-?Ji
IX
it
ADDRESS
RECIPROCAL  RELATIONS
EXISTING BETWEEN
PHYSICIANS  AND  THE PUBLIC,
DELIVERED BEFORE
The Medical Society of the State of California,
ANNUAL SESSION, APRIL, 1873,
F. W. HATCH, A. M., M. D.
PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY.
     SACRAMENTO:


T. A. SPRINGER, STATE PRINTER.


         1873.
 
 
ADDRESS
RECIPROCAL  RELATIONS
EXISTING BETWEEN
PHYSICIANS  AND THE PDBLIC,
DELIVERED BEFORE
The Medical Society of the State of California,
ANNUAL SESSION, APRIL, 1873,
          BY

  F. W. HATCH, A. M., M. D.




PUBLISHED" BY  THE SOCIETY.
     SACRAMENTO:
T. A. SPRINGER. STATE PRINTER.
        1873. 
 
ADDRESS
                          ON THE

RECIPROCAL  RELATIONS  EXISTING  BETWEEN
          PHYSICIANS  AND THE PUBLIC.
By F. W. HATCH, A. M., M. D., or Sacramento.
Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen:
  With great reluctance, and with unfeigned distrust of my
fitness for the duty, yet in obedience to an invitation from a
source which should not be disregarded, I have consented to
present, very briefly, some thoughts upon  the general subject
of the relative duties  of the profession and the public—the
reciprocal relations existing between them.
  This whole subject has been, and is, but  little understood or
reflected upon in every community; nor is the position of the
physician rightly appreciated, or the claims of the great and
philanthropic science he professes properly appreciated.
  In my comments to-night I shall studiously  avoid any im-
proper allusion to such as differ from me and those with whom
I associate in the profession.  For all  of these, if they are
honest, I entertain the respect to which, as  men and gentlemen,
they are entitled.  I simply design, with the Code of Ethics as
my guide, to review the claims and position of legitimate Medi-
cine, and, as incident to these, the respect and deference which
are its due.
  The world is full  of novelties.   There is a charm, a fascina-
tion, about them which captivates the mind and enchains the
fancy.  Indeed, the present has somewhere been called the age
of novelty; but it has  been the same, if we  read aright the 
4          PHYSICIANS AND  THE PUBLIC.

record of the past, in all ages.  It is a characteristic of human
nature—this  passion for  something  new—this  weariness of
what is old and familiar.  We see it illustrated, nowadays, in
every  department of business,  in  dress, in association, in the
common  affairs and intercourse of life.   It has become the basis
of fashion, the arbiter of taste; it invades the balls of science;
it has taken possession of the pulpit.
  It has been the same for centuries past in  medicine.   The
sorceries and  incantations of olden times,  the  doctrine of sig-
natures, the metallic tractors, the chrono-tbermal treatment, the
great sulphur  cure, the  grape  cure, the psora theory, the spir-
itualism  and clairvoyant medicine of the present day, and all
the pathies of which we bear so much, are  but a few of the
medical novelties which, appealing to this love of what is new—
this slavery  of fashion—have  been, at different times  and in
different degrees, successful in winning converts and gaining
zealous advocates.
  The striking peculiarity, the prominent  feature of all these
methods—for  systems they are not—is, that they rest upon an
exclusive dogma;  that  they are  narrowed down to a  single
idea, from which, if there be a momentary departure, the vitality
of the thing is lost.
  But such is  not now, and has never been, the  case with legiti-
mate Medicine.  Tracing its origin  back to the earliest ages of
the world's history, we  may call to mind the long catalogue of
heroes upon  whose labors this great system  has been built.
Look at them, as age follows age and generation succeeds to gen-
eration, plodding with unwearied steps and  ever-elastic energies
along  the  thorny paths of discovery.   A great science was to
be erected—a system was to be founded out of the scattered
and disjointed fragments which,  here and there  and in slow
succession, patient investigation and unprejudiced experimenta-
tion had  been able to  establish.  Behold  them, as they  pass
along  through the  ages, even from  Chiron and vEsculapius,
thirteen  hundred  years before Christ, to Hippocrates, seven
centuries later; to  Galen, in  the second  century, earnestly
collecting together the results which had been achieved  before
him, explaining to attentive audiences in Rome the discoveries—
wonderful for the time, and  far in advance of all who bad pre- 
STATE MEDICAL  SOCIETY.
5
ceded him—which he had made in anatomy;  to Harvey, in the
seventeenth century, laboring incessantly for the truth,  and
startling the world by  new  anatomical  demonstrations,  and
proclaiming to admiring listeners the great doctrine of the cir-
culation  of the blood;  to Cullen and Brown, and Broussais,
whose theories, however  much  we may disregard them now,
have left their impress upon  the medicine of to-da}T; to Laen-
nec, and Louis, and John Hunter, and Bicbat, and Virchow,
advancing our knowledge of the nature of disease,  and connect-
ing  effects with their  causes, and  expounding the  beautiful
structure of histology.   We need not follow them to our own
age  and time;  to Watson and  Niemeyer, and M. Hall, Gross,
and Da Costa, and  many others whose names are as household
words,  and whose  memories  will live while medicine itself is
read and practiced.
   Such were some of the men to whom we are indebted for the
proud position  which medicine occupies  to-day—a system  of
active benevolence  and beneficence, which, as "the attribute of
mercy, is twice blessed."  It reposes upon no dogma.  There is
nothing exclusive  about it.  While venerable in  its  age, it is
active in its progressiveness.  It recognizes no beaten  path to
which it is compelled to adhere.  Its spirit  of investigation is
insatiable, and in its search after whatever is useful and condu-
cive to the one great end it has in view, it explores the whole
domain of nature, disdaining to gather new materials neither from
the earth beneath us, nor from the flower which blooms upon and
beautifies  its surface.   It is, therefore, confined to no one plan
or method, but avails itself of what is good  in all; and, in this
respect, it is distinguished from all others.  In a word, it claims
and embraces  everything capable of aiding  and  advancing its
great mission.   Hence, regular  medicine recognizes no distinc-
tive title, but rejects every appellation savoring of exclusiveness,
or which in any manner allies it to a sect.   We do not believe
that water, however useful in  its proper place,  will cure all
diseases; we do not credit the assertion that all remedies of
value are confined  to the vegetable kingdom; wo  are not satis-
fied that the utility and curative power of all drugs is in direct
proportion to their attenuation or dilution;  but we are, to use
the  words of another,  " simply physicians,  as yet unaware of 
6          PHYSICIANS AND  THE PUBLIC.

the fixed but mysterious laws that others claim—who now, as
always, will use .any application  or  any remedy that, judging
by  experience in their use,  or from well-settled mechanical,
chemical, or physiological principles, will cure disease."  The
title of allopath, therefore, so often assigned to us, even by intel-
ligent persons, is as misapplied as would be that of homoeopath,
or hydropath.  We use such means as science has revealed to us
to be applicable to the cure of disease, and, the utility of which
experience has demonstrated.  How these remedies act, may be
the subject of beautiful and exhaustive theories, but is, after all,
of the very least importance in a strictly practical point of view;
and, in many familiar cases, will possibly be forever unknown.
We know that opium exerts its benign influence upon a certain
part of the organization, and produces certain  results;  we are
assured, by familiar use, that quinia possesses a power incom-
parably beyond  any other remedy in arresting the progress of
periodical fever; but, old as it is,  familiar as it has become, the
wisest  and best men in the  profession are to-day engaged in
elaborate, yet not entirely satisfactory, efforts to discover its
modus operandi, and fathom the deep mystery of its wonderful
power.
  I have dwelt thus long upon this portion of the subject, with
the view  of  explaining what medicine—regular medicine—is,
and to contrast it with the methods of the dogmatists;  to indi-
cate the labor, the mental preparation required of  those who
profess its name and minister at  its altars; to exhibit some of
its  claims to veneration and respect,  and to justify the demand
which  it  makes upon the public for the recognition of th'ese
claims, and the observance of the obligations which are  its due.
These  obligations  are briefly hinted at in our Code of Ethics—
a law equally binding  upon  every honorable physician, as are
the laws of the land' upon the citizen.
  Hear it in Article second, section first:  "The members of the
medical profession, upon whom is enjoined the performance of
so  many important and arduous duties towards the community,
and who are required to make so many sacrifices  of comfort,
ease, and health, for the welfare of those who avail themselves
of  their services, certainly have a right  to expect and require
that their patients should entertain a just sense of the duties 
STATE MEDICAL  SOCIETY.             7
which  they owe  to their medical attendants."   It goes on to
enumerate  them, placing the claims of the profession in their
true light,  and basing  them upon the reciprocal duties of the
profession  to  the public.  " A physician," it says, " should not
only be ever ready to  obey the calls, of the sick, but his mind
ought  to  be  imbued  with the  greatness  of  his mission and
the responsibility he habitually incurs in its discbarge."  And
again: " As good citizens, it is the duty of physicians to be ever
vigilant  for the  welfare of the community, and to bear their
part in sustaining its institutions and burdens; they should be
ever ready to give counsel to the public in relation to matters
specially appertaining  to their profession.  *  *  *  It is their
province to enlighten  the public in regard to quarantine regu-
lations,  *  *  *  in relation  to the medical police of towns,
as drainage, ventilation, etc., and in regard to measures for the
prevention of epidemic and  contagious  diseases;  and when
pestilence  prevails, it  is their duty to face the danger, and to
continue their labors  for the alleviation of the suffering, even
at the jeopardy of their own lives."
  Having  thus broadly exposed the reciprocity of obligation
between physician and patient, it seeks; by timely and  appro-
priate counsel, to guard the latter against some of the errors
which experience has shown to be common in every community,
especially  the habit of vacillation and inconstancy—of roaming
about after different medical advisers in  every new case of sick-
ness, or even in the same case.  "A patient," it says, " should
confide the care  of himself and family, as much as possible, to
one physician,"  and it goes on  to explain the reason for the
advice;  "for  a medical man who has become acquainted  with
the peculiarities of constitution, habits, and predispositions of
those  he attends, is more likely to be successful in his treatment
than one who does not possess that knowledge."
   So  necessary  is this injunction,  in  the estimation  of the
framers of the Code, that they go further, and make it the  duty
 of the physician himself to oppose his influence against it, and
 to  counteract, as far  as possible, the prevalence of the habit.
 " A physician," it affirms, " ought not to take charge of or pre-
 scribe for a patient who has  been recently under the care of
another member of the faculty, in  the same illness, except in 
8          PHYSICIANS AND  THE PUBLIC.

cases of sudden emergency, or in consultation with the physi-
cian previously  in  attendance, or when the latter  has relin-
quished the case," etc.
  Indeed, the principle  involved  in this  rule  cannot be too
strongly enforced.   The  custom to which it alludes—the habit
of changing  one's  physician for trivial causes, or even  from
mere fancy, caprice, or fashion—has  been the fruitful source of
evil; it interferes seriously with the success of  treatment, and
the consummation  of the remedial measures which have  been
deemed necessary;  it  engenders  suspiciouf misunderstanding,
and ill will among those who ought to work together hand in
hand, and with united  purpose, in  the responsible and difficult
duties  of their profession; it tends  to create distrust among
those between whom, bearing to each other the relation of phy-
sician and patient, there should be  the  utmost  confidence and a
harmony of interests;  and  in many ways it leads to the  most
serious consequences to the sick.  It seeks not to dictate to the
public  whom they shall employ as their medical attendant, for
this we have neither the right  nor desire to do; but it under-
takes to warn them against what  every candid  and intelligent
person must admit  to be  an evil fraught with  danger and dis-
aster.  In cases of extraordinary difficulty or danger, or wherp
dissatisfaction exists, it suggests the remedy in  a consultation,
which  no honorable physician would decline, and which, to use
the language of the law,  "gives rise to confidence, energy, and
more enlarged views in practice."
  Finally, the closing injunction of th'e Code should be every-
where  read and observed:  " The benefits accruing to the pub-
lic,  directly and indirectly, from the active and unwearied
beneficence of the profession, are  so numerous  and important,
that physicians are  justly entitled  to the utmost consideration
and respect from the community.   The public ought likewise to
entertain a just appreciation  of medical qualifications, to make
a proper distinction between  true science and the assumption of
ignorance and empiricism."
  In these plain words it points out to  all the course of interest
and duty.  It distinctly asserts the claims of the profession to
consideration and regard, and risks the imputation  of selfish-
ness in its philanthropic effort to guard the interests of the 
STATE  MEDICAL SOCIETY.            9
community from the wiles  and specious arguments of the pre-
tender.  The reason is obvious.  As the knowledge of medicine
can never be intuitive, as its science is only to be acquired by
close  study  and  adequate preparation,  and skill in its  art and
application to disease  only by experience and observation, he
alone should be considered worthy of confidence who possesses
these qualifications.
  But, says  one—we hear it so said every day—" these irregu-
lar methods, of  which so  much is said, cure  disease."  It is  a
fact, to which all intelligent physicians will testify, that of the
diseases met with in daily practice two thirds or three fourths
would, sooner or later, and  with more  or less inconvenience
and difficulty, recover without medicine.  Oliver W.  Holmes
says, I believe, ninety out  of every one hundred.  A carefully
regulated diet, rest, and proper hygienic measures, secure the
happiest results.
   Take the  case of rubeola, or measles, which has been exten-
sively prevalent during the past few months in Sacramento,
attended by all the distressing  symptoms peculiar to that dis-
ease, and naturally calculated to excite alarm.  Of the cases
coming under treatment, with tho  possible exception of a few
of uncommon severity and abnormality, does any one believe
that to the remedial  measures employed the  recovery of their
patients  was positively due ?  Certainly no  intelligent physi-
cian will  make the assertion, when the fact is  patent that for
every one hundred cases treated by a  medical attendant there
might be enumerated another one  hundred equally successful
instances in which no medicine was given.  This  is but an
example of  what occurs  in many  other diseases, and hence,
perhaps, the apparent efficacy of some of the popular methods
of the day,  and  to this may be added the influence of faith.
   It is related of Lord Chief Justice Holt that, when a young
man,  he possessed, as the story reads, " a flow of animal spirits
which could not be restrained, and he happened on one occa-
sion, with some  companions, to  stop at an  inn in the country,
where they  contracted a debt  of such an amount  that they
were unable to  defray it.   In this dilemma  they appealed  to
2 
10         PHYSICIANS AND THE PUBLIC.
Holt to get them out of the scrape.  Holt observed that the
innkeeper's daughter looked remarkably ill, and was told by
her father that she had  an ague.  Hereupon he gathered sev-
eral plants and mixed them together with a great deal of cere-
mony, afterwards wrapping them in a piece of parchment upon
which  he  scrawled certain letters and marks.   The ball, thus
prepared, he hung about the  woman's neck, and the ague did
not return.  After this,  the never-failing doctor offered to dis-
charge the bill, but  the  gratitude of the landlord refused any
such thing, and Holt and his companions departed.  When he
became Lord Chief Justice,  a woman was  brought before him
accused of being a witch.  She was the  last person ever  tried
in England for witchcraft.  She made no  other defence than
that, she was in possession of a certain  ball which invariably
cured ague.  The ball was handed up to the Judge, who untied
it, and found it to be the  identical ball  which he had made in
his youthful days, for the purpose of curing the woman's ague
and paying his own bill."
   There is present here, to-night, a member of this society, who
is able to bear witness to the success of  a not dissimilar charm
in his own person, applied for the cure of a most  distressing
and agonizing  toothache.   The  inscription of certain  secret
words upon a  piece of paper, and this carefully  folded and
sewed inside  of his  cravat by  an  old and secluded hermit,
with the exacted promise never to open the  package, and the
payment of a fee,  was suddenly, perfectly, and permanently
successful.   Weeks afterward, when the  pain had gone, and
even the fear  of its return, curiosity  overcame his youthful
prudence,  and  upon  opening the cravat  and  the mysterious
paper it contained,  he  read these memorable  words: "If ye
 have faith as a  grain of mustard  seed,  ye shall say unto this
 mountain, Remove hence to yonder place, and it shall remove."
   In both these instances, the charm acted through the medium
 of the imagination—its saving virtue rested  securely upon the
 strong arm of£n implicit faith.
   The same may be said of  the horse-chestnuts, so often carried
 in the pockets as a certain cure and  preventive of rheumatism;
 and upon a similar principle may be explained the efficacy of
 the live eel, formerly prescribed  Sir Kenelm  Ligby, for  fever 
STATE  MEDICAL SOCIETY.
11
and ague.  The recipe is thus given by Oliver Wendell Holmes:
Pare the patient's nails, put the  parings in a little bag, and
hang the bag round the neck of a live eel, and place  him (the
eel) in a tub of water.  The  eel will  die, and the patient will
recover."
  It is the same with many other things in medicine, in which
the fallacy lies in the assumed connection of cause and effect.
The patient gets well, therefore the last prescription cures him,
and, as a consequence of the habit of  which  we spoke just now,
of changing one's physician during the progress of a case, the
injustice is too often done of ascribing the recovery to the  supe-
rior skill of the last comer, or the last method tried.  In reality,
he may have had nothing  more to do with it than the eel with
the cord around its neck, or the horse-chestnut which one car-
ries in his breeches pocket.
  The observations just made are applicable to a large number
of diseases, such as are " self-limited," whose history is definite
and well known, which naturally run through a certain series
of  symptoms or variations, which medicine is powerless  to in-
terrupt or abbreviate, and  in which time and nature are capable
of doing more for their cure than the most practiced art.  It is
 in such that the irregular methods have their apparent success.
 They are commonly the acute forms  of disease—many of them
 familiar to every one as belonging to the  class of  mild  erup-
 tive fevers, of which measles, to which  allusion was just now
 made, may, as it ordinarily appears, be considered one.  They
 are precisely the cases in which the physician is  most fre-
 quently called, occasioning alarm from the seeming severity of the
 attack, and the prominence in which certain  active symptoms
 are presented, but in which, in  reality, the true office of the
 physician is to guard against accidents and complications,  to
 palliate their violence, to alleviate suffering—in a word, to con-
 duct the patient safely and comfortably through,  with little
 medicine, but with special attention  to the  more essential sub-
ject of a well regulated hygiene.  Important offices!—far more
 important and difficult,  at times,  than administering active
 drugs or pleasing the fancy with small pills!
   But these remarks, however true in themselves, and however
 applicable to the complaints so commonly met with in practice, 
12
PHYSICIANS AND THE PUBLIC.
cannot be used as an argument against the utility of medicine,
or the necessity of securing the  services of a  physician, even
in the incipiency of disease.  All diseases are  not self-limited
and curable by the unaided efforts  of nature; and of those to
which this appellation may properly be applied, it often happens
that the most active  and judicious  interference is suddenly
demanded.  In all cases, he only can judge—and he who is the
most  skillful can judge best—of the necessity  of medication.
The physician is needed, moreover, to give encouragement to
the sick, to allay undue apprehension, and to place them under
conditions favoi'able to recovery.
  But there  are  some diseases which medicine can cure, and
medicine only.  The most dangerous forms of disease may be
lurking under what, to the untrained eye, may appear a trivial
beginning; and hence the advice of  the  Code, where it says:
"A patient who has thus selected his  physician  should  always
apply for advice  in what  may appear to him trivial cases, for
the most fatal results often supervene on the slightest accidents.
It is  of still more importance that he should apply for assist-
ance in the forming stage of violent diseases; it is to a neglect
of this precept that medicine owes much of the uncertainty and
imperfection with which it has been reproached."
   It  is in  cases  like these that medicine achieves its real tri-
umphs; it is in the hour of danger, when the issue of life may
rest upon the decision of a correct judgment,  a quick discern-
ment, and the application of a read}' skill, that regular medicine
rises above the vagaries  of the  hour, and  extends its  benefi-
cent aid to relieve the  pangs of suffering, or rescue trembling
humanity from death.  It is in just such cases as these that the
physician becomes, the real benefactor—in such as these, that
the painful,  arduous duties of his ministry are softened and
sweetened by the  consciousness  of duty nobly  done, and his
confidence reassured in the amazing resources of his art.
   It  has been, then, in no spirit of  exaggeration that  I have
designated the office of the physician as one of active  benevo-
lence.   It embraces, in the exercise of  its highest functions,
something more  than his  routine care and daily attendance at
the bed of sickness.  By his intercourse with  the families of
his charge,  he  is  brought into  close personal  relations  with 
STATE MEDICAL
SOCIETY.
13
them, he assumes the character at once of physician and friend,
and  oftentimes, under the most trying and  delicate circum-
stances to which poor, weak humanity is subject, it is his special
office to become the confidant  and counselor, to bind up the
bleeding heart and  administer consolation, as  he only can do,
to the broken spirit.  There are those who fully appreciate this
solemn and interesting relation; there  are those to whom the
visit of the physician is  as  the return of a friend,  and who
lighten the responsibilities of his position  by tokens  of confi-
dence, and encourage his labors  by evidences of their apprecia-
tion.   From such as these, and in such  acknowledgments as
these, he  receives his highest reward;  for no pecuniary com-
pensation, no sordid or mercenary  consideration, can  equal the
gratification which  springs  from  the  recognition of acts of
gratitude, and spontaneous, open-hearted attestations of esteem.
   Unhappily, the observance and appreciation of this  true rela-
tion of physician and patient  are  seldom  witnessed; and the
fact may be due, in part at least, to the unfitness of many who
assume the name,  properly  and  intelligently to fulfill  the
responsible duties  of the profession.   Often, too, the public
has no means of distinguishing the worthy from the unworthy,
the educated, but unassuming man of science, from the ignorant
and, sometimes, unprincipled pretender, and has come at last,
through bitter experience, to entertain distrust and suspicion.
Perhaps, until the public  shall have learned to distinguish the
one from the other, until by sad  disappointments and unrealized
hopes it shall have been taught the lesson of  discrimination,
legitimate medicine must continue to suffer for the sins of empiri-
cism.  This is especially true of new communities and societies.
It is only when population becomes stable and permanent that
the  medical attendant,  once chosen, descends as  it  were  by
right of inheritance, the trusted reliance of a family, the friend,
the confidant, and counselor.  Such a condition of things may be
seen hereafter even in California, when the habit of changing the
physician  for trivial cause, or running after each new method
*as it arises, from motives of caprice, may be the exception rather
than the rule, but it will be only when men have learned, as
sooner or later they will learn by sad and afflicting tokens, that
the path of safety lies in placing full confidence in the physi- 
14         PHYSICIANS AND THE PUBLIC.

cia» of their choice,  and by  entwining and  associating his
interests with theirs, to  strengthen the ties of mutual attach-
ment, and confirm his zeal in the important duties  of his mis-
sion.
  With these running and imperfect commentaries upon our
Code of Ethics, in so far as it refers to the relations of the phy-
sician and the public, I shall relieve your patience.   They have
not been  made for the purpose of attack or defence.   With
other methods, it is  not  the office  of the regular physician to
contend, nor does the great system to which he holds allegiance
need defence. Resting upon the experience of ages, enriched
by  the labors of the  best  and wisest  of men, fertile in its
resources, vigorous in its  maturity, it pursues its steady, onward
career, drawing its pabulum from  every source, extending its
sphere over all the world, and  distributing its priceless bless-
ings wherever disease has entered or humanity suffers.   In the
ranks of this profession the great benefactors of the world have
lived and labored, and here their triumphs have achieved.  " This
profession," to use the language of another, (*) "is to-day the
custodian of  all the great hospitals of the world, from Constan-
tinople  to London, from  New York to Pekin.  The student  of
medicine who visits the Old World for instruction will find that
not one of their great schools has swerved from the ancient but
progressive faith. He will  return  a disappointed but a wiser
man,  if he expects to find a school where the  dogmatists are
teachers.
  " The literature of the practice of medicine, from Hippocrates
down to our  own Watson and Niemeyer, is ours, and does not
contain a line of comfort  for absurd theorizers about the princi-
ples upon which remedies act.
  "The anatomical and physiological researches of  Galen, Val-
salva,  Eustachius, Corti, with  hundreds more down to Helm-
holtz, Richardson, Flint,  Dalton, and Draper, of the  nineteenth
century, form one of the quarterings on an untarnished shield.
  " The surgical achievements of Pott and Larrey, of Syme and
Simpson, of Cooper and  Dieffenbach, of the Potts, Parker and
Mott, of  Stromeyer and Billroth,  of Langen bach, Erich sen,
(1) D. B. St. John Koosa—Address. 
STATE MEDICAL  SOCIETY.           15
Ferguson, Bigelow,  Sims,  Van  Buren,  Pancoast,  Sayre, and
Gross, are the glory of the profession, in which the adherents
of dogmas have no part.
  " Pathology, the offspring of modern times, is one of her chil-
dren, and she points with pride  to such names as Rokitanski,
and Virchow, Strieker, Robin, Claude  Bernard, and Beale.
  " In special researches, where, outside of her ranks, can be
found the  peers of  Mackenzie, Ardt,  and Bowman,  Wilde,
Troltsch, Gruber, and Politzer,  Donders, Hebra and  Wilson,
Emmett and Learning, and what body but the regular profes-
sion is the guardian of the memory and fame of Albrecht Von
Graeffe?" 
 
 
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