UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS 
BULLETIN No. 4. Contributions from the Chemical Laboratory. 
EDGAR EVERHART, 
PROFESSOR IN CHARGE. 
PETROLEUM OF TEXAS. 
* ' 
For many years it has been known that there were var- 
ious localities in the State where an oily substance exuded 
from the ground: These places were generally denominated 
“tar springs.” Mention is frequently made of these springs 
in the various histories of Texas. Ex-Gov. Roberts, in his 
“Description of Texas,” states that on the Gulf coast not far 
from Sabine Pass so much of this tarry matter issues from the 
ground that during storms the water of the Gulf is fre- 
quently calmed by the floating oil. 
The tar spring near San Augustine has long been known, 
and utilized to some extent for various purposes, principally 
as a lubricant. 
Near Burnet there are several places where this tarry sub- 
stance issues from the ground, forming at times considerable 
springs. One of these places is situated near the top of a 
high hill overlooking the town, while in the valley below 
on the banks of a small creek there are also several springs. 
Near Palestine there are said to be strong indications of 
petroleum, but nothing definite regarding them has been 
heard here. 
In the vicinity of Austin, near Walnut Creek, prospecting 
for oil is going on, probably with some hopes of success. 
About one and a half miles north of Austin, a gentleman, in 
sinking a well, at a depth of fifty feet struck water which is 
strongly impregnated with petroleum. The water is unfit 
for drinking purposes. A sample of the water was ex- 
amined in the laboratory, and an oil was found in small 2 
quantities which resembles the crude oil of Pennsylvania. 
These are probably only a small fraction of the number of 
places in the State where petroleum may be found. No 
doubt when the geological survey of the State is made the 
coal oil area will be accurately determined and mapped out. 
Now only isolated localities are known where the oil may 
be found. 
Although the existence of these “tar springs” has long 
been known, as I have stated above, still no effort has been 
made to develop the springs until about one year ago. In 
the early part of last year a company in Nacogdoches was 
formed to develop the petroleum deposits that were known 
to exist near that place. The springs are situated about 
thirteen miles from the town of Nacogdoches. Efforts have 
been made to learn something of the geological formations 
of the locality about the springs, but without success. The 
only thing in that connection that could be ascertained was 
with regard to the nature of the ground through which the 
wells were sunk. In driving the wells sand was en- 
countered almost entirely. At some stages of sinking them 
the borers were troubled with quicksand, but not to a very 
great extent. In the deepest well, which goes to a depth of 
360 feet, very hard rock was met with. The character of 
the rock is unknown to me. Probably the petroleum exists 
in the Tertiary formation. 
Since beginning the work the company have sunk eight 
wells, which vary in depth from ninety to one hundred and 
twenty feet, except in one instance where a depth of 360 
feet has been attained. Owing to a want of facilities for 
handling and storing the oil, only two of the wells are at 
present in operation, the'rest being securely capped. The 
daily yield of these two wells is, as 1 am informed, 250 bar- 
rels each. 
The wells that have been sunk will How to some extent, 
but in order to increase the yield pumping has been resorted 3 
to. To increase their facilities for handling and storing the 
oil, a pipe line is now in process of being laid from the wells 
to the town of Nacogdoches. When this is completed the 
daily yield will probably be largely increased. 
With regard to the value of the oil obtained from the 
Nacogdoches oil field, it is interesting to know that it sells 
in the town for thirty cents a gallon wholesale. Such a 
price as this renders it much more valuable than the crude 
oil of any of the Northern oil fields. Crude oil is now sell- 
ing in New York for less than seven cents per gallon. 
The Texas oil is not adapted to the production of illu- 
minating oil—its value consists in its use as a lubricant. 
There is probably no better lubricating material manufact- 
ured than this crude oil as it is pumped from the well. 
In order to investigate some of the properties of this oil 
a quantity was obtained from Nacogdoches and submitted 
to various tests in the University laboratory. The work 
was assigned to Mr. P. H. Fitzhugh, who conducted the 
tests under my direction. 
The oil has a brownish red color. The odor is peculiar, 
but not so offensive as the crude petroleum of Pennsylvania. 
At ordinary temperature the oil is mobile', but not so much 
so as ordinary petroleum. Submitted to an extreme cold 
the oil still retains its liquidity, but naturally becomes less 
mobile. The temperature of* the oil was reduced to less 
than zero (Fahrenheit) without its losing its flowing quali- 
ties. At no temperature attainable in the laboratory by 
artificial means could any solid paraffine be separated. 
The oil does not gum on exposure to the air. 
Mr. Fitzhugh subjected about four pounds of the oil to 
distillation over the naked flame, in a retort connected with 
proper condensers. The temperature was carried up to 680° 
Fahrenheit. At intervals of 45° Fahr. each distillate was 
removed and its weight determined. The results of the 
distillation were as follows: 4 
1. Below 300° Fahr. the distillate amounted to. 0.04 per cent. 
2. 300°—345° “ “ “ 0.37 per cent. 
3. 3450—390° “ “ “ 1.38 per cent. 
4. 390°—435° “ “ “ 2.09 per cent. 
5. 4350—480° “ “ “ 3.14 per cent. 
6. 480°—525° “ “ “ 6.25 per cent. 
7. 525°—615° “ “ “ 7.07 per cent. 
8. 615°—680° “ “ “ 5.63 per cent. 
Remaining in the retort 74.03 per cent. 
A consideration of the above figures shows in the first 
place that the crude petroleum of Nacogdoches is practically 
free from naphtha. Naphtha distils off below 250° Fahr. 
Four pounds of this oil carried to a temperature fifty de- 
grees higher yielded only a few drops of a light oil, amount- 
ing to but 0.04 per cent of the total amount taken. In the 
Pennsylvania crude petroleum the illuminating oil comes 
off between 250° and 500° Fahr., and it on an average 
amounts to about 55 per cent. The Nacogdoches petroleum 
between the same degrees of temperature yields only a little 
over 7 per cent. 
Three-fourths of the oil does not boil until a temperature 
above the boiling point of mercury is reached. To give 
some idea of this temperature it may be said that if such 
metals as lead, or bismuth, or tin be thrown into the oil they 
will instantly melt. 
Above 400° Fahr., and even lower, the distillate is not 
pure white, but is somewhat colored. This color deepens 
on exposure to the atmosphere. The distillates exhibit a 
beautiful fluorescence. Attempts were made to render the 
distillates colorless by refining them with oil of vitriol, etc., 
as is done with the ordinary petroleum, but the results ob- 
tained were not satisfactory. 
Some of the crude oil was subjected to distillation until 
but a small residue was left in the retort. This residue had 
the consistency of thick pitch, and was of a black color. 
As the temperature increases during the distillation the 5 
distillate becomes more and more colored. All attempts to 
separate paraffine, whether from the crude petroleum, the 
various distillates, or the residue in the retorts, were fruit- 
less. 
The density of the petroleum at 62.6° Fahr., is 0.9179 
compared with water as unity. The density of the Penn- 
sylvania petroleums is usually about 0.794—0.840. 
From the books and journals at my command nothing 
can be found of an oil at all comparable with this of Texas. 
It is likely, however, that it resembles the oil obtained from 
the so-called shallow wells which sometimes overlie the or- 
dinary crude petroleum. 
One of the remarkable properties of the Nacogdoches pe- 
troleum is its great coefficient of expansion. On heating 
the oil in a retort the contents expand to such a degree that 
it is necessary to only partially fill the vessel, since other- 
wise it will overflow. The coefficient of cubical expansion 
as determined by Mr. Fitzhugh is 0.02568. 
Although the oil is not fit for the making of illuminating 
oil, it is extremely valuable as a lubricant. Its weight, its 
high boiling point, its non-solidification by cold, and its 
property of not gumming, make it a splendid lubricating 
material. The practical tests that have been applied to it 
confirm this opinion. 
KAOLIN. 
This valuable mineral is found in several different parts 
of the State. In some localities the quality is not suffi- 
ciently good for the manufacture of the finest grades of por- 
celain ware, but in at least three or four places large beds of 
kaolin are found which are not surpassed, if indeed equaled, 
by any like deposits in the world. So far as can be judged 
from samples brought to this laboratory for analysis, it 
would appear that the central and eastern portions of the 
State yield kaolins that are of medium quality only, while 6 
in the western portion the finest grades are found. With 
the present cost of fuel and the great difficulty of securing 
skilled workmen it would perhaps be unprofitable to man- 
ufacture this fine clay here in Texas, but the wonderful 
quality of the kaolin will more than justify its shipment to 
Europe or to New Jersey. Even with the present freight 
rates, a deposit of kaolin, such as is found in Edwards 
County, would be more profitable than an ordinary gold or 
silver mine. 
The following kaolins were obtained from the central 
part of the State. They are of medium quality. Their 
composition as determined by analysis is: 
A 
B 
C 
Water 
5.45 per cent 
3.20 per cent 
2.69 per cent 
Alumina 
13.83 per cent 
13.46 per cent 
12.71 per cent 
Oxide of iron 
2.70 per cent 
2.01 per cent 
3.60 per cent 
Silica 
68.25 per cent 
72.31 per cent 
72.56 per cent 
Lime 
1.23 per cent 
0.82 per cent 
1.00 per cent 
Magnesia 
0.47 per cent 
0.30 per cent 
0.10 per cent 
Potash 
3.52 per cent 
3.07 per cent 
3.44 per cent 
Soda 
3.96 per cent 
4.07 per cent 
2.62 per cent 
Sulphuric acid 
Oxide of manganese. ., 
0.30 per cent 
0.35 per cent 
0.10 per cent 
1.00 per cent 
99.71 per cent 
99.59 per cent 
100.02 per cent 
The two kaolins whose analysis are given below are very 
fine. They are pure white in color, somewhat greasy to the 
touch, and are infusible in the hottest blowpipe flame. .Be- 
ing practically free from iron they are adapted to the mak- 
ing of the best grades of china. They are free from grit and 
every other objectionable impurity. 
One of the deposits at least is said to l>e of great extent. 7 
KAOLIN FROM NUECES CANYON. 
Water 4.53 per cent 
Alumina 33.66 per cent 
Silica 46.60 per cent 
Lime . 0.43 per cent 
Magnesia 0.96 per cent 
Soda 1.65 per cent 
KAOLIN FROM EDWARDS COUNTY. 
Water 6.05 per cent 
Alumina 43.17 per cent 
Silica .. 48.41 per cent 
Lime , 0.38 per cent 
Magnesia 0.10 per cent 
Alkalies 1.78 per cent 
The industrial uses of kaolin are not limited to the man- 
ufacture of porcelain alone. Within recent years many ap- 
plications for this useful mineral have been discovered and 
employed. 
SILVER AND GOLD. 
It has long been known that both gold and silver exist 
in Texas in quantities sufficient to repay working. Without 
thorough and systematic geological surveys it is at present 
impossible to state definitely the extent or value of these 
deposits. Of the various rumors that from time to time go 
the round of the State press with regard to the discovery of 
valuable gold or silver mines, probably not one in a thou- 
sand is worthy of credence. That there are such valuable 
deposits in the State, however, there can be no doubt, and 
analyses of gold and silver ores found in Texas of even great 
value have been made in the laboratory of the University. 
So far as my experience goes the ores of both gold and sil- 
ver are much more valuable in the western and northwest- 
ern portions of the State than in the central. Of many ores 
examined from Llano and the adjacent counties none of 8 
great value were found, although some were fair low grade 
ores. There are many traditions of Spanish mines having 
been worked in this part of the State, but so far as I have 
been able to find out none of these reports have any more 
foundation than mere rumor. It is possible, and even prob- 
able, that there may be valuable deposits of the precious 
metals there, but as yet they have not been found. In 
some of the streams of Llano County it is possible to pan 
out gold in even paying quantities, and it is to be hoped 
that the time is not far distant when competent geologists 
will be able to locate the source of this metal in that por- 
tion of the State. 
One of the most remarkable deposits of gold ever found 
is near Austin. It is remarkable from the fact that the gold 
is found in a kind of rock which has hitherto been sup- 
posed to be free from gold. The metal seems to be very 
unequally distributed through ordinary limestone, and does 
not occur in any well defined veins at all. This will prob- 
ably prevent its successful working, for while one ton of the 
rock might yield $50 of gold, still the next ten tons would 
be likely to yield not a cent. 
From the extreme northwestern part of the State some 
very fine indications of gold have been found. A small 
nugget about as large as a pigeon’s egg has been received at 
the laboratory. It is said to have been found in Oldham 
County. A ton of such samples would be worth from 
$50,000 to $75,000. 
A few examples of the ores assayed for gold and silver 
are given: 
Silver ore from Northwest Texas showed 150 oz. of silver 
to the ton of 2000 lbs. 
Gold ore found in limestone contained: Silver, 6 oz. to 
the ton of 2000 lbs.; gold, $17 to the ton of 2000 lbs. 9 
ARGENTIFEROUS GALENA. 
No. 1 contained 15 oz. silver to the ton of 2000 lbs. 
No. 2 contained 20 oz. silver to the ton of 2000 lbs. 
No. 3 contained 120 oz. silver to the ton of 2000 lbs. 
No. 4 contained 10 oz. silver to the ton of 2000 lbs. 
No. 5 containecj 23 oz. silver to the ton of 2000 lbs. 
One of the richest silver ores it has ever been my lot to 
assay was found in this State, and it contained according to 
the analysis over 5000 oz. of silver to the ton. 
IRON ORES. 
There is a fascination about gold and silver that is apt to 
make one attach a fictitious value to their discovery; while 
in the case of iron deposits, though they are much more valu- 
able to the country at large, yet they do not produce nearly 
the excitement and stir as do the former. Texas is rich in 
her iron. In nearly every portion of the State are to be 
found large quantities of iron ore of exceptional richness 
and purity. In nearly every sample of iron ore analyzed 
in the laboratory of the University, there was found to be 
only small traces of such deleterious impurities as would 
prevent the manufacture of the best grades of iron and 
steel. The Llano County ore, to which special attention 
was first called in University Bulletin No. 1, some three 
years ago, is not by any means the only pure and valuable 
iron ore in the State. In the past three years many analyses 
of these ores have been made in the laboratory, and nearly 
every one has been found to be valuable. There is only 
one thing that can prevent Texas from competing with any 
other State in the manufacture of iron and steel, and that 
is the question of fuel. Unfortunately there is not that 
abundance of coking coal here that is so necessary to the 
successful working of iron ores. There is not a total lack 
of true coal in the State, but the coal beds hitherto found 
are not large in area, nor are they of great thickness. More 10 
will be said of this under the head of “Coal.” There is one 
solution of the difficulty which is being tried to some ex- 
tent in Rusk, and, I believe, with fair success—that is the 
use-of charcoal as fuel, instead of coal or coke. Charcoal 
iron is superior to iron reduced by either coal or coke. The 
utilization of the immense forests of Texas in this manner 
might prove of great advantage. In the manufacture of 
charcoal from wood by heating the latter in closed retorts 
many very valuable products may be obtained, whose sale 
will nearly, if not quite, pay for the making of the charcoal. 
These products — such as wood spirits, pyroligneous acid, 
acetone, etc., etc.,—always have a ready sale and command 
such prices as will enable the iron manufacturers to obtain 
their fuel almost without cost. In some parts of the Adiron- 
dacks wood is distilled not for the sake of the charcoal that 
is made, but only for the sake of these products mentioned 
above. If such is the case there, no reason can exist why 
such should not be so here. 
The following partial analyses of iron ores from different 
parts of the State will give some idea of their value: 
BURNET COUNTY ORES. 
No. 1. No. 2. 
Sulphur 0.002 per cent 0.10 per cent 
Phosphorus 0.001 per cent 0.08 per cent 
Silica 4.65 per cent 2.46 per cent 
Oxide of iron 86.40 per cent 87.43 per cent 
corresponding to 
Metallic iron 60.48 percent 61.00 per cent 
GILLESPIE COUNTY. 
Sulphur 0.01 per cent 
Phosphorus 0.05 per cent 
Silica 3.86 per cent 
Oxide of iron 84.41 per cent 
corresponding to 
Metallic iron 59.09 per cent 11 
SOUTH-EASTERN TEXAS. 
Sulphur 0.002 percent 
Phosphorus 0.47 per cent 
Silica 8.62 per cent 
Oxide of iron 75.71 per cent 
corresponding to 
Metallic iron 53.00 percent 
CENTRAL TEXAS. 
No. 1. No. 2. 
Sulphur 0.008 per cent 0.09 per cent 
Phosphorus 0.12 percent 0.22 per cent 
Silica 27.68 per cent 8.85 per cent 
Oxide of iron 75.47 per cent 85.52 per cent 
corresponding to 
Metallic iron 52.83 percent 59.67 per cent 
NORTHEAST TEXAS. 
No. 1. No. 2. 
Sulphur 0.22 per cent 0.23 per cent 
Phosphorus 0.04 per cent 0.19 per cent 
Silica 1.87 per cent 6.83 per cent 
Oxide of iron 87.69 per cent 84.91 per cent 
corresponding to 
Metallic iron 61.38 per cent 57.44 per cent 
OCHRES. 
There are quite abundant deposits in the State of a kind 
of iron ores that are usually called ochres. They are char- 
acterized by being easily pulverized, soft to the touch, and 
freedom from grit, and by their containing considerable 
quantities of alumina. They find considerable; use in the 
preparation of the so-called mineral paints, and are quite 
valuable for such and other purposes. 
Analyses were made of the following samples: 
OCHRES FROM NORTHWEST TEXAS. 
Silica 53.79 per cent 53.53 per cent 18.64 per cent 
Alumina 20.03 per cent 18.69 per cent 13.13 per cent 
Oxide of iron 11.60 per cent 13 25 per cent 35.81 per cent 12 
Silica 61.31 per cent 
Alumina 9.94 per cent 
Oxide of iron 18.29 per cent 
CENTRAL TEXAS. 
COAL. 
One of the greatest needs of Texas is first class coal. 
There are in various parts of the State immense deposits of 
lignite or brown coal, but only small quantities of good 
bituminous coal have as yet been discovered and no anthra- 
cite at all. As long as we have to carry our fuel long dis- 
tances from other States, paying large freight rates, just so 
long will manufactures be retarded and the working up of 
our mineral products into articles of trade be checked. 
Those countries are the most prosperous where manufacture 
most abounds. 
For obtaining an ordinary degree of heat, such as for the 
generation of steam and the like, lignite is pretty well 
adapted, its heating power, though less than that of bitumi- 
nous coal, being greater than that of wood. In order how- 
ever for the lignite to be so utilized profitably it is necessary 
that it should be used near the place it is mined. In other 
words, lignite does not bear transportation nor storage. On 
exposure to the atmosphere, especially in damp weather, or 
to the rain, this coal crumbles and slakes almost like caustic 
lime. This property of the brown coal is a serious if not 
an irremediable drawback to its extended use. It being a 
fuel of comparatively low heating power, it will hardly pay 
to attempt to counteract this crumbling tendency by the 
use of such methods as have been suggested—for instance, 
compression and the like. The successful utilization of lig- 
nite as a fuel will probably have to be sought for in a differ- 
ent way. This coal contains as a general rule a large per- 
centage of sulphur, although it some localities that sub- 
stance does not contaminate it very much. A characteristic 13 
phenomenon exhibited by the lignites is that when they 
are held for a moment in water they will emit a very dis- 
tinct crackling sound and will crumble in the hand like 
slaked lime. This property enables any one to identify a 
lignite without any difficulty. 
Lignite as such can not be used in any metallurgical 
operations that require a very high temperature. Nor can 
it be used for the purpose of making good illuminating gas. 
Its low heating power is due to the comparatively low per- 
centage of carbon and to the large percentage of oxygen 
and ash. Its low value for the purpose of making illumi- 
nating gas is because of the small amount of available 
hydrogen and of the presence of other useless gases. 
Not very much work of real value has been done upon 
the lignites in trying to coke them, probably from the rea- 
son that where coke is mostly used good coking coal is 
found. In Texas, however, our immense lignite beds, our val- 
uable mineral deposits, and the lack of coking coal, present 
an entirely different state of affairs. It is of the greatest 
moment to us that a method be devised for coking this kind 
of coal. It is impossible to coke it when ordinary methods 
are employed, but it is very reasonable to suppose that sci- 
ence will reveal a way when her aid is invoked. In my 
opinion the wdiole difficulty of fuel in Texas will be re- 
moved as soon as the successful coking of lignite is an ac- 
complished fact. Whether the investigation be undertaken 
by the State or by private enterprise its successful comple- 
tion will prove an invaluable blessing to our trades and 
manufactures. 
Although the principal coal deposits are lignite, yet that 
true bituminous coal does occur in the State is certain. In 
the northern and also the northwestern portions of the 
State some geological investigations of a more or less desul- 
tory nature have been made of the coal fields, but on the 
whole no systematic survey has ever been attempted. It 14 
may be that unexpected coal areas will be discovered. In 
Llano County there have been identified the true coal meas- 
ures, and even a vein of good bituminous coal discovered. 
Some prospecting has been done there by practical coal 
miners, but as might be expected nothing has been accom- 
plished. A geological survey will have to be made before 
any real information can be gained with regard to the ex- 
tent and value of these deposits. 
A sample of true bituminous coal from Llano County was 
analyzed at the laboratory. It contained: 
Water 3.44 per cent. 
Volatile matter 37.00 per cent. 
Fixed carbon 43.32 per cent. 
Ash 16.24 per cent. 
The sample analyzed was taken just off the surface and 
was weather-beaten. It coked well. 
A very good sample of bituminous coal from Palo Pinto 
County, near Gordon, yielded on analysis: 
Water 0.86 per cent 
Volatile matter 32.64 per cent 
Fixed carbon 63.64 per cent 
Ash 2.86 per cent 
100.00 
Sulphur 0.25 per cent 
The following analyses were made of lignites'from differ- 
ent parts of Texas: 
Locality. 
Water. 
Volatile 
matter. 
Fixed 
carbon. 
Afth. 
Total. 
Sulphur. 
Robertson County 
15.86 01 o 
44.89°|0 
29.34°|0 
9-910|o 
100. 
Cherokee County. . 
16.42 
18.80 
28.75 
36.03 
100. 
Milam County 
18.79 
45.17 
30.65 
5.39 
100. 
1*04 °|0 
Hopkins County 
22.92 
50.28 
21.66 
5.14 
100. 
0.67 
Northwest Texas 
16.48 
43.40 
36.87 
3.25 
100. 
0.75 
North Texas 
20.46 
31.11 
40.77 
7.66 
100. 
1.82 
North Texas 
17.77 
30.98 
37.19 
14.06 
100. 
2.36 
North Texas 
15.88 
29.66 
42.03 
12.43 
100. 
2.90 
Burnet County 
4.38 
38.97 
43.03 
13.62 
100 
4.14 
Burnet Countv 
4.13 
39.89 
40.40 
15.58 
100 
5.22 15 
MINERAL WATERS. 
Many portions of Texas are becoming famed as health 
resorts. The dryness of the atmosphere and the general 
salubrity of the climate attract many invalids and others 
who desire to regain or to preserve their health. Besides 
these climatic inducements, many fine mineral wells and 
springs occur in various places. The waters of these springs 
are often of exceptional quality and have proved very effica- 
cious in the treatment of various diseases. In comparing 
the analyses of the various mineral waters of the State with 
those of other countries, it is seen that they are equal to 
some of the most famous and are superior to the vast ma- 
jority. Proper advertising will no doubt place these waters 
before the public and will do much towards attracting visit- 
ors and immigrants. 
The character of the mineral constituents varies in differ- 
ent parts of the State. Nearly all classes of mineral waters 
are represented—chalybeate, alum, saline, sulphur, etc., etc. 
During the past year or two a good many analyses have 
been made of these waters, some of which are given below: 
CHALYBEATE WATER—FRANKLIN, TEXAS. 
One gallon of the water contains: 
Sulphate of lime 20.965 grains 
Sulphate of iron 75.952 “ 
Sulphate of alumina 2.228 “ 
Sulphate of magnesia 13.063 “ 
Sulphate of soda 7.109 “ 
Sulphate of potash 0.752 “ 
Sulphate of ammonia trace. 
Chloride of sodium 9.715 “ 
Silica and insoluble matter 2.041 “ 
Total grains per gallon 131.825 
The water has a slight acid reaction. 16 
CHALYBEATE WATER—FRANKLIN. 
One gallon of the water contains: 
Sulphate of lime 10.42 grains 
Sulphate of iron 8.61 “ 
Sulphate of magnesia 5.42 “ 
Sulphate of soda 2.64 “ 
Chloride of sodium 3.11 “ 
Chloride of potassium 0.11 “ 
Alumina trace. 
Manganese trace. 
Silica and insoluble matter 1.38 “ 
CHALYBEATE WATER—FRANKLIN. 
One gallon of the water contains: 
Sulphate of lime 37.095 grains 
Sulphate of iron 144.903 “ 
Sulphate of alumina 4.998 “ 
Sulphate of soda 14.148 “ 
Sulphate of potash 2.560 “ 
Chloride of sodium 9.035 “ 
Silica and insoluble matter 2.244 “ 
Total grains per gallon 235.015 
ALUM WATER—DENISON. 
One gallon of the water contains: 
Sulphate of lime 30.652 
Sulphate of alumina 26.850 
Sulphate of iron 0.239 
Sulphate of magnesia 3.312 
Sulphate of potash 0.286 
Chloride of sodium » 4.222 
Chloride of magnesium 0.140 
Silica and insoluble matter 2.735 
Total grains per gallon 68.436 17 
ALUM WATER—FRANKLIN. 
One gallon of the water contains: 
Chloride of sodium 3.942 
Sulphate of soda 0.898 
Sulphate of potash 0.548 
Sulphate of lime 6.217 
Sulphate of magnesia 2.624 
Sulphate of iron 5.651 
Sulphate of alumina 30.005 
Silica and insoluble matter / 2.887 
Total grains per gallon 52.772 
ALKALINE SULPHATIC WATER GEORGETOWN. 
One gallon of the water contains: 
Chloride of sodium 58.720 grains 
Bicarbonate of soda 1.225 “ 
Carbonate of lime 23.414 “ 
Carbonate of iron 0.811 “ 
Sulphate of alumina and potash 8.363 “ 
Sulphate of potash 5.931 “ 
Sulphate of soda 201.197 “ 
Sulphate of magnesia 62.925 “ 
Sulphate of lime 17.548 “ 
Silica and insoluble matter 0.991 “ 
Total grains per gallon. 381.125 
Free carbonic acid gas per gallon, 39.6 cu. in. 
SULPHUR WATER—LAMPASAS. “HANNA SPRING.” 
One gallon of the water contains 
Hyposulphite of soda' 0.775 grains 
Hydrosulphate of sodium.. 0.111 “ 
Chloride of sodium 555.869 “ 
Chloride of potassium 10.287 “ 
Chloride of magnesium 50.049 “ 
Chloride of calcium 48.905 “ 
Carbonate of lime 34.465 “ 
Sulphate of lime 0.951 “ 18 
Bromide of magnesium trace. 
Alumina 2.286 grains 
Silica and insoluble matter 1.673 “ 
Organic matter trace. 
Total grains per gallon 705.371 
Free sulphuretted hydrogen gas, per gallon 5.82 cu. in. 
Free carbonic acid gas, per gallon 11.80 cu. in. 
The water has a faint acid reaction. 
The temperature of the water in the spring is 70° F., and 
its specific gravity is 1.0074. 
SULPHUR WATER—LAMPASAS.—“COOPER SPRING.” 
One gallon of the water contains: 
Hyposulphite of soda 0.227 
Hydrosulphate of sodium 0.827 
Chloride of sodium 346.974 
Chloride of potassium 3.586 
Chloride of magnesium 21.857 
Chloride of calcium 48.147 
Sulphate of lime 4.461 
Carbonate of lime 11.372 
Bromide of magnesium trace. 
Alumina 3.540 
Silica and insoluble matter 0.565 
Organic matter trace. 
Total grains per gallon 441.556 
Free sulphuretted hydrogen gas, per gallon 2.07 cu. in. 
Free carbonic acid gas, per gallon 45.11 cu. in. 
The water has a faint acid reaction. The temperature of 
the water in the spring is 70° F., and has a specific gravity 
of 1.007.