T ZEE IE 
TRIGEMINUS NERVE 
IN THE 
DOMESTIC CAT (Feus pomestica). 
By T. B. STOWELL, Ph.D. 
Read before the American Philosophical Society, May HI, ISSti. May 21,1886.1 
459 
[Stowell. 
The Trigeminus Nerve in the Domestic Cat (Felis domestica). 
By T. B. Stoicell, Ph.D. 
{Read before the American Philosophical Society, May 21, 1886.) 
Tlie importance of the study of comparative neurology may be argued 
from the standpoint of anatomy, physiology, pathology and biology. 
The value attached to such study depends largely upon individual bias, 
arising from education or from the end to be served by such knowledge. 
Admitting that physiology may determine or suggest anatomical rela- 
tions which otherwise would be obscure, it is none the less true that 
morphology must precede physiology ; knowledge of structure forms the 
basis of knowledge of function. It may be added that human physiology, 
so called, is almost entirely comparative physiology ; isolated experiments, 
independent of those performed upon animals exclusive of man, cannot 
establish law. 
The influence of the nervous system upon function, and the complexity 
of physiological experimentation arising from this cause, are familiar to 
every laboratory student of this subject. 
These considerations are a sufficient apology for the present "Study of 
Nervus Trigeminus ” as a contribution to comparative neurology. 
Reasons for the selection of the domestic cat have been stated elsewhere 
(Anatomical Technology, p. 55, v. Bibliography, 33). The study of N. 
Vagus (The Vagus Nerve in the Domestic Cat, 27) and the present study 
cannot fail to convince that in general plan, and even in detail of structure 
and distribution, the nervous system of the cat forms a desirable basis for 
comparative neurology, and possesses special advantages as a preliminary 
to anthropotomic neurology. 
The writer is not aware that any one has published the details of the 
distribution of the trigeminus nerve in the domestic cat. He regrets that 
he has not been able to obtain Swan’s wox*k (29), in which are described 
the cranial nerves of the jaguar. 
He cannot reconcile the wide dixcrc; ancy between the origin, distribu- Stowell.) 
460 
[May 21, 
tion, etc., of this nerve in American cats, and the origin, etc., as published 
by Mivart (18, p. 271). 
The ectal origin has been described by Wilder (33, 34). 
Most of this work was done in the anatomical laboratory of the Cornell 
University, where special facilities are afforded for original research. 
Preparation: The cats were injected with the “starch injection mass” 
(Anatomical Technology, 2d ed., p. 140-141, 34). Brains were dissected 
“recent” and “hardened in alcohol;” there are advantages peculiar to 
each for tracing the ultimate distribution of nerve-filaments. Dissections 
were verified from both kinds of specimens. For preliminary examina- 
tion, it is suggested that the student begin at the foramina of exit and 
trace periplierad ; this will avoid confusion in identification and the inad- 
vertent severing of anastomotic filaments. A more thorough dissection 
can subsequently begin with any of the peripheral rami—e. g., N. digas- 
tricus or N. auriculo-temporalis—and proceed centrad. 
NERVUS TRIGEMINUS. 
Synonymy: Nervus trigeminus ; N. divisus seu gustatorius ; N. quintus, 
seu tremellus, seu mixtus, seu sympatheticus medius, seu sympathicus medius, 
seu anonymous, seu innominatus; Par trigeminum seu quintum nervorum 
cerebralium, seu trium funiculorum; Trifacial; The fifth pair of nerves. 
This nerve presents the following characters, viz : 
General Characters: The constancy of its characters and the striking 
resemblance, even of details, to the human trigeminus ; the size—it is the 
largest of the cranial nerves ; the analogy to the spinal nerves—the origin 
and the double function refer this nerve to that class of cranial nerves 
which aflmits of ready comparison with the spinal nerves (this homology 
is incomplete, by reason of the unequal distribution of the sensory and 
the motor filaments) ; the two roots, the larger is ganglionic, the smaller 
is without ganglion ; these root functions are sensory and motor respect- 
ively. 
To the ganglionic or sensory division is referred the sensibility of the 
face, cheek, forehead, external ear (auris ectalis), pili tactiles, vibrissa}, eye 
(conjunctiva), teeth, lips, mouth, nose, dorsum of tongue ; the non-gangli- 
onic or motor division is distributed chiefly to the muscles of mastication ; 
to these functions may be added the influence of this nerve upon the 
glands (parotid, submaxi|lary, sublingual, lachrymal, buccal (?)), and its 
undetermined action upon the middle ear. 
There are several ganglionic masses ectad of the cranium which sustain 
intimate relations with this nerve. Each of these ganglia seems to com- 
municate with a motor, a sensory and a sympathic root or nerve, and 
thence to distribute filaments to structures more or less contiguous. 
Physiological Characters: 
1. Simple nerves of sensation. 
2. Mixed or piyelic neives. 188G. ] 
[Stowell. 
3. Nerves of common sensation with a specialized function and with 
motor filaments. 
4. Nerves which directly or through their relation with N. sympathicus 
indirectly control or modify glandular secretion. 
It is unsatisfactory to attempt to classify the function of N. tensor tym- 
pani and the filament to the tentorium cerebelli. 
DESCRIPTION. 
Origin: The study of the entocranial portions of the trigeminus nerve 
includes the description of the ental (deep) and the ectal (apparent) origins 
of both portions. 
The ental origin has not been satisfactorily determined. Preliminary 
work based upon Mondino’s Golgi’s percliloride of mercury method (Jour- 
nal of Royal Microscopical Society, N. S. V., Part 5, p. 904, 16) indicates 
a method for the solution of this difficult problem. 
The method for tracing nerve-tracts in the brain and spinal cord as pub- 
lished in Brain, Vol. viii, p. 86, may prove serviceable in this connection. 
The impracticability of positively establishing the relations of the two 
roots without serial transverse sections leaves the ental origin involved in 
obscurity; the following general relations, determined under a magnifying 
power of 15-20 diameters, may serve to indicate the wide-spread origin of 
this nerve, and also the necessity of making serial sections along a consid- 
erable portion of the neuron. 
The fasciculi, by whose confluence the nerve-trunks are formed, may be 
designated the 
Proximate roots: From morphological considerations alone it would 
be natural to treat this nerve as having two roots, the motor and the sen- 
sory. , 
Radix motoria: The motor root generally—not invariably—consists of 
two packets, the dorsal or cerebellar, and the ventral or epiccelian. 
The fasciculi of the dorsal root often lie free of the pons, or they inter- 
digitate with the pons; they may be traced along with medipeduneular 
fibres to the cerebellum ; the motor root frequently contains fibres from 
the pons. 
The larger or ventral root generally lies wholly free of the pons (some 
of its fibres may interdigitaite with the pons). It forms the caudal border 
of the emarginate pons, and may be traced caudad of the prepeduncle to 
the floor of the epieoele, about 2 mm. laterad of the meson, at which point 
the fibres bend abruptly ventrad. 
The two-fold origin of this root is suggestive of difference of function. 
Radix semoria: The sensory root seems to have a four-fold origin ; these 
roots, by virtue of their course, may be named cephalic, dorsal, caudal 
and ventral roots respectively. Rx. cephalica may be traced with some 
radical fibres of the prepeduncle into the floor of the epieoele, and thence 
cephalad to the region of the preopticus. 
Do not these fibres suggest an ental origin similar to the anthropotomic Stowell.] 
[May 21, 
origin demonstrated by Meynert (28, p. 732 et seq.) and by Spitzka (26, 
The Central Tubular Grey, p. 72) ? 
Rx. dorsalis is apposed to the medipeduncle, and is traceable with it into 
the cerebellum. 
Rx. caudalis extends parallel with the meson to a region of the meten- 
cephal just entad of the olive. 
This considerable fascicle points to an ental origin several mm. caudad 
of a transection through the caudal border of the pons, and in the region 
of the olive. 
Rx. ventralis : The fourth radicule comes from the epiccele in the same 
region as the ventral root of Rx. motoria; its course is laterad, and lies 
caudad of the medipeduncle, and ventrad of the medipeduncle and pre- 
peduncle. 
Ectal Origin: There is some variation in the ectal origins of this nerve 
in different animals. This variation may be referred to the variation in 
general configuration of the brain, and does not prevent homologization. 
"When the pons is less developed than in man, the nerve (trigeminus) 
is attached behind (caudad of) that part between it and the trapezium of 
the medulla oblongata” (30, Yol. ii, 270). 
Wilder summarizes as follows : "In the cat the nerve is always nearer 
the caudal than the cephalic border of the pons.” "Sometimes the entire 
nerve passes just caudad of the pons, which is then usually somewhat 
emarginate at that point.” " Sometimes, perhaps more often, some of the 
fibres of the nerve interdigitate with those which form the caudal margin 
of the pons” (33). 
As already indicated, the proximate roots by their confluence form two 
nerves with distinct ectal origins, but which are intimately related in their 
distribution. 
Radix motoria (Rx. mtr.), the smaller of these nerves, lies upon the 
mesal border of Rx. sensoria. It is a slender ribbon-like packet composed 
of 6-9 funiculi; it sustains this general relation for about 5 mm.; near the 
cephalic border of the pons it crosses the ventral surface of a large flat- 
tened ganglion, G. gasseri, q. v., and finds its exit with N. mandibularis 
through the oval foramen. Its distribution is given with N. mandibularis. 
Radix sensoria (Rx. sn.), the larger and ganglionic nerve, takes its ectal 
origin from the proximate roots which lie chiefly caudad of the pons. The 
caudal border of the nerve is not infrequently in a line with the caudal 
border of the pons, but this relation is occasioned by the emarginate bor- 
der of the pons against which the nerve-trunk rests. 
In the examination of the brains of Felis leo and F. concolor (one of 
each) and F. domeslica (a large number), in the museum of Cornell Uni- 
versity, I have not found a single instance in which any fibre of the pons 
passes wholly caudad of the trigeminus. Only a few of the fibres of the 
cephalic border of Rx. sensoria ever interdigitate with the pons, and this 
condition does not exist in the majority of brains examined. In some of 
the brains hardened in alcohol a few filaments from the pons seem to be 463 
1886.1 
[Stowell. 
continuous with Rx. sensoria. In injected brains the sensory root is sepa- 
rated from the motor by an arteriole, a small twig from A. basilaris 
inferior. 
In one instance a fascicle from the trapezium crossed the base of the tri- 
geminus in such relation as to be easily mistaken for fibre from the pons. 
The emargination of the pons may have led to a misconception of the 
freedom of origin of this root. In one case cited by Wilder (unpublished) 
a fascicle from the cephalic surface of the sensory root passed centrad near 
the middle of the pons. 
Summary—Ectal Origin: 1. Fibres of the pons are found caudad of 
the lateral and cephalic moiety of the motor root. 
2. Sometimes the motor root is entirely free of the pons. 
3. The entire motor root never penetrates the pons. 
4. The sensory root never penetrates the pons. 
GANGLION GA.SSERI. 
Synonymy: Ganglion gasseri; Ganglium gasseri; G. gasserianum; 
G. semilunare; Moles gangliformis; Intumeseentia gangliformis seu semi- 
lunaris j Tania nervosa Halleri ; Ganglion of the fifth nerve, etc. 
Description (Fig. G.) : At the cephalic border of the pons the sensory 
root is involved in a large flattened ganglion ; this ganglion is lodged in 
the fossa upon the dorsal surface of the basi-splienoid bone caudad of the 
foramen ovale, Fm. rotundum and Fm. lacerum anterius; the lateral 
angle is covered by the ventral wing of the osseous tentorium ; the tento- 
rium cerebelli is intimately related with the dorsum of G. gasseri, and is 
with difficulty separated from it. The ganglion is a flattened, irregular 
body 8 mm. long by 4 mm. wide ; the cephalic border is trichotomous, and 
gives origin to the principal rami of the sensory root; the mesal border is 
nearly straight, and is in contact with the processus clinoideus ; the lateral 
border is crescentic, and is characterized by a peculiar enlargement at its 
caudal extremity ; this eminence is the origin of the first rami of the tri- 
geminus ; one ramus (Pe) enters the hiatus Fallopii, and gives‘origin to 
several funiculi, by which it is related with the facial nerve through three 
canals in the petrous portion of the temporal bone, and also with the 
glosso-pliaryngeal and vagus nerves (through foramen jugulare). From 
the lateral angle of the eminence a filament (Tn) is given to the tentorium 
cerebelli; it lies apposed to the petrosal ramus ectad of the facial nerve.* 
Upon its ventral surface G. gasseri is in relation with the motor root, 
and also with the large petrosal nerve which proceeds from the geniculate 
ganglion (this nerve follows the aqueductus fallopii, emerges from the hi- 
atus fallopii, crosses G. gasseri and joins the vidian nerve just centrad of 
the vidian canal). 
* This can be best demonstrated by exposing the base of the brain, by the re- 
moval of the basioccipital and basisphenoid bones, and then with nippers and 
arthrotome (34, pp. 63. 66), gradually removing the petrous portion of the tem- 
poral bone. This will expose the tortuotls canal with the included nerves. Stowell.] 
464 
[May 21, 
The mesal border of G. gasseri is contiguous with the oculomotorius 
(iii) upon its venter, and with the troclilearis (iv) upon the dorsum. The 
cephalic border is involved more or less in a dense rete arteriale from A. 
carotidea externa, and receives filaments from the adjacent plexus sym- 
pathicus carotideus. 
ECTOCRANIAL RAMI. 
Ectad of the cranium the trigeminus is represented by three nerve- 
trunks and their respective rami. These trunks may be regarded as off- 
sets of the Gasserian ganglion ; they leave the cranium by distinct fora- 
mina. By virtue of distribution, they are named N. mandibularis, N. 
maxillaris and N. ophthalmicus. (Fig. Man. Mx. Oph.) 
NERVUS MANDIBULARIS. 
Synonymy: N. mandibularis ; Inferior maxillary branch; Mandibular 
nerve. 
General Characters: This is the lateral ramus of the trigeminus ; it is 
also the largest and widest in distribution. The motor root (Rx. motoria) 
is given exclusively to this trunk just pheriplierad of the Gasserian gan- 
glion—hence its varied character and two-fold function. It supplies sen- 
sory and motor structures and glandular organs. Its rami are distributed 
to the integument of the ear, the cheek and the chin ; to the vibrissse, the 
labial papillae, the teeth and gums of the mandible, the sensory organs 
upon the dorsum of the tongue ; to the muscles of mastication and to the 
salivary glands. 
Special Description: N. mandibularis is the lateral offset of the Gas- 
serian ganglion ; just peripherad of the ganglion it is joined by the motor 
root (Rx. mtr.) of the trigeminus ; peripherad of this union the motor and 
the sensory fibres require physiological rather than morphological identi- 
fication ; its foramen of exit is the foramen ovale ; peripherad of the cra- 
nium the trunk divides into six or more rami, which require separate de- 
scriptions : 
N. temporo-auricularis: Superficial temporal; temporal cutaneous. 
Origin: This nerve takes its ectal origin at the foramen ovale ; it is the 
lateral ramus of the nerve-trunk. (Fig. Tmp. aur.) 
Course : It is first directed ventro-laterad, entad of the muscles and the 
A. carotidea externa ; it lies close to the zygomatic process ; at the ven- 
trad border of the process it bends dorsad over the process, and lies cau- 
dad of the A. temporalis externa and entad of the submaxillary and the 
parotid glands. The general course is toward the cephalic border of the 
external ear (auris ectalis). Entad of the parotid gland it divides into two 
principal rami, which, by reason of general direction, are designated ce- 
phalic and caudal. 
Communicating Rami and Relations : Just caudad of the zygomatic 
process this trunk gives a small twig to the mandibular articulation ; it 
sustains relations with the otic ganglion by a slender fascicle which may J&-0.1 
Sto-.vell 
be regarded as the root, or one of the roots, of the ganglion ; it also joins 
the facial nerve, and gives filaments to the base of the ear (cartilago audi- 
torius). Dorsad of the meatus auditorius the auriculo-temporal nerve 
lies entad of the parotid gland ; in this region its course is entad of the 
facial nerve, with which nerve it assumes plexiform relations (Fig. Tmp. 
Fac.). A. temporalis lies between N. tmp. aur. and N. tmp. fac.; ramuli 
(N. N. parotidei) enter the substance of the gland (Gl. par.). Near the 
middle of the gland the auriculo-temporal nerve divides into cephalic and 
caudal rami (Fig.). 
N. tmp. aur. cephalicus becomes a distinct nerve at the cephalo-dorsal 
angle of the parotid gland. Its course is toward the eye until it reaches 
the zygomatic border of the masseter muscle, when it follows the border 
of the muscle to the angle of the mouth. It anastomoses freely with N. 
temporo-facialis (Fig. Tmp. fac.), which lies upon the ectal surface of the 
masseter muscle just dorsad of the Stenon’s duct, and terminates in the 
plexus at the angle of the mouth, plexus labialis (PI. lab.). It sends fila- 
ments to the integument between the eye and the base of the ear (auris 
ectalis), to the cheek ventrad of the eye, to the vibrissae, the dorsal lip, 
and to the papillae on the ental surface of the lip and to the mucosa in the 
region of the premolar teeth (Fig. p. m.). 
N. tmp. aur. caudalis is distributed chiefly to the external ear ; it may 
be traced with the terminal arterioles of A. temporalis, along the cephalic 
border of the ear; terminal filaments are given to the long hairs which 
line the helix (Fig. Pili) ; a considerable ramulus enters the meatus near 
the tragus (tr.), and descending centrad supplies the external meatus ; 
other filaments are distributed to the frontal region. A small twig from 
the caudal border of this ramus just peripherad of the bifurcation of N. 
tmp. aur. anastomoses with the facial and terminates in the ventro-lateral 
border of the ectal ear and the hairs (Pili) between the lateral pocket and 
the tragus. This nerve does not appear to supply the dorsal surface of the 
external ear. 
N. massetericus has its origin at the foramen ovale from the dorsum of 
the mandibular nerve (Fig. Mass.), in common with N. temporalis in- 
ternus (Tmp. int.) ; 2 mm. peripherad of the common origin, this nerve 
becomes a distinct ramus ; its course is dorsad for 8-10 mm., when it pene- 
trates the masseter muscle and is directed to the caudal border of the 
malar muscle. Along its dorsal border it gives off 6-10 ramuli to ter- 
minate in the masseter muscle. 
N. temporalis internus : The deep temporal has a common origin with 
the masseter, q. v. About 5 mm. peripherad of the origin an anastomotic 
filament connects these rami. The course of N. tmp. int. is dorsad and 
mesad of the temporal artery ; it is therefore concealed by the artery when 
viewed from the side. About 8 mm. from its origin the ramus divides into 
cephalic and caudal ramuli (Fig.).; these supply the fan shaped temporal 
muscle ; the length of the caudal ramulus is 45-50 mm. 
N. pterygoideus externus: This small nerve has its origin from the Stowell.] 
466 
[May 21, 
mesal border of the mandibular nerve (Fig. Pter. ext.) ; about 2 mm, from 
its origin it separates into three rami, which may be traced 8-10 mm. and 
then penetrate the pterygoid muscle, upon which muscle its terminal fila- 
ments ramify. 
N. buccalis is a large nerve which separates from the mesal border of 
the mandibular nerve (Fig. Buccalis) just ventrad of the deep temporal 
The first 5 mm. of its course is involved in the dense rete of the carotid 
artery ; its direction is toward the caudal angle of the maxilla ; it is ap- 
posed to the buccal artery, and lies between the pterygoid and the tempo- 
ral muscles. It gives filaments to the mucosa of the mouth (Fig.), a few 
filaments to the malar border of the masseter muscle, and at the angle of 
the mouth it joins the plexus already named—Plexus labialis (PI. lab.). 
N. dentalis inferior together with N. lingualis form the principal rami 
or continuation of the mandibular nerve. It becomes a distinct nerve 
about 5 mm. peripherad of the foramen ovale. It lies ectad of the ptery- 
goid muscle, and enters the foramen infradentale with the mandibular 
artery. It lies along the dental canal ventrad of the artery, and gives fila- 
ments to the teeth (Fig. m., p. m., canine, incis.) and to the cancellous 
interior of the mandible ; a considerable fascicle continues peripherad 
through the mental foramen (Fm. men.); the terminal filaments anasto- 
mose with filaments of its platetrope. 
N. mentalis is the continuation of the dental nerve peripherad of the 
mental foramen ; it divides into several fasciculi, which anastomose in 
plexiform relations upon the ventral lip, the chin and the mucosa of the 
mandible. (N. digastricus and N. mylo-hyoideus join this plexus.) 
N. mylo-hyoideus is given from the mandibular nerve about 10 mm. 
centrad of the infra-dental foramen ; its course is apposed to the facial 
artery ; it lies entad of the artery as it crosses the mandible. Ventrad of 
the mandible it gives an anastomotic filament to the facial; it continues 
1-2 mm. mesad of the submental artery, and, following its arterioles, is 
distributed to the mylo-hyoid muscle. 
N. digastricuB is a branch of the mylo hyoid, or it may be regarded as a 
branch of the mandibular nerve peripherad of the point where the mylo- 
hyoid nerve lies ventrad of the mandible. About 3-4 mm. peripherad of 
this origin it divides into cephalic and caudal rami (Fig.). The cephalic 
ramus is apposed to the submental artery, supplies the distal half of the 
digastric muscle, and terminates in plexiform relations with the mental 
nerve ; the caudal ramus follows the digastric artery caudad about 10 mm., 
and supplies the digastric muscle as far as the angle of the mandible. 
N. lingualis has a common origin with the dental nerve ; 5 mm. periph- 
erad of the foramen ovale it takes a distinct course mesad of the dental 
nerve; it lies ectad of the pterygoid muscle, apposed to a small arteriole 
just entad of the carotid and the dental arteries ; 15 mm. peripherad of its 
origin it takes three courses : 
(1) The cephalic ramus, N. pharyngeus (Pliar.), is distributed to the 467 
1886.] 
fStowell. 
pharyngeal mucosa and along the ental surface of the mandible to the 
symphysis. 
(2) The middle ramus, the trunk proper, bends around the lateral 
border of the tongue, and enters its substance with the lingual artery 30 
mm. proximad of the tip. 
(3) The caudal ramus enters the lingual muscle with the lingual artery 
about 25 mm. caudad of the tip ; this nerve seems to supply the muscle- 
fibre. 
The middle and caudal rami assume plexiform relations ; their numer- 
ous filaments generally accompany ramifying and anastomosing arterioles, 
and may be traced to the dorsum of the tongue ; the caudal ramus sustains 
plexiform relations with the hypoglossal nerve. (XII.) 
The lingual receives a considerable accession from the facial nerve, the 
chorda tympani (Fig. Chorda). 
N. submaxillaris: Just mesad of the origin of the digastric artery this 
branch separates from the lingual nerve; it lies ectad of the artery ap- 
posed to Wharton’s duct, which it freely supplies, and continues dorsad 
into the substance of the sublingual and submaxillary glands ; it termi- 
nates in a small ganglionic mass, G. submaxillare (G. S. max.), near the 
origin of Wharton’s duct. From this ganglion filaments may be traced to 
the substance of the gland. 
Chorda tympani: This nerve is an anastomotic branch between the 
lingual and the facial. Its physiological action upon salivation, as well as 
its tortuous course, gives to it a special interest. It separates from the 
facial as this nerve emerges from the cranium at the ganglion geniculatum 
(intumescentia gangliformis) ; it returns a short distance in the canal of 
the nerve trunk, and enters a canal in the bulla ; it penetrates the bulla, 
which it crosses dorsad, and enters the tympanum through a small fora- 
men, iter chordae posterius ; it crosses the tympanum about the middle of 
the malleus, somewhat mesad of the bone, and emerges through a minute 
foramen, iter chordae anterius, or the canal of Huguier, into the Gla- 
serian (?) fossa, thence along the canal to the ectocranial foramen ; as it 
emerges from the cranium it lies ventrad of the carotid and the pterygoid 
arteries and ectad of the pterygoid muscle ; it joins the lingual nerve 5-10 
mm. periplierad of the foramen ovale. 
N. pterygoideus internus has a common origin with N. tensor tympani 
from the lateral border of the mandibular nerve just ventrad of the auricu- 
lo-temporal nerve (Fig. Pter. int.). It lies parallel with the lingual nerve 
for 5 mm.; it crosses the cephalic border of the external carotid artery, 
and accompanies the pterygoid artery ; its course is entad of the chorda 
tympani, and supplies the distal portion of the pterygoid muscle. 
N. tensor tympani: As the common nerve (V. supra) crosses the ce- 
phalic border of the carotid artery, N. tensor tympani (Fig. Ten. tym.) 
separates and bends around the ventral border of the artery, enters the 
otic ganglion, thence lies in the Glaserian fissure and terminates upon the Stowell.] 
468 
[May 21, 
spherical tensor tympani muscle. This nerve does not seem to be incor- 
porated with the ganglion. 
G. oticum : Otoganglium ; 0. auriculare ; Auricular ganglion, Ganglion 
of Arnold, etc. (Fig. Otic.) 
Upon the tensor tympani nerve just dorsad of the carotid artery, at the 
hiatus fallopii, is a small pinkish ganglion, oval in outline, about 2 mm. 
in long diameter. It is related by anastomotic filaments with the sympa- 
thic plexus (Sym.) around the carotid artery ; with the auriculo-tempo- 
ral nerve by a twig dorsad of the carotid artery (Fig. root) ; the artery 
appears to pass between the two roots (?) of the nerve, the ganglion being 
at their confluence. Two slender fascicles from the otic ganglion enter the 
Ilia us fallopii and join the facial nerve. (Fig. Pe.) 
NERVUS MAXILLARIS. 
General Description: This is the middle ramus of the trigeminus ; it is 
intermediate in size between the other rami ; its course is immediately 
cephalad from the Gasserian ganglion through the foramen rotundum, the 
foramen of exit. The ectocranial trunk crosses the spheno palatine space, 
lies along the infraorbital fossa, and penetrates the infraorbital foramen. 
In its course it is dorsad of the maxillary artery. The length of the trunk 
from the ganglion Gasseri to the foramen infra-orbitale is about 40 mm. 
It supplies the integument of the forehead, cheek, dorsal lip, side of the 
nose ; the vibrissse, conjunctiva, lachrymal gland, maxillary teeth, palate, 
pharynx, and the membrane over the turbinated bones. 
Detailed Description and Rami: N. maxillaris (Fig.), at the foramen of 
exit, is about 2 mm. in diameter; at its ganglionic origin, G. gasseri, it is 
somewhat intumescent; upon the Ventral surface of this enlargement it 
receives a considerable filament from the large superficial petrosal of the 
facial. This anastomotic filament lies obliquely across the ventral surface 
of the Gasserian ganglion, and penetrates the rete carotideum to reach the 
nerve. The central 5 mm. of its ectocranial course is involved in a dense 
rete of the carotid artery and the carotid plexus, from which plexus it 
seems to receive filaments. The distribution of the nerve is given in the 
description of the rami. 
N. orbitalis (Fig.) is the first ramus of the ectocranial trunk, and is 
given off at the foramen of exit; its course is dorsad, and extends about 2 
mm., being involved throughout its course in the rete already described ; 
it is the common origin of N. temporalis and N. malaris, q. v. 
N. temporalis (Fig. Tmp.) is the caudal ramus of the orbital nerve ; its 
general course is toward the post-orbicular process (processus post orbicu- 
laris) ; 2-5 mm. peripherad of its origin it divides into cephalic and caudal 
rami. 
R. cephalicus (Fig. Tmp. ce.), the larger ramulus, passes ventrad of the 
post-orbicular process, and is distributed to the conjunctiva and integu- 
ment of the dorsal lid, and to the lachrymal gland; it sustains anastomotic 
relations with the palpebral nerve. 1886.1 
[Stowell. 
It. caudalis (Fig. Tmp. ca.), a small ramulus, passes caudad of the pro- 
cess, bends caudad, and terminates in the integument over the forehead ; 
it anastomoses with the auriculo-temporal nerve. 
N. malaris is the lateral ramus of the orbital ; its course is direct to the 
malar foramen (a small foramen in the malar bone just dorsad of the ce- 
phalic end of the zygomatic process) ; it penetrates this foramen, lies in a 
groove entad of the orbicular muscle, which it perforates near the angle of 
the eye, and is distributed to the ventral lid and cheek over the malar 
bone (this is the subcutaneous malar nerve of anthropotomy) ; its termi- 
nal filaments reach the labial plexus. 
N. palatinus cephalicus (Fig. Pit. ce.) : About the middle of the rete 
carotideum three rami are detached from the ventral surface of the maxil- 
lary nerve ; these remain in the sheath for several mm. The cephalic * 
ramus (Fig. Pit. ce.) lies ventrad of the palatine artery and enters the 
palatine foramen (the dorsal end of the posterior palatine canal) ; it sends 
an anastomotic filament to N. palatinus caudalis (Fig. Pit.). Just cen- 
trad of the palatine foramen (Fig. Fm. pit. p.) a large accession is received 
from the spheno-palatine ganglion (Sph.). 
(In some cases a fascicle from this nerve enters a small foramen just cau- 
dad of the posterior palatine foramen, and, following a canal in the pala- 
tine bone, joins the nerve at the posterior palatine foramen). Peripherad 
of this foramen (Fm. pit. p.) the nerve lies close to the hard palate, and 
joins the naso palatine nerve at the anterior palatine foramen (Fm. pit. a.); 
it sends numerous filaments to the rug® upon the roof of the mouth and 
to the adjacent mucosa. 
G-. spheno-palatinum (Sph.), Ganglion of Meckel: This ganglion is 
located just caudad of the palatine and the spheno-palatine foramina ; its 
cephalic angles or prolongations enter these foramina (Fig.) : it is flesh- 
colored, 6 mm. X 2 mm., flattened, irregular in outline, the mesal border 
slightly concave ; the lateral border is irregular by reason of the attach- 
ment of nerves; its roots are two large rami (N. N. sph. pit. Fig. root) of 
the maxillary nerve, which take origin just peripherad of the cephalic 
palatine nerve, and are included in the common sheath with that nerve 
for 2-4 mm.; the roots are inserted into the lateral angle of the ganglion 
about 1 mm. apart. 
Relations: This ganglion (Sph.) is related with the maxillary nerve by 
two roots ; with the carotid plexus (N. sympathicus) by two filaments 
(Sym.) from the caudal border between the roots and the vidian nerve ; 
with the cephalic palatine by a large fascicle from the cephalo-lateral 
angle. It is the origin of the naso-palatine nerve (N. pit.) at the spheno- 
palatine foramen; the origin of N. pliaryngeus near the vidian nerve ; of 
N. palatinus caudalis at the lateral border caudad of the palatine foramen, 
and of N. vidianus at the meso-caudal angle. 
N. palatinus caudalis (posterior) : This nerve (Fig. Pit.) takes its origin 
from the lateral border of the spheno-palatine ganglion just centrad of the 
palatine foramen ; its course is ventrad and caudad ; 2-5 mm. from the Stowell.] 
470 
[May 21, 
ganglion it divides into two ramuli, the shorter of which (Fig. cephalic) 
is distributed to the roof of the mouth caudad of the rugae; the. longer 
(Fig. caudal) bends caudad and supplies the soft palate to its caudal 
border; the caudal ramulus receives an anastomotic twig from N. pala- 
tinus cephalicus. 
N. pharyngeus, a small nerve, has its origin from the splieno-palatine 
ganglion at the origin of the vidian nerve (possibly the nerve is an offset 
of N. vidianus) ; it supplies the pharyngeal mucosa (not shown in the 
diagram). 
N. naso-palatinus is the principal offset of the splieno-palatine ganglion 
ceplialad ; it enters the splieno-palatine foramen (Fin. Sph.), lies upon the 
floor of the nares, passes ventrad through the anterior palatine foramen 
(Fm. pit. a.), and anastomoses with the cephalic palatine nerve (Pit. ce.). 
Numerous filaments from this nerve are traced in plexiform relation upon 
the membrane which covers the turbinated bones and the floor of the 
nares. 
N. N. dentales caudales: Dorsad of the caudal angle of the maxillary 
hone a single filament is given off which penetrates the alveolus and sup- 
plies the molar tooth (Fig. m.) ; just cephalad, two considerable fasciculi 
(Dent, ca.) separate, lie along the infraorbital fossa, penetrate small fora- 
mina in the bone and terminate in the premolar teeth (Fig. p. m.) ; these 
dental nerves anastomose freely before they penetrate the bone, and also 
sustain a similar relatioh throughout the cancellous tissue of the alveoli; 
filaments of these ramuli join the cephalic dental nerve (dent. ce.). 
N. dentalis cephalicus: Just caudad of the infraorbital foramen (Fig. 
Fm. inf. orb.) a considerable fascicle, N. dentalis cephalicus, penetrates' 
the dental foramen (Fm. d.), together with an arteriole ; it lies ceplialo- 
mesad along a canal in the cancellous tissue of the maxillary hone, and 
gives nerve-supply to the canine tooth ; it continues mesad until the ter- 
minal filaments anastomose with the nasal plexuses upon the turbinated 
bone in the region of the premaxilla. This nerve receives filaments from 
the caudal dental rami, and becomes considerably enlarged in the canal 
between the canine tooth and the foramen which leads to the prenares. 
Is this enlargement thr.ganglion of Bochdalek? (Fig. B.) 
N. infra-orbitalis is the continuation of the maxillary peripherad of the 
infra-orbital foramen (Inf. orb.). The nerve-trunk divides into a leash of 
terminal fasciculi. 
N. labialis supplies the dorsal lip, the papillae on its ental surface, the 
adjacent mucosa and the vibrissae. 
N. nasalis terminates upon the integument which covers the nasal 
cartilage. 
N. palpebralis is distributed to the ventral lid and the conjunctiva as far 
mesad as the nasal duct. 
N. lachrymalis takes a dorsal course around the orbit, and terminates 
in the lachrymal gland, where it anastomoses with the lachrymal nerve, 
an offset of the orbital (Tmp. ce.), q. v. 1886.] 
[S towel 1, 
N. Vidianus is a ribbon-like offset of the meso-caudal angle of the 
spheno-palatine ganglion (Fig. Vidian) ; its course is caudad to the 
vidian canal. (The cephalic foramen of this canal is ventrad of the fora- 
men lacerum anterius ; the canal is 5-10 mm. in length. The caudal 
foramen opens upon the dorsum of the basi-sphenoid bone). It lies along 
the canal, and at the caudal foramen the entocranial nerve lies ventrad of 
the Gasserian ganglion, and sends filaments to the eustacliian tube, to the 
pharyngeal mucosa, and becomes N. petrosus superficialis major, which 
relates jt to the facial nerve through a foramen in the petrous portion of 
the temporal bone. 
At the cephalic end, near the spheno-palatine ganglion, two filaments 
are given to the ophthalmic nerve ; the nerve is related with the maxillary 
through filaments which join the nerve-trunk just peripherad of the rete 
carotideum. 
NERVUS OPHTHALMICUS. 
General Description: N. ophthalmicus (Fig. Oph.) is the mesal offset 
of the Gasserian ganglion ; it is the smallest of the three nerve-trunks 
which proceed from the ganglion. The entocranial relations are with the 
trochlear nerve, which rests upon its dorsal surface (a tracer is required 
to separate the sheaths of these nerves) ; sometimes—not invariably— 
these nerves are related by anastomotic filaments with the oculo-moto- 
rius (III) along its ventral surface, and with the carotid artery by the rete 
carotideum which involves the nerve-trunk. The foramen of exit is the 
foramen lacerum anterius. The ectocranial relations are described in the 
distribution of the two rami, N. frontalis and N. oculo-nasalis. It is dis- 
tributed to the integument of the forehead, dorsal lid, side and end of the 
nose, to the pili tactiles, to the conjunctiva, the lacus lachrymalis, and 
the membrane over the turbinated bones ; to the trochlear and the ciliary 
muscles ; to the lachrymal gland ; to the dura mater. It communicates 
with the sympathic nerve. Its function is largely sensory. 
Special Description: The central 5 mm. of the ecto cranial trunk is 
involved in a dense rete carotideum ; about 3 mm. peripherad of the fora- 
men lacerum anterius the trunk divides into two rami, N. frontalis and N. 
oculo-nasalis. 
N. frontalis is directed dorsi mesad, and bends around the caudal sur- 
face of the globe of the eye, lying ectad of the muscles ; there are really 
two fasciculi in a common sheath; when upon the dorsi-meson of the 
globe thacourse is abruptly cephalad parallel with the meson to the mus- 
culus orbicularis palpebrae ; before the nerve perforates the muscle, a con- 
siderable trunk, N. supra trochlearis (Fig. S-tro.), separates, and, follow- 
ing the supra-orbital ridge just entad of the fascia, it gives filaments to the 
dorsal lid, to the nasal duct, the angle of the eye (caruncula), and termi- 
nates upon the nasal integument; an anastomotic filament relates this 
ramus with the palpebral branch of the maxillary nerve. Peripherad of 
the point where N. frontalis pierces the orbicular muscle, it is known as Stowell.J 
472 
[May 21, 
N. supra orbitalis (Fig. S-orb.). As this nerve crosses an arteriole 2-3 
mm. peripherad of the muscle it divides into two terminal rami; the 
lateral ramus is directed laterad, and is given to the tactile hairs (Fig. 
Pili) ; the mesal ramus unites in plexiform relations with other rami over 
the forehead and the integument between the eyes. (I do not find a 
lachrymal branch to this nerve.) 
N. oculo-nasalis (Fig. Nasalis) is the mesal ramus of the ophthalmic 
nerve ; it is directed mesad upon the caudal surface of the globe ; it lies 
entad of the rectus dorsalis muscle, ventrad of the ramus of the oculo- 
motorius nerve (III.), which supplies the muscle, and dorsad of the optic 
nerve ; it is apposed to the ophthalmic artery until it crosses the optic 
nerve ; 8 mm. peripherad of origin at the lateral border of the rectus 
dorsalis muscle it sends 2-3 filaments (Rx. longa) 6 mm. long ventro- 
cephalad to join the ciliary nerve (these nerves are probably the radix 
longa ganglii ciliaris of anthropotomy). Just laterad of the optic nerve a 
considerable fascicle crosses the ophthalmic artery and rests upon the 
dorsum of the optic nerve ; this is N. ciliaris longus. It gives 3-5 fila- 
ments to the short ciliary nerve (cil. br.) ; about 2 mm. centrad of the 
globe the nerve divides into 5-8 small fascicles, which perforate the scle- 
rotic coat and lie along the ental surface of this tunic (I have not satisfac- 
torily demonstrated the termination). Opposite the mesal border of the 
optic nerve several filaments are given to the plexus carotideus (sympa- 
tliicus, Fig. Sym.). The nerve-trunk, the caudal ethmoid (Eth. ca.), 
lies ectad of the mesal rectus muscle and entad of the trochlear ; it enters 
the foramen ethmoideum caudale (Fm. eth. ca.) (posterius), accompanied 
by the arteria etbmoidea caudalis ; entad of the foramen, filaments of the 
nerve are distributed (1) dorsad to the dura mater which covers the 
olfactory lobes (Olf.); (2) ventrad to the hypophysis (Hy.) ; (3) cephalad 
to the etlimo-turbinated bone (Tur.) ; (4) mesad to join the platetrope 
(Plat.) in the meson, while the ramus (Fig. externus) continues in a canal 
or groove in the frontal and nasal hones just laterad of the meson to the 
nasal cartilage (Ctl. nasalis), where it terminates in plexiform relations 
with other ramuli of the trigeminus and facial nerves. 
N. infra trochlearis: Upon the dorsal border of the mesal rectus muscle 
the largest branch separates as the infra-troclilear nerve (Inf. tro.) ; this 
rests upon the ectal surface of the muscle entad of the trochlear muscle, 
and is directed cephalad to the border of the globe ; 8-10 mm. peripherad 
of the origin this nerve gives off a filament which remains in the common 
sheath for some distance, and is distributed to the trochlear musclg (M. tro.) 
laterad of the “ pulley the main nerve lies ventrad of the pulley, and is 
distributed to the conjunctiva (Cnj.) of the dorsal lid, the angle of the 
eye (lacus lachrymalis) and the side of the nose ; it sustains plexiform 
relations with terminal filaments of the supra-troclilear nerve (S. tro.) ; 
centrad of the pulley a filament from the infra-troclilear nerve, together 
with the arteria etbmoidea ceplialica (anterior), enters the cephalic eth- 
moid foramen (Fra. etli. ce.), and terminates upon the membrane over the 
turbinated bones. 18S6.] 
Stowel!. 
GANGLION OPHTHALMICUM. 
Synonymy: G. ophthalmicum; G. semilunare; G. ciliare. 
Description: This small pinkish ganglion (Fig. G. oph.) is somewhat 
triangular in outline ; just mesad of the lateral rectus muscle it rests by 
its base upon the ramus of the oculo-motorius nerve (III), which supplies 
the ventral oblique muscle, about 1 mm. periplierad of the origin of the 
ramus (this ramus does not seem to be incorporated in the ganglion). 
From the apex of the ganglion three filaments are sent cephalad to the 
globe ; these lie ventrad of the optic nerve, and sustain plexiform relations 
with the long ciliary nerve (ciliaris) before they perforate the sclerotic 
tunic mesad of the optic nerve. 
N. ciliaris brevis: The principal offset (Cil. hr.) of the ophthalmic 
ganglion takes its origin from the apex of the ganglion and rests upon the 
lateral surface of the optic nerve ; 3 mm. periplierad of the ganglion, at the 
point of contact with the optic nerve, it receives two filaments (radix 
longa) from the oculo-nasal nerve, and one or more filaments from the 
carotid (sympathy) plexus ; along the side of the optic nerve it sustains 
anastomotic relations with the radix longa ; 2-4 mm. centrad of the globe 
this nerve splits into 8-12 filaments, which perforate the sclerotic tunic 
around the optic nerve and lie along its ental surface (cf. N. ciliaris 
longus). 
A. Anatomical. 
1. Origin: (a) Ental ; not demonstrated. 
(b) Proximate roots ; from the mesencephal, the cerebellum, the 
floor of the epiccele and the metencephal. 
(c) Ectal; sensory root, caudad of the pons ; cephalic fibres some- 
times interdigitate wilh the caudal fibres of the pons. 
Motor root, near the caudal border of the pons, sometimes 
wholly free of it. 
2. Foramina of exit: Fm. ovale; Fm. rotundum ; Fm. lacerum an- 
terius. 
3. Ganglia: (a) Entocranial, G. gasseri, just centrad of the foramina of 
exit ; upon the sensory root. 
(£) Ectocranial, G. oticum,in the Gasserian fossa ; G. submaxillaris, 
in the submaxillary gland, near the origin of the Wharton’s 
duct; G. spheno-palatinum, just caudad of the foramen pala- 
tinum and foramen spheno-palatinum ; G. ophthalmicum, 
upon the oculo-motor nerve, between the lateral rectus mus- 
cle and the optic nerve. ' 
4. Relations of Ganglia: (a) Entocranial ; G. gasseri, with the facial 
through the petrosal nerve ; with N. sympathicus through 
filaments to the carotid plexus. 
(b) Ectocranial; G. oticum, with the auriculo-temporal, the ptery- 
goid (internal), the facial, the tensor tympani and the sympa- 
thy nerves ; G. submaxillare, with the lingual nerve; G. 
SUMMARY. 474 
Stowell.] 
[May 21, 
spheno-palatinum, with, the spheno-palatine, the palatine, the 
vidian, the cephalic palatine and the naso-palatine nerves ; 
G. ophthalmicum, with the oculo motorius and the ciliary 
nerves. 
5. Principal Rami: respective origins ; distributions : 
(«) Nerve-trunks: N. mandibularis at G. gasseri. 
N. maxillaris at G. gasseri. 
N. ophthalmicus at G. gasseri. 
(b) Rami of N. mandibularis: 
If. temporo-auridularis: The origin is at the oval foramen ; the 
distribution is to the ectal ear, the cheek, the vibrissse, the 
dorsal lip ; anastomotic filaments are given to the facial nerve 
and to the labial plexus. 
N. massetericus: The origin is at the oval foramen, the distri- 
bution is to the masseter muscle. 
If. temporalis internus: The origin is common with the masseter 
nerve ; the distribution is to the temporal muscle. 
If. pterygoideus externus: The origin is at the oval foramen ; 
the distribution is to the pterygoid muscle. 
M. buccalis: The origin is at the oval foramen ; the distribution 
is to the masseter muscle, the mucosa of the mouth and the 
labial plexus. 
If. lingualis: The origin is common with the internal dental 
nerve at the oval foramen ; the distribution is to the tongue, 
the mucosa of the mouth ; it sustains commissural relations 
with the facial nerve through the chorda tympani, and with 
the hypo-glossal nerve ; it gives off a pharyngeal nerve. 
If. dentalis : The origin is common with the lingual; it is dis- 
tributed to the mandibular teeth, to the chin ; it becomes the 
mental nerve peripherad of the foramen mentale. 
If. mylo-hyoides : The origin is common with the dental nerve ; 
the distribution is to the mylo-hyoid muscle. 
If. digastricus is a ramus of the mylo-hyoid ; it is distributed to 
the digastric muscle. , 
If. pterygoideus internus: The origin is at the oval foramen ; the 
distribution is to the pterygoid muscle. 
If. tensor tympani has a common origin with the pterygoid, and 
is distributed to the tensor tympani muscle. 
Chorda tympani is a commissural ramus from the lingual to the 
facial nerve. 
(c) Rami of N. maxillaris: 
N. orbitalis: The origin is at the round foramen ; the distribu- 
tion is to the dorsal lid, the lachrymal gland and the integu- 
ment over the temple. 
If. malaris: The origin is common with the orbital; the distri- 
bution is to the cheek, the dorsal lid and the labial plexus. 1886. 
[Stowell 
If. spheno-palatinus is a ramus from the maxillary nerve 5 mm. 
periplierad of the round foramen ; it is one of the roots of the 
spheno palatine ganglion. 
N. palatinus cephalicus is a ramus of the maxillary nerve just 
peripherad of the spheno palatine, and is distributed to the 
rugae of the mouth and to the palate ; it also anastomoses 
with the naso palatine nerve. 
If. palatinus caudalis is an offset of the spheno-palatine gan- 
glion, and is distributed to the soft palate and the rugae of the 
mouth. 
If. naso-palatinus is an offset of the same ganglion ceplialad to 
the turbinated bones ; its terminal filaments anastomose with 
the cephalic palatine. 
1VJV. dentales are given off from the maxillary nerve just dorsad 
of the alveoli, and, penetrating the bone, are distributed to 
the maxillary teeth. 
If. nasalis, If. labialis, N. palpebralis, are terminal filaments of 
the maxillary nerve peripherad of the infra-orbital foramen, 
and are distributed to the side of the nose, to the papillae and 
to the integument of the dorsal lip, the vibrissse, the labial 
plexus and the ventral lid. 
If. vidianus is a commissural nerve from the spheno-palatine 
ganglion to the facial nerve through the petrosal nerve, N. 
petrosus superficialis major. 
(d) Rami of N. ophthalmicus: 
If. frontalis: The origin is at the foramen lacerum anterius ; 
the nerve becomes N. supra-orbitalis and N. supra-trochlearis ; 
it is distributed to the forehead, the tactile hairs, the dorsal 
lid, the conjunctiva, the lacus laclirymalis and the side of the 
nose. 
If. oculo-nasalis : The origin is at the foramen lacerum anterius ; 
it becomes the infra-troclilear and the caudal ethmoid nerves. 
If. ciliaris longus is a ramus at the border of the optic nerve ; 
its termination is not demonstrated. 
If. ciliaris brevis is a ramus from the ophthalmic ganglion ; its 
termination is with the long ciliary nerve. 
If. infra trochlearis, a ramus at the border of the mesal rectus 
muscle, is distributed to the trochlear muscle, the conjunctiva 
and the integument of the dorsal lid, the lacus lachrymalis 
and the side of the nose. 
If. ethmoideus caudalis is the continuation of the trunk entad of 
the ethmoid foramen ; it is distributed to the dura mater, to 
the turbinated membrane ; it anastomoses with its platetrope, 
and becomes the nervus externus, which is given to the sep- 
tum narium and to the nasal cartilage. Stowed.] 
476 
[May 21, 
B. Physiological. 
This nerve is chiefly sensory ; there are fibres from the motor root and 
from the sympathic ganglia ; it is a nerve of the special sense, taste ; 
it sustains peculiar relations to glandular secretion in the lachrymal 
and salivary glands. 
The indirect relation of this nerve with the facial, the glosso-pliaryngeal 
and the vagus may have a profound pathological signification. 
EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE DIAGRAM. 
No attempt has been made to draw the diagram to a scale or to show 
relations in perspective. To avoid confusion it was thought expedient to 
represent even the same structure in different parts of the diagram—e. g., 
the labial plexus and the eyelid. 
Ill, N. oculo motorius ; XII, N. liypoglossus ; Aur. ect., auris ectalis ; 1886.] 
477 
IStowell 
B., ganglion of Bochdalek ; Ca., caudal ; Ce., cephalic ; Car., caruncula ; 
Cil., N. ciliaris ; Cil. br., N. ciliaris brevis; Cnj., conjunctiva; Dent., 
N. dentalis; Eth. ca., N. ethmoideus caudalis; Fm. etli., foramen etli- 
moideum ; Fron., N. frontalis ; G., ganglion gasseri; Gl. par., glandula 
parotidea ; G. s-max., ganglion submaxillare; Hy., hypophysis; Integ., 
integument; Inf tro., N. infra-trochlearis ; Lacli., N. lachrymalis; M., 
dens molaris ; Man., N. mandibularis ; Mass., N. massetericus ; M. ling., 
musculus lingualis; M. tro., musculus troclilearis; Nas., N. nasalis; 
N-plt., N. naso-palatinus ; O., G. ophthalmicum ; Olf., nerve to olfactory 
lobe; Oph., N. ophthalmicus; P. M., dens premolaris ; Pter., N. ptery- 
goideus; Pe., N. petrosus ; Pili., tactile hair3 of forehead and of ear ; 
Plat., the point in the meson where the ethmoid nerve joins its pla- 
tetrope ; PI. lab., plexus labialis at the angle of the mouth ; Pit., N. pala- 
tinus ; S orb., N. supra-orbitalis; Spin, ganglion splieno-palatinum ; S-tro., 
N. supra-trochlearis; Sym., anastomotic filaments to N. sympatliicus ; 
Ten. tym., N. tensor tympani ; Tn., nerve from G. gasseri to the tento- 
rium cerebelli ; Tmp. aur., N. temporo-auricularis ; Tmp. fac., anasto- 
motic filaments to the temporo-facial nerve, VII; Tmp. int., N tempora- 
lis internus ; Tur., filaments to the membrane over the turbinated bones ; 
Tr., filament to the meatus in the region of the tragus. 
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