The Connection of the Nervous Centres of Animal
   and  Organic Life.    By  John  O'Reilly, M. D.,
   Licentiate and Fellow of the  Royal College  of
   Surgeons  in  Ireland,  Resident  Fellow  of the
   New York Academy of Medicine.
      It is generally admitted that the secretions from all glandular
  bodies, as well  as the skin and mucus membrane,  depend on  the
  presence as well as the agency of the organic nerves: Acknowledging
  this to be true, it must be confessed that it is just as difficult to trace
  nervous filaments in  their structure  as  in the maternal or  fjetal
  vessels in the  placenta.  The  deduction to be arrived at from the
  the observations just made, is, that if it were possible to remove  every
  particle of the body  with the exception of the substance  of the
  organic nerVous system, that the outline of the body would remain
  perfect, as well as a true delineation  of all the viscera as well as the
  blood vessels and muscles.

     The retina is the termination or the expansion of the optic nerve.
 The  optic nerve takes  its origin from  the  corpus  geniculatum
 externum and a white fasciculus sent from  the nates.  The pineal
 gland rests on the  tubercula quadrigemina and is attached to the
 inner margins of the optic thalami by two bands of white cerebral;
 matter; in color and appearance it bears a strong resemblance to a
 ganglion belonging to the organic nervous system.  The third  nerve
 arises from the inner border of the cms cerebri; it is  distributed  to
 the lavator palpebraa and all the muscles attached to the eye ball
 with the exception of the superior oblique and external rectus, it com-
 municates by a small  branch  with the lenticular  ganglion.   The
 ganglion is an  exceedingly small body; it sends several filaments
 to the iris, some of which are lost on the ciliary ligament.   I am
stating facts without entering into minute particulars. 
o
     The movements of the iris show thnt the nerves which supply it
must come from a source endowed with vital intelligence and instinct-
Every person knows that the iris adjusts itself to meet circumstances,
and  that it vigorously contracts when  the retina  is threatened with
danger by  too strong a light being  thrown on it.  If the lenticular
ganglion possesses  the  faculties just stated, and  that it is only con-
nected to the brain  by a small branch of the third nerve,  I  think  it
may be  fairly asked why the pineal  gland (which I look on  in the
light of the ehief ganglion  of the  organic nervous system)  which
communicates with  the  brain itself, should not have similar charac-
teristics.  That the mind's eye must see objects pictured on the retina,
before the iris discharges its functions, is evident from what  occurs
in cases of amaurosis resulting  from  a disorganized condition  of the
brain, the pupil  in  such cases continuing dilated.  It follows as a
consequence,  that the nerves proceeding from  the lenticular ganglion
must act in concert  with a sound condition of the brain.   As the con-
servatism of life rests with the ganglionic  nervous centres, it is expe-
dient to the well being  of the body,  that  the  mind should have free
communication with the centre of organic life, so  as to be capable of
imparting to it, as well as receiving from  it, the rules  for governing
the other nervous centres of organic  life.

     Ocular demonstration declares that  the mind  and the ganglion
operate consentaneously, as is witnessed in the case of the retina, wheu
exposed to light or darkness, and the movements of the iris under such
contingencies. The  division  of the communicating branch of the third
nerve, demonstrates  that the  ganglion does not  act without  corres"
ponding with the brain and  central organic ganglion.  The cornea in
persons who  are  obliged to look at very small objects, is  rendered
convex,  by the  action of the muscles receiving  branches from the
third nerve and the  axis of vision is properly directed by the action of
the muscles specified.   How is this  matter to be accounted for ? the
mind becomes conscious through the retina that the latter requires as-
sistance; it is not able to afford the aid required, it communes with the
central ganglion (the pineal gland), receives power, which it directs to
the lenticular  ganglion ; reflex action takes place through the  branch
of communication of the third nerve; the muscles are  thus enabled
to co-operate in harmony with the  mind; it  follows, as  a sequence,
than the ganglion  must have  knowledge of what is passing  in the
mind, and this is further proved by recollecting, that  the third nerve
is a motor nerve, not guided  by intelligence, and that neither the
fourth  or sixth nerves, which are  distributed to muscles, whose action
would be to distort  the eyes from the proper focus, have  any connec-
tion  with the  ganglion. 
3
     When a person is overwhelmed with grief, tears are freely shed;
 the nose as well as the eyes become suffused.  The mind, as in  the
 former instance, communicates  its troubles to the central ganglion,
 and by reflex action through it, to the lenticular ganglion, through
 the nasal branch of the fifth nerve, which is distributed to the pitui.
 tary membrane, the intcgumeuts at the extremity of the nose,  the
 upper  eye-lid, the  tensor tarsi  muscle, the  root  of the nose,  the
 lachrymal sac and caruncala Ichrymalis; hence the source of the tears
 is easily explained.

      When  a person is anxious to hear a sound at a distance,  the
 tympanum  is rendered tense, by the  action of the tensor tympani
 muscle ; before this can take place, the mind must be made acquainted
 by the  portio mollis of the necessity  of further assistance, it com.
 municates  with the  central ganglion.  What is the position  of  the
 parts concerned 1   The  tensor tympani  is  supplied  with motor
 branches  from the facial  nerve; the  mind cannot effect anyitiing
 through it, but the  muscle receives branches from the otic ganglion,
 which is under the influence of the central ganglion, which inosculate
 with the branches of the facial nerve, and thus the muscle is capable
 of acting  in unison with  the mind.  Can it be doubted but that  the
 otic ganglion  is co-equal in intelligence with  the  mind, in regulating
 the action of the muscle, to meet the requirements of the mind.

     That such small bodies as the ganglions alluded to, should possess
 so much instinct is marvellous in the highest degree.   It also follows
 a fortiori that all the other ganglia arepossessed of the same faculties
 in guiding the actions of the organs they are  established to preside
 over.

     A. man that has made a speculation in railroad stock in which he
 is interested to a large extent, is told that the directors are a band of
 swindlers; that the  concern is  a mere bubble.   The mind becomes
 deranged ;  it sympathises with the central ganglion, with which it is
 united.  How, I should remark, the cerebrum is placed in the same posi-
 tion with respect to the ganglion that the motor nerve of the third or
 sensitive branch of the fifth nerves is connected with the lenticular gan-
 glion, the announcement is forwarded by the par vagum to the pulmonic
 plexus, hurried respiration succeeds to the  cardiac plexus, inducing
 violent palpitation to the solar plexus, causing the stomach to refuse
food to the hepatic plexus,producing a secretion of bile; to the mesenteric
plexus causing diarrhoea; to the renal plexus, inducing a secretion of 
4
 mine to the hypogastric and sacral plexus, throwing the sphincter vesi-
 cae off its guard, followed by wetting of the pantaloons, and in case of
 woman a short time pregnant, abortion produced by contraction of
 uterus. From this exposition the fatal consequences attendant on the
 division of the par vagum must be manifest, as it actually severs the
 connecting thread of life.  This is proved by recollecting when a man
 gets a blow on the  semi-lunar ganglion, that death  instantaneously
 follows.   The unity of action between the mind and the ganglia is
 rendered apparent when a man  is about making a large leap:  the
 mind surveys the distance, the will acts through the spinal chord
 under the reflex influence  of  the  central ganglion, the motor nerves
 are summoned to action ; tbe intervertebral ganglia sends them fila-
 ments to accompany and instruct them how to exercise their power
 on the muscles, acting on the same principle  that  governs the lenti-
 cular ganglion and third nerve; and thus it is  that  the muscles act in
 strict harmony with the mind, propelling the body to the distance
 contemplated.

     The inference, from what has  been stated is clear,  that the
 spinal nerves are a triple compound composed of sensitive motor  and
organic filaments, so that wherever one is found the other two must
 be present.  The nerves of organic life act consentaneously with the
will wherever located, provided there is a nervous connection estab-
lished  between them; for instance,  when a  man is  playing en a
musical instrument,  he has  his mind fixed on the music book, his
 fingers move rapidly in harmony with his miDd.  Now, the nerves
 distributed to the fingers  are branches of the brachial plexus,  are
 capable of giving sensation and motion as well as  organic life to the
 parts they are destined to supply, in consequence of being connected
 with the organic ganglia at the roots  of the  nerves.  The  otic  and
lenticular ganglia again explain the phenomenon.

    I presume it must be conceded that physiologists, in experimenting
 on the hind  legs of frogs, have committed a most palpable mistake :
 they appear to have lost sight of the fact that  the spinal nerves are a
triple compound.  I  think the pecularities of the afferent, efferent and
 excito motor nerves, can be  readily accounted for when the triple
 compound nature of the spinal nerves is duly studied.  The  action of
these nerves is  attributable  to the organic  nervous filament they
contain.

    When a person suffers from irritation in the  bowels, caused by
 worms or indigestible food—here I must observe, that the intestines 
5
are exclusively supplied with nerves  from the ganglionic system, and
that the muscular fibres contract without the agency of motor nerves
from the spinal chord.  This fact proves that the iris docs not require
to have the  ciliary nerve?, influenced  by  a reflected action of tho
tubercula  quadri^emina  through the communicating  branch of tho
third : to revert to the p.ttient—he is attacked  with convulsions, the
irrit tion is propagated to the brain, from thence to the central gang-
lion and by renVx action  from it to the brain and spinal chord, and
next through the motor roots of the nerves to the intervertebral gang-
lia, the  organic  filament  communicates with the muscles, the result
is alternate relaxation and contraction of the muscles ; now this is an
action of the muscles independent of the will, and cannot be imitated
by the most s renous exertions of the  will.

    Again,   a man gets a lacerated wound  in the palm of  tho
hand; the first thing he complains of, if he is  about to get  tetanus*
is that he has caught cold, that his throat is sore, and that he cannot
swallow: in  some time the muscles about the neck  and  face become
rigidly contracted ;  next, the muscles of the upper part of the  trunk1
and finally the  muscles  of the  lower part.  This  condition of the
muscles could not be produced by the motor spinal nerves, in as much
as the muscles would relax; no man can continue muscular  exertion
over a  given period.  What  happens, can be  thus explained: the
irritation is conveyed through the organic filament, to the cervical
ganglia, and then the muscles of the neck which are furnished with
nerve-1  from  these ganglia, become contracted ;  here I need  scarcely
remark  the superior cervical ganglion furnishes the pharynx with
nerves.  All the ganglia in due time  become affected, those connected
with the spinal n»rves, and similar consequences are the result.

    When an individual takes an overdose  of strychnine, the muscles
become r'gidly  contracted.  Here the poison  acts on  the organic
nerves, and through them on the muscles.   It therefore follows when
the muscles  are paralyzed, that  strychnine excites  spasms in tho
muscles a fact which is too well known to need comment.

    A man gets a dislocation of the shoulder, by throwing him off his
guard it is easily reduced ; but let him see what you are going to do,
although  he is  most anxious to assist your efforts,  the muscles  will
become  forcibly contracted, and baffle your attempts to accomplish
your object.   Here, too, the mind and the muscles act  together,
through the  influence of the ganglia, placed  at  tho  roots of th»
brachial plexus. 
6
     When chloroform is  administered, it  first acts on the orgnnio
 nerves  in  tho bronchial ramifications;  secondarily, on  the brain,
 known  by the delirium that  takes  place:  thirdly, on the central
 organic ganglion, and from it, by reflex action, on the brain and spinal
 chord ;  aifd  through the ncrv •$, of the  latter, on the  intervertibral
 ganglia, and ultimately the filnnents which proceed from the latter,
 to the muscles.  That chloroform  operates in the manner described
 is made painfully  true, when the  hcurt of man under its influence
 ceases to beat  when  all  human  efforts will  prove futile, in some
 instances, to restore its vital action—and thus demonstrating, by deatht
 that chloroform is able to destroy an organ endowed with the greatest
 degree of muscular strength.

     When a man gets drunk, the  intoxicating liquor makes its first
 impression on the organic  nerves in the coats of the stomach : tho
 par v igum announces its presence to thu brain, which becomes exhila-
 rated, and after some time, it shares its insidious sensation  with the cen.
 tral organic ganglion, which reflects the intelligence through the brain
 and spinal chord to  the intervertibral ganglia, and from the  latter  to
 the filaments destined to supply the  muscles.  This description  is
 literally  true:  when witnessing the movements of a drunken  mm,
 his lower extremities will be observed  not lo obey his will:  his legs
 cross one another; he stumbles from side to  side; and, if he has im-
 bibed too much, the muscles refuse to move and he fails prostrate  to
 the earth, perhaps to awaken  in another world.  Here it is evident
 that the faulty movements of the muscles, as well  as  their loss  of
 power, is caused by the ganglia at the roots of the lumbar and sacral
 plexua, and that death  is caused by  the destruction of the  ganglioric
system;  postmortem ex imination fails to discover any lesion   My
frien I Doctor Finnell, who has mad:) such an immense number of ex-
 aminations of the dead bodies of drunkards and others, can corroborate
this statement.

    I hope I have now given ample proof that the muscular fibres  of
the muscles  are  furnished  with nerves from  the  organic  nervous
system ; that the muscles owe their  enormous power  to their connec-
tion with the nerves in  question. It may  be said, no nervous  filament
can be discovered in the muscular fibre ;  but the same observation  is
true of capillary arteries and veins, although no person  doubts their
presence.

   When'a drop of prussic acid is placed on the tongue of the suljcot,
as Doctor Copeland remarks, dies before  tho poison  has time  to get
into  the circulation;  post-mortem examination discloses that th» 
                               7.  •

blood  is fluid  and dark colored in the bloo I vessels, caused by the
death  of the organic nerves in the internal coats of the vessels.

     If a man is subjected to great violence and sustains a compound
dislocation, he will quickly fall into a sttte of c illapse.  The surface
of the  body will grow cold, the heart will almost cease to beat, the
sphincters will be relaxed, and if a surgeon is so imprudent as to per"
form amputation under  such circumstances,  it is ten to one but the
operati-.m will  be attended with fatal consequences ;  inasmuch as the
patient's organic nervous system  is  unable to bear an additional
shock.

    Surgeons attribute this condition of the patient to sympathy; but
it is more:  it i^ direct and continued communication of the nerves in the
part injured with the nerves in other parts  How is the cold on tho
surface of the body to be accounted for 1  By  the vitality of the organic
nerves in the skin being impaired  in  vitality, and by  tlu-ir being
unabl" to e'eminate the  oxygen from tho  capillary arteries; (this  is
an hypothesis.)

     When a person is seized with Asiatic Cholera, on the hottest day
in summer, the body becomes colder than the surrounding atmosphere;
the  powers of life qu'ckly give way, and the patient fills a victim  to
the  poisonous influence exercised on tho organic nervous system.  The
state of the patient in Cholera, goes to prove what I  have just stated,
that the production of animal heat is a vital action depending on tho
integral condition of the organic nerves.

     As some persons may say, all I have said about  the pineal g'and
being  the great organic  nervous centre of organic life,  is mere specu-
lation ; T must remark, that if the wisest m m in the  world, a century
ago, was shown a galvanic battery, and told that it was susceptible
of generating an immaterial agent that could send a message  by a
small wire from one extremity of tho globe to the other ir.  a second,
he would look on the individual giving him such  assurance as a man
laboring under mental alienation   1 cannot  help remarking there  is
an analogy between the pineal g'and and  the battery  : the particles
of gritty matter  resemble  the metallic  plates,  and tho gelatinous
matter the acid mixture.   The Omnipotent Creator, who showed such
infinite wisdom and unity of design in the  construction of tho organs
of sense,  did not place the pineal gland in  such an important locality
for a useless purpose.  I  strongly conjecture that the ganglion is so
constructed as to regulate the aura vita. 
8
    It may be objected, that the  gland or ganglion cannot receive
and give impressions at the same lime.  The gland is connected w.tb
the bruin itself; the nerves proceeding from the brain may bo said to
be continuations of it.  The lenticular g .nglion receives impressions
from  the  brain  through the  branch of  the third nerve, and sends
communications to the muscles of the eye-ball, bv the same nerve at
the «imc instant. This matter I think is now fully elucidated ; what
is true of  the one organ is equally true of the other.  I now submit
that life is centred in the organic nervous system; that the brain and
its appendages are attached tor the purpose of affording a seat f r tho
organs of sense, intellect, judgment, volition, sensation  and motion.
That the ganglionic system is capable of influencing  ;ill the functions
of the body, as  relates  to its preservation and  harmonious action
as well as tho preservation of the species ; that the  attributes of the
cercbro spinal system are institut'd for m m's guidance  and connec-
tion with the world—that whereas, man has the power to control his
mind, he has no control over his life
    The will is seated in the brain ; this is an admitted fact.  The
will has no influence over the organs of life.   I he lenticular gan-
lion is an organ of life; therefore, the brain can have no power over it.
    The Utricular ganglion is connected with the brain by a small
nerve,  and acts in concert with it
    It is the law of  the organic ganglia  to act in communion with
one another.'
    Therefore, as the lenticular ganglion acts in consequence of being
connected with the  brain, it follows that there must be an organic
ganglion loc »etd within the brain  And such is the fact: and placed, too,
in the  very centre of the  brain and in direct commun:c itton with it,
called  the pineal gland, but more worthy of the title ot  being sty ltd
the president of the organic nervous system
    That there is  a close  and intiirate  connection  between  tho
Organs of animal and organic life, is a matter that cannot be disput-
ed  and such close uni<>n  U m cessary for  the well being of man.
Life is the special gift of the Deity.
    ''And the Lord God formed  man of the slime of the earth nnd
breathed  into his face the breath of life;  and Man became a living
Boul''-  Genesis, Chp. V. 7.
    Having  traced  the effects of the nervous system  to their final
cause,  I will conclude.   1 could have  entered more fully into details
but 1  deemed  it would  be superfluous to do  so, having found  tho
master key to unlock  the difficulties connected with  the nervous
system.

                       £30 Fourth Street, Washington Square.

  January,  1859. 
POSTSCRIPT.
       Since writing the foregoing  article, I have read Bernard's expe-
  riments on the nerves entering the sub-maxillary gland.  His remarks,
  with respect to the blood becoming arterial, and the blood-vessels be-
  coming dilated when the tympano facial nerve  is acting,  and con-
  sequently the  secretion of  saliva is  susceptible  of explanation pie-
  cisely  on the same principles as  those governing the  connection
  between the nasal branch of the fifth  and its communication with the
  lenticular ganglion ; in the one case, tears are secreted—in the other,
  saliva.  With respect to the blood vessels contracting, and the blood
  becoming venous, when the tympano fascial nerve is in a state  of
  quiescence, being caused by the action of the organic nerves derived
  irom the corrctid plexus, it is clear  these  nerves preside  over the
  circulation of the blood in the  gland;  the former condition  of the
  nerves described is destined to make the mind act in concert with the
  vital action^of the organic nerves, whilst the latter is instituted for
  the preservation of the gland itself.

       Browne Sequard has demonstrated that  irritation  of the skiu at
  certain points cai>es epilepsy.  Now, I submit that the phenomenon  is
  produced in the organic nervous filament, which  communicates with
  a sensitive nerve, and thus,  in some instances,  conveyed directly to
  the brain ; in others, to the spinal chord and  thence to the brain, the
  irritation thus propagated being extended to the ceutral ganglion, and,
  b}r reflex action,  from  the ganglia to the  brain and  spinal chord,
  thence to the ganglia at the roots of  the nerves, and,  finally, to the
  nervous filaments  supplying the muscles.  Here, the brain is known
  to  be implicated  by Joss of volition,  and the  central ganglion and
  other ganglia by the convulsions which supervene.  When a person
  dies of epilepsy, it  often happens, no organic lesion can be found;
  under such circumstances death being caused by irritation, and ulti-
  mately, destruction of the organic nervous system.

     In delirium tremens, the irritation is propagated from the organic
 nerves in the coats of the stomach, by the par vagum, to  the brain,
 from the latter to the central ganglion  ; by reflex action, to the brain
 «nd spinal chord, to the intervertebral ganglia and organic filaments.
 Hence the delirium can be explained—the nervons twitchings of the
 muscles, the convulsions as well as the death of the patient—by the
 irritation and  final exhaustion  of the organic nervous system:  here,
 too, postmortem examination often fails to account for death.  Thus,
 a man apparently, and in truth, possessed of great muscular strength,
 dies in an incredibly short time; perhaps,by an attack of convulsions
 or syncope:  thus showing, the cessation of the heart's action depends
 on the destruction of the organie nervous system.

     Every  physician  knows  that hysteria  can  be almost  always
 traced to irritation of the genital organs.  The organic nerves of the
 uterus act consentaneously with  the central organic ganglion through
 the connection of the hypogastric and eacral nerves with the uterine
 and  vaginal nerves to the  spinal chord,  and thence to the brain; the
 phenomena which succeeds does not now require explanation.

     Epilepsy  produced by irritative  masturbation of the  genital
drgans, can, in the  male, be readily understood  in  the  6ame way. 
10
Compression of the brain, followed by loss of volition, sensation and
motion, as well as characterized by a slow pulse, stertorous breathing,
and dilated  pupils; here—recollecting the location of the central or-
ganic ganglion, and knowing that it can be compressed through pres-
sure on the brain, it accounts for the condition of the patient.

   A slice of the brain may be removed without disturbing the func-
tions of organic life;  because, there is no pressure  exercised on the
central ganglion.

     A man eats certain kinds of shell or putrid fish, and it is followed
bv  cutaneous eruption; the connection, here, between the_ organic
nerves of the skin and the stomach, is  the  cause,  by continuity  ot
surface.

     When a man gets  concussion of  the brain, he gets into a partial
state of coma from which he can be partly made conscious;  but it
is well  known, that even when his intellectual faculties are almost
totally annihilated, he will  gat up and pass water; this fact  shows
how the organic nervous system  presides over the protection  of the
body.  In making post-mortem examination of persons who have died
of concussion of the brain, no lesion  of  the brain, very often, can be
discovered.   Mr.  Collis used to remark  in his lectures, that the only
thing that could be observable, was, that the brain seemed to be com-
pressed, so as not €o fill the cranium.

     Here, it will be  perceived, if the brain is thus circumstanced, it
must necessarily compress the pineal gland, or central ganglion  of
organic life, and" thus squeeze the vital principle out of the gland, and;
Consequently, the destruction of life itself. 
    In poisoning from lead, the muscular fibres of the intestines become
spasmodically contracted, although  not furnished  with motor spinal
nerves, or apparently any, nerves.  The abdominal muscles become
rigidly contracted after some time; showing that the same inrlneuce
operates over them.  If the irritation is kept up, paralysis of the mus-
cles follow, particularly in the arm, showing the destruction of the or-
ganic nerves.
  In  caries of the vertebrae the muscles of the lower extremity are
rigid, and a man walks as if on stilts.  Here the irritation is propogated
to the intervertebral ganglion  and organic filaments, proceeding from
the latter to the muscles.
    A man gets bad typhus fever, the abdomen becomes tympanitic, the
pulse scarcely  perceptible, the action  of the heart extremely feeble,
with involuntary discharges of faeces, and retention of urine.  Here the
organic nervous system is on the  brink of death.  It has lost its power
over  the  intestines  and  heart, and  it cannot keep garrison over the.
bladder or rectum.
  A man gets ileus, or invagination  of the intestines; is followed by
spasms of the muscular fibres of the part affected; the part of the intes-
tines above the stricture becomes dilated, whilst the part below is con-
stricted.  When mortification sets in, the powers of life situated ia the
organic system quickly give way;  recognized  by the absence of the
pulse, the intermitting action  of the heart, the cold, clammy perspiration,
the hiccup aad Hippocratic countenance, together with the relaxation
of the boweh»; thus showing that death, has destroyed the barrier  of.
oV>ot 1 uo tion.
  When a man wishes to feel anything, he directs the mind to it; com-
munication is thus had with  the central  ganglion; which acts, by reflex
action through the brain, spinal chord and roots of the spinal nerves  on.
intervertebral ganglion and organic filament accompanying the brachial
plexus; at the  top of the index finger, the branch of the median nerve-
and  organic nerve inosculate, and thus the mind is made sensible of the
nature  of the part touched.  Thus, the organic nerve acts as an  afferent
and efferent nerve.
  When a young fellow sees a handsome girl he becomes  enamoured
with her—the genital organs sympathize; here the optic nerve commu-
nicates the  impression to  the brain, the latter corresponds with the
central ganglion,  which by reeflex action through the brain and spinal
chord to the  sacral ganglia and plexus, the spermatic nerve inosculates
with the organic nerves in the organs.of generation, and here they act
and harmonize with the brain.
  John Hunter remarks, to  perform the act of copulation well, the
mind must be fully intent  on the object.  This  proves that  the brain
must act through the central  ganglion.
  It therefore follows that the organic nerves  act at all times consentane-
ously. I am satisfied the nerves in the fsetal and maternal vessel form a
ganglion in the placental lobule, thus keeping direct communication up
between mother and child, and thus  verifying the truth of the Gospel:
" And it came to pass that when Elizabeth heard the salutation of Mary
the infant leaped it:  her womb."
  When a man gets an attack of intermitting fever, the rigor is charac-
teristic, the organic nervous  system is  all  out of order  and the  con-
dition of the  surface shows how much the, organic nerves in the skin are
implicated.   Reflection will at once suggest what occurs.
  Here let me observe, that God showed, by his own act, that air  or
breath was necessary for the life of man, for  the moment breathing
ceases man is  the  same as when God  formed him of the slime of the
earth.   Man is made of the elements of the earth, and how true it is—
"■Remember, man, thou art but dust, and into dust thou n»ust return." '