NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE Bethesda, Maryland Gift of The National Center for Homeopathy ^Maesimund Ibanrimq yaws Library c&±~S* '191- v \ ■174!: .*/ ^OELC^ M • THIRTEENTH EDITION-ENLARGED AND REVISED THROUGHOUT HOMOEOPATHIC DOMESTIC PHYSICIAN, CONTAINING THE TREATMENT OF DISEASES; POPULAR EXPLANATIONS OF PHYSIOLOGY, HYGIENE, HYDROPATHY ANATOMY AND SURGERY. WITH ILLUSTRATIONS, A iS/D AN ABRIDGED MATERIA MEDICO By J. H. PULTE, M.D., AUTHOR OF "WOMAN'S MEDICAL GUIDE," ET0.,1IT<>. WITH FULL EXPLANATIONS AS TO THE USE OF THE NEW REMEDIES FIFTY-FIFTH THOUSAND. CINCINNATI: SMITH'S HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACY, BOSTON AND PROVIDENCE: OTIS CLAPP & SON. @> PREFACE TO THE TWELFTH EDITION. In presenting this new edition to the kind patronage of the Public, the Author feels especially grateful for the ac- knowledgments his labors have received in the past twenty years, as shown by the large sales during that time. Fifty thousand copies have been sold in this country; an equal number by the numerous editions of a London reprint for England and its colonies, and, by a Spanish translation of this work, for Spain, Cuba, and the South American republics. Surely, this is the best evidence of the usefulness, nay, necessity, of works on Domestic Practice; so far from les- sening the spread of Homoeopathy, they have most marvel- ously assisted and sustained its introduction. They had, and still have, to fulfill a great mission in the economy of civilized life, and should be improved to the utmost, con- sistent with the object for which they are intended. As the use of a domestic medical work is almost wholly confined to the inmates of a family, who can not be expected to know much about technical medical terms, its style and contents should be adapted to the knowledge of its readers. Accordingly, the Author has, as much as possible, avoided all technical terms; and, where they had to be introduced, their meaning is fully explained in an ample Glossary at the end of the book. In regard to the contents of the book, the Author has, in the selection of diseases for description and in the extent of their treatment, always consulted the real wants of the family and such persons who can not procure proper medical aid. (iii) iv PEEFACE. Since the object of all medical treatment is a safe and speedy cure, all means and methods offered should tend alone to the accomplishment of that desirable end, irrespective of party or prejudice. Accordingly, a number of remedies and cura- tive methods can well find, and should have, a place in a domestic medical work, if they are sure and safe means. For this reason the author has introduced, wherever needed, such remedies as would insure a speedy cure by otherwise harmless means; this course, he thinks, increases the usefulness of the work as a Domestic Guide, because it offers the knowledge of good and safe remedies, even if not as yet found in our Ma- teria Medica. The Author has reason to believe that the improvements made throughout the present edition will be found very serv- iceable in the treatment of diseases; he has added articles on diseases not noticed in former editions, such as Trichinae, Re- lapsing Fever, etc.; he has also introduced throughout the ■work, wherever applicable, the use of the so-called " New Remedies." This new feature alone enhances the usefulness of the present edition immeasurably beyond what former editions have accomplished. The list of medicines has, in consequence, been enlarged, although several remedies, not needed now so much, have been omitted. Thus, it will be seen that, by a thorough revision, the present edition has been brought up to the advanced stand- ard of Homoeopathy as now taught and practiced. The Author. Cincinnati, May, 1872. PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. Op late years a great deal of attention has been bestowed upon the introduc- tion and perfection of popular works on the treatment of diseases by the med- ical profession, not merely by Homoeopathists, but, also, by practitioners of other medical schools. This shows, evidently, that the hitherto backward world of medical science has been caught at last with the proper spirit of mod- ern progress, whose distinguishing feature in scientific matters consists, un- doubtedly, in the tendency to popularize abstruse sciences, and make them use- ful and accessible to the many. Homoeopathy has not been in the rear as regards these popular instructions, and many valuable volumes have been issued from the press within a short time, which facilitated in a great degree the domestic use of the homoeopathic medicines. This service, rendered by the profession to the public in a liberal and generous spirit, has been amply rewarded by the latter, in extending all over the country more rapidly the blessings of our beloved healing art, and es- tablishing its title, as a benefactor of mankind, more firmly in the hearts of the people. Thus have these messengers of mercy and usefulness traveled with, and often ahead of, the regular practitioners of Homoeopathy—the silent, but efficient, missionaries of truth, declaring it every-where by facts and conquests over dis- ease, won by the people themselves. The profession in general seems now to regard them as necessary allies in the great work of reforming the medical state of the world, and bestows a great deal of care on their constantly-increasing perfection, by making them more practical and definite, progressing in their improvement as the science itself progresses. In the pathology of the work he has followed mostly the views of Hufeland, who is generally practically useful, and of Schoenlein, who is precise and sci- entific- »■ In the therapeutics he has endeavored to consult the best authors of our school, carefully comparing their views with his own results, which are embodied in this work. To increase its general usefulness, popular treatises on Anatomy, Physiology, Hygiene, and Hydropathy, have been added, branches and parts of medical science as a whole, which, when properly understood and digested by the peo- ple, will, in a great degree, aid in fostering the salutary results expected from the' use of a domestic physician. Beside this, a condensed extract of the Homoeopathic Materia Medica, given at the close of the book, enables the reader to correct his prescriptions, and enlarge his general knowledge of the ... . „„ The Author. homoeopathic science. Cincinnati, October, 1850. CO TABLE OF CONTENTS. List of Medicines....................................................................12 Notice to Pharmaceutists.......................................................16 Introduction...........................................................................17 Dietetic Eui.es........................................................................21 PART I. DESCRIPTION AND TREATMENT OF DISEASES. CHAPTEE I. General Diseases. Eemarks. Eheumatism: a. Acute or Inflammatory; 6. Chronic. Eheu- matic pains or cold. Gout. Pains in the small of the Back, Loins, and Neck. Pain in the Hip. Hip-disease. Inflammation of the Knee-joint. Inflammation of the Psoas-muscle. Cramp in the Legs. Sweating Feet. Goitre. Sleeplessness. Nightmare. Palsy. Delirium Tremens. Epi- lepsy. St. Vitus's Dance. Tetanus. Trismus. Lockjaw. Somnolency. Lethargy. Fatigue. Overheating and Mental Exhaustion. Fainting. Swooning. Apparent Death from Hunger—from Drowning—from Freez- ing—Lightning—Hanging—Choking—from Noxious Vapors—Fall or Blow—Violent Mental Emotion....................................................27 CHAPTEE II. Casual Diseases. I. External Injuries. Fractures of Bones. Dislocation of Joints. Wounds and Bruises. Sprains and Concussions. Burns and Scalds. Poisoned Wounds—Bites and Stings of Insects. Hydrophobia. Frozen Limbs. II. Poisons—Antidotes. Animal Poisons. Vegetable Poisons. Min- eral Poisons. III. Medicinal Diseases. List of Drugs causing Diseases, and their Remedies.................................................... gc (vi) TABLE OF CONTENTS. vii CHAPTEE III. Cutaneous Diseases. 1. Eruptive Fevers. Eash. Nettle-rash—Hives. Erysipelas. St. An- thony's Fire. Measles. French Measles. Scarlet Eash. Scarlet Fever. Chicken-pox Small-pox. Varioloid. 2. Chronic Eruptions. Irritation of the Skin — Itching — Pruritus. Chilblains. Excoriations—Intertrigo. Eingworm—Herpes Circinnatus. Tetter — Herpes. Itch — Scabies. Milk-crust — Crusta Lactea. Scald- head—Tinea Capitis. Corns—Indurations of the Skin. Warts—Ver- rucae. Whitlows. Felons. Panaris. Ulcers. Abscesses. Tumors. Swelling of the Glands. Boils—Malignant Boils—Carbuncles. Scirrhus. Cancer ......................................................................................82 CHAPTEE IV. Fevers. Explanation of the term Fever. Irritative, Inflammatory, Torpid form of Fever. Common or Ephemeral Fever. General Inflammatory Fever. Nervous or Typhoid Fever. Typhus—Different forms of Typhus. Con- gestive Fever. Ship Fever. Eelapsing Fever. Yellow Fever. Bilious Eemittent Fever—Gastric Fever—Intermittent Fever—Fever and Ague— Chills and Fever—Febris Intermittens..........................................126 CHAPTEE V. Affections op the Mind. Sudden Emotions. Hypochondria. Hysteria. Melancholia. Mania..159 CHAPTEE VI. Affections of the Head. 1. Congestion or determination of Blood to the Head—Congestio ad Caput. 2. Vertigo. Giddiness or Dizziness. 3. Weakness of Memory. 4. Apoplexy. 5. Inflammation of the Brain—Inflammation of the Brain in Children. 6. Sunstroke. 7. Headache, a. Headache from Conges- tion of Blood to the Head. b. Headache from Catarrh and Cold in the Head. c. Headache from Eheumatism and Neuralgia, d. Headache from Constipation and Gastric Derangement, c. Headache from External Causes. Sick-headache. Nervous Headache—Neuralgia in the Head- Megrim. Falling off of the Hair—Allopecia.................................166 CHAPTEE VII. Affections of the Eyes. General Eemarks. 1. Inflammation of the Eyelid and its Margins. o. Inflammation and Swelling of the Eyelid. 6. Inflammation of the viii TABLE OF CONTENTS. Margins of the Lids. 2. Inflammation of Eyeball — Ophthalmia. 3. Chronic Inflammation of the Eyes. a. From Gout and Rheumatism. 6. From Scrofula, Scrofulous Sore Eyes. c. From Syphilis or Venereal Disease, d. From abuse of Mercury. 4. Sty on the Eyelid. 5. Ptery- gium — Wing-skin. 6. Weeping or Watery Eyes. 7. Cataract — Glau- coma. 8. Weakness of Sight—Amblyopia; Blindness—Sudden and In- cipient—Amaurosis. 9. Short-sightedness-Myopia. 10. Far-sightedness. 11. Squinting—Strabismus. 12. Falling of the Eyelids—Paralysis. 13. Foreign Substances in the Eye....................................................194 CHAPTEE VIII. Affections of the Ears. 1. External Ear and its surrounding parts, a. Eruptions and Swelling of the External Ear. b. Mumps—Parotitis. 2. Internal Ear. a. Inflam- mation of the Ear—Otitis, b. Earache—Otalgia, c. Humming, Buzzing of the Ears. d. Hardness of Hearing—Deafness, e. Eunning of the Ears—Otorrhea. /. Polypus of the Ear. g. Foreign Substances in the Ear.......................................................................................207 CHAPTEE IX. Affections of the Nose. 1. Inflammation or Swelling of the Nose. 2. Eruptions on the Nose- Itching of the Nose. a. Eruptions on the Nose. b. Itching of the Nose. - 3. Bleeding of the Nose—Epistaxis. 4. Cold in the Head—Coryza—In- fluenza—Suppression of the Catarrh, or Cold in the Head. 5. Ulceration in the Nose—Catarrh—Ozaena Narium. a. Ozaena Narium—Catarrh. 6. Ozaena Antri Highmori. 6. Polypus of the Nose. Cancer of the Nose. 7. Foreign Substances in the Nose.................................................218 CHAPTEE X. Affections of the Face, Lips, and Jaws. 1. Inflammation and Swelling of the Face. a. Erysipelas of Face and Lips. 6. Swelling of the Cheek. 2. Eruptions of the Face. 3. Face ache—Neuralgia of the Face—Prosopalgia—Tic-douloureux. 4. Warts and Spots on the Face—Cancer of the Face. 5. Paralysis of the Face and Jaw. 6. Lockjaw.....................................................................229 CHAPTEE XI. Affections of the Teeth, Gums, and Mouth. 1. Toothache—Odontalgia. 2. Caries of the Teeth. Carious Teeth. 3. Offensive Breath. 4. Bad taste in the Mouth. 5. Inflammation and Swelling of the Tongue—Glossitis. 6. Canker of the Mouth—Stomacace, TABLE OF CONTENTS. ix 7. Inflammation of the Palate. 8. Abscess in the Gums—Gum-boils— Swelling of the Jaw Bone. 9. Scurvy—Scorbutus. 10. Salivation— Ptyalism. 11. Paralysis of the Tongue. 12. Difficulty of Speech- Stammering. 13. Eanula, or Swelling under the Tongue............... 236 CHAPTEE XII. Affections of the Throat. Sore Throat—Quinsy—Angina Faucium. a. Common Sore Throat. b. Ulcerated and Putrid Sore Throat—Malignant Quinsy—Angina Gan- grenosa. Inflammation and Swelling of the Tonsils — Amygdalitis. Diphtheria. Swelling or Elongation of the Palate. Falling of the Pal- ate...................................................................................... 256 CHAPTEE XIII. Affectioks of the Windpipe and Chest. 1. Hoarseness—Eaucitas—Aphonia, a. Acute Hoarseness, b. Chronic Hoarseness. 2. Ulceration of the Windpipe—Bronchitis. 3. Croup and Croupy Cough. 4. Influenza. 5. Cough—Hooping-Cough—Tussis Con- vulsiva. Inflammation of the Lungs—Pneumonia. Pneumonia in Old People—Pneumonia Notha. Eemarks on Pneumonia. Pleurisy, a. Eeal Pleurisy, b. False Pleurisy—Stitch in the Side. Diseases of the Heart. a. Inflammation of the Heart. Carditis. 6. Palpitation of the Heart. c. Eheumatism of the Heart. Congestion of the Chest—Plethora Pec- toris. Hemorrhage of the Lungs—Haemoptysis. Asthma. Asthma of Millar. Dropsy in the Chest—Hydrothorax. Pulmonary Consumption— Phthisis Pulmonalis. Contusion of the Chest by a Fall or Blow...... 274 CHAPTEE XIV. Affections of the Stomach and Bowels. 1. Want of Appetite—Anorexia. 2. Morbid Appetite—Bulimy. 3. Dyspepsia—Weak Stomach. 4. Waterbrash—Heartburn—Indigestion- Flatulency—Sour Stomach—Pyrosis. 5. Biliousness—Gastric Derange- ment. Nausea—Vomiting. Sea-sickness—Spasms and Pain in the Stom- ach—Cardialgia—Neuralgia of the Stomach. Griping Colic—Enteralgia —Stomach-ache. Congestion and Stagnation of Blood in the Abdomen. Inflammation of the Diaphragm—Diaphragmitis. Abdominal Inflamma- tion. 1. Inflammation of the Stomach—Gastritis. 2. Inflammation of the Bowels—Enteritis. Congestion of the Liver. Inflammation of the Liver-_Hepatitis. Jaundice. Icterus. Congestion of the Spleen. In- flammation of the Spleen—Splenitis. Worms. Diseases caused by the Presence of Worms. Trichinae. Constipation—Costivene^s. Diarrhea- Looseness of the Bowels. Dysentery—Bloody Flux. Cholera Morbus. Asiatic Cholera—Cholera Asiatica. Tribute to the Memory of Hahne- X TABLE OF CONTENTS. maun. Cholerina. Piles—Hemorrhoids. Itching of the Anus. Pro- lapsus Ani. Eupture—Hernia. Dropsy of the Abdomen—Ascites. External Injuries of the Abdomen............................................. 327 CHAPTEE XV. Affections of the Urinary and Genital Organs. Inflammation of the Kidneys—Nephritis. Acute Bright's Disease- Nephritis Crouposa. Eenal Colic—Nephralgia. Inflammation of the Bladder—Cystitis. Strangury. Dysury. Ischury. Anury. Inconti- nence of Urine—Enuresis. Diabetes. Piles of the Bladder. Polypus of the Bladder. Gravel and Stone in the Bladder—Calculus. Hemor- rhage with the Urine—Haematuria—Mictus Cruentus. Affections of the Penis. Affections of the Testicles. Inflammation of the Testicles. Dropsy of the Scrotum—Hydrocele. Seminal Weakness—Onania. Eruptions of the Genital Organs. Syphilis. Gonorrhea, a. Syphilis— Chancre, b. Gonorrhea—Clap—Gleet......................................... 431 CHAPTEE XVI. Diseases of Females. 1. Menstruation. First Menses Obstructed—Tardy Menstruation. Chlorosis—Green Disease. Suppression of the Menses. Painful Menstru- ation. Menstruation too Early. Menstruation too Late and too Scanty. Menstruation too Copious—Flooding. Menstruation of too Long Dura- tion. Critical Period. Cessation of the Menses—Change of Life. Pro- lapsus Uteri—Falling of the Womb. Leucorrhea—Fluor Albus—Whites. Deviation of Menses. Pregnancy—Signs—-Progress—Exercise—Dress— Periods—Diseases. Morning Sickness — Pruritus — Itching — Varicose Veins. Spots on the Face. Plethora. Congestion. Fever. Hemor- rhages. Hemorrhoids—Piles. Swelling of the Feet. Toothache. Sali- vation. Derangement of Appetite. Diarrhea. Constipation. Dyspepsia —Heart-burn—Acid Stomach. Difficulty of Swallowing. Spasms. Colic —Strangury. Incontinence of Urine. Jaundice. Pain in the Eight Side. Asthma. Vertigo. Neuralgia. Puerperal Convulsions. Miscarriage. Parturition. Eegular Birth. Labor. Labor-pains. Cramps—Spasms. Child's Water. Delivery. After-birth. Flooding. After-pains. Con- finement. Lochia. Milk-fever. Qualities of the Milk. Suppression., Sore Nipples. Ague in the Breast. Gathered Breast. Childbed Fever. Milk Leg. Mania in Childbed. Nursing. Wet Nurse. Weaning. Sore Mouth. General Complaints. Irritable Uterus............................ 450 CHAPTEE XVII. Treatment of Children. Apparent Death of a New-born Infant—Asphyxia. Diet of a New- born Infant. Colic—Crying of Infants. Elongation of the Head— TABLE OF CONTENTS. xi Snuffles—Obstructions of the Nose—Coryza. Swelling of the Breasts in Infants. Eestlessness—Sleeplessness. Inflammation of the Eyes. Thrush, or Sore Mouth of Infants—Aphthae. Heat—Eed Gum—Heat Spots. Ex- coriations—Eawness of the Skin. Jaundice. Erysipelas. Erysipelas of the Knee. Convulsions, or Spasms. Teething—Dentition. Constipation. Diarrhea. Fevers. Dropsy of the Brain—Hydrocephalus. Asthma— Choking Fits—Asthma Millari. Eemittent Fever of Infants. Vaccina- tion. Cholera Infantum. Summer Complaint. Softening of the Stom- ach—Gastro-Malacia................................................................. 541 PART II. I. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. Structure of the Human Organism. Elements of the Human Organ- ism. Anatomy of the Bones. Physiology of the Bones. The Muscles. The Teeth. Digestive Organs. The Urinary System. The Eespiratory and Circulatory Organs. The Nervous System. The Skin............. 575 II. DOMESTIC SUEGEEY. Surgical Appliances, a. Poultices, b. Fomentations, c. Plasters, d. Eollers and Bandages, e. Splints. Accidents. Fractures of Bones—of Nose—Lower Jaw—Collar Bone—Eibs—Arm—Fingers, Thigh, Leg, Foot, and Toes. Compound Fractures. Dislocation—of the Jaw—Neck —Shoulder—Wrist—Ankle....................................................... 610 III. HYGIENE AND HYDEOPATHY. Hygiene. Hygiene. Food and Drink. Sleep. Air and Exercise. Clothing and Occupation.............................................................................. 632 Hydropathy, Diseases in which to apply it. Different Modes of applying the Cold Water. 1. Ablutions. 2. Shower-baths. 3. Partial or Half-baths. 4. Full-baths. 5. General Plunging-baths. 6. Local-baths. 7. Head- baths. 8. Sitting-baths-Sitz-baths. 9. Foot-baths. 10. The Drop-bath. 11 The Douche. Local Applications (Umschlage). Wet Bandages. 13. Applications round one-half of the Body-Wet Linen Sheets. 14. . ......................... 650 Sweating..................................................... IV. MATEEIA MEDICA............................................... 675 ......................... 720 Glossary.................................................. ............................ 729 Index...................................................... LIST OF MEDICINES. THEIR SYNONYMS AND ANTIDOTES. 1. Aconite. Aconitum Napellus (plant). Antidotes—Camphor, Nux vom., Wine, Vinegar. 2. JEsculus Hippocastanum (plant). Antidotes—Nux vom., Hydrast., Podophyl. 3. Antimonium Crud. Antimony (mineral). Antidotes—Hepar sulph., Mercury, Pulsatilla. 4. Apis Mellifica. Poison of honey-bee. Antidotes—Ars., Canth. 5. Argentum Nitricum (mineral). 6. Arnica. Arnica montana (plant). Antidotes—Camphor, lgnatia, Ipecac. 7. Arsenic. Arsenicum album (mineral). Antidotes—For poisoning with it: rust of iron. For its dynamic effects: China, Hepar sulph., Ipecac, Nux vom., Veratrum. 8. Aurum. Aurum metallicum. Gold. (Metal.) Antidotes—Bella- donna, China, Cuprum, Mercury. 9. Baptisia Tinctoeia (plant). Antidotes—Phos. acid, China. 10. Belladonna. Deadly nightshade (plant). Antidotes—Coffea, Hy- oscyamus, Hepar sulph., Pulsatilla. 11. Belladonna00. Is the two hundredth potency of Belladonna. 12. Bryonia. Bryonia alba (plant). Antidotes—Aconite, Chamomile, lgnatia, Nux vomica. 13. Cactus Grandiflor. (plant). Antidotes—Lachesis, Spigelia, Ver- atrum. 14. Calcarea Carbonica. Carbonate of lime. Antidotes—Camphor, Nitric acid, Sulphur. 15. Cantharis. Spanish fly (animal). Antidote—Camphor. 16. Carbo veg. Carbo vegetabilis. Wood charcoal. Antidotes—Arsenic, Camphor, Lachesis. 17. Causticum. Caustic of the alkalies. Antidotes—Coffea, Colocynth, Nux vomica. 18. Chamomile. Chamomilla (plant). Antidotes — Aconite, Cocculus, Coffea, lgnatia, Nux vomica, Pulsatilla. 19. Chelidonium. (Majus.) Great Celandoine (veget.). Antidote— Camphor. (xii) LIST OF MEDICINES. xiii 20. China. Cinchona. Peruvian bark (vegetable). Antidotes—Arnica, Arsenic, Belladonna, Calcarea carb., Carbo veg., Ipecac, Pulsat., Sulph. 21. Cimicifuga Eacemosa (plant). Antidotes—Aconite, Bryonia, Gel- seminum. 22. Cina. Worm-seed (vegetable). Antidotes—Ipecac, Veratrum. 23. Cocculus. Indian berries. Coccle (vegetable). Antidotes—Cam- phor, Nux vomica. 24. Coffea. Coffee berries (vegetable). Antidotes—Aconite, Chamo- mile, Nux vomica. 25. Colchicum. Meadow Saffron (plant). Antidotes—Nux vomica, Coc- culus, Pulsatilla. 26. Colocynthis. Colocynth (vegetable). Antidotes—Camphor, Caus- ticum, Coffea, Chamomile. 27. Conium. Hemlock (vegetable). Antidotes—Coffea, Spiritus Nitri. dul. 28. Crocus. Saffron (vegetable). Antidote—Opium. 29. Cuprum. Cuprum metallicum. Copper (metal). Antidotes—Bella- donna, China, Ipecac, Mercury, Nux vomica. 30. Drosera. Eound-leaved Sun Dew (vegetable). Antidote—Camphor. 31. Dulcamara. Bitter Sweet. Woody nightshade (plant). Antidotes —Camphor, Ipecac, Mercurius. 32. Euphrasia. Eye Bright (plant). Antidote—Pulsatilla. 33. Ferrum. Ferrum metallicum. Iron (metal). Antidotes—Arnica, Arsenic, Belladonna, Ipecac, Mercury, Pulsatilla. 34. Gelseminum Sempervirens (plant). Antidotes—Aconite, Bellad., Opium. 35. Graphites. Plumbago. Pure Black Lead (metal). Antidotes— Arsenic, Nux vomica, Wine. 36. Hamamelis Virginica (plant). Antidotes Arnica, Pulsatilla. 37. Helleborus (niger). Black Hellebore (plant). Antidotes—Cam- phor, China. 38. Hepar Sulphuris. Sulphuret of Lime. Antidotes—Vinegar, Bellad. 39. Hydrastis Canadensis (plant). Antidotes—China, Kali hydriod., Nitric acid. 40. Hyoscyamus (niger). Henbane (plant). Antidotes—Belladonna, Camphor, China. 41. Ignatia. St. Ignatius' Bean (vegetable). Antidotes—Pulsatilla, Chamomile, Cocculus, Arnica, Camphor, Vinegar. 42. Ipecac. Ipecacuanha (vegetable). Antidotes — Arnica, Arsenic, China. 43. Jalapa. Jalap (vegetable). Antidote—Camphor. 44. Kali Hydriodicum. Hydriodate of Potassa (mineral). 45^ Lachesis. Poison of the Lance-headed Serpent (animal). Antidote* —Arsenic, Belladonna, Nux vomica, Ehus tox. xiv LIST OF MEDICINES. 46. Lycopodium. Club Moss. Wolf's Claw (vegetable). Antidote* • Camphor, Pulsatilla. 47. Mercurius- (vivus). Quicksilver (mineral). Antidotes—Arnica, Belladonna, Camphor, Hepar sulph., Iodine, Lachesis, Sulphur. 48. Mercur. Sublimat. Corrosive Sublimat (mineral). Antidotes— Belladonna, Nitric acid, Camphor. 49. Muriatic acid. Acidum muriatic (mineral). Antidotes—Camphor, Bryonia. 50. Natrum muriaticum. Muriate of Soda (mineral). Antidotes— Arsenic, Camphor, Nitri spiritus. 51. Nitri acidum. Nitric acid (a mineral acid). Antidotes—Calcarea carb., Conium, Camphor, Hepar sulph., Sulphur. 52. Nux vomica. Nux vomica (vegetable). Antidotes—Aconite, Cam- phor, Coffea, Pulsatilla. 53. Opium. White poppy (vegetable). Antidotes—Camphor, Coffea, Calcarea carb., Hepar sulph., Sulphur. 54. Petroleum. Eock oil (mineral oil). Antidotes—Aconite, Nux vom- ica, Cocculus. 55. Phosphorus. Phosphor (mineral). Antidotes—Camphor, Coffea, Nux vomica. 56. Phosphori acidum. Phosphoric acid (a mineral acid). Antidotes— Camphor, Coffea. 57. Platina. (Metal.) Antidotes—Pulsatilla, Belladonna. 58. Podophyllum peltatum. Mandrake (plant). Antidotes—Arseni- cum, Pulsatilla, Veratrum alb. 59. Pulsatilla. Meadow Anemone (vegetable). Antidotes—Chamo-: mile, Coffea, lgnatia, Nux vomica. 60. Rheum. Ehubarb (veget.). Antidotes—Camph., Cham., Nux vom. 61. Ehus toxicodendron. Ehus. Sumach. Poison Oak (vegetable). Antidotes—Belladonna, Bryonia, Camphor, Coffea, Sulphur. 62. Sambucus (niger). Alder (vegetable). Antidotes—Arsenic, Cam- phor. 63. Sanguinaria (Canadensis). Common Blood Eoot. 64. Secale (Cornutum). Ergot of Eye (vegetable). Antidotes—Cam- phor, Opium. 65. Sepia. Inky juice of the Cuttle-fish (animal). Antidotes—Aconite, Spiritus nitri, Vinegar. 66. Silicea. Silicious Earth (mineral). Antidotes—Camphor, Hepar sulph. 67. Spigelia (anthelmintica). Indian Pink (vegetable). Antidotes- Camphor, Aurum. 68. Spongia. (Marina Tosta.) Burnt Sponge. Antidote—Camphor. 69 Stannum. Pure tin (metal). Antidotes—Coffea, Pulsatilla. 70 Staphysagria. Stavesacre (vegetable). Antidote—Camphor. LIST OF MEDICINES. XV 71. Stramonium. Thorn apple. Gympsum weed (vegetable). Anti- dotes—Belladonna, Nux vomica. 72. Sulphur (Mineral.) Antidotes— Aconite, Camphor, Mercury, Nux vomica, Pulsatilla. 73. Sulphuric acid. Oil of Vitriol (a mineral acid). Antidote—Pulsat. 74. Tartar emetic (stibium). Tartarized Antimony (mineral). Anti- dotes—Cocculus, Ipecac, Pulsatilla. 75. Thuja (occidentalis). Arbor Vitae Tree (vegetable). Antidotes- Camphor, Pulsatilla. 76. Veratrum (album). White Hellebore (vegetable). Antidotes— Ipecac, Arsenic, Camphor, Coffea, Aconite, China. TINCTUEES. 1. Arnica, Tincture. 2. Calendula, Tincture. 3. Camphor (in pellets saturated with Tincture of Camphor). 4. Bebeerinum Sulphuric, (in first decimal trituration). Directions.—The use of the tinctures is specially referred to in the book whenever needed. Here we only mention their general application. Arnica for bruises, contusions, contused wounds, fractures of bones, stings of insects, corns, etc. Calendula for lacerated wounds. They are intended for external use only. In preparing them for this purpose, put from four to ten drops in a teacupful of pure water; mix well, and wash with it, or lay cloths, dipped in the mixture, on the parts affected. As to Camphor and Bebeerine, the directions for their use are given in the book, wherever their use is required. NOTICE TO HOKEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTISTS. It will be seen, by having reference to the List of Medicines, that one remedy only appears indicated there in two different potencies—viz., Bel- ladonna (lower potency), and Belladonna00: This distinction should be strictly adhered to, as in the body of the work special reference is made to this fact. Yet another wish is here expressed, which, it is hoped, may be realized by the many Pharmaceutists who now serve the wants of the increased multitudes of Homoeopathic patrons in this country. Every Pharmaceutist should possess himself of a complete set of reliable higher potencies, to be able at once to supply the wants of the people, if asked for. We can safely recommend, for this purpose, the following, from among those named in the List of Medicines, as designed to be contained in the boxes accompanying this book. List of Medicines to be furnished in the higher potencies, if so desired: Arsenic., Calcarea carb., Cantharis, Carbo veg., Causticum, Cina, Coffea, Colocynthis, Conium, Cuprum, Graphites, lgnatia, Jalapa, Kali hydriod., La- chesis, Lycopod., Mercur. sublima. corros., Natrum mur., Petrol., Phosphor., Platina, Sepia, Silicea, Stannum, Sulphur. These are about the most important of those, which show better results in higher than lower potencies. All the others may be furnished, as here- tofore, in the third and sixth potency. Special Notice for this Edition. Homoeopathic Pharmaceutists will please observe that, in the List of Medicines, several, contained in former editions, have been omitted, while new ones have been introduced. (xvll INTRODUCTION. To aid in the search for the proper place where a disease in this work may be found, its different popular names have always been given, and carefully recorded in the index. Should, however, the identification of a disease be difficult or doubtful, it is only necessary to refer, in the book, to the divisions made as to the parts of the system which are af- fected, such as "Affections of the Head, Chest," etc., where all the ailments of these parts are generally put together. But there will scarcely ever arise a difficulty in this respect; the index has been made very complete, in view of saving the reader time and unnecessary vexation. If a disease is found, it is expected that every thing will first be read which is said concerning it in the article, before a selection of a remedy is made; at the end of each article the proper direction as to administration, diet, and regimen, is given. Wherever the attention is directed to the perusal of the Materia Medica, in treating on certain remedies, the medicine in question must be looked for in the Materia Medica, and its symptoms carefully compared with those ■f the patient. If, in the directions for diet, the reader is .dvised to adhere to the usual homoeopathic diet in chronic diseases, etc., he will find its rules specified in the following pages, under "Dietetic Rules." It will be seen that, in the notice addressed to the Homoeo- pathic Pharmaceutists on the foregoing page, they were ex- pected to furnish such remedies as I named, in the higher potency, if the people desired them in that high attenuation. o (17) 18 INTRODUCTION. As a great many have, however, their medicine-chests yet filled with medicines of a lower potency, it was not deemed desirable to designate this change in the " List of Medicines " by adding the letters cu- to the names of such remedies as we would like to see used in that high degree. Each one can exercise his own judgment on the subject; and, if he wants to follow our advice, can ask of his Pharmaceutist these rem- edies in the higher potency: he will find them, in the course of his experience, very effective. As to our views on the preference of higher or lower at- tenuations, we would remark that we consider homoeopathi- cally legitimate, and practically useful, all potencies, from the mother tincture and first trituration up to the highest dilution, but that we do not use one exclusively or all indiscriminately. Practical observation and theoretical researches have guided us in applying the various attenuations with real benefit. There are principles according to which the different poten- cies of a remedy should be applied in different cases. But to enlarge upon this subject here would carry us too far; we content ourselves by remarking that, for a domestic family- chest, we would propose, as a general rule, the third potency for all vegetable medicines, and the sixth potency for all mineral and animal medicines, departing only from this rule for a " Domestic Work," in those instances referred to in the "Notice to Homoeopathic Pharmaceutists." For a successful treatment of diseases, every thing depends, after the selection of the right, or most homoeopathic remedy, on the genuineness of its preparation. We would, therefore advise our readers to procure their medicine-chests from per- sons whose competency or recommendations can be relied on; and, when in their possession, to take good care of them. The vials must not be opened, except when used; each vial must receive its own cork again, and no odorous medicinal substances must be allowed to be near by when a vial is opened or medicine is taken. If a remedy is prescribed to be tak'jn in water, a clean cup or tumbler must be selected, the pie- INTRODUCTION. 19 scribed quantity of water—either rain or river water—poured in, then the medicine added, and, during its solution, well mixed with a clean teaspoon, and afterward^ covered well. If more medicines than one are prescribed at a time, in water, each one must be dissolved separately in a teacup, and each one receive its own separate teaspoon, which must not be changed during the administration of the medicine. If a vial is empty, it is indispensably necessary, before refilling it, to cleanse it first thoroughly with warm water, and dry it perfectly on a stove or in the sun, before the homoeopathic apothecary is allowed to fill it. Persons ought to attend to this scrupulously themselves, before presenting them for refilling; because much depends on it, as regards the genuineness of the medicines. The medicines should be kept in a dry place, where no odors can reach them. A renewal of their strength, if well kept, is not necessary for years; but, if the slightest doubt in this respect should arise, it is better to have it renewed. The dose of the medicine, and its proper repetition, need perhaps some further explanation, although at the end of almost every article the precise directions for both the dose, as well as its repetition, are given. In order that the reader may in this respect act more satisfactorily, because more in- telligently, even in cases where no special directions for dose or its repetition have been given, it is only necessary to briefly state the few leading principles governing these actions. At first it must be observed that Homoeopathy looks to quality more than to quantity. The latter can be present in excess, it is true; and then the excessive quantity of medicine be- comes rather a disturbing, morbific element, and requires to be antidoted. If quality or the right (homoeopathic) selec- tion of medicine is secured, its quantity is of little impor- tance. This is the reason why, throughout this book, a so- called minimum quantity of four pellets has been adopted : a larger quantity would have no better effect. Wherever the advice has been given to dissolve in water, etc., the 20 introduction. number of pellets has been increased to twelve or twenty, which is ample to penetrate the whole three or four ounces of water which are contained in a teacup or tumbler. If the medicine-chests contain the remedies in liquid or tincture form, the general direction is to give one drop of such a tincture on a little sugar, or in a few drops of water, as a dose, in place of the four pellets generally required to be given, if the medicine is kept in a dry state. The lat- ter is decidedly to be preferred, as the medicine in dry pellets keeps effective forever, if not neglectfully handled, while medicines, in a liquid form, are apt to evaporate, even if well corked. Such an event may come at any time, and would endanger the usefulness of the domestic practice, as it leaves one powerless at the moment when help should immediately be had. The repetition of a dose is governed by the principle, to allow a homoeopathic medicine, if well chosen, time to fulfill its curative effect. This time must be computed in accordance with the acuteness of the disease and the severity of its. symptoms. The more acute a dis- ease is, the oftener a remedy can be repeated. In Asiatic cholera, for instance, medicine may be repeated as often as every fifteen minutes, while in less acute, or even chronic cases, the remedies may not be repeated for hours, or even days. It will be found, however, that the directions in this respect at the end of each article are ample and precise. DIETETIC RULES. The observance of a strict diet is essential to the success of a homoeopathic treatment, not so much on account of the injury done the system by the use of improper articles, but because they might be antidotal in their effects to the medicine. On this account, homoeopathists so generally forbid cpffee, it being an antidote to most of their remedies. For the same reason, the use of all other things of a medic- inal nature is strictly forbidden, such as spices, perfumeries, perfumed waters, soda water, spiced ices, etc. It is a general law of nature, to eat and drink only that which can sustain life, without producing any other effects, that is, simple nutriment; and as medicinal and spicy sub- stances, although sometimes nutritious, are irritating and stimulating, the strict law of nature excludes them per- emptorily from the daily use (see " Hygiene "). Diet in Acute Diseases.—As dietetic rules are given for each acute disease, separately throughout the book, it is not necessary to mention them in this place. Diet in Chronic Diseases.—Consult the chapter on " Hy- giene" on this subject. There are certain principles which must guide us, during the treatment of chronic diseases, in selecting the articles of our diet, even from among those which are generally allowed. If the patient has symptoms of fever or irritation, in any part of the system, he must avoid all articles of a stimulating character, such as meats, eggs, and butter. In such cases, he should confine himself to a nutritious veg- etable diet, such as potatoes, turnips, rice, barley, etc. If (21) 22 dietetic rules. the disease appears mostly in the digestive organs, as a chronic diarrhea, all articles of a relaxing nature are in themselves injurious, such as fruits and other green veg- etables, soups of meat, eggs, etc. In cases where constipa- tion is present, the opposite course must be pursued. Another consideration is, that articles of food which disagree with the patient, although allowed or wholesome for others under similar circumstances, must be strictly avoided by him. Aliments Allowed. Beef and Mutton baked, roasted, or boiled, fresh or smoked Tongue, lean Ham. Venison and wild Fowl. Turkeys, Chickens, Pigeons. Fresh scale Fish, Oysters. Butter which is not rancid, mild new Cheese, raw or soft boiled Eggs, or eggs in Soups (except in cases of Diarrhea). Meat Soups, Broths, seasoned with salt only. All kinds of light Bread and Biscuit (except Soda-Biscuit and other Bread made with the addition of unusual sub- stances). Puddings, Dumplings or Noodles of Wheat, Indian-Rice- and Oat-meal, not too heavy, fat, nor spiced. Cakes composed of Meal, Eggs, Butter in small quantity, and Sugar. Food prepared of Arrowroot, Tapioca, Farina, Sago, Salep, Oat-meal and the like. Irish Potatoes, Sweet Potatoes, Turnips, Carrots, Toma- toes, Cauliflower, Spinach and green Peas, or Beans (except in Colic and Diarrhea), Rice, Hominy, Pearl Barley, dried Peas, or Beans. Roasted or boiled, fresh or dried Fruit, as Prunes, dried Currants, fresh, ripe, sweet Apples, Peaches, Strawberries, Raspberries, Gooseberries, and other sweet berries, and Grapes (except in Colic and Diarrhea). dietetic rules. 23 Water, pure, or sweetened with Sugar, Currant Jelly, Raspberry, or Strawberry Syrup, Toast-water. Milk, in its different preparations, boiled Milk, fresh Whey, Buttermilk. Decoctions of Barley, Malt, Oat-meal, Farina, Corn-starch, Rice, dried Fruit. Cocoa boiled with Milk or Water, pure, plain Chocolate, weak black Tea. Salt moderately used, Sugar. Ice-creams flavored with Strawberry or Lemons. Aliments Forbidden. Old smoked, salted Meat and salted Fish, old rancid Butter and Cheese, Lard, fat Pork, Geese, Ducks, Turtles and Terrapins, Fish not having scales, as Catfish, Eels, Lobsters, Crabs, Clams, and Soups, prepared from these articles of food. All food prepared with Blood, and much animal fat. All kinds of Sausages, particularly such as are smoked. The flesh of all young animals. All Soups highly seasoned, Sauces, different kinds of Hash, drawn Butter, Pepperpot. All kinds of Cakes, or Pastry, prepared with much Fat or Aromatics, Honey. All kinds of colored Sugar-work prepared by the confectioner, red Sugar, sugared Almonds, or Peach-kernels. Nuts of all kinds. Radishes, Celery, Horse-radish, Garlic, Parsley, Red or Cayenne Pepper, Mustard, Saffron, Nutmeg, Vanilla, Laurel leaves, bitter Almonds, Cloves, Cinnamon, Allspice, Corian- der, Fennel, Anise, Coffee, green Tea, spiced Chocolate. All kinds of spiritous liquors, Brandy, Rum, Whisky, Gin, Spirits, etc. Liquors, or Cordials, and other drinks, cold or warm, which are prepared with spiritous liquors, or spices. All artificial and natural Mineral Waters, Mead, Spruce Beer, Soda Beer, Porter, Ale. N. B. During the homoeopathic treatment especial care nhould be taken by the patient to avoid allopathic medicine 24 dietetic rules. of every description and form, pills, herb-teas, etc., in ternally and externally; particularly all salves, aromatic waters, hartshorn, smelling bottles, etc.; also, all perfumery, musk, cologne water, or other aromatic substances, tooth- powders containing such ingredients, etc.; especially be careful in using matches, not to inhale the vapor of the burning sulphur; matches must be lit only where the vapor can easily escape, in a fire-place or open hall. Moderate exercise in the open air, as, also, a careful observance of all other hygienic rules (see the article on Hygiene), is strongly recommended. PART FIRST. DESCRIPTION AND TREATMENT OF DISEASES. » I CHAPTER I. GENERAL DISEASES. Remarks. In this chapter we intend to treat of those diseases which Jo not attack a single organ, or set of organs, but whose cause has such a general relation to all the organs and tis- sues of the system, that it can influence them either singly or sicmltaneously, according to the nature of the attack. In separating this class of diseases, we have facilitated the grouping of other diseases, having a more local character, under their respective organs; and thus the non-profes- sional reader is enabled immediately to find the desired ref- erence by turning to the description of diseases peculiar to the organ affected at that time. It is evident that such a classification of diseases is of the greatest advantage in a treatise on Domestic Practice. Rheumatism, therefore, affecting the system so generally, had to have its place under the head of "General Diseases/' while the different catarrhal affections could be more con- veniently arranged under the organs subject to their attack. Although fever is almost always present in rheumatic as well as catarrhal attacks, its presence is not an essential attribute of these diseases; but indicates only a higher and more important degree. The essential fevers, consequently, such as Typhus, etc., as also those called eruptive fevers, are treated of in separate chapters, where the reader will easily find them. (27) 28 GENERAL DISEASES. Rheumatism. As to its general appearance, this disease is well known; it is, however, not so well understood as to its nature, although its exciting cause is generally admitted to be a sudden sup- pression of the function of the skin. As this is, however, the case also in all catarrhal affections, those who classify them together and separate them only as to their different location, might be justified to do so. For practical purposes it is sufficient to know that rheumatism attacks muscles, lig- aments, and serous membranes, while catarrhs affect only mu- cous membranes, especially those of the throat, nose, etc. Diagnosis.—Pains in the muscles and membranes, to- gether with swelling of the surrounding cellular tissue, light redness and heat; caused by having taken cold. This is the general appearance of all rheumatic affections; yet their degrees and complications are so numerous, that it would almost require a separate treatise to do justice to such an extensive subject. We confine ourselves, here, to the more practical subdivision of acute and chronic rheuma- tism. Beside, we would remark that rheumatism, particularly in the acute form, can exist in any part of the system, creating there such an inflammation as the affected organ is naturally disposed to, adding to it only its own rheumatic character. For instance: a patient is attacked with rheumatism in the arms or limbs; this at once leaves those muscles and falls on the pleura, where it generates a pleurisy, not of the usual kind, but one which has the rheumatic character—a rheu- matic pleurisy. In the same manner we speak of rheumatic headache, rheumatic inflammation of the eye, heart etc. The best means to detect the rheumatic character in cases of this kind, is to investigate whether the disease, in its acute form, has appeared after taking cold, by suppressing or dis- turbing the action of the skin, or, whether, in its chronic type, the changes of the atmosphere influences its severity. acute or inflammatory rheumatism. 29 In such cases, we refer the reader to the respective chapters, where the diseases of these organs are specially treated. There exists an intrinsic difference between rheumatism and gout. (See this article.) To prevent attacks of rheumatism and annihilate within us the predisposition to it, we must avoid all sudden changes of temperature and all excesses which can create local and gen- eral debility. We ought to strengthen the system against injurious external influences, by cold washing and bathing, by acquiring regular habits, and following the rules as laid down in the chapter on " Hygiene." a. Acute or Inflammatory Rheumatism. This form of rheumatism especially develops itself after taking cold, or after any check of perspiration, sudden and severe enough to unfit the whole skin for its proper func- tion of exhaling the imperceptible gases. First, an uncom- fortable sensation and restlessness will appear, followed by chilliness and feverishness in alternation, thirst, constipation, and accelerated pulse; then the rheumatic pains appear in places where they either fix themselves, creating swelling, heat, and redness, or wander to other parts, where they re- peat the same process, while those first attacked subside grad- ually and get better. In acute rheumatism, we sometimes find a dry skin; at other times a very moist one, drenched with a watery perspiration, which does not relieve the patient. The perspiration, which will relieve the patient, is greasy, thick, glutinous, and smells acrid or sour. Treatment.—Aconite—In the beginning, when the fever is high, the skin dry and hot, with excessive thirst and red- ness of the cheeks, palpitation of the heart; shooting or tear- ing pains in the parts affected, worse at night and sensitive to the touch, extreme irritability of temper. If this remedy, after having been applied for eight or ten hours, has mitigated the fever by producing general perspira- tion, yet the local pains remain in the muscles and joints, give, 30 GENERAL DISEASES. Bryonia, in the same manner, when the pains are worse by motion or at night, when there is headache, fever, swelling of the joints, and gastric derangement, with constipation. Alter- nates well with Aconite or Rhus. (See this remedy.) Belladonna, when Bryonia does not relieve, or when the parts are much swollen, very red, shining, and the patient is sleepless at night, complaining of dryness in the mouth and throat, and congestion to the head. Both remedies may be given in alternation with advantage. Chamomile, when, in the parts affected, there is a sensa- tion of numbness or paralysis, worse at night, the patient is feverish, restless, agitated, irritable, trying to relieve himself by turning in the bed; the pains often ascend into the head, ears, and teeth, with chilliness and a bruised sensation after sleep. Arnica: Bruised or sprained sensation in the joints of the hands, feet, and in the small of the back, with hard, red, and shining swelling; feeling of numbness and crawling in the affected parts; the pains are aggravated by motion; the-pa- tient is thirsty and irritable {alternates well with Rhus). Nux vomica, in alternation with Chamomile, when the parts are numb, cold air aggravates, temper is irritable, bowels constipated. The pains are principally located between the shoulder blades, in the small of the back, and in the loins. Pulsatilla—The same feeling of numbness and paralysis, but relieved by exposure to cool air, the patient wants to be uncovered, and is of a mild temper and whining mood, worse in the night; the pains have a great tendency to change places. (Shifting or wandering rheumatism.) Mercury—pains increased in the heat of the bed, or toward morning; also, when the patient perspires profusely without being relieved by it. Lachesis suits well after Mercury. Dulcamara—in an attack of rheumatism which immedi- ately follows a severe exposure to cold; the pains set in at night, are worse during repose, with but little fever. Cimicifuga—especially if the rheumatism attacks the lower ACUTE OR INFLAMMATORY RHEUMATISM. 31 extremities; pain is worse on motion, and parts affected much swollen. Rhus—principal indication for its use is : pains worse dur- ing rest, or as if the flesh was torn from the bones; worse in cold, damp weather. This remedy, when the latter symptoms are present, alternates well with Bryonia. (See Bilious Rheu- matic Affection.) It is, also, of great use when there is paralytic weakness, or trembling of the extremities on moving them. N. B. See also the remedies mentioned under " Chronic Rheumatism and Gout," this being a similar affection. If the pains in the limbs should suddenly cease, followed soon by difficulty of breathing, anxiety, weakness, or pains in the region of the heart, with violent palpitation, give Aconite, Belladonna, Spigelia, Pulsatilla, Arsenicum, or La- chesis, as their detailed symptoms under "Rheumatism of the Heart" will indicate. Administration.—Dissolve twelve globules of the se- lected remedy in half a teacupful of water, and give every two hours a teaspoonful; discontinue after four teaspoonfuls have been given, for eight or twelve hours, during which time the effect must be observed before another remedy is selected. As soon as the patient is better, all medicine must be stopped, until he gets much worse again, when another remedy should be chosen. Application of Water.—In this disease the external and internal use of water greatly assists to accelerate the cure, not impeding in the least the specific action of the rightly chosen homoeopathic remedy. If the parts affected are very painful, cold bandages may be applied, well wrung out and changed frequently; during this time the patient keeps in bed, well covered, drinking water which is not very cold. If perspi- ration ensues, the patient may be kept in it from one to two hours, after which he is well washed off with a wet towel and rubbed dry; he must then, however, take a sitting-bath in milk-warm water, in which he remains until he is perfectly 32 GENERAL DISEASES. cooled off. These simple appliances, repeated as often as circumstances may require, are powerful accessories to the success of specific remedies. If the patient suffers from con- stipation, give him cold water injections and let him drink cold water freely. It may be well here to give a case treated by us in the above manner, to show the superior efficacy of a united Ho- moeopathic and Hydropathic treatment in this disease. The patient, a strong, robust man, of about forty years of age, had been attacked with inflammatory rheumatism, and treated allopathically for three weeks without any benefit. When we first saw him, the patient suffered from severe pains in almost all of his joints, which were swollen, red, and stiff. He had no rest by night or day, continual fever, coated tongue, diarrhea, and profuse night sweats. His decline in every respect was evident, and he himself well aware of this circumstance. His symptoms indicated the use of pulsatilla, which he received; at the same time the cold water compress was applied to the painful and swollen joints. The pains in the latter ceased almost at once, and the first comfortable night since the disease had commenced was the happy conse- quence. In the course of the treatment this procedure was repeated as often as other joints would swell and become painful. After pulsatilla, he received china, arnica, bryonia, and rhus, as the symptoms would indicate; finally petroleum to relieve the stiffness of the joints, which was the last re- maining symptom. During all this time, the external use ol the cold bandages was persevered in, when found necessary and every time with the greatest relief to the patient. The cure of this bad and unpromising case was completed in little more than a fortnight. Here was evidently a decided favor- able result gained by comparatively small means. The whole hydropathic apparatus for such cases was not required because the specific means sued were sufficient to supplant its use. No wet sheet, no general bath, or douche, was applied__in short, nothing which could have interfered with the comfort CHRONIC rheumatism. 33 of the patient. To cause a general favorable reaction of the system specific medication was found sufficient, but in assist- ing it for this purpose, the application of the wet compress on the parts affected fulfilled our most sanguine expectations. Diet and Regimen.—As regards nourishment, the pa- tient must absolutely abstain from all meat, or soups of meat, even long after the convalescence. He can have, however, gruels of farinaceous substances, oat-meal, farina, rice, etc., toast-water, and cold water; during the fever, warm or cold lemonade, and oranges. Cover the patient well with blan- kets, as many as his comfort dictates. Around the swollen joints and other parts affected, breast or neck, put wool just from the sheep, or, at least, unwashed; this is necessary, however, only in case the patient can not bear the hydro- pathic applications. This has frequently a very good effect. If possible, consult a homoeopathic physician. b. Chronic Rheumatism, or commonly called Rheuma- tism. If a person is severely troubled by chronic rheumatism, let him at once apply to a homoeopathic physician, who will give him relief, if it is at all in the power of medicine to do so. But frequently the reactive force of nature is already so much weakened, that it first requires to be strengthened, which can only be done by a systematic hydropathic treat- ment. However, in case of rheumatism, where the system is yet strong, the medicines, as detailed below, may be used, and will be found efficacious in a majority of them. Beside the remedies recorded under "Acute Rheumatism," which may also be used for chronic rheumatism, the following are the principal ones: lgnatia, Thuja, Arnica, Dulcamara, China, Veratrum, Arsenic, Phosphorus, Caustic, Sulphur, Sepia. Symptomatic Detail.—lgnatia: Contusive pains, or as if the flesh was detached from the bones; worse at night, ameliorated by change of posture. 34 GENERAL DISEASES. Thuja: Tearing, pulsative pains, as from ulceration under the skin, with a feeling of coldness and torpor of the parts affected; pains worse during repose, or in the warmth of the bed; pain in the right shoulder and arm, better on movement. Arnica: Pains as if the parts were strained or bruised with a feeling as if they were resting on too hard a surface; a tingling in the hand; red and shining swelling; worse when attempting to move. (Suitable before or after China, Arsenic, Rhus.) Dulcamara: Pains after getting cold and wet; worse at night during repose, and without much fever. China: Pains, worse on the slightest touch, with easy per- spiration, the sore parts feel very weak, almost paralyzed. Veratrum: Pains as if from a bruise; worse by warmth and bad weather; better by walking; very weak, and trem- bling. Arsenic: Burning, tearing pains, insupportable at night, worse by cold air, and mitigated by external heat. Phosphorus: Tearing and drawing pains, excited by the slightest chill; headache, vertigo, and oppression of the ches . Caustic.: The pains are insupportable in the open air ; less severe in a room or in bed; also, when there is paralytic weakness with rigidity and incurvation of the parts affected. Sulphur: In almost all cases of chronic, and after a spell of inflammatory rheumatism, when the pains yet linger about. Often after Aconite, Belladonna, Bryonia, Mercury, or Pul- satilla. Sepia: For rheumatic affections in tall, slender persons, especially females. Application of Water.—The use of the wet bandage is, in mac^ cases of this disease, most grateful and advan- tageous ; it relieves pain and subdues inflammation, dissolves obstructions, and accelerates the circulation in the parts af- fected. The application of the douche, or of ice and snow is rather dangerous, and must not be undertaken without the RHEUMATIC pains or COED—GOUT. 35 advice of a physician who is conversant in Hydropathy; the same may be said of the use of the partial baths applied to the affected parts, as the reaction following their use might increase the inflammation. The dry packing, to excite per- spiration, with the following washing or ablution, is good in some cases, particularly where the pains are wandering, but must in a great many cases be dispensed with, as its frequent repetition would exhaust the system too much. The free use of cold water, internally, is strongly recommended. Administration.—In chronic rheumatism, the remedies ought not to be repeated often; every three or four days, one dose (four to six glob.) is enough. After a remedy has been tried for ten or fourteen days, another may be chosen, if no improvement has appeared. Diet and Regimen.—The patient must abstain, during the treatment, from all meats, at least, as much as possible; must not expose himself to the changes of the weather, and should wear, on his skin, flannel underclothes, except while using hydropathy; in which case, he can do without them. Rheumatic Pains or Cold. (In Chest, Stomach, Limbs, etc.) These pains appear in different parts of the body, after taking cold, in persons naturally inclined to rheumatic affec- tions. If they manifest themselves in the chest, they resem- ble a pleurisy, for which the same remedies will be suitable; if they appear in the stomach and bowels, they resemble a colic; to which article we refer the reader for the suitable remedies; if the pains are in the head, ears, or teeth, see these headings. In every case of this kind, the patient must be kept warm, and should perspire. Gout. (Arthritis.) Diagnosis.—The symptoms of this disease are very sim- ilar to those of inflammatory rheumatism; consequently, the 36 GENERAL DISEASES. remedies will be almost the same. It is characterized by pains in the joints, with inflammatory swelling, and a feeling of dis- location ; or, in chronic cases, with a swelling of the joints, caused by deposits in them of a calcareous substance, which impedes their movements and causes them to make a crack- ing noise. There is always connected with an attack of gout, flatulency, acid stomach, and other derangements of the diges- tive organs. The principal differences between rheumatism and gout are: rheumatism attacks more the muscles and membranes—gout, more the joints; rheumatism is hardly ever complicated with derangement of the digestive organs; gout is never without that—has, beside, permanent swelling of the joints, by calcareous deposit, which rheumatism never has. Rheumatism is caused by taking cold; consequently, depends on external causes; while gout is generated by in- ternal causes, depending mostly on hereditary predisposition. Both diseases, however, can intermingle with each other, one taking the form of the other. We distinguish an acute and chronic form of gout; recom- mending for both the same remedies, as heretofore stated under the two forms of rheumatism. We would add only one more remedy to this list; it is Antimon. crud., when the attack is attended with nausea and a white-coated tongue; pains are worse after eating, in the night, after drinking wine, and in the heat of the sun; mitigated during repose, and in the cool air. To make the selection of remedies easier, we will give a tabular view of them, in the different gouty complaints. Their details will be found under " Rheumatism." For inflammatory gout: Aconite, Antimon. crud., Bryonia, China, Nux vomica, Arsenic, Pulsatilla, Arnica. For the same, with gastric derangement: Antimon. crud. For the shifting, wandering, flying, gout: Pulsatilla, Arnica, Nux vomica, Cimicifuga. For gout with great swelling: Antimon. crud., Arnica, Bryonia, Rhus, China, Sulphur. PAINS IN THE SMALL OF THE BACK, ETC. 37 For the gouty nodes and lumps: Antimon. crud., Bryonia, Calcarea, Carbo vegetabilis, Graphites, Lycopodium, Phospho- rus, Sepia. For gout in persons addicted to spiritous liquors: Nux vom- ica, Aconite, Sulphur, Calcarea, For gout in persons called high livers: Pulsatilla, China, Antimon. crud., Sulphur, Calcarea. For those who sometimes work in the water: Pulsatilla, Sulphur, Calcarea, Dulcamara, Rhus, Sarsaparilla. For gout confined to the big toe (Podagra): Pulsatilla, Arnica. For the stiffness of the limbs, which remains after an attack of gout or rheumatism, give Colocynth, Petrol. Administration, Diet, and Regimen, the same as in "Rheumatism." Pains in the Small of the Back, Loins, and Neck. Notalgia. Lumbago. Diagnosis.—Violent pain in the region of the small of the back and loins, more or less permanent, sometimes peri- odical, but mostly excited by seemingly external causes. This species of lumbago (back and loin-ache) occurs, fre- quently, after any quick motion of the back, as in rising from a stooping position. The patient is suddenly seized with a violent pain as if produced from an arrow shot into the part; it pins him, as it were, into a fixed attitude, from which he can not stir without suffering torture, and forces him to keep quiet. If such a rheumatic pain suddenly affects the muscles of the neck, forcing the patient to keep very quiet, commonly called Kink or Crick in the neck, it has the same origin, and requires the same treatment, as lumbago. Rubbing the neck, in the beginning, with a soft warm hand untiringly for half an hour, frequently cures it effectually. Although this disease is essentially rheumatic in its char- acter and process, yet its foundation is constitutional; some- 38 GENERAL DISEASES. times a predisposition is acquired by overstraining the muscular system by hard labor during exposure to wet and cold, or when there is a disposition to hemorrhoidal conges- tion of blood (piles) to these parts, which may sometimes increase to a real inflammation of the spine, the spinal marrow (myelitis), or go over, if not cured, into a chronic spinal affection. Treatment. — Aconite is the principal remedy in the commencement, and does more to relieve the patient at once, than the lancet can accomplish, which the old school always applies in such cases. This remedy can also be used externally in the tincture of the root of aconite, a few drops of it every hour or two hours until better. Arnica, alternately with Rhus, if this disease is really the result of falling, overlifting, or any other mechanical injury. Hamamel., internally, if the parts feel very sore; exter- nally it is of great service, applied twice or three times a day. Bryonia, if the pains in the back are pressing; the patient can not Avalk erect; worse after the slightest motion, or cur- rent of cold air; patient feels chilly; head and limbs ache. Rhus, in alternation with Bryonia, if the patient feels very weak, trembling, has to get up sometimes to ease himself; throws himself about in the night. After external injury, see Arnica. Bellad., after Aconite and Bryonia, under similar symp- toms, but more suitable for fleshy females during the critical period (change of life); in alternation with Rhus, when the feverishness attending the attack is complicated with restless- ness, dryness of mouth and throat, headache. Nux vomica, if the parts feel as if tired, or very much fatigued, during the attack; pains are worse by motion and turning in bed ; constipation, irritability of temper. Suitable for persons with a disposition to piles, or addicted to spir- itous liquors. lgnatia: Pressing pains between the shoulders, down the PAIN IN THE HIP — HIP DISEASE. 39 spine, as if the joints in the spinal column were dislocated; she must continually change her position; if she does not, hysterical spasms threaten. Mercury, in alternation with Nux vomica, if catarrhalic diseases, influenza, etc., prevail, or a tendency -to dysentery; or if the patient feels very weak, perspires a great deal with- out relief, worse at night. Pulsatilla: Resembling the pains under Nux vomica, but caused by obstructions or irregularity of the courses (menses) in younger females of a mild, sensitive, or phlegmatic character. Application of Water.—The use of the wet bandage and cold foot-baths will accelerate the cure of these diseases; in their chronic forms, where the nervous system has suffered much, sitting-baths, cold ablutions, and finally the douche will be necessary. Constipation is relieved by cold injections and drinking freely of cold water. Administration.—Same as in " Rheumatism." Diet and Regimen.—Also the same. We would advise those afflicted with this disease, to lie down immediately on a mattress, or something similar, and not attempt to brave it out, as the phrase is; because the medicine will not be able to cure as quickly, and chronic weakness of the back remains, together with a liability to a return of the disease. Pain in the Hip. Hip Disease. Sciatica. Coxalgia. Coxagra. Diagnosis.—Pain in the region of the hip joint, extend- ing to the knee, even to the foot, accurately following the course of the sciatic nerve. Its continual severity may im- pede the motion of the foot, producing stiffness and contrac- tion, disturbing the rest at night, and thereby inducing general uneasiness and emaciation. In sciatica, or pain in the hip, the pain manifests itself only on the outside of the hip and leg, during repose as well as during motion, showing its neuralgic character; while, in cox- 40 general diseases. agra (morbus coxarius), the pain appears only during motion and in stepping, showing its inflammatory character; running in front to the knee, producing a swelling and lengthening of the leg. It can terminate in suppuration (white swelling). These diseases are of great importance, and ought not to be neglected, but immediately put under the care of a skillful homoeopathic physician, as scrofula is either their remote cause, or excited by them, especially in children, in whom they often occasion the so-called spontaneous limping (coxalgia infantilis) and white swelling, particularly when badly treated at first by allopathic remedies. Treatment.—The principal remedies in these diseases are those already enumerated under the headings of " Rheuma- tism " and " Gout." We will give them here again, to facil- itate the selection: In sciatica (ischias): Chamomile, Bryonia, Rhus, Arsenic, lgnatia, Nux vomica, Pulsatilla. In coxagra (hip disease): Colocynth, Belladonna, Hepar, Lachesis, Silicea, Mercury, Sulphur. In spontaneous limping: Mercury and Belladonna in alter- nation ; every few days, a dose: Rhus, Colocynth, Pulsatilla, Sulphur, Calcarea. Symptomatic Detail.—Aconite, in alternation with Bel- ladonna or Bryonia, where the attack is accompanied with a great deal of fever. Belladonna, in the inflammatory stage (see Aconite), when the pain is increased on the slightest movement, with limp- ing, and on the parts affected the skin is red and shining; dryness of the throat; burning fever. After it, Mercury. Bryonia, under similar symptoms as Belladonna, but par- ticularly where the parts affected are more painful than red; constipation. After it, Rhus. Rhus: Darting, tearing, or dragging pains in the hip-joint, with tension and stiffness in the muscles; worse during re- pose, or when rising from a sitting posture. Chamomile: Pains worse at night in bed, after having re- PAIN in the HIP — HIP DISEASE. 41 cently taken cold; patient is irritable; does not know what he wants. Mercury: Sharp, cutting, burning pains; worse at night, cr during movement; profuse perspiration without relief. After Belladonna; before Hepar. lgnatia: Cutting pains, ameliorated by change of position, temperament mild, yet vascillating between high and low spirits. Pulsatilla: Pains worse in the evening or night, and when seated; relieved in the open air; temperament phleg- matic ; mild disposition. Nux vomica : Pains worse in the morning; worse in the open air; temperament irritable, morose; constipation. Arsenic: Burning pains, with great restlessness, obliging the patient to move the limb; pains appear periodically, or in spells (alternate with China) ; mitigated by external heat; patient wants to lie down, feels very weak; emaciation of the limb after long suffering (in alternation with Silicea). Colocynth. This is the first and principal medicine in hip diseases, acute or chronic, particularly when there is the sen- sation of a tight band around the hips and back, and the pains run down from the region of the kidneys into the leg ; spontaneous limping; pains are worse lying on the back, or after a fit of anger or indignation. Hepar after Mercury, when this has not relieved. Silicea, when the disease assumes the chronic form, after Hepar; or, where emaciation has taken place, in alternation with Arsenic, and, afterward, with Iodine. Sulphur, in chronic cases, where other remedies have not entirely relieved. Lachesis: Emaciation, with tearing and contracting pain in the joint; dread of exercise; deeply penetrating suppura- tions (in alternation with Silicea). Application of Water.—See " Pains in the Small of the Back." Administration.—In the sciatica (ischias), as well as 4 42 general diseases. the febrile stage of the coxagra, give the medicines as re- quired in the acute form of " Rheumatism " (see this article). In the chronic form (suppurative stage) of coxagra, give the remedies as stated in " Chronic Rheumatism." Diet and Regimen.—The same as in " Rheumatism," but without external applications, save cold-water bandages, in any stage of the disease, when the patient can bear them, and feels relieved after them. Inflammation of the Knee Joint. (Gonitis.) Inflammation and swelling of this important joint, re- quires the use of Aconite and Belladonna, Bryonia, Rhus, Lachesis, Mercury, one after the other, if the first two have not allayed the inflammation. If suppuration threatens, which is indicated by the swelling not going down after the severest fever is over, give Sulphur; in eight days Silicea, and consult medical aid. Administration of Aconite, Belladonna, and the other remedies, the same as in " Acute Rheumatism." Diet and Regimen.—Also the same, but without any outward application, save cold-water bandages, when the patient feels relieved by them, at any stage of the disease. Inflammation of the Psoas Muscle. (Psoitis.) Diagnosis.—Pain in the region of the kidneys, hip, and downward to the leg, which can not be stretched, or drawn near to the abdomen, without pain; increased, also, by turn- ing, when lying and lifting, with a feeling of numbness of the affected side; walking is possible only by hobbling, with the body bent forward. Although not often fatal, yet it is very important in its consequences, as its issues may give rise to lingering diseases. If suppuration takes place, by not preventing it in time, the matter discharges itself in the abdomen, and causes death; or it sinks down farther and farther, until it reaches, sometimes, even the knee before it escapes; frequently the spine becomes affected and' CRAMP IN THE LEGS. 43 is rendered carious in such cases. The causes of this disease are, beside external injuries, rheumatism, and piles. Treatment.—Give, first, Aconite, and Bryonia, in alter- nation, every two, three, or four hours, a dose (four glob.); afterward, Belladonna or Nux vomica, if not relieved within twenty-four hours, and when the pains increase during mo- tion ; Rhus and Pidsatilla, however, when the pains are worse during rest; Mercury and Chamomile, when the pains are worse at night. Staphysag., when the pains are beating, indicating in- cipient suppuration. Colocyrdh, when the disease assumes the chronic form. In cases which came under my observation, where sup- puration was supposed to have already commenced, the alternate exhibition of Hepar Sulph., second trituration, and Lachesis, sixth dilution, prevented the formation of an abscess, and their use was continued until complete restoration. In these cases I alternated externally the fomentation of Calen- dula, with washings of diluted tincture of Hamamelis V. If possible, consult a physician in this important disease. Application of Water, in this disease, is confined to the use of the wet bandage, often renewed, on the parts affected; lukewarm sitting-baths, afterward applied, will accelerate the cure. Administration, Diet, and Regimen, as in "Affec- tion of the Knee Joint." Cramp in the Legs. Some persons are habitually afflicted with cramp in the legs, from various causes. The first remedy, which every one naturally will resort to, is, to rub the parts taken with the cramp, either with the hands or a rough towel, which, in a short time, will relieve the spasm. Another expedient is, to jump on the cold floor of the room, if the cramp occurs in the calves of the legs, and while in bed; but, if it should occur frequently in the night, take 44 GENERAL DISEASES. Veratrum, every night a dose (four glob.), for a few nights; or, if it occurs in pregnant females, Secale, in the same manner. This remedy is also the best, when the cramp in the legs befalls old, debilitated people. If the cramps occur more in the day-time, take Rhus, in the morning, in the same manner. Colocynth relieves the remaining stiffness, also cramps, occurring in the night. Sulphur, Lycopodium, and Sepia, may be taken in inter- vals of four or six da)rs, to prevent the return of the cramps. Diet and Regimen, as in all chronic diseases. Sweating Feet. This is a complaint with which a great many persons are afflicted. It is generally connected w7ith -a qualitative cor- ruption of the secretions, by which a bad smell is emitted, thereby rendering the complaint very disagreeable. It can be easily suppressed by alum and sugar-of-lead ablutions; but he who ventures to do so, risks being taken with blind- ness, deafness, asthma, consumption, etc. Homoeopathy possesses remedies, which, when applied rightly, will insure a permanent and safe cure. Treatment.—Rhus, inwardly, every third evening, six glob., to be continued for at least four weeks, after which two weeks must elapse before the next remedy may be taken. During the first four weeks, bathe the feet every other evening, in cold water, into which four drops of the mother tincture of Rhus (to be had in any homoeopathic pharmacy) have been dropped. If this does not succeed, after that time, drop into the water for bathing the feet a teaspoonful of the tincture of Hamamel. V., and take also, inwardly, of the same remedy, four globules, every night, for at least three or four weeks. Silicea, is the next remedy after the above remedies if they have not already ameliorated the complaint; to be taken GOITRE—SLEEPLESSNESS. 45 in the same manner. In this way, alternate with these three remedies, until better, or apply to a homoeopathic physician, who has more remedies at his command, which, however, can be chosen, only according to the individual constitutionality of each one's case. Application of Water.—Cold foot-bath must not be used in this disease; if a person wants to use the hydro- pathic means, he had better resort to an institution, as in this disease, simple as it seems to be, the greatest caution is necessary in the use of water, and generally a full treatment, to change the constitution of the patient. Goitre. (Struma.) This disease consists in a swelling of the thyroid gland, in front of the throat. It is, in the majority of cases, of a scrofulous origin; depends, sometimes, however, on an en- demical cause, occuring as it does most frequently near mountains, especially at their base, and in their valleys. Treatment.—Take, internally, Spongia, every evening a dose (six glob.), and wash externally with a solution of the tincture of Iodine diluted in alcohol, every evening, until it disappears. If this treatment does not disperse the goitre within two months, apply to a homoeopathic physician, who has other remedies suitable for each individual case. Diet, as usual in chronic diseases. Sleeplessness. (Agrypnia.) This disease consists in an impossibility to sleep, without any apparent external or internal cause to disturb the sleep. If it continues for months and years, a serious disturbance of all functions must ensue. In infants, particularly, it be- comes a distressing circumstance for mothers and nurses, as we often are unable to find out its cause. Treatment.—Coffea and Belladonna, two doses in alter- nation (in children, Coffea and Bellad.cc), every hour one 46 GENERAL DISEASES. dose (four glob.) frequently allay the over-excitement of the nervous system. If this will not do one night, try on the next, Belladonna, if caused by congestion of blood to the head. Hyoscyamus, especially after severe illness. lgnatia, when caused by grief, indignation. Nux vomica, when from study and meditation in hypo- chondriacs. Opium, after fright and fear, or in old people, or where frightful visions appear when closing the eyes. Pulsatilla, when having indulged too freely in eating. Aconite, when caused by agitating events and anxiety. If caused by drinking tea or coffee, see their antidotes in the articles respecting these substances. In children, beside Coffea and Bellad., are recommended Cham., Jalap, and Rheum., when it is caused by colic. (See this article in " Diseases of Children.") Sleeplessness consists frequently only in a kind of dis- turbed sleep, which appears as if it were no sleep at all. In such cases the following remedies may be taken. Restless sleep, with frequent tossing about: China, Arseni- cum, Chamomile. Sleep disturbed by dreams: Bryonia, Pulsatilla, Phosphorus. Sleep disturbed by sudden jerks, from fear or anxious dreams: Belladonna, Hyoscyamus, Opium, Sulphur. Sleep with sudden screaming out, loud talking: Arsenicum, Jalapa, lgnatia, Chamomile, Belladonna. In cases of sleeplessness, where no probable cause can be assigned, the best means to produce sleep are to desist en- tirely from the efforts to go to sleep; to arise and engage either in walking for awhile, or in mere thinking, as if no sleep were wanting; this course subdues sooner than any other the over-excitement in the nervous system. Application of Water. — Beside these remedies, a sponge-bath of cold water, every evening when going to bed is strongly recommended ; also a cold foot-bath, before going NIGHTMARE—PALSY. 47 to bed, if the patient can not sleep on account of congestion to the head. Nightmare. (Incubus.) A well-known troublesome disease, consisting in a heavy pressure on the precordial region, which impedes breathing, creating thereby many images of fancy, monsters, robbers, bears, etc. It occurs mostly in the first hours of sleep, and, if recurring every night, would certainly injure the general state of the health. It is caused either by an overloaded stomach, congestion of the blood to the abdomen, or to the precordial region, when lying on the back. Treatment.—Persons liable to this disease must first avoid the above-mentioned exciting causes, before the follow- ing remedies can have their effect: Aconite: Especially in women and children, when fever- ish ness, oppression of the chest, anxiety, and inquietude pre vail. Nux vomica, after drinking spiritous liquors, eating a full meal in the night, or by sedentary habits. Opium: The principal remedy in severe attacks, snoring, respiration, eyes half open, face covered with cold perspira- tion, and convulsive movements of the limbs. Application of Water.—The wet bandage around the shest during the night is strongly recommended, with a cold ablution and dry rubbing in the morning; beside daily exer- cise in the open air, and the free use of cold water internally. Diet must be moderate, consisting more of vegetables than meat; constipation is relieved by cold water injections, and the drinking of cold water. Palsy. (Paralysis.) This affection of the nerves of voluntary motion is one of those diseases, to remove which, it requires the greatest skill of a physician ; and, by bringing it under our notice here, we 48 GENERAL DISEASES. intend merely to warn our readers not to waste time, health, and money, in using a variety of nostrums which might be recommended for it; but to apply at once to a skillful homoeo- pathic physician, who can effect a cure in a majority of cases. Beside, we will record a few remedies, with which such a cure may be commenced. If from debility caused by loss of fluids, China, Ferrum, Sulphur. If from suppression of an eruption or habitual discharge, Lachesis, Sulphur, Caustic. If from rheumatism, Bryonia, Rhus, Arnica, Lycopodium. If from apoplexy, Ipecac, Lachesis, Lycopodium. If from handling white lead, or exposure to the fumes of lead, Opium, Bellad., Platina, Pulsatilla. If the facial muscles are paralyzed, Belladon., Graphites, Caustic If the tongue, Bellad., Opium, Stramonium, Hyoscyamus, Lachesis. If the arms, Bellad., Lachesis, Nux vomica, Opium, Lyco- podium. If the lower limbs, Cocculus, Opium, Nux vomica, Stan- num, Silicea. If the left side is paralyzed, give Lachesis and Lycopodium in alternation, every evening and morning a dose (four globules). If the right side, give Belladonna and Opium in the same manner. Electricity and Galvanism may be used in this disease with the greatest advantage, as also the cold water in bathing and drinking. (See " Hydropathy.") Application of Water.—Rubbing with cold water, the wet bandage, and finally the douche are powerful helps in this disease; but their use ought to be sought rather in hy- dropathic institutions, where the facilities for their applica- tion are greater and more regulated. DELIRIUM TREMENS—EPILEPSY. 49 Delirium Tremens. (Mania a potu.) This terrible disease is almost exclusively confined to drunkards and opium eaters, who are taken, especially when exhausted otherwise, with a delirium and frenzy, in which appearances of horrible monsters, animals, figures of all kinds, frighten their imagination, combined with ravings, convulsion fits, and complete inability to sleep. In the long and sleep- less hours, they converse incessantly with these supposed re- alities, by which they wear out their strength more and more. Treatment.—Opium is the specific in this disease, if it is caused by ardent spirits, as this drug is itself able to produce such a disease. Give of it, every hour or two hours, a dose (one or two drops of a diluted tincture of opium), for at least twenty hours, to see its effects. After this, give Bellad., Nux., Hyosc, Sulphur, one after the other, each, for twenty-four hours, every three or four hours, a dose (six glob.), or Cal- carea carbonica, if frightful images appear as soon as the patient shuts the eyes, or when he talks in his sleep, groans, cries, dreams fantastically and frightfully. If nothing will produce sleep, give Lachesis and Arsenic, in alternation, every three hours a dose (four glob.). Let the patient drink freely of cold water, as the best stim- ulus which can be substituted. For solid nourishment, give him hard-toasted bread; as soon as he is convalescent, give him good beefsteak, bread, and water, on which diet he has to subsist for a long time. In this way I have cured very bad oases, and had the satisfaction to see them not only restored to health again, but to usefulness and their friends, as they never relapsed into their former error. Epilepsy. (Epilepsia.) Diagnosis.—Convulsive motions, with loss of conscious- ness; falling down, with cries, foaming at the mouth, the thumbs fixed into the palms of the hands. The loss of con- sciousness is the most essential symptom, not the violence of 5 50 GENERAL DISEASES. the convulsions. Hysterical spasms are very similar tc the epileptic, but seldom produce an entire loss of conscious- ness. Most of the epileptic patients can be cured, but it requires the attendance of a skillful homoeopathic practitioner. We refrain, therefore, from mentioning here any more of the treatment of this disease, than that which relates to the attack itself. Treatment.—A patient in an epileptic fit must be placed in a position in which he can not hurt himself; give him, however, full liberty of his own actions, without holding him, or forcing open his thumbs, which is of no use. Let him smell on Camphor spirits. If convenient, put between his teeth a cork or piece of wood, to prevent his tongue being injured. As soon as possible, give him one dose (four glob.) of Bellad.; or, if his face is dark and congested, his breath- ing very hard and snoring, a dose of Opium (four glob.). St. Vitus's Dance. (Chorea.) Diagnosis.—Involuntary motions of single members or the whole body, wandering from one part to the other. The pa- tient retains full consciousness, which is a distinctive feature of this disease from epilepsy. It varies very much in degree; occurs most frequently at the time of the development of pu- berty, from the seventh to the sixteenth year, more among the female sex, more in moist regions on the sea-coast than .in more elevated places. It may occur, also, as an epidemic, and is then infectious, particularly when large crowds meet. It is not a dangerous disease, but troublesome, and may lead to other derangements; ought to be attended to, therefore, immediately, as, in such a case, it can easily be cured. Treatment.—As we recommend our readers to apply, in a case of this kind, to a homoeopathic physician at once, we ;imit our remarks on the treatment to a few remedies, which mav be given in the beginning. lgnatia, every evening a dose (six glob.) for eight days; after it, TETANUS—TRISMUS—LOCKJAW. 51 Sulphur, every other evening a dose (six glob.) for eight days, and then discontinue for three or four weeks, to await the effect. If the patient should suffer habitually from constipation, a few doses of Glauber salts will frequently be'sufficient to cure the disease; in such cases the patient should take only enough of the above salts in solution to produce from three to four evacuations during twenty-four hours. Diet and Regimen.—No greasy substances, no coffee or tea, but good plain food. Try to divert the attention of the patient from his disease; never speak of it in his presence. Tetanus. Trismus. (Lockjaw.) Diagnosis.—Constant spasmodic contraction of one mus- cle, or all the muscles. According to the parts affected and the direction in which the body is drawn, the disease has received different names ; which distinction does not come, however, within the limits of our description, as such severe diseases as these will require medical aid. We intend here to speak more especially of one form of tetanus, called trismus or lockjaw, which is of frequent occurrence in southern lat- itudes, and, from its quick termination, requires prompt action, and, therefore, domestic attention. Lockjaw. (Trismus.) It arises immediately after a wound has been inflicted, in consequence of the violent pain and nervous irritation, in which case it proves fatal in a very short time; or it occurs in the first few days after the infliction of a wound, during its inflammatory stage, or from eight to ten days afterward, while the wound is healing and suppurating, without any pain and inflammation. The exciting causes are, mental affections, taking cold, corrupt air, foreign bodies in the wound, tension, and distraction of single fibers in the wound. The most dan- gerous are the stitch wounds in tendonous parts, as in the sole of the foot and the palm of the hand. The pulse fre- 52 GENERAL diseases. quently remains normal, the head free, yet there is great anxiety and oppressed breathing. Treatment.—Enlarge the wound, if possible, and poul- tice it with bread and milk. Beside, give the following rem- edies : Arnica. In the beginning, externally, in a wash or fomen- tation; internally, in globules or drops, every two hours a dose (four glob, or one drop). Belladonna and Lachesis, in alternation, in the same dose and time, if the spasms increase. If no improvement, after twelve hours, takes place, give Opium and Hyoscyamus, in the same manner. Secale, if the patient feels worse in the warmth. lgnatia, if the patient grows worse, whenever touched or handled. Rhus and lgnatia, in case the body is bent backward, in the form of an arch. Administer it in the same manner. Stramonium, in the same form of lockjaw, if the two former remedies were of no avail. Application of Water.—The action of the homoeo- pathic, remedies in this disease, must be supported by the following hydropathic process. The patient having been put in a bathing-tub, is rubbed well and for a long time with cold water, after which he is brought to bed again and rubbed dry with the hands or dry woolen cloths. In an hour or two this process has to be repeated, if no change has taken place; sometimes it is good to expose the spine to the douche, after which the rubbing with the hands must be repeated again. We here insert a case of lockjaw successfully treated by Isaac Colby, M. D., of Salem Mass., and reported in the Pro- ceedings of the American Institute of Homoeopathy, in the year 1853. Jan. 1853. William Horton, aged twenty-two, received an injury by a nail projecting from a timber, by which a deep and lacerated wound was made between the metacarpal bones of the third and fourth fingers of the left hand, nearly through LOCKJAW. 53 the hand. A few drops of dark-colored blood flowed out, and the pain for a few minutes was intense. When it abated he was faint and dizzy, but recovered so as to eat his dinner. After dinner a blindness came over him, he felt sick, and vomited, and lost the power of locomotion—seemed to be paralyzed. Spasms then commenced in the pit of the stom- ach, and soon spread all over him, at first remittent, returning once in two or three minutes, and attended with vomiting. The injury occurred at 12 M. I saw him four or five hours after, in company with my partner, Dr. J. G. 'Wood. At 6 o'clock, the extensor muscles of the whole body became rigidly contracted, so that he formed a semicircle, and when on his back rested only on the heels and head, and his suffer- ings appeared exceedingly great. At this stage, seeing that the disease was progressing with such fearful rapidity, I thought it not proper to spend much time in administering ordinary remedies, especially as I had one at hand of such undoubted efficiency, as I knew cold water to be. I had him immediately placed in a position to receive as much of the water in tubs as could conveniently be done, but, considering the urgency of the case, was not very particular about that. I commenced pouring all over him water of a temperature near that of freezing point, from a pitcher, at the rate of a bucket full every five minutes, and continued it half an hour. Then I wiped him with a towel, wrapped him in blankets, put him in bed with a great amount of covering, and let him remain there two or three hours, till reaction and free perspira- tion took place. Then he was sponged all over in cold water. When I had poured the water on him about twenty min- utes, and he had begun to be very cold, he felt the spasms evidently give way, first in the least affected side, and then, in a few minutes, in the half of the body that had received the injury, and the pain abated, and the limbs became flex- ible. But, to make the cure certain, I continued the pouring a short time after he was relieved, till he shook violently all over with the cold. 54 GENERAL DISEASES. After the reaction had taken place, and he had been sponged with cold water, to carry off the superfluous heat, a soreness of all the muscles remained, with violent headache, and he could not endure any motion or noise for several days, and could not be raised from his bed for more than a week; but, by the application of appropriate remedies under the care of Dr. Wood, he gradually recovered without any symptoms of a return of the spasms. The application of cold water in this manner is not techni-j cally Hydropathy. It is simply a sudden reduction of tem- perature by means of an agency acting on the Homoeopathic law of cure, with an energy and power to which no other known remedy can approach. And it meets a more extensive range of diseases than any other remedy, because it has the leading foundation symptoms of diseased action—which is a sensation of cold. When the vital organism is assailed by any hurtful cause, the first manifestation is a sense of coldness or shivering, more or less perceptible. This is so uniform, it may be con- sidered the first symptom of an abnormal state. And when the vital power is not too much overcome, the cold is followed by heat, and this generally by perspiration. This constitutes the essential type of disease, and shows the natural movement of the animal economy when assailed by any hurtful agency, and points out the true mode of cure. The cold stage is the leading symptom consequent on the exciting cause, and the heat and perspiration may be but a salutary action to throw off the attack. Often it is successful, and one paroxysm ter- minates the disease. The reason why every attack is not thus Speedily terminated, is because the power of reaction is not always sufficient of itself to throw it off. Here we need an agent that will powerfully impress the whole organism, and put it in a pathological condition analogous to that which constitutes the main features of the disease, and in a manner that will secure a certain and energetic reaction. The reduc- LOCKJAW. 55 tion of temperature, by the application of cold water is pre- cisely this agency. I have made a great many experiments, by this reduction of temperature, during the last four years. I place the pa- tient in a large tub, either seated, with feet in another tub, or standing on a stool to keep the feet out of water, without covering, or with a sheet about the shoulders, as circumstances require, and pour the water from a pitcher upon the head and shoulders, letting it run down the body at the rate of a bucket- ful every five minutes, till the patient shakes violently with cold, which takes from twenty minutes to three quarters of an hour, according to the temperature of the water; then wipe and wrap in a blanket, and cover in bed till reaction and free perspiration takes place, which requires from two to four hours; then sponge in cold water to carry off the superfluous heat, and put on ordinary covering. In this way I have treated more than a hundred cases during the last four years. I now know what results I can depend on with great cer- tainty. This remedy is far more effectual in the early stage, while it remains but a functional disease.* It is the true Homoeopathic remedy for all spasms. Intense cold always causes rigidity of the muscles. In tetanus it can never fail to cure. In this case I had no doubt of its success, and had decided to continue to pour the water till the spasms gave way. A person may remain very cold for a long time, without any danger to life, if rightly treated. I would rather keep a patient pulseless and senseless three weeks, by the application of cold, than have them die with this disease. I have in sev- eral cases of other diseases continued to pour cold water till after the pulse ceased in the wrist, and till the patient was so stiff he could not rise from the seat. In this case, if the spasms * In the early stage of typhus fever, the reduction of temperature has been found the most efficient means to cut short the disease. This has been extensively proved in the German hospitals in the Franco-German war.—[Author. 56 GENERAL DISEASES. had returned, I should have applied it again more thoroughly than before. Again, there is trembling when a person has become very cold. It is, therefore, the remedy for clonic spasms. Can a person tremble with any other spasms when he is shaking tremendously with cold ? I have applied it in many cases oi spasms in children, some of which are reported in the second volume of the Quarterly Journal of Homoeopathy. It never fails to stop them. But when they depend on organic lesions, when the patient gets warm, they may return again. It is adapted to all acute diseases, when applied in the early stage. I believe there is a period in every fever when one applica- tion of cold water, as described above, would effectually stop its progress, and the patient would be immediately as well as before the attack, I have had much experience on this point. But too often this period has passed by before the physician is called. In the Asiatic cholera I think it can not fail of adaptation. It is the means of conducting the patient through the same pathological stages which constitute the essential characteris- tics of the disease, with a certainty of a successful, healthy reaction. I should expect it would cure every case if season- ably applied.* This remedy is capable of doing, in many cases, what all other remedies would fail to accomplish, and is safe in its ap- plication, but is too formidable for extensive use. Diet and Regimen.—The same as in fevers. Again we would advise not to be negligent in the treat- ment of even apparently slight injuries. If pain and tension is felt in the wound, it should be treated at once and faith- fully with poultices, until the pain has ceased and the wound begins to discharge the healthy matter. * The truth of this assertion will be verified when opportunity is given for a trial, as it already has been the case in Typhus, where it led to such brilliant lesults. It is in hospital practice mostly relied on.—[Author. somnolency—lethargy—fatigue, etc. 57 Somnolency—Lethargy. Diagnosis.—A sleep, continued beyond the natural time, for days or weeks. During this time, short intervals of wak- ing intervene, but the patient soon relapses into sleep again. Nourishment can be given only by injecting fluid aliments; otherwise, the functions of life are not disturbed. In such cases, a physician should be consulted; but up to the time of his coming, the following medicines may be ^iven. Opium, if the pulse is full and slow, the breathing snoring, and the face very red, even dark; every three hours a dose, or until better. Belladonna, if the head is hot and the feet are cold; pulse accelerated and hard. Lachesis, if the pulse is very weak; beside, Aconite, Vera- trum, Pulsatilla, Phosphoric acid, one after the other, if neces- sary. Application of Water.—That cold water must be a powerful auxiliary in the treatment of this disease, is very evident; its use must be regulated according to the symp- toms of the case; cold foot-bath, if the head is hot and congested; sitz-baths, hand and head-baths are variously ap- plicable. Fatigue, Overheating, and Mental Exhaustion. Arnica, for a feeling as if the body were bruised after over- exertion of the body, and too long and fast traveling on foot; wash the fatigued limbs in water, with which a few drops of the Arnica tincture have been mixed. Rhus: Pains in the joints; after Arnica, if this was not sufficient; in alternation with Bryonia, if there are shooting pains in the small of the back on moving. China: Weakness after loss of fluids, or heavy perspirations. Veratrum, if persons are so fatigued as to cause fainting, in alternation with Ipecac, or Apis mel. 58 GENERAL DISEASES. Coffea and Camphor, in alternation, when the system is ex« hausted by disease, abstinence from food, or violent exercise. Cocculus and Nux vom., if caused by long night-watching. Aconite, if, with weakness, there is palpitation of the heart, pain in the side, difficulty of breathing, aching in the limbs from running fast; and then in alternation with Bryonia. Cocculus, if the least exertion causes fatigue, followed by Veratrum and Calcarea, if necessary. Administration.—Dissolve twelve glob, of a remedy in half a teacupful of water, and give, every half-hour or hour, a teaspoonful, until better. If overheated by bodily exercise in the summer, take a little brandy and water, and no cold drinks until restored again; or, if possible, take a warm bath for twenty minutes. If the limbs feel sore, rub with Arnica, or alcohol in which soap is dissolved. For mental exhaustion by over-study or anxious night- watching, take Nux vomica; if very much excited and sleep- less, Coffea; if with fullness of the head, Belladonna. Fainting, Swooning. (Syncope) Nervous persons, particularly females, are subject to faint- ing fits, excited by various causes, external or internal. The first thing to be done is, to lay the patient quietly on a bed or couch, with the shoulders and head very low, where the fresh air is accessible; loosen every thing tight about the neck, chest, and stomach, and sprinkle cold water in the face, for a minute or two; during this time some one has procured spirits of camphor, which now may be held under the nose, to be inhaled. This, in most cases, is sufficient to restore the patient for the time, who must now be let alone, to gather strength; if vomiting should then come, it must not be checked ; neither should the patient be disturbed if he inclines to sleep, as nothing can be more strength en in fl- at this time. If the cause of the fainting can be ascertaineoT one of the following remedies may be given, to destroy the APPARENT DEATH. 59 bad consequences which the attack may have on the nervcua system. If caused by fright, Aconite, Opium, Sambucus, Staphy- sag., Veratrum. By excessive joy, Coffea, Aconite, Opium. By anger, Pulsatilla, Platina, Nux vom., Chamomile. By excessive pain, Veratrum, Aconite, Chamomile. By the slightest pa in, Hepar. By grief, mortification, lgnatia, Colocynth, Platina, Mer- cury, Phosphor, acid, Staphy.sag. By fear, lgnatia, Pulsatilla, Veratrum, Opium. By depletion, blood-letting, etc., China, Carbo veg., Vera- trum, when, also, a little wine or brandy and water may be given. Administration.—Dissolve twelve glob, of the selected medicine in half a teacupful of water, and give, every five or ten minutes, a teaspoonful. If not relieved in twenty or thirty minutes, prepare and give another remedy in the same manner. Apparent Death. Whenever a sudden extinction of life appears, our suspi- cion must be aroused, as regards the real or apparent death of the individual, in as far as we frequently might be able to restore the apparently dead to life again, if we would only take the trouble and have the patience to use the requisite means. And even when these are applied, it is often done in an unsystematic manner. As most cases of apparent death occur under violent cir- cumstances, such as drowning, hanging, etc., it is quite natural that the minds of the by-standers become agitated and confused, not knowing what is first to be done. This uncertainty and hurry of action, however, can not produce any favorable results in resuscitating the apparently dead. It is of the utmost importance to remain self-possessed, to reflect well, and then to do only one thing at a time, until 60 general diseases. all available means to restore life are exhausted. There are a great many accidents in life, by which its existence is put in jeopardy. We will enumerate them here, and the means which ought to be used. On poisoning, we give a separate chapter. (See page 76.) 1. Apparent Death from Hunger. If starvation was the cause of an apparent suspension of life, inject small quantities of warm milk mixed with a very little brandy or Madeira wine; beside, lay cloths, dipped in warm milk and brandy, on the stomach. Do not attempt to give any nourishment by the mouth, until after the patient has commenced breathing again, at which time the warm milk may be given to him, drop by drop, through the mouth. Increase the doses of milk very gradually, until the patient can take a teaspoonful; then a few drops of wine or brandy will be salutary. After awhile, give him small quantities of beef-tea, or other broth. Solid food is not allowed, until after the patient has had a sound, healthy sleep: and even then, he has to be very careful in not eating too much at a time, or indulging in any thing indigestible. 2. Apparent Death from Drowning. The following cautions ought to be observed: 1. Be quick, but not rough, in all that has to be done. 2. Do not roll the body on casks. 3. Do not hold it up by the feet. 4. Do not rub the body with salts or spirits, nor inject smoke or infusion of tobacco. 5. Do not bleed the patient. But do the following immediately: 1. Convey the body, carefully, in a raised position, to the nearest house, if possible; or, if not, lay it on a dry, sandy place, in the hot sun. 2. Strip the body, and rub it dry; then wrap it in warm blankets, either in a warm bed, or in heated sand or ashes, apparent death from drowning. 61 until other means of warming the body can be procured, such as bottles of hot water, warming-pans, heated bricks, etc., which may be applied successively on the stomach, spine, thighs, under the armpits, and soles of the feet. 3. Wipe and cleanse the mouth, nostrils, and throat, care- fully ; during this operation the body may be turned on its side, the head bent forward, to allow the water to run out of the mouth; all the water which can run out, is in the mouth. 4. Rub, continually and briskly, the whole body with the hands, or with warm cloths. Do not suspend, however, the use of the other means. 5. The following method of imitating natural respiration, and thereby filling with and emptying the lungs of air, has been proposed and practiced successfully in England. The patient lying on his back, with head and shoulders a little raised, both of his arms, held above the elbows, should be drawn steadily upward, above his head, and kept in that position, while counting one, two; this motion expands the chest and draws in the air; now, to expel the air, bring the arms down again to the sides of the chest, and hold them there while counting one, two ; in this manner repeat this up and downward movement of the arms about fifteen times in a minute; continue thus for one hour. (Figs. 1 and 2.) Although these means may be apparently ineffectual, in the first hour, we must not cease our labors, only conduct them for the next hour according to Marshall Hall's method, which is as follows: 6. Have the body fully turned on one side, and again slowly replaced on the stomach. These movements must be made alternately, gently and equably, fifteen times in a minute. When laid on the stomach, pressure is made on the thorax and abdomen, which induces expiration; when turned on the side, this pressure is removed, and in- spiration is induced; continue this method at least for one hour, and watch continually for the first signs of natural GENERAL DISEASES. breathing. If none have as yet appeared, manipulate during the next hour as stated in No. 5, and continue to alternate with these two methods, Nos. 5 and 6, for several hours longer. 7. Immerse the body, if possible, in a warm bath, at blood heat (100° F.). 8. Electricity or galvanism may be used. 9. Put a few globules of Lachesis, and afterward Opium, on the tongue of the patient. 10. Continue this treatment for, at least, four or six hours; if then no signs of life appear, try the next method. Prof. Howard's Direct Method (see Fig. 3).—Com- prising inspiration and expiration by only one manipulation, as follows: while an attendant holds both arms of the drowned person above his head, and draws his tongue for- ward, outside of one corner of the mouth, another kneels over him, and presses with both hands on the side of th MENSTRUATION TOO EARLY. 459 Menstruation too Early. If the menses appear too early, say every two or three weeks, the disorders causing it are too complicated frequently to be prescribed for in a domestic treatise; apply to a physician ; yet the cure may be commenced with the follow- ing remedies: Ipecac Almost a specific in all passive hemorrhages where feebleness, dullness, nausea, and coagulated discharges prevail. Bryonia. If with constipation there is a pain in the head, as if it would split; the menstrual blood is dark red. Cimicifuga. If rheumatic pains are present in back and limbs. lgnatia. Where the menses return every two weeks, spirits are depressed; in alternation with Ipecac, if its symptoms are also present. Belladonna. Heat and pains in the head, with cold feet and dryness of the throat; bearing down in the abdomen. Calcarea carb. is almost a specific in this disease, where, with the menses, a diarrhea or frequent discharges from the bowels appear, with pains in the bowels; suitable after Belladonna. Phosphorus. Menses too early and lasting too long, great weakness, causing dizziness. Veratrum alb. If, with the above symptoms, there is nausea, even vomiting and diarrhea. sEseulus hipp. If there is a bearing down and pressing as of piles. Sulphur. If the menstruation is too early and too profuse. Natrum muriaticum. If Calcarea carb. is insufficient. Administration.—Just before, or in the beginning of the menses, one or two doses of the selected medicine, every three hours one dose (six glob.); after the menses are over, take one more dose and then wait until the next appearance of the menses, and observe whether they are more regular, as regards time. 460 DISEASES OF FEMALES. Menstruation too Late and too Scanty. Pulsatilla is the principal remedy, when the above difficulty exists, and also when the menses appear irregular, some- times too late and too profuse (as this is the case particularly at the critical period—change of life), sometimes too earlj and too scanty. In the former, Lachesis alternates well with Pulsatilla. In most all cases, Sulphur is necessary, to complete the cure. Compare, also, " Suppression of the Menses," " Obstruc- tion of the First Menses." Administration, Diet, and Regimen, the same as stated there. Menstruation too Copious. Flooding. (Menorrhagia.) In cases of this kind, causes mental and physical may operate, to enumerate all of which here would be impossible. We content ourselves in directing the reader to the various sources, where he can find their remedies. If mental causes, such as fright, fear, etc., exist, give the remedies stated under " Affections of the Mind," for the several exciting causes. If external injuries, see this chapter. In cases of this kind Arnica is the first remedy, after which others may be selected. In general, however, Ipecac, is the principal remedy (see "Menstruation too Early"), followed by China, if there is great weakness, buzzing in the ears, faintness when raising the head off the pillow; Belladonna, if there is downward pressure; Pidsatilla and Lachesis, if it occurs during change of life; also, in such a case, or in aged women, Ipecac and Secale. Chamomile. If dark, clotted blood is discharged, accom- panied by colic-like labor pains, violent thirst, coldness of the extremities, headache with clouded sight, and humming in the ears MENSTRUATION OF TOO LONG DURATION. 461 Coffea and Camphor, in alternation, when there is, beside the above symptoms, exceedingly painful colic Platina. After Belladonna or Chamomile, when the dis- charge is too profuse, or of too long duration, of black and thick blood, with great nervousness, sleeplessness, and con- stipation. Secale. Particularly with great weakness and coldness oj extremities. If real flooding ensues, resisting the above medicines, the application of cold water, or pounded ice, over the lower part of the abdomen, externally, is necessary to coagulate the blood in the vagina and uterus, which stops the hemorrhage. There can be no fear of getting cold in doing this, if it is done well; always keep the patient lightly, but well covered. In such a case, the patient must lie with the hips higher, at least not lower, than the shoulder. This treatment will be effectual in the severest cases of flooding. Administration.—Dissolve six globules of a remedy in six teaspoonfuls of water, and give every fifteen, twenty, or- forty minutes a teaspoonful, sometimes in alternation with another, and lengthen the intervals as the patient gets better, when no medicine is needed any more. Diet and Regimen.—The drink must be cold and not stimulating; except when faintness appears, with deadly pale- ness of the face, no pulse, and cloudiness of sight, give wine and brandy, in frequent, small quantities. Camphor and China, in such cases, are of the greatest benefit. The pa- tient ought to lie perfectly quiet. Menstruation of too Long Duration. Compare " Menstruation too Copious," and give of the selected medicine, every evening and morning a dose (six glob.), until better. (See, also, next article, on " Change of Life, or Critical Period.") Diet in such cases must be highly nutritious. It is best to consult a physician early. i 462 DISEASES OF FEMALES. Critical Period. Cessation of the Menses. (Change of Life.) This period, commencing about at the age of forty-three years, forms one of the most important in the life of a female. If not guided through this critical time by the counsel and aid.of a skillful physician, she gathers the seeds of endless miseries, or even early death. This period may be a blessing to her, as well as a source of great distress; as after it her health either becomes more confirmed, or disorganizations in internal organs are formed, which soon carry her off. With- out enlarging further on the subject, we recommend the early and constant advice of a skillful physician during this time, which generally lasts from one and a half to two years. First, an irregularity of the courses is experienced; they stop for three months, then re-appear with great violence, then stop for four or six months, during which time the woman shows more or less symptoms of congestions; piles appear; the limbs swell; pruritus (violent itching of the pri- vate parts) frequently sets in, also cramps and colics in the abdomen; asthma and palpitation of the heart; sick-head- ache ; hysterics; apoplexy, etc. These maladies are so vari- ous, and continually changing and complicated, that they require the constant watchful care of a family physician. Do not neglect them. Treatment.—We can here only give general rules; eat and drink moderately; sleep in airy, well ventilated rooms; avoid violent emotions or exercise, but contrive to be busy mentally and bodily; shun exposure to inclement weather, wet feet, etc. (See " Hygiene," and the chapters of the dis- eases above referred to.) Pulsatilla and Lachesis are, in this period, the principal remedial agents, of which take every six days one dose (six glob.) alternately, unless other remedies are necessary. If diseases otherwise occur, see their respective chapters. PROLAPSUS UTERI—FALLING OF THE WOMB. 463 Prolapsus Uteri. (Falling of the Womb) From the position the womb naturally occupies, hanging suspended on four ligaments in the middle of the pelvic cav- ity, the reader can easily infer that it can change its position in all directions; one of the most frequent consists in a sink- ing down, to a less or greater extent, into the lower part of the pelvic cavity, sometimes so far down as to protrude exter- nally. An event of this kind must produce considerable de- rangement in the female organism. The most prominent symptoms of this disorder are fully described by Dr. Dewees, as follows: "The symptoms, characterizing this complaint, will be modified by the greater or less descent of the uterus in the vagina ; they will be intense in proportion to the extent of the displacement; but in all there will be a sense of some- thing sinking in the vagina, as if the perineum were sustain- ing an unusual weight; with a dragging sensation about the hips and loins ; a desire to make water, sometimes without the ability to do so; or if it do pass, it is reluctantly, and often- times painfully hot—a sense of faintness, and occasionally a number of nervous or hysterical feelings and alarms, which almost overwhelm the patient. A pressure and feeling about the rectum, resembling a slight tenesmus, sometimes impor- tunely demand the patient's attention, which, if she obey, almost always end in unavailing efforts. The pain in the back is sometimes extremely distressing while the patient is on her feet, and gives to her walk the appearance of weak- ness in her lower extremities. A benumbing sensation shoots down the thighs, especially when the woman first rises upon her feet; or when she changes this position for a horizontal one. In some few instances, the woman is obliged to throw her body very much in advance; or is obliged to support her- self by placing her hands upon her thighs when she attempts to walk. But all these unpleasant symptoms subside almost immediately if she indulge in a recumbent posture, and this circumstance pretty strongly designates the disease." 464 DISEASES OF FEMALES. However well marked the above symptoms are, particularly the one last mentioned, they are not sufficiently so to prevent mistakes from being made in the diagnosis. An examination of the parts involved should never be omitted, as without it we never can be positive in pronouncing the disease prolapsus uteri. Dr. Dewees relates a case of this kind. " I was con- sulted by a lady, who had long suffered almost every symp- tom recorded above; I pronounced her disease to be prolap- sus of the uterus; and without an examination per vaginam, had a pessary made for its support; but, to my sad mortifi- cation, when I was about to apply it, a careful examination proved that no such condition existed, and that all the un- pleasant symptoms had arisen from a thickening of the neck of the bladder." But not all practitioners avow frankly, like Dr. Dewees, their errors in this respect; after once having pronounced a similar complaint to be falling of the womb, they rather per- sist in their opinion, even after having ascertained by actual examination that no prolapsus exists. In this manner falling of the womb has been multiplied in such a degree, that it may be counted now among the fashionable diseases, which any lady of standing or delicate feeling ought to have, at least a touch of it. While patients complain of symptoms, similar to prolapsus, some physicians hastily and without examination pronounce them to indicate this latter disease, thereby forcing their remedial action into a direction, often detrimental to the welfare of their patients. We have seen women tormented for years under a treatment against prolapsus uteri by several physicians, who, one after another, had readily yielded to the incorrect diagnosis of the preceding one. All that time these patients had not the slightest real symptoms of prolapsus or dislocation; they were afflicted with neuralgia, congestion, induration of the womb, etc., diseases which soon were re- moved by a rational (homoeopathic) internal treatment.* * While writing the above, we see in an article on uterine displace- ments by Dr. Ramsey, in the Boston Medical Journal, similar complaints PROLAPSUS UTERI—FALLING OF THE WOMB. 465 Rheumatism of the uterus is a frequent cause of feelings resembling falling of the womb, and a practitioner should be very cautious in pronouncing the existence of a disease so dissimilar in its treatment from the former. Although a great many physicians yet adhere to the use of pessaries and abdominal supporters in the cure of prolapsus uteri, we must confess that we have never seen such good result as would induce us to persist in their use. Since we have become acquainted with the specific power of homoeo- pathic medicines and the tonic virtues of cold water in the form of a sitz-bath and wet bandage, we have discarded the use of pessaries and other supporters, almost entirely. In the commencement of a cure for this disease, the patient should remain in a lying posture for a length of time, also otherwise refrain from active exercise as much as possible. The wet bandage, twice a day renewed, and fre- made as to the fictitious prevalence of prolapsus uteri; which, according to the statement of that gentleman, is far greater in the South than in other parts of the country. We can testify in some degree to the truth of this fact ourselves. Residing in Cincinnati, we had, for a number of years frequent occasion to attend ladies from the South, the complaints of many of whom resembled greatly the symptoms attending prolapsus uteri. According to their statement they were suffering from prolapsus, having being told so repeatedly by their physicians; yet, upon examination, not the slightest trace of such a disease could be detected. We are glad to see that this professional error attracts the attention of those who best can correct it. Hear Dr. Ramsey: " This prolapsus question has been a hobby for many a pretender to secure fame, and scores of women South have been injected per vaginam with sulph. zinc, nit. arg. et id omne genus, to their serious detriment, for the mal-position of an organ from which they never suffered. Any man, with a thimbleful of brains, who will put himself to the trouble to examine the anatomical situation of the womb, will see at a glance, that the organ, in its normal and physiological condi- tion, is not easily prolapsed, at least not with the facility once supposed. We admit real prolapsus is too common ; but at the same time we protest against referring every little uneasy sensation in the hypogastric region to uterine descension. It is high time we were awakening from this un- profitable and unmeaning slumber, with regard to female affections, eta God speed the time for the benefit of our wives and daughters." 466 DISEASES OF FEMALES. quent sitting-baths of short duration, will be of great benefit. We found the following remedies the most beneficial in this disease: Belladonna and Sepia, alternately, every other morning a dose (six glob.), until better, at least for one week; during the next week the patient discontinues the medicine, but repeats the above prescription during the week following. These medicines are succeeded, if necessary, after six weeks, by Calcarea carb., to be taken in the same manner. Sometimes, during the above treatment, a dose of Nux vom., Platina, Opium, Cocculus, and lgnatia may be found nec- essary, if the patient exhibits a good deal of nervousness with constipation. All stimulating diet is strictly prohibited; no coffee, no tea can be allowed; but good nourishing food is beneficial. Other displacements of the womb may occur in various directions. The retroversion of the uterus, or that state wherein the womb is turned over backward, occurs perhaps the most fre- quently, and produces many disturbances in the alvine and urinary discharges by actual pressure on the rectum and bladder, frequent hemorrhages from the womb, fluor albus, and menstrual irregularities. The anteversion of the uterus presents a deviation in a direction opposite to the former, the fundus uteri inclining toward, or even resting on the bladder, the neck and mouth of the womb toward the rectum. A distress similar to the former is the consequence. Leucorrhea. Fluor Albus. (Whites.) This troublesome and weakening complaint consists in a discharge of mucus, variously colored, and of different con- sistency, from the vagina. It occurs, generally, between the age of puberty and the critical period, and is seldom seen later than this, except when discharges of this kind are excited in consequence of the disorganization of the womb. If it manifests itself in children, or even in infants, it is LEUCORRHEA—FLUOR ALBUS. 467 either on account of want of cleanliness of these parts, or local irritations, such as are produced by pin-worms (ascari- des), etc. AYeakly females, of a nervous, relaxed, or excited tempera- ment, are more prone to it; and the more our present state of society becomes over-civilized, with its legion of pleasures, inactivity of body, idle and late hours, bad literature, and immoderate use of tea, coffee, and spices of all kinds (we mention here only as an instance, the increased use of van- illa), the more easily will this disease be engendered. It would carry us too far, to go into the pratical detail of a disease which requires the most skillful attention of a medi- cal attendant; and we earnestly recommend an application to him in an early stage of the disease. Beside this we recommend cold water, in all its various applications, as the best means to restore the tone and strength of the weakened parts of the system. The principal medicines to be taken domestically, are: Pulsatilla. Discharge thick, like cream, sometimes creat- ing an itching around the affected parts. Cocculus. Discharge of a reddish hue before and after menstruation, with colic and flatulency. jEsculus hipp. Feels lame and stiff in the back, with consti- pation and blind piles. Baptisia. For an acrid, fetid discharge with great debility of body and mind. China. If the discharge has been profuse and continued so long that she feels weak and exhausted. Ferrum. In young girls, when complicated with chlorosis (see this article). Lachesis. At the time of change of life or, when it ap- pears just before the menses, which are too short and too feeble. Sepia. After Pulsatilla; parts become excoriated; dis- charge yellowish, greenish, fetid. Calcarea carb. Whitish, corrosive discharge in children; 468 DISEASES OF FEMALES. in adults it is milky before menstruation or after lifting, particularly in fat, corpulent females. Sulphur. If none of the above remedies should prove sufficient. Administration.—Four doses of a remedy selected, every evening one dose (six globules); then abstain from taking medicine for four days, and, if not better at the end of that time, select another remedy, and take it in the same man- ner. Application of Water.—Frequent tepid sitting-baths of short duration (from six to ten minutes), are very bene- ficial in the treatment of this disease; toward the end of the cure the wet bandage may be applied, to strengthen the parts affected. At that time injections of cold water in the vagina are also recommended. Diet and Regimen.—Diet must be nourishing, but not flatulent (see "Dietetic Rules"). Avoid the causes which excite this complaint; particularly colds and excitements of any kind. Deviation of Menses. Deviation of menses is a term signifying the appearance of a monthly discharge of blood from other places of the system, such as the lungs, bowels, nose, stomach, etc., which has the effect that, while it lasts, the real menstruation can not appear. This aberration, as it may properly be called, of a discharge so vitally connected with the sexual functions, has been observed to have taken place from all organs and parts of the system, bowels, stomach, rectum, fauces, nose, gums, urinary organs, respiratory organs, eyes, ears, ulcers and wounds, wherever they were; the principal places, however, are the nose, stomach, and the end of the rectum. As regards the causes of this singular phenomenon, a great diversity of opinion exists, as yet, among the authors; we have mentioned its occurence here, to enable the reader to recognize its appearance, i»ud to administer such medicines in the beginning, as are advisable. SIGNS OF PREGNANCY. 469 Should the disease resist those remedies, the advice of a skill- ful physician must be sought at once. If the discharge appears monthly through the eyes, Cham., Nux vom., Carbo veg., and Bellad. will prove beneficial; if through the nose or ears, Bryonia, Mercury, Rhus, and Si- licea; if through the lips and gums, Bryonia, Mercury, and Phosphorus; if through the fauces and lungs, Phosphorus, Bryonia; if through the stomach by vomiting, Bryonia, Carbo veg., Veratrum; if through the bowels and rectum, Graphites, Nux vom., Arsenic, Sulphur. The latter remedy will be the most important in every case at the end of the cure to prevent a relapse. Pregnancy. As a state of purely physiological development, pregnancy does not, of itself, imply disease as a necessary consequence during its duration. Yet the many ailments which accompany it at the present day, being the legitimate result of the com- plicated, unnatural conditions and habits of society, create and sustain the idea which people generally entertain, that a pregnant woman can never be free from one or the other dis- ease. It is our duty, therefore, to give the reader, if not an extended treatise, at least a synopsis of those ailments com- monly experienced during gestation, together with their treat- ment. Signs of Pregnancy. There are but very few general symptoms constant enough to be reliable in all cases, which indicate conception and preg- nancy in its earliest stage. We will name them here, however, in order to enable the reader to form a judgment of them, if they should occur. She feels a singular emotion of painful pleasure, and a shuddering, proceeding from the spine; a pain in the region of the navel, sometimes a sensation of motion in the abdomen, and a tickling in the region of the hips; she 470 DISEASES OF FEMALES. feels fatigued and sleepy; this state is followed by a sense of fullness, warmth, and heaviness in the abdomen. The first more certain sign of pregnancy is the suppression of menstruation, which, if not caused by other morbid circum- stances, indicates that the internal surface of the uterus, from which the menstrual blood is secreted, is now engaged in other secretions, stimulated into existence by the presence of a fecun- dated ovum, which has been retained in the uterus, adhering, generally, within its upper portions. Sometimes menstruation may continue for several months; in such cases the menstrual blood is secreted from the lower portions of the uterus, while in its upper, the changes take place necessary for the growth of the fetus. Another well attested sign is sickness at the stomach, with which a great many women are troubled in the beginning of pregnancy; it is uncertain, however, in as far as other conges- tive states of the uterus, such as suppression of the menses, etc., may produce it, without having the slightest reference to pregnancy. If the above signs are present in consequence of true preg- nancy, other symptoms will soon develop themselves to verify it. These are, enlargement of the breasts, brown circles around the nipples, appearance of milk in the breasts, and, finally, an enlargement of the hypogastric region. All these signs found together, form a plausible array of symptoms in favor of the existence of pregnancy, yet they are, in them- selves, not sufficient to prove it positively, because they may be produced by other morbid agencies. Women, who have children, possess signs, which, individually, are mostly sure in indicating pregnancy. For instance, some always have toothache, sties on the eyelids, or black spots on the face, neck, or hands, like freckles; others are taken at once, with- out a known cause, with salivation, which, in some instances, proceeds for a long time, unless mitigated by the use of ale, champagne, or Scotch herring; still others have strange de- sires or longings, modifications of the appetite for unusual PROGRESS OF PREGNANCY. 471 substances, such as chalk, etc. All these signs, belonging strictly to idiosyncrasies, are, therefore, no absolute signs of pregnancy, but only accidental. The most sure sign of pregnancy which a woman can have, is the quickening, or the motion of the child. It generally takes place at four and a half months from the beginning of gestation, and serves, therefore, as a mark of reckoning, being the middle of the time allowed generally for the duration of pregnancy. In but very few cases, quickening occurs either sooner or later. When this takes place, it may be safely pre- sumed, in connection with the former signs, that a true preg- nancy exists, which has, at that time, already run half its course. Progress of Pregnancy. A fecundated ovule, if it shall grow, must adhere to the sides of the uterus; if it does, we may consider conception to have taken place in reality. Then the uterus is stimulated to secrete from its walls on all sides, a membrane, called the decidua, lining the whole internal cavity of the uterus, and forming the medium between fetus and mother, by which the former can come into communication with the blood circulation of the latter. Within this membrane a circulation is estab- lished, which unites the child with the mother, through the cord and the after-birth, the former adhering to the child, the latter to the uterus, in which it roots like a tree in the ground, both containing veins and arteries for the flux and reflux of the blood. The blood of the child does not go over into the circu- lation of the mother to become decarbonized, but is oxygenized by being exposed in the finest ramifications of the placenta to the oxygen, carried thither by the arteries of the uterus. Thus the great purpose of oxygenizing the blood is carried on without the necessity of inflating the lungs with atmos- pheric air, which, of course, would be impossible in fetal existence. The fetus, or young being in the womb, from this time up, 472 DISEASES OF FEMALES. grows and develops itself with astonishing rapidity, in the thousands of intricate parts which constitute the human or- ganism. Though bound together by the vital force in one harmonious whole, the various parts of the different systems develop not all simultaneously, but gradually crystallize, as it were, into one whole body. This formative process con- sumes more than one-half of the uterine life of the new be- ing. If no disturbing influences interfere, it will develop in a perfect manner; but if morbid causes should operate on the fetus, its harmonious development may be intercepted, and its growth arrested at any period during gestation, in certain parts of the system, while others develop themselves naturally. This fact explains the origin of those organic imperfections and deformities which characterize the so-called monsters, whose singular appearance is sometimes attributed, by the ignorant, to mysterious causes. To this class of ar- rested fetal development belong also most of those cases where children are born with marks on their bodies, or limbs not developed, or even entirely wanting. It is not as yet sufficiently settled, whether such a state of things can be produced through the influence of the mother on the child, some physiologists denying its possibility, as no nervous con- nection between the two is as yet found to exist. Whether or not fear, fright, etc., operating violently on the nervous system of the mother, can affect the child, we know, at least, that misfortunes of this kind are best averted by avoiding those violent nervous emotions. Exercise. Bodily exercise, or even fatigue, is easier borne by a preg- nant woman than mental excitement. While the former in- creases her physical health, and, consequently, that of the child, the latter disables the energies of her system, and must injuriously reflect on the child's development. It is the duty of the future mother to live and act during gestation in a manner that her offspring may be benefited DRESS. 473 thereby. Nothing must be omitted to realize this, the prin- cipal object of her life. She must expect, beforehand, to un- dergo all kinds of hardships, and to make severe personal sacrifices; the thought that it is for the benefit of her future offspring, will strengthen her to an indefinite degree of forti- tude and courage. She must take daily exercise, sufficient, and of an active nature. For instance, riding in a carriage does not belong to the active exercises; walking, particularly in the open air, is more active, and therefore better calculated to invigorate the system of a pregnant woman. The best, however, is that exercise which accompanies the daily attendance to the vari- ous duties of a household. In these the pregnant woman can find employment sufficient for body and mind up to the very last hour of her confinement, and more suitable to invigorate her own and the child's health, than any other. She must not merely direct the affairs of the house; such a course would not accomplish the ends in view. But she must be active and busy herself, if it is only in the lighter kinds of work, such as setting the table, sweeping and dusting the rooms, etc. If she does not feel well at such a time, particularly if she is threatened with abortion, she must not commence, or if she has, must cease at once, to exercise in the above man- ner. A perfectly healthy woman, however, should not neg- lect these exercises under the mere pretext of being unbe- coming or too fatiguing. Dress. Next to exercise, the most important consideration is dress, which ought to be as loose as possible, in order to allow the most ample liberty for enlargement. Corsets, or tight clothes generally, are very injurious, as every one will readily con- cede. It must be understood, however, that she ought to dress sufficiently warm at all times, to feel comfortable. If she has been in the habit of washing and bathing in cold water, the state of pregnancy, even far advanced, does not 40 474 DISEASES OF FEMALES. prevent her from following this most important hygienic rule as long as it is convenient or shows its beneficial effects by re-acting on the system in a healthful glow. Periods of Pregnancy. Quickening is a term by which is generally expressed the first perception a woman has of the child's muscular action, and not as if life, at that time, first entered the child. It may vary as to time and power of expression ; in some women it occurs earlier and stronger, because the child may be more active and strong; in others it is retarded and weak, because the child may be less lively and powerful, or the quantity of the child's water greater. Upon the whole, however, it may be said that quickening occurs in the middle of pregnancy, or four and a half months from either the conception or the birth of the child. Yet, very many and great exceptions to this rule exist; in some women it may never manifest itself, in others it may appear as early as two months and a half after conception, as one lady I knew myself used to experi- ence. Syncope or fainting is not an unfrequent accompani- ment of quickening, but soon ceases after the woman has be- come more habituated to the peculiar feelings of motion in her womb made by the child. About this time the womb has extended so much as to raise itself out of the pelvic cavity, thus acquiring more room for extension, and the facility to rest on its brim. From this time up to the seventh month the growth of the child is very rapid and perceptible in the outward appearance of the future mother, the most prominent feature of which is the so-called "pouting out of the navel," or its protrusion, which takes place between the sixth and seventh month. The navel, in- stead of forming a hollow, is now pressed outwardly by the force of the gravid uterus, which sometimes causes the navel to protrude. In the seventh month the child has acquired such a perfeo- DISEASES DURING PREGNANCY. 475 tion of development, in all its parts, that it is able to subsist outside the womb, if accident or disease should have hastened its birth. Any birth previous to the seventh month is, there- fore, called very properly an abortion, indicating, thereby, the impossibility of the birth of a living child, although some exceptions may even here take place; while a birth at the seventh and before the ninth month is designated as a premature birth, because the child can live, although prema- turely born, and consequently of difficult raising. Pregnancy has, in most cases, a duration of nine months, each of thirty days, although sometimes it lasts two hundred and eighty days, or ten months, each of twenty-eight days; cases have even occurred, within my knowledge, where ladies were not confined until the three hundredth day after con- ception, which constitutes ten solar months, each of thirty days. Accordingly we see that a variation of thirty days is possible, or that a regular birth may occur between two hun- dred and seventy and three hundred days of pregnancy. We will now consider the most common ailments during pregnancy. Diseases during Pregnancy. Pregnant females, even if ever so healthy otherwise, are liable to diseases to which pregnancy, as such, predisposes. These we will treat of in particular; while, for other ail- ments, we refer the reader to their respective headings, giving here only the most suitable medicines: For moral affections (see " Affections of the Mind "): Aco- nite, Pulsatilla, Belladonna, Platina, Lachesis, Stramonium, Veratrum. Convulsions and spasms: Belladonna, Hyoscyamus, lgna- tia, Chamomile, Platina. Melancholy (low spirits): Aconite, Pulsatilla, lgnatia, Bel- ladonna. In all the above diseases, compare their respective chapters. 476 DISEASES OF FEMALES. Morning Sickness—Nausea, etc. This distressing complaint is present during pregnancy in some females; in others it is wanting. It begins usually about six weeks after conception, and lasts up to the fourth, fifth, even seventh month, more or less violently. It is of a constitutional origin, and can not be taken away easily, as the exciting cause still exists. The same may be said about the spitting of frothy saliva, with which some women are troubled. As the nausea generally is greatest when the patient rises in the morning, the disease has received the name "morning sickness." Its cause is as yet enveloped in the general mys- tery which hangs over the secret proceedings of gestation, and its sympathy with other functions. An increased uter- ine sensibility, reflecting on the ganglionic nervous system, seems to be the excitor of a great many of these sufferings during pregnancy, and a proper, harder mode of life the best calculated to prevent them. However, this hard, active life, in which manual labor forms the principal occupation, must not be commenced during pregnancy, but prior to it, in order to prepare the system for making the change within beforehand. This disease commonly ceases at the third or fourth month, very seldom continuing through the whole term. The nausea is frequently succeeded by the vomiting of a frothy mucus, sometimes even of bile, after it has continued for some time quite violently. Various means have been tried to subdue this affection, but what in one case is successful, often fails in another. Gener- ally we have found that riding in a carriage, even over a rough road, produces more comfort to the patient than any thing else; fresh air and a voyage certainly have relieved some of the most distressing and obstinate cases. Exercise in the open air, cheerful society, strengthening food, and refreshing drinks, such as ale, lemonade, or salt fish, sardines, smoked herring are frequently means to alle- MORNING SICKNESS, NAUSEA, ETC. 477 viate the sufferings. The following medicines, also, often have a good effect. We consider Tabacum to be the principal remedy, particu- larly if, with nausea, there is fainting and a deadly pale- ness of the face, relieved by being in the open air; the patient loses flesh very fast; vomiting of water, or acid liquid and mucus. Lactic acid is stated to be one of the most important rem- edies in morning sickness. Sepia, if the nausea has lasted a great while, and appears mostly in the morning; in the evening there is a painful feeling of emptiness in the stomach, with burning and sting- ing in the pit. Veratrum, very suitable after Tabacum, or with it in alter- nation, particularly when the nausea is combined with great thirst; yet the patient vomits, after drinking ever so little, and has sour eructations, with great debility. If the latter symptom is present, Arsenicum may be very beneficially ad- ministered, alternately with Veratrum. Cuprum, if cramps in the stomach or chest appear during the paroxysm of vomiting, in alternation with Ipecac, if there is a tendency to diarrhea at the same time. Camphor, in small doses, will frequently relieve, when a cold perspiration covers the skin, with hot head and cold extremities. Secale, after Veratrum or Cuprum, if pains in the uterus manifest themselves, similar to false labor pains threatening abortus. Ipecac If bile is thrown up, coated tongue, loss of appe- tite. Nux vomica. If with sickness at the stomach there is headache, constipation, pressure in the stomach. Arsenic Vomiting after eating and drinking; great weak- ness. Pulsatilla. Sour vomiting; white, coated tongue. Petroleum. (See " Sea-sickness.") 478 DISEASES OF FEMALES. Natrum muriaticum. Nausea and vomiting with loss of appetite and taste; water-brash, acid stomach, and painfulness of the pit of the stomach. Application of Water.—See " Sea-sickness " page 345. Administration.—Give of the selected remedy three or four doses (four glob, each) a day, for two or three days in succession before the application of another remedy. Pruritus. (Itching) Itching of the Private Parts.—This is perhaps the most distressing and troublesome disease to which females are sub- ject; it takes away rest and sleep, thus producing sometimes the most extreme debility. We are as yet unable to deter- mine the precise cause of this disease; in most cases, how- ever, it must be the secretion of some acrid fluid, which is discharged on these parts at intervals, when the itching takes place. Want of cleanliness may aggravate the attack, but scarcely ever can be its sole cause. Pruritus more frequently attacks pregnant women, but is not confined to them alone. At first its appearance may produce in the mind of the suf- ferer a suspicion of being affected with some secret disorder, thus adding mental sufferings to the intolerable physical ones, particularly if the disease appears in the form of aphthous eruption, like the thrush of infants. In such cases a strong solution of borax in water, applied three or four times a day if necessary, by a syringe, will re- move the itching in a short time. Another very excellent remedy is the injection of ammoni- ated water into the vagina; it is best applied alternately with that of the borax solution. The constant application of cold water is necessary in a few cases where the itching is more in external parts; it af- fords sometimes the only means to procure rest and sleep for the patient. We should never omit to institute an internal treatment; the following remedies, to be given in their order, will be of VARICOSE VEINS. 479 great benefit; each remedy should be used for three days, twice a day a dose (six glob.), until better. Of internal remedies, I have found Conium the most effica- cious ; it almost acts like a specific, curing nine out of ten cases. Give this remedy first a good trial, even before using the ex- ternal remedies. But if it should not cure in eight days, give the following remedies, as above designated: Kali chlor., Apis mellific, Arsenicum, Rhus, Bryonia, Pulsat, Mercury, Sarsaparilla, Sulphur, Sepia, Silicea, Gra- phites, Carbo veg. Before leaving this subject, we will draw the attention of the reader to a precautionary rule in the external treatment of this disease. If a patient, afflicted with pruritus, has scir- rhous tumors in the breast, the external application of the borax for the pruritus should be preceded by the internal use of the remedies above mentioned ; in a similar case coming under our notice, the scirrhus began to degenerate into an open cancer as soon as the pruritus had been hastily removed by the external use of borax alone; the lady in question died soon after from an open cancer of the breast. Varicose Veins. A complaint which consists in an extension of the veins on the lower extremities, owing to the pressure of the pregnant uterus on the large veins of the abdomen, impeding the speedy return of the venous blood upward, creating, thereby, stag- nation. If they are not painful and large, frequent washing in cold water is sufficient, as they speedily disappear after the birth of the child. But wThen they are very large and painful, the patient should lie down for a few days, and apply beside, if necessary, a bandage, or laced stocking, to compress the extended veins. This bandage should be applied in the morning, when the least swelling is present. The following remedies can be taken with benefit, every three days one dose (six glob.), changing the medicines every 480 DISEASES OF FEMALES. week, until better: Arnica, Hamamelis, Nux vomica, Pulsatilla, Arsenicum, Lycopodium, Carbo veg., Lachesis. Spots on the Face during Pregnancy. Yellowish or brownish spots on the face, which often appear in pregnant females, require the use of Sepia, every eight days one dose (six glob.), for five or six weeks, or until better; if not, Sulphur in the same manner. Plethora—Congestion—Fever. These are forms of diseases to which pregnant women are more inclined than others, because in that state the blood has naturally a higher degree of plasticity or formative energy, which explains the fact that women, otherwise weakly and badly nourished, frequently suffer in this direction; how much more must it be the case where women allow themselves to indulge in too nourishing and highly seasoned food or stimulating drinks. Plethora manifests itself by a full, hard and more frequent pulse, rush of blood to the head, vertigo, buzzing before the ears, numbness of the extremities, asthma, sleeplessness, etc. In such a state it would be dangerous to await her confinement; various diseases might result from this plethoric condition, of which we will mention only one—convulsions—sufficiently important to induce energetic action against plethora during gestation. Congestion and fever do not differ materially from the former in symptoms or their intensity; they appear, upon the whole, however, more locally, and are more transient. The principal treatment, particularly to prevent plethora, consists in a rigid and careful regimen as to diet, exercise, and habit. This, in most cases, will be sufficient to prevent its appearance, and obviate all further medication. For this pur- pose the patient must avoid all mental and corporeal excite- ment; eat little but often, more vegetables than meat; drink hemorrhages. 481 uothing but water or lemonades, if she is not inclined to diarrhea; dress not too warm, and exercise freely in the open air, avoiding, however, fatigue. If, notwithstanding these dietetic rules, symptoms of pleth- ora develop themselves, the patient should take, from time to time, Aconite and Belladonna alternately, every six, twelve, or twenty-four hours a dose (six glob.), which, better than bleeding, will counteract the above-named plastic quality of the blood, the real cause of plethora. It is not a surplus of blood which forms the characteristic of plethora; such a thing can not exist in the vessels limited to a certain quan- tity ; this surplus, if it existed, would sooner burst the ves- sels in the nose and lungs than be confined in too small a room. The above idea has only obtained on account of the means which were used to counteract the evil. Bleeding was heretofore considered the only remedy for plethora, and as it certainly gives momentary relief, the physicians judged the disease by the remedy, or rather by the action which the remedy produced. Subsequent investigations have shown that the benefit of a venesection does not consist so much in the lesser quantity of blood remaining after it in the system, as in the nervous influence, and its reflection on the quality of the remaining blood. Bleeding constitutes, therefore, a remedy for this form of disease, although its application is limited to but few instances, particularly where plethora threatens to give rise to that formidable disease called puer- peral convulsions, one form of which is frequently occa- sioned by a state resembling plethora, where an early venesection will be beneficial, if the head is very much con- gested at the time. Hemorrhages. In the article on menstruation, we treated of the hemor- rhages from the womb, which, if they occur during preg- nancy, require a similar treatment, except in cases where symptoms of a miscarriage appear; for these the reader will 41 482 DISEASES OF FEMALES. find the necessary advice in the article on that subject. Here we intend to speak about the hemorrhages from other parts of the system, from the nose, the lungs, and the stomach. They are frequently caused by a congestive tendency, and have a critical import as to their cause. If they are not too severe at the time, the local congestion generally is dimin- ished by them, and the patients feel relieved afterward. But if they are too profuse, and repeat too often, it is neces- sary to interfere. Aconite should be used first, particularly if a feverish state preceded the hemorrhage; if it does not speedily relieve, alternate it with Bryonia, in solution, every half hour a tea- spoonful. If there is, however, not much fever, but more coldness, or if the flooding has already continued for some time, give Ipecac, and China in alternation, also in solution, in the same manner, until better. In slight cases, the above prescription will be suitable for hemorrhage from the nose, stomach, and lungs; in severe cases of bleeding from the lungs, the alternate use of Opium and Ipecac, or China, will be necessary; in that of the stomach, China, and Veratrum, or Arsenic, and the applica- tion of cold water or ice on the root of the nose, if the bleeding from this part does not yield speedily. In regard to the vomiting of blood, we would yet remark that it con- stitutes frequently a symptom of inflammation of the spleen, and if so, the treatment of this disease must be instituted before the vomiting can stop. Hemorrhoids—Piles. This disease of the rectum frequently occurs during the latter part of gestation, and occasions, beside great annoy- ance and distress, sometimes even symptoms of threatening miscarriage. By carefully avoiding constipation, which may be considered one of the principal causes of this complaint, it can be mostly prevented, or its attacks rendered mild and HEMORRHOIDS—ir ILES. 483 comparatively short. We can also, by medicines given in- ternally, and water, either warm or cold, applied externally, mitigate the severe pains and swellings, though we may not be able to cure this disease while gestation continues, which, being its cause, will constantly reproduce it. Nux vomica and Sulphur in alternation, every evening a dose (six glob.), are the principal remedies against it. If these should not relieve within a few days, recourse may be had to lgnatia, if the pains, like violent stitches, shoot up- ward, and much blood is discharged, or the rectum protrudes at each evacuation ; it also quiets the nervous system, if irri- tated by the ineffectual straining to evacuate, so often ex- perienced after a discharge in persons troubled with piles. JEsculus hi pp. If the piles protrude, and cause, without much bleeding, pains and stitches running up the rectum. Hamamelis. If the piles bleed profusely, with a feeling of bearing down. If constipation is present in a high degree, alternate lgnatia with Opium, every two or three hours a dose (six glob.), until better. If these remedies do not relieve, give the following: Sepia, Bellad., Hepar, Lachesis, Arsenicum, Carbo veg., in their order, in intervals of a day; of each remedy two doses (six glob, each), until better. Externally the application of cold water in sitz-baths, compresses or injections, is of the greatest benefit when the tumors do not bleed, but are very much en- larged and painful; while the warm water or steam is prefer- able when the tumors bleed, or have ceased to bleed, yet continue to be very painful. Almost entire abstinence from food, except bread and water for a few days, shall, according to some others, be an excellent dietetic in piles. Meat diet is to be avoided as much as possible. The removal of the tumors by the knife is a painful, and during pregnancy, highly dangerous operation, as thereby abortion may be excited. We, therefore, warn the reader never to have an operation of this kind performed during pregnancy. 484 DISEASES OF FEMALES. Swelling of the Feet and Lower Limbs. The same cause which, during gestation, produces varicose .reins and piles, can also produce a swelling of the feet, the limbs and even of the whole body, as in some extraordinary cases it has been witnessed. By the pressure of the extended womb on the larger lymphatics, a stagnation ensues, which prevents the absorption of the lymphatic fluid, and causes it to accumulate within the areolar tissue. In the evening the lower limbs are generally swollen more, as the water sinks by its own gravity ; in the morning the face and eyelids show more of the watery infiltration. As long as no fever, at least no full, hard pulse attends a circumstance of this kind, it is of no great significance, save the annoyance and trouble to the patient. It disappears quickly after delivery, sometimes in a few hours; neither does it interfere to such a degree during delivery, as might be believed from the extent of the swelling. An immense absorption must take place, even during parturition, because in one case, which came under our own observation, no hinderance to a successful ter- mination of the birth was experienced, although prior to its commencement, it seemed almost impossible that it could take place at all, in such a degree were the external parts swollen, almost closed. In that case, the absorption took place during the labor, as soon as, by change of position, the child exerted no more pressure on the lymphatics. But if the pulse is hard and full, measures must be taken to relieve the patient. She must take exercise, keep the bowels open by means of cold-water injections, and the internal use of Apis mel, Bryonia, and Opium, every two hours a dose (six glob.), until relieved ; if the fever rises still higher, take Aconite and Bryonia in the same manner. Toothache. This is a frequent complaint during pregnancy ; it requires the same attendance as when it occurs at other times, with DERANGEMENT OF APPETITE. 485 this exception, that the extraction of carious teeth should not be permitted, as the shock occasioned thereby might bring on an abortion. Chamomile, Belladonna, Mercury, Sulphur, every hour a dose (four glob.), until better, generally relieves the severest pains, and makes extraction quite unnecessary. Salivation. We had occasion, in the first part of this book, to mention salivation as one of the signs of pregnancy, at least in some women. Sometimes it continues during the greater part of gestation, and becomes one of the most troublesome and weakening ailments, particularly if it is combined with nausea and vomiting, when the derangement it creates, in the health of the woman, becomes truly alarming. While the future mother thus sometimes is brought to the verge of the grave, her expected offspring does not suffer in like manner; on the contrary, in most cases, appears to have done the better for it. This, by way of consolation to the sick woman, for whose comfort we can not do much. Yet some of our medicines, even in this constitutional disorder, mitigate frequently, to a great extent, the severity of the salivation. Kali chloric, is one of the principal remedies, if salivation was caused by the abuse of mercurial preparations; also Lobelia, Lachesis, Iodine, Hepar, Pulsatilla, Sulphur, Nitric acid. Take each of the foregoing remedies, on four consecutive evenings one (four glob, at a dose), discontinue a few evenings, to await its result, and if not better, take the next remedy in the same manner. Derangement of Appetite. This may manifest itself in various ways. Sometimes a complete disgust for every kind of food occurs, while in other cases, the appetite is so excessive as to become really a symp- tom of a diseased state of the stomach; again, in some cases it becomes capricious, desiring the strangest and most unusual articles for food, such as chalk, charcoal, etc. As it is almost 486 DISEASES OF FEMALES. impossible to correct this abnormal condition by the applica- tion of medicine, we must recommend to those suffering under it, to consult their own feelings as long as it is prudent and reasonable. Any excess must be detrimental. To remain without food for too long a time, merely be- cause we have an aversion against it, would finally lead to an incurable state of exhaustion. One article, ice-cream, a patient of this kind certainly can bear; if nothing else will stay on the stomach ; she can at least sustain life with it. In some cases I have seen that Scotch herring, ale, champagne, or other spicy articles, did overcome the sickly repugnance of the stomach. Any thing is good which effects our purpose, and the patient must never tire to try, until she has found what will suit her case. Arsenicum, every other night a dose (four glob.), will frequently restore appetite. Those who indulge in the eating of strange and unusual articles, ought to be reminded that though a little to satisfy their craving might not do them-any harm, a great quantity continued to be taken for a long time, will have a deleteri- ous effect. Dr. Dewees relates a case of this kind, where a lady died from the effects of eating chalk in too large quantities. If the appetite becomes too excessive, the bad consequences for the system are not so trifling as persons might believe at first. The various symptoms of repletion, congestions to the head, lungs, and bowels, can take place; also headache, bleeding of the nose, lungs, etc., beside a disordered state of digestive organs, not easily cured. In such cases it is well to use food containing less nutriment in a greater bulk, such as rice, arrowroot, farina, etc., which is still very digestible. A little moral effort to restrain the excess of the appetite, is also very desirable, and ought to be practiced by reducing the quantity, not by abstaining from food entirely for some time. Calcarea carb., every three or four nights a dose (four glob.), will frequently curb the appetite within its proper limits. DIARRHEA. 487 The tepid full bath, every other evening before retiring to bed, has a similar effect. Diarrhea. This disease does not occur as often during pregnancy as constipation, but it is more injurious, because it weakens the system more, and needs, consequently, immediate attention. There is one form of it which needs an especial description. Women of scrofulous constitution frequently are very consti- pated during the whole period of pregnancy, until a few weeks before confinement, when all at once a diarrhea commences, which lasts from eight to ten days. During labor, and a few days after, they seem to be entirely free from it, but very soon afterward are attacked again, at which time the dis- charges assume a purulent character, disclosing at once the presence of a fearful disease, ulceration of the bowels. At the same time, the secretion of milk has not been diminished, on the contrary, is increasing in quantity, and its quality rendered richer, so that the child thrives well, while the mother runs down, and, if not relieved, will soon waste away under hectic fever. The mouth becomes sore, very tender, easy to bleed; at that stage it is called " nursing sore mouth." This disease needs our closest attention. The strictest rest in a horizontal position, the mildest nourishment, such as farina, etc.; the exhibition of Nux vom. and Hepar, alternately, in repeated doses (every three hours), generally relieves the patient in a few days, after which a few doses of Nitric acid will be sufficient to finish the cure. Other forms of diarrhea require remedies similar to those usually given, of which the reader will find the necessary information in other parts of the Domestic Physician, under the head of diarrhea. We mention here only the names of some of the most prominent: Antimon. crud., Phosphomis, Pulsatilla, Mercury, Sepia. 488 DISEASES OF FEMALES. Constipation. A sluggish condition of the bowels is a frequent concomi- tant of pregnancy, caused by a combination of circumstances, occurring at that period. A diet regulated especially to coun^ teract it, the eating of cooked, or ripe fruit of different kinds, such as prunes, apples, etc., and the drinking freely of cold water, beside active exercise in the open air, will be mostly instrumental in removing this difficulty. If these means should not succeed, recourse should be had to the following medicines, for the use of which a more specific reference can be found in this Domestic Physician, in the article on con- stipation. One of the best means to overcome long-con- tinued constipation, is the alternate use of Nux vom., Opium, and Platina, every three or four hours a dose (six glob.), until an evacuation is effected; if it should be too tardy or insufficient, an injection of cold water will aid the effect of the medicine. Bryonia and lgnatia will frequently suffice to remove constipation, if the bowels feel painful, and Lyco- podium or Sulphur, if it has continued for a long time. Dyspepsia, Heart-Burn, Acid Stomach. These complaints, though not confined to pregnancy, never- theless occur very frequently at that period, and particularly in those persons who were troubled with them previously. This fact is explained easily by the pressure which the en- larged uterus exerts on the stomach, especially in the latter months, thus interfering with digestion. Nux vomica and Pulsatilla are the principal remedies to regulate these dis- orders; the former, if they are attended with constipation, the latter, if with diarrhea. For an acid stomach, frequent but small quantities of lemonade, or a mixture of one drop of sulphuric acid in a tumbler of water, is highly recommended, and will sooner, and more lastingly, correct the acid in the stomach, than lime-water or magnesia, which at best only ab- sorb the acid present, not preventing thereby its new formation. spasmodic pains and cramps. 489 Difficulty of Swallowing. This may occur in any female of a nervous disposition, and at any time, not constituting, therefore, an ailment peculiar to this period ; yet if it does appear during pregnancy, it becomes very annoying; though not dangerous, it sometimes requires our action. The principal remedies are Belladonna, Lachesis and Tgnatia in alternation, every evening a dose (six glob.), until better. Spasmodic Pains and Cramps. In the Legs, Back, and Stomach. (Colic Pains) Pains of this kind are generally of a neuralgic nature, and occur mostly during the first half of gestation, though cramps in the legs are witnessed during the whole term. Their treat- ment does not essentially vary from that followed when present at any other time. In using external auxiliaries, such as warming bottles, hot bricks, blisters, etc., we would warn the reader not to apply them too hot, on account of the peculiar state of the patient, and if possible to do without them alto- gether, or to substitute bandages dipped in warm water, or a warm hip-bath. Rubbing affords great relief, when the calves of the leg are cramped, or the pain in the back is very severe. The following medicines should be used, one at a time, dissolved in water, every half hour a teaspoonful, until better; if this is not the case within one or two hours, the next should be taken in the same manner. Cramps in the abdomen : Colocynth, Nux vom., Chamomile, lgnatia, Pulsatilla, Belladonna, Lachesis, Veratrum, Cuprum. In the legs: Veratrum, Secale, Cuprum, Chamomile, Sul- phur. In the hips : Colocynth, Rhus, Belladonna, China, Ferrum. In the feet: Calcarea carb., Sulphur, Graphites. In the back: Ignat, Rhus, Kali carb., Bryonia, Bel- ladonna, Nux vomica. 490 DISEASES OF FEMALES. Dysury, Strangury, Ischury. Scanty and painful urination are of frequent occurrence during pregnancy, caused not merely by rheumatic and gouty disorders, external injuries, suppressed piles, etc., as is com- monly the case, but also by the pressure of the extended uterus upon the neck of the bladder, which makes urination difficult and painful. If this pressure continues too long or becomes excessive, the discharge of urine may be prevented thereby entirely, so that a complete ischury or anury takes place, which will require the application of an instrument called catheter. Before the evil, however, grows to that height, the patient can try different positions, particularly in reclining in order to relieve the neck of the bladder from the mechanical pressure of the womb. If cold or rheumatism was the cause of the strangury, the patient will feel great relief from drinking freely of cold water, or slimy drinks, such as slippery-elm, gum Arabic, etc., which dilute the urine, rendering it less irritating to the bladder and urethra. Beside, the following remedies should be taken in their order, every two or three hours a dose (six glob.), until better: For strangury: Nux vomica, Pulsatilla, Cocculus, Can- tharides. For ischury: Aconite, Belladonna, Cantharides, Hyoscy- amus, Opium, Lachesis. Incontinence of Urine. A partial or total inability to retain the urine, is one of the most annoying complaints during pregnancy. Short and frequent hip-baths, and cold-water bandages, are of the greatest benefit; beside the following remedies should be used in their order, every other day a dose (six glob.), until better: Bel- ladonna, Causticum, Hyoscyamus, Conium, Arsenicum, Lache- sis. Also have reference to what is said under the same head- ing in another part of this book. JAUNDICE. 491 Jaundice. (Icterus.) This disease, well known by the yellow color it imparts to all the white parts of the body, is not dangerous of itself, but becomes only so by neglect, when other serious disorders, hectic fever, dropsy, etc., may follow. In our diagnosis of jaundice we must not depend on the darker appearance of the skin alone; this assumes frequently a darkish, almost yellow color during pregnancy, without jaundice being present at all. The distinguishing features, which always indicate it, are con- stipation with whitish, almost colorless faeces, urine of an orange color, and dry skin, with slight remitting or intermit- ting fever. We mention this disease here, because during pregnancy, particularly toward its close, it sometimes occurs, caused partly by mechanical pressure of the highly extended uterus upon the biliary ducts, partly by the sympathetic in- fluence, which gestation evidently shows even from its begin- ning, on all the digestive organs, especially the liver. It is stated that jaundice more frequently occurs in winter than in summer, and oftener in blondes with a lympathic, than in brunettes with a sanguine temperament. Its cure consists in re-establishing, by degrees, the healthy action of the skin by means of an even, warm temperature in a room, or still better in the bed; frequent tepid sitting- baths, wet bandages around the stomach, and the sweating in the wet sheet, are powerful auxiliaries in the treatment of this disease; constipation is relieved by cold injections. Beside, the following remedies should be given, three times a day a dose (four glob.) of the remedy selected, for a few days until better. Mercury and Hepar in alternation; Lachesis and Sulphur alternately; and if caused by a fit of passion, Chamomile and Nux vom., in alternation. But if these rem- edies fail, take Chelidonium, every three hours a dose, until better. If this does not relieve, give Podophyllum, every four hours a dose. (See the article on " Icterus.") 492 DISEASES OF FEMALES. Pain in the Right Side. This pain, caused by a fullness or congestion in the liver, sometimes makes its appearance from the fifth to the eighth month, and is also the result of pressure and sympathy occa- sioned by the extended uterus on that organ. It mostly manifests itself as a deep-seated pain or aching, slightly in- creased by taking a long breath, and generally worse by lay- ing on the right ride, showing that the convex or upper part of the liver, next to the diaphragm, is the principal seat of the congestion. The patient also feels at certain times a marked sensation of heat, and as of a dull, heavy weight in the part mostly affected. To be bled for this affection is not alone not beneficial, but really injurious, and is entirely dis- carded even by the old practitioners. The wet, cold bandage, often renewed, gives more relief; beside a sufficiency of exer- cise, neither too much nor too little. The following medi- cines, however, will be beneficial to mitigate the suffering by dispelling the congestion: Aconite and Mercury in alternation, every three hours a dose (four glob.), if the pain and heat are intense. Chamomile in the same manner, if the pains are of a dull; pressive character, with paroxysms of anguish. Pulsatilla, if the pains appear like spasms, and toward evening. Chelidonium, if with difficulty of breathing, every hour six globules, until better. (See article " Hepatitis.") Asthma—Congestion of the Lungs. Mechanical as well as sympathetic causes produce, partic- ularly in the latter months, congestions of the lungs, which affect the functions of the lungs and the heart. This occurs, however, more in such women as have formerly been trou- bled with similar complaints. Difficulty of breathing, asthma, palpitation of the heart, and sometimes a hacking VERTIGO—CONGESTION OF THE HEAD. 493 cough with spitting of blood, are the immediate consequences of these congestions. A great deal of care is needed on the part of the patient as regards diet and mode of living; what she eats must be of easy digestion, not much at a time, nor of a heating nature; she must avoid exposure to cold and dampness; attend care- fully to the secretions of the skin, for which purpose she must dress warmer than common. If she is inclined to constipa- tion, she should take frequent cold injections. Beside, give her the following remedies in their order, every three hours a dose (four glob.), until better: Asthma.—Ipecac, Bryonia, Belladonna, Pidsatilla, Arsen- icum, Veratrum. Palpitation of the Heart—Aconite, Belladonna, Pulsatilla, Arsenicum, Opium, Veratrum. Spitting of Blood.—Aconite, Ipecac, Opium, Arsenicum, Pulsatilla, Arnica. Pleurisy.—Aconite, Bryonia, Pulsatilla, Arnica. Hacking Cough.—Ipecac, lgnatia, Nux vom., Capsicum, Mercury, Pulsatilla. Vertigo.—Congestion of the Head. Headache, fainting, and vertigo are frequent and sometimes very distressing ailments during pregnancy. They are caused by the plethora and nervous irritability, which often accom- pany the functional processes during gestation ; if they repeat too frequently and violently, they may even become danger- ous. To prevent their recurrence, the patient must avoid all mental or physical excitement, follow the strictest hygienic rules in diet and exercise, and keep the bowels in a good state, either by eating relaxing articles, or using injections. If the feet are cold, while the head is hot, a cold foot-bath every evening, with severe rubbing after it, is necessary; also a tepid sitz-bath in the morning, with rubbing after it. Almost the severest headache can be mitigated instantaneously by a hot hip-bath. Fainting is generally relieved by loosen- 494 diseases of females. ing the clothes around the waist, a draft of fresh air, and sprinkling the face with cold water. If, with the congestion to the head, constipation of the bow- els is a marked feature, now and then a Sedlitz powder will afford great relief, without doing any injury. Beside the above rules, the patient should take of the fol- lowing remedies, every two or four hours a dose (four glob.), in their order, until better. Vertigo.—Aconite, Belladonna, Lachesis, Opium, Bryonia, Nux vom., Mercury, Sulphur. Headache.—Ipecac, Belladonna, Opium, Bryonia^ Rhus tox., lgnatia, Pulsatilla, Sepia. Fainting.—lgnatia, Chamomile, Coffea, Nux vom., Pulsa- tilla, China. Sleeplessness.— Coffea, Belladonna, lgnatia, Nux vom., Ac- onite, Hyoscyamus, Opium. Depression of Spirits.—See " Hysteria." Compare the same heading in another part of this book. Neuralgic Pains. From the fact that the nervous system plays an important part in every thing connected with gestation, it is evident that we can expect neuralgic disorders in the organic and functional sphere during that period. This manifests itself particularly in organs below the diaphragm, where the uterus exerts its greatest influence. Neuralgic pains in the abdomen are very frequent; they appear under the short ribs, near the hips, or in the region of the bladder; it is generally a dull, heavy ache or burning, stinging in the muscles of the abdomen, remitting or intermitting as regards intensity. If the pains are felt within the abdomen, they resemble colic pains. Sometimes the neuralgia extends to the muscles of the small of the back, of the lower limbs, of the neck, arms, and head ; and if it affects the diaphragm or the pit of the stomach, the patient is taken with fits of laughing or crying, with spasmodic eruc- tations of wind, sneezing, yawning, stretching, and sighing. PUERPERAL CONVULSIONS. 495 All these different complaints proceed from the same cause, viz : excessive nervous sensibility. If the extension of the uterus is very considerable, inclin- ing too much in front, a circumstance which frequently causes distress, much may be done by applying a bandage around the abdomen for support. Beside, the patient should wash fre- quently in cold water, and rub diligently the parts affected with cold water, in order to strengthen them. For the different complaints under the above head, take the follow- ing medicines in their order, every two or three hours a dose (four glob.), until better. Neuralgic Pains.—Coffea, Belladonna, Bebeerine, Pulsa- tilla, Chamomile, Bryonia, Rhus tox., Arsen., Veratrum, Sulphur. Spasmodic Laughter.—Belladonna, Hyoscyam., Phosphorus, Stramonium. Spasmodic Crying—Sobbing.—Puis., Aur., Ign., Platina. Spasmodic Sneezing.—Aconite, Rhus tox., Silicea. Spasmodic Yawning.—lgnatia, Rhus, Platina, Natrum mur., Sulphur. As neuralgia is frequently the result of indigestion, persons subject to it should be particularly careful in their diet, avoid- ing substances of a heating nature, spices, coffee, tea, etc. Puerperal Convulsions. (Eclampsia gravidarum) This is perhaps the most dangerous disease to which preg- nancy predisposes, and on this account its treatment should never be undertaken except by a skillful physician. We have introduced it here solely for the purpose of making the reader acquainted with the symptoms, particularly in the beginning of the convulsions, where a prompt and energetic action sometimes will arrest their progress. Dr. Meigs speaks as follows about this disease: " It is a malady tl at is not met with every day—but it is one so horri- ble in its appearance, so deadly in its tendency, so embarrassing 496 DISEASES OF FEMALES. sometimes in its treatment, that, although it is not met with every day, it is solicitously expected, and probably obviated in many a case, which, but for such careful supervision, would swell its proportions in the statistical tables." We call these convulsions puerperal, because they can only affect in such a manner women advanced in pregnancy, during labor, or in the first days of the lying-in. The convulsion is sometimes preceded by symptoms which more or less prognosticate its appearance, though sometimes it may occur without the slightest premonitory symptom, like a flash of lightning, the literal meaning of the word eclampsia. Dr. Meigs considers the following to be the most important premonitory signs: "Women with short necks; those who are fat; those who possess considerable muscular strength ; those whose tissues are firm, solid, hard, and unyielding; those that are of a sanguine-nervous temperament; those who have swollen feet and hands, and such as upon waking in the morning complain of numbness in the hands and bloating of the features; those who are affected with a feeling of great weakness or with loss of sensation in one side of the face, or in one of the members; those who have suddenly lost their hearing ; those who have vertigo, headache, flashing of light within the eyes, dimness of sight, double vision or half sight; those who have sudden loud noises in the ears, and such as feel as if a violent blow had been received upon the head; those, furthermore, who labor under intense anaemia, with distension of the blood-vessels and heart," and we might add, those who constitutionally can not bear the slightest degree of pain without a severe shock to the nervous system—" all such are to be held liable, and closely observed and protected." Puerperal convulsions are similar in appearance to other convulsions; spasms of the muscles in every part of the sys- tem, foaming at the mouth, spasmodic breatuing, and above all, unconsciousness. There are two kinds, the nervous and sanguineous, as they are called; in the former the face remains pale until toward the last, when it assumes a bluish color; in MISCARRIAGE. 497 the latter, the face appears from the first very much bloated and swollen, dark red; this kind bears bleeding from the arm or foot in the commencement, while in the former it would not be advisable to bleed. In both it is advisable to use mustard drafts on the calves of the legs, allowing them to draw for at least half an hour; to put cold water or ice on the head and have the bowels moved by one or more injec- tions of salt and water; at the same time the exhibition of remedies must not be neglected. Opium, in repeated doses of a lower potency, if the face is dark, red, and bloated, the breathing very loud and snoring, the patient entirely unconscious. Gelsemin., if the face looks haggard and pale, with cold feet. Bellad. and Hyoscy., if the face is less congested, and there is a higher degree of unconsciousness. Stramonium, in alternation with Belladonna, where the face changes from paleness to redness, and vice versa, the eyes ap- pear squinting, and from time to time the patient laughs spasmodically. Chamomile, lgnatia, Lachesis, are also recommended. Miscarriage. (Abortion) Miscarriage can take place at any time between the first and seventh month. If it occurs after the seventh, it is no longer so called, but premature birth; as at this period the child can be saved, and the object of pregnancy be gained, to give birth to a living child. But if the child is born be- fore the seventh month, it can not live; thence the name " miscarriage." The more advanced the pregnancy is, the less is the danger which might result from a miscarriage. The oftener a woman has miscarried, the more her constitu- tion inclines to new misfortunes of the same kind. Mis- carriages are more liable to occur again at the same time of pregnancy at which the former or last one happened; if once past that period, the danger to miscarry diminishes. 42 498 DISEASES OF FEMALES. Miscarriage can become a habit; it sometimes appeals epi- demically, in so far, at least, as in certain seasons the uterine congestion generally increases (menses appear more frequently and profusely, hemorrhages take place spontaneously, etc.), and, in the same ratio, the possibility and occurrence of abortion multiplies.* If a woman approaches the time where previously she had miscarried, she must be careful not to provoke a return by walking great distances, lifting, running down stairs, riding over a rough road, etc. These practices might excite at any time a miscarriage in females who never were predisposed to it; certainly much more in those already predisposed. A weakening, luxurious mode of living, late hours, great men- tal excitement, are causes of miscarriage, and must be strictly avoided. In fact, any important irregularity in diet or mode of living may produce abortion; its causes are numerous, and frequently even form part of a woman's every-day habit. For instance, tight lacing, dancing at evening parties, and the excitement so studiously sought in our modern society. All these arti- ficial means of producing life's fleeting pleasures should be disregarded by one who soon will feel the more lasting joys of a mother; for the sake of reaching that exalted happiness, * I observed this phenomenon on the approach of the Asiatic cholera in Cincinnati, in December, 1848, when there was a noticeable increase of miscarriages and hemorrhages of every kind, increasing during the spring of 1849, being the most frequent in July and August, when the cholera was raging the most fearfully. Women miscarried at this time who never before had had any predisposition to miscarriage, although mothers of many children; premature births occurred without any apparent cause, bodily or mentally. After that time, the tide of the disease turned, and with it the abortions decreased in number; also, other kinds of hemor- rhages. Undoubtedly, the small quantity of positive electricity in the at- mosphere caused a general debility in the nervous system, and consequent muscular and vascular laxity, which even involved, in its general effects, the uterus in all its functions. Hence the epidemical appearance of abor- tions. Such facts must only be known and recognized as such, and it be- comes an easy task to prevent misfortune. MISCARRIAGE. 499 she should cheerfully forego for a short time the fashionable and doubtful amusements of so-called fashionable society. Yet there are some characters so destitute of all maternal feelings, and so infatuated with the ease and luxury of high life, that they arc sadly aggrieved as soon as they know they are enciente. They know what is before them ; they will have to deny themselves in many things; wealth, of which they have so much, is unable to buy a release from nature in that respect. Knowing that they can not escape the natural destiny of woman, they frequently conceive the unnatural thought to deprive nature of its legitimate right by produc- ing abortion artificially, either in exposing themselves to vio- lent exercise, or by taking certain drugs, which, as they have been informed, will excite an early miscarriage. It can not be denied that a low state of morals like this does exist, even in the highest circles of society, where wealth is abundant to sustain the gifts of nature, and such barbarous conduct can not be excused by ignorance or poverty. But seldom, we may say never, can they accomplish their criminal purpose without endangering, in the highest degree, their own lives and health. No medicine, which is powerful enough to pro- duce abortion, can do it without first poisoning the whole system by passing through the stomach and the blood-vessels' of the abdomen to the uterus; it will sooner destroy the life of these organs than affect the purpose in view. If such desire is already criminal, its execution must be doubly so, because it adds the attempt at suicide to that of destroying the life of an unborn infant. It is not so easy to sever the bonds existing between mother and child, if both are well, and the former has no peculiar predisposition for miscarriage. It is this latter only which allows the most trifling accident sometimes to produce an abortion, while in females who have no such susceptibility, the severest misfortunes leave the in- fant in the uterus untouched and unhurt. The premonitory symptoms of a miscarriage are: chilli- ness, followed by fever and bearing down sensation, which 500 DISEASES OF FEMALES. afterward increases to labor pains; cutting, drawing, mostly in the loins and abdomen. A discharge of bright-red blood either immediately issues from the vagina, or coagulated, dark blood appears from time to time; frequent repetitions of these efforts of nature are usually necessary to expel the fetus; varying in duration from two hours to two days. Treatment.—As soon as the above symptoms appear, even ir a slighter degree, the patient must lie down and keep perfectly quiet, without moving. She should be placed upon a mattress or any thing harder and cooler than a feather bed. The room should have plenty of fresh air; doors and win- dows should be open for that purpose. Her drink must be cool toast-water, lemonade, ice-water, etc., and, in giving it to her, care must be taken that the patient does not exert herself in receiving it; her position on the couch or bed should be strictly horizontal; it is rather better if her feet are slightly elevated. No stimulating food or drink is allowed, except when complete exhaustion from loss of blood supervenes, at which time small quantities of wine may be given (see "Flooding"). The covering of the patient must be thin, but sufficient. Great care should be taken to prevent officiousness on the part of nurses and friends, who, by con- versation and over-kindness, disturb the rest of the patient. Under no circumstances dare a conduct like this be toler- ated ; complete rest being necessary for the patient, we must procure it for her, even at the risk of giving offense to those who fancy they have the right of showing kindness to the sufferer by doing her positive harm. If the attack is brought on by mechanical injury, a fall, blow, misstep, or walking, lifting, etc., take Arnica. Twelve globules dissolved in half a teacupful of water, every fifteen or twenty minutes a teaspoonful, until better, or until after one hour another remedy becomes nec- essary. Secale will be the next remedy to be given, in the same manner as Arnica, particularly in females who have mis- MISCARRIAGE. 501 carried more than once; in older ones, or in those who have a weak and exhausted constitution, when the discharge con- sists of dark, liquid blood, and the pains are but slight. China, in alternation with Secale, becomes necessary, when the loss of blood is considerable, and weakness and exhaustion evidently increase ; buzzing in the ears; cloudiness of sight; loss of consciousness; fainting when raising from the pillow. Hyoscyamus, if the patient falls into spasms or convulsions of the whole body, with loss of consciousness, discharge of light, red blood, worse at night. Crocus, if dark clotted blood is discharged, increased by the least exertion, with sensation of fluttering or motion around the navel. If other remedies fail, this sometimes will help. Ipecac, becomes a necessary remedy, in alternation with Secale, if with flooding there is nausea, fainting, cramps. Platina and Belladonna in alternation, either at the begin- ning, or after Ipecac, has failed to relieve, and the pains are in the loins and bowels, severe bearing down, as if the intes- tines would be forced out; sensation in the back, as if it were broken; very pale or flushed face; discharge of dark,thick, clotted blood. Administration the same as stated in Arnica. Diet and Regimen.—As in "Menstruation too Copi- ous," " Flooding," which article may also be consulted, if the above remedies are insufficient for the flooding. After the fetus has been expelled the bleeding generally stops, and no further treatment is necessary, but the one commonly followed in a regular birth. The patient needs the same length of time to recover, and the same careful watching as during the lying-in. Indeed, it is advisable to keep in bed longer than common, in order to give the uterus a better chance to recover from the shock, and become stronger, also to avoid those diseases caused by weakness of the pelvic organs, such as prolapsus uteri, fluor albus, etc., which so often follow a miscarriage or regular birth if badly 502 diseases of females. created. Miscarriage must not be considered as a slight dis- order; its consequences upon the system are sometimes fear- ful. As an interruption of the natural order, we can easily imagine that its effects upon the system must be more dis- tressing than a regular birth, which is but a fulfillment of a natural development. Do not neglect to procure a physician, if possible, immedi- ately. N. B. Premature birth, or a birth occurring after the sev- enth, and during the eight month, must be treated as a regu- lar birth; but frequently needs medical aid, which ought to be procured. Parturition. Regular Birth. This is a strictly physiological process, not requiring any more interference than is necessary for the sake of comfort and cleanliness. There are, however, many circumstances connected with this process, which formerly were considered and treated so differently from what they are at the present day, that it is very desirable to make the reader acquainted with the most approved methods and practices now in vogue during and after parturition. What we intend to say on this subject is not merely a recital of opinion, but has been found practically efficacious by us in hundreds of cases. Within the last thirty years the views on the treatment of women in labor and childbed have changed materially, and we are happy to say decidedly for the better. Before that time it was considered dangerous to allow fresh air or cold water to a woman in labor or after delivery, lest she contract diseases of all kinds. Now both are considered indispensable pre- ventives and valuable remedial auxiliaries in the cure of those same diseases. Notwithstanding the slow progress which medical reform has made in certain classes of physi- cians, it is not to be doubted that in obstetrics even the most virulent opposers of reform in medicine have generally yielded with a praiseworthy zeal. Scarcely a physician of any PARTURITION—REGULAR BIRTH. 503 denomination will be found at present, advocating the old practices, whereby the natural process in labor or childbed is so much and so often interfered with, that disease and death may be the result. If a diarrhea precede the commencement of labor, as it sometimes does within the last few days of pregnancy, it is best not to interfere with it, as its effect will be rather beneficial than otherwise. It is usually caused by a nervous agitation, fear, etc., which frequently is relieved by looseness of the bowels. At the same time other nervous symptoms may manifest themselves, such as depression of spirits, a whining mood, a disposition to shed tears, fear of not sur- viving the labor and birth of the child, etc. Aconite and Opium will be sufficient to quiet the nervous system ; let the patient take, evening and morning, alternately, a dose (six glob.), until better. The real labor is near at hand as soon as a slight dis- charge of mucus tinged with blood appears — the so-called "show" — which is a favorable sign at the beginning of labor. The less we interfere with the action of nature during par- turition, the easier will be its termination; the closer we follow the general laws of health during pregnancy, labor, and child-bed, the less sickness- will attend women and in- fants. During labor our duty should be, in a great meas- ure, directed to the arrangement of the outward circum- stances, which exert such a great influence on its progress. For this purpose the bed of the patient should be placed so that it allows of free access on all sides; it should consist, if possible, of a mattress, which is preferable to feathers. The room should be well ventilated, and provision made to have plenty of fresh air when needed. The patient should have as much cold water as she desires, before, during, and after labor; a denial in this respect would act very injuri- ously. We will now consider the different stages of partu- rition, their normal or abnormal condition and treatment. 504 DISEASES OF FEMALES. Labor. Labor is the term by which we express the process of nature to expel the contents of the womb. Labor-pains, or contractions of the womb, are the natural means to ac- complish this object; they are consequently indispensable to the object in view, and a woman in labor should never con- sider her pains, although disagreeable, in any other than this light, else she might fret and whine herself sick without use, and thus deprive the most salutary provision in her condi- tion of a part of its great benefit. Every expulsive effort of nature is connected with a certain degree of painful exer- tion, mingled with a feeling of ease and repose, which takes away, in a great measure, the severity of real pain. An anal- ogous sensation may be experienced by the muscular con- tractions of the rectum and colon, which occur at intervals, thus permitting a grateful feeling of repose to intervene. Labor may be divided into natural and preternatural, ac- cording to its own or the character of attending circumstances. If the labor is just sufficiently strong to expel the contents of the womb within a moderate time, without manual inter- ference, and without danger either to the mother or child, we call it natural labor. On the contrary, if it is protracted, difficult, too painful or inefficient on account of its own weak- ness, or the presentation of parts which hinder its efficacy; if it is attended with other serious disorders, such as convul- sions, hemorrhages, lacerations of the uterus or other contig- uous parts, we call it preternatural labor. Labor consists in the frequently-repeated contractions of the uterus, aided by those of the surrounding muscles, by which expulsatory efforts the mouth of the womb gradually enlarges, the vagina widens, and thus the child is forced through the extended passage. From the above it is evident that if no mechanical impedi- ment, either from the structure of the pelvis or the position or size of the child, interferes, the labor will be sufficient in SPURIOUS OR FALSE LABOR-PAINS. 505 almost all cases to accomplish the object of nature without real danger. The time in which natural labor usually ter- minates varies; may be put down, however, from six to eight hours as the average duration. The labor at the birth of a first child often lasts longer, but is on that account not more dangerous. Its duration, however, is somewhat more protracted, since the parts have never heretofore been expanded. The attending persons should in such cases be especially kind and patient. Spurious or False Labor-pains. We call those pains spurious or false, which do not exert an expelling power on the uterus, although resembling in other respects the true labor-pains; the difference between them is so great, that the patient herself can not mistake it. The true labor-pains begin either in the lower part of the abdomen, in the region of the bladder, thence passing back- ward toward the spine, or they start in the back and shoot thence around to the front. Another still more certain sign of true pains is the cessation of all pain between two attacks, while the false labor-pains do not cease entirely. Spurious pains, being caused by nervous or rheumatic disorders, can appear in any part of the system, but very seldom stay long in one place; they may be in the back, loins, or front, wandering from one place to another like rheumatism or neuralgia. They are soon dispelled by Pul- satilla, every fifteen minutes a dose (six glob.), the patient keeping as quiet as possible and well covered, to get warm and perspiring. Sometimes Chamomile is necessary, if the patient does not perspire much. Nux vom. is the most suitable remedy, when there is a pain as if from a bruise in the region of the bladder, or a con- stant but insufficient urging to stool; also when the woman is of an impatient, passionate temperament, having been in- clined to the use of stimulants, wine, coffee, etc. Bryonia, when the pains mostly lodge in the small of the 43 506 DISEASES OF FEMALES. back, and increase by motion, with irritability of temper, con- stipation, and congestion of the head ; in the latter case alter- nately with Aconite, particularly in women of a plethoric constitution, with a full, bounding pulse, flushed face, hot and dry skin. Belladonna, alternately with Aconite, particularly when the head is hot and the feet are cold ; the pains resemble spasms. lgnatia, when the pains are connected with great depression of spirits, and require frequent change of position, which mitigates their severity. Excessively Painful Labor. The true labor-pains sometimes may become too violent, and, following each other in quick succession, cause such great agitation and restlessness, as to render their mitigation necessary. This can be effected by the use of the following remedies : Coffea and Aconite alternately, every ten minutes a dose (four glob.), until better, or the next remedy is indicated. For nervous trembling, fear and anxiety, before or during labor-pains: Aeon., Coff., Bellad., Ignat Chamomile, if the mind is greatly excited, the pains are intolerable; the woman very sensitive and impatient. Belladonna, under the same symptoms, particularly when, with heat in the head, the feet are cold; is also beneficial in cases of first labor, where the unyielding state of the parts produces these extra exertions of nature. Nux vom., in cases similar to Chamomile, but with a con- stant, ineffectual urging to stool. Toward the close of labor, the Sulphuric Ether may be applied to mitigate the severity of the pains; do not let a candle be near the Ether. Protracted Labor. If the pains continue too long, say from twenty-four to thirty-six hours, labor becomes preternatural, and needs an PROTRACTED LABOR. 507 especial treatment. We have to consider the causes which may produce this unusual delay. They are various, and most of them of such a nature as only an experienced mid- wife or physician is competent to remove. We will speak here of such as safely can come within reach of domestic help, being caused mostly by a mismanagement of labor in its early stages, or by a constitutional peculiarity of the patient, which can be remedied. It is not unusual, however, that women in their first con- finement experience a more than commonly protracted labor; this need not give rise to fear of danger, especially not if the woman is otherwise strong and healthy, as such ones, more than the weakly, nervous women, offer the greatest resistance to the expulsive efforts of labor. If the woman has been urged to support the pains by ex- ertions of her own at the very beginning of labor, thus ex- hausting her strength at a time when such efforts can be of no avail, it will frequently be found that toward the middle or close of the labor, when she ought to support it, she flags in strength, and from sheer exhaustion is unable to bear down or facilitate the expulsion of the child. In such cases, labor becomes protracted, and the only means of correcting it, con- sists in making the patient omit for some time her efforts, until she has gained more strength ; during this rest broth or wine in small quantities should be given to her. If great restlessness has produced a high degree of nerv- ous excitement, impeding often the progress of labor, the ex- hibition of Coffea and Aconite is indicated, in intervals often or fifteen minutes, a dose (four glob.) ; Belladonna should be given if the head is hot and the feet are cold ; and Nux vom., if the restlessness is connected with expressions of impatience. At the same time she should be exhorted to lie more quiet, and be covered well, in order to excite perspi- ration on the skin, when the latter is dry and husky. If, during the early part of labor, warm drinks (green or chamomile, tea) had been freely given, by the use of which 508 DISEASES OF FEMALES. relaxation of the system and protracted labor had been pro- duced, it is necessary to change, giving the patient cold water when thirsty, beside Coffea and China, antidotes to green tea; lgnatia and Pulsatilla, antidotes to chamomile tea. Warm drinks ought never to be given during labor, even if it is severe. The cold drink, especially cold water, has a contracting effect, and thus makes labor-pains more vigorous. Absence or Sudden Cessation of Labor-pains. If they cease at once, either from fright or some other emo- tion, and the patient exhibits symptoms of congestion of the head, with red and bloated face, sopor, loud breathing, like snoring, Opium, every ten minutes a dose (four globules), should be administered. If, upon the cessation of labor- pains, spasmodic distress in different parts of the body appears, Pulsatilla should be given, in the same manner. If they cease in women naturally feeble and exhausted, Secale is the best remedy to revive both the strength of the patient and the pains. It must be given in the same manner. If protracted labor is caused by mechanical impediments, too narrow pelvic passage, abnormal position or unusual size of the child, manual assistance is necessary, which can be rendered only by competent persons. Convulsions occurring during labor very seldom retard its progress; they should, however, be treated forthwith, as stated on page 509. Too Sudden Termination of Labor. Labor too quickly terminated, say in half an hour or less, is considered unfavorable for both the health of the mother and child. As regards the former, the chances for a sufficient and healthful contraction of the womb, so essential to avert danger of hemorrhage and after-diseases, are diminished by labor too quickly terminated. To prevent the bad conse- quences in this respect the woman should confine herself to a CRAMPS—CONVULSIONS--SPASMODIC PAINS. 509 horizontal position for a longer time than usual, and apply frequent cool sponging-baths, in order to strengthen the parts, weakened by the too sudden termination of the birth. The danger for the child consists in the mechanical injuries it may receive by falling on the floor, etc., if the labor should termi- nate so fast as not to allow the woman time of reaching a bed or couch. Cases of this kind have occurred; though very rare, they may occur again. A woman having experienced too sudden labor should, the next time, toward the end of preg- nancy, avoid exercising severely, and going up and down stairs; she should not omit to lie down frequently for a few hours and wash her stomach, back, and hips once or twice a day in cold water. By this process the muscular fibers of these parts near the uterine region are strengthened, so as to offer a greater resist- ance during parturition. Cramps. Convulsions. Spasmodic Pains. These are nervous symptoms, which frequently appear during labor, retarding the quick and successful delivery. In such cases, give Chamomile. If acute, cutting pains extend from the loins to the hypogastrium, attended with spasms. Belladonna. If the pains bear down most violently, so that convulsive motions of the limbs ensue; great agitation, constant tossing; red and bloated face; profuse sweating or dry, heated faeces. Gelseminum. If, with paleness of face and cold feet, there is loss of consciousness, bloody saliva from the mouth. Hyoscyamus. Severe convulsions, with loss of conscious- ness, great anguish and cries, with oppression of the chest. Stramonium. Trembling of the limbs and convulsions, without loss of consciousness. Ipecacuanha and lgnatia in alternation, when the patient complains of a confused feeling in the head; sensation of suffocation; convulsions. 510 DISEASES OF FEMALES. Coffea, if excessive joy has caused agitation. Opium and Aconite, if fear has been the exciting cause. Cocculus. If the whole body is cramped or convulsed, particularly the lower part of the abdomen, with heat and redness of the face; in alternation with Belladonna. Administration.—Every fifteen, twenty, or thirty min- utes, one dose (three glob.), until better or another remedy is required ; if the medicine is taken in water, dissolve twelve globules in half a teacupful, and give every fifteen or twenty minutes a teaspoonful. The Waters. (Child's Water) At every birth a certain quantity of water is discharged during labor and after the child is born. This is the fluid which during pregnancy surrounds the child and is contained within the membranes, where it evidently has been placed by a wonderful provision of nature for the protection of the child as well as.the mother. For the latter it is of the utmost service during labor, as it furnishes the best means of dilating the mouth of the womb in the beginning of parturition. When the mouth of the womb opens, the membranes are forced into the opening at every pain, forming a bag filled with the water, pressing on all points, evenly and gradually, like an elastic wedge, possessing the mildest and surest power. As soon as the opening, thus made, is large enough for the child's head to enter, the rupture of the membranes usually takes place, which causes so much of the water to escape as is contained in the bag, serving to lubricate the lower parts which now shall undergo the great distension. Much of the water, however, is still retained in the womb, which, during succeeding labor, serves the same purpose, softening and lubri- cating the parts, and rendering the descending head moist and slippery. Thus is this wonderful process, the birth of a child, facili- tated immeasurably by the simple but effective agency of this limpid fluid. The immense benefit derived from the waters DELIVERY. 511 for this purpose, becomes sadly apparent when we have to witness labor which is deprived of its aid. Sometimes the waters break too early and then they escape entirely, causing what is called a "dry birth." In such a case labor will always be very protracted and painful. To mitigate its severity, we have to supply what by accident or misfortune has been lost. We either inject sweet oil or thin, sweet goose-oil in the vagina, or apply it there from time to time on the points of the fingers. This circumstance also teaches us the great lesson, never to break the waters too soon by artificial means. If it be- comes necessary, we should wait until the opening of the os uteri is sufficiently enlarged to allow the head to enter when the water has escaped from the bag. As the membranes around the child are composed of a double lining, it often occurs that between them a quantity of water accumulates, which is in no connection with the true waters contained within the inner membrane next to the child. This so-called false water frequently escapes long before the termination of gestation, in fact it can do so at any time, in which case it seldom fails to frighten the woman, exciting in her the apprehension of abortion or premature birth. The above explanation of this circumstance should dispel her fears, especially if she recollects that such a dis- charge of false water never is accompanied with labor-pains. The quantity of the waters varies; it is sometimes very great, causing even suspicion of dropsy or the presence of twins. Delivery. The most agonizing so-called " cutting pains," occur just before delivery; they are of short duration, however, and of such a nature that, although extremely painful, they do not weaken, but, on the contrary, strengthen the patient, by arousing her energy to the utmost. At that time we fre- quently hear her cry out at the top of the voice, "Oh, I 512 DISEASES OF FEMALES. must die! I must die!" These words must not frighten those in attendance. It is true they are expressions of agony, but they do not indicate danger; they are rather of good import, signifying the effective progress of the birth. Kind, consoling words, stating that now the labor soon will termi- nate, etc., are the best remedy at this juncture of the case. Just when the child is appearing, the attendant should support the region underneath its head to prevent a tearing of the tightly drawn skin at that point; this can be done with the open palm of the hand, pressed yieldingly under- neath the head where it bulges out the most. Treatment after Delivery. After delivery, but while the after-birth is still remaining within the womb, it is our duty to examine the uterine region outside, to make ourselves sure of the sufficient contraction of the womb, which, if rightly contracted, can at that time be felt hard as a stone, above the bladder, about the size of an infant's head. If not contracted, this lump can not be felt, in which case we must either suspect another child within the womb, or have to fear that by an internal hem- orrhage, the womb has expanded again. In the former case the abdomen will feel quite large, and parts of the child yet unborn, are distinguishable through the walls of the abdomen, while in the latter, the womb will not extend as much, but feel more yielding and soft. This last circumstance requires immediate, gentle, but firm and gradually increasing pressure with, and rubbing of the hand, which must be continued until the womb contracts anew, growing less in size and harder to the touch. After-birth. If the child cries lustily, it may be removed soon by cutting the navel string three inches from its body, but not before it has been ascertained that the navel string does not any more pulsate. As long as the beating of a pulse can be felt in any AFTER-BIRTH. 513 portion of the navel-string it must not be cut; a few minutes detention on this account will never be of any injury, but may be of great benefit to the infant. The beating begins to cease first in that part of the string nearest the mother, and diminishes gradually toward the navel of the child. Wher- ever it has disappeared, the cord may be severed; even if it is too long at first it can be shortened afterward at leisure, Before the cut is made (generally about three inches from the navel of the child), tie two strings, made of firm yarn or chord, tightly around the navel string, allowing an inch of room between them; in this place the cut should be made either with a pair of scissors or a good sharp knife, being careful, however, that no other parts of the infant's body are hurt by the operation. After the child is removed, it may be ascertained how far the after-birth has been expelled, and whether far enough to allow of an easy removal. If, on examination, it is found to lie within the vagina, it can at once be grasped with the hand and extracted; but if the cord reaches higher than the upper part of the vagina, and its connection with the placenta ctn not be felt, it is highly improper to seek its expulsion by force applied to the cord. The after-birth is expelled from the womb by labor-pains, and if these have ceased for awhile after the expulsion of the child, without having effected fiat of the placenta, it is proper and more safe to await the return of the after pains, which in due time will make their appear- ance. They may be hastened by rubbing and gently press ing the abdomen externally, over the region of the womb, excit ing thereby this organ to new contraction. After a few pain.'j of this kind, the placenta will often be found lying within the grasp of the fingers; at any rate but very slight tractions carefully made, will be sufficient to bring it down. This is all the manual assistance which persons not initiated in the art of obstetrics dare undertake as regards the removal of an after-birth. In most cases it should not be removed so quickly; there is at least sufficient time to wait for the arrival 514 DISEASES OF FEMALES. of a competent person. Meanwhile Pulsatilla alternately with Secale, every half hour a dose (four glob.), may be given, which frequently will hasten its expulsion. If the patient's head is congested, face full and red, give of Belladonna four globules, in preference to the above remedies. Hemorrhage—Flooding after Delivery. The only danger, perhaps, which may threaten women during and shortly after the birth of a child, is that which results from flooding. Yet, carefully managed, this will not occur very frequently, nor be so very dangerous. A great deal can be done to avoid it. One of the most frequent causes of hemorrhage after deliv- ery is mental excitement, either of a joyous or sad nature. Sometimes the husband, overjoyed at the safe delivery of his wife, expresses his own feelings in a too exciting manner, which causes like emotions in the fatigued patient; or the latter becomes suddenly very depressed in spirits on being told the sex of the infant, herself having expected it to be the opposite. Excitement of any kind must be carefully kept, at this period, from the patient. She needs complete rest of body and mind; sleep is the best restorer of strength, and the patient may indulge iu it one hour after the birth of the child. After delivery and the removal of the placenta, the woman should lie perfectly quiet for the first eight or ten hours, with the knees close together, well covered up to her chin, in order to keep up the perspiration excited on her skin during the preceding hard labor. A sudden cooling down sometimes produces a chill, with other bad consequences. When thus carefully covered, the nurse should wash the abdomen and other parts with moderately cool water without uncovering her, and if there is a tendency to a greater discharge from the womb than common, put a cold-water bandage over the region of the womb, changing it whenever it becomes warm. Even if no flooding is threatening, a dry, or, if preferred, a wet AFTER-PAINS. 515 compress under the bandage commonly applied, will be a cooling and pleasant appliance, restorative in the highest de- gree, and preventing the abdomen from remaining afterward too pendulous. If flooding should occur, rub the region over the womb, using steady and powerful friction with the hand, until the womb contracts again, and after-pains appear, which diminish I he danger of flooding; beside give the patient Belladonna, if she has a great deal of bearing down sen- sation. Chamomile, if her limbs are cold and she has pains around the abdomen. China and Ipecac, alternately, in the worst cases, when the above remedies do not succeed; or Pulsatilla, if a discharge of clotted blood appears at inter- vals, ceases and re-appears; followed by Crocus, Platina, Sabina, and Secale. As the last and surest remedy, apply the coldest water in wet compresses, renewed every minute, or pounded ice on the abdomen; this will soon stay the flooding permanently, ex- cept when caused by parts of the after-birth being yet in the womb. After-pains. Women, during the first confinement, experience, very sel- dom, after-pains. They are mostly caused by the renewed efforts of contraction in the womb, dilated from time to time by the clots of blood oozing from the parts where the after- birth adhered. This may last a few hours or many days, just as the case may be. The following remedies will miti- gate their severity, particularly if they are of a rheumatic or spasmodic origin, as is sometimes the case. Arnica is the first medicine, externally in a wash on the generative parts, and internally in globules; it soothes the irritability of the womb, after severe labor. Alternately with it, give 516 DISEASES OF FEMALES. Pulsatilla, every two or three hours a dose (four globules), which regulates the uterine contractions. Chamomile and Nux vom. in alternation, in the same man- ner, if the pains are very pressing, producing impatience and irritability, with frequent but ineffectual urging to stool. Coffea and Aconite, in the same manner, alternately, if severity of the pains drive the patient almost to despair. Secale, in weakly females or those who have already had many children. Gelseminum, if the pains are spasmodic, and sometimes felt all over, like rheumatic pains, especially after a fright. Belladonna, if the pains are attended with much bearing down, congestion to, and heat in the head, flushed face, cold- ness of the feet, tenderness and fullness of the abdomen; in alternation with Opium, if the patient has an unusual dispo- sition to sleep and stupor, during which her breathing is loud and snoring, only now and then interrupted by the severe after-pains. Sometimes the application of the cold, cool, or warm shal- low, bath, as circumstances may require, will be of great benefit; also the wet bandage around the abdomen. Confinement—Its Duration and Management. This term signifies the lying-in of a woman for a certain length of time, during which she shall recruit and recover her former strength and health. In a perfectly natural state of society, and under circumstances where the physical power of woman is not marred, the time of confinement needs to be but very short. Indeed there are cases on record where women have been able the next day after delivery to attend to their duties partially, and in a few days afterward alto- gether. But such iron constitutions can not be expected to exist in our artificial state of society. We are consequently compelled to adopt rules which will prevent the many dis- orders which may befall debilitated constitutions after deliv- CONFINEMENT—DURATION AND MANAGEMENT. 517 ery, if not carefully attended. Our modern Hygiene has made great reforms, also, in this period of female develop- ment, and women are less longer now confined to their rooms than they were in former times, and we may, if we continue to live more in accordance with nature, arrive at still greater results. Water, fresh air, and exercise will yet work miracles. At the present time we hold it still necessary for the mother to remain in bed for the first five or six days, after which she may sit up awhile, at first in bed, gradually length- ening the time, until she can sit up at the end of two weeks altogether. Circumstances, of course, will modify the above. The greatest danger, however, which can arise in this period, is generally caused by excitement of the mind, variously in- duced. The principal fault in this respect, consists in allow- ing friends and neighbors to pay lengthy visits to the patient. Velpeau, a great obstetrician, speaks about this bad fashion as follows: " It is important that the patient should neither speak nor be spoken to, except when necessary. A calm state of the mind and repose of the body are so indispensable, that too much care can not be taken to remove every cause that might interfere with them. Most of the diseases which affect a woman irr childbed may be attributed to the thou- sands of visits of friends, neighbors, or acquaintance, or the ceremony with which she is too often oppressed; she wishes to keep up the conversation; her mind becomes excited, the fruit of which is headache and agitation; the slightest in- discreet word worries her; the slightest motives of joy agi- tate her in the extreme: the least opposition instantly makes her uneasy, and I can affirm that among the numerous cases of puerperal fever met with at the Hospital de Perfectionne- meut, there are very few whose origin is unconnected with some moral commotion." Before the fourteenth day, therefore, visitors should not be admitted on any consideration. The risk is too great. 518 DISEASES OF FEMALES. Diet during Confinement. The diet during this time should receive our attention, but not with the view to cut short the allowance, or confine its quality to the mere dainties or so-called light food. Our opinion in this respect may differ somewhat from those who believe that a woman in confinement, although weakened by the whole process of delivery, by loss of blood and a great flow of milk, could subsist more comfortably, and gain strength, on light diet than strong, nourishing food. Our rule has been to let her desire alone in this respect, to let her choose her own diet, if no existing disorder will dictate otherwise. A healthy woman can relish and bear usual food the next day after delivery, as well as at any other time, and it is folly to make her starve at a time when she needs food the most. It is well enough not to allow her to eat too much at a time, nor partake of any stimulating substances, either in food or drink; even tea or coffee may be better replaced by cold water. The room should be aired daily once or twice; the curtains around the bed should be such as to allow free circulation. Cleanliness in every particular should be observed. The bowels are naturally constipated for the first four or five days after delivery. If, after the lapse of that time, it is necessary to interfere, give a few doses of Opium and Nux vom., in alternation, every three hours a dose (six glob.); if head and limbs ache, give Bryonia in the same man- ner. At the same time apply a few injections of cool water. Under no consideration whatever, give her cathartic medi- cine* the use of which is in no case more superfluous and hazardous. Stewed prunes, or other relaxing dried fruit, will be equally efficacious and more harmless than physic. Lochial Discharge. After the delivery of the placenta, the womb does not !mmediately re-assume its former size and consistence; this LOCHIAL DISCHARGE. 519 reduction is the work of time, and, as it progresses, produces what is called the lochia or lochial discharge—liquids which ooze from the walls of the uterus into its cavity, whence they escape through the vagina. Through this process the womb gradually is reduced in size, and its loose texture be- comes firmer again, until a normal size and consistence ia regained. The first two or three days this discharge consists of blood partially coagulated; while the milk appears in the breasts, a more serous liquid is discharged, more or less tinged with blood; finally, on the sixth or seventh day, the flow becomes whitish or purulent, of a thicker consistence. This may last variously, from two or three to twenty days. It is evident that a process like this can be disturbed either by general or local causes operating upon the womb, from which, as from a sponge, these liquids are pressed. If the womb inflames or is congested, its contracting movement is impeded, consequently the discharge will cease; if the blood is constitutionally vitiated, its serum, as it oozes into the cavity of the womb, will be bad also, becoming sanious, thin, watery, of greenish color and bad smell, or a tedious sup- purative process may take place, by which nature seeks to counteract the retarding influence of a bad constitution. Our remedies in such cases are intended to support strug- gling nature in the restoration of the natural discharge, as the best indication of the healthful action of the womb. Irregularities of the lochial discharge during the presence of other diseases, such as childbed fever, etc., can only dis- appear after their cure, and require our attention in so far as they are symptoms of these diseases, to which we refer the reader. Suppression of lochia, in consequence of congestion or in- flammation of the womb, can occur after exposure to cold, errors of diet, mental emotions, sudden joy, fear, or grief, etc.; chilliness, fever, sometimes delirium, thirst, headache, pains in the back and limbs generally accompany a suppres- sion of the lochia. If high fever is present, with conges- 520 DISEASES OF FEMALES. tion of the head, delirium, etc., give Aconite and Belkidonna, in alternation, particularly if there are delirium and violent pains in the head and back, with pressure in the genital organs, as if they would be thrust out, every two or three hours a dose (four glob.), until better; if not relieved, give Bryonia alternately with Aconite or Cimcifuga, and if no improvement follows, the fever continuing, in alternation with Pulsatilla, as above, especially when mental excitement of some kind or exposure to cold preceded the affection. Veratrum, after indigestion, with rush of blood to the head, delirium, and palpitation of the heart, every two hours a dose. Opium and Aconite alternately, as above, if sudden fright was the cause. Dulcamara and Pulsatilla, if no fever is present, and the suppression was caused by exposure to dampness and cold. Coffea and Chamomile, alternately, if the patient is highly excited and unable to bear the pains; restless and impatient. Warm compresses around the abdomen and a warm hip- bath are also recommended in cases of this kind. Diet the same as in fevers. Excessive and protracted lochia generally require the same remedies as recommended for flooding. Crocus, if the dis- charge is dark colored, black, and of viscid consistency, with a feeling in the abdomen as of something alive. China and Ipecac in alternation, if the discharge appears in paroxysms, with nausea, vertigo, fainting, cold extremities, paleness of the face and hands, debility. Calcarea, in leuco-phlegmatic persons, fat, but flaccid, especially when there is an itching sensation in the uterus. Belladonna and Platina in alterna- tion, when the discharge is thick and dark, with drawing pains in the loins and abdomen; and Secale in elderly and debilitated persons, with cool extremities and great anxiety of mind. Rhus, in cases where the lochia return after they once had ceased. Silicea, when the lochia appear each time that the infant is put to the breast. SECRETION OF MILK. 521 The above remedies may be given as often as once or twice a day, until better, six globules as a dose. Complete rest and good nourishment are indispensable tc correct these disorders; the cure can be accelerated by shallow hip-baths of a medium temperature. Offensive, sanious lochia need frequent washings with tepid water, and the use of Belladonna, once a day a dose (six glob.); if not better within eight days, give Carbo animalis in the same manner, followed by Baptisia, Secale, China, Carbo veg., if necessary, as above. Diet must be very nourishing; patient must have plenty of fresh air, if possible, in high, dry locations. Secretion of Milk—Milk Fever. Milk may appear in the breasts long before the termination of pregnancy; usually it makes its appearance the third day after delivery, in most cases gently and without much disturb- ance of the general health; but sometimes under a storm of excitement in the vascular and nervous system, which is called milk fever. After a severe chill, which penetrates the whole body, a violent fever appears, with headache, congestion to the brain and chest, which produces difficult respiration ; during this time the breasts begin to swell and the patient perceives the shooting in of the milk; the breasts become now tender and hard. Although this fever soon may disappear, it is desirable to mitigate its severity, which can be done by a few doses of Aconite, every hour or two a dose (four glob.). As soon as the patient begins to perspire, most of the above symptoms will cease; if they should not, give Bryonia, if the head and back still ache or there is great oppression at the chest. If the head, however, is the principal seat of distress, particu- larly if the patient can not bear the light, give Belladonna in the same manner. If the breasts are very tender to the touch, the patient is very restless and much excited, give Coffea and Chamomile in alternation, every hour a dose (four 44 522 DISEASES OF FEMALES. glob.), until better. Pulsatilla is particularly indicated when the breasts are very much distended, feel very sore, and rheumatic pains extend to the muscles of the chest and shoulders; it should be given every three hours a dose (four glob.). Give Bryonia and Rhus alternately, every two hours a dose (four glob.), if the tongue is coated and the back and limbs continue to ache, after the fever has disappeared. External applications are of not much use during a milk fever, except, perhaps, a compress dipped in hot water and wrung out well. The milk should be drawn out as soon as possible, either by the child or a breast pump. Of the latter, we have found those having an Indian-rubber globe attached to them, to be the best kind. Deterioration of Milk. A good quality of human milk should exhibit a whitish color, with a tinge of bluish or yellowish; should taste pleasantly sweet and have no smell; a drop of it put on a nail should glide off from the same, if held in an oblique position, slowly, leaving a whitish mark on the nail. A drop of good human milk put in a tumbler of water, will mix in it slowly, forming clouds in it here and there. Sometimes the milk deteriorates, becomes too thin and watery, or too thick, oleaginous, acrid, even acid; at other times it appears mixed with pus and blood, tastes bitter, and assumes an abnormal color. Milk can, however, be deteriorated without exhibiting any other external signs, save its bad consequences on the child. This is particularly the case after severe mental emotions, fear, grief, anger, etc., or the use of large doses of medicines, which, absorbed by the vessels, come into the circulation cif the system. As to the effect of the mind on the secretion of milk, Carpenter remarks: " The formation of this secretion is influenced by the nerv- ous system to a greater degree, perhaps, than that of any other. The process may go on continuously, to a slight DETERIORATION OF MILK. 523 degree during the whole period of lactation ; but it is only in animals that have special reservoirs for that purpose, that any accumulation of the fluid can take place. In the human female, these reservoirs are so small as to hold but a trifling- quantity of milk ; and the greater part of the secretion is actually formed while the child is at the breast. The irrita- tion of the nipple produced by the act of suction, and the mental emotion connected with it, concur to produce an in- creased flow of blood into the gland, which is known to nurses as the draught; and thus the secretion is for the time greatly augmented. The draught may be produced simply by the emotional state of the mind, as by the thought of the child when absent; and the irritation of the nipple may alone occasion it; but the two influences usually act simultaneously. The most remarkable examples of the influence of such stimuli on the mammary secretion, are those in which milk has been produced by girls and old women, and even by men, in quantity sufficient to support an infant. The application of the child to the nipple in order to tranquillize it, the irritation produced by its efforts at suction, and the strong desire to furnish milk, seem, in the first instance, to occasion an aug- mented nutrition of the gland, so that it becomes fit for the performance of its function; and then to produce in it that state of functional activity, the result of which is the produc- tion of milk. It is not only in this way that the mammary secretion is influenced by the condition of the mind ; for it is particularly liable to be affected as to quality by the habitual state of the feelings, or even by their temporary excitement. Thus, a fretful temper not only lessens the quantity of milk, but makes it thin, serous, and gives it an irritating quality; and the same effect will be produced for a time by a fit of anger. Under the influence of grief or anxiety, the secretion is either checked altogether, or it is diminished in amount and deteriorated in quality. The secretion is usually checked altogether by terror; and under the influence of violent passion it may be so changed in its 524 DISEASES OF FEMALES. character, as to produce the most injurious, and eve • fatal consequences to the infant. So many instances are now on record in which children that have been suckled within a few minutes after the mothers have been in a state of violent rage or terror, have died suddenly in convulsive attacks, that the occurrence can scarcely be set down as a mere coincidence ; and certain as we are of the deleterious effects of less severe emotions upon the properties of the milk, it does not seem unlikely that in these cases, the bland nutritious fluid should be converted into a poison of rapid and deadly operation." There is evident danger in allowing the child to suck im- mediately after violent emotions; the same has been expe- rienced after violent bodily exercise, running, or performing hard manual labor. A suitable length of time should elapse before a mother dare give, with impunity, the breast to a child after such disturbing influences have occurred, and not even then should the child suck until after a considerable quantity of milk has been extracted artificially, else it will become sick from the milk which was in the breast during the excitement. The quality of the milk can be improved by the use of the following remedies: If it is thin and serous, take China, every other evening a dose (six glob.), for eight days; if not improved at that time, take Stannum in the same manner; and if not better after its use, take Mercury, particularly if the infant refuses to suck. If the color of the milk is too yellow and the taste a bitter one, give Rheum in the same manner. If the child throws up the milk immediately after sucking, give Silicea, every three or four days one globule, until better. Suppressed Secretion of Milk. The circumstances which suppress the secretion of milk in the breasts, are as various as the manifold relations, external or internal, which influence our system. The most prominent, excessive secretion of milk. 525 however, are the following: Exposures to cold or dampness, errors in diet, sudden and violent mental emotions, diseases in other parts of the system, particularly if they are of a nervous character. The consequences following a sudden suppression of lacteal secretion, are frequently of a serious nature, and their prevention requires our immediate attention. The danger is greatest when congestions to the head, breast, or abdomen appear. Give immediately of Pulsatilla (twelve globules dissolved in half a teacupful of water), every two or three hours a teaspoonful; this will frequently restore the flow of milk, particularly if cold was the cause. But should congestions of the head, lungs, or abdomen be present, give Belladonna and Bryonia in the same manner as above, in ilternation, until better. If mental emotions have caused it, and the patient is very much excited and restless, give first Aconite and Coffea in alternation, as above. If exposure to cold or dampness produced the suppression, give Chamomile, Bryonia, and Rhus, particularly when the head and limbs ache and fever is present, having been pre- ceded by a chill. If diarrhea sets in, give Pulsatilla, Mercury, Bryonia, Rhus. Excessive Secretion of Milk. A too copious secretion of milk may produce swelling and inflammation of the breasts with all its concomitants; also obstructed or involuntary emission of milk, debility, nervous and inflammatory disorders, headache, hysterics, even tuber- cular consumption. In such cases medical aid should be sought at once. Until that is procured, the following reme- dies may be given: Belladonna, every other evening a dose (six glob.), will diminish the secretion, if febrile and congestive symptoms are present. 526 DISEASES OF FEMALES. Calcarea carb., if the former does not give relief, in the same manner for one week. If not relieved, take Phosphorus in the same manner; beside, apply externally cotton batting, which mitigates swelling and pains. The same remedies are beneficial, if the milk escapes all the time, keeping the parts constantly wet and rendering them more liable than usual to cold on the slightest exposure. China should be given when great debility is present, either when the milk flows involuntarily or is secreted too copiously; in the former case it alternates well with Pulsatilla, in the latter with Rhus, every evening a dose (four glob.), until better. Frequent washing and bathing is recommended. Deficiency of Milk. Various circumstances may cause a deficiency of milk in quantity; they are either constitutional or occasional. To the former belongs the mother's age, which if too young or too far advanced predisposes to this complaint; women in- clined to corpulency have not much milk, also such as in former confinements, compelled by disease or otherwise, did not nurse their children ; organic diseases of the breasts them- selves may sometimes prevent the secretion of a sufficient quantity of milk. As exciting causes, may be accounted de- pressing mental emotions, sudden change of the mother's mode of living, sedentary habit, exposure to cold and damp- ness, faults in the diet, abuse of cathartic medicine, and a high degree of physical debility. As to the treatment of this disease, we have, of course, first to remove its cause, as far, at least as possible. After this is done the following remedies should be given to correct the remaining derangement: Agnus castus is recommended very highly in cases of this kind ; the patient takes every other evening a dose (six glob.). If constitutional causes operate, the patient should undergo a proper treatment by a competent homoeopathic physician. Calcarea, Iodium, Causticum, Sepia, and Sulphur, in such cases will be most beneficial. SORE NIPPLES. 527 Asafetida in small quantities, either in tincture or first trituration, is recommended very highly; as also the anis and dill seed; the latter made into a tea and drank three or four times day. Some women use drinks made of milk and various spiritous liquors; we would request the reader to be careful in their use, as the child will thus receive milk more or less impregnated with alcohol and its fearful consequences. Sore Nipples. This affection, consisting of an excoriation of the skin around and on the nipple, usually appears soon after the child has been put to the breast. Its main cause consists in a con- stitutional tenderness of the skin, which manifests itself on the slightest occasion, in cracks and wounds, of a very sensi- tive nature. We have witnessed distressing cases of this kind ; the sufferings seem sometimes to be insupportable, if the com- plaint has progressed very far. Our aim from the beginning should be to prevent the soreness of the nipples, by washing them and the breasts a few months before parturition twice a day in cold water. This strengthens the skin and renders it less liable to be affected afterward. After the birth of the child observe the following directions. Apply Arnica, six drops of the tincture to a teacupful of water; wash with it every time after the child has sucked. At the same time give internally, Chamomile, every four or six hours a dose (four glob.), particularly when the nipples inflame, swell and threaten to ulcerate, with pains almost insupportable, like toothache. If this fails give the following medicines in their order, each one dose a day for six or eight days until relief is ob tained: Mercury, Sulphur, Silicea, Graphites, Lycopodium, Calca- rea carb. These remedies are intended to remove the con- stitutional taint which underlies the affection, and without the extinction of which no true cure of sore nipples can be effected. 528 DISEASES OF FEMALES. One of the best expedients externally applied, is a cow's teat fastened on a silver plate; this instrument can be had in the drug stores. They are preserved in diluted alcohol and are washed in clean water each time before being applied. If the wound is not ulcerated, it may be covered with collo- dion, which permits the sucking of the child without tearing it open every time afresh. Ague in the Breast. Gathered Breast. It is a general law of our nature, that organs which are at certain periods especially active, are at that time more sub- ject to disease than others not equally active. During lacta- tion, the breasts are the organs predominantly active in the female system; they are, therefore, the ones on ■ which the diseases occurring during the whole of that period will reflect more or less. If a nursing woman gets cold, it will settle there; if by mental excitement, passion, fright, anger, fear, grief, etc., she becomes sick, it will affect first the secretion of milk; in short, any disorder during lactation has its bad effect on this process. Ague in the breast is the most common form by which this effect manifests itself, and if not relieved at once, will end in the suppuration of the mammary gland. A more or less severe chill is followed by fever, generally accompanied by lancinating or shooting pains in the breast, whose secretion is mostly arrested at the time. This in- creases the size of the breast, and if the milk is not removed, will predispose to inflammation and suppuration. As a gen- eral rule we recommend to give at once, Chamomile and Bryonia alternately, every hour a dose (four glob.), for four hours; after which discontinue for four hours, and let the fever pass off by perspiration, without giving any more medicine; if the fever, however will not disappear, or if it returns, give Aconite and Belladonna, particularly when the breasts are swollen, hard, and very tender; externally, apply hot brandy state of the bowels during confinement. 529 cloths. If lumps remain in the breasts, rub with sweet oil, or lay over the breast a plaster made of beeswax and sweet oil. If a gathering of the breast can not be avoided, abstain from applying the warm poultices as long as possible, as it has a tendency to implicate a still larger part of the breast within the suppurative sphere; give during this time Phosphorus and Hepar alternately, morning and evening a dose (four glob.), until better, or until four doses of each are taken, after which discontinue the medicine, awaiting its effects at least three or four days; if no signs of improve- ment are visible, give Mercury and Lachesis in the same manner; and then again, Phosphorus and Hepar, until the abscess has opened or the swelling is diminished. After the opening of the abscess and the discharge of the matter, give Silicea, every evening and morning a dose (four glob.) ; externally apply a wash on the breast three times a day, made of twelve globules of Silicea in half a teacupful of water. This remedy may be followed in two weeks, if necessary, by Sulphur, internally in the same manner as Silicea, and thus in alternation with it, until the breasts are healed. During this time poultices of bread and milk, or slippery- elm, may be used to mitigate the irritation. Let the diet be nourishing, but net stimulating. The infant may be allowed to nurse as long as possible; and if not, use the breast-pump to draw the milk out as often as needed. State of the Bowels during Confinement. On account of the great changes going on at this time in the female organism, whereby a great quantity of liquids is discharged from the womb and breasts, their secretion in the intestines and discharge by the stool is retarded, mostly for five days after delivery; if a stool is forced, artificially, before that time, it must operate injuriously, as that much liquid is 45 530 DISEASES OF FEMALES. taken away from places where nature needed it most. If, after the lapse of five days, no motion on the bowels has appeared, give of Bryonia, four doses, every three hours one (six glob.), and await its effects twenty-four hours, after which, give Nux vomica in the same manner, if necessary. Sulphur after that, if necessary, in the same manner. An injection, either of lukewarm water and two tablespoonfuls of sweet oil, or the same with a little castile-soap dissolved in it, may be given on the sixth day, if necessary, and as often afterward as needed. If diarrhea sets in, the principal medicines are: Rheum, Phosphoric acid, China, Pulsatilla. For closer examination of the symptoms and their exciting cause, see article " Diar- rhea." But there is one kind of diarrhea peculiar to nursing women, which is frequently connected with the nursing sore mouth (see this below). The discharges from the bowels are whitish, curdled, smelling sour and musty, being copious and frequent, but not very painful. This diarrhea is the beginning of consumption of the bowels, and must be at- tended to immediately. I have found the following remedies almost specific in such cases : Nux vomica and Hepar, alternately, every three hours a dose (six glob.), until better, or until six doses of each are taken; at the same time the patient must lie on the bed or couch. Diet.—Black tea, dry toast, rice; afterward, beef-steak and roasted mutton. (See, beside, "Consumption of the Bowels.") Childbed Fever. There are few diseases more dangerous than this, particu- larly when it has been permitted, by neglect or otherwise, to progress in its fearful career. Consequently, by introducing it here we can not have the intention of enabling the readei childbed fever. 531 to treat it, when fully developed; this stage requires the most skillful medical aid. Our aim is to make the reader acquainted with its character and symptoms, and such remedial means as will have a tendency to subdue it in the beginning, which can be effected more easily than its cure in after stages. Diagnosis.—Like most fevers, childbed fever is preceded by a chill, or at least a chilly sensation, crawling from the small of the back along the spine upward; it is generally not very severe, even less so than those rigors indicating the approach of a milk fever, with which it might be confounded. But its apparent mildness, and the presence of tenderness to the touch of the abdomen across the uterine region, which is wanting in milk fever, establish the diagnosis of approaching childbed fever. It is important to remember that tenderness of the abdomen is always connected with puerperal fever, even with the chill which precedes it. The slightest touch of the finger, nay, the weight of the bed-clothes on the abdomen, is almost insupportable; the pains are sometimes so intense that the patients cry out loudly and scream with agony. The mildest chill may be followed by the severest fever. The whole abdo- men seems to be inflamed in a very short time; the lochia are suppressed, so is also the secretion of milk, if it already had appeared; if not, it will of course, not make its appearance in that condition of the patient. Sometimes the childbed fever attacks shortly after delivery, within two or three days; at other times it appears only after ten or twelve days. The latter cases are considered more favorable than the former. If the pain is confined to one particular spot in the abdomen, the disease is not so dangerous as if the whole abdomen is painful to the touch. This latter is the most characteristic symptom of this fever; while other fevers may resemble it, having similar pains, none have this extreme tenderness to the touch, even to the slightest pressure on the abdomen. The pulse is always very frequent, as high as 150 per minute; excessive thirst, headache, burning fever, vomiting, etc., are present in most cases. 532 DISEASES OF FEMALES. Without detaining the reader with a greater amount of detail on a disease, which, in its height, none but a profes- sional man should be allowed to treat, we will indicate only what has to be done in the beginning. Treatment.—During the chill give the patient of Aconite (twelve glob., dissolved in half a teacupful of water), every half hour a teaspoonful, until it is succeeded by fever, when it is alternated with Belladonna, prepared in a similar manner, every hour or two hours a teaspoonful, until better. If the lochia have ceased, alternate Bryonia, prepared simi- larly as Aconite, until the severest symptoms cease. At the same time put around the abdomen a thick cold-water bandage, frequently renewed, until the heat disappears, and profuse perspiration, rest, quiet, and sleep ensues. Give as a drink plenty of cold water; fresh air is also necessary. Milk-leg. (Phlegmasia Alba Dolens) We make mention of this disease here, as one whose symp- toms and course are so strange and frightful to the uninitiated, that a better acquaintance with its character is very desirable. Its treatment, when fully developed, must be directed by a skillful physician; only in the beginning, remedies may be at once applied to subdue it; these we intend to communicate. Diagnosis.—The first symptoms of this disease are pain and swelling in some part of the leg or groin, which soon increase and prevent the motion of the limb at a very early stage. The fever present is generally not very high, but very constant. The disease makes its appearance usually within the first two weeks after delivery, and consists in an inflammation of the lympathic vessels, veins, and areolar tissue of the leg; the vul- gar belief, that the milk, transferred from the breasts by some cause, appears in the legs, and makes them swell, is, of course, at the present day discarded as unfounded, and nothing is left of this belief but the popular name, milk-leg. It is astonishing to what an extent the leg can swell up in this disease, it being sometimes larger than a man's body. MANIA IN CHILDBED. 533 Treatment.—Belladonna seems to be the remedy which, in the beginning, better than any other, controls this disease. Give three times a day a dose (six glob.), followed by Bryonia and Rhus in alternation, in the same manner, if necessary. As soon as possible procure medical aid ; meanwhile keep the leg at rest and in an elevated position. The diet during this time must be very light, such as tea, toast, and gruels; if a relish is wanted, lemonades, stewed prunes or other dried fruits are preferable. Mania in Childbed. The above name indicates the nature of the disease suffi- ciently ; it is a mental derangement, caused by a peculiar con- dition in which the womb is during parturition and childbed. Although cases of this kind are rare, yet they occur; and if not known, might greatly frighten the attendants of the patient. Sometimes the disease appears in the form of a mania, with all the symptoms of rage, fury, and wildness; frequently the head aches violently, the face is very red, eyes have a wild appearance, roll round and are very sensitive to the light; the pulse is very full and frequent, the patient generally very restless and agitated. In this state Belladonna, every two or three hours a dose (six glob.), will be beneficial, alternating it with Hyoscyamus, if necessary. At other times the disease assumes the character of a melan- cholia, without the exhibition of feverish symptoms; the pa- tient appears low-spirited, talks at random, particularly when left alone; she is shy and given to fear, sleeps very little, or none at all. Belladonna, Lachesis, and Pulsatilla are the principal remedies in this form of mania. They may be given, the first two in alternation, morning, noon, and night a dose (four glob.); the latter twice a day a dose (six glob.), if the former did not relieve; Baptisia is also recommended. As this disease, on account of its importance, requires the most skillful medical aid, we abstain from giving here more 534 DISEASES OF FEMALES. of its treatment. If the secretions peculiar to childbed, such as milk and lochia, re-appear, a favorable issue of the disease may be expected. Nursing. With the termination of parturition the objeet of nature is only half fulfilled. The new being has been brought into the world; but, torn from its parental roots, it would have gained nothing, if nature had not kindly provided the fount- ain of life, from which, for some time to come, it is destined to draw its nourishment, suitable in an eminent degree for its infantile nature. Without this breast of milk, the helpless young would perish by the hundred ; and though large, de- plorably large, as it at present is, still the mortality of infants would be frightful, nay, equal to a complete destruction of the human race, if nature had not mixed and prepared the food in the mother's bosom for the feeble offspring. A provision of this kind demands our unqualified admira- tion and most loyal adhesion; although a law of nature in the fullest sense of the word, it does not manifest itself in passionate excitement for self-gratification, or vigorous egotism for self-preservation, which constitute the stimuli of most other laws of nature; but in the more divine garb of love, not in receiving but in dispensing blessings; not in defending one's self, but in protecting another one from starvation and death by offering for sustenance the life's fluid of one's self. For this purpose nature provided the milk-secreting organs whose function must be exercised, else injury will be done not only to the infants, by depriving them of their natural nourishment, but also to the health of the mother, by the dis- tension and inflammation of the breasts. Reasons of the most urgent nature should only prevent a mother from suckling her infant. Serious diseases, such as consumption, eruptive or other fevers, great constitutional debility, mental derange- ment, etc., are some of those which demand a discontinuance of nursing. wet-nurse. 535 But they occur very rarely ; more frequently do we meet with a spirit of unwillingness on the part of mothers to un- dergo the trouble, and occasional self-denial, which the nurs- ing of infants forces upon them. In a majority of such cases, it is not want of maternal affection, but the belief that their own health and beauty might suffer, while no damage could result from it to the health of the infant by taking the milk of another one. As to the first reason, mothers are sadly mistaken. All medical men agree that nursing, far from deteriorating or weakening the constitution, adds to the health and beauty of women. Besides, it is a matter of the greatest importance for the infant of having the most suitable nourishment; and none is more suitable than the own mother's milk. Neither in age or quality can it be rivaled by that of a wet-nurse, to say nothing of the many other disqualifying circumstances of the latter. Wet-nurse. If it is, however, indispensable in some cases to have a wet- nurse, great care should be taken of ascertaining that she pos- sesses the requisite qualifications. We would recommend that she should be examined thoroughly by the physician of the family, before she is permitted to give her breast to the child. She must be free from diseases of the skin, eyes, and eyelids ; she ought to have a clear complexion, and healthy, full form. Her disposition should be mild and amiable; her character energetic, but not irritable. She must show a habit of cleanliness in personal matters; regularity and temperance in eating and drinking. Her morals should be above sus- picion. If these qualities have been found in a nurse, it is necessary to compare the age of her milk with that which the child needs; it dare not vary three months either way. In all other respects, if she is engaged, she should live and act during nursing as the mother herself would do. It is well, however, 536 DISEASES OF FEMALES. to watch a nurse carefully for a month or two, before too much confidence is bestowed upon her, as she may slyly do things not exactly wrong in her own opinion, yet objection- able altogether. Some nurses are in the habit of giving the children laudanum, to make them sleep well, as they say. This, of course, has to be interdicted at once, for obvious reasons. Opium in any shape or form should be withheld from an infantile constitution; it is more dangerous and de- structive than alcohol. If the mother concludes to nurse the infant herself, it should be placed on the breast eight or ten hours after deliv- ery, except urgent circumstances prevent it. In doing so, the nipples are at once drawn out and the act of suckling will encourage the flow of milk in the breast, thereby preventing distension, as the milk already in the breast being drawn out thus early, permits the newly secreted to take its place. Be- sides, the infant once having taken hold of the nipple while not yet made smaller by the distension of the breast, hardly ever refuses to do so afterward, although the breast may be full and tense and the nipple almost disappear. It is a very reprehensible practice in mothers, to give the breast to children on the slightest occasion ; for instance, when it awakes, or begins to cry, either from being frightened, as children often are, or from real pain. An infant quieted by the breast, will soon go to sleep, during which a congestive state of the brain is produced, sometimes to such an extent as to engender spasms. It is much better to calm down the irritability of a child by more rational means; if nothing will help, a warm bath or some of the medicines recommended in the treatment of children, will do it; Coffea, Chamomile, and Belladonna are the principal remedies for that purpose. Weaning. It is a question yet open for discussion, to determine when nursing shall cease. The opinions of medical writers are very much divided on this subject. Our own coincides with DIET DURING NURSING. 537 those who believe that it should not last longer than a year, certainly not over eighteen months. Others maintain that two and even three years is a time not too long. We hpld that nature has indicated, in the development of the child, her own wish as to the proper period of the termination of nursing. As soon as the teeth have appeared, the child is evidently ready to masticate and digest substances more solid than milk, and the eagerness with which it seeks to get hold of more solid food at that time, proves clearly that nature de- signed to terminate nursing. It is proper, however, to continue until the period of teething is fairly over, as this is a time during which the children are more or less delicate and feeble. Diet during Nursing. The diet of a mother, while nursing, should be more nour- ishing than common, although it is not necessary to be too particular in its selection. Her own wishes will generally point to the kind of food most wholesome for herself and child. As regards the latter, a little experience will soon teach the proper medium, and this must be kept. Acid food or drink, though perfectly agreeable to the mother, usually disagrees with the infant; consequently, the mother will have to abstain from it. We have mostly found it the best plan to let nursing mothers prescribe their own diet, choos- ing it according to their liking; as to quantity, we would advise them not to indulge their appetite too much at a time. To eat frequently, but little at once, should be the rule. A so-called stimulating diet is under no circumstances advisable. Either the nursing mother is well, then she has no need of stimulating food or drink; or she is sick, then she needs medical treatment, which, according to homoeo- pathic principles, is always without stimulus. We will now consider the various disorders belonging to the nursing period. 538 DISEASES OF FEMALES. Sore Mouth in Nursing Women. In some females this complaint is constitutional; it !s caused by the peculiar irritation which nursing has upon their digestive organs; if let alone, it sometimes becomes so bad as to force us to discontinue nursing, or to send the patient to mountainous places (the higher the better), where the digestive organs become stronger and more able to resist this weakening influence, occasioned by the constant loss of fluid (milk). The following remedies, however, will be used with benefit: Mercury, China, in alternation, every evening and morning a dose (four glob.), for a week. Nitric acid, every other evening a dose (four glob.), until better, or for a week; and, afterward, Kali chlor., Borax, Nux vom., Sulphur, in the same man- ner. Beside, see article on " Stomacace." Diet and Regimen. — Diet nutritious, but not flatu- lent, as frequently a diarrhea accompanies this complaint, which requires particular attention. (See foregoing article.) Exercise in the cool, fresh air (but not fatiguing exertion by walking), riding out in a carriage, etc., are beneficial, also, cold bathing, or sponging. General Complaints during Confinement. For sleeplessness: Coffea. For colic: Chamomile, Bryonia, Pulsatilla, Sepia, Vera- b um. For convulsions (spasms) : lgnatia, Hyoscyamus, Platina. For retention of urine: Hyoscyamus, Nux vomica, Bella- donna, Pulsatilla. For debility: China, Phosphoric acid, Veratrum, Calca- rea carb. For falling off of the hair: Lycopodium, Calcarea, Natrum mur., Sulphur, Apis mel. IRRITABLE UTERUS. 539 For white swelling (milk leg): Belladonna, Rhus, Lachesis, Arsenic, Sulphur. N. B. For further information and the administration of medicines in the above diseases, see their respective chapters, or consult the " Woman's Medical Guide." Irritable Uterus. Rheumatism and Neuralgia of the Womb. We have had occasion to speak of these complaints in con- nection with after-pains and other disorders of the lying-in. But they frequently appear idiopathic, without being caused by, or complicated with, any other disease. The most char- acteristic symptom of all of them is a pain, the seat and di- rection of which varies, as it now proceeds from the small of the back and the lumbar region, now starts from the front part of the pelvis and radiates in all directions. The fact of the pains being increased by motion, erect po- sition, and its abatement by a recumbent one, has given rise to an erroneous diagnosis, by mistaking this disease for falling of the womb. Yet a careful examination per vaginam will convince us that, though the uterus is found to be lower in the vagina than common, it is not prolapsed or otherwise seriously displaced; but its neck is very sensitive to the touch, somewhat shortened, because enlarged, and the mouth of the uterus more closed than in a natural state; the vagina itself feels hot and swollen. The course of this disease is more chronic than acute, and involves, more or less, all the uterine functions. It appears mostly in paroxysms, brought on by certain exciting causes, such as erect position, over-exertion, conjugal connections, powerful mental emotions, even faults in diet; sometimes the most extreme point of the spine becomes so tender as to prevent the patients from sitting any length of time. The treatment of these disorders should be conducted by a skillful physician. Before his attendance, an effort may be 540 DISEASES OF FEMALES. made to diminish the congestive tendency to the neck of the womb by giving Belladonna and Sepia, alternately, every four day's a dose isix glob.!, until better, in connection with tepid injections in the vagina, and tepid sitz-baths. During this time the patient should abstain from meat and other stimulating diet, keeping as quiet as possible. CHAPTER XVII. TREATMENT OF CHILDREN. Apparent Death of a New-born Infant. (Asphyxia.) If the new-born infant, as yet in connection with the after- birth, either from exhaustion or other causes, does not breathe, or at least very imperfectly, it requires immediate attention. Its mouth must be cleaned from the mucus within, and its limbs and the navel-string freed from all incumbrances. While one attendant procures warm water for a bath, another may improve the time by rubbing its spine, particularly that portion behind the upper part of the lungs from the neck down- ward, vigorously, and for a long time. This movement alone is, in most cases, sufficient to restore animation and compel the infant to breathe. If no sign of life appears after fifteen min- utes, put the infant, without cutting as yet the navel-string, into a warm bath, in which the rubbing on the spine and elsewhere should be continued. If this manipulation is unsuccessful, inflate the infant's lungs by breathing gently into its mouth, for which purpose it should be covered with a loose silk hand- kerchief, in order to break the force of the inflation. When the lungs are inflated, press the breast outside, to expel the air again, and thus continue to inflate the lungs and expel the air in alternation for some time. If the child looks pale in the face, give it a dose (two glob.) of Tartar emetic; if it looks bloated, almost crimson, give it Opium (two glob.) on the tongue. If no signs of life appear after that, cut the (541) 542 treatment of children. navel-string, if no pulsation is any more perceptible in it (as long as the navel-string pulsates it should never be cut), re- move the child from the bath, dry off, and wrap it well in warm flannels. After it has been allowed some rest, the efforts of re-animation should begin again in the same man- ner ; in addition to the above, slight shocks of electricity now should be applied, directing the poles on the upper part of the spine and in front on the breast-bone. Diet of a New-born Infant. After washing and dressing, the infant wants sleep, into which it falls as soon as it is warm enough. Put it in the mother's bed, near her, if possible. After having slept for six or eight hours, lay it on the breast, even if no milk were there, and feed it afterward with molasses and water (under no circumstances bread and water), or milk and water, half and half, and sweetened with loaf-sugar. It is scarcely possible to state precisely the time when and how often an infant should take the breast; we can only advise the reader to be as regular in this respect as possible. Infants can be trained into certain habits very early. If no sickness prevents, an infant should have the breast about every three hours during the daytime, while in the night it can do without the bieast for six or eight hours. This habit once formed, will preserve its health better, on the known principle that regularity in eating and drinking does the same in adults. Wash its mouth after feeding every time with cold water; it prevents the thrush. Colic. Crying of Infants. Examine well whether pins, sticking the little sufferer, are the cause. If no cause is apparent but the universal one (colic), give Chamomile and Belladonna, in alternation, every half hour or hour a dose (one glob.), on the tongue. catarrh on the chest of infants. 543 If the child bends its body double while crying, and retracts its thighs, give, Chamomile, when the face is red ; or Belladonna, when the face is pale. If the child has greenish stools at the same time, give Chamomile. If it has loose evacuations, of a sour smell, give Rheum. If these will not suffice, Ipecac, and Jalappa. All in the same manner. For great restlessness, sleeplessness, and feverish heat, with crying, give Coffea and Belladonna00 ■, in the same manner. Sometimes a tepid bath relieves the infant's sufferings, when nothing else will do it, or the application of the wet sheet, to do which, the infant is simply wrapped in a wet napkin or towel, and well covered. Elongation of the Head. This deformity of the infant's head is only temporary; wash it with Arnica tincture and water (six drops to a tea- cupful); in a few days it will disappear. Snuffles. Obstruction of the Nose. (Coryza.) Give Nux vomica, one glob., in the evening, and Sambucus the next evening, if not better; in that manner alternate, until relieved. If the nose runs water, give Chamomile; and if this does not relieve, Calcarea, every other night one or two globules; Carbo veg., when it is worse, every evening, and Dulcamara, when worse in the open air; Tartar emetic, when there is rattling of mucus in the chest, worse at night. Catarrh on the Chest of Infants. As babies have, sometimes, the snuffles from cold, so they can have from the same cause, a rattling on the chest, which means a catarrh on the lungs; this disease, though unimpor- tant in an adult, is of great importance in an infant, as a mere 544 treatment of children. catarrhal irritation at first, in an infant, soon rises to the more v dangerous state of inflammation of the lungs, if not checked in the beginning. Infants are more exposed to the changes of temperature than older persons, because they are more frequently washed and bathed ; at such times of exposure they often get cold on the lungs; they look chilled, even bluish and grayish ; the nose becomes pointed, and they breathe hurriedly; in such a case the finest bronchial tubes fill up mechanically by mucus, which the infants can not raise or expel. Treatment.—There is no time to lose in such a case; prepare at once a hot foot-bath, also heat goose-grease or sweet oil, to rub on the chest of the infant, and give internally Tartar emetic and Opium alternately, every half hour a dose (two globules). If not better in two hours give Ipecac, and Bryonia in the same manner. As soon as the rattling in the chest becomes looser and the sleep of the infant less disturbed, the medicines may be dis- continued. Swelling of the Breasts of Infants. Do not press or handle rudely these delicate swellings; as they contain nothing, the least of all milk, to be squeezed out. It is an inflammation, and must be treated like any other inflammation of glands. First, we should try to reduce the swelling; which can be accomplished, in most cases, by cover- ing it with a lint, dipped in sweet oil. If this will not succeed, wash it several times with warm brandy and water, and give the child internally, Chamomile and Belladonna, alternately, every evening and morning a dose (one glob.) If it still grows larger (I have seen them of the height of one inch and more), keep on it a bread-and-milk poultice, and after the gathering opens, treat it like any other abscess, inwardly, give Mercury and Hepar, every evening one glob., alternately. thrush, or sore mouth of infants. 545 Restlessness. Sleeplessness. If, without any apparent cause, the child can net sleep, give it Coffea and Belladonna00-, alternately, every hour one glob., which in most cases will have the desired effect. If not, however, give Chamomile, if the restlessness is attended by flatulency and griping; the child starts and is feverish, with redness of one cheek. Pulsatilla and Ipecacuanha, if it arises from overloaded stomach. Opium, if the face of the child looks red and bloated. Application of Water, see " Colic of Infants," page 542. Inflammation of the Eyes. This is a frequent complaint among infants. Do not ex- pose the eyes to a light too strong, nor to cold draughts of air. Drop a few drops of the mother's milk into the eyes several times a day. Beside, give Aconite and Belladonna, in alternation, three times a day one glob., for several days. If this course does not succeed, give Chamomile, when the eyelids are swollen and glued together in the morning with yellow matter. Mercury and Pulsatilla, in alternation, if small, yellowish ulcers are perceived on the margins of the eyelids, with dis- charge of yellowish matter. If not better, give Euphrasia and Rhus, in the same man- ner ; and, at last, Sulphur, every other evening one glob., for a week, particularly in scrofulous children. Thrush, or Sore Mouth of Infants. (Aphtha;) This disease, to which infants are most liable within the first or second month after birth, consists in the formation of whitish flake-like excresenccs on the tongue and around the gums. Before their appearance, the mouth and tongue seem to be unusually tender, as indicated by rose-colored patches 40 546 TREATMENT of children. on the surface of the tongue and around the gums, with un- usual dryness and lack of moisture in the mouth; the child at the same time showing a reluctance in nursing, with a restless, crying mood. Soon the thrush begins to make its appearance in whitish spots on the tongue and gums, which, multiplying and uniting, may cover the whole interior of the mouth, as if sprinkled thickly with flour. If the thrush has reached this height the general health of the infant begins to suffer; diarrhea, followed by feverishness, sets in with the necessary consequences of emaciation and decline. Causes.—It is generally believed that a want of cleanliness produces this disease in infants; yet such is not always the case, although it frequently may generate it, or contribute at least to its progress and fatality. We must acknowledge a constitutional taint in the system, as one of the principal causes of this disease, as we find it occurring so often in pri- vate families, where the most scrupulous care in regard to cleanliness was taken to prevent its attacks. I have observed, also, that the season has influence upon its frequency; a moist heat of the summer months predisposing to its appearance, amounting sometimes even to an epidemic. A frequent cause of this disease, is those little bags, filled with sugar and bread, which are put into the infant's mouth for sucking, to keep it from crying; they irritate the tender membrane of the mouth, which irritation degenerates into real thrush, as soon as the stomach-juice alters and deteriorates; and this, it always does, by dosing the child's stomach with sugar and bread, a combination of substances which must produce acidity. Another cause of the thrush is, the improper use of the bottle or spoon, if children are principally nursed by them. The greatest cleanliness is, in such cases, indispensable, in order to prevent thrush; the milk in the bottle must never be allowed to sour, it must always be prepared fresh for the use of the infant; the best proportions in mixing it with THRUSH, OR SORE MOUTH OF INFANTS. 547 water, is half and half; yet, sometimes I have found the clear nilk not too strong for very young infants, in cases where diluted milk seemed not to nourish them sufficiently. The cow's milk is generally not richer than the mother's, and why shall we not give it in the same degree of nourish- ing in which nature designed it originally to be given? The nature of the thrush is as yet little known; on the first sight, the mouth has the appearance of being ulcerated, which, in reality, it is not; underneath the white flake, the mucous membrane appears unaltered, except having a reddish tint. Microscopic investigations have led the physicians to believe thrush to be rather a fungoid excrescence on the mucous membrane, which, like a parasite, developing itself from internal causes, grows on that particular spot, under circumstances favorable to its development. Certain it is that the thrush never appears on the mucous membrane of the nose or windpipe, but exclusively on that of the mouth and stomach-pipe, showing thereby a specific relation to the abdominal system. Whatever its nature may be, its treatment is sufficiently known to us, and we can, in almost all cases, prevent or re- move it entirely and safely. The thrush is to a certain extent contagious, a circumstance which has been verified in numerous cases. Its contagion can be propagated by allowing other children to nurse from the same breast, or use the same bottle or spoon ; nay, the dried flakes out of the mouth of the sick infant, inhaled by healthy infants, have produced thrush. The nipples of the nurse or mother also feel the bad influence of the thrush, by becoming tender and irritated, which can increase to a great extent, and is prevented only by washing the nipples, imme- diately after nursing, with cold water. Treatment.—In the beginning, when the child appears restless and fretful, as if unwilling to nurse or to take the bottle, give Coffea and Chamomile, particularly when the mouth is dry, hot, and of uncommonly reddish hue. These 548 TREATMENT OF CHILDREN. remedies may be given in alternation every morning, noon and night, two globules at a dose, until amelioration takes place. If the real thrush, however, appears, rub the spots off immediately with a solution of borax in water or honey; after this application, cleanse the mouth well with a rag dipped in clear cold water, in order that no borax may re- main in the mouth for a longer time than is necessary to remove the thrush. Because the borax is the homoeopathic remedy for thrush, it can, therefore, create it, if used in excess. If the latter has been done, as is often the case, where nurses or mothers are inexperienced, the use of the borax has to be discontinued, and its antidotes must be ad- ministered. These are Chamomile and Coffea, which, in such cases, given as above stated, will, within a few days, remove all traces of thrush from the tongue and gums. A few doses of Kali chlor. will sometimes cure the severest sore mouth of infants. In such a case, mothers must not be too anxious to see the thrush leave the tongue and gums at once; this would be impossible, beside not desirable, as the healing of the injured surface requires time; frequent washing with cold water will accelerate this process. If constipation should accrue during the convalescence, give Opium and Nux vom., in alternate doses of three globules each, three times a day, followed by a dose of Sulphur the next evening. Heat. Red Gum. Heat Spots. This is an eruption of red pimples on the face, neck, and arms, sometimes over the whole body, caused mostly by keep- ins: the child too warm. In most cases, this eruption disappears quickly, without medicine, if the child is not kept too warm, and bathed regularly. If the child is restless, give Chamomile, Aconite, Bellad., Rhus, Arsenic, Sulphur, every evening one glob., and every day another remedy, until relieved. JAUNDICE—ERYSIPELAS. 549 Excoriations. Rawness of the Skin. Belladonna, if it occurs in very fleshy infants, and when there is fiery redness, in alternation with Rhus tox. Chamomile, if the children are very restless. Every even- ing one glob., for three or four days; then discontinue the medicine for four days. Mercury, Sulphur, Lycopodium, Carbo veg., and Silicea, in the same manner, if not better. Wash often in cold water, and dry well; after which, use externally fine wheaten starch, or a weak lotion of Arnica tincture. Jaundice. This disease sometimes occurs in children when they have taken cold or been purged too frequently with castor oil. In such cases give Chamomile and Mercury, in alternation, every evening one glob., until better, if there is diarrhea. Nux vomica. In the same manner, if the child is restless and costive. Hepar. If the above remedies do not suffice, every other evening one glob., in alternation with Chelidon. Podophyllum. If the bowels are inclined to constipation. Erysipelas. (See " Erysipelas," under " Diseases of the Skin.") This disease claims the attention of a homoeopathic physi- cian. Yet the following remedies may be given, until one can be procured: Belladonna and Aconite, alternately, every three or four hours one glob.; after the fever has subsided, Belladonna and Rhus, in the same manner. The parts affected must be kept dry by being dressed with lint. 550 TREATMENT OF CHILDREN. Erysipelas of the Knee. We would mention here another variety of erysipelas, named the circumscribed (erysipelas circumscriptum), which mostly befalls children and young people, and makes its ap- pearance on the front of the lower limb, immediately below the knee; the redness on this spot commences in small and irregularly shaped patches, which are very painful to the touch, and creating an intolerable sensation of burning; the eruption is not elevated above the skin, but its color varies from scarlet red to a deep livid or orange. At the same time the patient has high fever, coated tongue, quick pulse, great thirst, and excessive headache. This is the most dangerous variety of erysipelas, as it is so prone to sudden and fatal metastasis to brain, heart, or lungs. The slightest cold or exposure of the diseased knee- joint from under the cover of the bed, may be sufficient to make the erysipelas disappear, and, falling on the brain or heart, cause sudden death by paralysis or apoplexy. It is, therefore, of the utmost importance to keep the patient well covered, especially the lower limbs, and if the color of the erysipelas changes to a livid hue, it is absolutely necessary to cover the place with a strong mustard plaster, even if the patient should remonstrate against it on account of pain and heat; it must be done to retain the affection on the spot, and must be renewed as often as the color becomes pale, and such a metastasis is threatened. Treatment.—Aside from the external application, above cited, nothing should be applied but dry warmth externally; internally the following medicines are the most needed: Aconite, Belladonna, Hyoscyamus, Stramonium, Bryonia, Arsenic, Lachesis; if the swelling appears hard and en- larging, the formation of an abscess is to be expected, and its speedy maturation should be fostered by external ap- plication of bread and-milk, or flax-seed poultices, with a little mustard seed still sprinkled on the poultice; internally, CONVULSIONS, SPASMS, OR FITS. 551 Lachesis and Hepar should be given; diet nourishing and stimulating. Administration, Diet, and Regimen, see "Erysipelas of the Face." Convulsions, Spasms, or Fits. Convulsions, commonly called fits, are a disease more dreaded than any other by mothers and nurses, because the external appearance of the little patient in such a state is indicative of great internal suffering, and revolting to the be- holder, particularly to the feeling and sympathizing; another cause of the dread, with which a convulsion-fit is regarded, consists in its sudden and unexpected appearance, calling for its immediate and sufficient means of relief. All these con- siderations, if together, make it necessary for every physician to instruct parents and nurses especially on this subject, in order to remove fear as well as danger. If the fear is les- sened, the mind of the parent is rendered more able to collect its means to combat the attack and lessen its danger. In no disease is a calm and systematic order of medical proceeding more needed, than in a sudden fit of convulsion. We will first mention here the fact, that not all convulsions are dangerous in their character—some, it is true, are very much so, and even fatal; but in those cases they are rather the result than the cause of otherwise fatal diseases; for instance, convulsions after dropsy of the brain has set in, or those occurring after severe falls or bruises on the head; in general all convulsions, appearing after long-continued acute brain or bowel diseases. These are to be feared decidedly, and their generally fatal issue has allowed the popular mind to attach not unfrequently the same character to all convul- sions indiscriminately. This is an error, and ought to be corrected. The brain of an infant is yet very tender, and can not resist any congestion toward it with the same impunity as the brain of an adult could do. The consequence is, that a child during 552 TREATMENT OF CHILDREN. many of its early diseases becomes liable to fits or convulsions, which have their origin in a congestion of blood to the brain, from the nature of the disease present. To this class belong those from teething, anger, excessive crying, and pains, such as earache, etc. In these cases the convulsion-fit acts rather more beneficially than otherwise, as it generally terminates the height of congestion by rendering the little patient insensi- ble to former distresses, and thereby lessening the congestive tendency, the cause of the whole; a sound, refreshing sleep is generally the consequence of such a fit, as the result of the restored equilibrium between the nervous and vascular systems. How7 needless, therefore, in such cases, is an excessive fear on the side of parents and nurses. Yet we will not make it appear with this expression as if nothing must be done for the little sufferer. Our object is to calm and quiet the minds of the attendants in order to render their help more efficient. Another class of convulsions during infancy takes its origin from the nervous system alone, and acts in the same deriva- tive manner as those caused by congestion described above. We mention under this head the convulsions from worms, and excessive joy and fear; after the attack, which generally lasts not very long, the little patient recovers quickly without his life having been endangered by it in the least. It is easily inferred from this, that an injudicious and heavy medication would in such cases be more injurious than beneficial, as with the quick disappearance of the convulsion, even all of its traces have vanished, but not those of a severe medication. A third class of convulsions, which have not to be dreaded so much, comprise those appearing at the beginning of eruptive diseases, such as scarlatina, measles, small-pox, etc.; if they only disappear quickly on the appearance of the eruption, which is generally the case. It is observed, that eruptive diseases, which commenced with spasms or convulsions (to all appearance aggravated cases), progressed and ended more favorably than those beginning light, and ended in a more mild form. CONVULSIONS, SPASMS, OR FITS. 553 Jt is, however, another thing, if the spasms appear during or near the end of an eruptive disease, when they are symptoms indicating a most dangerous, and sometimes absolutely fatal state of the patient. Next in danger, are those convulsions caused by heavy falls or blows, as being generally the result of effusion of blood in the brain; these, however, not unfrequently terminate favor- ably, if the treatment for their cause is early and rightly com- menced. Another and dangerous form of convulsions, is that resulting from an overloaded stomach, or after the child has eaten heavy, indigestible substances, such as nuts, apples, green fruit of any kind, etc. These are dangerous, because their presence depends upon such a material cause as to render them obstinate, and of longer duration; yet, even in such cases, a patient and persevering treatment, without hurry and con- fusion, leads to a favorable issue. This distinction between the different forms of convulsions is of the highest importance for the practical application of medi- cines, and shall guide us mainly while giving their treatment. General Treatment.—The importance of having rem- edies which will be suitable for all kinds of convulsions is evident, and their value is materially enhanced when they can be procured instantly, or are, at least, within the reach of every one. Order immediately a warm foot or general bath, if the size of the bathing-tub will allow of the latter. While this is preparing give the patient at once Belladonna, in almost all spasms the first remedy. Give, in preference, the Belladonna00", in the following manner: put directly two glob, of it on the tongue of the child; then dissolve twelve glob. in four teaspoonfuls of water, mix well, and give every fifteen minutes a few drops on the tongue. After the bath (which may last from five to ten minutes), wrap the child, without drying off, in heated flannel, and lay it with its head higher on a pillow made of quilts, and, if possible, covered with oil-cloth. 47 554 TREATMENT of children. If only the foot-bath is applied, some mustard or asnes may be mixed with the water; this must not be done, how- ever, if the whole body of the patient shall be put into the bath. During the application of the foot-bath, cold water may be poured over the head of the patient in a small but constant stream, until the head feels quite cool. This process is repeated afterward as often as the head begins to feel warm again. If by this time the child has not yet recovered from the fit, order an injection to be made of lukewarm water; put into it a tablespoonful of sweet oil, and a little soap-suds (castile soap and water), or a teaspoonful of kitchen salt; apply as often as is necessary to produce an evacuation of the bowels; this is particularly indicated where the patient had been consti- pated, or has had no action on the bowels for ten or twelve hours previous. All other means generally applied, such as rubbing with spirits of hartshorn, alcohol, or other stimulants, are objec- tionable; the opening of the clenched hands and thumbs is of no avail, and even injurious. The best position for the patient in this disease is either to lay on a wide bed, where he can not hurt himself during the involuntary motions of the muscles, or on the lap of the nurse or mother, with the head slightly elevated on the hand, or on a straw pillow. Special Treatment.—We now come to the selection of those remedies which suit the individual case, and are admin- istered either immediately or during the time that the general treatment is proceeding, which does not interfere with their action. Convulsions from teething occur frequently, particularly in very sensitive children, and are generally not dangerous, as the irritation and fever, which increased up to the time of their appearance, leaves quickly after the convulsion has terminated. It is beneficial, however, to give Coffea and Belladonna00' in alternation, every ten minutes two globules; these are generally sufficient to allay an attack of this kind. convulsions, spasms, or fits. 555 Beside, Aconite, if the fever remains still very high, accom- panied with much restlessness, crying, and starting. Chamo- mile, if the muscles of the face and eyes twitch incessantly, the child moans, and has redness of one cheek with paleness of the other. The first symptom of the termination of any convulsion is the closing of the eyes, as a sign of returning quiet in the nervous system, and the commencement of a natural sleep, out of which the child awakens, mostly refreshed and convalescent. If this should not ensue, and instead of it a stupid, drowsy sleep, with frequent starting, sets in, the eyes only partially closed, give Bryonia and Hellebor, twelve glob, of each, dis- solved in twelve teaspoonfuls of water, alternately, every hour a teaspoonful, and treat afterward as for dropsy of the brain. (See page 559.) Convulsions from fright, require Opium, if the head seems very congested, child lies as if stunned, breathes heavily, as if snoring, with face dark, flushed, almost blue. Gelseminum, in convulsions from fright, if Opium does not relieve. Hyoscyamus, if the child foams at the mouth, cries out wildly, makes attempts at rising, the facial muscles twitch, has involuntary discharges. Stramonium, if there is much trembling of the limbs, but no loss of consciousness. Aconite and Coffea, if fright, fear, or joy, has only agitated the nervous system to such a degree as to threaten the appear- ance of spasms. If worms are the cause of the convulsions, give Cina, Hyoscyamus, Stannum, Mercury, and lgnatia; the first and last particularly, when the ascarides or pin-worms cause the nervous agitation. If convulsions appear in the beginning of eruptive diseases, rashes, scarlatina, measles, small-pox, etc., give Coffea and Aconite, to mitigate the nervous excitement, in intervals of fifteen minutes each, two globules; after that, 556 treatment of children. Bryonia and Belladonna, to prevent a return, by acting on the eruption specifically, which then soon will make its appearance. If a convulsion, however, appears during or near the end of an eruptive fever, it is a sign that the patient is in a very dangerous state—put him immediately in a warm bath, and pour, while in it, cold or ice water on his head, until con- sciousness returns. Internally, give Belladonna and Cuprum in alternation, every half-hour a dose (four globules) ; if not better in two hours, give in the same manner Stramonium and Cuprum, and lastly, Lachesis and Sulphur, in alternation as above. If an overloaded stomach is the cause of the convulsions, apply, immediately, hot water to the lower extremities, and cold water to the head; give internally as much lukewarm water as possible, to excite vomiting, and administer injections if the vomiting will not appear; beside give Veratrum if the child is pale and cold, with sweat on the forehead, no pulse ; China, if red in the face, the temporal arteries throb violently; Ipecac, if there are efforts of vomiting. Patients of this kind must be covered well after they come out of the foot-bath, in order to excite the functions of the skin, particularly if no evacuation above or below takes place. Sometimes a cold on the lungs is suddenly translated to the heads of infants, causing violent convulsions, which are more obstinate than usual. In such cases, apply the external treatment, hot water to the feet and cold water to the head, constantly, even for hours, until the spasm leaves the brain and recedes to the lungs, where it excites difficulty of breath- ing, rattling, etc. The life of the patient can be saved by persevering and attending to the applications without ceasing. Internally, give Belladonna and Cuprum; afterward, Opium and Camphor, in alternation, until the catarrhal affection of the bronchia re-appears. In one case of this kind, I once had to apply the cold water on the head for four consecutive TEETHING. 557 nours, without intermission. I ceased with it as soon as the spasms descended into the lungs. It can not be recommended too strongly, to parents and nurses, to persevere in the ap- pliance of the cold water in such cases; they must not relax their efforts until consciousness returns. Teething. (Dentition.) With seven months, the two middle teeth of the lower jaw appear; shortly after, the two corresponding ones in the upper jaw. From this time the little organism is constantly putting forth teeth, until, at the end of two or two and a half years, the first dentition, consisting of twenty teeth, is completed. The process of teething excites in the little ones a variety of diseases, which, if not well treated, too often prove fatal. The mother can do a great deal, in directing the mode of her living, in eating, drinking, and acting, so as not to make her milk another source of suffering for the sickly sufferer. (See " Hygiene.") The gums swell and are painful; yet the child wants to bite and press something hard on the teeth, to relieve the in- tolerable itching and irritation underneath the gums. Give it an ivory ring. If fever appears, with restlessness, retch- ing, etc., give Coffea and Belladonna00-, alternately, every half hour or hour, half a teaspoonful (twelve glob, having been dissolved in half a teacupful of water). Chamomile and Belladonna, if convulsive jerkings or twichings occur in the sleep. Cina, if with teething it has a dry, spasmodic cough, or signs of worms; rubbing at the nose. Aconite, if the fever is high. If a diarrhea of a yellowish color occurs, it is not objec- tionable at first; but if it becomes of a whitish, slimy color, and curdled, give Coffea, Ipecacuanha, Calcarea carb.; if of a greenish or a grass-green color, give Chamomile and Cuprum. 558 TREATMENT OF CHILDREN. If convulsions ensue, treat as stated in that article, page 551. If the teeth are tardy in breaking through, do not lance them (it can only be of use where they are much swollen and heated), but give Calcarea carb., every evening two glob., for a week; then discontinue a week, and give Sulphur, in the same manner. Give the child frequently cold water to drink. If constipation occurs during teething, give Bryonia ana Nux vom., alternately, every evening a dose (two glob.), for six days; beside, an injection of cold water every day. Constipation. It is a bad practice to give children physic, castor-oil, etc., which, although it may temporarily relieve the patients, ren- ders them afterward more constipated than ever; when an injection, which would be quite as efficient, is so easily ad- ministered. First, however, give the following medicines : Bryonia, Nux vomica, and Opium, in succession, each rem- edy for one day, and three doses (two glob.) of each in a day. If not better, give Sulphur, in the same manner. Allow as much cold water as they will take, and rub their stomachs every evening well with sweet-oil or goose-grease. If the above treatment does not produce the desired effect, give an injection of simple cold water, which, if ineffectual, may be followed by one consisting of tepid water and sweet- oil, having dissolved in it a small piece of castile-soap. Diarrhea of Infants. If it has a sour smell: Rheum. If it looks greenish, even grass-green : Chamomile, Cuprum. If with colic and a red face: Chamomile, Gelseminum If with colic and a pale face: Belladonna. If net relieved after these, give Sulphur. If the diarrhea always appears in the heat of jL_nmer ■ Ipecac, Nux vomica, Bryonia, Carbo veg. FEVERS OF INFANTS—DROPSY OF THE BRAIN. 559 If from cool weather: Dulcamara, Antimon. crud. If with great emaciation and weakness: Arsenic, Carbo vegetabilis. Administration.—After every operation, one glob, of the selected medicine. For further information, see " Diar- rhea." Fevers of Infants. Always give Aconite, two glob., first; in two or three hours, Chamomile and Coffea, in alternation, every one or two hours two glob, (or in water, as usual); and lastly, Bella- donna, in the same manner. By that time, the fever must have shown its character, or the child will be well. Diet.—Give a thirsty child as much cold water as it wants. Dropsy of the Brain. (Hydrocephalus.) Children with large heads, and of a scrofulous taint, are more subject to this disease than others, as their brains are more liable to congestions. The most trivial derangement of the bowels, sudden change in the atmosphere, teething, erup- tive and other fevers; in fact, all diseases which may befall children, can, under certain circumstances, take their final and fatal issue through the dropsy of the brain, if timely aid does not prevent such a result. Diagnosis.—Whenever a child becomes drowsy, its head hot, feet cold, with or without nausea and retching, and sleeps with eyes half open, be careful and give it immediately the following remedies: Treatment.—Bryonia and Hellebor. (of each twelve glob. in half a teacupful of water), every hour or two hours a tea- spoonful, until four teaspoonfuls of each are given, or until the child becomes more lively. If the same drowsiness re- appears, repeat the same medicine; if the third time it ap- pears, give Opium and Sulphur, in the same manner, and afterward Belladonna and Hellebor, as above. 560 treatment of children. Let us illustrate the above treatment by a case in point. A child of Mr. S., eight months old, was, in the hottest days of July, attacked with congestion of the brain, caused by teething during the most unfavorable time of the year. Within the first few days of his sickness, nothing was done by the parents to arrest the progress of the disease, but when frequent vomiting, after nursing or drinking, and a drowsy state set in, my aid was required. The head was intensely hot, eyes half open, tongue parched and dry, thirst intense, yet the least liquid swallowed would produce vomiting or gagging; continual drowsiness, extreme languor, stool watery, frequent, of a light colored appearance. I ordered immediately ice-water to be poured over the head in a small but continuous stream, until the child would arouse from its lethargy, or close the eyelids, to fall into a natural sleep. Inwardly, I gave Bryonia and Hellebor., in alterna- tion, every half hour a teaspoonful, afterward in lengthened intervals. This treatment, faithfully and to the letter carried out by the untiring parents, during twenty-four hours, pro- duced the most happy results; the little patient revived, evidently, as the congestion receded. As often as the latter would threaten to re-appear, with increased heat in the head, the water was applied again as in the first instance. Bryonia and Hellebor. was continued for three days and then omitted; a relaxation of the bowels still remaining yielded to alter- nate doses of China and Phosphoric acid. Thus had vanished one of the most dangerous and severe diseases I had ever seen, and I attribute to the combined action of the water and the medicine its happy termination, which could not have been produced by either alone, as I myself and others have frequently experienced in other sim- ilar, but fatal cases. Here, I would yet remark that, in such severe cases, the slight application of the water on the head, by means of wet rags, or even pounded ice in a bladder, is not sufficient; it ASTHMA of children. 561 requires the continually renewed fresh stream of the cold water, let it be ever so small. There is, however, another condition which may have caused this fearful congestion of the brain; when eruptions of the skin suddenly recede, or catarrhal processes on the lungs or bowels suddenly stop, the brain frequently becomes affected; in such cases I have found the persistent use of Digitalis and Mercur. sol. Hahnemann the most reliable means. The Digitalis I use in mother tincture, and the Mercur. sol. H. in the first trituration, until the hydrocephalic symptoms disappear, i. e., until the nose shows signs of moist- ure, or even begins to run light colored mucus. Diet must be light. Keep the feet warm, but the head cold, with cloths dipped in ice-water. It is evident that, in diseases of this kind, medical aid, if possible, should be obtained without delay. Asthma of Children. (Choking fits. Asthma Millari) If little children seem almost to suffocate, fall into a spasm, and have a bluish face, give Ipecac, one glob, every ten min- utes; and when it is characterized more by hard and tight distension of the stomach and around the short ribs, with shortness of breath, choking, anxiety, agitation, and tossing, cries and retraction of the thighs, give Chamomile, one glob. every twenty or thirty minutes, until better. But if an asthmatic attack occurs suddenly and violently in the sleep, with dry, dull cough (resembling croup), the face and extremities become purple, spasms in the hands and feet (Asthma Millari), give Sambucus, every five or ten minutes one glob., until better. Send, however, for a phy- sician directly. If Sambucus should not relieve within two hours, and no physician could be had, Ipecac, Pulsatilla, Arsenic, Sulphur, Cuprum, Spongia, in succession, in the same manner as Sam- bucus above. Diet of the lightest kind. No meats, but gruels. 562 TREATMENT OF CHILDREN. Remittent Fever of Infants. Diagnosis.—Languor, irritability, nausea, want of appe tite, thirst, slight heat of the skin, and restlessness at night. This is the beginning of the disease above-named. Soon, the symptoms increase; fever; constipation, or diarrhea of a mucous, fetid substance, sometimes mixed with blood; heat in the body and head; extremities cool; tongue coated, dry, and red on the margins; drowsiness, listlessness in the day, restlessness at night; hacking cough. Treatment.—Ipecac. As the first remedy, every three or four hours one glob., for one day; afterward, Bryonia and Rhus, alternately, every three hours one glob, for two days; then discontinue the medicine for one day; after which, if the patient is better, Sulphur may be given once or twice, every three hours one glob.; or, if the head suffers the most, give Belladonna, every three or four hours one glob, for one day; or Chamomile, if the fever continues, with one flushed cheek, the other is pale; irritability; the child does not know what it wants; in the same manner as Belladonna; or give Mercury. If a diarrhea with tenesmus is predominant, and the tongue coated whitish; or, Nux vomica. When constipation is present, with frequent but ineffectual desire. Lycopodium. When the tongue is dry, yet the patient is not thirsty; very petulant; does not want to see any one, or talk to any one. If head symptoms appear, see " Dropsy of the Brain." Application of Water.—If, during the fever, the skin is very hot and dry, perspiration may be^promoted by pack- ing the patient in a wet napkin or towel, well covered; in this he may remain until perspiration appears, when he is taken out and washed all over in tepid water. This process may be repeated as often as the fever returns. If, during the packing, the head becomes hot and congested, put cloths, VACCINATION. 563 dipped in cold water and well wrung out, on the head; change them frequently. Diet and Regimen.—Gruels, toasted bread, soaked in milk and water; no meat or broth; no eggs; keep them comfortably warm, always covered, particularly arms and limbs. If perspiration appears, do not check it by exposure, as it frequently breaks the disease and shortens its course. During convalescence be careful in the diet, as relapses frequently occur from errors in the diet. See what is said about it in " Typhus." Vaccination. It is in accordance with the homoeopathic principle that vaccination can save from an attack of small-pox, the latter being a similar (but not the same) disease to the former. Through vaccination the triumphs of homoeopathy have been shown to the world by innumerable blessings, in arresting such a loathsome disease as small-pox. Vaccination, if salutary and truly protective, must not be negligently applied. The virus, or matter, ought to be taken from the cow itself, or from a healthy child, whose parents are healthy too, and in whose family skin diseases or scrof- ula are not hereditary. Persons can be vaccinated at any time, from the first hour of their existence to any age after that.* The best age for vaccination is from six months to one year; the best time in the year is May or June, when the least sickness generally prevails. If a child has been vaccinated with bad matter, or scrofu lous symptoms develop themselves, give Sulphur, every even- ing one glob., for eight days. * I was obliged, once, to vaccinate a child only half an hour old, whose mother, at that time, was seriously ill with the varioloid; the vaccination took well, without rendering the child more sick than common, saving it successfully from an attack of small-pox. 564 TREATMENT OF CHILDREN. Cholera Infantum. Diagnosis.—Violent, copious vomiting, first of food, after- ward of sour liquid; diarrhea mostly at the same time; rest- lessness, child tosses from one side of the bed to the other; nausea; retching on the least movement, or after drinking water, which is soon thrown up again; head hot; extremi- ties cool; thirst great, drinks greedily; very weak; eyes sunken, and half open ; eyelids heavy; pulse feeble, or none at all. This disease occurs, usually, in the summer, after errors in diet and other weakening influences on the stomach. Treatment.—In nowise different from cholera morbus in adults. Ipecac, and Veratrum (twelve glob, dissolved in half a tea- cupful of water), give every fifteen or thirty minutes a tea- spoonful, until the severest symptoms have diminished, when the intervals ought to be lengthened. If not better after two hours, give Arsenic (prepared in the same manner), every half hour a teaspoonful until better. Rhus, in alternation with Arsenic, if the child tosses about in the bed, in the same manner. If the cholera disappears, but drowsiness ensues, child sleeps with eyes half open; head is hot; feet cold; treat as stated under " Hydrocephalus," page 559. Application of Water, see " Cholera morbus," or in case the disease should show a tendency to go to the head, causing drowsiness, apply the water as directed under " Hydrocephalus." Summer-complaint. This disease is well known in the large cities, where it creates a fearful mortality among children which are yet under allopathic treatment. Teething and the warm weather are its prominent causes; they are sufficient to produce all summer-complaint. 565 the subsequent changes, which make up the so-called summer- complaint. In general, careful attention to diet, bathing in cold or salt water, cool, refreshing air, on hills, or mountains, or in the high country, will do much to prevent or cure this disease. We would particularly request parents to notice the begin- ning symptoms of the disease in the child, and not to relax their efforts in subduing them, by the appearance of a few insignificant symptoms indicating recovery. The disease frequently changes, assuming at intervals a milder character, thus blinding the inexperienced; and this is mostly the case in that period where, after the abdominal symptoms having grown less, apparently, the disease translates itself to the head, causing, eventually, dropsy of the brain (hydroceph- alus). In following the directions which we will give below for the treatment of this disease, we would request parents to observe closely that part of it which refers to the prevention of any transfer of the disease to the head, as this process is of the highest importance, yet easily to be accomplished if once understood, and faithfully carried out. Here might be the place to give a reason for the above suggestion, which would reach and satisfy even popular understanding. It is the first and most important rule in the treatment of any disease, to direct our curative attention to that organ, which, in its vital dignity, ranks the highest, if this organ is already, or is threatened to be, affected seriously. Now, the brain is the most important organ in the whole system, and in children its structure is particularly exposed to fatal disorgan- ization ; we must, therefore, be always on guard to take care of this organ in children's diseases, and frequently prevent its being affected, by not giving the disease a chance, through tardy action, to develop itself in that place. In summer-com- plaint it is frequently the case, that we are called upon to prescribe for the head symptoms, in order to relieve the bowels. We will give below especial directions, so that no one can mis- 566 treatment of children. take the time when, or the manner how, to administer the few but sure remedies, we have to offer for the treatment of this fearful-malady. Diagnosis.—As the hot season advances, the child, even if it was healthy before, begins to droop, and becomes lan- guid ; the appetite fails gradually, and frequently gagging or sickness of the stomach will appear; finally, it begins to throw up the food ; after which, generally, the first symptoms of diarrhea manifest themselves. From this time all the above symptoms increase rapidly; the sleep begins to be dis- turbed, the strength is sensibly reduced; the decrease in flesh is already perceptible, and the little patient ceases to be able to stand alone or walk, if this had been done before. Slight fever in the evening, with restlessness during the night, now sets in, the diarrhea increases in frequency, becomes more watery, offensive, and sometimes almost colorless; during the fever, one cheek is highly colored, while the other is pale, the little hands and feet burn, and the thirst for water is craving. The appetite for solid or mucilaginous food grows less, and the child refuses every thing almost but water; it gags at the sight of food. The little sufferer now declines more rapidly; the gums begin to swell and become very tender, the mouth sore, and little blisters appear on the tongue and the roof of the mouth, resembling aphthae or thrush ; these symptoms in- dicate the commencement of dissolution ; there appear simul- taneous with them, small red stitches (petechia) on the body, limbs, and face, like flea-bites; hands and feet now are fre- quently cold, while the head is hot; the feet swell, ozdematous. At this stage the slightest provocation, such as stopping the action of the bowels by opiates, drives the disease to the head, and dropsy of the brain ensues. If that is not the case, the lungs become affected, a cough sets in, and the child sinks gradually, and dies in a decline. This is the natural course of the disease when left to itself, or when unwisely treated by harsh and undue remedies. The causes of the disease are unfortunately such that we SUMMER-COMPLAINT. 567 can not remove them entirely; they are, in most cases, teeth- ing and the hot season of the year. If these two conditions happen to occur at the same time, we have to be extremely careful. In cases where faults in diet have fostered the attack, the disease, generally, is not obstinate, and the child soon recovers ; such an attack we might designate, however, as cholera infantum, which, in our opinion, is a different dis- ease from summer-complaint, although very similar to it in ita appearance, particularly at the commencement. Cholera infantum is more sudden and acute in its nature, while summer-complaint generally appears in a chronic form. Treatment.—To avoid the disease: it is well understood that a removal into the country or to the seaboard is an effectual means for that purpose. Yet it can not be always convenient or possible; we must, therefore, know what best to do in case the enemy has to be met. A careful attention to diet and dress, and a frequent access to the open air, are the principal means to ward off the disease. The child should be kept at the breast until after the second summer; if it can not be done, the weaning ought to take place before the hot season sets in; after the weaning, the child's nour- ishment must be uniform and not the least change made, if the child thrives under it, for the sake of experiment, or be- cause the child wants it. The food may consist of milk, with arrow-root, rice, farina, sago, tapioca, etc., occasionally a little plain chicken or mutton-water, with rice well done in it; fruits, greens, and other garden vegetables, are not whole- some during this period; sweet potatoes are allowed. The dress must be cool, not oppressive; a light flannel shirt with a muslin petticoat and frock, light or no socks at all, are sufficient during the heat of the summer; during oc- • casional cool changes of the weather, to the above dress is added a light flannel petticoat. The child ought to be as much in the open air as possible, in the shade of trees or houses, particularly morning and evening, and great care has to be taken not to expose the 568 TREATMENT OF CHILDREN. child's head to the burning rays of the sun, without being well protected, or to let the infant sit or crawl in places which are wet and damp. The child ought to have a cool or tepid bath in the morning, and be washed over the entire body evenings, with tepid or lukewarm water; the water for the evening bath must not be cool. These general rules strictly observed, a child seldom will be taken with the summer-complaint. But if the first symp- toms of the disease should appear, viz: languor, gagging, even vomiting, diarrhea, and feverishness, give Tartar emetic. and Bryonia in alternation, every two hours a dose (three globules), until better. If, however, the vomiting and diar- rhea continues, the stools become lightish, mixed with white flocks and tinged with blood, give Ipecac, and Veratrum in alternation, every hour or half hour a dose (three globules), until better. Carbo vegetabilis after the Bryonia or Veratrum, if the discharges are very watery and offensive, with pain and great weakness; every evening and morning a dose (three glob.). China and Phosphoric acid, in alternation ; after every operation a dose, until the discharges become less frequent and more consistent. Veratrum is particularly indicated, when great weakness accompanies the vomiting and diarrhea; when drinking or the slightest movement causes retching; when the stools are either of a light color without pain, but with a great deal of thirst, or when they are brownish, even black, thin, and watery, with cutting pains in the abdomen. Arsenicum, for similar symptoms, and frequently in alter- nation with Veratrum, more, however, in the latter state of the disease, when the child becomes very much emaciated, extremities cold, swelling of the feet sets in, with great rest- lessness and uneasiness. Mercury, if the diarrhea borders on dysentery; severe straining during and after an evacuation, falling of the rec- tum, scanty, bloody, and greenish stools sometimes with nausea. SUMMER-COMPLAINT. 569 Sulphur frequently suits well after Mercury, particularly when the latter remedy has removed those symptoms of dys- entery, for which it was administered, and there are still re- maining frequent thin and watery, greenish or whitish and slimy evacuations. At any time during this disease, when feverish symptoms appear, as heat or unusual warmth in the head, with drowsi- ness or languor, we must at once have recourse to the treat- ment for congestions of the head, which we now will give. This is so important in the successful treatment of this disease, that we would draw the especial attention of the practitioner and parents, to the necessity of employing these remedies in the early stage of the disease, and not to wait until the head symptoms develop themselves to any great extent. As, to our knowledge, no physician heretofore has mentioned this treatment as particularly necessary for a successful issue of this disease, we felt more anxious to point it out as such, and would only add yet, to support our position, that we frequently have cured the whole disease with the application of only two sets of remedies ; first Bryonia and Helleborus in alternation, dissolved in water; every two hours a teaspoonful, until four, six, or eight are taken, then after an interval of ten or twelve hours, repeated again a few times. Secondly, if diarrhea still was left, China and Phosphoric acid, in alternation; after every operation a dose (three globules), until the discharges become more regulated. In most cases the Bryonia and Helleborus was sufficient to relieve the patient in such a degree, and change the nature of the discharge in such a manner, that no other medicine was needed. The light color of the stool would change into a yellow and brownish, with a great degree of consistency. The physiological reason of this singular phenomenon lies in the sympathetic effect of the brain on the liver; after the brain is relieved by the exhibi- tion of Bryonia and Helleborus, the normal action of the liver commences again, and not sooner. We have found this method eminently successful in Southern climates, where the 48 570 TREATMENT OF CHILDREN. constitution is naturally more delicate. The only author we know of who seems to have entertained similar views to those expressed above, namely, to pay, in the treatment of this disease, more attention to the head than is usually done, is Dr. Eberle, who recommends the application of a blister behind the ears, or to the back of the neck, stating, that he has been much more successful since the adoption of this plan, than previously. He was led to the employment of this method by the example of Dr. Parrish, who began it from observing that " infants who have the eruption behind the ears, so common during dentition, generally enjoy an exemption from those dangerous disorders incident to this critical period of life." Although we may differ from Dr. Eberle or Dr. Parrish in the reasons why such a method should be adopted, we agree with them in the fact, that highly beneficial results flow from it, and the more so, as we use for that purpose specific remedies, Bryonia and Helleborus, act- ing directly and powerfully on the engorged brain, while Dr. Eberle only proposes a revulsive agent in the shape of a blister, which never can produce such deep and lasting effects on the brain as the above named remedies. Thus Allopathy and Homoeopathy, while they agree in the observation of facts even to the nicest details, show their difference in choos- ing the proper means to arrive at their proposed ends. For the benefit of our brethern in practice, we would here remark, that in almost all children diseases, the application of Bry- onia and Helleborus is of the greatest importance, particu- larly, when there is the slightest congestion to the head ap- parent ; it answers fully to that state, in which the Allopath would apply a fly-blister, or give calomel. Convalescence.—This stage needs only regulations of diet and strict observance of hygienic rules. We frequently have allowed children to eat sweet pickled pork, well fried, or sweet potatoes, well roasted; particularly when the little patients were fond of them. Fresh air and frequent wash- ing and bathing is recommended; as, also, a playful enter- SOFTENING OF THE STOMACH—GASTRO-MALACIA. 571 tainment of the little patient, who now begins with returning health to smile again, and look around cheerful and happy. Softening of the Stomach—Gastro-malacia. A description of this most dangerous disease of infants, ia perhaps the more necessary, as it is frequently mistaken for dropsy of the brain, cholera infantum, or ailments connected with difficult teething. It consists in a partial softening of the walls of the stomach, particularly at its blind extension next to the spleen. The membranes of the stomach soften, become gelatinous, frequently transparent, and if the disease is not cured, the affected parts become perforated as if cut out by a knife. It is, indeed, gangrene of the stomach. Diagnosis.—Sudden restlessness, with hoarse, anxious cry- ing; vomiting immediately after nursing or eating; sour and putrid smell of what is vomited; swelling of the abdomen, and especially of the stomach, which feels very hot; pale, col- lapsed face, sunken eyes, cold extremities; fever toward even- ing ; the child emaciates rapidly, its features become distorted, the swelling and heat of the abdomen increases, finally stu- por and hiccough ensue. The diarrhea, heretofore present, now ceases, and the child soon dies. The disease sometimes passes rapidly through these phenomena, but generally lasts from two to five days. Treatment.—A large experience in the treatment of this disease has convinced me that Secale corn, is the specific in all its stages. Other remedies, such as Tartar emet, Bryonia, * Hellebor., Arsenic, Phosphorus, etc., may arrest its progress. But none has such a complete control over it as Secale, which in the 30th potency (ten globules dissolved in water), should be given, every two or three hours a teaspoonful. I would recommend from the beginning of the disease and during its progress, Secale, Bryonia, and Hellebor., in alter- nation, every hour a dose (four globules), until better; after which the medicines should be administered in longer inter- vals. PART SECOND. I. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. II. DOMESTIC SURGERY. III.HYGIENE AND HYDROPATHY. IV. MATERIA MEDICA. [. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOIOGY. Anatomy describes the mechanism and structure of the parts of the human system, while Physiology treats of the laws by which the organism is governed, and the various functions in man are performed. From the above it may be seen how closely these two sciences are related to each other, and that it is almost impos- sible to treat of them separately, without great disadvantage. They will appear, in this short treatise, interwoven with each other, as the necessity of a clear exposition of their details may require. The study of anatomy and physiology must be interesting to every one, who wants to know a little more of the wonder- ful creations and provisions of an allwise Providence, than an outside view of nature around him can give. But it is not alone the thirst for increased knowledge which is satisfied by studying the human system and its laws; this knowledge is often highly beneficial to our physical welfare, and is par- ticularly necessary for those who, from necessity or philan- thropy, undertake to minister to the sufferings of their fellow- beings; and to this category not merely the professional physician belongs, in whose hands life and health are trusted, but all men, if possible, should enrich their minds with the treasures of a science whose teachings lighten, to so great an extent, the burden and responsibility of the healing art; par- ticularly as no one knows whether he might not be called upon, in some emergency, to practice medicine to the extent of his knowledge. Viewed in this light, it becomes the duty of f57M 576 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. every one who prescribes at all in diseases, to make himself acquainted with the human system and the laws of health, as this knowledge only enables him to decide competently where health ceases and disease commences. For a successful and satisfactory use of the prescriptions laid down in a domestic physician, some knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the human system is indispensable, and we rec- ommend, strongly, a repeated and careful perusal of the following pages.* Structure of the Human Organism. The human body consists of fluids and solids, changing constantly from one into the other; their proportion to each other varies in different individuals and at different periods of life. In youth, the fluids are more abundant than in ad- vanced age. The liquids contain, as it were, the whole body in its elementary particles, which by organical attraction, are formed into the different solid parts of the system. These exist in different degrees of solidity, as their different uses require. The simplest form of organized animal substance is a membrane, or tissue, composed of fibers interwoven like a network; all organs are formed by tissues, which are differ- ent, and adapted to their uses. The mucous membranes line all the cavities which commu- nicate with the air, as the mouth, nostrils, intestinal canal, lungs, etc., and are covered with minute cells, which secrete a viscid fluid called mucus, to protect the inner surfaces or the cavities from the contact with the air. The serous membranes line cavities which do not commu- nicate with the air, as the skull, chest, abdomen, etc. A serous membrane is a shut sac, with one layer opposed to the * If a more extended acquaintance is desired with these necessary branches of practical medicine, it can satisfactorily be found in the work of Calvin Cutter, M. D., on anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, which we mostly followed in its admirable and popular arrangement. STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN ORGANISM. 577 wall of the cavity, and the other folded around the contents of the cavity ; which contents are outside of the sac. A serous fluid is secreted between the sides of the sacs, to keep them moist and movable. Areolar tissue, otherwise called cellular, is extensively dis- tributed throughout the system, and is useful in enveloping organs and parts of organs, especially where a considerable degree of motion is required; which motion it never impedes, being abundantly supplied with fluid. The adipose tissue forms distinct bags or cells, filled with fat, and is principally located beneath the skin, and around the heart and kidneys. The cutaneous membrane forms the outside covering of the body, called the skin, and is similar in its structure (although harder) to the mucus membrane, of which it forms the ex- ternal continuation. It secretes, constantly, a fluid called perspiration, if it appears in large quantities; it exists mostly, however, in an imperceptible vapor, which, as it were, con- stitutes the atmosphere of the body. The fibrous tissue forms a thin, dense, strong membrane, and is found where a strong protection is needed, as in the lining of the internal surface of the skull, around the bones, and at the end of the muscles; here it constitutes the so-called ligaments and tendons. The cartilaginous tissue covers the ends of the bones, where they concur in forming a joint, and is, on that account, firm, smooth, and elastic. The osseous tissue, which composes the bones, varies in dif- ferent periods of life, as regards solidity and density. The muscular tissue consists of many filaments, which, united, form fibers, each of which is inclosed in a fine layer of areolar tissue, called sarcolemma. Muscles are composed of bundles of these fibers. The nervous tissue is composed of two distinct substances, one gray and vascular, the other white and fibrous. The gray forms the external part of the brain, and the internal 49 578 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. part of the spinal cord; while the nerves are composed of the white, inclosed in a sheath called neurilemma. Elements of the Human Organism. These are: first, inorganic (chemical); or, second, organic. (elementary products of the system itself). 1. The inorganic or chemical elements. These are: a. Metallic substances, as Potash, Soda, Lime, Magnesia, Alum, Silex, Manganese, Copper, and Iron. b. Non-metallic substances, as Oxygen, Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphor, Sulphur, Prussic acid, etc. 2. The organic elements are: Albumen, Fibrin, Gelatin. Mucus, and Osmazome, etc. Anatomy of the Bones. The bones., giving strength and solidity to the system, are so united among themselves, and adapted to each other, that they admit of the most numerous and various actions. The elevations or protuberances of the bones are called processes, which generally form the points of attachment for the mus- cles and ligaments. They are composed of earthy and ani- mal matter; the former giving strength, the latter vitality. -At the earliest stage of formation, the bones are cartilaginous, soft, and tender, and become hard and ossified as soon as de- posits of phosphate and carbonate of lime commence, at certain points, called points of ossification. The periosteum or fibrous membrane investing the bones, except where they are tipped with cartilage, at certain points, gives vitality and nutrition to the bone. There are two hundred and eight bones in the human body, beside the teeth. They are divided into four parts. First. The bones of the head. Second. Of the trunk. Third. Of the upper extremities. Fourth. Of the lower extremities. ANA10MY OF THE BONES. 579 1. The bones of the head. They consist of those of the skull, ear, and face. The bones of the skull, of which there are eight, consist of two plates or tablets of bony matter, united by a porctas portion of bone; the external tablet is fibrous and tough, the internal, dense, hard, and glossy. Thus, the skull is admirably adapted to resist the penetration of sharp instru- ments, or diminish any vibration occasioned by falls and blows. The skull is convex externally, and at the base much thicker than at the top or sides; its bones are, as it were, sewed together, united by sutures, whose rugged edges inter- lock with each' other, producing a union, called by carpenters dovetailing. In early infancy the bones are not united, leaving inter- stices of considerable extent, which fill up slowly with bony matter; thus allowing, in the early time of infancy, sufficient room for the expansion of the brain, which, in this time of life, is particularly liable to destructive congestions. No part of the human structure contributes more to the difference existing among the races of mankind than does the skull; in this too are found those eminences and depressions which indicate to the phrenologist the development of the brain. In each ear are four very small bones, which aid in hearing. In the face we count fourteen bones, some of them serving for the attachment of powerful muscles for masticating food, others to retain in place the soft parts of the face. The face forms the most interesting part of the human system, with its rays of intelligence and joy, or its clouds of distress or sorrow; and thus with its wonderful play of passional ex- pression is made the dial-plate of the inner man. 2. The trunk has fifty-four bones: viz., twenty-four ribs, twenty-four bones in the spinal column (back-bone), four in the pelvis (forming the hips), the breast-bone (sternum), and the bone at the base of the tongue (os hyoides). They are 580 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. so arranged as to form, with the soft parts attached to them, two cavities called the thorax (chest) and abdomen. The thorax is formed by the breast-bone in front, the ribs at the sides, and the twelve dorsal bones of the spinal column in the back; this cavity contains the lungs, heart, and large blood-vessels; its natural form is a cone, with its point above, yet fashion often inverts this order boldly, but never with- out paying the due penalty in diminution of life and hap- piness. The breast-bone (sternum) consists of eight pieces, in a child, which, after uniting, form but three parts in adults; the lower part of the sternum reaching over into the pit of the stomach, remains cartilaginous and flexible until old age, when it is often converted into bone. The ribs are connected with the spinal column, and increase .u length as far as the seventh, where they become shorter. The seven upper ribs are fastened to the sternum by cartil- ages, to facilitate their motions in breathing; they are called the true ribs. The next three are united to each other by cartilages, not touching the sternum—therefore called false ribs; while the latter two, or lowest ribs, are not connected either with the sternum or the other ribs, therefore, called floating ribs. The spinal column contains twenty-four pieces of bone, called vertebra;. Each of the vertebrae has seven projections, called processes, four of which, called articulating processes, join similar ones of the adjacent vertebrae to form the col- umn; two of the remaining processes are called transverse, and the other the spinous process; these processes receive the muscles of the back and neck, ,to allow a firm and elastic motion to the spinal column in all directions. A canal or tube runs through all the vertebrae in one con- . tinuous descent from the round aperture in the skull, to con- tain the spinal cord (medulla spinalis), the immediate contin- uation of the brain. ANATOMY OF THE BONES. 581 Between the vertebra? is a cartilaginous and highly elastic substance, which facilitates the movements of the spine, and diminishes any shock in walking, running, or leaping, which Mould otherwise hurt the spine or brain. The pelvis, or the bones forming the hip, consists of four parts, two of which are called innominata, or nameless bones; these, in particular, form the hip, having externally, at each side, a deep socket like a cup, for the reception of the round .cad of the thigh bone; internally these bones, in conjunc- tion with the sacrum, form a cavity, which contains those organs called pelvic, as the bladder, rectum, sexual organs, etc. The sacrum belongs to the pelvis, forming its posterior part ; it is placed between the hip-bones, to which it is bound by ligaments ; it is, in reality, the continuation of the vertebra, and forms part of the spinal column, which is ter- minated, finally, by a small appendix called coccyx, in youth consisting of four pieces, uniting, however, in more advanced age, into one bone, which, in females, is more movable than in males, for a wise purpose. Fig. 1. Fig. 1. Representing the bones of the trunk. 1, Clavicula, or collar-bone; 2, sternum, or breast-bone; 3, last true, or seventh rib; 4, last false, or twelfth rib; 5, spinal column; 6, the innominata (name- less bones); 7, the sacrum; 8, socket for the head of the thigh-bone. 3. The bones of the upper and lower limbs are enlarged at each extremity, where tendons, muscles, and ligaments are attached. The bones of the extremities are mostly in the form of cylindrical and hol- low shafts. The upper extremities contain sixty-four bones, as the 582 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. shoulder blade (scapula), collar-bone (clavicula), upper arm- bone (humerus), two bones of the fore-arm (ulna and radius), the wrist (carpus), the 'metacarpus (palm of the hand, and the fingers and thumb (phalanges). The collar-bone (clavicula, see fig. 1, No. 1), is attached at one end to the breast-bone, at the other to the shoulder- bone: it is shaped like the italic /, and its use is to prevent the arms from sliding toward the breast; a fracture " this bone requires a more complicated bandage to keep t.je bro- ken parts together, than any other within the range of sur- gery. The shoulder-blade (scapula) lies on the upper and back part of the chest, forming the shoulder, where the upper arm bone inserts itself in a shallow (glenoid) cavity, sur- rounded by a strong ligament (capsular) ; the shoulder-blade itself is a thin, flat, and triangular bone, covering the back, and remains in its position, or moves in different directions, by numerous muscles which adhere to its projections. The upper arm (humerus) forms a connection, at the elbow, with the ulna of the fore-arm, and at the shoulder, its round head is applied to the glenoid cavity of the scapula, in which it is firmly confined by the capsular ligament, thus forming the most movable joint in the whole system. The lower, or fore-arm, is composed of two bones, called ulna and radius: the former articulates with the humerus at the elbow, forming a perfect hinge-joint; this bone is located on the inner side of the fore-arm, while the latter, the radius, lies on the outside of the fore-arm (on the side where the thumb is placed), and articulates with the bones of the wrist, forming the wrist-joint; the ulna and radius, at their ex- tremities, articulate with each other, so that the hand can rotate, permitting its complicated and varied movements. Tl e wrist (carpus) consists of eight bones, ranged in two rows, and firmly bound together, thus allowing only a small amount of movement. The palm of the hand (metacarpus) contains five bones, ANATOMY OF THE BONES. 583 four of which are joined with the first range of finger-bones, and the other with the first bone of the thumb. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Fig. 4. Fig. 2. 1, The shaft of the humerus. 2, The large, rpund head that is placed in the glenoid cavity. 3, The articulating surface upon which the ulna moves. Fig. 3. 1, The body of the ulna. 2, The shaft of the radius. 3, The upper articulation of the radius and ulna. 4, Articulating cavity, in which the lower extremity of the humerus is placed. 5, Upper extrem- ity of the ulna, called the olecranon process, which forms the point of the elbow. 6, Surface of the radius and the ulna, where they articulate with the bones of the wrist Fig. 4. s, The scaphoid bone, l, The semilunar bone, c, The cunei- form bone. P, The pisiform bone. These four form the first row of carpal bones. T, T, The trapezium and trapezoid bones. M, The oa mognum. u, The unciform bone. These four form the second row of carpal bones. Fig. 4. 11, The metacarpal bones of the head. 2, 2, First range of finger bones. 3, 3, Second range of finger-bones. 4, 4, Third range of finger-bones. 5, 6, Bones of the thumb. 584 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. The fingers have three ranges of bones (phalanges), while the thumb has but two. N. B. The mechanism of the hand, with its wonderful adaptation to all the various purposes of life, is one of the many facts which indicate man's superiority over the rest of the animal creation, and must excite in us the deepest interest and astonishment at the Divine wisdom and power. The lower extremities comprise sixty bones, analogous in construction and form to the upper extremities; the thigh- bone (femur); the cap of the knee (patella); the shin-bone (tibia); the small bone of the leg on the outside of the tibia (fibula); the instep (tarsus); the middle of the foot (meta- tarsus) ; and the toes (phalanges). The thigh-bone is the longest and strongest bone in the system, supporting the weight of the whole body. Its upper part, a large round head, fills a corresponding cavity in the pelvis, and forms the so-called hip-joint, thus admirably fitted, in its mechanism, for its various offices requiring strength and motion. The cap of the knee (patella) is a small bone in front of the knee, connected with the thigh-bone by a strong ligament; it acts like a pulley, in the extension of the limb. The shin-bone (tibia) is the largest bone of the lower part of the leg, of a triangular shape, and considerably enlarged at each extremity. The small-bone of the leg (fibula) is of a similar shape with the former, but smaller, and bound firmly to it at each extremity. It lies on the outside of the leg. The instep (tarsus) is formed of seven irregularly-shaped bones, so firmly bound together by ligaments as to allow of but little movement. The palm of the foot (metatarsus) consists of five bones, corresponding to the five toes, with which they articulate on the front extremity, while on the hinder one, they articulate with one range of the bones of the instep. By this arrangement, an arch is formed, convex above and concave below, which gives elasticity to the step, preventing ANATOMY OF THE BONES. 585 the jarring of the whole frame by any weight thrown upon the feet, in their various uses. The toes are composed of fourteen bones (phalanges) ; each of the small toes has three, while the great toe has but two ranges of bones. Fig. 5. Fig. 6. Fig. 7. Fig. 5. 1, The shaft of the femur (thigh-bone). 2, A projection called the trochanter minor, to which are attached some strong muscles. 3 The head of the femur. 4, The trochanter major, to which the large muscles of the hip are attached. 5, The external projection of the femur, called the external condyle. 6, The internal projection, called the internal condyle. 7, The surface of the lower extremity of the femur, that articu- lates with the tibia, and upon which the patella slides. Fig. 6. 1, The tibia. 5, The fibula. 8, The space between the two, filled with the inter-osseous ligament. 6, The junction of the tibia and fibula at their upper extremity. 2, The external malleolar process, called the ex- ternal ankle. 3, The internal malleolar process, called the internal ankle, 4, The surface of the lower extremity of the tibia, that unites Avith one of 586 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. the tarsal bones to form the ankle-joint. 7, The upper extremity of the tibia, upon which the lower extremity of the femur rests. Fig. 7. A representation of the upper surface of the bones of the foot. 1, The surface of the astragalus, where it unites with the tibia. 2, The body of the astragalus. 3, The os calcis (heel-bone). 4 The scaphoid bone. 5, 6, 7, The cuneiform bones. 8, The cuboid. 9, 9, 9, The meta- tarsal bones. 10, The first bone of the great toe. 11, The second bone. 12, 13, 14, Three ranges of bones forming the small toes. The joints, which have such important functions to per- form, are composed of the extremities of two or more bones, lined and surrounded with cartilages, synovial membranes, and ligaments. The cartilage (gristle) is a smooth, solid, elastic substance, of a pearly whiteness. It appears as a thin layer, on the articular surfaces of the bones—thicker in the center upon convex surfaces, while the opposite arrangement exists upon concave surfaces. The synovial membrane forms in a thin layer over the carti- lages a closed sack, in the interior of which a constant secre- tion of a viscous fluid takes place, to facilitate the movements of the joints. The ligaments consist of numerous straight fibers, arranged into short bands of various breadths, or so interwoven as to form a broad layer, which surrounds the joint, forming a capsular ligament. They are white, glistening, and not elastic, and found mostly exterior to the synovial membrane. Physiology of the Bones. The bones, by their solidity and form, retain every part of the system in its proper shape. They not only afford points of attachment for the muscles and ligaments, to hold the body together and bring it into motion, but they protect, in strong, bony cavities, all the important organs from external injuries, such as the brain, the eyes, etc. The bones grow and decay, like any other tissue, by new particles being deposited from out the blood, and old, useless matter removed, by the constant action of the absorbing ves- PHYSIOLOGY OF THE BONES. 587 sels. This has been tested thoroughly. Some of the inferior animals were fed with food containing madder. After a few clays, several of these animals were killed, and their bones exhibited an unusual reddish appearance. The rest of the animals were for a few weeks fed on ordinary food, without containing madder, and when killed their bones had the natural color again. The extremities of the bones are the best suited to form joints; for which purpose their texture is more porous, con- sequently more elastic, and the external surface of the parts immediately joining each other in a joint is covered with a cushion of cartilage, to diminish jarring or grinding. The contemplation of each minute particle, its use and application in the system, its appropriate location, etc., the thousand wonderful machines which can be observed, acting usefully and quietly in our systems, reveal more and more the wisdom and omnipotence of the great Architect. Wonder and adora- tion fill the heart of the beholder of such creations as the human body, in its detail and in its whole, as a complete and noble machine, to run the errands of the holier part of man, the soul. The bones serve, in the animal frame, as a proper basis; the ligaments hold the bones in their proper places firmly, as if clasped by steel, yet with room to move. They surround the joints like a hood, or extend from one bone to the other, in the form of side layers. By these ligaments, the lower jaw is bound to the temporal bones, and the head to the neck. They extend the whole length of the spinal column, in strong bands, on the outer surface, as well as within the spinal canal, and from one spinous process to another. The joints are different as regards movement and com- plexity of structure. Some permit motion in all directions, as the shoulder; some in two directions, as the elbow, allow- ing flexion and extension ; other, in three and more directions; others again, have no movement at all, as the bones of the 6kull, in adults. 588 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. The Muscles. A muscle consists of bundles of fibers of different size, each one inclosed in an areolar membraneous sheath. Every bundle is composed of small fibers, and each fiber of numerous fila- ments, each of which is inclosed in a delicate sheath. At the end of the muscle, the fibrous substance ceases, and the tendon (cord) commences, by which the muscle is attached to the bone. The union is so firm, that the bone will sooner break than permit the tendon to separate from its attachment. The form of the muscles varies very much, according to their uses. It is either longitudinal, having a tendon at each extremity, or it diverges in the form of a fan, called a radiate muscle. Others are penniform, converging, like the plumes of a pen, to one side of a tendon; or bi-penniform, where they thus converge on both sides of a tendon. The color of a muscle is red; each fiber is supplied with arteries, veins, lymphatics, and nerves, both of sensation and motion. Where a great many muscles congregate around an organ, they are inclosed in a fascia, a fibrous membrane, which assists the muscles in their action by keeping up a tonic pressure on their surface. Beside, it protects the parts underneath ; as, for instance, in the palms of the hands or feet. The separate muscles are also inclosed in fasciae, and arranged in layers, as their use requires it. The interstices between the different muscles are filled with fat, which gives to the body roundness and beauty. We may arrange the muscles into four parts; those, 1. Of the head and neck. 2. Of the trunk. 3. Of the upper extremities. 4. Of the lower extremities. As it is impossible to give an interesting detail of the muscles of the body, their insertions and names, without THE MUSCLES. 589 illustrating them by plates, we content ourselves with the following general remarks. There are more than five hundred muscles in the human body, forming around the skeleton two layers, a superficial and deep-seated one. Some muscles are voluntary, under the control of the will, such as those on the fingers, limbs, etc.; i;thers are involuntary, as the heart. On the back, the mus- cles are arranged in six layers, one above the other, for the complicated movements which the back, neck, the upper extremities, and the abdomen require. The diaphragm is a muscle which needs particular expla- nation. It is located between the chest and abdomen, separating them completely; being penetrated only by the pipe leading to the stomach, and by the great blood-vessels, leading from and to the heart. It may be compared to an inverted basin, its bottom being turned upward into the chest, its edges corresponding to the outline of the edges of the lower ribs and breast-bone. Thus, the cavity of the abdomen is enlarged at the expense of that of the chest. Respiration, however, changes the natural position of the diaphragm con- stantly, facilitating this process by its own action. During inhalation, the diaphragm descends into the abdomen, enlarg- ing the chest; during exhalation, the reverse takes place; thus a constant and healthy action is given to both the respiratory and digestive organs. In this place we should mention the great benefit which results from inhaling deep, to the full extent of the lungs, which is greatly facilitated by exercising the abdominal muscles, causing them to swell out when inhaling, and drawing them back when in the act of exhaling. A little exercise in this way, will soon show the good results in the case, and full extent to which the lungs can be filled. The action of the muscles, in performing their various functions, can be explained only by the supposition of an inherent contractility, as a peculiar characteristic of the muscular fiber, which can shorten its substance, when a ,590 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. sufficient stimulus acts on it. This stimulus is the nervous fluid, directed to the muscles by the will, if voluntary actions shall be performed, or, independently of the will, when the involuntary actions are wanted, such as the beating of the heart, etc. The nature of this nervous influence may be analogous to a galvanic electrical current; as these agents, when acting on the muscles, produce similar effects. The rapidity with which the muscles move, is truly aston- ishing, as any one can observe, in rapid speaking, or playing upon instruments. It is not alone the size of the muscle which determines its strength; but, also, the size of the nerves which lead to it, and the size and activity of the brain, which must supply the nervous fluid necessary as a stimulus to action. Yet a great deal depends on training and exercise, as these enlarge both the muscle and nerve. The blacksmith, wielding the hammer daily and forcibly, will have a stronger arm than the student, who merely exercises his muscles with a pen. From this, it is evident that the muscles ought to be educated or trained for the vigorous and healthful perform- ance of their duty. Strict and systematic rules are given for this purpose, in an art called the gymnastic, which, to under- stand and practice diligently, we recommend strongly. It is indispensable for the young, and not without advantage for the middle-aged, to spend part of a day in systematic, health- ful exercise of their muscles. The benefits are too great and palpable to bring them forward here, singly. Washing in cold water, also, invigorates the muscles. The Teeth. The teeth differ from other bones in composition, nutri- tion, and growth; while bones, when fractured, generally unite, the teeth never do, when broken. They are divided into two parts, crown and root; the former, protruding from the jawbone, is covered by the highly polished enamel; the root is placed in the sockets of the jaw, consisting of bony matter, through which several small vessels and nerves pass, THE TEETH. 591 giving nutrition and vitality. The teeth, when beginning to grow, are formed within dental capsules, inclosed within the substance of the bone, appearing as a fleshy bud or granule, from the surface of which exudes the ivory on the bony part of the tooth. In growing, it rises in the socket, which is formed simultaneously around it, passing, finally, through the fleshy part of the gum. Fig. 8. Fig. 8. The permanent teeth of the upper and lower jaw. a, b, The incisors, c, The cuspids, d, e, The bi-cuspids. /, g, The molars (double teeth.) h, The wisdom teeth. The first teeth, called milk-teeth, are twenty in number; they are temporary, and disappear from the seventh year upward ; the last, or wisdom-teeth, do not appear until a person is twenty years of age. The four front teeth are called incisors; the next one on each side of the eye-tooth (cuspid); the next two are bi-cuspids (small grinders); and the next two are grinders (molars) ; and the last one is called the wisdom-tooth. The incisors, cuspids, and bi-cuspids have each but one root. The molars of the upper jaw have three roots, while those of the lower jaw have but two. 592 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. Alimentary Organs. These comprise the mouth and teeth, salivary glands, pha- rynx, oesophagus (stomach-pipe), stomach, intestines, lacteals (milk, or chyle vessels), thoracic duct, liver, and pancreas. The mouth contains the instruments of mastication and the organs of taste. The preparation of food for digestion com- mences already in the mouth, where it is masticated and mixed with saliva from the salivary glands, of which there are six, three on each side of the jaw. Their names and positions are: The parotid gland lies in front of the external ear, and behind the angle of the jaw; its duct opens into the mouth, opposite the second molar tooth of the upper jaw; this gland is swollen and inflamed when children have the mumps. The submaxillary gland lies within the lower jaw, anterior to its angle. Its duct opens into the mouth by the side of the string or bridle of the tongue (frsenum linguae), on each side of which lies The sublingual gland, of an elongated and flattened form, beneath the tongue; it empties its saliva through seven or eight small ducts, into the mouth, by the side of the string of the tongue; a disease called the " frog " consists in the swelling of this gland. The pharynx or throat is the continuation of the mouth, and forms that cavity immediately below the palate where four passages unite, two coming from the nose and mouth, the other two going to the stomach and lungs. The stomach-pipe (oesophagus) is a large membranous tube, descending behind the wind-pipe, the heart and lungs, through the diaphragm into the stomach; it has two membranes, an internal, or mucous, and an external, or muscular coat; the latter consists of two sets of fibers, one circular, the other longitudinal. The stomach lies on the left side of the abdomen, imme- diately below the diaphragm, where the stomach-pipe enters ALIMENTARY ORGANS. 593 its upper part at an opening called the cardia; from this point it enlarges into a sack, which lies with its larger end on the left side, while its smaller end contracts gradually toward the pit of the stomach, where it empties into the in- testines; this opening in the stomach is called the pylorus. The stomach has, beside the mucous and muscular coats, an outer or serous coat, which is very tough and strong, of a smooth and highly polished appearance, and confines the stomach in its proper location. The stomach has a great number of glands, to secrete the gastric juice. The intestines, or alimentary canal, are divided into two parts, the small and large. The former, commencing at the stomach, measures about twenty-five feet, while the large intestine, ending at the rectum, is about five feet in length. The lattei is divided into three parts, the coscum (the begin- ning of the large intestine), which lies near the right upper hip-bone; the colon, which, from this point on the right side, ascends to the region below the liver, then transversely crosses the upper part of the abdomen, from below the liver, to the lower part of the stomach on the left side, where it bends again, descending to the left hip-bone, and entering the cavity of the pelvi>, being called here the rectum. The small intestine, commencing at the stomach and end- ing at the ccecum, is also divided into three parts; the duo- denum, called so from being generally twelve fingers long, commences at the stomach, ascends obliquely to the under surface of the liver, then descends perpendicularly (where it receives the ducts from the liver and pancreas), and passes transversely across the lower portion of the spinal column bvhind the colon, terminating in the jejunum, its continuation; and this, in its turn, is continued by the ileum, which empties itself into the cozcum at the right hip, after the small intes- tines have made numerous windings. While the stomach and intestines receive the food for digestion, and assimilate it, various other secretions from the liver, pancreas, etc., enter the alimentary canal to foster this process, and still 50 594 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. other vessels are ready to absorb the assimilated juice and carry it into the circulation of the blood. Of the latter are the lacteals or minute vessels, which commence on the mucous membrane of th.p small intestines; from these they pass between the membranes of the mesentery to small glands, out of a collection of which larger vessels run to another range of glands, and so on, through several ranges of these gland- ular bodies, until they all empty themselves into one large duct, called the left thoracic duct, which ascends from the abdomen upward, lying in front of the spinal column, and passes through the diaphragm to the lower part of the neck ; here it makes a sudden turn downward and forward, empty- ing itself into a large vein, which passes into the heart; its diameter is equal to a goose-quill. The liver is a gland, which lies under the short-ribs of the right side, below the diaphragm, and is composed of several lobes; its upper surface is convex, its lower concave; it is the largest organ in the system, weighing about four pounds; its use is to secrete the bile, a fluid so necessary for chylifica- tion. The gall-bladder, containing the surplus of bile not immediately necessary for the system, being, as it were, a reservoir, lies on the under surface of the liver, and empties into the gall duct, which carries the bilious fluid to its desti- nation in the duodenum. The pancreas is a long, flattened gland, similar to the sali- vary glands on the neck; it is about six inches long, weighs three or four ounces, and lies transversely across the pos- terior wall of the abdomen, behind the stomach ; its product, a saliva or pancreatic juice (necessary for digestion) is carried by a duct into the intestines in the duodenum, just where the gall duct opens into the intestines. The spleen (milt), of an oblong, flattened form, lies in the left side, below and touching the diaphragm, stomach, and pancreas. It is a reservoir capable of containing a great quantity of blood, ready for the purpose of the liver to se- crete the bile. The blood, in passing through the spleen, ALIMENTARY ORGANS. 595 loses a portion of its red globules, and thus becomes less stimulating. The omentum (caul) descending in four layers of serous mem- brane from the stomach and transverse colon, contains fatty matter, deposited around the vessels, which ramify through its structure. Its functions are: to protect the intestines from cold, and to fa- cilitate their move- ments. Fig. 9. An ideal view of the organs of digestion. 1, The upper jaw ; 2, the low- er jaw ; 3, the tongue; 4, the roof of the mouth; 5, the oesophagus; 6, the trachea; 7, the parotid gland; 8, the sublingual gland; 9, the stomach; 10, the liver; 11, the gall- cyst; 12. the duct that conveys the bile to the duodenum; 13, 13, 14, the pancreas; A, A, the duodenum; C, the junc- tion of the small intestine witli the colon; D, the ap- pendix vermiformis; E, the ccecum ; F, the ascend- ing colon; G, the trans- verse colon; H, the de- scending colon ; I, the sig- moid flexure of the colon; J, the rectum. Fig. 9. 596 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. The whole digestive apparatus is supplied with arteries, veins, lymphatics, and nerves; the latter chiefly from the ganglionic system. (See this.) One of the most wonderful processes in the animal economy is that of the assimilation of food. During its mastication (chewing) a considerable quantity of saliva (spittle) is mixed with it, the object of which is, to soften and moisten the food, preparing it for easy deglutition. When it reaches the stomach, it is subjected to the powerful action of the so-called stomach-juice (gastric juice), which is secreted by the glands, immediately located in the substance of the stomach. Beside, it is constantly in motion by the action of the muscles of the stomach, which brings the food into contact with the mucous membrane, and thus it becomes completely saturated with gastric juice, and at length dis- solved into a pulpy, homogeneous mass of a creamy consist- ence, called chyme, which passes, as fast as it is made, through the pylorus into the duodenum. In the duodenum, the bile and pancreatic fluid mix with the chyme, which, by their action, is separated into a creamy fluid (chyle) which is nutritious, and a reddish sediment, which is excrementitious; at this point, the formation of the fecal matter commences. From the above it is seen that the bile has no agency in the change through which the food passes in the stomach. The common belief, that bile is in the stomach, is erroneous. If bile is ejected in vomiting, it merely shows that not only the action of the stomach is inverted, but also that of the duodenum. Emetics will, generally, bring bile from the most healthy stomach, by inverting the action of the stomach and duodenum; the expression being bilious, having a bilious attack, etc., is generally wrong, the bile having nothing to do with these disorders, for which a better expression would be: the stomach is out of order; if persons, generally, would know this fact, a great deal of wrong and disastrous treat- ment would be avoided, as they wrould not force the stomach to eject bile continually, where there is none located. THE URINARY SYSTEM. 597 The Urinary System. This system, whose duty it is to secrete and carry out of (he body the urine, is composed of the kidneys, the ureters, and the bladder, with the urethra attached to it. The kidneys, between four and five inches long, and two and a naif broad, lie in the lumbar region, behind the perito- neum, on each side of the vertebrae. The texture is dense and fragile, presenting, in its interior, two structures, an external (cortical), and an internal (medullary) substance. The former contains the blood-vessels, which carry the blood from which the urine shall be separated ; the latter consists of tubes, which conduct the urine away from the secreting vessels. It is then received in the pelvis of the kidney, from which it runs into the ureter, the excretory duct of the kidney, a membranous tube of the size of a goose-quill, about eighteen inches in length ; this runs down along the posterior wall of the abdomen, behind the peritoneum, and crossed by the spermatic vessels, to the bladder in front, in which it empties from behind and on the side. The bladder is of an oblong, ovoid shape, situated behind the os pubis and in front of the rectum. It is the reservoir for the urine, which is carried there by the two ureters from the kidneys. It is retained in its position by eleven liga- ments, supporting it on all sides. The bladder is composed of three coats, an external, or serous, a muscular, and a mucous, or internal coat. The urethra is the membranous canal issuing from the neck of the bladder. It is curved in its course, composed of two layers, a mucous and an elastic fibrous coat. Through it passes the urine out of the body. The Respiratory and Circulatory Organs. These organs are closely connected with each other. All the blood must pass through the lungs, to receive there new life and energy, by being exposed to the oxygen of the air. 598 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. For this and other reasons, we will treat of these organs, here in connection. After the nutrient portion of the food (the chyle—see page 596) is discharged by the thoracic duct into the left subcla- vian vein, at the lower part of the neck, it is carried to the right cavity of the heart, where it mixes with a large quantity of venous blood. This mixture of fluid, as such, would not be suitable to restore the lost powers of the body, unless subjected to a process, by which the chyle is converted into blood, and the venous blood freed of its carbonic acid and water. The respiratory organs consist of the windpipe (trachea), the bronchia (continuations of the trachea), and the air-cells (the extreme points of the bronchia). The lungs are com- posed of innumerable ramifications of the bronchial tubes, ending in air-cells, lymphatic vessels, and the pulmonary arteries and veins ; their connections by cellular tissue, forms the parenchyma of the lungs, or its substance. The lungs are divided into two large parts, the left and right, each one of which is inclosed in a layer of the serous sac, called the pleura. Between the right and left lung, more to the left side, lies the heart, separated from either by a serous mem- brane. The trachea proceeds from the larynx, descending to the pit of the neck, where it divides into two parts, assuming the name of Bronchia, which descend in numerous ramifications into the lungs, and form altogether a surface of twenty thousand square inches, or about thirty times the surface of the human body. The air-cells are small bronchial tubes, and form the ends of these ramifications, retaining the air, when once inflated, except pressed out by force. The treachea, bronchia, and air-cells are lined with the mucous membrane, and supplied with arteries, veins, and nerves. RESPIRATORY AND CIRCULATORY ORGANS. 599 Fig. 10. Fig. 10. A representation of the larynx, trachea, bronchia, and air- cells. 1, 1, 1, An outline of the right lung. 2, 2, 2, An outline of the left lung. 3, The larynx. 4, The trachea. 5, The right bronchial tube. 6, The left bronchial tube. 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8, The subdivisions of the right and left bronchial tubes. 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, Air-cells. The object of respiration is to free the system of carbon and hydrogen, which accumulate in the body, and would make an end to its existence if not removed. For its re- moval, an all-wise Providence has used the inhaling of air, which contains oxygen in sufficient quantity to form a com- bination with the carbon and hydrogen, which then is ex- haled, in the form of carbonic acid and water. In this pro- cess another wonderful provision was contained, which gives life and motion to the whole system. It is the generation of heat. The blood, in passing through the lungs, receives cxygen from the atmosphere. The oxygen thus obtained is 60t of nose. 696 MATERIA MEDICA. Abdomen. Pains in the umbilical region; hemorrhage from the bowels—bleeding piles; dysentery, with profuse hemorrhage. Urinary Organs. Hematuria, with scanty, high-colored urine; stranguria. Extremities. Varicose veins on lower limbs; sprains and feelings of dislocations on upper and lower limbs; externally and internally to be used. 25. Helleborus. Dropsical affections, especially some kinds of anasarca, and chiefly those which proceed from the repercussion of erup- tions, such as measles; scald-head, with obstruction of the glands of the neck; acute hydrocephalus. General Symptoms.—Convulsions. Sleep. Sleepiness, with eyes half open and pupils turned upward. Moral Symptoms. Dullness of the internal senses. Head. Stupefying pain and sensation of a bruise in the head; painful heaviness of the head; disposition to bury the head in the pillow when sleeping. Faeces. Watery and frequent evacuations. Chest Difficult respiration, as if from hydrothorax; con- striction of the chest. 26. Hepar Sulphuris. Evil consequences of the abuse of mercury; scrofulous affections, icterus; scald-head; eruptions and tetters on the face; scrofulous catarrhal ophthalmia; ulcers on the cornea. General Symptoms.—Pains, as if from excoriation or a bruise on different parts when touched; swelling, inflamma- tion, and ulceration of the glands; aggravation of the pains at night. Skin. Eruption of pimples and tubercles, painful when touched; unhealthy skin, every injury tends to ulceration; suppurations. HEPAR sulphuris. 697 Sleep. Jerking at night, as if from want of air. Fever. Dry heat at night; great disposition to perspire in the day-time. Head. Pain in the head, as if a nail were driven into it; pain, as if from ulceration in the head, directly above the eyes; tuberosities on the head, with pain, as if from excori- ation when touched. Eyes. Stinging in the eyes ; inflammation of the eyes and eyelids, with pain as from a bruise and excoriation when touched; specks and ulcers on the cornea; spasmodic clos- ing of the eyelids. Ears. Heat, redness, and itching in the ears; scabs behind and on the ears. Nose. Pain, as from a bruise and excoriation in the nose when touched. Face. Face burning and of a deep red; erysipelatous in- flammation and swelling of the face; pains in the bones of the face when touched. Teeth. Toothache, with jerking and drawing pains, aggra- vated by closing the teeth, by eating, and in a hot room; swelling and inflammation of the gums, which are painful to the touch. Mouth. Salivation ; sore throat, as if there were a plug in it. Appetite. Desire only for acid or pungent things. Stomach. Eructations, with burning sensation in the throat. Faeces. Whitish diarrhea, of an acid color, especially in children ; dysenteric evacuations, greenish, or of a clay-color, with evacuation of sanguineous mucus. Urine. Wetting the bed ; discharge of mucus from the urethra. Genital Organs. Flow of prostatic fluid, especially after making water, and during a difficult evacuation; excoriation between the thighs; leucorrhea, with smarting. Larynx. Hoarseness; dry cough in the evening, from any 59 698 materia medica. part of the body becoming cold, or when lying on the bed; attacks of dry, rough, and hollow cough, with anguish and suffocation, often causing one to weep. Chest. Anxious, hoarse, wheezing respiration, with danger of suffocation when lying down. Arms. Pain, as from a bruise, in the bones of the arm ; arthritic swelling of the hand, fingers, and joints of the fin- gers, with heat, redness, and pain, as from dislocation, during movement; skin of the hands cracked, rough, and dry; pan- aris. Legs. Swelling of the knees; cracks in the feet. 27. Hydrastis Canad. General Symptoms.—Great ennui and lassitude; sink- ing at the stomach, with violent and long-continued palpita- tions. Skin. M-ysipelatous rash over most parts of the skin, with intense burning heat—given early in small-pox or varioloid will cause the prevention of these diseases to full maturity. Nose. Catarrhal affection, with profuse secretion of tears; principal constitutional remedy for catarrhs. Urinary Organs. Incipient stricture, spermatorrhea and inflammation, and ulceration of the whole internal coat of the bladder. 28. Hyoscyamus. Convulsions and other spasmodic affections, chiefly in preg- nant or parturient women, as well as in children, and in con- sequence of worms; excessive nervous excitement, with sleep- lessness ; encephalitis; acute hydrocephalus. General Symptoms.—Convulsions, with cries, great an- guish. Fever. Burning heat of the body, especially of the head. Moral Symptoms. Desire to run away; loss of conscious- ness, with eyes .closed, and raving about business; delirium; perversion of all actions. IGNATIA. 699 Head. Headache, as if from concussion of the brain; op- pressive and benumbing pain in the forehead. Eyes. Eyes red, fixed, convulsed; spasmodic closing of the eyelids; nocturnal blindness, weakness of sight, as if from incipient amaurosis. Mouth and Throat. Redness of the tongue; constriction in the throat, and inability to swallow liquids. Appetite and Stomach. Vomiting of food and drink im- mediately after a meal. Faeces. Involuntary evacuations. Genital Organs. Metrorrhagia, of a bright-colored blood. Larynx. Cramp-like cough at night, especially when ly- ing down ; sometimes with redness of the face and vomiting of mucus. Chest Pressure on the right side of the chest, with great anxiety, and shortness of breath when ascending stairs; spasms in the chest, with short breathing. Arms. Hands clenched, with retraction of the thumbs (in the convulsive fits). Legs. Painful cramps in the thighs and calves of the legs. 29. Ignatia. Spasmodic affections, especially in consequence of fright or contradiction, and chiefly in hysterical women, or in children; melancholy, and other mental affections caused by affliction; difficult teething of children, with convulsions; prolapsus recti also, in children. General Symptoms.—Violent pain, merely on being touched, in different parts; attacks of cramp and of con- vulsions; hysterical debility and fainting-fits; the pains aie removed always by change of position. Sleep. Violent spasmodic yawnings, especially in the morning. Fever. Absence of thirst during the heat and perspiration. 3Ioral Symptoms. Tenderness of character, and delicacy of conscience ; love of solitude. 700 materia medica. Head. Pressive headache, especially above the root of the nose; aggravated or relieved by stooping; the headaches are aggravated by coffee, brandy, tobacco-smoke, noise, and strong smell; headache, as if a nail were driven into the brain. Eyes. Convulsive movements of the eyes and eyelids. Face. Convulsive jerkings, and distortion of the mus- cles of the face; convulsive twitchings of the corners of the mouth. Throat Sore throat, as if there were a plug in it; shoot- ings in the throat, extending sometimes to the ear, chiefly when not swallowing; inflammation, swelling, and indura- tion of the tonsils, with small ulcers; impeded deglutition (of drinks). Appetite. Dislike to milk and tobacco-smoke; painful in- flation of the abdomen after a meal. Stomach. Hiccough every time after eating and drinking; periodical attacks of cramp in the stomach, aggravated by pressing on the part affected. Abdomen. Shootings and pinchings in the abdomen, es- pecially in the sides; flatulent colic, especially at night. Fccces. Hard evacuations, with frequent ineffectual efforts; prolapsus of the rectum during evacuation; itching and crawl- ing in the anus. Catamenia. Cramp-like and compressive pains in the re- gion of the uterus, with attacks of choking. Larynx. Short cough, as if from a feather in the throat, becoming more violent the more one coughs. Chest. Difficult respiration, as if hindered by a weight upon the chest; choking with running; palpitation of the heart at night. Arms. Insupportable pains in the bones and joints of the arms, as if the flesh were being loosened; convulsive jerkings in the arms and in the fingers. Legs. Convulsive jerkings of the legs. IPECACUANHA—LACHESIS. 701 30. Ipecacuanha. Gastric and bilious fevers; intermittent fevers; gastric uneasiness, especially when caused by indigestion; Asiatic and sporadic cholera; gastric affections, with vomiting and diarrhea; asthmatic affections. General Symptoms.—Attacks of uneasiness, with dislike to all food, and excessive and sudden debility. Fever. Coldness, especially of the hands and feet; thirst only during the shivering or chill. Head. Attacks of headache, with nausea and vomiting. Appetite. Great repugnance and dislike to all food. Stomach. Nausea; vomiting of drink and undigested food, of bilious, greenish, or acrid matter, and sometimes immedi- ately after a meal; vomiting, with diarrhea. Faeces. Loose evacuations, like matter in a state of fermen- tation; diarrhea, with nausea, colic, and vomiting; dysenteric evacuations, with white flocks, and followed by tenesmus. Genital Organs. Metrorrhagia, with discharge of bright- red and coagulated blood. Larynx. Cough, especially at night, with painful shocks in the head and stomach, with disgust, and inclination to vomit, and vomiting; or with fits of suffocation, stiffness of the body, and bluish face. Chest. Spasmodic asthma, with contraction of the larynx. 31. Lachesis. Sufferings of drunkards, from the abuse of mercury; faint- ing-fits; erysipelas. General Symptoms. — Great weakness of body and mind. Skin. Skin yellow, green, lead-colored, or bluish, or black- ish, chiefly around the wounds and ulcers. Head. Vertigo, chiefly on waking in the morning; apo- plectic fits, with blue face, convulsive movements of the limbs; headache, with congestion of blood, sparkling before the eyes; 702 materia medica. headache every morning on waking, or after dinner, or else from every change of weather. Mouth. Tongue shining, red, and cracked; painful exco- riation and inflammatory swelling of the throat; constant desire to swallow, and a sensation on swallowing as if there were a tumor, some foreign body, or a plug in the throat; ulcers on the palate, back of the mouth, and throat. Appetite. Desire for wine. Stomach. Excessive sensibility of the precordial region to the slightest touch. Abdominal Region. Inflammation and softening of the liver; pain and stitches in the region of the spleen ; abdomen hard and distended, with flatulent colic. Faeces. Obstinate constipation, with hard and difficult evacuation ; loose evacuations, principally at night, or after a meal, or in warm (and damp) weather, or from having taken fruits and acids. 32. Lycopodium. Obstruction of the glands; typhus fever; inertia of the intestines and obstinate constipation; chronic pneumonia; tuberculous phthisis. General Symptoms.—Excessive sensibility to fresh air; great tendency to take cold. Skin. Excoriation of the skin of children. Moral Symptoms. Melancholy and disposition to weep; aversion to speaking. Face. Frequent flushes of transient heat in the face; swelling of the submaxillary glands. Mouth. Dryness of the mouth without thirst. Throat Dryness of the throat; inflammation of the throat and palate, with shooting pain. Stomach. Pressure in the stomach after every meal; swelling of the epigastrium, with painful sensibility to the touch. Abdominal Region. Tension around the hypochondria, as mercurius vivus. 703 if caused by a hoop; induration of the liver; fullness and distension of the stomach and abdomen; obstructed flatu- lency. Faces. Obstruction of the abdomen. Genital Organs. Leucorrhea, milky, yellowish, reddish, and corrosive; excoriation and running sores of the nipples. Larynx. Nocturnal cough, which affects the head, dia- phragm, and stomach. Chest. Short respiration during almost every exertion ; palpitation of the heart, especially during digestion ; painful eruption and liver spots on the chest. Trunk. Swelling of the glands of the neck and shoulder with shooting pain. Arms. Nocturnal aching pains in the arms; dryness of the skin of the hands. Legs. Swelling of the knees ; ulcers on the legs; pain in the soles of the feet when walking. 33. Mercurius Vrvus. Swelling and inflammation of the glands; inflammatory fevers, with disposition to perspire profusely; rheumatic or catarrhal headache; scrofulous, rheumatic, catarrhal (and arthritic) ophthalmia; syphilitic ophthalmia; rheumatic and catarrhal otalgia; rheumatic prosopalgia and toothache; dys- entery; mucous or bilious diarrhea; influenza. General Symptoms.—Rending, or drawing, or stinging pains in the limbs, principally at night, in the heat of the bed, which renders the pain insupportable; nocturnal aching pains; rheumatic pains, with profuse sweat, which affords no relief; the whole body feels as if it had been bruised, with soreness in all the bones; emaciation and atrophy of the whole body; excitability and sensibility of all the organs. Skin. Enlargement, inflammation, and ulceration of the glands, with pulsative and shooting pains, hard, red, and shining swelling ; violent and voluptuous itching over the whole body, principally in the evening, or at night, aug- 704 MATERIA MEDICA. mented by the heat of the bed, and sometimes with burning after being scratched. Fever. Copious, excessive, and colliquative sweats, both day and night; in the morning, sweat, with nausea and de- sire to vomit; great fatigue. Head. Vertigo, principally on getting up, or on raising up the head; fullness and pressure in the head, as if the fore- head were squeezed by a band, or that the cranium would split; heat and burning, or tearing and drawing pains, or stinging in the head, often only one-sided and extending to the ears, teeth, and neck. Eyes. Itching, tickling, and burning in the eyes; eyes red and inflamed; eyelids red, inflamed, swollen, ulcerated on the margins, and covered with scabs. Ears. Tearing, stinging, and drawing pains in the ears, increased by the heat of the bed; purulent otorrhea, with tearing in the affected side of the head and in the face. Face. Bloatedness and swelling of the face; tearing in the bones and muscles (of one side) of the face; obstruction and inflammatory swelling of the submaxillary glands, with stinging or pulsative pains. Teeth. Tearing, stinging, or pulsative pains in the carious teeth, or in the roots of the teeth, often spreading as far as the ears, and in the entire cheek of the side affected, some- times, also, with painful swelling of the cheek or of the sub- maxillary glands, with salivation and shivering; appearance or aggravation of toothache, principally in the evening or at night, in the heat of the bed, where it is insupportable; re- newed by the fresh air, as well as by eating, and taking any thing hot or cold into the mouth; retraction and swelling of the gums, principally at night, with burning pain and sensa- tion of excoriation -on touching them and on eating; gums livid, discolored, and very sensitive; ulceration of the gums. Mouth. Putrid smell from the mouth; inflammatory swelling of the inside of the mouth; burning pain, vesicles, blisters, aphthae, and ulcers in the mouth; accumulation of mercurius vivus. 705 tenacious mucus; profuse discharge of excessively fetid saliva; tongue moist, with white and thick coating; inflammatory swelling and ulceration of the tongue, with stinging pains; entire loss of speech. Throat Stinging pains in the throat and tonsils, princi- pally when swallowing; inflammatory swelling and redness of all the back parts of the mouth and throat; constant de- sire to swallow; inability to swallow the least liquid, which escapes through the nostrils; the pains in the throat com- monly extend as far as the ears, the parotids, the submaxil- lary glands, and those of the neck; they are aggravated, for the most part, by empty deglutition, as well as at night, in the fresh air and when speaking, and they are accompanied with salivation. Appetite. Acid and mucous taste; dislike to all food, prin- cipally solid nutriment, meat. Stomach. Violent, empty eructations; excessive tenderness of the stomach and precordial region; pressure as if from a stone in the pit of the stomach. Abdominal Region. Painful sensibility of the hepatic re- gion, with stinging, burning pain; complete icterus; obstruc- tion and inflammatory swelling of the inguinal glands. Faces. Loose and dysenteric evacuations, principally at night, with colic and cuttings; tenesmus and burning in the anus; nausea and eructations; shivering and shuddering, exhaustion and tremor of all the limbs; scanty evacuations of sanguinolent mucous; evacuations, which are mucous, or bilious, or putrid, or acid, or of a greenish or brownish color; evacuation of acrid and burning fecal matter; discharge of blood or of mucous from the rectum; discharge of ascarides and lumbrici. Urine. Frequent, copious emission of urine, like diabetes; corrosive and burning urine. Larynx. Catarrh, with febrile shivering; continued hoarse- ness and loss of voice; pains in the head and chest when coughing, as if these parts were about to burst. 706 MATERIA MEDICA. Chest Difficulty of respiration, with attacks of suffoca- tion at night, or in bed, in the evening when lying (on the left side); shootings in the chest and side, or extending as far as the back, principally when breathing, sneezing, and coughing; pain as from excoriation and of ulceration in the chest. Trunk. Obstructions and inflammatory swelling of the glands of the neck. Arms. Sharp pains in the shoulders and arms, principally at night, and when moving these parts. Legs. Sharp and piercing pains in the hip joints, as well as the thighs, principally at night, and when moving; oede- matous, transparent swelling of the thighs and legs. 34. Mercur. Subl. Corros. Abdomen. Sensitive to touch; cutting below navel. Stool. Bloody, green mucus, with straining and colic; very severe pains, with the smallest quantity of bloody mucus. 35. Nux Vomica. Sufferings from the abuse of coffee, wine, or other spirit- ous or narcotic drugs; bad effects from passion or excessive study, prolonged watching, or a sedentary life; periodical and intermittent affections; gastralgia; gastritis; gastrico- mucous or bilious affections; dyspepsia, also with vomiting of food; vomiting of drunkards, of pregnant women ; incar- cerated hernia ; obstinate constipation ; blind and bleeding hemorrhoides. General Symptoms.—Repugnance to the open air; great desire to remain lying down or sitting. Sleep. Too short sleep, with difficulty in going to sleep again after midnight, and inability to remain in bed after three o'clock in the morning; on waking in the morning, pain in the limbs as if they were bruised, great lassitude, with desire to remain lying clown, and fits of stretching and of convulsive yawning. NUX VOMICA. 707 Fever. During the shivering, skin, hands and feet, face or nails are cold and bluish; during the heat, vertigo, head- ache, shivering when moving in the least, or when uncov- ered in the slightest degree, thirst. Moral Symptoms. Hypochondriacal, sorrowful, and sad humor; ill-humor, vexation, and anger; dislike to, and un- fitness for, bodily and mental labor. Head. Vertigo, with sensation of turning and of waver- ing of the brain ; heaviness, pressure, and sensation of expan- sion in the head, as if the forehead were about to burst, especially above the eyes. Eyes. Eyes inflamed, with redness and swelling, also the eyelids. Nose. Obstruction of the nose, sometimes on one side only, and often with itching in the nostrils and discharge of mucus; obstruction in the head, principally in the morn- ing, or at night, and dry coryza with heat and heaviness in the forehead, and obstruction of the nostrils. Teeth. Putrid and painful swelling of the gums. Mouth. Fetid, putrid, and cadaverous smell from the mouth ; tongue loaded with a white coating, or dry, cracked, brownish or blackish. Throat. Swelling of the uvula; bitter taste of the mouth; desire for brandy. Stomach. Frequent, bitter, and acid eructations; violent hiccough ; vomiturition and violent vomiting of mucous and sour matter, after drinking or eating, or in the morning; pressure in the stomach as if by a stone; tension and full- ness in the epigastrium; tight clothes are insupportable. Abdominal Region. Flatulent colic, sometimes in the morning, after eating or drinking, with pressing pains, as if by stones. Faeces. Frequent but ineffectual and anxious desire to evacuate ; obstinate constipation, as if from inactivity of the intestines; incomplete evacuations; small, loose, aqueous or mucous and sanguinolent evacuations; hemorrhoids, with 708 MATERIA MEDICA. excoriating, stinging, burning pain, and pressure in the anus and rectum. Urine. Ineffectual desire to urinate; frequent emission of watery and pale urine; burning pain in the neck of the bladder when making water. Larynx. Catarrhal hoarseness and painful roughness of the larynx and chest; accumulation of tenacious mucus, which it is impossible to detach; pains, as from excoriation in the larynx, when coughing. Chest. Asthmatic constriction of the chest at night, in bed, when going up stairs, choking, anxiety. Trunk. Pains, like those caused by a bruise in the back and loins; rheumatic, drawing, and burning pains in the back. 36. Opium. Recent affections rather than those of long standing; nervous torpor, and want of vital reaction against the medi- cines that have been administered; sufferings of drunkards; affections, of old men; bad effects of fright, with continued fear, or of sudden joy; typhus; delirium tremens; ileus; constipation, principally that caused by torpor of the intes- tinal canal, after frequent diarrhea, or from want of exercise, and especially in the case of vigorous persons, or those who are plethoric, or well fed, as well as in the case of children and pregnant women; tympanitis; suppressed or false and spasmodic labor-pains. General Symptoms.—General insensibility of the whole nervous system. Sleep. Lethargy, with snoring and mouth open; exces- sive desire to sleep, with absolute inability to go to sleep. Fever. Pulse generally full, slow; fever, with lethargic sleep, snoring. Face. Face' dark red, sometimes brownish, hot, and bloated. Stomach. Vomiting of fecal matter and of urine. PHOSPHORUS. 709 Abdominal Region. Abdomen hard and distended, as in tympanitis. Faces. Constipation, long continued; involuntary evac- uations. Chest. Noisy, stertorous, and rattling respiration ; attacks of suffocation on making an effort to cough. 37. Phosphorus. Physical and nervous weakness caused by protracted in- fluences injurious to the vital economy; hemorrhage and congestion of blood; cholerine; chronic and colliquative diarrhea ; chronic laryngitis ; disposition to croup. General Symptoms.—The majority of the symptoms manifest themselves morning and evening, in bed, as well as after dinner, while several others appear at the beginning of a meal and disappear after it. Skin. Lymphatic abscesses, with fistulous ulcers, which have callous margins, and secrete a fetid and colorless pus, with hectic fever; copious bleeding from small wounds. Sleep. Unrefreshing sleep; in the morning it appears as if one had not slept enough ; nocturnal heat; hectic fever, with dry heat toward evening, especially in the palms of the hands; sweat and colliquative diarrhea; circumscribed redness of the cheeks, etc. Moral Symptoms. Anguish and uneasiness, especially when alone. Head. Vertigo, with nausea and pressing pains in the head; congestion to the head, with beating; falling off of the hair. Eyes. Inflammation of the eyes; nocturnal agglutination of the eyes; black spots before the sight. Nose. Unpleasant dryness of the nose; continual discharge of yellow mucus from the nose. Face. Face pale, wan, dirty, earthy, with hollow eyes, sur- rounded by a blue circle/ Stomach. Sour regurgitations of food; nausea of various 710 MATERIA MEDICA. kinds, especially in the morning; spasmodic pain and con- traction in the stomach. Abdominal Region. Spasmodic colic; sensation of cold- ness, with heat and burning in the abdomen; flatulent colic, with grumbling. Faces. Prolonged looseness of the bowels. Larynx. Aphonia; cough excited by a tickling and itch- ing in the chest, or with hoarseness, and sensation as if the chest were raw; cough, with purulent and saltish expectora- tion, or of blood. Chest. Obstructed respiration of various kinds; congestion to the chest; palpitation of the heart. Arms. Trembling in the arms and hands. Legs. Drawing and tearing in the knees; swelling of the feet. 38. Podophyllum. Head. Vertigo; morning headache. Abdomen. Pain and fullness in right side (liver). Stool. Constipated, with headache; fullness of bowels; prolapsus ani; icterus, with induration of liver. 39. Pulsatilla. Affections of persons of mild character, inclined to pleas- antry, and to laughter or weeping, with a mild countenance, and of phlegmatic temperament, inclining to melancholy, lymphatic constitution, with pale complexion, blue eyes, and light hair, freckles, disposition to take a cold in the head, or to other mucous discharges, etc.; bad consequences from the abuse of sulphur-waters, of mercury, cinchona, chamomilla, or from the fat of pork; rheumatic and arthritic affections, with swellings; inflammatory otalgia; dyspepsia, with vom- iting of food; mucous or bilious diarrhea; inflammatory swelling of the testes; organic affections of the heart; in- flammatory swelling of the legs and feet. General Symptoms.—Sharp, drawing, and jerking pains PULSATILLA. 711 in the muscles, aggravated at night, or in bed in the evening, as well as by the heat of the room, mitigated in the open air, and often accompanied by torpor, with paralytic weakness or hard swelling of the parts affected; shifting pains, which pass rapidly from one part to the other, often with swelling and redness of the joints. Skin. Red spots, like measles or nettle-rash; chilblains, with bluish-red swellings; heat and burning, or pulsative pains. Head. Vertigo, as during intoxication; headaches in the evening after lying down, or at night; compression sometimes mitigates them. Eyes. Pressive, or sharp, shooting pain in the eyes, with inflammation; sties on the eyelids. Ears. Shootings, with itching, or sharp, jerking pains and contraction in and around the ears; the pains sometimes come on by fits, attack the whole head, appear almost insup- portable, and almost cause the loss of reason ; inflammatory swelling, heat, and erysipelatous redness of the ear and auditory duct, as well as the surrounding external parts; tingling, roaring, and humming in the ears; hardness of hearing. Nose. Obstruction of the nose, and dry coryza, principally in the evening and in the heat of a room. Face. Face pale, and sometimes with an expression of suffering. Teeth. Sharp, shooting pains in the teeth, or drawing, jerking pains, as if the nerve were tightened, then suddenly relaxed; or pulsative, digging, and gnawing pains, often with pricking in the gums, and shivering; worse in the evening, or afternoon, in the heat of the bed, or of a room; mitigated by cold water or fresh air. Mouth. Tongue loaded with a thick coating, of a whitish or yellowish color. Throat Pain, as if from excoriation in the throat, as if it were all raw, with sensation as if these parts were swollen, 712 MATERIA MEDICA. principally when swallowing, or accumulation of tenaciouti mucus, which covers the parts affected. Appetite. Bitter or sour taste in the mouth, immediately after having eaten ; sensation of derangement in the stomach, similar to that caused by fat pork or rich pastry; after eating, nausea, and pressure in the pit of the stomach, and many other sufferings. Stomach. Nausea and vomitings take place in the even- ing or at night, and after eating or drinking, with shivering, paleness of face, colic; pressive, spasmodic, contractive, and compressive pains in the stomach and precordial region, after a meal, or in the evening; pulsations in the pit of the stomach. Faces. Loose evacuations, with colic and cuttings, of greenish, bilious, or watery matter; blind and bleeding hemorrhoids, with itching, smarting, and pain, as if from excoriation. Genital Organs. Inflammatory swelling of the testes, and of the spermatic cord (sometimes only on one side), with pressive and drawing pains extending into the abdomen; metrorrhagia; black menstrual blood, with clots of mucus, or discharge of pale and serous blood ; menses irregular, too tardy, or entirely suppressed, with colic, hysterical spasms in the abdomen; nausea, and vomitings, shiverings, and pale- ness of face; leucorrhea thick, like cream. Larynx. Shaking cough in the evening, at night, aggra- vated when lying down, accompanied with a desire to vomit, or by a choking, as if caused by the vapor of sulphur; moist cough, with expectoration of white, tenacious mucus, or of thick, yellowish matter. Chest. Spasmodic constriction of the chest, or larynx, in the evening, or at night when lying horizontally; frequent and violent palpitation of the heart. Trunk. Rheumatic, tensive, and drawing pain in the nape of the neck. RHUS TOXICODENDRON. 713 Arms. Sharp, jerking, and drawing pains in the shoulder- joint, as well as in the arms, hands, and fingers. Legs. Pain, as from subcutaneous ulceration in the legs and soles of the feet; swelling of the knees, with sharp, draw- ing, and shooting pains; great fatigue in the legs and in the knees, with trembling. 40. Rhus Toxicodendron. Rheumatic affections, with swelling; vesicular erysipelas; bad effects from a strain, dislocation, concussion, and other mechanical injuries, especially when attended with sufferings in the joints and synovial membranes; gastric affections; di- arrhea and dysentery; coxalgia and spontaneous dislocation. General Symptoms.—Rheumatic and arthritic drawings, tension, and tearing in the limbs, increased to the highest de- gree during repose, in bad weather at night, and in the heat of the bed ; red and shining swellings. Sleep. Disturbed sleep, with anxious and frightful dreams. Fever. Malignant fever, with loquacious delirium, vio- lent pains in all the limbs, excessive weakness, dry or black tongue, dry, brownish, or blackish lips, heat and redness of the cheeks. Head. Heaviness and pressive fullness in the head; beat- ing and pulsations in the head, especially in the occiput; bal- ancing and sensation of fluctuation in the head at every step, as if the brain were loose. Eyes. Inflammation of the eyes and lids; swelling of the whole eye and surrounding parts. Ears. Swelling and inflammation of the parotids, with fever. Face. Erysipelatous inflammation and swelling of the face, with pressive and tensive shootings, and burning, crawling; vesicular erysipelas, with yellow serum in the vesicles; humid eruption and thick scabs on the face. 3Iouth. A yellow, and sometimes, also, a sanguineous sa- liva flows from the mouth at night. 60 714 MATERIA MEDICA. Appetite. Thirst from a sensation of dryness in the mouth, Faces. Loose, sanguineous, serous, or slimy evacuations; obstinate diarrhea. Larynx. Cough, excited by a tickling in the ramifications of the bronchi, short and dry. Chest Shootings and lancinations in the chest and its sides. Trunk. Pains in the loins, as if beaten; stiffness of the nape and neck. Arms. Warts on the hands and fingers. 41. Secale. Gastric and bilious affection; Asiatic and sporadic cholera; diarrhea, especially in old men; metrorrhagia of weak women. Sleep. Great desire to sleep, and deep, lethargic sleep. Eyes. Eyeballs sunk deep in the sockets. Face and Teeth. Face pale, discolored, yellow, wan, with the eyes hollow and surrounded by a blue circle. Faces. Loose, frequent evacuations, with serous or slimy faeces, and sudden prostration of strength; involuntary evac- uations. 42. Sepia. General Symptoms.—The symptoms disappear during every violent exercise, except on horseback, and are aggra- vated during repose, as also in the evening; uneasiness and throbbing in all the limbs, violent ebullition of blood during the night, with pulsation in the whole body; great tendency to take cold, and sensitiveness to cold air. Skin. Itching in different parts, which changes to a burn- ing sensation; brown, reddish, and livid spots on the skin; deformity of the nails. Fever. Profuse perspiration from the slightest movement; sadness and dejection, with tcp.rs,; susceptibility and peevish- ness. SEPIA. 715 Head. Attacks of headache, with nausea and vomiting when shaking or moving the head, and also at every step; semi-lateral headache; violent congestion of blood to the head. Eyes. Pressure on the eyeballs ; inflammation, redness, and swelling of the eyelids, with sties. Ears. Shooting in the ears. Nose. Scabby and ulcerated nostrils. Face. Yellow color of the face ; yellow streak on the nose, and cheeks in the form of a saddle; yellow color and herpetic eruption around the mouth. Teeth. Toothache when compressing the teeth, when touching them, and when speaking, as also from the slightest current of cold air. Throat. Hawking up of mucus, especially in the morn- ing. Appetite. Putrid, or sour taste; repugnance and dislike to food. Stomach. Throbbing in the pit of the stomach. Abdominal Region. Enlargement of the abdomen (in women who have had children). Faces. Ineffectual desire to evacuate; greenish diarrhea, often with putrid or sour smell, or especially in children; prolapsus recti; protrusion of hemorrhoids. Urine. Wetting the bed during the first sleep. Genital Organs. Bearing down in the uterus; prolapsus uteri; leucorrhea of a yellowish or greenish red water. Larynx. Dry cough, which seems to arise from the stom- ach, especially when in bed in the evening, and often with nausea and bitter vomiting; cough excited by a tickling, and accompanied with constipation, detached with difficulty. Chest Dyspnoea, oppression of the chest, and short breath when walking and ascending, as well as when lying in bed, in the evening, and at night; ebullition of blood in the chest, and violent palpitation of the heart. 716 MATERIA MEDICA. 43. Silicea. Obstruction, inflammation, induration, and ulceration of the glands; inflammation, softening, ulceration, and other diseases of the bones; ulcers, almost of all kinds; ulceration of the mammae; chronic coryza and obstinate disposition to take cold in the head; panaritium. Skin. Mild and malignant suppurations, especially in membraneous parts; carbuncles. Head. Vertigo, with nausea, which mounts from the back to the nape of the neck and head; tearing pains in the head, often semi-lateral; moist scald-head. Eyes. Redness of the eyes ; swelling of the lachrymal gland; black spots before the sight. Ears. Hardness of hearing; swelling and induration of the parotids. Nose. Scabs, pimples, and ulcers in the nose. Face. Ulcers on the red part of the lip; herpes on the chin ; swelling of the submaxillary glands. Appetite. After a meal, sour taste in the mouth ; pressure in the stomach ; water-brash; vomiting. Stomach. Nausea every morning. Faces. Constipation, and slow, hard faeces. Trunk. Inflammatory abscesses in the lumbar region; swelling and deviation of the spine; swelling of the glands of the nape of the neck, on and under the axillae, sometimes with induration; suppuration of the axillary glands. Arms. Burning sensation in the ends of the fingers; panaritium. Legs. Inflammatory swelling of the knee; caries in the tibia; offensive smell from the feet. 44. Sulphur. General Symptoms.—Great sensitiveness to the open air and to the wind; the major fry of the sufferings are aggra- vated, or appear at night, or in the evening, and also during SULPHUR. 717 repose; when standing for a long time, and by exposure to cold air; they disappear when walking or moving the parts affected, and also in the warmth of a room; but the heat of the bed renders the nocturnal pains insupportable. Skin. Itching in the skin, at night in bed ; scabious erup- tions, with burning itching; desquamation and excoriation of the skin in several places; ulcers, with elevated margins, sur- rounded by itchy pimples; inflammation, swelling, and indu- ration, or suppuration of the glands. Fever. Frequent and profuse perspiration day and night; aptness to perspire when working, partial perspiration, prin- cipally on the head. Head. Fullness, pressure, and heaviness in the head, principally in the forehead; congestion of blood to the head, with pulsative, clucking, hammering sensations, and feeling of heat in the brain ; quotidian, periodical, and intermittent headaches, appearing principally at night, or in the evening in bed, or in the morning; movement, walking, the open air, and meditation, often excite or aggravate the headaches. Eyes. Itching, tickling, and burning sensation in the eyes and eyelids; inflammation, swelling, and redness of the scle- rotica, conjunctiva, and eyelids; pustules and ulcers round the orbits, as far as the cheeks; great sensitiveness of the eyes to the light. Ears. Obstruction and sensation of stoppage in the ears, on one side only; humming and roaring in the ears. Nose. Inflammation, ulceration, and scabs in the nostrils. Face. Heat, and burning sensation in the face, with dark redness of the whole face; circumscribed redness of the cheeks. Teeth. Appearance or aggravation of toothache, principally in the evening, at night, or in the open air, and also from a current of air; from cold water, eating, and masticating. Mouth. Aphthae in the mouth and on the tongue. Throat Pressure, as if from a plug, or from a tumor in the thr >at. Appetite. Dislike to sweet and acid things. 718 materia medica. Abdominal Region. Shootings in the abdomen, princi- pally in the left side when walking; pains in the abdomen, principally at night, or after eating and drinking, mitigated by bending forward. Faces. Constipation, and hard, knotty, and insufficient evacuations; hemorrhoids. Genital Organs. Excoriation between the thighs and groins. Larynx. Moist cough, with profuse expectoration of thick, whitish, or yellowish mucus; when coughing, pain as if from excoriation, or shootings in the chest. Chest Obstructed respiration, dyspnoea and attacks of suffocation, principally when lying down at night, and also during sleep; periodical spasms in the chest; shootings in the chest or sternum, or extending as far as the back, or into the left side. 45. Veratrum. Sporadic or Asiatic cholera; diarrhea, of different kinds, also those produced by cold drinks, when one is over- heated. General Symptoms.—Pains in the limbs, which are rendered insupportable by the heat of the bed, and disap- pear completely when walking; sudden, general, and para- lytic prostration of strength. Fever. General coldness of the whole body, and cold, clammy perspiration; fever, with external coldness; pulse slow, and almost extinct. Head. Attack of headache, with paleness of the face, nausea and vomiting; cold perspiration of the forehead. Nose. Icy coldness of the nose. Face. Face pale, cold, hippocratic, wan, with the nose pointed, and a blue circle round the eyes; cold perspiration on the face; lips dry, blackish, and cracked. Teeth. Grinding of the teeth. Mouth. Sensation of coldness on the tongue ; tongue dry, blackish, cracked. VERATRUM. 719 Appetite. Immediate vomiting and diarrhea, however little is eaten. Stomach. Violent nausea, with desire to vomit, with ex- cessive thirst; violent vomiting, with continued nausea, great exhaustion and desire to lie down; vomiting of black bile and blood; vomiting, with diarrhea; the least drop of liquid and the slightest movement excites the vomitings; burning sensation in the pit of the stomach. Abdominal Region. Excessively painful sensitiveness of the abdomen when touched; cramps in the abdomen, and cuttings, as if from knives; burning sensation through the whole extent of the abdomen, as if from hot coals. Faces. Loose, blackish, greenish, brownish evacuations; unnoticed evacuation of liquid fsecos. Urine. Retention of urine ; urine diminished. Genital Organs. Menses suppressed, with delirium. Chest. Chest very much oppressed ; cramp in the chest, with painful constriction; violent palpitation of the heart, which causes heaving of the chest. Arms. Icy coldness in the hands; cramps in the fingers. Legs. Violent cramps in the calves of the legs and feet; icy coldness of the feet. GLOSSARY OF MEDICAL TERMS. Abortus. Miscarriage; abortion. Abscess. A collection of pus seated in any particular organ or tissue. Adhesion. In surgery, the direct union of parts that have been divided. This union is often attended by inflamma- tion, which is thence called Adhesive Inflammation, which at- tends the union of surfaces, sepa- rated by a wound; it is synonymous with union by the first intention. Adypsia. The absence of natural thirst. Alkali. A substance which unites with acids in definite proportions, so as to neutralize their properties more or less perfectly, and to form salts. It changes vegetable blues to green. Allopathy. A term used by homoeo- pathic writers to designate the old practice of medicine in contradistinc- tion to their own, now generally em- ployed by both parties ; literally im- plies, curing a disease with a medicine which produces a dissimilar one. Amenorrhka. Absence or stoppage of the menstrual flux. Anasarca. Dropsy of the cellular tis- sue, or membrane, immediately under the skin. Angina. Sore throat. The term is also applied to diseases with difficult respiration. Angina Membranacea. Croup. Angina Parotidea. Mumps. Angina Pharyngea. Inflammation (720) of the membrane which lines the pharynx. Anorexia. Want of appetite. Anthrax. Carbuncle, Antiphlogistic. Applied to remedies employed in the old system against inflammation ; literally, against heat. Antrum Highmori. The maxillary sinus. A hollow or cavity above the teeth of the upper jaw, in the middle of the superior maxillary bone. Anus. The inferior opening of the rectum. Apoplexia. Apoplexy ; a loss of vol- untary motion and consciousness. (See Diagnosis under this head.) Apyrexia. The intervals between fe- brile paroxysms. Arthritis. Gout. Ascaris, plur. Ascarides. Pin-worms. Asphyxia. Absence of pulsation. Asthenic. Low ; applied to disease ; literally, want of strength. Astringents. Medicaments used in the old practice to contract the ani- mal fiber. Atony. A want of tone or energy in the muscular power. Atrophy. A morbid state of the di- gestive system, in which the food taken into the stomach fails to afford sufficient nourishment. A wasting of the whole, or of individual parts of the body. Auscultation. The detection of symptoms by the ear in disease. GLOSSARY OF MEDICAL TERMS. 721 Bilious. Connected with the secretion of bile. Blepharitis. Inflammation of the eyelids. Borborygmus. Rumbling in the in- testines, caused by flatus or wind. Bronchia; Bronchi. The tubes into which the trachea or windpipe di- vides. Bronchitis. Inflammation of the ramifications of the windpipe. Bulimy : Bulimia. Canine, or excess- ive hunger. Cadaverous. Resembing a corpse. Caecum. The blind gut; so called from its being perforated at one end only. Carcinoma. Cancer, adj. Carcinoma- tous. Cardialgia. Pain in the stomach. Carditis. Inflammation of the heart. Caries. Ulceration of the bones. Carotids. The name of two large ar- teries of the neck. Carpologia. Picking at the bed- clothes. Cartilage. Gristle. Catamenia. The menstrual flux. Catarrh. Cold; used, also, to express inflammation of the mucous mem- brane. Catarrhal Ophthalmia. Simple in- flammation of the conjunctiva. Cathartic. Purgative. Cellular Tissue. The fine, net-like. membrane enveloping or connecting most of the structures of the human body. Cephalalgia. Headache. Cerebral. Appertaining to the brain. Cervical. Belonging to the neck. Cessatio Mensium. Discontinuance of the menstrual flux. Chlorosis. Green sickness Chronic. Long continued, in contra- distinction to acute. Cicatrix. A scar left after the heal- ing of a wound. Clavi Pedis. Corns. 61 Clonic Spasm. A spasm which is not of long duration. It is opposed to tonic spasm, which see. Coagula. Clots of blood. Coagulable Lymph. The term given to the fluid which is slowly effused into wounds, and afterward forma the uniting medium or cicatrice. Colic. Griping in the intestines. Collapse. Failing of vitality. Colliquative. Excessive discharge of any secretion. Coma. Drowsiness. Coma Somnolentum. Drowsiness, with relapse thereunto on being roused. Comatose. Drowsy. Compress. Soft lint, linen, etc., folded together so as to form a pad, for the purpose of being placed, and secured by means of a bandage, on parts which require pressure. Congf.stio ad Caput. Determination of blood to the head. Congestio ad Pectus. Determination of blood to the chest. Congestion. Over-fullness of blood- vessels of some particular organ. Conjunctiva. The membrane lining the eyelids, and extending over the fore part of the eyeballs. Contagion. Propagation of a disease by contact. Cornea. The anterior transparent portion of the eye. It is of a horny consistence. Coryza. Cold.in the head. Coxagra. Inflammation of the hip- joint. Literally, seizure or pain in the hip. Coxalgia. Literally, pain in the hip ; inflammation of the hip-joint. Cranium. The skull. Crepitation. Grating sensation, or noise, such as is caused by pressing the finger upon a part affected with emphysema ; by the ends of a fract- ured bone when moved; or by cer- tain salts during calcination. MEDICAL TERMS. 722 GLOSSARY OF S Crepitant Rhonchus, or Rale. The fine crackling noise heard in conse- quence of the passage of air through a viscid fluid. It is heard in the first stage of inflammation of the lungs. Crepitus. Crackling or grating. Cutaneous. Appertaining to the skin. Cuticle. The outer or scarf-skin. Cystitis. Inflammation of the blad- der. Deglutition. The act of swallowing. Delirium. Derangement of the brain, raving. Depletion. Abstraction of the fluids; generally applied to venesection. Desiccation. A drying up. Desquamation. Falling off of the epidermis in form of scales. Diaphragmitis. Inflammation of the diaphragm (muscular partition be- tween the thorax and abdomen). Diagnosis. Distinction of maladies. Diarrhea. Looseness of the bowels. Diathesis. Constitutional tendency. Dietetic. Relating to diet. Diplopia. Affection of the eyes, in which objects appear double or in- creased in number. Diuretic. Medicines which increase the secretion of urine. Dorsal. Appertaining to the back. Drastic. Powerful purgatives. Duodenum. The first intestine after the stomach, so called from its length ; the twelve-inch gut. Dyscrasia. A morbid condition of the system; adj. Dyscrastic. Dysecoia. Deafness. Dysmenorrhea. Painful menstrua- tion. Dyspepsia. Indigestion; literally, difficulty of appetite. Dyspncsa. Difficulty of respiration; shortness of breath. Dysuria. Difficulty in passing urine. Effusion. A pouring out or escape of lymph or other secretion. Emaciation. A falling off in the flesh. Emetic. Provoking vomiting. Encephalitis. Inflammation of the brain and membranes. Endemic. Peculiar to a particular lo- cality. Endocarditis. Inflammation of the internal parts of the heart, Enteralgta. Colic. Enteritis. Inflammation of the intes- tines. Ephemeral. Of a day's duration. Ephialtes. Nightmare. Epidemic. Diseases arising from gen- eral causes. Epigastrium. The region of the stom- ach. Epilepsy, Epilepsia. Falling sick- ness. Epistaxis. Bleeding from the nose. Epithelium. The cuticle. Erysipelas. St. Anthony's fire. Rose. A disease of the skin. Erysipelas Phlegmonodes. Phleg- monous erysipelas. Erysipelas OEdematodes. Edematous erysipelas. Erysipelas Erraticum. Wandering erysipelas. Erysipelas Gangrenosum. Gangre- nous erysipelas. Erysipelas Neonatorum. Induration of the cellular tissue in infants. Exacerbation. Aggravation of fever, etc. Exanthema. "Eruption terminating in exfoliation. Expectoration. Discharge of any matter: phlegm; pus from the chest. Exudation. Discharge of fluid from the skin, etc. P^ces. Alvine excrement. Fascia. In anatomy, dense fibrous expansions, which either attack or invest muscles. Fauces. The throat. Febris. Fever. Febris Nervosa. Nervous fever, or typhus, GLOSSARY OF MEDICAL TERMS. 723 Femur. The bone of the thigh. First Intention. See Union by the. Fistula. An obstinate, tube-like sore, with a narrow orifice ; adj. Fistulous. Fistula Lachrymalis. An ulcerated opening in the lachrymal sac. Flatus. Wind in the intestines. Flat- ulency. Fcstus. The infant in the womb. Fomentation. The application of flannel wet with warm water. Functional Diseases. Those in which there is supposed to be only derange- ment of action. Furuncui.us. A boil. Furunculus Malignans. Carbuncle. Gangrene. Incipient mortification; adj. Gangrenous. Gastralgia. Pain in the stomach. Gastric. Belonging to the stomach. Gastritis. Inflammation of the stom- ach. Gastrodynia. Vide Cardialgia. Gland. A small body met with in many parts of the body, and con- sisting of various tissues, blood- vessels, nerves, etc. Glossitis. Inflammation of the tongue. Glottis. Opening of the windpipe. The superior opening of the larynx. Granulation. (See Incarnation.) Hematemesis. Vomiting of blood. Hemoptysis. Discharge of blood from the lungs. Spitting of blood. Hemorrhage. Discharge of blood. Hemorrhoids. Piles. Hectic Fever. Habitual or protracted fever. Helminthiasis. Worm disease. Hemiplegia. Paralysis of one side of the body, longitudinally. Hepatitis. Inflammation of the liver. Hepatization. Structural derange- ment of the lungs, the result of in- flammation, changing them into a substance resembling the liver; hence its name. Hernia. Rupture. Hernia Congenital. Congenital her- nia. Literally, hernia from birth. Herpes Circinnatus. Ringworm. Hordeolum. Sty. Hydrocephalus. Water in the head. Hydrophobia Symptomatica. Symp- toms resembling those arising from hydrophobic virus, appearing during the course of other diseases. Hypertrophy. A morbid increase of any organ, arising from excessive nutrition. Hippocratic. Sunken and corpse-like. Hypochondrium. Region of the ab- domen, contained under the cartilage of the false ribs. Hypochondriasis. Spleen disease; great depression of spirits, with gen- eral derangement; adj. Hypochondri- acal. Hypogastrium. The lower anterior portion of the abdomen. Hysteria. Nervous affection ; almost peculiar to females. Ichor. A thin, watery discharge se- creted from wounds, ulcers, etc.; adj. Ichorous. Icterus. Jaundice. Icterus Neonatorum. Jaundice of infants. Idiopathic. Original or primary dis- ease. Idiosyncrasy. Individual peculiarity. Ilium. The haunch-bone ; it, together with the pubis, sacrum, and ischium, contributes to form the pelvis. Ileus Miserere. A form of colic; a twisting pain in the region of the navel. Incarcerated. Strangulated or con- stricted ; a term applied to rupture. Incarnation. The process by which abscesses or ulcers are healed; this takes place by means of little grain- like, fleshy bodies, denominated gran- ulations, which form on the surface of ulcers or suppurating wounds, etc., and serve the double purpose of filling 724 GLOSSARY OF MEDICAL TERMS. up the cavities and bringing closely together, and uniting, their sides. Incubus. The nightmare. Infection. Propagation of disease by effluvia. Infiltration. Diffusion of fluids into the cellular tissue. Integuments. The coverings of any part of the body. The skin, with the adherent fat and cellular mem- brane, form the common integuments. Intention. See Union by the first. Ischias. Pain in the hip. Ischuria. Suppression of urine. Lachrymation. Tear-shedding. Lactation. Suckling; also the proc- ess of the secretion of milk. Lacteal. Appertaining to the process of the secretion of milk. Lactiferous. Conducting or convey- ing the milk. Laryngeal. Belonging to the larynx. Laryngitis. Inflammation of the lar- ynx. Larynx Upper part of the windpipe. Lesions. Injuries inflicted by vio- lence, etc. Lesion, Organic. Structural derange- ment or injury. Leuco-phlegmatic. Torpid or slug- gish ; mostly applied to a tempera- ment characterized by want of ten- sion of fiber; with light hair, and general inertness of the physical and mental powers. Leucorrhea. Female sexual weak- ness ; vulg. whites. Lochia. Discharge from the womb after delivery. Lumbago. Rheumatism in the loins. Lumbar. Appertaining to the loins. Lumbricus. The round or long worm. Luxation. Dislocation. Lymph. A colorless liquid, circulating in the lymphatics. Lymphatic. As applied to tempera- ment ; same as leuco-phlegmatic. Lymphatics. Absorbent vessels with glands and valves distributed over the body. Lymphatic Glands. Conglobatk Glands. These are composed of a texture of absorbents, or lymphatio vessels, connected together by a cell- ular membrane. Mamma. The breast in the female; adj. Mammillary. Mania. Insanity ; madness. Marasmus. A wasting away of the body. Materia Medica Pura. The title of that splendid work of the immortal Hahnemann, in which the true prop- erties of medicaments are given, as determined by experiment upon the healthy body. Maxillary. Appertaining to the jaws. The superior and inferior maxillary bones from the upper and lower jaws. Megrim. A pain affecting only one side of the head. Meibomean Glands. Small glands within the inner membrane of the eyelids. Menorrhagia. Excessive discharge of blood from the uterus. Menses and Menstrual Flux. The monthly period. Meningitis Spinalis. Inflammation of the spinal membranes. Metastasis. The passing of a disease from one part to another. Meteorismus. Extreme inflation of the intestines. Metrorrhagia. Discharge of blood from the womb. Miasm, or Miasma (Marsh). Peculiar effluvia or emanations from swampy grounds. Micturation. Urination. Miliaria. Eruption of minute trans parent vesicles of the size of millet seeds ; miliary eruption. Miliaria Purpura. Sarlet-rash. Morbus Coxarius. Disease of the hip; hip-disease. GLOSSARY OF MEDICAL TERMS. 725 Mucous Membrane. The membrane which lines the sides of cavities which communicate with the external air, such as that which lines the mouth, stomach, etc. Mucus. One of the primary animal fluids ; secretion from the nostrils. Myelitis. Inflammation of the spinal marrow. Myopia. Short sight; near-sighted- ness. Narcotic. Having the property of in- ducing sleep. Nasal. Belonging to the nose. Nasal Cartilages. The cartilages of the nose. Nephritis. Inflammation of kidneys. Neuralgia Facialis. Face-ache. Nodosities. Swellings; nodes, a swelling of the bone or thickening of the periosteum, Notalgia. Pains in the loins. Occiput. The posterior part of the head. Odontalgia. Toothache. Oedema. Swelling; dropsical swelling; adj. (Edematous. Olfaction. The act of smelling. Omentum. The caul. The viscus con- sists of folds of the peritoneum con- nected by cellular tissue; it is at- tached to the stomach, lying on the anterior surface of the bowels. Ophthalmia. By this term* is now usually understood simple inflamma- tion of the Conjunctiva. Catarrhal Ophthalmia. Ophthalmic Nerve. The first branch given off from the Gasseriaji ganglion of the fifth pair of nerves ; it divides into the lachrymal, frontal, and nasal nerves. Ophthalmitis. Inflammation of the entire ball of the eye. ' rganic Disease. In pathology, dis- eases in which there is derangement or alteration of structure are termed organic. Os Uteri. The mouth or opening of the womb. Ossicula Auditoria. The small bones of the ear. They are situated in the cavity of the tympanum, and are four in number; termed the malleus, incus, stapes, and os orbiculare. Otalgia. Earache. Otitis. Inflammation of the ear. Otorrhea. A discharge, or running; from the ear. Ozaena. An ulcer situated in the nose. (See Ozama.) Palate Bones. These are placed at the back part of the roof of the mouth, between the superior maxillary and sphenoid bones, and extend from thence to the floor of the orbit. Palpitatio Cordis. Palpitation of the heart. Panaris. Whitlow; panaritium; pa- renychia. Pancreas. A gland situated trans- versely behind the stomach. Paralysis. Palsy. Paralysis Paraplegica. Paralysis affecting one-half of the body trans- versely. Parenchyma. The connecting medium of the substance of the lungs. Parotitis. Inflammation of the par- otid gland; the mumps. Paroxysm. A periodical fit of a dis- ease. Parturition. The act of bringing forth. Pathogenetic. The producing or cre- ating of abnormal phenomena. Pathognomic. Characteristic of, and peculiar to, any disease. Pathology. The investigation of the nature of disease. Pectoral. Appertaining to the chest. Pectus. The chest. Pelvis. The basin-shaped cavity below the abdomen, containing the bladder and rectum, and womb in woman. Percussion. The act of striking upon 726 GLOSSARY OF MEDICAL TERMS. the chest, etc., in order to elicit I sounds, to ascertain the state of the ! subjacent parts. Pericarditis. Inflammation of the Pericardium (sac containing the heart). Perineum. The space between the anus and the external sexual organs. Periosteum. The membrane which envelops the bones. Peritonaeum. The serous membrane which lines the cavity of the abdo- men, and envelops the viscera con- tained therein. Peritonitis. Inflammation of the per- itoneum. Petechia. Spots of a red or purple hue, resembling a flea-bite. Phagedenic. A term applied to any sore which eats away the parts, as it were. Pharynx. The throat, or upper part of the gullet. Phase. Appearance, or change ex- hibited by any body, or by disease. Phlebitis. Inflammation of the veins. Phlegmatic. Vido, Leuco-Phlegmatic. Phlegmon. An inflammation of that nature which is otherwise termed healthy inflammation. Phrenitis. Inflammation of the brain. Phthisis (Pulmonalis). Consumption, abscess of the lungs. Physiology. The branch of medicine which treats of the functions of the human body. Plethora. An excessive fullness of the blood-vessels. Pleura. The serous membrane which lines the cavity of the thorax or chest. Pleuritis or Pleurisy. Inflammation of the pleura. Pleurodynia. Pain or stitch in the side. Pneoumonia. Pneumonitis, Peri- pneumonia. Inflammation of the parenchyma of the lung. Polypus. A tumor most frequently met with in the nose, uterus, or vagina. Porrigo Scutulata. Ringworm 01 the scalp. Precordial Region. The fore part of the chest. Prognosis. The act of predicting of what will take place in diseases. Prolapsus Ani. Protrusion of the in- testines. Prosopalgia. Face-ache. Prurigo. Itching of the skin. Psoas Muscles. The name of two muscles situated in the loins. Psoitis. Inflammation of the psoas muscles. Pubis. The pubic or share-bone. Puerperal Fever. Appertaining to childbed. Puriform. Pus-like, resembling pus. Purulent. Of the character of pus. Pus. Matter. A whitish, bland, cream-like fluid, found in abscesses or on the surface of sores. Pustule. An elevation of the scarf- skin, containing pus or lymph, and having an inflamed base. Pyrosis. Heart-burn; water-brash. Quinsy. Inflammatory sore threat. Quotidian. Intermittent, about twen- ty-four hours intervening between the attacks. Rabies. Madness arising from the bite of a rabid animal; generally applied to the disease showing itself in the brute creation. Rachitis. The rickets. Raucitas. Hoarseness. Rectum. The last of the large intes- tines, terminating in the anus. Remittent. A term applied to fevers with marked remissions, and, gen- erally, subsequent exacerbation. Repercussed. Driven in. Resolution. A termination of inflam- matory affections without abscess, mortification, etc. The term is also applied to the dispersion of swell- ings, indurations, etc. heumatic Ophthalmia. Inflamma- GLOSSARY OF MEDICAL TERMS. 727 tion of the tunica albuginea, and of the sclerotica. Rose. A term applied to erysipelas, from its color. Rubeola. Measles. Sacrum. The bone which forms the base of the vertebral column. Saliva. The fluid secreted by the sal- ivary glands into the cavity of the mouth. Sanguineous. Consisting of blood. Sanies. A thin, greenish discharge of fetid matter, from sores, fistula, etc.; adj. Sanious. Scabies. Psora, Itch, Scapula. The shoulder blade. Sciatica. A rheumatic affection of the hip-joint. Sciatic Nerve. A branch of a nerve of the lower extremity. Scirrhus. Indolent, glandular tumor, generally preceding cancer in an ul- cerated form. Sclerotica. The hard membrane of the eye ; it is situated immediately under the conjunctiva. Scorbiculus. Pit of the stomach. Scorbutus. Scurvy. Scrofulous Ophthalmia. Inflamma- tion of the conjunctiva, with slight redness, but great intolerance of light, and the formation of pimples, or small pustules. Secretory Vessels, or Organs. Parts of the animal economy, which sepa- rate or secrete the various fluids of the body. Semi-lateral. Limited to one side. Sinus. A cavity or depression. Solidification. Vide, Hepatization. Somnolence, Disposition to sleep. Specific. A remedy possessing a pe- culiar curative action in certain dis- eases. Spleen. A spongy, viscous organ, of a livid color, placed on the posterior part of the left hypochondrium. Splenitis. Inflammation of spleen. Splints. Long, thin pieces of wood, tin, or strong pasteboard, used for pre- venting the extremities of fractured bones from moving so as to interrupt the process by which they are united. Sputa. Expectoration of different kinds. St. Anthony's Fire. Erysipelas. Stertorous. Snoring. Stomacace. Canker or scurvy of the mouth. Strabismus. Squinting. Strangury. Painful discharge of urine. Sternum. The breast-bone. Stethoscope. An instrument to assist the ear in examining the morbid sounds of the chest. Stricture. A constriction of a tube or duct of some part of the body. Struma. Scrofula. The king's evil; adj. Strumous. Sty. An inflammatory small tumor on the eyelid. Sub-maxillary. Under thejaw. Sub-maxillary Glands. Glands on the inner side of the lower jaw. Sub-mucous Tissue. Placed under the mucous membrane, Sudorifics. Medicines which produce sweating. Sugillation. A bruise, or extravasated blood. Suppuration. The morbid action by which pus is deposited in inflamma- tory tumor, etc. Syncope. Fainting or swooning. Synocha. Continued inflammatory fe- ver. Synovia. A peculiar, unctuous fluid secreted within the joints, which it lubricates, and thereby serves to fa- cilitate their motions. Synovial Membrane. The membrane which lines the cavities of the joints, and secretes the synovia. Taenia. Tape-worm. Tartar. A concretion incrusting the teeth. Temporal. Appertaining to temples. 728 GLOSSARY OF MEDICAL TERMS. Tendon. The white and shining ex- tremity of a muscle. Tenesmus. Painful and constant urg- ing to alvine evacuations, without a discharge. Tetanus, adj. Tetanic. A spasmodic rigidity of the parts affected. Therapeutics. That branch of medi- cine describing the action of the dif- ferent means employed for the curing of diseases, and of the application of those means. Thorax. The chest, or that part of the body situated between the neck and the abdomen. Thrush. Numerous small, white ves- icles in the mouth. (See Thrush.) Tic-douloureux. Face-ache. Tinea Annularis. Tinea Capitis. Ringworm of the scalp. Tinea Faciei. Milk-crust; milk-scab. Titillation. Tickling. Tonic. Medicines which are said to increase the tone of the muscular fiber when debilitated and relaxed. Tonsils. The oblong, sub-oval glands placed between the arches of the pal- ate. Tonsilitis. Inflammation of the ton- sils. Trachea. The windpipe. Tracheotomy. An operation by open- ing the windpipe. Traumatic. Appertaining to wounds ; arising from wounds. Tremor. Trembling. Trismus. Lock-jaw. Trituration. The reduction of a sub- stance to minute divison by means of long-continued rubbing. Tubercle. A small, round, eruptive swelling, anatomically speaking. In pathology, the name is applied to a peculiar morbid product occurring in various organs or textures, in the form of small, round, isolated masses o* a dull whitish yellow, or yellow- ish gray color, opaque, unorganized, and varying in shape and consistenco according to their stage of develop- ment and the texture of the part in which they are engendered. Typhoid. Applied to diseases of a low character. Umbilical Cord. The navel-string. Umbilicus. The navel. Union by the first intention. The healing of wounds by adhesion; the growing together of the opposite sur- faces of a wound, when brought into close approximation, without suppu- ration or granulation. The latter process of healing is sometimes des- ignated the second intention. Urethra. The urinary canal. Urticaria. Nettle-rash. Uterus. The womb. Varicella. Pimples, quickly forming pustules, seldom passing into suppu- ration, but bursting at the point and drying into scabs. Chicken-pock. Variola. Small-pox. Variola. Spuria. (Varicella.) Chick- en-pock. Varix, plur. Varices. Swelling or en- largement of the veins. Venesection. The abstraction of blood by opening a vein. Vertigo. Giddiness, with a sensation as if falling. Vesicle. A small, bladder-like erup- tion ; an elevation of the cuticle containing a transparent, watery fluid. Vicarious. Acting as a substitute. Virus. Contagion or poison. Viscid. Glutinous and gelatinous. Viscus, plur. Viscera. Any organ of the system. A bowl. Vomica. An abscess of the lungs. Zygomatic Process. A thin, narrow projection of bone, defining the squamous portion of the temporal bone at its base. INDEX. Abdomen, dropsy of the............. 428 " external injuries of the. 430 Abdominal inflammation............ 365 Ablutions.................................. 654 Abortion.................................. 497 Abscesses................................. 122 Abscess in the gums................... 250 Accidents.................................. 614 Acne rosacea............................. 229 Acute dropsy............................. 324 Adherence of the after-birth........ 512 Affections of the ears.................. 207 " " eyes.................. 194 " " face, lips, and jaws ............. 229 " " head................ 166 ' " mind .............. 159 from fright and fear........ 159 excessive joy.................. 159 grief............................. 159 homesickness................ 159 unhappy love................. 159 jealousy....................... 159 mortification, insult........ 159 contradiction and chagrin 159 violent anger................. 159 " of the nose.................... 218 « " penis.................. 442 " " stomach and bow- els................... 327 " " teeth, gums, mouth 236 " " testicles .............. 443 " " throat................. 256 tt '< windpipeand chest 274 « " urinary and geni- tal organs......... 431 After-birth, adherence of the....... 512 PAGI After-pains............................... 515 Agrypnia................................. 45 Ague in the breast...................... 528 Air and exercise........................ 644 Alimentary organs, anatomy of..... 592 Alopecia................................... 193 Amaurosis................................. 204 Amblyopia................................ 204 Amenorrhea.............................. 457 Amygdalitis.............................. 265 Anatomy and Physiology............ 575 Anatomy of the bones................ 578 Anger..................................... 159 Angina faucium......................... 356 " gangrenosa.................... 262 " membranacea................. 278 Ankle, dislocation at the............ 629 Anorexia.................................. 327 Anthrax ................................... 123 Anury ..................................... 436 " during pregnancy............. 490 Anus, itching of the................... 426 Aphonia................................... 274 Aphthae.................................... 545 Apoplexy................................. 174 Apparent death.......................... 59 " " from hunger........ 60 " " from drowning..... 60 " " from freezing....... 63 " " from lightning..... 63 " " from hanging, choking, or suf- focating by bur- dens and pressure 63 " " from noxious va- pors ................ 64 " " from a fall or blow. 64 (729) 730 INDEX. page Apparent death of a new-born in- fant................. 541 " " from violent men- tal emotion....... 64 Appetite, morbid....................... 328 " want of....................... 327 " derangement of, during pregnancy............... 485 Arachnoiditis............................ 176 Arthritis................................... 35 Ascaris lumbricoides................... 380 Ascaris vermicularis................... 380 Ascites..................................... 428 Asiatic cholera........................... 410 Asphyxia.................................. 541 Asthma.................................... 318 " Millari.....................324, 561 " of Millar..................324, 561 " of children..................... 561 " during pregnancy........... 492 Back-ache................................ 37 Bad taste in the mouth................ 246 Baldness................................... 193 Bandages.................................. 612 Bedridden................................ 113 Bedsore ................................ 113 Bees, stings of........................... 72 Biliousness.......................149, 342 Bilious colic............................. 353 Bilious remittent fever................ 147 Bilious fever............................. 147 Bilious rheumatic fever............... 137 Birth, premature...................497, 502 " regular............................ 502 " dry..........................'....... 510 Bites and stings of insects........... 72 Bites of serpents........................ 72 Black vomit.........................141, 344 Bladder, inflammation of the....... 435 " piles of the.................. 439 Bleeding of the nose .................. 220 Blepharitis................................ 195 Blindness.................................. 204 " incipient .................... 204 " sudden........................ 204 " by night..................... 204 " by day........................ 205 PAGE Bloody flux..................... ......... 402 Boils ...................................... 123 Bowels, affections of the............. 327 " inflammation of the........ 368 " looseness of the............. 396 Brain, inflammation of the.......... 176 " " " in children 179 Breast...................................... 528 " ague in the....................... 528 " gathered.......................... 529 Breath, offensive....................... 245 Bright's disease, acute................ 431 Bronchial catarrh....................... 277 Bronchitis................................. 277 Bulimy..................................... 328 Burns and scalds........................ 70 Buzzing in the ears..................... 212 Calculus................................... 441 Cancer...................................... 124 " of the face........................ 234 " of the nose....................... 227 Canker of the mouth.................. 248 Carbuncles ............................... 123 " of the face.................. 229 Cardialgia__............................. 347 Carditis.................................... 307 Caries of the teeth...-.................. 245 Carious teeth............................. 245 Casual diseases.......................... 65 Cataract................................... 203 Catarrhal cough......................... 283 " dry............................ 283 " loose.......................... 284 Catarrh ........................222, 224, 225 " chronic.......................... 226 " bronchial ...................... 277 " epidemic........................ 281 " chronic, of the stomach__ 340 " on the chest of infants..... 543 Cessation of the menses.............. 462 Chafing of bedridden patients....... 113 Chagrin.................................... 159 Change or life........................... 462 Chancre.................................... 445 Chapped hands from working in water.................................... 113 Chest, affections of.................... 274 INDEX. 731 Chest, congestion of the............. 312 " contusion of the............... 326 " dropsy in the................... 324 " rheumatic pain, colds in.... 35 Chicken-pox ............................. 104 Chilblains................................ 112 Child's water............................. 510 Childbed fever........................... 530 " mania in..................... 533 Children, treatment of................ 541 Chills and fever......................... 152 Chlorosis................................... 453 Choking fits.............................. 561 Cholera Asiatica........................ 410 " infantum....................... 564 " morbus.......................... 407 Cholerina.................................. 424 Chorea...................................... 50 Chronic Angina......................... 262 " catarrh ..............v......... 226 " dropsy of the chest......... 324 " eruptions...................... 110 " hoarseness.................... 276 " inflammation of the eyes. 199 Circulation of the blood............... 600 Clap....................................... 447 Clavi pedis............................. 119 Clothing and occupation............. 647 Cold in the head........................ 222 " in the chest........................ 35 " in the stomach.................... 35 " in the limbs........................ 35 " swelling............................ 122 Colica....................................... 353 Colic, bilious ............................. 353 " renal............................... 434 " flatulent or windy.............. 353 " painter's or lead................ 354 " with obstinate constipation.. 355 " caused by piles or hemor- rhoids .......................... 355 " inflammatory..................... 355 " from worms..................355, 385 " indigestion........................ 355 " from indignation, rage........ 355 " from a chill....................... 355 " from cold, damp weather..... 355 PAGE Colic, from bathing..................... 355 " from external injuries......... 355 " in children........................ 355 " in pregnant or lying-in wo- men ............................. 355 " in hysterical women............ 355 " at time of menses...... .355, 458 " from low spirits.................. 355 " during pregnancy............... 489 " during confinement ........... 538 " griping ............................ 353 " of infants.......................... 542 Comedones ............................... 219 Common or ephemeral fever......... 129 " sore throat................... 256 Concussions.............................. 69 Confinement, duration of............. 516 " management of........ 516 " diet during........'..... 518 " state of the bowels during ............... 529 " general complaints during ............... 538 Congestio ad caput.................... 166 Congestion and stagnation of blood in the abdomen....................... 362 Congestion of blood to the head ... 166 " of the chest............... 312 " of the liver................ 371 " of the spleen............. 378 " or determination of blood to the head.... 166 Congestion from great joy............ 167 " fright or fear............. 167 " anger, violent............ 167 " anger, suppressed...... 167 " a fall or blow............. 167 " loss of blood.............. 167 " a cold....................... 167 " constipation.............. 167 " drinking liquors ........ 167 " sedentary habits......... 167 " critical periods of girls 167 " stoppage of menstrua- tion ...................... 167 " dentition in children... 167 " during pregnancy...... 480 732 INDEX. PAGE Congestive fever........................ 137 Constipation ............................. 389 " of infants ............... 558 " during pregnancy .... 488 Consumption, galloping.............. 325 " pulmonary............ 325 " scrofulous.............. 326 Contagious typhus..................... 137 Contradiction............................ 159 Contusion of the chest by a fall or blow...................................... 326 Convulsions or spasms of infants... 551 " in labor................... 509 " during pregnancy...... 475 " puerperal ............... 495 Corns....................................... 119 Coryza..................................... 222 Coryza of infants........................ 543 Costiveness............................... 389 Cough........... .......................... 283 " croupy........................278, 280 " hooping........................... 290 Coughing up of blood.................. 313 Courses .................................... 450 Coxagra................................... 39 Coxalgia .................................. 39 Coxalgia infantilis ..................... 40 Cracked skin from cold............... 113 Crick in the neck...................... 37 Critical period...... .................... 462 Cramp in the legs...................... 43 Cramps in labor......................... 509 Croup .................................278, 279 Croupy cough.......................278, 280 Crustea lactea............................ 117 Crying of infants........................ 542 Crying, spasmodic...................... 495 Cutaneous diseases..................... 82 Cystitis ..............'...................... 435 Day-blindness........................... 205 Deafness................................... 212 Death, apparent ........................ 59 Debility during confinement......... 538 Deficiency of milk...................... 526 Delirium tremens....................... 49 Delivery................................... 511 " treatment after ............. 512 PAGB Dentition ................................. 557 Determination of blood to the head 166 " of blood to the ab- domen.............. 362 Deviation of menses................... 468 Diabetes................................... 438 Diaphragm, anatomy and physiol- ogy of the ............ 589 " inflammation of the... 363 Diaphragmitis ......................... 363 Diarrhea.................................. 396 " chronic ........................ 398 " during pregnancy.......... 487 " in lying-in females......... 398 " of infants..................... 558 " from worms.................. 385 Dietetic rules............................. 21 Diet in acute diseases.................. 21 " in chronic diseases............... 21 " during confinement.............. 518 " nursing............................. 537 " of new-born infants............. 542 Different forms of typhus............ 133 Different modes of applying cold water.................................... 654 Difficulty of speech..................... 254 " of swallowing during pregnancy............... 489 Diphtheria ............................... 266 " its treatment ............ 269 Diseases caused by the presence of worms.................................... 383 Diseases consequent upon scarlet fever and scarlet rash.............. 102 Diseases during pregnancy.......... 475 Diseases of females..................... 450 " of the heart.................. 307 " general........................ 27 Dislocations of joints...............67, 624 Dislocation of the neck............... 626 " of the shoulder-joint... 626 " of the jaw ................ 626 " of the wrist, joints of the hand............... 628 " of the ankle............... 629 " separate at the wrist.. 630 Disposition to fester................... 113 INDEX. 733 Disorders consequent upon measles 95 Dizziness ................................. 171 Domestic surgery....................... 610 louche .................................... 665 Drop-bath................................. 665 Dropsy of the chest..................... 324 " of the abdomen............... 428 " of the brain...............180, 559 " of the scrotum................ 443 Duration of confinement............. 516 Dysentery.................................. 402 Dysmenorrhea........................... 458 Dyspepsia ................................ 328 during pregnancy....... 488 Dysury.................................... 436 " during pregnancy ............ 490 Earache ................................... 210 Ears, affections of the.................. 207 Ears, running of the................... 214 Eclampsia gravidarum................ 495 Elements of the human organism.. 578 Elongation of the head of infants.. 543 Encephalitis.............................. 177 Enlarged glands........................ 123 Enteralgia................................ 353 Enteritis .................................. 368 Enteropyra............................... 147 Enuresis .................................. 437 " nocturna ..................... 438 " spastica....................... 437 Epilepsia.................................. 49 Epilepsy .................................. 49 Epistaxis ................................ 220 Eruptions and swelling of the ex- ternal ear.............................. 207 Eruptions, chronic...................... 110 " of the face.................. 229 " of the genital organs... 444 " on the nose................ 219 Eruptive fevers.......................... 82 Erysipelas bullosum................... 85 " circumscriptum.......... 550 " erraticum.................. 86 " cedematodes .............. 88 " of face and lips........... 229 " of infants.................. 549 < of the knee................ 550 PAGE Erysipelas of the nose ................ 218 " of the throat.............. 262 " on the scrotum............ 444 " or St. Anthony's fire.... 85 " wandering ................ 86 Excoriations............................. 113 " of infants ............... 549 Exercise................................... 644 External injuries........................ 65 " " of the abdomen.. 430 Eyes, affections of the................. 194 Face-ache ........ ....................... 230 Face, affections of the................. 229 " swelling of the.................. 229 " eruptions of the................. 229 " erysipelas of the ............... 229 " neuralgia in the ............... 230 " warts on the..................... 234 " cancer of the ................... 234 " paralysis of the................. 234 Fainting................................... 58 Falling off of the hair.................. 193 " during confinement.......... 538 Falling of the body.................... 426 " of the eyelids.................. 206 " of the palate .................. 273 " of the womb................... 463 False labor pains........................ 505 False pleurisy ........................... 304 Far-sightedness ........................ 205 Fatigue.................................... 57 Fear........................................ 159 Febris intermittens.................... 152 " remittens........................ 147 " simplex.......................... 129 Felons ..................................... 120 Females, diseases of................... 450 Festering.................................. 113 Fever and ague......................... 152 Fever-blisters ........................... 237 Fever-cake............................... 379 Feverishness ............................ 129 Fever and chills........................ 152 " bilious ............................ 147 " bilious remittent............... 147 " child-bed ........................ 530 " congestive........................ 137 734 INDEX. PAGE Fever, ephemeral or common........ 129 " gastric............................. 147 " inflammatory................... 130 " intermittent..................... 152 " irritative, inflammatory, tor- pid.............................. 128 " milk............................... 521 '• puerperal ........................ 530 " relapsing......................... 137 " ship ............................... 137 " remittent, of infants.......... 562 " bilious rheumatic.............. 137 " during pregnancy............. 480 " wound ............................ 69 Fevers...................................... 126 " eruptive.......................... 82 " " with infectious, ep- idemic character 90 " of infants........................ 559 " typhoid or nervous............ 131 " yellow ............................ 138 Flatulency ............................... 340 Flatulent or windy colic.............. 353 Fomentations............................ 612 Flooding................................... 460 " after delivery............... 514 Fluor albus .............................. 466 Food and drink......................... 633 Foot-baths ............................... 663 Foreign substances in the eye...... 206 " " in the ear ...... 216 " " in the nose..... 228 Fractures of bones..................65, 615 " " compound....... 624 Fracture of the nose................... 615 " lower jaw..................... 615 " collar-bone .................. 616 " ribs............................. 618 < arm above elbow (hume- rus) ......................... 618 " fore-arm...................... 619 " fingers......................... 620 " of thigh ...................... 620 " leg below the knee......... 622 " tibia and fibula............. 622 " tibia only..................... 623 " fibula only.................... 623 PACK Fracture of foot and toes............. 623 French measles.......................... 96 Frensy..................................... 165 Fright..................................... 159 Frozen limbs ............................ 75 Full-baths................................ 658 Galloping consumption............... 325 Gastralgia................................. 347 Gastric affections........................ 342 " bilious affections.............. 342 " colic.............................. 355 " derangement .................. 342 " fever............................. 147 Gastritis................................... 365 Gastromalacia........................... 571 Gastroataxia............................. 342 Gastrodynia biliosa.................... 342 Gathered breast......................... 528 General complaints during confine- ment..................................... 538 General inflammatory fever......... 130 General plunging-baths............... 659 Genital organs, affections of the.... 431 " " eruptions of the.... 444 Giddiness................................. 171 Glands, swelling of..................... 122 " induration of............123, 125 " enlargement of............... 123 Glaucoma.................................. 203 Gleet........................................ 447 Glossary of medical terms............ 720 Glossitis................................... 247 Goitre....................................... 45 Gonitis..................................... 42 Gonorrhea...........................445, 447 Gout........................................ 35 Gravel..................................... 441 Green sickness........................... 453 Grief....................................... 159 Griping colic ............................ 353 Grippe..................................... 281 Grubs...................................... 219 Gumboils ................................. 250 Gums, affections of..................... 236 Hahnemann, tribute to the mem- ory of.................................... 421 Haematemesis............................ 344 INDEX. 735 PAGE Haemoptysis.............................. 313 Haematuria................................ 441 Haematuria vesicalis................... 441 Hanging jaw ............................ 235 Hardness of hearing................... 212 Headache................................. 180 " from abuse of tobacco.... 187 " excess of bodily or men- tal labor.................. 187 " grief.......................... 187 " anger......................... 187 " changeable weather...... 187 " from bathing............... 187 " suppressed eruption...... 188 " mechanical injuries...... 188 " from catarrh and cold in the head.................. 183 " from congestion of blood to the head............... 181 " from constipation......... 186 " from drinking coffee...... 187 " from drinking ardent spirits..................... 187 " from overheating.......... 187 " loss of sleep................. 187 " external causes............ 187 " gastric derangement..... 187 " nervous...................... 190 " from rheumatism......... 184 " sick ........................... 188 Head, affections of the................ 166 Head-baths .............................. 660 Heart-burn............................... 340 " during pregnancy....... 481 Heart, diseases of....................... 307 " inflammation of the ......... 307 " palpitation of the............. 308 " rheumatism of the............ 310 Heat of infants ......................... 548 Heatspots................................. 548 Hemorrhage of the lungs............. 313 " during pregnancy..... 481 " after delivery.......... 514 " with the urine......... 441 Hemorrhoids............................ 424 " during pregnancy .... 482 Hemorrhoides vesicae.................. 439 PAGE Hepatitis.................................. 373 Hernia..................................... 427 Herpes .................................... 114 " circinnatus .................... 114 " labialis ......................... 237 Hip-disease............................... 39 Hives ...................................... 83 Hoarseness............................... 274 " acute....................... 274 " chronic.................... 276 Home-sickness........................... 159 Hooping-cough.......................... 290 Hordeolum............................... 200 Humming of the ears.................. 212 Humors in the ear...................... 207 Hydropathy.............................. 650 Hydrocele................................. 443 Hydrocephalus....................180, 559 Hydrops saccatus ...................... 429 Hydrophobia............................. 74 Hydrothorax ......... ................. 324 Hygiene................................... 632 Hygiene and Hydropathy............ 632 Hypera;mia .............................. 35 " of the liver............... 371 " of the spleen............ 378 Hypochondria ........................... 162 Hysteria ................................. 162 Icterus..................................... 377 " during pregnancy ............ 491 Ileus miserere............................ 369 Impotence............................... 444 Incontinence of urine.................. 437 " during pregnancy..... 490 Incontinentia urinae.................... 437 Incubus.................................... 47 Indigestion.........................328, 340 Indurated glands........................ 123 Induration of the skin................ 119 Inflammation, abdominal............ 365 " in the abdomen af- ter delivery....... 530 " of the bladder....... 435 " of the bowels........ 368 " of the brain.......... 176 " in children........... 179 " of the diaphragm.. 363 736 INDEX. PAGE Inflammation of the car............. 209 " chronic, of the eyes 199 " of the margins of the lids............. 197 ' of the eyelid and the margins....... 195 " of the eyelid......... 195 " of the eyes from abuse of mercury 201 " of the eyeball....... 197 " of the eyes from the gout or rheuma- tism ................. 199 " of the eyes from scrofula............ 200 " of the eyes from syphilis or vene- real disease........ 201 " of the eyes of in- fants ................ 545 " of the face............ 229 " of the heart.......... 307 " of the kidneys...... 431 " of the knee joint... 42 " of the liver.......... 373 " of the lungs......... 297 " of the lungs in chil- dren................. 300 " of the nose........... 218 " of the palate......... 250 " of the penis.......... 442 " of the psoas muscle. 42 " of the spine and spinal marrow.... 38 " of the spleen........ 379 " of the stomach...... 365 " of the testicles...... 443 " of the tongue........ 247 " of the tonsils........ 265 Inflammatory colic..................... 355 Influenza.................................. 281 Insult...................................... 159 Intermittent fever...................... 152 Internal ear.............................. 209 Intertrigo ................................ 113 Introduction.............................. 17 Irritat^n of the skin.................. 110 PaGK Ischias .................................... 40 Ischury.................................... 436 " during pregnancy............ 490 Itch....................................... H5 Itching.................................... 110 " of the anus..................... 426 " in the ear........................ 207 " of the nose................219, 220 " of the private parts.......... 478 Jaundice................................... 377 " of infants...................... 549 " during pregnancy........... 491 Jaw-bone, swelling of................. 250 Jaws, affections of...................... 229 " paralysis of the................. 234 " hanging.......................... 235 " swelling of the.................. 250 Jealousy................................... 159 Joy, excessive........................... 159 Kidneys, inflammation of the...... 431 Kink in the neck........................ 37 Knee, inflammation of................ 42 Labor...................................... 504 " excessively painful............. 506 " protracted......................... 506 " too sudden termination of.... 508 " cramps, convulsions, and spasmodic pains during... 509 Labor-pains.............................. 504 " spurious or false........ 505 " absence of................ 508 " cessation of.............. 508 Laryngitis catarrhalis................. 278 Laughter, spasmodic................... 495 Lead-colic................................. 354 Lethargy ................................. 57 Leucorrhea................................ 466 Lienteria.................................. 401 Limbs, rheumatic pains or colds in the........................................ 35 Limping, spontaneous................. 40 Lips, affections of....................... 229 " induration of..................... 125 Liver complaint......................... 375 Liver, grown............................. 364 " congestion of the............. 371 " inflammation of the.......... 373 INDEX. 737 PAGE Local applications...................... 667 Local baths............................... 660 Lochia..................................... 518 " suppression of.................. 519 " excessive........................ 520 " protracted....................... 520 " offensive........................ 521 Lockjaw...............................51, 235 Loin-ache................................. 37 Looseness of the bowels............... 396 Love, unhappy........................... 159 Low spirits during pregnancy....... 475 Lumbago.................................. 37 Lungs, hemorrhage of the........... 313 " congestion of the, during pregnancy................... 492 " inflammation of the......... 297 " congestion of the............. 612 Luxation .................................. 324 Malignant boils......................... 123 " quinsy___................. 262 Management of confinement........ 516 Mania ..................................... 164 " a potu............................. 49 " in childbed...................... 532 Materia Medica.......................... 675 Maw-worms.............................. 380 Measles.................................... 90 Medicinal diseases...................... 80 Megrim.................................... 190 Melasna.................................... 344 Melancholia............................. 164 " during pregnancy..... 475 Memory, weakness of.................. 173 Meningitis .............................. 176 Menorrhagia............................. 460 Menses, cessation of the.............. 462 " first obstructed............... 451 " deviation of................... 46S " suppression of the........ . 457 Menstrual colic.....................355, 458 Menstruation............................. 450 " tardy..................... 451 " of too long dura- tion.................... 461 " painful................... 458 « too early................ 459 62 PAGE Menstruation too late and too scanty................ 460 " too copious.............. 460 Mental exhaustion...................... 57 Metritis.................................... 530 Mictus cruentus......................... 441 Milk, bad, too thin, or repugnant to the child............................ 522 Milk-crust................................ 117 Milk, deficiency of...................... 526 " deterioration of................. 522 " excessive secretion of.......... 525 " fever............................... 521 " leg ................................. 532 " secretion of....................... 521 " suppressed secretion of....... 524 Mind, affections of the................ 159 Miscarriage .............................. 497 Morbid appetite......................... 328 Morbilli.................................... 90 Morbus coxarius......................... 40 Morning sickness....................... 476 Mortification and insult............... 159 Mouth, affections of.................... 236 " canker of....................... 248 " ulceration of................... 248 Mumps ..........................'.......... 208 Muscles .................:*............... 588 Myelitis.....................\vJ»te'.—•• 38 Myopia..................._vi\i^^m,...... 205 Nausea ......................"...':.......... 343 Nausea and vomiting during preg- nancy.................................... 476 Neck, pains in the...................... 37 Nephralgia................................ 434 Nephritis ................................. 431 " crouposa ..................... 431 " desquamatica.............; 431 Nervous and spasmodic cough...... 284 " colic of women.............. 355 " heachache..................... 190 " or typhoid fever............ 131 " system, anatomy of the.. 604 Nettle-rash............................... 83 Neuralgia in the face.................. 230 " in the head................. 190 " in the stomach............ 347 738 INDEX. PAGE Neuralgia during pregnancy........ 494 " of the womb............... 539 Nightmare................................ 47 Nipples.................................... 527 " sore .............................. 527 Nodes, gouty............................. 37 Nose, affections of...................... 218 " induration of..................... 125 " ulceration in the................ 225 " cancer of.......................... 227 " polypus of........................ 227 " obstruction of, in infants.... 543 Notalgia .................................. 37 Nursing.................................... 534 " diet during..................... 537 " women, sore mouth of....... 538 Nutrition Table......................... 639 Obstruction of the menses............ 457 " of the nose in infants. 543 Occupation................................ 647 Odontalgia ............................... 236 Offensive breath......................... 245 Onania..................................... 444 Ophthalmia .............................. 197 Orchitis.................................... 443 Otalgia .................................... 210 Otitis ...................................... 209 Otorrhea................................... 214 Overheating.............................. 57 Ozaena antri Highmori ............... 226 " narium......................224, 225 Pain in the abdomen after deliv- ery........................................ 530 Pain in the hip.......................... 39 Pain in the stomach................... 347 Pains, rheumatic........................ 35 " in the right side during pregnancy ................... 492 " neuralgic......................... 494 " in the small of the back and loins........................... 37 Painter's or lead colic................. 354 Palate, elongation, swelling of...... 273 " falling of the.................. 273 Palpitatio cordis........................ 308 Palsy....................................... 47 Palpitation of the heart.............. 308 PAGE Panaris.................................... 120 Paralysis ................................. 47 " of the eyelids............... 206 " of the face and jaw....... 234 " of the tongue............... 253 Partial or half-baths................... 657 Parotitis ................................. 208 Parturition............................... 502 Penis, affections of the................ 442 " inflammation of the.......... 442 Phlegmasia alba dolens............... 532 Phthisis laryngea....................... 277 " pulmonalis.................... 325 Physiology of the bones.............. 686 Piles........................................ 424 " during pregnancy................ 482 Piles of the bladder.................... 439 Pimples on the face.................... 229 Pin-worms ............................... 380 Placenta, adherence of the........... 512 Plasters ................................... 612 " of arnica........................ 612 Plethora pectoris........................ 312 " during pregnancy.......... 480 Pleurisy................................... 303 " real.............................. 303 " false............................. 304 Pleuritis .................................. 303 " muscularis..................... 303 " serosa.......................... 303 Pneumonia................................ 297 " in infants and chil- dren...................... 300 " in old people.............. 301 " notha........................ 301 " remarks on................ 303 Pneumorrhagia ....................... 313 Podagra................................... 37 Poisoned wounds........................ 72 Poisons..................................... 76 " animal........................... 79 " vegetable........................ 79 " mineral ......................... 79 Pollution.................................. 444 Polypus of the bladder................ 440 " of the ear...................... 216 " of the nose.................... 227 INDEX. 739 PAGE Poultices................................... 610 " of slippery elm and flax- seed.......................... 610 " of mustard and yeast...... 610 Pregnancy ............................... 469 " signs of..................... 469 " progress of............... 471 " exercise during ......... 472 " dress during.............. 473 " periods of.................. 474 " diseases during ......... 475 " convulsions during .... 475 " melancholy during..... 475 " nausea during........... 476 " spots on the face during 480 " plethora, congestion, fever during........... 480 " hemorrhages during ... 481 " hemorrhoids—piles dur- ing ...................... 482 " swelling of the feet and lower limbs during.. 484 " toothache during........ 484 " salivation during....... 485 " derangement of appe- tite during............. 485 " diarrhea during......... 487 " constipation during .... 488 " dyspepsia, heart-burn, acid stomach during 488 " difficulty of swallowing during.................. 489 " spasmodic pains and cramps during........ 489 " colic pains during...... 489 " dysury, strangury, is- chury during.......... 490 " incontinence of urine during.................. 490 " jaundice (icterus) dur- ing....................... 491 " pain in the right side during.................. 492 " asthma—congestion of the lungs during..... 492 " palpitation of the heart during.................. 493 PAGE Pregnancy, spitting of blood dur- ing....................... 493 " pleurisy during......... 493 " hacking cough during. 493 " vertigo—congestion of the head during...... 493 " fainting, depression of spirits during......... 494 " headache, sleeplessness during.................. 494 " neuralgic pains during 494 Premature birth....................497, 502 Prolapsus ani............................ 426 Prolapsus uteri.......................... 463 Prosopalgia............................... 230 Prurigo.................................... Ill " on the scrotum................ 444 Pruritus..............................110, 478 Pseudo-typhus, or bilious-rheu- matic fever............................ 137 Psoitis..................................... 42 Pterygium................................ 202 Ptosis...................................... 206 Ptyalism.................................. 252 Puerperal fever.......................... 530 " convulsions ................ 495 Pulmonary consumption.............. 325 Pyrosis..................................... 340 Putrid sore throat....................... 262 Quickening .............................. 471 Quinsy .................................... 256 " malignant...................... 262 Rage........................................ 165 Ranula .................................... 254 Rash........................................ 82 Raucitas................................... 274 Rawness of the skin in infants..... 549 Real pleurisy............................ 303 Red gum ................................. 548 Red spots on the nose................. 219 Regular birth ........................... 502 Relapsing fever.......................... 137 Remarks on general diseases........ 27 " on pneumonia.............. 303 Remittent fever ........................ 152 " fevers of infants.......... 562 Renal colic................................ 434 740 INDEX. PAGE Respiratory and circulatory organs, anatomy of the........................ 597 Restlessness of infants................ 545 Retention of urine during confine- ment ................................... 538 RhagaiLs................................. 113 Rheumatic pains........................ 35 " pleurisy.................... 28 Rheumatism............................28, 33 " acute....................... 29 " inflammatory............ 29 " chronic.................... 33 " shifting or wandering 30 " of the heart.............. 310 " of the stomach......... 347 ." of the womb............. 539 Ringworm................................. 114 " of the scalp................. 118 Roseola.................................... 96 Rollers .................................... 612 Rubeola................................... 96 Running of the ears.................. 214 Rupture.................................... 427 Salivation ................................ 252 " during pregnancy........ 485 Scabies.................................... 115 Scald-head................................ 118 Scalds ..................................... 70 Scarlatina................................ 98 Scarlet fever.............................. 98 " " malignant................ 100 Scarlet rash............................... 97 Sciatica.................................... 39 Scirrhus.................................. 124 Scorbutus................................. 250 Scrofulous consumption............... 326 Scrofulous sore eyes.................... 200 Scrotum, dropsy of the................ 443 " erysipelas on the .......... 444 " prurigo on the............... 444 " tetter on the................. 444 Scurvy .................................... 250 Sea-sickness.............................. 345 Secretion of milk........................ 521 Seminal weakness...................... 444 Ship fever................................. 137 Short-sightedness...................... 205 PAGE Shower-baths ........................... 656 Sick-headache........................... 188 Signs of pregnancy.................... 469 Sitting-baths............................. 661 Sitz-baths,................................ 661 Skin, anatomy of the.................. 608 " induration of.................... 125 Sleep........................................ 643 Sleeplessness ............................ 45 " during confinement.. 538 " of infants.............. 545 Small-pox................................. 105 Snake-bitten............................. 72 Sneezing, spasmodic................... 495 Snuffles .................................... 543 Softening of the stomach ............ 571 Somnolency .............................. 57 Sore mouth of infants.................. 545 " " of nursing women...... 538 " nipples.............................. 527 " throat............................... 256 " throat, chronic.................... 262 Spasms in the stomach ............... 347 " of infants...................... 551 " during pregnancy............ 489 Spasmodic pains in labor............ 509 " during confinement..... 538 " during pregnancy....... 489 " laughter ................... 495 " crying ...................... 495 " sneezing ................... 495 " yawning.................... 495 Specks on the eyes..................... 200 Spermatorrhea........................... 444 Spinal marrow, inflammation of... 38 Spine, inflammation of................ 38 Spitting of blood....................... 313 Spleen, congestion of.................. 378 " hyperaemia of the............ 378 " enlargement of the.......... 379 " indurated...................... 379 " inflammation of the......... 379 Splenitis................................... 379 Splints..................................... 614 Spontaneous limping.................. 40 Spots on the face........................ 234 " " during pregnancy 480 INDEX. 741 PAGE Spots on the nose, black, red....... 219 Sprains and concussions ............. 69 Squinting.............. .................. 205 Stagnation of blood in the abdo- men ..................................... 362 Stammering ............................. 254 St. Anthony's fire...................... 85 State of the bowels during confine- ment .................................... 529 Stings of insects ........................ 72 Stitch in the side........................ 304 Stomacace ................................ 248 Stomach-ache ........................... 353 Stomach, affections of the............ 327 " cold in the.................. 35 " inflammation of the...... 365 '' neuralgia of the........... 347 " sour .......................... 340 '' softening of the............ 571 '* spasms and pains in the 347 " weak ......................... 328 " rheumatism of............. 347 Stone in the bladder................... 441 Strabismus ............................... 205 Strangury................................. 436 " during pregnancy......... 490 Structure of the human organism.. 576 Struma ......... .......................... 45 Stuttering ................................ 254 St. Vitus'dance ........................ 50 Sty on the eyelid........................ 201 Stymatosis .............................. 442 Summer-complaint.................... 564 Sunstroke................................. 180 Suppression of the catarrh, or cold in the head........... 224 " of the menses ........... 457 " of the milk............... 524 Surgery, domestic...................... 610 Surgical appliances..................... 610 Sweating.................................. 670 " feet ............................ 44 Swelling of the breasts in infants.. 544 " of the cheek.................. 229 " of the eyelid................. 195 " of the ear..................... 207 " of the face.................... 229 PAGE Swelling of the glands................ 122 " of the jaw-bone............ 250 " of the nose................... 218 " of the palate................. 273 " of the tonsils................. 265 " of the tongue................ 247 " of the feet during preg- nancy...................... 484 " lower limbs during preg- nancy....................... 484 " under the tongue........... 254 Swooning............. .................... 58 Syncope.................................... 58 Synocha................................... 130 Syphilis.................................... 445 Taenia...................................... 380 Tape-worm............................... 380 Tastes, different ........................ 246 Taste, loss of............................. 246 Teeth, affections of..................... 236 " anatomy of the................. 590 Teething.................................. 557 Testicles, affections of the............ 443 Tetanus.................................... 51 Tetter...................................... 114 dry ................................ 114 running........................... 114 bleeding ......................... 114 ulcerating........................ 114 on the scrotum.................. 444 Throat, affections of................... 256 " putrid sore..................... 262 " ulcerated sore................. 262 " malignant sore............... 262 " erysipelas of.................. 262 Thrush .................................... 545 Tic-douloureux .......................... 230 Tinea capitis............................. 118 Tongue, inflammation of............. 247 " swelling of.................... 247 " swelling under the......... 254 " paralysis of the............ 253 " ulceration of................. 248 Tonsils, inflammation of............. 265 " swelling of.................... 265 Toothache................................ 236 " during pregnancy....... 484 742 INDEX. PAGE Treatment after delivery ............ 512 " of children................. 541 Tribute to the memory of Hahne- mann .................................... 421 Trichinae.................................. 388 Trismus............................51, 235 Tubercular consumption............ 325 Tumors..................................... 122 Tussis convulsiva....................... 290 Typhoid pneumonia .................. 298 " fever........................... 131 Typhus................................... 131 " versatile ...................... 133 " stupid.......................... 133 " putrid ........................... 133 " contagious...................... 137 Ulcerated sore throat.................. 262 Ulceration in the nose................. 225 " of the windpipe........... 277 Ulcers...................................... 120 " on the ear........................ 207 " on the eyeballs................ 200 Umschlaege................................ 667 Urinary organs, affections of........ 431 " system, anatomy of......... 597 Urine, bloody ........................... 441 " incontinence of the........... 437 " during pregnancy............ 490 " retention of..................... 538 Urticaria.................................. 83 Uterus, falling of the.................. 463 " retroversion of the........... 466 " anteversion of the............ 466 " irritable....................... 539 Vaccination............................... 563 Varicella.................................. 104 Varicose veins........................... 479 Variola .................................... 105 Varioloid, modified small-pox...... 109 Variolois.................................. 109 Veins, varicose.......................... 479 Verrucoe................................... 119 Vertigo................................... 171 " from disordered stomach... 171 " from suppressed ulcers and eruptions.................... 171 " from riding in a carriage.. 171 t PAGE Vertigo from irritation of the brain 171 " from congestion of blood to the brain..................... 171 Vomiting ................................. 343 " after a fall.................. 344 '.' of worms..................... 344 " after eating................. 344 " after drinking.............. 344 " in the morning............. 344 " from overloaded stomach 344 " in drunkards............... 344 " in pregnancy............... 344 " with headache............. 344 " with cough.................. 344 " with diarrhea............... 344 " from riding, sailing...... 344 " of blood..................... 344 " bile............................ 345 " of mucus .................... 345 " of water...................... 345 " sour........................... 345 Want of appetite........................ 327 Warts....................................... 119 " on the face........................ 234 " on the nose ...................... 219 Waters at child-birth.................. 510 " false.............................. 511 Water-brash.............................. 340 Weakness of memory.................. 173 " of sight...................... 204 " seminal ..................... 444 Weak stomach........................... 328 Weaning................................... 536 Weeping or watery eyes............... 203 Wet bandages........................... 667 " linen sheets........................ 669 " nurse................................ 535 Wetting the bed........................ 438 Whites..................................... 466 White-swelling.......................... 40 " " during confinement 538 Whitlows on the ringers.............. 120 Wind-colic................................ 353 Windpipe, affections of............... 274 " ulceration of the......... 277 Wing-skin................................. 202 Womb, falling of the.................. 463 INDEX. 743 PAGE Womb, retroversion of the............ 466 '" anteversion of the............ 466 '" rheumatism of the............ 539 " neuralgia of the............... 539 Worm-colic............................... 385 " diarrhea ..........................385 " fever............................. 385 PAGE Worms..................................... 379 Wounds and bruises .................. 67 " poisoned ...................... 72 Wound-fever............................. 69 Wrist, strains and dislocations..... 628 Yawning, spasmodic................... 495 Yellow fever............................ 138 L H .l«— *■■■■ WM. K. REYNOLDS, Registered Pharmacist, 354 FRIENDSHIP STREET, PROVIDENCE, R. I. \ SM) mm