■^ A SHORT ESSAY ">N THE T E E T $ SHOWING THE VALUE AND IMPORTANCE OF THESE ORGANS, ' AND THEIK EFFECTS UPON THE CONSTITUTION, WHEN DISEASED; WITH DIRECTIONS FOR THEIR PROPER MANAGEMENT, IN ORDER TO SECURE SOUND AND HEALTHY TEETH, OR RESTORE THEM TO HEALTH AND USEFULNESS WHEN decayed; BY C. S. KIAPP, DENTIST, JACKSON, MISSISSIPPI. JACKSON, MISS.: DOBSON & DICKEY, BOOK AND JOB PRINTERS. 1851. \ A SHORT ESSAY ON TIE TIITi; SHOWING THE VALUE AND IMPORTANCE OP THESE ORGANS, AND THEIR EFFECTS UPON THE CONSTITUTION, WHEN DISEASED ; WITH DIRECTIONS FOR THEIR PROPER MANAGEMENT, IN ORDER TO SECURE SOUND AND HEALTHY TEETH, OR RESTORE THEM TO HEALTH AND USEFULNESS WHEN decayed; BY J C. S. KNAPP, DENTIST. JACKSON, MISSISSIPPI. JACKSON, MISS.: DOBSON & DICKEY, BOOK AND JOB PRINTERS. 1851. - PREFACE. The following pages are presented to the public, with the hope that they may be the means of preventing some of the pain and misery occasioned by diseased teeth ; in short to benefit the community, and ourself, is the object. AVe wish no one to take our ipse dixit for gospel, so we shall endeavor to establish all the asser- tions we make by quotations from standard works on medicine and dental surgery; and as to our merits as an operator, we wish to be judged by our works, and subjoin a few of the numerous testimonials with which we have been honored, from gentlemen whose respectability needs no encomium. In a few brief pages we shall at- tempt to prove that the teeth are organs of some value and importance, and that, when diseased, they are pro- ductive of much mischief, injurious to the surrounding parts, and to the general health ; and, lastly, to point out a few general directions for their preservation, and cure if diseased. Many persons are not apt to give the teeth a passing thought, until their sensibilities are 7'elingly touched by pain, then it is oftentimes too late to effect a permanent cure, and the painful tooth must be extracted, or, at least, can only be of temporary benefit. Resorting to remedies for them in this state, is like a sick man in the last stage of some organic disease, apply- ing to the physicians for relief, when he can only pal- liate now, that which in its incipient state might easily have been cured. VALUE AND IMPORTANCE OF THE TEETH. Xo one can look at the beautiful mechanism displayed in the structure of the human body, without feelings of wonder and astonishment. The physiologist finds it a very complicated yet perfect machine, all of whose parts are essential to its perfect operation. -To each organ is assigned a particular and important function; and, in health, all the organs act in unison, and thus promote the action of each other; but when one organ becomes disordered, it is a law of nature that all must suffer. Flcnce, there is no part of the animal system that is not essential to its welfare. The Teeth have many important functions assigned fo them, on the performance of which greatly depend.-, the perfect operation of the other organs with which they are intimately connected. When they are lust, or when, from disease, they become useless, and cease to perform the office which nature has assigned them, ji general derangement of the animal economy often fol- lows, thus causing other diseases, which, if suffered to continue, destroy the constitution, and sometimes end fatally. The most important business of the Teeth is masticat- i ng and preparing the food for digestion. If food is taken into the stomach without mastication and commixture with the saliva, digestion is but imperfectly performed ; and if this course be continued (in many instances but for a short period), dyspepsia, with all its miseries, is almost sure to follow—and from this may arise other diseases of a most malignant and dangerous character. An eminent dental writer (Dr. Spooner) says—" By making the stomach perform the functions of the teeth. 6 it becomes deranged, and a train of evil consequences^ follow." The loss of these organs in brutes is soon fol- lowed by death; but in man it does not prove so serious, as he can contrive means for preparing food which would support life for many years, though the means used to assist digestion would, in many cases, cause disease which would ultimately terminate in death. The Teeth are also essential to the modulation of the voice, and distinct enunciation. When these organs are lost, the speech becomes imperfect, and often scarcely intelligible; consequently they are of great value to the public speaker, or to any one who desires to be pleasant and agreeable in conversation. Dr. Parmly, in his lec- tures, says—" Without these instruments of utterance, the graces of eloquence are lost, and the power of im- pressing the mind or convincing the understanding, if not destroyed, is considerably diminished." We have often been assured, by persons who have lost but one or" two teeth, that there are many words used which they could not articulate perfectly, and that they experienced great inconvenience in common conversation. (We have had the pleasure of remedying this misfortune, in many instances, by replacing the lost organs with artifi- cial substitutes.) If the loss of one or two teeth will cause so much inconvenience, the loss of a greater num- ber will be felt in the same ratio. " The teeth are not only essential to the health of the body, but are also essential to the symmetrical contour of the face, an agreeable expression of the countenance, and correct enunciation. Speech cannot be uttered, dis- tinctly, without the aid of the dental organism."—C. A. Harris, M. D., D. D. S. The loss of the teeth occasions great deformity. The face shrinks, the countenance assumes a different expres- sion ; the flesh of the cheeks flags and hangs down, and wrinkles prematurely furrow the face. When the teeth are lost from one side of the mouth, leaving the other 6ide perfect, the side sustaining the loss shrinks, and 60011 becomes much shorter than the other, which gives a "one-sided" and unnatural appearance; and when these organs are decayed, or have been taken out, so that there are no antagonising teeth left, the lips fall in, and the chin seems to be longer, and approaches much nearer to the nose—thus presenting a sad picture of pre- mature old age. I The teeth are also essential to personal appearance ind beauty— " Without their aid, how hard were woman's lot— To sigh neglected, and to die forgot." A beautiful complexion and fine features iof,e e<-s7 • •harms, unless accompanied by a fine, set of teofv.— " If once the lips, in parting, should display The lips discolored, or in disarray, The spell dissolves—and Beauty, in despair. Beholds her fond pretensions mftlt in air.*' The following beautiful extract is taken from the French Dictionary of Medical Sciences : '• The teeth are the greatest ornament of th.1 human ■•"ountenance. Their regularity and their whiteiu-'-s con- stitute their beauty. These qualities please the sight. .and add new attractions to the face. Should th mouth .exceed in magnitude its common size, a fine set of teeth will disguise the defective conformation; and, frequently, Mich is the prepossession which results from a fine set of teeth, that the same mouth would appear defective if it were smaller. Were you to see a woman laugh. who The Bramins of Ilindostan value their teeth highly, and consider these organs of great importance; and it is a part of their religions ceremony, which is taught them as a holy duty in early life, to rub their teeth for one hour every morning, with the twigs of a fig tree—during which time they are invoking the blessings of Heaven on themselves, their families, and friends. Regular, well-formed, and white teeth were, by the ancients, considered as characteristics of beauty. Jacob, in blessing Judah, says—" His teeth shall be white with milk." Solomon, in describing the Church of God, compares it to a beautiful woman, "whose teeth are like a flock of sheep that are even shorn," etc. Many such passages are found in the Bible, which show that, even in those early days, much importance was attached to the teeth. . Much more might be said to convince the reader ot the Value and Importance of the Teeth; but we believe that fact is generally acknowledged, even by the most careless and negligent, and we only hope to remind thu reader of what, we hope, he already knows. 9 The Effects of Diseased Teeth and Gums upon the Constitution. WnEN we consider the intimate connection which exist* between the teeth and other parts of the human body, it will not appear strange that, when these organs be- come diseased, the whole system becomes sympatheti- cally affected, and suffers in proportion to the extent of the local malady, modified by its seat, the constitution, and the general state of the system. Dr. Hunter says—" One might at first imagine that the diseases of the teeth are very simple, but expe- rience shows the contrary. These diseases, considered abstractly, are, indeed, very simple; but, by the rela- tions whieh they bear to the body in general, and to the parts with which they are immediately connected, they become extremely complicated." The diseases which may arise, in consequence of those of the teeth, are various : Pulmonary Consumption, Dyspepsia, Ear-ache, Weak and Inflamed Eyes, Ner- vous Affections, (Tic Douloureux, Rheumatic Affections, Sympathetic Headache, Epilepsy, Hysteria, etc.,) In- flammation and Abscess of the Antrum and Aveolar Abscess. Many other diseases might be named which are caused by a diseased state of the teeth and gums. Dr. Fitch, in his work on Dental Surgery, says— " Diseased teeth are apt to produce disease in the neigh- boring parts, frequently of very serious consequences." The reason of this is very plain. The teeth are supplied with nerves from the fifth pair, which are the grand medium of sensation to the face and eyes, and indirectly, by means Of the great pneumo-gastric nerve, with the lungs, stomach, and other important organs. Hence, it will not appear strange if diseased teeth, by means of these communications and. connections, should produce, under some states of the system, derangements and diseases of a malignant and dangerous character. Dr. Rush, in his work entitled u Medical Inquiries,1" says—" I am disposed to believe that diseased teeth are often unsuspected causes of general, and particularly of nervous diseases. The morbid effects of the acrid and putrid matters which are sometimes discharged from carious teeth, or from ulcers in the gums, created by them ; also, the influence which both have in preventing 10 \ perfect mastication, and the connection of that animal function with good health, are so evident that I cannot help thinking that our success, in the treatment of all chronic diseases, would be very much promoted by directing our inquiries into the state of the teeth, in sick people, and by advising their extraction in every case in which they are decayed." Pulmonary Consumption.—A number of cases are recorded, by different dental authors, where this disease was induced by decayed teeth. The disease was, in e.very instance (when treated in its early stage), cured by removing the cause, viz: extracting the diseased teeth, and restoring the mouth to health. Dr. Rush also quotes, from a French author, a case of consump- tion cured by the extraction of some decayed teeth. We have also met with several cases of this disease caused by decayed teeth and diseased gums, which were cured by directing the treatment almost entirely to the mouth. That a diseased state of the teeth and gums may be the exciting canse of pulmonary diseases, will appear evident when we reflect that nature has formed the lungs very delicate and sensitive organs, requiring a constant supply of pure air for their health and support; and, I would ask, can pure air reach the lungs, when every inhalation must pass through a mouth contami- nated with disease ? No! Every breath must carry with it a baneful influence, armed with pestilence, scat- tering the seeds of disease through the lungs, and pour- ing streams of deadly poison through every vein in the body. " But most the teeth, for various use employed, Disturb the system, when themselves destroyed; For when these organs, yielding to decay, In morbid exhalations waste away, The vital air, from Heaven's aerial flood, That warms with life the circulatinu; blood, Bears to the heaving lungs the deadly bane, Where all its noxious qualities remain ; While every breath the poisonous draught repeats, And spreads disease with every pulse that beats." Dyspepsia.—This disease is often occasioned by diseased teeth and gums, in three ways. Firstly, by preventing a proper mastication of food: Secondlj7, by the putrid and ulcerated matter which passes from the teeth and guma, along with the food to the stomach : Thirdly, the irritation of a diseased tooth is often so great as to disturb the healthy functions of the system, and the 11 stomach in particular. An eminent medical author says : It seems to be an indispensible requisite that, in order to the accomplishment of healthy and speedy digestion, the food should be thoroughly masticated. The practice of swallowing food in large pieces, in almost all cases, sooner or later, produces dyspepsia, and greatly weakens the power of the stomach. We infer, from this fact, that if the teeth and gums are in such a state of disease as to prevent mastication of food, dyspep- sia must and will be occasioned, and continue, until the teeth and gums are restored to health, and perform the functions which nature has assigned them. The putrid and ulcerated matter from diseased teeth and gums. mixing with the food and passing into the stomach, will most certainly cause dyspepsia, if continued for a few years, and, in many instances, for a few months. Dr. Rush says : " It must be self-evident to every reflecting mind, that matter received into the stomach, which is the result of mortification and diseased animal secretion. must impair the tone of that organ, and vitiate, more or less, all the fluids of the system." It is a well known fact that excessive pain, occurring in any part of the system, will derange all its healthy functions ; and the stomach (as it is the centre of sympathetic action) is the first organ to suffer. We often see persons who are ob- liged to fast while suffering with a spell of the toothache, as a full meal would almost immediately be ejected from the stomach. If the " spells " of toothache occur fre- quently, the stomach does not recover its tone and vigor before a fresh attack increases the disease which is al- ready commenced. Ear-ache.—This distressing complaint is often caused by decayed "wisdom" teeth. When the decayed tooth is extracted, the ear-ache ceases immediately. A piece of cotton wet with laudanum, and placed in the ear, will often relieve the toothache. Inflammation, and painful affections of the eyes, are sometimes occasioned by diseased teeth: This we have often met with, and cured by extracting decayed teeth. Medical and dental authors have recorded several cases of blindness, caused by diseased teeth. Nervous affections are frequently caused by diseased teeth. Tic-Douloureux, Nervous' Headache, Rhuma- tism, Epilepsy, Hysteria, etc., all come under this head, and are often cured by directing the treatment entirely 12 to the teeth. As we have before remarked, the Teeth are supplied with nerves from the fifth pair; these are intimately connected with the brain and other parts of the system; hence these diseases may arise though quite remote from the cause. Alveolar Abscess, or Gum-boil.—This is very common, and is always caused by decayed teeth or dead fangs. When the offending tooth is extracted, the disease dis- appears. Inflammation and Abscess of the Antrum.—-The an- trum is a large cavity situated in the upper jaw, above the roots of the teeth. Sometimes the roots of the teeth penetrate through into the antrum, and cause inflamma- tion and suppuration, particularly when the teeth or roots are diseased. This disease is often very painful, and if it does not receive attention in its early stage, an absorption of the bone takes place, and the matter is dis- charged through the cheek or gums. Sometimes the eye is affected even to blindness ; and, in some instances, this disease has caused death. It is easily cured by re- moving the cause and applying the proper remedies. Many other diseases might be enumerated, which are caused by decayed teeth and diseased gums, but we think these sufficient to induce every one to pay some attention to these important organs, and to use the pro- per means to preserve them, or restore them to health when diseased—directions for which will be found as follows: On the Proper Management of the Teeth, It is the opinion of scientific dentists of the present day that the teeth of most persons may, by proper man- agement, be preserved to the end of their lives. This opinion we believe to be correct; and we shall use our best endeavors to point out, in a few words, the appro- priate means to be employed by which so desirable an object may be attained. However true the doctrine may be that the teeth may- be preserved to the end of life, all will be of no avail, unless the proper treatment be commenced, and the best means applied before they become inefficient by too long a delay in their application. Many of the diseases of the teeth are best met by a preventive treatment, and such treatment should commence with first dentition, and should be directed subsequently according to 13 the existence, progress, and proneness to disease of each individual case. ^ Children's teeth should be carefully examined from time to time, and every obstacle to regularity promptly removed. Early and habitual attention should be paid to cleanliness, and this accomplished, too. by such agents as will have no injurious effects upon the teeth tliem- selves, their sockets, the gums, or upon the healthy se- cretions of the mouth ; to remove, or rather prevent, all incipient causes of caries, or of any other disease, to which they or their appendages are iiable. Cleanliness is an all-important preventive of disease, and in order to effect this, children should be early taught to use the brush sufficiently often to keep the teeth perfectly clean; if the brush and cold water be not enough to accomplish this, a dentifrice should be used. Great benefit may be derived from the following powder; viz : Take two parts pulv. Rad. Oris, two parts pulv. Armenia Bole, one part pulv. Gum Myrrh, one part Chincona, one part sup. Carb. Soda—all mixed and pulverised. This should be used often when the teeth are predisposed to decay, or tartar has become deposited on them. We always keep it on hand, and find it better than any preparation we have ever used. Another important preventive should not be over- looked. It is supposed that a child will learn by intui- tion to masticate, but it is not always so. Indeed, most children will swallow their food just as it is cut up for them, unless parents and nurses take particular pains to teach them to masticate. The habit of swallowing food without thorough mastication, has a most ruinous tendency, not only to the teeth, but to the general health. The importance of thorough mastication of all food taken into the mouth, is far greater than many suppose. Na- ture has designed, and requires it, for the proper and natural development and healthy organization of tho teeth, as well as for the accomplishment of speedy and healthy digestion. Continued thorough mastication from childhood, gives vigorous action to the parts, and gives the teeth a more dense, solid and healthy bone than they would otherwise possess. On the contrary, neglect thorough mastication from childhood, the bone will be found soft and porus, and the enamel imperfectly organised, and very ready to yield to attacks of decay, which progress with great rapidity in this kind of bone. u Decay rarely attacks the teeth of an individual who has, from childhood, been in the habit of thoroughly masticating their food, and when it does, it is slow in it* progress compared with the rapid destruction of the soft bone of the tooth of an individual who neglects to mas- ticate properly. We believe that attention from childhood to two simple preventives (when the teeth are not crowded or irregular) may secure almost every individual from cari- ous teeth ; that is, thorough perfect mastication and comminution of our food, and constant andunintermiP ting cleanliness of the teeth. The period of second den- tition (which occurs from six to twelve years of age) is an important era in the life of every individual. During this period the teeth require more attention than is most generally bestowed on them. It is then that irregulari- ties are easily corrected, and when this is done, at least one half of the causes of decay are removed. Many parents take the responsibility of extracting the first set, without any counsel whatever ; and think that all irre- gularities that occur, are from not having the first set extracted soon enough. This is a great error ; for there are as many irregularities occasioned by extracting too soon, as by letting them remain too long ; either are equally sure to cause irregularities. There is & proper time, and this can only be determined by one who is constantly in the habit of attending to such cases. Un- less an alveolar abscess or other diseased action exist in the gums, which would injure the health and growth of the permanent teeth, the temporary, or first set, should not be extracted, until their fangs are absorbed away, which will,'in most instances, occur if left to remain ami undergo a natural process. Sometimes, though rarely, the absorbents do not carry away the fangs of the tem- porary teeth in time for the permanent teeth to take their place; consequently the permanent teeth arc crowded within or without the circle occupied by the temporary teeth. In such cases, the temporary tooth or teeth should be immediately removed, so that the per- manent tooth (which is already through the gum) may fall into its place. ^ S. Spooner, M. D., in his work on the Teeth, says, " Irregularities of the teeth, and a crowded state of the teeth, are the chief predisposing causes of their diseases, and seldom fails, even in the most healthy constitution, to destroy the best set of teeth, unless pro- 15 perly attended to. By an early and judicious applica- tion of the necessary preventive treatment, I have never failed to obtain such a set of healthy and beautiful teeth. as might be preserved to the end of life." Many other dental authors assert the same, and the writer has not only seen hundreds of cases of hideous and disgusting ✓ deformity thus prevented or cured (by early and judi- cious treatment), but has experienced the benefits of such an operation upon his own teeth, and who is now grateful to a kind father who compelled, him to undergo the operation at the proper time. There is neither ne- cessity or excuse for irregularities of the teeth, for it is in the power of every well-informed dentist to prevent or remove every irregularity, unless it be a sport of nature ; and where such assistance is available, the parent who permits his child to grow up with deformed or irregular teeth, is justly chargeable of neglecting his duty to his offspring. We have, thus far, confined our remarks almost en- tirely to \he preventive treatment. We will next speak of Caries, or Decay of the Teeth, and their proper Treatment, First, if the teeth are but slightly decayed, or the dis- eased spot only superficial, it can be scraped off with the proper instrument, or cut away by the judicious use of the tile. We are aware that many persons are preju- diced against or opposed to the use of the file, thinking that the enamel is injured by the operation, and that the progress of the disease, instead of being arrested, as is designed, is accelerated. It is true that the_teeth have been too often injured by the practice of •indiscriminate filing. We have, with regret, too often witnessed the effects of such practice; but it is only when the use of the file is abused, that such consequences follow. There are hundreds of operators who take upon themselves the responsibility to practice and discharge the duties of a nrofeWion, with which they are totally and culpabh ignorant. In the hands of a skilful dentist the file is a certain and sure means of removing and arresting inci- pient decay of the teeth, and as thus employed, is ap- proved by the best dentists of the age. Dr. Harris, in his " Principles and Practice of Dental Surgery, " says. '• There is no operation in dental surgery more beneficial 16 or effectual in arresting the progress of caries than filing when judiciously and skillfully performed. Thousands of teeth are now every year rescued from the ravages of disease and preserved through life by it. But although it is productive of such good, it is also, in the hands of ignorant and unskillful operators, productive of incalcn- ble injury." Snell, in his work on Dental Surgery, says, " When the file is skillfully used, in the early stage of decay, it is one of the most valuable instruments in the boutique of the dentist, with which to arrest the further'progress of disease. " Gerbeaux, a French author, says, " As soon as it is discovered, or even suspected that the incisor teeth begin to decay, they should be separated without loss of time, and the diseased parts cut away." Plugging the Teeth.—The utility of plugging the teeth for cure of caries, as practised by scientific dentists, is now generally known. Yet there are many persons who do not seem to be aware of the benefit which may be derived from such an operation, or they do not under- stand it sufficiently to induce them to have recourse to it, or if they do, to employ such services as shall prove of much advantage. There are, probably, more quads and charlatans in the dental profession than in any other; and we are not surprised when we discover that there are many persons who distrust the utility of all dental opera- tions. We have seen many who have been victimized. by ignorant and unprincipled pretenders, who not only bring disgrace upon the profession, but contempt and reproach upon their own unworthy names; and, worst of all, they exact an exorbitant fee for a worse than useless operation. For the information of those who doubt the utility of plugging, I will quote a few lines from several eminent dental authors, which we think will not fail to convince any reasonable man of the bene- fit to be derived from this operation. " By this beauti- ful and useful operation carious teeth may be preserved for many years; in most instances during the remain- der of life."—Koecker on the Teeth, p. 881. " Plugging of the teeth, if properly done, is one of the most useful operations in dental surgery. If well done, the preser- vation of the tooth will be in almost every instance com- plete. "—Fitch on the Teeth, p. 378. " It is, when well performed, the most certain and only remedy that can be applied for the cure of deep-seated caries; but to b*t 17 effective it be must executed in the most thorough and erfect manner. The preservation of a tooth when well lied, and with a suitable material, if it be afterwards kept constantly clean, may be regarded as certain."— Harris, p. 301. "If preservation is as good as a cure, this is as good as both, for the operation of stopping, when thoroughly performed, is both preservation and cure."—Par,aly. Time for Plugging.—If the decay has progressed so far that it cannot be scraped off or filed away without injury or disfiguring the tooth or teeth, then every par- ticle of the carious bone should be carefully removed, the cavity made perfectly dry and plugged with gold. This ;s the only substance that should be used when it is ex- pected to be of permanent benefit. There are other ar- ticles which may be used when the tooth is so far decayed as to render the operation only for temporary conve- nience. This oj^eration may to some appear to be very simple, requiring but little skill or labor; yet, to plug teetb properly, so that the plug shall remain firm and arrest the progress of decay, is one of the most difficult and delicate operations in dental surgery, and comparative to its importance, the least understood. If a tooth be skill- fully plugged, it is no more 1 ik«. Jy to decay in the place where it has been plugged, than if it never had been de- cayed. But in order to insure this success, the gold must fill all the inequalities of the cavity, and be put in so firmly and compactly, that it will resist the action of the antagonizing teeth, or any other hard substance that may come in contact with it. In short, it must be so hard and dense, as to entirely exclude all air and mois- ture from the cavity; and the plug must be left with a smooth and polished surface, so that it may be easily kept clean. A tooth plugged in this manner, and at the proper*time, we consider just as good as if it never had been decayed. Many individuals do not apply to the dentist early enough to obtain the greatest benefit from an operation, but delay until the toothache compels them to seek relief, when perhaps many of the teeth are so much decayed that little can be done for their preserva- tion, or at least the operations are more tedious and pain- ful, and not so sure of success. All dental operations, save that of extraction, when early and properly per- 2 8 18 formed, are generally attended with littleor no pain; hence we would advise all who value their teeth, and would save these important organs, and save themselves from days of pain and suffering, to have their teeth ex- amined in due time, and if decayed, have the proper means applied to arrest the progress of disease before it is too late. " A stitch in time saves nine," is an old and common, adage, but we know of nothing to which it can be applied with more force than to the management of the teeth. Tartar upon the Teeth, and its effects.—Tartar is an ac- cumulation of earthy matter about the teeth. It is composed principally of phosphate of lime and animal matter, and is secreted with the saliva, and (if means be not used to prevent it) often collects in great quantities about the necks of the teeth, and sometimes a part of the teeth are entirely covered with it. It is most apt to collect on the external side of the molars, or large grin- ders of the upper jaw, and the inner side of the incisores, or front teeth of the lower jaw. Almost every person is subject to the formation of tartar in a greater or less degree; in some, the teeth cannot be kept free from it without the frequent use of the tooth-brush, and the proper dentifrice; in others, it is so small that little at- tention is required. Wfcen first secreted, it is quite soft, and may easily be removed with a tooth-brush and pow- der; but if neglected, it soon becomes concrete and hard, and cannot be taken off without the aid of the proper instrument, called by the dentists, " the Scaler. " Effects.—"Tartar is one of the most injurious agents to which the teeth are exposed; it is also the grand cause of the disease in the gums and sockets, called the scurvy." —Spooner on the Teeth, p. 151. " I have seen instances in which whole sets of teeth, of which the greatest num- ber were perfectly sound, drop out, one after another, in consequence of the ravages produced upon the surround- ing parts by the incrustation of tartar, "—Kbeckcr, p. 65. " Nothing is more destructive to the health of the teeth than tartar. When it is suffered to collect about the teeth, the gums become inflamed and swollen, often pro- ducing absorption of the sockets, and the premature loss of the teeth. "—Snd!, p. 180. " Next to caries, no- thing is more destructive to the health of the mouth than tartar. "—Fitch, p. 377. " The remedy for this disease 19 is called scaling or cleaningthe teeth. If the tartar has become hard and concrete, it should be removed with the proper instruments, and if the gums have become diseased, a wash or dentrifice may be applied for their cure. Alveolar Abscess, or Gum-biles are the result of inflam- mation of the periosteum, a thin vascular membrane which lines the sockets and surrounds the fangs of the teeth. This inflammation is caused by the irritation of dead teeth and fangs, which have become foreign bodies, and nature takes this method to cast off or expel them from the living parts. This disease is rarely, if ever, known where the teeth are sound and healthy. The location of gum-biles is generally in the gum, opposite the point of the dead fangs or roots, but sometimes they break externally and discharge through the cheek, thus causing a fistulous opening from which matter continues to flow at intervals, until the cause of the disease is removed, which is extraction of the dead teeth or fangs. When the disease is confined to the gum, the very fre- quent friction of the brush, well filled with the powder recommended on a former page, will be found to exert a most happy tendency, checking the discharge of foetid puss, and in some cases effecting a radical cure. But the only certain remedy is extracting the dead tooth or fang. " Dead teeth and stumps, by the constant irrita- tion and morbid action which they occasion, may be considered as the principal cause of many nervous and rheumatic affections of an alarming nature, accompanied with much pain; namely, disorders of the organs of sense, as of the eyes and ears; diseases of the brain, face, and more distant parts, under the forms of tic- douloureuy, convulsions, epilepsy, hysteria, dyspepsia," &c.—Koechr, p. 258. " Dead teeth and fangs are gen- erally the cause of alveolar abscess or gum-biles. They should always be extracted."—Bell, p. 216. Fmtid or offensive breath.—This is generally caused by a diseased state of the teeth or gums, but often by the decomposition of food lodged in the interstices of the teeth. Remedy—Offensive breath may be disguised by the frequent use of aromatic tinctures or washes, but the only sure and effectual remedy, is the complete moval of its causes, and the frequent use of the brush A cold water. 20 Toothache.—Few persons reach the age of twenty without having an experimental knowledge of this ex- cruciating pain. The following characteristic lines arc from Robert Burns' ADDRESS TO THE TOOTHACHE. My curse upon your venom'd stang, That shoots my tortured gums alang; And thro' my lugs gies mony a twang Wi' gnawing vengeance; Tearing my nerves wi' bitter pang, Like racking engines! When fevers burn, an' ague freezes, Rheumatics gnaw, or cholic squeezes, Our neighbours^ sympathy may ease us Wi' pitying moan; But thee—thou hell o' a' diseases, Aye mocks our groan ! Where'er that place be, priests ca' hell, Whence a' the tones o' misery yell, And ranked plagues their numbers tell, In dreadfu' raw, Thou, Toothache! surely bear'st the bell Amang them a'! Toothache is caused by two diseases, which are called odontitis and periostitis; the first is inflammation of the internal membrane, or nerve of the teeth, and the latter is inflammation of the periosteum, or the membrane which line the sockets of the teeth. Toothache rarely occurs until decay attacks these organs, and has pro- gressed so far as to expose the nerve; yet, sometimes the teeth are very sensitive and painful when but slightly decayed ; but when the dental pulp or nerve is laid bare by decay, then it is liable to the most acute pain on the slightest touch, and even a little cold water, taken into the mouth, may give one the '"''jumping" toothache. There are thousands of cures for the toothache, and the shops are full of quack nostrums and infallible remedies for this disease, but most of them do more harm than good, and many of them increase the pain and accele- rate the decay which has already commenced, and in- volve sound and healthy teeth in the general destruc- tion. We have, with regret, seen hundreds of sound and healthy teeth destroyed by pernicious drugs used to cure the toothache. There are harmless remedies, which will alleviate the pain, and often effect a radical cure ; but the treatment should vary according to the causei which have produced it. If the nerve be exposed, and 21 the tooth so much decayed that it cannot be preserved by plugging, it is better to have it extracted at once, and thus prevent a great deal of pain and suffering. If a tooth is of no service, it should never be permitted to remain in the mouth, on account of the injurious effect it has in inducing decay in the other teeth. Extraction of the Tec th.—It is astonishing how much pain many persons will suffer before they will consent to have a tooth extracted. The truth is, the pain of this, and all other dental operations, is often greatly exag- gerated. A tooth extracted with the improved instru- ments, used by skillful dentists of the present day, causes but little pain; it is true, when this operation is delayed until the crown of the tooth is entirely gone, and the root partially covered with the gum, it becomes more painful, yet greatly to be preferred to the constant pain of the toothache. We keep for our own use a number of pairs of forceps, constructed for each tooth in the mouth, and also a number of properly constructed instruments for fangs. With these instruments we have (to guess at the measure) extracted a half-bnshel of teeth without doing injury to the mouth, and we never have yet heard a patient complain or express a regret after the operation was over. Chloroform and I.etheon.—We always keep these anaesthetic agents, and will administer the same to those who desire it. These agents have the power of annull- ing and destroying the pain of all dental and surgical operations. Any person can take it without the least danger, unless there be some organic disease of the heart or lungs ; where these diseases are known to exist?> we would not advise its use. We have administered it in several hundred cases without any deleterious effects. Artificial Teeth.—Great improvement has been made within the last few years in the manufacture of artificial teeth, and also in the manner of inserting them. They can now be inserted, from a single tooth to an entire set, so beautifully that they cannot be detected from the natural living teeth ; and when properly and skillfully fitted to the mouth, they are worn with ease and comfort, restoring the articulation of the voice, and assisting very materially in mastication. We have frequently heard individuals, who wear teeth of our insertion, say, that they were just as serviceable as the natural teeth. 22 Others say, "I cannot eat without them ; I cannot talk without them." In order, however, that they should prove beneficial, they must be of the proper kind, and inserted in a proper manner. Badly fitting teeth are not only very unpleasant in the mouth, but productive of much mischief, injuring and perhaps destroying the remaining natural teeth, causing inflammation of the gums, and affections of the general system. _ Teething.—The period of first dentition, or cutting of the " milk teeth, " is a critical time in the life of a child. No one, except the mother, or those who have witnessed it, can know of the pain which the infant frequently suffers while cutting teeth. Sometimes the irritation is so great as to cause a general derangement of the system, inducing fevers, inflammation of the brain, diarrhea, and convulsions, which frequently terminate in death. The death caused by, or which is the result of, the local irri- tation of teething, has been estimated by some medical writers to be one half of those who die under the age of two years. Every parent should be aware of the danger attendant on teething, in order to adopt that course of treatment which will be most apt to prevent the pam and suffering which the tender and helpless infant so frequently undergoes. Teething generally commences about the third or fourth month of infancy. The symptoms are fretfulness and crying, a copious discharge of saliva, red and swol- len gums, and as the irritation increases, the child grows more fretful, and starts in its sleep ; there is heat5< thirst, and other symptoms of fever. Sometimes there is dull- ness and drowsiness, looseness of the bowels, eruptions of the skin, and cough. If these symptoms do not sub- side, or be not arrested by the proper remedies, convul- sidns and death may terminate the sufferings of the child. Treatment.—Let the mother or nurse commence when the child is three or four weeks old, and rub the gums daily or oftener with the finger or a wet napkin, and continue this until all the first set, or " milk teeth," have come through the gums. If the child be healthy, and the above simple directions are strictly and faithful- ly followed, the child wTill suffer very little while cutting teeth. If the gums have been neglected, and the child suffers from inflammation caused by the teeth, the gums 23 should be lanced. This will, in most instances, give im- mediate relief. If the bowels be confined, administer cooling laxatives. If a violent diarrhea, it should be corrected with magnesia or prepared chalk, and in some instances the warm bath will be found beneficial; but if any of the more violent and dangerous of these symp- toms appear, we would advise that a physician who understands the treatment of such diseases, be imme- diately called in. In "Conclusion.—Again allow me to urge the neces- sity and importance of cleanliness of the teeth. Dr. Harris, in his principles and practice of Dental Surgery, says, "Most of the diseases that attack the teeth are the result of inattention to their cleanliness. The par- ticles of food and other extraneous matter that lodge between the teeth and interstices, and along the edges of the gums, if permitted to remain, soon undergo a chemical decomposition, and become a source of irrita- tion to the latter, vitiating the secretions of the mouth, and rendering them prejudicial to the health of the former. * * * As the decay of the teeth is depen- dent upon the presence of vitiated acid and corrosive matter, the means for its prevention is obvious. It con- sists in frequent and thorough cleanliness, which to be effectual, should be commenced as soon as the first teeth appear." A foul mouth and fetid breath, are very offensive to a person of nice feelings. We consider it no trouble to wash the face and hands ; then why not pay the same attention to the teeth \ They certainly deserve as much as any other part of the frame. A good tooth-brush and cold water used two or three times a day, with a quill toothpick, to be used after eating, will generally be found sufficient to keep the teeth clean; yet many persons are obliged to use a dentrifice as often as once a day to effect this. Metalic toothpicks should not be used—nothing so good as the common goosequill. All acids are injurious to the teeth, and should be avoided, or if used, the mouth should be rinsed imme- diately after with an alkaline wash; this will neutralize the acid, and render it harmless. The two extremes of heat and cold are also injurious; our food and drink should be as near the temperature of the atmosphere as we can possibly bring our depraved appetites to take it. Teach your children to live on plain food, drink 24 cold water, and observe cleanliness; and if their teeth are perfectly formed—not crowded or irregular—they will have but little use for the dentist. If your teeth are already decayed, and the mouth or gums diseased, apply early to an honest and skillful dentist, and thus save yourself from pain, save your money, and save your teeth. The longer the operation is delayed the more you will suffer, the more expense, and the more uncer- tainty of saving these important organs. TESTIMOIIALS. Among the numerous testimonials with which we have been honored, are the following: From J. T. Leatii, of Memphis. Dear Sir- * * * He (Dr. Ivnapp) has given me prac- tical demonstration of his skill and ability in his pro- fession, as well as his moderation in the way of charges. I can, therefore, with pleasure recommend him to you and your numerous friends. Your obedient servant and friend, J. T. LEATII. To A. S. Lindsev, Esq. From E. M. Avery, Esq., Merchant. Jackson, Miss., May 26th, 1847. E. H. lombard, Esq.—Dear Sir: I take pleasure in introducing to you my friend Dr. C. S. Knapp, a Sur- geon Dentist of our city. Should you or any of your friends stand in need of the Doctor's professional servi- ces, you will find him a master of his art; and you may depend upon his skill, and the durability of his work. During his stay in your place I recommend him to your kind attention. Very trulv yours, E*. M. AYERY. From J. C. Carpenter, Esq., to Dr. Wm. Dunbar, near Natchez. Jackson, April 5th, 1847. I)r. Wm. Dunbar—Dear Sir: I have just been in- formed that my particular friend. Dr. C. S. Knapp, Sur- geon Dentist of our city, is about visiting Natchez, pro- fessionally. I take the liberty of writing this hasty note of introduction, hoping that he may have the pleasure of meeting you during his visit. Dr. K. is a gentleman worthy of your consideration, and as a dentist, is scien- tific and skillful, having had opportunities and expe- rience common to few. He supplies the place (proles- 26 sionally) of the late Dr. Westcott, and has given the utmost satisfaction in all his operations. Any aid that may be in your power to extend to him, will be grate-^ fully received by him, and increase the obligations of your friend, J. C. CARPENTER. From J. W. Crane, m. d., Dental Surgeon, Park Place, New York, who has long been known as one of the most scientific and skillful Dentists in our country. New York, October, 1846. Dr. Knapp—Dear Sir: It gives me pleasure to add another name to my catalogue of acquaintances in the dental profession. There are but few in the profession with whom I can associate with any degree of pleasure. But since I have experienced your mode of operating on the teeth, and by that experience have learned that there are none who can fill a tooth better than yourself, I feel particularly desirous of forming such an acquaintance. I am also much pleased with your mode of treating carious teeth, in all stages, and also every disease apper- taining to the profession. Go where you will, in any Civilized country, and you will meet with success, which is the sincere wish of your friend and brother in the profession, J. AY. CRANE. Judge on Dentistry, at the fair of the American In- stitute, four years. Extract of a letter from Dr. Cartwrigiit, to Dr. Stone. Natchez, February 16th, 1844. Dr. Stone—Dear Sir Permit me to recommend to your kind attention Dr. Knapp, who stands at the head of the profession of dentistry in the United States. I have witnessed the operations of the most celebrated dentists in Paris, and I candidly believe that Dr. K. is superior to any of them. The famous dentist Lemair, of Paris, operated on my teeth in that city in 1837 : Dr. Knapp performed a similar operation for me in a much better manner, and gave me less pain than Lemaire. # -k- ■* * -» -a * * Your obedient Servant, SAM'L A. CARTWRIGHT. 2T Elmira, New York, April, 1847. Messrs. C. S. & J. S. Knapp: I take this opportunity to express my entire satisfaction for the full set of up- per teeth you inserted on gold plate for Mrs. Hathaway, last September. The workmanship is superior to any I have ever seen, and they are so perfectly natural, that no one would suspect them of being artificial. They are yet firm, and answer all the purposes of mastica- tion.' Yours, very trulv, * WM. G. HATHAWAY. From John M. Chilton, Esq. Jackson, July 26th, 1840. J. P. Harrison: Dear Sir : This will be handed to you by Dr. 0. S. Knapp, who visits the Sea Shore with the double view of improving his health and prosecut- ing his profession of denistry. As a gentleman, and one skilled in his profession, I take pleasure in soliciting for him, your friendly attention, and a general introduc- tion to visitors while he remains at the Pass. Yours, truly. JOHN M. CHILTON. From the Mississippi Baptist, Jackson, Miss., Oct. 9th, 1847. teeth extracted without pain. We were present a few days since and -witnessed the extraction of two teeth, by the Messrs. Knapp, dentists of this city, by the administration of Lctheon. As this is a recent and important discover}', and if judiciously managed is destined, perhaps, to supercede all other modes for preparing the system for dental and other surgical operations, we will endeavor to give some ac- count of it. The ether is inhaled by taking a glass tube into the mouth and breathing naturally, at the same time closing the nostrils—the instrument being so constructed, that while inhaling the breath, one valve opens and admits nothing but the gas into the lungs; the air exhaled from the lungs is allowed to pass off through another valve into the atmosphere. The sub- ject, Mr. G. E. Upson, of this place, was perfectly com- posed while inhaling the gas, and indeed it seemed pleasant to the taste. As soon as a sufficient quantity 28 was taken, the instrument was removed from the mouth, and a tooth very much decayed and broken off below the gum, was extracted, with so little sensation of pain, that not a limb or muscle -of the patient was seen to move, although he was perfectly conscious all the time of what was going On. The effect of the ether passed off immediately, when the subject commenced laughing, and enquired of the operator if there were not two or three more he could take out. The Letheon was again administered, and another large tooth extracted, when the subject clapped his hands violently, and laughed heartily. Neither of these operations occupied more than three minutes. We left the office with Mr. Upson, and he informed us that he felt not the slightest un- pleasant sensation from the effects of the ether, and that when under its influence, the mind was left free to act, while the sensation of pain was destroyed. This is indeed a great desideratum; for with the most skillful operator the drawing of a tooth causes ex- cruciating pain, as every one can testify who has sub- mitted to it. We have heard many accounts of dental and other surgical operations performed upon persons while under the influence of the Letheon, but never had the oppor- tunity of witnessing one before, and were highly grati- fied. The Messrs. Knapp are nowr prepared to operate by the aid of this valuable discover}7; and as we be- lieve them to be scientific and practical gentlemen who thoroughly understand their business, we would recom- mend such as desire to get rid of troublesome teeth, or have them replaced by others, to give them a call. Jackson, May 26th, 1849. Mr. T. P. Ware—Dear Sir : This will be handed to you by our townsman Dr. C. S. Knapp, to whom allow us to introduce to your favorable notice. Dr. K. stands l* A, No. 1," as a dentist. Any attention shown to him will be duly appreciated by him and us. Respectfully your friends, ■ RICHARDSON & FEARN. 29 From W. R. Gist, M. D. Jackson, May 2d, 1847. Doct. B. Hicks—Dear Sir: Allow me to introduce to your acquaintance my particular friend Dr. C. S. Knapp, who is a dentist of superior qualifications and deserved merit, both as a gentleman and a professional man. Dr. K. has had more than ordinary advantages in his profession. He visits your city with a view of doing some business there. If you or any of your friends are in need of his services, I hope you will give him an opportunity of showing his workmanship antl skill. By these kind attentions you will oblige me, and your friendship will not be misplaced by mv friend. Truly yours, W. R. GIST. From W. G. Thompson, Esq., to A. II. Arthur, of tiik Vicksburg Whig. Jackson, Miss., April 5th, 1847. Dear Sir ::' * Allow me to make you acquainted with Dr. C. S. Knapp, by whom this will be handed in person. He is a practitioner of dental surgery, and brother-in-law to the late Dr. Westcott of this place. I cordially recommend Dr. K. to your notice as an ac- complished dentist, and as a gentleman. Any atten- tions you may give him during his visit to your city will be acknowledged as a favor by Yours truly, WILLIAM G. THOMPSON. From thf New Orleans Commercial Times. Tuesday Morning, Dec. 30th, 1845. Dentistry—In reference to this art, which has, within the last few years, reached a state of perfection of which our forefathers could not have had the least idea, we have lately seen a piece of workmanship by Dr. Knapp, who is now domiciled amongst us, that may well be deemed extraordinary. One of our fellow-citizens who cheerfully and gratefully gives open testimony of this gifted Dentist's skill, had the misfortune by an injudi- cious treatment for disease, into which free use of cal- omel entered, to lose the greater part of his palate and front teeth. He became inarticulate, or so indistinct and nasal in his utterance, that he was really an object 30 of pity to others, and of shame and humiliation to him- self. In this condition, he applied to Dr. Knapp, who by a profound knowledge of the anatomy of the mouth, constructed for him an artificial j>alate, and attached to the same a set of front teeth, which has now entirely restored his articulation and power of mastication, com- pletely repairing the injuries he had received. Nothing exceeds the gratitude of the recipient of the Doctor's art. We have examined the apparatus (false palate, etc.,) and really feel at a loss to express our admiration of the ingenuity of the contrivance, which embraces some of the first principles of mechanism. We trust there are few in such want as this gentleman wTas, of the Dentist's art; but if there be any in that or a simi- lar condition, we cannot imagine a more efficient agent for judicious or tasteful treatment, than this very dis- tinguished gentleman. Jackson, Dec. 20, 1848. Dr. C. S. Knapp—Dear Sir: I am pleased with the privilege you offer me of expressing my sense of your merits as a Dentist. I experienced the first benefits of your skillful and scientific practice several years ago, and the work you then performed for me remains as good as the day it was done. All of those whom I have recommended to your hands, express themselves in the same manner, and I feel satisfied that such will continue to be the results of your work. Accept my best wishes. R. MORRIS. From J. S. Copes, M. D., to the Hon. J. S. B. Thatcher. Jackson, 5th April, 1847. Hon. J. S. B. Thatcher—Dear Sir : The bearer here- of, Dr. C. S. Knapp, is a gentleman of excellent abili- ties in his profession as a dentist. He stands high in the estimation of the medical gentlemen of this place, for his attainments of science, and skill pertaining of right to his vocation, and essential to his successful practice. As a gentleman, his candor, integrity, and fine man- ners, must make him rank high any where. Any assis- tance you may find it convenient to afford him, in ex- tending an acquaintance among your citizens, will be duly appreciated by my friend, and esteemed a favor personal to myself. Yours, &c, J. S. COPES. 31 From the Mississippian,—Jackson, Miss., Oct. 8th, '47. Morton's Letheon, Administered by Messrs. Knapp, Dental Surgeons. On last Wednesday morning, the junior editor wit- nessed two exhibitions of the Letheon in the extraction of two teeth of G. E. Upson, of this city. The inhala- tion of the ether in the first operation occupied soine two minutes, when Upson's eyes closed, his pulse being quickened, and instantly the tooth was drawn, and he as instantly awoke, and pleasantly enquired,—" Now, can't you take out the other ? Sensibility of pain was suspended, but consciousness remained. The Letheon was administered by Dr. J. S. Knapp, and the operation performed by Dr. C. S. Knapp The crown of the tooth was decayed, and the gum partially grown over the root, so that the instrument had to be pushed deeply; and the absence of the "* etherial" effect would have produced excruciating pain. The second operation re- quired about a minute. This is truly worthy of general notice. There can be no doubt but that if the Letheon be administered by skillful hands, as in these instances, no possible injury can result. The Messrs. Knapp will keep the instrument of inhalation for use in this city. From Hon. D. S. Dickinson, of New York, Washington. City, Dec. 20th, 1850. I take pleasure in recommending my brother-in-law, Dr. C. S. Knapp, to the public, as a gentleman well skilled in his profession, and worthy of patronage. His operations in my family stand the test of time, and prove to be of the most durable character. D. S. DICKINSON. Dr. K. would also refer to the following gentlemen who have (by an acquaintance of several years,) had opportunity to judge of his merits as an operator. HON. JNO. J. GTJ10N, " II. S. FOOTE, " A. G. BROWN, « GEO. T. SWANN, GRAFTON BAKER, ESQ. RICHARD GRIFFITH, " WILSON HEM MING WAY, " J. T. SIMMS, " C. S. TARPLEY, Esq. REV. L. J. HALSEY, " J. HENDERSON, " J. B. WALKER, " WM. H. TAYLOR, WM. S. LANGLEY, M. D. WM. A. WARE, S. C. FARRAR, " CHAS. SCOTT, ESQ. D. W. ADAMS, " 32 Jackson, Miss., October 27th, 1847. Dr. C. S. Knapp—Dear Sir: In reply to your note requesting me to state my opinion in regard to the " Letheon," its effects on the human system, &c, I have to say, that it has been with great pleasure that I wit- nessed its administration. It certainly has the power of destroying pain to the full extent that its warmest advo- cates contend. I have myself seen you extract teeth when the parties afterward affirmed that they suffered no pain. The case of Mr. R., in which you administered it, was one of the most completely successful cases re- ported in surgery under the effects of the Letheon. Dr. Banks and myself performed one of the most painful operations on him, while under its influence, which lasted about ten minutes, and he affirmed to me that it gave him pleasure rather than pain whilst we were operating, so pleasant were the effects of the vapor of Ether. You kept him under its influence with remarkable success and ease, and I have no doubt but that you could have kept him insensible to pain for an hour, without the least injury to his system. In regard to its injurious effects on the system, my opinion is that, in your hands, or in the hands of any- other skillful and prudent operator, it may be used with perfect safety. I would also, with pleasure, avail myself of the present opportunity of bearing testimony to your skill as a den- tist. Those who apply to you cannot fail to be pleased with your workmanship—It certainly is of the most finished style, and executed with neatness and dispatch. Yours truly, W. R. GIST. Binghamton, New York, Jan., 1847. Dr. C. S. Knapp—Dear Sir: Your operations upon my own and my wife's teeth have proved perfectly satis- factory. No part of the work has given way. All of the plugs remain firm, though I am aware some of the cavities were large and difficult to fill. I have great confidence in your skill, and with pleasure recommend you to all who may need the services of a dentist. Truly yours, M. C. DICKINSON. 9 C. S. KNAPP, DR. KNAPP is permanently located in Jackson, and by strict attention to business, and faithful performance of all the different branches of the Dental Art, hopes to continue to merit the patronage of the public. All ope- rations upon tike Teeth performed according: to the latest and most scientific modes of practice, and warranted for life. Dr. K. having" made the diseases of the teeth, gums, and their appendages, his particular study, flatters him- self that he can, in most cases, relieve pain and suffering, and restore the diseased organs to health and usefulness. Artificial Teeth inserted from one to an entire set. They are fitted to the mouth without the slightest pain, worn with case and comfort, and perform, to a great degree, all the functions of the natural organs, and can- not be detected by the most scrutinizing observer. A SUPERIOR ARTICLE OF TOOTH POWDER, BRUSHES, TEETH, DENTAL INSTRUMENTS. AND THE ALWAYS ON HAND FOR SALE.