AN OUTLINE OF THE COURSE IN NORMAL HISTOLOGY 
AND MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY. 
By Lew ell ys F. Barker, M. B., and Charles R. Bardeen. 
[From The Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin, Nos. 62-63, May-Jnne, 1896.] (From The Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin, Nos. 62-63, May-June, 1896.J 
AN OUTLINE OF THE COURSE IN NORMAL HISTOLOGY 
AND MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY. 
By Lewellys F. Barker, M. B., and Charles R. Bardeen. 
The problem of reducing to a minimum the amount of 
energy expended in the routine work of teaching is one which 
necessarily interests every working histologist. While we 
would deprecate the adoption of a fixed, rigid programme to 
be followed year after year, we believe that in a subject like 
normal histology, where many of the methods employed are 
constant, a careful list of the work actually done and of 
the methods actually used during one or two years will be of 
considerable service as a basis for the organization of the 
course in ensuing years. The programme which we present 
here is almost exactly that which has been followed during 
the past year in the Johns Hopkins Medical School. It is by 
no means intended to represent an ideal course in histology; 
on the contrary, it has very obvious defects, some of which 
we hope soon to be able to remove. It is simply a course 
which has been given, adapted to certain conditions, and one 
to be modified from time to time with changing conditions 
and as further experience of our own and others shall indicate. 
In framing a course in histology for the regular students of 
this school there were certain points which demanded par- 
ticular consideration. In the first place, the class of students 
might fairly be expected to differ from that of the average 
medical school. Every student, in order to gain admission, 
must have a college degree or its equivalent, must possess a 
good reading knowledge of French and German, and in addi- 
tion give evidence of having studied biology, chemistry and 
physics, including practical laboratory work in these subjects 
during at least one year. It might be safely assumed that the 
average student in such a school, as a result of his previous 
scientific training and experience, would be able to do more 2 
and better work in normal histology and microscopic anatomy, 
than has before been expected of medical students, and our 
experience thus far justifies such an assumption. One diffi- 
culty which speedily became obvious, however, was the unequal 
preparation of the different students for microscopic study 
on entering the school. Whereas some of the students had 
worked extensively with the microscope, an occasional one 
having had more than a year’s instruction in practical his- 
tology, others in their work in practical biology had done 
little normal histology or none at all. In organizing a course, 
the needs of all the students had to be considered, and 
arrangements were made by means of which the experienced 
found work difficult enough for them, and the untrained 
were given tasks which were not beyond them. It is prob- 
able that this inequality as regards preliminary attainments 
in microscopic work will grow less with the years, since the 
students admitted at the beginning of the school have had 
no opportunity of directing their preliminary education to 
suit the requirements of admission. But there must always 
be greater individual differences, probably, among the class of 
students entering such a school, than in the medical school 
requiring no college degree before admission, inasmuch as, 
other things being equal, specialization and individuality 
increase pari passu with age and educational advantages. 
In deciding as to the plan to be adopted in the course we 
have been much influenced, too, by the fact that our students 
are students of medicine. Thus it will be noticed that in the 
selection of tissues, those from the human body make up a 
large part of the material used; and when animal tissues are 
employed, special care has been taken to point out how they 
differ from the human. Moreover, in deciding what to exclude 
from the course—for this we think as important as the matter 
included—thought was given to the bearing of the specimens 
on the practical work in medicine which was to follow, and 
stress was laid upon those portions of human histology which 
previous experience has taught us are of the most importance 
in the appreciation and interpretation of the pathological 
alterations in disease. While in the future all detail will, we 
must believe, be found to be of importance to the pathologist, 
in the present status of pathological histology a knowledge of 3 
certain details is of much greater value than that of others; 
and for the student entering medicine, a judicious selection 
of what shall be given and what shall be left out should 
be made by some one who has had a more or less wide training 
in pathological histology. 
The time is now past, we believe, when an instructor in 
pathology should be compelled to devote the time intended 
for the study of diseased tissues to instruction in normal 
histology and microscopic anatomy. It is true that every 
student has his knowledge of normal structures widened and 
more firmly rooted by good courses in pathological histology, 
but he should not meet with normal appearances in these 
courses for the first time. 
Further bearing in mind the life-work for which the 
student is preparing himself, we have not, in this course, 
always chosen the method which would show the finest struc- 
tural details of the tissues. While the most delicate methods 
have been introduced iu places, we have endeavored to 
familiarize the students with a large number of different 
modes of preparation, and to help them to understand the 
varying appearances of one and the same tissue under different 
methods of preliminary treatment. A piece of spleen hard- 
ened in Muller’s fluid is quite unlike a portion of the same 
organ hardened in alcohol or in Flemming’s mixture, and the 
appearances of such tissue in stained section differ still more 
from those to be seen in a frozen section of the fresh spleen. 
The student who has been brought up entirely on “gilt- 
edged” histological methods will find himself sadly at a loss 
in battling with the “rough and ready ” world in which the 
pathologist has to live. 
Nor could we leave out of account, in framing the course, 
the fact that in the studies of the subsequent three years, 
various portions of the body are again submitted to extended 
microscopic investigation. Thus in the second year in the 
department of pathology, a preponderance of attention is paid 
to the structure of certain of the organs; in the third year in 
the department of medicine, the blood of patients is submitted 
to very accurate color-analyses, and in the course in obstetrics 
the histology of the female genital organs is again thoroughly 
reviewed. In surgical pathology, microscopic work is also 4 
done, and in the planning of the courses in neurology, derma- 
tology, gynaecology, ophthalmology, etc., provision will doubt- 
less be made for microscopic work. 
The course beginning October first extends to March 
fifteenth. Three full half-days are devoted to regular class 
work, and additional time throughout the week is available 
for special work in technique, recitations and drawing. 
Between March fifteenth and June first considerable time 
is available for review, and for extra work for those students 
who have had difficulty in keeping pace with the course while 
in progress. 
The teaching, consisting in the main of practical work in 
the laboratory under the direct guidance of a corps of demon- 
strators, is supplemented by a series of 60 lectures with 
demonstrations, explanations of charts and models and dark- 
room projections. 
After some introductory work on the cell in general, and a 
review of the blastodermic layers, the student begins his his- 
tology with the study of the morphological units in the body, 
that is to say, with the study of general histology, and pro- 
ceeds to the study of the architecture of the organs (micro- 
scopic anatomy) only after he has had considerable experience 
in isolation and dissociation by means of teasing, tearing, 
dissecting, macerating, corroding and digesting the elemen- 
tary tissues. It has seemed to us that this system has marked 
advantages over that in which histological studies are begun 
with the study of organs. The student who tries to study 
organs when he cannot recognize almost at a glance epithe- 
lium, smooth muscle, striped muscle, cartilage cells, nerve 
cells, nerve fibres and the like, is comparable to the student 
in chemistry who attempts to understand and memorize the 
reactions of complex organic compounds without having been 
taught the significance of an alcohol-, an aldehyde-, an 
amine- or amide-group. Familiarity with units is, we are 
convinced, the only key to a proper understanding of the 
tissues. And thus in the study of organs the student is 
stimulated to search for morphological units of a higher 
order—for example, vascular or secretory units—a task which 
can often be lightened by the study of developing tissues 
where such units may generally be seen in simpler forms. 5 
From the first the student is advised to pass as gradually as 
possible from the naked eye appearances to the relations as 
seen under high powers of the microscope. Thus after the 
naked eye study in the course, and the color, odor, consistence, 
etc., have been noted, pieces of the tissue are examined with 
the aid of the dissecting microscope (8-20 diameters), first in 
bulk and afterwards dissociated; only then does the examina- 
tion with higher powers of the microscope begin, at first with 
low powers and finally with high powers, in some instances 
with oil-immersion lenses. 
During the early part of the course very few microtome 
sections are permitted, and, throughout, the importance of 
methods other than those of mere sectioning is especially 
emphasized. The student goes to the animal body or to the 
cadaver in the dissecting room, sees the general relations of 
the tissues there, procures for himself the specimen, and thus 
is taught how and where material for study is to he obtained. 
In addition to the regular class work, to each student is 
assigned the task of the complete preparation of some tissue 
or set of tissues, involving the processes of fixing, hardening, 
embedding (in celloidin and paraffin) and sectioning. Some 
members of the class find the time to do more of this sort of 
work than others, and as all of it is done under the direct 
supervision of an instructor, the technical experience gained 
should be subsequently helpful. 
It will be noted in the tables that liberal use has been made 
of embryonic tissues. Starting out with the blastodermic 
layers, the student from the first is taught to lead all tissues, 
as far as possible, back to their early embryonic origin, and 
through the whole course no small measure of the attention 
of the student is directed to the histogenetic relations, at 
different stages, of the tissue or organ under consideration. 
While the morphological facts are necessarily the first 
objects in the course, still the physiological bearings are not 
entirely lost sight of, and we have had no hesitancy now and 
then in calling the attention of the students to a physiological, 
chemical, or even clinical relation when we have thought it 
important that it should be especially associated in the mind 
with a certain morphological peculiarity. Thus, while any 
marked “ overlapping ” of courses is avoided, the attempt is 6 
made to impress upon the student the fact that histology, 
instead of being divorced from a number of kindred subjects, 
stands in the most intimate, almost inseparable, connection 
with them. 
The student is encouraged at all times to make careful 
objective drawings of what he sees. 
Text-books in English, German and French are used in the 
course, and in addition each student is required to read 
original articles in the literature and to make a careful 
abstract of at least one scientific article. In this way he 
gains the habit of going to the sources for his information, is 
impressed with the limitations of histological knowledge, sees 
the lines along which original research is moving, and learns 
the origin of text-books. 
It will be observed in perusing the list, that whereas none 
of the important organs have been omitted, certain parts of 
the body have been studied in more detail than others. This 
we think unavoidable, but we have arranged the subjects so 
that especial attention should be given to those parts of the 
body in which at present most advance is being made. Thus 
the sense organs and nervous system, it will be seen, have been 
examined in considerable detail, and as far as possible the 
students are made conversant with the newer ideas concerning 
the minute anatomy and histogenesis of the peripheral and 
central portions of the nervous system. Preceding this por- 
tion of the work, six half-days, in addition to the time 
allotted to the subject in the course, are given to the student 
for the study of the gross anatomy of the central nervous 
system. A series of sections at various levels of the spinal 
cord and brain are then carefully studied and drawn, and 
finally several days are devoted to the study of tracts, thus 
bringing the student’s knowledge together in a more or less 
orderly fashion. Our experience, though brief, has confirmed 
us in our belief that the histology and microscopic anatomy 
of the nervous system are properly, for the present at least, 
included in this course. Much has been demanded of the 
students, but within certain limits, students, we think, do 
more thorough work when much is expected of them. 
In choosing the methods mentioned in the following list 
we have been influenced in a given instance sometimes by one 7 
factor, sometimes by another. When the method suggested 
seems at first less desirable than certain others which are in 
vogue and which could have been selected, it should not be 
taken for granted that the other method has not been thought 
of. It may be that the method in question has been chosen 
to suit a certain particular condition in the course. Still we 
know only too well that there are many ways in which the list 
can be improved, and not a few errors which would be better 
eliminated. We shall be particularly grateful for corrections 
or suggestions from those who take an interest in the subject. 
It is an especial pleasure in closing to acknowledge our 
indebtedness to Professor Mall for helpful counsel and mani- 
fold suggestion. 
The method here used for designating the main steps 
employed in preparing the various tissues for histological 
study was devised as a convenient means of briefly indicating 
the necessary technique when planning out the work of the 
course. The writing out in full of the technique used for 
each tissue was found to take too much time and to be need- 
lessly cumbersome. Word-abbreviation was too apt to be con- 
fusing, and thus a completely artificial system seemed on the 
whole to be the best.* The various technical processes 
employed in histological study were roughly arranged in 
eleven-odd groups: fresh examination, dissociation, decalcifi- 
cation, fixation, hardening, microscopic preparation, staining, 
clearing, fastening, mounting, and special, and each of these 
groups was designated by a particular letter of the alphabet. 
Thus, for example, all the methods used for staining are 
grouped under “ Gr.” The various methods in each group are 
further designated by numbers, thus e. g. staining with 
borax-carmine is indicated by “ Gn furthermore, since cer- 
tain of the technical steps are carried out by the instructors 
and certain of them by the students, the group representing the 
particular process is written (or printed) as a “ capital ” when 
representing work done by the instructor, as a “small letter” 
* The method for a similar purpose used by Benda in the “ His- 
tologischer Hand-Atlas” of Benda and Guenther (Leipzig, 1895) 
suggested the method here employed. 8 
when it is done by the student. An example will make this 
clear: In indicating the methods used in preparing the cardiac 
end of a dog’s stomach for microscopic examination, the fol- 
lowing signs are used: “Du; E2; F9; g7, is; ks,” which 
being interpreted means that the tissue was (1) fixed in 
Zenker’s fluid; (2) hardened in graded alcohols; (3) embedded 
and sectioned in celloidin by the instructor; and by the stu- 
dent (4) stained in hematoxylin and eosin; and (5) mounted 
in balsam. Only the more important steps, or those to which 
especial attention is to be called, are indicated, thus the clear- 
ing agent most often used in the daily routine of the class- 
room, carbol-xylol, “ Hi,” is seldom put down among the steps 
of the technique. 
AVith this explanation it is hoped that the following tables 
and the programme will be clearly self-explanatory. The 
technical methods used are, in the main, those commonly 
given by the various books on technique, though many of 
them have been taken from the literature, and a number have 
been slightly modified to suit our own needs or preferences. 
EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS EMPLOYED. 
A. —Methods of Preservation or Examination in Natural State. 
(1) Fresh tissues. 
(2) Tissues in normal fluids. 
(3) Tissues in physiological salt solution. 
(4) Tissues in aqueous humor. 
(5) Tissues in blood serum. 
(6) Tissues in iodized serum. 
(7) Tissues in Farrant’s medium. 
(8) Tissues in 1 per cent, sugar solution. 
B. —Methods of Dissociation, Maceration, Corrosion or Altera- 
tion. 
(1) 0.25 per cent. ac. acetic. 
(2) 30 per cent, potassic hydrate. 
(3) 33£ per cent, alcohol (Ranvier’s alcohol). 
(4) 0.1 per cent, osmic acid. 
(5) Cone. ac. hydrochloric. 
(6) Cone. ac. nitric. 
(7) Muller’s fluid. 
(8) 0.1 per cent, potass, bichromat. 
(9) 0.5 per cent. ac. chromic. 
(10) 0.5 per cent, ammon. chromat. 
(11) Digestion with pancreatin and sod. bicarb. 
(12) Digestion with pepsin and ac. bydrochlor. 9 
(13) Iodized serum. 
(14) Water. 
(15) 20 per cent. ac. acetic. 
(16) Cone. ac. sulphuric. 
(17) Lugol’s solution. 
(18) Sat. sol. tannic acid. 
(19) 0.05 per cent. ac. chromic. 
C. —Methods of Decalcification. 
(1) 3 to 5 per cent. ac. nitric. 
(2) 2 per cent. ac. chromic. 
(3) Ac. acetic glaciale. 
(4) Muller’s fluid. 
(5) Per cent. ac. picric. 
(6) Per cent, hydrochlor. 
(7) v. Ebner’s fluid. 
(8) Phloroglucin-j-ac. nitric (Haug). 
D. —Methods of Fixation. 
(1) Heat on copper bar at 120° C. 
(2) Boiling water. 
(.3) Steam. 
(4) Absolute alcohol. 
(5) Flemming’s solution. 
(6) Hermann’s solution. 
(7) Fol’s solution. 
(8) Osmic acid vapor. 
(9) 1 per cent, osmic acid. 
(10) 10 per cent. ac. nitric. 
(11) Sat. sol. hydrarg. perchlor. in 0.75 per cent. NaCl solution. 
(12) 5 per cent, formaldehyde. 
(13) Zenker’s fluid. 
(14) Bethe’s fluid. 
(15) Kleinenberg’s solution. 
(16) Equal parts abs. alcohol and ether. 
E. —Methods for Hardening* sometimes used for Fixing, etc. 
(1) Graded alcohols 33£ per cent., 50 per cent., 70 per cent., 80 
per cent., 90 per cent., 95 per cent., absolute. 
(2) Graded alcohols 80, 95, absolute. 
(3) 95 per cent, alcohol. 
(4) Muller’s fluid. 
(5) Muller’s fluid 3 pts. + alcohol (95 per cent.) 1 pt. 
(6) Erlicki’s fluid. 
(7) 1 per cent. ac. chromic. 
* The line between fixing and hardening fluids must of necessity be an arti- 
ficial one. We have designated as fixing fluids those commonly allowed to 
act for twenty-four hours or less on the tissues ; as hardening fluids those 
used a longer time than this. 10 
(8) 5 per cent, formaldehyde. 
(9) Cox’s solution. 
(10) Cajal’s osmo-bichromic solution (rapid Golgi method). 
(11) 2 pts. Muller’s fluid +1 pt. 1 cent. ac. osmic (Marchi). 
(12) Weigert’s mordant for neuroglia. 
(13) Distension and drying. 
F. —Methods of Preparation for Microscopic Examination. 
(1) Transfer simply to slide. 
(2) Spread out thin on slide. 
(3) Semi-desiccation method. 
(4) Teasing. 
(5) Strip off in layers. 
(6) Free-hand section. 
(7) Section with Valentine’s knife. 
(8) Frozen section. 
(9) Celloidin section. 
(10) Paraffin section. 
(11) Dissection. 
(12) Elder-pith section. 
(13) Grinding and polishing. 
(14) Cullen’s formaline method. 
G. —Methods of Staining and Impregnation. 
(1) Borax carmine. 
(2) Alum cochineal. 
(3) Indigo-carmine. 
(4) Picro-carmine. 
(5) Upson’s carmine. 
(6) Van Gieson’s fluid. 
(7) Delafield’s hsematoxylin. 
(8) Bohmer’s hematoxylin. 
(9) Heidenhain’s hematoxylin. 
(10) Weigert’s myelin stain. 
(11) Weigert-Pal myelin stain. 
(12) Ehrlich’s acid hematoxylin. 
(13) Eosin. 
(14) Acid fuchsin. 
(15) Acid picric. 
(16) Safranin. 
(17) Methylene blue. 
(18) Aqueous magenta. 
(19) Dahlia. 
(20) Methyl violet. 
(21) Ehrlich’s triple stain. 
(22) Weigert’s fibrin stain. 
(23) Weigert’s neuroglia stain. 
(24) Mall’s reticulum stain. 
(25) Boiled gold chloride methods. 11 
(26) Lowit’s gold method. 
(27) Golgi’s gold method. 
Lemon juice gold method. 
(29) 0.75 per cent, argent, nitrat. 
(30) Silver nitrate-)-ammon. hydrat. 
(31) Lavdowsky’s modification of Ehrlich’s methylene blue 
method. 
(32) Nissl’s methylene blue and soap solution. 
(33) Thionin. 
(34) Gerlach’s gold chloride solution. 
(35) Benda’s iron hsematoxylin. 
(36) Aniline blue. 
H. —Methods of Clearing. 
(1) Carbol-xylol (ac. carbol. pur. xtls. 1 -(-xylol 3). 
(2) Xylol. 
(3) Creasot. 
(4) 01. caryophyll. 
(5) 01. bergamot. 
(6) 01. origanum. 
(7) 01. cajeput. 
(8) Acid glycerine. 
(9) Glycerine. 
I. —Methods of Fastening Sections to Slide. 
(1) Mayer’s albumen. 
(2) Gulland’s water method. 
(3) Schallibaum’s collodion method. 
(4) Clove oil collodion method. 
(5) Obreggia’s collodion-paraffin method. 
K. —Methods of Mounting. 
(1) Glycerine pur. 
(2) Glycerine 20 + ac. arsenios. trace + water 80. 
(3) Farrant’s medium. 
(4) Sat. sol. potass, acetat. 
(5) Xylol balsam. 
(6) Dammar. 
(7) Benzol-colophonium. 
(8) Physiological salt solution. 
(9) Glycerine and alcohol with or without acid. 
L. —Other Methods of Preparation. 
(1) Injection with aqueous Berlin blue. 
(2) Injection with carmine gelatine. 
(3) Injection with Berlin blue gelatine. 
(4) Injection with cinnabar gelatine. 
(5) Injection with methylene blue (intra vitam). 
(6) Feeding with madder. 
(7) Artificial oedema. Subject. 
Special Features Illustrated. 
Animal. 
Methods Employed. 
Fabric fibres, etc. 
Wool. 
Cotton. 
Linen. 
Silk. 
Rabbit’s hair. 
Human hair. 
Air bubbles. 
Oil droplet. 
Aij f^* 
A. 
Vegetable cells. 
Cells in onion leaf. 
Cells in potato, cell contents. 
Cell division in onion tip. 
“ “ in fritillaria. 
. 1(1) f5 2; a8; b17; afterwards b16. 
Aj’1(2) f5 2; Kn- 
A2; f8; b17; afterwards b16. 
L6; E2; F10; I7; G16; H4; K5. 
Ls> E2; F70; I7; G16; H4; K5. 
Animal cell. 
Saliva and scraping from cheek. 
Echinoderm ova—fertilized 0-16 cell stages). 
Early embryonic cells : 
in (1) cross section 1 day chick. 
(2) “ “ 3 day “ 
Cell division in tongue. 
“ “ in testicle. 
Centrosome and attraction-sphere. 
Amitotic cell division. 
Altmann’s granula. 
Newt. 
Mouse. 
a2; afterwards b15. 
Oi5> E2; k2. 
D10; ®i» G7; F10; i4; h2; k5. 
Dio! E7; G7; F10; i7; h2; k5. 
D6; E2; F10; I7; G16; H4; K5. 
D6; E2; Fj0; I7; G16; H4; K5. 
Demonstration. 
Demonstration. 
Demonstration. 
Epithelium. 
Shed skin—squamous epithelium. 
Cornea of embryo. 
Cornea. 
Transitional epithelium of bladder. 
Columnar epithelium and goblet cells, intestine. 
Stratified epithelium of skin. 
“ “ mouth. 
Ciliated epithelium of bronchi. 
Epithelium in section of cornea. 
“ “ “ small intestine. 
Living ciliated cells. 
a H H 
Frog. 
Pig. 
Dog. 
Dog. 
Human. 
Human. 
Human. 
Human. 
Rabbit. 
Dog. 
Oyster. 
Frog. 
E2; f2; afterwards g7; h7; k5. 
Ax; f2; afterwards g17. 
B3; f4; k2. 
R;i> k3. 
R»j 
R3! 
B3! 
B3» 
Dn; E2; F9; g2; ht; k5. 
Lh5 E2; F9; g2; h7; k5. 
Ai;f2. 
Demonstration. 
PREPARATIONS. Subject. 
Special Features Illustrated. 
Animal. 
Methods Employed. 
Epithelium. 
Glandular epithelium—kidney. 
“ “ liver. 
Dog. 
B5 14 i 
Dog. 
B3; f4. 
Frozen section—kidney. 
Dog. 
Pigmented epithelium of retina. 
Dog. 
B3 for 2 days; f4; k2. 
Lens fibres. 
Dog. 
B3 for 2 days; f4; k2. 
Connective tissues. 
Mucoid tissue, section umbilical cord. 
Human. 
E42; F9; g7 13; k5. 
Foetal conn, tissue, tendon. 
Emhryo pig. 
B7; f4; g4; k2 
Endothelium, mesentery. 
Rabbit. 
Ai', g29> e8 2! hi> k5. 
Subcut. areolar tissue. 
Rabbit. 
A4; L7; f3; afterwards g18; k3. 
White fibrous tissue, tendon. 
Dog. 
B3; G2; f4; k2. 
in corium of skin. 
Human. 
D4; f9! g7 13; k5. 
Conn. tiss. corpuscles of cornea. 
Rabbit. 
Gf26> h4; k-5. 
Cornea in frozen section. 
Dog. 
F8; a3; afterwards gn. 
Pigmented conn. tiss. cells in penis. 
Mastzellen stained with “ polychrome ” methylene 
Terrapin. 
E3; Fa; g713; k5. 
Demonstration. 
blue. 
Yellow elastic tissue in lig. nucbae. 
Ox. 
Aj-, f6; afterwards g18. 
Membrane of elastic fibre—contents. 
Ox. 
Bui gl8’ 
Elastic membrane—artery. 
Dog. 
Aj; fa- 
ll • f 
Reticulum—lymph gland. 
Dog. 
d2> * 4* 
F8; Bu; f3; g24. 
Dog. 
F8; b2. 
Gelatine manufacture. 
Demonstration. 
Chemical reactions of the connective tissues. 
Demonstration. 
Cartilage. 
Simple cellular. 
Embryo pig. 
A7; f6; a3; afterwards g17. 
Hyaline—general structure in rib. 
Ox. 
A7; f6; a3; afterwards b15. 
AiJ fe! gn- 
on articular surface. 
Ox. 
A7; ffi; b17 for glycogen. 
White fibro-cartilage—intervertebral disc 
Dog. 
Yellow elastic cartilage in ear. 
Dog. 
D15; E2; F9; g7 13; k5. 
Smooth muscle. 
Cells in tunica muscularis of intestine. 
Dog. 
Aj; f5; a3; afterwards g„. 
Cells in tun. muse, of pregnant uterus 
Pig. 
B9; f4- 
Embryo smooth muscle. 
Pig. 
E4; f4; g4. 
Piece of wall of distended bladder. 
Frog. 
Section of smooth muscle-intestine. 
Dog. 
(Already prepared under epithelium.) Subject. 
Special Features Illustrated. 
Animal. 
Methods Employed. 
Voluntary muscle. 
Appearance of fresh tissue. 
Frog. 
Aij f4; a3; afterwards g17. 
Dissociated fibres. 
Dog. 
B„; f4. 
Muscle from embalmed subject. 
Human. 
Muscle from dissecting room; f4; k2. 
Muscle-fibril lae. 
Frog. 
Cohnheim’s fields. 
Insect, dog. 
Embryonic fibres. 
Pig. 
B7; f4. 
The neurone. 
Cell elements in adult spinal cord. 
Ox. 
gi7» 
B:i; G4; f4. 
Cell elements in spinal ganglion. 
Dog. 
D9 for % hour; give. , + ac. acetic 7 for from 3 to 4 
Cells in sympathetic ganglia. 
Examples in embryo spinal cord. 
Frog. 
Pig. 
days; f4; (Schietlerdecker, p. 227). 
D„ for % hour; glyc. x -f- ac. acet 7 for 3 days; f4. 
Ejo! G»29» F9; H5; k5. 
E9; E2J F9; Gr5; k5. 
Section of spinal ganglion. 
Dog. 
Section of cervical sympathetic ganglion. 
Dog. 
Nerves. 
Fresh sciatic nerve. 
Dog. 
Ajj b14. 
G29; expose to light; f4. 
Vide article by Golgi, Nervensystem, p. 63. 
R • f 
Ranvier’s silvered nerve. 
Silvered nerve. 
Osmic preparation. 
Dog. 
Dog. 
Dog. 
Axones. 
Dog. 
r>4, i4. 
l/2 per cent, osmic 4 hours ; 90 per cent. ale. 24 hours; 
wash in H20; sol. ac. fuclisin 24 hours; abs. ale. 3 
Axones. 
Fresh splanchnic nerve. 
Dog. 
Dog. 
days; toluol; celloidin. 
E4 2; F9; g3616; h2; k5 (Strobe). 
A7; if4. 
E7 2> F9; g5; k5. 
E7 2; F9; g5; k5. 
Cross section of sciatic nerve. 
Dog. 
Cross section of splanchnic nerve. 
Dog. 
Nerve endings. 
Motor endings in vol. muscle. 
Frog. 
May’s method. 
Free nerve endings in epithelium of cornea. 
Frog. 
Pacinian corpuscles. 
Cat. 
A,; as; afterwards h15. 
Meissner’s corpuscles. 
Human. 
Nerve endings in frog’s tongue, pig’s snout and 
human skin, with vital methylene blue staining. 
Demonstration. 
Blood. 
Fresh blood from ear. 
“ *• “ frog. 
Human. 
Frog. 
j- Test with b14; b15; b18; b2. Subject. 
Special, Features Illustrated. 
Animal. 
Methods Employed. 
Blood. 
Technique of fresh blood slide. 
Human. 
A. 
Blood platelets. 
Human. 
Prick finger through g20 (1-100,000). 
Fibrin. 
Fibrin intissues stained withWeigert’s fibrinstain. 
Human. 
Coagulation beneath cover-glass. 
Demonstration. 
Bird, 1 
Blood of other animals. 
Dog, 1 
Cat, ( 
Rabbit. J 
Demonstration. 
Technique of Ehrlich’s method of drying and stain- 
ing, and the varieties of white corpuscles in the 
blood. 
Human. 
®i! 821J ks. 
Nikiforoff’s method. 
Human. 
ft[7 is', k5. 
Nuclei of white corpuscles. 
Eosinophiles in horse’s blood ; iron in eosinophile 
Human. 
Blood mixed with drop of D6. 
Demonstration. 
granules; mastzellen ; mvelocytes. 
Haemoglobin crystals. 
Rat. 
Blood made laky and then placed in stoppered 
bottle to crystallize. 
Hsemin crystals. 
Mastzellen in tongue. 
Hsemoglobinometer, ) 
Human. 
Dog. 
NaCl+ HC2H302 (glacial) and heat. 
D4; F9; g19; k5. 
Hsemocytometer, > 
Htematokrit. ) 
Demonstration. 
i’he circulating blood in mesentery and tongue. 
Frog. 
Demonstration. 
Heart. 
Dissection of heart. 
Sheep. 
Fresh elements of heart muscle. 
Sheep. 
B2; f4. 
t( ic a a a 
fluman. 
Purkinje fibres. 
Sheep. 
Ajj f4. 
Cross section of papillary muscle. 
Dog. 
Bi 2> B2; F9; g7 j3; k5. 
Section of heart wall and mitral valve. 
Dog. 
Bi 2> h2; b9; g7 k5. 
“ “ “ aortic valve. 
Dog. 
Li 2; E2; b9; £■, i3; k5. 
Arteries, veins and 
Dissection of walls of medium-sized artery. Portions 
Dog. 
Bs; f„. 
capillaries. 
dissected off to be examined microscopically. 
Cross section of aorta. 
Cat. 
“ “ “ femoral artery and vein. 
Cat. 
E2; F9; glt;; h4; k3. 
Capillaries from pia mater. 
Human. 
D,2; f4; g4. 
Silvered mesentery. 
Cat. 
; e3; h,; k5. Subject. 
Special, Features Illustrated. 
Animal. 
Methods Employed. 
Lymph glands and 
lymphatics. 
Cross section of thoracic duct. 
Sagittal section of lymph gland. 
Injected lymphatic gland. 
Unstained lymph gland. 
Framework. 
Dog. 
Ox. 
Dog. 
Dog. 
P5! F2; P 9» glG) 
Pni F2; F9; g7 13; k5. 
Pi 2 3» F5; F9; hi» 
Al5 Fu. 
Cf. mounted section of reticulum. 
Spleen. 
Appearances in gross. 
Fresh scraping from surface. 
Smear cover-glass preparation. 
Section. 
Injected organ. 
Framework. 
j Human. 
(Pig. 
Pig- 
Pig or human. 
Human. 
Dog. 
Dog 
Ad 
Ap 
A,; f4; a:i; afterwards b15. 
D,; (Ehrlich’s copper bar); g21; k5. 
D55 E2; P 9» gisJ P4! 
Pi 2> PsJ P9J Pii P5. 
Demonstration of dried specimens. 
Bone. 
Developing bone 
and muscle. 
Architecture of femora. 
Elements of bone marrow. 
Elements of marrow. 
Section of marrow. 
Longitudinal section of decalc. bone. 
Cross section of decalc. bone. 
Longitudinal and cross section dried bone. 
Finger. 
Human. 
Dog. 
Dog. 
Dog. 
Dog. 
Dog. 
Human. 
Human foetus. 
Dried bone sawed through longitudinally. 
Ax; a3; afterwards g17. 
L- 
D5! F2; F10; ii; g35? k5. 
Pal F4; F9; g713; k5. 
F4; C4; I9; b15; g3; k5. 
Demonstration ; also with polarization microscope. 
F4 2! C7; F9; g713; k5. 
Tendon and muscle 
as organs. 
Injected blood-vessels in muscle and tendon. 
Cross section of tendon. 
Nerve endings in tendons and muscles. 
Rabbit 
Dog. 
Li 2! F5; hi! 
E4 2! F9; g4; k3. 
Demonstration. 
Alimentary Tract. 
Dissection of alimentary tract from month to anus. 
Embryo pig. 
A)! fii- 
Mouth and tonsil. 
Section of lip. 
Section of palatine tonsil. 
Blood-vessels of tonsil. 
Baby. 
Human. 
Cat. 
E3; F9; g7 )3; k5. 
D43; F2; F9; g7 13; k5. 
Pi! F5; Gjj F9; h4; k5. 
Tongue. 
General structure in longit. section. 
Tip of tongue and filiform papillae. 
Side of tongue. 
Rat. 
Human. 
Human. 
Es; F9; g713; k5. 
P4; F9; g713; k5. 
Pi! F9; g7,3; k5. Subject. 
Special Features Illustrated. 
Animal. 
Methods Employed. 
Tongue. 
Vallate papillae and tonsilla lingualis. 
Human. 
19; g713! k5. 
Papilla foliata. 
Rabbit. 
l\>; E2; F,0; g16; 1)4; k5. 
Teeth and salivary 
glands. 
Parotid gland, resting. 
“ “ active. 
Rabbit. ) 
Rabbit. j 
Disi E2; F9; g7 13; k5. 
Submaxillary gland. 
Human. 
Eh; E2; g33; k5. 
Sublingual gland. 
Human. 
E]3; E2; F9; g713; k5. 
Adult tooth, longit. section. 
Human. 
1 kj. 
Developing tooth in lower jaw. 
Embryo pig. 
E4; CjJ E3; F9; g713; k5. 
Oesophagus and 
stomach. 
Cross section oesophagus—upper part. 
“ “ “ lower part. 
Human. \ 
Human. / 
E3; f9; g7 u; k5. 
Longit. section and blood-vessels of oesophagus and 
Cat, 
k<i> E5; G7; F9; k5. 
cardiac end of stomach. 
Longit. section through whole stomach. 
Rat. 
E2; F9; g7 ,3; k5. 
Section of cardiac end. 
Dog. 
Du! E2; F9; g7 13; k5. 
Section of middle region. 
Dog. 
La; E2; F9; g7 13; k5. 
“ pyloric end and beginning of duodenum. 
Dog. 
Da! E2; F;,; g7 13; k5. 
Secretion-canaliculi on parietal cells. 
Dog. 
Ejo! G29; I9; k5. 
Intestine. 
Dissection and low power microscopic examination 
Dog. 
of layers of small intestine. 
ai> Tll* 
Cross section of small intestine. 
Dog. 
Longit. section through Peyer’s patch. 
Human. 
E3; F(j; g7 13; k5. 
Blood-vessels and lymphatics. 
R dibit, 
Ei 3 4J E9; k9. 
Auerbach’s plexus, ) 
Meissner’s plexus, j 
Guinea pig. 
Cr28‘, fa 2> k2. 
Vermiform appendix in transv. section. 
Human. 
E3; F(); g7 I3; k5. 
Large intestine—cross-section. 
Human. 
E3; F9j g7 13; k5. 
Longit. section through anus. 
Baby. 
F9; g713; k5. 
Pancreas. 
General structure. 
Dog. 
Blood-vessels. 
Cat, 
La E5; GiJ F9; k9. 
Altmann’s method. 
Finer cell structure—(Altmann’s granules). 
Cat. 
Liver. 
Lobular structure. 
Pig. 
< i » < 
Human 
E3; F9; g7 13; k5. Subject. 
Special Features Illustrated. 
Animal. 
Methods Employed. 
Liver. 
Blood-vessels. 
Bile-capillaries. 
Kupffer’s cells. 
Fresh tissue. 
Embryonic appearances. 
Rabbit. 
Human. 
Human. 
Human. 
Embryo pig. 
L:( 4; E3; F9; k9. 
Em! G29; k 9; k5. 
F8; BJ9; G34; k7. 
F8; a3. 
Du! E2; F9; g7 73; k5. 
Thyroid. 
Section including so-called “ embryonic nodule.” 
Dog. 
D4; F9; g7 ]3; k5. 
Thymus. 
Section. 
Baby. 
D4; F9; g713; k5. 
The Respiratory 
System. 
Rat. 
Embryo pig. 
Dog. 
Human. 
Dog. 
Dog. 
Dog. 
Human foetus. 
E3; E9; g713; k5. 
fn* 
B3; f41 k2. 
E3; F9; g7 i3; k5. 
C3 4i E5; F9; k9. 
Lii E13; Ffi; k9. 
A,; F8; a3; afterwards b2. 
E3; F9; g713; k5. 
Epiglottis, larynx 
and trachea. 
Lungs. 
Longit. section through the tissue. 
Dissection of trachea and lungs. 
Elements. 
Section adult lung. 
Blood-vessels of lung—(section through root). 
Shaving of dried injected lung. 
Frozen section and elastic tissue. 
Development of lung. 
Genito-Urinary 
Organs. 
Kidney. 
(1) Isolated units. 
(2) Vertical section for blood-vessels. \ 
(3) Tangential section for blood-vessels, J 
(4) Vertical section through renculus. 
(5) Cell details in cortex. 
(6) Developing kidney. 
(7) Appearance of fresh tissue. 
Dog. 
Cat. 
Human. 
Dog. 
Embryo pig. 
Dog. 
B5; f4. 
Li 2; E3; F6; hi; k5. 
E3; F9; g7 13; k5. 
D«, E2; F1(); it; gi6; b4; k3. 
D„; E2; k9; g7 13; k5. 
A,; fs; k8; afterwards g17. 
Ureter. 
(1) Cross section. 
Dog. 
Eai F9; g7 )3; k5. 
Bladder. 
(1) Section through walls of contracted organ. 
(2) Section through wall of organ distended. 
Human. 
Dog. 
E3; F9; g7 ,:i; k5. 
D7; k9; g713; kfl. Subject. 
Special Features Illustrated. 
Animal. 
Methods Employed. 
Testicle. 
(1) General structure. 
Human. 
E3; F(J; g7 13; k5. 
(2) Spermatogenesis. 
Mouse. 
D6; F10; ix; g16; h4; k5. 
(3) Isolated tubules. 
Dog. 
B5; f4. 
Semen. 
Spermatozoa. 
Human. 
Ax; a4; afterwards g17. 
Vas deferens. 
Cross section. 
Human. 
E3; F9; g713; k5. 
Prostate and pars 
Section. 
Human. 
Dial E2; E9; g7 13; k5. 
urethra. 
Vesiculse seminales. 
Section. 
Human. 
E3; E9; gj 13; k5. 
Ovary. 
General structure in young adult. 
Human. 
E3; F9; g7 13; k5. 
Structure in pregnant animal. 
Dog. 
E3; F9; g7 13; k5. 
Blood-vessels in ovary and longit. section of Fallo- 
pian tube. 
Cat. 
Ci 2! Es; F9; g7 13; k5. 
Blood-vessels in ovary. 
Human. 
2» E3; F6; k9. 
Fallopian tube. 
Cross section. 
Human. 
E3; F9; g71S; k5. 
Uterus and vagina. 
General longit. “oversight” section. 
Cat. 
Ei 2! E3; F9; g7 13; k5. 
Wall of body of uterus. 
Human. 
Es; F9; g7 13; k5. 
Longit. section of cervix, including cervical canal. 
Human. 
E3; F9; g713; k5. 
Pregnant uterus (Decidua). 
Human. 
E4 2) E9; g7 13; k5. 
General structure of the placenta and its blood-vessels 
Human. 
Li 2! E3; F9; g7 13; k5. 
Cross section of vagina. 
Human. 
E3; F9; g7 13; k5. 
Penis. 
Transverse section. 
Dog. 
E4; C,; E2; F9; g713; k5. 
Transv. section adult. 
Human. 
E3; F9; g713; k5. 
Longit. section of glans and prepuce. 
Human. 
E3; F9; g713; k5. 
Cowper’s glands. 
Section through penis and gland. 
Human. 
E3; F9; g7 13; k5. 
Clitoris and urethra. 
Longit. section bladder, urethra and clitoris. 
Human. 
Es; P <»; g713 j 
Bartholine’s glands. 
General structure. 
Human. 
E3; F9; g7 )3; k5. 
Adrenal. 
General structure. 
Human. 
E4; F9; g713; k5. Subject. 
Special Features Illustrated. 
Animal. 
Methods Employed. 
Sense Organs. 
Skin. 
Palm of hand. 
Back of wrist. 
Finger tip. 
Elements. 
Human. 
Human. 
Human. 
Human. 
D4; F9; g7 13; k5. 
B4; F9; g713; k5. 
D5; E2; F10; i4; g16; h4; k5. 
Eyelid. 
General structure. 
Baby. 
E3; F9; g713; k5. 
Lip. 
Junction of skin and muc. memb. 
Cf. alim. tract. 
Skin. 
Blood-vessels. 
Human. 
L3; E3; F9; h7; k5. 
Nail. 
Cf. also section of baby’s finger showing developing 
bone. 
Human. 
B2; U 
Scalp. 
Hairs and follicles. 
Human. 
E4 2; F9; (iodine-green method). 
Hair. 
Elements. 
Human. 
al) 
Hair follicle. 
Elements. 
Human. 
B15 (2 days); f4. 
Mammary gland. 
General structure. 
Human. 
D4; F9; g7 13; k5. 
Milk. 
Elements. 
Cow and human 
ai* 
Nose. 
General dissection of. 
General structure of cavities and septum in vertical 
section. 
Elements of mucous membrane. 
Section of mucous membrane. 
Alee nasi and respirat. muc. memb. 
Nerves in muc. memb., cribrif. plate and olfactory 
bulb. 
Embryo pig. 
Baby. 
Dog. 
Guinea pig. 
Baby. 
Embryo pig. 
An fii* 
E4; C7; E2; F9; g7 13; k5. 
B4 3; Gjj f4. 
B5; E2; G4; F10; i3; k5. 
B3; F9; g7 13; k5. 
2 (E10 G29); D4; F9; H5; K5. 
Eye. 
General relations. 
Structure in horizontal section through cornea, lens, 
optic nerve, ciliary region and retina. 
Pig. 
Guinea pig. 
E7; E2; F9; g7 13; k5. Subject. 
Special Features Illustrated. 
Animal. 
Methods Employed. 
Cornea. 
Matrix—negative picture. 
Matrix—positive picture. 
Nerves. 
Rabbit. 
Dog. 
Embryo pig. 
Stick AgN03. 
G26! F9; k5. 
®3i> D14; F10; ij; g2; k5. 
Lens. 
Fibres. 
Cat. 
B3; separate capsule after 2 hours ; return to B3 for 
24 hours; f4; k2. 
Retina. 
Elements. 
Nerve elements. 
Nerve elements. 
Pig embryo. 
Pig embryo. 
Pig embryo. 
D9; B14 for 2 days ; f4; k2. 
®*i> Du; F10; i7; g2; k5. 
G27; F9; K5. 
Eyeball. 
Distribution of blood-vessels. 
Cat. 
Li 2; E3; 19; 1i4; k5. 
Lachrymal gland. 
General structure. 
Human. 
D!3; E.,; h9; g7 13; k3. 
Optic nerve. 
Structure in cross section. 
Long, section through optic nerve, chiasm, and optic 
tract. 
Human. 
Pig embryo. 
E52;F9; Gu;Hi;K5. 
E9 2; F9; G„; H7; K5. 
AY'hole ear. 
General relations. 
Embryo pig. 
ai! 
External ear. 
Transv. section of soft parts of ext. auditory canal. 
Human. 
D4; f9; g719; k5. 
Middle ear. 
General structure. 
Dog. 
E4; C5! E2; F9; g7 13; k5. 
Internal ear. 
General view of cochlea, sacculus. and semicircular 
canals. 
Cochlea—vertical section. 
Nerves and nerve endings at base of skull. 
Nerves and nerve endings. 
Baby. 
Guinea pig. 
N. born mouse. 
Guinea pig. 
E45 C7; E2; F9; g7 13; k5. 
D9; E2; C4; E2; G7; F10; i3; k5. 
2 (E10; G29); D4; F9; H5; K5; (cf. v. Lenhossek). 
Retzius’ method (cf. Bohm and v. Davidoff, p. 372). 
Central Nervous 
System. 
Embryonic nervous 
system. 
General form—relations of central nervous system 
in advanced embryo. 
Transv. section—1 day chick. 
“ “ 3 “ “ 
Embryo pig. 
Emb. chick. ) 
Emb. chick, j 
fjj. (To be preserved in formaline and used for 
reference throughout the course ) 
Cf. sections given for study of animal cell. Subject. 
Special Features Illustrated. 
Animal. 
Methods Employed. 
Embryonic nervous 
Longit. section young pig embryo. 
Emb. pig. 
Di0; E2; F9; g713; k5. 
system. 
Transv. section through region of third ventricle. 
Emb. pig. 
DioJ E2; F9; g7 13; k5. 
Spinal cord. 
Structure in transv. section and technique of Wei- 
gert’s stain. 
Dog. 
E*; F9; g10; h7; k5. 
Another section in Upson’s carmine. 
Dog. 
E3; F9; g5 over night; k5. 
Transv. section cervical enlargement. 
Human. 
“ “ thoracic cord. 
Human. 
44 
“ “ lumbar cord. 
Human. 
<1 
Longitudinal section cervical cord. 
Human. 
4 4 
(a) laterally. 
Human. 
4 4 
(b) through mid. of hemisphere antero-posteriorly. 
Human. 
44 
Transv. section below hemi-section. 
Monkey. 
“ “ above hemi-section. 
Monkey. 
E4 u; E2; F9; hx; k5. 
“ “ asc. deg. after section of post, roots. 
Monkey. 
E411; E2; F9; Iq; k5. 
“ “ descending degeneration. 
Human. 
E4; F9; Gn; H7; K5. 
“ “ ascending degeneration. 
Human. 
E4; F9; Gu; Hi; K5. 
Study Golgi cord. 
Cf. section given for study of neurone. 
Frozen section spinal cord. 
Dog. 
Structure of nerve cells in cord. 
Dog. 
Cord of foetus nearly full term to show non-medul- 
lated pyramidal tracts. 
Human. 
E4; F9; Gu; Hj; K5. 
Myelencephalon 
Two transverse sections. 
Adult human. 
Eg 3; F9; G5; k5. 
and nerves direct- 
Six transverse sections. 
Adult human. 
Eg 4 3; F19; Gu; H7; K5. 
ly connected with 
it. 
Sec. through decussation of pyramids, after extirpa- 
tion of thumb area in cortex. 
Monkey. 
Eg 411; F9; Hj; K5. 
Longitudinal section through pons and medulla. 
Adult human. 
Eg 4 3; F9; Gu; Hx; K5. 
Metencephalon and 
nerves directly 
Four transverse sections at different levels through 
pons varolii. 
Adult human. 
Eg 43! E9; Gu; H7; k5. 
connected with it. 
Tr. section through pons in region of sup. olivary 
Cat. 
complex. 
Eg 4 3; E9; Gn; Hx; K5. 
Section of cerebellar cortex, including dentate 
nucleus. 
Cat. 
Eg 4 2; F9; Gu; Hx; K5. 
Finer structure of cerebellar cortex. |Cat. 
E4; G29; F9; h5; k3. Subject. 
Special Features Illustrated. 
Animal. 
Methods Employed. 
Mesencephalon, Di- 
encephalon and 
nerves directly 
connected with 
Section through inferior colliculi corp. quad. 
Section through superior colliculi corp. quad, includ- 
ing tegmentum, subst. nigra, cerebral peduncles, 
corpora mamillaria, optic tract, pulvinar and cor- 
Human. 
E8 4 2! E9; Gn; Hjj K5. 
them. 
Diencephalon, Te- 
pora geniculata. 
Ten coronal sections for macroscopic study through 
Human. 
Rs 4 2! Gn; Mi; K5. 
lencephalon and 
nerves directly 
connected with 
hardened half brain, respectively, 30, 46, 55, 63, 
69, 75, 86, 92,107 and 137 mm. behind frontal pole. 
Horizontal section for microscopic study including 
Human. 
E8; F6. 
them. 
parts between wall of third ventricle and cortex 
of island of Reil. 
Coronal section for microscopic study through thala- 
Human. 
4 2! Gn; Hjj Ka. 
mus and hypothalamus, including nucleus hypo- 
thalamica (Luysi), 
Sections of cortex for microscopic study : 
(1) Upper part of gyrus centralis anterior. 
(2) Middle third of gyrus temporalis superior. 
(3) Cuneus adjacent to calcarine fissure. 
(4) Gyrus fornicatus. 
(5) Ammon’s horn and nucleus amygdalae. 
(6) Substantia perforata anterior. 
(7) Gyrus frontalis inferior (pars opercularis). 
(8) Gyrus angularis. 
Human. 
Human. 
1 
- 
j8 4 2» E9; Gn; Hjj k5. 
E8 4 2> F9; Gn! Hj; K5. 
E8 2! E»; G5; Hjj K5. 
. 
Finer structure of cortical substance. 
Lobus olfactorius. 
Human. 
E4; G29; F9; h5; k5. 
Transv. section. 
Human. 
Transv. section. 
Rabbit. 
E4; G29; F9; h5; k5.