VACUUM TREATMENT OF PARALYZED LIMB. THE 
HUMAN BODY 
IN 
HEALTH and DISEASE 
A TREATISE. 
BUFFALO, N. Y. 
THE ERIE MEDICAL COMPANY. 
1893- THE HUMAN BODY 
IN health AND disease. 
As long- ago as the sixteenth century, that wise 
yliysician and philosopher, Bischat, taught his disciples 
that the lamp of life was suspended on a tripod, the legs 
of which were circulation, respiration and nervous ener- 
vation. Any serious disease or injury to one of these 
caused the lamp to fall, and the blessed light was forever 
extinguished. Modern physicians, while accepting the 
truth of the axiom, have learned that many of the acci- 
dents and diseases that would have baffled the skill of 
the ancient brethren, under the light of science are 
amenable to treatment, and the person that under the 
old regimen would have been given over to the dark 
cold shadows, may have the lamp so steadied and 
strengthened that the traditional limit of three score 
and ten years may be passed in comfort. 
Why this is true is, without doubt, due to the fact 
that we of the present day better understand the organs 
concerned, the functions they are to perform, and the 
changes that take place in the vital economy when they 
have fulfilled the duties they were intended to perform. 
In considering the subject of circulation, we propose 
to speak of the fluid to be circulated, the changes that 
take place in it during the circulation, and the apparatus 
or system that carries it to every part of the body. 
THE BLOOD 
varies in different parts of the body 
from a brilliant scarlet to a dark pur- 
ple or nearly black color, alkaline in reaction and of a 
specific gravity of 1055, taking water as a standard of 4 
THE HUMAN BODY 
1000. It consists of the watery portion, or the plasma, 
containing’ fibrin, albumen and salts and a large num- 
ber of distinct cells or corpuscles swimming freely in the 
plasma. It is the natural movement of the blood in the 
vessels that keeps the globules thoroughly mingled dur- 
ing the entire period of life. They are of two kinds, 
white and red and found in proportion of about 300 of 
the latter to 100 of the former. 
The red corpuscles of human blood are different in 
size from that of most animals, and by means of the 
microscope have been definitely measured, as well as 
those of most of the domestic animals, so that when 
an object that has a blood stain upon it, is given to an 
expert for examination, he may readily determine if it 
be the blood of a human being or one of the inferior 
animals. 
The red globules of the blood serve mainly as the 
carriers of oxygen, which they receive from contact with 
the air in the process of respiration, and as they pass 
onward through the tissues in the vessels of the circula- 
tion, they part with it and in turn become loaded with 
carbonic acid, return again to the lungs and throw it off 
with the expirations of vitiated air from the lungs. 
The precise physiological functions of the white cor- 
puscles has not yet been determined, but it is evident 
that they do not play as important a part in the vital 
economy as the red. 
Human blood contains 902 parts of water per 1000, 
and the balance is made up about as follows : Albumen 
75, fibrine 3, fatty matter 2, mineral salt 8, other organic 
matter 9. 
These are all intimately mingled in the blood plasma, 
in a fluid form by mutual solution and remain in about 
the same fixed and definite proportions during the time 
of health. The estimation of the whole mass of the 
blood in the human body is surrounded with many diffi- 
culties, but enough experiments of a nature to make the IN health AND disease. 
5 
tests reasonably satisfactory have been made, and the 
results show that for the average man weighing 145 
pounds, the amount will not be far from eighteen pounds 
of blood. 
GROWTH AND REPAIR 
are conditions that begin 
at the earliest moment 
of embryonic life and continue without cessation until 
the great battle of life is over. To meet these require- 
ments this life giving fluid, the blood, enriched with 
the products of digestion, must at regular intervals be 
presented to each bone and sinew, nerve and tissue, and 
as it gives off to them its richness, it receives in return 
the waste and effete products and bears them away to 
part with them again to the emunctories (kidneys, liver, 
&c.,) whose office it is to cast them out of the body as no 
longer fitted to hold a place in the human economy. 
This is accomplished by the circulatory system, and 
thi s is, first, composed of the heart, the great propelling 
organ ; secondly, the arteries and arterioles, the vessels 
(hat convey the blood onward and in their course present 
it to the tissues; thirdly, the veins and capillaries that 
take it up again and return it to the heart and lungs for 
the unloading of its worn out materials. 
THE HEART 
is a hollow muscular organ of conical 
form, placed between the lung's in an 
oblique position, the broad end attached to the great 
vessels by which it is held in position, the lower point 
extending to the space between the fifth and sixth ribs. 
It measures about five inches in length, three and one- 
half in breadth in its largest part, and is two and one- 
half inches in thickness. 
ITS WEIGHT. 
In the adult male it weighs from ten to 
twelve ounces and about two ounces 
less in the female. It continues to increase in weight, 
length, breadth and thickness up to an advanced period 
of life, but this condition is more marked in men than 
n women. It is divided by a muscular septum into two 6 
the; human body 
lateral halves, the right and left, and again by a trans- 
verse constriction, which divides it into the auricle and 
ventricle. 
The right side receives into its auricle all the venous 
blood from the entire body. From this it passes into 
the right ventricle, from thence it passes into the lungs 
through the pulmonary artery. The blood altered and 
changed by its passage through the lungs 'is received 
again into the left auricle by the pulmonarj' veins. 
From this, it passes into the left ventricle, and fi in 
there is distributed by the aorta or great artery, and its 
subdivisions through the entire body. This constitutes 
the circulation in the adult. 
THE CAVITIES 
of the heart are guarded by valves 
to prevent a regurgitation or back- 
ward flow of blood, and are named respectively tricuspid 
and semilunar. The former guards the opening be- 
tween the auricles and ventricles, while the latter per- 
forms the same office for the pulmonary artery. 
A NORMAL HEART BEAT 
consists of the filling 
and emptying- the 
cavities of the org-an, and in the healthy adult is accom- 
plished from seventy to seventy-five times each minute, 
sleeping or waking, and y t many variations occur 
within the limits of perfect health. Position has some- 
thing to do with quickening the beats ; strong mental 
emotions, extreme old age, as well as infantile life, all 
have an appreciable effect on the beats as well as the 
force of this great engine of life. 
The heart is kept at its work by the stimulus of the 
oncoming- current of the blood, and if this is of a vitiated 
or unhealthy quality, the organ is correspondingly over- 
stimulated or depressed, and when the quality falls 
below a given standard, it is no longer fitted to carry on 
the great functions of life, atid the heart is said to fail, 
and as one of the legs of the “ tripod ” has fallen, out 
goes the lamp of life, The A i*t ei*i e ss 
ral artepr; l>, carotid artery; c, vertebral artery; d e, subclavian artery f 
f g7'at al'telT. leading from the heart; g, axillary artery ; ft,brachial’ 
4,16ry ;renal artery; ft. Iliac artery; l, femoral artery; m, pos- 
terior tibial artery; n, anterior tibial artery; o, peroneal artery; p, pedal artery, IN HEALTH AND DISEASE. 
SOME INTERESTING EXPERIMENTS 
have been 
made to 
determine the rapidity of the circulation, and within a 
shdrt time it has been clearly demonstrated that the 
blood entering- the right side of the heart in the adult 
male, will pass thence to the lungs, return to the left 
side of the heart throughout the entire circulation, and 
be returned to the original place of examination in the 
almost incredible short space of twenty-six seconds. 
Physiological experiment has also proved that the 
normal heart with its every beat, exerts a force on the 
circulation of fifty-four pounds to each and every pulsa- 
tion. 
THE ARTERIES 
serve to convey the blood from both 
ventricles of the heart to every 
part of the body. These vessels were named arteries 
from the belief entertained by the ancients that they 
contained air. 
The distribution of the arteries is like a highly ram- 
ified tree, the common trunk of which is formed by the 
aorta, commencing at the left ventricle of the heart, and 
extending to nearly every portion of the body and its 
members. 
The larger trunks occupy the most protected situa- 
tions that are least exposed to injury. • 
Through the body generally the larger arterial 
branches pursue a perfectly straight course. They are 
found empty after death, as in their last contraction 
they force the blood into the veins. All arteries except 
the largest, have muscular tissue in their middle coat. 
or arterials, are the minute 
terminations of the arteries 
and the beginning of the veins having but a single coat. 
These intermediate vessels can have no office but to sub- 
divide into fine network the blood, so it may afford nutri- 
ment by passage of the plasma through their walls, or 
in the glands allow secretion, or in the lungs expose 
THE CAPILLARIES, 8 
The human body 
the blood to the air. Capillaries contract only by elas- 
ticity, so after being dilated, to return on withdrawal 
of pressure, to their ordinary dimensions. Yet two 
powers have been pointed out in them, contributing to 
the movement of the blood. One of these is common to 
plants, animals and some materials of an inorganic 
nature, viz., capillary action. 
The other agency is the attraction which the tissues 
of the organism have for the nutritive materials circu- 
lating in its vessels. This vital or nutritive affinity is a 
vis afronta , (the power in front,) which, as it constantly 
takes in nutrition from particles in the blood and the 
capillaries, must diminish pressure in resistance and 
favor the onward flow. 
NATURAL AIDS: 
—Along- the course of nearly all the 
veins, valves are found opening 
only towards the heart, economizing the power used in 
returning the blood through them. The pressure of the 
muscles during exercise contributes to the same end, 
so does inspiration by lifting the ribs, lessen the pres- 
sure of the heart’s surface, exerting the same suction. 
The larger veins have an appreciable amount of 
muscular tissue ; the smaller ones none. The velocity 
of the Mood movement is greater in the arteries than in 
the veins, while their capacity is about three times as 
great as that of the arterial system. 
CIRCULATION: 
--Although hardly necessary we may 
recapitulate the round of the circu- 
lation : Beginning at the aorta the blood is distributed 
by its branches to all parts of the body. The smaller 
arteries terminate in capillaries, these subdivide the 
blood and supply the different organs. Then the capil- 
laries unite to form the veins until finally all combine 
and end in the descending venae cavae. This empties 
into the right side of the heart, which by the pulmonary 
artery sends it to the lungs, thence by the pulmonary IN HEAI.TH AND DISEASE. 
9 
veins it is brought to the left side of the heart, whence 
it is thrown again into the aorta. 
RESPIRATION. 
This function has for its purpose putting air into 
blood (aeration.) It is accomplished by the exposure of 
the venous blood brought from the right half of the heart 
to the air received into the air vessels of the lungs. 
The immense number of these vesicles (estimated at 
600,000,000) provide a very large expansion of surface. 
Air and blood both periodically enter and pass through 
the lungs, although the blood is entirely confined within 
the capillaries. The heart sends a new supply of venous 
blood with every beat, the lung receiving a fresh quantity 
of air with each inhalation. 
THE LONGS 
are conical, with the apex above, and 
concave base lower behind, than in 
front. The right lung- is the larger. It has three lobes, 
the left but two ; together they weigh about forty-two 
ounces, less in the female. Their color is pinkish white 
at birth, mottled with slight patches in the adult, the 
patches growing darker with age. 
The lung substance is light, spongy and crackling 
under pressure and floating in water. Removed from 
the chest the lungs collapse. 
MOVEMENTS CONCERNED: 
-There are two move- 
ments concerned in 
respiration. Inspiration and expiration. The first is 
accomplished by expanding- the chest so as to take pres- 
sure from the outside of the lung-s, while the mouth and 
nostrils are open to allow the entrance of air. The 
expansion of the chest is effected in two ways; elevation 
of the ribs by the muscle concerned ; seecond, depres- 
sion of the diaphragm by its own contraction, in violent 
inspiration, as in asthma or croup. Other accessory 
muscles assist the intercostals and diaphragm. Ordi- 
nary expiration follows the cessation of the muscular 10 
THE HUMAN BODY 
act of inspiration, not requiring any positive effort of 
muscular contraction. The weight of the ribs cause 
them to fall, the elasticity of the diaphragm makes it 
ascend, and the same property in the lungs induces 
their contraction and the expulsion of the air. The 
elasticity of the costal cartilages also assists with each 
respiration. A man changes about thirty to thirty-five 
cubic inches of air by forced respiration. One can expel 
a much larger amount, still a quantity will remain in 
the lungs which cannot be driven out. 
THE VITAL CAPACITY. 
—A healthy man, five feet 
seven inches in height, 
can on an average expel from his lungs two hundred and 
twenty-five cubic inches of air. This is called his vital 
capacity. Women have about half the breathing capac- 
ity of men. The usual number of respirations in a healthy 
adult is from fourteen to eighteen per minute. The 
force of a full deep inspiration is calculated to be equal 
to a weight of four hundred and fifty pounds lifted. 
CHANGES IN THE AIR BREATHED. 
Common air consists of nearly seventy-nine volumes 
of nitrogen and twenty-one of oxygen, with about four 
parts in 10,000 of carbonic acid, a smaller amount of 
watery vapor and some non-essential gases. After pass- 
ing through the lungs it becomes warmer, its cxygen is 
diminished, its carbonic acid and watery vapor increases. 
From eight to thirty years of age in males, the 
amount of carbonic acid exhaled increases ; from thirty 
to forty it is nearly the same ; after that time it dimin- 
ishes gradually. In females it is less than in males of 
the same age. It increases from eight years until 
puberty, and then remains stationary through the 
menstrual and child-bearing period of life. 
An atmosphere containing five to six per cent, of car- 
bonic acid gas is not capable of long sustaining life; ten 
per cent, produces immediate danger to life, and after IN HEAI.TH AND DISEASE. 
11 
increasing that amount of carbonic acid in the air, it 
becomes fatal to breathe. Alcoholic drink diminishes 
it, exercise increases it, sleep diminishes it. 
During- sleep more oxyg-en is absorbed than in the 
waking- hours, and is probably utilized at that time in 
construction and repair of tissue, not in consumption of 
fuel in the blood to generate force, in which the greatest 
amount of carbonic acid results. Nearly a pint of 
watery vapor is exhaled from the lungs in each twenty- 
four hours. 
CHANGES PRODUCED IN THE BEOOD BY RESPIRATION. 
The color of the blood is altered in the lungs from 
dark crimson or purple to bright scarlet. The blood also 
is one to two degrees warmer. It contains more oxygen 
and less carbonic acid and more fibrine. The introduc- 
tion of oxygen gas and the elimination of carbonic acid 
gas, are, as already observed, the two great purposes of 
respiration ; venous blood is that which has been by 
various influences ,during its flow, rendered unfit for the 
support of the vital energy. Arterial blood has been 
revivified bjr its purification and oxygenation. 
When these changes are prevented, as in strangu- 
lation, drowning, or asphyxia by gases, the dark blood 
is unable to maintain the vitality of the nerve centres ; 
and the blood ceases even to flow through the vessels. 
Drowning occurs, therefore, not from any direct injuri- 
ous effects of the water in the lungs, but from the simple 
exclusion of air. So in some of the deaths from inhala- 
tion of chloroform. The cause, probably, has been the 
deficient admixture of air with the anaesthetic. That 
substance, however, is capable of causing fatal arrest of 
respiration, apparently by its toxic (poisonous) influence 
on the madulla oblongata, the nerve centre of respiration. 
The process of respiration consists accordingly in an 
interchange of gases between the blood and the lungs, 
the blood coming to the lungs, poor in oxygen and 12 
THE HUMAN BODY 
charged with carbonic acid, the former gas is absorbed 
from the air in the pulmonary vessels, while the latter is 
discharged by exhalation in breathing. 
The office of the respiration apparatus is, therefore, 
to afford ingress and egress of the two substances which 
enter and leave the body in the gaseous form. They 
represent the beginning and the end of a series of inter- 
nal combinations and decompositions, which are among 
the most essential of the changes contributing to the 
maintenace of life. 
THE SKELETON. 
1'n the bones of the skeleton, earthy and animal 
constituents are combined. Of the former there are 
66.7 parts, and 33.3 of the latter. Phosphate of lime is 
the most abundant mineral material; being about 51 
parts in the 100. The animal matter of bone is gela- 
tinous, allied to cartilage; originally every bone is 
developed from cartilage by ossification. The mineral 
matter of bone increases with age, making the bone of 
the old more brittle. There is more of it also in some 
bones, and parts of bones, than in others. 
The nutrition of the bone is secured by the blood 
plasma or lymph passing through these canals and cells, 
from the branches of the artery or arteries, which do 
not penetrate to nearly all its parts. The holes upon 
the surface of the bones are for their vessels. 
By the shafts of the long bones being of a compact 
substance and hollow, while the ends are cellular and 
enlarged, the greatest strength is obtained with economy 
of material; while the articulations (joints) are thus 
adapted for motion as well as support. The principle of 
the hollow shaft is illustrated elsewhere, in nature, by the 
stems of the grasses, in science by the tubular bridge. 
Bones are covered closely and lined by an extern- 1 
and internal periosteum. This is a delicate and yet firm 
membrane, supplied with blood vessels and of gre^t IN health and DISEASE. 
13 
importance to the development, nutrition and repair of 
the bone itself. 
GROWTH OF BONES. 
— In the foetus, bones com- 
mence their formation in 
temporary cartilages; in these as they grow, bony mat- 
ter is deposited at and around the points or centres of 
ossification, which are different in number according to 
the complexity of the bone. Short bones may have but 
one such centre. The long bones may have one for the 
shaft and one for each terminal end. 
The union between the end and shafts occurs at 
puberty, or during adolescence. Some fiat bones, as the 
frontal, and those of the pelvis, are in early life bones 
of separate parts, which afterwards are consolidated 
together. Bones continue to undergo absorption and 
renewal of their particles to the end of life, as interest- 
ing experiments upon animals have shown. 
In the adult skeleton there are 206 bones exclusive 
of the sesamoid and wormion bones, which are not uni- 
form in number. They are of the 
Cranium 8 bones. 
Ear 6 “ 
Face 14 “ 
Os hyoids and sternum 2 “ 
Ribs 24 “ 
Vertebral column 26 “ 
Upper extremities 64 “ 
Bower “ 62 “ 
The most convenient classification of the parts of 
the skeleton is into the head, trunk and extremities. The 
divisions of the trunk are the thorax and pelvis. 
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 
The nervous system is an apparatus of intercom- 
municating fibres and cells, disseminated throughout 
the body, and standing in anatomical connection with 
the various organs of the animal system. It has prop- 
erties which are different from those of the other 
organized tissues, and the effect of its operation is to 14 
THE HUMAN BODY 
bring the active phenomena of various parts of the body 
into a definite relation with each other, and with those 
of the outside world. It is therefore a medium of com- 
munication, by which the different animal functions are 
associated together in harmonious action, and are stim- 
ulated or modified according to the demands of tne 
system itself or the varying influence of external con- 
ditions. 
The nervous system consists of two kinds of ner- 
vous tissue, differing from each other in appearance, 
structure and physiological endowments. One of these 
is the white substance, composed of nerve fibres alone ; 
the other is the gray substance, which contains, in 
addition to the nerve fibres, interstitial matter and 
nerve cells. 
THE NERVE FIBRES 
are cylindrical filaments, 
arranged in bundles or 
tracts, in which they run, for the most part, in a 
direction parallel with eath other. The structure of the 
nerve fibre, in its most complete form, presents three 
distinct elements, namely : an external tubular sheath, 
an intermediate medullary layer, and a central axis 
cylinder. 
The nerve fibres are organs of communication. 
They serve as connecting filaments between the nervous 
centers on the one hand, and the peripheral organs of 
sensation and motion on the other. For this purpose 
they are endowed with a power of irritability by which, 
when excited at one or the other extremity, they trans- 
mit the nervous impulse throughout their entire length, 
and produce a corresponding effect at their opposite 
termination. Thus, the nerve fibres distributed to the 
skin, when excited at their outer extremities, produce in 
the brain a sensation corresponding to the external 
impression. On the other hand, those which are dis- 
tfibuted to the muscles, when excited at their origin by u, brain ; b, cerebellum, or lower, or little brain ; c, spinal n arrow; d. facial nerve ; 
e, brachial plexus, formed by the union of several nerves proceeding from the 
spinal marrow; /. internal cutaneous nerve of the arm; («, mesial nerve of the 
arm. h, cubital or ulnar nerve; i, sciaiic plexus, giving; rise to the principal 
nerve of the inferior members ; j,intercostal nerves : k, femoral plexus ; /, radial 
and muscular cutaneous nerve of the arm; m.o, external peroneal nerve; », 
tibial nerve ; o, external saphenous nerve. 
The Xnrvous Syslr.m. m health and disease. 
15 
the impulse of the will, produce a contraction in the 
muscular fibres. 
The immediate effect of dividing or seriously injur- 
ing the nerve fibres is a suspension of their physiologi- 
cal function. The physical communication being cut 
off between their extremities, the sensitive fibres can 
no longer transmit an impression from the skin to the 
nervous centre, and the motor fibres can no longer con- 
vey the stimulus of voluntary motion from the nervous 
centre to the muscles. 
THE NERVE CELLS. 
which form the character- 
istic anatomical element of 
the pray substance, are rounded or irregularly shaped 
bodies, consisting of a soft, semi-transparent, finely 
granular, albuminous matter, and containing a rather 
iarge, distinctly marked nucleus and nucleolus. 
The nerve cells, and the gray substance of which 
they form a part, act as centres, in which the nervous 
impressions are received, and from which a stimulus is 
sent out through the motor fibres to the muscles. Every 
collection of gray substance is therefore called a “ner- 
vous cerftre.” 
MEDIUM OF COMMUNICATION. 
The nervous 
system thus 
stands as a medium of commnication between different 
parts of the living- body, so that a stimulus applied to 
one organ may excite the activity of another. This 
communication between adjacent or distant parts is 
never direct, but always a circuitous one. It passes 
invariably through an intermediate nervous centre, 
which receives the impression conveyed to it by nerve 
fibres from one org-an, and reacts by sending- out a stim- 
ulus which calls into activity the other. This is called 
the “ reflex action ” of the nervous system, because the 
stimulus is first sent inward to the nervous centre and 
then returned or reflected in the opposite direction. In 
this process, the intermediate act between the inward 16 
THE HUMAN BODY 
and outward passage of the nervous stimulus is accom- 
plished in the gray substance of the nervous centres. 
The property possessed by nerves of 
being called into excitement by an 
appropriate stimulus is termed their “ irritability.” 
This property is not confined to the elements of the 
nervous system, but exists in other tissues and organs. 
Thus a glandular organ, when excited, exhibits the 
phenomena of secretion ; a muscle or a muscular fibre, 
that of contraction. 
IRRITABILITY. 
The irritability of the sensitive nerve fibres is most 
directly manifested during life, by the production of 
sensation. This sensation, however, does not exist in 
the nerve itself, but in the nervous centre where its 
fibres terminate. 
ACTION. 
It is a matter of conscious experience that 
the operations of the nervous system require 
a certain time for their accomplishment. The action 
both of the senses and of the will is exceedingly rapid, 
but still is not absolutely instantaneous. Between the 
mental decision to perform a voluntary movement and 
its actual execution, there is a short but real in£erval of 
time, during- which the nervous mechanism is called into 
activity. 
In man and the vertebrate animals, the nervous 
system may be divided into two secondary systems, or 
groups of nervous centres with their fibres and nerves. 
These are the ganglionic or sympathetic, and cerebro- 
spinal systems. 
THE GANGLIONIC 
or “ sympathetic ” system occu- 
pies mainly the great cavities of 
the body. It is connected by its nervous branches and 
ramifications with the internal organs concerned in the 
functions of nutrition, and more especially with the 
heart and blood vessels, and the organs of reproduction. 
system, as its name indi- 
cates, is made up of the 
THE CEREBRO-SPINAL IN HEALTH AND DISEASE. 
17 
brain and spinal cord as the great nervous centres, with 
the nerves which originate from them and which are 
distributed to the voluntary muscles and integument, 
the organs of special sense, and the commencement and 
termination of the internal passages of the body.. 
The spinal cord is a nearly cylindrical nervous mass, 
inclosed in the cavity of the spinal canal, commencing 
by a slightlv enlarged extremity at the brain above, and 
terminating below in a conical point at the level of the 
first lumbar vertebra. Its inner portions are occupied 
by a gray substance, which forms a continuous chain of 
ganglionic matter, running from one extremity of the 
cord to the other. 
The spinal nerves are given off from the cord at 
regular intervals and in symmetrical pairs ; one pair 
for each successive portion of the body, their branches 
being distributed to the integument and muscles of the 
corresponding regions. 
THE BRAIN, 
or “ enceplialon,” is that portion of the 
cerebro-spinal system contained in the 
cranial cavity. It forms a more or less rounded mass of 
nervous matter, consisting-, as in the spinal cord, of 
rig-ht and left lateral halves which remain connected 
with each other by their central parts. 
The construction of the brain, as a whole, may 
tnerefore be represented by considering- it as a double 
series of nervous centres or deposits of gray substance, 
of varying- size and position, connected with each other 
and with the spinal cord by transverse and longitudinal 
tracts of white substance. 
In man, the development o ? the cerebral hemispheres 
reaches its higiiest point, so that they preponderate 
completely over all other nervous centres in the cranial 
cavity. 
THE SPINAL CORD 
is that part of the cerebro- 
spinal system which is con- 
tained within the spinal canal, and which sends its nerves 18 
THE HUMAN BODY 
to the muscles and integument of the trunk and limbs. It 
consists externally of white substance, forming longitu- 
dinal tracts of nerve fibres, the continuations of which 
make connection with those of the brain above ; and 
internally of gray substance arranged in two symmetri- 
cal bands occupying the central portions of its right and 
left lateral halves. It is so constituted, therefore, as to 
act in a double capacity : first, as an organ of nervous 
communication between the brain and the external 
parts ; and secondly, as an independent nervous centre, 
with endowments and functions of its own. 
The spinal cord, as a medium of nervous communi- 
cation between the brain and the external parts, exerts 
a crossed action. That is, the sensitive impressions re- 
ceived by the integument on one side of the body are 
conducted through the cord to the opposite side of the 
brain ; and the voluntary motor impulses which origi- 
nate on one side of the brain pass to the nerves and 
muscles on the opposite side of the bod3r. 
So far as the spinal cord is concerned in the 
phenomena of sensation and voluntary motion, it acts 
as a medium of communication between the brain, 
where consciousness and volition reside, and the integu- 
ment and muscles of the external parts. 
Another important action of the spinal cord, as a 
nervous centre, consists in its control over the sphincters 
and the organs of evacuation. 
While the small intestine, the caecum, and the colon 
are supplied exclusively with nerves from the abdomi- 
nal plexuses of the sympathetic system, the lower por- 
tion of the rectum recieves branches from the sacral 
plexus of spinal nerves, which are distributed both to its 
mucous membrane and its muscular apparatus. The 
lower part of the large intestine acts in a great measure 
as a temporary reservoir, in which the faeces, brought 
down from above by peristaltic movement, accumulate 
until the time arrives for their evacuation. The rectum, IN heaet'h and disease. 
19 
in man. is usually empty, or nearly so, until shortly 
before evacuation ; and when the fasces begin to pass 
into it from above, it is still capable of retaining them 
for a certain period. Their retention and discharge are 
provided for, in this part of the alimentary canal, by 
two sets of musclar fibres; namely, first, the sphincter ani, 
which keeps the orifice of the anus closed ; and secondly, 
the levator ani and the circular fibres of the rectum 
itself, which by their contraction open the anus and 
expel the fasces. Both these acts are regulated by the 
reflex influence of the spinal cord. 
THE URINARY BLADDER 
is also an organ both 
of reservoir and 
evacuation, which is protected by the circular bundle of 
muscular fibres at the commencement of the urethra, 
known as the sphincter vesicce. While the nerves dis- 
tributed to the kidneys are derived exclusively from the 
cieliac plexus of the sympathetic system, those of the 
bladder consist partly of sympathetic filaments from the 
mesenteric ganglia, and partly of cerebro-spinal fila- 
ments from the lumbar portion of the spinal cord, both 
of these sets having- united in the abdomen to form the 
hypogastric plexus. 
Diseases or injuries of the spinal cord which 
cause complete paraplegia, also usually produce a 
paralysis of the bladder. So far as regards contraction 
of the bladder itself, therefore, this act is under the 
influence both of the sympathetic and cerebro-spinal 
systems ; but its most energetic stimulus is derived from 
the spinal cord through the sacral nerves. 
THE BRAIN. 
The brain, or encephalon, comprises all that portion 
of the cerebro-spinal axis which is contained within the 
cavity of the skull. It consists of a variety of nervous 
centres, or collections of gray substance, connected with 
each other and with that of the spinal cord by tracts cf 20 
THE HUMAN HODY 
nerve fibres. The results of experimental investigation 
leave no doubt that each one of these different nervous 
centres has a special function, more or less independent 
of the others in its immediate action, though necessarily 
connected with the rest in the production and external 
manifestation of the nervous phenomena. The largest 
of these nervous centres forming in man nearly four- 
fiifths of the mass of the entire brain, are the two 
masses known as the “ hemispheres ” of the cerebrum or 
front brain. 
The importance of the hemispheres, in connection 
with the higher manifestations of nervous action, is 
sufficiently indicated by their excessive development in 
man, as compared with the other portions of the brain. 
For while in the lower animal they are of medium size, 
and in reptiles and fish are sometimes hardly larger than 
the other nervous centers of the brain, in man they 
acquire such an extension as to cover and surround 
almost completely every other part. 
Notwithstanding the evident importance of the 
hemispheres as special parts of the nervous system, the 
first act certainly known in regard to them is that they 
are not, even in man, directly essential to life. That is 
to say, they do not hold under their immediate control 
any of the physiological acts, like those of respiration 
and circulation, which are necessary to the continuance 
of vitality. They often influence these acts, in an indi- 
rect manner, by the sympathetic connections of the 
nervous system; but life will continue for a certain 
period under the influence of other nervous centres, 
without the aid of the cerebral hemispheres. 
The cerebral hemispheres as a whole are therefore 
evidently the centres in which the nervous mechanism 
of mental action is accomplished. The mental endow- 
ments which are concerned in the manifestations of the 
intelligence are mainly the memory, the reason and the 
judgment. IN HEAI/fH ANI) DISEASE. 
21 
MEMORY 
is the simplest and most essential of these 
faculties for the due performance of intel- 
ligent acts. The recollection of names, and of the objects 
to which they belong, is indispensable even to the use of 
language; and a deficiency of memory seems often to 
be the immediate condition upon which the incapacity 
of idiotic children to talk depends. 
THE REASON 
may be considered as the faculty by 
which we appreciate the character 
of the nervous impressions received, and are enabled to 
refer them to their external source. This is quite dif- 
ferent from the simple power of perception, which con- 
tinues, as experiment has demonstrated, after the remov- 
al of the cerebal hemispheres. The mental action 
which is excited by an impression coming- from without 
is one which transfers the attention from the internal 
sensation to its external source ; and when this action is 
prompt and effectual, we at once acquire an idea of 
whence the impression originated and what is its signifi- 
cance. The perfection of this quality consists in the 
certainty with which it appreciates the relation between 
an effect and its cause, and the relative importance of 
different phenomena. This capacity is deficient or absent 
in idiots, and consequently they cannot avoid dang-ers or 
provide for their necessities. For the same reason it is 
useless to punish an idiot, because, althoug-h he may feel 
the pain inllicted, he does not refer to it as a conse- 
quence of any previous action of his own. A deficiency 
of the same quality in the insane, or in those in whom it 
is naturally imperfect, produces a want of power to com- 
prehend the importance and connection of different 
events. They are said to be “ unreasonable,” because 
they expect results which are unlikely to follow from 
certain causes, and because they assume the existence of 
causes which are not really indicated by the results. 
THE JUDGMENT 
is the faculty by which the appro- 
priate means are selected for the 22 
THE human body 
accomplishment of a particular end. Its exercise re- 
quires the existence of reason and memory, which sup- 
ply the necessary conditions upon which it is based; 
but its own action is one which looks to the future rather 
than to the past. An individual in whom the judgment 
is well developed employs, under the guidance of experi- 
ence, means which are well adapted to attain the end he 
has in view ; one who is deficient in this respect resorts 
to means which are insufficient or inappropriate, and is 
consequently unsuccessful. Whether the act performed 
in this manner be a simple mechanical operation, like 
that of shutting a door to exclude the cold, or a compli- 
cated plan involving many parts, the mental process is 
the same in kind, and differs only in degree ; its essential 
character being that it is an intelligent act, based upon 
an understanding of the previous conditions, and in- 
tended to accomplish a definite result. 
It is evident that all such manifestations of intelli- 
gence, taking place through the brain, are reflex actions. 
Their starting point is a sensation coming from without, 
which gives rise in the mind to a succession of internal 
operations, terminating in an intelligent impulse. This 
is reflected from within outward, and thus finally calls 
into action the nerves or voluntary motion. There can 
be little doubt that the intermediate process, between 
the sensation and the impulse, takes place in the gray 
substance of the brain. 
There is no question that the power of language re- 
sides somewhere in the hemisphere of the brain. 
The medulla oblongata is the seat of reflex actions 
which are directly or indirectly connected with the im- 
mediate preservation of life, since it maintains the 
movements by which air and food are introduced into 
the interior of the body. It also presides over the im- 
mediate muscular combinations concerned in the pro- 
duction of the voice and articulation, and by this means 
establishes an intelligible communication with the ex- 
ternal world. Diagram of the Sympathetic Nerves IN HEALTH AND DISEASE. 
23 
THE SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 
The sympathetic system of nerves, when compared 
with the cerebro-spinal system, presents anatomical 
peculiarities of arrangement and distribution so distinct 
and noticeable, that it is naturally regarded as occupy- 
ing a place by itself. The slender double cord of its 
main trunk extending throughout the great cavities of 
the body, the number and scattered position of its gan- 
glia, which are united with each other only by filaments 
of small size, the frequent and plexiform arrangement 
of its branches, and the distribution of its terminal fibres 
to the organs of circulation and nutrition, all form a 
well marked group of features by which it is easily 
recognized. But notwithstanding the general import- 
ance of these characters, the sympathetic nerves and 
ganglia do not constitute a separate and independent 
nervous system. Neither the minute structure of their 
anatomical elements, nor their external connections, are 
essentially different from those of the cerebro-spinal 
nerves and nervous centres. 
THE SYMPATHETIC SYSTEM 
consists of a double 
chain of nervous 
ganglia, running from above, downward along the front 
and sides of the spinal column, and connected with each 
other by longitudinal filaments. E}ach ganglion is re- 
enforced by motor and sensitive fibres from the cerebro- 
spinal system, and thus the organs under its influence 
are brought indirectly into communication with external 
objects and phenomena. Its nerves are distributed to 
glands and mucous membranes, many of which are 
destitute of general sensibility, and to muscular parts 
which are removed from the control of the will. The 
sympathetic ganglia are situated successively in the 
head, neck, chest and abdomen ; and in each of these 
regions are connected with special organs by their fibres 
pf distribution. 24 
THE HUMAN BODY 
IN THE ABDOMEN 
he continuation of the sympa- 
thetic system consists mainly 
of the aggregation of ganglionic enlargement situated 
upon the coeliac artery, known as the semilunar or 
coeliac ganglion. From this ganglion a multitude of 
radiating and inosculating branches are sent out, which, 
from their common origin and their diverging course, 
are termed the solar plexus. From this other plexuses 
originate, which accompany the abdominal aorta and its 
branches, and are distributed to the stomach, small and 
large intestines, spleen, pancreas, liver, kidneys, supra- 
renal capsules, and internal organs of generation. 
THE INFLUENCE 
of the sympathetic nerve undoubt- 
edly serves as a medium of re- 
flex action between the sensitive and motor portions of 
the digestive, excretory, and generative apparatus ; and 
it is certain that it takes part in reflex actions in which 
the cerebro-spinal system is also interested. 
THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM. 
In addition to the connected series of canals by which 
the blood passes in continuous round through the arter- 
ies, capillaries, and veins, there is also a system of ves- 
sels, leading only from the surfaces toward the centre, 
and discharging into the great veins near the heart the 
fluids which have been absorbed in the solid tissues of 
the body. The fluid contained in these vessels is nearly 
or quite colorless, especially in thin layers, and from its 
transparent and watery appearance is called the 
“ lymph,” and the vessels themselves constitute what is 
known as the lymphatic system. 
As the blood circulates through the capillaries under 
the pressure of the arteries, certain of its ingredients 
pass out through walls and penetrate the tissues. In the 
normal state of the circulation, this fluid, which is the 
real source of nutrition for the solid parts does not stag- 
nate in contact with them, but is renewed by a continual Lymp-ttVyl Ik'-. Sys I e m in health and disease. 
25 
change. As fresh supplies need to be drawn from the 
circulating- blood, the older portions are removed by 
absorption and return to the centre of the circulation by 
the lymphatic vessels. The blood, containing- the red 
globules, requires to be rapidly and abundantly returned 
to the lungs by the veins, in order to retain the oxygen 
necessary for its continued vitality ; while the lymphatic 
collect more gradually the fluids which have served for 
the slower process of nutrition and growth. 
the lymphatics do not essentially 
differ from the blood-vessels, 
their peculiarity being- that their walls are more delicate 
and transparent. They are more abundant in org-ans 
which are fully supplied with blood-vessels, and are 
absent in tissues where blood-vessels do not exist. 
IN STRUCTURE 
FROM THEIR ORIGIN 
the lymphatic vessels pass 
inward toward the great 
channels and cavities of the body, uniting- into larger 
branches and trunks, and following generally the course 
of the principal blood-vessels and nerves. Along their 
course the lymphatics pass through hard pinkish little 
bodies of all sizes from that of a hemp seed to an almond. 
These bodies are called glands, and often enlarge by 
disease so that they may be felt. 
During the passage of the blood through the capil- 
lary blood-vessels a variety of actions take place, by 
which some of its ingredients are given up to the tissues 
and are at the same time replaced by others derived by 
absorption from the adjacent parts. 
SECRETION AND EXAMINATION OF THE URINE. 
The worn-out products of tissue and the useless 
matter of the food are thrown off from the body in the 
breath, the faeces, and the urine. The carbon of the 
tissues is exhaled from the lungs, the insoluble and 
unavailable portions of the food are excreted by the 
intestines, while urine contains essentially the nitrogen- 
ous and other soluble products of tissue change. 26 
The human body 
Hence it is that examination affords the means of 
estimating- the nature and degree of the waste and 
change going on from time to time in the various organs 
and tissues of the body. No other product of the body, 
therefore, possesses such interest to the medical prac- 
titioner, as no other can throw the same light on the 
organic processes of the diseased as well as the healthy 
body. 
The quantity of urine passed in twenty-four hours 
by a healthy adult, eating and drinking moderately, may 
be estimated at from forty to sixty ounces. 
In health the secretion of urine is increased during 
hours of mental and physical activity, and is diminished 
during sleep. If these conditions be reversed, it usually 
means chronic rectal trouble or diabetes. 
Healthy urine gives a light foam, which disappears 
quickly ; but in saccharine urine and in most urines of 
a high specific gravity the foam remains for a consider- 
able time. 
Urine sometimes shows, in cases of urethral or pros- 
tatic inflammation, besides a few puscells, a number of 
thready fibres floating through it. These are the so- 
called “ gonorrhoeal threads ” which, though very com- 
mon in chronic gonnorrhooe and gleet, are seen in many 
other inflammatory lesions of the deeper part of the 
urethra. 
Urine has a characteristic aromatic odor in health, 
which varies in intensity, being usually stronger when 
the percentage of solids is high. Diabetic patients often 
exhale a peculiar ethereal odor. 
The color of urine is normally golden or amber yel- 
low, but may vary in health from very pale yellow or 
colorless to red or reddish-brown. 
Dark urine usually indicates the presence of some 
abnormal pigment, and suggests further examination. 
The specific gravity of the mixed urine of twenty 
four hours is normally about 1.020, but is of course influ- Vertical Section ot* Kidney 
MtlSI' Of I 111! lllillllllT, 
"'1111 Mil! Dfifn'enlin 
<111(1 VliSjcillal! Somiiiiilis 
Ititi/it /; jtn niu/n.-y 
{/lit ‘ IX health and disease. 
27 
eticcd in health by all causes that affect either the 
quantity of water or the quantity of solids excreted by 
the kidneys. 
The chief abnormal substances that are held in solu- 
tion in urine are : Albumen and allied proteids, blood, 
sugar, acetone and allied substances, biliary constitu- 
ents, fat, cystin, leucin andtyrosin, abnormal pigments. 
Under urine sediments may be classed chiefly those sub- 
stances that are carried from the body suspended in the 
urine, such as epithelium, mucus, shreds of tissue, casts, 
spermatozoa, parasites, fungi, etc. 
Spermatozoids, when present in quantity, form a 
light flocculent cloud, but there is rarely anything to 
ind’cate their presence. A high power microscope (400 
diameters) is necessary for their recognition. They are 
seen as small oval bodies with delicate tails. Their 
recognition is often of great importance in medico-legal 
cases. 
Urine may be preserved in hot weather, by adding 
to the bottle a little salicylic acid, about one grain to the 
ounce. This in no way alters the microscopical appear- 
ance of the sediment or interferes with the chemical 
reactions of the fluid. 
REGULAR AND SUFFICIENT ACTION 
of the 
kidneys 
is as important to health, nay, even more so than irregu- 
larity of the bowels. The kidneys remove from the 
blood those effete matters, which, if permitted to remain 
would speedily destroy life,—uric acid, urea, urates, etc. 
It may likewise contain various other matters,the result of 
certain abnormal* changes taking place in the system, as 
phosphates, oxalate of lime, grape sugar, pus, albumen, 
etc., the presence of which, affords the practitioner a 
true indication of the peculiar character of those 
changes. When the functions of the kidneys become 
imperfectly performed, or suspended, the above matters, 
urea and urates, are retained in the circulation, giving 28 
THE HUMAN BODY 
rise to affections of the kidneys, dropsy and many other 
serious diseases. A total suspension of the urinary dis- 
charge will occasion death in from thirty-six to forty- 
eight hours. When the urine is voided in small quanti- 
ties at a time, or when there is a disposition to urinate 
more frequently than natural, or when the urine is high 
colored, or scalding, these are indications of some de- 
rangement in the system, and means should be employed 
to stimulate the kidneys, or cause them to excrete an in- 
creased quantity, or proper quality, of urine. If the 
cause of the difficulty be not known, an attempt may be 
made to regulate the action of the kidneys by an infusion 
of parsley root, or of queen of the meadow root, or of 
hair-cap moss, etc.; the use of many fruits, as whortle- 
berries, watermelons, grapes, apples, etc, will frequently 
restore the organs to a healthy condition. 
Should these simple means fail to effect any relief, 
the difficulty then assumes a more serious aspect, as it 
may be connected with certain acute or chronic affections 
of one or more of the organs of the body. Under such 
circumstances the difficulty should not be trifled with by 
delay or self-treatment ; a physician should at once be 
consulted, who if he be thoroughly versed in his pro- 
fession, and a skillful practitioner, will not only make a 
minute inquiry relative to all the various symptoms of 
the case, but will subject the urine itself to a careful 
chemical and microscopical analysis, that he may, from 
its constituents, understand the character of the changes 
taking place. 
THE MUSCLES. 
The skeleton is the image of death. Its unsightly 
appearance instinctively repels us. We have seen, how- 
ever, what uses it subserves in the body, and how the 
ugly looking bones abound in nice contrivances and 
ingenious workmanship. In life, the framework is 
hidden by the flesh. This covering is a inas1: of muscles, The ('liiol' MiiscIok. IN HEAI.TH ANO DISEASE. 
29 
which not only give form and symmetry to the body, but 
also produce its varied movements. 
The peculiar property of the muscles is their power 
of contraction. It does not cease at death, but, in cer- 
tain cold-blooded animals, is often noticed long after the 
head has been cut off. 
The muscles are nearly all arranged in pairs, each 
with its antagonist, so that, as they contract and expand 
alternately, the bone to which they are attached is moved 
to and fro. 
There are two kinds of muscles, the voluntary, which 
are under the control of our will, and the involuntary 
which are not. Thus our limbs stiffen or relax as we 
please, but the heart beats on by day and by night. 
The eyelid, however, is both voluntary and involuntary, 
so that while we wink unconsciously, we can also control 
the motion. 
Each muscle is composed of a multitude of tiny fibers. 
The binding of so many threads into one bundle 
confers great strength. We see this illustrated in sus- 
pension bridges, where the weight is sustained by small 
wires twisted into massive ropes. 
The ends of the muscles are generally attached to 
the bone by strong, flexible, but inelastic tendons. 
EXERCISE. 
By use, the muscles grow larger, and become hard, 
compact and darker-colored ; by disuse, they decrease 
in size, and become soft, flabby and pale. Exercise also 
sets every organ in the body at work. The lungs, skin, 
and kidneys—the scavengers of the body—hasten to re- 
move waste matter, and a healthful glow succeeds. 
Violent exercise, however, is injurious, since we 
then tear down faster than nature can build up. Feats 
of strength are not only hurtful, but dangerous. Often 
the muscles are strained or ruptured, and blood-vessels 
burst in the effort to outdo one’s companions. Even so 30 
THE HUMAN BODY 
simple an amusement as jumping the rope, carried to ex- 
cess, has been known to cause sudden death. 
Do not exercise when very hungry, nor immediately 
after a full meal. Only the strong and healthy should 
exercise before breakfast, as in early morning, the pulse 
is low, the skin relaxed and the system susceptible to 
cold. Weak and delicate persons, therefore, need to be 
braced with food before they brave the out-door air. 
WONDERS OF THE HEART. 
This marvelous little engine throbs on continually 
at the rate of 100,000 beats per day,40,000,000 per year,oft- 
en 3,000,000,000 without a stop. Its vitality is amazing. 
Lay upon the table the heart of a freshly-caught stur- 
geon, all palpitating with life, and it will beat for days 
as if itself a living creature. The most tireless of organs 
while life exists, the heart is one of the last to yield when 
life expires. So long as a flutter lingers there, we know 
the spark of being is not quite extinguished, and there 
is hope of restoration. During a long life it will propel 
half a million tons of blood, yet with unfaltering labor 
repair itself as fast as it wastes, patiently keeping up 
the play of its valves and the rhythm of its throb till 
“ the wheels of life stand still.” 
WONDERS OF RESPIRATION. 
The perfection of the organs of respiration challenges 
our admiration. So delicate are they that the least 
pressure would cause exquisite pain, yet tons of air surge 
to and fro through their intricate passages, and bathe 
their innermost cells. We yearly perform at least 7,000- 
000 acts of breathing, inhaling 100,000 cubic feet of air, 
and purifying over 3,500 tons of blood. This gigrantic 
process goes on constantly, never wearies or worries us, 
and we wonder at it when science reveals to us its mag- 
nitude. 
THE SKIN. 
The skin with which the whoje exterior surface of IN HfiAT/fH ANt) DtSfiAStf. 
31 
the body is covered, is a dense, thick, membranous layer, 
composed of stout fibers, that are interlaced or plaited 
tog-ether somewhat in the manner of a woolly sub- 
stance of which a hat is made. Numerous nerves 
and blood vessels, called, from their very small size, ca- 
pillary or hair-like vessels and nerves,fill the skin so thor- 
oughly, that it is not possible to pierce any part of it 
with the finest cambric needle without causing one or 
more drops of blood to flow out, and at the same time 
producing more or less pain. 
Besides the nerves or blood-vessels, there are numer- 
ous other vessels,terminating upon the surface of the skin 
in minute openings, commonly known as the “ pores of 
the skin,” whose action is to remove from the blood an 
oily substance, together with the matter of which per- 
spiration is formed, thereby not only keeping the surface 
of the skin soft and moist, but likewise removing from 
the blood an immense amount of decomposed or used up 
particles, which would give rise to serious disease, were 
they not purged out, as it were, from this fluid by these 
perspiratory vessels. 
THE PERSPIRATION 
passed off through the pores 
of the skin is of two kinds, 
one termed the sensible, and the other the insensible per- 
spiration. The insensible perspiration is that which 
passes off in such minute amount as to be hardly noticed 
by a person. It is constantly passing from the skin, 
when this is in a healthy condition, as may at any time 
be known by placing the hand in a glass vessel which 
has been wiped quite dry, and then closing the open end 
by winding a cloth or towel around the wrist and mouth 
of the vessel. In a short time the inner surface of the 
glass vessel will become dimmed by the condensation of 
the insensible moist perspiration of the skin upon it. 
Sensible perspiration is that which stands upon, or 
flows from the skin in drops, and is usually known by the 
name of “ sweat.” Persons sweat when they are much 32 
THE HUMAN BODY 
warmer than usual, during hot seasons, and when there 
is a great excitement of either the mind or body, from 
any cause whatever. It is often so profuse in quantity 
as to completely saturate the clothes of those from whom 
it issues. 
It may be a matter of astonishment to many to be 
informed of the great amount of used-up matter that 
passes from the system. According to experiments 
made by Carpenter, Cruikshanks and others,from eleven 
to forty grains is thrown off every minute, or from thirty- 
three to one hundred and twenty ounces per day. And 
this, it must be recollected, has only reference to the in- 
sensible perspiration, the sensible being of course much 
greater. 
KKI’KODUCTION. 
The essential condition of reproduction is the union 
of two opposite polar or sexual cells, the germ cell and 
the sperm cell. In the higher animals, as in man, these 
are always the products of the different bodies having 
concomitant sexual peculiarities. Among the lower 
forms of animal and vegetable life true hermaphrodism 
is sometimes met with as in the tape worm. Still, even 
if the united cells do not exhibit any palpable differences, 
the principle of duality seems to be universal in repro- 
duction. Apparent exceptions exist to this law in several 
instances. 
SEEMING EXCEPTIONS 
occur in reproduction with- 
out impregnation and 
the alternation of certain animals whose off-spring's are 
quite different from themselves. Careful examination, 
has, however, shown that while it may sometimes be de- 
ferred for several generations sexual unions at intervals 
always occur. This is not necessarily in the bodies of 
the animals, as in the case of the fishes. The spawn or 
milt meet in the water outside of both parents. Parasites 
within the cavities of the human and other animal bodies 
were once a serious puzzle to scientists. Toslicln exposed 
\ ertical Seel ion of the Testicle, lo show 
the Arrangement of the Duets. IN HKAI.TH AND DISEASE. 
It is now well understood, however, that all of them 
must be and can be shown to be, derived from other like 
or unlike forms, whose germs enter the body through 
the skin, in food or drink, or after being variously depos- 
ited as eggs. So the tape worm comes from the cysticer- 
cus swallowed while very small in food. 
SOME FACTS 
have often suggested the idea of spon- 
taneous generation. That is, of the 
springing up of life in previously inanimate organic 
matter. Vegetable and animal life do certainly appear 
often on the surface of decaying liquids and solids with- 
out visible source of origination. Any infusion of or- 
ganic matter left exposed to the air for some days in 
warm weather will display under the microscope a num- 
ber of minute but distinct growths. These, at least 
those whose motions give the idea of animality,are called 
infusoria. Do they ever begin to exist without previous 
germs ? 
OF WOMAN 
the ovary is the primary organ of repro- 
duction. In it the ova are produced 
and once a month an ovum is thrown off by the fallopian 
tube into the uterus. The graafian vesicles are the min- 
ute sacks or cavities in which the ova are formed. Each 
undergoes certain changes before and still more after its 
rupture and the discharge of the ovum. There is then 
left a small mass called the corpus luteum. This is the 
larger and- persists considerably longer when pregnacy 
occurs, but the differenee is not sufficiently marked to 
afford certain evidence of impregnation, if not impreg- 
nated by sexual intercourse. The ovum is then carried 
out by the mucus and bloody menstrual discharge from 
the uterus or womb. 
THE ESSENTIAL ORGANS 
of reproduction in man 
are the testicles. In 
the seminal fluid are multitudes of spermatozoa on which 
its generative potency depends. These are microscopi- 
cally mipute bodies 1-600 of an inch long, each with a 34 
THE HUMAN BODY 
triangular head and elongated tapering tail, moving in- 
cessantly, while their vitality continues. This motion, 
suggesting the idea of animality,gave rise to their name, 
but they are well understood to be cell filaments, with a 
motility like that of some other reproductive forms, veg- 
etable as well as animal, but not anitnalcular themselves. 
Each spermatozoa may be a ciliated cell with but one 
ciliuin or tail. When the spermatozoa become dry and 
are subject to extreme heat or cold, or to disorganizing 
agents c* any kind, they cease moving directly. Other- 
wise, it is probable that sometimes (in the genital organs 
of female, for instance after coitus) they may retain their 
vitality for hours and even dajrs. 
THE FORMATION 
of the spermatozoa is as follows: 
At and after puberty there are 
formed in the seminiferous tubes of the testicles, certain 
vesicles, each containing- from one to twenty nucl 'i with 
nucleioli in them. In these vesicles, probably from the 
the nuclei, the spermatozoa are developed in bundles, 
then the vesicles gave way and disappear and the sperma- 
tozoa are set free in the ducts with a very small amount 
of fluid. 
This mingling- of the spermatozoa occurs in the head 
of the testicle. Passing through the organ a glary mu- 
cus is added, and the material is accumulated in the sem- 
inal vesicles. 
When the sexual orgasm takes place contraction of 
surrounding muscular fibres expels the semen from the 
seminal vesicles into the urethra ; there it receives the 
secretions of the postate gland, the glands of cowper, 
and of mucus follicles of the urethra, all of which are 
excited together by the act of coition. Entrance of the 
seminal fluid into the uterus is necessary for impregna- 
tion. Sometimes certainly, perhaps usually, a portion 
of it passes through the fallopian tube to an ovary. IN HEAI.TH AND DISEASE. 
35 
MAI,K OKGANS OF GENERATION. 
The male organs of generation are the penis and 
testes, with their appendages. 
The Penis contains in its interior the larger portion 
of the uthera, and is divided by anatomists into a root, 
body and extremity, or glans penis. 
The root is broad and firmly connected to the rami 
of the pubes by two fibrous processes, termed the crura, 
and to the front of the symphysis pubis by a fibrous 
membrane, the suspansory ligament. 
The extremity or glans penis, resembles an obtuse 
cone, with a verticle slit in its apex, termed the meatus 
urinarius, orifice of the urethra. At the back part of 
this orifice is a fold of mucus membrane passing back 
ward to a depressed raphe, termed the froenum preputii. 
The rounded projecting border of the base of the glans 
is termed the corona glandis ; behind the corona is a deep 
constriction, the cervix. On each of these parts are 
numerous lenticular glands, the glanduloe tysonii sen 
odori/eroe, which secrete a sebaceous matter of a pecu- 
liar odor. 
The body of the penis is covered by integument re- 
markable for its thinness and the absence of adipose 
tissue. When erect it becomes somewhat triangular in 
form, with rounded angles, the broadest side called the 
dorsum, being upward. At the neck of the glans the 
integument leaves the surface of the penis and becomes 
folded on itself forming the prepuce. 
The penis is composed of erectile tissue inclosed in 
three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of these 
compartments, the corpora cavernosa, are arranged side 
by side along its upper part ; the third, the corpus spong- 
iosum, is placed below and encloses the urethra. 
The Corpora Cavernosa consists of two fibrous 
cylindrical tubes, forming the chief part of the body of 
the organ, separated by a fibrous septum. 36 
THR HUMAN BODY 
The septum between the two corpora cavernosa forms 
an imperfect partition; it is thick and complete behind, 
but in front it is incomplete, and consists of a number of 
vertical bands which are arranged like the teeth of a 
comb, whence the name which it has received, septum 
pectiniforme. These bands extend between the dorsal and 
the urethral surface of the corpora cavernosa. 
From the internal surface of the fibrous envelope, as 
well as from the sides of the septum, are given off a 
number of bands or cords which cross the interior of the 
corpora cavernosa in all directions, subdividing- them 
into a number of separate compartments and giving the 
entire structure a spongy appearance. These bands and 
cords are called trabeculce, and consists of white fibrous 
tissue, elastic fibres, and plain muscular fibres. In them 
are contained numerous arteries and nerves. 
The component fibres, of which the trabeculce are 
composed are larger and stronger round the circumfer- 
ence than at the center of the corpora cavernosa; they 
are also thicker behind than in front. The interspaces, 
on the contrary, are larger at the center than at the cir- 
cumference, their long diameter being directed trans- 
versely ; they are largest anteriorly. They are occupied 
by venous blood and are lined by a layer of flattened cells 
similar to the endothelial lining of veins. 
The whole of the structure of the corpora cavernosa 
contained within the fibrous sheath consists, therefore of 
a sponge-like tissue of areolar spaces freely communi- 
cating with each other and filled with venous blood. The 
spaces may therefore be regarded as large cavernous 
veins. 
The arteries bringing the blood to these spaces are 
the arteries of the corpora cavernosa and branches from 
the dorsal artery of the penis, which perforate the fibrous 
capsule along the upper surface, especially near the fore 
part of the organ. 
These arteries on entering the cavernous structure IN HEALTH AND DISEASE. 
divide into branches, which are supported and enclosed 
by the trabeculae:. Some of these terminate in a capillary 
network, the branches of which open directly into the 
cavernous spaces ; others assume a tendril-like appear- 
ance, and form convoluted and somewhat dilated vessels, 
which were named by Muller helicene arteries. They 
project into the spaces, and from them .are given off 
small capillary branches to supply the trabecular struc- 
ture. They are bound down in the spaces by fine fibrous 
processes, and are more abundant in the back part of 
the corpora cavernosa 
The blood from the cavernous spaces is returned by 
a series of vessels, some of which emerge in considerable 
numbers from the base of the glans penis and converge 
on the dorsum of the organ to form the dorsal vein ; others 
pass out on the upper surface of the corpora cavernosa 
and join the dorsal vein ; some emerge from the under 
surface of the corpora cavernosa, and receiving branches 
from the corpus spongiosum, wind round the sides of the 
penis to terminate in the dorsal vein; but the greater 
number pass out at the root of the penis, and join the 
prostatic plexus and pudendal vein. 
The Corpus Spongiosum is situated in a groove on the 
under surface of the corpora cavernosa, is largely com- 
posed of erectile tissue, which consists essentially of an 
intricate venous plexus, capable of receiving a large 
amount of blood in states of excitement or congestion. 
The arteries of the penis are derived from the internal 
pudic ; its nerves from the internal pudic nerve and the 
hypogastric plexus. The organ has two sets of lympha- 
tic vessels, one superficial and the other deep 
The male Urethra extends from the neck of the 
bladder to the meatus urinarious. Its length in the 
adult is usually eight or nine inches ; its course has a 
double curve in its flaccid state, but in the erect condi- 
tion it forms a single curve, the concavity of which is 38 
THE HUMAN BODY 
directed upward. It is divided into three portions, the 
prostatic, membranous and spongy. 
The Prostatic portion is the widest and most dilata- 
ble part, and passes through the prostate gland. It is 
about an inch and a quarter in length. Upon the floor of 
the canal is a narrow ridge, the veni montanum or caput 
gallinaginis, formed of mucous membrane and its subja- 
cent tissue. When distended it serves to prevent the 
passage of the semen backward into the bladder. A 
fossa or depression on each side of the veru montratum 
is called the prostatic sinus, the bottom of which is per- 
forated with numerous apertures, the orifices of the pros- 
tatic ducts. 
The Membranous portion of the urethra extends be- 
tween the apex of the prostate and the bulb of the cor- 
pus spongiosum. 
The Spongy portion is the longest part of the urethra 
and is contained in the corpus spongiosum. It is about 
six inches in length, and extends from the membranous 
portion to the meatus urinarius. 
The Meatus Urinarius is a vertical slit about three 
lines in length, and is the most contracted part of the 
urethra. 
The Urethra is composed of three coats, a mucous, 
muscular and erectile. 
The Prostate Gland is a small glandular body sur- 
rounding the neck of the bladder and commencement of 
the urethra. In shape and size it very much resembles 
a horse chestnut. Its secretion is a milky fluid, having 
an acid reaction, and presenting, on microscopic exam- 
ination, molecular matter. This gland is frequently en- 
larged, and its ducts filled with concretions, especially in 
old age. 
Cowper's Glands are two lobulated bodies of a yel- 
lowish color, about the size of peas, situated beneath the 
forepart of the membranous portion of the urethra, be- 
tween the two layers of a deep perineal fascia, and lying HTKITCTIIHH OK I'HNIK 
Tho Bladder anil rrethra, laid open , seen 
from above. 39 
close behind the bulb. The excretory duct of each gland 
is nearly an inch in length, and passes obliquely forward 
beneath the mucous membrane, opening by a minute ori- 
fice on the floor of the bulbous portion of the urethra. 
They diminish in size in advance age. These glands 
and the prostate are asscessory organs, and produce mu- 
cous mainly. 
The Testes are the glandular organs which secrete 
the semen. They are situated in the scrotum, being sus- 
pended b}f the spermatic cord. Lying upon the posterior 
border of each testis is a narrow flattened body termed 
the epididymis. Attached to the upper end of the testis 
or the epididymis, is a small, pedunculated body, the 
use of which is unknown. 
The Scrotum, which contains the testes and part of 
the spermatic cord, is a cutaneous pouch, divided into 
two lateral halves; by a medium line or raphe, and con- 
sisting of two layers, the integument and the dartos 
muscle. 
The Tunica Vaginalis, the serous covering of the 
testis, is a pouch of serous membrane, derived from the 
peritoneum during the descent of the testis in the foetis, 
from ths abdomen into the scrotum. 
The Tunica Albuginea is the fibrous covering of the 
testis. It surrounds the glandular structure of the or- 
gan, and at its posterior and upper border, is reflected 
into the interior of the gland, forming an incomplete 
vertical septum, called the corpus Highmorianum or 
mediastinum testis. 
The Tunica Vasculosa, or pia mater testis, is the vas- 
cular layer of the testis, consisting of a plexus of blood 
vessels, held together by delicate areolar tissue. 
Structure of the Testes—The testes are compound 
tubular glands with numerous lobules, estimated at 250 to 
400. Lacli lobule is of a conical shape, the base being 
directed toward the circumference of the organ, the apex 
toward the mediastinum. The tubes may be separately 
IN HEAI.TH AND DISEASE. 40 
THE HUMAN BODY 
unraveled by careful dissection under water. Their di- 
ameter varies from one two-liundreth to one one-hun- 
dred and-liftieth of an inch. They consist of a basement 
membrane, lined by epithelium, consisting- of nucleated 
granular corpuscles, and are enclosed in a delicate plex- 
us of capillary vessels. In the apices of the lobules the 
tubuli become convoluted, and unite together so as to 
form 20 to 30 larger ducts, of about one-fiftieth of an 
inch in diameter, which from their straight course are 
called vasa recta. 
The Vasa Recta enter the fibrous tissue of the ined- 
eastinum, and pass upward and backward, forming a 
network of tubes with very thin parieties, constituting 
the rete testis. The vessels of the rete testis terminate 
at the upper end of the mediastinum in a number 
of ducts, varying from 12 to 20, which are termed vasa 
afferentia. They carry the seminal fluid from the testis 
to the epididymis. 
The Vas Deferens, the continuation of the epididymis 
is the excretory duct of the testis. It ascends along the 
inner side of the testis and epididymis, through the 
spermatic canal, to the internal abdomal ring. Its waits 
are thick and dense, but its canal is very small, measur- 
ing but half a line. 
The Spermatic Cord is composed of arteries, veins, 
nerves, lymphatics and the vas deferens, connected by 
areoler tissue, and invested by its proper coverings. It 
extends from the internal abdominal ring to the back 
part of the testicles. The left cord is usually longer 
than the right, which occasions the left testicle to hang 
somewhat lower than the right. 
Vesiculak Seminals—The seminal Vesicles are two 
membranous pouches between the base of the bladder 
and the rectum. They serve as reservoirs for the se- 
men, and secrete a fluid which is mixed with that of the 
testicles. IX HEALTH AND DISEASE. 
41 
Each vesicula consists of a single tube coiled upon 
itself, and giving off several irregular diverticula. 
The Ejactulatorv Ducts, one on each side, are formed 
by the junction of the duct of the vesicula seminalis 
with the vas deferens. 
The Semen is a thick, whitish fluid, having a peculiar 
odor. It consists of a fluid portion called the liquor sem- 
inis, and solid particles termed seminal granules and 
spermatozoa. 
The Seminal Granles are round corpuscles, measur- 
ing one-four-thousandth of an inch in diameter. 
The Spermatozoids are the essential elements of im- 
pregnation, and deserve more than a brief notice. 
They were discovered in the male semen in 1677, by a 
German student named Von Hammen, and he first 
showed them to Geeuwenhoek, who made as thorough a 
study of them as he could with the imperfect microscopes 
of that period. 
Fora long time the spermatozoa were regarded as 
living animalcules, though at present they are consid- 
ered as peculiar anatomical elements composed of proto- 
plasm, endowed with life and capable of motion. They 
are very similar in form in different animals. We shall 
describe them as they are found in man. 
If we place a minute quantity of the seminal fluid 
taken from the seminal vesicles of a healthy man who 
has died suddenly, or of ejaculated semen, on a glass 
slide, cover it with a thin piece of glass and place it un- 
der a microscope we will find innumerable bodies mov- 
ing over the field of the microscope with a serpentine, 
wriggling motion, with considerable, apparent rapidity. 
They present a flattened, conical head and a long fila- 
mentous tail. If the glass be kept warm this motion con- 
tinues for some time, but finally ceases, when they are 
supposed to be dead, in which condition they wrould be 
incapable of fecundating the ovum, even if it were pos- 
sible to bring them in contact with it. Under favorable 42 
conditions, and especially in the generative passages of 
the female, these movements no doubt continue for sev- 
eral daYs. 
FREQUENCY OF SEXUAE INTERCOURSE. 
On this question there is as much diversity of opinion 
as on any other that can be named. The only data on 
which a philosophical answer can be predicated is normal 
instincts, and these, unfortunately, we do not know 
where to look for. It is easy to lay down a rule by which 
all may approximate as nearly as possible to physiolo- 
gical propriety—a life in obedience to the laws of life. 
The more nearly the parties live in accordance with 
physiological habits, especially in the matters of food, 
clothing and exercise, the more nearly normal will be 
their sexual inclinations, and the less need have they of 
subjecting their desires to the restraints or control of 
reason. For those who live riotously ; who are constant- 
ly goading their sexual passions to abnormal intensity 
by means of gross food, stimulating viands and obscene 
associations, no better rule can be given than the less 
indulgence the better. 
DR. R. T. TRADE SAYS : 
“ Let not sexual love be confounded with sexual lust. 
The former is always gratified and completely satisfied 
with legitimate indulgence. The latter is like the appe- 
tite of the glutton or the drunkard, each indulgence ag- 
gravating but never satisfying. 
“ Those who study this subject in the light of phys- 
iology, and who practice conscientiously according to the 
light that is in them, will have no occasion to envy the 
libertine and debauchee. They will not fail to be con- 
vinced that here, as everywhere, ‘the ways of wisdom 
are ways of pleasantness and all her paths are peace. 
Those persons whose lives are more simple and pure, 
who are temperate in all sensuous gratifications, and 
who indulge the sexual passion moderately, will find the 
THE HUMAN BODY IK HEALTH AND disease. 
happiness resulting- unalloyed, and in the course of a 
lifetime, more pleasurable and satisfac- 
tory. And besides, such persons maintain the integrity 
of the sexual instincts, with the capacity to enjoy, at a 
much later period of life, than do those whose indul- 
gencies are premature or excesive. Many persons are 
sexually, as young at sixty years of age as others at 
thirty. Some maintain their virility beyond the age of 
three score years and ten, while others exhaust it in half 
the time. 
“ Sexnal intercourse should never, under any cir- 
cumstances, be indulged in, when either party is in a 
condition of great mental excitement or depression, nor 
when in a condition of great bodily fatigue, nor soon 
after a full meal, nor when the mind is intensely preoc- 
cupied ; but always when the whole system is in its best 
condition and most free from disturbing influences.” 
There is good sense and sound philosophy in the 
words which Sterne causes his hero, Tristram Shandy, to 
utter : ‘‘I wish my father or my mother, or indeed both 
of them, as they were in duty both equally bound to, had 
minded what they were about when they begot me ; had 
they duly considered how much depended upon what they 
were then doing; that not only the production of a 
rational being was concerned in it, but that possibly the 
happy formation and temperature of his body, perhaps 
his genius and the very cast of his mind, and perhaps 
the fortunes of his own house, might take the humors 
and dispositions then uppermost. Had they duly 
weighed and considered all this, and proceeded accord- 
ingly, I am verily persuaded I should have made a quite 
different fig-ure in the world from what the reader is 
likely to see me. Believe me, good folks, this is not so 
inconsiderable a thing as many of you think it.” 
FEMALE APATHY. 
The majority of women (happily for society) are not 44 
THE HUMAN iiODV 
very much troubled with sexual feelings of any kind. 
What men are habitually, women are only exceptionally. 
There can be no doubt that sexual feeling in the female 
is in the majority of cases in abeyance, and that it re- 
quires positive and considerable excitement to be aroused 
at all; and even if roused (which in many instances it 
can never be) it is very moderate compared with that of 
the male. Many persons, and particularly young men, 
form their ideas of women’s sensuous feeling from what 
they notice early in life among loose, or at least, low 
and immoral women. There is always a certain number 
of females who, though not ostensibly iti the ranks of 
prostitutes, make a kind cx a trade of a pretty face. 
They are fond of admiration, they like to attract the at- 
tention of those immediately above them. Any suscep- 
tible boy is easily led to believe, whether he is altogether 
overcome by the syren or not, that she and therefore all 
women, must have at least as strong passion as himself. 
Such women, however, give a very false idea of the con- 
dition of female sexual feeling in general. Association 
with loose women (who, if they have no sexual feeling 
counterfeit it so well that the novice does not suspect but 
that it is genuine,) seems to corroborate such an impres- 
sion ; and as I have stated above, it is from these erron- 
eous notions that so many unmarried men imagine that 
the marital duties they will have to undertake are beyond 
their exhausted strength, and from this reason dread and 
avoid marriage. 
Married men—medical men—or married women 
themselves, would if appealed to, tell a very different 
tale, and vindicate female nature from the vile asper- 
sions cast upon it by the abandoned conduct and ungov- 
erned lusts of a few of its worst examples. 
There are many females who never feel any sexual 
excitement whatever. Others again, immediately after 
each period, do become, to a limited degree, capable of 
experiencing it; but this capacity is often temporary, IN HEALTH AND disease. 
45 
and may entirely cease until the next menstrual period. 
Many of the best mothers, wives and managers of house- 
holds, know little of, or are careless about sexual indul- 
gences. Love of home, of children and of domestic 
duties, are the only passions they feel. 
As a general rule, a modest woman seldom desires 
any sexual gratification for herself. She submits to her 
husband’s embraces; but principally to gratify him ; and, 
and were it not for the desire of maternity, would far 
rather be relieved from his attentions. No nervous 
or feeble young man need, therefore, be deterred from 
marriage by any exaggerated notion of the arduous 
duties required from him. Let him be well assured, that 
the married woman has no wish to be placed on the foot- 
ing of a mistress. 
DR. JOHN COWAN ON INVOLUNTARY NOCTURNAL 
EMISSIONS. 
“ This disorder, so wide-spread, occurs generally at 
night during sleep, when there is an involuntary erec- 
tion of the organ, followed by a general genital excite- 
ment and a discharge of semen. It is the general pre- 
vailing opinion that if these involuntary emissions do not 
occur oftener than once in two or three weeks, no harm 
to the individual is done, the emission acting as nature’s 
safety-valve. Notwithstanding all that physicians and 
others may say to support this assertion, it is a great 
error—an error that entails on the individual, sooner or 
latter, serious constitutional effects. Should the emis- 
sions occur oftener than this the symptoms of impair- 
ment of the health are more pronounced. The morning 
after the emission the first noticeable symptoms of the 
harm done the body are a pain above the eyes, or on top 
or back of the head ; eyes sensible to light ; ringing in 
the ears ; tenderness of the spine; weakness of the back; 
pain in the legs, from the knees to the ankle, and cold- 
ness of the hands and feet. He gradually grows into 46 
THE HUMAN BODV 
vascillating habits of thought and action, weakening his 
will power ; continually possessed with doubts and fears 
as to the future, irritable in temper, and unhappy in all 
his social relations. 
“There is another class of men—those possessing a 
preponderance of the vital temperament—in which sem- 
inal emissions develop a different train of symptoms, 
such as dyspepsia, constipation, torpid liver and diseased 
state of the skin, as shown by the eruption on the face. 
This class of patients are much easier to cure than the 
first mentioned, whose nervous system is primarily in- 
volved. A noticeable difference in the symptoms be- 
tween these two types is in the loss of memory—the 
first scarcely ever showing a loss of memory until the 
disease has progressed almost beyond hopes of recovery; 
while in the last, dullness of perception and loss of mem- 
ory is one of the first indications of impairment of the 
constitution. 
“The causes for seminal emissions are self-abuse at 
some time in life, and sexual excesses at any time of life, 
or it may be of a hereditary nature. The disease may be 
developed in a person who has committed sexual excesses, 
and who never has practiced masturbation. The prime 
cause is the practice of self-abuse at some time of life. 
There are many married men who, although they get 
what they demand sexually, will yet have seminal emis- 
sions while occupying the same bed with their wives. 
“ Just here I must protest against the often-advised 
remedy for involuntary emissions and spermatorrhoea— 
namely, that of marriage. A man having these diseases 
and following out this advice, will soon sorely repent of 
the deed, and be tempted to curse his adviser. Marrying 
as a supposed help to a cure, implies that through sexual 
excess or legalized prostitution, the disease, or rather 
the involuntary emissions, will through voluntary action 
be diverted into a possibly legitimate channel. This is 
not only a great error, it is a great sin—a sin and wrong 47 
IN HEAETH AND DISEASE. 
done the man’s own body, done the woman he marries, 
and the children he generates. If he have children they 
will not only be predisposed to the disease, but will, 
very likely, when they arrive at a marriageable age, be 
either impotent or sterile. No man, having seminal 
emissions, gonorrhae, consumption, or any other disease, 
should marry, or even in the remotest way think of it. 
until he recovers fully from the disease. It is a help to 
a cure, in the man having this disease, to court the 
society of females, enjoying their companionship, living 
purely and chastely in their presence—but no further, 
until he can lay claim to a perfect manhood.” 
I)R. COWAN ON EXCESSES : 
“ To enter more into detail; the effects of excesses— 
and whether they be produced by self, by legalized or 
unlegalized prostitution, the results are not greatly dif- 
ferent—first noticeable is shown in a general weakness 
of the nervous system, and, through the medium of the 
great sympathetic system of nerves, this want of ner- 
vous vital power is communicated to all the nervous de- 
partments of the body. The stomach—the laboratory of 
the body—first feels the effects, and shows its weakened 
power by its inability to promptly digest ordinary food. 
After a time, should the excesses be continued, dyspepsia 
takes place, which, in connection with the failure of 
power in other parts of the body, is called general debil- 
ity, which general debility is very soon followed by con- 
sumption. 
“ The fact that the small brain, in which amative- 
ness is located, is also the co-ordinating or harmonizing 
power of the muscular system, explains why sexual ex- 
cesses are so soon followed by a weakening of the joints, 
and especially the joints of the knees, a softening of the 
muscles, a want of strength, and a motion of an un- 
steady, dragging nature, differing so noticeably from 
the springing, strong, elastic carriage of the continent 
individual. 48 
The human body 
“ Noticeably in many ways do sexual excesses effect 
the brain. The faculty of memory is weakened and im- 
paired, the oerson gradually lacking his usual power to 
remember men and things. The eyes are also affected ; 
disordered vision is almost always a prompt indication 
of amativeness. The eyes are easily affecte-d by night 
lights, and any ordinary effort strains and hurts them. 
The hearing is also in many cases impaired. Paralysis 
of the lower extremities occasionally results. Neural- 
gia, affecting any part of the system, is among the fre- 
quent consequences. More than half the cases of epil- 
epsy are unmistakably owing either to sexual or self- 
abuse. Falling of the womb, barrenness, abortion, and 
cancer of the womb or breast, are directly or indirectly 
caused by excessive indulgence in married life. Fickle- 
ness of temper, irresolution and premature old age, are 
penalties that attach themselves indisdriminately to all 
who violate the laws of their organization. 
“ It is also noticeable that when any man or woman 
is affected with any of the maladies, their relatives, 
friends, and even physicians, ascribe the effect to an en- 
tirely different cause. This may not be done intention- 
ally, for in a great measure it is a result of ignorance of 
the subject. 
This list of diseases, the result of sexual abuse, is 
but a partial one ; for in the abormal exercise of ama- 
tiveness, the great drain of the nervous fluid, and the 
loss of semen—one ounce of which is equal to forty 
ounces of blood in any other part of the body—so lowers 
life-force as to form the foundation for, and lay open the 
system to, all manner of contagious, acute and chronic 
diseases, and in this way—though sexual excesses may 
not be the immediate cause of sickness and premature 
death—it in thousands of cases is the remote cause. 
“ Any reader, who, with clear and impartial mind, 
will carefully read and consider these facts, will allow 
that in and through the perverted use of amativeness, IN HEALTH AND DISEASE. 
they depart from the true line of life’s object—the secur- 
ing- of streng-th, peace and happiness, and the successful 
cultivation of the hig-her and more spiritual part of their 
natures. The thinking- and reflecting- man or woman 
who, throug-h ig-norance of organic laws, has done these 
thing-s, and who, knowing- that the time on earth allotted 
for the preparation for their appearance in the Great 
Beyond is so very short, will at once see the great need 
of adopting- a purer line of life ; for it is an unanswerable 
assertion,that in no other way can mankind so etfectually 
fall from grace, as through perverted animal desires. In 
no other way can mankind so soil, foul and debase the 
pure and spiritual that is within them as throug-h the per- 
verted use of amativeness.” 
I)K. HANSHETT ON SEXL'AL health. 
“ A boy should be taught that the privates must not 
be handled except for washing and passing water. He 
can easily be shown that the urine is a fluid which carries 
impurities out of his body that would do him harm if re- 
tained, and that handling the privates may result in the 
obstruction of the flow of urine and thus make him sick. 
“ Fuller information than this ought to be given a 
boy, regardless of his questions, not later than the ad- 
vent of puberty. This crisis is signalized by the growth 
of hair at the lower part of the abdomen, and by the 
change of voice. 
“ Teach him that these organs have but one proper 
use, and were created with but one object—the preserva- 
tion of the species. Show him that there is but one way 
in which they can properly fulfill their mission—through 
marriage. 
“ Teach him that his early inclination to seek such 
pleasure is one of his opportunities to test and strength- 
en his character ; that the grade of his manhood is estab- 
lished by the amount he can overcome, and that his value 
in the world depends much on the question as to whether 50 
THE HUMAN BODY 
he will rule his body,- or his body him ; that by cultivat- 
ing- the mind and the other parts of the body he can 
hinder these organs, and their desires from becoming too 
strong for him, while their natural growth will be asso- 
ciated with the development of gentleness, tenderness, 
unselfishness, and other mental traits which belong to 
nobility of character, and is intended to remind him in 
time of the duties of manhood to which he is approach- 
ing, in order that he may prepare for parenthood himself, 
first by the development of his own character, and sec- 
ond by the wise choice of a mother for his future chil- 
dren. 
*• Moreover, this boy should be taught that no func- 
tion of his body exhausts vitality so rapidly as the sex- 
ual function ; that it is one intended to be shared, not 
only by all the members of his own body, but also by all 
those of another and different body, and that to drain 
the distinctively sexual organs in solitude is to abuse 
them, because it is to imperfectly and incompletely per- 
form a very delicate, complicated, and important act. 
He should have explained to him also, the nature, 
strength, and danger of habit, because it is the habit of 
self-abuse that is to be most of all dreaded in this con- 
nection. 
“ But if his state be sad, who has lost his sense of 
manhood in the vice of self-abuse, how much sadder is 
his who has sacrificed self-respect, health, strength and 
money in the house of the “ strange woman.” Nothing 
but shame and remorse wait for him who enters these 
portals. It is unfortanately true that some physicians 
advise those who have bound the chains of the habit of 
self-abuse about their lives to seek to break them by 
binding over them the stronger chains of the strange 
woman. Nothing could be more hopeless than to attempt 
to gain anything in this way. Illicit indulgence must, 
from the nature of the case be irregular, under the in- 
fluence of excitement if not of alcohol, degrading and In health and disease. 
51 
almost certain to result in diseases loathsome in the ex- 
treme, painful, and dangerous through life. That should 
be enough were it not also true that prostitution strikes 
at the very root and foundation of society—the family— 
and does nothing, and can do nothing to help the indi- 
vidual out of the chains of bad habits.” 
SIZE OF SEXUAL, ORGANS. 
“ Size, I may repeat, is no sign of vigor. One of the 
first characteristics of the perfect athlete of classic 
times was unusually small though well-shaped genitals. 
Indeed, as I have before said, a large, flaccid organ, is 
not unfrequently a result and an indication of mastur- 
bation, having been indulged in to a dangerous extent. 
Veterinary surgeons, it is true, condemn a horse with 
an abnormally small sheath, as likely to be delicate in 
constitution. This rule, however, does not apply to hu- 
man beings, though undoubtedly, a shrivelled, atrophied 
condition of the organ may in addition to other signs 
become a pretty sure sign of the existence of partial or 
entire impotence. 
“ There are few questions more frequently put by 
patients than, “ Do I not suffer under a diminished or 
a diminishing size ?” In nine cases out of ten there is 
no cause for alarm whatever. A nervous patient in bath- 
ing has seen another man with a larger organ, or from 
some other cause fancies that his powers must necessari- 
ly be deficient, because he thinks the organ does not 
possess what he considers the usual dimensions. The 
size varies greatly, and it has been a source of consola- 
tion to many patients to be told that its effioiency bears 
no relation whatever to its size. A small organ, indeed 
is often more efficient than a large and massive one. A 
small organ, it should also be remembered, when in a 
state of erection often exceeds in size one which is 
larger while in a quiescent state.”—From “ Reproduc- 
tive Organs,'' by IVm. Acton, M. R. C. S. THE HUMAN BODY 
This writer further states that abnormally small gen- 
itals may be developed by increasing the flow of blood 
to the parts by mechanical means. 
UNDEVELOPED AND WEAK SEXUAL ORGANS MAY BE 
ENLARGED and strengthened. 
The quack concerns that have of late sprung up all 
over the country advertise a score of preparations for 
increasing the size and power of small, weak genitals. 
It would be a waste of space to expose these. They 
change their names, places and methods as often as they 
are shown up. 
The Erie Medical Company, Buffalo, N. Y., exclu- 
sively manufacture the safe and improved appliances 
by which such development may be obtained. The 
theory of treatment is indicated by the following ex- 
tract from a recent medical work, Brain Rest, page 61 : 
“ The physician has usually to do with a flabby, ill- 
developed muscular apparatus requiring attention of a 
special kind. In dealing with this latter class of cases 
it is first necessary to cause a sufficient flow of blood 
through the ill-developed muscle to facilitate repair of 
the stunted organ ; and secondly, it is advisable to 
place the latter in a state of complete repose for a consid- 
erable length of time after the blood-current has been 
thus diverted, so that the processes of repair may be 
fully realized. The derivation of the blood-current for 
the benefit of the muscle may be accomplished in various 
ways. The patient may be urged to employ his muscles, 
when not at rest, in vigorous exercise, or massage may 
be recommended, or finally, should neither of these ex- 
pedients be practicable, resort may be had to Junod’s 
apparatus. This appliance, as is well known, consists 
of a receiver adapted to the size of the extremities, 
which it encloses hermetically. By means of an air- 
pump a certain degree of vacuum may be produced 
around the enclosed part, and as a consequence the blood IN HEAI.TH AND DISEASE. 
flows into the atrophied muscles, following- the direc- 
tion of the least resistance.” 
A circular issued bv the above named company thus 
briefly outlines their method of treatment of wasted 
g-enitals : 
“ Athrophy, or loss of natural size, or a failure to 
develope to a natural and proper size, are conditions to 
which the male sexual org-ans are peculiarly liable. 
“ The abuses of thoughtless and ignorant youth ; 
the unbridled passions of early married life, bladder, 
kidney, urethral and other diseases, all have a tendency 
to retard the growth, or reduce the size of these sensitive 
organs. From whatever cause produced, the condition 
alluded to is abnormal and unhealthy, and may and 
should be overcome. 
“ Our method of treatment for development or re- 
storation of the genitals cannot be illustrated or de- 
scribed in detail in a work for general circulation. 
“The organ of which we speak is of a sponge-like 
formation. When excited the blood rushes to the cells 
of which it is composed and distends them, causing the 
organ to assume an erect and enlarged form. On the 
amount of blood the organ is capable of containing 
chieflj' depends its size. 
“ We employ an instrument by which a vacuum is 
created about the parts. This at once brings a vigorous 
flow of blood to the organ and enlarges it to unusual di- 
mensions. The repetition at regular intervals of this 
application steadily increases the capacity, having the 
same effect in developing as the use of the vacuum treat 
inent on the limbs. 
•‘This is no recent discovery, but has been known to 
and used by eminent surgeons for many years. 
“ The theme is one of such a delicate nature as to 
prevent its open discussion, and hence, few have heard 
of this method, and may therefore be the more ready to 
suspect quackery. 54 
THE HUMAN BODY 
“ In the restoration of atrophied limbs, we depend 
chiefly upon the vacuum treatment and with almost un- 
varying’ success. Legs and arms shriveled till they are 
almost as unsightly and useless as those of a mummy, 
are placed into an air-exhauster, the blood brought 
gradually back through the wasting arteries, increasing 
their capacity day by day, developing size and strength 
till finally the once useless limb assumes the vigor and 
proportions of its healthy mate. Such cases as this are 
so common that they no longer attract special comment. 
“ Several shameless quacks extensivel}7 advertise lo- 
tions or medicines to enlarge the private parts. It is the 
silliest folly to attempt to produce this development by 
such means. Almost any portion of the form may be 
developed by a proper course of mechanical treatment, but 
no amount of drugs will have such effect. 
“ The time required to fully develop the male or- 
gans is from one to six months,according to the increase 
required, the health, age, care itsed, etc. We positively 
guarantee the increase to remain permanent in every 
case, unless reduced by violent excess or disease. 
“The use of this developing instrument does not in- 
terfere with any regular habits or employment, and may 
be followed without the knowledge or assistance of 
others.’’ 
NERVE AND BRAIN FAILURE. 
“ Loss of memory is an exceedingly frequent symp- 
tom of organic brain-disease. It cannot be said to be 
characteristic of any particular form of brain-disease, 
but is liable—indeed, almost certain—to occur in organic 
affections of the cerebral cortex. Its diagnostic impor- 
tance comes from the fact that, unless due to obvious 
acute disease or connected with insanity, it is a strong 
indication of an organic affection of the brain. A de- 
gree of failure may, however, arise from simple brain- 
exhaustion. 
Usually the patient or his friends recognize even a IN IIIvAI.TlI AND DISEASE. 
slight loss of memory; but sometimes very careful search 
is required for its discovery. Under these circumstances 
the physician must question the patient as to the small 
events of the last twenty-four hours, and not be misled 
by that vividness of recollection of the long past which 
sometimes causes the sufferer to declare that his memory 
even stronger than normal. In doubtful cases of general 
paralysis of the insane, failure of the memory is of spec- 
ial value in enabling us to distinguish the organic insan- 
ity from functional mental disturbances which may sim- 
ulate it. According to my own experience, failure of 
memory which is not accompanied by paralysis for the 
time being of all the functions of the mind, as in insan- 
ity, is of serious import in proportion to its completeness. 
“Nervous exhaustion may in the beginning affect 
the whole of the nervous system, or it may be at first 
purely local and coexist with general nervous strength. 
Many cases of spermatorrhoea are instances of a local 
form of neurasthenia, the sexual centres being primarily 
affected ; but as in these cases, sooner or later, the whole 
of the nervous system becomes implicated, so in other 
forms of the disorder the exhaustion, at first local, fin- 
ally, if neglected, implicates the whole organism. There 
are not rarely cases of brain-exhaustion in which the 
symptoms are at first purely local. Almost always the 
cause of a local neurasthenia is excessive use of the part ; 
thus, cerebral asthenia is usually the result of mental 
overwork, sexual asthenia of sexual excesses, etc. When 
to the intellectual fatigue are added the depressing effects 
of excessive anxiety or allied emotions, the symptoms 
from the first are more general. The exhaustion may 
effect chiefly a single function of the brain. 
“ In pure brain exhaustion, loss of the disposition to 
work is usually the first symptom, the sufferer finding 
that it constantly requires a more and more painful 
effort of the will to perform the allotted task. The basis 
of this difficulty is largely loss of the power of fixing 56 
THE HUMAN BODY 
the attention, and this by and by is accompanied by 
weakness of the memory. Disturbances of sleep are 
frequent.”—“Nervous Diseases and their Diagnosis," by 
H. C. Wood, M. D. 
“ Among- the other exciting causes of brain exhaus- 
tion may be mentioned excesses, particularly over-sex- 
ual indulgence. This, so far as the male sex is concerned, 
is a frequent source of morbid brain fatigue, the latter 
condition often terminating in chronic mental ineffi- 
ciency where there are at the same time any considerable 
demands upon the mental facilities.”—Dr. Corning, on 
Brain Exhaustion, page 156. 
DR. II. C. WOOD ON NERVE EXHAUSTION. 
“ In neurasthenia disturbances of the sexual organs 
are very common ; in women great pain on menstruation 
ovarian irritation,the so-called irritable uterus of Hobbs, 
are closely connected with general nerve-weakness. In 
not a small proportion of the casts of uterine disorders 
which are locally treated, I believe the local disease is 
largely the expression of the general condition. It is 
well known that masturbation and sexual excess in the 
male may produce an exhaustion of the nerve-centres 
especially implicated, and also a general nervous ex- 
haustion. This is the common history of spermatorrhoea. 
It is no less true that a general neurasthenia may pro- 
duce a local weakness of the sexual centres, with symp- 
toms at least resembling those of spermatorrhoea— 
namely, great irritability of the sexual organs, with a 
practical impotence due to immediate seminal discharge 
whenever coition is attempted. I have certainly seen 
this condition result from excessive intellectual labor 
when there has been no sexual excess, and at a time 
when the muscular strength was still good. Such cases 
may, perhaps, be distinguised by the fact that unpro- 
voked emissions are not nearly so apt to occur as in true 
spermatorrhoea. In health and disease. 
“ Overwork, especially overwork combined with 
worry, and even continuous emotional depression, un- 
aided by excessive work, are capable of producing a pure 
neurasthenia. As Samuel Jackson was accustomed to 
say, in his lectures at the University of Pennsylvania 
thirty years ago, ‘ Whenever the expenditure of nerve- 
force is greater than the daily income, physical bank- 
ruptcy sooner or later results.’ It is to be remembered 
that the nerve capital of persons differs almost as widely 
as does their moneyed capital.” 
EXERCISE IN SEXUAE WEAKNESS. 
“Constant and healthy exercise of the whole muscu- 
lar system is also of great importance to the preserva- 
tion of the sexual power. It is true that if a man takes 
little exercise—particularly if he lives high—he will be 
apt to exhibit an unusual tendency to amorous indul- 
gence, because, as before remarked, gluttony and idle- 
ness lead to licentiousness. This effect, however, is only 
a temporary one, and sooner or later, the individual 
finds that he has permanently exhansted his vital energy 
and that his health and strength are seriously impaired. 
The vital power that may be safely expended in sexual 
indulgence, is only the surplus, after every part of the 
system has appropriated its due amount, and if more be 
expended, some part must suffer. In other words we 
may suppose that every healthy man has a certain stock 
of vital energy, which we will call his capital, t owhich 
he keeps adding more or less, by the function of nutri- 
tion ; this addition may be compared to interest, which 
may' be expended without any loss of capital, and of 
course, without making him any poorer. If, however, 
by any excess he expends more than this addition, the 
capital is proportionately diminished, and permanently 
tco, for it can seldom be made up again. 
“ Now, the idle man does not expend enough vital 
energy on his muscular system, to keep it healthy, but 58 
THE HUMAN BODY 
at the same time gives a superabundance of it to the sex- 
ual organs, so that they are over-stimulatsd and suffer 
from excess. They become habituated to great indul- 
gence, and are constantly causing a drain on the vital 
power, that soon exhausts both principal and interest, 
and leaves the individual completely exhausted. 
“ The philosophy of this has been frequentlv alluded 
to in the course of the present work, but it is so impor- 
tant that 1 wish to present it in a strong light. I am 
fully pursuaded that there is no case of precocious or 
excessive sexual propensity, unless caused by disease, 
that cannot be easily subdued by muscular exercise. No 
matter how vigorously the seminal glands may act, in a 
state of leisure, they must become less active if the body 
be exhausted by active exertion, and to this rule there is 
scarcely any limit. One of the reports of the Massa- 
chusetts Tunatic Asylum strongly impresses this truth, 
and shows conclusively that we have, in hard labor, a 
certain means of subduing this propensity to its proper 
limits under any circumstances. The application of 
this truth to young persons is obvious, numbers of whom 
are made licentious only by bodily inactivity and over- 
feeding. 
“ The invalid, or the man whose powers are impaired, 
must, of course, husband his strength, because he does 
not require exhaustion, but only sufficient exercise to 
ensure health. 
“ Exercise of the mind is also equally important as 
exercise of the body. The man who is mentally idle, is 
nearly certain to experience too strongly the force of the 
animal propensities, and licentious thoughts are too often 
indulged merely from the absence of better ones. It 
must be recollected, however, that too much mental ex- 
ertion, particularly if attended with care and anxiety, is 
most destructive to the sexual power, and frequently 
leads to impotence, as many of our cases have shown. 
Those who wish, therefore, to show their virility, should IN HEAI.TH AND DISEASE. 
59 
endeavor to maintain a happy medium, laboring- with the 
mind sufficiently for health and utility, and endeavoring 
to preserve perfect calmness and equanimity.”—Dr. 
Hollick. 
“The so-called chronic disease is too frequently 
looked upon as incurable, but this is by no means my 
view of the position. The do-nothing system, with rest 
and change, does not find favor with me. Disease once 
planted by nature is manured and cultivated by nature. 
Nature’s processes may be healing and reproductive, but 
they are, alas ! too often destructive, as most people 
know to their cost. It is the height of folly to talk of 
leaving disease to nature ; she can be kind, but she is 
too often cruel, and in reference to disease we are com- 
pelled, as physicians, to look at the cruel side of nature. 
This is our office, our duty, and our obligation to suffer- 
ing humanity, and nature will often respond to a little 
persuasion, and aid us in effecting cures, if we call upon 
her for assistance in a deferential, submissive, and re- 
spectful manner. Nature never will be completely sub- 
ordinate to man.”—“Brain and Nervesby Dr. Dowse. OUR SYSTEM OF TREATMENT 
BRIEFLY STATED AND ENDORSED BY THE DISTINGUISHED 
MEDICAL WRITER AND LECTURER, FREDERICK 
HOLLICK, M. D., AUTHOR OF THE “ORIGIN 
OF LIFE,” “DISEASES OF WOMEN,” 
ETC. 
“ To effect the enlargement of the male sexual 
organs, in addition to every means proper to improve 
the general health and impart stamina, there are certain 
mechanical and manual applications, the effects of which, 
under right direction, are often of the most unexpected 
and pleasing character. To understand the nature of 
these, and their mode of action, it is necessary to bear 
in mind the anatomical structure of the organ, and the 
requisites for erection. That phenomenon, it will be 
recollected from our previous description, depends essen- 
tially upon the filling up of the vessels and cells of the 
spongy and cavernous bodies with blood, and of course 
if there be any fault in their make or mode of connec- 
tion, or if the blood does not flow into them, erection 
cannot take place. Now this is precisely the fault that 
is found to exist in most of the cases of non-development 
above referred to, and is what requires to be corrected. 
On dissecting such cases after death we find that the 
cells and minute vessels have never been congested or 
filled with blood, and consequently the organ has never 
been able to attain natural conditions. In the same way, 
after long continued excess, or debilitating disease, the artery seems to lose its power of transmitting the blood 
with sufficient vigror, and the cells, from want of being 
filled, decrease in size, and eventually grow up more or 
less, causing the organ to shrink and weaken. 
“ The object to be accomplished it will be seen is to 
open these cells, and cause the blood to flow into them, 
so as gradually to increase their size, and dispose them 
to fill spontaneously, from natural excitement.” 
After citing cases treated with great success by this 
method and describing the instrument and mode of 
application, the Doctor continues : 
‘‘I have seen some of the most remarkable results 
follow from the use of this instrument that were perhaps 
ever witnessed, in a medical way. I have known patients 
in whom the whole organ was not half an inch long, and 
without the slightest tendency to erection, and yet this 
appliance has caused it to grow, and has given it power, 
until perfectly capable for the purposes it was intended 
for. Sometimes there only appears a simple protuber- 
ance, while at other times the organ is long and surpris- 
ingly small, and quite flaccid, but still the instrument 
will impel the blood into the tissues and produce the 
effect desired. Sometimes, it is true, we cannot gain so 
much as would be desirable, but nearly always sufficient 
for nature’s requirements, and very often as perfect in 
condition as if no imperfection had ever existed. 
“ I have seen instances of persons who had lost the 
power of erection from sexual and other excesses, from 
mental anxiety and from the effect of debilitating dis- 
ease. In a great portion of these the result has been 
favorable, though in many all vitality had left the 
organs, and in others the structure was completely dis- 
organized. Many young men, especially victims of evil 
habits, whose organs had ceased growing, have by these 
means been rescued from impotency and imperfection. 
Many a man of mature age also, whose powers were 
unimpaired, but who could not exercise them, owing to 
IN* HEALTH AND DISEASE. 62 
THE HUMAN BODY 
their particular debility, has been restored to his former 
capability in the same way.” 
BEAR IN MIND 
that we are the exclusive manufac- 
turers of the Improved Vaccuum 
Appliance, the power of which is automatic, or self-act- 
ing'. An old style made of glass and brass piston is 
advertised and sold, though physicians condemn its use, 
except when employed under medical direction. 
We make a rubber expander, or pump, having just 
the power required to create vigorous circulation, open 
the shriveled arteries and build and solidify the adipose 
tissue Composing the organs, thus creating strength and 
growth in place of feebleness and non-development ; the 
process corresponding in every respect with the making 
of new muscle by proper exercise, where strength goes 
with growth, and vigorous general health attends their 
creation. 
Further description of this mode of treatment will 
be found in the latter portion of this volume, or tnay be 
had by writing to the Erie Medical Company, Buffalo, 
N. Y. 
TREATMENT OF iMPOTENCY. 
“ Man)" of the so- 
called impot- 
ents,” says Dr. Remotidino (Medical Reviciv), “are only 
so in imagination, and the physician should not negiect 
to attend to their mental condition. * * A French physi- 
cian, in the early part of our century, acquired a great 
reputation in the treatment of iinpotency by using- an 
exhauster into which the penis was inserted and the air 
exhausted by means of an air-pump. In one case he 
received a large fee for procuring an heir in an extin- 
guishing family by using his apparatus in a desperate 
case the congested penis being transferred immediately 
from the exhauster into the marital receptacle. This 
employment would not, however, be considered dignified 
for a physician. If all these means should fail, I should 
advise a hermit existence and a purely vegetable diet, 
preceded by a liberal phlebotomy. When these have all 
failed, the man can consider himself a eunuch to all 
intents and purposes.”—N. Y. Med. Record, Feb. 25, 1893. RESTORATION. 
P. W. PHEEKN. M. D. 
Man’s bodily vigor ought not to decrease before he is 
one hundred years old. I mean it. 
But why does it? 
Because he weakens his body and shortens his life, 
by sexual exhaustion and excess. 
The only way to attain long life is by economizing 
essence of life, by keeping the generative organs in 
healthy vigor and condition, and by the obedience to the 
laws of nature. 
Our civilized races are, in one sense, sick before they 
are born ; and are constantly inducing decay and death 
by their mode of life. These are matters which every 
one could control for himself in a great degree, if he only 
knew the awful dangers to which he is liable, but he does 
not know, and how can he understand without a teacher? 
Those who have some gleams of knowledge, are often 
careless and heedless, where carelessness and heedless- 
ness are crimes against themselves. Political econo- 
mists deplore this condition of the race, which is con- 
stantly decreasing the power of vigor of civilized nations, 
and making them liable to become a prey to stronger 
and more savage nations. To help the ignorant 
and careless who are not wilfully so, is the 
object of these pages. We seek also to arouse, 
if possible, those who are reckless and defiant, to a real- 
ization of the misery they are laying up in store for 64 
THE HUMAN BODY 
themselves in the swiftly coming future, if they do not 
seek the means of relief and release possible, before it 
may be too late. Whether directly interested or not, in 
the immediate subjects treated, I trust my presentation 
will, at the least, merit your careful perusal. 
The organs of the body are divided into three great 
centers. These can be named the middle and the two 
poles on either end. Each of these centers is absolutely 
necessary to bodily health, and essential to existence 
itself, while man inhabits his body. The heart with its 
tireless, life-inspiring energy is the center. The brain, 
as one pole, through memory and reason, dictates the 
weaving of the varying web of life. As the other pole 
the generative organs, masters of the house of life, are 
nourished by and rule tyranically over, the other centers. 
The office of the heart is to maintain vitality ; of the 
brain to inspire thought; and of the generative organs 
to bring bodies into manifested life. All life, the whole 
body, in all its complex functions, is but a method ad- 
justed by perfect wisdom,of maintaining and supporting 
this triple-linked chain of primary force. The digestive 
apparatus is simply a chemical laboratory, where the 
atoms taken into the mouth as food, are resolved into a 
plastic mass, and each atom polarized, so that when 
placed in position for renewing the body, like the mor- 
tar used in building, it will stick, thus repairing, over 
and over again, the main organs which manifest life, as 
well as the constituents of the repairing organs them- 
selves. 
The circulation of the blood completes the heart’s 
action, and the nerves form the circuit over which the 
brain force performs its wondrous feats, but the genera- 
tive organs are so designed and constructed, that they 
draw with equal force upon both the blood and nervous 
energy, not only exhausting the carriers themselves, but 
at the supreme moment, drawing heavily and paralyz- 
ingly, on the spiritual essence or life itself, in which all 65 
human existence is centered, thus causing- a sudden de- 
pletion in those fountains of energ-y, the heart and the 
brain. It does not call for the forsigdit of a very wise 
man, to figure that the outgo of strength might soon 
overbalance all recuperative power, and then further 
use would hopelessly destroy the very substance of the 
organs themselves. 
Thus the generative organs are the rulers and mas- 
ters of the life forces of the body, when they are in their 
normal condition. In ancient times they were wor- 
shipped as the source of life. It is a duty for every man 
to maintain them in their highest vigor, against every 
weakening condition or disease, and to do his best to re- 
cuperate or repair them, if through ignorance or excess 
their power is reduced below the normal standard. 
At the very least, it would seem evident, we have no 
right whatever to despise, disregard or abuse these life- 
inspiring organs, any more than we should the eye, the 
heart, or the brain. Because we have banished mention 
of them from polite society, has not, in one iota, dimin- 
ished their importance, nor lessened for us, the terrible 
diseases which are sapping the life of the modern 
nations. Nor has it made any the less certain, the ven- 
geance which as surely as the night follows the da3', 
nature will visit upon the overtaken transgressor, in the 
agonies of the hundreds upon hundreds of sufferers, who 
year after year are painfully dragging themselves to- 
ward the grave, the victims of their own ignorance and 
indiscretions. 
Ignorance of the laws has here even less mitigating 
force, than in the courts of the State. The avenger is 
pitiless, stern and unrelenting. It would certainly seem 
the part of wisdom, to take the trouble to learn enough 
of these laws to understand symptoms, and be able to 
consult intelligently a medical adviser, whom we are 
sure is well enough posted on the subject, to prevent ir- 
reparable injury being done, either by disregard of facts 
wrong diagnosis, or improper medication. 
IN HEALTH AND DISEASE. 66 
The human body 
This is all the more imperative, because the disease 
of the generative organs are the most insidious, and 
fatally destructive of the whole category of man’s afflic- 
tions. As vve have said they depend for the intensity of 
their action upon the magnetic and electric elasticity of 
the currents of blood and nerve force. Whatever excess 
is thus drawn to themselves, is subtracted from the nor- 
mal amount belonging to all other organs of the body. 
The action is, as if the generative organs, at one end of 
the scale-beam, balanced, while in health, all the rest of 
the body, but when in excitation, or when irritated by 
disease, they increase their call for support from the 
other organs, which then must diminish in their power 
and substance proportionately. 
Not only is this absorbtion literally true, but if sexual 
excess or personal abuse is continued, the atoms finally 
lose their power of renewing normal polarity, and that 
moment destruction of tissue commences, appearing in 
the body as constipation, cold extremities, ringingin the 
ears, tenderness of the spine, backache, sleeplessness, 
a gloomy jealous irracible temper, paralysis, withering 
of the muscles, rheumatism, feebleness of the sight and 
hearing, catarrhal affections, and general debility. Nor 
is this all, the same process of decay, or dry rot eats 
away the finer tissues of the brain, and other internal 
organs, until a condition similar to idiocy or insanity 
sets in. 
The body may receive injury by cuts, wounds or loss 
of blood, or from lack of food or drink, or even from the 
action of poisons; but so long as the polarizing forces of 
the atoms, of which it is composed, maintains its hold 
upon these atoms, vitality will re-assert itself, and in the 
end, no matter how severe the struggle, will both repel 
the assailing force, and repair or heal whatever damage 
may have been done. But once weaken or destroy this 
atomic polarity, which is the direct response of nature, 
in matter to the creative act, and the steep downhill path IX health and disease. 
67 
is entered upon. At this point hesitation to seek help 
from those competent to give it is suicidal. What shall 
we say of a person, who willfully and recklessly refuses to 
inform himself of the symptoms, those guide posts of 
the dangerous and slippery road upon which he has 
stepped, thus fixing for himself the hour of his swift- 
ly-approaching and awful death. We can not feel that 
this picture is at all overdrawn, or too highly colored, 
although it may seem so to those that have had no ex- 
perience with the perverted action of the currents that 
take hold on the very central energy of the universe 
itself. 
If the generative organs alone suffered then atten- 
tion might be drawn to the cause before it was too late. 
But because they simply eat up the rations of the rest of 
the body, they will keep themselves in fair condition and 
action until the balance of the organism is actually dead 
Because virility continues is no evidence that a man as a 
whole is vigorous, or that his apparent strength is any 
more than a sham, a hollow mockery, ready to collapse 
at the first outside pressure. On the contrary sexual 
action often indicates the waning power of heart, brain 
or stomach. 
Nor is the man who has overstepped the boundaries 
of equal justice to all parts of himself, to be certain of 
reckoning simply with his own personality. It is every 
man’s duty to contribute to the world coming after him, 
as the preceding world contributed to him. That is, 
every man is bound, morally, at least, to leave behind 
him worthy children,who can bravely and strongly carry 
forward the world’s work, and so contiuue the sequence 
of progress and unfolding. For this purpose he should 
be able to beget vigorous and healthy physical bodies. 
But he can never accomplish this if enervated and ex- 
hausted by the wasteful drain of life-force, from the 
abuse of the generative organs. 
If the doctrine of reincarnation are true and invisible 68 
THE HUMAN BODY 
spirits are constantly crowding to obtain use of the phys- 
ical bodies, for the creation of which, man’s whole phys- 
ical machinery was especially adapted,how much more is 
dependent upon man’s action in this direction, than ap 
pears upon the surface. What answer shall such an one 
as we are contemplating give, when in the unseen, he 
shall stand face to face with a proud, strong spirit, eager 
to accomplish in a new life, when that life becomes a 
miserable failure, through the foisting upon it of a mis- 
erable body, a fraud in every particular? What expla- 
nation can he offer to satisfy a spirit thus befooled by 
his own criminality ? Will there be any torture in the 
hells of Dante, that could add to the agonies of a soul 
already reproaching itself with its voluntary waste of a 
life ? 
The loss in this direction is far beyond computation. 
The point we make is, that every man should know this, 
in all its bearings and force, on himself and others, for 
no man can live for himself alone. If he does not know, 
he ought to consult some medical authority, competent 
to inform him, and thus save his life and health. 
The primary symptoms are often so veiled, so ob- 
scure, to all but the trained eye of the medical expert, 
that everything but the right cause is suggested by those 
of his unprofessional friends whom he consults, and who 
in their ignorant kindness, in most cases, are likely to 
suggest and locate diseases that have no existence. 
A large proportion of all the dyspepsia,liver trouble, 
kidney complaints,congestion of the spleen,heart failures 
headache and brain torpidity, are the result of venereal 
excess. But when the trouble has reached this stage, 
having become a local injury or weakness, recovery 
without expert help is little short of miraculous. The 
trying of this or the other drug, or herb, or method of 
treatment,is like applying a torch to gunpowder to see if 
it will burn. The consequence, an extinction of life, is 
likely to be the same, also, in both cases. But long be- IN HEAI/TH AND DISEASE. 
fore these diseases become apparent to the observer, 
symptoms annoying to the patient, will betray by the 
eye, the lip, the hand, the pulse and the temperature, to 
the experienced medical specialist, a story which the pa- 
tient supposes is securely hidden in his own breast. If, 
however, permanent relief is to be obtained, the physi- 
cian must know this record. If the medical expert can- 
not read it by his own knowledge, he will by this ignor- 
ance wrong his patient and injure himself. The more 
frankly a patient confides in his medical adviser, the 
more certain will he be to receive relief quickly. 
It will thus be seen that while excess brings punish- 
ment,then also abuse and unnatural action will also bring 
about injuries corresponding to painful strains and le- 
sions of the muscles and softer tissues of internal organs 
unless attended to at once. In some awful cases, indeed, 
we degrade the beast by calling the man beastly ; here 
comparison is odious—to the man. The untrained beast 
when exhausted, never forces reproductive action “just 
for the fun of it,’’ so his physical strength remains un- 
impaired. 
Continued waste of physical essence, whether volun- 
tary or involuntary, is like the pressing of the harness 
upon a galled spot upon the muscle ; not only is the local 
injury increased, but sympathetic action transfers the 
slow torture to all other parts of the body, and the tone 
of the whole is proportionally lowered. 
From what has been said it can easily be inferred 
that the first signs of decay are invisible to any but 
trained eyes. It is also true, that a long distance has 
been travelled away from normal health, before the pa- 
tient’s notice is particularly attracted to such symptoms 
as a failure to perceive quickly, or to an ever increasing 
forgetfulness, overshadowing him as a mist creeps 
up over the valley ; nervousness, spells of dizziness, un- 
easiness of stomach during digestion, headache and 
backache, general lassitude and weariness. When for 70 
THE HUMAN BODY 
the first time these disagreeable impressions are forced 
upon his attention, he should not delay a day, no, not an 
hour, in consulting- the very best authorities on this 
line, that he can reach, and there are none better in 
the world than the Erie Medical Company, of Buffalo, 
New York. 
It will be in order, here, to demonstrate why this as- 
sertion is true of this company ; how they prove it, and 
what is said of their work. 
First,as to why they are most likely to be true helpers. 
No man who owned a valuable watch that needed clean- 
ing- would ask a street cleaner to do the job for him,or ex- 
pect that worthy’s shovel and broom would be suitable 
tools for the cleaning-. On the contrary, he would seek 
out the most skillful and experienced craftsman he could 
find. Not only that, but he would choose the one best 
supplied with the most improved and skillfully made in- 
struments, designed for delicate operations upon the sen- 
sitive structure of the watch. In this direction, the Erie 
Medical Company is at the head of associations of ex- 
perience and talent ; an immense business, the direct 
result of successful methods, both requires and permits 
them to give a treatment too costly to be afforded by 
a physician in private practice. 
Nor does it require much thinking to decide why they, 
and not the family physician or the irresponsible advertis- 
ing doctor under the peculiar circumstances of these cases 
would be the best medical adviser. The family doctor, 
even if he is thoroughly posted in the symptoms, 
(which in nine cases out of ten, from lack of both time, 
to read up the latest pathological discoveries,and practice, 
he is not), would dislike to tell you disagreeable truths, 
about your habits of life and their probable effects on 
your body and mind. Nor would you desire to go to 
an unknown advertising “ specialist ” who might 
look and talk disagreeably about your unfortunate con- 
dition, not only to you, but perhaps to others. We have IX HEALTH AND DISEASE. 
71 
known such cases, however monstrous they may seem. 
You have left then only, the alternative of seeking- help 
from some firm of medical experts, who, like the Erie 
Medical company, have attained a reputation on this 
line ; whose system of treatment is rational, and not 
likely to lead to disagreeable consequences, either in the 
mechanical application, or in the after effects of power- 
ful drugs. It is in this last that most practitioners err, 
instead of helping nature to mend the crumbling walls, 
they attempt to drive the already overtasked system to 
undertake new labors, by administering poisons, whose 
reactionary effects are worse than the disease for which 
they are given. This is not done willfully, but because 
these were the old time remedies, and were used empir- 
ically twenty-five years ago, on the principle so ably 
and wittily stated by the old French physician : “The 
patient and disease are fighting in the dark ; the 
doctor conies up with a club in his hand ; he strikes to 
kill ; if the disease is killed the doctor’s skill is marve- 
lous. If the patient is killed, then it is a dispensation of 
Providence.’’ The Erie Medical Company do not run 
any risks of that kind, but their remedies, based on rea- 
son, always do the work. 
This brings us to a description of the strength-sav- 
ing, remedial methods of treatment which the Erie Medi- 
cal Company offer all their patients,and the theory upon 
which they are based. 
Holy Writ says, “ The blood is the life ” of all ani- 
mals including man. In conditions of health the nerve 
force suffices to attract sufficient nutriment from the 
blood to supply all waste. But if the nerves are weak- 
ened as we have shown, in any part of the body, and 
sympathetically, all through the entire system, then 
necessary supplies are not retained in the weakened or- 
gans, and they go from bad to worse, or their own de- 
struction. Reasoning from the effect back to the cause, 
it must be a correct theory that if the blood could come to 72 
THE HUMAN BODY 
the weakened parts in larger volume, then the deficiency 
of supply would be made up. Acting upon this theory, 
the Erie Medical Co. have adopted the vacuum treatment 
where weakened members are enclosed in exactly ad- 
justed apparatus, and the air being partially exhausted, 
the blood flows to the weak spots. Then by the per- 
fectly natural process of assimilation, from the in- 
creased flow of highly oxygenated blood a healthy con- 
dition and action of the diseased organs is restored. In 
addition to this mechanical, painless treatment, care 
must be taken to build up the blood, by increasing the 
proportion of nutriment, and neutralizing any poisons 
mixed with the life current, while its life flow is being 
thus stimulated and increased. 
. The success of the Erie Medical Company, in the 
cure of their patients proves that both their theory and 
practice are correct. They number unsolicited written 
testimonials by thousands. 
They do not “ guess ” you are afflicted with this or 
that disease ; or waste precious time in useless experi- 
ment, while the patient is hurrying on meanwhile by 
lightning express towards ghostland. The Company’s 
experts clearly perceive and promptly point out both 
cause and cure. 
The Erie Medical Company claim that the most ra- 
tional treatment provides to a certainty for the most im- 
mediate as well as the most lasting effects. Their 
long experience, covering every conceivable case, give 
them the advantage of knowing just what not to do, as 
well as what is necessary to be done. They have no 
need to experiment with their patients, for they know. 
As the ticking of the telegraph sounder conveys no 
news to the ignorant, but imparts a definite, intelligent 
idea to a skilled operator, so do the symptoms of the 
man weakened by abuse or neglect of his generative or- 
gans, tell them a plain, unvarnished story, which they 
can read “ between the lines ” from beginning to end. IN HEAI7TH AND DISEASE. 
73 
In closing- this appeal to my readers, I must revert 
to and reaffirm my opening- sentence. The length of a 
man’s life, and its condition of health are inseparably 
connected with the genital organs. The waste of a 
pound of steam at a central point, will stop the move- 
ment of a 500-horse power engine. So the waste of an 
ounce of “ the vital fluid,” by voluntary or involuntary 
act, may, under certain circumstances, cut off years of 
life, and at once fix the hour of death. If you desire to 
get the most possible out of the longest life you can at- 
tain, then conserve your life force by every means of 
which you may be master. 
If you wish to live to be a hundred years or more of 
age, you will not linger nor dally, when you are certain 
there is even a slight irregularity, but will apply to the 
Erie Medical Company, of Buffalo, N. Y.,for a new lease 
of your life. Remember above all things if you would 
live long you must be vigilant in preventing the slight- 
est inroad upon your system of insidious disease. “ A 
word to the wise is sufficient, the foolish pass on and are 
punished.” SEXUAL HEALTH IN THE MALE, 
AND HOW IT MAY BE 
RESTORED BY NATURE’S FORCES 
ALL MEDICAL TREATMENT 
derives its true 
power and effi- 
ciency from the forces of nature, and so far as it assists 
nature by removing- obstacles from her path, or applying- 
the natural resources of the system to the accomplish- 
ment of the work in hand, it is judicious, rational and 
proper. As soon as it departs from this rule, it becomes 
injudicious and improper. 
THE GREAT LIFE FORCE 
of nature is the blood. 
This is the store 
house from which the materials are brought forth to 
build new tissues, or to repair those that are wasted. 
This is the subtle medium through which the vital in- 
fluences pervade every nook and corner of the system; by 
which the life and strength of the various tissues are 
kept up. 
The effects of depriving any portion of the body of a 
proper supply of this fluid are felt at once. If it is only 
a diminution of the proper quantity, the affected or- 
gan wastes away, and its natural functions are inter- 
fered with. If a total stoppage of the blood current oc- 
curs, the absolute death of the part soon follows. 
SO NECESSARY 
is the blood supply, that nature has 
made provision in nearly all 
parts of the body ag-ainst the occurrence of a total loss 
of life-giving fluid of any part, even though the artery In health and disease. 
teupplying the part be stopped up or destroyed by any 
cause. This is done by the branches of different arteries 
anastomosing, or uniting with each other, so that if the 
main artery supplying a part be occluded,a small supply 
of blood will still reach the part, in an indirect way. 
A RULE OF NATURE 
is that the greater the blood 
supply of a part, the 
greater will be its nutrition, its strength and develop- 
ment. This is shown by the fact that muscles which 
are much exercised, increase in size and power, because 
the exercise they are subjected to increases the blood 
supply of the parts. In the child, before birth, during- 
the earlier months of its development, the head and up- 
per extremities larg-ely predominate in size over the 
lower extremeties, which is caused by the greater supply 
of pure blood received by the upper part of the body at 
that time. When from any cause there is a wasting- of 
any org-an of the body, or if from some cong-enital defect 
there has been an imperfect and insufficient develop- 
ment of any part so that it fails to fulfill in a perfect 
manner the functions for which it was intended, the 
only rational remedy is to increase the supply of pure 
and wholesome blood to the part. By this means its nu- 
trition is improved, the wasted tissues reg-ain their nor- 
mal size, or those which have been always imperfect are 
stimulated to increased growth and may thus be broug-ht 
to the natural size and condition. 
THERE IS ONLY ONE 
method by which this theory 
can be safely and suc- 
cessfully carried out and that method is by creating- a 
partial vacuum around the atfected part. 
When this is done the blood rushes into the part 
treated, distending- its arteries, increasing- their capacity, 
supplying- every tissue with the materials needed for its 
growth, and stimulating- the regenerative and construc- 
tive processes of nature. 
The tendency which nature has to immediately fill The human body 
any vacuum, either partial or complete, may be easily 
illustrated by pouring- half a cup of water on a plate, 
lig-hting- a piece of paper, and thrusting- it into a cup 
which is at once placed, bottom up, on the plate. The 
flame is exting-uished from lack of oxyg-en, the heated 
air in the cup quickly cools, occupies less space than be- 
fore, leaving- a partial vacuum. This the water rushes 
into the cup to fill, because it is the only liquid available 
in that locality. In the same manner, when any org-an 
of the body is placed in a partial vacuum, the blood be- 
ing- the only available liquid, rushes into and distends 
the part, in nature’s effort to fill the vacuum, or vacant 
space. 
THE PRINCIPLE IN USE. 
We have devised ap- 
pliances by which a 
partial vacuum may be produced around any part or or- 
gan of the body. The frontispiece shows such a device 
applied to the treatment of a paralyzed leg. By remov- 
ing air from the large cylinder shown, the leg becomes 
surrounded by a partial vacuum, and subject to a largely 
increased blood supply, in accordance with above princi- 
ples. This method when practiced for a length of time, 
will restore the wasted tissues to their normal size and 
vigor. 
THE MOST IMPORTANT 
application of this prin- 
ciple that we have yet 
made, and that to which we wish especially to direct the 
reader’s attention, is our vacuum appliance for the treat- 
ment of diseases and defects of the male sexual organs. 
We cannot illustrate or fully describe this apparatus in 
a pamphlet intended for general distribution, but the 
method of its working may be readily understood by 
reference to the illustration of the apparatus for the leg, 
and the foregoing description of the principles involved. 
for the treatment of these dis- 
eases and defects is constructed 
on the most scientific principles, in accordance with our 
OUR APPLIANCE In health and disease. 
77 
long experience in the treatment of diseases of this 
class. It has been improved from time to time, until we 
consider it now as near perfection as it is possible to at- 
tain. It can be used by the patient himself with abso- 
lute success and perfect safety. It is not possible for the 
patient to injure himself by the use of the apparatus, as 
it is automatic in its action, and cannot be operated be- 
yond a safe limit. It can be used without interfering 
with the occupation of the patient, and without the 
knowledge or suspicion of any other person. The instru- 
ment is only used for a few minutes at each time, and 
can only be used in the right manner. 
are possible. No method of treat- 
ment has ever been introduced 
that has been at all comparable to this in its successful 
results in any of the cases to which it is applicable. And 
in those cases in which there is a natural deficiency in 
the size or form of the parts, there is not, and cannot in 
the nature of affairs, be any other successful method of 
treatment at all. The diseases and conditions to which 
this method of treatment may be properly applied, will 
be briefly enumerated. 
NO MISTAKES 
-This term means an unnat- 
ural loss of the vital fluid. 
It may occur in different ways and at different times. 
The most common of these is from emissions occurring 
at night, in connection with dreams of sexual indul- 
g-ence. It may also occur in daytime, when urinating-, 
or when at stool. It is sometimes excited by lascivious 
conversation, or even by being- in the presence of an at- 
tractive person of the opposite sex. It is a deplorable 
evil, the loss causing- a constant and heavy drain on the 
patient’s strength and vitality. For this fluid is the 
most highly organized of any in the whole human body, 
being in fact the very essence of life. 
SPERMATORRHCEA: 
"LIKE A CHARM.” 
—A favorite expression of pa- 
tients reporting- to us is that 78 
THH HUMAN BODY 
our vacuum appliance acts “like a charm" in the 
cases, restoring the sexual organs to proper tone and 
vigor. As soon as this is done the losses cease. We ac- 
company the appliance with remedies for both internal 
and external use, prepared to suit the individual case for 
which they are to be used. These remedies are pre- 
pared by physicians of skill and experience, and are the 
choicest that can be obtained ; but they are only given 
as adjuncts to the vacuum treatment,which accomplishes 
results that cannot be obtained from any merely medical 
treatment. 
SEXUAL IMPOTENCE; 
—This is a condition in which 
the subject of the disease 
is unable to perform the natural sexual functions, or to 
procreate or reproduce his species. It may be divided 
into two varieties, impotence proper, in which sexual in- 
tercourse cannot be performed, and sterility, in which 
intercourse may be had but cannot result in offspring. 
The first is more immediately distressing, as it deprives 
the victim of all sexual pleasures and privileges. But even 
the milder form which we denominate sterility, inllicts 
a deep and lasting injury by making it impossible for the 
victim to become possessed of heirs and descendents. 
The commonest causes of sexual impotence, as well as 
spermatorrhoea, sexual weakness, etc., are well known 
to be sexual excesses, masturbation and dissipated hab- 
its of life in general. But all cases do not arise thus, 
and it is not our purpose at this time to dwell at any 
length upon the causes of the diseases in question. Our 
main object being to point the sufferer to a means of 
cure. 
OUR PAST EXPERIENCE 
leads us to say with the 
utmost con ft d e n c e 
and sincerity, that we believe no case of impotence or 
sterility will fail to yield to the faithful use of our ap- 
pliance and the remedies with which we accompany it. 
The great importance of the blood supply to the sex- 79 
ual organs is shown when during sexual excitement the 
organs of generation become distended with blood, as- 
suming the condition known as erection. This is caused 
solely by the change of the blood supply, the ar- 
teries becoming relaxed, allowing all the vessels of the 
part to become filled with blood ; and muscular fibers 
surrounding the veins of exit contract, thus retarding 
the passage of blood away from the distended organ. 
There can be no power or action of the organs involved 
unless this distension by excessive blood supply occurs. 
Many hundreds of cases of impotence, of greater or less 
degree have been treated by us. There has not been 
among them all, a single case in which there has not 
been an immediate and decided benefit produced by the 
treatment. And all cases in which our instructions were 
followed for a sufficient length of time have been restored 
to a condition of sexual health and power. 
IN HEALTH AND DISEASE. 
SEXUAL WEAKISS: 
This is a condition closely 
allied to the preceding 
ones, being-, in fact, an earlier stage of sexual impotence. 
In this condition the sexual act may be performed, but 
in an imperfect and unsatisfactory manner. In some 
cases it can occur only at considerable intervals. In 
others it occurs more frequently, but the erections are 
feeble and imperfect, or the act is completed too soon, 
because the organs are in a weak, irritable condition. 
Frequently, the victim of such a condition is tor- 
mented with sexual desires which he cannot satisfy ow- 
ing to the weak and enfeebled condition of his sexual 
system. Desire has “outlived performance,” and the 
imperfect sexual acts that do occur, serve only for an 
aggravation of the passions which they do not gratify. 
—This term, which has been 
much used by quacks who 
vend various medications recommended by them for the 
relief of sexual troubles, means, properly speaking, a 
general exhaustion of the nerve force of the body. It 
NERVOUS DEBILITY. 80 
THE HUMAN BODY 
may occur without any connection with the sexual sys- 
tem, but the most common cause of the condition is sex- 
ual exhaustion from excesses of some kind. It is char- 
acterized by a general loss of power of both mind and body. 
The individual cannot bring himself to engage in any pro- 
longed effort, either mental or physical, and is unable to 
concentrate the mind on any object. Any treatment ad- 
dressed to the system at large in these cases must be in- 
effective, so long as the sexual organs remain in a dis- 
eased condition. But when the sexual system is restored 
to a state of health and vigor, the general condition 
readily yields to treatment. 
Our method of treatment in this class of cases is to 
make use of our vacuum appliance for the cure of all 
local troubles of the sexual organs combined with inter- 
nal treatment addressed to the general nervous weak- 
ness and exhaustion. In this way we never fail to bene- 
fit every case, and can effect a cure in any case in which 
the patient will faithfully follow the instructions given 
by us. 
UNDEVELOPED ORGANS OF GENERATION. 
—Under this heading’ may be classed all the cases in 
which the male organ of generation or its appendages 
have never reached a proper size or form, or in which 
they have become wasted or shrunken from any cause. 
These cases are more numerous than might be supposed 
by any one who had not, like us,made a specialty of their 
treatment for a long time. The only possible way in 
which the organs can be restored to a normal size if 
wasted or atrophied; the only way developed, if dwarfed 
from birth, is by mechanical means. By increasing the 
blood supply of the organs, thus increasing their nutri- 
tion, they may be enlarged and leveloped to a proper 
size. 
ONLY EFFECTIVE MEANS. 
—Our vacuum appli- 
ance furnishes the IN HEALTH AND DISEASE. 
81 
only effective means for doing this, and therefore the 
only scientific, proper and successful treatment. None 
of the other various means which are advertised for this 
purpose can possibly accomplish any good. 
We have treated a large number of these cases, with 
uniform success, as evidence in our possession will show, 
and we can say without fear of contradiction that our 
method of treatment is the only successful one. We send 
with the appliance, when sent for use in cases of unde- 
veloped or wasted organs, all internal medicines and 
local applications that can be used as aids to the work of 
the appliance. But they must be considered only as ad- 
juncts, and cannot in themselves secure the desired re- 
sults. The vacuum appliance is the chief agent in 
effecting the work desired, all medical treatment that 
we send being merely to aid in strengthening the system 
and the parts. 
VARICOCELE: 
-This is a condition in which the veins 
of the spermatic cord are enlarged 
aud tortuous, having lost their tone, and becoming ex- 
cessively dilated from the pressure of the column of 
blood. It is manifested by the scrotum, or bag contain- 
ing the testicles being distended by a mass feeling “ like 
a bunch of worms,” which is the dilated, swollen and 
tender veins. It is a source of much annoyance to the 
patient, and in bad cases may prevent him from follow- 
ing any occupation. This condition cannot be treated 
with our vacuum appliance. The proper treatment is to 
press out the blood for a time, compressing the veins, 
until the stagnation is overcome and the veins regain 
their tone, a proper circulation being re-established. We 
have devised a combined supporter and compressor for 
these cases, by which the desired results may be accom- 
plished. But in bad and neglected cases, where the 
scrotum has become so large and tender that it is a bur- 
den to the patient, a surgical operation offers the only re- 
lief. This operation, which is not dangerous when skill- 82 
fully performed by a competent surgeon, will be done 
when needed by our surgical staff. The fee is from fifty 
to one hundred and fifty dollars, including board and 
nursing. Full details will be given in private corres- 
pondence. 
THE HUMAN BODY 
URINARY COMPLAINTS. 
—In diseases of the kid- 
neys, bladder, Pros- 
tate gland, etc., such as Bright’s disease or albuminuria, 
diabetes, gravel or stone in the bladder, cystitis, (inflam- 
mation of the bladder,) nephritis, (inflammation of the 
kidney,) and enlargement or inflammation of the pros- 
tate gland, the use of our vacuum is not necessary, but 
we have devised and perfected a method of treatment 
which very seldom fails, even in the worst and most ob- 
stinate cases. Our treatment varies in individual cases, 
and must be adapted to the actual condition present. 
The causes of these diseases are various, and the symp- 
toms many. It is little use for the patient to attempt to 
form an opinion himself as to the nature of the trouble, 
but in any case in which some or all of these symptons 
are present, he may consider that he has some urinary 
disease; dull, aching, dragging or throbbing pain between 
the legs or in the small of the back, made worse 
standing, walking, jolting, etc., and sometimes relieved 
by pressure or lying down, with feet elevated ; pain, 
burning, smarting, or “ scalding,” on passing urine ; 
difficulty of urination, twisting of the stream, urine in 
some cases is high-colored and scanty, in other cases pro- 
fuse and pale, or colored a milky shade with whitish mu- 
cus ; oozing of a sticky fluid, which fastens together at 
times the lips of mouth of urinary canal, aching, sore- 
ness or tenderness of one or both testicles, dizziness and 
fits of exhaustion, convulsions, stupor, constant or vehe- 
ment desire to urinate, and pain and heat in perineum. 
To make a correct diagnosis in these cases and lay out a 
proper and effective course of treatment for them, we 
require a description of the main symptoms of the case, In HEaeth and disease. 
and a sample of the patient’s urine, for chemical and 
microscopical analysis and examination. We can then 
ascertain exactly what is wrong and decide as to the 
treatment to be pursued. 
ANTE-NUPTIAL PREPARATION. 
—Many men wlio 
are contem- 
plating- niarriag-e have doubts as to whether their sexual 
condition is such as to justify them in taking- this impor- 
tant step or not. These doubts are in many cases well- 
founded ; there is a greater or less degree of weakness 
in many cases that would render the matrimonial rela 
tion improper, and a source of more annoyance than 
pleasure. For these cases we have prepared a special 
course of treatment, comprising- the vacuum strength- 
ening- and developing- appliance, with remedies for in- 
ternal and external use, which if used according- to di- 
rections, will restore the sexual org-ans to full tone and 
vig-or, and remove an}' doubts from the patient’s mind as 
to his fitness for the marriag-e state. 
TERMS OF TREATMENT: 
-The following- are the 
prices that we charge 
for furnishing appliances, medicines, etc., for the differ- 
ent conditions described : 
COURSE A.—For nervous debility, spermatorrhoea, 
losses in urine or at night, general physical, nervous and 
sexual failing. Price, vacuum appliance and remedies 
for ordinary cases, $12.00. For serious cases, $24. 
Course B.—For impotence, loss of power, total un- 
fitness for marriage, sexual and nervous wreckage. 
Price, vacuum appliance and remedies for ordinary 
cases, $15.00. For serious cases, $30. 
Course C.—For development of weak, wasted, 
shrunken or naturally small organs. Price, vacuum 
appliance and remedies for ordinary cases, $15.00. For 
serious cases, $30,00. 
COURSE D.—For urinary complaints, diseases of the 
kidney, bladder and prostate gland. Price, in ordinary 84 
The human hobv 
cases, $7.00. For severe and complicated cases, $12.00. 
Course F.—For Varicocele. Combined compressor 
and supporter, and lotions. Price, $6.00. 
Course F.—Ante-nuptial, or before marriag-e treat- 
ment. Price, appliance and remedies for ordinary cases, 
$15.00. For severe or old cases, $30.00. 
The vacuum appliance can be carried in the coat 
pocket, and used without the aid or knowledge of any 
other person, and only needs to be used once or twice 
daily for ten to twenty minutes. 
Address ERIE MEDICAF CO., 
Buffalo, N. Y. SOME REASONS 
WHY THOSE SUFFERING FROM ANY OF THE CONDITIONS 
DESCRIBED SHOUED AVAIE THEMSEEVES OF OUR 
TREATMENT. 
OUR TREATMENT DOES CURE: 
—We have dem- 
onstrated in 
the preceding- pages the scientific principles involved 
and the method by which the work is done. This, we 
think, should convince any one of the fact that our treat- 
ment is the very best that can be devised, and for some 
of the cases named the only treatment. We have almost 
countless testimonials as to the good results to be ob- 
tained, and that have been effected by our treatment. 
We have published two interesting pamphets containing 
a large number of testimonials, photographed and en- 
graved in the original hand writing of the patients 
themselves, coming from forty-seven States and Terri- 
tories and the Dominion of Canada. We shall be glad 
to mail them to any one interested who will remit six 
cents for postage. The mass of testimony presented 
should be conclusive—men are hanged on less evidence. 
If you have any friend, acquaintance or correspondent 
in Buffalo who will call at our office in your behalf, we 
will take pleasure in showing him a thousand testimon- 
ials in original envelopes, just as received by us from pa- 
tients, and which we have never published. The human bodV 
SEXUAL, AND URINARY TROUBUES NEVER 
THEMSEUVES. 
Unlike many other diseased conditions, which, if let 
alone will be eradicated by the forces of nature, these 
cases are never restored to health without skillful treat- 
ment. True, it is nature’s forces that finally accomp- 
lish the work, but they must be scientifically directed 
and applied, 
In some cases a temporary improvement may seem to 
occur without treatment, especially if the patient’s gen- 
eral health is improved by better hygenic surroundings. 
But such improvement is usually followed by a relapse 
to a worse condition than before. The tendency of all 
cases of sexual and urinary diseases, is to grow worse 
and worse, more and more confirmed, and the difficulties 
in the way of successful treatment increase in direct 
ratio with the length of time treatment is delayed, or im- 
proper treatment pursued. For in all matters of this 
kind, wrong treatment is worse than none, and tends to 
confirm and fix the disease. Some of the worst cases 
that come to us for treatment are those which have been 
long treated by some of the numerous quacks who infest 
our country at the present time. 
OUR GREATEST DIFFICULTY 
in convincing- af- 
flicted persons 
of the merits of our treatment proceeds from the nefar- 
ious methods which have been pursued by these un- 
principled charlatans. He who has been promised 
relief and received no benefit, is naturally skeptical re- 
garding- the claims of any other plan of treatment, and 
apt to class all alike as fraudulent, because that which he 
has been investing- in has proved so. It is only by present- 
ing- a mass of evidence that cannot be g’ainsaid, that we 
can hope to convince such individuals. Our treatment 
is prepared under the direction of reg-ularly educated 
medical men. Our operations are performed by surg-eons 
of skill and experience. IN HEAI.TH AND DISEASE 
87 
THE CONSEQUENCES 
of neglecting' diseased con- 
ditions of the sexual 
system are too serious to be lightly considered. Our in- 
sane asylums contain a surprising number of men who 
have been deprived of their normal reasoning powers by 
the results of neglected diseases or conditions of the sex- 
ual organs. There are thousands of others scattered 
through the country who are not violent enough to need 
the restraints of an asylum, who have been reduced to a 
condition approaching insanity or imbecility from like 
causes. Not, alas ! those only whose mental powers were 
never very strong, but many who in earlier life gave 
promise of brilliant achievements. 
Many of the suicides with which our papers 
teem, must be charged more or less directly to the same 
account. For the man whose sexual system is deranged 
is very prone to fall into a despondent condition in which 
life seems a burden and death a relief. 
Of course these are the extreme cases, and we would 
not for a moment hold out the impression that all or 
most cases Ajnuld terminate in any of these ways. 
But the great majority of patients will, and do 
suffer from other consequences, scarcely less terrible, 
although not quite so pronounced in their manifestations. 
We refer to the general physical, mental and moral deg- 
radation that is sure to follow a neglect of the conditions 
referred to. 
In every living thing, be it plant or animal, those 
parts which are devoted to the reproduction or propaga- 
tion of the life of a species, are the most important. All 
else is to a greater or less extent subservient to this. In 
the lower forms of life there seems to be little else pro- 
vided for, except that the individual should exist and 
transmit its life to other species, to follow its existence. 
And in man, though endowed with a greater range of 
powers thau any other specimen of animal life, the sex- 88 
THE HUMAN BODY 
ual system is the center of all, and nothing-else can reach 
its full fruition if it do not. 
In every case in which the man is sexually weak and 
incompetent, there is a corresponding weakness in every 
other way. He is morally weak, and his ideas of right 
and wrong can seldom be relied upon. He is physically 
weak, and cannot perform any strong muscular exertion 
without great fatigue and prostration ; and though in 
some cases there seems to be retained a certain degree of 
physical strength, it is only comparative, and far infer- 
ior to what he would possess were he in perfect sexual 
condition. 
For all sexual troubles re-act upon the nervous sys- 
tem, and the most powerfully developed muscle would 
be helpless, were not the nervous stimulus supplied, to 
cause it to contract. Upon this nervous stimulus de- 
pends, as much as on the muscle itself, the ability to per- 
form muscular effort. 
Such a person is mentally weak, and the mind has not 
its natural strength and vigor. He is slow to arrive at 
correct conclusions ; dull and heavy of speech and 
action ; he is vaccillating, swaying from 
to another, unable to fix upon that which is best and abide 
by it. He engages in a business, and probably ere he 
has mastered it, he abandons it for some other, having 
not moral strength to be constant to anything. He fails 
in nearly all he undertakes, and this is not surprising ; 
for we live in a widte-awake, progressive age, and one in 
which all occupations and professions are crowded, and 
a fierce competition exists. There is no place for the man 
whose every faculty is not keen and unimpaired. 
Of the effects of urinary complaints we shall say but 
little. The thousands who are placed in untimely graves 
each year from such diseases, and the other thousands 
who drag out an existence which is hardly endurable, 
from the same causes, form an argument stronger than 
any other we could make, as to the serious results which 89 
are caused by diseases of the urinary organs when neg- 
lected. 
IN HEALTH AND DISEASE. 
THE INFLUENCE ON OFFSPRING 
of neglect- 
ed sex- 
ual weakness or disease, is very deleterious. This is 
one of the most important phases of the whole affair. 
For what man wishes to see his off-spring weak, puny, 
scrofulous or idiotic ? That sexual weakness will pro- 
duce this result in off-spring has been demonstrated in 
many cases. And society has a right to demand of every 
man that he shall not people the world with children who 
are but a mockery of what the human race should be. 
No man has a right to enter the marriage state with 
weakened, shattered sexual powers, who has an oppor- 
tunity offered him to be restored to health. 
ORDINARY PHYSICIANS 
do not treat these cases 
of sexual trouble with 
success. They have not the experience, nor the appli- 
ances or medicines. Some decline to do anything- for 
such sufferers. Few doctors have made a proper study 
of such cases, such as would enable them to understand 
and treat them. 
ALL LETTERS ARE HELD CONFIDENTIAL, 
and will be destroyed, or returned to writer when re- 
quested, and in no case will a letter be used as a testimo- 
nial without the express consent of the writer. 
and we think 
will not prove 
burdensome to any one in need of treatment. It would 
be exceedingly foolish to allow the small amounts our 
appliances and treatment cost to weigh in the balance 
against restoration to health 
OUR FEES ARE REASONABLE, 
WE URGE THIS MATTER 
more in the inteiest of 
the reader than in our 
own. Our business is in a very flourishing' condition, 
and the thousands of cases we have cured are constantly 90 
The human body 
bringing- us many more. And while of course, we wish 
to extend our business as much as possible, we can much 
better do without the fee we would receive in any indi- 
vidual case than the reader can do without the treatment 
we offer him, if he is a sufferer from any of the conditions 
we have described. 
THE ERIE MEDICAL CO., 
Buffalo, N. Y. 
A VOLUNTARY TRIBUTE FROM A 
HIGH SOURCE. 
There is so much quackery at the present day, and 
nostrums, panaceas, and even institutions for the cure of 
all the diseases that afflict humanity are so widely ad- 
vertised, that it is very difficult to ascertain what remedy 
is the most effective, and it does not pay to experiment. 
When, however, an institution for the treatment of dis- 
ease has been long- established, is conducted by a staff of 
experienced physicians, and can produce a multitude of 
proofs of its success, it is safe to consider that it is en- 
titled to public confidence. The Erie Medical Co., 64 
Niagara Street, Buffalo, N. Y., have been established 
for several years, and the efficacy of their method of 
treatment is testified to by thousands of sufferers who 
have been cured by it. This company does not endeavor 
to attract public attention by sensational advertising. 
It modestly asserts its claims and simply points to facts 
to verify its assertions. The Company’s physicians are 
successful practitioners. * * * Easting injury to the 
constitution is almost sure to arise from tampering with 
a disease in its initiative stages, and it is better to 
obtain reliable information at once than to risk life by 
delay.—From Belford's Magazine, March, 1891, page 6jj. SENSATIONS THROUGH VISION 
POWER OF CERTAIN NERVES. 
EXPLANATION OF DIAGRAM OPPOSITE. 
To illustrate the paths along which nerve impulses causing the 
Emotional Phenomena of (1) Blushing, (2) Dilation of the Pupil, (3) 
Quickening or Slowing (to Stopping) of the Heart’s beat, and (4) Sen- 
sation at the pit of the Stomach (Epigastrium), when an individual’s 
attention is visually' attracted by an exciting cause. 
C = Surface of brain (cortex). 
ON = Optic nerve. 
P = Pupil (seen in profile. 
Cb = Small brain, or cerebellum. 
B = Medulla oblongata. 
Sc = Spinal cord. 
Sy = Sympathetic nerve. 
F = Facial nerve. 
8n = 8th cervical spinal nerve. 
CP = Cardiac plexus of nerves. 
K - Recurrent laryngeal nerve. 
V = Vagus nerve. 
(1 = Gullet. 
W = Windpipe. 
L = Larynx (vocal apparatus.) 
S = Stomach. 
H = Heart. 
CA = Carotid artery. 
With the aid of the diagram it is easy to understand how the 
stimulation of the optic nerve (ON) will cause active disturbance of 
the corpuscles forming the cortex of the brain, first, probably in the 
postero-lateral area (the sensory perceptive center for vision); and, 
secondly, the anterior and posterior regions. Front each of these 
positions the nerve vibrations, having aroused intelligent reasoning 
and strong emotion, will stream down to the medulla oblongata 
(between Cb and B) where the centers of so-called organic life are all 
grouped together. These paths are represented yellow. Here the 
emotional impulses will, under certain circumstances of love, shame, 
etc., pass along (F) the facial nerve, and thus cause movements of 
the facial muscles, and so produce facial expression, and also will 
pass by the same means to the local vaso-molor apparatus, and 
cause dilation of the small arterioles, etc., producing the phenome- 
non of blushing. In addition, the emotional impulse will pass down 
the spinal cord (Sc) and out along the eighth spinal nerve ( n), then 
running up the sympathetic nerve (Sy) will reach the pupil (P) and 
actively dilate it. All these channels are colored red, Under other 
circumstances, such as fear, rage, etc., the emotional impulse will 
pass at once from (B) into the sympathetic (Sy), and then to the 
facial bloodvessels (Fa), causing these to contract strongly, and also 
along ihe facial nerve (F), making the muscles act spasmodically, 
thus producing pallor and the expression of terror. Interference 
with the regular beating of the heart is brought about by the nerve 
force passing down either the vagus nerve (V) with the effect of 
slowing the heart or actually stopping it, or else along the spinal 
cord and out along the spinal nerves to the sympathetic and so to 
the cardiac plexus, these impulses quickening the heart’s rate. But, 
in addition, the voice is materially altered, and this is produced by 
the emotional impulse traveling down the vagus nerve (V), then up 
along a branch of the same <R) to the voice apparatusor larynx,and 
l>y causing irregular or excessive contraction of the muscles therein 
produce abnormal tones. Lastly, the sensation at the pit of the 
stomach may be entirely subjective and produced in the bulbar 
centers (Bi at least without actual disturbance of the vagus nerve 
endings, or it may be that the emotional nerve force travels down to 
the stomach (S) along the distribution of the nerve tV;, and is again 
reflected thence to the cortex of the brain. 
FA = Facial artery. TREAT THE CONSUMPTIVE PATIENT. 
One by one the “Royal Roads” to the cure of tuber- 
culosis are found to lead the dispirited traveler astray, 
until finally, like others previously tried, they fade out 
into “blind paths” and have to be abandoned. The list 
of these supposed easy or “specific” methods of cure 
each physician can readily supply for himself ; and 
there will also come to him a realization of the expense 
ive apparatus and the revolting- or painful methods of 
application required in most of them. 
Now, not the least of the disadvantages connected 
with the popular run after these alluring delusions is 
that thus much valuable time is lost, and when the inev- 
itable failure is finally realized, it is then too late to 
resort to the thoroughly proven and standard measures 
that might have been of real service. This field of 
practice affords a fine illustration of the wisdom of the 
injunction, 
“ Be not the first by whom the new is tried, 
Nor yet the last to lay the old aside.” 
Follow the well-known lines along which careful, 
painstaking physicians, judging- by the records of the 
past, may hope to achieve a reasonable degree of success. 
It is an established fact that this disease can only 
attack persons who are in a condition of lowered vitality, 
either hereditary or acquired. It is also true, and has 
been proven time and again at post mortems and in the 
dissecting room, by the cicatrices of former pulmonary 
lesions in those who have died from other causes, that if 
the normal vitality be restored before the destructive 
process has gone too far, the disease may be entirely 
overcome. 
Now, if many unrecognized cases are thus cured by 
nature, may we not follow similar lines and cure the 
most, if not all, of our cases early after the disease is 
detected ? Undoubtedly, yes. The base line of this 
treatment is restored vitality. TREAT THE PATIENT 
HIMSELF. Furnish him with blood so rich in vigorous 
tissue-forming material that it will destroy the hosts of 
disease germs (there is no more successful germicide 
than pure, rich blood) and, pushing the line of healthy 
tissue out, gradually but surely reconquer lost territory, 
3-tid heal the lesions already created.—Medical World. NEW SYSTEMS OF TRAINING THE 
BODY. 
THREE METHODS OF PHYSICAL CULTURE FOR 
MAKING “PERFECT MEN” CONTRASTED. 
The Checkley system is founded on this basic prin- 
ciple : Instead of drawing- water, punching- the bag, or 
pulling a rowing machine for the purpose of making 
your muscles grow and your lungs expand, by an effort 
of the will restrict the contraction of the muscles. If 
lifting a fifty-pound weigrht from the floor will cause a 
visible swelling of your biceps, and so exercise that 
muscle and produce what is conceded to be a desirable 
result, then by the Checkley system one may “go through 
the motions” of raising the weight without doing any 
work at all—for raising the weight would be “work”— 
and, by an act of volition swell and so exercise the same 
muscles and derive the same benefits from the exercise. 
MULDOON WORKS HIS PUPILS. 
Muldoon believes in work for his pupils. He made 
Sullivan do the hardest work of his life when in training 
for the fight with Kilrain. He had Police Superintend- 
ent Murray—Muldoon was on the New York police force 
himself, by the way, in the Church Street station—mak- 
ing hay and pounding a block of wood with a big ham- 
mer before he had been at the Belfast farm forty-eight 
hours. 
Tallin prefers outdoor sports to outdoor work and 
rowing machines to most other apparatus for indoor 
exercise. Instead of setting a man fo raking hay, lie 94 
THE HUMAN BODY 
accompanies him on long- fishing, shooting, swimming or 
rowing excursions. 
To the casual observer the Laflin system seems to 
appeal most strongly, as it produces a beneficial result 
by exercise not merely for the sake of exercise, but hav- 
ing a definite, sportsmanlike object of its own in view. 
Checkley, however, not only thinks, but he sets others 
to thinking. He exercises the brain as well as the body, 
and develops both through the very superiority of mind 
over matter. If a man may stay at home and by will- 
power make himself as tired as he would be at the end 
of a day on the hay rake, it stands to reason that a good 
many men would prefer the Checkley system. It 
appeals to the curiosity above all others. 
Mr. Murray was Muldoon’s latest pupil, whose name 
most readers are familiar with. A day of Murray under 
the Muldoon regime was, in a few words, as follows : 
Exercise with light dumbbells; “firing” stuffed balls 
across a room and catching them when “fired” back ; 
pounding a block of wood with two twelve-pound ham- 
mers, one in each hand ; a long walk, the latter portion 
of it done on a run so as to heat the body up well; wrap- 
ping in blankets for a sweat and a rub down ; a salt 
shower and another rub down ; shoveling hay,—all this 
varied with horseback exercise and general gymnasium 
work. 
A day of Sullivan under the Muldoon regime was 
much more laborious and included longer and more 
violent exercise in the way of running, wrestling, pitnch- 
ing the bag and walking. 
So the Muldoon system offers the seeker after phys- 
ical culture plenty of work and but little fun ; the exer- 
cise is not relieved of any of its irksomeness by the sug- 
gestion of sport. There are no birds to be shot or trout 
to be taken by way of amusing the mind as well as exer- 
cising the muscles. IN HEALTH AND DISEASE. 
95 
MIND TRAINING MUSCDE. 
Now that was not the way the ancient Greeks train- 
ed for the Olympic games, the victors in which were the 
favorite models for the world’s greatest sculptors. 
Their’s was an open air training, however, and running 
long distances, throwing weights, wrestling and the 
caestus were their favorite exercises. The Greek train- 
ing, by its all ’round development and its accompanying 
mental culture, produced ideals of male and female 
beauty. 
Yet Mr. Edwin Checkley declares that given the 
same training our modern athletes would greatly sur- 
pass the Greek records. “Muscle-moulding schemes,” 
says Checkley, “that make men die in middle life may 
may be pictorially interesting and may sound heroic, 
but they are not for that wise average mortal who 
wishes simply to feel light and strong, and, if need be, 
to find himself ready to enter safely on any reasonable 
physical undertaking. There is more straining than 
training in a good many popular systems practiced in 
and out of the college gymnasium. 
“The strength of a man so trained is only skin 
deep. It won’t stick. We must breathe properly or 
forfeit all chance of ever becoming really strong ; we 
must stand properly if we wish to give the body and its 
muscles a chance to do and be their best.” 
What do the adherents of other systems think of the 
following : “A man covered with hard muscles will 
often display great immediate power, but not endurance, 
and of after health he can have little chance. His mus- 
cles feed upon his vitality and threaten his general 
health. On the other hand, a man who keeps his mus- 
cular system in a state of comparative softness and 
high flexibility can not only summon great strength, 
but his powers of endurance are surprising. He is 
easily kept in training.” 96 
THE HUMAN BODY 
IMPORTANCE OF RIGHT BREATHING. 
Checkley recommends that girls and boys should as 
soon as possible and first of all learn thoroughly how to 
breathe, stoop, stand, walk and sit properly; the proper 
uses of the joints, as the shoulder, hip, neck, &c. 
“Teach them tumbling, both girls as well as boys,” says 
he. “There is nothing better. I advise generally a 
mixed diet. For my own part I eat and drink just what 
I like and what I feel I desire. The chemical changes 
that the food undergoes in the human stomach are so 
many and complicated, and in no two are they alike, so 
unless I could tell with certainty just how the food 
would change in each individual, I give the diet problem 
up. Young children should be trained the same as boys 
and girls as far as the first principles go. Their early 
years, I think, ought to be devoted to their physical 
nature, even their very games should be guided and di- 
rected, in fact playmasters should be the primary 
teachers. I firmly believe that if a child is taught phys- 
ically properly first, the mental development will be 
greatly assisted. It certainly must be that the games 
which the child learns as a pleasure will, if taught prop- 
erly, make it use its reasoning powers, fitting it better 
for the purely mental studies which it is necessary to 
acquire later on.” 
OPINIONS ABOUT EXERCISES. 
Of the various athletic sports Mr. Checkley expresses 
this opinion: “I look upon tumbling as the acme of 
physical perfection, because the person so fortunate as 
to possess this ability 3rou will notice is generally strong, 
agile and intelligent ; the very nature of the movements 
must make them quick, self-reliant and to a certain 
xtent courageous. As to bicycling I think that if peo - 
pie who are physically weak, be they male or female, 
wish to take up some form of muscular exercise that is 
mild, one in which the amount of muscular force expend- IN HEALTH AND DISEASE. 
97 
ed compared to the work accomplished is very small, I 
do not know anything- that can be used to better advan- 
tage than the bicycle. Tennis I have never tried ; in 
fact I do not know what the game really is, so would not 
care to give an opinion. Boxing as an amusement or 
as a sport, for fun and pure enjoyment, where the par- 
ties are physically all right, I say is good ; for my part 
I like it, and so with fencing, dancing, running, or, in 
fact, any of the things that ought only be indulged in by 
those who are in good physical condition as a means of 
enjoyment. They are all very good, but what I claim is 
that the power to enter any of these sports should be 
gained first. It is rather in the conservation of energy 
we gain strength and not in the expenditure of force. 
The power to do these things should be made the effect 
and not the cause.” 
Mr. Checkley, who can lift fifteen hundred pounds, 
two-thirds of the work in that feat being done, he says, 
by the will, prides himself specially on his cure for 
adiposity. 
cure for too much fat. 
This is what he says of his cure : “I first teach the 
person, whether male or female, how to carr3r the body 
in a manner that I find most conducive to health, 
strength and longevity, then how to gain the control of 
the muscles of the abdomen mentally. A proper car- 
riage of the body is a positive enemy to the secretion of 
fat. As for the wearing of a flannel bandage wrapped 
around the abdomen to keep down fat I think it useless 
and utterly unnecessary in cases of ordinary health. 
Of course if a man has typhoid fever he requires strong 
medicines. Many women and men have through phys- 
ical ignorance become so weak in their abdominal mus- 
cles as to not only need a flannel bandage, but some- 
thing more heroic, to keep themselves from apparently 
spilling out all their abdominal viscera. If a band is 
found necessary, flannel or silk elastic are the two best 98 
that I know of. But the strengthening- of the muscles 
is better than bandaging, and the afflicted one can 
acquire it easily and without trouble.” 
Checkley doesn’t believe in dieting, but says obesity 
is a disease. ‘‘When the natural functions of the body 
proceed without interruption there can be no accumula- 
tion of fat. A man may box and fence and even walk 
without losing his terrible abdominal accumulation. 
But if he centres his efforts at muscular exertion on the 
abdomen itself, the fat cannot stand the attack and will 
gradually disappear.” 
CONTROL, OF THE ABDOMEN. 
To get rid of it muscular control of the abdomen 
must be regained. When once it has been lost this is no 
easy matter.” To attain this result Checkley prescribes 
twelve exercises, and adds, ‘‘persistently subdue the 
abdomen and give the prominence to the chest. Walk 
with the whole body, and do not move as if afraid of 
jarring some internal machinery. Give the hips free 
play, and in walking the more of this the better. Prac- 
tice contraction of the waist muscles. In this way a 
continuous training, the only training that is effectual, 
is kept up, and the result will be immediate and lasting.” 
The human body INDEX TO TEXT. 
Title Page 1 
The Blood “ 3- 9 
Respiration *’ 9 10 
Changes in the Air Breathed '• 10-11 
Chanties Produced i n the Blood by Respiration 4- 11-12 
The Skeleton “ 12 13 
The Nervous System “ 13-19 
The Brain “ 19 22 
The Sympathetic Nervous System *• 23-24 
The Lymphatic System “ 24 25 
Secretion and Examination of the Urine *■ 25 28 
The Muscles 4- 28-2')' 
Exercise “ 29-30 
Wonders of the Heart 4" 30 
Wonders of Respiration 4- 30 
The Skin 4’ 30 32 
Reproduction “ 32 34 
Male Organs of Generation *• 35-42 
Frequency of Sexual Intercourse “ 42 43 
Female Apathy 44 43 45 
Involuntary Nocturnal Emissions.—Dr. John Cowan “ 45 46 
Excesses—Dr. John Cowan ... 44 47 48 
Sexual Health.—Dr. Hanskett 4‘ 49 51 
Size of Sexual Organs.— Wm. Acton, M. R. C. S. 44 51 
Undeveloped and Weak Sexual Organs, &c 44 5 2-54 
Nerve and Brain Failure.—Dr. Corning 44 5 4 56 
Nerve Exhaustion.—Dr. H. C. Wood 44 56 57 
Exercise in Sexual Weakness.—Dr. Hollick, Dr. Dowse 4’ 57 59 
Our System of Treatment 4* 60 62 
Restoration.—P. W. Phelan, M. D 4" 63-73 
Sexual Health in the Male, &c 44 74-84 
Some Reasons 4> 85 90 
A Voluntary Tribute from a High Source 4' 90 
Sensations through Vision 4> 91 
Treat the Consumptive Patient.—Medical World 4" 92 
New Systems of Trainiug the Body 4‘ 93-98 
INDEX TO PLATES. 
Vacuum Treatment of Paralyzed Limb Frontispiece 
The Arteries Page 7a 
The Skeleton 44 12a 
The Nervous System “ 14a 
Diagram of Sympathetic Nerves 44 22a 
Lymphatic System “ 25a 
Vertical Section of Kidney “ 27a 
Base of Bladder “ 27a 
The Chief Muscles “ 29a 
Testicle Exposed “ 33a 
Verticle Sectio •: of Testicle 44 33a 
Structure of Penis “ 38a 
Emotional Nerves “ 91a