PHRENOLOGY versus INTEMPERANCE.
                               A

LECTURE  ON  TEMPERANCE
                          CONSIDERED
  PHYSIOLOGICALLY AND  PHRENOLOGICALLY:




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                 THE  LAWS  OF LIFE,

                              AND THE

     PRINCIPLES  OF THE  HUMAN CONSTITUTION,

                    A 8 DEVELOPED BY THE SCIENCES OF

            PHRENOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY,

                             APPLIED TO

                 TOTAL  ABSTINENCE

       TROM ALL ALCOHOLIC AND  INTOXICATING DRINKS.

                     BY O. S. FOWLER, A. B.,

               PRACTICAL PHRENOLOGIST;
Author of " Phrenology Proved, Illustrated, and Applied;" " Fowler's Practical Phrenology;"
       "Answer to Vindex;" and "Synopsis of Phrenology;" together with a
              variety of Phrenological Charts and other productions.

               SECOND EDITION, ENLARGED AND IMPROVED.
                •--------»----------------------
  "I beseech you, therefore, brethren, by the mercies of God, that ye present your bodies a
living sacrifice, holy, acceptable unto God."—Paul.
  "Sana mens in corpore sano."—Cic.

  For sale, wholesale and retail, by the Author, at No. 210 Spruce St., Philadelphia; his bro-
ther L N. Fowler, 135 Nassau St., New York; Mr. Bartlett, Washington St., Boston ; R. L.
Adams, Rochester; O. Hutchinson,  Utica; Dr. Kimball, Sacket's Harbor; and by many
booksellers,  as follows: 12i cts.  single copy; tfl per dozen;  $6 per hundred; #50 pei

U,0U8a"d-                  PHILADELPHIA, 1841. 
tFF 
PREFACE  TO  THE FIRST EDITION.
  In giving publicity to this Lecture, the Author is but yielding to the one general
desire and request of the thousands who have heard it delivered.  Said Dr. Green, of
Watertown, N. Y., " It is worth all  the temperance addresses I ever before heard."
The Rev. Mr. Harrison, of Jackson, Mich., said: " We must have this in print  It
is a fountain of the very best of temperance materials.  Temperance lecturers need
it to draw their materials  from."   The Christian Guardian, of Toronto, highly com-
plimented it, and its repetition was earnestly requested in Lockport and Rochester,
N. Y.   The Rev. N. W.  Fisher, in a letter, says of it: " The motives to Total Absti-
nence as drawn from it are powerful and highly practical, and its application to the
cause of Temperance most happy and useful."
  The mere  Phrenology  and Physiology it contains,  cannot but be interesting and
useful to the  general reader,  and secure it a perusal, whilst its temperance inferences,
instead  of being drawn from  those highly colored and sometimes ridiculous descrip-
tions of the drunkard and his poverty-stricken family, which not even the veriest sot
will take to himself, are founded upon the immutable principles of the human consti-
tution,  as beautifully and clearly unfolded by the  sciences of Physiology and Phre-
nology.
  No. 210 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, March, 1841.
Entered according to Act of Benevolence, in the year 1841,
           BY A TEE-TOTALLER,
         In the Clerk's Office of the Public Good, 
PREFACE  TO  THE  SECOND EDITION.
   Having long been an active advocate of the temperance reform, and also a lecturer
 upon Phrenology, the author was naturally led to observe and compare the bearings and
 relations of each to the other.  This little essay embodies the results.
   To the sneering question often  put, " What possible application can your so called
 science of bumps and sculls have upon temperance," I reply, that this ridiculed sci-
 ience, founded  as it is in the nature of man, and unfolding the laws and  phenomena
 of his being, has a great and most happy application to all his duties and relations  to
 himself, his fellow men, and his God.   It applies to his domestic relations, giving bet-
 ter directions for choosing and living with companions for  life, and also for educating
 children physically, intellectually and morally, than can be drawn from any other quar-
ter.   To his moral relations it applies with equal beauty and force, unfolding a perfect
 and most striking harmony between the great principles and leading truths of Reve-
 lation, and the moral doctrines and precepts of Phrenology.   Thus by pointing out
 the organ of veneration, it not only proves the spiritual existence of the great Author
 of all things to which this faculty is adapted, but also enjoins on man the imperious
 duty of exercising this faculty in his worship.  This doctrine,  revelation also assumes
 and enforces. The existence of the organ of Benevolence, requires man to " ao good"
 as he has opportunity, and that of Conscientiousness,  to "deal justly" and "walk
 uprightly," and so of the other moral faculties.
   That such a science should also apply with unequaled force and beauty to temper-
 ance, is not at all surprising; and the great number of moderate drinkers whom it has
 induced to " swear off" from all forms and degrees of intoxicating drinks, the univer-
 sal approbation  with which it has been  received,  as well as the rapid sale of the first
 edition,  bear strong testimony as to the  power  and value of its  application.   But
 one opinion has been expressed with regard to its subject matter, and the motives  to
temperance which it presents, namely, that they surpass any and all others ever before
 presented, especially in regard to moderate drinking.  These remarks,  however, apply
 solely to the principles of the essay as drawn from Phrenology, and not to its author-
 ship, style, arrangement, &c, which are less labored and perfect than the author could
 desire.  Still as he prepared and designed it for the mass and not for  the critical, he
 has sacrificed its beauty of diction upon the altar of its force and practical appli-
 cation.
   The Health Journal of March 10, says of it: " This is not only one of the most pow-
 erful temperance documents we have ever seen, but its principles will apply with equal
 force to 'every thing heating and stimulating in its nature.'   The lecture cannot fail
 to be interesting to every one, and there are few who will not reap much  benefit from
 its perusal."  " Before this lecture came into our hands, we had not for a long time
 met with a temperance document possessed of merit sufficient to inspire a careful
 perusal;  but this has interested us most deeply, and we wish it might have an exten-
 ded circulation.  The extract which we copy will be found exceedingly instructive."
 Dr. Alcott says, " We like the pamphlet before us much, and take this opportunity to
 recommend it."   The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal says: "We view the
 undertaking as an ingenious contribution to the cause of temperance, logically,  phre-
 nologically,  and medically considered.  , It may  touch  a string that no  other  argu-
 ment has  reached,  and its circulation  should,  therefore, be encouraged  by the tem-
 perance reformers.   If phrenology supplies cogent reasons for living temperate lives,
 it is turning the science to a practical account at a momentous period." 
PHRENOLOGY versus INTEMPERANCE.
   In presenting this subject, I shall  first briefly explain  some of those
laws which govern the influences of the body upon the mind, and of the
mind upon the body, showing what conditions of either induce and cause
those of the other; secondly, point out the consequences or penalties at-
tached to the violation of these laws;  and, thirdly* show the effects of
intoxicating  drinks, of every kind and degree, upon the physical and
thereby upon the mental economy,  violating these laws and thus indu-
cing their penalties, first by powerfully stimulating the body, and thereby
the merely animal nature of man, and also  weakening his moral and
intellectual powers; and, secondly,  by shortening  human life.
   Independently of its application to temperance, its physiological and
phrenological facts and principles will be found  eminently interesting
and valuable to all classes.
   PROPOSITION I.—There exist  reciprocal  relations between the
conditions of the body and the states of the mind, each influencing and
being influenced by that of the other.  For aught we know, man might
have been created  a purely spiritual  entity, without a body,  but  the
great ends of our existence are evidently better secured by our natures
being compounded.   Hence  we are composed of mind  and body so
closely united by the reciprocal action of certain physiological and phre-
nological laws, that the  conditions  of each  have a perfectly reciprocal
and powerful influence upon the states of the other,  each throwing  the
other into its corresponding state.   Hence a clear, cold morning, a heavy,
muggy  atmosphere, oppressive heat,  <fec,  very differently  affect  the
mind by throwing the body into different states.   A high fever increases
the  mental manifestations and augments the feelings, whilst  hunger,
fatigue, and  every  enfeebled  state of  the body proportionably weak-
en them.  Dyspepsia induces irritability,  peevishness,  gloom, and a
a most wretched  state of mind and feeling, totally reversing their char-
acter, and changing the friend  into the misanthrope, the blessings of
hope into the bitterness of despair, and the happy man into a most miser
able being.   Physical inaction induces mental sluggishness, whilst a
due degree of exercise or labor clears the mental horizon of those clouds
with which confinement or slothfulness envelopes it, producing a delight-
ful flow of thought and feeling.  Food and sleep, or the want of them,
powerfully and very differently affect the states of the intellect and feel-
ings, whilst  a sufficient dose of arsenic or laudanum extinguishes both
for this  world.  Sickness enfeebles  and health strengthens the mind;
and most of our constantly occurring changes of  feeling and mental
action are attributable to the causes involved  in this proposition.   Some
of our ablest speakers  and writers of all classes have learned by expe-
rience to practice abstinence preparatory to their most powerful efforts.
Certain kinds of food excite some of the animal passions, whilst others 
 6       RECIPROCAL INFLUENCES OF BODY AND MIND UNIFORM.

 increase our desire and ability to think and study.*   The inspired Paul
 embodies this doctrine in the text, " 1 beseech you, therefore, brethren,
 by the mercies of God, that ye present  your bodies a living sacrifice,
 holy, acceptable unto God," implying that the proper condition of the
 body induces a holy state of the  mind, whilst an inflamed or impure
 body kindles the  animal passions.  As soon may we expect the sun to
 stand still, or the  water to run upwards, as that the pious christian will
 "be clothed with the spirit" or be borne upwards upon  the wings of
 devotion, or the profound thinker or the learned student of nature be able
 to bring all his mental energies into full and efficient action, when he has
 overloaded his digestive apparatus, or induced a severe cold or fever, or
 in any other way clogged or disordered his bodily functions.  " A sound
 mind in a sound body" not only beautifully  and forcibly expresses  the
 sentiment of this  proposition, but also embodies the  experience of past
 ages and all nations.  Both  religion and  talent depend more upon  the
 conditions of the  body, and  especially of the digestive apparatus, upon
 what we eat and drink, upon our  physical habits, than most good peo-
 ple are aware of.   Hence, fasting promotes  piety, whilst ilfullness of
 bread" kindles sinful desires.  Insanity,  which consists in the derange-
 ment of the mind, is caused solely by an inflamation of the brain.
   In like manner  also given states of mind throw the body into their cor-
 responding states.  Thus bad news diminishes the appetite and impairs
 digestion, whilst good news promotes both.   Encouraging the sick gen-
 erally improves their health,  whilst the loss  of property, of friends, or
 of children,  often induces or  aggravates disease.   The derangement of
 the mind often doubles and quadruples the physical strength.  In short, as
 well may one  question the evidence of his senses as to controvert this
 proposition,  that both mind and body  each powerfully and  reciprocally
affect the other.  Every member of the  human family daily and con-
stantly^feels  this truth.
   PROPOSITION II.—7%e«e relations between body and mind  are
governed by certain invariable laws of  cause and effect,  given condi-
tions  of the one  inducing and causing the corresponding states of the
 other.   The principle that whenever a part of a given class of  phenom-
 ena are governed  by laws  of cause and effect, every phenomenon of that
 class is governed  by these same laws, is a universal principle of nature,
 and may be relied upon in every conceivable application.  Are a part of
 the phenomena of  vision governed by the laws of  optics, every phe-
 nomenon  of vision, performed by man or brute since the creation  of
 Adam, has been governed by the same laws.   Are a few bodily motions
 caused by muscular contraction, all are caused by the same contraction.
 Should  millions of  daggers be driven into the hearts  of as many human
 beings, they would  in every instance separate mind and body.   Let any
 or every member of the  human family take opium  or its compounds,

  •Should this lecture be well received, the author intends to follow it with an essay
 on the different effects of the various kinds of food and drinks upon the mind and
 feelings, as applicable both to intellectual men and also equally to the religious, but
 as such a work to be at all valuable, must be founded not. on speculative reasoning,
 but solely on the compilation of a great number and variety of facts and the expe-
 rience of mankind, the author solicits individuals to observe and communicate to him
 the results of such experiments. 
      LAW OBEYED BRINGS PLEASURE, ITS VIOLATION CAUSES PAIN.     7

and one and  all will  experience  its effects.   These  illustrations will
apply equally to every law  of nature.  That some of these relations
existing between mind and  body are governed by laws  of cause and
effect, is self-evident.  Therefore all are equally so, and even/ condition
of either throws the other into its corresponding state.   If in any one
instance a given condition of either body or mind causes or is caused by
that of the other, then every state of either causes or is  caused by the
corresponding conditions  of the other.   Either there exist no relations
of cause and effect between the two, or else it is all cause and effect—
all antecedent and consequent, for nature always makes thorough work
or does nothing.
   Hence, we  can at any time throw either mind or body into any desired
state by putting  the other into its corresponding one, and we can no
more put either into any given state  without thereby throwing the other
into its corresponding one, than we can arrest the operation of any other
law of nature.  And since the brain is the instrument of thought and
feeling, its conditions influence the mind more powerfully than those of
all  the other  portions  of  the body united.  Hence to  excite either fac-
ulty or organ  is to excite the other; and as the stomach  and brain are inti-
mately related, its state also powerfully influences that  of  the mind.
   PROPOSITION III.—Every law of nature has a sure retoard
attached to its observance, and a fearful penalty affixed to its violation.
Had there been  no  fixed laws of cause and effect, things would  have
occurred without any regularity or certainty.   Stones would then have
been liable to have produced grain;  wheat, animals ; the sun, darkness;
and fire sometimes one thing and then another.  Man could have relied
upon  nothing—could  have accomplished nothing.  But this  institution
of law has reduced  chaos to  a most beautiful system of uniformity and
certainty.   Yet without a. penalty attached to violated  laws,  and pleas-
ure  to their obedience, they would have been useless, because powerless.
Hence a benevolent God has inseparably affixed happiness to their obe-
dience, and also  misery to their violation.   Still farther.   He  has pro-
portioned the  penalties of disobedience and the pleasures of obedience
to the importance of the several laws.  As life is the greatest of all bles-
sings, and as the violation of the civil law which protects it is visited
with the heaviest of  all penalties, and as the laws which protect property
or character are less important, and their violation punished with less
severity, so those laws which  obtain between mind and body, being of
the very highest order  of laws, their observance is productive of the pur-
est,  most  exalted, and most condensed of all enjoyments, whilst  their
violation plunges the disobedient into the deepest misery, because the
mind  is the one main  fountain from which springs most of our pains
and pleasures,  And what is still more, the enjoyment or violation follows
in the direct line of  the obedience or transgression,  Each law has its
own penalty and enjoyment attached to itself, being its own executioner.
To obey a law is to enjoy the  blessings secured  by that law;  to trans-
gress it is to suffer its penalties.  There can be no escape, no evasion
of either throughout God's vast domains.  These results  are inevitable
and  invariable.   Infinite  Benevolence has put obedience with its  bles-
sings into  our right  hand, and  disobedience with its curses into our left,
and endowed us with power to choose or refuse either.   All our pleas- 
 8   BALANCE OF POWER CONSTITUTES PERFECTION AND HAPPINESS.

 ures flow from law obeyed, all our pains from law violated.  And as the
 observance or violation of  these laws depends mostly upon each individ-
 ual for himself, his happiness or misery is mostly in his own keeping—
 the reward or penalty of his own actions.
   Inference.—A knowledge of those laws which govern  the influen-
 ces of body upon mind and mind upon body,  is as much more impor-
 tant than is a knowledge of the laws of mechanics or natural philosophy,
 of chemistry or navigation,  of astronomy, or any other thing appertain-
 ing to matter, as mind is superior to matter.  And yet man's utter igno-
 rance in  relation  to this subject, is as  deplorable as  it is almost total.
 Every thing else is studied and this neglected, yet this should be fully
 understood, even  at the sacrifice of all other knowledge.
   These three propositions constitute our base  lines, our starting points,
 our corner stones.  Who will "gainsay or resist them?"   They stand
 unshaken and unmoved, being based upon the immutable, invariable laws
 of nature.
   PROPOSITION IV.—Balance of power constitutes perfection, and
 with it that  obediente to  law which secures enjoyment; whilst both
 the excessive and deficient action of any part constitutes imperfection,
 or that violation of law which induces jomw.—First, in  reference to
 the several parts of the body.  As an organized being, man is composed
 of three principal classes of organs.   1. The vital temperament or nutri-
 tive apparatus, namely, the heart, lungs, blood, digestive apparatus, &c,
 embracing the entire system of inside organs, which  manufacture vital-
 ity, furnish animal vigor,  and re-supply the brain, nerves and muscles
 with that vital energy which their every action compels them to expend.
 2. The motive apparatus,  embracing the  bones,  muscles, sinews,  ten-
 dons, &c, which constitute the frame work of the system, give it its
 size and shape, and produce bodily motion, physical strength,  <fec,  and
 3. The brain and nervous system, the exercise of which produces thought,
 feeling, sensation, talents, memory, &c*   Nearly every form of physi-
cal pain and disease is caused mainly by the deficient or excessive action
of one or more of these temperaments.  If carried far,  they hasten death,
but when they are all well developed and equally  balanced, there will be
 an abundant supply of vital energy to keep the animal economy in mo-
 tion, a proportionate supply of physical strength, love of exercise,  and
ability to labor, together with lively sensibilities, intensity of  feeling, and
power  of thought, the  result of which will be good  health,  long  life,
physical and mental enjoyment in the highest degree of which our nature
is susceptible, and a high order of natural talent.  But on the principle
that an overloaded stomach withdraws the strength from the brain and
muscles,  the predominance or deficiency of either part tends to increase
the excess or defect, which augments the evil, being the reverse of what
should take place.  This exhausts the weaker temperaments which go
by the board, carrying health, happiness, and life along with them.
  The best condition of body, the one most favorable to true greatness
 and a general genius, to balance and consistency of character, and to
 perfection in every thing, is that in which each temperament is strongly
  •For  a full description  of these temperaments with their accompanying mental
 qualities, the reader is referred to the chapter on "Physiology, or the Doctrine of th«
 TemperamenU," in " Fowler's  Practical Phrenology," pp. 10 to 28. 
          BALANCE OF TEMPERAMENTS CONSTITUTES HEALTH.         9

marked, and all about equally balanced.  Is there too much of the motive,
there is power, yet but little action, so that the talents lie dormant.   Does
the vital-motive greatly predominate over the mental, though there may
be physical power and enjoyment, there will be too little mental, too much
grossness,  coarseness and obtuseness of feeling, with too little  of the
intellectual and too much of the animal.  But where the mental greatly
preponderates, there will be too much mind for the body, too great sensi-
tiveness, too much intensity of feeling, and that too exquisite, too much
sentimentalism and refinement, with a tendency to precocity, which indu-
ces an early death.
   These temperaments and their predominance may be aptly compared
to the several parts of  a steamboat.  The vital is the wood, water, fire,
eteam and engine, which produce the propelling power; the motive is
the hulk; the mental, the freight and passengers.   When the vital pre-
dominates, it manufactures more steam, more vital energy, more impulse,
more animality than the brain, nerves, and muscle  can work off, which
produces an  overflowing of feeling and passion, a restlessness, a high
pressure,  and a liability to explode.   The lion has a prodigious  chest,
and an amount of animal power almost beyond conception, with but a
small brain.  Hence with scarcely a  hundredth part of his strength, but
with well developed brain and nerves, man can accomplish a thousand
fold more.   Does the osseous and muscular system  greatly predominate,
there is too much hulk ; the person will move slowly and feel but little,
enjoy and suffer only  proportionally little, and if the mental is also weak,
be obtuse in intellect, a stranger to refinement and intellectual enjoyment,
and having but few passengers, the boat of life will be too light freight-
ed to be worth running, or to secure the great ends of existence, namely,
intellectual and moral enjoyment.  But where the mental greatly pre-
dominates, the vessel is overladen, the energies of the system are drawn
from the digestive apparatus and muscles, and concentrated in the brain,
which thus consumes the vital powers  faster than the vital organs can man-
ufacture the re-supply.  This over-draught, whilst it greatly augments the
talents, also causes premature death.  This principle, whilst it explains the
cause of the  premature death of precocious children, cautions excessive
parental fondness not to press them forward in study, lest by increasing
the predominence of the brain they thus hurry them into an early grave.
It is also illustrated by the ill health, the dyspepsia, the nervousness,
head-ache,  ennui, &c. of our literary and sedentary classes, and by the
intellectual obtuseness of those who neglect mental  culture.  Consump-
tive families are usually slim-built and narrow chested, which indicate weak
vital organs and very active brains.  This disproportion of parts hastens
their death.   Apoplexy, gout, &c. are caused by the opposite extreme, and
if physicians would but  restore the lost balance between the tempera-
ments, they would save many patients whom they  now lose.  If man-
kind in general would only keep these temperaments equally balanced,
if, when they are becoming nervous, they would labor more and think
and feel less, when worn down  with labor, they would rest and read,
when they have  taken  more food than exercise they would restore the
balance between  the two, if, like Bonaparte, they would take the extreme
opposite that which caused their disorder—which is only applying the prin- 
10     BALANCE BETWEEN THE FACULTIES CONSTITUTES VIRTUE.

ciple we are presenting—a large portion of those  who now die young
would live to be old.
  The inference is plain and powerful that whatever unduly excites or
developes  either of these  classes of organs,  proportionably  induces
disease and hastens death.
  Secondly. This same principle of balance, when applied to the phre-
nological  faculties, constitutes virtue,  and their disproportionate action
predisposes to vice.  The phrenological definition  of virtue is this, the
proper and harmonious exercise of all the faculties upon their legitimate
objects, under the control of the moral sentiments.   On the other hand,
vice consists in the excessive or perverted action of any of  the faculties,
and especially of the animal propensities not thus directed.   If the ani-
mal propensities predominate in action, they demoralize and debase the
higher, nobler gifts of God, and whilst in one sense they assimilate the
"lord of creation" to the "beasts that perish," in another, they rendei
him far worse and more miserable, because of his  greater susceptibility
of enjoyment and suffering.   Are they deficient, their  weakness is also
unfavorable to virtue.   If Amativeness predominates or acts either with-
out the purifying influence of the higher faculties, or  in opposition to
their dictates, it leads to licentiousness, but under their control, it becomes
connubial love, than which no emotion of our nature is more pure or vir-
tuous,   Combativeness, acting alone,  is mere physical prowess, or the
real " knock-down-and-drag-out"  disposition,  which is highly vicious,
thereby incurring the penalty attached to the violation of this mental law,
while this faculty, acting in obedience  to Conscientiousness  and Benevo-
lence, becomes moral courage, defence of rights, and of  the oppressed,
&c, a highly virtuous  emotion.  The due exercise of Alimentiveness,
by strengthening the body and thereby the moral and intellectual quali-
ties, is virtuous, bringing with it its  own  reward, whilst its excessive
indulgence, by overloading the stomach,  and thus  clouding  the intellect
and blunting the moral sensibilities, becomes vice.  Average Secretive-
ness,  governed by Conscientiousness, employs policy  in a good cause,
whilst its excessive action, unchecked by the higher faculties, leads to
lying and duplicity.  Acquisitiveness, or love  of  property,  duly  exer-
cised, promotes industry and sobriety, gathers around us the comforts of
life, and, aided by Conscientiousness, produces  even-handed justice,
whilst its predominance  leads to cheating, extortion,  &c.   Excessive
Cautiousness produces irresolution, procrastination and timidity, and  is
unfavorable both to virtue and efficiency, but duly balanced,  it gives that
discretion which is the better part of valor.  Does Self-Esteem predom-
inate, unchecked by Conscientiousness or intellect, it inflates one almost
to bursting with pride, self-sufficiency, haughtiness  and  egotism, whereas
its due developement, controlled by the moral and intellectual faculties,
imparts dignity, and that self-respect which elevates one above meanness
and trifling, and also leads him fully to appreciate and  fulfil the great
ends of his being.  Is Firmness very large and uncontrolled, it renders
one doggedly obstinate, impervious to conviction,  and blindly tenacious
of his opinions and purposes,  whether right or wrong, merely because
he wills it to be so; is this organ small, he is too fickle to accomplish any
thing, "being blown about by every  wind of doctrine,"  every new no-
tion ; but fairly developed and balanced, no element of  character is more 
THE STIMULATING  EFFECTS  OF ALCOHOL.
11
valuable.   Predominant Ideality renders one fastidious, and too delicate
and refined, whilst its deficiency leads to coarseness and vulgarity;  but
its fair developement blends the serviceable with the perfect,°combining
utility with beauty.
   Do one's perceptive powers, which give the various kinds of memory
and the ability to collect and retain knowledge, greatly predominate over
his reflectiyes, though he may be very apt as a scholar and talker, he will
be superficial, lack thought, judgment and contrivance, and be  incapable
of ascending from facts to first principles, and on the other hand, are the
perceptives small but reflectives  predominant, he will  have a  wretched
memory, be unable to command  his knowledge, or bring his talents to
bear upon practical matters, be given to merely speculative, scholastic,
abstract,  therefore-and-wherefore,  metaphysical  theorizing,  which is
valueless, and though he may know how to reason, his knowledge of facts
will be too limited to furnish  data sufficient to form correct inductions.
But where both are equally balanced,, the former collect abundant mate-
rials which the latter work up into correct arguments and sound conclu-
sions.  Both equally developed give a general talent, constitute a well
balanced and truly philosophical mind, give the true Baconian, inductive
method of studying nature by ascending from facts up to first principles,
the only possible means of arriving at the  truth.   This developement
not only is perfectly adapted to the laws of nature and harmonizes with
the constitution of the human mind, but also gives what is called  sound
common sense, correct judgment, and enlarged views of subjects, whilst
its absence causes the intellectual lameness, the warped views, and the
fallacious and diversified opinions existing among mankind.  This prin-
ciple applies generally to all the faculties.
   Again:  the want of action  in any of the organs is unfavorable to vir-
tue.  Thus, is Amativeness wanting, connubial love is absent, and  this
incentive to virtue dead.  Is Combativeness small, the husband cannot
defend his family, nor the truth,  nor any good cause, but quails before
the approach of every obstacle.  Is Alimentiveness deficient, our higher
mental powers would become enfeebled, and if Acquisitiveness is small,
as is often the case with the  sons of rich  parents,  prodigality ensues,
thus opening the door to many vices which larger Acquisitiveness would
shut out.   Inactive Conscientiousness, or Benevolence, or Veneration,
or reasoning power, each leaves a great mental hiatus, their exercise being
bdispensable to virtue.
   We are thus prepared for the important inference that whatever tends
to weaken or unduly excite either of these classes of faculties, espe-
cially the animal propensities, is thereby calculated to unhinge and derange
the mind, thus causing vice and misery.
   PROPOSITION V,—Alcohol powerfully stimulates and  irritates
the brain and nervous system.—Apply it to an open wound, or bring it
in contact with an exposed nerve, and it burns like fire.  Let it be applied
ten million times to as many fresh wounds or exposed nerves, and every
application will bring painful  evidence of  the truth of this proposition.
Let those who doubt it, try the experiment.  It burns the mouth, and
hence the practice of taking water with grog and water after grog,  to
quench the fire it always kindles.  There is something in the very natures
of alcohol and the nerves, by  which the former invariably irritates the 
 12          ALCOHOL STIMULATES THE BRAIN AND MIND.

 latter.  No law of nature is more clear or universal than that by which
 alcohol excites the brain and nerves.  As  soon may one deny the effects
 of gravity, or question the phenomena of optics or chemistry, as attempt
 to controvert this proposition.  As soon can he " carry coals of fire in his
 bosom and not be burned," as bring alcohol in contact with the brain or
 nerves without powerfully exciting them.  Indeed, it is taken mostly on
 account of its stimulating qualities.
   PROPOSITION VI.—The exciting  properties of alcohol are re-
 tained after it is taken into the system.—1.  This is abundantly evinced
 by the stimulus or increased action which it imparts to the muscles, and
 indeed to the whole animal economy.  2. It passes unchanged into the
 blood, having  the same irritating effect in the system that iit has when
 applied externally.   It has been extracted from the blood by chemical
 analysis, and found in  the watery secretions of the brain of drunkards
 after death,  and that in such abundance  as to send forth the alcoholic
 flame and smell.  E. C. Delavan  put the question, "Is alcohol digesti-
 ble?"  to forty of our most  eminent physicians, and  every reply con-
 tained a full, unequivocal negative.  Cases of spontaneous combustion,
 in which the bodies of topers, in spite of their incombustibility,  actu-
 ally ignite and burn to death, incontestibly establish this point.
   Again:  this blood, thus surcharged with this powerful stimulant, this
 deadly poison, is brought into direct contact  with every part and particle
 of the entire system, with every shred of every nerve, and with every
 fibre of every  muscle, the ramifications of its vessels being inconceiva-
 bly minute and numerous.  "The blood thereof is" indeed "the life
 thereof."  As is the state of the blood, so is that of the system in gen-
eral, and of the brain and mind in  particular.  The same is substantially
true of the stomach.   Its condition powerfully affects that of the  great
sympathetic nerve, which  in its turn influences the entire  system,  espe-
cially the base of the brain.
   PROPOSITION VII.—About one seventh part of the blood is sent
to the head, which is several hundred per cent, more  in proportion to
its size, than is carried to any other portion of the system.'—This is
 the universal testimony of all physiologists.   The reason is  obvious.
 By a law of our nature, every action of every nerve and muscle, every
exercise of brain and mind, causes a proportionate  expenditure of vital
energy.  The blood being the great medium for re-supplying this exhaust-
ed vital energy, is most abundant where the greatest re-supply is deman-
ded.   Hence,  since the brain is the organ of the mind, since the irritating
effect of alcohol is most powerful,  almost  as much so as fire or arsenic,
 since  its exciting property is retained after it is taken into the blood, and
 since  so much greater a proportion of blood is sent to the head than to
 any other part of the system, the effects  of alcohol upon the  mind of
 man must be most powerful  and tremendous, either for good or for evil.
   Still farther: however extraordinary man is as a merely physical being,
 it is his intellectual and moral qualities which constitute the chief ends
of his existence.  He was never made merely to eat and sleep, to breathe
 and labor and die.  He was created mainly to think and feel, to adore
 God and to study his works.   It is not his  coat, nor yet his body, but
 it is his intellectual and moral nature which constitutes the manhood of
 man.   All else is not worth  counting.   This is the man.   This consti- 
       ALCOHOL STIMULATES THE ANIMAL PROPENSITIES MAINLY.     13

tutes his identity and personality.  Could you cut from him limb after
limb, and one portion of his body after another, until the whole were cut
away, he would be the same man still, provided his mind were left the
same;  but let insanity  derange that mind, or let death  separate it from
the body, and he is not the same person.   We feel that his lifeless body
is not himself.   It is our minds, our moral capabilties, our powers of
thought and  feeling, which constitute our very essence and  substance,
our personality and identity,  flesh and blood being our dwelling  only.
Hence the exercise of  mind is more fatiguing, more painful, more pleas-
urable than that of the body.  " Voluptas Animi major est quam cor-
poris."
  If, therefore, the effect of alcohol is good at all, it must be wen/good,
if bad, bad in the very highest possible degree,  and bad upon the very
essence and soul, and centre of the man, because it storms the very citi-
del of our nature.
  In two ways, therefore, first by the great amount of blood sent to the
head, and secondly by its effects upon the nervous system  in general,
and the brain in particular, and especially upon the internal nervous tract,
do alcoholic liquors irritate and stimulate the brain, and thereby the men-
tal faculties, for, as already shown, to excite either is to excite the other.
  PROPOSITION VIII.—This extraordinary  condensation of stim-
ulus is concentrated upon the base of the brain, powerfully stimu-
lating the merely animal propensities, whilst it weakens the moral and
intellectual faculties.—According to Phrenology, the organs of the ani-
mal propensities are located in the base of the brain, close to the body
which they serve, and whose wants they supply, so that the intercom-
munication between the two is  greatly facilitated by their juxtapostion,
the conditions of each exerting a reciprocal influence upon the states of
the other.   But the moral organs, the higher, religious and God-like
                            sentiments, have their location in the upper
                            portion of the head, as far removed as pos-
                            sible from those influences  which disturb
                            the body, (a wise  provision this,)  whilst
                            intellect is located in the forehead.
                               Again: the  organs  of  the  perceptive
                            faculties, which acquire and retain knowl-
                            edge, give the various kinds of memory,
                            and bring man in contact with matter and
                            its physical properties, are located around
                            the eye, close  to  the body again, whilst
                            the organs  of reason, the noblest gift of
                            God to man, occupy the  highest portion
of the forehead, being  also far removed from the body.
  Mark  well the inference.  Not only, as already shown, is there sev-
eral hundred  per cent, more of the exhileration produced by alcohol car-
ried to the head than to any other portion of  the system, but this stimu-
lus  is concentrated upon the base of the brain, or upon the organs of the
animal propensities, thereby goading to the highest degree of inflamed
and morbid  action, the merely animal nature of man, but leaving his
moral and reasoning powers far in the rear.
 
14
IT WEAKENS THE MORAL AND INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES.
  Not only, therefore, is this effect produced by the juxtaposition of the
animal organs and body, but so intimate are the nature and relations of
each to the other, that to excite either is  to excite the other—to inflame
or stimulate the body is  to stimulate those mental faculties which  serve
that body, namely, the animal passions.
  Again, by a law of our nature, to over-tax any organ draws the strength
from the other portions, and concentrates it upon the laboring part.   Thus
an overloaded stomach draws the strength  from the  muscles, from the
brain,  from every other part, to remove  the  load, rendering us drowsy,
dull and averse to both mental and physical  action.   Close mental appli-
cation, powerful thinking and intense emotion impair the appetite,  retard
digestion, and induce dyspepsia, because they draw off the energies of
the  system  to the head.  Now if this well established physiological prin-
ciple applies to the several portions of the brain, this prodigious excite-
ment of the animal passions  actually weakens the intellectual and  moral
organs, and that at the very time when,  in  order to keep pace with the
over-stimulated animal propensities, thus lashed up to the highest pitch
of action, they require to be clothed with almost unearthly vigor.
  In case alcoholic liquors excited each of  the  faculties alike, why do
they not render the pious man a hundred  fold more pious, and the literary
man ten times more literary ?  Why not deepen and widen the channels
of thought?  Why not  render  ordinary men Websters and Franklins,
Broughams and Herschels, and these intellectual giants actual Gabriels in
intellect ?   Or why should they not excite the moral faculties instead of
the animal  feelings ?  Why not make an  infidel an Enoch; a deist,  a
Westley; or  a sceptic a Payson ?   Why are not all spirit drinkers  pat-
terns of piety and good  morals, and also stars in the firmament of intel-
lectual greatness ?   Let  this  proposition answer.   Not only does  it not
augment  the  talents of talented men,  nor the literature of the  literary,
nor make the profane pious, but it actually  reverses this state of things.
It prostrates talent, beclouds the intellect, darkens  council, renders the
ideas muddy,  and before its approach,  literary attainments, intellectual
greatness, and moral purity,  one and all, vanish like the dew before the
rising sun.  It sometimes, though very rarely,  increases  a certain kind
of eloquence, as we shall see hereafter, whilst  it is universally a  sworn
enemy to good morals, and to all literary and intellectual attainments.
  Again: the fact is  no less lamentable than true  that nineteen twenti-
eths,  if not ninety-nine hundreths, of  the  time, desires and pleasures,
the pursuits, anxieties, &c,  of mankind, are consumed upon the  gratifi-
cation of his animal nature, in scrambling after property, in seeking what
he shall eat,  and drink, and wear, and live in, and show off with, in grat-
ifying his love of power or his grasping ambition, in politics, in  friend-
ship and family cares, in combating and contending, in backbiting and
licentiousness.   A small portion is expended upon religion, but even his
religion  is warped by his animal feelings.   This assertion is sweeping,
but too  true,  innumerable illustrations  of which might be  given.
According to Phrenology, by far the largest part of the brain is occupied
by the animal and selfish organs.   Does not every reader find the subju-
gation of his animal passions extremely difficult?  Now if this is the
Fact without the use of alcohol, how much more is its use calculated to 
              BUT WEAKENS INTELLECT AND MORALITY.            15

inflame this already predominant portion of his nature, and also to retard
his advancement in virtue, intelligence and religion?
   Thus far, there is but a single vulnerable point, but one lame proposi-
tion, but one possible evasion of these inferences, namely, " We do not
believe in your Phrenology."   I  shall not here enter upon even a brief
defence of its truth, nor exhibit of its facts, but refer the reader to works
on the science.  Still this last proposition, which  forms the key-stone
of this essay, its one leading thought, namely, that the state of  the body
is as the state of the animal organs,  that, therefore,  whatever irritates or
stimulates the  former,  thereby proportionably inflames  the latter, is 3
general fact,  a constitutional law of our nature so palpable and so uni-
versal that " the way-faring man though a fool," cannot but see and admit
its truth.   The following classes of well known facts are only a few of
the tens of thousands which might be adduced to prove and illustrate it
   A cold or a slight fever does not increase Benevolence or Conscien-
tiousness, but actually weakens them, whilst it greatly augments the
combative and  destructive  and selfish feelings.  Let  your child  be a
little unwell, that is, let his body be  in a feverish and irritated state, and
he will be peevish, cross and petulent, and fret at every little thing, and
that without  cause,  Causality and Conscientiousness  being  inactive.
Nothing pleases but every thing irritates him.   The same is true of dys-
pepsia or indigestion, and of persons generally in poor health.  They
find fault with every thing, are ungrateful, and unreasonable in their anger,
because of the irritated state of their animal, and the weakened state of
the moral and  intellectual, organs.   Why do not diseases  increase our
kindness, our devotion,  our conscience,  our reasoning powers, &c. ?
Because bodily disease is first imparted to the animal organs in the base
of the brain.   But let the child or  adult become so very sick  that his
physical powers are prostrated, and it is these animal passions and desires
that are prostrated first and most, whilst the moral and reasoning powers
are less impaired.   And  the  first  sign of his  returning health is his
increased hunger, (Alimentiveness,) his irritability and fault-finding dis-
position, &c.
   The phenomena of death accord with this principle.  The extremi-
ties are prostrated first, sensation and nervous action rapidly decrease, the
animal passions follow next, connubial and parental love, appetite, anger,
hard feelings, and love of the world, all yield before the moral or intel-
lectual faculties feel its deadening influence.  Vitativeness,  also an ani-
mal organ, situated in the lowest part of the base of the brain, lets go its
hold on life,  leaving the dying man willing to depart.   Dying persons
often attempt  to speak but cannot, their organs of language and memory,
situated in the lower portions of the forehead near the body, being too
far gone to give utterance to the still operating organs of reason, located
higher up.  The pious Christian, "Dei gratia," dies in the  triumphs
of faith, that is, in the vigorous exercise of the  moral faculties  after the
death of his animal nature, whilst others often die in the reversed or pain-
ful action of these organs.
   The proverb " old men for counsel, voung men for action," embod-
ies this same principle.  " Action"  and force  of character are given by
the vigorous exercise of the animal  propensities, which are stronger in
young persons than in old, only because their  bodies are more vigorous. 
16     INFLUENCES OF THE BODY ON THE BASE OF THE BRAIN.

   But " counsel" depends  upon the reasoningorgans,  which, being
located in the upper portion of the forehead, retain all their pristine vigor
long after both the physical energies, and with them the animal passions,
are weakened by age.  This principle explains the fact that the passions,
the appetite, the Amativeness, the ebulitions of anger in young men, are
often ungovernable, while in after life, these very men become ornaments
of society and eminent for talents;  that the wildest boys generally make
the smartest men;  that solitary confinement and hard labor,  by reducing
the tone of the body, subdues the pride, obstinacy,  maliciousness, and
other vicious inclinations of convicts, and that the talents often increase
after the body begins to fail, after ambition wanes, and long cherished
animosities begin to weakejp.
   So also the memories of children and youth are astonishingly reten-
tive and vigorous,  whilst those of aged  persons are  enfeebled, but the
judgment of the  latter is strong, whilst that of the  former is weak,
because the organs of memory,  being  in the base of the forehead, are
vigorous when the body is vigorous, and become enfeebled  by age, but
those of judgment are in the upper portion of the forehead, and there-
fore partake less of  the weakened  state of the body.  A severe fit of
sickness, when it leaves the body in an enfeebled state, is sure to weaken
most kinds of memory, whilst it seldom impairs the judgment.  Prob-
ably half of my readers have experienced the truth of this  remark, and
scores of cases could be narrated in which improved health has strength-
ened the memory.
   Again: hunger is highly promotive of anger, whilst fullness of bread
promotes kindness.  Thus when a man comes home hungry, he is highly
irritable, cross, and displeased with every thing; but if you wish to break
unpleasant news to any one, or to  obtain a special favor, take him after
dinner.  When  well fed,  the ferocious animals are tame and harmless,
but when hungry, their ferocity is ungovernable, and their destructive-
ness lashed up to  the highest pitch of fury.   So the ferocious Indian,
when he wishes to kindle  his thirst for war and blood to the very climax
of rage and revenge, fasts a week.   Now why should the irritated state
of the stomach, and thereby of the  body in  general, excite to morbid
action the animal propensities merely ?   Why should not hunger increase
the flow of kind, of  conscientious, and  of devotional feeling, instead of
anger, revenge and ferocity ?   This principle contains the answer.
   After delivering this lecture in Smithville, N. Y., an elderly deacon
stated that he had experienced the truth of the above principle.   He said
that he had been once so  very sick that he and  all his friends expected
every  breath to  be his last, that  he had no desire to live, no regard for
his wife and children, although both before and since it was particularly
strong, not  the least ill will against any one, though before he had  felt
hard towards several, no regard at all for property, and not a worldly feel-
ing left, although in the entire possession of  his intellectual and moral
faculties, and perfectly conscious of every thing that occurred.  He was
also able to reason and think, though unable to speak.  On the return of
health, his animal feelings returned.
   Dr. Vanderburgh, of New York, relates the following fact.   A patient
of his by mistake took a preparation of potash, which gradually and in
about eighteen months, terminated his life.  It first neutralized his love 
              -,1.:.1~... .~7r:~~^^~*,~ THE STIMULANT TAKEN.          17

   of wife and child, before very strong; next his anger, before ungoverna-
   ble, fell a pray to its ravages, and his ambition next, whilst his still sound
   intellect, saw this gradual destruction of his animal nature.   He retained
   his-reason to the last.  Volumes of analagous  facts might  be  adduced
   incontrovertibly establishing, as a law of our nature, the proposition under
   discussion, namely,  that whatever stimulates the body, thereby propor-
   tionally excites the merely animal nature of man, and that  in a vicious
   direction, whilst whatever weakens the body, thereby weakens the mem-
   ory in general, and  also the animal feelings.   Beyond all dispute  and
   controversy, this is a law of our nature, and a law, too, from  which there
   is no appeal, and in the action of which, no variation.   Whoever  vio-
   lates it, must abide the consequences.
     The inference then becomes obvious  and powerful and  inevitable,
   that alcoholic admixtures of every kind and degree,  by stimulating the
   body, thereby powerfully excite merely the animal nature of man, and
   weaken his moral and intellectual powers, the very conditions which
   constitute a brute.   And the fact that his  animal organs are several times
   larger and more active than those of the brute creation, renders him when
   stimulated, so much  the more of a brute  than they  are.    No more can
   any human being take alcoholic liquors in any form or degree, without
   proportionally inducing this result, without thereby brutalizing his nature,
   without degrading his  manhood below his beasthood, and  subjugating
•  the former to the latter, thus reversing the order of his nature, than he
   can "carry coals of fire in his bosom and not be burned."  As soon will
   any other law of our nature  fail to do ample justice as this.  As  soon
   will  the deadly poisons  become harmless, or the  water slide up the
   inclined plane of itself, as alcoholic stimulants fail to produce animality,
   and to weaken the moral feelings.   Nor  is there any middle, any mod-
   erate ground.  Every identical  drop  of  alcohol has its  legitimate, its
   stimulating effect upon the nerves, and through them upon the organs
   of the animal propensities.  As far as it  goes at all, just so far it goes
   towards making a man a brute, aye,  and even  worse than a brute; for
   as it requires a fallen angel  to become a demon—a tall,  arch-angel to
   become the prince of devils—so the higher man ranges in the  scale of
   beino-, the lower alcohol sinks him.   As the greater any gift or blessing is,
   the worse it become when perverted;  as  connubial love and  faithfulness
   are among the highest of virtues, and productive of the   purest enjoy-
   ment, and as licentiousness is the vice of vices, and attended with con-
   sequences the most painful; as reason, God's crowning gift to man, when
   perverted, becomes a proportional instrument of evil and misery, so man,
   brutalized, becomes vastly lower, vastly worse than a brute, and propor-
   tionably more miserable.
     Let it here be distinctly understood and remembered,  that whatever
   contains alcohol, be  it the alcoholic drinks as such,  namely, rum, gin,
   brandy,  cider brandy, whiskey, &c,  &c, or be it  any  of  the wines,
   foreign or  domestic, be it malt  liquors,  strong beer, porter, ale,  hard
   cider,* vinegar, one and all, every thing  containing  alcohol in any form

     • The use of this term is not designed to give  a thrust at the whig political party,
   for aspirants of both parties often  pursue the  detestable  policy of treatingto gain
   votes.  A vote should always be the expression of intellect and  moral sentiment.
   But by selling this birthright of freedom for grog, which  dethrones both, the voter 
18           ALCOHOL IN'DUC—____, ______,-------------

or degree, is productive of this result in just that proportion in which
it contains this powerful stimulant, this deadly poison.  It is the stimu-
lating property that does the mischief.*   By taking pure alcohol as our
basis, and applying the rule of three to the amount contained in the sev-
eral kinds of strong drinks, we can decypher the amount  of bestiality
produced by each.  A single glass will stimulate a little,  two glasses
will double this result, and so on to beastly drunkenness.   If ten glasses
of rum or brandy per day will make a man a brute, then will one glass
a day make him one-tenth  of a brute.   And if wine, or beer, or malt
liquor,  or hard  cider contain  one-fourth,  or one-sixth, or  one-tenth  as
much alcohol, in that proportion will they severally  induce this same
result, and four, or six, or ten times as much of these liquors produce this
result in the same degree, because, mark well the ground of this  infer-
ence, every glass, every identical  drop,  stimulates,  and every minute
degree of stimulant proportionably kindles the animal  passions.t
  Whoever, therefore, takes alcoholic stimulants in any of these forms,
011 ix ant otheil form or deouee, thereby arouses his animal passions, and
WEAKENS HIS MORAL AND  INTELLECTUAL FOWERS, JUST IN PROPORTION TO THE
AMOUNT TAKEN.
  This principle harmonizes with and fully explains the phenomena  of
drunkenness.   Beyond all question, and in all instances,  drunkenness
certainly destroys the moral feelings, and weakens the intellect, whilst
moderate drinking lowers them in proportion to the stimulus taken,  as
surely as cold sinks  the thermometer.                                  •
  That alcoholic drinks powerfully excite Amativeness, which is located
in the very base  of the  brain, is a universal fact.  The vulgarity, and
obscenity, and licentiousness occasioned by them, are proverbial.   Who
ever saw a drinking party that were not indecent in their allusions, given
to the relation of obscene anecdotes, and to the singing of lewd songs,
if not to the company of harlots?  Hence,  in England, when the wine
is introduced after dinner,  modest woman always retires,  because she
knows that by remaining, her delicacy will be shocked.  Wine or ardent
spirits of some kind is indispensable to any and every debauch.   Why
are harlots universally drunkards?  Let this principle answer.   These
drinks drown the voice of conscience, blunt modesty, stifle the claims
of morality, of intellect, and of virtue,  whilst they whirl its guilty vic-
tim on in her sensual career of merely animal indulgence.   A man  or
woman, be they ever so moral or virtuous, when under the  influence  of
intoxicating drinks, is of easy virtue.   Before the first advantage can
be taken of a virtuous woman, she must be partly intoxicated, and  the
advantage can be taken of almost any woman when thus stimulated.

renders himself a mere brute, as seen in the text.  His vote, therefore, contains  no
intellect, and is on a par with the vote of a horse, a wolf, or a hyena.   To purchase a
venal vote with money is bad enough, but to gain one by grog is a thousand fold worse,
because it renders the office-seeker a drunkard by drinking with  so many, and also the
voter, by furnishing occasions for drinking.  This practice is yearly ruining thousands
  * It has been fully shown that many of our so called wines are manufactured in our
large cities, and contain several  other highly injurious ingredients.  This only
strengthens the argument against their use.  They are a  two-edged  sword, cutting
both ways, whilst ardent spirits cuts but one way.
  ■f-This principle is equally applicable, except in a lower degree, to every other class
of stimulants—to opium, tea, coffee, tobacco, snuff, condiments, mustard, spices, flesh,
and every thing heating and stimulating. 
                   """T-V'?«*':~ '  "RSATION, BUT WEAKENS REASON.  19

And if this is the fact of virtuous, modest woman, what is the fact of
less virtuous man /'
   The drinker's  (not drunkard's) combative or contending propensity,
is also unduly excited.   So combustible is his  anger, that he takes fire
at every little thing, and more hard feelings, broils, fights and duels are
engendered by ardent spirit, than by all other causes united.   Who ever
saw men fight unless they were excited by liquor ? or who ever saw men
in liquor, who were not easily angered, and " all fit for a fight ?"   Byron
says that stimulants always rendered him "savage and suspicious,"
   Alcoholic drinks also stimulate Destructiveness, or the bitter, hating,
revengful feeling;  and hence drinkers will caress their wives and chil-
dren one minute, and beat them the next.   More murders are caused by
the stimulating influences of ardent spirit, than  by all  other causes com-
bined.   Let the calenders of crime  testify on this point.   Hence, also,
intoxicated men  not  only rail, curse,  break,  destroy, vociferate, and
threaten vengeance more than when they are not  intoxicated, but it  is
then that any old grudge, otherwise  long since  buried, is raked up, and
dire vengeance sought and obtained;  and generally a human being can
screw up his Destructiveness to the  sticking point of  murder, and screw
down  his  Benevolence and Conscientiousness  below the remonstrating
point, only, or at least most effectually, by ardent spirit.
   It is the excessive  exercise of the animal propensities which subjects
criminals to the penalties of violated civil law.   It is mainly by drinkers
that our courts are supported.   Let our intelligent lawyers, let our judges,
sheriffs, justices,  &c. &c. answer the question, "Does not most, if not
nearly all  of your criminal business have its origin in drinking?"  But
in case alcoholic drinks did not excite the merely animal passions, or in
case they  equally stimulated the  moral faculties, or especially if they
stimulated the moral sentiments  only,  this state of things would be
reversed,  and drinking would render  mankind  more virtuous instead of
most vicious.
   This principle explains the  fact that alcohol often renders a good man
a real demon incarnate.   So long as  the moral and intellectual  organs
predominate, no matter if the animal propensities are vigorous.   If duly
governed,  the more the better, for  they impart force.  When the two
are about equal, with the moral in ascendancy,  and the animal not stim-
ulated, all  goes right;  but a little  stimulant will turn the scales, and thus
render a really good man a very bad one.   But mark  well the converse;
it never  renders a bad man a good citizen, nor an immoral man virtuous,
because  it  never  stimulates the moral and intellectual  faculties more than
the animal feelings.
   This general principle explains the reason of the custom  of drinking
grog with a friend, instead  of drinking, or doing,  any thing else.  As

  * How  is it possible for a woman  of delicate feelings to tend bar, go to balls or par-
ties where wine or spirits are freely drank, or consent to be for a moment in the com-
pany of men who stimulate ? Surely no modest or refined woman who understands
this principle, could on any occasion allow herself to drink to excess, wine, porter, or
any other kind of spiritous liquors,  with or in  the presence of those who do under-
stand it, because she thereby renders herself liable to say and do what it would make
her blusli  to  reflect upon.  My only motive for introducing this fact here, is to make
woman ashamed to drink, and thereby  render  this most pernicious habit unpopular
among men. 
20
ALCOHOL DljAircSs intiOL uwiniu-.
Adhesiveness, or the organ of friendship, is located m the base of the
brain, ardent spirit warms it up to vigorous action, thus augmenting the
flow and intensity of friendly feeling, and hence you will often see those
who are half-slued, hugging and caressing each other.   In case it exci-
ted friendship (done, it would do little injury, perhaps good, but  as it
inflames the other animal passions also, drinkers will be the warmest of
friends one minute and  the bitterest of  enemies the next, producing that
irregularity which we have already shown to constitute vice.
   Philoprogenitiveness, or parental attachment,  is also located in  the
lower portion of the hind head, and hence  the half-intoxicated father
will foolishly fondle his boy, talking to him all sorts of nonsense, to be
followed up by a cruel  beating,  thus destroying even-handed govern-
ment, and spoiling the  lad.  Liquor excites conversation, because Lan-
guage is in the lowest part of the forehead; but as the reasoning organs,
which manufacture ideas, are in the upper portion of the forehead,  and
therefore not only not stimulated but actually weakened by it, the drinker
talks, talks,  talks, all the time, but says nothing.  He talks words only,
not ideas.   How foolish, how destitute of sense and reason, of thought
and refinement, is the conversation not only of drunkards, but of those
who stimulate only moderately!  Witness bar-room conversation.   A
Byron, half intoxicated, may indeed write his Don Juan, and like pro-
ductions, may compose poetry mostly addressed to the passions of men;
but no one in this  state  ever wrote a Paradise  Lost, a Thomson's  Sea-
sons, a Locke on the Human Understanding, Brown's Mental Philoso-
phy, or Edwards  on the Will.  A Pitt, a  Fox, a Sheridan, not to name
cases in our own country, may be eloquent  when partially intoxicated, yet
their eloquence will be characterized by sarcasm, severe invective, denun-
ciation, declamation, hyperbole, narration,  and a  remarkable flow of
words, &c, rather than by argument, or profundity, or clear deductions
from first principles, nor will it be freighted with rich ideas.  But before
alcohol can produce eloquence, a quality far inferior to reasoning power,
the individual requires  a peculiarity of temperament and phrenological
developements not found in one  man in millions; while it will destroy
that of all the balance.
   Again: over-excitement produces that confusion which prevents  the
advantageous exercise  of one's powers;  and  alcoholic drinks by sur-
charging both the muscles and brain with excitement, prevent the even,
equable, harmonious and  advantageous  expenditure of that  strength,
both mental and physical, which  is thus unnaturally called forth.
   In passing, we will add that the fall of our first parents was caused by
their eating what they  should not.  This indulgence of Alimeniveness
led the way for the ingress of every other vice.   Virtue, vice and intel-
lect depend  more upon what we  eat and  drink, than upon almost  any
other cause.  A depraved appetite inflames and diseases  the  stomach;
this corrupts and inflames the blood, which, by fevering and exciting the
body, thereby stimulates the animal propensities and weakens  the moral
and reasoning powers.   This is particularly true of alcoholic drinks.
   These drinks are sometimes taken to drown trouble, but we see  that
they are particularly calculated to augment it, except that of a guilty con-
science, which they do  indeed drown. 
ALCOHOL DEADENS THESE ORGANS.               21
   Having clearly shown that alcoholic drinks produce vice by stimula-
 ting our merely animal, and weakening our higher, nobler powers,  we
 reverse the principle, and observe that they cause vice and misery, sec-
 ondly, by paralizing these organs.  These drinks produce vice, first, by
 inflaming Amativeness and producing licentiousness, and secondly, by
 deadening connubial and parental love, thus unfitting him for discharging
 his obligations to his family, and leaving them a prey to the ungoverned
 fury of his Combativeness End Destructiveness, besides destroying all
 the enjoyments growing out of the healthful exercise of the domestic
 feelings.   Accordingly, the moderate drinker forsakes the virtuous and
 delightful fire-side for the bar-room, while the drunkard inhumanly beats
 or murders his wife and children.
   The moderate drinker's Combativeness and Destructiveness are stim-
 ulated to fighting and revenge, while those of the  drunkard are so dead-
 ened that he will not and cannot  take the part of his  family, nor even
 of himself, so that a little boy may impose on him with impunity.  He
 has no moral courage, and is so irresolute that he can overcome no obsta-
 cle, and effect no difficult object.  The moderate drinker's Acquisitive-
 ness is over-stimulated, and he is for driving a bargain, yet his intellec-
 tual organs being weakened, he gets cheated, or else a few glasses make
 him as rich as Croesus, whilst the drunkard's love  of property is gone.
 Hence he has no industry, no economy, no  forethought to lay  up for
 to-morrow's wants,  and thus  squanders his all for liquor, even  to the
 bread out of  his children's mouths, and the clothes from his wife's back.
 This principle explains how it is that alcoholic drinks always scatter their
 devotees' property to the winds.                                            ^
   Whilst they inflame the moderate drinker's self-esteem and love of
 approbation, producing boasting, bragging,  haughtiness, swaggering, a
 self-conceited egotism, &c, they eventually annul all sense of character,
 all self-respect, and all regard for his reputation, which constitute the
 strongest incentives  to virtuous and praiseworthy  actions,  as well as
 restraints upon vice and self-degradation.  At first, he is mortified beyond
 description if seen intoxicated, afterwards he cares not a farthing for his
 credit  nor his word,  for his honor nor anything said for or against him
 or his  family, is dead to shame,  destitute of dignity and manly feeling,
 and associates with those to whom he would before have scorned even to
 speak.
   Again: these organs of ambition always  combine  with the  other
 organs that are most active.   Combined with Conscientiousness, they
 give the  highest  regard for moral character,  and for correct  motives;
 with  intellect, a  desire for  reputation,  for  learning and  talents;  with
 Ideality, for good taste, good  manners, &c.; but combined with  Com-
 bativeness, for being the best wrestler,  the  best fighter, &c.;  with the
 other animal propensities,  for being first  in their indulgence.  Hence, as
 already seen, since alcohol weakens the  higher organs but stimulates the
 animal propensities,  and also the ambition,  the two combining render
 him emulous of being the most licentious, the greatest fighter,  or wrest-
 ler, or drinker, or swearer, the most vulgar, &c.;  but never of  being
 good or great.
  In Easton, Md., in Jan. 1840, the author saw two  young men vie with
each other, as to  who could drink the most grog, no  very uncommon 
22
THE REV. MR. MURRAY.
thing among drinkers.   The next day one of them was a lifeless corpse
Now why does the ambition of the drinker (not of the drunkard, for
he has none,)  descend to the animal passions,  instead of ascending to
the moral and intellectual?  This  principle contains the answer.   Thus
alcohol first over-excites the moderate drinker's ambition, only to direct
it to animal objects, and then deadens it, rendering him  doubly wicked
both ways, and of course proportionably miserable, as seen in proposi-
tion III.
  It equally destroys his firmness and powers of will.  He knows the
right, intellect being less  deadened, and yet pursues the wrong,  having
lost all self-government.   Conscientiousness may remonstrate, but to no
effect, because located too far from the body to  be proportionably stimu-
lated.  Religious  feeling may lift  up her warning and persuasive voice,
and firmness say  no, but without  effect, because they are in the same
predicament.  Alcoholic drinks destroy the balance of power,  first by
stimulating them to excess, and then by deadening them, thus being a
two edged sword, cutting the cords of virtue and happiness both v;ays%
  It may  be objecte^that if alcohol stimulates the amimal propensities
when they are weak, it is good.   I answer, better have  them too weak
than too strong.   When too weak, it is  because the body is feeble  and
must be strengthened, not by merely stimulating the body, but by invig-
orating the health.
  It may  also be added, it is the character of the stimulant that does the
main mischief.  Thus fresh air and exercise are stimulants, and although
they brace the body, and thereby give tone and vigor to the animal organs,
they excite them  in a healthy manner, and not in  a  morbid direction ;
whereas there is something in the kind of  stimulus which impels these
faculties onward in a morbid, illegitimate,  unnatural and vicious direc-
tion.  In regard to the different kinds of stimulants,  one broad line of
demarkation should be drawn between  natural and artificial  excite-
ment.
  The reader has now before him  one of the main thoughts of this lec-
ture.   Would  to  heaven I had the combined  eloquence of a Clay, a
Webster,  and a Brougham, together with a thousand tongues to enforce
and adorn it, and carry it to the ears of every moderate drinker in Chris-
tendom, but as it  is,  the mere dry statement of this law of our nature
must suffice.  Let temperance lecturers who possess eloquence, engraft
it upon this beautiful and prolific principle,  which  will  be found to
enforce the  tee-total abstinence doctrine more effectually than all the
descriptions of the drunkard, and all the  other motives now usually
employed put together.   Founded as they  are upon the immutable laws
of our nature,  these inferences admit of no evasion, no cavelling.   We
boldly defy both moderate and immoderate drinkers, both physicians and
clergymen, both physiologists and practical observers of men and things,
to overthrow or even invalidate a single position thus far taken, or dodge
one single inference  drawn.   Those only whose animal passions are
unduly.excited, and whose intellectual powers are weakened by alcohol,
can withstand their force.
  The Rev. Mr.  Murray, of Oakville,  U. C, has published  quite a
treatise against total abstinence and in favor of  moderate drinking  plau-
sibly  arguing that it is really indispensable to social and  general enjoy- 
THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL QUALIFIED.
23
ment.   That the action of every organ produces its kind of pleasure, is
a phrenological  principle.   Mankind  always prefer the kind of enjoy-
ment which harmonizes with their organs.   Hence, as Mr. M. prefers
the enjoyment furnished by alcohol, which we have shown to be merely
animal, we infer that his  animal nature vastly prevails over his  intellec-
tual or moral qualities, because he so gladly sacrifices the latter upon the
alter of the former, and in common with  all other advocates of strong
drink, is therefore totally unfit for that  sacred office.  I tlierefore venture
the phrenological remark, that his physical or vital temperament pre-
dominates over  his mental; that he has a vigorous constitution, an amply
developed chest, a head nearly round, wide between the ears, and rather
low and conical, which indicates powerful  animal  organs and weaker
moral faculties.*  The principle stated above is an abundant answer to
his whole work, as it is also to  '■'■id omne  genus."  From such preach-
ers "good Lord deliver us."
   Will that church-going people the Scotch, please observe in the light
of this subject,  the inconsistency of their almost universal custom  of
going from the church to the  grog-shop.   A glass of strong' drink will
counteract a good sermon as effectually as an alkali will an acid.
   These drinks sometimes induce a preaching and praying disposition.
This never occurs in the earlier stages of drink—never till they have so
deadened the  animal  organs that large and more vigorous  (because less
stimulated,) moral organs may in one case in thousands,  take on more
stimulant than the partially deadened propensities are able to receive, but
such piety, such religion, such  intellect will never either fit a man for his
duties in this  world  nor his  destinies in  the next.  I grant that these
drinks sometimes stimulate the brain as a whole, yet this ver)r rare excep-
tion does< not invalidate the general law under consideration, especially
since it occurs only where  the  moral  and intellectaal  organs decidedly
predominate.
   Having shown that alcohol stimulates the moral and reasoning organs
less than it does the  animal, the inference is plain,  that the former,  in
the confirmed  sot, retain their vigor long after the latter have been stupi-
fied; his reasoning organs clearly perceiving the wreck and devastation
thus made of  the entire man, whilst  his still vigorous moral faculties
reproach him  for his impiety, his suicide, his abuse of his family, and
all his other sins  of  both omission and commission;  thus leaving  his
mental condition the most miserable and painful imaginable.
   This principle  may perhaps  be contested.   It will be  objected that
this proposition is too sweeping, and this inference subject to many and
important qualifications, growing out of differences in climate, tempera-
ment, phrenological developements, and a great variety of  both counter-
acting and concurring causes.   It is freely admitted that a great  number
and variety of causes  and conditions combine to modify and  qualify every
great physiological principle, that in some states of the nervous system
these drinks will produce a far greater effect than in some other states,
that tea and coffee will stimulate some and injure some constitutions more
than strong drink will others, that these drinks will injure some but ben-
  * In giving this  phrenological description  of Mr.  M.'s person in Gait, U. 0., six
miles from Oakville, a gentleman rose  and said: " I know Mr. Murray well, and have
often heard him preach.  His head and person are exactly as you describe them."
0- 
24
ALCOHOL SHORTENS HUMAN LIFE.
efit others, &c, &c.;  but still the point at issue is this, this only—Is °*
is not this proposition a general law of our nature, and are not these
exceptions traceable to the action of other causes instead of being milli-
ners of this law?   Our object should be, not to see who can argue the
most plausibly, or cavil the most ingeniously, but what are the facts in
the case?   What is the  voice of nature, that we may learn and follow
her dictates, and thus  secure our own happiness?  It is due to truth that
we should here make  the following qualification of this  principle,  that
where the talents are of  a high order, and the intellectual faculties  have
been much exercised, these drinks will often  excite these faculties to
greatly increased  action, because  of their greater susceptibility to the
influence of stimulus.   There maybe other exceptions, but our busi-
ness is to  state this general law, not to fortify it against all the quibbles
of those who "love the good creature." for there is no reasoning against
a man's appetite.
  PROPOSITION IX.—Alcoholic drinks shorten human life.—Every
action of either brain or nerve, every exercise of thought, or feeling, or
sensation, every motion of the body, every contraction of every muscle,
in  short,  each and every function and exercise of the animal or mental
economy, causes a proportionate expenditure of that animal power, that
vital energy,  which we showed in Proposition IV. to be •manufactured
by the vital temperament, or the internal organs.   In children and youth,
this class of organs greatly  predominates, laying in that fountain  that
reservoir of animal power, or that constitutional vigor on  Avhich the brain
and muscles can draw, in after life.  Other things being equal, the larger
this reservoir, the longer an  individual will live; but when this fund of
vitality is  exhausted, he must die inevitably.   Food and sleep are the
feeders or inlets of this reservoir, whilst every mental and physical effort
draws upon it,  Whenever  the expenditure by the latter exceeds  the
supply by the former, a  draught takes place on the original stock of
vitality, that is, on the constitution, the  inevitable effect of which  is to
hasten death.  *
  Alcoholic drinks therefore shorten human life by destroying that bal-
ance of the temperaments which we have already shown to be indispen-
sable to the preservation of life and health.
  This law of the animal economy might be aptly compared to a mer-
chant or business man, who  has his thousand pounds in  bank,  reserved
to be used only in cases  of absolute necessity.  Aside  from this, he is
making his daily deposites and drawing  his checks, so as to keep about
square with himself.  At length his expenditures  exceed his  receipts,
and he is  compelled to draw  on his thousand pounds.  Instead of repla-
cing the amount  drawn, he  draws again, and  again, and again, small
draughts,  perhaps, but  numerous.   By thus constantly reducing and
finally exhausting his original fund, he  inevitably induces bankruptcy.
Now the original stock  of vital power laid up  by Nature in the  child
and youth, is to him the thousand in bank; whilst his daily receipts by
food and sleep, and his expenditures by labor and  mental action, are his
checks on bank.   These, in the ordinary and healthy action of the man
will just about keep pace with each other, till old age, drawing by small
but certain draughts, finally uses up this fund of life,  causing death to
come and close the scene.   Thus the order of our nature is to spin out 
IT STIMULATES WITHOUT NOURISHING.
2b
our days to a good old age of intelligence and enjoyment; while alco-
holic drinks,  by powerfully stimulating the brain,  nerves and muscles,
cause a prodigious exhaustion of the powers of life, yet make no depos-
ites and furnish no supplies, because, besides being indigestible, and
containing no nutriment, they at first over-stimulate the stomach, only
to permanently weaken and  eventually destroy it; for it is a notorious
fact, that hard drinkers eat less than others.   Hence, by impairing both
appetite and digestion, and that at the very time when the greatest re-sup-
ply of vitality is demanded, every glass of alcoholic drinks proportionately
exhausts the reservoir of life, and thereby brings  death  nearer.  This
coincides with the  fact that  the energies of the  system, including  the
health, spirits, &c, sink as  far below zero as ardent  spirit raises them
above.   To take alcoholic stimulants, is to commit suicide in proportion
to the amount taken.  Let hard drinkers, and also moderate and occa-
sional drinkers, one  and all, remember this clear principle of our nature,
and drink accordingly.   Do you wish to shorten your span of life,  and
hasten your dissolution one knot or ten knots per year, drink your  one
glass or  your ten glasses per day;  and just as surely as there is a God
in heaven, just as surely as you are a human being and governed by the
invariable laws of life,  just so surely will your  end be attained;  but
whoever wishes to  prolong his earthly existence, must abjure stimu-
lants, in every form, in every degree.
   To evade by saying that although they  may have this effect upon
some they will  not  upon you, is utter folly.  If you are not a human
being, if you are incapable of being stimulated by it, if you can wash
your open wounds in it without their smarting, if you have no  nerves,
no feeling, no brain, no mind ;  then indeed,  but not till then, may  you
drink to your heart's content, without incurring these terrible penalties.
But as surely as  you have a nerve in your body, or are capable of expe-
riencing the  least particle of sensation, as surely  as  you have as much
mind or sensation as a lizard or a snail, just so surely will alcohol ferret
out and stimulate that mind and that sensation; and as surely as it stim-
ulates, just so surely will it draw proportionally on the powers of  life,
and thereby hasten the period of its  termination.   No more  are the
motions of earth and sun, or the descent of bodies to the earth, or the
growth and decay of the vegetable kingdom, or the phenomena of optics,
of mechanics, of chemistry, &c, governed each by their  respective
laws, which are all certain and fixed and uniform, than are you governed
by this invariable law of life;  and hence, as soon, of their own accord,
and in opposition to their respective laws, will the stone mount upwards,
the water ascend the inclined plane, the sun  stand still or move back-
wards, the seasons fail to return in  due order, men see without eyes, or
chemical affinities cease, as you can drink alcohol in any form or degree
without shortening your life, and inflaming your animal, and weakening
your moral nature.
   You reply, " But 'facts are stubborn things.'   Messrs. A. B. and C.
have drank  daily these  forty years,  and are alive and active yet."  I
reply, they will be found to be wide-chested and broad-shouldered, indi-
cating so great  a predominance of their vital powers over  their brains
and nerves, that their small daily potations do not stimulate them enough
to draw  much on the powers of life.   The less brain and  mind  a man
                                                   B* 
26      DISTILLERIES CONSUME TIME, AND THE MEANS OF LIFE.

has, the less injury will these drinks do him.   A round-shouldered,
broad-faced, blunt-nosed, lazy, easy, dull, listless, slow, thick-headed,
neither-something-nor-nothing sort of a  nobody, may indeed drink  a
quart of grog without scarcely waking up his sluggish animalship, (and
so can an old lazy ox,) but in exact proportion to one's power of mind and
keenness of feeling,  will alcoholic liquors stimulate that mind and those
feelings, and thus shorten life.  A fact in proof of this position is, that
when men of great talents take  to drinking,  it kills them  sooner than  it
does ordinary men.  Hence,  since it is the  mind, not the coat nor the
body, but the mind  that makes the man, if these drinks will not hurt
you, it is because you have so little to be hurt, so little mind to be aflec-
ted.
  A small fly once lighting upon the horn of an ox, said to him, " I beg
your pardon, Mr. Ox, but if I  burden you I will remove."   " O no, not at
all, I did not know you were  there,"  was the reply.   When your mind
compared with your  body  is as significant as this fly was,  then, but not
till then, may you stimulate without shortening life, or rendering yourself
an animal; and the more of a man you are, the more of a beast will  it
render you.  These  drinks will not stimulate the snail or  the toad, the
swine or the rhinoceros, in proportion as they do mankind, nor will the
whip, and for the same reason.   Your  boast therefore  becomes  your
shame.   But even if you have but a little mind, is that any reason why
you should render it still weaker?
  Again:  the high pressure  principle  of the  present day calls all our
mental faculties into  powerful action.   Men now live quite too fast with-
out being stimulated.  Hence alcoholic drinks stimulate and thus injure
them double and triple as much as they did forty years ago.  They also
injure the inhabitants of our  cities and villages more than those of the
country, yet neither  are safe.
  Still further:  the constitutions of our  young men are not to be com-
pared with those of our old  men; hence,  alcohol will  kill  them off
sooner than it did the A., B. and C. mentioned above, who did not prob-
ably contract this habit till they were about forty years old.   Alcohol will
not injure men in the decline of  life as much as it will young and middle
aged men, because, first, their bodies are less susceptible of being stim-
ulated by it; and, secondly,  at this period, their strength has ascended
to the top of their heads, farther from  its  influence.
  It might be added  here that persons of  a highly active mind and lively
feelings, besides being the more injured by these drinks, are more in
danger of being ruined,  and that soon,  for being highly excitable,  they
love the excitement  of drink, especially if their  friendship  be strong,
and once in the current, they will surely be carried over the falls.   With
such the work is short but fearful.
  2. Having incontestibly shown that stimulants shorten life by cutting
off the other end of  existence, I add that they also cut off this end of
life on which we are living.  The one great end of man's existence is
enjoyment, as is evinced by every contrivance of  his body,  every faculty
of his mind.  These stimulants abridge his enjoyment by disturbing the
equable, harmonious exercise of both his physical and his  intellectual
powers, and by violating every condition of happiness—animal, mental
and moral.   Nay more; it is one of the most prolific sources of posi- 
         DISTILLERIES CONSUME TIME AND THE MEANS OF LIFE.      27

 tive misery that exist; of misery to drinkers, of misery to their families,
 and to all in any way connected with them.   Thus alcohol  lights the
 taper of life at both ends.
   3. The principle is universally conceded and enforced in all our med-
 ical works, that the violent exercise of the passions is not only a sworn
 enemy to health and physical and mental enjoyment, but also shortens
 the days of the passionate man.  Having incontestibly shown that intox-
 icating drinks stimulate the animal passions to an ungovernable extent,
 and weaken the powers that control them, the inference is plain and for-
 cible that they thereby consume the life  of man.
   4. It also consumes it in the middle by worse than wasting the means
 of sustaining life.   A bushel of grain is capable of sustaining a delight-
 ful exercise of thought and virtuous emotion nearly a month  long.  By
 consuming fifty to a hundred bushels of grain per day, the distillery or
 brewery consumes fifty to one  hundred months of thought and study, of
 friendship and parental love, of intellectual and moral enjoyment.
   If you reply,  that but for the distilleries there would be more grain
 than mouths, I answer, by reducing  your distilleries you augment the
 number of human beings;  first, by prolonging the lives of the drinkers,
 and thus also increasing their families; and secondly, increasing the
 means of subsistence would tend to multiply marriages, and render them
 more fruitful, not only in our own, but especially in other countries, to
 which our grain would then go.
   If you again answer, that the slops of distelleries and breweries are
 converted into  milk, flesh,  &c, I answer, that a statement recently
 signed and published by £ large number of the New York and Philadel-
 phia physicians, attributes no small share of the astonishing mortality of
 the children of our large cities (above one-half of all that are born) to
 the use of the milk of cows fed on still-slops.  Those who have seen
 and tasted the pork thus fattened, know how unsuitable it is for food, to
 say nothing of its greater liability to be diseased.   Indeed, its price in
 market is low, and none  but the poorest classes will knowingly use it at
 all.
   Again: a large proportion, say from half to three-fourths, of the nutri-
 tion of the grain is consumed  by  the process  of distillation,  and nine-
 tenths more by its being  fed first to the animal and then to the man; and
 even then, whilst flesh contains only 55-100 of nutrition, wheat contains
 80-100, that is, ? more'* so that not one one-hundreth part of the origi-
 nal nourishment  contained in the  grain  distilled,  finally reaches man.
 But what is still more, the proposition is abundantly susceptible of proof
 that whilst animal food is heating and stimulating in its nature, and thereby
 excites the animal organs, bread stuffs are cooling, and adapted to  the
 exercise of  the moral and intellectual organs.
   Finally as " time is money," money is time.   For example, a capital-
 ist builds and furnishes a house which costs him ten  thousand dollars,
 which at two dollars per day's work, makes 5,000 days, or some fourteen
years of t;inc put into that house.   Now the estimated cost of alcoholic
drinks is one hundred million dollars annually, which at two dollars per
day, amounts to fifty million  days,  or some four thousand lives  of
  • See an article in the Genesee Farmer, from which this statement is copied.  This
was the result of a chemical analysis. 
28
MAKING, VENDING, OR DRINKING, HOMICIDE.
man's precious time, of his probation, of his earthly existence, his all,
consumed annually in merely paying for this deadly drug, not to men-
tion the time of the laborers employed in its manufacture  and sale,  nor
the time expended in drinking it, nor the 30,000 drunkards killed annu-
ally by its use, nor the lives of hundreds of thousands rendered worse
than valueless long before they die.
  Even in this imperfect view of the subject, how vast is the consump-
tion of man's precious existence, by the use of this destroyer of the life
of man, this worse than murderer of millions, this foe to morality, intel-
ligence and happiness, this hot-house of animal passion, this enthroner
of all that is vicious and miserable, and dethroner of all that is good and
great in our nature.
  Inference.—Since alcohol shortens human life,  no crime is greater
than that  of making, veyiding, or drinking it.   Man's existence is his
all.
  Whatever shortens man's earthly existence, cuts him off from all the
blessings and enjoyments of life.  Upon the value of life I will not here
descant.   Ask the dying man what he will give for a day or  an hour
longer.   "My all, and a world of thanks besides!"  What punish-
ment is too great for the murderer?   None ;  not all combined.   Yet he
only abridges the  period of man's earthly existence.  Whoever furthers
this result, be it by fire or sword, by the knife or the  gun, by arsenic or
laudanum, or by  intoxicating  stimulants, is equally guilty and  equally
deserving of punishment,  because, mark well the ground of the infer-
ence, they one and all do precisely the same thing—they shorten human
life.                                       v
  Still farther.   " The partaker is as bad as the thief."  All those  who
aid or abet, directly or indirectly, any criminal result, are guilty and  pun-
ishable.   If one  thief should engage you in conversation and thereby
enable his partner to pick  your pocket, would the punishment of the
actual thief satisfy you ?  Should  one robber stop  the horse  of his
victim, a second  drag him from it, a third hold his hands, a fourth plunge
the fatal dagger to his heart, a fifth rob, and a sixth  bury him, would the
law be satisfied with  the condign punishment of the fourth one, or the
actual murderer?  Does  not every principle of law, every element of
right and justice,  every principle of reason,  require the punishment of
them all?  I appeal whether this principle  of common law is not also a
principle  of common sense and  of even-handed justice?   I leave the
decision of this question with you distiller, you wholesaler or retailer,
you drinker, moderate or excessive.  To decide it  in the affirmative, as
every  reasoning  mind must  decide  it,  is to return a  verdict of guilty
against every one at all concerned in the manufacture, sale, or drinking
of alcoholic liquors, in any and every form and degree.   The inference
is too startling but yet inevitable.   Put the  ninth proposition  and this
inference  together, and say what they deserve by what they do  in short-
ening human life.
   And all for money.  Suppose you alcohol makers and venders should
set up a dollar as a shooting  mark,  but directly within the range and
reach of your balls, there are multitudes of drinkers.   You one  and all
keep firing at the dollar, but shooting down the drinkers,  each  shot tell-
ing upon  their very life's blood.  You see them fall, but keep on firing 
GUILT OF MAKING AND VENDING ALCOHOL.
29
Are you innocent?   If not, what is your crime?   Ask the bereaved
wives  and children of your victims.   Ask your  own consciences
what you are by what you do,  or at least help do?  Now God has
established a universal,  an invariable,  and  an inevitable connection
between the manufacturing and drinking of alcoholic stimulants on the
one hand, and the kindling of the animal passions and the shortening of
human life on the  other, precisely the same connection which we have
supposed between your firing at the dollar and shooting down the men.
Now put this and that together and draw your own conclusions.   True,
you fire at the dollar, but your every shot penetrates the very vitals of
drinkers.   This is indeed thrusting the cold steel into the very vitals of
the manufacturers  and venders, but it is  the naked steel of truth,  sharp-
ened by the laws of nature, and thrust home by the strong  arm of fact
and reason.
   No wonder you begin to flutter, and to parry these terrible results.
But this is not the place for evasion.  Go back with me and scrutinize
as closely as you  please,  every proposition and inference made, every
principle adduced; and if  you can overthrow any of them, then, but not
otherwise, may you escape these murderous inferences.   1.  Is there
not a fixed connexion between the states of mind and body ?   Unques-
tionably.   Do not the states of the body reciprocally affect those of the
mind?   2.  Are not these  relations governed by invariable laws of cause
and effect?   Indisputably so.   3. Does not all our happiness flow from
law obeyed, and is not all our suffering merely the penalty of violated
law?   4. Does not  virtue, and with it, happiness, consist in the harmo-
nious exercise of all our faculties,  with the  moral  predominant; and
also vice, and with it misery, in the inordinate exercise of the  animal
passions, in opposition to the dictates of morality and intellect ?  No sane
mind will question  it.  5.  Does not alcohol  powerfully stimulate the
nerves ?  Apply it internally to the exposed nerves, and see.   6. Does
it not retain its stimulating properties after it is taken into the blood ?  As
well may you say that fire does not burn.   7. Is there not several hundred
per cent, more of blood, and thus of this powerful stimulus, carried  to
the brain, thus exciting the mind, than is carried to any other equally
large portion of the system ?  Ask  physiologists, or observe  whether
alcoholic drinks do not  excite the mind and feelings vastly more than
they do the muscles.  8.  Does not alcohol first  stimulate and then
benumb the animal propensities, and weaken the moral and intellectual
powers; thus reversing the  natural order of things, and producing vice,
and with it, misery of the worst  kind, by violating the highest laws  of
our being?  Let either the science of phrenology, or the phenomena of
drunkenness,  or  other analagous facts, answer.  9. Does not alcohol
shorten life by exhausting the vital energies without re-supplying them?
This proposition is invulnerable.   Then is not every individual who fur-
thers this result, guilty of shortening human life, just to make money ?
Ask either common law, or your own consciences.  Ask reason, or facts,
or a sense of right.   Every proposition is invulnerable, and this terrible
inference therefore unavoidable.   Think of these things ;  and since you
cannot escape the penalty of violated law, penitently acknowledge that
you are perpetrating suicide, gradually or rapidly, but surely, according 
30                   OBJECTIONS ANSWKKKD.
to the amount  you drink; or committing homicide, wholesale or retail,
according to the extent of your custom.
  Objections.—1. If you  object by saying: Then the maker ot  trie
gun is  responsible for the murders that may be caused by it,  1 reply,
that between the making of  the gun and the death caused by it, there is
no necessary or  invariable connexion; whereas,  between the making,
and vending, and drinking of alcoholic liquors, and the consequent short-
ening of human  life, and the production of misery, there exist fixed and
certain relations of cause and effect;  the former causing the latter, espe-
cially as ninety-nine-hundreths of  all the liquors made and sold, are to
drink, and  known to be so by maker and vender.                   ^
  2. If you farther object,  that "alcohol is a good  creature of God;
that had "it not been beneficial, he never would have made it,  I reply:
He no more makes alcohol than he makes a steam-boat, or a minced pie.
True,  the original elements which,  separated from some particles and
combined with others, constitute alcohol, are contained in the grain; but
there is not a particle of alcohol in a million bushels of grain,  any more
than there is a steam-boat in a forest, or the expansive gas of gun-pow-
der in salt-petre, charcoal and sulphur, each a thousand miles from the
other.   If  iron ore in a forest is a steamboat, or men in the woods a city,
or wood potash, then is there alcohol in grain.  Had it been necessary
for man, or even promotive  of his good, God would have created alcohol
in its pure state.   The  fact  is  a little remarkable, that alcohol can be pro-
duced  from grain,  only after it begins to decay.
   3.  " But Christ turned water into wine."  Gentle reader, all the wine
made out of water, you are at perfect liberty to drink.   Nor will "new
wine," or unfermented beer, or sweet cider injure you; for it is the fer-
mentation that engenders the alcohol.   Keep within the letter and spirit
of the Bible, and wine will not harm you.
   4.  " If I do not  make and sell ardent spirits  some one  else  will;
and I may as well have the profit, as they."   So you may, and the curses
with it.  We  have already  shown, that to make, or sell, or drink it,  is
wrong; and that to do wrong, that is, to violate law, incurs its penalties ;
and you may  as well suffer the penalties  as any one.
   5.  " But alcohol is necessary as a medicine."   Then use it as such.
I grant that cases of nervous prostration may sometimes occur, which
require some potent stimulant to rouse them; but in such cases, let the
physician deal it out, a tea-spoon full at a time,  which, in the  days of
Queen Elizabeth, was deemed a potent dose for a robust man.
   6. " But I never sell to a man when he is drunk, but only to moderate
drinkers."  That is, you will not actually kill off a drunkard, yet you
will make  a sober man a drunkard.  You will not push the head of the
drowing man under water, but you will push the man who  is safe on
shore into  the stream;  you will not perpetrate the last act in  the drama
of death, whilst you hesitate not to keep bringing  men into that state
 which will inevitably shorten their days.
   7. " But I can measure my depth and stop when I please."   Observe
 what we have shown, that alcoholic stimulants deaden the organs of self-
 government, leaving you a prey to  your inclinations.  Stop now,  if
 ever. 
          ._  .__   LAK&.&K LIQUOR PROPAGATED.                 31

  PROPOSITION X.—Such  are the physical  relations existing
between parents  and their offspring, that the drinking propensity of
the former is liable, if not almost certain, to be  transmitted  to the
latter.—But for the existence of some laws of relation  in accordance
with which  the qualities of the parents are transmitted to their children,
the latter would be as liable  to resemble any of the  brutes, or a tree, or
stone, as their parents.  But in accordance writh these laws, "like begets
like," " each after its kind."  There  are family faces and family forms
of the body, family talents  and family tastes and dispositions, and last,
not least, family forms of  the head and also appetites.
  Both phrenology and physiology fully establish the assertion, that not
only different forms of the body, but  also certain forms of the head or
certain phrenological developements, and of course the accompanying
qualities of  mind, are transmitted from generation to generation.   Thus,
whole families, from the  great grandsire  of all, down through all the
branches of his descendants, will be over-fond of money, or  proud, or
eminently talented,  or ambitious, or mathematical, or mechanical, or
tuneful, as the case may  be,   Hence the  proverb, "like mother, like
daughter."
   Fully to establish this proposition and its several applications, which
involve the most powerful of all  motives for  total abstinence, would
require more time and space than we can here spare.  This principle is
understood,  and successfully applied  to perfecting  the shape, qualities
and  dispositions  of  animals.  It applies equally to man,  only in a still
greater degree, because of his greater number of qualities to be compoun-
ded, and the far greater value of the improvement effected.   This motive
bears with prodigious force upon this subject in  four ways :
   Firstly.   By  the direct descent of the drinking propensity.   1. Not
only do the  phrenological developements  of parents descend  to  their
children, and with them  the accompanying mental qualities, but also
their particular forms of  manifestation.   Hence, if the appetite of the
father fastens upon or rejects oysters, or ardent spirit, butter, <fec, that
of the son will fasten upon  or reject the same articles, and induce the
consequences.   The father of Dr. Kimball, of Sackett's Harbor, N. Y.,
could never endure the  taste or  smell of butter; and his son, though  a
merchant, will never keep butter in his store, solely »/n occount of the
disgust he instinctively feels towards  it, preferring to forego the loss of
both profits  and customers, rather than to have it abrut him; nor can he
sit at table on which it is, unless it is of the purest, sweetest kind.
   If the Acquisitiveness of the  parent fasten upon landed property, that
of his descendants will fasten  upon  the same.   The town records of
Newbury, Mass., near two centuries ago, required the selectmen " to
see that Mr. L—■— gets no more land than what belongs to him."   The
disposition to acquire land, which this caution implies,  is exhibited  in
his descendants down to the present time.   Not only is the land which
he selected in 1640, in Newbury, still owned by his descendants of the
same name, but their Acquisitiveness has fastened upon land, land espe-
cially, in distinction from  other kinds  of property, and there are  few, if
any, families in this country, who now own so large tracts of land as this.
2. The general states of the body and mind of the parents, are imparted
to their children.   Now alcohol stimulates  the animal passions of the
< 
32                FACTS PROVING THIS PROPOSITION.
 parent,  and weakens his moral  and intellectual nature, and begets  the
 same characteristics in their children.   Hence the children of drinkers are
 never as intellectual or moral as those of others, are usually dull scholars,
 quarrelsome and vicious, and the pests of society.   Nor is it  necessary
 mat the father should be a drunkard, only that he should love and  long
 after "the good creature."   Volumes of this  class of facts  might be
 adduced, but our space allows us only to state  the principle.  Again:
 the irritated state of the  parents' mind will so shape his conduct to the
 child, as to excite and thus re-increase the same animal organs, not to
 mention the strong disposition of the child to imitate him.
   Secondly.   Whilst the talents are  mostly imparted by the mother,
 the propensities and desires  usually descend in the line of the father
 Hence this love of stimulants is more liable to be transmitted  by the
fathei  than are his talents, thus visiting the iniquities of the father upon
 the children unto the third and fourth generations.
    Thirdly.  Sometimes these qualities pass the first generation only to
 appear in the next, so that  even though your  children  may possibly
 escape destruction, this liquor-loving stream which springs from you is
 almost sure to flow on to generations yet unborn, widening and  deepen-
 ing as it progresses, either breaking out here and there and yonder, or
 else sweeping your name and race from the face of the earth.   True, the
 superior virtue of the mother may arrest its flow at its fountain head;
 yet what rational parent will run the venture ?  Is not this a most power-
 ful motive to  young ladies promptly to refuse the addresses of those
 young men who drink a drop of any kind of stimulants ?  Every woman
 who marries even an occasional stimulator, is in imminent danger, aye,
 almost sure, of losing the affections  of her first, her only love,  past all
 recovery, and to follow him to an early and most bitter grave; and  also
of  seeing her sons, otherwise her comfort and support, become her bro-
ken reed, her deepest disgrace, redoubling the indescribable miseries of a
 drinking husband in the  still deeper, bitterer miseries of drinking, besot-
ted " children and children's children."
  Fourthly.  Children are very likely to have this liquor-loving taste kindled by their
nurses giving them milk-punch, toddy, &c, and still more by their mothers drinking
these drinks, or wine, ale, porter, strong beer, &c, a practice quite too common, but
most pernicious.   Though, by unduly stimulating the stomach, it may  temporarily
augment  the quantity of milk, it  eventually (as seen on pp. 25) only diminishes
weakens and poisons it, injuring both mother  and child, besides planting a love of
liquor in the infantile bosom.
  Those Phrenologists who stimulate thereby evince either their utter ignorance of
the  bearings of this science, or a criminality far greater than those who do not under-
stand it; for no individual of ordinary intellect could become thoroughly imbued with
the  spirit of Phrenology, without becoming a thorough-going temperance man, both
by example and precept.
  I  adjure you, therefore, by your love of that pure,  perennial fountain of pleasure,
that ocean of mental and moral enjoyment of which our nature is susceptible; flowing
from obedience to the laws of our constitution, and also by that literal hell of misery
upon earth which inevitably overtakes  and overwhelms every violator of  these laws;
jSn y<£ T y °Ur T  .U 6 and/T fear 0f death> and of *»<* a death, but espe^
cially, by the love you bear to your family, your name, your offspring ard vmir ™I
tenty; by all that is beautiful all that is sacred in your'natJe Ta^urTyo^lSl
tee-totally now and forever from usbi fohm, evert admixtubis, evf.ut degreT
of alcoholic, intoxicating and stimulating drinks.                        degree,
I