrocyanic Acid, 40 Hydrogen-Diammonium Phosphate, 74 Hydrofluoric Acid, 38 Hydrogen Di-carbide, 150 Hydrophyllum Virginicum, 251 Hydropiper, 251 Hydrophobinum, 296 Hylax Fraxineum, 458 Hyoscyamin, 473 Hyoscyamus, 252 Hyoscyamus Niger, 252 Hypericum, 252 Hypericum Perforatum, 252 Hypophosphis Kalicus, 273 Hypophosphis Potassicus, 273 Hypophosphite of Calcium, 140 Hypophosphite of Lime, 140 Hypophosphite of Potash, 273 Hypophosphite of Soda, 332 Iberis Amara, 253 Ice Plant, 321 Ictodes Foetidus, 206 Ignatia, 253 Ignatia Amara, 253 Ilex Aquitblium, 254 Ilex Opaca, 254 Illicium Anisatum, 80 Imbiri, 147 Impure Calcic Sulphide, 247 Impure Carbonate of Lime, 138 India Berries, 182 Indian Acalypha, 31 Indian Apple, 377 Indian Caustic Barley, 395 Indian Fig, 353 Indian Ginger, 104 Indian Hemp, 88, 147 Indian Lettuce, 230 Indian Paint, 400 Indian Pennywort, 250 Indian Pipe, 321 Indian Posey, 237 Indian Tobacco, 291 Indian Turnip, 102 Indicum, 254 Indigo, 254 Indium, 255 Indium Metallicum, 255 DEX. Intybus Augustus, 285 Inula, 255 Inula Helenium, 255 Iodide of Ammonium, 71 Iodide of Antimony, 83 Iodide of Arsenic, 99 Iodide of Barium, 116 Iodide of Calcium, 141. Iodide of Iron, 223 Iodide of Lead, 376 Iodide of Lime, 141 Iodide of Potassium, 274 Iodide of Sulphur, 428 Iodide of Zinc, 464 Iodine, 256 Iodinium, 256 Iodium, 256 Iodoform, 258 Iodoformium, 258 Iodoformum, 258 Ioduretum Kalicum, 274 Ioduretum Plumbicum, 376 Ioduretum Sulfuris, 428 Ipadu, 181 Ipecac, 258 Ipecacuanha, 258 Ipomcea Bona Nox, 188 Ipomcea Jalapa, 262 Ipomcea Purga, 262 Iridium, 259 Iridosmine, 259 Iris Hexagona, 260 Irisin, 473 Iris Versicolor, 260 Iron, 220 Iron Wood, 356 Isis Nobilis, 190 Italian Viper, 455 Itu, 387 Jaborandi, 260 Jacaranda Braziliensis, 261 Jacaranda Caroba, 261 Jacea, 454 Jack in the Pulpit, 102 Jalap, 262 Jalapa, 262 Jambosa Vulgaris, 213 Jamestown or Jimson Weed, 421 Janipha Manihot, 262 Jatamansi, 429 Jatropha Curcas, 263 Jatropha Manihot, 262 Jerusalem Oak, 164 Jodium, 256 Joe Pye Weed, 216 Juglandin, 473 Juglans Cathartica, 263 Juglans Cinerea, 263 INDEX. Juglans Regia, 263 Juncus Effusus, 264 Jnncus Pilosus, 264 Juniper, 265 Juniperus Communis, 265 Juniperus Sabina, 396 Juquerioba, 415 Jusquiami, 252 Kakerlac Americana, 123 Kali Acetas, 266 Kali Aceticum, 266 Kali Arsenicosum, 266 Kali Bichromicum, 266 Kali Bromidum, 267 Kali Carbonicum, 268 Kali Causticum, 269 Kali Chloricum, 270 Kali Chloridum, 275 Kali Cyanatum, 271 Kali Cyanuretum, 271 Kali Ferrocyanatum, 272 Kali Hydriodicum, 274 Kali Hypermanganicum, 277 Kali Hypophosphorosum, 273 Kali Jodatum, 274 Kali Muriaticum, 275 Kali Nitricum, 276 Kali Permanganicum, 277 Kali Phosphoricum, 278 Kali Sulphas, 278 Kali Sulphuricum, 278 Kalium Borussicum, 272 Kalium Bromatum, 267 Kalium Cyanatum, 271 Kalium Ferrocyanatum, 272 Kalium Iodatum, 274 Kalium Sulphuratum, 248 Kalmia Latifolia, 278 Kamala, 279 Kameela, 279 Kaolin, 280 Kaolinum, 280 Kava-Kava, 370, Kayu-puti, 348 Kentucky Coffee Tree, 243 Kidney-leaved Asarabacca, 104 Kidney-wort, 193 Kino, 280 Kiwach, 206 Knot-Root, 185 Knot-weed, 378 Koosso, 127 Kosbo Sika, 127 Krameria, 281 Krameria Triandra, 281 Kreosote, 282 Kreosotum, 282 Kupfernickel, 340 I Laboria Pulmonaria, 420 Lacerta A^ilis, 283 Lacerta Stirpium, 283 Lachesis, 284 Lachnanthes, 284 Lachnanthes, Tinctoria, 284 Lactate of Iron, 224 Lactic Acid, 41 Lactuca Crispa, 285 Lactuca Fcetida, 285 Lactucarium, 286 Lactuca Sativa, 2S5 Lactuca Sylvestris, 285 Lactuca Virosa, 285 Lady Bird, 181 Lady Cow, 181 Lady's Slipper, 201 Lagetta Lintearea, 201 Lamium Album, 286 Lamium Laevigatum, 286 Lampblack, 150 Lana Gossypii, 237 Lana Philosophica, 465 Lapathum Acutum, 286 Lapis Albus, 287 Lapis Causticus, 269 Lappa Major, 91 Lappa Officinalis, 91 Larch Agaric, 124 Larch Boletus, 124 Lare, 292 Large-flowering Spurge, 216 Lark Spur, 420 Laughing Gas, 73 Laurel, 279 Laurel Magnolia, 300 Laurocerasus, 287 Laurus Camphora, 145 Laurus Cinnamomum, 177 Laurus Sassafras, 404 Lead, 373 Leather Charcoal, 148 Leatherwood, 205 Ledum, 288 Ledum Palustre, 288 Leontice Thalictroides, 157 Leontodin, 473 Leontodon Taraxacum, 432 Leopard's-bane, 96 Lepidium Bonariense, 288 Lepidium Iberis, 253 Lepidium Mastruco, 288 Leptandra, 289 Leptandra Virginica, 289 Leptandrin, 473 Leptus Auctumnalis, 443 Lesser Hemlock, 58 Lesser Periwinkle, 453 Levant Wormseed, 175 498 INDEX. Lever Wood, 356 Libanotis, 393 Lichen Pulmonarius, 420 Lignum Vita?, 241 Lilium Tigrinum, 289 Lily of the Valley, 187 Lime Tree, 440 Linaria Vulgaris, 86 Linden Tree, 440 Lion's Foot, 327 Liquid Measures, 477 Liquor Ammonia? Fortior, 70 Liquor Ammonii Acetatis, 67 Liquor Ammonii Caustici, 70 Lithanthrakokali Simplex, 82 Lithic Carbonate, 290 Lithii Bromidum, 290 Lithii Carbonas, 290 Lithium Bromatum, 290 Lithium Bromide, 290 Lithium Carbonicum, 290 Lithium Hydrobromicum, 290 Liver Lily, 260 Liver of Sulphur, 248 Liverwort, 249 Loadstone, 225 Lobelia, 291 Lobelia Cardinalis, 292 Lobelia Coerulea, 292 Lobelia Glandulosa, 292 Lobelia Inflata, 291 Lobelia Syphilitica, 292 Lobelin, 473 Locust Tree, 392 Logwood, 244 Lolium Arvense, 292 Lolium Robustum, 292 Lolium Temulentum, 292 Long Birthwort, 94 Lotions, 475 Love Apple, 294 Lunar Caustic, 94 Lung Moss, 420 Lungwort Lichen, 420 Lupulin, 293 Lupulina, 293 Lupulus, 293 Luzula Pilosa, 264 Lychnis Githago, 60 Lycoperdon Bovista, 126 Lycopersicum, 294 Lycopersicum Esculentum, 294 Lycopin, 473 Lycopodium, 294 Lycopodium Clavatum, 294 Lycopus, 295 Lycopus Virginicus, 295 Lycosa Tarantula, 433 Lyssin, 296 Lytta Vesicatoria, 148 Macropiper Methysticum, 370 Macrotin, 473 Macrotys Racemosa, 175 Madar, 296 Magisterium Bismuthi, 122 Magnesia, 300 Magnesia Calcinata, 300 Magnesia Carbonica, 296 Magnesia Muriatica, 298 Magnesia Phosphorica, 298 Magnesia Sulphurica, 299 Magnesia Usta, 300 Magnesii Carbonas, 296 Magnesii Chloridum, 298 Magnesii Sulphas, 299 Magnesium Carbonate, 296 Magnesium Chloride, 298 Magnesium Metallicum, 297 Magnesium Oxide, 300 Magnesium Sulphate, 299 Magnetic Oxide of Iron, 225 Maguey, 59 Magnolia, 300 Magnolia, Glauca, 300 Maize Smut, 447 Majorana, 301 Majorana Hortensis, 301 Malabar Plum-tree, 214 Malacca Bean, 77 Male Fern, 228 Mallotus Philippinensis, 279 Manchineel, 301 Mancinella, 301 Mandrake, 377 Manganesii Acetas, 302 Manganesii Carbonas, 302 Manganous Acetate, 302 Manganous Carbonate, 302 Manganum Aceticum, 302 Manganum Carbonicum, 302 Manganum Metallicum, 303 Manihot Utilissima, 262 Manioca Mandi, 262 Manioca, 262 Mapato, 281 Marcassita Alba, 122 Marjorana Syriaca, 436 Marking-nut Tree, 77 Marsh Buttercup, 386 Marsh Crowfoot, 387 Marsh Marigold, 144 Marshmallow, 64 Marsh Tea, 288 Marsh Trefoil, 307 Marum Verum, 436 Masterwort, 127 Mastruco, 288 INDEX. 499 Matieo, 303 Matricaria Chamomilla, 162 Mav-Apple, 377 May Pop, 560 Meadow Anemone, 382 Meadow Parsnip, 436 Meadow Saffron, 184 Measuring Glasses, 10 Mechoacanna Nigra, 262 Medicated Globules, 19 Melanosinapis Communis, 413 Melanpodium, 246 Melanthium Sabadilla, 395 Melarhiza Inuloides, 457 Melastoma Ackermanni, 304 Melastoma Tapixirica, 304 Melilotus, 304 Melilotus Alba, 304 Melilotus Officinalis, 305 Melissa Pulegioides, 245 Meloe" Majalis, 305 Meloe Proscarabaeus, 305 Meloe Vesicatorius, 147 Menispermin, 473 Menispermum Canadense, 306 Menispermum Cocculus, 182 Mentha Hercina, 306 Mentha Piperita, 306 Mentha Viridi Aquatica, 306 Menyanthes, 307 Menvanthes, Trifoliata, 307 Mephitis, 307 Mephitis Putorius, 307 Mercurialis Montana, 308 Mercurialis Perennis, 308 Mercuric Chloride, 315 Mercuric Cyanide, 309 Mercuric Iodide, 312 Mercuric Oxide, 314 Mercuric Potassium Iodide, 312 Mercuric Sulphate, 317 Mercuric Sulphide, 177 Mercurius Acetatus, 308 Mercurius Aceticus, 308 Mercurius Auratus, 309 Mercurius Cyanatus, 309 Mercurius Dulcis, 310 Mercurius Iodatus Flavus, 311 Mercurius Iodatus Ruber, 312 Mercurius Nitrosus, 313 Mercurius Praecipitatus Albus, 313 Mercurius Praecipitatus Ruber, 314 Mercurius Solubilis Hahnemanni, 314 Mercurius Sublimatus Corrosivus, 31 o Mercurius Sulphuratus Ruber, 177 Mercurius Sulphuretum Nigrum, 316 Mercurius Sulphuncus, 317 Mercurius Vivus, 317 Mercurous Iodide, 311 Mercurous Nitrate, 313 Mercury, 317 Mercury Vine, 391 Metal Magnesium, 297 Metallic Aluminium, 66 Metallic Arsenic, 100 Metallic Bismuth, 120 Metallic Cobalt, 180 Metallic Indium, 255 Metallic Manganese, 303 Metallic Nickel, 340 Metallic Silver, 92 Metallic Tin, 418 Metallic Zinc, 459 Metals, 14, 15 Metric Measures, 478 Metric Weights, 477 Mezereon, 318 Mezereum, 318 Mikania Guaco, 240 Mild Chloride of Mercury, 310 Mild Water Pepper, 377 Milfoil, 319 Milk Parsley, 217 Milk Thistle, 154 Milk-weed, 105 Milk Weed, 216 Millefolium, 319 Mimosa Humilis, 319 Minerals, 14, 15 Mispickel, 100 Mistletoe, 455 Mitchella Repens, 320 Moccasin Plant, 201 Molybdic Acid, 42 _ Momordica Balsamina, 320 Momordica Elaterium, 209 Monkshood, 53 Monobromated Camphor, 320 Monobromatum Camphora?, 320 Monophenylamine Sulphate, 471 Monotropa Morisoniana, 321 Monotropa Uniflora, 321 Moor-Grass, 207 Moosewood, 205 Morning Glory, 188 Morphia, 322 Morphia? Acetas, 323 Morphia? Hydrochloras, 323 Morphia? Murias, 323 Morphia? Sulphas, 324 Morphine, 322 Morphinum Aceticum, 323 Morphinum Sulphuricum, 324 Morphium, 322 Morphium Aceticum, 323 Morphium Muriaticum, 323 Morphium Purum, 322 Morphium Sulphuricum, 324 500 INDEX. Mortars, 10 Moschus, 324 Moschus Moschiferus, 324 Moschus Orientalis, 324 Moschus Tibetanus, 324 Moschus Tunquinensis, 324 Mossy Stone Crop, 407 Mountain Balm, 212 Mountain Laurel, 279 Mountain Mint, 354 Mountain Parsley, 354 Mucuna Pruriens, 206 Mudar, 296 Mugwort, 101 Mullein, 450 Murex Brandaris, 325 Murex Purpurea, 325 Muriate of Ammonia, 72 Muriate of Apomorphia, 88 Muriate of Gold, 112 Muriate of Iron, 225 Muriate of Lime, 142 Muriate of Magnesia, 298 Muriate of Morphia, 323 Muriate of Pilocarpine, 368 Muriate of Platinum, 372 Muriate of Quinia, 167 Muriate of Strychnia, 424 Muriatic Acid, 42 Murure Leite, 326 Muscus Clavatus, 294 Musk, 324, Musk-root, 429 Musk Seed, 29 Mygale Lasiodora, 326 Mygale Lasiodora Cubana, 326 Myrica Cerifera, 326 ' Myricin, 473 Myristica Moschata, 343 Myristica Sebifera, 327 Myrospermum Peruiferum, 114 Myroxvlon Pereira?, 114 Myrtle", 327 Myrtus Communis, 327 Myrtus Jambos, 213 Nabulus Albus, 327 Nabulus Serpentaria, 327 Naja, 328 Naja Tripudians, 328 Naked Lady, 184 Naphthalene, 328 Naphthalin, 328 Naphthalinum, 328 Naphtha Montana, 363 Naphtha Nitri, 342 Narcotia, 329 Narcotin, 329 Narcotina, 329 Narcotinum, 329 Narrow-leaved Piper, 303 Narthex Asafcetida, 103 Natri Arsenias, 330 Natri Phosphas, 335 Natrum Arsenicicum, 330 Natrum Biboracicum, 125 Natrum Bromatum, 332 Natrum Carbonicum, 331 Natrum Chloratum Purum, 333 Natrum Hydrobromicum, 332 Natrum Hypophosphorosum, 332 Natrum Muriaticum, 333 Natrum Nitricum, 334 Natrum Phosphoricum, 335 Natrum Selenicum, 337 Natrum Salicylicum, 336 Natrum Sulpho-carbolicum, 337 Natrum Sulphuricum, 338 Navel wort, 193 Nectrandra Puchury Major, 368 Nepeta Cataria, 339 Nerium Album, 346 Nerium Oleander, 346 Nerium Variegatum, 346 Nettle-leaved Vervain, 451 Neutral Substances, 11 New England Boxwood, 191 New Jersey Tea, 158 Niccoli Sulphas, 340 Niccolum, 340 Niccolum Carbonicum, 339 Niccolum Metallicum, 340 Niccolum Sulphuricum, 340 Nickel, 340 Nickel Carbonate, 339 Nickel Sulphate, 340 Nicotia, 341 Nicotiana Tabacim, 431 Nicotin, 341 Nicotin a, 341 Nicotin um, 341 Nicotylia, 341 Nigella Damascena, 341 Night-blooming Cereus, 134 Nihilum Album, 465 Nipple Nightshade, 414 Nitras (Azotas) Sodicus, 334 Nitras Kalicus, 275 Nitrate of Ammonium, 73 Nitrate of Mercury, 313 Nitrate of Potash, 275 Nitrate of Potassium, 275 Nitrae of Silver, 94 Nitrate of Soda, 334 Nitrate of Strychnia, 424 Nitrate of Uranium, 445 Nitre, 275 Nitric Acid, 44 INDEX. 501 Nitri Spiritus Dulcis, 342 Nitrite of Amyl, 76 Nitro-benzine, 119 Nitro-benzol, 119 Nitrobenzolum, 119 Nitroglycerin, 234 Nitroglycerinum, 234 Nitrum, 275 Nitrum Cubicum, 334 Nitrum Flammans, 73 Nomenclature, 28 Northern Jalap, 367 Nose-bleed, 319 Notch-leaved Alder, 62 Nuces Aromatica?, 343 Nuces Sassafras, 368 Nucis Vomica? Cortex, 342 Nuphar Luteum, 342 Nutmeg, 343 Nux Juglans, 263 Nux Moschata, 343 Nux Myristica, 343 Nux Vomica, 343 Nymphrca Alba, 344 Nympba?a Lutea, 342 Nymphaea Odorata, 344 Oak-leaved Goosefoot, 164 Oak Lungs, 420 Oassacu, 241 Ocimastrum, 405 Ocimum Canum, 345 (Enanthe, 345 (Enanthe Apiifolia, 345 OZnanthe Crocata, 345 (Enanthe Phellandrium, 364 OZnanthe Sarmentosa, 364 Oenothera Biennis, 346 Oenothera Gauroides, 346 Oenothera Parvifiora, 346 Ohio Buckeye, 57 Oil Beetle, 305 Oil of Cajeput, 348 Oil Nut, 263 Oil of Sandal-Wood, 349 Oil of Turpentine, 435 Oil of Vitriol, 49 Ointments, 474 Old Alan's Beard, 179 Oleander, 346 Olefiant Gas, 150 Oleum Animale ^Ethereum, 34/ Oleum Animale Dippeln, 347 Oleum Cajuputi, 348 Oleum Cornu Cervi, .At Oleum Hepatis Morrhuse 348 Oleum Jecoris Aselh, 348 Oleum Ligni Santali, 6W Oleum Morrhuse, 348 Oleum Pal ma? Christi, 350 Oleum Petra?, 363 Oleum Ricini, 350 Oleum Santalum Album, 349 Oleum Santalum Citrinum, 349 Oleum Terebinthinse, 435 Oleum Terra?, 363 Olibanum, 351 Onagra Biennis, 346 Onion, 159 Oniscus Asellus, 350 Ononis Spinosa, 351 ' hiosuris Acuminata, 346 Opium, 352 Opopanax, 353 Opopanax Chironium, 353 Opuntia Humifusa, 353 Opuntia ATulgaris, 353 Orange Apocynum, 105 Orange Spider, 438 Ordeal Bean, 367 Oreoselinum, 354 Organg, 354 Origanum Majorana, 301 Origanum A'ulgare, 354 Ornithogalum Maritimum, 404 Orobanche \Tirginiana, 355 Orpiment, 98 Ortho-phenylsulphuric Acid, 337 Osmiridium, 259 Osmium, 355 Ostrya A^irginica, 356 Ova Barba?, 200 Oxalate of Calcium, 142 Oxalate of Cerium, 160 Oxalate of Lime, 142 Oxalic A cid, 45 Oxide of Antimony, 83 Oxide of Bismuth, 121 Oxide of Zinc, 465 Oxydendrum, 356 Oxydendrum Arboreum, 356 Oxydum Hydrargyricum, 314 Padus Avium, 379 Padus Laurocerasus, 287 Padus Vulgaris, 379 Pa?onia Officinalis, 357 Pale Rose, 393 Palladium, 357 Palm Tree, 209 Palma Christi, 392 Palus Satutus, 241 Panacea Arvensis, 358 Panax Quinquefolium, 234 Pancreatin, 358 Pancreatinum, 358 Pansy, 454 Papal Cross Spider, 91 502 INDEX. Papaver Corniculatum Luteum, 162 Papaver Somniferum, 352 Pappoose Root, 157 Paraffin, 359 Paraffinum, 359 Paraphenylsulphuric Acid, 337 Parcelia Triloba, 106 Pareira Brava, 359 Paris Quadrifolia, 360 Parsley, 364 Partridge Berry, 320 Parts of Plants, 15 Pasque-Flower, 382 Passiflora Incarnata, 360 Passion Flower, 360 Pastinaca Opopanax, 353 Paullinia Pinnata, 361 Paullinia Sorbilis, 242 Paullinia Timbo, 361 Paul's Betony, 296 Pauson, 400 Pavia Glabra, 57 Peachwood, 244 Pearl White, 122 Pellets, 14 Pellitory, 458 Pennywort, 193 Penthorum Sedoides, 361 Peony, 357 Peppermint, 306 Pepsin, 362 Perchloride of Iron, 225 Perchloride of Mercury, 315 Permanganate of Potash, 277 Permanganate of Potassium, 277 Peroxide of Alercury, 314 Persulphate of Mercury, 317 Pes Leoninus, 294 Pes Ursinus, 294 Pestilence Wort, 443 Petasites Vulgaris. 443 Petiveria Alappa Graveolens, 363 Petiveria Tetrandra, 363 Petrolatum, 363 Petroleum, 363 Petroselinum, 364 Petroselinum Sativum, 364 Peucedanum Oreoselinum, 354 Phellandrium Aquaticum, 364 Phellandrium, 364 Phenic Acid, 34 Phenol, 34 Phenolsulphonate of Sodium, 337 Phenylic Alcohol, 34 Phosphas Natricus, 335 Phosphate of Ammonium, 74 Phosphate of Iron, 226 Phosphate of Lime, 143 Phosphate of Potash, 278 Phosphate of Potassium, 278 Phosphate of Soda, 335 Phosphate of Sodium. 335 Phosphate of Strychnia, 42?/ Phosphide of Zinc, 466 Phosphoric Acid, 46 Phosphorus, 365 Phosphorus Ruber, 366 Phosphuret of Zinc, 466 Photo-Santonic Acid. 402 Phu Germanicum, 448 Physic Nut, 263 Physostigma, 367 Physostigma Venenosum, 367 Phytolacca, 367 Phytolacca Decandra, 367 Phytolaccin, 473 Picao de Praia, 373 Pichurim, 368 Pichurim Beans, 368 Picraenia Excelsa, 384 Picrasma Excelsa, 384 Picric Acid, 47 Pigeon Berry, 367 Pigmentum Indicum, 254 Pilocarpin Muriate, 368 Pilocarpinum Aluriaticum, 368 Pilocarpus Pennatifolius, 260 Pilocarpus Pinnatus, 260 Pilocarpus Sclloanus, 260 Pilot Weed, 412 Pimpinel, 369 Pimpinella Alba, 369 Pimpinella Hircjna>. 369 Pimpinella Nostratis, 369 Pimpinella Saxifraga, 369 Pimpinella Umbellifera, 369 Pinites Succinifer, 426 Pink Root, 417 Pinus Canadensis, 29 Pinus Sylvestris, 369 Piper Angustifolium, 303 Piper Cubeba, 195 Piper Alethysticum, 370 Piper Nigrum, 370 Pipi, 363 Pipperidge Bush, 120 Pipsissewa, 165 Pismire, 229 Pitcher Plant, 402 Plant Louse, 86 Plantago Major, 370 Plaster of Paris, 143 Platina, 371 Platina Chlorata, 372 Platini Chloridum, 372 Platinic Chloride, 372 Platinum, 371 Platinum Aletallicum, 371 INDEX. 508 Platinum Aluriaticum, 372 Plectranthus Frueticosus, 372 Pleurisy Root, 105 Plum-leaved Viburnum, 453 Plumbago, 238 Plumbago Littoralis, 373 Plumbi Acetas, 375 Plumbi Carbonas, 376 Plumbi Iodidum, 376 Plumbic Acetate, 375 Plumbic Carbonate, 376 Plumbic Iodide, 376 Plumbum, 373 Plumbum Aceticum, 375 Plumbum Carbonicum, 376 Plumbum Iodatum, 376 Plumbum Aletallicum, 373 Plumbum Aletallicum Prsecipitatum, 373 Podalvria Tinctoria, 114 Podophyllin, 473 Podophyllum, 377 Podophyllum Peltatum, 3 Poison Ash, 391 Poison Dogwood, 392 Poison Elder, 392 Poison Hemlock, 1S7 Poison Ivy. 390 Poison Nut, 343 Poison Oak, 391 Poison Sumach, 392 Poison Tobacco, 252 Poison A'ine, 390, 391 Poison Wood, 392 Poisonous American Arum, 137 Poisonous Pediveau, 137 Poke, 367 Polecat, 307 Polecat Weed, 206 Polygala Senega, 409 Polygonum Acre, 378 Polygonum Fagopyrum, 219 Polygonum Hydropiper, 251 Polygonum Hydropiperoides, 377, 378 Polygonum Aiite, 377 Polygonum Punctatum, 378 Polypodium Filix Alas, 228 Polyporus Officinalis, 124 Poma Amoris, 294 Pomegranate, 238 Pompholyx, 465 Pool Root, 215 Poor Alan's Alercury, 358 Poor Alan's Weather Glass, 78 Poor Robin, 231 Populin, 473 Populus, 378 Populus Tremuloides, o/8 Porcelain Clay, 280 Porcupine, 417 Potassa Alum, 64 Potassa Caustica, 269 Potassa- Bichromas, 266 Potassa? Chloras, 270 Potassa' Hydras, 269 Potassa" Nitras, 275 Potassa" Permanganas, 277 Potassa' Sulphas, 278 Potassii Acetas, 2(56 Potassii Bichromas, 266 Potassii Bromidum, 267 Potassii Carbonas, 268 Potassii Chloras, 270 Potassii Chloridum, 275 Potassii Cyanidum, 271 Potassii Cyanuretum, 271 Potassii Ferroevanidum, 272 Potassii Hypophosphis, 273 Potassii Iodidum, 274 Potassii Nitras, 275 Potassii Permanganas, 277 Potassii Phosphas, 278 Potassii Sulphas, 278 Potassii Sulphuratum, 248 Potassio-aluminic Sulphate, 64 Potassium Acetate, 266 Potassium Arsenite, 266 Potassium Bichromate, 266 Potassium Bromide, 267 Potassium Di-chromate, 266 Potassium Carbonate, 268 Potassium Chloride, 275 Potassium Cyanide, 271 Potassium Ferro-cyanide, 272 Potassium Hypophosphite, 273 Potassium Iodide, 274 Potassium Nitrate, 275 Potassium Permanganate, 277 Potassium Chlorate, 270 Potassium Hydrate, 269 Potassium Sulphate, 278 Potentiation, Class 1.19 " II, 20 " III, 21 " IV, 22 " " V—a, 22 " V-6, 23 " XI—a, 24 " " VI— b, 24 Potentiation on the Centesimal Scale, 16 Potentiation on the Decimal Scale, 16 Potentiation of Dry Substances, 17 Potentiation of Liquid Substances, 16 Potato Bug, 206 Pothos Foetidus, 206 Precipitated Carbonate of Zinc, 462 Precipitated Phosphate of Calcium, 143- 504 INDEX. Preliminary Alanipulations, 15 Prenanthes Alba, 327 Preparation of Potencies or Attenua- tions, 15 Prickly Ash, 457 Prickly Pear, 353 Prickly Poppy, 92 Prince's Pine, 165 Procuring of Medicinal Substances, 14 Proportions of Aleasure and Weight, 19 Propenyl Alcohol, 235 Propylamin, 379 Propylaminum, 379 Protoiodide of Alercury, 311 Protonitrate of Alercury, 313 Prunus Amygdalus. 76 Prunus Communis, 380 Prunus Instititia, 380 Prunus Laurocerasus, 287 Prunus Padus, 379 Prunus Racemosa, 379 Prunus Spinosa, 380 Prunus Spinosa, 380 Prunus A'irginiana, 160 Prussic Acid, 40 Pseudo-acacia Odorata, 392 Psorinum, 380 Ptelea Trifoliata, 381 Ptelea ATiticifolia, 381 Ptelein, 473 Pterocarpus Marsupium, 280 Puccoon, 400 Puck-ball, 126 Puff Ball, 126 Puff-ball, 432 Puffin, 126 Puka-Puka, 127 Puke Root, 291 Pulmo Vulpis, 457 Pulmonaria Reticulata, 420 Pulsatilla, 381 Pulsatilla Nigricans, 381 Pulsatilla Nuttalliana, 382 Pulsatilla Patens, 382 Pulsatilla Pratensis, 381 Pumacuchu, 281 Pumpkin, 196 Punica Granatum, 238 Pure Clay, 65 Pure Flint. 411 Pure Quinine, 167 Pure Tin, 418 Purging Agaric, 124 Purging Nut. 195, 263 Purple Boneset, 216 Purple Glove, 203 Purple Willow, 398 Purpura Patula, 325 Purvain, 451 Pycnanthemum Linifolium, 383 Pyrocatechin 337 Pyrola Umbellata. 165 Pyrophosphate of Iron, 227 Pyrus Americana, 383 Quaker Buttons, 343 Quaking Aspen, 378 Quassia, 384 Quassia Amara, 384 Quassia Simaruba, 413 Queen of the Aleadow, 216 Queen's Delight, 421 Queen's Root, 421 Quercus Alarina, 230 Quicksilver, 317 Quillaya Saponaria, 384 Quillaya, 384 Quinia, 167 Quinia? Arsenias, 166 Quinia? Hydrochloras, 167 Quinia? Sulphas, 168 Quinoidine, 170 Quinquino, 114 Quiver Leaf, 378 Rabbit Foot. 442 Ragged Lady, 341 Rana Bufo, 132 Ranunculus Acris, 385 Ranunculus Bulbosus, 385 Ranunculus Californicus, 385 Ranunculus Canus, 385 Ranunculus Delphinifolius, 385 Ranunculus Flammula, 386 Ranunculus Lanuginosus, 386 Ranunculus Lingua, 386 Ranunculus Palustris, 387 Ranunculus Repens, 386 Ranunculus Sceleratus, 387 Ranunculus Tomentosus, 386 Ranunculus Tuberosus, 385 Raphanus Hortensis, 387 Raphanus Nigrum, 387 Raphanus Sativus Niger, 387 Rapuntium Inflatum, 291 Ratanhia. 281 Rattlesnake, 194 Rattlesnake Milkwort, 409 Rattlesnake Root, 327 Realgar, 101 Red Alder, 62 Red-ant, 229 Red Clover. 441 Red Coral, 190 Red Iodide of Alercury, 312 Red Lobelia, 292 Red Oxide of Alercury, 314 Red Pepper, 149 INDEX. 505 Red Phosphorus, 366 Red Precipitate, 314 Red Root, 158, 284 Red Rot, 207 Red Sulphide of Mercury, 177 Red-Wood, 243 Reed, 102 Relative Aralue of Wine or Apotheca- ries' and Imperial Measures, 477 Remora Alopecuroides, 351 Remora Aratum, 351 Remora Urinaria, 351 Resina Itu, 386 Resinoids, 472 Resorcin, 337 Resta Bovis, 351 Rhabarbarum, 388 Rhatany, 281 Rheum, 388 Rheum Officinale, 388 Rhodium, 389 Rhododendron, 389 Rhododendron Chrysanthemum, 389 Rhubarb, 388 Rhus Aromatica, 390 Rhus Carolinense, 390 Rhus Chinense, 60 Rhus Elegans, 390 Rhus Glabra, 390 Rhus Humile, 391 Rhus Pubescens, 391 Rhus Radicans, 390 Rhus Toxicarium, 391 Rhus Toxicodendron, 391 Rhus ATenenata, 392 Rhus A'ernicifera, 392 Rhus \Ternix, 392 Rhus ATerrucosa, 391 Rib-Grass, 370 Ricinus Africanus, 392 Ricinus Communis, 350, 392 Ricinus Europaeus, 392 Ricinus Laevis, 350 Ricinus Lividus, 392 Ricinus Majoris, 263 Ricinus \Tiridis, 350, 392 River Crab, 146 River Sponge, 113 Robinia, 392 Robinia Pseudo-acacia, 392 Rock Oil, 363 Rock Rose, 178 Roman Chamomile, 81 Roots, 14 Rope bark, 205 Rorella Rotundifolia, 207 Ros Sol is, 207 Rosa Benedicta, 3o/ Rosa Centifolia, 393 Rosa Alucosa, 393 Rosa Provincialis, 393 Rose-apple, 214 Rose-bay, 346 Rosebay, 389 Rose-colored Silk Weed, 104 Rose Laurel, 346 Rosemary, 394 Rosin, 435 Rosin Weed, 412 Rosinarinum Sylvestre, 288 Rosmarinus, 393 Rosmarinus Officinalis, 393 Rottlera Tinctoria, 279 Rough Parsnip, 353 Round-leaved Dogwood, 191 Round-leaved Sundew, 207 Rudbeckia, 394 Rue, 395 Rumex, 394 Rum ex Crispus, 394 Rumex Obtusifolius, 286 Rumin, 473 Russian Alusk, 325 Russula Emetica, 58 Ruta, 395 Ruta Graveolens, 395 Ruta Latifolia, 395 Rutile, 440 Sabadilla, 395 Sabadilla Officinarum, 395 Sabina, 396 Sabina Officinalis, 396 Saccharated Carbonate of Iron, 223 Saccharum Album, 396 Saccharum Lactis, 12 Saccharum Officinarum, 396 Saccharum Saturni, 375 Saffron,193 Sage, 398 Sal Ammoniac, 72 Sal Soda, 331 Sal Tartari, 268 Sal Volatile, 69 Salicylate of Sodium, 336 Salicylic Acid, 47 Salis Amari, 296 Salix Alba, 397 Salix Nigra, 397 Salix Purpurea, 398 Salt of Tartar, 268 Saltpetre. 275 Salvia Officinalis, 398 Sambucus, 399 Sambucus Canadensis, 399 Sambucus Nigra, 399 Sambucus Nigra e cortice, 400 Sandarach, 101 506 INDEX. Sanguinaria, 400 Sanguinaria Acaulis, 400 Sanguinaria Canadensis, 400 Sanguinaria A'ernalis, 400 Sanguinarin, 473 Santonin, 400 Santoninic Anhydride, 400 Santoninum, 400 Sapo Animalis, 402 Sapo Domesticus, 402 Sapium Sylvaticum, 421 Sarazina Gibbosa, 402 Sarothamnus Scoparius, 416 Sarothamnus Vulgaris, 416 Sarracenia Heterophylla, 402 Sarracenia Purpurea, 402 Sarsa, 403 Sarsaparilla, 403 Sassafras, 404 Sassafras Nut, 368 Sassafras Officinale, 404 Satanic Boletus, 124 Satan's Fungus, 124 Savine, 396 Savovan, 231 Scabish, 346 Scabwort, 255 Scarlet Pimpernel, 78 Scheele's Green, 198 Schcenocaulon Officinale, 395 Scilla, 404 Scilla Maritima, 404 Sclerotium Clavus, 406 Scolopendrium Officinarum, 107 Scotch Fir, 369 Scotch Pine, 369 Scouring Rush, 210 Scrofula Plant, 405 Scrophularia Nodosa, 405 Scullcap, 406 Scutellaria, 406 Scutellaria Lateriflora, 406 Scutellarin, 473 Sea-dew, 394 Sea Holly, 213 Sea-kelp, 230 Sea Onion, 404 Sea-wrack, 230 Secale Cornutum, 406 Sedinha, 407 Sedum Acre, 407 Seeds, 14 Selenate of Soda, 337 Selenium, 407 Semecarpus Anacardium, 77 Semen Abelmoschi, 9 Sempervivum Alinoris, 407 Sempervivum Tectorum, 408 Seneca, 409 Seneca Snakeroot, 409 Senecin, 473 Senecio Aureus, 408 Senecio Gracilis, 408 Senecio Iiieracifolius, 211 Senega, 409 Senna, 409 Sepia, 410 Sepia Octopus, 410 Sepia Officinalis, 410 Sepia? Succus, 410 Serpentaria, 411 Sesqui-chloride of Iron, 225 Shag-Bark, 154 Shave-grass, 210 Shellbark, 154 Sheep's Berry, 452 Shepherd's Purse, 438 Shrubby Trefoil, 381 Siberian Alusk, 325 Side-saddle Flower, 402 Sieves, 10 Silex, 411 Silica, 411 Silicea, 411 Silicea Terra, 411 Silicic Oxide, 411 Silicious Earth, 411 Silicio-Fluoride of Calcium, 287 Silk-Weed, 105 Silky Cornel, 192 Silphium Laciniatum, 412 Silver, 92 Silybum Marianum, 154 Simaba Cedron, 158 Simaruba, 413 Simaruba Amara, 413 Simaruba Excelsa, 384 Simaruba Guianensis, 413 Simaruba Officinalis, 413 Simple Cerate, 474 Sinapis Nigra, 413 Sison Aureus, 436 Sium Trifoliatum, 436 Skunk, 307 Skunk Cabbage, 206 Slaked Lime, 138 Sloe, 380 Small Burnet Saxifrage, 369 Small Buttercup, 386 Small Crowfoot, 386 Small Pox Virus, 449 Small Yellow Pond Lily, 342 Smilax Aledica, 403 Smilax Officinalis, 403 Smooth Sumach, 390 Smyrnium Aureum, 436 Snake-IIead, 163 Snowball, 452 INDEX. Snow Berry, 430 Snow-flower, 170 Soapbark, 384 Socotrine Aloes, 63 Soda? Arsenias, 330 Soda? Carbonas, 331 Soda? Phosphas, 335 Soda? Sulphas, 338 Sodic Tetraborate, 125 Sodic Nitrate, 334 Sodii Arsenias, 330 Sodii Boras, 125 Sodii Bromidum, 332 Sodii Carbonas, 331 Sodii Chloridum. 333 Sodii Hypophosphis, 332 Sodii Nitras, 334 Sodii Phosphas, 335 Sodii Sulphas, 338 Sodii Sulphocarbolas, 337 Sodium Arsenate, 330 Sodium Bromide, 332 Sodium Carbonate, 331 Sodium Chloride, 333 Sodium Chloro-aurate, 113 Sodium Hypophosphite, 332 Sodium Nitrate, 334 Sodium Phosphate, 335 Sodium Salicylate, 336 Sodium Selenate, 337 Sodium Sulphate, 338 Sodium Sulphocarbolate, 337 Soft Rush, 264 Solanum, 414 Solanum Aculeatissimum, 414 Solanum Arrebenta, 414 Solanum Dulcamara, 207 Solanum Furiosum, 117 Solanum Lycopersicum, 294 Solanum Alammosum. 414 Solanum Aianiacum, 117, 421 Solanum Nigrum, 414 Solanum Oleraceum, 415 Solanum Quadrifolium Bacciferum, 360 Solanum Somniferum, 117 Solanum Tuberosum ^Egrotans, 414 Soldier's Herb, 303 Solidago Virga-aurea, 416 Solution of Acetate of Ammonium, 67 Sophora Tinctoria, 114 Sorrel Tree, 356 Sour-Wood, 356 Southernwood, 30 Sow-bread, 200 Sow-Bug, 350 Spanish Bayonet, 4o8 Spanish Black Radish, 387 Spanish Fly, 148 Spartium Scoparium, 416 Spatulas, 10 Spearwort, 386 Speedwell, 354 Spermaceti Ointment, 474 Spermcedia Clavus, 406 Sphingurus Alartini, 417 Spider's Web, 434 Spiderwort, 441 Spigelia 417 Spigelia Anthelmia, 417 Spigelia Quadriphylla, 417 Spiggurus Alartini, 417 Spina Acida, 120 Spindle-tree, 214 Spiny Clotbur, 457 Spirit of Alindererus, 67 Spirit Weed, 284 Spirit of Wine, 11 Spiritus jEtheris Nitrosi, 342 Spiritus Mindereri, 67 Sponge, 418 Spongia, 418 Spongia Officinalis, 418 Spongia Palustris, 113 Spongia Tosta, 418 Spongilla Fluviatilis, 113 Spongilla Lacustri*, 113 Spoons, 10 Spotted Arum, 101 Spotted Geranium, 233 Spotted Hemlock, 187 Spurge, 217 Spurge Olive, 318 Spurred Rye, 406 Squaw Alint, 245 Squaw Root, 157, 355 Squaw Vine, 320 Squaw Weed, 408 Squid, 410 Squill, 404 Squilla Hispanica, 404 Squirrel Corn, 192 Squirting Cucumber, 209 Stagger Weed, 192 Stag's Horn, 294 Stannum, 418 Stannum Indicum, 459 Stannum Metallicum, 418 Staphisagria, 420 Staphisagria Pedicularis, 420 Staphydis Agria, 420 Star Anise Seed, 80 Star Fish, 108 Star Grass, 61 Star Thistle, 153 Starwort, 247 Stavesacre, 420 Steffensia Elongata, 303 Stibio-Kali Tartaricum, 85 508 INDEX. Stibium Sulphuretum Nigrum, 83 Sticta, 420 Sticta Pulmonaria, 420 Stillingia, 421 Stillingia Sylvatica, 421 Stillingin, 473 Stinking Blite, 109 Stinking Goosefoot, 109 Stinking orache or arach, 109 Stitzolobum Pruriens, 206 St. John's Wort, 252 St. Mary's Thistle, 154 Stone Clover, 442 Stone Coal, 82 Stone Root, 185 Stramonium, 421 Strong-scented Lettuce, 285 Strontiana Carbonica, -122 Strontiana? Carbonas, 422 Strontianite, 422 Strontium Carbonate, 422 Strychnia, 423 Strychnia? Hydrochloras, 424 Strychnia? Nitras, 424 Strychnia? Phosphas, 425 Strychnia? Sulphas, 426 Strychnine, 423 Strychninum, 423 Strychninum Muriaticum, 424 Strychninum Nitricum, 424 Strychninum Phosphoricum, 425 Strychninum Purum, 423 Strychninum Sulphuricum, 426 StrychncJs Ignatia, 253 Strychnos Nux Vomica, 343 Strychnos Tieute, 444 Subchloride of Alercury, 310 Submuriate of Alercury, 310 Subnitrate of Bismuth, 122 Succinic Acid, 48 Succinum, 426 Succus Thebaicus, 352 Sugar Cane, 396 Sugar of Lead, 375 Sugar of Milk, 12 Sulphate of Aluminium and Potassii 64 Sulphate of Aniline, 471 Sulphate of Atropia, 111 Sulphate of Cadmium, 135 Sulphate of Calcium, 143 Sulphate of Cinchonia, 176 Sulphate of Copper, 199 Sulphate of Iron, 227 Sulphate of Lime, 143 Sulphate of Alagnesia, 299 Sulphate of /Mercury, 317 Sulphate of Alorphia, 324 Sulphate of Nickel, 340 Sulphate of Potash, 278 Sulphate of Quinia, 168 Sulphate of Quinine, 168 Sulphate of Soda, 338 Sulphate of Sodium, 338 Sulphate of Strychnia, 426 Sulphate of Zinc, 467 Sulphide of Arsenic, 98 Sulphocarbolate of Barium, 337 Sulphocarbolate of Sodium, 337 Sulphocarbolic Acid, 337 Sulphophenate of Sodium, 337 Sulphur, 426 Sulphur Iodatum, 428 Sulphur Sublimatum Lotum, 426 Sulphurated Antimony, 84 Sulphurated Potash, 248 Sulphuret of Antimony, 83 Sulphuret of Carbon, 152 Sulphuret of Potassium, 248 Sulphuret of Lime, 247 Sulphuretted Gold, 113 Sulphuric Acid, 49 Sulphuris Iodidum, 428 Sulphus Quinicus, 168 Sumach, 390 Sumatra Camphor, 145 Sumbul, 429 Sumbulus Aloschatus, 429 Sun Chafer, 181 Sunflower, 246 Surinam Quassia, 384 Surukuke, 284 Suterberry, 458 Swamp Dogwood, 192 Swamp Hellebore, 449 Swamp Milk Weed, 104 Swamp Sassafras, 191 Swamp Sumach, 392 Sweet Bay, 300 Sweet Clover, 304, 305 Sweet Gale, 326 Sweet Marjoram, 301 Sweet-scented Spurge-Laurel, 201 Sweet-scented Violet, 454 Sweet-scented Water-Lily, 344 Sweet-scented Wood-ruff', 107 Sweet Spirits of Nitre, 342 Sweet Sumach, 390 Sweet Vernal Grass, 81 Swertia Difformis, 230 Symphoricarpus, 430 Symphoricarpus Racemosus, 430 Symphytum, 430 Symphytum Officinale, 430 Symplocarpus Foetidus, 206 Syrian Herb Alastich, 436 Tabacum, 431 INDEX. Table comparing Apothecaries'Weights and Aleasures and Gram Weights, 478 Table of Weights and Aleasures, 476 Table Salt, 333 Tablet Triturates, 476 Tag Alder, 62 Tall Buttercup, 385 Tall Crowfoot, 385 Tall Speedwell, 289 Tall Aeronica, 289 Tamus Communis, 431 Tanacetum A'ulgare, 432 Tannic Acid, 51 Tannin, 51 Tansv, 432 Tapioca Plant, 262 Tapixirica, 320 Tarantula, 433 Taraxacum, 432 Taraxacum Dens-leonis, 432 Taraxacum Officinale, 432 Tarentula Cubensis, 433 Tarentula Hispana, 433 Tartar Emetic, 85 Tartar Root, 234 Tartarated Antimony, 85 Tartarian Southernwood, 175 Tartaric Acid, 52 Tartarus Emeticus, 85 Tartarus Stibiatus, 85 Tartrate of Antimony and Potassium, 85 Taxus Baccata, 433 Tea, 437 Tecoma Radicans, 434 Tegeneria, 434 Tela Araneae, 434 Tela Domestica, 434 Tellurium, 434 Terebinthina, 435 Teriodide of Antimony, 83 Tersulphuret of Antimony, 83 Tetrachloride of Carbon, 140 Tetrammonio-cupric Sulphate, 197 Tetter-Wort, 162 Tetterwort, 400 Teucrium, 436 Teucrium Alarum, 436 Thapsus Barbatus, 450 Thaspium Aureum, 436 Thea Chinensis, 437 Thein, 437 Theina, 437 Theobroma Cacao, 133 Theridion Curassavicum 438 Thlaspi Bursa Pastons, 438 Thorn Apple, 421 Thoroughwort, 215 Thuja, 439 Thuja Occidentalis, 439 Thymus, 439 Thymus Serpyllum, 439 Tickweed, 245 Tiger Lily, 289 Tiglium Officinale, 195 Tela Medicinalis, 434 Tilia, 440 Tilia Europaea, 440 Timbo-Sipo, 361 Tin, 418 Tinctura Cupri Acetici Raden 197 Tinctures, Class I, 19 " II, 20 '• III, 21 '' IV, 22 Tincture Triturations, 476 Tinstone,-419 Titanium, 440 Toad, 132 Toad of South America, 132 Toadstool, 59 Tobacco, 431 Tomato, 294 Tongo Bean, 205 Tonka Bean, 205 Tonquin Bean, 205 Tooth-leaved Maidenplum, 186 Tradescantia Commelina, 441 Tradescantia Diuretica, 441 Tragoselinum, 369 Trailing Arbutus, 210 Traveller's Joy, 179 Tree of Heaven, 60 Tree of Life, 439 Tree Lungwort, 420 Tree Primrose 346 Tree Stramonium, 202 Trembling Poplar, 378 Tricalcic Diarsenate, 138 Tri-chloride of Gold, 112 Trifolii Tragiferi, 229 Trifolium, 431 Trifolium Amarum, 307 Trifolium Arvense, 442 Trifolium Officinale, 305 Trifolium Pratense, 431 Trigonocephalus Lachesis, 284 Trillium, 442 Trillium Album, 442 Trillium Pendulum, 442 Trillin, 473 Trilopus Dentata, 244 Trimethylamina, 379 Tri-nitro-Glycerine, 234 Triosteum Perfoliatum, 443 Tri-Oxide of Bismuth, 121 Triturating Alortars, 10 510 INDEX. Trituration, Centesimal Scale, 17 Trituration, Decimal Scale, 18 Trituration of Dry Medicinal Sub- stances, 25 Trituration of Fresh A'egetable and Animal Substances, 27 Trituration of Liquid Substances, 26 Triturations, 17 Triturations, Conversion of, into Liq- uids, 17, 18 Trombidium Holosericeum, 443 Trombidium Musca? Domesticae, 443 True Love, 360 Trumpet Creeper, 434 Trumpet Weed, 216 Turkey Pea, 192 Turmeric, 400 Turnera Aphrodisiaca, 201 Turnera Alicrophylla, 201 Turtle-Head, 163 Tussilago Farfara, 219 Tussilago Petasites, 443 Ubium Quinatum, 2°4 Umbilicus Pendulinus, 192 Unicorn Root, 61 Upas Tieute, 444 Upas Tree, 444 Upland Sumach, 390 Upright A7irgin's Bower, 179 Uva Lupulina, 360 Uranic Nitrate, 445 Uranii Nitras, 445 Uranium Nitricum, 445 Uranyl Nitrate, 445 Urari, 199 L1 raster Rubens, 108 Urginea Alaritima, 404 Uric Acid, 53 Urtica, 445 Urtica Dioica, 446 Urtica Minora, 445 Urtica Urens, 445 Usnea Barbata, 446 Ustilago Maidis, 447 Utensils, 9 Utensils, cleansing of, 10 Uvaria Triloba, 106 Uva Ursi, 447 \raccine Virus, 448 Vaccininum, 448 A'aleriana Officinalis, 448 A'alerianate of Ammonium, 74 Aralerianate of Zinc, 468 Value of Apothecaries' or Troy Weights in Metric Weights, 478 Variolinum, 449 \Tarnish Tree, 392 Araseline, 363 Vegetable Antimony, 215 Vegetable Charcoal, 152 \Tehieles, 11 A'eratrin, 473 Veratrum Album, 449 Veratrum Luteum, 247 \Teratrum Nigrum, 246 Veratrum Sabadilla, 395 Aeratrum Viride, 449 Verbascum, 450 Verbascum Thapsus, 450 Verbena, 451 Verbena Hastata, 451 Verbena Alaris, 451 A'erbena Officinalis, 451 Verbena Urticaefolia, 451 Verdigris, 197 Vermillion, 177 A^eronica Americana, 452 Veronica Beccabunga, 452 \Teronica Virginica, 289 Verruca? Equorum, 155 Vervain, 451 Vespa Crabro, 452 ATetiver, 78 Vetiveria Odorata, 78 Viburnin, 473 Viburnum Edule, 452 Alburnum Opulus, 452 Ariburnum Oxycoccus, 452 Viburnum Prunifolium, 453 ATinca Minor, 453 Vinca Pervinca, 453 A'incetoxicum Officinale, 106 Vine Maple, 306 A'iola Imberis, 454 ATiola Odorata, 454 A'iola Suavis, 454 \Tiola Tricolor, 454 ATiola Trinitatis, 454 Vipera Redi, 455 \1pera Torva, 455 ATirginia Hoarhound, 296 A'irginia Snakeroot, 411 Virginia Stone-Crop, 361 Virginia Thyme, 383 Virginian Creeper, 75 A^irginian Swallow-wort, 105 A'irola Sebifera, 327 Viscum Album, 455 Viscum Flavescens, 455 ATitex Agnus Castus, 60 Vitis Alba, 131 Vitis Canadensis, 391 Viti-vayr, 78 Vitis A inifera, 456 Vitriolum Album, 467 Vivana, 78 INDEX. Viverra Putorius, 307 Volatile Salt, 69 A'ulpis Fel, 456 Arulpis Hepar, 456 A'ulpis Pulmo, 457 Wafer Ash, 381 Wahoo, 214 Wake Robin, 101 Warneria Canadensis, 250 Wasp, 452 Washed Sublimed Sulphur, 426 Washing Soda, 331 Water-Dropwort, 345 Water Ervngo, 212 Water Hemlock, 174, 345 Waterleaf, 251 Water Lovage, 345 Water Nymph 344 Water Parsnip, 174 Water Pennywort, 250 AVater Pepper, 251 Water Plantain, 61 AVater Shamrock, 307 AVater Smartweed, 378 AVax Myrtle, 326 AVav Bread, 370 Weights, 10 Weights and Aleasures, 476, 477, 478 AVhite Agaric, 124 AVhite Archangel, 286 White Arsenic, 97 AVhite Bay, 300 AVhite Beth-Root, 442 AVhite Bryonia, 131 AVhite Cedar, 439 AVhite Dittany, 203 AVhite Hellebore, 449 AVhite Indian Hemp, 104 AVhite Laurel, 300 AVhite Lettuce, 327 AVhite Melilot, 304 AVhite Oxide of Bismuth, 122 AVhite Pond Lily, 344 AVhite Poppy, 352 AVhite Precipitate, 313 AVhite Snake-Root, 215 AVhite Sugar, 396 AVhite Swallow-wort, 106 AVhite Vervain, 451 AVhite Vitriol, 467 AVhite Walnut, 263 AVhite Willow, 397 AVicopy, 205 AVild Cherry, 160 AVild Cranesbill, 166 AVild Elder, 90 Wild Ginger, 104 Wild Hops, 131 Wild Hyssop, 451 AVild Indigo, 114 AVild Ipecac, 216 AVild Nard, 103 AVild Pine, 369 AVild Rosemary, 288 AVild Smartweed, 378 AVild Teasel, 204 Wild Thvme, 438 Wild Yam, 204 AVind-Flower, 382 Wing Seed, 381 AVitch-Hazel, 244 Witch Meal, 294 AVitherite, 116 Wolfsbane, 53 Wolf's Claw, 294 AVood-ant, 229 AArood Charcoal, 152 Wood-Rush, 264 Wood Rowel, 107 Woods, 14 Wood-straw berry, 229 AVoody Nightshade, 208 AVormgrass, 417 AVorm Seed, 163 AVoorara, 199 AVoorari, 199 AVourali, 199 AVourari, 199 AVyethia Helenioides, 457 Xanthium Spinosum, 457 Xanthoxylin, 473 Xanthoxylon Americanum, 458 Xanthoxylum Fraxineum, 458 Yarrow, 319 Yaw Root, 421 Yellow Cinchona, 165 Yellow Dock, 394 Yellow-flowered Rhododendron. Yellow Gentian, 233 Yellow Iodide of Mercury, 311 Yellow Jessamine, 232 Yellow Locust, 392 Yellow Melilot, 305 Yellow Parilla, 306 Yellow Peruvian Bark, 165 Yellow Prussiate of Potash, 272 Yellow Puccoon, 250 Yellow Root, 250 Yellow Sulphuret of Gold, 113 Yellow Wood, 458 Yerba Santa, 212 Yew, 433 Youth AVort, 207 Yucca, 458 Yucca Filamentosa, 458 512 INDEX. Zinc, 459 Acetate, 460 Bromide, 461 Carbonate, 462 Chloride, 462 Cyanide, 464 Ferrocyanide, 463 Iodide, 464 Oxide, 465 Phosphide, 466 Sulphate, 467 Zinci Acetas, 460 Zinci Carbonas, 462 Zinci Bromidum, 461 Zinci Carbonas Praecipitata, 462 Zinci Chloridum, 464 Zinci Cyanidum, 462 Zinci Ferrocyanidum, 463 Zinci Iodidum, 464 Zinci Oxidum, 465 Zinci Phosphidum, 466 Zinci Sulphas, 467 Zinci Aralerianas, 468 Zincic Valerianate, 468 Zincum, 459 Zincum Aceticum, 460 Zincum Bromatum, 461 Zincum Carbonicum, 462 Zincum Chloratum, 462 Zincum Cyanuretum, 464 Zincum Ferrocyanatum, 463 Zincum Hydrocyanicum, 464 Zincum Iodatum, 464 Zincum Metallicum, 459 Zincum Muriaticum, 462 Zincum Oxydatum, 466 Zincum Oxydatum Purum, 465 Zincum Phosphoratum, 466 Zincum Sulphuricum, 467 Zincum ATalerianicum, 468 Zingiber Officinale, 469 Zingiber Album, 469 Zingiber Nigrum, 469 Zizia Aurea, 436 Ziziphora Pulegioides, 245 ACCENTED SYLLABLES. Abelmo'schus. A'bies Canadensis. A/bies Ni'gra. Abro'tanum. Absinthium. Acaly'pha I'ndica. A'cidum Ace'tium Glaciate. A'cidum Benzo'icum. A'cidum Bora'cicum. Acidum Bio'micum. Acidum Carbo/licum. A'ciduru Chro'micum. Acidum Chrysopha'nicum. A/ciduni Ci'tricum. A'cidum Fluo'ricum. A'cidum Formi'cicum. A'cidum Ga'llicuni. A'cidum Hydrocya'nicum. A'cidum La'cticum. A'cidum Alolybdae'nicum. A'cidum Aluria'ticum. A'cidum Ni'tricum. A'cidum Oxa'licum. A'cidum Phospho'ricum. A'cidum Pi'cricum. A'cidum Salicy'licum. A'cidum Succi'nicum. A'cidum Sulphu'ricum. A'cidum Ta'nnicum. A'cidum Taita'ricura. A'cidum U'ricum. Aconi'tum. Aconi'tum Ca'mmarum. Aconi'tum Fe'rox. Aconi'tum Lyco'ctonum. Aconi'tum Ra'dix. Actae'a. A'delheidsque'lle. jE'sculus Gla'bra. ^E'sculus Hippoca'stanum. iEthu'sa. Aga'ricus Eme'ticus. Aga'ricus Musca'rius. Aga've America'na. A'gnus Cas'tus. Agroste'mma Githa'go. Ailan'thus Glandulo'sa. A'letris Farino'sa. Ali'sma Planta'go. A'llium Sati'vum. A'lnus Ru'bra. A'loe. Alsto'nia Constri'cta. Althae'a. Alu'men. Alu'mina. Alumi'nium Meta'llicum. A'mbta Gri'sea. Ambro'sia. Ammoni'acum. Ammo'nium Ace'ticum. Ammo'nium Benzo'icum. Ammo'nium Broma'tum. Ammo'nium Carbo'nicum. Ammo'nium Cau'sticum. Ammo'nium Joda'tum. Ammo'nium Aluria'ticum. Ammo'nium Ni'tricum. Ammo'nium Phospho'ricum. Ammo'nium A^aleria'nicum. Ampelo'psis. Amphisbce'na Vermicula'ris. Amy'gdala? Ama'rae. A'myl Nitro'sum. Anaca'rdium Orienta'le. Anaga'llis. Ana'ntherum Murica'tunu Andi'ra Ine'rmis. (513) 514 ACCENTED SYLLABLES. Ane'monin. Ange'lica Archange'lica. Angustu'rse Co'rtex. Anili'num Sulpliu'ricum. Ani'sum Stella'tum. A'nthemis. Anthoxa'nthum Odora'tum. A'nthracite. Anthrako'kali. Antimo'nium Cru'dum. Antimo'nium Ioda'tum. Antimo'nium Oxyda'tum. Antimo'nium Sulphura'tum Aura'tum. Antimo'nium Tarta'ricum. Antirrhi'num Lina'rium. A'phis Chenopo'dii Glau'ci. A'pis Melli'fica. A'pinm Vi'rus. Apo'cynum Androsremifo'lium. Apo'cynum Canna'binum. Apomo'rphia. Aquile'gia Vulga'ris. Ara'lia Hi'spida. Ara'lia Racemo'sa. Ara'nea Diade'ma. Ara'nea Scine'ncia. A'rctium La'ppa. Argemo'ue Mexica'na. Arge'ntum. Arge'ntum Ni'tricum. Aristolo'chia Clemati'tis. Aristolo'chia Milho'mens. Armora'cia. A'rnica. A'rnica e Radi'ce. Arse'nicum Al'bum. Arse'nicum Ci'trinum. Arse'nicum Hydrogenisa'tum. Arse'nicum Joda'tum. Arse'nicum Meta'llicum. Arse'nicum Ru'brum. Artemi'sia Vulga'ris. A'rum Macula'tum. A'rum Triphy'llum. Aru'ndo Alaurita'nica. Asafce'tida. A'sarum. A'sarum Canade'nse. Ascle'pias Incarna'ta. Ascle'pias Syri'aca. Ascle'pias Tubero'sa. Ascle'pias Vinceto'xicum. Asi'mina Tri'loba. Aspa'ragus Officina'lis. Aspe'rula Odora'ta. Asple'nium Scolope'ndrium. Aste'rias Ku'bens. A'triplex O'lidum. Atropi'num. Atropi'num Sulphu'ricum. Au'rum. Au'rum Fu'lminans. Au'rum Muria'ticum. Au'rum Muria'ticum Natrona'tum. Au'rum Sulphura'tum. Badia'ga. Ba'lsamum Peruvia'num. Bapti'sia. Ba'rtfelder. Bary'ta Ace'tica. Bary'ta Carbo'nica. Bary'ta Joda'ta. Bary'ta Muria'tica. Bellado'nna. Bellado'nna e Radi'ce. Be'llis Pere'nnis. Benzi'num Ni'tricum. Berberi'num. Be'rberis. Bismu'thum Meta'llicum. Bismu'thum Oxyda'tum. Bismu'thum Subni'tricum. Bla'tta America'na. Bole'tus La'ricis. Bole'tus Sa'tanas. Bondonneau. Bo'rax. ACCENTED SYLLABLES. 515 Borra'go Officinalis. Bovi'sta. Brachyglo'ttis Be'pens. Bra'nca Ursi'na. Braye'ra Anthelmi'ntica. Bro'mium. Bru'cea Antidysente'rica. Bruci'num. Bryo'nia A'lba. Bu'chu. Bu'f'o. Bu'fo Saliytie'nsis. Bu'xus Sempervi'rens. Ca'cao. Ca'ctus Grandiflo'rus. Ca'dmium Meta'llicum. Ca'dmium Sulphu'ricum. Caffe'in. Cahi'nca. Cala'dium. Calca'rea Ace'tica. Calca'rea Arseni'cica. Calca'rea Carbo'nica. Calca'rea Cau'stica. Calca'rea Chlora'ta. Calca'rea Fluora'ta. Calca'rea Hypophosphoro'sa. Calca'rea Joda'ta. Calca'rea Muria'tica. Calca'rea Oxa'lica. Calca'rea Phospho'rica. Calca'rea Sulphu'rica. Cale'ndula. Ca'ltha Palu'stris. Ca'mphora. Ca'ncer A'stacus. Canchala'gua. Ca'nnabis. Ca'nnabis I'ndica. Ca'nna Glau'ca. Ca'ntharis. Ca'psicum. Ca'rbo Anima'lis. Carbo'neum. Carbo'neum Chlora'tum. Carbo'neum Hydrogenisa'tum. Carbo'neum Oxygenisa'tum. Carbo'neum Sulphura'tum. Ca'rbo Vegeta'bilis. Ca'rduus Benedi'ctus. Ca'rduus Maria'nus. Ca'rya A'lba. Cascari'lla. Casta'nea. Ca'stor Equo'rum. Casto'reum. Cata'lpa. Caulophy'llum. Cau'sticum. Ceano'thus America'nus. Ce'dron. Ce'pa, Cephala'nthus Occidenta'lis. Ce'rasus Virginia'na. Ce'reus Bonpla'ndii. Ce'rium Oxa'licum. Ce'rvus Brazi'licus. Chamomi'lla. Chelido'nium. Chelo'ne. Chenopo'dium Anthelmi'nticum. Chenopo'dium Bo'trys. Chenopo'dium Glau'cum. Chima'phila. Chi'na. Chini'num Arse'nicum. Chini'num Muria'ticum. Chini'num Pu'rum. Chini'num Sulphu'ricum. Chinoi'din. Chiona'nthus Virgi'nica. Chlora'lum. Chlorofo'rmum. Chlo'rum. Cicu'ta. Ci'mex Lectula'rius. Cimici'fuga. Ci'na. 516 ACCENTED SYLLABLES. Cinclioni'num Sulphu'ricum Cinna'baris. Cinnamo'mum. Ci'stus. Cle'matis. Cle'matis Virginia'na. Cle'matis Vita'lba. Coba'ltum Meta'llicum. Co'ca. Cocci ne'lla. Co'cculus. Co'ccus Ca'cti. Codei'num. Coffe'a. Co'lchicum. Collinso'nia. Colocy'nthis. Comocla'dia Denta'ta. Condura'jigo. Coni'um. Convalla'ria. Convolvulus. Convo'lvulus Duarti'nus. Copa'iba Officina'lis. Co'ptis. Cora'llium Bu'brum. Corallorhi'za Odontorhi'za. Co'rnus Circina'ta. Co'rnus Flo'rida. Co'rnus Seri'cea. Cory'dalis Formo'sa. Cotyle'don. Cro'cus. Cro'talus Cascave'lla. Cro'talus Ho'rridus. Cro'ton Ti'glium. Cube'ba. Cucu'rbita Pe'po. Cu'prum. Cu'prum Ace'ticum. Cu'prum Ammonia'tum. Cu'prum Arsenico'sum. Cu'prum Carbo'nicum. Cu'prum Sulphu'ricum. Cura're. Cy'clamen. C'yprinus Ba'rbus. Cypripe'dium. Damia'na. Da'phne. Datu'ra Arbo'rea. Delphi'nus Amazo'nicus. Dicta'mnus. Digita'lis. Dioscore'a. Di'psacus Sylve'stris. Di'pterix Odora'ta. Di'rca Palu'stris. Do'lichos Pru'riens. Dory'phora Decemlinea'ta. Draco'ntiuni Fce'tidum. Dro'sera. Dulcama'ra. E'laps Cora']linus. Ela'is Guinee'nsis. Elate'rium. Epigae'a Re'pens. Equise'tum Arve'nse. Equise'tum Hyema'le. Erechthi'tes Hieracif'o'lia. Eri'geron Canade'nse. Eriodi'ctyon Calit'o'rnicum. Ery'ngium Aqua'ticum. Ery'ngium Mari'timum. Eucaly'ptus Glo'bulus. Euge'nia Ja'mbos. Euo'nymus Atropurpu'reus. Euo'nymus Europse'us. Eupato'rium Aroma'ticum, Eupato'rium Perfolia'tum. Eupato'rium Purpu'reum. Eupho'rbia Corolla'ta. Eupho'rbia Hypericifb'lia. Eupho'rbia Arillo'sa. Eupho'rbium. Euphra'sia. Eu'pion. Fagopy'rum Escule'ntum. ACCENTED SYLLABLES. Fa'rfara. Fe'rri et Stry'chniae Ci't-ras. Fe'rrum. Fe'rrum Ace'ticum. Fe'rrum Arseni'cicum. Fe'rrum Broma'tum. Fe'rrum Carbo'nicum. Fe'rrum Ioda'tum. Fe'rrum La'ctium. Fe'rrum Magne'ticum. Fe'rrum Muria'ticum. Fe'rrum Phospho'ricum. Fe'rrum Pyrophospho'ricum. Fe'rrum Sulphu'ricum. Fi'lix Mas. Formi'ca Ru'fa. Fraga'ria Ye'sca. Fra'sera Caroline'nsis. Fu'cus Vesiculo'sus. Ga'lium Apari'ne. Gambo'gia. Gelse'mium. Gentia'na Crucia'ta. Genti'ana Lu'tea. Gera'nium Macula'turn. Gera'nium Robertia'num. Gi'nseng. Glonoi'num. Glyceri'num. Gnapha'lium Polyce'phalum. Goss} 'pium Herba'ceum. Grana'tum. Gra'pbites. Grati'ola. Grinde'lia Robu'sta. Grinde'lia Squarro'sa. Gua'co. Guai'acum. Gua'no Australia. Guara'na. Gua'rea Trichiloi'des. Gymno'cladus Canade nsis. Hsemato'xylon. Hamame'lis. He'kla La'va. Hedeo'ma. Hedy'sarum Ildefonsia'num. Helian'thus. Hclle'borus. Helo'nias Dioi'ca. He'par Su'lphuris Calca'reum. He'par Su'lphuris Kali'num. Hepa'tica. Hippo'manes. Hu'ra Brazilie'nsis. Hydra'stis. Hydroco'tyle Asia'tica. Hydrophy'llum Virgi'nicum. Hydro'piper. Hyoscy'amus. Hype'ricum. Ibe'ris Ama'ra. Igna'tia. I'lex Opa'ca. I'ndigo. I'ndium Meta'llicum. I'nula. lo'dium. Iodofo'rmium. Ipecacua'nha. Iri'dium. 1'ris Versi'color. Jabora'ndi. Jacara'nda Caro'ba. Jala'pa. Ja'nipha Ma'nihot. Ja'tropha Cu'rcas. Ju'glans Cine'rea. Ju'glans Re'gia. Ju'ncus Effu'sus. Ju'ncus Pilo'sus. Juni'perus Commu'nis. Ka'li Ace'ticum. Ka'li Arsenico'sum. Ka'li Bichro'micum. Ka'li Broma'tum. Ka'li Carbo'nicum. Ka'li Cau'sticum. 518 ACCENTED SYLLABLES. Ka'li Chlo'ricum. Ka'li Cyana'tum. Ka'li Ferrocyana'tum. Ka'li Hypophosphoro'sum. Ka'li Joda'tum. Ka'li ^Muria'ticum. Ka'li Ni'tricum. Ka'li Permanga'nicum Ka'li Phospho'ricum. Ka'li Sulphu'ricum. Ka'lmia. Kama'la. Kaoli'num. Ki'no. Krame'ria. Kreoso'tum. Lace'rta A'gilis. La'chesis. Lachna'nthes. Lactu'ca Sati'va. Lactu'ca Viro'sa. Lactuca'rium. La'mium A'lbum. La'pathum Acu'tum. La'pis A'lbus. Lauroce'rasus. Le'dum. Lepi'dium Bonarie'nse. Lepta'hdra. Li'lium Tigri'num. Li'thium Broma'tum. Li'thium Carbo'nicum. Lobe'lia. Lobe'lia Cardina'lis. Lobe'lia Syphili'tica. Lo'lium Temule'ntum. Lupuli'na. Lu'pulus. Lycope'rsicum. Lycopo'dium. Ly'copus. Ly'ssin. Ma'dar. Magne'sia Carbo'nica. Magne'sium Meta'llicum. Magne'sia Muria'tica. Magne'sia Phospho'rica. Magne'sia Sulphu'rica. Magne'sia U'sta. Magno'lia. Majora'na. Mancine'lla. Ma'nganum Ace'ticum. Ma'nganum Carbo'nicum. Ma'nganum Meta'llicum. Mati'co. Mela'stoma Ackerma'nni. Melilo'tus. Melilo'tus Officina'lis. Me'loe Maja'lis. Menispe'rmum Canade'nse. Me'ntha Piperi'ta. Menya'nthes. Mephi'tis. Mercuria'lis Pere'nnis. Mercu'r Mercu'r Mercu'r Mercu'r Mercu'r Mercu'r: Mercu'r Mercu'r: Mercu'r Mercu'r Mercu'r Mercu'r Mercu'r us Ace'tius. us Aura'tus. us Cyana'tus. us Du'lcis. us Ioda'tus Fla'vus. us Ioda'tus Ru'ber. us Nitro'sus. us Praecipita'tus A'lbus. us Praecipita'tus Ru'ber. us Solu'bilis Hahnema'nni. us Sublima'tus Corrosi'vus. us Sulphure'tum Ni'grum. us Sulphu'ricus. us Vi'vus. Mercu'r Meze'reum. Millefo'lium. Mimo'sa Hu'milis. Mitche'lla Re'pens. Momo'rdica Balsa'mina. Monobroma'tum Ca'mphorae Mono'tropa Uniflo'ra. Mo'rphium. Mo'rphium Ace'ticum. ACCENTED SYLLABLES. 519 Mo'rphium Muria'ticum. Mo'rphiuni Sulphu'ricum. Mo'schus. Mu'rex Purpu'rea. Muru're Lei'te. My'gale Lasiodo'ra. Myri'ca Ceri'fera. Myri'stica Sebi'fera. My'rtus Comnm'nis. Na'balus A'lbus. Na'ja. Naphthali'num. Narcoti'num. Na'trum Arseni'cicum. Na'trum Carbo'nicum. Na'trum Broma'tum. Na'trum Hypophosphoro'sum. Na'trum Muria'ticum. Na'trum Ni'tricum. Na'trum Phospho'ricum. Na'trum Salicy'licum. Na'trum Sele'nicum. Na'trum Sulpho-Carbo'licum. Na'trum Sulphu'ricum. Ne'peta Cata'ria. Ni'ccolum Carbo'nicum. Ni'ccolum. Ni'ccolum Sulphu'ricum. Nicoti'num. Nige'lla Damasce'na. Ni'tri Spi'ritus Du'lcis. Nu'cis Vo'micae Co'rtex. Nu'phar Lu'teum. Nux Moscha'ta. Nux Vo'mica. Nymphae'a Odora'ta. O'cimum Ca'num. ffina'nthe. (Enothe'ra Bie'nnis. Olea'nder. O'leum Anima'le ^the'reum. O'leum Ca'jupu'ti. O'leum Je'coris Ase'lli. O'leum Li'gni Sa'ntali. O'leum Ri'cini. Oni'scus Ase'llus. Oli'banum. Ono'nis Spino'sa. O'pium. Opo'panax. Opu'ntia Vulga'ris. Oreoseli'num, Ori'ganum Vulga're. Oroba'nche Virginia'na. O'smium. O'strya Virgi'nica. Oxyde'ndrum. Paeo'nia Officina'lis. Palla'dium. Panace'a Arve'nsis. Pancreati'num. Pa'raffin. Parei'ra Bra'va. Pa'ris Quadrifo'lia. Passiflo'ra Incarna'ta. Paulli'nia Pinna'ta Pe'nthorum Sedoi'des. Pe'psin. Petive'ria Tetra'ndra. Petrola'tum. Petro'leum. Petroseli'num. Phella'ndrium Aqua'ticum. Pho'sphorus. Pho'sphorus Ru'ber. Physosti'gma. Phytola'cca. Pi'churim. Pilocarpi'num Muria'ticum. Pimpine'lla Saxi'fraga. Pi'nus Sylve'stris. Pi'per Methy'sticum. Pi'per Ni'grum. Planta'go Ma'jor. Pla'tina. Pla'tinum Muria'ticum. Plectra'nthus Fructico'sus. Plumba'go Littora'lis. 520 ACCENTED SYLLABLES. Plu'mbum. Plu'mbum Ace'ticum. Plu'mbum Carbo'nicum. Plum'bum Ioda'tum. Podophyllum. Poly'gonum Hydropiperoi'des. Poly'gonum Puncta'tum. Po'pulus. Propylami'num. Pru'nus Pa'dus. Pru'nus Spino'sa. Psori'num. Pte'lea Trifolia'ta. Pulsati'lla. Pulsati'lla Nuttallia'na. Pycna'nthemum Linif'o'lium. Py'rus America'na. Qua'ssia. Quilla'ia Sapona'ria. Ranu'nculus A'cris. Ranu'nculus Bulbo'sus. Ranu'nculus Fla'mmula. Ranu'nculus Re'pens. Ranu'nculus Scelera'tus. Ra'phanus Sati'vus Ni'ger. Resi'na I'tu. Rhe'um. Rho'dium. Rhodode'ndron. Rhus Aroma'tica. Rhus Gla'bra. Rhus Radi'cans. Rhus Toxicodendron. Rhus Venena'ta. Ri'cinus Commu'nis. Robi'nia. Ro'sa Centifo'lia. Rosmarinus. Rudbe'ckia Hi'rta. Ru'mex. Ru'ta. Sabadi'lla. Sabi'na. Sa'ccharum Officina'rum. Sa'lix A'lba. Sa'lix N'igra. Sa'lix Purpu'rea. Sa'lvia Officina'lis. Sambu'cus. Sambu'cus Canade'nsis. Sambu'cus Ni'gra e Co'rtice. Sanguina'ria. Santoni'num. Sa'po Domes'ticus. Sarrace'nia Purpu'rea. Sarsapari'lla, Sa'ssafras. Sci'lla. Scrophula'ria Nodo'sa. Scutella'ria. Seca'le Cornu'tum. Sedi'nha. Se'dum A'cre. Sele'nium. Sempervi'vum Tecto'rum. Sene'cio Au'reus. Se'nega. Se'nna. Se'pia. Serpenta'ria. Si'lica. Si'lphium Lacinia'tum. Simaru'ba Officina'lis. Sina'pis Ni'gra. Sola'num. Sola'num Arrebe'nta. Sola'num Mammo'sum. Sola'num Olera'ceum. Sola'num Tubero'sum iEgro'tans. Solida'go Virga-Au'rea. Spa'rtium Scopa'rium. Spige'lia. Spi'ggurus Marti'ni. Spo'ngia. Sta'nnum. Staphisa'gria. Sti'cta. Stilli'ngia. ACCENTED SYLLABLES. Stramo'nium. Strontia'na Carbo'nica. Strychni'num. Strychni'num Muria'ticum. Strychni'num Ni'tricum. Strychni'num Phospho'ricum. Strychni'num Sulphu'ricum. Su'ccinum. Su'lphur. Su'lphur Ioda'tum. Su'mbul. Symphorica'rpus. Sy'mphytum. Taba'cum. Ta'mus Commu'nis. Tanace'tum A'ulga're. Tara'xacum. Tare'ntula Cube'nsis- Tare'ntula Hispa'na. Ta'xus Bacca'ta. Te'coma Radi'cans. Te'la Ara'nese. Tellu'rium. Terebi'nthina. Teu'crium. Tha'spium Au'reum. The'a Chine'nsis. The'in. Theri'dion Curassa'vicum. Thla'spi Bu'rsa Pasto'ris. Thu'ja. Thy 'm us. Ti'lia. Tita'nium. Tradesca'ntia Diure'tica. Trifo'lium. Trifo'lium Arve'nse. Tri'llium. Trio'steum Perfolia'tum. Trombi'dium Mu'scas Dome'sticas. Tussila'go Petasi'tes. U'pas Tieute'. Ura'nium Ni'tricum. Urti'ca. Urti'ca Dioi'ca. U'snea Barba'ta. Ustila'go Ma'idis. U'va U'rsi. A'accini'num. Yaleria'na Officina'lis. Varioli'num. Yera'trum A'lbum. Vera'trum Yi'ride. Verba'scum. Verbe'na Hasta'ta. Verbe'na Officina'lis. Arerbe'na Urtica'fo'lia. Arero'nica Beccabu'nga. Ve'spa Cra'bro. Vibu'rnum O'pulus. Vibu'rnum Prunifo'lium. Vi'nca Mi'nor. Vi'ola Odora'ta. Vi'ola Tri'color. Vi'pera Re'di. Vi'pera To'rva. Vi'scum A'lbum. Vi'tis Aini'fera. Vu'lpis Fel. Aru'lpis He'par. A'u'lpis Pu'hno. Wye'thia Helenioi'des. Xa'nthium Spino'sum. Xantho'xylum Fraxi'neum. Yu'cca. Zi'ncum. Zi'ncum Ace'ticum. Zi'ncum Broma'tum. Zi'ncum Carbo'nicuui. Zi'ncum Muria'ticum. Zi'ncum Ferrocyana'tum. Zi'ncum Cyana'tum. Zi'ncum Ioda'tum. Zi'ncum Oxyda'tum. Zi'ncum Phosphora'tum. Zi'ncum Sulphu'ricum. Zi'ncum Valeria'nicum. Zi'ngiber Officina'le. /• > 2463 NLM001397250