DISEASES 
OF TH» 
THROAT AID LUIGS. 
BY 
R. T. TRALL, M. D. 
NEW YORK: 
PUBLISHED BY SAMUEL R. WELLSs 
No. 389 BROADWAY. 
1 8 75. Entered, according to Act oi Congress, m the year I860, by 
FOWLER AND WELLS, 
In the Clerk s Office of the District Court ot the United States for the Southern District 
of New fork PUBLISHERS’ PREFACE. 
The great demand for the articles of Dr. Trail on Diseases 
of the Throat and Lungs, while in course of publication in 
The Water-Cure Journal, has induced the publishers to 
re-issue them in a more convenient form for reference and 
circulation. 
We can entertain no doubt that the author has clearly 
traced this very prevalent and rapidly increasing class of 
diseases to their true origin, and pointed out the best, and 
the only rational, plan of prevention or cure. The wide- 
spread distribution, therefore, of this little book can hardly 
fail to save thousands of valuable lives, while its teachings, 
if generally adopted by society, would at once arrest the 
fearful ravages of consumption and its kindred maladies, 
which now threaten, ere long, to ruin, if not exterminate, 
the human race. CONTENTS. 
Faoh 
Pieliminary Remarks 7 
Forms of Consumption 9 
Other Affections of the Throat and Lungs 11 
Geography of Consumption in the United States 12 
Causes of Consumption 12 
Persons most Liable to Consumption 15 
Stages of Consumption 18 
Prognosis 20 
s 
Treatment of Consumption 22 
Temperature and Climate 23 
Clothing 24 
Diet 25 
Drink 27 
Bathing 27 
“ Throat-Ail” 30 
Quinsy 80 
Croup 31 
Diptheria 31 
Influenza 34 
Pneumonia 37 DISEASES 
OF THE 
THROAT AND LUNGS. 
PRELIMINARY REMARKS. 
In treating of the diseases of the throat and lungs, I shall comprehend all 
the ordinary forms of acute and chronic inflammation usually known and 
described under the names of throat-ail, quinsy, croup, bronchitis, dypthe- 
ria, putrid sore-throat, canker or aptha, pneumonia, influenza, and all 
forms of consumption. 
They are all peculiarly the maladies of what is called civilization, and the 
scourges of fashionable society. Comparatively rare in the ruder and cruder 
states of society, they increase and multiply with the enervating habits and 
unphysiological refinements of artificial life. 
Altogether, the group of diseases we are about to consider, constitutes the 
sources of nearly one fourth of the mortality of the country. Inflammation 
of the lungs alone is the cause of about one fifteenth of all the deaths; while* 
consumption is everywhere sweeping the young and middle-aged in droves 
to their graves. Mortuary statistics show that the mortality from this dis- 
ease embraces about one seventh of the whole amount. In New York city 
there are not far from three thousand deaths annually of consumption, 
averaging more than sixty per week, or nearly ten per day. This is a fear- 
ful picture; and the picture becomes appalling in view of the fact that it is 
growing worse instead of better. 
It is true that the medical profession has no lack of remedies ; that it pro- 
fesses to have in its ample materia medica many valuable medicines for con- 
sumption. But there is one prominent fact which seems to stamp delusion, 
if not deception, on their pretensions. They never cure. They frequently 
kill. 
Their dispensatories, pharmacopoeias, and medical journals do indeed 
abound with prescriptions. Physicians are always ready with the “ latest 
fashion” of a remedy. Chemists and apothecaries are continually putting 
forward new specifics, which the doctors indorse and recommend as obsequi* DISEASED OF THE i'HKUAl AND LUNGb. 
ously as the American milliners and mantuamakers respond to the latest 
Parisian fashion-plate. And no sooner is one vaunted specific or nostrum 
—be it digitalis, prussic-acid, sarsaparilla, cod-liver oil, inhalation, blood- 
food, liypophosphite, ready-resolvent, tincture of credulity, or essence of 
moonshine—run out, and thrown aside as useless, or worse than useless, 
than some other equally detestable poison or nuisance is ready to take its 
place in professional favor and popular experience, have a similar run, and 
meet a similar fate. History has, however, recorded one fact in relation 
to all of the consumptive nostrums of the past, as true science can infallibly 
predict the history of all future ones. They never have cured a single case, 
and they never will. 
Nor are the irregular physicians—quacks, they are sometimes called—less 
diligent in driving a profitable trade in the matter of selling worthless and 
injurious nostrums to poor, miserable, and dying consumptives. These en- 
terprising speculators in human gullibility very well know that this class of 
invalids will catch at promises as drowning persons do at straws. They are 
aware that they have but to concoct some flavored compound of alcohol, 
opium, and sugar, which will temporarily stimulate the blood and deaden 
the sensibilities, and then advertise, repeat, reiterate, declare, and, if need 
be, swear, that they have marvelously, miraculously, superhumanly, and 
preternaturally discovered a wonderful and infallible preventive and cura- 
tive of all kinds of consumption, and of all predispositions thereto, and which 
never fails in any stage ; or to proclaim that, by some very strange and, 
for the cause of suffering humanity, most opportune and lucky adventure, 
they have stepped into the shoes or been invested with the mantle of some 
Indian, “ wild man of the woods,” or gypsy doctor, to enable them to rifle 
the pockets of the swarms of desperate and dying consumptives, as effectu- 
ally as leeches and vampyres draw the life-blood of the slumbering traveler. 
Bid me go where Thugs slow creep, 
Murdering men while yet they sleep 
Thus gives poison. Doth not he, 
"Who for poisoning takes a fee. 
Softly curse those heathen Thu**,, 
While thy race is steeped in drugs ? 
The newspapers all over the country are continually displaying long col- 
umns of nostrums warranted to cure consumption; and no sensible person, 
it seems to me, can fail to be disgusted with their self-evidently false asser- 
tions and absurd pretensions. I have known eight hundred and fifty dollars 
paid for a single insertion of one of these quack advertisements, filling eight 
or ten columns of one of our city papers. If such investments are profitable 
to the nostrum-venders, what immense sums of money must be paid by the 
credulous dupes of these cunning knaves ! 
And every specious pretense, every perversion of truth, every falsification 
of science, as well as every outrageous lie that can be made to subserve the 
sale of the fraudulent merchandise, is resorted to with a heartlessness that 
ought to bring a blush to the fire-seared face of Satan himself. FORMS OF CONSUMPTION. 
9 
FORMS OF CONSUMPTION. 
Medical authors are neither clear nor precise as to what disease or dis- 
eases they apply the term consumption. Some authors recognize only one 
form of consumption proper; other authors recognize two, three, and even 
more. 
There are, however, no less than seven distinct and prominent forms of 
this disease. Many physicians do not regard an affection of the lungs as 
really consumption, until disorganization has progressed to a fearful, if not 
fatal stage. But this method of diagnosis is practically useless ; for, unless 
we can detect it in its incipient stages, we have very little chance to effect a 
cure. 
Some writers limit the term consumption to the formation of tubercles in 
the lungs. Although this is the most common form of consumption, and al- 
though most forms of the disease are liable to he complicated with more or 
less of tuberculation, during some state or stage of its progress, this condi- 
tion is by no means a uniform nor necessary accompaniment. 
Consumption may be said to exist wherever the patient has the following 
aggregate of symptoms: Cough, pain or sense of weight in the chest, expec- 
toration, and hectic fever. There is usually more or less emaciation, and 
the hectic fever may be so slight as to be unnoticed. Very frequently, in 
the early stages, the patient will complain of a disposition to cough fre- 
quently, with a scanty expectoration of a tenacious phlegm, a slight difficulty 
of breathing on sudden exertion, a sense of chilliness in the fore part of the 
day, and a feeling of feverishness about the face toward evening. If these 
symptoms are attended with general decline of health and strength, there 
is no time to lose. The case should be regarded and treated as consump- 
tion. 
The term consumption properly applies to all forms of chronic inflamma- 
tion of the lungs, attended with ulceration, tuberculation, or any kind of 
disorganization, and it presents the following varieties: 
1. Catarrhal.—This is the result of frequent colds “ settling on tlio 
lungs.” It is known by a violent and constant cough, and very decided 
paroxysms of lieotic fever. There is great chilliness, sometimes, and at 
others the surface is hot and feverish. In this form the night-sweats are 
apt to be severe; the cough is severe, and the expectoration copious. The 
local condition of the lungs is that of an open ulcer, extending deeper and 
wider, in one or both lungs. As the ulceration progresses, the cough be- 
comes deep and hollow, but the breathing is not very greatly disturbed. 
2. Tubercular.— This form affects more particularly persons of a scrofulous 
diathesis. It consists in the formation of myriads of little tumors, or hard- 
ened lumps, in the substance of the lungs, generally commencing in the up- 
per portion and extending downward. As the tumors or tubercles enlarge, 
they coalesce, soften, and ulcerate, and form variously shaped cavities, from 
which more or less purulent matter is expectorated. 
The incipient stage of this form of consumption is denoted by short breath, 10 
DISEASES OF THE THROAT AND LUNGS. 
sense of weight or oppression in the upper part of the chest, tickling cough, 
slight expectoration of tenacious pus or mucus, and frequent pulse. 
The nature or origin of tubercles has very much perplexed medical wri- 
ters ; and all the ideas advanced on the subject seem to be little more than 
vague hypotheses. 
8. Dyspeptic.—By the term, dyspeptic consumption, is understood the 
extension of disease from the liver to the lungs; or, in other words, ulcera- 
tion or tuberculation of the lungs supervening on a primary disease of the 
digestive organs. It is named, not in reference to any peculiar state or con- 
dition of the lungs, but in reference to the primary malady. It may take 
the form of catarrhal or tubercular—usually the latter—and is known by 
the symptoms already mentioned as pertaining to those forms. 
4. Laryngeal.—In this variety the local inflammation fixes upon the mu- 
cous or lining membrane of the larynx (upper portion of the windpipe), con- 
stituting chronic laryngitis. It is usually preceded by some form of dys- 
pepsia or liver complaint. It presents very mild symptoms in the early 
stage, but is really one of the most difficult forms to cure. It is character- 
ized by an almost constant soreness in the vicinity of the projecting portion 
of the trachea or windpipe, a tickling cough, and peculiar roughness or 
hoarseness of the voice. The expectoration is often copious, and sometimes 
streaked with blood. This affection, and also the common “ throat-ail,” is 
commonly, though erroneously, called bronchitis. 
5. Apostematovs.—This is the form of consumption in which abscesses 
are said to form and break in the lungs. It differs from the catarrhal form 
in being an abscess in the lungs instead of an ulcer. It is attended with 
violent paroxysms of coughing, fixed pain and soreness in the chest, and, 
when the abscess opens, copious expectoration. Abscesses sometimes gather, 
suppurate, discharge, and heal successively, for months and years. 
6. Hemorrhagic.—Frequent attacks of hemoptysis, or spitting of blood, 
are the distinguishing features of this form of consumption. Persons of 
frail, lax fiber are most liable to it. Enlargement of the liver often induces 
hemorrhages from the lungs, which may be followed by rapid disorganiza- 
tion. Hemorrhagic consumption is generally complicated with tubercles in 
the lungs; and if these occupy any considerable portion of the lungs, the 
result is always fatal. 
7. Bronchial.—This form of consumption is the bronchitis of medical au- 
thors It is evinced by a diffused sense of soreness through the chest, in- 
creased on deep inspirations, and attended with frequent cough and moder- 
ate expectoration. It may be confined to one lung, but usually affects both 
more or less. The seat of the local inflammation is the mucous membrane 
of the bronchial ramifications. In its early stages, its symptoms resemble a 
mild influenza or a severe cold, without, however, the catarrhal complication 
of influenza, or of the catarrhal variety of consumption. In severe cases, 
and in the latter stages, there is considerable difficulty of breathing, some- 
times amounting to crepitus—rattling, or wheezing, sometimes simulating a 
slight croup, and at other times resembling a mild paroxysm of asthma. OTHER AFFECTIONS OF THE THROAT AND LUNGS. 
11 
OTHER AFFECTIONS OF THE THROAT AND LUNGS 
The “throat ail,” frequently termed “clergyman’s sore throat,” is an 
ulceration of the mucous membrane of the mouth and fauces, often affecting 
the tonsils, and frequently attended with a relaxed uvula. On looking into 
the mouth, the ulcerous specks or cavities are apparent. It is usually con- 
nected with a similar con lition of the duodenum, or some other portion of 
the alimentary canal. 
The quinsy is an acute inflammation of the tonsils—almonds of the throat. 
They are red, swollen, and very painful. There is great difficulty of swal- 
lowing, and in severe cases the sense of suffocation is extremely distressing. 
If not soon checked, the inflamed organs suppurate. This disease is always 
accompanied with fever. 
The croup is an acute inflammatory affection of the mucous membrane of 
the trachea or windpipe, attended with the secretion of a glairy, tenacious 
fluid, which, in severe cases, concretes into a membranous coating, obstruct- 
ing respiration, and causing death by suffocation. This concreted hardened 
substance when once formed is extremely difficult to expel through the nar- 
row opening of the glottis, hence the great fatality of the disease unless 
checked in its early or forming stages. The croup is easily known by the 
shrill ringing cough, the thick, heavy, adhesive matter expectorated, and 
the great difficulty of breathing which attends. It is always accompanied 
with a fever of a low typhoid character. 
Bronchitis in the acute form is not distinguishable from pneumonia In 
the chronic form it is the bronchial consumption already mentioned. Acute 
bronchitis, pleurisy, and pneumonia, for all practical purposes, may be re- 
garded as essentially the same disease. 
The term dyptheria has been applied to some forms of croup, but more 
frequently to that form of malignant scarlet fever in which the violence at 
the throat affects, prevents,or supersedes the ordinary rash or eruption from 
appearing on the skin. We shall regard it in this article as identical with 
the common putrid sore throat, and both as the malignant form of scarlatina 
alluded to. 
Canker or aptha is another form of the “ throat-ail,” already mentioned. 
Most persons are familiar with its appearance. 
Influenza seems to be compounded of acute catarrh and pneumonia. It 
is an acute inflammation of the lungs, extending to and involving the mu- 
cous membrane of the nose. It is always attended with a low typhoid feVe- 
With the cough, soreness of the chest, difficult breathing, and more or h 
expectoration, there is great depression of strength, feeble pulse, great con 
gestion of the lungs as indicated by the oppressed respiration, and copious 
or constant sweating. 
Pneumonia, or inflammation of the lungs, is indicated by cough, pain 
in the chest, difficult breathing, and general fever. The pulse is variable, 
according to the form of the accompanying fever; and this may be either 
the inflammatory, the putrid typhus, or the nervous typhus; and the latter 12 
DISEASES OF THE THROAT AND LUNGS. 
forms may present all degrees of severity, from very mild to extremely ma- 
lignant. When there is much blood expectoration, the disease has been 
called bilious pneumonia ; when the expectoration is very copious, thin, and 
frothy, it has been called peri-pneumonia notha, or bastard pneumonia ; 
when the fever has been of a low diathesis without either of these complica- 
tions, it has been denominated typhoid pneumonia; and when attended 
with high fever, simple pneumonia. These distinctions are, however, found- 
ed on erroneous pathological notions. 
GEOGRAPHY OF CONSUMPTION IN THE UNITED STATES. 
It has been a vexed question with physicians, whether diseases of the lungs 
are most prevalent in the warmer or in the colder latitudes of our country ; 
and a still more perplexing question, whether the consumptive invalid has 
the best chance of recovery in the Northern or in the Southern States. 
According to the statistical information, in relation to this subject, fur- 
nished by the census of 1850, the account is greatly in favor of the South. 
Thus, in Alabama, the deaths of consumption were only one in twenty-five 
of the whole number; while in the whole United States the ratio was one to 
nine. In Louisiana, the deaths of consumption were one in nineteen, while 
in Maine they were one in four and a half. In Massachusetts, one fifth of all 
the deaths were of consumption, and in South Carolina only one in thirty. 
Other Southern States compare with Northern ones quite as favorably 
for the former; for examples: Georgia, one in thirty-six, against Connec- 
ticut, one in six. Arkansas, one in twenty-three, against Vermont, one in 
four. North Carolina, one in eighteen, against New Hampshire, one in four 
and a half. Florida, one in twenty-two, against New Jersey, one in seven 
and a half. Texas, one in twenty-seven, against Rhode Island, nearly one 
in four. New Orleans, one in eleven, against New York, one in six and a 
half, and Boston, one in six, etc. 
In estimating the precise value of these data, we must bear in mind that 
certain other diseases—the yellow fever particularly—are more prevalent in 
the Southern States, thus removing many persons who would otherwise add 
to the mortuary statistics of consumption. But with all due allowance on 
this head, the difference is greatly in favor of the South. We think, how- 
ever, that the greater apparent immunity from consumption in the Southern 
States is not due to the higher temperature of the climate per se, but, indi- 
rectly, to the greater exposure of the Southern people to the free, open air, 
consequent on their warmer climate and sparser population. This will, per- 
haps, appear obvious after we have considered the causes of consumption. 
Nor does it follow, necessarily, as we shall hereafter show, that because con- 
sumption is less prevalent in the Southern latitudes, that consumptive inva- 
lids as a general rule, can recover better by removing to a warmer climate. 
CAUSES OF CONSUMPTION. 
Whatever tends to impoverish or deteriorate the blood, depress or waste 
the vital energies, and obstruct the various outlets or emunctories of the CAUSES OF CONSUMPTION. 
13 
body, may be said, in a general sense, to be a predisposing cause of con- 
sumption. And this definition is broad enough to embrace the whole range 
of unphysiological habits. But there are many causes to be found in per- 
sonal habits, social customs, dietetic influences, and in the use or abuse of 
stimulants, narcotics, drug-medicines, etc., which are specially predisposing 
to this disease. 
The exciting causes—colds, fatigue, or over-exertion, etc., are of little 
consequence, for the reason that, without the existence of some depraved or 
cachectic condition of the system constituting the predisposition, they would 
never induce consumption. 
First in the list of predisposing causes is constipation of the bowels. This 
is usually more or less connected with a torpid condition of the liver, be- 
cause the same dietetic or other errors which occasion obstructions in the 
bowels, occasion, also, the same condition in the large depurating organ call- 
ed the liver. When constipation of the bowels and liver exists, the kidneys 
and skin are compelled to perform extra duty in the work of eliminating 
morbid and eifete materials from the system, in consequence of which they 
become, finally, exhausted and torpid. Then it is that the lungs have to 
sustain the chief burden of depuration, and the result of this is a disorgani- 
zation or destruction of their tissue—consumption. 
Among the more prominent causes of constipation—to go back to the ori- 
gin—the remote causes of consumption—are fine flour, and the various mix- 
ed and high seasoned dishes of New England cookery, examples of which 
are seen in the favorite short-cakes, doughnuts, mince pies, and sweet cakes 
and oonfections too numerous to mention. One who can look, on a New En- 
gland table with the eye of a physiologist, need not wonder at the great and 
increasing prevalence of consumption. The “hog and hominy,” or the ba- 
con, rice, and hoe-cake, of the South and West, may be as conducive to dis- 
ease as are the more complicated abominations of the New England tables ; 
but they will be more apt to induce fevers and bilious attacks than consump- 
tion, because, though equally gross, they are less constipating. 
Those who can understand the rationale of convulsions in children, will 
easily recognize the chief predisposing circumstances which load to consump- 
tion in the adult. In the city of New York thirty or forty children die 
weekly of convulsions. And the same ratio of mortality, very nearly, from 
the same cause, will apply to all parts of our country. These convulsions 
are, in almost every case, owing solely to constipation of the bowels; and 
the constipation of the bowels, unless inherited, is, in every instance, attrib- 
utable to the improper food on which the children are fed. And thousands 
of children, who will not die of convulsions, are being prepared for consump- 
tion as they approach the period of maturity. 
But the most common and the most prominent cause of consumption re- 
mains to be stated. It is excessive alimentation; or, rather, the dispro- 
portion between the aliment and respiration. It is the excess of food 
taken into the stomach, over and above the quantity of ait taken into the 
lungs. 14 
DISEASES OF THE THROAT AND LUNGS. 
I am well aware that this theory is contrary to the common teachings of 
medical hooks, and the usual prescriptions of medical men. But I speak ad- 
visedly. Medical writers are constantly parading “ meagre diet,” “ innu- 
tritious or insufficient food,” as a cause of consumption. But where these 
are causes in one case, excessive eating and defective breathing are the 
causes in a thousand cases. 
It is true that many consumptives do not take more food than is necessary 
to replenish the natural waste of the tissues. But they do not breathe suffi- 
ciently to convert what food they do eat into assimilable material. The 
food, after being prepared in the stomach, and acted upon by the lacteal 
absorbents and glands, receives its final elaboration in the lungs. The nu- 
tritive materials must all pass through the lungs, before the arteries can 
convey them to the capillaries to be assimilated to the tissues. The process 
of digestion, therefore, may be said to begin in the alimentary canal, and 
conclude in the lungs. 
And this fact enables us to explain the rationale of the majority of cases 
of consumption, and also to indicate the proper and rational plans of treat- 
ment, both preventive and curative. 
Eating and breathing must correspond; that is to say, no one can, in any 
way, nor by any means, diminish the breathing capacity and increase the 
quantity of food with impunity. Every morsel of food requires a oorre- 
ponding particle of air, or it can never be used. Else it becomes a burden, 
and must be thrown out of the organism as so much lumber or waste ma- 
terial. 
A person accustomed to breathe normally and eat normally as to quan- 
tity, can not diminish his respiration safely without, at the same time, cor- 
respondingly reducing his food; otherwise obstructions inevitably occur. If 
he become more sedentary in occupation, and diminish his usual amount of 
exercise, respiration will be less, and hence he must eat less, or obstruction 
and disease are certain to result. And if this habit is allowed to go on long 
enough, the whole blood is surcharged with improperly formed and unassim- 
ilable chyle; and this clogs up the lungs and gives rise to tubercles, ulcera- 
tion, expectoration, etc , constituting consumption. 
These most important considerations are wholly overlooked by the medi- 
cal profession, and wholly unknown to, and untbought of, by the common 
people. A proper understanding of them, and a due attention to the hygi- 
enic management which they suggest, would soon relieve our country of this 
disease—its chiefest scourge. Indeed, medical men generally have a theory 
respecting the nature of this malady, so far from the truth as it is possible 
to get; and the practice which they recommend to prevent consumption— 
pork, grease, gravies, alcohol, cod-liver oil, etc.—is precisely calculated to 
cause tubercles in the lungs, when they do not already exist, while their 
“curatives” can only aggravate them and hurry the patient to the grave. 
The views above suggested will, on a careful study, be found to harmon- 
ize with and explain ad the problems as well as the phenomena of consump- 
tive maladies. PERSONS MOST LIABLE TO CONSUMPTION. 
15 
PERSONS MOST LIABLE TO CONSUMPTION. 
It is well known that females are—other circumstances being equal—more 
liable to consumption than males. And it is equally well known that their 
greater exclusion from out-door occupations, and their more sedentary hab- 
its, correspondingly diminish their respiratory functions. Sitting in rooms 
over-heated, especially with hot-air stoves, and sleeping in ill-ventilated 
apartments, are predisposing causes which affect females more than males. 
It is well known, too, that the young ladies and the young gentlemen of 
our boarding-schools, and of the majority of our academies and colleges, are 
very liable to be found fatally consumptive during their course of study, or 
soon after graduating. Whatever causes may contribute more or less to this 
result, two causes which almost always exist, and which are of 
themselves sufficient to produce the disease. These are, constipating food 
and sedentary habits. To these may often be added, confined and unventi- 
lated bedrooms, all of which circumstances tend directly to diminish the 
breathing capacity of the lungs. 
I need not here dwell on the horrid practice of tight lacing, which tends 
so directly and so powerfully to put out the breath of life, by constricting 
the diameter of the chest. This monstrous practice is, happily, going out of 
fashion, albeit one of our Allopathic medi- 
cal journals has, on several occasions with- 
in a year or two, advocated the habit, as 
being both a preventive and a curative 
measure for consumption. A proposition so 
self-evidently absurd, so ridiculously silly, 
Fig. 1 is a side view of tbe chest and abdomen 
in respiration. 1. Cavity of the chest. 2. Cavity 
of the abdomen. 3. Line of direction for the dia- 
phragm when relaxed in expiration. 4. Line of 
direction when contracted in inspiration. 5, 6. 
Position of the front walls of the chest and abdo- 
men in inspiration. 7, 8. Their position in expi- 
ration. 
would hardly call for serious refutation, 
were it not put forward, and urged and re- 
iterated, with a show of anatomical and 
pathological knowledge just sufficiently 
plausible to deceive the ignorant and mis- 
lead the unthinking. The author of this 
outrageously foolish notion is not only' the 
editor of a medical journal, but the author 
of a work on consumption; and however 
nonsensical his teachings may seem to us, and are, of themselves, we are 
bound to regard him as earnest and honest in his opinions. It can not be 
possible—at least we will not believe it—that he misteaches the people in- 
tentionally, for the sake of the professional perquisites and advantages, W* 
Fig. 1. 
Action or the Diaphragm, 16 
DISEASES OF THE THROAT AND LUNGS. 
treat his lucubrations on this subject with the more attention, also, because 
they have been extensively copied and circulated through the newspapers 
of the country, without note, comment, or dissent, which is equivalent to 
their indorsement. 
The author above alluded to argues, in his periodical (Hall’s Journal of 
Health), that as tuberculation usually commences in the upper portions of 
the lungs, where they have the least motion, by restricting the action and 
preventing the expansion of the 
lower parts of the lungs, the 
breathing will be forced on the 
upper portions, thus securing 
their greater expansion, and ob- 
viating the formation of tuber- 
cles. But the author happens 
to be most egregiously mistaken 
in his premises. He errs ana- 
tomically and physiologically as 
well as therapeutically. 
A. Heart. B, B. Lungs. C. Liver. 
I). Stomach. E. Spleen. m, in. 
Kidneys, g. Bladder, d is the dia* 
phragm which forms the partition 
between the thorax and abdomen. 
Under the latter is the cardiac orifice 
of the stomach, and at the right ex- 
tremity, or pit of the stomach, is the 
pyloric orifice. 
Fig. 2. 
The truth is, the upper parts 
of the lungs only act as the 
lower portions do, and for this 
reason tight lacing produces the 
very condition which Dr. Hall 
recommends it to prevent or re- 
in >ve. 
As this is an important mat- 
ter, let us make it plain by a 
few illustrations. 
The lungs fill all of the space 
above the diaphragm, with the 
exception of a small portion in 
the center occupied by the heart 
and its blood-vessels. When the 
diaphragm descends, the lower 
ribs are expanded laterally, and the air rushes into the lungs ; but the con- 
ical shape of the thoracic cavity alone is enough to show, to the most super- 
ficial observer, that the upper portions of the lungs can have no action ex- 
cept in connection with the lower portions. 
Vital System. PERSONS MOST LIABLE TO CONSUHITION. 
17 
When the abdominal muscles contract, the viscera of the abdomen are 
forced up against the diaphragm, -which relaxes and is pressed up against 
the lower portions of the lungs, crowding or squeezing the air out of them, 
and thus alternate inspiration and expiration constitute the functional pro- 
cess of respiration. 
The relations of the lungs and heart to the abdominal yiscera may be seen 
in fig 2. 
Four years ago a lady came tomy establishment, whose body, around tho 
region of the stomach, had been re- 
duced, by tight lacing, to about one 
third the normal size. Her figure 
was frightfully yet fashionably de- 
formed ; yet she was married and 
had one child—a feeble thing, of 
course. Being one of the most ex- 
treme cases I ever saw in a person 
who was able to stand on her feet, 
I employed an artist to paint an ex- 
act representation of her size, form, 
and figure, which now hangs in the 
anatomical rooms of the Hygeio- 
Therapeutic College. 
This patient was laboring under 
a severe diabetes, a disease which is 
usually fatal under allopathic prac- 
tice. Her skin was pale, cold, and 
extremely torpid; and the reason 
why the disease took the form of 
diabetes instead of consumption is, 
doubtless, attributable to the fact 
that she had been many years a 
dyspeptic, and unable to take but 
an exceedingly small quantity of 
food, so that her blood had not be- 
come loaded with the elements of 
unassimilable chyle and other effete 
matters, so frequently the cause of 
tubercles, not only in the lungs, but 
in other organs and tissues of the body. Fig. 3. is no aggravation of this 
patient’s appearance. Indeed, it comes considerably short of the reality. 
By contrasting the shape of this deformed dies* with the bones of a natu- 
ral thorax (fig. 4),-some idea may be formed of the direful consequences of 
restricting, in any way, the movements of the vital organs. 
Fig. 5 shows, more distinctly, the relations of the lungs to the heart and 
great blood-vessels. It will be perceived that the right lung is divided inte 
three lobes, and the left into two. 
Fig. 8. 
Contracted Chest. 18 
DISEASES OF THE THROAT AND LUNGS. 
“ Respiration occurs in aquatic animals which do not breathe air. In them 
the respiratory organs are membranes prolonged externally into tufts or 
fringes, called gills, each one of which is supplied with arteries and veins, 
during the circulation of blood 
through which aeration is ef- 
fected. 
An interior view of the thorax ii 
represented in fig. 4. 1. The manu* 
brium. 2. Body. 8. Ensiform car- 
tilage. 4. Eirst dorsal vertebra. 5. 
Last dorsal vertebra. 6, First rib. 7. 
Head of first rib. 8. Its neck. 9. Its 
tubercle. 10. Seventh rib. 11. Costal 
cartilages of the ribs. 12. Last two 
false ribs. 13. The groove along the 
lower border of each rib. 
“ In air-breathing animals the 
membranes or aerating surface is 
reflected internally, forming pas- 
sages or chambers in which the 
air is received, and on which the 
capillary vessels are distributed. 
Insects have a series of tubes ram- 
ifying through the whole body, 
and carrying air to every part. 
“ In the human lungs the sides 
or walls of the air cells are formed of a thin transparent membrane, and the 
capillary vessels are placed between the walls of two adjacent cells, so as 
to be exposed to the action of the air on both sides. The number of the air 
cells of the whole lungs is immense. M. Rochoux has estimated them at six 
hundred millions.” 
For further illustrations on this subject the reader is referred to the 
“ Hydropathic Encyclopedia.” 
The ramifications of the windpipe, or rather of its divisions in the lungs 
which are called the bronchial tubes, into air cells, are represented in fig. 6. 
Fig. 4. 
The Thorax. 
STAGES OF CONSUMPTION. 
Medical authors usually distinguish three stages of consumption. Of 
course this distinction intt stages is entirely arbitrary. The first stage, 
or commencement of the disease, may be dated from the first appearance 
of expectoration with the cough. A cough attended with raising of pus or 
mucus, unless accompanying asthma, or the result of a recent cold, should 
never be allowed to go without attention, as, in thousands of cases, it is the 
incipient stage of a malady which is incurable if not attended to at the out- 
set, nor should a protracted cough, if attended with the least degree of ex- 
pectoration, fail to excite alarm. It frequently happefhs that persons are in 
the habit of taking cold, and of having considerable cough, hoarseness, arid STAGED OF CONSUMPTION. 
19 
expectoration attend them ; but in a few days these symptoms disappear, 
and they are well again. But whenever a cold is unusually prolonged, and 
especially if there is increasing difficulty of breathing, the patient should 
be treated as a consumptiv 
at once. 
Fig. 5. 
Fig. 5 represents the anterior 
aspect of the anatomy of the 
heart and lungs. 1. Eight ven- 
tricle; the vessels to the left of 
the number are the middle coro- 
nary artery and veins. 2. Left 
ventricle 3. Eight auricle. 4. 
Left auricle. 5. Pulmonary ar- 
tery. 6. Eight pulmonary arte- 
ry. 7. Left pulpinnary artery. 
8. Eemains of the ductus arteri- 
osus. 9. Aortic arch. 10. Supe- 
rior cava. 11. Arteria inuomi- 
nata; in front of it is the right 
vena innominata. 12. Eight 
subclavian vein ; behind it is its 
corresponding artery 13. Eight 
common carotid artery and vein. 
14. Left vena innominata. 15. 
Left carotid artery and vein. 16. 
Left subclavian artery and vein. 
17. Trachea. 18. Eight bronchus. 
19. Left bronchus. 20, 20. Pulmonary veins; 18, 20, from the root of the right lung; and 
7,19, 20, the root of the left. 21. Upper lobe of right lung. 22. Its middle lobe. 28 Its 
inferior lobe. 24. Superior lobe of left lung. .25. Its lower lobe. 
Heart and Lungs. 
The second stage of consumption may he dated from the period when the 
patient is troubled with night sweats and hectic fever. These are exceed- 
ingly variable in degree and in regularity, but are present, more or less, 
after the disorganization in the lungs has extended to a considerable portion 
of their structure, so as materially to affect the respiration. In this stage 
the majority of cases are 
incurable. 
Fig. 6 represents the brcn- 
chial tube, and its division into 
air cells, as much magnified. 
1. A bronchial tube. 2, 2, 2. 
Air cells or vesicles. 8. A bron- 
chial tube and vesicles laid 
open. 
The third stage is mark- 
ed by a striking emacia- 
tion of the whole body 
The breath is short and hurried, the pulse small, weak, and frequent, the 
eyes piercing and glassy, and the shoulders have a prominent and projecting 
appearance, from the falling in of the chest and abdomen. Recoveries have 
» known even under such desperate circumtances, but very rarely 
Fig. 6. 
Bronchial Tube and Air-Vesicles. DISEASES OF THE THROAT AND LUNGS 
PROGNOSIS. 
In estimating the curability of the different forms and stages of consump- 
tion, we must take into account the original vitality of the patient, his 
early habits of life—whether tending to impair the stamina of the consti- 
tution, or to develop vigorous and enduring organs and tissues—the di - 
eases which he has had, and the medicines he has taken. As a general 
rule, consumptives are curable in the first stage, and incurable in the 
second. From the third stage, recoveries are extremely rare, although 
they do occasionally happen. 
Some forms of the disease are much more readily cured than others. 
The apostematous form, other circumstances being equal, is the most easily 
cured of all. Next in the order of curability in the bronchial, and thirdly, 
the catarrhal. 
The laryngeal, the tubercular, and the dyspeptic do not differ essentially 
in this respect with each other ; but are all much more fatal than the pre- 
ceding forms. The hemorrhagic, when not preceded by other chronic dis- 
eases, nor by dissipated habits, is curable in a majority of cases; but when 
the patient has been much reduced by bleeding, drugging, by liquor- 
drinking, or tobacco-using, or by debauchery or self-pollution, his chance 
of recovery is exceedingly small. When the symptoms of two or more 
varieties co-exist, the prognosis is still more unfavorable. The dyspeptic 
form is usually complicated with the tubercular, and frequently with both 
the tubercular and hemorrhagic, and sometimes with both of these and the 
largyngeal. 
The most difficult and perplexing circumstance of all, in judging of the 
curability of any form of this disease, relates to the prior medication of the 
patient. Nine tenths at least of all the consumptives who have presented 
themselves for advice or treatment at my establishment, have been dosed 
more or less by the physicians of the drug school. Sometimes they have 
gone the whole round of drug-medication, beginning with allopathy, then 
trying successively homeopathy, eclecticism, and physio-medicalism, and 
finishing off wPh all the quack nostrums in the market. 
They have been damaged precisely to the extent that they have been 
drugged. But what kinds of drugs they have taken they seldom know; 
and they never know the quantities of the different medicinal poisons they 
have swallowed. I have cured several cases after a number of our most 
eminent physicians had, on a careful stethoscopic examination, pronounced 
fatally tuberculated. And we have declined treating hundreds of cases 
because the patients had been fatally drugged before coming to us. Pa- 
tients have frequently come to me from hundreds of miles distance, expect- 
ing to be cured in a few weeks. They were not at all alarmed, and their 
physicians had never intimated that there was the least danger in the case. 
But I was obliged to be candid with them, and tell them there was no hope. 
In some of these cases the patients were able to do a moderate day’s work, 
and yet disorganization has progressed so far in the lungs, or the vital PROGNOSIS. 
powers of the system have been so wasted by drugs, that I could readily 
understand that the only question was, not whether the patient could 
recover, but how many weeks or months he could live ? The following cases 
illustrate the point I wish to present very distinctly. 
Three years ago last March, a gentleman about thirty years of age came 
to my establishment from California. His lungs were but slightly tuber- 
culated; the cough was very slight—scarcely troublesome; the expecto- 
ration was not at all alarming; a very slight sense of weight in the upper 
portion of the chest, with moderate difficulty of breathing on active exercise, 
was all that he complained of, so far as the lungs were concerned. But he 
had had, years before, bilious fevers and other complaints, for which the 
physicians had salivated him severely. He had also been bled and blistered 
several times, and taken antimony and digitalis freely. These agents and 
processes had shattered his constitution, and made a complete wreck of 
his digestive organs. And the nutritive system being destroyed, he had 
nothing to build upon. I could give him very little encouragement—not 
that I feared anything from the disease of the lungs per se, but I 
apprehended that he had been fatally poisoned. The patient himself 
was destitute of hope. He had studied his case thoroughly; and had 
learned too late the sad lesson, that when the living organism is poisoned 
to a certain extent, death is inevitable. But as he was determined to make 
a trial for his life, I gave him the best advice I could. He remained with 
me till the middle of the summer, with very little change in his symptoms 
Then he went into the country, and remained till winter, when he began 
sensibly to decline, and died in the spring following, not of consumption, 
for his lungs did not evince any aggravation of their morbid condition until 
a short time before death, but of the mercurialization which he had received. 
This patient, I have reason to believe, complied with my advice in all 
respects to the letter, and lived as hygienically and strictly as was possible 
for him to do. 
In contrast with the above I will mention the following : One year ago 
last November a gentleman about forty five years of age came to me from 
Canada. His lungs were extensively ulcerated; his cough was violent; 
expectoration copious, with hectic fever and night sweats. His friends 
considered him hopelessly diseased, and the physicians of the place pro- 
nounced him to be in a “ galloping consumption.” Fortunately, he took 
none of their medicines, though strongly importuned to do so. Nor had 
he, in his previous sickness, taken much medicine—none, indeed, except the 
pimples of domestic treatment. He had also the advantage of an original 
sound constitution, derived from healthy parents, and had never been the 
victim of liquor nor tobacco. 
With all these favorable circumstances, notwithstanding the violence of 
the disease in the lungs, and the urgency of the symptoms, I judged that 
the chances were in his favor. He was put under a moderate bourse of 
bathing, and a very rigid dietary, and in two months returned home in 
good health, which he has enjoyed ever since. 22 
DISEASES OF THE THROAT AND LUNGS. 
TREATMENT OF CONSUMPTION. 
There are certain rules of management which apply alike to all forms and 
conditions of consumption, and certain rules which are specially applicable 
to particular cases. I will speak first of the general treatment, and then 
of the special. 
Exercise.—The pathological condition and proximate cause of consump- 
tion being essentially obstruction in the lungs, and the disease itself being 
an effort of the vital powers to relieve the obstruction in the blood-vessels 
by the processes of deposits in the air cells and glands, suppuration, ulcer- 
ation, and consequent cough and expectoration, the indication of the very 
first importance is to promote the action and expansion of the lungs to the 
greatest possible extent. This is to be accomplished by such exercises as 
favor the respiration without greatly fatiguing the muscular system. One 
golden rule is here always to be regarded. The exercises, of whatever 
kind, should never be so violent, nor so long continued, as greatly to dis- 
turb the breathing, nor the action of the heart. They should be frequent, 
varied, regular, and persevering, but never so severe as to cause panting 
of the lungs, or palpitation, throbbing, or fluttering of the heart’s action. 
Within these limits they can hardly be too vigorous. 
Another rule of scarcely less importance is, to commence all exercises 
gently, and gradually increase them, as they can be borne without the dis- 
turbances above mentioned. Consumptive invalids, anxious to make good 
progress, are very apt to overdo in the matter of exercise at first, by which 
means their muscles become lame and stiff, so that the cure is really re- 
tarded. And a third rule is worth mentioning in this place. A part of 
the exercises should always be taken in the open air. Calisthenic and 
gymnastic movements within doors are valuable—indeed, in many cases, 
essential; but out-door exercise in some form—walking or riding—is 
equally so. Feeble consumptives should be well-protected from cold by 
sufficient clothing, and if need be, while riding, with hot bottles or blocks 
to the feet, but they should never be permanently housed up. 
As a general rule, also, those exercises are to be preferred which more 
particularly call int® action the muscles of the upper extremities and trunk 
of the body. Pulling against weights, the Indian clubs, the dumb-bells, 
etc., are all serviceable. Horseback exercise for those who are not very 
weak in the muscles of the abdomen and lower extremities is to be highly 
commended. It is injurious in those cases in which the patient can not 
maintain the erect bodily position without great fatigue or increased difficulty 
of breathing. Walking on uneven ground, and even descending and ascend- 
ing hill sides and mountains, are among the very best of exercises, provided 
they are practiced with due cau’ion Many consumptives have recovered 
entirely by performing a long journey on foot; walking a very few miles 
the first day, and gradually increasing the task as the strength and respi- 
ration improved. And, no doubt, thousands of consumptives have lost their 
lives in consequence of the advice of their physicians, to be very particular TEMPERATURE AND CLIMATE. 
in avoiding all active exercise, and all exposure to cold. Active exercise 
and exposure to the open air in all kinds of weather have been the salvation 
of many consumptive invalids. A great many nostrums, and particular 
articles of diet or drink, and several drug medicines which actually re- 
tarded the cure, have obtained a reputation for being useful, because they 
were prescribed conjointly with a proper and systematic plan of out-door 
exercises. The exercises cured in spite of the medicine; but the chief credit 
was given to the medicine; and so the next patient relied mainly on tho 
medicine, paid little attention to exercise, and died. 
Sea-voyages are often beneficial by exposing the patient freely to fresh 
air and out-door exercise. Exposure to rough winds, rain, or snow is in- 
comparably less injurious than confinement in an over-heated and ill-ven- 
tilated house. Even catching cold occasionally does not damage the patient 
so much as constant confinement in-doors. 
Vocal gymnastics or voice-exercises should never be neglected by the 
incipient consumptive, nor by any who has the least predisposition to the 
disease. The reader may find a variety of instructions and examples in re- 
gard to the proper management of the voice in the “ Illustrated Family 
Gymnasium.” 
Speaking, reading aloud, declamation and singing, all of which are to be 
so practiced as not to fatigue the lungs, nor to induce soreness in the vocal 
organs, will do more to overcome the predisposition and arrest the early 
stages of consumption than all the apothecary stuff ever invented. 
TEMPERATURE AND CLIMATE 
The question -whether a -warm, cool, or cold climate is most conducive to 
the recovery of consumptives, has been much discussed in medical journals. 
The exparience of the medical profession is very discordant on this subject. 
For a long time it has been the custom of physicians in our Middle and 
Northern States to advise their patients to go South. But as they almost 
invariably died, experience seemed to be against the plan. It is to be 
noticed, however, that, in at least nine cases out of ten, the patients were 
incurable before the advice to remove to a milder climate was given; so 
that, really, the result proves nothing for nor against the practice. 
Recently, some of the medical journals have in view of the fact 
that confirmed consumptives do not recover by merely going to a milder lati- 
tude, sending them to the cold regions of tjie North. Even Quebec, and the 
country still north of it, has been named as worthy of a trial. 
It seems to me that physicians, in recommending either a warm or a cold 
climate, look at the subject entirely through the spectacles of a false medi- 
cal education. They seem to be looking after something specifically cura- 
tive in some certain locality, as they are accustomed to regard drug-medi- 
eines as having specific virtues in certain forms of diseases. But as all 
Tirtue is in the living system, and all the curative power in the universe 
resides in the inherent powers of the constitution, temperature and climate, 
like air, exercise, food, water, etc., can only supply one of the proper mate- 24 
DISEASES OF THE THROAT AND LUNGS. 
rials and conditions for the uses of the living organism. And as consump- 
tion is essentially a disease of deficient respiration, it is obvious that what- 
ever, in the matter of temperature and climate, will supply the most 
favorable circumstances for free respiration, must, other circumstances 
being equal, be the best for the consumptive invalid 
Hence we are led to the conclusion that a pure atmosphere is of the first 
importance ; and as the muscular system and respiratory function are in- 
vigorated by a cool and relaxed by a very warm climate, it follows neces- 
sarily that a climate so cool as the patient can bear without actual discom- 
fort is to be preferred. The patient requires to be much in the open air. 
Nothing is more dangerous to consumptives than the practice of keeping much 
within doors. Nor should rains, winds, nor snows prevent frequent exercise 
of some kind—walking, riding, calisthenics or gymnastics—in the open air. 
Invalids who are so feeble as to be unable to exercise vigorously will be 
most unquestionably more comfortable in the mild climate of Florida, Texas, 
Madeira, or the Bermudas; but, unfortunately, such cases are generally in- 
curable in any place. Those who have a slight affection of the lungs, and 
whose chief trouble is torpor or inaction in the digestive organs, will often, 
by spending a winter season in the Carolinas or Florida, and exercising most 
of the time in the open air, return in the spring very much rejuvenated. 
But then, a judicious plan of hygiene would have cured them at home. 
It is of vastly more importance what consumptives do than where they 
go to be saved.. 
CLOTHING. 
The proper rule for clothing is very simple—as little as possible, provided 
the patient is kept comfortable. The practice of burying consumptives in 
flannel under-shirts and drawers I regard as very pernicious. The patient 
should be so dressed as to be able to face almost any weather; but when 
exposed to cold or storms, the extra clothing should be in outside, not in 
under garments. Under shirts and drawers tend to weaken the depurating 
powers of the skin, and thus increase the burden thrown upon the lungs. 
Unequal clothing is a fruitful source of colds, coughs, and, finally, con- 
sumptions. The fashionable dresses of females and children, with light, 
thin stockings and shoes, almost bare arms and shoulders, and a load of 
clothing, painful to carry, around the chest, abdomen, and hips, can not be 
too strongly reprobated. 
The ordinary dress of females fin all civilized countries is as well calcu- 
lated to restrain the free action of the limbs, contract the chest, weaken 
the respiratory muscles, and expose them to colds, as could well be devised. 
It is not to be wondered at that our fashionably-dressed American ladies are 
so disinclined to walking, and so prone to sedentary habits. It is impossible 
for them, in their present style of dress, to go out, unless the weather is 
particularly fair, or to walk much without great fatigue and exhaustion. 
The following remarks of Florence Nightingale, in her work, •* Notes on 
Nursing,” on. the subject of female dress, are as applicable to female patients 
as to female nurses • DIET. 
25 
“ It is, I think, alarming, peculiarly at this time, when the female ink- 
bottles are perpetually impressing upon us ‘ woman’s particular worth and 
general missionariness,’ to see that the dress of woman is daily more and 
more unfitting them for any ‘ mission’ or usefulness at all. It is equally 
unfitted i'or all poetic and all domestic purposes. A man is now a more 
handy and far less objectionable being in a sick room than a woman. Com- 
pelled by her dress, every woman now either shuffles or waddles—only a 
man can cross the floor of a sick room without shaking it! What is become 
of woman’s light step ?—the firm, light, quick step we have been asking 
for r” 
DIET. 
In no disease is a strict and strictly physiological dietary of more im- 
portance than in the complaint under consideration. But what is a physio- 
logical diet? The most absurd and injurious notions are abroad on this 
subject. The most eminent physicians of the allopathic school, and, indeed, 
of all the drug schools, recommend the vilest trash that ever entered the 
human stomach as especially useful, if not really medicinal, for consumptive 
patients. Milk, flesh, grease, gravies, pork, hog’s lard, cod-liver oil, and 
alcohol are in the category of the preferred articles. In fact, whatever 
seems to be most conducive to the production of foul humors, scrofula, 
tubercles, measles, worms, canker, and scurvy in a well person, seems to be 
among the materia aliment aria of the medical profession for the treatment 
of consumption. No wonder they never cure the disease. No wonder that 
consumption is still, as it ever has been, the opprobriorum. medic.orum. 
Many cases are recorded of consumptives recovering health on resorting 
to long journeys, on foot, or on horseback, or in carriages; and these recov- 
eries have taken place under the most opposite plans of diet. Some have 
lived almost wholly on rare beef and water; others have restricted their food 
mainly to stale bread dr biscuit and such wild game as the field or the forest 
supplied ; others have lived “ generously,” eating whatever fell in their way. 
Some have subsisted wholly on coarse bread and water; others, almost 
wholly on plain vegetables. Some have indulged their appetites freely, so 
far as quantity is concerned ; and others have been extremely abstemious. 
Of course, the advocates of animal and of vegetable food alike, and the ad- 
vocates of full and of spare diet, can equally prove the correctness of their 
views by reference to successful cases. But the intelligent physiologist and 
the close observer will conclude that the cures, in all of these cases, are 
attributable, principally, to the salutary influences of air and exercise, aided 
or retarded, as the particular case might have been, by the quantity or 
quality of the dietary which was adopted. 
It often happens that a combination of several favorable influences will 
effect a cure, in spite of one or two adverse and opposing circumstances. 
And here is just where the people generally, and the medical profession par- 
ticularly, are deluded in thousands of instances. Because a patient recov- 
ers, the inference is too apt to be drawn, that whatever he ate or drank musk 
»e<«ssarily have contributed to that result. 26 
DISEASES OF THE THROAT AND LUNGS. 
There is but one method for ascertaining the best dietary for a consump- 
tive, and this is a reference to physiological law. Whatever food will supply 
the purest tissue with the least wear and tear of the vital machinery is the 
best. In the application of this law to a given case, we can not consult, the 
patient's tastes, or habits, or present feelings. These may be normal or 
abnormal, natural or artificial, inherited or acquired. Our standard of 
judgment should be nature, not morbid propensities. Adopting this crite- 
rion. the conclusion is inevitable, that a simple fruit and farinaceous diet, in 
quantity carefully proportioned to the exercise and respiratory capacity of 
the patient, affords the best and the only rational hope of consumptives, so 
far as nutrition is concerned. 
Bread-food should be made of the pure grain and water, unsophisticated 
by salt, sugar, or shortenings, and unperverted by yeast, acids, or alkalies. 
The only rising required is pure atmospheric air. 
Milk, which is recommended and, indeed, highly extolled by the majority 
of medical authors on consumption, I regard as highly objectionable, as are 
all of its products—butter, cheese, cream, and buttermilk. Milk is recom- 
mended because it is so natural a food, being nearly allied in chemical 
constitution to the elements which compose the animal structure. This, 
however, is a grave mistake. No food can be more unnatural, as a single 
glance at the order and arrangement of nature, as manifested in all depart- 
ments of the animal kingdom, will serve to demonstrate. Nature has pro- 
vided milk for the nourishment of the young mammal, until the teeth are 
developed so that other food can be masticated. Then the supply is cut 
off. The mother is released from the duty of elaborating the food of her off- 
spring, and they, in turn, become independent of her. To protract the pe- 
riod of nursing beyond the design of nature is clearly a perversion of 
organic law, which can never be practiced with impunity. And still worse 
is the result where the human being resorts to the milk of other animals. 
Though the milk of the cow, in chemical elements, very closely resembles 
that of the human being, its organic properties are very different. The 
microscope discloses the fact, that the blood of the human being is so differ- 
ent from that of any other creature that its peculiarities can be readily 
detected by the eye when aided by powerful magnifying glasses. Every 
species of animals seems to be created with radical differences in the vital 
arrangements of its organic molecules; otherwise the distinctions of the 
animal kingdom could not be maintained. They would be constantly blend- 
ing. The flesh, milk, and secretions of animals devoured by other animals 
would necessarily tend to amalgamate, as it were, all distinctive forms of 
structure, so that, eventually, all the animals on the earth would become 
mixed breeds and monstrosities. 
The human being is placed on so high a plane above all else of the animal 
kingdom, that its higher and better nature requires an abstinence from all 
the secretions of other animals. But a greater objection still to milk diet, 
and one which will be more readily appreciated by the general reader, is 
this, The milch cow is always a diseased animal. Her secretion of milk DRINK.—BATHING. 
after the weaning of the calf is itself abnormal. Were the animal kept in 
normal conditions, the secretion of milk would, in the order of nature, cease 
whenever the offspring no longer required it. But in order to make the 
lacteal organs yield milk, contrary to the rules and design of nature, they 
must be abnormally and constantly excited, and the product is necessarily 
more or less diseased. And the offspring of cows who are milked ten or 
elevm months in the year are deprived thereby of as wholesome food as they 
otherwise would have ; and hence the practice of milking cows in order to 
feed human beings not only depraves the human being, but also deteriorates 
the animals themselves. What woman, whose breasts were so preternatu- 
rally and morbidly excited as to be forced to yield milk for other purposes 
than the nourishment of her own progeny, could supply a pure and whole- 
some article for her child ? The idea is preposterous. Yet it is not more 
absurd than is the practice of deriving that supply from animals which are 
kept in a morbid condition for the very purposes of affording it. 
DRINK. 
I have but little to say on this subject. The indiscriminate practice of 
drinking by routine a large quantity of water by consumptives of all classes, 
and under all circumstances, can not be too severely reprehended. Thirst 
is the grand and the almost infallible rule. Those who use proper food have 
very little sensation of thirst, and hence require but little drink; while 
those who use salt and other seasonings have greater thirst, and require a 
larger quantity of water. As a general rule, a tumbler, or part of a tum- 
bler, of water should be taken soon after rising, or after the morning bath 
or ablution; and at all other times the patient may drink according to 
thirst. 
BATHING. 
There has been altogether too much routinism, on the part of many 
Water-Cure practitioners, in the administration of baths to consumptive in- 
valids. Some have followed the “ cold-water plan” literally, while others 
have gone to the opposite extreme and prescribed, as the leading measures 
of treatment, hot water, vapor, and steam. All are useful in certain cases, 
and either will be injurious if not adapted to the circumstances of the case 
in hand. As a general rule, no application of water, cold or hot, and no 
method of applying water externally, should be resorted to which has a 
tendency greatly to disturb the respiration or circulation When the tem- 
perature is low, and the lungs much obstructed by tubercles, and when 
their substance is much disorganized by abscesses or ulceration, no bath 
should be employed which induces much of a shock. Packs, douches, and 
plunges are here inadmissible. But in the incipient stages they are, each 
and all, among the most efficient curative agencies. 
The sponge-bath or tepid ablution in the morning on rising, the tepid 
half-bath in the forenoon, and the tepid sitz-bath in the afternoon, are well 
adapted to the great majority of cases. When, however, the patient is in- 
clined to be chilly at the bath hour assigned, the bath should be omitted. 28 
DISEASES OF THE THROAT AND LUNGS. 
The temperature of all of these baths should be pleasantly cool, but never 
so cold as to excite prolonged chilliness. Whenever the feet are inclined to 
be cold in the evening, or the head hot, the hot and cold foot-bath should 
be employed at bedtime. The wet girdle or chest-wrapper, in the early 
stages, should be worn constantly until a critical effort or rash appears on 
the surface, after which it should be worn only during the day. It should 
always be so covered as to protect the clothing from dampness ; and when- 
ever the application creates unpleasant chilliness, it should be omitted alto- 
gether. The wet-girdle is preferable in the dyspeptic and tubercular forms, 
in which cases the liver and digestive organs are particularly involved, and 
the chest-wrapper is to be preferred in the catarrhal, apostematous, laryn- 
geal, hemorrhagic, and bronchial varieties. In the laryngeal form a wet 
cloth, covered with a dry one, should be kept around the throat every night, 
and when there is considerable and constant soreness of the part, during the 
day also. 
In the apostematous, catarrhal, and bronchial varieties, water may be 
much more freely used, and of a cooler temperature than in the other forms. 
The majority of these patients will be benefited by the wet-sheet pack 
daily, followed by the dripping sheet or tepid half bath. These cases ap- 
proximate pneumonitis—inflammation of the lungs—in pathological charac- 
ter, and maybe treated, especially in their early stages, nearly on the same 
plan. One rule, however, in relation to the temperature of the baths, 
should be always kept in mind as applicable alike to all forms, states, and 
stages of consumption. It is this : the temperature of the water employed 
must be adapted to the patient’s ability to exercise. If he is able to take 
active exercise in the open air so as to secure favorable reaction, the water 
externally applied may be much colder than when he is unable to exercise 
much except in the passive way. Many errors have been committed in the 
management of consumptive invalids from ignorance of or inattention to 
this simple and obvious rule of practice. 
For the cough, expectoration, hectic fever, night-sweats, diarrhea, etc., 
we have n-o special measures to propose. If the constitutional condition is 
properly cared for, these symptoms will be mitigated, so far as possible or 
proper. 
We regard the practice of stopping the cough by opiates and other nar- 
cotics, promoting the expectoration by nauseants, reducing the heat of the 
fever by antiphlogistics, checking the night-sweats by tonics, and restraining 
the diarrhea by astringents, as is the usual custom of all drug schools, as 
exceedingly pernicious—as so many ways of hurrying the patient out of the 
world. And, indeed, the whole plan of treating local symptoms instead of 
constitutional conditions, is wrong in principle and disastrous in practice. 
Nor can I refrain from animadverting, in this place, against the horrid 
practice of blistering the chest in consumptive cases. This practice is al- 
most universal with Allopa'hic physicians. I am unable to understand 
how the counter-irritation of them, as the phrase is, can do any good, 
while I can see many and weighty reasons why their effects must neces* BATHING.. 
29 
sarily be very mischievous. The chief difficulty in the lungs is obstruction, 
and their great need is expansion—exercise The respiratory muscles should 
have the freest possible play at all times, to facilitate circulation through 
the pulmonary tissues, and obviate accumulation and over-distension. 
Blisters, by inflaming the surface and muscles of the chest, render the ex- 
pansive efforts of the lungs painful; hence, the patient inclines to breathe 
as little as possible; and a sucoession of blisters never fails to aggravate 
very greatly the dangers of the disease. 
After all, consumption is a disease to be prevented rather than cured. 
The best measures judiciously applied will sometimes fail. With some per- 
sons the development of the disease is the sure harbinger of death. For- 
tunately, however, the means which are best calculated to arrest the prog- 
ress of the disease are the most efficient preventives. A reasonable attention 
to hygiene will insure almost any person against all danger of ever falling 
a victim to this, the prevailing malady of our country. 
It may not be amiss to advert briefly, in this place, to the recent popular 
nostrums which are flooding the markets as specifics for consumption—the 
hypophosphites of lime, soda, and magnesia, the preparations of iron, and of 
cod-liver oil, and other “ blood-foods.” It would seem that the liundred- 
and-one remedies which are constantly before the public as infallible reme- 
dies, and the hundreds of vauuted specifics which have occupied so large a 
space in the advertising department of the newspaper press during the last 
quarter of a century, connected with the fact that the disease is constantly 
increasing in fa tali'y—its victims increasing in a greater ratio than the 
advance of population—ought to convince all reflecting minds that the 
whole business of manufacturing and selling remedies for consumption, is 
now, and has been'from the beginning, and will be so long as it will pay, a 
fraud and a cheat. 
All of these nostrums are put forward by their shrewd fabricators on some 
whim, prejudice, or false notion of the popular mind. But some of them 
are exceedingly specious in their representations and pretensions. This is 
particularly the case with the “ blood-food” nostrums. It is claimed for 
them that they supply some element-phosphorous, iron, etc.—which the 
living organism needs for the healthy performance of its functions. Their 
use is predicated on the ground that they are really fertilizers, the same as 
manure is to plants, or inorganic elements to vegetables. 
A correct physiology will dissipate all such notions in a moment. Ani- 
mals do not and can not get nutrient materials from inorganic elements. 
They must subsist wholly on the proximate elements of organized matter. 
No matter to what extent phosphorous, lime, iron, soda, etc., are deficient, 
the living organism can not obtain anything it needs or can use from 
the administration of these substances in their elementary state. As phos- 
phorous, iron, alkalies, earth, etc., they are poisons, and nothing but 
poisons, and as such will be rebelled against and rejected by the vital 
machinery. For this reason they are called medicines. As they exist in 
the proximate principles of grains, fruits, vegetables, or in animal matters. 30 
DISEASES OF THE THROAT AND LUNGS. 
they may be nutritious and usable But as they exist in their inorganic 
or elementary state, they are drugs, medicines, poisons, and nothing else. 
A very simple experiment will enable every rational mortal to settle this 
question for himself. Let him eat a meal of phosphorous, iron, soda, lime, 
potash, magnesia, salt, etc., and compare the result with a meal of real 
blood-food- potatoes, bread, apples, etc. 
“ THRO AT-AIL, 
This affection is frequently denominated “ Clergymens sore throat," 
from the circumstance that clergymen are frequently affected with it; but, 
like consumption, it seems to be increasing among nearly all classes of our 
people. It is invariably connected with a morbid condition of the digestive 
organs, more particularly involving the liver. This complaint is often con- 
founded with laryngitis, and both are very frequently, yet very improperly, 
called bronchitis. The locality of all these affections ought readily to dis- 
tinguish them from each other. Throat- ail, a form of which is called canker, 
or aptha, has its primary seat in the mucous membrane of the mouth and 
throat; laryngitis is confined to the upper part of the windpipe, and bron- 
chitis affects the ramifications of the windpipe in the substance of the 
The chronic forms of laryngitis and bronchitis have already been treated of 
as varieties of consumption. In their acute form they require, substan- 
tially, the same treatment, as will be mentioned when I come to consider 
inflammation of the lungs, with the single exception of cold wet cloths con- 
stantly applied to the throat, and frequently changed, so long as any pre- 
ternatural heat remains. 
Throat-ail proper must in all cases be regarded as the result of a dys- 
peptic stomach or diseased liver; hence the appropriate treatment consists 
in such measures as will cure the primary malady; and here the dietary 
becomes the leading remedial appliance. Plain food, simply prepared, 
without seasonings, or shortenings, or risings, and abstemious in quantity 
constitute the essentials of the curative plan. Occasional sips of cold water 
gargles of cool or cold water, and the wet-girdle around the abdomen, over 
the region of the liver, are among the measures which may be used with 
advantage. 
QUINSY. 
The quinsy is a febrile disease; it is always attended with a constitu- 
tional febrile disturbance of greater or less severity. When the fever is 
high, denoted by a dry skin, white tongue, strong pulse, and a uniform 
and preternatural heat over the whole surface, the wet sheet pack should 
be employed daily so long as these symptoms continue. In severe cases it 
may be repeated twice or thrice daily. In the milder cases, and in the low 
forms of fever, occasional ablutions with tepid water are preferable. The 
bowels should always be freed at once witli enemas of tepid water, and the 
throat should be constantly enveloped with cloths wet in the coldest water, 
and renewed so often as they become warm or dry. CROUP.—DIPTH ERIA. 
31 
CROUP. 
The croup is an inflammatory affection of the mucous membrane of the 
trachea, or windpipe. It is usually seated a little way below the larnyx, 
but may extend the whole length of the trachea, from the larnyx to the 
bronchial ramifications, and even into them. The danger is proporti med 
to the amount of surface involved. 
The peculiarity of croupal inflammation consists in the formation of a 
secretion on the surface of the mucous membrane, of a tenacious and ad 
hesive character, and of a very dense consistence, which dries or hardens, 
and is then cast off. It is then with difficulty expelled through the glottis, 
or opening of the windpipe, and when not expelled, the patient dies of suf- 
focation. 
In some cases this preternatural membrane is not fully formed, the 
secretion being arrested in its earlier stage. The disease is then denomi- 
nated false croup. But when the secretion becomes so hardened as to be 
cast off from the mucous membrane in membrane-like fragments or patches, 
it is called true or membranous croup. 
The treatment must be prompt and thorough. The safety of the patient 
consists in arresting the secretion so soon as possible. Napkins or towels 
wet in the coldest water should be kept constantly around the throat and 
over the upper front part of the chest until the breathing becomes entirely 
free. The fever which attends is always of the typhoid character, and often 
very low, and sometimes malignant, and in managing it regard must be had 
to these circumstances. 
The temperature of the surface is the guide for the regulation of the 
bathing appliances As in all febrile diseases, when the whole surface is 
dry and hot, the wet-sheet pack should be employed. If the external tem- 
perature is low and unequal, the warm-bath is proper. In the intermediate 
states of feverish disturbance the tepid half-bath or tepid ablutions are to 
be resorted to. The bowels should be moved freely by means of enemas of 
tepid water; and when the difficulty of breathing, from the presence of tena- 
cious phlegm, is extreme, expectoration may be promoted by the drinking 
of warm water, so as to nauseate the stomach. In very bad cases it may 
be necessary to irritate the throat with a feather, or with the finger, so as 
to excite vomiting. 
DIPTHERIA. 
During the last year or two this disease has appeared in various parts of 
the United States. In some places nearly all the cases have been fatal. 
Medical men are not agreed as to its nature. Some regard it as a form of 
croup; others as a variety of malignant scarlet fever, and others as a new 
and distinct disease. I am of opinion it is nothing more nor less than a 
modification of scarlatina m.aligna, in which the febrile effort is determined 
imperfectly to the skin, and partially also to the mucous membrane of the 
mouth and throat, often involving to some extent the upper part of the 32 
DISEASES OF THE THROAT AND LUNGS. 
windpipe. In this latter case the symptoms will somewhat resemble those 
of croup. Though children are most commonly the subjects of it—as is the 
case with croup and scarlet-fever—it sometimes affects adults. It is certain 
that many cases of well-developed scarlet-fever are attended with what is 
called the “ diptheritic throat,” which goes to prove that diptneria is really 
a form of this disease, the peculiarity of which consists in a deposit of layers 
of lymph in the early stage, concreting into a membranous covering, analo- 
gous, to that, of true croup, and which runs rapidly into gangrene. It is 
attended, of course, with low fever and extreme depression of the vital 
powers. In many cases the patien: dies in one or two days. 
In Braithwaite's Retrospect for January, 1860, a well-marked and severe 
case of diptheria is thus described : 
“ The patient is suddenly (and generally in the morning) seized with 
violent vomiting of a tbin, yellowish-white matter, of a very offensive char- 
acter ; then purging of a fluid of similar appearance and smell. These 
dejections last an hour or so, and are followed by great prostration and 
stupor. The patient lies for a period varying from six to sixteen hours in 
a heavy sleep, from which he is with difficulty aroused, and then only to 
sleep again. The skin is hot; pulse 100 or more; the tongue of a bright 
red; drink is taken with avidity, if offered, but only to be immediately re- 
turned. And now the important question is put, ‘ Is the throat sore ?’ The 
answer is ahvays the same—‘ Not in the least.’ The reply, to a physician 
inexperienced in the horrible malady, may be fatal to the patient. The 
diagnosis is that this is not a case of diptheria. On the other hand, the 
experienced man expects this reply; he forthwith carefully examines the 
throat, and then he sees the disease. In this early stage the tonsils, the 
soft palate, and the back of the pharnyx present a bright shining red ap- 
pearance. The small vessels are not seen individually injected, as in many 
forms of sore-throat, but the appearance is as though the parts had been 
brightly painted and then varnished. Hanging from the velum to the 
tongue is seen, in this stage, a transparent film of a .tenacious fluid, which 
is burst by expiration, sending its particles over the mouth, and the instru- 
ment used to depress the tongue. The next moment a similar curtain is 
formed. After a period varying from six to sixteen hours the condition of 
the patient materially changes. The stupor has passed off, and delirium, 
often of a violent character, takes its place; there are the usual symptoms 
of cerebral excitement, and the fever runs high; breathing is quickened; 
the voice is changed to a thick, yet shrill tone; there is a short, dry cough 
(in children, evidences of coming croup t; the neck is puffy and blushed; 
the tongue is coated with a white fur, and all those parts hitherto so bril- 
liantly red are thickly spotted with a whitish substance, which, in a won- 
derfully short period, conglomerates, and forms one thick, plastic deposit, 
which in time may cover the whole palate to the teeth, so that the appear- 
ance, on opening the mouth, is as though it were lined with plaster-of-I’aris. 
The violent delirium then subsides; the powers of life fail rapidly; the hor- 
rible sensations of choking and suffocation come on; the sufferer tears at DIPTHERIA. 
his neck with his nails and tries to open his mou'h, yet full power of swal- 
lowing still continues, and he greedily gulps anything given him in the 
shape of drink ; large livid spots form on the extremities, amounting some- 
times to purpura; the diarrhea of a white and offensive matter is incessant; 
muttering delirium comes on, and in a tetanic convulsion death closes the 
scene.” 
Though the above is a faithful and accurate description of the symptoms 
as they are usually presented in the worst forms of the disease, yet there 
are some cases—very severe ones, too—in which some of them will be absent. 
I have known severe cases wholly unattended with delirium, vomiting, or 
diarrhea. Nor is the attending fever in any case “high,” in the proper 
s nse of that term. It may be violent, but is always of the low, atonic, or 
typhoid diathesis. 
In some cases a diptheritic affection of the throat succeeds an ordinary 
attack of scarlet-fever, from which circumstance some authors infer that 
the diseases are necessarily distinct. I do not think the conclusion follows 
from the premises. I should rather infer that, for some reason—probably 
injudicious or mal-treatment—the scarlet-fever did not succeed in eliminating 
from the system all the offending impurities—all the materies morbi— 
through the cutaneous emunctory, and so nature makes an effort to expel 
the remainder through the mucous membrane of the throat. 
Medical authors are not at all agreed as to the best or proper mode of 
treating this affection. The measures and the remedies which some prac- 
titioners recommend as useful, and even essential, others of equal experience 
condemn as useless, and even pernicious, and vice versa ; from which the 
conclusion is legitimate and undoubtedly correct, that recoveries, when they 
do occur, take place in spite of the drug-medicines employed, rather than 
with their assistance. 
So far as Hygienic medication has been tried in this disease, its incom 
parable superiority over all the drug systems has been fully sustained. Of 
several cases subjected to the water-treatment, to the exclusion of all drugs, 
which have come under the cognizance of Hydropathic physicians, all hav» 
recovered. This result seems to confirm the opinion I have often had occa- 
sion to express, viz.: that there is scarcely any form of acute febrile or 
inflammatory disease known to physicians which is not curable, provided 
the efforts of nature are judiciously aided by water, air, temperature, and 
general regimen, and not interfered with by the administration of poisonous 
drugs. 
Among the drug-remedies which are most frequently prescribed by Allo- 
pathic physicians are calomel, chlorate of potash, chlorate of lime or soda, 
common salt, sesqui-chloride of iron, sulphate of zinc, antimony, caustic 
applications of nitrate of silver, with various tonics and stimulants, as 
quinine, wine, porter, beef tea, etc. 
The proper and the only rational plan of medication consists in local and 
general bathing, regulated precisely and at all times by the local distress 
and superficial temperature of the patient, and a due regard to pure air and DISEASES OF THE THROaT AND LUNGS. 
proper ventilation. The patient is not inclined to take, and does not require 
food of any kind until the severity of the local inflammation and the violence 
of the fever have materially abated. The practice of continually stuffing 
the patient on stimulating slop-food, or on food of any kind, because he is 
weak and prostrated, is a most pernicious one, and is enough of itself to 
cause a fatal termination in many cases. In these low diatheses and malig- 
nant forms of disease all the powers of the constitution are struggling with 
all their energies to throw out the morbid matter. If they succeed, the 
patient ’will recover; but if this effort is unsuccessful, the patient must die. 
He has no ability, until this struggle is decided, to digest food; and to cram 
his stomach with it, or to irritate the digestive organs with tonics and 
stimulants, is hierely adding fuel to the fire; it is adding another to the 
great burden the vital powers are obliged to sustain, and thus lessening the 
chances for nature to effect a cure. 
Cold wet cloths, well covered with dry ones, should be applied to the 
throat, as in cases of quinsy and croup; frequent sips of cool water may be 
taken, sufficiently to allay the painful sensations of thirst; the bowels should 
be freed by copious enemas of tepid water; the feet, if inclined to be cold, 
must be kept warm and comfortable by warm flannels or bottles of hot water; 
when the head is hot, painful, or the brain inclined to delirium, a cold 
cloth should be applied to the forehead and crown of the head, and the whole 
surface should be sponged with tepid or moderately cold water so often as 
the surface becomes very warm. When the whole surface is very dry and 
hot, the wet-sheet pack is the most appropriate. In the later stage of the 
disease, when the heat on the surface inclines to be irregular and the ex- 
tremities to become cold, the warm bath, if practicable, is the best appliance. 
Under this management the patient will, in most cases, be fairly convales- 
cent within one week from the attack. Occasionally, however, the disease 
will continue till nearly or quite the end of the second week. In a very 
severe case which was treated at our IlygieDic Institute, 15 Laight Street, 
New York (reported in the Water-Cure Journal for May, 1860), the 
patient remained in a critical state from the sixth to the ninth day (and 
much of this time was thought by his friends to be dying); but on the ninth 
day the breathing became easier, the frequency of the pulse abated, and the 
patient was fairly convalescent. I have no manner of doubt that, in this 
case, had the patient taken any one of the many drug poisons which are 
administered for this disease by the drug-doctors, it would have turned the 
scale in favor of death. 
INFLUENZA. 
This is not, in a strict sense, a disease of the throat and lungs, hut a 
fever, with a disproportionate local affection. Influenza is the connecting 
link between catarrh and pneumotiitis, and embodies many of the charac- 
teristics of each. There is a local inflammation of the mucous membrane 
which lines the nostrils and windpipe, with extreme congestion of the lungs 
It differs from what is technically and properly called pneumonia, or inflam- INFLUENZA. 
mation of the lungs, in the catarrhal complication, and from pure, simple 
catarrh, in the pulmonic complication, while the accompanying fever (not 
symptomatic or secondary, as medical books have it), places it clearly among 
the visceral inflammations. Some nosologists class it among the fluxes— 
the profluvia of Good—on account of the profuse sweating which usually 
attends. Its peculiar and characteristic symptoms are: great prostration, free 
or profuse perspiration, and extreme congestion of the lungs. The congestion 
of the lungs is greatly disproportionate to the inflammation, indicated by the 
slight pain and moderate heat in and about the chest, while the sense of 
oppression and the difficulty of breathing are severe, and frequently very 
alarming. 
These prominent symptoms prove the inflammation as well as the fever to 
be of a very low or atonic diathesis, which fact should preclude, under the 
drug dispensation, all ideas of bleeding, reducing antiphlogistics, etc Yet 
such is the medical practice of the drug doctors. 
Influenza is not per se a dangerous disease, yet the proportion of deaths 
of it is quite large. I can not, therefore, reconcile these two facts on any 
other hypothesis than that the usual medication, so far from helping the 
patients to live, assists them to die. I have never known nor heard of a 
death where the patient was treated hydropatliically. 
The influenza has many times prevailed epidemically in Europe and in 
America. In some instances it has swept rapidly over several states and 
nations. Indeed, it has been the most wide-spread pestilence ever known, 
though the rate of. mortality attending it has been small, as compared with 
the plague or the cholera. 
The peculiar causes of this distemper, and especially those which occasion 
its epidemic character, have much exercised the minds of medical men, with- 
out enabling them to arrive at any very satisfactory conclusion. To show 
the loose and incoherent manner in which medical men reason on this and 
on similar subjects, I can not do less than quote a paragraph from the 
Hydropathic Encyclopedia, Vol 3d, page 151 : “ Influenza, like Asiatio 
cholera, is usually epidemic, and has prevailed at all seasons of the year in 
every state of the barometer and thermometer. Dr. Good very cautiously 
imputes its specific cause to ‘ some atmospheric intemperaments.’ Dr. Weber 
has suspected negative electricity of the mischief; but none of the modern 
theories are any improvement on that of Hippocrates, which was, * provi- 
dential interpositionnor the very modest suggestion of Sydenham, who 
was rather disposed to ascribe it to some occult and inexplicable changes 
wrought in the bowels of the earth itself, by which the atmosphere becomes 
contaminated with certain effluvia, which predisposes the bodies of men to 
some form or other of disease.’ ” 
Medical men have always been altogether too prone to look toward “ the 
bowels of the earth,” instead of into the condition of the bowels of men, to 
discover the causes of disease. They have studied atmospheric intempera- 
ments, climatic influences, vicissitudes of temperature, electrical states, pre- 
vailing winds, fogs, mists, tempests, tornadoes, thunder and lightning, 36 
DISEASES OF THE THROAT AND LUNGS. 
much more than they have the habits of men with the view of elucidating 
the causes of contagious, epidemic, and other diseases; and having pursued 
their investigations in the wrong direction, it is not at ail strange that they 
have discovered nothing. 
If medical men, and boards of health, and sanitary associations would 
turn their attention in the direction of human habits and modes of life, they 
could hardly fail to see in the markets, slaughter-houses, cow-stables, pig- 
geries, cess-pools, distilleries, breweries, bakeries, graveyards, manure 
heaps, decaying offal, and last, though not least, battle-fields, sources of in- 
fection and contagions amply sufficient to account for all the pestilences 
which have ever scourged society, and for all the diseases which have been 
known among men. They would understand, too, that, with very few ex- 
ceptions, they were factitious and unnecessary—that they have been arti- 
ficially induced. 
The careless observer may not be able to trace any connection between 
the slaughter of a few thousand men, horses, and cattle, many of whose car- 
casses are left to decompose and putrefy on the battle-field, and a pestilence 
that prevails epidemically or endemically some time afterward; but the in- 
telligent physiologist can expect nothing else. Very few of the residents 
of cities seem to have the remotest idea that the effluvia of their markets, 
stables, slaughter-houses, and cess-pools, and the tobacco stench of the 
whole atmosphere, are prolific sources of the small-pox, measlss, whooping- 
cough, scarlatina, typhus and other putrid fevers, which are so prevalent, 
so contagious, and so fatal. And the farmer,.whose comfortable mansion 
has a pretty flower-garden in front, a large cattle-yard on one side, a hor- 
rible hog-sty on the other, and a constantly accumulating reservoir of gar- 
bage and excrement in the rear, may not suspect that there is any necessary 
connection between these sources of impurities and the “ pernicious fever,” 
the “ malignant dysentery,” the “ terrible diptheria,” or the “putrid sore 
throat” that occasionally takes off a number of his family; and it may 
never enter into his imagination that the chronic canker in the mouth, ery- 
sipelas in the blood, scrofula in the glands, fever sores in the bones, granu- 
lations in the eyes, and humors in the skin, are the legitimate and necessary 
result of the miasms with which he has surrounded his domicil. Nature, 
however, is an inexorable teacher, and makes no allowance in punishing the 
misdeeds of man for his ignorance. If he eats, or drinks, or breathes conta- 
gion, the consequence—disease—will follow, whether he is cognizant or 
ignorant of the relations of poison to the vital organism, and whether the 
poison be an accidental possession or the product of his own misdirected 
industry. 
Recognizing influenza as a low fever with a slight inflammation and 
severe congestion of the lungs, the plan of treatment is obvious : the bowels 
should be freely moved by means of an enema of tepid water; a wet cloth, 
covered with a dry one, should be kept constantly applied to the chest; a 
cold wet cloth should be applied to the head ; the feet should be kept warm 
by means of hot bottles, if there is the least tendency to coldness of the ex PNEUMONIA. 
37 
tremities; and the whole surface should be sponged occasionally with tepid 
water—just cool enough to be agreeable to the patient. The frequency of 
the ablution is to be determined by the degree of external heat, whether 
once, twice, or oftener in the twenty-four hours. Water may be drank 
according to thirst, and all food should be prohibited until the respiration 
has become comparatively free. In some cases the preternatural heat of the 
surface is so great as to render the wet-sheet pack the best appliance. 
PNEUMONIA. 
Inflammation of the lungs — 'pneumonia — pneumonitis — is a very 
prevalent and very fatal disease in nearly all parts of our country; it is 
also one of those diseases "which are on the increase among us; and there is 
no disease in which the deadly virtues of the healing art, as exhibited in 
the popular system of drug-medication, are more prominent and apparent. 
Intrinsically, this disease is not at all dangerous. Left to itself, with no 
medication of any kind, probably not one case in twenty would terminate 
fatally. And we have not yet known a single instance of death under hy- 
dropathic treatment, although the experience of the physicians of our 
school has been extensive. I have myself treated many hundreds of cases, 
in young and old, strong and feeble, without losing any. 
Inflammation of the lungs appears under three distinct forms. In one 
form the fever is of the inflammatory character; another form is attended 
with the putrid form of typhus fever ; and the third with the nervous form 
of typhus fever. The first-named variety is usually denominated, simply, 
pneumonitis; the second form has been called “ bilious pneumonia,” while 
the third form,has been termed “peripneumonia notha,’” or “ bastard 
pneumonia.” The term “ typhoid pneumonia” has been applied to all forms 
except the first named. 
The source of error and confusion with medical authors and medical books 
consists in regarding the fever which attends inflammation of the lungs as 
secondary or symptomatic—as the consequence or effect of the local inflam- 
mation —whereas it is, in truth, the accompaniment. It is a part of the 
primary disease, and may partake of all the qualities of the various phases 
of inflammatory and of typhoid fevers, when these exist as simple fevers— 
that is to say, without local inflammation. 
Nothing can exceed the absurd and contradictory notions which are 
continually being put forward in all the medical journals of the drug- 
schools on the subject of typhoid pneumonia. The leading Allopathic 
journals, particularly Braithwaite's Retrospect, the Boston Medical and 
Surgical Journal, and the New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal, 
are prolific of essays on the subject. The great difficulty, however, with 
them consists in reconciling the local with the constitutional affection—the 
inflammatory state of the lungs with the typhoid condition of the system, 
And this involves them in the awkward practical dilemma of “ indications 
and contra indications;” that is to say, the lungs requiring depletion, while 
the general system calls for stimulation, and vice versa. If they bleed for 38 
DISEASES OF THE THROAT AND LUNGS. 
the benefit of the lungs, the debility of the general system is aggravated; and 
if they stimulate for the benefit of the general system, the local disease ia 
aggravated. They are always in a dilemma—always between Scylla and 
Charybdis ; or, in more homely phrase, between the frying-pan and the fire 
And so they usually compromise the matter by combining a little of both— 
bleeding, salts, and antimony, with quinine, opium, and brandy, or by 
substituting the mercurial plan. But it happens that each and all of these 
plans are a hundred-fold more damaging to the constitution than the dis- 
ease is when left entirely to itself. 
Some years since, Dr. Ames, of Montgomery, Alabama, communicated an 
article to the New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal, in which he 
clearly proved, by facts, figures, arguments, and post-mortem examina- 
tions, that the ordinary method of treating inflammation of the lungs, by 
bleeding, opium, antimony, and mercury, so far from helping the patients 
to live, only assisted them to die. He showed, conclusively, that the debility 
and the drug diseases, which the treatment induced, were far worse for the 
patient than the original disease, and that in all cases they aggravated and 
prolonged the disease. And more : that when the patients did recover, in 
spite of the medication, they had a long and lingering convalescence, with 
frequent relapses and various sequelae of chronic diseases, which never oc- 
curred with those who were not thus medicated. But although these facts, 
and many similar testimonials from other physicians of the regular schools 
have been before the profession for many years, the general plan of practice 
is scarcely altered at all. It is still bleed, blister, mercurialize, and anti- 
monialize, as it was in the dark ages of medical science. 
Two or three English physicians, who have written books on Hydropathy, 
have gravely told their readers that pneumonia is one of the diseases to 
which Water-Cure will not apply ; and it is very common for the physicians 
of the drug schools, when discussing the relative merits of our respective 
systems, to bring forward this disease as a “ knock-down argument.” 
“ What,” say they, “ would you dare to apply cold water to a man’s chest 
when he was laboring under inflammation of the lungs ? Why, it would 
drive the disease in upon the vitals, and kill him sure !” 
We have to say of the English authors alluded to, that either they had 
never had any experience in treating pneumonia hydropathically, or that 
they were totally ignorant of the first principles of our system. There is no 
disease that can be named in which I would sooner test Hydropathy vs. 
Drugopathy than in this very pneumonia, taking it in all its forms, states, 
stages, and complications. And as to the objection of driving the disease in 
upon the vitals, the thing is utterly impossible, for the reason that it is there 
already. The only question to discuss is, what is the best method of get- 
ting it out—of driving it to the surface ? And for this purpose, judicious 
water-treatment is not only incomparably the best, but well-nigh infallible 
But judicious treatment does not consist in a promiscuous application of 
cold water, nor in a mechanical routine of bathing processes. To be suc- 
cessful in managing its various forms, the practitioner must ever keep in PNEUMONIA. 
39 
hew the leading features of the remedial effort, and adapt his prescriptions 
accordingly. The leading indication always is, to balance the circulation 
and so diffuse the remedial action over and throughout the entire range of 
the depurating functions so much and so equally as possible. The tempera- 
ture of the body must be the guide of the physician. When attended with 
fever of the entonic or inflammatory diathesis, the whole surface will be 
uniformly hot and florid, with general dryness of the whole surface, and a 
vigorous, strong pulse. In this case we have little to do except to cool the 
system—to reduce the external heat to the normal standard, and for this 
purpose the wet-sheet pack, repeated so often as the heat rises much above 
the normal standard, with the constant application of the chest-wrapper, or 
a wet towel over the chest, are the processes to be preferred. Frequent 
ablutions of tepid, cool, or cold water will accomplish the same object, but 
not so promptly. The bowels should be freed with enemas of tepid water, 
and the patient allowed to drink cold water so freely as the thirst demands. 
No food should be taken until the violence of the fever has abated, or until 
the crisis or turn of the fever. 
In the typhoid forms of pneumonia, which are attended with low fever of 
either the putrid or nervous form, there is less external heat, with a great 
tendency to congestion of the internal organs. There may be cold extrem- 
ities, partial sweats, extreme headache, delirium, excessive nausea, difficult 
expectoration, very laborious breathing, etc., which special symptoms re- 
quire specialties of treatment. 
For the cold extremities, bottles of warm water should be applied to the 
feet; partial sweats require tepid sponging, followed by gentle rubbing 
with dry soft flannel; headache and delirium may be relieved by cold wet 
cloths to the head, frequently repeated, or the application of ice; when 
nausea exists, the patient should drink warm water freely until relieved ; 
and if there is a burning sensation in the stomach or lungs, he may take 
frequent sips of ice-water, or swallow bits of ice; when the expectoration or 
respiration is very difficult or painful, fomentations should be applied to the 
chest for a few minutes, followed by the wet towel well covered with dry 
flannel. In cases of very low fever, indicated by extreme grossness of the 
Bjstem, or very great debility, the wet-sheet pack should not be employed, 
but the surface may be sponged over with tepid water so often as the heat 
■becomes disagreeable. Health is the great want of our age ; the first need of the individual and the race, 
Health develops body, mind, and soul; Disease dwarfs and paralyzes all. 
THE 
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