HAMPTON TRACTS 
FOR THE PEOPLE 
SANITARY SERIES . . . • No. III. 
Vt -v 1“— 
tl r 10 e 111 a hit M i if t a & e $ 
Hi 4 
By Mrs. M. F. ARMSTRONG 
NEW YORK 
Published for the Hampton Tract Committee 
By G. P. PUTNAM’S SONS 
182 FIFTH AVENUE 
1879 Handy-Books for every Household. 
'Till the Doctor Comes, and How to Help Him 
By George H. Hope, M.D. Revised, with Addition: 
by a New York Physician. *** A popular guide ii 
all cases of accident and sudden illness. i2mo 
cloth, 75 cents 
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pers Monthly ( Editorial). 
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formation of use to bystanders in time of sickness or accident than w 
have ever seen put together before. If one will study this small boo 
well, put it in his pocket, and follow its directions carefully, he vvi 
often save some poor fellow’s life, when a little delay might cause i 
loss.”—Athol Transcript. 
“ A perfect gem for the sick-room, and should be in every family.”- 
Venango Spectator. 
“ Indispensable for the household.”—Utica Herald. 
How to Educate Yourself. A complete Guide fc 
Students showing how to study, what to study, and ho 
and what to read. It is, in short, a “Pocket Schoc 
master.” By George Cary Eggleston. 12m 
boards, ....... 5° cent 
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untellably good and for good.”—N. Y. Evening Mail. 
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How to Make a Living. By George Cary Eggli 
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The Home. Where It Should Be, and What 
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Home, its Furniture and internal arrangements, w 
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saving money and gaining comfort. By Frank 
Stockton, (of Scribner's Monthly). i2mo, 182 pag 
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Infant Diet. By A. Jacobi, M.I)., Clinical Profes 
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G. P. PUTNAM’S SONS. NEW YORK : IllfffI TIRADES 
FOR THE PEOPLE. 
SANITARY SERIES . . . No. HI. 
Preventable J)iseases, 
Bv Mrs. M. F. ARMSTRONG. 
“ No sanitary improvennent worth the name will he effected what- 
ever Acts you pass, or whatever powers you confer upon public o£- 
cers, unless you can create a real and intelligent interest in the 
matter among the people at large.” 
“The State may issue directions, muncipal authorises may exe- 
cute them to best of their power, inspectors may travel about, 
medical authorities may draw up reports, blit you can't make a pop- 
ulation cleanly or healthy against their will or without their intelli- 
gent co-operation. * * * This is why. of the two sanitary 
Instruction is even more important than sanitary legisl ition.” 
—Loi d Derby. 
HAMPTON, VIRGINIA: 
Published from the Hampton Institute Press, 
1878. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1878, by M. F. 
Armstrong, in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. PREVENTABLE DISEASES. 
In an address, delivered shortly before his death, by 
the Rev. Charles Kingsley, to an audience composed 
largely of women, he said, after an earnest appeal in be- 
half of the neglected children in whose cause he was 
speaking, 
“ Lord Shaftesbury told you just now that there were 
100,000 preventable deaths in England every year. So 
it is—we talk of the loss of human life in war—we are 
the fools of smoke and noise; because there are cannon 
balls and gunpowder aud red coats, and because it costs 
a great deal of money and makes a great deal of noise in 
the papers, we think, What so terrible as war ! I will 
tell you what is ten times and ten thousand times more 
terrible than war, and that is—outraged nature. * * 
* * * Nature, insidious, inexpensive, silent, sends no 
war of cannon, no glitter of arms to do her work. * 
* * * * Silently, I say, and insidiously, she goes 
forth; no—she does not even go forth, she does not step 
out of her path, but quietly, by the very same laws by 
which she makes alive, she puts to death. By the very 
same laws by which every blade of grass grows, and 
every insect springs to life in the sunbeam, she kills and 4 
PREVENTABLE DISEASES. 
kills and kills, and is never tired of killing till she has 
taught man the terrible lesson he is so slow to learn, that 
Nature is only conquered by obeying her. ” Mr. Kings- 
ley was an Englishman and he was speaking to English 
people, but this loss of life, and worse still these lives 
which drag on through years of helpless suffering, are 
just as common in America as in England. There are 
just as many preventable deaths, just as much needless 
ill-health in America as in any country in the world; in- 
deed, it is sometimes said that our standard of health is 
below the average, and the terrible fact stares us in the 
face that every man and woman among us is directly re- 
sponsible for this. Every woman who reads this, I may 
almost say, every woman in the United States can, if she 
likes, save in the next six months, three or four human 
lives. And it is not only true that this need cost but 
little time or money, but also that it will in the end be a 
direct saving of both 
Nothing costs more than illness—the doctor’s bills, the 
nursing, the little necessary luxuries, the loss of the pa- 
tient’s time, all are expensive, and if we confined our- 
selves to figures alone, it would be easy to show that to 
invest money, or thought, or labor in anything which 
prevents illness, is the soundest economy. In these lat- 
ter days we have begun to find out that a large propor- 
tion of our physical suffering is simply a direct punish- 
ment for sin. There is, for example, a large class of dis- 
eases which are known to physicians as “ bad-air diseas- 
es,” that is, diseases which are directly caused by bad air, 
and which are never caused by anything else. Now, it 
is hardly ever necessary for anybody to habitually 
breathe impure air, and those who do so have usually on- 
ly themselves to blame for the result. 
The first step in the right direction is to understand what makes air impure, the second is to learn how to 
get rid of or prevent this impurity, while the final effort 
should be to arrange our houses, our work rooms, our 
churches, in short, all buildings in which human beings 
live, so that the air within them can always be kept free 
from everything which is likely to produce or fosfer ill- 
ness of any kind. Of course, there are many forms of 
diseases of which bad air is not the immediate cause, 
but there is no kind of illness which is not aggravated 
by a want of fresh air, while it is undoubtedly the cause, 
directly and indirectly, of a majority of the diseases of 
civilized life. 
PREVENTABLE DISEASES. 
5 
Therefore, in writing of preventable illness, I put the 
bad air diseases, or what is practically the same thing, 
the diseases which are caused by a wane of fresh air, 
first upon the list, and shall try to give you such a hor- 
ror of the dirt and filth which make bad air, and of the 
ignorance which shuts out fresh air, that however poor, 
you are, however small your house, or crowded the neigh- 
borhood in which you live, you will still try by all the 
means in your power to be clean yourself and to make 
the people about you, clean too. 
Now everything which is thrown out from the human 
body is unclean, and becomes at once dangerous to hu- 
man life. It should never be forgotten that wc are con- 
stantly poisoning the air about us in a variety of ways, 
and that it requires constant care to get rid of these va- 
rious poisons. The breath which we send back from 
our lungs, has been used and exhausted and has become 
a poison to all living beings. The pores of the skin are 
continually giving out moisture, which passes into the 
air, where you may often recognize its presence by the un- 
pleasant smell which you must have noticed about peo- 
ple who are not in the habit of washing frequently. 6 
PREVENTABLE DISEASES. 
All the excretions from our bodies, everything which is 
thrown off as waste matter, that is, as matter which is 
no longer of use to the body, is, or quickly becomes pois- 
onous ; and this sort of poison is spread more quickly by 
the air than in any other way. We may and do take 
such poison into our systems in the water we drink or 
even in the food we eat, and some fevers, cholera and 
dysenteric diseases are frequently spread in this way, but 
the air is, in the main, the chief source of danger, and 
without pure air, health is impossible. 
Many great men have, of late, devoted themselves to 
studying the causes of diseases, and they have almost be- 
yond question, established the fact that all contagious 
diseases, that is all diseases which can be taken by con- 
tact with the sick person, or carried in clothing, or left 
in bedding, furniture, etc., are caused by germs, that is 
infinitesimally small living organisms which are thrown 
off from the body of the sick person. They are found in 
the breath from the lungs and in the secretions and ex- 
cretions of the body; in fact, the whole atmosphere sur- 
rounding a person who is ill with what we call a conta- 
gious disease, as for example, scarlet fever, diphtheria, or 
measles, is full of these germs which possess the power 
of multiplying themselves with inconceivable rapidity. 
Now, it seems to me, that as soon as this is understood, 
the first impulse of every reasonable person, will be to 
get rid of these poisonous organisms, to kill them and 
cleanse the air from their dangerous presence. And yet, 
it is a painful fact that very few people are willing to 
take the proper precautions, to do what is necessary, to 
follow the direction of physicians or other competent 
authorities in regard to treatment of contagious illnesses. 
We are told, and in some of the large cities it has al- 
ready been proven, that by a careful and intelligent sys- PREVENTABLE DISEASES. 
7 
tern, epidemics may be stamped out, or at least may be 
kept in check and prevented from spreading beyond the 
locality in which they break out. 
When, for example, a case of yellow fever or cholera 
is discovered, (and such a case should be promptly report- 
ed to the nearest physician or health-officer,) the patient 
is if possible, removed at once to a hospital, or if there is 
no hospital near at hand, to some building or part of a 
building where he can be properly cared for and kept in 
strict quarantine. The house in which he was taken ill 
is cleaned and thoroughly disinfected, that is, carbolic 
acid, chloride of lime and other substances which have 
the power of of destroying the life of the disease-germs, 
are sprinkled freely through the house, walls are white- 
washed, carpets taken up and floors scrubbed, bedding 
and clothing of the patient are washed carefully or burn- 
ed in short, everything which is likely to hold the con- 
tagion is removed, and all that is left is made as clean as 
soap and water and disinfectants can make it. In hous- 
es where there were several cases of fever or diphtheria, I 
have known the authorities to order the wall-paper to be 
torn down and very often the sewer pipes are taken up, 
and the cesspools and drains closed or entirely altered. 
It is better on all accounts to take the patient to a hos- 
pital, but in case this for one or another reason cannot 
be done, he should be separated as much as possible 
from every one except those who have the care of him, 
and they should use every precaution in going back and 
forth between the sick-room and the rest of the house. 
The sick-room and the patient himself should be kept 
thoroughly clean, the attendants should see that the air 
is kept fresh and that plenty of clean water is used, 
while any vessel used by the patient should have a small 
quantity of chloride of lime, carbolic acid or some other 8 
PREVENTABLE DISEASES. 
disinfectant kept in it, and after use should be immedi- 
ately emptied. 
It is of great importance that everything which passes- 
from the bowels of the patient, all water used in washing 
him, the urine, all expectorated matter etc., should be so 
disposed of, that they cannot affect the air of the house, 
and in washing the bed and body-linen or anything which 
has been used about the patient, great care should be 
taken that nothing else is washed at the same time or in 
the same water or tub. This applies also to everything 
used iu feeding or giving medicine, in short, to every 
thing which is used in and comes out of the sick-room. 
In case of death the funeral should be as speedy and as 
private as possible, while from the moment that it is 
known that the disease is contagious until the patient 
dies or completely recovers, there should be no commu- 
nication between him and any one except his nurses. 
The practice of running in to visit such patients is on 
all accounts objectionable and should never be allowed 
by intelligent people. It is not only bad for the patient 
but is a very common way of spreading the disease. 
By a little care and decision all this communication can 
be put a stop to, and by so doing, wre close one important 
channel for the spread of contagion. This care should 
include not only the incoming of strangers into the house- 
hold but also the outgoing of members of the household, 
who should quarantine themselves as much as possible. 
I have known working-people who were willing to 
take the trouble of keeping a suit of clothes in some out- 
house or similar place, at a distance from the sick-room, 
where they would change all their outside clothes, when 
they went to work in the morning and again when they 
returned in the evening, so that there should be as little 
risk as possible of giving the disease from which some PREVENTABLE DISEASES. 
9 
member of their own family was suffering, to any of 
their fellow workmen. And I have known a family in 
which two of the children were ill with scarlet fever 
while the third, a baby, was still nursing and was entire- 
ly dependent upon its mother. It was certainly diffi- 
cult to know what to do, but the mother, being an in- 
telligent and conscientious woman, solved the difficulty 
and probably saved her baby’s life. She got a woman 
to come in and take care of the baby and the house, 
while she herself, took the two sick children up stairs, 
allowing no one to go into the sick-room but herself. 
When it was time to nurse the baby, perhaps three times 
a day, she would go into an adjoining room, change 
all her clothes, sponge her whole body with water and 
soap, and then, dressed in clothes which had never been 
in the sick room, she would go down and nurse her 
baby. Of course this would be done only in the case of 
very contagious diseases, but if more of us were willing 
to take such precautions there would be fewer deaths 
from scarlet fever and diphtheria, and an intelligent fol- 
lowing out of such a system would certainly be of im- 
mense benefit to the human race. 
It is also of very great importance that children from 
an infected house should be kept away from school for 
several weeks, or until the doctor in attendance pro- 
nounces that there is no further danger of contagion, 
and parents who are not utterly selfish will keep them 
so far as possible, away from other children. All this 
of course, sounds very difficult, and I do not mean to 
tell you that it is anything else, but what I do want 
you to believe is, that however hard it may be, it is worth 
doing, because—and you cannot think too seriously of 
this—it is left for us to choose whether we will go on 
suffering and letting our children suffer from all this ter- 10 
FKEVENTABLE DISEASES. 
rible train of contagious diseases, or whether we will, by 
care, and patience, and intelligence, crush out the poi- 
sonous forces and prevent these illnesses which we all 
so greatly dread. Now, if we choose the latter course, 
the first thing to do is, as I have said before, to learn 
what the evil is which we are going to fight, and one of 
the discoveries which startle us at the outset of our un- 
dertaking is, that we are in danger not on one side only, 
but on many sides. 
For example, we have found that a large proportion 
of preventable diseases are directly contagious, that is, 
are taken by one person through contact with another, 
and are spread, so far as we now know, only when the 
germs of disease thrown off by one person are taken in- 
to the system of another. But when we come to look 
further, we find another large class of diseases which take 
their rise in uncleanliness or neglect in regard to the sur- 
roundings of human dwellings, drains, cess-pools, priv- 
ies or water-closets, pig-sties, barn-yards, etc. 
All these are receptacles for animal matter in a state 
of decomposition, and some of the gases which are giv- 
en out during this process of decomposition are exceed- 
ingly injurious if inhaled, to any extent, by human be- 
ings. Air which is made impure by the presence of 
these gases cannot be, at any time, wholesome for people 
to breathe, while in certain states of the atmosphere, or 
of the human system, they assist directly in producing 
dysentery, diphtheria, etc. These and other diseases 
owe their contagious properties to the organic germs of 
which I have already spoken, and these germs develop 
much more rapidly in air which is poisoned by the pres- 
ence of sewer-gas, or any gas which is the product of 
decaying animal matter. Besides which, no human 
being or animal, can breathe such air for any length PKEVENTABLE DISEASES. 
11 
of time without being injured by it ; that is, the 
general tone of the system will be lowered, and 
both men and animals become more likely to take 
contagious diseases when the germs of such disease 
reach them. It is only fair to say that we do not 
yet fully understand the relations between impure 
air or water, and disease, but we know enough of the 
conditions which cause the latter, to fill thoughtful peo- 
ple with a very great horror of all uncleanliness. To 
keep our houses and everything about them clean, is ab- 
solutely essential if we wish to be well ourselves and to 
have healthy children; and to do this, a good deal of in- 
telligent work is required. If you live in a city where 
you have a water supply, you should always take care 
thas the pipes are in perfect order and properly trapped, 
and wherever there are stationary basins or sinks, you 
should watch them closely for any unpleasant smell from 
the drain pipes. Even when there is no such smell the 
stopper should always be kept in, and it is well to leave 
a little water in the basins, especially at night, for this 
prevents, to some extent at least, the foul gases from ris- 
ing into the rooms and poisoning the dwellers in them. 
Water-closets in particular, should be kept in thorough 
order, should be ventilated as thoroughly as possible, and 
purified by the use, as often as once a week, of some 
good disinfectant. In the country, where the arrange- 
ments of a house are entirely under the control of its 
owner, the barn yard, pig-sty, privy, etc., should not 
be too near the house, and should be cleaned regularly 
and thoroughly, the contents being disposed of, if pos- 
sible, for manure, as for that purpose they are always of 
value. As soon as the smell from any one of these places 
can be noticed in the house, you may be sure there is 
danger, and when you have once made a beginning in 12 
PREVENTABLE DISEASES. 
cleaning them regularly, you will not find it so hard as it 
seems at first. Within the house the first thing to be 
attended to, is that which is strictly at the foundation, 
that is, the cellar. This should have a cement floor 
(which is not expensive) and should be kept perfectly 
clean—no decaying vegetables or refuse of any kind 
should be kept in it; the walls should be whitewashed 
once a year; in short, the cellar should contain noth- 
ing which can poison the air of the rest of the house, for 
it should never be forgotten that the air of the cellar 
is sure, sooner or later, to become the air of the sitting- 
room and bed-room. 
Then as to the living rooms: I do not think I can say 
much that you do not already know, and which I need 
not say at all, if you would only put your knowledge 
into practice. *Soap and water should he used with 
a free hand, holes and corners should be swept out 
with a will, slops emptied always once a day, beds 
shaken up and aired, and above all, everywhere and al- 
ways, plenty of fresh air. Don’t be afraid to open your 
window by night or day. and remember that if the cli- 
mate is so severe or your rooms so small that you can’t 
keep your windows open, there are various simple con- 
trivances which will enable you to get a steady supply 
of fresh air without the danger of drafts. For example, 
raise the lower sash a few inches, and fill up the space 
at the bottom with a stout board that fits it closely: 
air will then enter through the space in the middle of 
the window, ad be directed up to the ceiling. Or, you 
can make blinds which will act as ventilators, that is, a 
♦Receipt for a good cheap soap : 6 pounds common yellow soap: 
2 pounds washing soda; 2 oz. borax; 10 quarts water; put it on the 
stove and keep it hot, (not boiling) until the soap is thoi'oughly dis- 
solved. PltEVENTABDE DISEASES. 
13 
piece of stout cloth can be stretched tightly across the 
window by hooks or on a light iron frame, close to the 
sash below, but sloping inwards at the top, so that when 
the window is partly opened, the air will be thrown 
up to the ceiling. Or again, you can bore through the 
sash, five or six augur holes, through which air can free- 
ly enter, taking care that they slant downwards from the 
inside, so that even in a driving storm rain cannot en- 
ter, and, if you choose, make corks to fit each hole so 
that you can close them when desirable. 
Once more I can fancy that are you saying to your 
selves, “This is a great deal of trouble to take for a small 
matter,” and I should be very thankful if I could feel 
sure that you won’t at once dismiss the whole subject 
from your minds—and yet I think that it must be easy 
for you to see that the reason for taking all this trouble 
about drains, and sewers, and cellars, and pig-sties and 
ventilation, is, that it is only in this way that you can se- 
cure the necessary supply of fresh air, and 1 think you 
must begin to see that without this supply of fresh air, 
you run the risk of having fevers, dysenteries, and vari- 
ous other acute and sudden illnesses which are caused or 
fostered by the poison germs thrown off by organic mat- 
ter in a state of decay. 
I wish I could write in letters of fire, the great truth 
that no human being can be strong and healthy, able to 
do his or her work well and cheerfully, or able to enjoy 
life, without a full supply of pure air. It is not only that 
the diseases which I have already mentioned are caused 
and fostered by impure air, but that the whole system 
is enfeebled by it, and therefore falls an easy prey to 
any and all disease. Consumption, that fatal scourge 
of our people, is often produced, and always aggravated 
by bad air, and it is hardly possible to say enough to 14 
PREVENTABLE DISEASES. 
people who have weak lungs, or throats, as to the vital 
importance to them of pure air. 
Don’t live in dirty rooms or houses; don’t sleep with 
closed windows and doors, in unaired beds; don’t be 
afraid of Nature’s best food and medicine, pure air. 
I have told you already, and tell you once again, that it 
will cost you some trouble, and perhaps some money to 
get it, but it is money and trouble well invested, for it 
will save paying for drugs, and doctor’s bills, and better 
still, it will save you and your children from suffering, 
from weakness, and often from death. Will you not try 
for yourselves and prove that this is true ? Handy-Books for every Household. 
The Maintenance of Health. By J. Milner Fother- 
gill, M. D. A Medical Work for Lay Readers. i2mo, 
cloth $2 oo 
“ The most important book of its kind that has ever been published 
in this country.”—Christian Union. 
‘ The most complete summary of this subject of general hygiene that 
vve have ever seen,”—N. Y. Nation. 
The Mother’s Work with Sick Children. By 
Prof. T- B. Fonssagrives, M.D. Translated and edited 
by F. P. Foster, M.D. A volume full of the most prac- 
tical advice and suggestions for mothers and nurses. 
l2mo, cloth, . . . . . . $i oo 
“ A volume which should be in the hands of every mother in the 
land.”—Binghamton Herald. 
A Manual,, of Nursing. Prepared under the direction of 
the Training School for Nurses, Bellevue Hospital. 
i8mo, boards, 75 cents. 
“ The directions are quite full and clear for all the essential details of 
the service. The compiler has embodied in the work the combined ex- 
perience of the medical profession and the most intelligent experts, and 
the result is a hand-book belter adapted to render the nurse a faithful 
and efficient co-operator with the physician than any previous manual 
of the kind we have seen.”—Home Journal. 
Emergencies, and How to Meet Them. Compiled 
by Burt G. Wilder, Professor of Physiology and 
Comparative Anatomy in Cornell University. , 32mo, 
sewed, . . . . . . • • 15 cents. 
The Blessed Bees. An account of practical Bee-keeping, 
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i6mo, cloth, . . . . . . . $i oo 
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rise up and call the bees blessed.”—N. Y. Observer. 
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G. P. PUTNAM’S SONS, NEW YORK. HAMPTON TRACTS. 
These publications are strong and condensed statements of 
the fundamental laws of health, with illustrations of the results 
of breaking these laws and advice as to the best and easiest 
way of living in obedience to them. The series will provide 
as simply and in as attractive a manner as possible, carefully 
prepared information upon all points directly connected with 
physical life, as cleanliness of the person and house, ventila- 
tion, drainage, care of children and invalids, preparation of 
food, etc.; and will be issued under the title of Hampton 
Tracts, from the Normal. School, Hampton, Va., and by 
G. P. Putnam’s Sons, Publishers, New York. 
Mrs. M. F. Armstrong. N. Y City. 
Miss Helen W. Ludi.ow, Hampton. 
Stephen Smith, M.D., N. Y. City. 
S. C. Armstrong, Hampton. 
Editing Committee. 
At a meeting of the Executive Committee of the American 
Social Science Association, held June 8th, 187S, Prof. Pierce- 
in the chair, it was unanimously voted, as follows : 
Resolved, That the American Social Science Association learns with 
pleasure of the work undertaken at Hampton, in Virginia, to spread 
among the people of Virginia, and of the South in general, a knowledge 
of Sanitary Science popularly set forth ; and that from an examination 
at the three Sanitary Tracts of the proposed series, viz.: The Health 
Laws of Moses, Ike Duty of teachers, and Preventable Diseases, the 
Executive Committee of this Association is persuaded that the impor- 
tant work, thus undertaken, will be well performed. We would there- 
fore commend these Tracts to all readers, at the North as well as at the 
South, and would recommend ufieir wide distribution in the way best 
suited to promote the circulation of them. 
Price, per Number, 8 cents ; per roo, $5-ro.per. icoo !j?40.co 
Now Ready :—No. i. Health Laws of Moses : No. 2, Duty 
of Teachers; No. 3, Preventable Diseases ; No. 4, Who 
Found Jamie? ; No. 5, A Haunted House.