Tf<Fd J_ .. . a C E K T S. 
HONORARY 
PRIZE ESSAY" 
OF THE 
ROYAL VETERINARY COLLEGE, LONDON, 
ON 
flurptwe gMjmta to the fjtoM 
PRESENTED AND DEFENDED. 
By T. K. QUICKFALL, 
M. R. C. V. S., LOXD , F.XG.; II. F. V. M. A.; FORMERLY V. S. IX THE ROYAL 
VETERIXARY MEDICAL DEP'T OF THE BRITISH ARMY; VET'Y SURG. 
AXI) SUP'T OF TRAXSPORT DEP'T, RECIFE AXD SAO. FRAXCISCO 
R. R., PERXAMBUCO, BRAZIL, S, A., &c., &c. 
RESIDENCE AND ADDRESS, TURF COTTAGE, LEXINGTON, KENTUCKY. 
BALTIMORE : 
J. B. RQB<NSON & CO., PRINTERS, 
Xo. 2 X. Eutaw Street. 
1868. THE MODUS OPERANDI 
i 
A N D T II E 
COMPARATIVE AND THERAPEUTIC VALUE 
OF 
PURGATIVE AGENTS TO THE HORSE, 
AND THE 
DISEASES IN WHICH THEIR USES ARE CONTRA INDICATED. 
BY T. K. QUICKFALL, M. R. C. V. S. 
LEXINGTON, KENTUCKY. 
BALTIMORE:.!!ROBINSOX & CO. 
No. 2 North Eutaw Street. 
1868. DEDICATION. 
;o: 
THE A U THOR 
HUMBLY AND RESPECTFULLY DEDICATES THESE FEW PAGES 
TO THE 
R U R A L G E N T L E MAN, 
AS THE 
MOST HONORABLE AND ACTIVE OF ALL AMERICAN JOURNALS, 
AND TO 
J . BUS T BED, M . J)., V. 8.,' 
PRESIDENT N. Y. COLLEGE VETERINARY SURGEONS, 
/ 
AS THE 
MOST PROFICIENT, SUCCESSFUL AND ABLE PROMOTER IN AMERICA, 
TOWARDS THE 
ADVANCEMENT AND STANDING 
OF THE 
V ET ER1 NARY PROFESS ION. 
THOS. KIRBY QUICKFALL, M. R. C. V. S. 
Turf Cottage, Lexington, 
July 15,1868. Value of Purgative Agents to the Horse. 
In offering this Essay for approval, 
it is my pleasing duty firstly to state 
to you that, from a view of obtaining 
encouragement towards advancing the art 
and science of Veterinary medicine, and 
from a sincere desire to render assistance, 
if but little, in unfolding the mysteries and 
uncertainties connected with those agents 
termed cathartics, or purgatives, to the 
horse, I undertake the critical task of 
presenting some particulars in reference to 
this all important subject, and it is a well 
understood fact that it is a subject required 
not only to be known by every veterinary 
surgeon, but by all who have the care of 
valuable stock. Being thoroughly con- 
vinced, from what I have seen, both in 
public and private practice, that the ad- 
ministration of any purgative to the horse, 
either in health or disease, demands no lit- 
tle judgement, and we ought to be upon 
our guard more particularly in those cases, 
wherein we presume the administration of 
a purgative of great value, or in cases at- 
tended with danger, it should be remem- 
bered, that whatever we give to our patient, 
it should produce a speedy and due effect, 
and it is our duty to procure, by a proper 
dose, kind, and form of purgative, imme- 
diate respondence without running the risk 
of creating a necessity for a second or third 
dose, considering, at the moment, how 
long a period is required for such dose to 
pass through the alimentary canal. 
Purgatives, from the Latin word, pur go} 
to cleanse, are those medicines which pro- 
cure an increase of the alvine evacuations 
in a semi-fluid state or condition, and be- 
ing taken into the system, or administered 
per rectum, increase the peristaltic move- 
ment of tlie intestines, which, prior to op- 
erating, often a rumbling sound in the 
abdomen may be heard, and griping pains 
are not unfrequently shown. The pulse 
also becomes perceptibly weak, and is, on 
some occasions, increased in number. The 
animal is, to a certain degree, nauseated 
and dull, and either objects to food alto- 
gether or partakes of it in very small quan- 
tities, 
Purgatives are also supposed to exercise 
an important influence on the liver, and to 
irritate the mucus or internal surface of 
the intestines, causing them to exude or 
secrete more fluid than usual, which ac- 
counts for the fluid condition of the foeces; 
in fact, it is an internal blood-letting, and 
it must also be remembered that purgatives 
act as a stimulant to the kidneys-some- 
times too much so, though not in every 
case, as for instance, you may give to a 
horse a full dose of physic and it shall pro- 
duce no greater change in the system than 
nauseating him, to all appearance, and 
passes off through the kidneys, which ac- 
tion may be observed in the altered color 
of the urine. This, I believe from past 
experience in noticing animals under the 
effects of a purgative, happens more fre- 
quently, and is more plainly seen in the 
marc than the horse. Also, I can conceive 
that the stomach having been rather over- 
loaded, or over-tasked with coarse food, 
such as straw, corn cobs, leaves, or any 
other innutritions matter, becomes similar 
to any other-fatigued and exhausted; and 
after a purgative is given, it dissolves 
therein, leaving nothing but a sense of 
bitterness, probably, with some amount of 
stringency behind it, that then the stomach 
gets many hours' rest, and the two princi- 
ples left behind, act on the stomach to re- 
store its partially lost tone and sensibility. 
The regularity of the evacuation of the 
foeces is united in a singular form with 
the well-being and healthfulness both of 
the stomach and intestines. The urine and 
perspiration pass off immediately after be- 
coming secreted, and do not load the 
organs that divide them, and the unnatural 4 
THE HORSE, 
restraint of these excretions has, indeed, a 
more or less remote, and not unfrequently 
a fatal influence on the general system, but 
the skin, and also the kidneys themselves 
remain probably unmolested. But it is not 
so with the intestines, for they being sepa- 
rated from that communication with the 
atmosphere by which the perspirable mat- 
ter is conveyed away and unfurnished with 
an appendage like the bladder is to the 
kidneys, they are conservatories of the 
thecal matter as it is formed, and which 
they retain always until the usual time of 
evacuation arrives. The process of absorp- 
tion has been described by some to be car- 
ried on by the small intestines only; others 
are of opinion that it is performed by the 
whole of them from the reality that the 
aliment passes so quickly into the colon, 
particularly when many fluids are taken. 
And of this I doubt not there can be but 
little question as to the true decision of the 
latter opinion. 
However, it must be admitted that the 
most nutritious portion of the food is re- 
ceived by the small intestines, and that 
which is of a more diluent nature is ab- 
sorbed by the large. It is also well under- 
stood that in certain affections life may be 
prolonged by administering gruel or lin- 
seed tea to your patient, in the form of ene- 
mas or clysters, a fact which tends to prove 
more forcibly the correctnessof thisopinion. 
If you examine the intestines of an ani- 
mal recently killed, a peculiar movement 
of them may be observed,-it is a shorten- 
ing of one portion with an inflation and 
elongation of the-other; this is termed the 
vermicular motion. There is also another 
movement which is called the peristaltic 
movement, or motion, and consists of the 
contraction of the circular fibres, by which 
the diameter of the intestines is lessened. 
These movements cause the food to be car- 
ried backwards and forwards, and thus the 
absorbents are better fitted to take up the 
nutritient part of the ingesta. 
It is by the natural contents of the canal 
that these motions are aroused, and accord- 
ing to the amount of stimulus communicat- 
ed, the food passes, in a greater or less 
period of time, through thccanal. Anything, 
therefore, which tends to produce an un- 
natural action in these parts, so as to cause 
alvine evacuations, is termed a purgative. 
The fqeces first passed after a purgative has 
been given are generally of the same con- 
sistence and appearance as those caused 
usually by the natural movements of the 
alimentary canal, but those following are 
of a more fluid state, And if a strong pur- 
gative has been administered, their consist- 
ence will be about the same as yeast, or 
thick gruel, especially if water and exercise 
have been freely given to the animal by 
way of quickening the operation of the 
purgative agent. 
The stomach, also, is induced to pass its 
contents into the duodenum, and an in- 
creased secretion of bile, and of the pan- 
creatic juice, is produced by the stimulat- 
ing effects formed by these medicines upon 
the excreting dacto of the liver, and in- 
crease this by extending to the organs 
themselves, cause an increase in the flow of 
blood to these parts, and an increased pon- 
imy out of their secretions is the result. 
Having thus endeavored to describe some 
of the important functions of the stomach 
and intestines, by means of which the food 
is digested, and being assimilated, or con- 
verted i'nto the form of a nutritious fluid, is 
conveyed to all parts of the system, and also 
having adverted to the connection by sym- 
pathy which exists between the stomach 
and bowels and other parts of the wonder- 
ful and complicated animal machine, and 
to the influence which these agents exert 
over the health-nay, the very life-of our 
truthful patient, I hope to be better ena- 
bled to illustrate how much any disorder 
or irregularity of the stomach and intes- 
tines affects the system generally, and how, 
by marked attention to them, and preserv- 
ing them in their natural and-healthy con- 
dition, diseases may not only be at once 
overcome in the first stages, but even after 
they have gained a footing, as it were, in VALUE OF PURGATIVE AGENTS. 
5 
the system, be at once removed from their 
stronghold. 
Purgatives, therefore, act as heretofore 
described, viz., either locally, upon the in- 
testines, or sympathetically, on the other 
viscera, or even, at times, on the whole 
system of the animal. When the functions 
of the intestines are suspended, and the 
foeces become indurated, working a de- 
rangement of the stomach, &c., they are 
serviceable by their local action. 
A marked sedative effect follows the op- 
eration of purgatives, when, besides the 
local action first alluded to, a copious dis- 
charge of the fluids is produced, the sud- 
denness of which creates a powerful seda- 
tive influence on the whole system; the 
force and quickness of the pulse are thus 
diminished, and an inflammatory and 
febrile action is set up. When we wish to 
have purgatives give their due effect, it is 
required in all cases to prepare the animal 
for them by giving bran mash frequently, 
and an abundance of water, discontinuing 
the allowance of any kind of forage some 
hours previous to the purgative being ad- 
ministered. This treatment ought always 
to be pursued when giving a purgative to 
the horse in a state of health, and also in 
all cases that will admit of these caution- 
ary measures being taken, thereby ensur- 
ing a free respondence of the bowels in due 
season. 
We derive much value from the use of 
purgatives, or cathartics, to the horse, in 
health as well as when sickness attends 
him, for, at certain periods of-the year, 
viz., Spring and Fall, but more especially 
when a horse is taken up from grass, it is 
usual to give him, as is termed in common 
parlance, a dose of physic, which should 
be, by all means, given early of a morning 
and on an empty stomach; and our motive 
in giving it thus is to allow the dissolution 
of the dry food to take place and pass on 
into the bowels, relieving them of their 
contents, and preparing them for food of 
another description, &c. Under these cir- 
cumstances, therefore, they are truly most 
valuable agents when skillfully administer- 
ed, for they not only counteract a liabili- 
ty of disease attacking the animal, but also 
tend to promote a healthy condition of the 
entire system, or what is commonly termed 
bringing a horse into condition. 
The Purgatives used in veterinary prac- 
tice are not quite so numerous or delicate 
as those employed in human practice of 
medicine; but, to use a friend's remark, 
I should decide that it is quality we look 
for, and not to variety. We have no need 
of a thousand and one formulas in veteri- 
nary pharmacy. 
Professor Morton, who occupied the 
Chair of Chemistry and Veterinary Materia 
Medica in the Royal Veterinary College, 
London, for upwards of a quarter of a cen- 
tury, gives, in his valuable work on Phar- 
macy and Materia Medica, the following 
list of purgatives, cathartics, &c., viz., 
"Aloes," "Croton," "Chloride of Mercu- 
ry," "Linseed Oil," "Castor Oil," &c., 
&c. 
Aloes. The first and foremost of all 
purgatives for the horse is the inspissated 
juice of the leaves of the aloe plant, and is 
termed the Extract of Aloes; and of these 
extracts we use three different kinds, viz., 
the Barbadoes, the Cape, and the Mocha 
or Bombay extract, which latter is gener- 
ally sold by druggists, under the grand 
name of Socratine Aloes. The Barbadoes 
Extract of Aloes appears to have been used 
by the Ancients, as the main species or 
class of aloes of any good, and it was 
highly prized by them in using medicine. 
It is of a brown, or liver color, dull and 
granular, of a stronger and more pungent 
smell than the Cape or Socratine Extract; 
it also powders darker, and is of a greenish 
hue. The presence of vegetable albumen, 
as well as the more active principle in it, 
will also distinguish it from other kinds, 
but I believe it is generally understood by 
pharmaceutical chemists and judges of 
drugs that there is not much difference be- 
tween the Barbadoes Extract and the pure 
Cape Extract. The late Mr. Percival,how 6 
THE HORSE. 
ever, states in one of his world renowned 
works on Veterinary Medicine and Surgery 
that the Barbadoes Extract is, in his opin- 
ion, one drachm to the ounce stronger than 
the Cape or the Bombay Extracts. 
The Barbadoes Aloes are well known to re- 
tain their action on the system for a longer- 
period than other kinds. The dose of this 
purgative differs considerably, according 
to the age, size, condition, and tempera- 
ment of the animal-also climate, I be- 
lieve from experience, produces quite dif- 
ferent effects in the action of some medi- 
cines, both to horses and cattle. To a horse 
of the age of one year I should give, say one- 
third or fourth of the, quantity, and to a 
two-year-old about half the quantity, and 
to a three or four-year-old two-thirds the 
quantity that I -would give to a full sized, 
medium aged horse. To the aged, full 
grown horse, the Barbadoes Extract of 
Aloes ranges, in Europe, from five to eight 
drachms, and in America I find we can in- 
crease the dose a good deal without any 
bad results, although it is to be borne in 
mind that the constitution of all horses is 
not alike, and that caution is the parent of 
safety, as an Indian truly remarked to me 
when once accompanying him on a tour of 
adventure, a few years ago. 
I have always preferred using the Bar- 
badoes Extract as a purgative to the horse 
sooner than any other class of aloes in the 
market. In the extensive practice that I 
was connected with in England, during 
my apprenticeship, we never used any but 
the pure Barbadoes; and as to their action, 
there can be no question, when properly and 
simply compounded. They never failed to 
answer our purposes and have due effect 
when administered secundem artem. 
The Cape Extract is of a darker color, 
and is said to be more resinous in its na- 
ture than the Barbadoes Extract; it cer- 
tainly powders more light in color, but as 
to the taste, I should say there is no differ- 
ence, both being very bitter and nauseat- 
ing. It is a cheaper article, and probably 
as safe to use, and many authorities say 
it is equal in strength to the Barbadoes. 
The late distinguished veterinarian, Prof. 
Coleman, of London, used to own a full 
grown horse that required only two or 
three drachms of this extract to purge him 
freely. As to the dose of Cape Aloes, I 
will mention that ii should be given about 
the same as the Barbadoes, and, if any- 
thing, in a somewhat increased dose. 
Respecting the Mocha, or Bombay Ex- 
tract, I have not much to speak, for it is 
but little employed in Europe, to my 
knowledge, but I understand that in India 
and the tropics it has been extensively 
used in veterinary practice by the army 
veterinary surgeons on duty there, and by 
residents of the country dealing in horses, 
&c. It is similar in color to the other 
species of aloe, and tastes similar. It frac- 
tures opaque and smooth. It is generally 
adulterated, and in an impure state. It 
is, in some obstinate cases, worth a trial, 
as its action is usually quick and strong, 
but at the same time is unreliable, as a 
rule, for reasons given above. 
Prof. Alorton, in his valuable manual, 
gives a correct analysis and trial of this 
purgative in conjunction with the Cape 
Extract of Aloes. He there illustrates 
clearly the action of each, and the time re- 
quired during their operation separately. 
He says: "Having given six drachms of the 
Cape Extract to each of six horses, and'six 
drachms of the Bombay to each of six other 
horses, at the same time and place, I found, 
from the action brought about by each 
dose, that the Bombay was more to be de- 
pended upon than the Cape. The fences 
were more fluid, and the action sustained 
longer, by the use of the Bombay." And 
these are not the only cases in which he 
tested the merits of this purgative; having- 
given it frequently, both before and after 
the aforesaid experiment, with almost uni- 
form success; and its employment as a 
purgative to the horse should not be for- 
gotten, but only recognized by all veteri- 
narians. Now, as regards the mode of 
giving aloes to the horse, I say that I VALUE OF PURGATIVE AGENTS. 
7 
they would undoubtedly, in most cases, give 
them in the form of a ball. Perhaps they 
are a little tardier in their action in this 
form, but we should remember, on the 
other hand, the necessity of ensuring a 
good and lasting effect on our patient, 
which is highly important in obstinate 
cases of obstruction in the bowels, &c., &c. 
The usual time that elapses between 
giving a full dose of aloes and its respond- 
ence is from twelve to twenty hours, and 
it is on these grounds, more especially, 
that we should refrain from the use of 
aloes in diseases requiring a very speedy 
action of the bowels, as in acute attacks of 
enteritis founder, &c. 
Lastly, concerning this purgative, I 
would make some remarks on the combin- 
ing aloes with Gentian, which is, I believe, 
a good preparation, and highly to be re- 
commended for young horses, when out at 
grass, affected with any sickness or hu- 
mors of the skin. It is the extract of 
Gentian, in about three parts to one of 
aloes, and is called, by old sports in Eng- 
land, "Grass Physic," killing two birds 
with, one stone, by acting as a gentle purge 
and tonic, and allowing the animal to re- 
main in the pasture as usual. 
The next on the list of purgatives is Cro- 
ton Oil, Croton Seed, or Purging Croton. 
It is a native of the Island of Ceylon, and 
can also be found in Malabar, China, and 
the Mollucca Islands. The seeds are con- 
cave on one side and convex on the other, 
to some degree. Their color varies from a 
light yellow to brown. The seeds yield 
by expressing a fixed oil, called Croton 
Tiglium, which is soluble in alcohol or 
ether, of a bright straw color, faint smell, 
and hot, burning taste. It is, without 
doubt, the most powerful purgative and 
cathartic known in medicine, always pro- 
ducing speedy evacuations, unless there 
should exist some severe mechanical ob- 
struction. It has often, and latterly, too, 
been of great service in some obstinate 
diseases of cattle, as well as horses, under 
my charge, and I have no hesitation in 
giving it great praise, although it is, at 
the same time, anything but harmless, and 
requires care and judgement when giving 
it. It acts very powerfully or the intes- 
tines of the liver, and mucus membranes 
of the intestines, &c. The violent action 
which the oil alone may produce can be 
palliated by conjoining with it some aro- 
matic; particularly the volatile oils, such 
as the oleine cinnamic ol menth pip, or ol 
pimento. The vegetable acids, viz., Acetic, 
Tartaric and Citric, have also been re- 
commended as moderating its action. Cro- 
ton is said to produce less nausea than 
aloes in the horse, but I can't exactly see 
it. It is valuable as an addition to aloes, 
if you wish to increase the action of the 
latter. From twenty to forty drops are 
.enough to cause purgation, and if the Cro- 
ton Cake, or Ferina Crotonis, is used, the 
dose is from a scruple and a half to a 
drachm. The cake is more uncertain in its 
action, and therefore is not to be employed 
in preference to the oil of croton, which is 
a sure medicine, when skillfully adminis- 
tered. Proto, chloride of mercury, or 
calomel, when given by itself, does not al- 
ways answer as a purgative, and is rather 
unsafe, causing watery evacuations, which 
can only be stopped by most energetic 
measures; it is, though, of great service in 
many instances, combined with aloes or 
other cathartics, its action being on the 
glandular structures, chiefly. I have also 
given it with opium many a time, with 
marked success, in latter stages of inflama- 
tion and obstruction of the bowels, acute 
founder, &c., &c. It is also good in infla-' 
mation of the kidneys, &c.; the dose is 
from half a drachm to three drachms, ac- 
cording to circumstances. 
As to the oils used in veterinary prac- 
tice, I cannot say whether there is much 
difference between the Castor and Oleum 
Lini, or Flax seed oil. My word is that 
the latter is the best, is easier given, and 
is cheaper to obtain. Oils are very safe 
and proper agents in several diseases, and 
the only drawback in using them is that 8 
THE HORSE. 
they often nauseate the animal and cause 
him to refuse water, which is objectionable 
in strong livers, &c., when you need their 
taking plenty of fluids, such as in influen- 
za, wounds, diptheria, etc. These agents 
are to be given in doses of a pint to even 
three pints, and in cases o^cbb'<inate stop- 
page in the bowels, wl. - want to 
hurry up the action of your aloes, I nave 
seen and tried oil with perfect success. 
I will now say a word about clysters to 
the horse, which should not be lost sight 
of, operating as they do, in a two fold 
manner, by preparing the foeces for expul- 
sion, and assisting the action of your pur- 
gative. They are of great service, in my 
opinion, in all obstinate cases of disease of 
the bowels or local affections, such as mel- 
anosis, &c., &c. They cannot do harm, 
any way if carefully employed. The usual 
form of clyster is simply warm or tepid 
water, about a gallon or less, with a little 
plain soap dissolved in it, or a handful of 
table salt. Medicated clysters I have not 
much faith in, and they are much too ex- 
citing to the system. Bran mashes arc 
good-very good-in preparing horses for, 
and during the action of, physic. *They 
act as a laxative, and act mechanically on 
the mucus surface of the bowels, and are 
the first remedy to be thought of as soon 
as you have a sick animal, or one likely to 
become sick, with change of food, water, 
or work. 
I could mention some particulars.respect- 
ing the use of' epsom salts, jalap, rhubarb, 
cream of tartar, &c., but it would not, in 
my humble opinion, tend to make a good 
wrinkle for any of my readers to follow. 
Therefore, I pass over these second-rate 
remedies used in equine disorders, and 
will endeavor to explain something re- 
specting the objection to purgatives being 
given to the horse, a subject which is high- 
ly important, and should be considered on. 
N. x>. urgatives are, or should be, dis- 
carded in all cases involving the lungs, with 
any strong disposition to inflammation of 
the lungs, or of the throat, wind-pipe, &c. In 
cases where the animal cannot lie down- 
in cases of rupture of the rectum-it would 
be very ignorant practice, and injurious to 
administer purgatives or cathartics as 
tending to irritate the very part we should 
keep quiet. All due caution is also requir- 
ed in giving physic to horses weak in the 
loins; and to mares immediately preceding 
foaling, be careful, and let well enough 
alone. 
In many instances, at the Spring and 
Fall of the year, much care should be 
shown in giving purgatives in attacks of 
coughing, diptheria, swollen throat, &c., 
but during slight attacks, a gentle dose is 
often times given, and has been much re- 
commended. Now, I never yet learned 
how this treatment could be upheld. I 
have undeniable proof of the danger of 
giving aloes during distemper, &c. A 
veterinary surgeon in England, a cle- 
ver practitioner, and a qualified man, once 
showed to me two horses of the same age, 
size, &c., under the effects of aloes, and 
not out of health, except a cold hanging 
on them after hunting. He said, "I gave 
to this horse two drachms of aloes at eight 
o'clock in the morning, and at the same 
time and place I gave to the other horse 
six drachms of aloes; the one I gave the 
two drachms to was purging well before 
four in the afternooon of the same day, 
whilst the one that had six drachms given 
him remained three clear days before he 
commenced to purge at all." Now, if the 
race like the first mentioned had much in- 
fluenza about him, what would naturally 
be the result if he had had two drachms of 
aloes down his throat? Why, I should 
suppose, very likely, death. But, I ask, 
how can you find out the constitution of 
any animals, strangers to' you, until once 
seen under an attack of lung fever, brain 
fever, or some other species of disease. 
And now, reader, may good arise from a 
perusal of these pages. One word is as 
good as fifty, that could be further said. 
Remember: 
"Honor and fame from no condition rise; 
Act well your part: there all the honor lies." Owners, Buyers and Breeders 
OF 
VALUABLE HORSES, 
BLOODED STOCK, «&C., 
SHOULD APPLY TO 
T. K. QUICKFALL, M. R. C. V. S., 
yETERINARY JSuRGEON, 
LEXINGTON, KENTUCKY. 
:o: 
Horses examined as to soundness, etc., etc., and certificates given. Sick or Lame 
Ilorses attended to at any distance, on the most reasonable terms. 
Cattle Diseases successfully treated. Consultations by letter, and Prescriptions on 
liberal terms. 
N. B.-Orders by Mail or Telegraph replied to as promptly as possible. Address P. 
0. box 412, Lexington, Ky. 
Residence, "Turf Cottage," Paris Road. Veterinary Stables and Pharmacy attached. 
REFERS TO 
C. Pilgrim, M. R. C. V. S., Brooklyn, N.Y. Dr. G. W. Bowler, P. V. S., Cincinnati. 
J. W. Gadsdon, M.R.C.V.S., Philadelphia. G. Scully, M. R. C. V. S., St. Louis, Mo. 
Dr. R. Jennings, M.V.S., " C. C. Grice, M. R. C. V. S , New York. 
The Turf, Field and Farm, New York. Observer and Reporter, Lexington, Ky. 
The Rural Gentleman, Baltimore. Kentucky Gazette, "