f4n.\rh\AAL  IS,)
     CHART OF PHRENOLOGY,
AND THE
PHRENOLOGICAL  DEVELOPMENTS
AS GIVEN BY
With references to some of the discoveries and
       improvements in the Science.
BY SILAS HUBBARD, M. D.
  Practicing Physician and Surgeon, Buffalo, K". Y.

SL*6/fc
   BUFFALO:
GEO. REESE <fe CO, PRINTERS.
1852. 
EXPLANATION.
  Thb natural  inclinations and abilities of the individual will
be in ratio to  the size of each  organ.   The proportions of
the Temperaments will be indicated by fractions, from 1-6 to
6-6; while the size of the constitutions  and  organs  will be
represented in seven  different  degrees of development by
letters,  as  follows:
              V. L. Very Large,
              L. Large,
               F. Full,
               A. Average,
               M. Moderate,
               8. Small,
               V. S. Very  Small.
            CONSTITUTIONS.

Comparative size of the whole constitution.
Cerebral,—Organ of the Feelings and Intellectual Faculties.
Thoracic.—Vivifies and circulates the blood, and gives vigor
  and activity to all the others.
Digestive.—Digests the food and nourishes all the others.
Motive.—Performs all muscular action. 
                                                        I
            TEMPERAMENTS.
 Kervo-sanguine.—Gives much activity and excitability.
 Bilious.—Gives hardiness of constitution—endurance of mind
   and body.
 Phlegmatic.—Imparts little mental or bodily energy.
 Debility.—Any cause not elsewhere mentioned in  this chart,
   tending to impair the energy of the character.

      ORDER  I.  INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES.
   GE NUS I.  EXTE RN AL SENSES.—-Feeling or Touch,
 Taste, Smeli, Hearing, Sight.
   GENUS II.  PHYSICAL PERCEPTIVES.—Faculties
 WHICH PERCEIVE EXISTENCE AND PHYSICAL QUALITIES.
   1. Individuality-.—Notices  individual existences;  to  see,
know and find out; talent for observation;  leads to the prac-
tical observation of men and things.
   2. Form.—Observes and remembers shapes,  countenances
of persons, <ke.
   3. Size.—Perceives the  size of things; ability  to measure
by the eye, height, breadth, and  magnitude.
  4. Weight.—Enables to keep balance in riding,  walking, or
going on a building, calculates the amount of force required to
overcome resistance.
  5. Color.—Judges and distinguishes colors.
   GENUS III.  RELATIVE PERCEPTIVES.—Faculties
WHICH PERCEIVE RELATIONS OF EXTERNAL OBJECTS.
  6. Locality.—Perception of direction; recollects and finds
places; indicates a fondness for traveling.
  1. Number.—Talent  for  counting; quickness and  a  love
for figures.
  8. Order.—Love of arrangement and classification; has a
place for things,  and keeps them there. 
4
  9. Eventuality.—Notices and remembers external actions;
gives historical memory.
  10. Time.—Keeps a succession of time in music,  dates,
events, &c.
  11. Tune.—Distinguishes sounds, observes and remembers
tunes,  musical harmony,  love of melody; notices discord in
music.
  12. Language.—Volubility,  verbal memory and ability to
learn easily by heart and repeat.
      GENUS IV.—REFLECTING FACULTIES.
  13. Comparison.—Notices differences and  resemblances,
classifies thoughts, gives critical  acumen.
  14. Causality.—Inquires into the reason of things; traces
the connection between cause and effect.
               ORDER II.—FEELINGS.
 GENUS I.—IPSEAL OR SELFISH PROPENSITIES.
   15. Pneumativeness.—Propensity to breathe—to make
an exertion when air is wanting  to sustain life and action, and
prevent suffocation.
   16. Alimentiveness.—Appetite  for sustenance;  the feel-
ing of hunger is proportionate  to the  size of this organ;
intemperance is an abuse of this propensity.
  17. Sanativeness.—Instinct  of self-preservation;  it pro-
duces love of life and dread of death.
  18. Destructiveness.—A propensity to destroy,  extermi-
nate ; it imparts force,  energy and severity to character.
   19.  Combativeness. — Feeling  of courage;  instinct  of
defence;  disposition  to oppose;  it defends  rights and braves
dangers.
   20. Secretiveness.—Concealment, secrecy, reservedness,
suppression of feeling; it  makes one  artful  and sly.
  21. Acquisitiveness.—Love of property; desire to gain
and hoard; it makes one economical and industrious. 
5
  22. Constructiveness.—Mechanical ingenuity; it gives  a
love of mechanical operations; is essential in drawing, draft-
ing, carving, writing and designing.

        GENUS II—SOCIAL PROPENSITIES.
  23. Amativeness.—Reciprocal attachment and love of the
sexes. It prompts kind attentions and obliging manners, which,
by a properly regulated intercourse, promotes the virtue  and
happiness of both.
  24. Parentiveness.—The love  of offspring  or  children;
it greatly facilitates their instruction.
  25. Adhesiveness.—Attachment,   affection,  or  love for
life to a particular individual, as husband and wife, &c.
  26. Gregariousness.—Friendship, sociability.  Propensity
to congregate or live in society, &c.

 GENUS III—IPSE AL OR SELFISH SENTIMENTS.
  27.  Cautiousness. — Careful,  apprehensive, deliberate,
discreet, circumspect; solicitous about consequences.
  28. Sublimity.—Sense  of the  sublime, the grand,  the
lofty.  .
  29. Hope.—Expectation of future good, bright anticipation;
it promotes christian faith.
  30. Ideality.—Love  of  the exquisite  and beautiful;  it
gives to poetry, sculpture, and painting their peculiar charms.
  31. Wit.—A perception of the  ludicrous, incongruous,  a
delight in wit, fun, glee, play, humor, &c.

         GENUS IV—SOCIAL SENTIMENTS.
  82. Approbativeness.—Love of approbation, fondness for
praise; it makes one  courteous and  familiar.   Vanity is an
abuse of  this sentiment.
  33. Justice.—Sense of moral obligation, right and duty,
regard for justice. 
fl
   34. Reverence.—Sentiment of adoration and worship  for
the Supreme Being; reverence and  respect  for what is con-
sidered above us; deference to superiors; it imparts patience,
meekness, and obedience to proper authority.
   35. Benevolence.—A desire for  the happiness of others;
it makes one kind and good hearted.
   36. Imitation.—Ability to make, represent,  or  describe
like another; it assists in mechanics,  the arts, &c.
   37. Faith.—Disposition  to  receive testimony,  marvellous-
ness, wonder; it induces a belief in supernatural occurrences.

ORGANS WHICH HAVE AN INTERNAL RELATION.
   38. Concentrativeness.—Tendency to fix the mind upon
one subject  at one time; it gives  continuity of action to the
feelings  and  faculties, and also a desire to dwell in one place.
   39. Self-Esteem.—Self-confidence, self-respect; it imparts
dignity,  independence, weight  and  influence  to character;
desire to command.
   40. Firmness.—Decision  of character,  imparts  fortitude
perseverance, determination, stability, &c.
   41. Consciousness.—Takes cognizance of the  operation of
all the  other organs;  personal identity, knowledge of one's
Belf, state of mind, feelings, &c.
            COMBINATION  OF ORGANS.
   L. 15, 16, 17 and 23, the  person will possess a large chest
and abdomen, and athletic frame, and great physical strength.
   L. 23,25, 26, 40, the person will manifest strong  attach-
ments, and as a friend will be constant; and if 33  be large,
may be confided in.
   L 40, 39 and 32, the person is ambitious, seeks to distin-
guish himself, desires to command, likes office.
   L. 13, 14, 30, and  strong perceptive intellect,  with a high
nervo-sanguine temperament and thoracic  constitution,  rive a
fondness and talent for poetry. 
7
    The same combination,  with L. 10  and 11,  a talent for
 music.
    L.  31, 36 and 20, a talent for mimicry, or for the stage.
    V.  L. 1, 2, 3, 6,  7,  8  and 13, give great  mathematical
 talent.
    L.  8 and 7, with fair  intellectual  ability, give talent for
 clerking.
    L.  4, with good intellect, talent for engineering.
    38  only F. with L.  1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 7, 9 and 13,  with F. 14,
 give great business  talent.
    V.  L. 19, L. 18, with M. 27,  the  person is bold and fearless;
 the opposite  of this produces the coward.
    L. 27, 33, 39,20 and 32, with M 19, bashfulness will be the
 consequence.
   L. 40,  S.  34, with L.  39, the person will  not submit to
 improper  authority, and is not attached to  religious forms.
    L.  87,  29, 34, the  person is very susceptible of religious
 impressions,  and takes delight in religious worship.
    V.  L,  37, with S.  13 and 14; the individual receives testi-
 mony upon trust.
   L.  1, 9, and 13, with L. 39,  32,  40, 12, and 19, talent for
 a lawyer or debater.
   L.  7, 8, 9, 10, a talent for history.
   L.  6, with fair intellect, talent for navigation.
   L. 22, 2, 3, 4, and 1,  give  great  practical  mechanical
 talent; with L. 14, will be an inventive mechanic.
   L.  14, 35,  33, and  38,  will  delight  in moral  and  political
investigations.
   L. 41, and  14, the person will understand his  own  nature.
   The reverse of this,  with L. 39,  the person will not under-
stand himself and will be prejudiced.
   L. 13, 14,  talent for theory and metaphysics.
   L  Perceptivcs, talent for practical matters. 
8
CONSTITUTIONS  <fc TEMPERAMENTS.
  The following extracts of a  paper I read  before  the  Erie
County Medical Society, June 11th, 1850, which received the
favorable attention and consideration of the Society, and which
I published on page 584, vol. VI. of the Buffalo Medical Jour-
nal, will be  of use here for  reference, to the individual ex-
amined :
  It will be  perceived that in employing  the  words  Consti-
tutions and  Temperaments.  I  make a distinction between
them.  Writers, both ancient and modern, have, in their  im-
perfect description of the  temperaments,  confounded  with
them the constitutions.  Without  now stopping to show the
particular defects of either  ancient or modern writers,  I shall
proceed directly to give a very brief digest of the subjects of
my discourse.
  The Constitutions, as I shall now define them, are those na-
tural causes of the differences of individuals, indicated by the
developments of the  head, thorax, abdomen, and the osseous
and muscular systems.
  The Temperaments are those natural causes of  the differen-
ces of individuals,  produced by the qualities of the  constitu-
tions,  and indicated by the  complexion of the hair, eyes, and
skin, texture of the muscular system, &c.
  The constitution, as a whole, is  divided into four  principal
classes, or heads, as already mentioned, which I shall name as
follows : 1st, the Cerebral  ; 2d, the Thoracic ; 3d, the Diges-
tive ;  4th, the Motive;—and shall treat of  them in  that
order.
  1. Cerebral.—The size of this constitution, including the
cerebellum, is generally indicated by the  development or ex-
tent of the external periphery of the cranium.   The brain, as 
9
a whole, is the organ of all those intellectual faculties and af-
fective feelings, of which we can become conscious in this life.
It is  intimately connected  by appropriate organs, with every
portion of the economy, through the medium  of the nervous
system, and is related to and presides over  every phenomenon
of animal life.
   II. Thoracic.—The  thorax is one  of the  splanchnic cavi«
ties ; bounded, posteriorly, by the vetebree; laterally, by the
ribs and scapula; anteriorly, by the sternum; above, by the
clavicle; and below, by the  diaphragm. It is designed to lodge
and  protect the chief organs of respiration and circulation—
the lungs and the  heart.   The lungs and heart, as a whole,
have  for their principal functions, the arterialization and circu-
lation of the blood;  and also largely participate with other vi-
tal organs in the production of calorification; and are thus the
principal vivifying organs of the whole system.  The capacity
and power of  these organs, and their room for action, can gen-
erally be indicated during life by  the external dimensions  of
the chest, and width of the  shoulders.   The capacity for forci-
ble respiration, and power for exercise, are generally greatest
at about thirty years of age.   The general health and power
of the individual, and the capacity for exercise, are dependent
to a  great degree on the development of this constitution.—
Its external development can,  (as can  indeed the  develop-
ment of each constitution,)  be  made an indication of predispo-
sition to health and disease to a considerable extent; but which
I do not now propose particularly to consider.
   III. Digestive.—By this term  I particularly mean the ab-
dominal viscera.  The abdomen  is the  largest of the  three
splanchnic cavities;  bounded, above by the diaphragm; be-
low, by the pelvis;  behind,  by the  lumbar vertebrae; and  at
the sides and fore part, by  muscular expansions.   The chief 
10
 viscera contained in the abdomen are the stomach, intestines,
 liver, spleen, pancreas, kidneys, &c.
   There is considerable difference of capacity of the abdomen
 in different individuals, which will  generally be developed in
 proportion to the size, or capacity of the  contained  organs.—
 There are even national differences in this respect  The Ger-
 mans and English are greater eaters than the French or  Spa-
 niards.   Some people,  especially after the middle age, have a
 tendency to corpulency, and possess a great development of
 this cavity, which is not supposed to indicate particular size or
 activity of the digestive organs.   It is not important  that  I
 should  now  fully state the causes of this development;  but
 suffice it to say, that such persons are generally good livers, or
 particularly fond of good  living.   A full development, and
 good degree of activity  of the digestive organs are favorable;
 but there may be an excessive, or an insufficient  development
 of these organs.
   IV Motive.—I call this the motive constitution, because it
 comprises the osseous and muscular systems—the principal
 mechanism for  all muscular  movements.   The  osseous and
 muscular substances are generally duly proportioned to each
 other.   They generally constitute the principal bulk of the sys-
 tem as a  whole. The development of this constitution causes
 the principal difference of the size of individuals.  Men have
 a larger endowment of this constitution than women.   The
 peculiar and relative state of  organization, or  development of
 this, and the cerebral constitution—being the chief mechanism
 for all muscular movements   and mental  operations—princi-
 pally decide the proper avocations of individuals.
   Having  thus  described,  though  imperfectly, the  principal
■constitutions, I shall  proceed briefly to notice.
   The Temperaments.—-The  temperaments, as I shall divide 
11
them, are three:—1st, the Nervo-sanguine or active tempera-
ment;   2d, the  Bilious or enduring  temperament; 3d, the
Phlegmatic or easy temperament.
  I. The Nervo-sanguine or Active Temperament.—This tem-
perament is indicated by sandy, or  chestnut, or light colored
hair; florid complexion, or fair skin; light, or  blue, or gray
eyes,  and firm flesh.   If the general constitution is  well de-
veloped, it is accompanied with strong,  frequent, and regular
pulse.   The particular qualities of this temperament are,* supe-
rior nervous susceptibility, and excitability and activity of mind
and body.   Every thing else being equal, all the functions par-
take of  more activity, than in the other temperaments.  The
peculiar complexions and characteristics of this temperament, I
suppose are produced by a predominance of arterial blood, or
by  some inappreciable modification of the nervous and circu-
latory systems.  This  temperament has frequently been con-
founded with  a predominant  cerebral  constitution, or  an im-
paired or diseased constitution, and called the nervous temper-
ament;  or with a predominant thoracic  constitution, with  a
moderate cerebral constitution, &c, and called  the sanguine
temperament.   Every other circumstance being equal, the dis-
eases of this temperament, are generally more violent, and  of-
tener seated in the circulatory and nervous systems, as fevers,
inflammations, hemorrhages, and  nervous complaints, than in
the other temperaments.
  II.    The Bilious or Enduring Temperament.—This tempe-
rament is indicated  by  dark  hair, dark  eyes,  and dark or
brown skin, or skin inclining to yellow, muscles firm, subcuta-
neous veins prominent.   Every other  condition  being  equal,
the pulse is rather stronger and  harder, though not quite so
frequent  as in the  nervo-sanguine or active temperament.—
Individuals of this temperament, ceteris paribus, are stronger,
and capable of enduring protracted mental, or physical fa- 
12
tigue or exercise, better  than those of the  other  tempera-
ments ; they are not so often precocious, or susceptible of the
effects of medicine, or external influences, as those of the pre-
ceding temperament.  The diseases are generally  combined
with more or less derangement of  the  hepatic  system.   We
are not entirely  certain what are the  causes of the peculiar
complexions, and qualities of this temperament; they may be
produced by a peculiar structural organization of the liver, or
biliary organs  in  general, or by a predominance of dark or
venous blood, or it may be both causes combined.  Richerand
enumerates as examples of what he calls the bilious tempera-
ment,  Alexander, Julius Caesar, Brutus,  Mahomet, Charles
XII, Peter the Great, Cromwell, Sextus V, and the  Cardinal
Richelieu.  To these, Good  has added Attila,  Charlemagne,
Tamerlane, Richard III, Nadir Shah and  Napoleon.  Rich-
erand and Good do not mention the fact, that these great men
derived their superior abilities, as much from a favorable en-
dowment of the constitution*,  as  from the peculiar qualities
imparted by this temperament.  This temperament  has  been
combined by various authors with a small, or moderate endow-
ment of the thoracic constitution, or with derangement of some
of the abdominal organs, or inthe  nervous system, and called
the melancholic  or atrabilious temperament.
   HI.  Phlegmatic or Easy Temperament.—" In  this  case,
the proportion of the fluids is  conceived to be too great  for
that of the solids; the secretory system appearing to be active,
whilst the absorbent system does not act so energetically as to
prevent the cellular texture from being filled with humors.  The
characteristics of this temperament are:—soft flesh; pale  skin;
fair hair; weak, slow, and soft pulse; figure rounded, but inex-
pressive ; the vital actions more  or less languid; the memory by
no means tenacious, and the attention vaccillating; with aversion
to both mental and corporeal exertion." 
13
   This  temperament, 1 think,  has suffered  too  much dis-
paragement in  comparison with the others; so much so, that
no individual would think himself at all  honored to be called
of the phlegmatic temperament.  I call it the easy tempera-
ment, because  the repletion of the cellular  tissue, and  other
peculiarities of it, disposes the individual to quietude, and thus
protects all of the organs from injury by too powerful  exercise
of their functions, and by the defence afforded by the secre-
tions.  Every person possesses more  or  less of the  qualities
which constitute this  temperament; and  which are essential,
to a certain  degree, to our very existence: but we rarely speak
of this temperament, excepting when  these qualifying causes
exist so superabundantly, as to be quite palpable, and to almost
constitute morbid conditions.
   Such are the temperaments as they seem  to  me.  There
may be othe-r qualities of all  the constitutions, produced by
fineness, or  coarseness, or intimacy of  structure, which cannot
be  detected during life, only  by  their effects; some  of them
may be seen by dissection, but which I shall  not  now dwell
upon.  I shall  also avoid further protracting this discourse, by
omitting to  speak particularly of  the  constitutions and tem-
peraments, as modified by parentage, age, sex, national differ-
ences, habit, cultivation, climate, food,  disease, <fcc.

   In the above named article, together with other observations,
I also advanced the opinion, and endeavored to prove that the
perfection of the bodily frame and development of the atheltic
powers  are  in  proportion to the size  of the cerebellum, and
that its chief function is to preside over nutrition. 
14
            NEWLY  DISCOVERED.

   As there is no Phrenological Journal in the United States
in which the owner of original discoveries and improvements
in the science can be credited, I here refer to certain new im-
provements I have made,  which certain phrenologists, either
honestly or  dishonestly, are endeavoring to appropriate  to
themselves:
   The first is concerning organ 41.  Mr. Grimes  justly cen-
sures Fowler for  giving no one but himself the  credit of first
suggesting a location for Consciousness, or even the probability
of there being such an organ.  At the same  time Mr. Grimes
is mistaken, so far as I am concerned, in stating in his Phreno-
Geology and some other works, that "Spurzheim and all other
phrenologists denied  that  consciousness is the function of a
single organ, and no phrenological writer suggested that there.
is a single and distinct organ of consciousness, before my work
was  published in 1845, on the Philosophy of Mesmerism and
Phrenology."  I will here  show that I was the first  to sug-
gest  a location  and define such an organ.   In 1842, I gave
printed charts defining an organ of  Consciousness; and in the
fall session of 1842,  of the Castleton Medical College, I de-
scribed, in my thesis on the Physiology of the  Encephalon, the
same organ, and I also published an account of the same organ
in the Buffalo  Commercial Advertiser  and  Journal, Match
16th, 1843.  I immediately sent this last publication  to the
Fowlers, but have never heard of any acknowledgment of its
reception by them.  The definition of the organ as I published
it, is  briefly given in this chart.  It is located  in  the  superior
middle part of the forehead, between Comparison  and Bene-
volence, called by some phrenologists "Agreeableness."
25.—ADHESIVENESS, AND 26.—GREGARIOUSNESS.
  In 1841, I discovered the organ I call Adhesiveness,  and 
15
distinguished  it  from the organ 1 call Gregariousness.  In
1843,1 gave charts defining the same organs, and I publish-
ed an account of the same organs in the Buffalo Daily Gazette,
January 17th, 1845, which I immediately sent to  O. S. & L.
N. Fowler, who publish the American Phrenological Journal.
I have never heard of any acknowledgment of its reception by
them;  but soon after this, 0. S. Fowler claimed the discovery,
and  professed to  have discovered  the  organ which he calls
"Union for Life" or "Matrimony," corresponding exactly in
location  and definition, to the organ  I call Adhesiveness,
and also the organ which he calls Adhesiveness answers exactly
to the  description which I gave of Gregariousness.  It is not
very important which of these names of the said organs are
adopted, but I justly claim priority of discovery of the organ
I call  Adhesiveness,  and  the first to publish an account of it
distinguishing it from Gregariousness.
  Adhesiveness is situated on  the lateral edge of the occipital
bone, between  Parentiveness and  Combativeness, just above
Amativeness, and below Gregariousness.
  Gregariousness is located  at the middle of the posterior
edge of the parietal bone, on  each side of Concentrativeness,
higher up than Parentiveness,  and just above the lambdoidal
suture. 
1